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L I  B  RA  RY 

OF   THE 

U  N  1  VERS  ITY 

Of    ILLINOIS 

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Oftober,  1947  •  25  fPBts 

MEMBER    OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCTATED 


'TVie  great  highroad  oj  human  ivelfare  lies  along  the  old  highway  of  steadfast  well-doing^*    * 


—  SAMUEL  SMILES 


JVhr  some  homes  get  better  all  the  time 


Homes,  like  hmnan  licings,  need  stout  "constitutions".  .  . 
which  depend,  in  turn,  on  building  j)roducts  used.  And 
these  are  getting  better  all  the  time. 

In  building  or  remodeling  today,  you  can  choose  weather- 
defiant  paint  .  .  .  warm-hued  and  lasting  ])lastic  tiles  for 
kitchens  and  bathrooms  .  .  .  hardware  and  window  screens 
of  stainless  steel  or  anypurpose  plastics. 

Yours,  too,  are  heating  installations  with  leakproof 
welded  piping  and  streamlined  plumbing.  To  say  nothing 
of  resin-glued  plywood,  good  for  decades  as  sheathing,  sub- 
flooring,  doors  and  com]jlete  interior  and  exterior  walls. 

These  are  a  few  of  today's  countless  building  products 
that  give  better  service  because  into  them  f^o  better  basic 
materials. 

Producing  better  materials  for  the  use  oj  science  anil 


industry  and  the  benefit  oj  mankind  is  the  work  oj  the 
people  oj  Union  Carbide. 

It  takes  basic  know  ledge  and  relentless  research.  Tremen- 
dous pressures  and  extreme  vacuums.  Heat  up  to  6000° 
and  cold  down  to  300°  below  zero,  Fahrenheit.  Working 
with  these— anfZ  working  together— the  various  Units  of 
UCC  now  separate  or  combine  nearly  one-lialf  of  the  many 
elements  of  the  earth. 

FREE:  You  are  invited  to  send  for  the  illustrated  booklet,  "Products 

and  Processes,"  whicli  describes  the  ways  in  which  industry  uses 
ICC's  Alluys,  Chemicals,  Carbons,  Cases,  and  Plastics. 

Union  Carbide 

^J\^2>     CAJR^BOJV    COJRJPOmJlTJOJY 


30    EAST    42ND    STREET 


[Iffl 


NEW    YORK     17 


■ — Products  of  Divisions  and  Units  include 

LiNDE  Oxygen    •    PREST-O-LrrE  Acetylene    •    Pyrofax  Gas    •    BAKELrrE,  Krene,  Vinyon,  and  Vinylite  Plastics 
National  Carbons    •    Eveready  Flashlkhits  and  Batteries    •    Acheson  Electrodes 


Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •     F.lectromet  Alloys  and  Metals 


Haynes  Stellite  Alloys    •    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


As  you  complete  your  college  career,  you  must  find 
the  answers  to  two  big  questions.  Finding  the  right 
answers  bears  importantly  on  your  future  success  and 
satisfaction. 

1.  U  huh  is  the  rijiht  job  Jor  mc?  In  what  line  of  work 
.  .  .  research,  design,  manufacturing,  engineering, 
sales,  business  administration  .  .  .  can  I  best  put 
my   training  and   natural  abihties   to  work? 

2.  How  can  I  find  the  right  conipunv.''  Wliat  tv[)e 
of  company,   in   what    line   of  business,    offers   the 


greatest   return   for   the   investment   of  my    time 

and  talents? 
To  help  vou  answer  these  all-important  questions, 
Westinghouse  offers  a  new  32-page  book — Finding 
Your  Place  in  Industry.  It  describes  the  many  career 
opportunities  open  with  Westinghouse,  and  how  the 
Westinghouse  Graduate  Student  Training  Course  fits 
vou  for  advancement  in  your  chosen  profession. 

No  matter  what  type  of  career  you  plan,  it  will  pay 
vou  to  read  this  book.  Get  your  free  copy  today! 


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PLANTS  IN  25  CITIES  .  .  .    ^J     OFFICES   EVERYWHERE 


Fo  obtain   copy  of  Finding  )'our  Place  in  Industry,  consult 
'lacement  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 


'I'lic  Dislrirt  I'.ilittdliimiii  Coiinlinator 

If  fslinfihiiusr  l-.lcilric  (iiijxjrniion 

20  A.  /(  <,rkri  Driir,  P.  U.  Box  B,  Zone  90 

Chicago  6,  Illinois 


Name_ 


College- 
Address. 
Citv 


This  advertisement  appears  in  College  Engineering  Publications 
during  October,  November  and  December,  1947 


iw  Development 


Itfi  .l»hn  IHvh.  K.I-:.  */.9 


Weld  Engineering  Cuts 
33  Operations  to  5 

A  >iniplc  ili->i;;ii  ;iiul  process  change 
can  sometimes  produce  important  sav- 
ings in  production  costs,  while  increas- 
ing output  and  improving  quah't\'. 

This  is  demonstrated  in  the  case  of  a 
reinforced  bus  pillar,  fabricated  from  13 
.separate  stampings  by  Hawthorne  Metal 
Products  company,  Detroit,  and  design- 
ed originally  for  single  spot  welding. 
This  in  itself  resulted  in  a  rather  low 
fabricating  cost.  When  the  job  was  re- 
leased for  production,  however,  the  sup- 
plier of  the  welding  equipment — Pro- 
gressive Welder  company  of  Detroit — 
recommended  the  forming  of  a  series  of 
projections  in  five  of  the  stampings  at 
the  time  that  these  were  produced. 

The  new  stampings  were  then  attacli- 
ed  to  the  pillars  by  projection  welding, 
using  a  pre.ss  type  welder.  As  a  result. 
only  one  operation  was  required  to  join 
each  of  these  five  stampings  to  the  pil- 
lar proper  instead  of  ,v?  indi\idual  spot 
welds. 

Moreover,  by  using  simple  locating 
dies  in  the  press  welder  it  was  possible 
to  get  accurate  locating  and  alignment 
without  clamping  of  the  parts  prior  to 
welding.  The  net  result  of  the  changes 
wa,>-  to  double  the  productivity  of  the 
welding  equipment,  100  completed  as- 
semblies being  produced  per  hour  in 
comparison  to  50  per  hour  by  straight 
spot  welding,  and  at  the  same  time  cut 
the  fabricating  cost  in  half. 

"Knee-Action" 
Front  Wheels 

The  latest  innovation  in  tractor  de- 
sign was  announced  recently  by  the 
John  Deere  Tractor  company,  of  Mo- 
line,  Illinois.  The  idea  consists  of  adapt- 
ing the  knee-action  wheel  idea  to  farm 
tractors.  Manufactured  under  the  trade 
name  of  "Roll-O-Matic,"  the  knee- 
action  principle  applied  only  to  the  front 
wheels  results  in  increased  smoothness 
and  safety  of  operation  along  with 
longer  tire  life. 

As  shown  in  the  accompanying  illus- 
tration, the  fundamental  principle  of 
operation  of  the  "Roll-O-Matic"  knee- 
action  front  wheels  is  readily  seen.  Me- 
chanically, a  gearing  system  is  included 
so  that  the  slightest  up  or  down  move- 
ment of  one  wheel  is  instantly  transfer- 
red   to    the    other    which    automaticalix 


The  latest  addition  to  the  "flying    laboratories"  is  the  B-29  whose  space 
permits  engineers  and  designers  to  study  the  gas  turbine  in  actual  use 


equalizes  the  load.  -At  the  same  time  the 
up  and  down  movement  of  the  front 
end  of  the  tractor  as  it  goes  over  bumps 
and  clods  is  reduced  to  50  per  cent  that 
of  the  conventional  wheel  arrangement. 
By  minimizing  this  up  and  down 
movement  of  the  front  end,  and  by 
automatically  equalizing  the  load  on 
each  tire,  the  "Roll-O-Matic"  front 
wheels  promise  a  safer,  more  comfort- 
able ride  and  greatly  increased  front 
tire  life. 


Diagramotic  sketch  showing  how 
"knee-action"  limits  the  front  end 
motion   by  50  per  cent. 


Flying  Test  Stands 

Working  (jii  a  tliglu  testing  project 
sponsored  jointly  by  the  Army  Air 
Forces  and  the  (General  Electric  com- 
pany, engineers  and  designers  have  been 
able  to  gain  invaluable  assistance  in  the 
design  of  aircraft  gas  turbines  through 
utilizing  army  bombers  which  have  been 
converted  into  flying  laboratories. 

Inaugurated  in  1942  when  the  P^light 
Test  Division  obtained  a  B-23  for  flight 
investigations  of  the  turbo-supercharger, 
the  division  has  since  used  many  differ- 
ent types  of  army  aircraft  to  serve  in 
the  role  of  "papa"  to  experimental 
equipment.  The  most  recent  and  largest 
of  the  planes  to  be  used  for  this  purpose 
is  the  B-29,  shown  in  the  accompanying 
illustration  as  it  is  being  equipped  for 
service. 

Since  the  jet  power  plants  are  in- 
stalled as  auxiliary  equipment  rather 
than  substitute  engine,  the  method  has 
proved  to  be  a  safe  and  expedient  wa\ 
of  conducting  the  tests  under  altitude 
conditions.  Although  used  at  the  pres- 
ent time  mostly  for  tests  on  the  power- 
tid  1  Cj-180  gas  turbine,  the  fhing  lab- 
oratories have  proved  quite  successful  in 
the  testing  of  new  gas  turbine  units 
prior  to  actual  installation  aboard  air- 
craft. 

In  addition  to  these  advantages  the 
method  has  also  enabled  important  com- 
ponents to  be  tested  with  older  engines 
before  the  completed  unit  is  ready. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


No,  this  picture  isn't  faked.  It  shows 
white-hot  molten  metal  being  pour- 
ed into  a  little  glass  dish  resting  on  ice. 
This  is  Coming's  "Vycor"  brand  96°^ 
silica  glass,  a  result  of  the  first  really  new 
glassmaking  process  in  over  2000  years. 
It  can  withstand  sudden  extremes  of 
hot  and  cold  without  breaking,  and  tem- 
peratures up  to  2000°  F.  without  melt- 
ing. It  is  one  of  the  hardest,  most  acid- 
resistant,  and  electrically-resistant 
glasses  known.  And  it  has  already  open- 
ed up  new  fields  in  many  industries. 
Now  it  is  ready  to  go  to  work  to  make 
cooking  easier,  cleaner,  and  safer  for 
millions  of  women  ...  as  a  burner  plate 
on  a  modern  gas  range,  soon  to  be 
announced.  The  smooth  glass  plates  will 


distribute  heat  more  evenly  and  give 
firm  support  to  even  smallest  utensils. 
And  they  will  keep  spilled  food  from 
clogging  burners. 

Corning  began  its  search  for  heat-resis- 
tant glasses  years  ago  when  it  was  asked 
by  railroads  to  supply  a  glass  for  brake- 
men's  lanterns  that  wouldn't  shatter 
when  a  gust  of  cold  rain  hit  it.  This  was 
the  forerunnerof  the  famous  Pyrex  brand 
glasses  which  have  since  found  their  way 
into  thousands  of  industries  in  such  di- 
verse form  as  glass  piping,  laboratory 
ware,  and  ex-ray  tubes,  and  into  millions 
of  homes  as  Pyrex  Ovenware  and 
Flameware  cooking  utensils. 
Corning  not  only  knows  glass,  but 
knows  how  to  make  it  work.  It  has 


the  finest  glass  research  organization  and 
the  finest  group  of  skilled  workers  in  the 
world  ...  a  hard-to-beat  combination  that 
will  be  at  your  service  whatever  career 
you  choose.  In  the  meantime,  learn  all 
you  can  about  glass  and  if  we  can  help 
answer  any  questions,  call  on  us. Corning 
Glass  "Works,  Corning,  N.  Y. 


c 


ORNING 


means 


Research  in  Glass 


MAKERS       OF       PYREX       OVENWARE       AND        FLAMEWARE       AND       37,000       OTHER       GLASS       PRODUCTS 


OCTOBER,  1947 


Get  off  to  a  better  start 
in  engineering      .      ♦      ♦      . 

WITH  A  BETTER  KNOWLEDGE  OF 
TIMKEN  BEARINGS 


TIMKEN 

TAPERED  Toller  Warihcs 


A.  good  start  is  half  the  race.  The  more  you  know  when 
you  graduate,  the  better  your  opportunity  for  success. 

Your  professors  have  your  best  interests  at  heart,  but  what  you 
learn  outside  the  classroom  will  be  a  plus  advantage  of  great  value 
when  you  toe  the  mark  for  the  start  of  your  career. 

Take  bearings  for  example.  No  form  of  mechanical  equipment  with 
rotating  parts  can  operate  without  them.  By  acquiring  now  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  Timken  Tapered  Roller  Bearings — their  design, 
application  and  possibilities — you  will  be  in  position  to  meet  and 
beat  any  bearing  problem  you  ever  may  encounter. 

For  Timken  Bearings  have  proved  their  ability  to  serve  in  machin- 
ery throughout  all  industries  and  have  received  the  universal  ac 
ceptance  and  preference  of  engineers  everywhere.  They  are  the 
bearings  experienced  engineers  specify  more  than  any  others. 

Our  engineers  will  help  you  to  become  a  bearing  specialist.  Write 
us  today  and  tell  us  what  course  you  are  studying.  The  Timken 
Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

George   R.   Foster Editor 

Francis  Green issistant  Editor 

Ed  Witort Assistcmt  Editor 

Harbara   Schmidt —l/c;X-(«/>  Editor 


R(  porliny 


Robert  Bills 
John  Dick 
Don  Hornbeck 
Donald  JohiiMHi 
Karl  Higendorf 
Ralph  Lendinfj 
Tom  Moore 
Martin  Sabatli 
Carl  Sonneiivchcin 


Ruth  Bone 
Phil  Doll 
Charles  Jansen 
Ronald  Johnson 
Jim  Lecming 
Herbert  Mazer 
Melvin  Reiter 
John  Shurtleff 
Arthur  Welcher 


Photography 

Gene  Roh'uKon, lU iistratioiis  Editor 
Robert  VanWinkle 


lUSINESS  STAFF 

Robert  A.  Johnson Bus.  Mt/r. 

Jan    Henjjston hs't  Bus.  Mt/r. 

Toby  Lexiiison -Iss't  Bus.  Mgr. 

Frank   Mitch Ass't   Bus.   Mgr. 

John    Bogatta      Don  Halperin 

Rudy  Vergara     George  Kvitek 

Mitchell  Cassidv 


Faculty    Advisers 

J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERIN'G 
COLLEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  Colorado  Engineer,  Cornell 
Engineer,  Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Illinois 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engineer,  Iowa  Transit. 
Kansas  Engineer,  Kansas  State  Engineer, 
Kentucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
Missouri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint. 
New  York  University  Quadrangle,  Ohio 
State  Engineer,  Oklahoma  State  Engineer, 
Penn  State  Engineer,  Peinisylvania  Tri- 
angle, Purdue  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Tech 
Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 

Pulilished  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
li'her,  November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
^uy,  March,  April,  and  May)  by  The  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter,  October  30,  1921,,  at  the  post  office 
of  Urbana,  Illinois.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall.  Urbana.  Illinois.  Subscription  $l..iO 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph. 

National  Advertising  Representative — Littell 
Murray-Barnhill.  eOS  North  Michigan  Ave- 
nue, Chicago  11,  III.  101  Park  Avenue, 
New  York   17,  New   York. 


Volume  63 


No.  1 


The  Tech  Presenis 

ARTICLES 

Look  Before  You  Leap ^ 

Carl  Sonncnschein.  M.E.  '4S 

The  Gyro-Compass 8 

Elcrhcrt  Mazer 

The    Pier    Branch 9 

Francis  Green,  E.E.  '48 

Industrial  Ceramics  Grows  L  p 10 

Karl  Ullf/cidorf.  E.E.   '48 

Quality  Control — Industry's  Watchdog - 12 

Jerry  Matheus.  M.E.  '47 

DEPARTMENTS 

New    Developments - 

John   Dirk.  E.E.   '49 

Illini  In  Action - ^-^ 

Florian   kaitis 

Engineering    Societies - '*^ 

Introilucing    '^ 

John   Shurtleff 

Editorial   20 

Crossword    Puzzle 9 

Technocracks  "fO 

OUR  COVER 

Typical  of  the  problems  faced  by  many  veteran  students  is 
this  picture  of  "Study  Hour."  Dont  laugh,  it  could  happen  to  you. 

FRONTISPIECE 

Shown  assembling  a  new  television  antenna,  these  two 
workmen  are  perched  high  on  the  Empire  State  building.  (Court- 
esy of  General  Electric  company). 


^^1^ 

-^-^r 


\  f* 


look  Before  You  leap 


Itfi  t'arl  SnnnvnMf-hfin.  31. K.  'lit 


Some  people  are  adaptable  to  any  sit- 
uation or  job,  but  most  are  not.  All  too 
often  a  man,  or  woman,  finds  nut,  too 
late,  that  he  has  accepteil  a  position 
which  does  not  appeal  to  him  and  for 
which  he  is  unable  to  show  the  proper 
interest.  Are  you  going  to  be  one  of 
this  misplaced  and  misled  group? 

It  is  a  generally  accepted  fact  that 
one  reason  people  go  to  school  is  to 
increase  their  ultimate  earning  power. 
As  a  group,  engineers  are  not  the  high- 
est paid  of  the  professional  men  and 
women,  although  there  are  exceptions. 
However,  in  order  for  a  person  to  be 
able  to  accept  greater  responsibilities  anti 
Shence  a  larger  remuneration,  he  must 
^have  a  real  and  vital  interest  in  the 
work  which  he  is  doing. 

There  are  several  basic  considerations 
which  enter  into  the  acceptance  or  re- 
jection of  a  job  offer,  and  for  the  most 
part  the\-  are  predicated  upon  personal 
desires,  likes,   and  dislikes. 

Let  us  now  consider  the  average  stu- 
dent as  he  approaches  the  ultimate  goal, 
graduation. 

Needed—^A   Job 

Having  completed  almost  four  years 
of  constant  and  intensive  study  he  finds 
that  very  shortly  his  period  of  incuba- 
tion, as  an  engineer,  will  end.  It  is  us- 
ually at  this  time  that  the  prospect 
of  having  to  choose  a  job  is  first  brought 
forcibly  to  his  attention.  There  are  a 
few  persons  who  already  have  a  course 
of  action  laid  out  for  themselves,  but 
they  are   the  lucky  few. 

Now  that  the  realization  of  the  ne- 
cessity of  getting  a  job  has  become  mani- 
fest, the  student  arranges,  through  the 
college  office,  to  have  several  interviews. 

The  number  of  interviews  the  student 
has  will  vary  according  to  the  indivdual. 
Some  persons  may  need  only  one  or  two 
in  order  to  make  their  decision,  while 
others  will  require  a  half  dozen  or  more. 

Advice  from  the  Dean's  office  indi- 
cates, that  the  greatest  difficulty  that 
the  interviewers  find  with  the  students 
is  that  they  do  not  know  what  they 
want,  nor  do  they  come  to  the  inter- 
views equipped  to  ask  intelligent  ques- 
tions. 

All  too  often,  due  to  this  unprepared- 
iie.ss  and  indecision,  a  man  may  either 
pass  up  a  good  offer,  or  he  may  accept 
a  job  for  which  he  is  mentally  unquali- 
fied. This   can  onh'  lead   to  a  condition 

OCTOBER,  1947 


of   unhappiness  and   discontent   with   his 
work. 

The  purpose  of  this  article  is  not  to 
tr\  to  tell  anybody  which  job  the\- 
should  or  should  not  accept,  but  rather 
it  is  an  attempt  to  point  out  a  few  of 
the  factors  which  should  be  considered 
by  all  persons  seeking  employment. 
Neither  is  the  article  intended  only  for 
those    seniors    who    expect    to    graduate 


This  article  is  the  first  of  a  se- 
ries designed  to  impress  upon  the 
student  the  realization  that  the 
ultimate  goal  of  all  education  lies 
in  the  proper  selection  of  a  job 
in  which  he  can  best  utilize  his 
talents  and  training.  Although 
space  does  not  permit  a  complete 
discussion  on  the  subject  of  select- 
ing a  job,  the  article  at  least  sug- 
gests many  lines  of  investigation 
that  may  be  followed  by  the  stu- 
dent who  is  truly  interested  in 
fitting  himself  into  a  more  than 
just  adequate  job.  In  attempting  to 
help  open  up  one  line  of  investi- 
gation, the  subsequent  articles  in 
this  series  will  deal  with  specific 
descriptions  of  several  small  in- 
dustrial organizations  located  in 
the  State  of  Illinois.  They  have 
been  chosen  because  they  are  also 
representative  of  a  group  of  em- 
ployers with  whom  the  engineering 
student  has  had  little  direct  con- 
tact. 


in  the  near  future  but  is  applicable  to 
freshmen  and  .sophomores  as  well.  This 
will  become  more  evident  as  we  pro- 
ceed. 

Most  of  the  engineering  curricula  in 
the  junior  and  senior  years  provide  op- 
portunity for  the  student  to  take  op- 
tions which  give  him  a  chance  to  de- 
velop any  special  interests  he  may  have. 

This  line  of  attack  is  of  utmost  im- 
portance but  its  significance  is  complete- 
ly lost  to  the  student  who  has  not  put 
forth  any  effort  toward  developing  spe- 
cialized  interests. 

We  must  accept  the  fact  that  engi- 
neering today  is  such  a  broad  and  com- 
prehensive field  that  no  one  man  can 
possibly  be  accomplished  in  all  of  its 
ramifications.  As  a  result  of  this  condi- 
tion, engineers  have  become  a  group  of 
specialists.  When  a  man  decides  to  be- 
come a  specialist,  he  automaticallv  nar- 


rows his  future  into  a  well  defined  path  ; 
and,  once  having  made  the  choice,  it  will 
be  very  sad  and  disillusioning  for  the 
person  who  then  finds  that  he  does  not 
like  and  enjoy  the  work  he  is  doing. 

For  the  most  part,  freshmen  are  ex- 
cluded from  extra-curricular  activities 
until  they  have  qualified  themselves 
scholastically.  For  those  who  are  quali- 
fied the  numerous  engineering  societies 
and  other  school  activities  are  a  deep 
well  for  the  accumulation  of  an  insight 
into  the  various  phases  of  engineering. 
The  student  should  take  full  advantage 
of  these  opportunities  that  are  offered 
to  him  t(j  learn  about  his  and  other  pro- 
fessions. 

Summer  Jobs  Valuable 

The  accumulation  of  practical  experi- 
ence of  various  types,  through  the  me- 
dium of  summer  jobs,  is  another  fine 
way  of  acquiring  this  diverse  knowl- 
edge. 

Unfortunately  for  the  student,  most 
of  the  trade  publications  are  far  too 
technical  for  all  but  the  seniors  and 
some  juniors  to  be  able  to  read  and 
understand.  However,  mere  perusal  of 
these  publications  is,  or  should  be,  of 
interest  to  all  engineering   students. 

All  of  these  things  which  have  been 
mentioned  will  help  to  prepare  a  person 
to  make  up  his  mind  when  the  time 
comes. 

In  the  final  analysis,  the  true  proof 
of  the  pudding  is  in  the  eating,  so  it 
is  impossible  to  be  absolutely  sure  that 
>our  choice  is  the  right  one  luitil  after 
\ou  have  worked  at  the  job  for  a  while. 
Nevertheless,  prior  to  employment,  an 
honest  consideration  of  all  factors  shovild 
greatly  increase  the  chances  of  making 
the  correct  choice. 

Now  let  us  consider  the  senior  who 
has  accomplished  his  formal  educational 
program  and  is  about  to  set  forth  on  the 
real  business  of  living.  Let  us  assume 
that  this  particular  individual  has 
thought  over  the  prospects  and  has  de- 
cided upon  what  type  of  work  he  wants 
to  do.  The  only  question  he  has  yet  to 
answer  is,   "Whom  shall   I   work   for?" 

As  we  have  already  mentioned,  the 
college  office  arranges  for  interviews  be- 
tween representatives  of  industry  and 
the  students.  This  is  one  of  the  finest 
services,  of  many,  that  the  office  does 
provide. 

Analyse  the  Problem 

When  our  student  approaches  his  in- 
terview, there  are  a  number  of  impor- 
tant questions  to  which  he  should  desire 
the  answers. 

The  locale  of  the  employment  is  al- 
wa\s  an  important  consideration,  espe- 
cially in  these  days  of  housing  short- 
ages. Should  it  not  be  possible  to  obtain 
adequate  housing  it  would  be  absoluteh' 
foolish  for  a  person  to  try  to  accept  a 
(Continued  on  Page  22) 


^Ite  Qiyia  Go^nt/pxiAA. 


Itij   llfrhvrt  .Mnzvr 


As  lati*  as  till-  iiiiiliik-  of  thf  19th  cen- 
tury, there  were  people  that  still  clunji 
to  the  belief  that  the  uni\erse  rotated 
around  a  stationary  earth.  Scientists  had 
attempted  to  disprove  this  lallacy  as 
early  as  the  I7th  century,  but  could  not 
decisively  do  so.  In  1851,  Jean  Bernard 
Leon  Foucault,  a  prominent  French  sci- 
entist of  the  period,  threw  some  light 
on  the  situation  by  showing  that  the 
earth  was  actually  rotating  on  its  axis. 

Incorporating  theories  developed  by 
Galeleo,  Newton,  and  Kepler,  he 
mounted  a  wheel  in  a  frame  on  very  del- 
icate bearings  so  that  it  could  maintain 
its  spinning  axis  in  a  fixed  direction. 
Hy  conducting  a  series  of  experiments 
with  this  apparatus,  he  proved  that  the 
earth  turned  relative  to  the  stationary 
direction  of  the  spinning  axis  of  the 
wheel.  Foucault  called  his  delicate  ap- 
paratus a  gyroscope  from  the  Greek 
word  "gyros"  (revolution),  and  "sko- 
pien,"  (to  view),  and  he  predicted  that 
some  day  it  would  be  used  to  navigate 
ships. 

At  the  turn  of  the  2llth  century.  Dr. 
Elmer  A.  Sperry,  founder  of  the  Sperry 
Gyroscope  company,  became  intrigued 
with  the  many  possibilities  of  mechani- 
cal   applications    of    the    gyroscope    and 


Even  though  the  principle  of 
operation  of  the  Sperry  gyro- 
compass may  be  well  known  to 
the  reader,  you  will  find  in  this 
article  a  clear  description  of  not 
only  liow  it  functions  but  also 
some  of  the  problems  encountered 
in  its  design. 


tlcdicatcd  himself  tf)  the  development  of 
gyro-statics. 

Before  going  into  the  problem  con- 
fronting Dr.  Sperry  in  the  development 
of  the  gyro-compass,  it  would  be  best  to 
define  the  gyroscope  and  briefly  state 
its  properties. 

A  gyroscope  consists  of  a  solid  wheel 
with  its  mass  concentrated  about  the 
rim.  It  is  so  suspended  that  it  may  ro- 
tate about  its  spinning  axis  and  turn 
about  its  vertical  and  horizontal  axes. 
These  axes  are  mutually  perpendicular 
and  coincide  with  the  center  of  mass  at 
the  geometric  center  of  the  wheel.  Its 
physical  properties  are :  ( 1 )  the  ability 
to  hold  its  position  in  space  unless  acted 
upon  by  an  external  torque,  and  (2) 
if  such  a  torque  were  applied,  action 
would  take  place  about  an  axis  90  de- 


A  cut-away  view  of  the  Sperry  gyro-compass  showing 
details  of  the   internal   assembly 


grecs  from  the  applied  torque.  In  cjtlui 
words,  if  a  torque  were  placed  on  the 
vertical  axis,  the  gyroscope  would  turn 
about  its  horizontal  axis.  This  peculiar 
property  is  known  as  "precession." 

Dr.  Sperry  had  a  scries  of  obstacle- 
to  hurdle  before  he  could  build  his 
first  g\ro-compass.  The  first,  the  prob- 
lem of  a  continuoush'  spinning  rotor, 
was  easily  overcome  by  evacuating  the 
center  of  the  gyro-wheel  and  installing 
a  set  of  induction  windings;  thus  mak- 
ing the  gyro-wheel  the  rotor  of  an  in- 
duction motor.  Rotors  in  the  most  com- 
monly used  Sperry  compasses  weigh  35 
lbs.  an<l  develop  a  speed  of  approximate- 
K'  fi, 1)0(1  r.p.m.  They  are  driven  by 
induction  windings  supplied  with  30 
\olt,  .1  phase,  210  cycle  alternating  cur- 
rent. 

The  iMoblcm  of  making  a  gyroscope 
north-seeking  and  north-remaining  was 
more  complex.  Dr.  Sperry  knew  that  if 
the  plane  of  rotation  of  a  gyroscope 
were  parallel  to  the  earth's  plane  of  ro- 
tatin,  their  spinning  axes  would  point 
to  the  true  geographic  north  and  south. 
The  rotation  of  the  earth  woLild  cause 
no  deviation  from  the  true  north  and, 
by  definition,  the  gyroscope  would  be- 
come a  compass.  For  all  practical  pur- 
poses, however,  it  would  be  impossible 
to  set  the  plane  of  rotation  of  a  gyro- 
scope parallel  to  the  earth's  plane  of  ro- 
tation vmless  a  mechanical  setup  was 
used.  Dr.  Sperry  conceived  an  ingeni- 
ous method.  Utilizing  the  gyroscopic 
property  of  precession  and  the  apparent 
tilting  of  the  gyro-rotor  because  of  the 
rotation  of  the  earth,  he  placed  a  tank 
of  mercury  on  each  side  of  the  rotor  and 
connected  them  with  a  unrestricted  pipe ; 
thus  allowing  mercury  to  flow  freely 
from  one  tank  to  the  other.  He  attached 
these  to  the  bottom  of  the  rotor  case  by 
means  of  a  connection  arm  and  an  eccen- 
tric pin,  (called  "eccentric"  because  it 
is  attached  approximately  1"  from  the 
perpendicular). 

Let  us  see  what  effect  the  addition 
of  mercury  ballistic  tanks  had  on  the 
gyro-scope.  Assume  the  rotor  to  be  le\el 
and  pointing  east  and  west.  As  the  earth 
rotates  from  west  to  east,  the  east  end 
of  the  gyro-scope  will  appear  to  tilt  up. 
This  apparent  tilting  will  cause  mercury 
to  flow  from  the  east  to  the  west  bal- 
listic tank  and,  in  effect,  place  a  torque 
on  the  horizontal  axis.  Following  the 
rule  of  precession  previously  stated,  the 
rotor  will  commence  to  turn  about  its 
vertical  axis. 

Due  to  the  unrestricted  flow  of  mer- 
cury, the  rate  of  precession  is  direct!) 
proportional  to  the  angle  of  tilt  and, 
since  the  earth  rotates  continually,  the 
amount  of  tilt  will  gradually  increase 
until  the  spinning  axis  of  the  rotor 
moves  into  the  plane  of  a  meridian.  At 
this  point,  the  angle  of  tilt,  the  amount 
(Continued  on  Page  ,36) 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Pier  Bnindi 


Bfi  Frtinvis  Green.  E.E.  '^S 


Welcome  to  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing, freshmen  and  sophomores  of  the 
undergraduate  division  at  Xavy  Pier! 
Your  student  engineering  magazine 
wants  to  acquaint  you  and  the  rest  of 
(lur  reading  public  with  our  engineering 
college  and  the  Pier  branch,  its  teach- 
ing personnel,  and  student  personalities 
and  'characters,'  if  any.  In  one  year  the 
Pier  has  been  built  up  to  one  of  the  50 
largest  centers  of  secondary  education 
in  the  United  States  with  an  enrollment 
of  4,000  students,  and  276  faculty  mem- 
bers. Most  students  come  from  within 
the  cit\'  of  Chicago  and  the  faculty — far 
from  being  unknown  and  without  repu- 
tation— include  such  men  as  Dr.  Char- 
les C.  Caveny,  dean  of  the  undergradu- 
ate division,  from  Penn  State,  Dean 
Randolph  P.  Hoelscher,  associate  dean 
of  engineering  sciences,  from  the  Ur- 
bana  faculty,  and  several  men  from 
Northwestern   university. 

With  the  exception  of  a  dozen  or  so 
engineering   sophomores    and    a    propor- 


A  familiar  sight  to  "Pier  Branch"  students  is  Navy  pier,  the  home 
of  the   University's   undergraduate  division   at  Chicago 


tionate  amount  of  men  in  other  divisions 
of   the   University,   all  students  of   last 


Ai'KOSS 

3ic  T's  trap 
e     dvanced 


telegraph 
14.  German    wt 

produced    h 

first    lelephc 

in   1861 
16.  Washing    m, 

rial,  still  sc, 

18.  Social    gath 

19.  Stain  of  d 

20.  Freezing   po 


('rossword   Puzzle 


of 


ater. 


26.  Irrational 
28    Rumanian 


tar 


unit 


29.  Keep 
said  of  a  machin 

30,  Free  negative 
atom 

32.   Monotonous 

routine 
34.   Irish   dramatist. 

once  employed 

in  first  English 

telephone 

exchange 

36  Conquered 

37  -rhe  Wizard  ol 
Menlo  Park" 

40    Su 


r"" 

z 

3 

1 

■4 

5 

6 

7 

'U 

0 

1 

12 

3 

w 

5 

16 

L 

"■ 

18 

«'"     1 

■ 

20 

21 

ff^n  1 

^ 

?4 

26 

r  EJ  L 

H" 

30 

M 

32 

33 

n|34 

" 

36 

37 

38 

P11J40 

41 

42  B 

43 

WT  1 

46 

■I 

47 

4« 

1 

49 

''\  \  u 

51 
if 

H 

52 

53 

HI 

54 

U- 

55 

Kil 

51 

62 

56 

57 

s 

58 

5a 

jffl^ 

63 

67" 

— 

Q 

64 

rH 

bt) 

B 

1  IT 

_ 

41.   I 


abbr 


dio   sta- 
tion to  broadcast 
regularly 
scheduled    pro- 
grams,   opened 
in  1920 

43.  Large   simian 

44.  Stout,  as  one 
needing  an  elec 
trical    reducing 
machine 

46  Mineral  used  In 
photoelectric 
cells:   chem. 
symbol 

47  Iniure    the    ■■■■ 
face  of 

49.  Estimate 


54.  t.i 


mpli- 
fiers  often  help 
these  people 

56-  Edges  of  a  roof 

58.  Wing 

60.  Important  part 
of  a  radio  set 

63.  For  all  time 

64    Floats,   as  on 
a  liquid 

66.  Bean  sauce 

67.  State   of   being 
upright 

58    Female  sheep 


2.  Self 

3.  Ruth's   second 
husband:   Bible 

4.  Me 


Scot 


9.  Planet  for  which    31.  Important  print- 
the  heaviest 
metal  is  named 

10.  Six:   Spanish 

11.  Moral    trans- 
gression 

15.  He  patented  an 
atic  tele- 


33.  Con 
35.  Hav 
38.  Defy 


pho 


xcha 


abbr. 


:ight: 


1891 

17.  South   American 
coin 

19.  Support  for  rail- 
road tracks 

21.  Letter   of  old 
Norse  alphabet 

23.  High   voice 

24.  Englishman  who 

devised   an 

electric    light 


39.   Memorandum 
42.  French  physici 

developed   the 

solenoid 
45.   Regular 

pulsation 
48.  Donkey 


1709 

«    Moving  part  of  25    Positive 

a  dynamo   or  electrode 

motor  27.  Fall  in  drop: 

6.  Source  of  a  metal  29.  German  whc 

7-  Former    Russian  founded   the 

autocrat  mathematica 

8.  Tellurium:  chem.  theory  of 


electr 


:ity 


52.  State 

53.  Cut  with  a  saw 
55.  This  protects  a 

circuit  from 

overloading 
57.   Hail! 
59.  Falsehood 

61.  Arch  of  refracted 
light 

62.  Ample  light 
prevents   strain 
on  this 

64.  City  thorough- 
fare: abbr. 

65.  Kind  of  ship: 


year  are  coming  back  to  the  Pier  to 
embark  on  their  second  year  of  college. 
Several  new  instructors  and  24  new 
courses  on  the  sophomore  le\el  are  now 
available. 

This  year  the  expansive  opportunities 
of  technical  and  non-technical  extra- 
curricular activities  will  go  into  full 
swing — a  theatrical  group,  the  "Pier  II- 
lini  Productions,"  a  student  newspaper, 
the  "Pier  Illini,"  intramural  athletics, 
;ind  numerous  activities  for  individual 
participation;  such  as,  reading  in  the 
10,000  volume  embryo  library,  study  of 
the  indefinite  loan  of  sculpture  from  the 
.Art  Institute,  special  exhibits  at  the 
.Museum  of  Science  and  Industry,  and 
most  important  of  all  a  chance  to  join 
the  student  branch  of  the  particular  en- 
gineering society  of  your  field.  To  those 
men  and  women  who  are  interested  in 
writing  or  applied  business  training,  as 
well  as  a  number  of  good  times  with 
a  group  of  active  engineering  students, 
we  extend  our  invitation  to  you  to  con- 
tact Mr.  Ogden  Livermore  and  initiate 
a  branch  of  the  "Illinois  Tcchnogruph," 
engineering  student  publication  on  cam- 
pus, there  at  your  dixision  of  the  Uni- 
\ersity  of   Illinois. 

Among  the  Pier  men  who  have  come 
south  to  Urbana,  are  such  GMOCs 
(growing  men  on  campus)  as  the  first 
editor  of  the  "Pier  Illini"  newspaper, 
Bernard  Weinstein,  a  new  writer  on  the 
Irchnograph.  Donald  Johnson,  and 
from  what  we  hear  'Muriel  Locke,'  di- 
minuitive,  typical  Navy  Pier  coed  who 
.'uinounced  her  arrival  at  Urbana  'due 
to  the  adversity  of  the  male  Pier  popu- 
lation' ! 


OCTOBER,  1947 


Industrial  (leraiiiirs  (irows  Up 


Itfi  Hurl  HilfivniUtrf.  K.E.  '  tH 


The  ceramics  industry  has  made 
astonishing  advances  in  the  past  few- 
years.  The  glass  industiT  in  1939  was 
worth  13  billion  dollars.  Cilass  prod- 
ucts are  as  vital  as  any  products  the 
country  produces  —  millions  of  light 
bulbs,  X-ray  tubes,  lenses  for  micro- 
scopes, make  glass  important  to  scien- 
tific progress  and  industrial  deveiop- 
nieiit. 

(ilass  can  withstand  abrasion  better 
than  any  metal.  A  colliery  in  Pennsyl- 
vania uses  thick  plate  glass  coal  chutes 
in  mines.  Glass  aircraft  windows  re- 
placed plastics  since  pressure  differential 
at  high  altitudes  made  plastic  materials 
bend  and  pop  out  of  their  frames.  Plas- 
tics offer  no  protection  against  ultravio- 
let rays. 

The  manufacture  of  glass  is  as  ancient 
as  civilization.  The  Egyptians,  thousands 
of  years  ago,  knew  the  secret  of  making 
emerald  and  cobalt  glass,  the  Phoeni- 
cians were  adept  at  blowing  glass,  and 
the  Romans  made  the  discovery  of  trans- 
parent glass.  In  1900  an  industrialist 
predicted  that  glass,  as  much  as  steel, 
would  revolutionize  the  20th  century. 

Foam  glass — glass  baked  with  carbon 
dust — is  buoyant  in  water  and  can  be 
used  for  life  rafts.  Fibrous  glass  in  the 
form  of  glass  wool  insulation,  continu- 
ous fibres  for  textiles,  and  non-inflam- 
mable drapes,  were  used  by  the  Army 
and   Navy. 

Jet  planes  operate  at  temperatures  of 
2000°  F  and  rise  off  the  ground  in  30 
seconds.  Special  ceramic  coatings  make 
parts  heat  resistant.  In  planes,  uncoated 
materials  must  be  replaced  in  50  hours. 
With  ceramic  coatings  the  lifetime  of 
the  metal  was  over  100  hours.  Ceramic 
coatings  are  useful  in  coating  turbo- 
supercharger  parts. 

Glass  is  unaffected  by  moisture  and 
most  acids.  It  can  be  made  heavier  than 
iron  and  lighter  than  aluminum.  It  was 
used  in  making  the  200-inch  reflector  at 
Mt.  Palomar  observator\'  and  has  been 
drawn  into  fibres  .023  inch  thick.  It  can 
be  as  unbreakable  as  quartz  and  fragile 
as  a  Christmas  tree  ornament.  There  are 
300,001)  different  ways  of  making  it. 

During  the  war  the  treasury  depart- 
ment seriously  considered  making  pen- 
nies of  glass  instead  of  hard-to-get  cop- 
per. 

The  United  States  is  today  the  leader 
in  the  quality  and  quantity  of  glassware 


10 


Ceramics  is  one  of  tlie  oldest 
arts  in  the  history  of  niunkind. 
Although  some  phases  liave  been 
shifting  from  the  arts  into  indus- 
try, the  nar  created  one  of  the 
largest  industrial  applications  yet 
found.  This  article  deals  witli  the 
application  of  ceramics  to  some 
of  these  war-created   preblems. 


and  in  the  \ariet\  produced.  With  new- 
uses  of  ceramics  being  discovered  daily 
— from  the  textile  industry  to  the  build- 
ing trades — the  ceraniics  industry  prom- 
ises to  grow  by  leaps  and  bounds. 

Wartime  Needs 

Early  in  the  war  in  I^urope  our  in- 
telligence department  reported  that 
flight  paths  of  American  bon-ibers  sw-eep- 
ing  into  Germany  wxre  being  plotted 
by  means  of  infra-red  radiation  detec- 
tors and  anti-aircraft  fire  w-as  being 
directed  by  similar  apparatus.  The  infra- 
red rays  emitted  by  the  hot  engines  of 
our  bomb  laden  Flying  Fortresses  and 
Liberators  w-ere  a  dead  give-away  as  to 
the  position  of  flying  squadrons. 

In  July,  1943,  Army  Air  corps  offi- 
cials from  Wright  field,  Dayton,  rep- 
resenting the  Air  Materiel  command, 
dropped  into  the  Ceramics  building  at 
the  University  of  Illinois  and  asked  Dr. 
A.  I.  Andrews:  "Can  you  develop  a 
ceramic  material  which  will  suppress 
infra-red  radiation  from  the  hot  metal 
parts  of  oin-  planes?  Every  plane  gives 
away  its  location  long  before  it  reaches 
its  target."  Dr.  Andrews'  response  w-as 
in  the  affirmative.  He  felt  that  ceramic 
materials  could  be  found  to  solve  this 
critical  problem. 

The  laboratory  in\estigation  for  spe- 
cial ceramic  coatings  which  w-ere  to  be 
applied  to  aircraft  parts,  such  as  collec- 
tor rings  and  exhaust  stacks,  actually 
had  a  double  purpose.  The  first  was,  of 
course,  to  suppress  infra-red  radiation. 
The  second,  equally  important,  w-as  to 
unearth  ceramic  coatings  which  would 
protect  metals  from  the  rapid  deteriora- 
tion that  they  undergo  in  extremes  of 
temperature. 

During  the  following  year,  a  critical 
review  was  made  of  ceramic  materials 
available  and  tests  were  made  on  them 
continuall\-.  The  tests  determined  heat 
resistance,      thermal      shock      resistance, 


>trength,  radiation-suppressing  qualities, 
and  other  factors. 

It  was  found  that  an\  metal  w-ith 
a  ceramic  coating  of  the  proper  kind 
can  be  operated  at  temperatures  higher 
than  normal.  In  the  tests  on  coatings 
placed  betw-een  the  flame  and  metal  in 
exhaust  stacks  and  jet  engine  flame 
tubes,  it  was  found  that  the  useful  op- 
erating life  of  the  metal  part  w-as  in- 
creased several  times.  One  specimen  of 
steel  w-as  heated  450  hours  at  1500°  F. 
w-ith  no  visible  sign  of  corrosion. 

Dr.  R.  D.  Bennett,  director  of  re- 
search in  the  ceramics  department,  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  project.  L  nder 
him,  R.  K.  Jursh  planned  and  devel- 
oped procedures  and  apparatus  and,  witli 
the  cooperation  of  the  physics  depart- 
ment, prepared  test  specimens. 


Typical  heat-corrosion  in  an 
unprotected  pipe 

THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


The  immediate  result  of  the  research 
was  that  metals  had  increased  operating 
life,  and  due  to  this  protection  by  a 
coat  of  ceramic  material,  cheaper  metals 
could  be  substituted  for  more  expensive 
metals.  High  grade  steels  were  in  de- 
mand by  every  branch  of  the  armed 
forces;  substitution  of  less  critical  ma- 
terials proved  a  boon  at  a  time  when 
war  production  was  at  its  peak. 

Dr.  Bennett  says  in  a  report:  "VV^ith 
dense,  relatively  glassy  coats  serving  to 
seal  off  metal  from  high  temperature 
corrosion,  the  additional  application  of 
the  more  porous,  relatively  crystalline 
top  coatings  served  to  provide  thermal 
insulation,  radiation  reflection,  and 
radiation  suppression.  The  net  result 
was  either  a  metal  operating  at  a  lower 
temperature  or,  often  more  important, 
a  higher  combustion  temperatin-e  with 
the  metal  temperature  no  higher  than 
before. 

The  approach  was  to  heat  the  speci- 
men coated  with  various  kinds  of  ce- 
ramic material  and  then  evaluate  the 
results  through  graphs.  The  Stefan- 
Boltzmann  law  shows  how  radiation 
and  temperature  are  related.  It  is: 

where  P  is  power  radiated  per  unit 
area,  T  is  the  temperature  in  degrees 
Kelvin,  E  is  the  total  radiation  emis- 
sivity,  and  A"  is  the  Stefan-Boltzmann 
constant  in  watts  per  degree  Kelvin  per 
unit  area.  Planck's  radiation  formula 
gives  the  distribution  of  energy  among 
the  various  wavelengths.   It  is : 

A=(2AfvV)    {he  t^^T-')-' 
where  JX  is    the    radiation   intensity    at 
wavelength  /, 
h  is  Planck's  constant 
<•  is  the  velocity  of    light 
h  is   Boltzmann's   constant 
and  T  is  the  temperature  in  degrees 
Kelvin. 
The  Bouquer-Lambert  law  of  absorption 
demonstrates  that  the  ability  of  a  body 
to  transmit  radiation  is  independent  of 
the  intensitv  of  the  radiation.  It  is: 

where  J'l„  is  the  radiation  intensit\-  at 

surface  toward  the  source 
J\  is   the   radiation   intensity   at   a 

distance  x 
X  is  the  distance  from  the  surface 
toward  the  source  along  the  radi- 
ation path 
and  k  is  the  absorption  coefficient  of 
I  the  transmitting  medium 

I  As   a    direct   corollary   of   the    Bouquer- 
Lambert  law,  it  can  be  seen  that  each 
unit  thickness  of  a  homogenous  medium 
1  reduces  the  intensiti,-  of  the  beam  in  the 
same  ratio. 

'  The  Test  Equipment 

I  A  tiny,  specimen  furnace,  large 
j  enough  to  hold  a  4  by  4  inch  metal  plate 
had  a  pyrex  glass  window  to  keep  out 
I  convective  air  and  was  operated  in  con- 
I  nection   with   a   variac  which    regulated 

h!  OCTOBER.  1947 


The  laboratory  arrangement  of  the  equipment  used  to  measure 
the  relative  emissivity  of  coated   materials 


the  energy  output.  A  Chromel-alumel 
thermometer  was  imbedded  in  the  speci- 
men metal  and  connected  to  a  potentio- 
meter. 

A  photoelectric  cell,  sensitive  to  radi- 
ation up  to  1.2  microns,  changed  radia- 
tion to  electrical  energy  which  was  meas- 
ured through  a  reflecting  galvanometer. 
Deflections  on  an  attached  focused  scale 
gave  a  direct  measure  of  radiant  energy. 

Two  types  of  filters  were  used.  A 
Corning,  black  glass  filter,  which  cut 
off  infra-red  emission  wave  lengths  be- 
low 0.75  micron,  and  a  glass  filter  cell 
(with  CuCl.^.2H.,0J,  which  was  open 
to  radiation  below  .7  micron,  were  sat- 
isfactory. 

Preliminary  tests  indicated  that  all 
grades  of  steel  showed  the  same  abso- 
lute emissivity  over  a  given  temperature 
scale.  As  the  temperature  is  raised,  oxi- 
dized steel  reaches  a  total  emissivity  of 
95%.  Stainless  steel  was  selected  as  the 
test  specimen  in  all  remaining  work  of 
the  investigation.  Readings  of  the  radi- 
ant energy  from  the  coated  steel  were 
taken  at  50°  intervals  over  two  main 
temperature  ranges — 800-1000°  F.  in 
the  infra-red  band  and  1100-1800°  F. 
in  the  visible  and  invisible  radiation 
bands. 

A  number  of  variables  were  consid- 
ered: particle  size,  coat  thickness,  firing 
time,  temperature,  and  types  of  bonding 
glasses.  Bonding  glasses  with  different 
capacity  to  transmit  radiations  were  cor- 
related to  the  other  variables.  The  per 
cent  of  bonding  glass  was  kept  low  to 
keep  the  coat  thickness  down  as  much 
as  possible.  Each  first  coating  14  mils 
thick  was  fired  on  the  steel  plates  be- 
fore the  test  metal  received  its  coating 
of  the  ceramic  material  tested. 

Nineteen  representative  mate- 
rials, among  which  were  diaspore,  uver- 
ite.    feldspar,   lepidolite,   cobalt  dioxide. 


manganese  dioxide,  and  olivine  vv-ere 
tested  with  filters  over  the  800-1600°  F. 
range  to  determine  the  amount  of  emis- 
sivity. 

The  following  is  the  formulation  for 
base  coat  No.  32-16  at  4  mils  thickness: 

Quartz  24.3% 

Potash  feldspar  34.8 

Borax  23.8 

Sodium  carbonate  6.5 

Sodium  nitrate  4.2 

Fluospar  3.7 

Cobalt  dioxide  0.5 

Nickel  oxide 0.5 

Manganese  dioxide  1.5 

A  mill  batch  of  the  above  frit  nvuii- 
ber  32  was  made  up  as  follows : 

Frit  number  32  65 

First  grade  diaspore  35 

Borax  0.75 

Water    50.00 

The  frit  materials  were  mixed  and 
melted  to  quiet  fusion  and  the  melt  was 
then  quenched  in  water  and  dried.  After 
the  mill  batch  was  ground,  a  100  gram 
slip  sample  was  passed  through  a  200 
mesh  screen  and  4  grams  of  residue  re- 
mained. The  remaining  slip  was  applied 
to  the  annealed  metal  specimen  by  dip- 
ping, and  then  fired  for  10  minutes  at 
1750°  F. 

Testing  Procedure 
The  specimen  was  placed  in  the  fur- 
nace with  a  top  coating  facing  the  photo- 
electric cell,  and  the  temperature  was 
raised  gradually  to  1600°  F.,  slowly 
lowered  to  800°  F.,  and  then  raised 
again  at  the  rate  of  10°  a  minute  to 
1100°  F.  with  readings  taken  every 
50°.  At  1100°  the  sensitivity  of  the 
galvanometer  was  reduced  to  keep  the 
deflection  on  scale  and  filters  were 
changed.  Additional  readings  were  taken 
up  to  1600°  F. 

Analysis  revealed  that  in  the  low  tem- 
( Continued  on  Page  28) 

11 


Iiidiistrv's  Wateli  M 


hif  'Ivrrii  3l€ithvirH.  .\I.K.  '17 


Tlu-  projiicss  ot  accuracy  in  machiii- 
ini;  has  increased  iifonietrically  in  inipi)i- 
tance  since  the  hef^inninj;  of  the  machine 
age  and  alon":  with  it  has  grown  the  re- 
sponsibility of  making  machines  whicli 
can  produce  parts  within  \er\  narrow 
limits.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  manu- 
factured parts  with  a  tolerance  of 
.OODOUh  in.  It  would  be  economically 
impossible  to  discard  machines  which, 
after  normal  wear,  fail  to  produce  the 
accuracy  demanded.  Consequenth ,  the 
practical  method  is  to  measure  the  parts 
as  they  come  off  the  machine,  discard 
those  beyond  the  limits,  and  if  neces- 
sary, shut  down  the  machine  for  read- 
justments when  it  consistently  fails  to 
produce  parts  within  the  specified  limit. 
At  best  this  system,  if  not  wasteful  of 
material,  slows  down  production — a  vi- 
olation of  one  of  the  ten  commandments 
of   a    business   enterprise. 

It  took  two  world  wars  and  a  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  graduate  to  partially 
solve  this  problem  through  "quality  con- 
trol." At  least  a  good  attempt  is  being 
made  by  many  companies  to  utilize  tlie 
method  of  quality  control  to  cope  with 
the  dilemma  posed  by  the  need  for  ra- 
pid   production    along  with    accurac>'. 

rhiciplcs  /{xftlaituul 

The  Federal  Products  corporation,  a 
manufacturer  of  precision  measuring  in- 
struments, has  published  a  "primer"  ex- 
plaining the  theory  of  quality  control  in 
the  layman's  language.  The  following 
is  a  condensation  of  this  explanation  of 
the  principles  of  quality  control. 

"If  SO  pieces  are  taken  from  the  work 
of  a  machine  where  the  o.d.  has  been 
turned  and  if  the  pieces  are  measured 
individually  with  an  indicating  gage  for 
this  outside  diameter  and  then  cla.ssified 
by  actual  dimension  (a  sort  of  selective 
assembly  operation),  in  other  words  laid 
out  in  rows  by  actual  dimension,  a  re- 
sult similar  to  th;it  shown  in  Fig.  1 
will  be  obtained. 

"A  group  of  pieces  dimensionally  clas- 
sified in  this  manner  make  what  is 
known  as  a  Frequency  Distribution,  il- 
lustrating the  frequency  of  occurrence  of 
certain  dimensions  and  their  distribution 
among  the  whole.  The  curve  itself  is 
called   a   Frequency   Distribution  curve. 

"It  is  characteristic  of  pieces  classified 


12 


A  relative  newcomer  to  indus- 
try, the  field  of  quality  control  is 
the  subject  of  this  article.  Devel- 
oped by  means  of  statistical  mathe- 
matics, quality  control  is  proving 
itself  to  be  as  effective  as  100  per 
cent  inspection  and  yet  is  much 
less  expensive  and   troublesome. 


and  distributed  accoriling  to  their  di- 
mensions that  the  largest  group  would 
fall  close  to  the  mathematical  average 
of  the  entire  assembly. 

"Furthermore,  it  has  been  found  that 
a  Frequency  Distribution  can  be  divided 
into  six  zones  mathematically  equal  in 
width.  Thus  a  practical  use  of  the  Fre- 
quency Distribution  becomes  available 
because  it  has  been  determined  that  the 
number  of  pieces  ordinarily  lodging 
within  each  of  the  strips  represents  per- 
centages of  the  total.  Carried  to  an  ex- 
treme, the  Frequency  Distribution  pro- 
cedure could  resemble  or  equal  100% 
inspection. 

"In  the  actual  application  a  sampling 
procedure  is  adopted  and  a  chart  sys- 
tem replaces  the  frequency  distribution. 
Rather  than  sort  over  the  entire  50 
pieces,  small  samples,  such  as  five  pieces 
.-it  a  time,  are  taken  more  or  less  regu- 
larly from  the  work  as  it  progresses,  and 


rm    utk 


mill*  tilt 


Figure   1 
A   Frequency   Distribution   Curve 


critain  resulting  observations  are  piur- 
ted  on  a  control  chart,  as  shown  in 
I'igs.  2  and  .1 

"In  Older  to  determine  the  \aiue  ol 
M,  mathematicians  have  developed  for- 
mulae by  which  the  .35  value  can  be  cal- 
culated from  a  quantity  known  ;in 
"range"  is  the  difference  between  the 
greatest  and  smallest  dimensions  observ- 
ed in  each  sample  taken.  Fig.  .?  shows 
a  chart  on  which  the  3  readings  from 
each  of  the  samples  are  plotted  in  pro 
per  position.  It  illustrates  for  each  sam- 
|ile  taken  the  highest  and  lowest  readin;: 
and  the  spread,  or  range,  between  them, 
as  well  as  the  variation  in  range  from 
sample   to  sample." 

7  he  A  pplica/ioii  of  Theory 

From  the  foregoing  principles  qualit\ 
control  has  come  into  existence.  To  sec 
how  these  principles  are  put  into  actual 
practice,  consider  the  following  example. 

Usually  five  pieces  are  selected  at  ran- 
dom during  definite  intervals  by  an  in- 
spector or  operator  right  at  the  machine. 
Kach  piece  is  measured  and  the  meas- 
ured value  recorded.  An  average  of  the 
fixe  readings,  called  X,  is  recorded  along 
with  the  largest  and  smallest  readings. 
The  difference  between  the  largest  and 
smallest  readings  is  called  the  range  ami 
represented  b\  R.  Generally  between  10 
and  23  such  samples  are  taken  from 
which  the  overall  averages  of  X  and  R 
are  obtained.  From  these  values  it  is  then 
possible  to  calculate  the  control  limits 
by  means  of  the  following  formula: 

c.l.=X—AJi  and  X-{-J.7R 
where    A .    is    obtained    from    the    table 
below 

No.  Pieces  5        8       10      12      13 

A„  .377  .373  .308  .266  .223 

To  obtain  the  control  limits  for  the 
range,  the  following  formula  is  used : 

Uffcr  c.1.=:D^   Loivcr  ,-./.=D,^ 
where  /) ;   and   D^   are   found    from   the 
table  below : 

8         10         12         13 
.S()4  1.777   1.717   1.6S2 
.1.^6     .Hi     .284     .348 

With  the  control  limits  set  up  then, 
the  process  of  measuring  fi\e  pieces  of 
work  periodically  is  continued  .ind  the 
averages  of  X  and  R  are  plotted  on  a 
control  chart.  When  either  of  these  av- 
erages falls  outside  the  established  limit, 
it  means  that  that  particular  sub-group 
of  five  has  gone  "ovit  of  control"  ;  and 
either  a  readjustment  of  the  machine  or 
a  recalibration  of  the  measuring  instru- 
ment is  necessary.  At  least  it  is  known 
that  something  has  gone  "haywire"  with 
the  process  and  that  it's  time  to  make  a 
check.  It  also  means  that  a  100%  in- 
spection of  all  the  parts  produced  after 
the  preceding  sub-group  is  necessary. 

That  the  speed  and  quality  of  pro- 
duction is  directly  dependent  upon  the 
method  of  inspection  is  not  difficult    to 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


\o.  Pieces   3 
/),       2.114 
/).,  0 


see.  It  should  also  be  apparent  that  the 
quality  control  method  of  inspection 
based  on  the  principles  of  Frequency 
Distribution  permits  a  considerably 
greater  production  speed  than  the  lOO^f 
inspection  method.  In  actual  practise  the 
inspection  method  adopted  is  a  compro- 
mise between  the  required  accuracy  and 
economical  operating  speed.  For  exam- 
ple, in  a  process  with  fairly  large  limits 
a  10  or  15%  inspection  method  may  be 
adopted  with  reasonable  accuracy  which 


"_r^"-[_^^__ ! 


c  0  il  [(.01    ciiu  i 
Figure  2 

also  permits  the  process  to  be  operated 
at  a  speed  consistent  with  economy.  As 
the  limits  of  the  process  become  smaller, 
the  method  of  inspection  must,  of  neces- 
sity, become  correspondingly  larger  to 
insure  the  qualit\'  of  the  product.  For 
limits  smaller  than  a  certain  value  a 
l(lf)%  inspection  method  is  mandatory, 
because  the  increased  production  speed 
gained  by  any  lesser  method  is  more 
than  offset  by  the  number  of  defective 
parts  which  are  undetected.  By  the  use 
of  the  principles  of  quality  control  the 
necessity  for  100%  inspection  is  elimi- 
nated and  at  the  same  time  the  accuracy 
of  the  work  is  maintained.  Of  course 
this  is  the  big  selling  point  of  quality 
control — "accurate  guess  work."  With 
the  formulae  and  constants  developed  by 
mathematicians  for  the  quality  control 
method,  however,  the  guess  work  is  re- 
duced to  about  a  99.99%  calculated 
risk. 

Mathematical  Angle 

One  of  the  more  prominent  mathema- 
ticians responsible  for  the  development 
of  quality  control  is  Dr.  Walter  A. 
Shwart  of  the  Bell  Telephone  Labora- 
tories. Mr.  Shwart  was  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Illinois  in  1913  and 
received  his  Master's  degree  here  in 
1914.  He  completed  his  work  for  a 
Ph.D.  at  the  Uni\ersitv  of  California 
in   1917. 

It  is  very  likely  that  Mr.  Shwart  be- 
came interested  in  the  subject  of  quality 
control  through  his  work  with  Bell  Tel- 
ephone, for  in  1918  it  became  his  duty 
to  establish  head  sizes  for  aviation  radio 
helmets.  In  1924  he  actually  began 
studying  sampling  plans  to  be  used  in 
the  inspection  of  quality.  His  problem 
then  was — how  large  a  sample  should  be 
taken  in  order  to  justify  the  acceptance 
or  rejection  of  a  given  production  lot 
on  the  basis  of  these  samples?  The  sta- 
tistical control  chart,  described  previ- 
ously, was  introduced  for  this  determi- 
nation and  is  now  used  both  here  and 
abroad  by  many  corporations. 

OCTOBER,  1947 


The  British  have  added  a  new  section 
to  the  Royal  Statistical  society  concerned 
entirely  with  quality  control.  In  the 
L  nited  States  the  war  department  dur- 
ing World  War  II  requested  the  Amer- 
ican Standards  association  to  organize  a 
committee  for  the  purpose  of  sponsoring 
the  application  of  statistics  to  quality 
control.  It  was  this  action  that  has  been 
largely  responsible  for  the  present  day 
interest  and  popularity.  As  a  further 
supplement  to  the  original  training  of- 
fered h\  the  war  production  board,  a 
series  of  papers  called  "Quality  Control 
Reports"  were  also  published  in  which 
were  shown  many  illustrations  of  the 
application  of  quality  control. 

Quality  Control  Succeeds 

In  one  report  the  John  Deere  com- 
pany published  an  interesting  account 
of  the  direct  application  of  quality  con- 
trol to  a  production  problem  arising  in 
their  shops.  In  the  maiuifacture  of  piston 
pins  the  three  final  operations  in  the 
production  procedure  consisted  of: 


sidered  absolutely  necessary  because  of 
the  inertia  in  getting  the  operators  to 
change  over  from  the  old  procedure  to 
the  new  one. 

After  the  system  had  been  set  up, 
it  was  found  that  the  plunge  centerless 
grinder  was  turning  out  the  pins  on  the 
high  side  of  the  tolerance;  and  as  a 
result  a  number  of  them  were  oversize. 
By  proper  adjustment  of  the  machine 
the  average  size  was  brought  down 
closer  to  the  mean  dimension,  but  the 
range  still  continued  at  an  unsatisfac- 
tory level.  A  control  chart  placed  on 
the  preceding,  rough  centerless  grinders 
indicated  that  this  operation  was  not 
functioning  properly,  and  a  check-up  re- 
vealed that  the  operator  was  not  making 
the  prescribed  number  of  passes  through 
the  grinder.  After  correcting  this  condi- 
tion and  making  a  few  machine  adjust- 
ments, the  operator  was  then  able  to 
easily  turn  out  the  pins  according  to 
specifications  with  only  sub-group  check- 
ing. 

As   a   check   on   the   accuracy   of   the 


Figure   3 
A  sub-group  control  chart  shown  in  actual   use  on  the  machine  floor 


1.   rough  centerle;.;.  grinding 

1.  plunge  (or  stop)  centerless  grind- 
ing and  lap 

3.  polishing. 

It  was  found  that  after  leaving  the 
rough  centerless  grinding  operation  con- 
siderable trouble  had  arisen  with  uneven 
flow  of  parts  and  scrap  work.  To  cor- 
rect this  trouble,  it  was  decided  to  uti- 
lize the  principles  of  quality  control ;  and 
to  do  this,  necessitated  a  conference  with 
the  superintendent   and   supervisors. 

Next  it  was  necessary  to  select  and 
train  individuals  for  patrol  inspection 
and  thoroughly  acquaint  everyone  in- 
volved with  the  procedure  required  to 
carry  out  the  quality  control  method. 
This  preliminary  preparation   was  con- 


quality  control  method,  1800  pieces 
were  given  100%  inspection  and  found 
to  all  fall  within  the  specified  tolerance. 
The  control  charts,  however,  showed 
that  four  points  fell  below  the  lower 
control  limit  for  averages.  This  down- 
ward trend  in  the  averages  indicated 
that  even  though  all  of  the  pieces  were 
within  the  tolerance,  some  operation  was 
still  "out  of  control."  When  that  par- 
ticular trouble  was  located  and  correct- 
ed, complete  control  was  maintained  for 
the  rest  of  the  run ;  and  all  of  the  pieces 
produced  were  found  to  fall  more  closely 
to  the  mean  specification. 

From  the  foregoing  discussion  it  can 
readily  be  seen   that   the   advantage    of 
(Continued  on  Page  26) 

13 


Tin:     STOICV     OF    4  AIIL     ^IFXXFL 


Do  yoii  know  that  tin-  iiumbi-r  ot 
small  air  bubbles  in  concii-tc  (k'tfiiiiini's 
tlu-  durability  of  that  coiicn-te?  Con- 
crete with  less  than  a  certain  amount 
of  air  weathers  badly.  Concrete  with 
greater  amounts  of  air  resists  frost  ac- 
tion, but  its  strength  is  decreased.  A 
problem  is  raised — how  to  get  enough 
air  into  the  concrete  without  getting  too 
much.  Putting  the  air  into  the  concrete 
is  simple.  Controlling  the  amount  of  air 
is  tricky.  Uefore  you  can  control  it,  you 
have  to  measure  it.  That  is  the  assign- 
ment Mr.  Carl  Menzel,  research  engi- 
neer of  the  Portland  Cement  Associa- 
tion, received. 

After  my  discharge  from  the  Army, 
I  went  to  work  for  the  Portland  Ce- 
ment .'\ssociation.  That  was  when  I  met 
Mr.  Menzel — I  became  his  assistant.  In 
the  next  few  days  I  learned  a  great  deal 
about  air-entrained  concrete.  I  learned 
that  between  three  and  five  per  cent  of 
air  is  best  for  durability  and  strength. 
I  learned  that  it  is  easy  to  adjust  the 
amount  of  air  in  concrete  by  adjusting 
the  mix.  I  also  learned  to  qualify  that 
last  sentence — it's  easy  to  adjust  the 
amount  of  air  in  concrete,  if  we  know 
how  much  air  was  in  the  last  batch 
mixed.  Then  I  learned  that  measuring 
the  amount  of  air  in  the  concrete  was 
hard,  and  that  our  job  was  to  devise  a 
"Practical  Field  Method  for  the  Deter- 
mination of  the  Air  Content  of  Fresh 
Concrete." 

Initial  Difficulties 

Theic  were  three  general  metiiods  in 
use  a  year  ago  for  measuring  the  air 
content  of  fresh  concrete.  In  one,  the 
"gravimetric"  method,  the  weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  of  the  fresh  concrete  was  ob- 
tained and  compared  with  the  theoreti- 
cal air-free  unit  weight  of  the  same 
concrete.  This  comparison  gave  an  "air 
content."  In  another  method  the  air  was 
removed  from  the  concrete  by  "wash- 
ing," and  the  loss  of  volume  in  the 
process  represented  the  air  content.  In 
the  third  method  the  concrete  was  put 
luider  pressure,  and  through  measure- 
ment of  the  volume  change  under  that 
pressure,  the  air  content  of  the  concrete 
could  be  found. 

Serious  objections  to  each  method 
were  made,  the  most  serious  of  these 
being  inaccuracy.  An  experienced  man 
could  judge  air  content  more  accurately 
"by  guess  and  by  gosh"  than  by  any  of 
the  three. 


For  instance,  with  tiie  most  higliK 
approved  method,  the  most  "exact" 
method — the  gravimetric — the  weight  of 
an  accurately  measured  volume  of  fresh 
concrete  was  needeii.  To  be  fairly  cer- 
tain of  the  amount  fair,  an  accuracy  of 
about  3  in  10,000  was  needed — ^  an 
accuracy  common  in  the  laboratory,  but 
impossible  in  the  field  where  the  test 
was  to  be  used. 

Mr.  Menzel  sat  down  and  diil  some 
thinking.  First  he  listed  the  disadvan- 
tages of  each  method  (at  that  time  there 
were  few  advantages  for  any  of  them). 
Then  he  started  devising  ways  of  re- 
moving the  faults. 


The  almuni  department,  IllinJ 
in  Action,  has  been  devoted  this 
time  to  the  story  of  one  man,  Carl 
Menzel  '17.  This  story  deals  with 
the  problems  he  encountered  in 
handling  an  assignment  he  re- 
ceived as  a  research  engineer  for 
the  Portland  Cement  Association. 
The  outcome  of  his  work — a  pres- 
sure testing  unit  for  detennining 
the  air  content  of  concrete — was 
reported  in  the  May  1947  issue  of 
the  Technograph.  This  story  is  the 
saga  of  headwork,  elbow-grease, 
and  grief  behind  its  development. 


The  gravimetric  method  was  discard- 
ed at  the  start.  The  composition  of  each 
tested  batch  had  to  be  known — the  exact 
amounts  of  water,  sand,  cement  and 
gravel  in  the  batch  had  to  be  known 
with  an  accuracy  that  is  impossible  on  a 
road  job  where  conditions  seem  to 
change  without  apparent  reason.  The 
gravimetric  method  also  involves  compu- 
tations which  are  too  lengthy  for  the 
field,  where  test  results  are  needed  "im- 
mediately" if  not  sooner. 

'Washing'  Method  Cumbersome 

Now  let's  follow  his  reasoning  with 
one  of  the  other  methods,  the  "washing" 
method.  The  accepted  technique  of  the 
washing  type  of  test  was  devised  by  Mr. 
Henham  of  the  Indiana  Highway  de- 
partment. It  consisted  of  measuring  the 
weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  fresh  concrete 
and  then  immersing  the  sample  in  a 
large  amount  of  water.  The  concrete 
was  stirred  around  until  the  mortar 
from  the  fresh  concrete  became  so  thin 
and  diluted  with  water  that  it  couldn't 
hold  any  of  the  air,  and  the  air  escaped. 


Since  the  air  was  released,  the  volume 
of  water  and  concrete  decreased.  With 
a  careful  volume  measurement  and  an- 
other weighing,  sufficient  data  had  been 
gathered  to  determine  the  air  content. 
After  about  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes 
ot  pencil  work  (slide  rule  isn't  accurate 
enough),  the  inspector  might  be  able  to 
ralculate  the  air  content. 

In  all,  three  weighings  and  three  vol- 
ume measurements  are  needed  with  the 
"Indiana"  method.  The  scales  must  be 
rugged  enough  to  take  the  abuse  found 
on  a  construction  job.  Scales  rugged 
enough  to  withstand  the  hard  usage  are 
not  accurate  enough  to  be  used  with  this 
test.  Two  of  the  volume  measurements 
are  on  a  water  surface  with  a  hook- 
gage.  The  last  of  these  measurements  is 
always  confused  by  the  presence  of  a 
thick  scummy  foam  composed  of  cement 
particles  and  the  air-entraining  agent 
used.  Combining  the  inherent  inaccura- 
cies of  the  hook-gage  and  the  scales  with 
the  probable  errors  in  calculations,  the 
Indiana  method  was  little  better  than 
guess  work. 

The  Plot  Thickens 

Carl  Menzel  considered  the  difficul- 
ties and  their  solution.  The  scales  led 
to  inaccuracies.  Discard  it.  The  hook- 
gage  gave  incorrect  answers.  Discard  it. 
The  scum  caused  difficulties.  Remove  it. 
Mixing  the  concrete  and  w^ater  was 
hard  physical  labor — labor  the  average 
inspector  might  shirk.  Lessen  it.  Compu- 
tations were  difficult.  Eliminate  them. 

The  general  solutions  of  the  problems 
were  easy.  The  details  of  the  problems 
were  not.  Easy  to  say  "remove  the 
scum."  But  how?  Well,  the  thing  that 
held  the  scum  and  foam  together  was 
the  air-entraining  agent.  There  must  be 
something  to  dissolve  it.  Scores  of  sol- 
vents were  tried.  Finally  one  was  found 
that  almost  "ate  it  up."  There  w-as  a 
problem  solved  after  only  a  month  or 
so.  At  the  same  time  others  were  being 
investigated  and  whipped.  Finally  the 
"rolling  method"  was  e\olved.  There 
was  little  resemblance  left  between  the 
rolling  method  and  the  Indiana  method. 

While  research  was  proceeding  on  the 
"washing"  type  of  test,  the  "pressure" 
method  was  taking  shape.  Boyle's  law- 
gave  a  relation  which  should  easily  tell 
the  air  content  of  the  fresh  concrete  if 
its  change  in  volume  under  a  pressure 
change  was  measured.  Boyle's  law  seem- 
ed to  be  incorrect  in  this  case — at  least 
there  seemed  to  be  no  correlation.  The 
sand  and  gravel  used  in  making  con- 
crete is  full  of  small  pores.  These  pores 
are  usually  filled  with  air — air  which 
has  no  affect  on  the  durability,  but 
which  has  a  varying  affect  upon  the 
indicated  air  content  of  the  concrete. 
After  a  "porosity  correction"  factor  was 
determined  and  applied,  the  pressure 
method   became  a  possibility. 

(Continued  on  Page  30) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


a  TELEPHONE  engineer 

Here  we  see  his  tools — 

His  head 

And  his  hands. 

He  may  have  emphasized  electronics  or  mechanics 

Or  some  oilier  of  the  manv  engineering  specialties. 

But.  more  imjtortanl. 

He  knows  his  mathematics  and  science. 

He  has  the  engineer's  >  iewpoint  and  approach — 

The  ahilitv  to  see  things  through. 

He's  a  lot  of  engineers  rolled  into  one. 


OCTOBER,  1947 


He's  hap]>v  in  his  work 
And  his  future  looks  good. 
He's  a  telephone  engineer. 


BELL  TELEPHONE  SYSTEM    ^J^ 


15 


rr 


oilll'CI 


'iines 


l.A.S. 

Tlu-  amiiial  spring  picnic  was  lu-ld 
on  May  16  at  Hessel  park  in  Cham- 
paign. Rain  kept  the  attendance  down 
to  40  members,  wives  and  girl-friends, 
but  tailed  to  dampen  the  spirits  and  ap- 
petites. Baseball  was  the  main  form  of 
recreation.  Following  the  game,  a  pic- 
nic supper  was  served. 

The  officers  elected  for  tiie  summer 
semester  were:  Jack  McCnnre,  presi- 
dent ;  Louis  Cirlover,  vice-president ;  and 
Paul  Klevatt,  secretary-treasurer.  Prof. 
R.  W.  McCloy  is  the  faculty  adviser. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  summer  was 
held  July  _'  on  Diamond  No.  3.  A  base- 
hall  game  was  the  main  topic  and  Paid 
Klevatt's  team  outpointeil  Prof.  Mc- 
Cloy "s  team.  Refreshments  were  ser\ed 
following  the  game  and  a  short  business 
meeting  was  held.  The  following  men 
were  named  to  the  meetings  committee: 
l.oLu's  ("ilo\er,  chairman;  Ralph  Fidler, 
R.   S.   Chubb,   and   Robert   Kelly. 

The  second  meeting  was  held  August 
6.  Prof.  H.  S.  Stillwell,  head  of  the 
department  of  aeronautical  engineering, 
spoke  on  the  topic,  "The  Aircraft  In- 
dustry." He  pointed  out  that  the  air- 
craft industry  reached  the  low  point  of 
employment  in  1947  due  to  cut  backs  on 
government  appropriations  and  small 
commercial  requirements.  Even  so,  there 
will  be  enough  jobs  for  all  who  want 
them.  Next  year  points  to  an  increase 
in  employment.  He  also  discussed  the 
new  training  facilities  to  be  inaugurated 
at  the  U.  of  I.  These  include  a  super- 
sonic wind  tunnel,  an  engines  lab,  a 
structures  lab,  and  a  graduate  program, 
all  to  be  in  operation  soon. 

The  third  meeting  was  held  August 
20  on  Diamond  No.  3.  The  sole  object 
was  baseball.  Ed  Spuhler's  team  downed 
Paul  Klevatt's  team  by  a  score  of  1 1  to 
ill — the  game  ending  in  darkness. 

The  last  meeting  of  the  summer  was 
held  Sept.  10  with  movies  and  election 
of  officers  for  the  fall  semester.  At  that 
time  the  points  of  the  proposed  Engi- 
neering Council  was  brought  out. 

M.I.S. 

With  plans  under  way  to  hold  a 
membership  drive  right  after  registra- 
tion, the  Mineral  Industry  Society  will 
have  their  first  meeting  for  this  purpose 
during  the  first  week  of  school.  Al- 
though inactive  during  the  summer,  the 
society  plans  to  start  off  the  fall  pro- 
gram at  the  first  meeting  with  a  dis- 
cussion of  plans  to  send  as  many  mem- 
bers   as   desire   to   the    National    Metals 


16 


l!\hibini)n  ami   Congll•^^   iii  C'lm.i;;ii  on 
( )ctober  11  and  li. 

The  activities  of  the  society  will  In- 
guided  by  the  following  officers  who 
were  elected  at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
spring:  Leland  House,  president;  Lynn 
Row  ells,  vice  president;  Margaret 
O'Donnell,  secretary;  and  W.  W. 
Berkey,    treasurer. 

A.S.G.E. 

"The  (iolden  Ciate  Bridge"  wa>  the 
title  of  the  movie  shown  on  June  19, 
at  the  first  meeting  of  the  summer  term. 
The  film  portrayed  some  of  the  con- 
struction and  maintenance  problems  of 
the  bridge. 

A  smoker  was  held  at  Latzer  Hall 
on  July  17.  Prof.  Babbitt  gave  a  short 
talk  and  introduced  the  faculty.  Jim 
Keith,  president,  then  introduced  our 
guest  speaker,  Frank  M.  Amsbary,  who 
spoke  on  the  advantages  of  belonging 
to  a  professional  society. 

Prof.  Shedd  gave  an  explanatory  lec- 
ture in  connection  with  the  film  "The 
Tacoma  Narrows  Bridge,"  at  a  meet- 
ing in  Gregory  Hall  on  August  7.  The 
movie  was  very  spectacular  and  almost 
unbelievable.  As  Prof.  Shedd  comment- 
ed at  the  begiiming  of  the  meeting,  "I've 
seen  this  film  over  30  times  and  I  still 
can't  believe  it  possible." 

On  September  17,  the  student  chap- 
ter and  the  central  section  of  the 
A.S.C.E.  held  a  joint  meeting  at  a  din- 
ner banquet  in  Latzer  Hall.  Air.  Hast- 
ings, president  of  the  parent  societ\ ,  was 
the  guest  speaker. 

The  officers  for  the  summer  term 
were  James  IVL  Keith,  president;  James 
M.  Wolfe,  vice  president;  Barbara 
Schmidt,  secretar\  ;  .-uui  Robeit  K. 
Kronst,   treasurer. 

A.LE.E.-LR.E. 

The  combined  student  branches  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  En- 
gineers and  the  Institute  of  Radio  Engi- 
neers will  open  the  fall  activities  with 
an  orientation  program.  All  sophomore, 
junior,  and  senior  electrical  engineers 
are  cordially  invited  to  attend  this  meet- 
ing to  familiarize  themselves  with  these 
organizations.  Dr.  William  L.  Everitt, 
head  of  the  electrical  engineering  depart- 
ment, will  address  this  meeting  on  the 
importance  and  advantages  of  member- 
ship in  technical  societies. 

Past  experience  has  shown  that  elec- 
trical engineering  students  often  have 
not  become  acti\e  in  the  A.LE.E.-LR.E. 
imtil  late  in  their  junior  or  senior  year. 


ThiN  ijiirntatKin  piograin  will  attempt 
to  >tiniulare  interest  at  an  earlier  time 
so  that  uiulerclassmen  will  a\ail  them- 
selves of  the  opportunities  offered  b\-  an 
extra-curricular  engineering  activity. 

Eta  Kappa  Nu,  electrical  engineering 
honorar\  fraternity,  will  participate  in 
the  program  by  presenting  an  award  for 
scholastic  achievement  to  the  highest 
ranking,  first-semester  junior  in  the  de- 
partment. The  purpose  and  function  of 
Eta  Kappa  Nu  will  also  be  explained 
to  ac(iuaint  students  with  the  opportuni- 
ties of  association  with  this  group. 

During  this  past  summer  the  com- 
bined A.LE.E.-LR.E.  sponsored  several 
events.  A  pre-war  custom  was  revived 
when  over  two  hundred  students  and 
faculty  attended  a  department  picnic. 
Highlighting  the  afternoon's  activities 
was  the  traditional  student-faculty  soft- 
ball  game.  The  winner  was  awarded 
the  A.LE.E.-LR.E.  trophy  which  is  now 
on  display  in  the  electrical  engineering 
laboratory.  The  awarding  of  this  trophy 
will  be  an  annual  event  at  the  depart- 
ment picnic  each  spring. 

Another  open  program  sponsored  by 
the  A.LE.E.-LR.E.  was  the  "Previews 
of  Progress"  demonstration  given  by 
(jeneral  Motors  corporation  in  the 
(jregory  hall  theater  on  July  24.  Over 
four  hundred  students,  faculty,  and 
guests  attended  the  show  which  demon- 
strated examples  of  current  scientific  re- 
search. 

Programs  planned  for  the  fall  semes- 
ter include  speakers  from  technical  or- 
ganizations such  as  the  General  Electric 
company.  Bell  Telephone  company,  and 
others.  In  addition  A.LE.E.-LR.E. 
members  will  travel  to  Chicago  early 
in  November  to  attend  the  A.I.E.E.  and 
electronics  conferences.  Several  social  ac- 
ti\ities  have  also  been  proposed  for  the 
semester  but  are  not  yet  scheduled. 

A.LCh.E. 

Since  the  summer  enrollment  did  not 
warrant  an\  meetings,  the  student 
brancii  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Chemical  Engineers  remained  inactive. 
The  final  meeting  last  spring  was  the 
annual  picnic  held  on  May  10  at  the 
County  Fair  grounds.  At  this  meeting 
the  officers  elected  for  the  1947-48 
school  year  were  Donald  Hornbeck, 
president;  John  R.  Mitchell,  vice  presi- 
dent; Dale  Glass,  secretary;  and  Edwin 
F.  Dyer,  treasurer. 

During  registration  a  membership 
drive  will  be  conducted  among  the  stu- 
(  Continued  on  Page  39) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^ 


2.  The  tower  was  timber-cribbed  and  floated,  to  wed 
up  New  York  Harbor  and  the  Hudson  River,  across 
New  York  State  by  canal.  A  tug  took  over  the  tow- 
ing job  through  Lakes  Erie,  Huron  and  Michigan, 
riding  out  a  storm  en  route.  Then  the  tower  was 
loaded  on  a  barge  to  complete  its  journey  via  tiie 
Illinois,  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rivers.  This  win- 
ter at  Sugar  Creek,  the  cat  cracker  of  which  this 
tower  is  part  goes  on  stream,  joining  similar  units 
already  operating  at  other  Standard  refineries.  It 
has  a  charging  capacity  of  25,000  barrels  a  day! 


3.  Like  our  Burton  Stills  in  1913  and  continuous 
units  of  1932,  catalytic  crackers  are  milestones  in 
petroleum  progress.  Today  at  Standard,  the  indus- 
try's ablest  engineers  and  research  men  are  develop- 
ing new .  .  .  and  better  processes  and  products.  Men 
of  the  same  type  are  coming  from  leading  colleges  of 
science  and  engineering  to  start  work  at  Standard. 
Here  they  find  unexcelled  technical  facilities  for  re- 
search and  design.  If  you  want  a  career  with  splen- 
did opportunities  to  advance  and  make  real  contri- 
butions, you  should  get  to  know  Standard  better. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


(INDIANA) 


910   SOUTH    MICHIGAN    AVENUE,   CHICAGO   80,   ItllNOIS 


STANDARD 
SERVICE 


OCTOBER,  1947 


17 


Olii^U^JUuMiJCf,  .  .  . 


WILL  J.  WORLEY 

L'p  three  flifihts  of  stairs  in  Talbot 
laborat<)r>-,  the  name  Worley  can  be 
ff)unci  on  the  door  of  room  32 la.  Inside 
sits  quiet,  sandy-haired  Will  j.  Worley. 
an  instructor  of  T.A..M.  1,  2,  3,  and 
bi.  He  seems  to  be  right  at  home  with 
a  testing  lab  down  the  hall,  a  slide  rule 
in  his  hand,  and  the  sound  of  machines 
at  work. 

.\Ir.  WorU'\  is  a  native  of  Illinois, 
being  born  in  (jibson  City,  August  2, 
1919.  After  spending  eight  year?  in  a 
country  school  and  one  year  at  Drum- 
mer Township  High  School  in  Gibson 
City,  he  came  to  Champaign.  Finishing 
higii  school  here,  he  enrolled  in  the  L  ni- 
versity  in  mechanical  engineering  and 
graduated  in  1943.  He  received  his 
M.S.  in  Theoretical  and  Applied  Me- 
chanics in  1945.  At  the  present  he  is 
working  for  his  doctor's  degree  in  engi- 
neering while  teaching. 

Outsitle  of  his  regular  work,  he  is 
interested  in  radio  circuits  and  also  in 
the  application  of  electrical  and  elec- 
tronic equipment  to  industrial  control. 
He  devotes  the  rest  of  his  spare  time  to 
hunting  and  a  stamp  collection. 

-Mr.  Worley  is  now  helping  with  tests 
of  plastics  and  plastic  laminated  mate- 
rial. He  has  spent  the  last  two  years  on 
steel,  making  tests  of  static  tension,  high 
velocity  impact,  impact  tension,  etc.  The 
purpose  of  these  tests  is  to  determine  the 
effects  of  temperature,  rate  of  straining, 
strain  aging,  stress  concentration,  and 
state  of  stress  in  producing  brittle  frac- 
ture of  steel. 

His  most  recent  development  in  the 
field  of  testing  devices  is  an  adoption  of 
the  Baldwin  Southwark  portable  strain 
indicator  to  dynamic  tests.  Mr.  Worley 
explains,  "This  adaptation  was  devel- 
oped to  obtain  an  easily  available  com- 
mercial unit  for  repeated  dynamic  strain 

18 


hif  'iithn  Shurllt'tf 

measurements.  The  procedme  involves 
the  use  of  a  standard  Baldwin  South- 
wark portable  strain  indicator  and  a 
cathode-ray  oscilloscope.  The  oscillo- 
scope is  \ised  in  the  circuit  as  a  null 
bnl.mce  indicating  device." 

Mr.  Worley  is  a  member  of  I'i  Tau 
Sigma,  Sigma  Xi,  Pi  Mu  Epsilon,  the 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  I'ngi- 
neers,  the  American  Society  for  Testing 
Materials,  the  Society  for  Experimental 
Stress  Analysis,  and  the  American  So- 
ciety for  Engineering  Education. 

When  asked  for  some  comment  on 
his  teaching,  he  replied,  "I  alwa\s  rec- 
ommend to  my  students  that  they  read 
an  article  called  'The  Unwritten  Laws 
of  Engineering'  by  W.  J.  King.  Every 
prospective  engineer  will  get  something 
out  of  it."  He  also  stated  that  his  favor- 
ite subject  from  the  standpoint  of  teach- 
ing is  T.A.AL  2. 

Well  liked  by  his  students  and  fellow 
engineers,  Mr.  Worley  is  making  some 
leally  fine  contributions  to  the  field  of 
engineering. 


(Graduated  from  New  Canton  High 
School,  Mrs.  Welch  spent  most  of  her 
married  life  in  Rockport  near  New 
Canton.  After  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, she  attended  the  Illinois  Business 
College  at  Springfield  and  worked  a 
little  in  Springfield  after  graduating. 

Coming  to  Champaign-L'rbana  in  De- 
cember, 1940,  Mrs.  Welch  worked  in 
Dr.  Bailar's  office  until  August,  1943, 
on  the  records  of  freshmen  chemistry 
stiulents.  She  then  began  her  present  po- 
sition as  senior  record  clerk  for  the 
College  of  Engineering.  Although  an 
occasional  engineer  uses  "damn"  or 
"hell,"  they  impress  her  as  being  well- 
mannered  and  knowing  what  they  want 
out  of  school. 

Mrs.  Welch  h;is  played  quite  a  bit 
of  bridge,  but  for  relaxation  she  enjoys 
reading  most  of  all,  with  gardening 
running  a  close  second.  But  we  are  sure 
if  you  ever  go  into  300  Engineering 
hall,  you  will  agree  that  Mrs.  Welch's 
graciousness  shows  an  intense  interest  in 
people  too. 

WILBUR  TUGGLE 

"When  the  other  boys  wanted  to  be 
firemen.  I  wanted  to  be  an  engineer  .  .  . 
always  did,"  quietly  stated  Wilbur  Tug- 
gle.  As  a  junior  in  civil  engineering, 
Wilbur  is  rapidly  approaching  his  boy- 
hood goal. 

He  came  to  the  University  of  Illinois 
because  he  belie\es  that  it  is  one  of  the 
finest  engineering  schools  in  the  countr\ 
and  because  it  is  far  enough  awa\'  and 
still  close  enough  to  his  home  town, 
Chicago. 

After  graduating  from  Wendell  Phil- 
lips High  School  in  February  of  1941. 
Wilbur  worked  for  a  year  to  finance 
his  education.  However,  Uncle  Sam  had 
other  ideas  for  him,  and  after  complet- 
ing his  freshman  year,  he  left  for  serv- 
ice. The  next  thirty-one  months  found 
Wilbur  in  the  Pacific  Transportation 
Corps,  stationed  in  New  Guinea,  the 
Philippines,  and  Japan.  After  his  re- 
(  Continued  on  Page  32) 


MARY   E.  WELCH 

There  is  probably  not  a  single  stu- 
dent in  the  College  of  Engineering  who 
has  not  looked  many  times  across  the 
desk  in  300  Engineering  hall  at  Mrs. 
Welch's  smiling  face.  And  across  this 
desk  she  is  asked  any  conceivable  ques- 
tion  on  engineering. 

While  waiting  just  a  few  minutes  to 
see  her,  we  heard  a  student  ask  whether 
he  had  enough  hours  to  register  with 
sophomores  or  juniors;  another  needed 
her  help  in  making  out  his  study  list 
for  the  following  term;  yes,  even  a  tele- 
phone caller  wanted  to  know  if  he  was 
still  on  probation.  Only  part  of  the  in- 
quiries, however,  need  the  use  of  her 
complete  files  on  each  student's  scholas- 
tic record. 


WILBER  TUGGLE 
THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Ultrasensitive  RCA  Telccision  camera  tube  cuts  itudio  light  requirements  90% 


Television  finds  drama  in  tite  daric 

—  witit  new  RCA  studio  camera 


Now  television  becomes  even  more 
exciting  as  lights  are  dimmed,  and 
the  camera  reaches  deep  inside  stu- 
dio shadows  to  capture  action  as  dra- 
matic as  any  on  stage  or  screen  .  . . 

A  new  studio  television  camera  — 
de\eloped  bv  RCA  scientists  and  en- 
gineers—needs only  1  10th  the  usual 
amount  of  light. 

The  super-scnsiti\  e  eve  of  the  new 
camera  is  an  improved  Image  Orthi- 
con  Tube  ...  of  the  type  once  used 
only  outdoors.  With  it,  studio  broad- 
casts are  sharper,  clearer  — and  since 


so  little  illumination  is  needed,  heat 
in  the  studio  is  sharply  reduced.  No 
more  blazing  lights! 

Such  improvements  come  regu- 
larly from  research  at  RCA  Labora- 
tories, and  apply  to  all  branches  of 
radio,  television,  electronics,  and  re- 
cording. These  improvements  are 
part  of  any  product  bearing  the  name 
RCA  or  RCA  \'ictor. 


\\lien  in  Radio  City,  .\>w  York,  be  sure  to  see  the 
radio  and  electronic  wonders  at  RC.\  Exhibition 
Hall,  id  West  49th  St.  Free  admission.  Radio 
t'oriwnition  of  America,  RCA  Buildiiig,  Radio 
(  it;.  \cw  York  20. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

\'ictor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—  offers  you  opportunity  to  yain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations). 

•  Advanceil  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  cumniunicatioiis 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudsi>eakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

M'rite  today  to  National  Recruiting  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camdcit,  \cu:  Icrseij. 
Also  many  opportunities  loi  Meihanical 
and    Chemical    Engineers    and    Fhysie.'sts. 


RADIO   CORRORATION  of  AMERICA 


!   OCTOBER,  1947 


19 


GEORGE  R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


FRANCIS   P.   GREEN 
Ass't  Editor 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Ass't  Editor 


f^S-^ 


STOP!  LOOK!  THIiK! 


Do  yoii  rcmeiiiber  how  many  laborious 
hours  you  haw  spent  from  time  to  time  try- 
ing to  decide  on  what  kind  of  a  job  you 
want?  The  process  started  'way  back  when 
you  were  in  knee  pants  and  insisted  that  the 
life  of  the  corner  poh'cenian  directing  traffic 
was  the  one  for  >ou.  Since  then  it  probabh 
has  run  through  quite  a  gammut  of  jobs  until, 
as  you  grew  older,  \our  taste  in  type  of  work 
finally  settled  into  a  more  practical  field. 

Of  coLuse,  some  people  never  reach  a  final 
decision,  and  others  do  not  decide  definitely 
until  after  they  graduate  and  start  hunting  for 
jobs,  but  in  any  event  most  people  have  at 
least  a  general  idea  as  to  the  type  of  work 
they  want.  Having  made  this  momentous  de- 
cision the  average  person  then  sits  back  with 
a  self-administered  pat  on  the  back  and  be- 
gins to  prepare  himself  for  the  job  by  going 
to  school.  Since  the  item  of  deciding  on  the 
appropriate  technical  preparation  has  already 
been  considered  in  planning  the  \arious  cur- 
ricula, the  average  student  is  fortunateh 
spared  the  necessity  of  deciding  what  technical 
courses  his  education  should  include.  Instead, 
most  people  promptly  pitch  into  four  years  of 
hard  work  and  equally  promptly  become  lost 
in  a  maze  of  details  relating  to  their  particu- 
lar line  of  study.  An  occasional  few  may  even 
be  far-sighted  enough  to  realize  the  value  of 
the  experience  to  be  gained  from  participation 
in   e.xtra-curricular   activities. 

In  any  event  it  is  indeed  rare  that  a  stu- 
dent will  have  even  considered — let  alone 
reached  a  decision — on  the  third  great  prob- 
lem which  visually  rears  its  surprising  head 
about  the  last  half  of  the  senior  year;  i.  e., 
"Whom  shall  I  go  to  work  for  when  I\e 
finished  school  ?  " 

Whether  the  student  decides  that  he  wants 
to   work    for    himself   or   someone    else    is,    in 


itself,  unimportant.  What  is  important  is  that 
the  student  should  not  leave  this  problem  for 
a  last-minute  decision  based  solely  on  the  con- 
sideration of  remuneration.  The  answer  to  the 
question  is,  of  course,  up  to  each  individual, 
but  happiness  and  satisfactory  performance  in 
one's  job  is  not  achieved  unless  all  the  factors 
affecting  the  choice  are  considered. 

To  try  to  cover  all  the  phases  of  future 
job  prospects  and  point  out  all  of  the  criteria 
used  in  making  a  sensible  selection  of  em- 
ployer is  a  pretty  tough  order,  but  the  Tci  h- 
noi/idph  is  going  to  attempt  to  tackle  part 
of  it.  Since  the  larger,  nation-wide  companies 
are  not  onh  well  known  to  most  students, 
but  also  well  publicized  in  our  pages,  it  is 
going  to  be  our  additional  aim  in  this  year's 
issues  to  publicize  a  hitherto  little-used  and 
less  well-known  field  of  employers — the  local 
manufacturers  located  throughout  the  State 
of  Illinois. 

It  is  true  that  many  men  eventualh  work 
into  these  smaller  industries,  but  as  yet,  very 
little  has  been  done  to  establish  contact  be- 
tween them  and  the  graduating  engineer.  It 
is  felt  that  the  student,  in  considering  all  the 
possibilities  in  selecting  a  suitable  employer, 
is  overlooking  a  fairly  large,  potential  field 
just  through  lack  of  knowledge  and  publicit\. 
To  accomplish  this  purpose,  the  Teiknogra/'li 
is  planning  a  series  of  articles  about  several 
representative  industries  designed  to  acquaint 
the  student  with  the  type  of  work  found  in 
smaller  organizations. 

It  is  sincerely  hoped  that  this  series  will 
not  only  open  up  a  new  field  to  you,  but  will 
also  help  to  overcome  mental  inertia  so  that 
vou  will  begin  to  consider  this  svibject  with 
more  than  just  a  passing  thought  and  will 
be  able  to  walk  into  an  interview  with  other 
questions  on  your  tongue  than  "How  much 
will  \ou  pay  me?" 


20 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Du  Poiit  Digest 

Items  of  Interest  to  Students  of  Science  and   Engineering 


Fundamental  Engineering  Studies 


Studying 
Kamack, 
B.  S.  Chei 


IN  A  company  like  Du  Pont 
the  diversity  of  chemical 
operations  is  great  and  the 
investment  in  equipment  is 
high.  In  addition  to  the  en- 
gineering work  done  in  the 
ten  industrial  departments, 
the  responsibility  for  design 
and  construction  of  manu- 
facturing plants  is  under- 
taken by  the  central  engi- 
neering department,  which 
also  maintains  an  engineer- 
ing research  laboratory. 
This  laboratory  is  staffed 
by  chemical,  metallurgical 
and  mechanical  engineers, 
and  physicists,  whose  func- 
tion is  to  carry  on  funda- 
mental and  pioneering-ap- 
plied research  to  develop 
new  methods  of  processing 
and  equipment  designs;  im- 
prove equipment,  materials 
of  construction,  and  method.s  of  meas- 
urement and  control;  and  establish  fun- 
damental relationships  in  unit  opera- 
tions and  unit  processes. 

For  example,  a  broad  project  was 
undertaken  to  study  the  fundamentals 
of  rotary  drying.  A  principal  objective 
of  the  study  was  to  learn  the  effect  of 
the  operating  variables  on  the  volu- 
metric heat  transfer  coefficient.  Of  the 
numerous  variables  that  affect  the  dry- 
ing rate  of  such  a  dryer,  the  more  im- 
portant ones  studied  were:  (1)  feed  rate, 
(2)  dryer  rotation  rate,  (3)  air  rate,  (4)  air 
temperature,  (5)  number  of  flights,  (6) 
direction  of  airflow,  and  (,7)  dryer  slope. 

Studies  on  a  Laboratory  Scale 

Fundamental  studies  of  heat  transfer 
and  mass  transfer  were  made  in  a  lab- 
oratory scale  rotary  dryer,  1  ft.  in  di- 
ameter by  6  ft.  long.  To  determine  the 
true  heat  transfer  coefficient,  special 
methods  were  devised  to  measure  the 
material  temperature  along  the  length 
of  the  dryer  and  to  measure  continu- 
ou.sly  the  temperature  of  the  rotating 
shell.  These  determinations  permitted 
an  analysis  of  all  the  heat  transfer  ef- 
fects in  the  dryer;  namely,  from  air  to 
solid,  from  shell  to  solid,  and  from  air 
to  shell. 

From  a  knowledge  of  the  material 


product  development  in  on  experi 
B.  S.  Chemical  Engineering,  Georgii 
nical  Engineering,  Penn  State  '40. 


temperature  along  the  dryer,  it  was 
possible  to  calculate  the  air  tempera- 
ture at  each  point  in  the  dryer  and 
thereby  to  determine  point  values  of 
the  heat  transfer  coefficient.  This  pro- 
cedure permits  the  calculation  of  a  more 
accurate  average  temperature  differ- 
ence, which  gives  more  accurate  heat 
transfer  coefficients  than  can  be  ob- 
tained from  terminal  conditions  only. 

During  the  course  of  the  study,  every 
opportunity  was  taken  to  obtain  heat 
transfer  data  on  large-scale  plant  dryers 
in  order  to  establish  scale-up  factors. 
This  procedure  permitted  the  correla- 
tion of  heat  transfer  coefficients  from  a 
1  ft.  diameter  dryer  with  those  of  full 
plant  size. 

Paralleling  the  work  on  the  funda- 
mentals of  rotary  drying  operation, 
problems  involved  in  product  and  proc- 
ess development  received  continuous 
attention.  These  usually  require  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  important  auxiliary 
problemsof:  (1)  materialhandlingtoand 
from  the  dryer,  (2)  removal  of  dust  from 
the  air,  (3)  sealing  the  space  between 
the  rotating  shell  and  stationary  breech- 
ing, and  (4)  corrosion  of  the  dryer  shell. 

How  the  Results  are  Applied 

The  findings  of  the  effect  of  holdup  on 
dryer  capacity  were  applied  to  an  8  ft. 
standard   rotary   dryer  producing  300 


|||f^r«|^ 

Inspecting  the  interior  of  experi- 
mental spray  dryer  after  a  run. 

ental 

rotary    dryer.    H.    J. 

W.  R.  Marshall,  Jr.,  Ph.D.  Chem- 

Tech. 

•41;  F.  A.  Gluckert, 

ical  Engineering,  Wisconsin  Ml; 
R.  L.  Pigford,  Ph.D.  Chemical 
Engineering,  Illinois  *41. 

Ib.'hr.  of  granulated  material.  The  in- 
formation obtained  on  this  factor  alone 
permitted  an  increase  in  capacity  of  75  to 
100  "^ ; .  This  meant  an  increase  of  over  a 
million  pounds  annually.  Further,  one 
dryer  could  now  handle  the  load  of  two, 
releasing  second  dryer  for  other  work. 
The  information  developed  in  such 
fundamental  studies  permits  more  ac- 
curate design  of  equipment  for  future 
operations  resulting  in  lower  cost  of 
manufacture  and  lower  investment. 


Questions  College  Men  ask 
about  working  with  Du  Pont 

WHAT   KIND   OF   TRAINING 
WILL    I    GET? 

All  new  employees  receive  on-the-job 
training.  Men  who  .Tre  engaged  in  re- 
search, development  or  engineering 
have  the  opportunity  to  add  continu- 
ally to  their  knowledge  and  experience 
in  specific  fields.  This  practical  train- 
ing is  supplemented  at  many  Du  Pont 
plants  and  laboratories  by  training 
courses  and  lectures.  Write  for  booklet, 
"The  Du  Pont  Company  and  the  Col- 
lege Graduate,"  2.')21  Nemours  Build- 
ing, Wilmington  98,  Delaware. 


More  facts  about  Du  Pont— l\sim  to  "Cavalcade  of  America,"  Motidays,  8  P.M.  EST,  on  NBC 


OCTOBER,  1947 


21 


LOOK  ... 

(Coiuiiuicii  trom  Page  1) 
job  ill  till"  locality  where  his  services  are 
wanted. 

Of  course,  the  question  of  remuner- 
ation is  an  important  one  at  all  times. 
It  would  be  advisable  for  the  student  to 
consider  this  in  its  broadest  aspect. 

In  its  truest  sense,  remuneration 
means  more  than  just  a  pay  check.  With 
our  present  advances  in  group  insurance 
and  health  benefits  it  would  be  well  to 
have  an  understanding  of  these  matters. 
Many  companies,  through  the  group  in- 
surance policy,  provide  health,  accident, 
and  life  insurance.  This  should  certainly 
be  of  interest  to  any  prospective  em- 
ploye. 

Do  you,  the  employe,  e.vpect  to  have 
a  vacation  with  pay?  If  .so,  it  would  be 
a  good  idea  to  inquire  as  to  the  coni- 
pan\  s  policy  regarding  vacations  and 
also  overtime  work.  These  arc  both 
important  questions  and  the  student 
would  do  well  to  get  a  clear  cut  answer 
to  both  of  them. 

Whenever  it  becomes  necessary  to 
work  closeh'  with  other  persons,  the 
problem  of  personnel  relations  is  sure 
to  crop  up.  W^hat,  if  any,  social  obliga- 
tions will  fall  to  the  new  employe?  If 
there  are  an\ ,  will  the\  be  an  added 
financial  burden  upon  that  person's  in- 
dividual   income   or   will    the   company 


provide  an  expense  account?  To  what 
extent  will  the  work  itself  require  con- 
tact with  different  people  and  different 
situations?  These  questions  should  all 
be  answered  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
individual  seeking  emploNinent.  Some 
people  enjoy  traveling  anil  entertaining, 
others  do  not.  Some  people  are  good 
salesmen,  and  again,  others  are  not. 
Therefore,  failure  to  get  these  answers 
at  the  interview  may  lead  to  an  unpleas- 
.int  or  difficult  situation  after  employ- 
ment. 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  article 
to  attempt  to  discuss  the  pros  and  cons 
of  labor  unions.  However,  since  almost 
everybody  has  his  own  opinions  on  this 
matter,  it  would  be  a  very  wise  thing 
to  become  acquainted  with  the  vmion 
and  labor  policy  of  the  company. 

Every  compan\',  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, has  a  very  definite  policy  regard- 
ing advancements  of  position  and  in- 
creases of  salary.  A  knowledge  of  these 
facts  should  be  a  good  indicator  to  the 
prospective  employe  of  what  his  future 
should  hold.  Not  that  he  can  necessarily 
better  himself  otherwise,  but  when  a 
definite  plan  of  advancement  is  follow- 
ed, it  affords  a  partial  basis  for  planning 
his  life. 

Lasth',  and  most  important,  is  the 
type  of  work  that  will  be  required  of 
the  employe.   Some  persons  want  to  do 


design  work,  others  production  manage- 
ment, and  still  others  desire  outside  con- 
tact work  such  as  selling  or  mainten- 
ance. For  the  neophyte  engineer  the 
opportunities  are  somewhat  limited  in 
so  far  as  original  design  work  is  con- 
cerned. The  great  majority  of  work  is 
merely  the  re-design  of  proven  items  or 
the  making  of  detailed  drawings  that 
the  older  engineers  have  already  sketch- 
ed ovit.  This  system  of  apprenticeship 
is  an  old  and  well  established  custom; 
and  there  are  few  men  who  can  circum- 
vent it. 

In  the  field  of  production  manage- 
ment there  is  also  an  apprentice  period 
in  which  the  engineer  works  in  the 
plant.  Usually  this  process  takes  several 
years  and  carries  to  all  parts,  depart- 
ments, and  phases  of  the  work  of  the 
organization. 

Selling  and  maintenance  require  train- 
ing which  is  provided  by  the  company. 
Sometimes  this  requires  six  to  twelve 
months  after  which  the  employe  is  as- 
signed to  a  territory  of  his  own  or  one 
with  another  more  experienced  man. 

Unfortunately,  too  few  persons  are 
able  to  decide  beforehand,  exactly  what 
kind   of   work   they  desire. 

Due  to  their  financial  resources,  the 
large,  well  established  companies,  and 
the  governmental  agencies,  have,  up  to 
( Continued  on  Page  24 


Jay  it  oil  tint  (m 


xe. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD  OF  EXCEUENCE 

SINCf  1880 


VjcpJilli  odmoAp  unm. 
HIGGinS  L\h  CUJM.  aUi^gS 


Fresh  Flowers 

with  Personal  Attention 

in  our  shop  .  .  .  Every  order,  large  or 
small,  receives  extra  care  in  handling 
.  .  .  For  Quality,  Freshness,  Packaging, 
and  Prompt  Delivery. 

Flowers  by  Wire 


fiont 


<Bmcli' 


FL0RI5T 

113  w.  UNIVERSITY  Ave  GHAHPAIGN 

WTAFFILIATCD  WITH  ANY.FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBANA 


22 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Plasties  where  plasties  belong 

for  resistance  to  moistttre  and  trear 


/^  HICK  OltKClBIC 

—  ,      -^  STRENGTH 

LOW   MOlSTUKt  MSOKPTIOH 
CORROSIOH  RtSlSTdNCt 


mP«ET  STRtllETII 
STA8U  0«R  ' 

TEHSllt  STBtHSTH 
FVWUMl  STRINGTK 


^j^=^ 


Synthane  where  Synthane  belongs 

It's  Synthane — this  outboard  motor  pivot  bearing  ...  re- 
quires no  lubrication  .  .  .  resists  both  salt  and  fresh  water, 
wears  long  and  well.  It's  a  good  example  of  the  use  of  plastics 
where  plastics  belong  and  Synthane  where  Synthane  belongs. 

Synthane  (our  tvpe  of  plastics)  is  also  light,  dense,  strong, 
easily  and  quickly  machined,  an  excellent  insulator,  a  ma- 
terial for  fighting  corrosion. 

These  and  many  other  properties — combined — make  Syn- 
thane adaptable  to  countless  applications.  Synthane  Corpora- 
tion (Key  Address)  Oaks,  Pennsyhania. 


«4Hy  MORI  PRl)«RTiTS-C0«81«E^ 


[SYNTTlANE] 


STNTHANE  TECHNICAL  FUSTICS  •  DESISN  •  MATERIALS  •  FABRICATION  •  SHEETS  •  RODS  •  TUBES  •  fABRICAIEO  PARIS  •  MOLDED  MACERATED  •  MOLDED- LAMINATED 


OCTOBER,  1947 


23 


Nine-cent  miracle 


You  ARE  looking  at  a  9-cent  piece 
of  the  hardest  metal  made  by  man. 

It  is  Carboloy  Cemented  Carbide. 

And  this  particular  piece  .  .  .  one  of 
a  large  number  of  standard  blanks 
which  sell  for  less  than  $1.00  .  .  .  when 
used  as  the  cutting  edge  of  a  metal- 
working  tool,  performs  miracles  in 
helping  to  speed  up  production, 
increase  quality  and  cut  costs  of 
machined  parts. 

Carboloy  costs  steadily  down 
While  this  is  only  one  of  hundreds  of 
Carboloy  forms  that  range  in  use  from 
tools  and  dies  to  masonry  drills  and 
wear-resistant  parts,  it  dramatizes  the 
long  downivard  trend  in  the  price  of 
this  miraculous  metal. 

For  today,  its  low  cost  and  remark- 
able hardness  are  taking  Carboloy  into 
many  broad  new  fields.  Housewives, 
hobbyists,  home-owners  and  craftsmen 
are  all  experiencing  the  qualities  of 
Carboloy  at  low  cost. 


That's    great    news    for    industrialists, 
too. 

It  means  that  all  the  extra  benefits 
of  Carboloy  tools,  dies  and  wear-resist- 
ant parts  can  be  had  at  costs  compar- 
able to  ordinary  materials.  And,  consid- 
ered by  authorities  to  be  "one  of  the 
ten  most  significant  industrial  develop- 
ments of  the  past  decade,"  Carboloy  is 
rapidly  becoming  the  standard  where- 
ever  a  versatile,  hard  metal  is  required. 

An  odd$-on  chance 
The  odds  are  10  to  1  that  Carboloy — 
the  amazing  metal  of  many  uses — can 
be  put  to  work  by  our  engineers  to 
give  your  products  higher  quality  at 
lower  cost.  Why  not  call  us  in  for 
consultation.' 

FREE  SOUND  MOVIE,  "Everyday  Mir- 
acles," available  for  business  dubs, 
industrial  groups,  technical  societies 
and  vocational  schools.  Write  to 
reserve  your  date  for  this  dramatic 
2'i-minute,  16  mm.  Iilm. 

Carboloy  Company,  Inc.,  Detroit  32,  Mich. 


CARBOLOY 


HARDEST 


•«i,  OFF.l  CEMENTED  CARBIDE 

METAL  MADE 


LOOK  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page-  22) 
the  picsent  time,  been  the  only  ruipli]\- 
cr^    who    have   provided    personal    inter- 
viewing service  for  the  students. 

It  is  true  that  these  large  orgaru'za- 
tions  have  heavy  requirements  and  that 
they  go  to  a  great  expense  and  trouhh- 
to  get  high  caliber  personnel,  hut  the\ 
ilo  not  eniploN'  a  majorit)'  of  engineers 
when  one  bases  the  figures  upon  the  to- 
tal numbers  of  employes  of  all  grades, 
skills,  and    classes. 

For  the  most  part,  the  smaller  busi- 
ness organizations  do  not  have  an\  di- 
rect contact  with  the  students.  The  col- 
lege office  receives  many  letters  of  job 
requirements  from  the  smaller  organ- 
izations but  the  written  word  can  hard- 
ly supplant  an  oral  interview. 

There  are  a  great  many  men  who 
would  be  able  to  find  the  type  of  work 
they  desire  with  smaller  companies  were 
they  given  the  opportunity  to  find  out 
more  about  them. 

Personal  Interviews  Encouraged 

It  is  for  this  reason,  and  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  students  of  the  College  of 
Engineering,  that  the  'J'i(  hrioyr/iph  is 
this  year  conducting  a  campaign  among 
the  small  industrial  organizations  of  the 
state  to  interest  them  in  the  opportuni- 
ties that  would  accrue  to  them,  as  well 
as  to  the  students,  if  they  would  pro- 
vide personal  interview  service  in  tin- 
same  manner  that  the  large  organiza- 
tions do. 

The  smaller  businesses  have  organ- 
ized themselves  along  the  lines  of  their 
particular  interests,  so  that  if  the\-  were 
to  provide  interviewers,  they  woidd  rep- 
resent particular  types  of  work.  This 
would  be  a  great  aid  to  the  student  who 
is  looking  for  the  right  job. 

Along  with  publishing  the  latest  tech- 
nical developments  from  the  large  and 
well-publicized  companies,  the  Tcditio- 
yrap\\  is  going  to  run  a  series  of  articles 
about  the  smaller,  less  well-known  in- 
dustries ;  so  that  the  students  may  know 
something  of  the  kinds  of  engineers  they 
employ  and  the  kind  of  work  required 
for  the  job. 

At  the  present  time,  the  engineering 
schools  of  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada are  heavily  overcrowded.  Naturally 
this  tremendous  influx  of  men  and 
women  into  the  various  fields  of  engi- 
neering is  going  to  affect  the  employ- 
ment situation. 

The  American  Society  for  Engineer- 
ing Education,  has  seen  fit  to  make  a 
survey  of  the  supply  and  demand  situa- 
tion in  the  near  future. 

With  the  assistance  of  Mr.  H.  H. 
Jordan,  associate  dean  of  the  College  of 
Engineering,  the  following  material 
from  the  "Interim  Report  by  the  Man- 
power Committee  of  the  A.S.E.E."  was 
(Coiitin\ied  on  Page  26) 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^^  '^fl'  <' 


«eat  Processes 


When  you  need  heat  for  drying,  for  metal-melting, 
for  process  steam,  for  any  of  the  production-line 
heating  requirements  you  need  GAS  and  modern 
Gas  Equipment. 

And  for  proof  of  the  many  successful  applications 
of  the  productive  flames  of  GAS  in  modern  in- 
dustrial practice  you  need  only  look  at  the  experi- 
ence records  of  A.  C.  Gilbert  Company,  famed 
producer  of  miniature  trains,  scientific  toys,  motor- 
driven  appliances. 

In  its  modern  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  plant 
the  company's  production  engineers  have  applied 
GAS  to  heating  processes  such  as: 

•  Pre-melting  furnaces  for  metal  used  in 

die-casting 

•  Mohen-metal  reservoirs  of  die-casting  machines 

•  Remelt  furnaces  for  reclaiming  scrap  metal 

•  Salt  bath  for  gear  hardening 

•  Boilers  supplying  steam  for  bakelite 

mold-heating 

•  Continuous  cycle  and  convection  drying  and 

enameling  ovens 


Some  popular  items  in  the  list  of  A.  C.  Gilbert  Company  products 


These  varied  examples  demonstrate  the  applica- 
bility of  GAS  to  the  widest  range  of  production-line 
processes.  The  growing  use  of  GAS  in  modern  pro- 
ductioneering  is  a  constant  challenge  to  engineers 
and  manufacturers  of  heat  treating  equipment. 


AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 


420  LEXINGTON   AVE. 
NEW   YORK    17,  N.  Y. 


Gas-fired  traveling  conveyor  oven  where 
Erector  set  parts  ore  coated  and  dried 


OCTOBER,  1947 


25 


LOOK  .  .  . 

(Coiitinufil  from  Page  24) 

made  availabk-.  Tht-  siinTV  was  mailc 
aiul  the  material  was  acciimulateil 
through  the  cooperation  of  the  various 
colleges  of  engineering,  the  U.  S.  Office 
of  Kducation,  and  various  cooperating 
Ijuiustries. 

The  breakdown  into  six  major  groups 
was  made  on  a  basis  of  the  comparison 
of  present  supply  and  demand  and  an 
educated  guess  as  to  when  the  suppK 
woidd  catch  up  with  the  demand. 

.lironattticnl  Engineering:  This  is  a 
relatively  small  group  which  is  now 
overproducing  at  the  rate  of  400  gradu- 
ates per  year. 

Chemical  Enyineciing:  In  this  field 
there  is  a  very  heavy  demand.  In  pros- 
pect, there  will  be  no  suipiiis  ot  man- 
power until  about  1950. 

Civil  Engineering:  At  the  present 
there  is  a  very  slight  oxerproduction  in 
this  field  but  not  of  serious  si/e.  The 
demand  should  remain  steady  until 
about  1950  when  there  will  be  a  sur- 
plus. 

Electrical  Engineering:  The  supph' 
should  catch  up  with  the  demand  in 
about  1949.  After  that,  there  will  be 
heavy  overproduction  and  surplus. 


Mechanical   Engineering:    At   present 

this  is  the  largest  group  of  students  but 
also  the  group  with  the  largest  demand. 
\\\    19SII  tlieie  siiould   be  some  surplus. 

Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engineer- 
ing: This  is  alwa\s  a  relatively  small 
group  and  never  seems  to  show  an\'  o\  er- 
production. 

The  Time  Is  Now 

At  the  present  time,  it  seems  as 
though  every  school  of  engineering  in 
the  country  has  started  out  upon  an  ex- 
pansion program,  but  there  will  be  a 
graiiual  decline  in  the  number  of  engi- 
neering students,  the  same  as  in  other 
fields  in  a  few  years. 

Xow,  let  us  assume  that  we  ha\e  ac- 
complisheil  our  objecti\e  and  that  the 
interviewers  have  arrived  from  both  the 
large  and  small  organizations.  Our  stu- 
dent must  now  make  his  choice  of  jobs. 

It  is  not  W'ise  to  try  to  speak  to  too 
man\  interviewers  because  this  will  only 
lead  to  great  mental  confusion.  Rather, 
having  decided  upon  the  kind  of  work 
desired,  arrange  to  be  interviewed  by 
men  from  both  the  large  and  small  busi- 
nesses, that  can  offer  the  desired  work. 

Remember,  do  not  waste  the  inter- 
\iewer's  time.  Have  all  pertinent  ques- 
tions in  mind  beforehand.  If  necessary, 


write  them  down,  and  ask  them  cleail\ 
and  concisely.  When  you  are  asked  ques- 
tions by  the  interviewer,  try  to  answer 
them  in  the  same  manner. 

Having  once  made  up  \cjur  mind, 
stick  to  it  and  go  through  with  \our 
agreed  program.  Nothing  looks  worse 
than  a  man  who  cannot  make  up  his 
mind. 

So,  if  \ou  look  before  you  leap,  the 
chances  are  that  you  will  wind  up  with 
the  job  you  wanted  and  pl.inned  (in 
getting. 


QUALITY  CONTROL  .  .  . 

(Continued  tiuni  Page  1.3) 

the  quality  control  system  o\er  the 
100%  inspection  method  is  not  only  to 
speed  up  production,  in  itself  a  great 
improvement,  but  also  by  maintaining 
continuous  control  right  at  the  opera- 
tion to  increase  the  number  of  pieces 
falling  on  or  near  the  specified  dimen- 
sion. Although  most  manufacturers  will 
tend  to  hesitate  about  adopting  the  qual- 
it\'  control  methods  simply  because  of 
the  difficulty  in  making  the  transition 
from  one  system  to  another,  the  superi- 
ority of  the  quality  control  system  will 
more  than  economically  justify  the  cost 
and  problems  of  transition. 


Smorgasbord 

for 

Boilers... 


Coal,  gas,  and  oil  (firod  singly  or  in  romhinatinn) 
are  regular  items  on  today's  menu  for  B&\\  boilers. 
Occasional  entrees  include:  grain  hulls,  wood  chips, 
asphalt,  sewage  sludge,  by-products  of  paper  mills, 
steel  plants  and  sugar  mills... just  about  anything 
that  burns.  So  Bc^W  builds  boilers  and  combustion 
equipment  that  burn  what's  available  today  . . . 
likely  to  be  available  tomorrow  ...  at  top  efTiciency. 
Helping  power  plants  to  get  the  most  from  avail- 


able fuels  is  only  one  of  the  things  long  years  have 
taught  B&W  to  do  well.  Industry  oilers  examples 
of  many  others — proof  of  the  imaginative  engineer- 
ing at  B&W. 

Through  this  policy  of  continuous  development 
and  research,  B&^\  offers  excellent  career  oppor- 
tunities to  lechnical  graduates  ..  .in  diversified  fields 
of  manufacturing,  engineering,  sales  and  research. 


THE  BABCOCK  &  WILCOX  CO. 


85   LIBERTY   STREET 
NEW   YORK   6,   N.Y. 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


SVa"  X  23A"  X  lYt,";  Weight  iVi  oz. 

Lindemann    Electrometer 

This  instrument  was  originally  designed  for  use  in 
connection  with  photo-electric  measurements  of  light  in 
astronomical  work.  It  is  now  used  extensively  for  the 
determination  of  radioactive  emission.  Compact  and 
stable,  it  has  high  sensitivity,  stable  zero,  and  does  not 
require  levelling.  The  capacitance  of  the  instrument  is  less 
than  2  cm.  For  general  use,  the  instrument  is  placed  upon 
a  microscope  stand  and  the  upper  end  of  the  needle  ob- 
served, illumination  being  obtained  in  the  usual  way 
through  a  window  in  the  electrometer  case. 

Write  for  descriptive  literature 

CAMBRIDGE    INSTRUMENT   CO.,   INC. 

Pioneer  Manufacturers  of  Precision  Instruments 
3756   Grand   Central   Terminal,  New  York   17 

Galvanometers,   Ga 


WHY  GIVE  WIRES  AND  CABLES 
A.C.  ANP  D.C.  TESTS? 

At  Okonite  regular  d.c.  tests  pick  out  imperfections  in 
insulated  wires  and  cables  not  detected  by  conventional 
methods.  These  d.c.  tests,  at  4  times  the  a.c.  values,  are  in 
addition  to  the  routine  high  voltage  tests. 

"Something  extra"  is  typical  of  Okonite  production  tech- 
niques and  research  procedures.  That  something  extra,  multi- 
plied many  times  spells  leadership  .  .  .  reflects  Okonite's 
engineering  background  as  pioneers  in  electrical  wires  and 
cables.  The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic,  New  Jersey. 


pH  Meters  and  Red 
Goi  Testers,   Surf 

Instruments  f< 


Pyr 


Use 


Electrical   ar 
Industry  and  Medii 


OKONITE 

insulated  wires  and  cables 


SINCE    ]B73 


All  Engineering  Supplies  .  .  . 

UNDER  ONE  ROOF 

No  more  fruitless  hunts  for  hard  to  find  items. 
We  have  supplies  for  every  engineering  need. 
Just  come  to  the  UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE,  ask 
for  vy^hatever  you  need,  and  walk  out,  five  min- 
utes later,  completely  satisfied.  We  will  be  glad 
to  help  you. 

UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE 

610  EAST  DANIEL,  CHAMPAIGN    -    PHONE  5720 


OCTOBER,  1947 


27 


PROBLEM  —  You  are  designing  a  circular  saw.  The  blade  must 
have  horizontal,  vertical,  and  angular  adjustments.  Your  prob- 
lem is  to  work  out  a  drive  for  the  blade  that  permits  this  three- 
way  adjustment.  How  would  you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER  — Use  an  S.S.White  flexible  shaft 
to  bring  power  from  the  counter-shaft  or  motor  to  the  blade. 
There  is  no  simpler  me- 
chanical means  than  a 
flexible  shaft  for  driving 
parts  which  must  be  ad- 
justable. And  simplicity  in 
design  means  economy  in 
production. 


This  is  just  one  of  hundreds 
of  remote  control  and 
power  drive  problems  to 
which  S.  S.  White  flexible 
shafts  provide  a  simple 
answer.  That's  why  every 
engineer  should  be  famil- 
iar with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  tireless 
"Metal  Muscles"  for  me- 
chanical bodies. 


CERAMICS  .  .  . 

(  C()MtiiuR-(i  from  Page  1 1  ) 

pciatuic  range,  lepidolite  hail  greater 
emissivit\  than  stainless  steel  while  uve- 
rite  showed  least  einisslvit>'.  In  the  vis- 
ible range  (800  -1100°)  uverite,  which 
is  closer  to  a  true  black  body  than  an\ 
of  the  ceramic  materials,  showed  less 
than  \^)'/f  of  the  einissivitv  of  stainless 
steel. 

In  the  group  consisting  of  lepidolite, 
oli\ine,  quartz,  and  kyamite,  their  high 
relative  emissi\  it\'  indicated  that  they 
were  desirable  for  coating  metals  for 
protection  only.  They  were  excellent 
where  uninterrupted  heat  flow  was  de- 
sired. In  the  group  showing  lowest 
curves  of  emissivity,  uverite,  manganese 
oxide,  and  zirconium  oxide  indicated 
that  such  coatings  would  retain  heat  and 
cut  off  radiation. 


\ 

BIVITf  IM   TRfi  IUfHARED 

^BPEOT  TO  OWT  TTJlCCJSeS 

"J 

\ 

i 

•■ ; 

ts 

==^.^^__^ 

"^^^^^=^^iJc^^;^;zr:^ ;'; 

■.T 

^~"~~~~-  ■?. 

.: 

" 

In  analyzing  coat  thickness,  graphs 
clearly  demonstrated  that  first  elements 
of  coating  produce  rapid  decrease  in  ra- 
diation, but  the  curve  of  coat  thickness 
\ersus  radiation  quickly  levels  off.  The 
sharp  bend  in  the  curve  was  in  the  re- 
gion of  5  mils  thickne.ss. 

Any  small  amount  of  zirconium  oxide 
added  to  the  ceramic  mixture  decreased 
radiation  by  11%,  whereas  a  chromic 
oxide  film  enhanced  emission  of  radia- 
tion by  29%  (from  43  to  72%). 


urteiy  of 
Mil.  Co. 
Port  Austin,  Michigan 


WRITE    FOR    BULLETIN    4501 

It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineering  data 
about  flexible  shafts  and  their  application. 
Write  for  your  free  copy. 

•  7fod«marlt  Deg.  U.S.  Pal.  Off.  odd  IhtwUrt. 


SSWHITB 


INDUSTRIAL 


THI  S.V  WHITE  DENTAl  MFG.  CO.   »*W«^«^i^  ■  ■m»i^«»     DIVISION 
.DlfT.  C,   10  tAST   40lh   ST..  NiW  TOIK    l«.  N.  T.^ 


^««  «^  /ImmieoA  A  AAA  lnduAMat  $ttte/tjin^4€>t 


■  f 

4 

y 

28 


s/' 


Bonding  glasses  were  important  fac- 
tors in  suppressing  heat  energy.  Just  5% 
of  vanadium  oxide  {J'..0-),  when  sub- 
stituted   for    XiO.    decreases    emissivit) 

THE  TECHNOGR.\PH 


by  32%.  The  propert)  of  coatings  which  seals  in  heat,  shius 
metal  corrosion,  and  doubles  useful  operating  life  of  metal 
parts  is  that  of  inhibiting  fatigue  cracks  and  offering  protec- 
tion against  decarborization.  Dr.  Bennett  said  that  a  certain 
amount  of  metal  oxide  is  necessary  to  promote  a  good  coat- 
ing bond,  but  that  must  be  noted  so  that  further  oxide  the 
time  at  which   coating  was  applied   formation   is   prevented. 

Knowledge  from  the  tests  was  quickly  put  into  practice. 
During  the  fighting  in  the  Pacific,  our  pilots  reported  that 
Jap  suicide  pilots  could  spot  our  night  flying  squadrons  by 
the  reddish  glow  from  overheated  exhaust  pipes  and  collector 
rings  and  would  simply  aim  their  planes  at  the  glow.  A 
black  paint  which  cut  off  all  \isible  rays  regardless  of  the 
temperature  and  which  would  not  crack  was  quickly  de\el- 
oped  before  V-J  day.  Paint  was  sprayed  on  the  plane  be- 
fore  takeoff  time   and   was   dried    by  engine  heat. 

Since  engines,  particularh  jet  engines,  operate  effici- 
ently at  higher  temperatures,  use  of  ceramic  coatings  is  now 
known  to  be  indispensable  to  our  faster-than-sound,  jet- 
propelled  planes  which  will  operate  at  temperatures  greater 
than  2000"  F.  Techniques  learned  in  the  laboratory  will  be 
applied  to  commercial  and  military  uses,  since  high  speed 
planes  and  rockets  will  de\elop  temperatures  approaching 
the  melting  point  of  steel. 

The  research  program  included  these  luiixersities  and 
colleges:  Rutgers,  Armour,  Penn  State,  Alfred  university 
(X.Y. ),  and   Battelle   State  college. 

During  the  joint  Army-Xavy  sxinposium  held  last  Feb- 
ruary in  Washington  to  discu.ss  the  future  of  heat  resistant 
ceramics  for  the  armed  forces,  it  was  decided  that  ceramic 
research  should  be  speeded  in  \iew  of  the  rapid  development 
of  jet  propulsion. 


Ira©  MDILtS  for  Every  Job 


•  Spirol  End  Milli 

•  Two  lipped  Spiral 
End  Mills - 
Smoll  Helix  Angle 

•  Two  Lipped  Spiral 
End  Mills 

•  long  Spiral  End  Mills 

•  Long  Two  Lipped 
Spiral  End  Mills 


"CROM  THE  extensive  Brown  &  Sharpe  line  select  the 
end  mill  that  meets  your  particular  needs  —  a  fast, 
free  cutting  end  mill  that  will  give  you  maximum 
production.  There's  a  style  and  size  for  every  job. 
Brown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co.,  Providence  1,  R,  1. 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  CUTTERS 


Welcome  Back  .  .  . 

Whether  you  rested  or  worked  this  last  summer, 
another  semester  is  starting  and  you  NEED  more 
books  and  supplies.  Why  not  get  them  the  easy 
way,  at  the  bookstore  CLOSEST  to  engineering 
campus  where  you  can  BE  SURE  of  finding  what 
you  need. 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 

The  Booksfore  C/osesf  to  Engineering  Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


OCTOBER,  1947 


29 


HA^DiaNOHEAT 

wiih.  ALrasives 


A-O0<fp. 


liiiiiiin 


H 


andling  tho  high  temperatures  used 
by  modern  industry  is  a  tough  job 
—  it  requires  materials  with  rugged 
physical  and  thermal  properties. 
Norton  has  such  materials  in  Alundum 
ond  Crystolon  abrasives.  Their  creation 
in  electric  furnaces  at  temperatures  of 
3700°  and  4000°  Fahrenheit  gives  then 
valuable  refractory  properties  as  well 
as  abrasive  qualities.  And  supplement- 
ing these  two  materials  there  are  several 
Norton  electric  furnace  products  which 
are  produced  especially  for  their  unique 
refractory  properties. 

These  various  refractory  materials  are 
put  to  effective  use  in  Norton  cements, 
tubes,  bricks,  plates,  tiles  and  other 
shapes  for 

METAL  MELTING  FURNACES 
HEAT  TREATING  FURNACES 
ENAMELING  FURNACES 
CERAMIC  KILNS 

BOILER   FIREBOXES 
GAS  GENERATORS 

CHEMICAL   PROCESSES 

There's  also  a  line  of  Alundum  refrac- 
tory laboratory  ware  such  as  crucibles, 
cones,  dishes,  discs,  thimbles  and  com- 
bustion boats  for  ignition,  Incineration 
and  filtration. 


^■•- 


NORTON 


ILUNI  IN  ACTION  .  .  . 

(Continued  trorii  Page  14) 
'I'he  pressure  change  to  vise  was  ini- 
piirtant.  Pressures  from  0.5  p.s.i.g.  to 
tiiirty  tried.  With  the  low  pressures  un- 
desirable "hydration"  effects  w^xc  no- 
ticed— the  chemical  action  between  the 
cement  and  water  cau.sed  minute  unpre- 
dictable changes  in  volume,  serious 
enough  to  disturb  the  extremely  precise 
readings  needed.  This  hydration  effect 
became  less  noticeable  as  the  pressure 
used  was  increased  and  volume  changes 
became  greater.  The  porosity  correction 
remained  constant  over  the  whole  range 
and  did  not  influence  the  choice  of  pres- 
sure. As  the  pressure  used  increased, 
more  work  was  involved  (a  hand  air 
pump  is  used ) .  To  decrease  distortion 
of  the  equipment  itself  meant  thicker, 
heavier,  and  more  expensive  parts.  A 
moderate  pressure  change  was  indicated 
and  used. 

The  two  pieces  of  equipment — rolling 
and  pressure — were  ready  to  be  cali- 
brated. Most  data  on  air-entrained  con- 
crete, so  far,  had  been  obtained  with 
the  gravimetric  method.  Several  states 
were  using  the  Indiana  method.  Carl 
Menzel  had  developed  a  stirring  meth- 
od— a  cross  between  the  rolling  and  In- 
diana methods.  He  had  also  devised  a 
"modified  rolling  method" — same  the- 
ory as  the  rolling  method  but  with 
slightly  different  equipment  and  tech- 
nique. A  testing  schedule  was  drafted. 
All  of  the  methods  were  to  be  tested 
simultaneously  on  identical  samples.  Six 
times  a  day,  five  or  six  separate  tests 
were  performed.  Those  people  using  the 
Indiana  method  could  adjust  their  data 
to  compare  with  any  of  the  others.  All 
of  the  methods  could  be  correlated  with 
the  gravimetric  method. 

Is  It  Practical? 

These  tests  went  on  for  weeks.  We 
reached  the  point  where  we  could  look 
at  the  concrete  as  it  came  from  the 
mixer,  smell  it,  and  guess  its  air  content 
closely.  The  tests  still  went  on.  Finally 
everyone  was  satisfied.  Both  the  pres- 
sure method  and  the  rolling  method 
gave  results,  and  the  results  correlated 
much  more  closely  than  we  had  dared 
iiope. 

Still,  all  of  this  work  had  been  done 
in  the  laboratory.  These  tests  were  sup- 
posed to  be  practical  field  tests.  They 
had  to  be  tried  under  the  same  condi- 
tions in   which   they  would   be  used. 

The  pressure  method  and  the  modi- 
fied rolling  method  were  apparently  the 
two  best  qualified  for  field  use.  In  the 
laboratory  they  would  give  results  check- 
ing each  other  within  a  few  hundredths 
of  a  per  cent.  For  various  reasons,  the 
other  methods  were  out  of  the  running. 

We  visited  one  road-paving  job  after 
another.  Every  part  of  the  equipment 
was  checked  and  checked  again  to  make 
(Continued  on  Page  32) 


30 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


<^ 


'tM,f. 


When  you  admire  a  beauty  ...  or  visit  a  farm  .  .  . 


ride  on  a  ferry or  order  some  coke  .  .  . 


fu  t-K' 


-I 
swallow  an  aspirin  ....  or  turn  on  the  light  .  .  . 


the  cliauces  ore,  you  ore  coming  in  contact 
with  Koppers  engineering  or  chemical  skills. 

1.  Koppers  chemicals  for  use  in  cosmetics.  2.  Farm  structures 
made  of  lumber  pressure-treated  by  Koppers  for  long  life.  3.  Koppers 
American  Hammered  Piston  Rings  for  marine  engines.  4.  Coke  from 
Koppers-built  ovens.  5.  Koppers  chemicals  for  use  in  medicines. 
6.  Koppers  Fast's  self-aligning  couplings,  widely  used  in  power 
plants.  All  these  are  Koppers  products  ...  as  well  as  scores  of  others 
that  help  to  increase  our  comfort,  guard  our  health,  enrich  our  lives. 
All  bear  the  Koppers  trade-mark,  the  symbol  of  a  many-sided  service 
.  .  .  and  of  high  quality.  Koppers  Company,  Inc.,  Pittsburgh  19,  Pa. 


KOPPERS 


OCTOBER,  1947 


31 


ILLINI  IN  ACTION  .  .  . 

(ContiiiucJ  from  Pajjc  30) 
it  as  efficient  as  possible.  Everyone  — 
laborers,  engineers,  truck-drivers  —  sug- 
gested modifications.  The  pressure  meth- 
od pro\ed  most  adaptable  to  field  con- 
ditions. 

The  construction  season  passed.  Tlic 
pressure  method  was  chosen  as  the  easi- 
est, most  reliable,  and  most  accurate 
method  of  determining  the  air  content 
of  fresh  concrete  in  the  field.  A  big 
nu'xer  would  place  a  batch  of  more  than 
two  tons  of  concrete  on  the  road  bed. 
F"ive  minutes  later  an  inspector  could 
say,  "The  air  content  of  this  concrete 
is  within  specifications,"  or  he  could  say. 
"This  concrete  doesn't  have  enough  air." 
A  few  minutes  later  the  inspector  could 
be  testing  another  batch.  It  was  now 
possible  to  maintain  a  continuous  accur- 
ate control  over  the  concrete  that  went 
into  the  road.  Now  there  would  be  no 
more  long  sections  of  concrete  without 
the  proper  amount  of  air.  An  error  in 
proportions  could  be  corrected  almost 
immediately. 

All  of  this  was  possible  except  for  one 
thing,  there  was  only  one  piece  of 
equipment  for  the  pressure  method 
available. 

It  was  a  wieid-looking  apparatus.  As 
improvements  had  been  made,  they  had 
been   added   any   place   they   would    fit. 


1  he  equipiiu-nt  h.id  to  be  redesigned. 
Clamps  held  the  equipment  together. 
Were  they  of  the  best  design  possible? 
Would  another  design  be  better?  A  dif- 
ferent type  of  closure  might  cut  seconds 
from  the  testing  time.  Hooks  on  artil- 
ler\'  were  consulted  —  some  type  of 
ipiick-acting  breech  lock  might  be  adapt- 
ed to  the  purpose.  Cutlery  departments 
of  stores  were  visited — the  clamping  ac- 
tion of  a  pressure  cooker  might  yield 
an  idea.  A  pump  is  used — what  size 
should  it  be?  Where  could  the  pump 
be  placed  when  not  in  use?  Many  ques- 
tions were  asked.  Many  weeks  were 
spent  in   getting  the  answers. 

This  spring  the  job  was  finished  ;  over 
a  year  had  been  spent,  but  a  simple,  re- 
liable, speedy  test  was  e\ol\ed.  That  is 
the  story  behind  the  paper  "Determina- 
tion of  Air  Content,"  published  by  Mr. 
C.  A.  Menzel  in  the  May,  1947,  issue 
of  the  Journal  of  the  American  Con- 
crete Institute. 


A  local  option  election  was  being 
held  in  a  county  inhabited  by  sturdy 
( lermans,  who  loved  the  foaming  brew. 

The   teller   called   out, 

"V^et,  vet,  vet,  vet,"  then  he  frowned 
and  said,  "Dry-y-y."  Continuing  he  call- 
ed, "Vet,  vet,  vet,  vet,"  and  frowning 
again,  he  exclaimed,  "Some  son  of  a  gun 
\oted  twice." 


INTRODUCING  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  18) 
lease   from  service,  he  returned  to   Illi- 
nois to  continue  with   the  aid  of  rlic  (il 
Bill. 

Wilbur's  hobbies  include  hunting  and 
fishing,  but  in  his  words,  "An  engineei- 
ing  curriculum  doesn't  give  much  time 
for  outside  activities."  Although  he  doe- 
most  of  his  hunting  in  Michigan,  he 
found  time  for  some  no\el  game  shoot- 
ing while  stationed  in  Hollandia.  New 
( juinea. 

He  also  enjoys  swimming  and  was  a 
member  of  various  swimming  teams  in 
Chicago  during  high  school. 

football  takes  first  place  for  his  en- 
tertainment as  a  spectator.  His  favorite 
team  is,  naturally,  Illinois,  and  he  be- 
lieves that  the  Fighting  Illim'  are  right 
in  line  for  another  championship  this 
year. 

As  for  the  future,  he  hopes  to  spe- 
cialize in  bridge  construction  and  de- 
sign, spending  a  year  in  South  America 
after  graduating.  Then  it's  a  case  of 
"California,  here  I  come,"  since  W^ilbur 
likes  the  spaciousness  and  opportunities 
offered  bv  the  west  coast. 


Lawyer:  "Now  if  \ou  want  my  hon- 
est opinion — ." 

Client:  "I  don't.  I  want  your  profes- 
sional  advice." 


IT'S  GOOD  BrSlNESS 
TO  DO  UrSINESS 
WITH  THEKMOID 

Why.'  Because  Thermoid  concen- 
trates on  a  restricted  line  of  prod- 
ucts, related  in  manufacture  and 
in  use,  and  maintains  those  prod- 
ucts at  top  quahty  level. 

Thermoid,  as  a  firm,  is  large  enough  to 
be  thoroughly  dependable,  yet  small 
enough  to  be  sensitive  to  the  day- 
to-day  problems  of  its  customers. 

Engineers  depend  on  Thermoid  to 
always  furnish  well  made  INDUS- 
TRIAL BRAKE  LININGS  and 
FRICTION  PRODUCTS.  TRANS- 
MISSION BELTING.  LIGHT  DUTY 
and  MULTIPLE  V-BELTS  and 
DRIVES.  CONVEYOR  and  ELEVA- 
TOR  BELTING.  WRAPPED  and 
MOLDED    HOSE. 

If  catalogs  on  any  of  these  lines 
would  be  helpful  inyour  studies, 
we'll  be  glad  to  furnish  them. 


Tfierinoia 

Pr»ocluct-= 


Robeson's 


FOR  THE 

FINEST 

IN  MEN'S  WEAR 


IN   CHAMPAIGN 
Over  73  Years 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


SUBSCRIBE  AND  SAVE 
ON  THESE  PLAYS 

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THE  DUCHESS  OF  MALFI Jan.   14-15-16-17 

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THE  CHERRY  ORCHARD April   14-15-16-17 

PYGMALION May    19-20-21-22 

SEASON    BOOKS   ON    SALE 
OCT.  1  TO  NOV.  1 

lllini  Union  Box  Office  9  to   12  and   1   to  4 

Student-Faculty  Season   Books $4.20 

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General  Season  Books  $5.10 

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Engineers! 


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BRING  YOUR  BOOK  AND  SUPPLY  PROBLEMS 
TO  FOLLEirS 

A  Campus  Tradition 


ClJldtt. 


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>K  STORE 

PHQWE  8134. 


AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


OCTOBER,  1947 


33 


VJ^  ^^FOR  THE  RIGHT 


To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
moke  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
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DEPEND   UPON 


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34 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


WHAT  PART  OF  A  PLANE  IS  THIS?  i^ 

Clue:  31,700  would  cover  a  pinhead 


It  is  part  of  the  wing  surface  ...  an  area  so  niiero- 
sropie  that  31,700  spots  like  this  would  barely 
cover  a  pinhead. 

You  are  looking  at  aluminum  through  an  electron 
microscope,  the  way  Alcoa  Research  scientists  look 
at  aluminum  alloys  in  our  laboratories.  They  get 
down  to  aluminum's  really  fine  points  .  .  .  explore 
among  the  atoms. 

Studying  structures  like  this  is  one  of  the  ways 
Alcoa  metallurgists  learn  how  to  improve  aluminum 
alloys  and  how  to  make  new  ones.  By  scientific 
experimentation  they  combine  with  aluminum  the 
riiihl  amounts  of  the  rifiht  metals   to  produce  the 


J\Q.(§(£)Z^ 


results  thev  want  .  .  .  alloys  as  strong  or  stronger 
than  structural  steel,  at  one-third  the  weight  .  .  . 
allovs  that  make  better  castings,  forgings,  extrusions 
.  .  .  allovs  for  innumerable  uses 

You  wouldn't  hear  half,  not  even  a  hundredth  as 
much  about  aluminum  today  if  it  weren't  for  these 
allovs  that  Alcoa  Research  has  produced.  Alumi- 
num's great  and  growing  usefulness  springs  directly 
from  their  development.  Nature  made  aluminum 
light.  Alcoa  has  made  it  strong  and  versatile  and 
low  in  cost.  Aluminum  Company  of  Amkrica,  Gull 
Building.  Pittsburgh  10.  Pennsylvania. 
MORE  people  want  more  aluminum  lor  more  uses  than  ever 


FIRST 


OCTOBER,  1947 


35 


GYRO-COMPASS  .  .  . 

(Continufd  from  Page  8) 

ot  torque,  and  the  rate  of  precession  are 
all  at  their  niaximunis;  therefore  preees- 
sion  will  continue  ahout  the  vertical 
axis.  However,  as  the  rotor  crosses  the 
meridian,  the  rotation  of  the  earth  will 
cause  a  gradual  decrease  of  the  angle 
of  tilt  initil  the  rotor  reaches  a  level 
position  again. 

The  eccentric  pin  is  offset  1"^  for  a 
specific  purpose.  If  it  were  placed  direct- 
ly in  line  with  the  perpendicular,  the 
consequent  torque  would  act  on  the 
horizontal  axis  of  the  rotor  only,  and 
the  rotor  axis  would  oscillate  from  east 
to  west  to  cast  continualh.  Hy  offset- 
ting the  pin  1  "  in  the  proper  <iirection, 
an  imbalanced  condition  of  the  mercury 
tanks  would  cause  a  slight  torque  to  act 
about  the  vertical  axis;  the  residtant 
action  about  the  horizontal  axis  oppos- 
ing the  tilting  effect  caused  by  the 
earth's  rotation.  From  this,  it  can  be 
seen  that  the  amount  of  tilt  will  be 
dampened  with  each  oscillation  of  the 
rotor  wheel  and  eventually  the  rotor 
will,  for  all  practical  purposes,  come 
to  rest  in  the  plane  of  a  meridian.  This 
takes  about  2j/  oscillations  or  i'/j  hours 
at  the  most. 

It  can  be  seen  that  if  the  weight  of 
the  mercury  ballistic  tanks  rested  on  the 


rotor  case,  movement  about  the  liori- 
zontal  axis  wouKl  be  restricted.  Since 
Dr.  Sperry  depended  on  complete  free- 
dom of  the  rotor  for  tiie  desired  results, 
lie  liaii  to  de\ise  a  \\a\  to  vupport  the 
mercury  tanks  and  \et  keep  iheiii  in  tile 
proper  position  relative  to  the  rotor.  He 
accomplished  this  b>  designing  what  he 
called  the  "phantom  element.  "  This  con- 
sists of  a  metallic,  circular  ring  that 
is  kept  in  line  with  the  movements  of 
the  rotor  about  its  vertical  axis  by 
means  of  a  3  coil  transformer,  and  elec- 
tronic follow-up  system,  a  little  direct 
current  motor,  and  appropriate  gearing. 
Roughly,  the  system  operates  in  this 
manner.  The  3  coil  transformer,  con- 
sisting of  a  primary,  energized  by  single 
pliase,  21(1  cycle  .-dternating  current,  and 
a  secondary  on  either  side,  is  mounted 
on  the  phantom  ring  and  a  little  arma- 
tuic  is  attached  to  the  rotor  case.  If 
the  rotor  moves  relative  to  the  phan- 
tom ring,  a  signal  is  sent  from  one  of 
the  secondary  coils  to  the  electronic  fol- 
low-up system.  This  system  consists  of 
an  amplifier  tube  and  two  rectifier 
tubes  90  degrees  out  of  phase  with  each 
other.  The  signal  is  amplified,  rectified 
to  direct  current,  and  piped  to  the  little 
d.c.  motor  which,  through  proper  gear- 
ing, turns  the  phantom  ring  back  in 
line  with  the  rotor  case.  Because  it  is 
alwa\s  in  step  with  the  rotor  case,  the 


phantom  ring  is  an  ideal  location  ior 
mounting  the  compass  card,  and  is  used 
as  such. 

Because  it  is  necessary  to  have  accu- 
rate compass  readings  at  various  sec- 
tions of  a  ship,  a  system  of  repeater  com- 
passes is  used.  The  compass  cards  on 
the  repeaters  are  kept  in  synchronism 
with  the  master  gyro-readings  by  either 
a  d.c.  step-by-step  system  or  an  a.c.  sel- 
syn  system,  l.'sing  either  of  these  meth- 
ods, any  desired  number  of  remote  bear- 
ing indicators  may  be  operated. 

Somewhat  after  the  installation  of  the 
first  Sperry  gyro-compass,  (L.  S.  S. 
Delaware,  1911),  a  different  type  of 
gyro-compa.ss  was  developed  by  the 
Arma  Engineering  companv.  L  tilizing 
two,  non-parallel  rotors  for  stabiliza- 
tion, its  overall  efficiency  is  comparable 
to  the  Sperry  product.  Arma  compasses 
employ  a  pendulum  and  oil  tank  sys- 
tem for  their  north-seeking  and  north- 
remaining  properties. 

During  the  recent  war,  gyro-com- 
passes were  indispensable  to  fighting 
ships.  They  were  essential,  not  only 
for  taking  bearings  and  keeping  ships 
on  course,  but  to  automatic  course 
recorders,  automatic  steering,  (Gyro- 
Pilot),  radar,  and  fire  control. 

Special  compact  types  of  gyro-com- 
passes have  been  developed  for  use  in 
(Continued  on  Page  38) 


Typical      Aisle 

Room,   which    has    1673    Con 

partmcttts. 


Georgia  Community 
Refrigeration  Center 
Makes  Remarkaltle  Growth 


The  City  Ice  Company  of  Galnes- 
tarted  in  1929  with  a  20-ton 
ice  plant.  Today  It  provides  complete 
refrigeration  services  and  operates 
eight  additional  plants  throughout 
Georgia,  all  being  developed  into 
Community    Refrigeration    Centers. 

The  original  plant  now  makes  72 
tons  of  ice  daily;  rents  1675  lockers; 
provides  food  processing  and  pork 
curing;  operates  extensive  cold  stor- 
ages: quick-freezes  up  to  30,000  lb. 
of  poultry  per  day;  ices  railroad 
cars  and  trucks-  and  sells  refrigerators 
and  appliances.  The  first  Frick  ma- 
chine is  still  in  continuous  operation. 
six  more  have  been  added  in  this 
plant,  and  15  more  in  the  other 
plants. 

The  frick  CraJuatc  T  tain  lug  Comse 
ill  Refrigeration  and  Air  ConJitioiiing. 
KOW  III  its  Slst  xenr.  ts  apf*rovcd  under 
the  G.   J.   Bin  of  Rights. 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
tfie 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 


808  S.  Sixth  St. 
Laundry  Service  and  Dry  Cleaning 


Todd's  Restaurant 

Good  Food  and  Quick  Service 

DINNERS  -  STEAKS 
SANDWICHES  -  CHOPS 

Corner  Fifth  and  Green  Streets 
champaign— Dial  6-1643 


36 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


He  Can  Be 
a  Valuable  Player 

On  Your 
Cost-Reduction  Team 


•  Your  head  electrical  man — don't 
overlook  his  counsel  in  your  cost-reduc- 
tion huddles.  Here's  why — 

During  recent  years,  thousands  of  elec- 
trical systems  have  been  operating  under 
abnormal  stress.  They  have  become  over- 
loaded and  unreliable  .  .  .  poorly  located 
or  improperly  applied  in  relation  to  pres- 
ent needs.  They  have  increased  produc- 
tion costs — plenty. 


Check  with  your  head  electrical  man. 
If  he  finds  such  electrical  weaknesses,  a 
Square  D  Field  Engineer  will  be  glad  to 
help  him  analyze  the  problem  and  select 
corrective  power  distribution  and  electric 
motor  control  equipment. 

The  counsel  of  experienced  Square  D 
Field  Engineers  is  available,  without  obli- 
gation, through  Square  D  offices  in  prin- 
cipal U.  S.,  Canadian  and  Mexican  cities. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  ITD.,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO   •   SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


OCTOBER,  1947 


37 


Engineers! 

THIS  IS  YOUR  MAGAZINE 

Know  what  is  happening  in  your  field.  The 
TECHNOGRAPH  is  as  essential  for  this  familiarity 
as  your  slide-rule  for  your  more  immediate 
problems. 

Here    is   complete    coverage    of    the    Engineering   field 
at   home   and   abroad! 

$1.50     8  Issues     $1.50 


^^^^ 


213    ENGINEERING    HALL 
URBANA    •    ILLINOIS 


GYRO-COMPASS  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  36) 
iiiiplaiics  and  small,  speedy  ships  and 
boats.  The  most  commonly  used  of  these 
is  called  the  (i\io-Flu\  (rate  S\stem  an<l 
was  de\eloped  recently  by  the  Hendix 
Aviation  corporaricjn.  This  system  con- 
sists of  an  earth  ijuiiictor  compass  sta- 
bilized beneath  a  gyro-scope  and  con- 
tains a  transmitting  unit,  a  remote  man- 
ual caging  unit,  an  amplifier,  a  master 
indicator,  and  a  repeater  indicator.  The 
power  supph'  (115  volts,  4(JI)  cycle 
a.c.  ) ,  is  provided  by  an  inverter,  operat- 
ing from  a  24  \iilt  t\.i\  input.  The  gyrn- 
wheel  is  the  rotor  of  a  2  phase  induc- 
tion motor  supplied  b\  single  phase,  1  1^ 
volt,  400  cycle  a.c.  The  90  degree  phase 
shift  for  the  motor's  second  phase  is 
provided  by  a  series  of  condensers.  The 
rotor  develops  a  speed  of  approximate- 
ly 10,500  r.p.m. 

Mechanical  uses  for  the  g\  ro-scope. 
other  than  emplo\nient  in  compasses, 
are  too  numerous  to  mention  here.  Cjyro- 
statics  has  taken  great  strides  forward 
since  Foucault  built  his  classic  gyro- 
scope in  1851,  and  with  private  capital 
exploiting  its  possibilities,  the  applica- 
tions promise  to  become  even  more 
varied  than  now. 


He:  "Do  you  believe  in  free  love?" 
She:  "I  haven't  sent  vou  a  bill,  have 
I?" 


s 


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LIDE  RULES 

C711  South  Wright 
ARDS  OF  ALL  SORTS  Champaign 

H 


ARD  TO  FIND  ITEMS 
ISTS'  SUPPLIES 

lEERlNG  SUPPLIES 


r; 


ENGINE 
Tnk 


OOKS 


ERASERS 
T^  ULERS 
J-^JO  UNDRY  IT 


EMS 


38 


THE  TEGHNOGR.4PH 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  16) 
ili-nts   in    chemical   engineering,    and    as 
soon  thereafter  as  possible  a  meeting  will 
bo  held  for  the  same  purpose. 

S.B.A.C.S. 

The  student  branch  of  the  American 
(."(■ramie  Society  has  been  inactive  dur- 
iiil;  the  summer  session,  but  has  a  full 
pro^^ram  laid  out  for  the  fall  term.  This 
jirogram  is  to  be  started  off  by  an  in- 
tense drive  for  100  per  cent  student 
membership. 

.At  the  final  meeting  last  spring  an 
flection  of  society  officers  for  the  fall 
xinester  was  held.  The  men  elected 
were  Walter  F.  Stuenkel,  president; 
Flo\d  M.  Maupiii,  vice  president;  Allen 
P.  Wherr\-,  secretary;  and  Arthur  C. 
Hi)iienkerk,  treasurer. 

A.S.M.E. 

Due  to  the  accelerated  program,  the 
A.S.M.E.  chapter  has  been  inactive  dur- 
ing this  summer.  The  first  meeting  of 
the  fall  term  will  be  devoted  to  a  mem- 
bership drive.  The  exact  date  of  this 
meeting  will  be  announced  later  and  all 
students  in  the  mechanical  engineering 
curriculum  are  cordially  invited  and  en- 
couraged to  attend  this  meeting.  The 
new  officers  for  the  fall  semester  will 
also  be  elected   at  this  meeting. 


partners  in  creating 


K  &  E  drafting  instruments,  equipment  and  materials 
have  been  partners  of  leading  engineers  for  80  years 
in  shaping  the  modern  world.  So  extensively  ore  these 
products  used  by  successful  men,  it  Is  self  evident  that 
K  &  E  has  played  a  part  in  the  completion  of  nearly 
every  American  engineering   project  of  any  magnitude. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW   YORK    •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  *  Los  Angeles  *  Montreal 


You   may  have  this  file  of  .   .   . 

ENGINEERING  DATA 


•  MORE  THAN  10,000  PAGES 

•  LOOSE  LEAF,  WITH  POCKET  SIZE 
BINDER  {6V4  X  33/4) 

•  OVER  350  NEW  PAGES  EACH 
YEAR 


Write  today  for  complete  information  and  Index.  A  postcard  will  do. 

i — ~; 


Special  Offer  to  Technograph  Readers 

Your  name  in  Gold,  FREE,  stamped  on  the 
front  of  any  one  binder  with  your  first  order 
for  $5.00  or  more.  Be  sure  to  PRINT  your 
name  exactly  as  you  want  it  stamped  on  the 
binder,  and  Mark  the  order  "Technograph." 
This  offer  expires   December  31,    1947. 


^rJ^'* 


DAVID   FREDERIC   CAUSEY, 
P.O.  Box  No.  1,  University  Station 
URBANA,  ILLINOIS 


Please  send  me.  Free,  a  copy  of  the  48  page 
LEFAX  Data  Index  and  complete  information 
about  the  LEFAX  Library  for  Engineers. 


Name   .. 
Address 


.J 


OCTOBER.  1947 


39 


Crossword  \ns'  /er 


HIoiulc  chorus  ^irl:  "Coiifiiatulare 
nu',  girls,  I've  just  made  a  tortunc." 

Hrunetti"  chorus  girl:  "Yes,  whose 
was  it?" 

-:s-        »       * 

A  collegiate  chap  asks:  "It  all  the 
coeds  in  the  world  that  didn't  neck  were 
crowded  into  one  room,  what  would  we 
do  with  her?" 

Simp:  "It  it  wasn't  for  one  of  my 
father's  discoveries  I  wouldn't  he  here 
today.  " 

(ilimp:  "What  was  that?  " 

Simp:    "M\'   mother." 

jack:  "Sav,  do  you  know  that  \()ur 
wife  is  telling  everyone  that  \ou  can't 
keep  her  in  clothes?" 

Geo,:  "That's  nothing.  I  bought  her 
a  home  and  I  can't  keep  her  in  that 
either." 

Sergeant:  "What'd  you  get  drunk 
for,  in  the  first  place?  " 

Private:  "It  wasn't  the  first  place. 
Sarge,  it  was  the  last." 

Claude:     "-My     brother-in-law     swal- 
lowed a  box  of  fire  crackers.  " 
Maude:  "Is  he  all  right  now?" 
Claude:    "I    don't    know.    I    haven't 
heard  the  last  report." 

»  «  ii! 

A  diplomat  is  a  man  who  can  make 
his  wife  believe  that  she  looks  fat  in  a 

mink  coat. 

*     »     » 

Mrs.   A:   "My   daughter   is   takin'    a 

course  in  domestic  science.  " 

.Mrs.  B:  "How  is  she  makin'  out?" 
Mrs.   A:   "OK,   I    guess.   She   writes 

that  she  has  made  the    scrub  team." 

»       *        ;> 

Kitty:  "Whenever  I'm  down  in  the 
dumps,  I  get  a  new  hat." 

Katty:  "So  that's  where  you  got 
them." 


New  Bride:  "Hone\,  I've  a  confes- 
sion to  make,  I've  got  a  cedar  chest." 

(irooni:  "I'm  glad  to  hear  that — I 
was  wondering  what  \ou  would  sa\ 
when  vou  learned  that  I  have  a  wooden 
1^-g." 

Biology  teacher:  "Tell  me,  Jimniie, 
why  do  women  live  longer  than  men?" 

Jimmie:  "I  don't  know,  teacher,  un- 
less it's  because  paint  is  such  a  good 
preservative.  " 

Absent-minded  professor:  "Lail\, 
what  are  vou  doing  in  mv  bed?" 

She:  '"VVell,  I  like  your  bed,  I  like 
your  neighborhood,  and  I  like  your 
house.  And  furthermore,  it's  about  time 
that  you  remember  that  I'm  your  wife." 


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El 

"And  now,  with  Mr.  Riley's  permis- 
sion, we'll  return  to  the  anatomy  of 
a  frog." 


The  aw  kward  age :  Too  old  to  cr\ , 
and  too  young  to  swear. 

LAS  student:  "(Joing  aromul  with 
girls  keeps  me  voung." 

E.E.:  "How?" 

LAS  student:  "I  started  going  around 
with  them  four  \ears  ago  when  I  was 
a  freshman,  and  I'm  still  a  freshman." 
»      «      * 

Mama  mosquito:  "If  you  children  are 
good,  I'll  take  yovi  to  the  nudist  camp 
tonite.  " 

Mrs.  A:  "Oh!  I'm  so  happy.  M\ 
husband  is  taking  up  anthropology." 
Mrs.  B:  "How  did  you  find  out?" 
Mrs.  A:  "Oh,  I  found  some  little 
red  tickets  in  his  pocket  saying — Mud — 
horse  15  to  1.  When  I  asked  him  about 
them,  he  said  the\  were  the  relics  of  a 
lost  race.  " 

Johiuiy:  "Mr.  Jones,  daddy  wants 
to  borrow   your  cork  screw." 

Mr.   Jones:   "All   right  sonny,"   said 
Jones  reaching  for  his  coat.  "Run  along 
home — I'll   bring  it  over." 
»     *     * 

Son:  "Dad,  when  you  were  a  kid, 
what  was  your  greatest  ambition?" 

Father:    "To  wear  long  pants.   I've 
had  my  wish.  I  haven't  met  anyone  who 
wears  his  pants  longer  than  I  do." 
s     -*      * 

Teacher:  "George,  yoiu'  theme,  en- 
titled 'M\  Mother',  is  just  the  same 
as  \()ur  brother's.  " 

Cjeorge:  "I  know.  We  ha\e  the  same 
mother." 

You  can't  tell — ma>  be  a  fish  goes 
home  and  lies  about  the  size  of  the  bait 

that    got    awav. 

■    *     *     » 

At  breakfast  one  morning  I  was  read- 
ing in  the  paper  that  a  couple  in  North 
Dakota  were  buried  in  a  snow  drift  for 
18  hours,  and  I  said  to  the  waitress: 
"How  would  you  like  to  be  buried  in 
a  snow  drift  for  IS  hours  with  your 
sweetie." 

"Say,"  she  replied,  "If  me  and  m\ 
sweetie  was  buried  in  a  snow  drift,  we'd 
be   swimmin'   in    1  ">   minutes." 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Because  photography  can  condense  . . . 


TixY  AS  IT  IS,  that  little  rectangle  "stage  center" 
is  this  ad . . .  condensed  by  microfilming's  magic. 
Condensed  vet  all  there  — ready  to  he  brought  back 
to  original  size.  Photography  can  reduce  — tremen- 
dously—without  losing  a  detail. 

As  a  business  or  professional  man.  you  can  utilize 
photography's  reducing  ability  in  important  ways. 

You  can  utilize  it  to  save  space  ...  to  speed  refer- 
ence. With  Recordak  microfilming.  \ou  can  "de- 
bulk"  files  98%  .  .  .  keep  the  film  records  at  hand 
for  cjuick  viewing,  full-size,  in  a  Recordak  Reader. 

Functional  Photography 


You  can  utilize  it  to  make  sales  presentations  more 
complete,  more  resultful.  With  motion  pictures,  you 
can  "pack"  a  plow,  a  plant,  a  whole  process  into  a 
small  can  of  film  . . .  trav  el  it  where  you  will . . .  show 
it  ofiE  "large  as  life"  and  much  more  dramatically. 
Only  a  suggestion  . . .  this ...  of  what  photography 
can  do  because  it  can  condense.  For  a  better  picture 
of  the  applicational  possibilities  that  stem  from  this 
and  other  unique  characteristics  of  photography, 
write  for  "Functional  Fliotographw" 

Eastman   Kodak  Co.,  Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


is  advancing  business  and 
industrial  technics. 


ES®dlgik 


APPLICATION 
ENGINEER 


War  took   a  six-yeor  cut  out  of   Frank   lewis' 
career  plans.  He's  making  a  new  start  with  G.E. 


Struggling  to  become  airborne  in  the  teeth  of  an 
Aleutian  gale,  the  B-25  in  which  Frank  Lewis  was 
serving  as  co-pilot  spun  down  into  a  fiery  crash.  Frank 
took  the  long  wav  home.  Badlv  burned  about  the  face 
and  shoulders,  he  spent  two  years  in  Army  hospitals. 

When  he  came  back  to  work  at  General  Electric  this 
spring  he  had  been  away  exactly  six  years.  He  had 
forgotten  a  lot,  changed  a  lot  since  the  days  when,  fresh 
out  of  the  State  College  of  Washington,  he  had  worked 
on  "Test"  with  G.E. 

He  took  naturally,  therefore,  to  the  G-E  Rotating 
Engineering  Plan — especially  set  up  to  give  the  veteran 
a  period  of  familiarization  and  general  orientation. 

"The  idea  worked  fine,"  Frank  says.  "Any  depart- 
ment I  was  interested  in  was  ready  to  open  its  doors  for 
me  so  I  could  come  in  and  look  it  over.  When  I  found  a 
groove  that  suited  me,  that's  where  I  would  stick." 

Frank  stayed  in  the  orientation  program  from  March 
till  August,  considering  what  type  of  engineering  assign- 
ments most  interested  him  and  best  suited  his  abilities. 
For  his  actual  work  during  this  period  he  went  back  to 
something  familiar — industrial  control.  He  had  worked 
in  control  before  the  war  had,  in  fact,  become  head  of 
the  Control  Test  group.  Now,  in  the  circuit  development 
laboratory  of  the  Control  Divisions,  he  renewed  old 
memories. 

He  decided  he  wanted  to  be  an  application  engineer. 
His  work  proved  he  was  capable  of  it.  On  August  1, 
Frank  Lewis  took  over  a  desk  in  G.E.'s  big,  brick  office 
building  in  Schenectady  and  drew  the  first  important 
assignment  of  his  new  career. 

For  your  copy  of  "Careers  in  the  Electrical  Industry," 
write  to  Department  237-6, General  Electric  Company, 
Scheneaady,  N.  Y. 


To  help  pay  his  way  through  college,  Frank  worked 
summers  installing  G-E  refrigerators  in  Spokane,  Washing- 
ton. He  graduated  in  electrical  engineering  in  1939. 


Critically  injured  in  a  plane  crash,  Fronk  spent  two  years 
in  Army  hospitals.  He's  now  back  with  G.E.,  shaping  up 
o   career   as   an   application  engineer. 


GENERAL  A  ELECTRIC 


3^» 


"ImE  LIBhARY  OF  THE 


Joveniber,  1947  •  25  Cents 


MEMBER.    OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATEE^, 


^ 


"—mountains  are  leveled  and  oceans  bounded  by  the  slender  force  of  human  beings"— samvel  johmson 


JVhy  communications  get  better  all  the  time 


Your  voice  girdles  the  globe  in  one-seventh  of  a  second. 

It  travels  at  lo6,000  miles  per  second— the  speed  of  light 
—  thanks  to  the  telephone  and  radio.  And  by  television,  so 
do  tlie  pictures  of  any  event  as  it  occurs. 

\^  hat  has  made  this  blinding  speed  possible?  \\  hat  has 
given  us  these  '"ringside  seats" ...  to  see,  to  hear,  to  share 
in  the  headline  news  of  the  day? 

The  answer:  Greater  knowledge  of  electronic  waves  and 
better  materials  to  harness  them.  For  example,  the  vac- 
uum tube— heart  of  radio  or  television— depends  upon  the 
greatest  possible  absence  of  air  or  other  gases— a  high  vac- 
uum. Most  of  the  air  is  pumped  out  before  the  tube  is  sealed. 
Then  a  tiny  bit  of  barium,  called  a  "barium  getter"  is 
flashed  inside  of  it  by  electricity.  This  captures  the  remain- 
ing air  and  gives  a  nearly  perfect  \  acuum. 


Unending  research  and  engineering  ha\e  also  provided 
liner  jilastics  for  insulation,  purer  graphite  and  carbon  for 
electronic  devices  . . .  and  a  host  of  other  basic  materials 
that  help  shave  the  speed  of  communications  t:p  the  tiniot 
splinter  of  a  second. 

Producing  these  heller  innlerials  and  many  others— jor 
the  use  of  science  and  industry  and  the  benefit  of  man- 
kind—is the  ivork  of  the  people  of  V!\'lO\  CARRinK. 

FREE:  You  are  invited  to  send  for  the  illustrated  booklet.  "Products 
and  Processes,"  which  describes  the  nays  in  which  indnstrv  uses 
I  C.C.'s  Alloys.  Carbons.  Chernirals,  Gases  and  Plnslirs. 

Union  Carbide 

AJSrj?     CAJIBOJV     COHI'ORATIOJV 


30    EAST    42  ND     STREET 


[Jffl 


.NEW    YORK     1 : 


Products  of  Divisions  and  Units  include 

I.INDE   O.WGEN      •      PRKST-O-LriE  .\CETYLENE      •      PYROFAX  GaS      •      BaKELITE.   KRENE,   \INY0N,  AND  ViNYLITE   PLASTICS 
KeMET  GEITERS      •       N.\TIONAL  CARBONS      •     EVEREADV  FLASHLIGHTS    AND   BATTERIES      •      ACHESON   ELECTRODES 

Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •    Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals    •    H.wnes  STELLriE  Alloys    •    Synthetic  Organic  Che.micals 


There's  a 


future  for  you 


in 


at  Westinghouse 


■►0 


This  is  but  one  of  the  many  op- 
portunities open  in  the  electrical 
field.  There  are  many  others — in 
sales,  research  and  engineerinji  at 
\^  estinghouse.  Begin  plans  for 
your  future  by  sending  today  for 
your  free  copy  of  "Finding  Your 
Place  in  Industry". 


W^stindiouse 

PLANTS  IN  25  CITIES  .  .  .   ^^    OFF 


Wherever  there's  manufacturing,  there 
are  jobs  for  engineers.  \X  estinghonse  is 
one  of  the  largest  electrieal  mamifae- 
tiirers  in  the  world — its  proflucts  are 
as  diversified  as  industry  itself!  There's 
a  job  and  a  future  for  you  here.  For 
example,  Westinghoiise  needs: 

MANUFACTURING  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  show  production  people  how  to  turn  out  the 
proilucl  after  it  has  been  designed. 

METHODS  ENGINEERS  ... 

to  improve  cHicicncv  in  methods  of  production. 

PRODUCTION  CONTROL  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  get  the  right  tnatcrials  at  the  right  place  at 
the  right  time. 

QUALITY  CONTROL  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  supervise  inspection  of  materials  and  work- 
manship at  every  step  in  the  process  of  manu- 
facture, and  help  develop  the  highest  standards. 

TEST  ENGINEERS  ... 

to  see  that  correct  and  uniform  methods  are 
applied  in  testing  apparatus  to  assure  compli- 
ance with  the  customer's  specilications. 

PLANT  LAYOUT  ENGINEERS  ... 

to  plan  installation  of  new  manufacturing  facili- 
ties or  revamping  ol  the  old. 

Here's  a  challenge  for  your  future.  The  field  is 
limited  only  by  the  initiative  and  resourcefulness 
of  the  engineer  himself.  G-10002 


To    obtain    copy    of    "Finding    Your    Place    in    Industry,"    consult 
Placement  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

77i<'  District  Educational  Coordinator 
II  cstinffhousf*  Electrir  Corporation 
20  .\.  If  acker  Drive,  P.O.  Box  B,  Zone  90 
ClUcago  6,  Illinois 


Na 


OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


College- 
Address- 
City 


lew  Dpvi^lupiiients 


Itfl  .lull  It  IHvli.  K.H.'tft 


New  Vacuum  Tube  for 
High  Altitudes 

A  iK'w  vacuum  tube  ilesigiied  for  usi- 
at  altitudes  up  to  60,000  feet  has  been 
amiouiiced  by  Anipeiex  Electronic  Cor- 
poration. The  (iexelopnieiit  work  was 
sponsored  by  the  Air  Material  Com- 
mand of  the  U.  S.  Army  Air  forces. 
The  tube  is  especially  important  in  con- 
trol circuits  of  guided  missiles. 

Tile  base  of  the  tube,  of  glass,  is 
tapered  and  ground  to  fit  the  socket 
like  a  glass  bottle  stopper.  This  con- 
struction keeps  the  air  arounil  the  socket 
terminals  at  atmospheric  pressure,  even 
when  it  is  used  at  high  altitudes  —  an 
operating  condition  which  frequently  re- 
sults in  flash-over  between  the  termi- 
nals. 

The  tube  socket  is  the  exact  coiuiter- 
part  of  the  tubes,  insofar  as  the  taper  is 
concerned.  The  taper  angle  is  chosen 
large  enough  to  avoid  trapping  of  air 
when  the  tube  is  plugged  into  the 
socket.  The  socket  is  made  of  Mycale.x, 
a  bonded  glass-mica  composition,  which 
will  not  carbonize  in  the  event  of  an 
electrical  breakdown.  Alycalex  is  also 
impervious  to  moisture,  retains  its  di- 
mensions inider  extreme  conditions  of 
temperature,  and  can  be  molded  to  \ery 
close  tolerances. 

The  original  tube  designed  for  the 
L.  S.  Army  Air  forces  is  a  high-vacu- 
um, half-wave  rectifier  rated  at  14,000 
volts  peak  inver.se.  It  can  deliver  an 
average  plate  current  of  125  ma  and  a 
peak  plate  current  of  750  ma.  Although 
rated  at  only  14,000  volts  peak,  this 
tube  and  socket  combination  will  lian- 
dle  voltages  as  high  as  35. 001 1  volts 
peak. 

This  new  design  is  applicable  to  .ill 
t\pes  of  lu'gh-voltage  vacuum  tubes 
which  may  be  subjected  to  similar  high- 
altitude  cotiditions.  When  used  in  areas 
which  are  strongly  radioactive,  tubes  of 
this  type  will  not  break  down  externalh 
due  to  ionizing  action. 

In  addition  it  can  be  used  in  equip- 
ment which  must  be  used  in  areas  sub- 
ject to  strong  radioactivit> .  Xormally, 
the  ionizing  action  caused  by  such  radio- 
activity would  limit  the  permi.ssible  op- 
erating voltage  to  a  relatively  low  value 
— something  less  than  the  flash-over  po- 
tential. With  this  glass-seal  construc- 
tion, however,  the  full  rating  of  the  tube 
mav  he  safelv   used. 


Chimes  Without  Bells 

.\  new  nietiiod  of  proiiuciiig  the 
sound  of  church  bells  h\  the  use  of  a 
two-ounce  Alnico  permanent  magnet 
made  by  (General  Electric  compan\,  has 
been  devised  by  Liberty  Carillons,  Inc., 
of  New  York. 

Designed  to  capture  the  inaudible  vi- 
bration of  the  bell  tones  when  they  are 
created    bv    the    blow   of    a    small    metal 


Photo    of    high    altitude    vacuum 

tube     showing     socket     arrange- 

menr 

clapper  upon  the  belltone  bar,  the  sin- 
tered Alnico  No.  5  magnet  helps  pro- 
duce a  greater  electrical  impidse  for  a 
given  amplitude  of  vibrations  and  thus 
feeds  a  greater  signal  into  the  amplifier. 
These  vibrations  are  then  sent  through 
an  extra  high  fidelity  amplifier  system 
from  which  they  are  transmitted  to 
super-powered  belfry  stentors  and  then 
exploded  with  the  realism  of  a  great 
bell   being  struck. 


I  lie  Cjeneral  Electric  >ub-assenibi\ 
used,  consists  of  an  Alnico  No.  S  per- 
manent magnet  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter  and  fi\e-eighths  of  an  inch 
long,  magnetized  by  approximately  ^<l 
turns  of  copper  wire.  This  magnet  is 
inserted  in  a  nickel-plated  brass  tube  and 
the  tube  filled  with  a  plastic  compound. 

This  sub-assembly,  located  just  below 
the  point  of  the  blow  of  the  metal  clap- 
per, lifts  the  initially  inaudible  vibra- 
tions from  the  tone  bars  and  passes  the 
electrical  impuLses  along  to  the  ampli- 
fiers. From  12  to  60  of  these  sub-assem- 
blies are  used,  depending  on  the  size  of 
the  instrument. 

Ultra-High  Speed  Camera 

.\  camera  with  a  speed  ot  one-mil- 
lionth of  a  second,  which  produces  a 
finished  photographic  projection  within 
thirty  seconds  after  the  picture  has  been 
taken,  has  been  developed  by  (jeneral 
Electrics  General  Engineering  and 
Consulting  laboratorv  at  Schenectady, 
\.  Y. 

The  camera,  being  two  feet  in  length 
and  one  foot  in  height  and  depth,  is 
not  portable  and  is  not  intended  for 
use  by  the  camera  fan.  Fully  automatic 
with  the  press  of  a  button,  it  is  part  of 
equipment  developed  for  the  rapid  test- 
ing, by  means  of  electric  power  surges, 
of  apparatus  used  in  the  generation  and 
transmission  of  electric  power.  Such 
tests  are  made  to  determine  insidation 
characteristics  of  new  designs,  and  to 
make  sure  that  equipment  under  pro- 
duction meets  performance  specifica- 
tions. 

Used  in  combination  with  a  cathode- 
ray  oscilloscope,  the  camera  photographs 
the  visual  indication  which  appears  on 
the  screen  when  a  surge  of  high  voltage 
electric  power  is  applied  to  the  equip- 
ment under  test.  Since  the  total  diuation 
of  the  recorded  voltage  \\ave  may  be  as 
short  as  one-millionth  of  a  second,  the 
camera  speed  must  be  equalh'  fast. 

As  soon  as  the  photograph  is  taken, 
the  operator  pushes  a  button,  thereby 
setting  into  action  the  automatic  devel- 
oping equipment  biu'lt  into  the  camera. 
The  development  cycle  is  finished  in  24 
seconds,  and  the  film  is  mo\ed  into  an- 
other compartment  in  which  a  projec- 
tor reproduces  the  negative,  enlarged 
about  ten  times,  upon  a  groiuid  glass 
screen  at  one  side  of  the  camera.  This 
picture    gives    the   operator   an    accurate 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


ifcorj  of  the  pertormance  of  the  equip- 
ment during  the  apph'eation  of  the 
MHfie. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  time  saved 
h\  the  high  speed  camera  is  significant 
because  of  the  Large  iinestinent  involved 
in  the  equipment  being  tested,  the  oscil- 
ograph,  and  the  associated  test  set — a 
gi-iierator  which  produces  surges  up  to 
!?. 01)0, 0(10  volts.  With  this  new  equip- 
ment, testing  of  electrical  apparatus  will 
be  speeded   up  as  much   as  ten   times. 

Photographic  Film  Shows 
Atomic  Fission 

The  Eastman  Kodak  company  an- 
nounces that  special  photographic  plates 
made  m  its  laboratories  are  bemg  used 
b\  scientists  to  picture  actual  atomic  fis- 
sion and  to  study  action  of  highly  charg- 
ed  nuclear  particles. 

These  plates,  recognized  as  valuable 
new  tools  for  research  in  nuclear  phys- 
ics, are  known  as  "nuclear  track"  plates 
from  their  special  use  in  recording  the 
paths  of  the  particles. 

The  characteristics  of  the  new  plates 
are  markedly  different  from  those  of  or- 
dinary photographic  materials.  The 
plates  are  super-sensitive  to  the  electri- 
cal charges  carried  by  atomic  particles. 


At  the  same  time  the\'  are  relativeh" 
insensitive  to  light — which  affects  ordi- 
nary film — and  to  X-rays.  The  silver 
grains  in  the  emulsions  of  the  nuclear 
track  plates  are  unusuallv  close-packed. 
It  is  these  silver  grains,  suspended  in 
the  gelatin  enndsion,  that  are  particu- 
larly, sensitive  to  the  charged  particles. 

When  a  highly  charged  particle  speeds 
into  the  emulsion,  a  dotted  line  of  af- 
fected silver  grains  is  produced.  These 
grains,  when  the  plate  is  developed, 
make  an  identifiable  track.  From  the 
length  and  curvature  of  the  track  and 
the  grain  spacing  along  it,  information 
is  obtained  of  the  particles'  speed,  ener- 
gy, and  other  characteristics.  Thus  it 
can  be  identified  as  a  proton,  alpha  par- 
ticle,  or   heavily  charged   nucleus. 

Actual  fission  was  recorded  when  one 
of  the  plates,  first  bathed  in  uranium 
nitrate,  was  exposed  to  slow  neutrons 
from  a  radium-beryllium  source.  A  neu- 
tron, striking  a  uranium  atom  in  the 
emulsion,  brought  about  the  fission 
which  was  recorded  on  the  plate  as  the 
track  of  two  new  atoms. 

The  nevv  plates  are  designed  to  re- 
cord tracks  of  individual  nuclear  par- 
ticles, rather  than  to  record  density  due 
to  overall  exposure  to  radioactivity.  For 
this    reason    the   especially   fine   grained 


emulsions  not  only  give  the  characteris- 
tic track  of  a  particle,  but  also  make 
little  record  of  the  "background"  radio- 
activity. Thus  the  track  stands  out  clear- 
ly in  the  emulsion. 

Special  advantages  of  the  nucleai' 
track  plates  are  that  they  are  continu- 
ously sensitive  and  can  record  perma- 
nently isolated  acts  of  particles  over  a 
period  of  time.  They  also  provide  for 
recording  of  a  great  deal  of  scientific 
data  with  a  simple,  ine\pensi\e  appara- 
tus. 

It  is  beliexed  that  a  photographic 
plate  that  could  perform  all  the  func- 
tions of  a  cloud  chamber,  in  addition  to 
having  the  higher  stopping  power  and 
the  permanent  record  of  the  photograph- 
ic enndsion,  would  make  one  of  the 
most  \aluable  aids  to  work  of  nuclear 
physicist. 


A  wolf  lounging  in  a  New  York  ho- 
tel lobby  perked  up  when  an  attractive 
young  lady  passed  by.  When  his  stand- 
ard come-on,  "how-de-do,"  brought 
nothing  more  than  a  frigid  glance,  he 
sarcasmed,  "Pardon  me,  I  thought  you 
were  my  mother." 

"I  couldn't  be,"  she  iced.  "I'm  mar- 
ried." 


1... 


A  "FOUL  WEATHER''  FRIEND 
TO  CABLE  USERS 

&very  kind  of  wealher  but  fair  is  manufactured  in  this 
Weatheromeier  which  is  used  regularly  in  testing  sections 
of  Okoniie  Cable.  For  example,  repeated  cycles  of  water 
spray  and  ultra  violet  light  are  combined  with  freezing  in  a 
refrigerator.  The  result:  a  rapid  succession  of  violently  con- 
trasting effects  which  tests  the  cable  more  drastically  than 
could  years  of  actual  exposure. 

This  is  one  of  a  series  of  continuing  tests  in  which  Okonite 
puts  modern  equipment  and  engineering  personnel  to  work 
pre-testing  and  establishing  the  life  expectancy  of  its  electrical 
wires  and  cables.  The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic,  N.  J. 

OKONITE  fO'. 

insulated  wires  and  cables 


SAVE     TIME    WITH     THESE 

HANDY  luFKiN  TAPE- RULES 


Every  busy  engineering  stu- 
dent needs  a  Tape-Rule  for 
his  vest  pocket  —  where  it's 
handy  and  ready  for  those 
dozens  oi  little  measuring  jobs 
that  come  up  every  day. 
There's  no  need  wasting  time 
in  search  of  a  tape  or  in  try- 
ing to  guess  the  measurement. 
Just  reach  in  your  pocket  for 
your  "Mezurall"  or  "Wizard." 
Your    dealer    can    help    you 


ff/^ 


NEW  YOPK 

I06  L>lay«tl<  St 


SAGINAW,  MICHIGAN 


WINDSOR,  ONT. 


TAPES -RULES -PRECISION   TOOLS 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


What    Every    Student    Engineer 
Should    Know   About    Bearing    Functions 


TRACTOR  FRONT  WHEEL  in  which  both  thrust 
and  radial  loads  are  carried  on  single  row  Timken 
Bearings.  From  whichever  way  the  load  may  come, 
it  will  be  handled  with  minimum  friction  and  wear. 


APPLICATION  of  Timken  Bearings  on  the  worm 
shaft  of  a  worm  gear  drive.  The  load  on  the  worm 
shaft  bearings,  due  to  the  operation  of  the  worm,  is 
primarily  thrust.  There  is  considerable  radial  load 
however,  arising  from  the  separating  force  of  the 
gears  and  also  possibly  from  overhung  driving  loads. 
This  is  another  application  for  which  the  tapered 
roller  bearing  is  ideal. 


1. 


HOW  TO  CARRY 

COMBINATIONS  OF 

RADIAL  AND  THRUST  LOADS 


Practically  every  bearing  application  in  equip- 
ment of  all  kinds  involves  the  carrying  of  radial 
and  thrust  loads  in  varying  degrees.  These  draw- 
ings show  how  Timken  Tapered  Roller  Bearings 
effectively  perform  both  functions. 

Because  it  is  a  roller  bearing,  the  Timken 
Bearing  can  carry  the  heaviest  loads.  Because 
it  is  a  tapered  roller  bearing  it  can  carry  both 
radial  and  thrust  loads  —  separately  or  in  any 
combination. 

From  whichever  direction  loads  may  come,  its 
tapered  design  enables  the  Timken  Bearing  to 
carry  them  all  with  full  efficiency  and  safety. 
The  cost  and  complication  of  a  separate  type 
of  bearing  for  each  kind  of  load  are  eliminated. 
Bearing  housings  and  mountings  are  simplified 
—  with  savings  in  cost,  weight  and  space. 

The  more  you  learn  about  Timken  Bearings 
now,  the  better  prepared  you  will  be  to  solve 
any  bearing  problems  you  may  encounter  in 
the  future. 


TIMKEN 

TAPim  Toller  Wabihcs 


THE     TIMKEN     ROLLER     BEARING     COMPANY,    CANTON     6,    OHIO 

4  THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

George  R.  Foster Editor 

Francis  C^irfen Assistant  Editor 

Va\  W'itort .hsist/int  Editor 

Barbara    Si.linil<lt  ...l/c(/-c«/>   Editor 

• 

Ri  ftortiiu/ 


luhl 

Pick 

.\l  Rust 

P.m 

H(iriibt-.-k 

Phil  n,.ii 

n.ui 

lUi   lohnsnii 

Ronald   lohnsnn 

Krir 

Hil«eiuiu,-t 

Herbert  Mazer 

Rnll 

h  l.eiulli.f; 

Melvin  Reiter 

run 

Mocirr 

John  Shurtleff 

\l;ii 

till  Sahatli 

Arthur  Welcher 

Cii 

Sniinensi-hciii 

Shirlev    Smith 

(,(■11 

■  Fisher 

Sam  Jefferies 

II.- 1-1 

t-rt  lao.hv.n 

(;ienn  Massie 

Dirk 

ilammack 

tienrge  Ricker 

Ki-ii 

(■(Ml 

u-tli  McDwaii 
it-  MiiiTiii-k 

Huke  Silvestrini 

• 

Photr 

i/rdfliy 

(  "iCI 

f  R(ibiii>oii,///«y//7;//'y/;.<  Editor 

IV, 1 

Snhn 

i;,,hVan  Winkle 

Wil 

X  Woo 

laek  Stiiinpf 

Wll 

a  1,1  K.  Junes 

• 

lUSINESS  STAFF 

R,.l 

iTt  A.   Johnson Bus.  Mgr. 

Ian 

Hengston.... 

..Ass't  Bus.  Mgr. 

n,; 

lies    lanseii. 

..Jss't  Bus.  Mar. 

Fn 

Ilk    Mitch.... 

.Ass't   Bus.    Mt/r. 

|nh, 

!>,isatta 

Fred  Seavev 

Rn>- 

X  \erKara 

Robert  C  ox 

C,i-f 

rue  Kvitek 

(lerrv  Thompson 

Mir 

lell  Cassiiiv 

Robert  Levin 

Ki.l 

aril  I.eek 

William  Anderson 

1:1111 

i-^  Chapman 

Stanley  Diamond 

Eiuillli 

Advisers 

J.  A. 

Henrv 

I 

A.  R 

Knight 

L 

L.  A 

Rose 

MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
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t-e  Engineer,  Colorado  Engineer,  Cornell 
Engineer,  Dre.xel  Technical  Journal,  Illinois 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engineer,  Iowa  Transit, 
k,.  s.s  Engineer,  Kansas  State  Engineer, 
K  '  Kky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
'1  ';:^,^-ln  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
M  -.  .iiri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint, 
New     York     University     Quadrangle,     Ohio 

I  State  Engineer.  Oklahoma  State  Engineer, 
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angle, Purdue  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Tech 
Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
;  gineering.  University  of  Illinois 


Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December.  January,  Febru- 
ary, March,  April,  and  May)  by  The  Illini 
i  Publishing  (Zompany.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter,  October  30,  1921,,  at  the  post  office 
of  Urbana,  Illinois.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscription,  $1.50 
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Publisher  Representative  —  Littell  Murr.ay- 
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'Chicago    11,     III.     101     Park    Avenue,    New 

York    17,    New    York. 


ARTICLES 

Vanishing   Resotirces   7 

Don   llornhcrk.   Ch.E.   '4S 

.Mining  and   Metalhirgy  ^i 

R/i/ph  Lending.  E.E.   '4S  rind  Francis  dreen.  E.E.   '4H 

The  Betatron  9 

Industrial   Sightseeing — A.   O.   Smith 10 

Aeronautical  Engineering  Laboratories   12 

Don  Johnson.  E.E.  '4^) 

Cemented  Carbides  1  -I- 

DEPARTMENTS 

New  Developments  2 

John  Diek.  E.E.    '49 

Introilucing     - to 

John  Shurtleff 

Illini   In  .'\ction   LS 

Don  Johnson.  E.E.  '49 

Etlitorial    ■-■■■     20 


OUR  COVER 

An(d  still  the  construction  continues.  This  time  it's  the  new  me- 
chanical engineering  laboratory  on  the  corner  of  Green  and 
Mathews   streets.— Gene    Robinson. 

FRONTISPIECE 

This  startling  ecJifice  is  the  home  of  A.O.Smith's  engineering  and 
research  departments  at  Milwaukee.  Built  over  fifteen  years  ago, 
its  ultra-modern   lines  defy  time.   (Courtesy  of  A.  O.  Smith  Co.) 


itil  Iton  HnrMln>i-h:  f'h.E.  ^tS 


I  .li 


4- 


()ui'   natural    resources,   once   thouy;ht 
he    \irtuall\-    inexhaustible,    have    he- 
me  depleted   to  the   extent   that  some 
nur  most  common  metals,  metals  for 
iich    we    may   ne\er    find    satisfactory 
ll^titutes,  will   run  out  within  the  life- 
iie    of    today's    college    student.    The 
iiited   States,   great  as  was  its  pioneer 
neral   wealth,   has  had   to   import  the 
Ik  of  its  manganese,  chromium,  nickel, 
1 1    tin   supplies   for  years.    Now,   since 
r  end  of  the  recent  war,  we  note  with 
ic  concern  that  this  war  cost  us  large 
nentages     of     our     waning     mineral 
■,ilth,  e.g.,   during  the  years  of    1941- 
,    one-fourth    of    our    present    proved 
tidleum    reserves,   20%    of   our   com- 
rcial  copper  reserves,   and  more  than 
|]  one-fourth  of  the  nation's  lead  and  zinc 
were  consumed.   A  total   of   five  billion 
tons  of   American-mined   minerals   were 
thrown  into  the  war  effort. 

Although  a  small  fraction  of  the  com- 
mercial iron  reserve  was  consumed  dur- 
ing the  war  years,  we  are  now  faced 
with  having  to  mine  ore  of  lesser  qual- 
ity; for  experts  are  predicting  that  the 
Mesabi  range,  noted  for  its  high-grade, 
low-cost  ore,  may  begin  to  play  out  in 
another  ten  years — others  predict  that 
the  red  hematite  of  those  mammoth  sur- 
face mines  of  Duluth  will  be  exhausted 
within  17  years.  However,  we  have 
ample  iron   ore  in  other  localities,  prob- 


ably more  than  enough  for  our  needs. 
The  total  proved  reserves  will  last 
through  the  year  2050,  with  an  addi- 
tional amount  of  lower-grade,  but  usa- 
ble, ore  sufficient  to  last  400  years  be- 
yond that  date.  Further,  there  are  vast 
amounts  of  nearby  Canadian  ores  which 
lie  buried  rather  deep  beneath  the 
the  ground,  too  deep  for  economical  re- 
covery at  the  present  time. 

Native  copper  supplies  have  been   in- 
adequate for  several  years,   necessitating 


This    Shell    Oil    company    derrick 
is    the    tallest    in    the    world 


Two    "tong     men"    breaking    the 

drill-stem    joint    to    add    another 

section  on  the  stem 

importation  of  one-half  of  the  required 
ore.  The  Anaconda  mines,  mainstay  of 
the  home  copper  mining  industry,  are 
nearing  the  outer  limits  of  their  copper- 
producing  veins;  and  no  large  discov- 
eries are  expected  by  the  geologists.  At 
the  present  rate  of  consumption  of  a 
million  tons  annually,  our  resources  may 
last  i?)  years,  or  until  about  1980.  Since 
the  U.  S.  has  the  greatest  production 
and  reserves  of  copper,  lead,  and  zinc, 
it  appears  that  our  foreign  sources  may 
not  be  able  to  support  American  indus- 
try for  any  extended  period  of  time. 

Lead  and  zinc  mines  have  been  work- 
ed quite  completely — our  remaining  na- 
tive supply  being  enough  to  last  only 
about  11  and  18  years,  respectively.  As 
it  is,  the  mines  are  down  to  producing 
about    one-half    of    the    quantity    of   ore 


In  this  article  will  be  found 
some  rather  startling  revelations 
on  the  limitations  of  our  suppos- 
edly unlimited  natural  resources. 
Easily  read  in  a  short  time,  the 
article  points  out  several  interest- 
ing facts  with  which  every  engi- 
neer, present  and  future,  should 
bestir  himself  to  become  ac- 
quainted. 


that  was  produceii  twenty  years  ago. 
The  most  noticeable  effect  of  the  lead 
scarcity  will  be  in  the  scarcity  of  good 
paint,  lower  quality  gasoline,  and  in  the 
higher  prices  of  household  goods. 

Many  metals  have  been  largely  im- 
ported for  many  years.  U.  S.  mines  furn- 
ish only  slightly  more  than  one-half  of 
our  aluminum,  cadmium,  mercury,  and 
potash,  and  somewhat  less  than  half  of 
our  antimony,  manganese,  asbestos,  mica, 
platinum,  and  tungsten  needs.  For  years 
we  have  imported  nearly  all  of  our  tin, 
nickel,  chromium,  graphite,  industrial 
diamonds,  and  quartz.  In  less  than  20 
years,  our  native  supplies  of  nearly  20 
essential  minerals  will  be  exhausted. 

Since  sulfur  is  one  of  the  most  abund- 
ant of  our  adequate  non-metallic  re- 
sources, agriculture  will  not  want  for 
sulfate  fertilizers.  The  agricultural 
wealth  is  probably  the  only  resource  of 
a  nation  capable  of  being  increased. 
With  sulfate  and  phosphate  fertilizers 
a\ailable,  a  vast  supply  of  potash  avail- 
able in  New  Mexico,  nitrates  being 
made  synthetically,  and  with  improved 
erosion  control  methods  and  greater 
knowledge  concerning  optimum  care  of 
soil  through  crop  rotation  and  fertilizer 
application,  the  overall  fertility  of  the 
nation's  food-proilucing  medium  is  slow- 
ly  increasing. 

In  the  days  of  the  early  pioneer  set- 
tlers, 800  million  acres  of  this  country's 
1 ,903  million  acres  were  covered  by  for- 
ests, containing  4,760  billion  board  feet 
of  lumber.  Today,  630  million  acres  of 
woodlands  remain,  460  million  acres  be- 
ing of  a  commercial  nature.  At  present 
there  is  an  annual  cut  of  48  billion  board 
feet,  this  amount  exceeding  the  annual 
growth  by  16  billion.  Most  of  this  de- 
pletion is  in  the  Northwest  forests  of 
softwoods.  In  the  Northeast,  the  growth 
equals  the  small  annual  cut.  With  effi- 
cient management,  this  country  could 
have  lumber  sufficient  to  meet  its  needs. 

The  future  of  our  natural  fuel  supply 
is  somewhat  brighter.  While  our  2(1  bil- 
lion barrels  of  petroleum  may  not  last 
much  beyond  1975,  we  will  not  want 
for  gasolines  and  oils  since  we  have  am- 
ple coal,  from  which  they  can  be  made 
synthetically.  Last  December,  the  U.S. 
Bureau  of  Mines  predicted  an  average 
daily  consumption  of  5,500,000  barrels 
of  petroleinn  products.  In  April,  the 
(Continued    on   Page  22) 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


Miiiiiio  ami  lIHalliiroy  ll|)|i(ii'liiiiilii's 
I  iirmiilcil 

lti§  Ital/th  l.i'iiilinfi.  K.K.  '  tH  ami  Fruin-is  Urot'ii.  li.H'  lit 


In  the  far  iiorthcastcrn  part  of  our 
campus  lifs  the  department  of  luim'iii; 
anil  metallurjiical  engineering.  The  de- 
partment was  originally  created  in  18(i7 
and  consequently  is  one  of  the  oldest 
departments  in  the  University.  It  was 
discontinued  in  1893  due  to  lack  of  in- 
terest among  the  student  hody,  but  was 
re-created  in  19(18  because  of  the  neces- 
sity for  having  a  scientific  study  of  min- 
ing and  men  able  to  conduct  this  stud\. 
Although  originally  only  mining  was 
taught,  in  1934  metallurgy  became  a 
part  of  the  department,  and  e\entuall\ 
tlie  major  part  of  it. 

I'crhaps  because  \ou  tinkered  witli  old 


automobiles,  \ou  ileculeil  to  become  a 
mechanical  engineer;  or  perhaps  you 
built  radios  and  decided  to  become  an 
electrical  engineer,  but  there  is  no  such 
attraction  to  the  field  of  mctallurg). 
You  see  a  cake  pan  or  perhaps  a  car 
gear  and  accept  them.  The  composition 
of  the  material,  its  hardness,  and  other 
pro|U'ities  are  extremely  important  to 
our  present  da\  civilization  and  our 
progress,  and  yet  we  have  too  few  men 
entering  this  very  important  field. 

The  present  head  of  the  departmeiit, 
Professor  H.  L.  Walker,  has  been  very 
active  in  this  field  and  has  a  nationwide 
reputation.  At  the  moment  he  is  the 
active  head  of  the  Illinois  State  Depait- 
ment  of   Mines. 

Duruig  the  war  m;ui\  funis  had  con- 
tracts with  the  government  for  armor 
piercing    projectiles.    The    specifications 


In  this  day  and  age  of  high- 
powered  electronics  and  atomic 
bombs  the  average  student  regards 
the  subjects  of  mining  and  metal- 
lurgy with  something  only  slightly 
more  than  disinterest.  For  those 
students,  and  also  students  who 
are  as  yet  undecided  on  the  type 
of  work  they  want,  this  article  is 
strongly  recommended.  It  deals 
with  several  of  the  more  salient 
features  in  the  two  fields  of  work 
and  clearly  points  out  (hat  the  ro- 
mance of  research  and  develop- 
ment is  by  no  means  restricted 
to  nuclear  fission. 


required  that  so  mail)  inches  of  steel 
of  a  certain  grade  be  pierced  by  these 
|irojectilcs.  Several  of  the  firms  had  dif- 
ficult) in  filling  the  specifications  re- 
cjuired  by  the  go\ernment.  In  order  to 
obtain  the  required  qualit\'  of  produc- 
tion. Professor  Walker  was  calle<l  in  as 
a  consultant  by  these  firms;  and  with 
his  aid  an<l  atlvice  they  were  able  to 
pass  the  war  department  specifications 
for  armor  piercing  projectiles  that  tbe\ 
were  manufacturing.  The  job  ot  the 
metallurgist  during  the  war  was  ex- 
tremely important  in  enabling  our  gov- 
ernment to  outproduce  and  outfight  the 
enemy.  Professor  Walker  went  to  (]er- 
main  in  1945  to  e\aluate  the  (lernian 
metallurgical  research  and  developir.ents 
for  our  government.  He  reported  that 
the  visit  was  most  disappointing  in  that 
the  (jermans  had  produced  nothing 
which  could  be  of  value  to  American 
industry,  and  as  a  whole  they  seemed 
to  be  far  behind  us  in  their  metallurgical 
work. 

Research  on   Queuchini;  Agents 

The  metallurgical  department  is  now 
working  on  a  study  of  quenching  agents 
tor  steels.  When  metals  are  heated  to 
a  high  temperature  and  then  cooleu  ab- 
ruptly, their  outer  surface  is  hardened. 
The  department  is  now  stud\  ing  the  dif- 
ferences among  oils,  and  the  effects  of 
the  different  oils  on  the  hardenability 
of  steel.  The  study  of  why  brine  cools 
faster  than  water,  and  other  similar  ef- 
fects observed  in  the  quenchant  test 
could  be  of  great  importance  to  the  field 
of  metallurgy  as  well  as  to  the  entire 
field  of  engineering.  The  department 
hopes  that  from  their  work  they  will 
gain  a  better  understanding  of  quench- 
ants  and  that  they  will  be  able  to  use 
them  more  effectively. 

Among  the  projects  of  the  department 
is  the  determination  of  the  Austenite 
grain  size  of  steel,  as  it  fixes  the  physical 
tire  steel  industr\'  and  thus  the  entire 
Austenite  grains  are  formed  when  the 
(Continued  on   Page  34) 


Left:   Flotation  separator  used   to  segregate  ore  by  agitation.   Right:  Wilfley 
shaker  table  used  for  gravitational  separation  of  ores 


THE    TRCHNOGRAPH 


A  f^etuewd  GMa  P^ieAueAAjii. 


From  A.  IS.  \\'ilcllia;£eii 


Although  the  betatron  and  its 
inventor.  Professor  Donald  Kerst 
of  tlie  University  of  Illinois,  have 
been  given  much  space  in  these 
pages,  the  Technograph  presents 
this  article  on  the  new  300.000,000 
volt  betatron  which  will  be  housed 
in  the  recently  completed  betatron 
laboratory  on  the  south  campus. 
Along  with  a  description  of  the 
new  machine,  the  article  also  in- 
cludes a  resume  of  what  has  been 
accomplished  to  dat?  as  well  as  a 
discussion  on   future  prospects. 


I'ldfessor  DoiKild  \V.  Kcrst  of  the 
ii\xrsit\  ot  Illinois  built  aiul  put  the 
irld's  first   betatron   into  operation   at 

■  University  July  15,  1940.  Since 
ir  time  rapid  progress  in  design  and 
u-lopment  and  e\tensi\e  application 
^  been  made  of  the  machine  that  ac- 
e rates  electrons  bv  use  of  a  magnetic 
M. 

1  n  making  the  betatron.  Professor 
r->t  succeeded  where  scientists  of  both 
lurica  and  Europe  had  failed.  He 
Kei\ed  his  successful  idea  when  only 
\ears  old.  A  commercial  laboratory 
rned  it  down. 

1  he  L  ni\ersity  of  Illinois  ga\e  its 
ung  physicist  encouragement  and  sup- 
it.     He  spent  one   year  designing  the 

■  trument ;  and  a  second   year  building 

It   worked    at   the    first    application 
power. 

1'  rom  the  beginning.  Dr.  Kerst  forc- 
.\  three  uses  for  the  betatron  : 
1  — For  industry,  a  powerful  source  of 
ia\s  of  2(1-  to  3(1-million  \olts  energy. 
_' — For  medicine,  a  source  of  x-rays  or 
a  beam  of  free  electrons  at  2(1-  to  .i^- 
llion  volts  energv  to  be   used   again^t 


3 — For  science,  a  powerful  source  of 
\-rays  or  of  free  electrons,  with  precision 
control,  and  with  energies  going  well  be- 
\ond  the  230-milIion  volts  range  neces- 
sary to  produce  cosmic  ray  phenomena. 

The  industrial  promise  of  the  betatron 
was  brought  to  success  during  the  war, 
in  the  secret  development  by  scientists  of 
the  L  niversit>'  and  engineers  of  the  Al- 
lis-Chaliners  Manufacturing  company  of 
a  2((-million  volt  industrial  betatron  used 
for  \-ra\   purposes  in  arsenals. 

The  medical  application,  held  up  b\' 
war  work,  came  closer  to  realization  in 
July,  1Q46,  when  University  of  Illinois 
scientists  brought  a  beam  of  free  elec- 
trons out  of  the  University's  22-million 
\olt  betatron.  This  promises  spectacular 
value  for  cancer  treatment  but  the  forces 
involved  are  so  powerful  and  little- 
known  that  three  to  five  years  of  careful 
laboratory  study  must  precede  any  clin- 
ical use  of  this  device  on  patients. 

The  scientific  application  is  the  great- 
est of  all,  giving  opportunity  to  study 
the  inside  of  the  atom,  the  behavior  of 
electrons,  artificial  radioactivit\-.  and  the 
mysteries  of  the  cosmic  raw 

New  Betatron  Laboratory 
The    University    of    Illinois    is    now 
building  a  betatron  of  .?()()-niillion  volts 
energy    which    will    open    entirely    new- 


doors  to  science  b\'  producing  cosmic 
rays  in  the  laboratory.  The  new  betatron 
will  be  23  feet  long.  13  feet  high,  and 
6'/2  feet  thick.  The  hollow  "donut  " 
vacuum  tube  in  which  electrons  will  be 
accelerated  to  the  speed  of  light  will  be 
9  feet  in  diameter.  The  instrument  will 
weigh  more  than  400  tons. 

A  new  research  laboratory  in  which  it 
and  the  L  niversity's  other  smaller  beta- 
trons are  housed  has  been  built  on  south 
campus.  A  special  appropriation  of 
:?!. 500,000  was  provided  for  the  build- 
ing, the  new  instrument,  and  associated 
equipment. 

Professor  Kerst  is  heading  work  on 
the  new  3(H)-million  volt  machine.  His 
first  betatron  had  an  output  of  2'/2-mil- 
lion  volts.  A  second  betatron,  ha\ing  an 
output  of  20-miIIion  volts,  was  complet- 
ed in  1941.  Now  increased  to  22-mil- 
lion volts,  it  is  the  prototype  of  commer- 
cial betatrons  being  built  for  industrial 
x-ray  use. 

A  70-million  \olt  betatron  is  under 
construction  as  "pilot  model  "  to  try  out 
new  ideas  for  the  big  machine.  The 
University  also  was  the  scene  of  war- 
time development  of  a  4-nullion  volt, 
portable  "baby  betatron." 

All  of  these  instruments  are  housed  in 
(  Continued  on   Page  28 ) 


Development  of  the  Betatron 

Year   Developed _ 1940  1044 

Power  in  volts 2'/2-million  22-million 

Size:   Length 19  inches  5  feet 

Height    10  inches  3  feet 

Thickness   8  inches  2  feet 

Weight   200  pounds  4  tons 

Diameter  of  vacuum  tube 8  inches  19  inches 

Electrons   travel (>()  miles  250  miles 

Power  consumption ^  kw  30  kw 


r)47 

3(i(l-million 

2}i  feet 

13  feet 

6>4  feet 

400  tons 

9  feet 

700  miles 

1=^0  kw 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


Iiidiistriiil  Siiilitseeiiiii 


,    .    .    /J,    6,    S4fUUt  G(Ufl/pXuH4^ 


From  miili  .ti.LE.y.  fuhlivi/if  IHrvvtitr 


A  ^'iS.OOU.OOt)  postwar  iiuliistrial  plant 
is  in  full  swii)}!  these  clays  at  Kankakee, 
III.,  turning  out  approximately  1,3011 
water  heaters  daily  and  giving  employ- 
ment to  more  than  1,500  persons.  Less 
than  two  years  ago  the  site  of  this  iww 
industry  was  a  cornfield  a  mile  south 
of  the  city  on  Highway  49. 

The  heaters  are  one  of  the  postwar 
products  of  the  A.  O.  Smith  Corp.,  of 
Milwaukee,  Wis.  They  are  distinguish- 
eil  from  other  water  heaters  by  an  inner 
lining  of  tough  glass  which  is  fused  to 
steel.  A  container  is  thus  formed  which 
is  practically  impervious  to  the  corid- 
sive  effect  of  hot  water  and  in  which 
the  water  cannot  be  contaminated  b\ 
rust  or  any  other  impurity. 

The  company  is  nearly  75  years  old. 
It  has  branch  plants  in  Houston,  Texas, 
and  Los  Angeles,  Calif.,  and  it  has  dis- 
trict administrators  in  New  York,  Chi- 
cago, Atlanta,  Houston,  Los  Angeles 
and  Seattle.  It  also  has  an  International 
division  which  supervises  foreign  sales. 

A.  ().  Smith's  primary  functions  are 
the  fabricating  and  welding  of  steel 
products.  The  latter  include  pressed 
steel  automobile  frames,  of  which  the 
company  was  the  pioneer  manufacturer; 
large  diameter  welded  steel  pipe  for  the 
transmission  of  petroleum  products  and 
natural  gas;  pressure  vessels  for  the  oil 
refining,  chemical  and  paper  industries; 
domestic  coal  stokers;  glass-lined  bever- 
age storage  tanks;  and  welding  elec- 
trodes and  equipment.  The  companv  did 
about  ,^60,000,000  of  business  in  1946. 

Growth  of  an  Idea 
The  .story  of  how  the  company  got 
into  the  water  heater  business  will  be 
of  particular  interest  to  students  of  the 
University  of  Illinois.  In  the  late  1920's 
A.  O.  Smith  was  seeking  a  new  way  to 
protect  steel  pipe  against  corrosion.  The 
search  led  into  the  field  of  ceramics 
and  a  method  was  evolved  of  literally 
fusing  a  very  thin  coating  of  true  glass 
onto  steel.  It  was  not  worked  out,  how- 
ever, until  much  consulting  had  been 
done  with  Dr,  Andrew  I.  Andrews, 
head  of  the  ceramics  department  at  the 
College  of  Engineering,  University  of 
Illinois.  Dr.  Andrews'  a.ssistance  was  of 
incalculable  value  and  he  is  still  active 
in  the  work  which  the  company's  Ce- 
ramics Research  department  is  doing. 
The  ceramics  department  is  now  headed 
by  Wayne  A.  Deringer,  who  graduated 
from    Illinois    in     19.?2.    Other    Illinois 


men  who  are  on  his  staff  include  A.  (.'. 
Harzdukas  '40;  AL  K.  Hlanchard  '.^S 
(  Ph.D.  in  1942);  I..  K.  Hree/e  '40; 
().  K.  Mulvane  '28;  E.  \\  .Murphv,  jr. 
'44. 

.After  the  glass-fused-to-steel  method 
was  perfected,  the  company  began  to 
seek  other  uses  for  it.  One  of  the  first 
successful  applications  was  the  glass- 
lining  of  large  steel  tanks  for  storing 
beer.  In  the  late  .lO's  the  company's 
research  engineers  turned  their  attention 
to  domestic  water  heaters  and  by  1940 
the  company  was  ready  to  enter  the 
field  on  an  extensive  basis.  The  plans 
were  interrupted  by  the  war,  although 
the  government  asked  the  company  to 
manufacture  a  limited  number  through 
the  war  years.  When  V-J  day  came, 
however,  plans  were  already  well  fomi- 
ulated  for  an  intensive  effort  in  the 
water  heater  field. 

A  water  heater  has  been  described  la- 
conically as  one  tin  can  inside  another 
with  insulation  between  the  two.  And 
that  described  with  some  accuracy  the 
methods  used  by  a  good  many  small 
manufacturers  of  heaters.  It  is  a  far  cry, 
however,  from  the  research,  engineering 
and  quality  control  that  has  gone  into 
the  making  of  the  heaters  in  the  new 
Kankakee  plant. 

A  steel  especially  adapted  to  the  glass- 
fusing  process  is  used  for  the  inner  tank 
of   the  heater.   It  is  rolled   into  a  cvlin- 


In  this  article  the  Teehnograph 
presents  the  second  in  a  series  de- 
signed to  stimulate  in  the  student 
an  active  thinking  on  the  subject 
of  employment  and  work.  Al- 
though last  month's  article  dealt 
quantitatively  with  the  subject  of 
job-seeking,  this  is  the  first  to 
cover  a  specific  company.  The 
companies  which  have  been  se- 
lected for  this  series  were  picked 
with  a  view  towards  variety  not 
only  in  location  throughout  the 
state,  but  also  in  type  of  work 
offered. 


der  and  automatically  flash  welded.  The 
cylinder,  and  the  stamped  out  top  and 
bottom  heads  and  flues,  are  sprayed  or 
slushed  with  finely  ground  glass  mixed 
in  water  and  clay.  The  parts  go  into  a 
furnace  especially  designed  for  the  job. 
These  furnaces  are  the  result  of  the 
combined  work  of  mechanical,  ceramics, 
electrical  and  metallurgical  engineers. 
The  furnaces  combine  such  features  as 
roller  hearth,  radiant  heating  and  at- 
mosphere control  and,  through  an  intri- 
cate electrical  control  system,  are  vir- 
tually automatic  in  operation. 

After  going  through  the  furnace,  the 
inner  cylinder  and  parts  move  to  an  au- 
tomatic welding  operation  where  top 
and  bottom  heads  and  flues  are  welded 


Kankakee   Plant  of  A.   O.   Smith  Company 


10 


THE    TEGHNOGRAPH 


Left:  Heat  treating  furnace  used  for  sealing  glass  liners  to  the  metal  case.  Right: 
View  of  the  overhead  conveyor  system  for  moving  parts  through  the  plant 


into  position.  The  resulting  assembly  is 
then  tested  under  300  pounds  air  pres- 
sure and  is  then  ready  for  final  assem- 
bly. 

Meanwhile  the  other  parts  of  the 
heater,  outer  shell,  skirts,  tops,  etc.,  have 
gone  through  a  bonderising  operation 
and  spray  painting,  and  move  to  the  as- 
^sembly  line  on  overhead  conveyors.  Final 
assembly  consists  of  six  lines  which  give 
flexibility  in  assembling  various  types 
and  sizes  of  heaters  at  the  same  time. 
All  unloading  of  raw  materials  and 
loading  of  finished  heaters  is  done  in- 
side the  plant. 

Plant  Located  for  Efficiency 

So  much  for  the  process.  Why  did 
A.  ().  Smith  pick  Kankakee?  The  com- 
pany approached  that  problem  from  an 
engineering  standpoint.  Every  move  was 
directed  toward  the  most  efficient  plant 
of  its  kind  in  the  world.  When  the 
plant  was  thrown  open  for  inspection 
earh'  in  1Q47,  the  event  \vas  covered  by 
Life  magazine.  In  its  issue  of  last  Feb. 
3,  Life  described  the  plant  as  "the  most 
efficient  factory  of  its  kind  in  the 
world. 

But  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
water  heaters  entail  more  than  an  effi- 
cient plant  and  process.  The  flow  of  raw 
materials  to  the  plant  must  be  constant 
and  as  economical  as  possible.  Shipment 
of  finished  heaters  must  be  flexible  and 
fast.  So  the  company  sought  a  location 
which  would  be  as  close  as  feasible  to 
the  principle  raw  ttiaterial,  steel.  Kanka- 
kakee  satisfied  that  requirement.  Rail 
facilities  were  important.  Kankakee  is 
ser\ed  by  both  the  Illinois  Central  and 
the  Hig  P'our.  Cjood  highways  would 
mean  the  opportunity  of  using  trucks. 
Kankakee  is  on  Highways  45,  49  and 
54.  The  State  of  Illinois  has  developed 
plans  for  a  superhighway  which  will 
run  within  800  yards  of  the  plant. 


Efficient  operation  would  depend  also 
on  a  labor  market  of  sufficient  size  and 
stability.  This  tended  to  rule  out  large 
cities  where  the  demand  for  labor  was 
high.  Kankakee,  however,  is  in  the  cen- 
ter of  a  large  farming  community.  It  is 
at  least  50  miles  from  a  city  of  any 
size.  The  area  is  stable  and  well  equip- 
ped with  good  roads,  so  that  the  plant 
would  be  able  to  draw  on  a  wide  area 
for  employes.  The  problem  of  so-called 
"transient"  labor  would  be  reduced  to  a 
minimum  in  such  an  area. 

Stable  Area  Promotes  Opportunity 

In  considering  the  stability  of  Kanka- 
kee, A.  C).  Smith  engineers  took  a  long 
look  at  the  character  of  the  city  itself. 
What  did  they  find?  Here  was  a  com- 
munity of  22,000  people,  the  great  ma- 
jority of  whom  owned  their  own  homes. 
The  engineers  noted  the  neatness  of  the 
homes  and  the  way  yards  and  shrubbery 
were  tended.  They  found  a  very  low 
crime  rate.  They  counted  the  number  of 
churches  and  took  a  look  at  the  Kanka- 
kee country  club.  They  visited  other 
manufacturing  plants  in  the  city — Flor- 
ence Sto\e  Co.,  Hear  Brand  Hosiery, 
Bradley  Alanufacturing  Co.,  and  others. 
They  found  an  alert  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce whose  members  were  actively  pro- 
moting the  welfare  of  Kankakee.  The 
city  has  a  daily  newspaper  and  its  own 
radio  station.  Here  was  a  community 
that  was  alert.  The  judgment  of  the  en- 
gineers was  vindicated  recently  by  fig- 
ures showing  that  there  is  more  home 
building  per  capita  in  Kankakee  right 
now  than  in  any  other  city  in  Illinois. 

To  the  young  engineer  this  new  plant 
offers  many  interesting  opportunities 
and  challenges.  It  is  a  new  staff  of 
young  men  that  has  put  together  the 
present  organization  and  that  is  engaged 
now  in  perfecting  all  its  details.  It  of- 
fers opportunities   to  the  chemical   engi- 


neer and  to  the  engineer  in  the  fields  of 
electricity,  mechanics,  metallurgy  and 
welding.  Its  present  engineering  staff 
number  about  30  people.  There  are  also 
opportunities  for  the  engineer  in  the  va- 
rious manufacturing  departments  them- 
selves, and  in  the  elaborate  quality  con- 
trol organization  that  has  been  set  up. 
Incidentally,  quality  control  at  the  plant 
is  under  the  direction  of  another  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  engineering  graduate, 
Waldo  W.  Higgins  '30.  The  manager 
of  the  plant  is  Harold  F.  Detrick. 

(^f  further  interest,  perhaps,  is  the 
fact  that  back  of  this  plant  is  an  organ- 
ization with  a  profound  conviction  that 
the  principles  of  engineering  provide  the 
most  intelligent  approach  to  the  solution 
of  an\'  problem,  mechanical  or  human. 
Indeed,  it  was  once  said  of  A.  O.  Smith 
that  its  principle  "product"  was  engi- 
neering. Automobile  frames,  steel  pipe, 
pressure  vessels,  water  heaters,  these 
were  simply  by-products.  It  was  not  by 
chance  that  A.  O.  Smith,  when  it  built 
a  "home"  for  its  engineering  staff  in 
Milwaukee,  spent  more  than  $2,000,000 
on  a  glass  and  steel  seven-story  structure 
that  has  no  counterpart  anywhere.  It 
was  built  more  than  15  years  ago,  but 
the  startling  beauty  of  its  clean  straight 
lines  still  evokes  expressions  of  awe  and 
admiration  from  visitors. 


Upper-cla.s.smen  may  not  be  distin- 
guishable from  each  other,  that  is,  sopho- 
mores, juniors,  and  seniors  all  fill  the 
same  mold — but  you  can  always  tell  a 
freshman,  (.'\lthough  you  can't  tell  him 
much  ). 

*      *      * 

Mother  (After  delivering  a  long  talk 
on  waywardness  to  her  daughter)  : 
"Now  tell  me,  Mary,  where  do  bad 
little  girls  go?" 

Marv    ( Winsomeh)  :   "Everywhere." 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


11 


Left:  Tension  beam  under  stress  showing  electrical  strain  indicating  patches  in  po- 
sition. Right:  Torque  box  showing  hydraulic  pump  and  jack  used  to  apply  stress 

PJew.  JlaJfO^aian^^e^  ^a^  the  .  .  . 

leronautical  Engineering  Department 


The  acroiiiiutical  fiifiinecriiifj  depart- 
iiR-nt  has.  Hijurativeh'  .speakiiij;,  foimd  its 
"sugar  (hidd)'."  With  the  surplus  air- 
craft equipment  offered  at  bargain  base- 
ment prices  by  the  War  Assets  Adminis- 
tration, the  department,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  I'rofessor  Stilhvell,  has  set  out 
on  a  large  program  of  improvements. 

In  the  structures  laboratory  with 
I'rofessor  F.  R.  Steinbacher  in  charge, 
the  most  striking  addition  is  a  large  piece 
of  equipment  which  re.sembles  a  struc- 
tural steel  guillotine.  It  is  a  drop-test 
rig  for  the  dynanu'c  testing  of  landing 
gears.  It  consists  of  a  large  frame  on 
which  the  landing  gears  with  attached 
weights  may  be  raised  for  a  drop  of 
about  five  feet.  To  accurately  determine 
the  position  of  the  landing  gear  at  an\ 
instant  of  time  during  the  drop,  a  mo- 
tion picture  is  taken  of  its  fall.  This 
camera,  which  is  now  being  constructed 
in  the  laboratory,  consists  essentially  ot 
a  rotating  drum  aroiuid  which  is  at- 
tached the  film.  A  timed  shutter  per- 
mits light  to  enter  the  camera  and  there- 
by expose  the  film  at  predetermined  time 
intervals.  Small  lights  attached  to  the 
landing  gear  provide  the  necessary  light 
source  to  expose  the  film.  The  exposed 
film  then  provides  a  space-time  record  ot 
the  drop  test  from  which  \elocities  and 
accelerations  which  occurred  during  the 
drop  may  be  detcrnu'ned  graphically.  A 
dark  room  has  been  constructed  in  th  ■ 
structures  laboratory  to  process  the  film. 

Although  the  drop  test  rig  and  most 
of  the  camera  parts  have  been  construct 
111  in  the  lahoratorv  from  new  m.iterials. 


Itif  Ihm  •Inhnson.  K.H.  'lit 

the  landing  gear,  the  quick  release  mech- 
anism on  the  drop  test  rig,  and  the  de\ice 
for  hoisting  the  gear  and  its  attacheii 
weights  were  all  obtained  from  surplus 
property. 

In  the  structures  laboratoiy  there  are 
several  test  beams  designed  to  provide 
laboratory  demonstration  of  lecture 
courses,  (^ne  example  of  these  test  umts 
is  a  cantilever  aluminum  tension-field 
beam.  The  load  is  applied  to  the  free 
end  of  the  beam  by  means  of  a  hydraidic 
cylinder.  Strains  at  various  points  on 
the  beam  are  determined  by  means  of 
electric  strain  gages.  From  these  strains 
the  stresses  in  the  beam  ma\  be  calcu- 
lated. 

Another  example  of  these  sample  test 
structures  is  represented  by  a  torque  box 
constructed  of  various  thicknesses  of 
alinninum  alloy  sheet.  The  box  is  rect- 
.angular  in  cross  section  and  each  one  of 
the  four  sides  has  a  different  thickness 
(it  aluminum  sheet.  A  h\draulic  cvlindcr 


Housed  in  the  old  railroad  sliops 
just  north  of  the  Mining  and  Me- 
tallurgy building  is  the  new  Aero- 
nautieal  Engineering  Laboratory 
which  is  the  topic  of  this  article. 
Besides  discussing  several  Cypes  of 
experiments  handled  in  this  lab- 
oratory, the  article  also  deals  with 
(he  prospective  modifications  for 
the  aircraft  engines  laboratory 
which  is  located  at  the  University 
airport. 


ap|ihes  a  torsional  load  to  the  box  and 
strains  in  the  box  are  obtained  through 
the  use  of  electric  strain  gages.  Last 
semester,  in  an  experiment  conducted  by 
members  of  one  of  the  classes,  it  was 
found  that  the  torque  box  with  cross 
sectional  dimensions  of  8  7  16"  by  11" 
was  thirty  times  as  strong  in  torsion  as 
a  12"  structural  steel  I-beam,  even 
though  the  weight  of  the  torque  box  is 
only  a  fraction  of  that  of  the  I-beam. 
The  students  could  hardl\-  believe  that 
the  torque  box  was  not  filled  with  steel 
reinforcing. 

Electronic  Test  A  pptiratiis 

Electronic  equipment  for  the  measure- 
ment of  vibration  in  aircraft  structures 
has  recently  been  purchased  by  the  aero- 
nautical department.  This  equipment 
provides  for  picking  up  vibrations  by 
means  of  a  piezoelectric  crystal  pickup. 
The  excitation  is  amplified  and  finally 
recorded  on  cathode-ray  oscilloscope 
where  it  can  either  be  photographed  with 
.1  high  speed  motion  picture  camera  or 
read  directh'  from  the  oscilloscope  screen. 

This  same  apparatus,  with  only  minor 
modifications,  may  be  adapted  for  the 
pin'pose  of  determining  pressures  in  in- 
ternal combustion  engine  cylinders  or  the 
combustion  chambers  of  various  jet  en- 
gines. Consequently,  the  equipment  will 
be  used  for  both  the  structures  and  pow- 
er plant  laboratories. 

.A  new  test  designed  to  apply  a  large 
number  of  concentrated  loads  along  the 
span  and  across  the  chord  of  the  stabil- 
izer is  being  prepareil   for  student  labo- 


12 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


ratoiy  instruction,  usin";  the  stabilizer 
and  elevator  assembly  of  a  Japanese 
fighter  airplane.  These  loads  are  pro- 
duced by  a  lever  system  which  is  actuat- 
ed by  a  hydraulic  cylinder.  Since  the 
loads  must  be  applied  to  an  aluminum 
skin  covering  the  stabilizer,  a  tension 
patch  which  is  glued  to  the  skin  has  been 
developed.  This  tension  patch  consists 
of  a  thick  rubber  plate  glued  to  the  skin 
on  one  side  and  to  a  steel  plate  on  the 
other  side.  A  bicycle  spoke  is  attached 
to  the  steel  plate  on  one  end  and  to  the 
load  applying  lever  system  on  the  other 
end. 

Aircraft  Engines 

In  the  power  plant  laboratory,  under 
the  direction  of  Prof.  R.  W.  \IcCloy, 
several  new  facilities  are  being  construct- 
ed. A  torque  type  test  stand  for  recipro- 
cating engines  is  being  installed  at  the 
University  Airport.  This  t\pe  of  test 
stand  is  to  be  used  for  both  performance 
testing  of  complete  aircraft  engines  and 
for  research  on  individual  components  of 
reciprocating  engines. 

In  order  to  study  the  design  and  op- 
erational characteristics  of  jet  engine 
CGUibustion  chambers,  a  boot-strap  luiit 
is  being  constructed  in  the  laboratory.  It 
consists  essentially  of  a  (General  Electric 
CH-5  turbo  supercharger  which  supplies 
the  compressed  air  to  support  combustion 
in  the  combustion  chamber.  This  unit 
provides  only  sufficient  power  to  run  it- 
self. A  duct  system  from  the  super- 
charger leads  into  the  combustion  cham- 
ber and  the  exhaust  gases  are  then  re- 
turned to  the  turbine  side  of  the  turbo- 
supercharger  thus  driving  the  turbine 
and  thereby  turning  the  centrifugal  su- 
percharger to  provide  the  compressed  air 
required  for  combustion.  The  unit  is 
designed  so  that  various  sizes  and  types 
of  combustion  chambers  may  be  installed 
and  tests  may  be  run  under  controlled 
conditions. 

The  New  Airport  Wind  Tunnel 

The  largest  laboratory  development 
project  in  the  department  at  the  present 
time  is  the  planning  of  an  airflow  labo- 
ratory at  the  L'niversity  Airport.  A  4(1' 
by  120'  building  has  been  erected  at 
the  airport  for  the  purpose  of  housin<; 
the  equipment  for  this  laboratory. 

Although  all  plans  for  the  equipment 
are  still  in  the  tentative  stage,  the  units 
will  consist  of  essentially  the  following 
items : 

A  supersonic  wind  tunnel  is  to  be  con- 
structed which  will  have  a  velocity  in 
the  test  section  of  approximately  four 
times  the  speed  of  sound.  At  sea  level 
atmospheric  conditions,  this  is  approxi- 
mately 3000  miles  per  hour  as  contrasted 
with  a  velocity  of  130  miles  per  hour  in 
the  present  subsonic  wind  tunnel.  The 
cross-sectional  area  of  the  test  section  of 
the  supersonic  wind  tunnel  will  be  ap- 
proximately one-half  a  square  foot.     Op- 


tical   methods    for   stud\ing   the    flow   of 
air  o\er  models  are  being  planned. 

In  addition  to  the  wind  tunnel  test 
section  the  high-velocity  supply  can  be 
diverted  to  provide  for  testing  combus- 
tion chambers  for  turbo  and  ram  jets. 
Compressed  air  to  start  the  models  will 
be  provided  through  a  supply  line  run- 
ning the  length  of  the  building.  The 
combustion  chamber  inlets  branch  from 
this  supply  line  and  the  outlets  are  con- 
nected to  an  exhaust  line  which  will  run 
the  full  length  of  the  opposite  side  of 
the  building.  Thus  the  products  of  com- 
bustion are  vented  from  the  combustion 
chamber  through  an  exhaust  line  where 
they  are  cooled  and  expelled  from  the 
building.  In  addition  to  tests  of  com- 
bustion chambers  under  controlled  con- 
ditions, these  facilities  will  provide  hot 
exhaust  gases  which  may  be  used  for  tur- 
bine testing  and  for  thermal  shock  tests. 

According  to  present  calculations  ap- 
proximateh-  20  pounds  of  air  per  second 
at  a  pressure  of  140  pounds  per  square 
inch  will  be  required  from  the  compres- 
sors. A  number  of  different  methods  for 
developing  compressors  which  will  pro- 
\:de  this  performance  is  being  consid- 
ered. One  s\stem,  which  has  met  the 
interest  of  both  military  and  civilian 
groups,  consists  of  compressors  and  driv- 
ing engines  which  may  be  constructed 
entirely  from  surplus  aircraft  equipment. 
This  system  makes  use  of  a  surplus  Pratt 
i5c  Whitney  R-2800  aircraft  engine.  The 
engine  could  be  converted  from  a  four- 
stroke  cycle  to  a  two-stroke  cycle  engine 
by  means  of  changing  the  valve  timing. 
This  engine  would  then  act  as  a  com- 
pressor and  power  would  be  provided  b\ 
a  surplus  Allison  V-1710  or  a  Rolls 
Ro\ce  Merlin.  Air  at  atmospheric  pies- 
sure  would  be  taken  into  the  gear-driven 
supercharger  of  the  R-2800  where  the 
pressure  would  be  increased  to  two  at- 


mospheres. It  then  enters  the  cvliiulers 
of  the  R-280()  engine  where  it  would  be 
further  compressed  to  10  atmospheres. 
Three  such  units  of  this  type  when  par- 
alleled into  one  system  will  provide  the 
quantitN'  and  pressure  of  air  required. 

Due  to  the  complexity  of  the  mechan- 
ical conversion  of  the  engines,  studies  are 
now  being  made  to  convert  the  centrifu- 
gal compressors  from  surplus  (jeneral 
Electric  1-16  turbo-jet  engines  to  provide 
the  air  required.  However,  in  the  pres- 
ent stage  of  the  design  studies,  the 
R-2800  conversions  appear  the  most 
promising. 

The  purpose  of  this  new  laboratory  is 
three-fold.  It  is  primarily  for  educa- 
tional use  in  undergraduate  and  gradu- 
ate courses.  However,  since  the  main 
items  of  equipment  will  be  developed 
from  surplus  property  and  the  cost  will 
be  held  to  a  minimum,  it  is  considered 
that  the  laboratory  may  provide  for  a 
pattern  for  the  development  of  low  cost 
laboratories  for  other  universities  requir- 
ing relatively  large  quantities  of  com- 
pressed air.  A  third  purpose  of  the  lab- 
oratory will  be  to  conduct  experimental 
investigations  relating  to  research  proj- 
ects being  undertaken  by  the  department. 

A  portion  of  the  building  will  be  oc- 
cupied by  the  chemical  engineering  de- 
partment for  projects  they  are  undertak- 
ing in  fiields  which  are  related  to  Huid 
mechanics.  It  is  Professor  Stillwell's 
opinion  that  if  the  laboratory  can  be  de- 
veloped along  the  lines  now  planneil, 
there  will  be  several  departments  in  the 
College  of  Engineering  which  will  find 
use  for  the  facilities. 


DAFFYNITION 

A  burlesque  show — a  stage  ]iniiluc- 
tion  in  which  the  actresses  assume  that 
everyb<idv  is  from  Missouri. 


View    of    the    aeronautical    structures    laboratory 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


lii'iiiiiliiil  III'  Pouiler  IIHiillum . . .  {\w\M  (aiiiides 


OJ 


fiMiiii  •isiiiioK  n.  i^<»ii^\v«'ii 

IHrvt'lin'  of  Itvsvurrh  iinil  linffiiU'vrinf/.   0'iirh»htii  0'». 


Although  "synthetic"  metals  ii;i\e 
played  an  iinportaiit  part  in  eiigineeiiii<; 
in  the  past,  there  is  one  particular  group 
which  promises  to  play  an  increasingh 
important  role  in  the  future.  Tliis 
group,  unique  in  many  ways,  is  the 
super-hard  "carbide  metals."  They  are 
true  synthetic  metals,  being  unlike  any- 
thing that  occurs  in  nature.  They  are 
twice  as  stiff  as  steel,  nearly  as  hard  as 
the  diamond,  and  under  ordinary  condi- 
tions it  is  almost  impossible  to  wear 
them  out.  Some  of  them  are  also  he.i\  ier 
than  lead. 

In  addition,  these  carbide  metals, 
being  produced  by  powder  metallurgy, 
possess  all  the  acKantages  to  be  derived 
from  this  form  of  fabrication.  They 
have  an  unusual  degree  of  purity,  there 
is  little  waste  in  their  manufacture,  and 
their  composition  of  different  grades  can 
easily  be  controlled. 

Even  though  most  of  their  uses  arc 
new,  metal  carbides,  of  course,  are  not. 
In  fact  it  was  in  1896  that  a  French 
chemi.st  —  Henri  Moissan  —  quite  acci- 
dentally produced  particles  of  hard 
tungsten  carbide  while  trying  to  create 
a  temperature  equal  to  that  of  the  sun 
in  his  newly  in\entcd  electric  furnace. 
.Moissan  tossed  aside  the  hard  carbide 
particles  as  worthless  and  grieved  be- 
cause he  had  not  equalled  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  sun. 

The  first  commercial  use  of  tungsten 
carbide  came  during  World  War  I 
when  the  hard-pressed  (jerman  industry 
hit  upon  the  idea  of  "cementing"  to- 
gether the  individual  particles.  The  re- 
sultant blocks  of  solid  metal  were  used 
as  substitutes  for  the  diamond  dies  so 
badly  needed  at  that  time  for  drawing 
filament  wire  to  be  used  in  electric 
lights. 

About  a  decade  after  World  War  I 
large  bars  of  solid  cemented  carbide 
were  imported  into  the  United  States. 
A  few  manufacturers  tried  to  make  cut- 
ting tools  out  of  the  metal,  but  the  car- 
bide was  so  hard  and  difficult  to  work 
that  application's  were  e.xtremely  limit- 
ed. In  fact,  the  results  were  heart-break- 
ing to  those  who  had  expected  much 
from  these  super-hard  metals.  It  was  not 
until  1928  when  the  engineers  of  the 
Carboloy  company  hit  upon  the  idea  of 
forming  the  metal  in  smaller  pieces, 
close    to   the   exact  shape   retpiired,   that 


carbuies  became  commercially  practical 
in  the  cutting  tool  field.  Today  it  is 
estimated  that  carbide  tools  are  used  for 
substantial  part  of  all  metal  removal. 

Process  of  Mannfacttire 

The  basic  ingredient  of  "cemented" 
carbide  is  tungsten  carbide.  Supplement- 
ary ingredients,  titaiuLim  and  tantalum, 
are  added  when  it  is  desired  to  provide 
additional  basic  properties.  The  tungsten 
carbiile  is  prepared  by  firing  a  mixture 
of  pure  tungsten  powder  and  lampblack 


Photo      showing      the      different 

shapes     of      cemented      carbide 

parts  produced  by  extrusion 

at  a  temperature  of  2S()I)  '  to  2700"  F. 
Tantalum  and  titanium  carbides  are  pre- 
pared by  heating  the  oxides  of  those  ele- 
ments with  carbon  at  even  higher  tem- 
peratures. These  carbides  are  then  mixed 
with  a  relatively  soft  binder  material 
which  is  usuall)'  cobalt.  The  resultant 
powder  may  then  be  formed  into  the 
desired  shape  by  either  cold  pressing, 
hot  pressing,  or  extrusion. 

In  the  cold  pressing  process,  the  pow- 
der is  packed  into  a  mold  and  "pre-shap- 
ed"  pieces  of  flat,  round,  or  cylindrical 
shape  are  formed  on  automatic  pill 
presses.  In  this  same  way  flat,  round, 
and  cylindrical  "ingots"  are  also  formed. 
These  ingots  can  later  be  converted  into 
their  final  shapes. 

The  pre-shaped  pieces  of  carbide  are 
pre-heated  at  a  relatively  low  tempera- 
ture and  then  given  a  final  heat  treat- 
ment (sintered)  at  2630"  F.  A  neutral 
or  reducing  atmosphere,  usually  hydro- 
gen, is  used  in  this  process  to  prevent 
decarborization.  Sintering  causes  the 
product  to  become  ;i  coherent,  solid  mass 


although  the  temperature  used  is  below 
the  actual  fusion  point  of  the  material. 
The  cobalt,  however,  flows  to  fill  in 
the  cavities  between  the  carbide  parti- 
cles ;  and  when  the  piece  cools,  the  co- 
balt freezes  in  this  new  position  and 
cements  the  hard  tungsten  carbide  par- 
ticles together.  Blanks  will  shrink  as 
much  as  40%  in  volume  during  sinter- 
ing. The  density  of  pre-sintered  material 
is  about  9 ;  that  of  the  finished  product 
runs  as  high  as  15. 

Ingots  and  slabs  of  carbide  from 
which  special  shapes  will  later  be  form- 
ed are  pre-sintered  to  give  the  ingots 
sufficient  strength  to  be  machined.  The 
special,  machined  shapes  are  then  finish- 
hardened  by  sintering. 

In  recent  years  there  has  been  steady 
progress  towards  hot-pressing  the  pow- 
der compacts  to  replace  the  cold-press- 
ing and  sintering  operations.  Hot-press- 
ing incorporates  into  one,  single  opera- 
tion the  three  separate  operations  of 
cold-pressing-pressing,  pre-sintering,  and 
sintering. 

The  hot-pressing  method  is  used  for 
long,  thin,  or  hollow  pieces  and  also  for 
pieces  which  are  too  large  to  be  accom- 
modated in  existing  sintering  furnaces. 
In  the  hot-pressing  process  the  powder 
is  placed  in  an  enclosed  mold  which  is 
usually  made  of  graphite-base  composi- 
tion. The  mold  and  its  contents  are 
heated  to  sintering  temperature  while 
sufficient  pressure  is  exerted  simultan- 
eously   to    properly    form    the    piece. 

Finally,  the  extrusion  method  is  used 
mainly  for  forming  standard  round, 
square,  or  special  shaped  rods.  Several 
\arieties  of  rod  and  tubular  section  can 
and  have  been  made  in  this  way.  Ex- 
truded, solid  rods  are  used  extensively 
for  small,  solid,  precision  boring  tools 
and  "wear"  parts. 

Structure  and  Grades  of  (Carbides 

The  hard  carbide  metal  produced  by 
any  of  the.se  processes  is  a  "cemented" 
material  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the 
word.  Its  composition  is  characterized 
b\  a  granular  structure  in  which  the 
finely  divided  particles  of  carbide  are 
held  in  a  matrix  of  the  relati\ely  softer 
and  less  refractory  binder  material.  The 
structure  of  the  material,  therefore,  is 
somewhat  comparable  to  that  of  a  brick 
wall.   The   particles  of  tungsten,   tanta- 


14 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


luiii  ami  titanium  carbide  comprise  the 
bricks  while  the  cobalt,  or  other  binder 
material,  can  be  compared  to  the  cement 
which  holds  the  bricks  firmly  in  place. 

To  best  meet  the  widely  varying  con- 
ditions under  which  carbides  are  being 
employed,  the  cemented  carbide  is  man- 
ufactured by  the  Carboloy  company  in 
variety  of  different  "grades."  Each  of 
these  grades  possesses  a  distinctive  com- 
bination of  hardness,  toughness,  abrasion 
resistance,  and  other  characteristics. 

Properties  of  Cemented  Carbides 

Although  powder  metals  as  a  class 
usually  suffer  from  such  disadvantages 
as  relatively  low  tensile  and  impact 
strength,  this  is  not  true  of  the  carbide 
powder  metals.  Carbide  powder  metals 
offer  physical  properties — such  as  high 
hardness  at  elevated  temperatures  and 
high  mechanical  strength — that  are  in 
many  ways  superior  to  those  obtainable 
from  any  other  materials  regardless  of 
the  method  of  its  manufacture. 

The  hardness  of  the  carbide  metals  at 
room  temperature  makes  them  stand 
apart  from  all  other  currently  available 
engineering  metals,  since  carbides  are 
the  hardest  metals  commercially  avail- 
able. The  hardness  of  carbide  metals 
surpasses  that  of  such  abrasive  grains  as 
aluminuxn  oxide,  and  in  some  cases  may 
even  equal  the  hardness  of  silicon  car- 
bide. 

As  a  residt,  the  carbides  possess  ex- 
treme resistance  to  penetration  and 
scratching.  Commercial  grades  of  Car- 
boloy cemented  carbide  have  a  Rockwell 
hardness  { read  on  the  "C"  scale  with 
a  lighter  load  )  of  85-93.  The  material 
retains  a  high  degree  of  its  hardness 
when  at  red  heat.  When  cooled  again, 
the  material  should  be  just  as  hard  as 
before  heating.  Carbides  are  far  superior 


to  any  other  known  metal  in  these  re- 
spects. They  may  be  heated  and  cooled 
repeatedly  without  any  appreciable  loss 
in  hardness.  When  heated  to  1550"  F., 
carbides  are  still  as  hard  as  high  carbon 
tool  steel  is  at  650°  F.,  and  as  high 
speed  steel  is  at  only  825°  F.  These 
characteristics  are  largely  responsible  for 
the  effectiveness  with  which  carbide 
tools  cut  metals  at  high  speeds. 

Cemented  tungsten  carbides  possess  a 
modulus  of  elasticity  more  than  double 
that  of  steel,  ranging  upwards  from 
about    7.1,000,000    psi.     This    compares 


Dealing  with  one  of  the  most 
important  applications  of  powder 
metallurgy,  this  article  on  cement- 
ed carbides  is  so  interesting  and 
timely  that  the  Technograph  has 
departed  from  its  usual  custom  of 
student  written  articles  to  include 
it  in  this  month's  presentation.  The 
editor  wishes  to  thank  the  Carbo- 
loy company  for  the  material  and 
illustrations   for  this   article. 


with  a  modulus  of  around  30,000,000 
psi  for  tool  steel.  The  strength  of  tung- 
sten carbide  depends  to  quite  an  extent 
on  the  amount  of  cobalt  used  as  a  bind- 
er. The  average  grade  of  carbide  metal, 
however,  has  a  tensile  strength  which  is 
in  excess  of  that  required  for  most  nor- 
mal operations,  being  about  one-half 
that  possessed  by  tempered  tool  steel.  In 
addition,  the  carbides  have  a  compres- 
sive strength  which  is  materially  greater 
than  the  compressive  strength  of  a  good 
grade  of  heat  treated  alloy  steel. 

Despite  the  fact  that  the  structure  of 
the  hard  metal  carbides  is  that  of  pow- 
der metals,  parts  made  of  this  material 


easily  can  be  ground  and  lapped  to  a 
surface  smoothness  of  1  2  micro-inch 
(1    80,000  of  an  inch). 

Extreme  degree  of  resistance  to  wear 
is  possessed  by  cemented  carbides  wheth- 
er the  wear  is  caused  by  rubbing  or  fric- 
tion or  by  the  abrading  and  gouging 
action  of  grit  and  other  abrasives.  This 
qualit\  is  indicated  by  the  comparative 
shot  blast  tests  in  which  steel  shot  No. 
72  at  100  poiuids  pressure  was  directed 
at  five  test  bars  of  different  materials. 

Inasmuch  as  great  hardness  is  gener- 
ally associated  with  weakness  and  brit- 
tleness,  it  is  not  unnatural  to  assume 
that  cemented  carbides  might  possibly 
have  a  relativeh'  low  impact  resistance. 
Repeated  tests  and  applications  have 
demonstrated,  however,  that  the  impact 
resistance  of  carbides  is  higher  than  is 
commonly  believed.  The  highly  success- 
ful use  of  carbides  for  blanking  and 
punching  dies  and  punches  attests  to 
their  ability  to  resist  impact. 

The  rate  of  thermal  expansion  of  car- 
bide metal  averages  about  one-half  the 
amount  of  the  expansion  of  steel  in  the 
range  of  20°  C.  to  700°  C. 

The  density  of  a  cemented  carbide 
varies  with  its  composition  inasmuch  as 
both  tungsten  and  tantalum  carbides  are 
much  heavier  than  the  binders  generally 
used.  This  a  typical  cemented  carbide 
containing  20%  of  cobalt  binder  and 
the  remainder  tungsten  carbide  shows 
an  average  density  of  13.55.  A  carbide 
having,  say,  3%  cobalt  binder  and  97% 
tungsten  carbide  has  an  average  density 
of  15.25. 

AH   magnetic    properties   possessed    by 
carbides  are  due  entirely  to  the  presence 
of  the  cobalt  binder,  hence  carbides  are 
magnetic  to  only  a  very  slight  degree. 
(Continued  on   Page  30) 


I  I  TEHF£I|TDR£  (l^kriikiit){  |      '      I 

80     ZOO  400  «00  MO         1000         UOO  1400 

This  chart  compares  the  hardness  oi  Carholoq  at  various 
temperatures  with  the  hardness  of  other  cutting  materials 


Left:    Formation    of    carbide    ports    by    hot    pressing,    a    single    operation    which 

combines  the   three   distinct   processes   of   pressing,    pre-sintering,    and    sintering. 

Right:   A  chart  showing    the    relative   hardness   of   three   common    tool    materials 

as  a  function  of  temperature 


NOVEMBER.  1947 


15 


O^^in^iuclinjCf.  .  .  . 


Uif  .l»hn  Shurllvft 


JACOUJi  HAUSKR 

A  iK-\vi()iiicr  in  the  aeronauticiil 
cngiiifiTiiig  ik-partmcnt  is  Profi'ssor 
Jacque  Hauspr,  who  arrived  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  this  summer.  Intro- 
ductions are  in  order,  and  perhaps  this 
interview  will  serve  the  purpose. 

"1  received  my  B.S.  from  the  Ala- 
bama Polytechnic  Institute  in  1941,"  he 
began  with  an  unmistakeablc  drawl.  In 
fact,  during  the  interview  he  was  called 
to  the  telephone  and  did  not  appear 
again  for  some  length  of  time.  Finally 
returning,  he  explained  that  his  relatives 
had  called  from  Alabama  to  inform  him 
that  they  had  weathered  the  hurricane 
without  too  much  trouble.  "It  was  ne- 
cessary to  talk  to  all  of  my  relatives 
from  the  biggest  to  the  smallest ;  and 
since  I  have  quite  a  few,  it  required  a 
little  time,"  he  apologized. 

After  graduating  from  A.  IM.,  he 
went  on  to  the  Lniversity  of  Michigan 
to  receive  his  M.S.  in  1943.  He  stayed 
at  .Michigan  for  two  more  years  in  a 
teaciiing  position. 

For  the  next  two  years  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Hoeing  Aircraft  company 
in  Seattle,  Washington.  The  first  fif- 
teen months  were  spent  as  an  assistant 
group  leader.  His  job  was  to  do  the 
paper  work  and  write  reports  on  the 
performance  tests  of  such  planes  as  the 
stratocruiser,  the  B-50,  the  R-29,  and 
the  C-97.  He  worked  for  the  other  nine 
months  in  aerodynamics  research  on 
boundary  air  control  and  supersonics. 

He  then  accepted  his  present  position 
at  tile  Lniversity  of  Illinois.  Aero.  E.  1, 
(Continued  on   Page  26) 


JACQUE  HAUSER 


JIM   MATT 

jim  Matt,  senior  in  E.E.,  has  his 
e\'es  set  on  next  February.  That's  the 
date  when  he  hopes  to  have  his  degree. 
A  little  older  than  most  students,  Jim 
long  ago  recognized  the  value  of  a  col- 
lege education  and  is  looking  forward 
to  his  work  after  graduating. 

But  let's  start  at  the  beginning.  As 
Jim  puts  it,  "I  was  born  back  in  the 
stone  ages  .  .  .  October  10,  1915,  to 
be  exact."  Until  he  was  nine  years  old 
he  lived  in  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin,  and 
then  moved  to  Chicago,  which  he  names 
as  his  official  home  town. 

He  attendeil  Morton  high  sciiool  in 
Cicero,  Illinois.  After  school  hours  he 
worked  as  a  printer's  devil  and  spent 
the  rest  of  his  time  with  dramatics,  foot- 
ball,  and   radio  club. 

(graduating  from  high  school,  Jim 
went  into  the  radio  business.  He  was 
married  in  September,  1940,  and  then 
deciding  upon  a  college  education,  he 
entered  the  U'niversit\'  of  Chicago  in 
October  of  1941. 

Then  in  May,  1942,  he  enlisted  in 
the  Signal  Corps  and  went  into  an  elec- 
tronics training  group  at  Northwestern 
university.  His  training  continued  at 
Camp  Crowder  and  was  finished  in 
O.C.S.  at  Fort  Monmouth,  N.  J., 
where  he  received  his  commission. 

Released  from  service  on  June  14, 
194(i,  he  was  back  in  school  again  two 
weeks  later,  this  time  at  the  University 
of  Illinois,  to  continue  his  course  in 
electrical  engineering.  At  the  present 
time  he  is  engaged  in  work  on  research 
of  high  frequency  equipment  under  the 
guidance  of  Doctor  Samuel  of  the  elec- 
trical engineering  department. 

Jim  is  a  member  of  Sigma  Tau   and 
(Continued   on    Page  26) 


ST.ANLK^    H.  PIKRGE 

A  man  with  whom  engineers  become 
acquainted  at  some  time  in  their  college 
career  is  the  assistant  dean  of  the  Col- 
lege of  lOngineering,  Stanley  H.  Pierce. 
He  handles  ever\ thing  from  students  on 
probation  to  the  placement  of  seniors; 
not  to  mention  a  hea\  \  lo.id  of  paper 
work    in   between. 

After  iecei\ing  his  H.S.  degree  in 
railway  electrical  engineering  at  the 
University  of  Illinois  in  1932,  he  was 
employed  as  an  engineer  in  the  shop 
depaitment  of  the  Chicago  Rapid  Tran- 
sit compan\',  testing  equipment  and  do- 
ing design  work.  Then  in  September  ot 
l')36,  he  returnee!  to  the  University  as 
an  instructor  in  general  engineering 
(hawing  and  obtained  his  M.S.  degree 
in  electrical  engineering  in  June  of 
l')39. 

He  remained  at  the  Uni\ersit\-  until 
Ma\'  of  1944  when  he  enlisted  in  the 
navy.  After  attending  radar  schools  at 
the  Princeton  Institute  of  Technology 
,ind  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  he  was  commissioned  as  a 
radar  officer  on  an  electronic  repair 
ship.  His  overseas  duty  was  spent  in  the 
Pacific  and  in  Japan. 

Among  his  unforgettable  experiences 
in  the  navy,  he  recalled  the  ducking  he 
received  on  the  way  home.  "I  was  on 
the  weather  deck  during  some  rough 
weather  when  a  wave  caught  me  by 
surprise.  Luckily,  I  was  close  enough  to 
the  safety  rail  so  that  I  could  hold  on 
to  it  instead  of  going  overboard." 

During  his  term  in  the  ser\ice,  his 
wife  and  daughter  remained  at  their 
residence,  1307  South  Race  street,  Ur- 
bana. 

(Continued  on    Page  28) 


16 


STANLEY  PIERCE 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


NUMBER  8  OF  A  SERIES 


for  Engineers 


^Speedway  for  new  telephones 

Here  you  see  the  "wind-up"  of  nenrlv  two  miles  of 
overhead  conveyor  lines  designed  by  \V  estern  Electric 
engineers  for  their  vast  new  telephone-making  shop 
m  Chicago.  As  finished  telephone  sets  near  the  end  of 
the  assembly  and  inspection  line,  an  electronic 
selector  unerringly  sorts  out  six  different  types, 
directs  each  type  down  the  right  one  of  the  six  differ- 
ent chutes  for  packing  and  shipping.  Not  one  second 
is  wasted.  This  conveyor  system  is  capable  of  han- 
dling 20,tKXJ  telephones  per  day. 


Faster  way  to   dry  cable  1^ 

Before  getting  its  protective  lead  sheath,  telephone 
cable  must  have  every  bit  of  moisture  removed  from 
pulp  insulation  and  paper  covering.  To  gain  greater 
efficiency  than  the  horizontal  steam  drying  method, 
which  used  to  take  24  hours.  Western  Electric  en- 
gineers de.signed  a  battery  of  cylindrical  vacuum 
ovens  which  are  lowered  over  reels  of  cable.  Electric 
current  is  then  passed  directly  through  the  wires  ot 
the  cable,  heating  it  to  270°F.  As  much  as  6  gallons 
of  water  is  driven  out  of  the  insulation  in  just  an 
hour  and  a  half! 


EiifSineerinj*  problems  are  many  and  varied  at  U  estern  Electric,  where 
manufacturing  telephone  and  radio  apparatus  for  the  Bell  System  is  the  primary 
job.  Engineers  of  many  kinds — electrical,  mechanical,  industrial,  chemical, 
metallurgical — are  constantly  working  to  dei'ise  and  improve  machines  and  proc- 
esses   for     mass    production     of    highest    quality     communications     equipment. 

Western  Electric 

T     7      T       A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882 

.NOVEMBER,  1947 


X       y       y 


17 


///////  in  Action  . 


hff  Ihtn  •InhitHun.  K.K.  '  lU 


JA.MKS  K1..\U)  SMITH.  C.E.  (W.  Rapid  Transit  company  as  a  lineman 
has  nian_\  accomplishments  to  his  credit:  helper,  and  later  became  a  lineman, 
two  inventions,  long  service  as  a  U.  of  draftsman,  power  supervisor  and  assist- 
I.  civil  engineering  instructor,  several  ant  electrical  engineer.  He  was  chief 
terms  as  mayor  of  Urbana,  when  he  electrical  engineer  from  1926  to  1937 
helped  to  bviild  up  the  southeast  sec-  and  was  assistant  to  the  executive  offi- 
tion  of  the  town.  He  came  to  the  I'ni-  cer  when  he  entered  service  in  World 
vcrsit)'  in  1907,  after  being  assistant  and  War  H.  At  the  end  of  the  war,  he 
resident  engineer  with  three  different  became  assistant  to  the  executive  offi- 
railroads.  In  1919,  be  became  the  sec-  cer  of  the  North  Shore  Line,  later  was 
ond  facultyman  to  be  elected  mayor  of  assistant  to  the  president.  He  was  made 
I'rbana.  Earlier,  he  had  assisted  in  the  acting  general  manager  when  the  late 
engineering  work  of  the  construction  of  Samuel  A.  Harrison,  who  died  in  April, 
Cbatuite  field  and  designed  the  sewage  became  ill. 
disposal  plant  there.  He  invented  a  new 
protractor  of  benefit  to  civil  engineers, 
mathematicians,  and  landscape  garden- 
ers, and  a  paring  knife  which  saved  its 
owners  money  by  turning  out  a  uni- 
form sized  peel.  After  retiring  from  poli- 
tics. Mr.  Smith  became  a  civil  engineer 
for  the  University  physical  plant.  He 
still  holds  the  position,  although  be  is 
past  the  retirement  age. 

Prof.  E.  F.  l^RUHN  '23  has  been 
named  head  of  the  School  of  Aeronau- 
tics at  Purdue.  He  taught  at  Colorado 
School  of  Mines  for  five  years  and 
worked  with  leading  airplane  companies 
for  1  1  years  before  joining  the  Purdue 
faculty  in   1941. 

Prof.  NILES  H.  BARNARD  '28, 
M.S.  '30,  became  acting  chairman  of  the 
University  of  Nebraska  mechanical  en- 


A  recent  speaker  on  campus  before 
the  Urbana  division  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  and  the 
Institute  of  Radio  Engineers  was  EV- 
ERETT S.  LEE  '13,  engineer  in 
charge  of  the  (j.E.  consulting  laboratory 
at  Schenectady.  He  talked  on  "European 
Improvements  in  New  Developments  in 
Engijieering  and  Science."  He  visited 
Europe  in  1939,  and  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  observe  the  post-war  scene 
last  year  when  he  was  in  Paris  as  an 
A.I.E.E.  representative  at  the  sixth  in- 
ternational congress.  WILLIAM  A. 
MAN  '2?,  and  WILLIAM  HOWER- 
SOCK  '19  of  the  Chicago  office  were 
among  other  Cj.E.  men  who  joined  him 
on  campus  to  discuss  job  opportunities 
with    seniors    in    electrical    engineering. 

R.  E.  GOULD  '23,  M.S.  '29.  chief 


gineering  department  September  1.  For      engineer   for  the  Aeroproducts   di 


the  pa.st  year  he  has  been  associate  di- 
rector of  lay  activities  for  the  Methodist 
Church  of  America,  a  job  be  took  when 
he  resigned  from  the  Nebraska  faculty 
after  10  years  of  service. 

One  of  the  speakers  at  the  summer 
Flying  Farmers'  field  day  at  the  Uni- 
versity was  FRED  E.  WEICK  '22, 
vice  president  of  the  Engineering  and 
Research  corporation.  Riverside,  Md. 
Born  in  Chicago  at  the  time  the  Wright 
brothers  w'ere  inventing  the  airplane. 
Weick  has  grown  up  with  American 
aviation,  devoting  his  life  to  aero- 
nautical research  and  development  of  a 
plane  safe  enough  for  novice  aviators 
to  fly  without  experiencing  the  two  chief 
dangers,  spinning  and  stalling.  His  spin- 
proof,  light  plane  is  better  known  as 
the   Ercoupe. 

Col.  DWICHT  L.  SMITH  11. 
widely  known  electrical  engineer  and 
veteran  of  both  wars,  has  been  appointed 
general  manager  of  the  Chicago  North 
Shore  and  Milwaukee  Railway  com- 
pany. Immediately  after  his  graduation. 
Smith    started    work    for    the    Chicago 


01  General   Motors,  has  been  advanced 


to  factorv  managei'.  He  joined  the  Aero- 
products organization  jaiuiar\-  1,  194\ 
after  1  S  \ears  in  various  engineering 
capacities  with  the  Frigidaire  division 
of   G.V.. 

At  one  time  the  commander  of  a 
chemical  mortar  battalion  with  the  mIi 
Army  in  Italy.  Lt.  Col.  Rl'SSKL  E. 
McMIRRAV  '26  now  is  military  gov- 
ernor of  Kagoshima  Ken  on  the  Japanese 
island  of  Kyushu.  A  chemical  engineer 
as  a  civilian,  Colonel  McMurray  en- 
tered service  in  August,  1942,  at  Edge- 
wood  Arsenal.  Md.  He  participated  in 
the  Salerno  and  Anzio  landings,  was 
awarded  the  Pvn-ple  Heart  and  Silver 
Star. 

ROBERT  BURNS  '37.  who  was  a 
major  in  the  Engineering  corps  during 
the  war.  has  been  made  sales  manager 
in  the  St.  Louis  area  for  the  Bethlehem 
Steel  corporation.  He  is  a  graduate  in 
civil  engineering,  and  formerly'  lived  in 
Cialena. 

After  a  brilliant  career,  much  of  it 
on  the  editorial  staff  of  Railway  En- 
gineering IVIaintenance.  GEORCjE  E. 
B(WD  '96  has  retired.  Famous  for  bis 
"What's  the  Answer?,"  he  started  his 
career  with  the  Illinois  Central  and 
then  went  to  Lackauarma  and  West- 
ern. 

JOHN  H.  MILLER  '15  has  been 
made  vice-president  and  chief  engineer 
for  the  Western  Electric  Instrument 
corporation.  He  has  had  broad  ex- 
perience as  an  engineer,  holds  30  im- 
portant patents,  is  chairman  of  the 
committee  drafting  revisions  of  the  pres- 
ent measuring  instrument  standard  of 
American  Standards  Association. 

A  ceramic  engineer.  WILLIA!VI  H. 
FELLOWS  '41,  has  been  named  an 
(Continued  on  Page  38) 


18 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Your  enjoyment  climbs  to  new  altitudoi  lliruugli  radio  and  fe/cui.vioii  achievements  of  RCA  Laboratories. 


RCA  LABORATORIES -your"magic  carpet" 
to  ney^  vifonders  of  radio  and  television 


More  and  more  people  will  go  sight- 
seeing bv  television  as  the  number  of 
stations  and  home  receivers  increases. 
Evc!ituallv,  television  networks  will 
ser\e  homes  from  coast  to  coast  .  .  . 
bringing  von  the  news  as  it  happens 
.  .  .  sports  events  .  . .  drama  .  . .  vaude- 
ville. 

Many  of  the  advances  which  have 
made  possible  these  extended  serv- 
ices of  radio-electronics,  in  sound  and 
::ight,  originated  in  research  conducted 
by  RCA  Laboratories. 

Recent  RCA  "firsts"  include:  idtra- 
sensitive  television  cameras  that  gi\e 


startling  claritv  to  all-electronic  tele- 
\ision  . . .  tiny  tubes  for  compact,  light- 
weight portable  radios  .  .  .  "picture 
tube"  screens  for  brilliant  television 
reception. 

In  other  fields  of  radio-electronics, 
RCA  has  pioneered  major  achieve- 
ments—including the  electron  micro- 
scope. Research  bv  RCA  Laboratories 
goes  into  everv  product  bearing  the 
name  RC.\  or  RCA  N'ictor. 


When  in  Radio  Cit\%  New  York,  be  sure  to  see  the 
radio  and  electronic  wonders  at  RCA  Exhibition 
Hall.  36  West  49th  St.  Free  admission.  fl.ndio 
Corporation  of  America,  RCA  Building,  Radio 
Cit'j.  New  York  20. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

Victor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  .ind  electronic  products 
—offers  you  opportunity'  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  arc  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers (including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combin.ations ) . 

»  .'\d\.nHr,l  i!(\  tlnpment  and  design  of 
AM  .111.1  I  \l  I  l...L.l^,l^t  transmitters,  R-F 
intUictioii  In  .itiiiu.  iiiubile  communications 
equipment,  rcl.i>  s> stems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,   loudspeakers,   capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Wrilc  today  to  National  Rccrttiting  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camden,  Neiv  Jersey. 

.\ho  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and   Chemical    Engineers    and    Physicists. 


RADIO   CORPORATION  of  AMERICA 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


19 


J^'*'* 


•/A* 


GEORGE   R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


FRANCIS   P.   GREEN 
Ass't  Editor 


EDWIN    A.    WITORT 
Ass't  Editor 


Mif  laa^d  . 


licini;  :iblc  to  liaiulic  rlie  "kiii^s"  Eng- 
lish" is  a  subject  which  can  never  be  o\er- 
■itressed  nor  regarded  too  seriously  by  either 
the  prospective  or  incumbent  engineer,  busi- 
ness tycoon,  or  what  have  you. 

The  business  man  or  sales  engineer  soon 
learns,  through  the  necessity  of  constanth 
dealing  with  a  \ariet\'  of  people,  that  a  good, 
more-than-adequate  vocabulary  is  his  most 
\aluable  asset.  The  research  or  design  engi- 
neer, on  the  other  hand,  too  frequently  com- 
pletely overlooks  the  \alue  of  interesting 
speech  because  the  people  he  works  with 
every  day,  learn  how  to  interpret  what  he 
says.  Where  this  lack  of  clear  expression  may 
not  necessarih'  cause  a  man  to  lose  his  job, 
it  is  frequently  the  answer  to  the  age  old 
(juestion,  "I  bonder  wh\'  Hill  got  that  pro- 
motion instead   of  me?" 

In  addition  to  furthering  a  man  in  his 
hne  of  work,  a  good,  working  vocab\ilar\'  is 
largely  responsible  for  getting  him  into  the 
job  in  the  first  place.  If  you  were  sitting  on 
the  employer's  side  of  the  table  at  a  job  inter- 
view, it's  a  sure  bet  that  the  student  who 
stammers  and  verbally  falls  all  over  himself 
wouldn't  e\en  get  \our  second  thought.  The 
man  who  would  get  \our  job  wouKl  be  the 
tellow  who  can  say  exactly  what  he  means 
in  a  clear  and  interesting  manner. 

The  reason  for  this  choice  lies  in  the  fact 
that  a  person's  vocabulary  constitutes  a  part 
of  that  intangible  quality  known  as  personal- 
ity. It's  quite  true  that  the  personality  of  an 
individual  al.so  includes  such  important  items 
as:  the  manner  of  presentation,  and  alert  and 
wide-awake  attitude,  and  a  natural  or  culti- 
vated— but  at  least  sincere — interest  in  the 
things  other  people  are  doing.  Without  a  vo- 
cabulary to  go  along  with  the  above  items. 
the  individual  has  absolutely  no  means  of 
expressing  himself  and  is  really  worse  off 
than  a  ship  without  a   rudder. 


B^-^ 


Although  the  subject  of  how  to  build  a 
vocabulary  has  been  sufficiently  publicized, 
the  problem  of  maintaining  and  expanding 
that  vocabulary  has  not  been  stressed  so 
much.  A  professor  once  said  that  words  can 
be  divided  roughly  into  three  classes:  A,  B, 
anti  C.  Class  A  words  are  those  with  which 
the  person  is  familiar  and  uses  all  the  time. 
Class  B  words  are  those  with  which  the  per- 
son is  acquainted  but  is  not  on  speaking  terms. 
Class  C  words  are  those  he's  never  even 
heai'd.  The  process  of  expanding  the  vocabu- 
lary consists  of  moving  Class  B  into  Class  A 
and  at  least  part  of  Class  C  into  Class  B. 
I  nfortunately  the  process,  like  some  chemi- 
cal equations,  is  reversible.  This  frequently 
comes  about  through  lack  of  interest  and 
disuse  and  must  be  constantly  guarded 
against. 

As  a  parting  shot,  it  should  be  pointed 
out  that  a  super-vocabulary  all  by  itself  is 
just  as  detrimental  to  the  individual  as  none 
at  all.  A  lack  of  knowledge  on  how  to  use 
the  words  effectiveh  too  often  backfires  like 
a  charge  of  uncontrolled  gunpowder.  The 
speaker  must  learn  how  to  gauge  the  audience 
or  person  with  whom  he's  talking,  and  select 
his  words  accordingly.  An  unbridled  vocabu- 
lary does  not  result  so  much  in  the  incorrect 
use  of  words  as  it  does  in  the  improper  choice 
of  words.  This  phase  of  harnessing  the  vo- 
cabulary and  choosing  the  proper  words  is 
especially  important  to  engineers  who  have 
a  special  vocabulary  peculiar  to  their  profes- 
sion, and  who,  in  order  to  give  clear  explana- 
tions, must  constanth"  be  on  their  guard  to 
select  words  which  are  appropriate  to  the 
occ.-ision.  If  \()u  don't  believe  this  statement, 
just  think  back  to  that  classroom  in  which 
the  instructor,  momentarily  forgetting  that 
he  was  talking  to  students  not  so  familiar 
with  the  terms  as  he,  launched  into  a  beauti- 
ful technical  explanation — for  someone  on 
his  own   level. 


20 


THE    TECHNOGR.APH 


This  af'rf  can  beat  3^0 
monks  to  a  stana/sti'/f 


g\/o\vhere  in  the  world  are  elc\a- 
'  Y  tors  as  luxurious — efficient — and 
safe — as  in  America.  Nowhere  are  such 
ingenious  improvements  made  so  con- 
sistently ...  so  rapidly. 

The  ancestor  of  elevators — a  crude 
basket  attached  to  the  end  of  frayed 
rope — still  is  in  daily  use— the  only 
access  to  some  monasteries  in  Greece. 
Powered  by  monks,  fifty  of  whom 
could  not  do  what  a  little  slip  of  a 
girl  does  with   one  hand,   these  "ele- 


vators" try  the  nerves  ot  brave  men. 

.American  ingenuity,  born  of  in- 
dividual enterprise,  and  nurtured  by 
free  competition,  not  only  gave  us  the 
world's  best  elevators,  it  gave  us  a 
great  industry  employing  thousands  of 
men  and  using  the  products  of  a  score 
of  other  industries. 

The  wire  rope  industry  is  not  among 
the  least  of  these. 

Roebling  engineers  have  kept  pace 
with  the  designers  of  ''lifts  "  ever  since 


the  first  American  elevator  was  in- 
stalled WMth  a  Roebling  elevator  rope 
—back  in  the  early  I860's. 

Today,  Roebling  Special  Traction 
Steel  Elevator  Rope  enjoys  the  well- 
earned  confidence  of  hoisting  engineers 
the  world  over. 


JOHN    A.    ROEBIING'S    SONS   COMPANY 

TRENTON  2.  NEW  JERSEY 


in  Principal  Ciliej 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


21 


VANISHING  RESOURCES  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  7) 

Industrial  Petroleum  Association  viewed 
the  unprecedented  rate  at  which  these 
fuels  were  beinj^  used  and  revised  the 
estimate  upward  5%.  This  figure  is 
26%  above  the  1941  consumption  level. 
Reasons  for  this  unprecedented  con- 
sumption rate  appear  to  be  (  1  )  niore 
cars  on  the  road  than  were  foreseen 
from  pre-war  travel,  (2)  the  1,54S.()(K) 
tractors  on  farms  prior  to  the  war  now 
number  2,422,000,  an  increase  of  37%, 

(3)  honiebuilders  prefer  oil  heat 175,- 

000  oil-burners  were  installed  last  year 
and  they  are  continuing  to  be  installed 
at   the   rate  of   50,000  per  month,   and 

(4)  many  industries  have  found  that 
shutdowns  caused  by  coal  strikes  are  too 
expensive,  and  so  are  switching  to  li- 
quid fuels  to  protect  themselves.  Rail- 
roads are  rapidly  changing  to  more  ef- 
ficient Diesel  locomotion,  .\inety-five 
per  cent  of  the  railroads'  recent  locomo- 
tive orders  have  been  for  the  Diesel- 
powered  type.  Tractors,  home  oil-burn- 
ers, and  Dies-.-l  engines  ail  require  a  spe- 
cific cut  from  the  petroleum  oil,  thereby 
leaving  a  smaller  portion  to  be  pro- 
cessed   into    high-octane    gasoline. 

At  the  present  time  a  92  billion  bar- 
rel "oil  shale"  source  of  oil  is  being  in- 
vestigated at  Rifle,  Colorado.  If  pilot 
plant   operations   indicate    that    the    ex- 


traction of  this  crude,  called  kerogen, 
from  the  shale  proves  economically  feas- 
ible a  supply  equal  to  4.5  times  our  pres- 
ent reserves  will  be  available. 

The  strain  on  petroleum  supplies  will 
be  relieved  greatly  by  the  advent  of  syn- 
thetic fuels.  The  raw  materials  neces- 
sary for  synthesizing  liquid  hydrocarbon 
fuels,  namely  natural  gas  and  coal,  re- 
spectively, are  to  be  found  in  abundance. 


Recent  estimates  place  the  natural  gas 
reserve  at  1()I  trillion  cubic  feet,  enough 
to  produce  IS. 5  billion  barrels  of  liquid 
fuels.  Two  plants  for  the  conversion  of 
natural  gas  to  oil  are  now  being  built, 
one  in  the  Hugoton  gas  field  in  western 
Kansas,  the  other  at  Brownsville,  Texas. 
The  latter  will  process  64,000,000  cubic 
feet  of  gas  daily  to  produce  7,nO(l  bar- 
rels of  oil  per  day  b\  tiie  Fisher-Tropsch 
process,  which  was  named  after  the  two 
{  ierman  chemists  who  discovered  it.  Ky 
building  the  plant  near  gas  fields  where 
gas  can  be  obtained  for  as  little  as  5c 
per  1000  cubic  feet,  it  is  thought  that 
gasoline  can  be  produced  for  5c  per 
gallon,  thereby  competing  favorably 
with  the  present  cost  of  producing  ami 
refining  petroleum. 

Coal  is  by  far  the  most  abundant  of 
our  expendable  resources.  The  depths 
beneath  continental  L  nited  States  hold 
an  estimated  5.2  trillion  tons,  thought  to 
be  about  one-half  of  the  world's  reserve 
of  all  ranks  of  coal.  This  would  be  suf- 
ficient to  last  6,000  years  if  we  were  to 
continue  use  at  om"  present  rate  of  con- 
sumption of  500,000,000  tons  annualh'. 
However,  with  the  approaching  deple- 
tion of  our  petroleum  reserve,  and  with 
the  increased  use  of  coal  as  a  raw  ma- 
terial for  certain  synthetic  polymers,  this 
black  gold  will  be  used  at  a  greater 
rate. 

(Continued  on  Page  24) 


Engineering  Students  .  .  . 

You  will  find  at  the  Co-Op  Bookstore  your  needs 
in  engineering  and  art  supplies,  stationery,  text- 
books, and  general  reading. 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 

The  Bookstore  Closest  to  Engineering  Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


22 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


You  hired  him  as 
an  £•  £•  but 
he's  a  mighty 
good  C«  R«  too 


•  YOUR  HEAD  ELECTRICAL  MAN  IS  an 

Electrical  Expert.  He's  a  Cost  Reducer, 
too.  And  right  now  is  a  particularly  good 
time  to  let  him  prove  it.  Here's  why — 

During  the  tremendously  increased 
production  of  recent  years,  there  has  been 
a  sharp  increase  in  the  amount  of  power 
required  for  automatic  machinery.  Most 
electrical  systems  have  been  operating 
under  abnormal  stress.  They  are  over- 
loaded, unreliable  and  poorly  located  or 
inflexible  with  respect  to  present  machine 


locations.  Excessive  "down  time"  and 
higher  production  costs  are  certainties. 

Check  with  your  head  electrical  man. 
If  he  has  a  problem,  a  Square  D  Field 
Engineer  will  be  glad  to  help  him  analyze 
it  and  select  corrective  power  distribution 
and  electric  motor  control  equipment. 

The  counsel  of  experienced  Square  D 
Field  Engineers  is  available,  without  ob- 
ligation, through  Square  D  offices  located 
in  50  principal  U.  S.,  Canadian  and 
Mexican  cities. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  LTD.,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO  •   SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


23 


VANISHING  RESOURCES  .  .  . 

(Coiitiniifil  from  Page  22) 
The  major  portion  of  the  fuel  that 
the  Nazis  used  to  energize  their  imple- 
ments of  air,  land,  and  sea  warfare  was 
produced  synthetically  from  coal  b\  tlie 
well-known  Hergius  process,  likewi^e,  a 
(Jermaii  imiovation.  During  the  \c:ir 
1944,  they  made  27,()0(),(H)()  barrels  of 
oil  by  this  process  and  a  lesser  4  million 
barrels  by  the  Fisher-Tropsch  synthesis. 
The  former  process,  requiring  pressures 
approaching  10, ()()()  pounds  will  prob- 
ahl\'  not  become  as  common  in  this  coun- 
tr\  as  the  Fisher-Tropsch  process.  Many 
of  the  minor  coal  seams  of  eithei'  insuf- 
ficient purit\  or  iiunntity  will  he  ex- 
ploited b\  burning  the  underground 
seam  with  insufficient  o\\gen,  adnu'tted 
to  the  seam  through  a  controlling  de- 
vice, thereby  controlling  the  compo'ition 
of  the  combustion  products.  Some  of 
these  gases  can  then  be  used  in  the  syn- 
thetic production  of  liquid  fuels,  ;ill  of 
this  being  accomplished  without  the  high 
coit  of  mining  the  coal.  Further,  the 
great  expen.se  of  shipment  will  be  re- 
duced since  4.4  barrels  (1360  pounds) 
of  oil  is  equivalent  in  heating  value  to 
one  ton  of  coal.  Railroads  now  consume 
nearly  one-quarter  of  the  nation's  entire 
coal  production,  one-fourth  of  this  bf- 
ing  used  to  haul  coal  itself.  With  the 
advent  of  the  25%  efficient  Diesel  loco- 


motive pulling  tewer  trains  of  s\nthi'tic 
fuel  (much  will  be  sent  by  pipelines)  it 
is  possible  that  our  required  coal  pro- 
duction will  not  be  greatly  increased 
over  the  present,  in  which  we  have 
steam  locomotives  a  quarter  of  a  centur\ 
old  with  a  grate  to  driver  efficiency  of 
.ibout  5%  pulling  longer  trains  of  coal. 
In  summary,  it  appears  that  there  are 
no  grounds  for  fears  that  we  shall  run 
out  of  fuel  for  heat  or  power  for  man\ 
generations  to  come.  Howe\er,  there  is 
cause  for  concern  of  t!ie  longevity  of  our 
metallic  resources,  m.uiy  of  which  will 
expire  in  this  century.  Secretary  ol  In- 
terior Krug  has  suggested  a  billion  dol- 
lar survey  to  determine  the  exact  extent 
of  our  resources.  This  could  be  a  \er\' 
reasonable  price  for  policies  aiding  the 
conservation  and  reclamation  of  our 
rapidh  disappearing  resources,  resources 
which  ma\  be  the  \ei\'  life-blood  of 
coming  generations. 


Frosh  :  "1  hear  you've  given  that  girl 
a  wonderful   present.  " 

Senior:  "You're  wrong.  l'\e  gixen  her 
a  wonderful  past.  " 


1st  drunk:  "l.i'f's  sleep  in  the  gutter.' 
2nd  drunk:  "Why?" 
1st   drunk:   "There's  plenty    of    roon 
and  runnin'  water." 


Airborne  Radar 

l\.i(l;ir  for  pl.uies  will  soon  become 
e\eii  more  pr;tcticai  with  the  produc- 
tion ol  a  new,  lightweight  radar  in 
(ieneral  Klectric's  Klectronics  Depart- 
ment. Weighing  about  100  lbs.,  this 
small,  simplified  radar  will  he  compact 
enough  for  the  average  commercial  or 
military    transport   plane. 

An  outstanding  feature  of  this  new 
airborne  radar  is  its  gyroscopically  sta- 
bilized antenna.  The  device  allows  pres- 
entation to  the  pilot  of  the  radar  picture 
unaffected  b\'  banking,  climbing,  or  div- 
ing of   the  plane. 

This  new  r.idar  is  designed  to  help 
remove  some  of  the  hazards  of  flying 
in  darkness,  fog,  or  storm,  and  to  in- 
crease the  efficiency  of  "all-weather"  air- 
lines operations.  It  is  not  expected  to  be 
a  cure-all  for  visibilit\'  hazards,  but  it 
is  another  step  forward  in  the  national 
air  safety  program. 


Stout  woman:  "Do  these  slacks  come 
in  odd  sizes?" 

Clerk:  "No,  madam,  the\'  get  that 
wa\'   after   they've  been   worn." 

'     3S        *         » 

A  hiccough  is  a  message  from  depart- 
ed spirits. 

The  most  eloquent  lines  are  not  writ- 
ten or  spoken — they're  worn. 


How  This  COMMUNITY 

REFRIGERATION  CENTER 

'  Serves  Southcentral  Georgia 

The  Thomasville  Ice  and  Mfg. 
Co.  produces  130  tons  of  ice 
daily,  ices  many  railway  cars  and 
trucks;  stores  great  quantities  of 
pecans,  one-half  million  pounds  of 
peanuts,  quantities  of  pimento  pep- 
pers, blueberries,  pears,  olira,  tung 
oil  nuts,  and  lupin  seeds;  rents  475 
froicn-food  loclters;  conducts  home 
economics  demonstrations;  will  soon 
install    bullc    quiclc-freezers. 

Its  two  plants  at  Thomasville  give 
Southern  Georgia  and  Northern 
Florida    an    invaluable    service. 

This  firm  Hi::  used  Fricl  Refrigera- 
tion and  ice-making  equipment  ex- 
clusively for  35  years. 

The  Frick  Graduate  Trainina  Course 
ill  RefruH-rntion  and  Air  Condilioninq. 
iin-.i.'  ill  its  .'/.!(  Vi'Ui-,  i',t  approved  under 
the   G.   I.    Bill  of  Rights. 


COLLEGE  SUPPLIES 

from 

STRAUCH'S 

AT  CAMPUS 

Illinois    Stationery                             Drawing  Sets 

Pens   and    Pen    Repair                     Graph  Papers 

Note   Books   and   Fillers                  Greeting   Cards 

Photo  Supplies  and   Service          Photo    Books 

Cameras    and    Cases                       Study   Lamps 

^ 

STRAUCH'S 

Photo  Art  House 

709  S.  Wright,  Champaign 

24 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


YES.  Certain  manufacturing  processes  which 
effect  a  change  in  the  state  of  matter  from 
raw  to  finished  product,  frequently  produce 
yields  such  as  this. 

However,  Standard  Oil  does  it  daily  .  .  .  with- 
out changing  the  state  of  matter! 

It  happens  in  the  huge  Whiting,  Indiana, 
refinery  shown  above.  Certain  crackers  in  this 
vast  1,100  acre  "apparatus"  yield  102  volume 
units  of  liquid  petroleum  products  for  each  100 
volume  units  of  crude  oil  processed.    It  is  the 


result  of  cracking  heavy,  dense  hydrocarbons 
into  lighter  more  valuable  ones  whose  volume 
is  greater  than  the  original  charge. 

This  surprising  yield  is  not  considered  par- 
ticularly significant  in  itself.  It  is  indicative, 
however,  of  our  constant  effort  to  develop  new 
products  and  processes  and  to  improve  old 
ones.  This  is  the  collective  accomplishment  of 
chemists  and  engineers  .  .  .  men  who,  like  you, 
studied  at  America's  leading  colleges  of  science 
and  engineering. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

910    SOUTH    MICHIGAN    AVENUE,   CHICAGO    80,   lUINOIS 


STANDARD 
SERVICE 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


25 


JACQUE  HAUSER  .  .  . 

( CoiitiiHitd  from  Pagi-  \()) 
11,  ami  62  arc  the  courses  wliuli  I'ki- 
tcssor  HausiT  is  teachinji,  and  in  adiii- 
tioii  he  is  engaged  in  research  on  a  su- 
personic propeller.  So  far,  the  propeller 
is  still  in  the  theoretical  stage  so  tliat 
no  further  comment  could  be  made. 

Following  his  chosen  field,  he  picks 
flying  and  model  airplanes  as  hobbies. 
However,  he  also  likes  to  repair  and 
reactivate  old  watches,  a  hobby  that 
should  require  a  great  amount  of  pa- 
tience. "The  older  the  watch,  the  bet- 
ter," he  says.  "The  greatest  difficult)  is 
in  obtaining  parts." 

He  is  a  member  of  the   Institute  of 


Aeronautical    Sciences    and     the    Societ\ 
for  F.xpcrimental  Stress  .'\nai\sis. 

When  asked  how  long  he  expected  to 
remain  at  the  L  niversity,  he  replied,  "1 
hope  to  make  my  permanent  home  luie. 
-After  roaming  around  quite  a  bit.  Ini 
read\-  to  settle  down."  The  aero  engi- 
neers will  certainly  benefit  from  his 
ti,ii[iing  an<l  experience. 


"Do  you  realh'  expect  to  find  the 
perfect   girl  ?" 

"(losh  no,  but  it's  a  lot  of  fun  find- 
ing the  niies    that  aren't." 

Two  pints  makes  on  cavort. 


JIM  MATT  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  16) 
Kta  Kappa  Nu,  in  which  he  held  the 
office  of  secretary-treasurer.  He  is  also 
iliairman  of  .'\.1.E.E.-I.R.K.  which  oc- 
cupies most  of  his  spare  time.  For  sports 
Jnn  likes  horseb.ick  riding,  bowling, 
golf,   and   tennis. 

.'\fter  graduating  be  hopes  to  go  into 
the  electronics  industry  and  the  devel- 
opment and  distribution  of  electronic 
e(|uipnu-nt. 


Professor,  during  a  quiz  :  "Were  you 
copying  his  answer?" 

Bright  student:  "No,  sir,  I  was  only 
looking  to  see  if  he  had  mine  right." 


SKELTON^S 

DRUG  STORE 

* 

617  E.  Green  —  Champaign 
Phone  8302 


Fresh  Flowers 

with  Personal  Attention 

in  our  shop  .  .  .  Every  order,  large  or 
small,  receives  extra  care  in  handling 
.  .  .  For  Quality,  Freshness,  Packaging, 
and  Prompt  Delivery. 

Flowers  by  Wire 


Jkoni 


FLORiyr 

.  113  W.  UNIVERSITY  AVECHAMPAIGN 

NOTAFF/LIATeO  WITH  ANi  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBANA 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
the 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 


808  S.  Sixth  St. 
Laundry  Service  and  Dry  Cleaning 


fSobesoii's 


FOR  THE 

FINEST 

IN  MEN'S  WEAR 


IN   CHAMPAIGN 
Over  73  Years 


26 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


r 


Du  Pont  Digest 

Items  of  Interest  to  Students  of  Science  and  Engineering 


Industrial  Organic  Applications 
of  Metallic  Sodium 


SAFETY    VALVE 
DOME    PLATE 
,- INSULATION 
-  OIL  OUTLET 


-OIL    CHANNELS 
FOR  HEATING 
AND  COOLINO 


Sodium  for  organic  reactions  is  shipped  in  80,000-lb.  quantities,  (t  i 
fied  by  cooling  and  melted  by  hot  oil  for  removal. 


There  would  seem  to  be  a  consider- 
able gap  between  the  electrolysis  of 
salt  to  make  sodium,  and  research  in 
the  field  of  organic  chemistry.  How- 
ever, at  Du  Pont  as  much  emphasis 
is  placed  on  organic  research  to  de- 
velop outlets  for  sodium  as  on  its  in- 
organic uses. 

For  more  than  15  years,  intensive 
work  on  industrial  uses  for  sodium 
has  been  carried  on  in  Du  Pont  lab- 
oratories and  plants  by  chemists, 
physicists,  chemical,  mechanical  and 
electrical  engineers. 

In  the  organic  field,  this  research 
has  contributed  a  number  of  impor- 
tant uses  for  sodium  such  as  the  re- 
duction of  fatty  esters,  particularly 
of  natural  glycerides,  to  alcohols. 

0 


Du  Pont  organic  chemists  have 
found  that  sodium  with  selected  sec- 
ondary alcohols,  such  as  methyl  amyl 
alcohol,  in  the  presence  of  toluene  or 


xylene,  eliminates  shortcomings  of 
the  classical  method  involving  ethyl 
alcohol  and  sodium .  Practically  quan- 
titative yields  of  the  higher  molec- 
ular weight  alcohols  are  obtained. 

This  new  method  is  especially  use- 
ful in  preparing  unsaturated  alcohols 
not  easily  made  by  catalytic  hydro- 
genation.  The  process  can  be  carried 
out  at  atmospheric  pressure  and 
compares  favorably  with  catalytic 
hydrogenation  of  saturated,  higher 
fatty  esters  because  of  the  simpUcity 
of  operation  and  equipment. 

The  discovery  of  the  new  reaction 
conditions  has  led  to  the  use  of  mil- 
lions of  pounds  of  sodium  annually 
for  manufacture  of  long-chain  alco- 
hols for  wetting  and  emulsifying 
agents  and  synthetic  detergents. 

Other  important  processes  devel- 
oped by  Du  Pont  organic  research 
include  the  u.se  of  sodium  for  reduc- 
tion of  fatty  esters  to  corresponding 
long-chain  acyloins,  and  reduction 
of  nitriles  to  primary  amines. 


Du  Pont  has  also  contributed  to 
the  development  of  many  other  uses 
for  sodium  and  its  simple  derivatives, 
such  as  in  the  manufacture  of  tetra- 
cthyllead,  used  in  high-grade  motor 
fuels,  dyestufifs  synthesis,  and  de- 
scaling of  alloy  steels.  In  the  form  of 
sodium  hydride  or  sodium  alkoxides, 
sodium  is  a  catalyst  for  many  Claisen 
condensations,  useful  in  the  manu- 
facture of  barbiturates,  sulfa  drugs, 
vitamins,  keto-acids  and  diketones. 


Preparing  to  carry  out  an  organic  condensation 
reaction  involving  the  use  ot  sodium,  R.  B. 
Clark,  B.S.,  West  Virginia  University  '42,  and 
W.  J.  Hilts,  M.S.,  Syracuse  '36. 


Questions  College  Men  ask 
about  working  with  Du  Pont 

WILL  AN   ADVANCED   DEGREE 
HELP   ME? 

For  certain  types  of  work,  particularly 
research  and  development,  a  higher  de- 
gree is  a  distinct  advantage  and  about 
a  third  of  the  men  engaged  in  this 
work  are  Ph.D's.  However,  the  major- 
ity of  our  technically  trained  men  are 
Bachelors  or  Masters.  Every  effort  is 
made  to  recognize  a  man's  training  as 
well  as  his  special  experience  and  apti- 
tudes. Write  for  a  copy  of  the  new 
booklet.  "The  Du  Pont  Company  and 
the  College  Graduate,"  2521  Ne 
Building.  Wilmington  98,  Delaw 


v._ 


More  facts  about  Du  Pont — Listen  to  "Cavalcade  of  America,"  Mondays,  8  P.M.  EST,  on  NBC 


BETTER      THINGS      FOR      BETTER 
.  .  .  THROUGH     CHEMISTRY 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


27 


TIME 

PROVES 

Galvanized  (zinc-coaud)  Sheets 
Stay  Stronger  Longer 


nn  34  YEARS  .  .  .  Erected  m  19 1 3,  and 
i  Vi  covered  with  heavy-gauge  galva- 
nized sheets,  this  Tennessee  con- 
centrating plant  of  the  A/Z  Company, 
is  still  in  excellent  condition  after  more 
than  3  decades  of  service.  Painted 
with  Gray  Metallic  Zinc  Pamt  in  1932. 


In  building  for  the  future,  look 
to  the  past  for  proof  of  a  build- 
ing material's  strength  .  .  .  du- 
rability .  .  .  service.  With  gal- 
vanized (zinc-coated)  roofing 
and  siding,  you  get  the  strength 
of  steel  .  .  .  the  rust  protection 
of  Zinc.  So  for  low-cost,  long- 
time service,  choose  the  build- 
ing material  that's  proved  by 
TIME  itself  .  .  .  galvanized 
sheets.  Send  coupon  for  infor- 
mation about  Zinc  and  how  it 
can  help  keep  your  buildings 
and  equipment  stronger  longer. 


"Seal  ol  Quality"  is 

ying  galvanized  sheets, 
ins  they  carry  at  least 
ol  Zinc  per  sq    ft. 


AMERICAN  ZINC   INSTITUTE 


2634  •  35  E    Wacker  Dr.  Chicago  1,  III. 


FREE  BOOKLETS! 


Send  me  without  cost  or  obligation  the 
illustrated  booklets  I  have  checked. 

□  Repair  Manual  on  Galvanized  Roof- 

ing and  Siding 

□  Facts  about  Galvanized  Sheets 

□  Use  of  Metallic  Zinc  Paint  to  Protect 

Metal  Surfaces 

Name 

Address 

Town 


_Statc_ 


BETATRON  .  .  . 

(  L'liiitiiuiccl  t'roni  Pafji-  9) 
the  iic\\  lalioratoiN.  The  original  Ix'tat- 
lon  is  a  scienrific  exhibit.  The  4-,  22-. 
and  7()-millioii  voh  in.strunu-iits  will  be 
used  for  research  along  with  the  200- 
miliion  volt  betatron.  The  smaller  in- 
struments are  useful  tor  many  projects 
not  requiring  the  great  energ\  of  the 
large  machine. 

-A  betatron  can  not  oiih  produce  great 
energies,  but  also  provide  precise  control 
of  them,  an  important  feature.  The  en- 
ergy output  can  be  controlled  by  steps  of 
less  than  1 -million  volts.  A  betatron  can 
produce  either  a  high-energy  beam  of 
tree  electrons  or  an  equally  high-energy 
\-ra\'  beam. 

Hut  the  most  spectacular  scientific  pos- 
sibilities lie  in  great  energies  such  as  the 
.^OO-niillion  volts  to  be  produced  by  the 
new  Illinois  machine.  The  energ\'  im- 
parted to  each  electron  b\'  it  will  be 
greater  than  that  resulting  from  split- 
ting a  uranium  atom. 

Cosmic  ray  production  in  the  labora- 
tory will  enable  scientists  to  make  funda- 
mental studies  which  may  provide  clues 
to  the  nature  of  nuclear  energy  and 
nuclear  forces,  and  actually  to  learn 
what  holds  the  atom  together.  The  big 
machine  is  expected  to  produce  meso- 
trons, a  little-known  and  mysterious  part 
of  cosmis  rays. 


DEAN  PIERCE  .  .  . 

(Coiuiiuieil    from    Page    ICi) 

He  was  released  to  inactive  duty  in 
.March  of  1946  and  was  appointed  by 
the  L  niversity  as  assistant  protestor  in 
general  engineering  drawing  and  assist- 
ant dean  of  the  College  of  Engineering; 
in  September,  a  year  ago  this  fall. 

Dean  Pierce  is  an  amateur  radio  oper- 
ator aiuf  held  a  class  A  license  in  Chi- 
cago and  Champaign  for  some  time. 

.Another  of  his  hobbies  is  sailing, 
about  which  he  reminisced,  "I  can  re- 
member when  1  put  a  Ford  motor  into 
a  salvaged  hull  and  had  a  boat  that 
actually  ran."  While  convalescing  from 
rheumatic  fever  this  last  summer,  he 
extended  his  hobbies  to  the  field  of 
model   airplanes. 

He  is  a  member  of  Phi  Eta  Sigma, 
Tau  Heta  Pi.  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  Sigma 
Tau,  A.I.E.E.,  and  Syiiton,  and  an  as- 
sociate member  of  Sigma  Xi.  For  seven 
years  he  was  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  .Alpha  Kappa  Lambda  fra- 
ternity'. 

His  knowledge  of  engineering  and  his 
likeable  personality  together  with  an  un- 
derstanding of  student  problems  make 
him  the  ideal  man  for  being  in  direct 
contact  with  the  students.  For  an  engi- 
neer with  a  problem,  Dean  Pierce  !> 
the  man  to  see. 


partners  in  creating 


For  80  years,  ieaderj  of  the  engineering  profession 
hove  mode  K  8.  E  products  their  partners  in  creating 
Ihe  lechniccl  achieyements  of  our  oge.  K  &  E  instru- 
ments, drcfting  equipment  and  materials— such  as  the 
LEROYt  Lcttorina  equipment  in  the  picture-have  thus 
played  o  pert  i.i  virtuol'y  evary  great  engineering 
p.oject   in    Ameiica. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


NEW    YORK    •    l-IOBOKEN,    N.    J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


Reg.  U.S.  Pal.  Off. 


28 


THE    TECHNOGR.APH 


r' 


8'  X  16'  Hearth  Nitnding  Furnace. 
Photo  by;  Commercial  Steel  Treating 
Corporation,  Detroit,  Michigan. 


Process:  nitriding  engine  blocks 

Requirements:        accurate  temperature  control 
uniform  heat  distribution 


Result:  no  rejects 

low  maintenance  costs 
clean  manufacturing  plant 


GASfi 


Capacity  and 
product  specifications  for 
the  GAS-fired  furnace  include: 


Commercial  Steel  Treating  Corporation  demands  accurate  tem- 
perature control  and  uniform  heat  throughout  the  chamber  of 
its  heavy-duty  nitriding  furnace.  GAS  fulhlls  these  require- 
ments; five  years  of  successful  operation  supply  the    proof. 


•  Temperature 975  degrees  F. 

•  Allowable  Variation +5  degrees  F. 

•  Process  Time 96  hours 

•  Case  Depth 0.025  inches 

•  Atmosphere  Supply Ammonia 

•  Production  Rate 200  Tons  per  Month 


GAS,  dependable  fuel  for  industrial  processing  operations, 
meets  the  most  exacting  control  and  heating  requirements. 
Low  maintenance  costs  and  cleanliness  characterize  GAS- 
fired  installations. 

Vast  new  fields  for  phvsical  and  chemical  research  have. 

been  opened  by  demands  in  the  metal  working  industry 

for  more  extensive  use  of  controlled  atmospheres  for 

changing  internal  and  surface  characteristics  of  metals. 

GAS  has  become  firmly  established  as  the  ideal  fuel 

for  controlled  atmosphere  processing. 


Visit  the  A.G.A.  Combined  Exhibit  of 

INDUSTRIAL  GAS  EQUIPMENT 
17TH  NATIONAL  POWER  SHOW 

Grand  Central  Palace  •  New  York  City  ■  December  2-7 


AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 

420  LEXINGTON  AVLNUE,  NEW  YORK  17,  N.  Y. 
NOVEMBER,  1947 


MORE  AND  MORE. 


j»eT3S!2J^ 


0S^ 


FOR  ALL 
INDUSTRIAL  HEATING 


29 


CEMENTED  CARBIDES  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page   15) 
Carbide  Cutting  Tools 

Cutting  tools  are  still,  at  present,  the 
greatest  single  use  of  carbides.  Tools  for 
cutting  are  generally  made  with  the  ce- 
mented carbide  portion  in  the  form  of 
a  cutting  "tip"  brazed  to  a  soft  steel 
shank  or  cutter  body.  Hesides  conserving 
material,  a  tipped  tool  has  the  advantage 
of  extra  strength  since  the  tough  steel 
portion  of  the  tool  backs  up  the  carbide 
by  absorbing  any  shocks  incident  to  ma- 
chining. Because  of  the  construction, 
carbide  tools  cost  just  about  the  same 
as  steel  tools. 

Carbide  tools  are  being  used  commer- 
cially to  cut  the  entire  range  of  steels, 
cast  irons,  and  malleable  irons  up  to 
550  Brinell  hardness.  In  addition,  they 
are  used  for  practically  all  of  the  com- 
monly used  non-ferrous  metals  and  such 
non-metallic  and  abrasive  materials  as 
hard  rubber,  "Bakelite,"  celluloid,  "Lu- 
cite,"  and  other  plastics.  They  will  cut 
metals  that  are  so  hard  that  steel  tools 
will    not   touch   them. 

Carbide  tools  by  their  nature  can  re- 
move more  cubic  inches  of  metal  per 
minute  than  other  tools.  They  can  hold 
closer  tolerances  over  long  production 
runs.  They  give  longer  tool  life  and 
produce    a    better    finish    on    the   work 


(liece.  Thus,  they  greatly  speed  proiiuc- 
tion  while  relieving  the  machine  ripera- 
tor  of  the  necessity  of  continually  hav- 
ing to  re-sharpen  and  re-set  this  tool. 

Carbide  tools  may  be  run  .it  cutting 
speeds  considerably  in  excess  of  the  best 
speeds  obtainable  with  high  speed  steel 
cutting  tools.  Aluminum,  for  instance, 
is  being  carbide  milled  at  speeds  as  high 
as  S.ddO  and  15,1)00  surface  feet  per 
minute.  Higher  cutting  speeds  mean  tre- 
mendous increases  in  productivity  of  la- 
bor with  a  resultant  lowering  of  manu- 
facturing costs — an  even  more  important 
consideration  today  than  usual. 

Since  carbide  tools  cut  so  much  fast- 
er, they  generate  more  heat  than  do 
other  types  of  tools.  Coolants  are  there- 
fore used  frequently  with  carbides  to 
remove  this  heat  and  keep  the  work 
cool  so  that  it  will  not  distort.  When 
cutting  steel,  the  coolant  also  quenches 
the  hot  chip,  stiffening  it  and  making  it 
easier  to  break.  Chip-breaking  is  more 
important  when  using  carbide  tools  due 
to  the  increased  speed  at  which  the  chips 
leave  the  work.  When  coolants  are  used 
with  carbides,  they  must  be  applied  in 
large  \olunie,  at  a  fairly  high  \elocit\ , 
and  directly  to  the  cutting  edge  of  the 
tool  so  to  carry  away  the  heat  fast 
enough  to  keep  the  temperature  from 
becoming  excessive. 

When    milling    witii     carbide    tipped 


cutters,  it  is  frequently  found  advan- 
tageous to  have  a  negative  rake  angle  on 
the  cutting  tips.  This  puts  the  engage- 
ment of  the  tool  with  the  work  just 
slightly  behind  the  cutting  edge  where 
the  tip  is  better  supported  and  stronger 
than  it  is  right  on  the  cutting  edge.  In 
some  applications  it  has  been  found  that 
milling  machines  equipped  with  carbide 
tools  may  require  a  flywheel  to  be 
mounted  on  the  spindle.  The  flywheel 
thus  mounted  helps  to  give  a  smooth, 
flat  cut;  adds  to  the  cutter  life;  and 
greatly  helps  to  reduce  the  effect  of 
shock    loads. 

Carbide   Dies 

The  original  use  of  carbide  metal,  as 
a  die  metal  for  drawing  round  wire,  con- 
tinues to  be  such  an  important  applica- 
tion that  today  carbide  dies  are  standard 
equipment  throughout  the  entire  wire 
drawing  industry.  Carbide  dies  last 
many  times  longer  than  did  the  for- 
merly-used cast  iron  and  steel  dies,  per- 
mit working  to  closer  tolerances,  give  a 
better  finish  on  the  wire,  and  have  made 
possible  greatly  increased  speeds  of  wire 
drawing.  In  addition,  bars,  tubing,  and 
many  special  shapes  which  previously 
had  to  be  machined  are  now  drawn  to 
size  through  carbide  dies. 

Of  greater  importance,  perhaps,  is  the 
(Continued   on  Page  32) 


A" 

JflBI 


Hianiiis 


AMERICAN 

WATERPROOF 

\I)1A  I\K 


4 


Now  available  with 

Cork  and  Plastic 
Quill  Stopper 

OR 

Perfected  Rubber 
Dropper  Stopper 


Both  type  itoppers 

available  on 

waterproof  black  only 

Cork  and  plastic 

quill  stopper  is 

standard  etiuipment 

on  colored  inks. 


HlGGinS 

271  .\7.\TH  STREET,  BROOKLVA  15,  A.  V. 


Giigiiieeriiig  Facts 


AT   V4M  IC   FIX4;EK   T1P<$ 


In  a  file  on  your  desk 
or  a  binder  in  your 
pocket  you  may  have 
for  instant  reference 
your  choice  of  10,400 
pages  of  useful  data. 
Write  today  for  your 
FREE  copy  of  the 
LEFAX  Data  Index. 


Y>Y      DAVID  FREDERIC  CAUSEY 

t^S^'^        Box  1,  University  Station,  Urbana, 


Special  Offer  to  Technograph  Readers 

Your  name  in  Gold,  FREE,  stamped  on  the 
front  of  any  one  binder  with  your  first  order 
for  $5.00  or  more.  Be  sure  to  PRINT  your 
name  exactly  as  you  want  it  stamped  on  the 
binder,  and  mark  the  order  "Technograph." 
This  offer  expires    December   31,    1947. 


30 


THE    TECHNOGR.APH 


^J  ^^FOR  THE  RIGHT 


^ 7 


To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
ings must  make  the  right 
impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  when  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


C.P. 


ARTISTS 


^CO. 


ENGRAVERS  •  CHAMPAIGN,  IlL. 


WORLD'S 

LARGEST 

PRODUCER 

OF  ELECTRICAL 

ROUGHING-IN 


Notionol  Electric 

Products  Corporation 
Pittsburgh  30.  Pa. 


All  Engineering  Supplies  .  .  . 

UNDER  ONE  ROOF 

No  more  fruitless  hunts  for  hard  to  find  items. 
We  have  supplies  for  every  engineering  need. 
Just  come  to  the  UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE,  ask 
for  whatever  you  need,  and  walk  out,  five  min- 
utes later,  completely  satisfied.  We  will  be  glad 
to  help  you. 

UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE 

610  EAST  DANIEL,  CHAMPAIGN    -    PHONE  5720 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


31 


CEMENTED  CARBIDES  .  .  . 

( Cuntiiuicil  from  Page  jU) 
I'viT-iiicrfasiii^  use  of  carbidi"  dies  in: 
rlie  blaiikiii}:,  pii'rciiifj,  forniiii};.  ami 
<lci'|i-(|ia\\inf;  of  many  kiiids  of  sheer 
metals.  I'laiii  steels,  alloy  steels,  stain- 
less steels,  brasses  bronzes,  aluminum 
and  tin  arc  all  being  deep-drawn  on  .1 
production  basis  in  carbide  dies.  Sucli 
dies  will  frequently'  outlast  from  20  to 
100  similar  dies  made  of  hardened  tf)ol 
steel.  In  size  n;odern  carbide  dies  ranjie 
up  to  l3'/2  in.  inside  diameter  and  are 
capable  of  handling  sheet  steel  up  to 
->  32  in.  Some  of  the  typical  part; 
which  are  being  produced  by  carbide  dies 
include  lipstick  cases,  cofiee  pots,  pressiuc 
cookers,  steel  cylinders  for  high  pressure 
gas  storage,  and  various  aut()moti\e  anil 
radio  parts. 

The  field  of  application  for  carbide 
punches  and  dies  for  blanking  is  also 
steadih  increasing.  To  date,  excellent 
peiformance  has  been  obtained  on  the 
blanking  of  steels  and  other  metals. 
Development  work  is  also  progressing  on 
the  punching  and  blanking  of  more  and 
more  complicated  shapes.  On  present 
punching  and  blanking  jobs,  averages  of 
1  Yz  to  2  million  punches  are  being  ob- 
tained with  carbide  punches  between  re- 
grinds,  as  compared  to  an  average  of 
50,000  operations  for  steel  punches  and 
dies  of  a  similar  design.     A  typical  job 


Use    of    a    coolant    with    carbide 
cutting   tools   requires   high    pres- 
sure   and    direct    flow    onto    the 
cutting  edge 

on  which  carhuie  |iunches  anil  dies  ha\e 
proved  their  worth  is  in  punching  lami- 
nations out  of  abrasive  silicon  .steel  sheet 
in  the  manufacture  of  stators  for  elec- 
tric motors. 

Carbide  W eur-Resistinij  Parts 
Predictions  by  the  manufacturer  ;iiid 
users  indicate  that  the  use  of  cemented 
carbide  for  wear-resisting  parts  will 
eventually  exceed  even  the  tremendous 
volume  now  consumed  for  tools  and  dies. 


\\  lii-n  it  is  realized  that  carbides,  even 
under  conditions  of  extreme  abrasive 
uear,  often  stand  up  1(111  or  more  times 
longer  than  other  metals,  the  reasr)n  for 
this    prediction   becomes  clear. 

Today,  carbides  are  already  being  used 
— both  in  the  form  of  shaped  in.scrts  and 
complete  parts — where  undue  wear  h\ 
rubbing  and  abrasion  is  a  problem.  Sonv- 
of  the  more  t\pical  applications  of  ce- 
mented carbide  parts  for  this  purpose  are 
liners  for  molds  making  drugs,  powder 
metals,  and  bricks;  for  fish  rod  guides; 
in  the  form  of  guide  rings,  bushings, 
etc. ;  for  lathe  and  grinder  rests  and 
other  machine  parts;  for  ring  and  plug 
gages;  for  nozzles  for  fire  hoses,  de-h\- 
d  rating,  or  spray  painting  and  for  ma- 
chine wa\s  and   gibs. 


THE   DEVIL   NAMED   NICKEL 

The  (lc\  il  was  ieNpi)ii>ible  for  the 
nanu'ng  of  nickel.  The  Saxon  miners  of 
the  ISth  centur\'  blamed  him  for  cast- 
ing a  spell  over  their  ores.  When  they 
attempted  to  smelt  an  ore  resembling 
one  of  copper,  the\  obtained  a  «hite 
metal  too  hard  and  tough  for  them  tn 
work,  due  to  its  nickel  content.  In 
christening  the  metal  "Kupfer-Xickel." 
or  "Old  Nick's  Copper,"  they  gave  the 
minerologist,  Cronstedt,  a  precedent  for 
calling  it  "Nickel'  when  he  discovered 
the    element. 


The  Spot  to  Shop 


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32 


THE    TECHNOGR.APH 


Chemistry  gives  lumber 
longer  life  •  •  • 


ir.,.„l  speiim,-,,!.  nhicli  sinni  the  i-A,rlle„l  prr^eri,„i,c 
tiuiditirs  uj  Pt-nliuhhrfthfiml.  Tin-  tiiii  piccf^  an  the 
ri/thl  nx-re  impn'Unnleil  with  thi},  prutettion  anainst 
decay.  All  four  pieces  tcere  buried  undergruund  for 
six  years  in  a  Ditw  test  plot. 


Crowing  trees  can  fight  their  own  battles  against  many  common 
(li-structive  forces.  Nature  has  seen  to  that.  But  power  poles,  fence 
posts  and  structural  lumlier  are  dead  wood  and  suffer  greatlv  from 
insect  attack  and  the  conditions  that  create  decav.  Here's  where  the 
chemist  steps  in  and  takes  over  natures  job  to  give  lumber  longer  life. 

During  the  past  decade,  notable  progress  has  been  made  in  developing 
])reservative  treatments  for  the  protection  of  wood.  Studies  under- 
taken bv  !)<>«  technicians  have  resulted  in  a  new  preservative  known 
as  IVntachlorphenol  which  is  being  used  successfullv  without  the 
alicndant  disadvantages  of  the  older  conimonlv  used  materials. 
I'cniaihlorphcnol  gives  everv  assurance  of  greatly  extending  the 
useful  life  of  lumber. 

Development  of  chemicals  for  treating  lumber  is  onlv  one  phase  of 
llie  work  that  is  constantly  underway  at  Dow.  Our  interests  range 
Irom  ultra-light  magnesium  to  chemicals  that  promote  the  health  of 
the  Nation  and  the  progress  of  every  industry. 

The  scientific  mind  and  the  scientific  method  are  of  first  iiii[>(irtan(e 
to  Dow. 

THE    DOW    CHEMICAL    COMPANY,    MIDLAND,    MICHIGAN 

New  York        •       Boston        •       PhUodolphi. 
Chicago        •       St.  louii        •       Houiton 


DOVNT 


CHEMICALS    INDISPENSABLE 
TO   INDUSTRY  AND   AGRICULTURE 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


33 


PROBLEM  —  You're  designing  a  radio  broadcast  transmitter.  The  circuit 
includes  condensers  and  other  variable  elements  which  must  be  ad- 
justed by  the  operator.  You  want  to  place  these  elements  for  optimum 
circuit  efficiency  and  where  they  will  be  easy  to  assemble,  wire,  and 
service.  At  the  same  time,  you  want  to  centralize  the  control  knobs  at  a 
point  convenient  to  the  operator.  How  would  you  do  it? 

THE    SIMPLE    ANSWER 

Use  S.S.White  remote  control  type 
flexible  shafts  to  couple  the  variable 
elements  to  their  control  knobs.  This 
leaves  you  free  to  place  both  the 
elements  and  the  knobs  anywhere  you 
want  them.  And  you  get  control  that  is 
as  smooth  and  sensitive  as  a  direct 
connection  because  S.S.White  remote 
control  flexible  shafts  are  engineered 
expressly  for  this  kind  of  service. 

•  *  • 
This  is  just  one  of  hundreds  of  remote 
control  and  power  drive  problems  to 
which  S.S.White  flexible  shafts  pro- 
vide a  simple  answer.  That's  why  every 
engineer  should  be  familiar  with  the 
range  and  scope  of  these  "Metal 
Muscles"  for  mechanical  bodies. 

WRITE    FOR     BULLETIN    4501 

It  gives  essential  facts 
and  engineering  data 
about  flexible  shafts 
ond  their  application. 
A  copy  is  yours  for  the 
asking.  Write  today. 


S.S.WHITB 


INDUSTRIAL 


THE  S.S.  WHITE  DENTAl  MrC.  CO.  M  tWm^m^i^  M  «m*.^«BB     DIVISION 

-OtPT.  C,   10   (AST    40th    ST..   NEW  YORK    16.  N.  T..^ 


Cne  o^  /4tMnicM  A  AAA  ^ndiutncid  S'^tenfftiMA 


MINING,   METALLURGY   .   .   . 

(Cuntinueil  troiu  l^age  <S ) 

stei"!  is  at  a  \ery  high  temperature.  It 
it  were  possible  to  determine  the  Aus- 
tenite  grain  size  of  steel  before  purchase 
this  would  be  a  fool-proof  method  of 
bu\ing  the  proper  type.  It  is  bclicsfd 
that  the  presence  of  copper  inhibits, 
somewhat,  the  grain  growth. 

Much  of  the  research  done  b\  tlie 
department  is  done  by  graduate  stu- 
dents. In  addition  to  contributing  to  the 
knowledge  in  the  field  of  metallurgy, 
these  men  gain  valuable  experience.  Be- 
cause the  field  of  metallurgy  is  rela- 
tively une.xplored,  the  contributions  of 
any  one  man  could  revolutionize  the  en- 
tire steel  industry  and  this  the  entire 
industrial  economy  of  the  country.  Al- 
though the  study  of  metals  is  one  of  the 
oldest  phases  of  engineering,  because  of 
constant  discoveries  and  the  many  new 
paths  that  each  discovery  brings  forth, 
this  field  represents  one  of  the  best  op- 
portunities for  the  engineer  who  wishes 
to  explore  the  unknown.  A  former  L  ni- 
versity  of  Illinois  instructor  got  his  start 
by  investigating  processes  for  the  selec- 
tive floatation  of  zinc  and  lead.  He  now 
heads  a  company  that  is  engaged  in  that 
work. 

The  method  of  teaching  students  in 
the  department  of  metallurgy  differs 
from  that  in  the  other  departments  due 
to  the  fact  that  metallurgy  is  a  constant- 
ly changing  science,  there  are  fewer  stu- 
dents in  this  work,  and  there  are  not 
many  textbooks  covering  metallurgy. 
The  student  must  get  much  of  his  in- 
formation from  periodicals  and  bulle- 
tins. Because  of  the  great  number  of 
variables  in  any  metallurgical  process 
and  the  fact  that  the  field  is  to  a  great 
extent  unexplored,  mathematical  treat- 
ment is  extremely  difficidt.  In  addition 
a  knowledge  of  chemistry  is  one  of  the 
important  basic  parts  of  the  field  of 
metallurgy. 

Graduates  of  the  department  usually 
work  for  the  large  companies  in  the 
metals  industry.  They  can  work  in 
research,  or  they  may  be  in  charge  of 
foundry.  In  general,  the  field  of  metal- 
lurgy is  one  of  the  few  pioneering  fields 
left  in  engineering.  They  may  work  for 
a  company  that  is  a  large  consumer  of 
metallic  products,  such  as  the  automo- 
bile industry.  While  working  for  a  con- 
sumer industry  they  may  investigate 
defects  or  failures  in  metallic  parts. 

A  Golden  Oppartuuity-  Mining 

Public  consensus  of  opinion  seems  to 
be  that  all  prospective  students  of  min- 
ing engineering  will  fare  best  by  going 
to  such  schools  as  Missouri  School  of 
Mines,  or  Colorado  School  of  Mines; 
and  therefore,  many  young  men  inter- 
ested in  this  field  head  there  either  di- 
( Continued   on   Page  36) 


34 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


ywa   /kiARCH    o^    sc/SA/ce 


Heating  a  piece  oF/viErAu 

BV  OPEN  FLAME,  BLOW-TORCH 
OR  FURNACE  IS  RELATIVELY  SLOW- 
APT  TO  LEAVE  SCALE...  ITS  HARD 7D 
HEAT  ONE  SPECIFIC  AREA  WITHOUT  HEATIN5  THE  WHOLE  PIECE. 


PRODUCTION  MEN  REALIZED  HEAT-TREATINS  OPERATIONS 
SUCH  AS  FORGING,  PRECISION  BRAZING  AND  SURFACE 
HARDENING  COULD  BE  STEPPED  WAV  UP  IF  A  FASTER 
/METHOD  OF  HEATING  COULD  BE  FOUND...  ONE  WHICH 
WOULD  CONCENTRATE  THE  HEAT  AT  PRE-SELECTED  AREAS.' 


^ 


WeAT  By  INDUCTION)  seemed 


Vf 


LIKE  THE  ANSIA/ER.    SCIENCE  HAD  ALREADY 
DISCOVERED  THAT  METALS  HEAT  RAPIDLY 
WHEN  INTRODUCED  INTD  A  HIGH   FREQUENCY, 
HIGH  DENSITY  /V\A6NEr/C    FIELD.' 


AUIS-CHALMERS  SCIENTISTS— 

t^mazing  production  tool  rectifies  ordinary  60" 
cvcle  current  them  steps  it  up  to  h50,000  cvcles. 
a  magnetic  field  of  high  density  is  set  up  in  work 
coil  and  when  metal  is  introduced  into  this  field, 
passage  of  current  causes  power  losses  which  pro- 
duce heat  within  the  metal  with  incredible  swiftness. 
Big  benefits:  complete,  selective  control 
of  heat  penetration . . .  exact  unifor/viitv. . . 
greatly  increased  production.' 


r\      PLACE   METAL  IN    WORK  COIL.. 


«r:^ 


PUSH  BUTTON 

METAL  IS  HOT  IN  SPLIT  SECONDS 


ALLIS-CHALMERS  AMNUFACTURING  CO. 


tlECTROMIC  Heater  is  one  more  example  OF  HOW 

ALLIS-CHALMERS   RESEARCH  AND  EXPERIENCE  ChOTO  kVORK 
FINDING  BETTER,  FASTER,  MORE  EFFICIENT  WAY5  OF  HANDUNG 
PRODUCTION   PROBLEMS -ANOTHER  GOOD  REASON  WHY  A-C  EQUIP 
WENT  IS  IN  DEMAND  IN  EVERY  MAJOR    INDUSTRY.  .  . 


ALUS  m  CHALMERS 


Of^£  OF  rh/E  BfG  3  /A/  eCECr/R/C    F>O^V£R    £qU/PA1£A/r 

e/GGEST  OF  ALL  /A/  /?AA/ae   OF  //VOUSF/eML    P/^ODUCFS 


NOVEMBER,  1947 


35 


MINING,   METALLURGY   .   .   . 

(  Coiitinmil   troiii    Page  .i4  ) 

ri'ctly  or  immcdiatfly  followinj^  a  |iii- 
mary  >(.'ar  at  thi-ir  stati-  univiTsity.  It 
is  not  realized  by  many  people  that  first- 
rate  training;  iiiulcr  the  best  teachinj; 
staff  available  is  offered  in  all  courses 
of  study  right  here  at  the  I  ni\erslty 
ol  Illinois.  Many  U.  of  I.  graduates  of 
the  past  have  achieved  top  rank  in  the 
mining  engineering  world.  All  too  often 
a  man  goes  to  ;i  school  of  mines  and 
acquires  a  traiie  education,  whereas  he 
could  profit  most  by  attending  such  a 
school  as  the  I',  of  I.  and  obtain  a 
liberal  research  or  administrative  educa- 
tion. Mining  companies  arc  now  in  great 
need  of  graduate  engineers  with  just 
this  background. 

Judging  from  the  emplosinent-ile- 
mand  figures,  described  in  the  'I'lilnio- 
f/rriph  last  month,  a  student  in  the  engi- 
neering college  would  do  well  to  in- 
vestigate the  opportunities  ottered  in 
mining  or  metallurgy — greater  emplo\- 
ment  liemand,  less  competition,  rapid 
advancement  to  higher  than  average  sal- 
aries for  engineers  in  general,  unlimited 
opportum'ty  for  research  and  develop- 
ment, and  work  in  a  \ital  industry 
w  hicli  is  becoming  more  and  more  a  key 
t(i  our   n.-itional   economy. 

Let    us   glance   at   some   of    the   main 


positKjns  .isailahle  Icir  which  the  basic 
work  is  covered  in  the  nuning  depart- 
ment. The  industry  resolves  itself  prin- 
cipallv  into  two  divisions,  metal  mining 
and  co.al  minnig.  In  the  first  division, 
there  is  .1  due  nee<l  tor  engineering  and 
development  in  prospecting  methods  tor 
the  location  of  deep-seated  deposits  of 
copper,  manganese,  and  other  metals 
whose  reseive  supply  have  become  cii- 
tically  small.    Also  both  types  of   indus- 


Night  photo  of  a  50-foot  oil  well 

blast     produced     by     a     shaped 

charge   of   explosive 


tr\  have  telt  the  acute  need  for  more 
trained  technical  men,  because  indus- 
trial leaders  realize  that  a  college  grad- 
uate is  a  more  valuable  adtlition  to  their 
technical  staff  than  an  untrained  worker 
from  the  ranks.  So  many  demands  were 
made  of  the  mining  department  last  \ear 
that  several  positions  open  for  mining 
engineers  at  veiy  gooil  startijig  salaries 
had  to  be  referred  to  other  departments 
ill  the  school  of  engineering  to  be  filled. 
I' or  the  student  interested  in  research, 
this  is  the  fulfillment  of  his  life  ambi- 
tion :  the  fields  of  development  in  ex- 
plosives, ventilation,  extraction  methods, 
and  possible  future  underground  living 
in  this  atomic  age  are  hut  a  few  of 
the  subjects  no  more  th.in  touched  b\ 
research. 

Well  versed  and  well  known  men  in 
the  fields  of  mathematics,  chemistrv, 
metallurgy,  and  mining  are  here  await- 
ing your  signal  to  share  the  wealth  of 
basic  knowledge  prerequisite  to  your  fu- 
ture succe.ss.  Such  men  as  Professor  H. 
L.  Walker,  already  mentioned,  and 
Profe.s.sor  William  R.  Chedsey  are  in- 
ternationally known  for  their  work  in 
the  fields  of  metallurgy  and  mining.  In 
choosing  mining  or  metallurgical  engi- 
neering as  yOLir  profession,  there  are  few- 
better  places  in  the  world  to  acquire  the 
education  upon  which  to  build  youi'  fu- 
ture than   the    Iniveisitv    of   Illinois. 


Engineers! 


f 


BRING  YOUR  BOOK  AND  SUPPLY  PROBLEMS 
TO  FOLLETT'S 

A  Campus  Tradition 


335 


figygAST 


t 

OOK  STORE 


PHOWE  H»a4 


AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


36 


THE    Ti:CHN()GRAPH 


Plasnf*s  trtifrp  plasties  hplonq^ 

tisiiitf  insuluting  and  printing  qualities 


OVR  TYPE  of  plastics,  Synthane,  has  a  combination  of  mechanical, 
chemical,  and  electrical  properties  that  fit  it  for  a  host  of  useful 
applications.  It  is  corrosion  and  moisture  resistant,  dense,  structurally 
strong,  and  may  be  easily  worked.  An  excellent  electrical  insulator, 
Synthane  is  extremely  light  (about  '2  the  weight  of  aluminum). 

A  food  example  of  the  use  of  laminated  plastics  is  this  timing  device 
which  uses  Synthane  for  the  cams  in  the  timer.  Heart  of  an  automatic 
system,  the  Cam  Timer  is  designed  to  control  the  flow  of  exhaust 
gases  to  a  stack. 

Aside  from  its  outstanding  insulating  qualities,  letters,  numerals, 
and  symbols  may  be  easily  and  clearly  printed  on  Synthane  by  our 
Synthographic  process.  Synthane  Corporation,  Oaks,  Pennsylvania. 

^ — w — ^ 

SYNTHANE  ItCHNIC«l  PUSIICS  •  OtSICN  •  M«TEIII«LS  •  F«BI1IC»TI0N  •  SHEHS  •  ROBS  •  TUBES  •  FABRICATED  PARTS  •  MOlllEB-HACBAItD  •  HOLDEDUM.M..: 

S()\  EMBER.  1947  37 


It's  NORBIDE^  •  . 

A  Norton  development  that's 
mighty  useful  to  industry 

A  product  of  Norton  research,  its  unique  characteristics 
make  it  very  helpful  in  three  entirely  different  ways 

—  as  an  abrasive  for  lapping  superhard  materials  — in 
molded  form  where  extreme  resistance  to  wear  is  de- 
sired—or for  metallurgical  use  as  an  alloying  agent. 

Norbide  is  the  trade-mark  for  Norton  Boron  Carbide,  a 
material  produced  by  fusing  two  commonplace  materials, 
boric  acid  and  petroleum  coke,  in  the  electric  furnace  at 
terrific  temperatures.  It  is  harder  than  any  material  ex- 
cept the  diamond. 

Not  only  is  Norbide*  extremely  useful  as  an  abrasive  but 
because  it  is  self-bonding  under  high  pressure  at  high 
temperatures,  it  can  be  molded  into  a  variety  of  products 
that  are  finding  wide  application  for  their  exceptional 
resistance  to  wear  and  other  unique  properties. 

The  fascinating  story  of  Norbide  products  and  fheir  many 
interesiing  applicaiions  is  described  in  catalog  378-CP. 
Every  engineering  student  will  want  a  copy.  Write  today 

—  no  obligation. 

NORTON   COMPANY,   WORCESTER   6,  MASS. 

Behr-Manning,  Troy,  N.  Y.  is  a  Norton  Division 

'Registered  trade-mark  for  Norton  Boron  Corbido 


NORTON 


38 


ILLINI  IN  ACTION  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  l',ij;f  IS) 
ahrasivf  engineer  for  the  Hay  State 
.^hrasivc  company  of  Westhoro,  Mass. 
He  will  ser\e  Chicago  and  the  midwest. 
.After  graduation  he  went  with  the 
I'hoeiiix  (Ilass  compan\-,  then  became 
assistant  ceramic  engineer  in  the  clay 
and  silicate  division  of  the  National 
Hureau  of  Standards  in  Washington. 
\lo:,t  recently  he  has  been  connected 
with  the  sale  and  manufacture  of 
foundry  snagging  wheels. 

.At  a  recent  family  night  party  at 
Western  Electric's  Hawthorne  plant 
LOUIS  A.  STAP^F  '42,  a  W.K.  en- 
gineer, received  the  Distinguished  Serv- 
ice Cross  for  his  heroism  in  battle 
against  the  Germans. 

.Mr.  Staff's  heroism  was  exhibited  be- 
tween .April  7  and  9,  1945,  while  serv- 
ing as  a  forward  observer  for  a  platoon 
of  chemical  mortars.  When  his  party 
was  pinned  down  by  heavy  enemy  fire, 
Staff,  a  lieutenant,  waited  until  dark, 
Tiid  then  evacuated  his  men  to  a  nearby 
wood  where  he  evaded  enemy  patrols 
,  all  night.  The  following  morning,  he 
[  re-established  radio  contact  with  the 
supporting  artillery  and  at  great  per- 
sonal risk,  adjusted  artillery  fire  on 
vital  enemy  emplacements.  He  then 
brought  his  men  back  through  enemy 
lines,  capturing  numerous  prisoners  on 
the  way. 

JERO.ME  E.  ^LACHAMER  '22. 
assistant  general  superintendent  of  the 
Hibbing-Chisholm  (.Minnesota)  district 
of  the  ()li\er  Iron  Mining  company, 
has  been  elected  a  vice  president  in  the 
firm.  He  joined  the  Oliver  organization 
soon  after  graduation,  working  first  as 
a  mining  engineer  in  the  Canisteo  dis- 
trict. In  1930,  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Virginia  district.  He  was  made  gen- 
eral crusher  plant  foreman  at  the  Vir- 
ginia-Eveleth  crushing  plant  in  1934, 
was  promoted  to  assistant  superintendent 
of  the  Hibbing-Chisholm  district  in 
1942,  became  superintendent  of  the 
Hartle\-Frazer  mine  in  1943,  and  in 
September.  1946,  was  appointed  assist- 
ant general  superintendent  of  the  Hib- 
bing-Chisholm area.  .A  native  of  Chi- 
cago, Machamer  attended  Oberlin  col- 
lege from  1912  to  1914.  .After  serving 
in  the  .Air  corps  during  World  W^ar  I, 
he  entered  the  U.  of  I.  to  study  mining 
engineering. 

THOMAS  A.  .MURRELL  '33, 
Washington,  D.  C,  an  expert  consult- 
ant in  the  field  of  radar  for  the  War 
department,  has  been  named  an  assistant 
professor  of  electrical  engineering  in  the 
University  of  Illinois. 

Rorn  in  Lebanon,  Kentucky,  he  at- 
tended the  L  niversity  of  Louisville, 
graduating  in  electrical  engineering  in 
(Continued   on    Page  40) 

THE   TECHNOGR.APH 


QUESTION: 


What  do  these  things  have  in  common? 


^^Jm  ' *-^ -:-::.- "11 

A  children's  playground  '. . . .  a  private  pleasure  plane  . . . 


An  inter  urban  bus a  battery  of  coke  ovens  . . 


An  oil  well  in  the  ocean 

They\'e  all  been  made  more  efficient  by  the 
engineering  or  chemical  skill  of  Koppers 

HERE'S  HOW:  1.  Koppers  durable  Tarmac  surfacing  for  play- 
grounds, roads,  airports.  2.  Koppers  Aeromatic,  variable-pitch 
propellers.  3.  Koppers  American  Hammered  Piston  Rings. 
4.  Koppers-designed  and  Koppers-built  coke  plants.  5.  Koppers 
pressure-treated  timber  for  underwater  structures  that  must  resist 
marine-borers.  6.  Koppers  chemicals  from  coal  for  use  in  insecti- 
cides. All  these,  and  many  more,  are  Koppers  products.  All  bear  the 
Koppers  trade-mark...  the  symbol  of  a  many-sided  service.  \A^herever 
you  see  it,  it  means  top  quality.  Koppers  Co.,  Inc.,  Pittsburgh  19,  Pa. 


sOVEMBER.  1947 


and  a  deadly  insecticide? 


39 


ILLINI  IN  ACTION  .  .  . 

(Continucil    trom    I'agc  38) 

l')J6,  .'11111  the  L  iiiversit>'  of  Wisconsin, 
vvht'iT  he  received  the  doctorate  degree 
in  ph\sics  in  1941.  Hetore  jioing  to 
Wisconsin  he  had  spent  a  year  as  en- 
gineer with  the  Louisville  (jas  and  Elec- 
tric company.  He  taught  as  an  under- 
graduate assistant  at  Louisville  and  as  a 
graduate  assistant  at  Wisconsin. 

In  1941,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  radiation  laborator\'  at  NLissachu- 
setts  Listitute  of  Technology,  aiding  the 
de\elopment  of  radar  systems,  and  being 
project  engineer  for  the  production  of 
airborne  radar.  In  1944,  he  became  an 
expert  consultant  in  the  office  of  the 
secretary,  being  sent  with  special  groups 
to  England  and   to  the    Philippines. 

At  MIT,  he  was  a  member  of  a  radai' 
de\ei()pment  group  headed  b\-  Profes- 
sor LOUIS  N.  RIDKNOrR,  now 
dean  of  the  (Graduate  school  at  the  Ini- 
vcrsity  of   Illinois. 

Professor  JULIAN  R.  FELLOWS, 
M.S.  '.^4,  and  JOHN  C.  MILES,  M.S. 

'4(1,  both  of  the  mechanical  engineering 
staff,  ha\e  invented  the  Illini  down-draft 
furnace,  which  burns  coal  smokelessiy. 
The  L  .  of  I.  Foundation  holds  furnace 
patent.  A  model  is  being  manufactured 
b\    the    Lennox    Furnace    company    and 


will    in-    le.idv     loi'    general    s.ile    before 
next   >ear. 

The  first  draft  of  "A  Histor\  of  rlie 
College  of  Engineering  of  the  Uni\er- 
sitv  of  Illinois,  1868-194S,"  bv  IRA  O. 
M.AKER  '74  and  EVERETT  E. 
KIN(j  of  the  ci\il  engineering  depart- 
ment is  ready  for  revision.  The  late 
Professor  Halcer  was  one  of  the  college's 
best  known  men  and  was  in  the  field 
of  civil  engineering.  Professor  l'"meritus 
King  retired  two  \ears  ago  and  has 
done  a  great  deal  of  work  on  the  book 
since  then.  Professor  Haker  carried  for- 
ward to  1920.  Not  a  great  many  copies 
will  be  printed,  since  the  main  purpose, 
as  Mr.  King  describes  it,  will  be  to  have 
a  college  reference  book  for  engineer- 
ing facidty  men.  A  limited  number  of 
copies  will  be  available  for  aluniiu  ami 
others. 

More  than  4ll  new  faculty  members 
have  been  appointed  to  the  College  of 
Engineering,  including  one  of  the  sci- 
entists who  helped  establish  radar  con- 
tact with  the  moon.  He  is  HAROLD 
D.  WEBB  who  will  be  an  assistant 
professor  of  electrical  engineering.  A 
new  professor  in  theoretical  and  applied 
mechanics  is  NELS  O.  MIKLESTAD, 
who,  during  the  war,  served  as  consult- 
ant for  the  California  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology on  research  problems  in  dynamics, 
vibration  and  stress  analysis.  ALFRED 


.M.  FREUDENTHAL  oi  the  Univer- 
sity of  Haifa,  Palestine,  will  be  visit- 
ing professor  of  T.  and  A.  .M.  for 
1947-48  and  will  devote  part  of  his 
time  to  research  projects  on  the  fatigue 
of  metals. 

This  year  DR.  R.AY  L.  SWEKIERT 
'20  took  over  his  new  work  as  dean  of 
the  Division  of  (Iraduate  Studies  at 
(leorgia  School  of  Technology,  Atlanta. 
He  has  been  on  the  staff  there  since 
1929,  serving  as  professor  of  mechanical 
engineering,  director  of  engineering,  sci- 
ence and  management,  war  training 
and  co-director  of  the  Institute  of  Cit- 
izenship. He  did  special  work  for  the 
Navy  on  its  turbine  design  and  for 
Pratt  &  Whitney  and  United  .Aircraft 
durmg  the  war. 

When  CURT  TALBOT  '36  went  to 
(leneral  Electric  right  after  graduation, 
he  kept  on  studying  electrical  engineer- 
ing, this  time  in  the  company's  general 
and  commercial  coin'ses.  Between  hours 
of  work  and  study  he  went  out  to  the 
Schenectady  airport  to  practic  flying, 
piling  up  500  hours  and  getting  his  com- 
mercial license.  By  stud\ing  in  both 
these  fields,  Curt  was,  unknowingly, 
giving  himself  the  best  possible  prepara- 
tion for  his  present  job — that  of  man- 
ager of  the  new  Cieneral  Electric  Flight 
Test  laboratory 


s 


CHREIBER'S  BOOK  STORE 

LIDE  RULES 

CARDS  OF  ALL  SORTS 
T   XARD  TO  FIND  ITEMS 
TISTS'  SUPPLIES 


H 


711  South  Wright 
Champaign 


R 


engineering  supplies 
Tnk 

T3  OOKS 
-L^TT^RASERS 

R,g 


ERS 

UNDRY  ITEMS 


40 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Because 
photography 
is  graphic... 


Do 


'own  go  the  curtains.  Off  go  the  lights. 
And  as  the  fihn  begins,  the  chiss  becomes  alert,  at- 
tentive, absorbed.  Photography  is  graphic  . . . 

Because  it's  graphic,  educators  use  films  to  bring 
the  breath  of  life  into  the  classroom  ...  to  give  new 
meaning  to  the  teaching  of  history,  science,  mathe- 
matics, and  other  school  subjects. 

Because  it's  graphic,  industry  uses  films  to  remove 


employee  relations  fiom  the  realm  of  the  abstract . . . 
to  give  vivid  impact  to  health  and  safety  campaigns 
...  to  explain  clearly  the  "hows  and  whys"  in  train- 
ing programs. 

ISccause  it's  graphic,  advertisers  use  films  to  bring 
out  a  product's  allure  ...  to  pictiue  its  promise  in 
true-to-life  detail ...  to  arouse  and  hold  their  pros- 
pect's interest. 

This  characteristic— with  others  equally  unique— 
gives  photography  broad  applicational  scope.  For  an 
introduction  to  some  of  its  most  important  functional 
applications,  write  for  "Functional  Photography.'' 
It  is  free,  of  course. 
Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Functional  Photography 

is  advancing  business  and  industrial  technics 


hUsik 


...  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  CHEMISTRY 


SILICONE  PROGRESS 

Increasing  Uses  Found 

for  Amazing 
Organosilicon  Products 


A  suiliicc  fiiiiNli  thai  sets  new  standards 
in  tluial)ilily?  Stove  and  heater  finishes 
tliat  ivitlistand  iiigh  temperatures  with- 
out cracking  or  discoloration?  An  oil 
that  flows  at  120  below  zero  and  does 
not  i<^nite  at  575  V'c  These  are  just  a 
few  of  the  possibilities— and  realities— 
of  silicone  chemistry. 


dominant,  while  the  undesirable  char- 
.i<ieiisti(s  are  retessive  or  <am])letelv 
eliminated. 


^^^ 


Organosilicon  chcmistrv  dates  back 
almost  a  century.  lUn  only  in  recent 
years  did  General  Electric  begin  investi- 
gating silicones  for  industrial  uses.  With 
the  war.  the  amazing  heat-  and  cold- 
resistant  properties  ol  silicone  products 
lountl  several  important  applications 
(like  silicone  rubber  gaskets  for  super- 
chargers). .-\nd  now.  with  a  new  plant 
completed  at  VVaterford,  N.  Y.,  General 
Electric  silicones  can  begin  to  flow  in 
quaiuity  to  many  types  of  industries. 

WHAT  THEY  ARE 

Just  what  are  silicones?  General  Ele(  ti  ic 
silifones  are  products  of  research- 
highly  versatile  synthetics  derived  by 
"ciossing"  organic  and  inorganic  sid)- 
stances.  The  combination  results  in  an 
entirely  new  and  prolific  family,  in 
which   the   virtues  of   each   parent   are 


A  siiitone's  basic  chemical  sirnclurc 
is  a  silicon-oxygen  molecule  derived 
liom  sand.  The  insertion  of  organic 
groups  into  this  purely  inorganic  sili- 
con-oxygen combination  endows  it  with 
plasticity,  flexibility,  and  workability, 
without  appreciably  lessening  its  in- 
herent virtues  of  heat,  chemical  and 
weather  stability. 

WHERE  THEY  GO 

Where  can  these  products  of  G-E  sili- 
cfine  research  be  applied?  Here  is  a  list- 
ing whi(h  indicates  some  uses,  bv 
categories: 

1.  SILICONE  GREASES:  Filling  com 
pounds,  dielectrics,  ball-bearing  and 
slope  oc  k  hdnicanis,  and  vacuum-sealing 
(onipoinids. 

2.  SILICONE  OILS:  Aircraft  hydraulic 
svstcnis,  brakes,  fluid  couplings,  manom- 


eters: tl.imping  li(|uids:  dielectric  heat 
liansfer  mediums:  diffusion  pump  li(|- 
iiids:  and  mold  rele:ise  agents. 

3.  SILICONE  RESINS:  lieoii.;.!  iiisnl..- 
lion:  paints,  iriaincis  :uul  siiTiil:n  pio- 
te<ti\e  and  decorative  fluislies;  plastics, 
:Mid  adhesi\es. 

4.  SILICONE  RUBBER:  Gaskets  for  oven 
doors,  scan  blights,  \acuinii  chambers, 
refrigerators.  cap;icitor  bushings;  coated 
cloth  for  diaphragms  atul  insulating 
lapes,  :ind  clc-icirig  applications. 


5.  DRI-FILM'  WATER   REPELLENTS: 

Li(]uid  com|>ositions  tor  treating  paper, 
(loth,  plastics,  asbestos,  glass,  ceramics, 
powders.  :nid  leather. 

•  .Vt  (ieneral  Electric  the  doors  to 
silitone  research  have  been  swtnig  wide. 
Possibilities  for  further  development  are 
virtually  unlimited— awaiting  oidy  the 
imagination,  knowledge,  and  skill  of 
today's  and  tomorrow's  chemists.  For 
more  information  write  Chemical  Dc- 
pnrtmeiil .(icneral  Electric  Compnny. 
I'ills/ield.  Mnssacli  usetls. 


A  mexsaije  to  stiiitents  uj  chemistry  and  cheitiival  eiKjiiiferiiiij  jrnni 

DR.  A.   L.   MARSHALL 

Head  of  Chemistry  Division 

General  Electric  Research  Laboratory 

The  pr()jire.ss  made  in  the  Held  of  orKaiiosilicoii  oheniistry  is  only 
a  prelude  to  that  which  can  he  expected  in  tlie  near  future. 
YouuH  technical  men  of'  today— and  those  seeking  a  fascinating 
branch  of  chemistry  toward  which  to  direct  their  studies  for 
tomorrow's  research- will  do  well  to  investigate  thoroughly  the 
opportunities  I'nr  endca\'or  offered  by  organosilicon  chemistry. 


GENERAL  S  ELECTRIC 


PLASTICS    •    SILICONES    •    INSULATING  MATERIALS    •   GLYPTAL  ALKYD  RESINS     •    PERMANENT  MAGNETS 


'X 


J 


^taox* 


•>  • 


^-^• 


DefemTier.  i!l47^  25  Ce 


MEMBER    or    CT^GINEERING-^OLLEGe"  MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 


"—Many  shall  run  to  and  fro,  and  knowledge  ivill  be  increased" -danki^xu,  4. 


Why  transportation  gets  better  all  the  time 


Over  six  IITINDRED  miles  an  hour  in  the  air,  four  hun- 
dred on  land,  one  hundred  on  water— these  are  the  speeds 
that  are  telescoping  time  and  space  today. 

The  world  shrinks  and  shrinks  .  .  .  Distances  that  were 
once  days,  weeks,  months  away  are  now  a  matter  of  hours. 
What  things  behind  the  scenes  have  iirouglu  these  whirl- 
wind developments  in  transportation? 

There's  chromium,  for  one.  Ilasis  of  stainless  steel,  it 
toughens  planes,  cars,  trains  .  .  .  insures  added  safety  .  .  . 
yet  makes  them  lighter  throughout. 

There  are  special  carbon  brushes  necessary  to  the  opera- 
tion of  some  thirty  motors  and  generators  used  in  the  con- 
trol apparatus  of  modern  transport  planes.  These  brushes 
must  be  built  to  stand  up  under  tlie  pressures  of  high  alti- 
tude flying. 


Colorful  plastics,  too,  lend  their  lightness,  give  their 
strength,  safety  and  serviceability. 

And  gasoline  now  gives  more  power— has  more  get-up- 
and-go— takes  you  farther  at  less  cost  .  .  .  thanks  to  new 
vitalizing  chemicals. 

Producing  these  betlcr  materials  and  many  others— for 
the  use  of  science  and  industry  and  the  benefit  of  mankind 
—is  the  work  of  the  people  of  Union  Cariiide. 

FREE:  You  are  invited  to  send  lor  the  illiistraled  linolilet,  "Products 
and  Processes,"  which  describes  the  ways  in  which  industry  uses 
VC.C's  Alloys,  Carbons,  Chemicals,  Gases  and  Plastics. 

Union  Carbide 

AJV2f     CAHBOJV     COHJ'OIiATIOJV^ 

30    EAST    42ND     STREET        |im  NEW    YORK    17,    N.    Y. 


Products  oj  Divisions  and  Units  include 

LiNDE  Oxygen    •    Prest-0-Lite  Acetylene    •    Pvrofax  Gas    •    BAKELrrt,  Krene,  Vinyon,  and  Vinylite  Plastics 

National  Carbons    •    F.veready  Flashlights  and  Battkrii  s    .    Acheson  Electrodes 

Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •    Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals  •  Haynes  Stellite  Alloys   •    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


I 
t 


What  Every  Student  Engineer 
Should  Knovir  About  Bearing  Functions 


2. 


t 
I 


HOW      TO      GET      POSITIVE      SHAFT      A  L  I  G  N  M  E  N  T-A  N  D 
ELIMINATE     COU  NTE  R  BOR  I  NG    OF     BEARING     HOUSINGS 


MILLING  MACHINE  SPINDLE  mounted  on  double 
flanged  bearings  front  and  rear.  Rear  bearings  are  carried 
in  floating  sleeve.  Bearings  are  adjusted  by  means  of 
double  lock  nuts  and  tongued  washer. 


MILLING  MACHINE  SPINDLE  using  single  flanged 
bearings  front  and  rear,  the  flanged  bearings  being  used 
to  permit  through  boring  of  the  housing. 


TIMKEN 

TAPdio  Toller  Warimgs 


losl+lve  and  permanent  shaft 
alignment  is  a  vital  factor  in  many 
machines.  Whether  you  get  it  or  not 
depends  on  the  bearings  on  which 
the  shafts  are  mounted. 

You  can  be  sure  of  getting  it  by 
using  Timken  Tapered  Roller  Bearings 
as  shown  In  the  drawings,  because  of 
their  tapered  design;  line  contact  of 
rolls  and  races;  and  precision  adjust- 
ability to  compensate  for  wear. 

Furthermore,  by  the  use  of  Timken 
Flanged  Type  Bearings,  counterbor- 
ing  of  bearing  housings  is  unneces- 
sary, because  no  internal  backing  for 
the  bearings  Is  required.  The  hous- 
ings are  bored  straight  through  and 
the  ends  faced  to  receive  the  flanged 
bearing  cups.  Since  it  is  much  easier 
to  face  this  external  surface  accu- 
rately than  to  keep  the  faces  of 
counterbored  shoulders  absolutely 
square  with  the  center  line  of  the 
housing,  there  Is  no  danger  of  the 
bearing  being  cocked  and  the  shaft 
out  of  line.  Manufacturing  costs  are 
cut,  too. 

The  more  you  know  about  Timken 
Bearings  when  you  graduate,  the 
better  prepared  you  will  be  for  your 
engineering  career. 


THE     TIMKEN      ROLLER     BEARING     COMPANY,     CANTON     6,     OHIO 


iw  Developments 


#/r/  ./«lf/f   IHvh.  K.K.  'tit 

anil  Herh  ytazvr.  U.K.  '.TO 


Micro-Wave 
Spectroscope 

liifiuihcation  ot  wholi'  niok'ciilcs  iil 
chi'inical  siibstaiia-s  may  be  inailo  with 
a  inicro-wavi-  spectroscope,  using  radar 
waves  from  1.2  to  1.6  centimeters  in 
length.  In  this  way  complicated  mole- 
cules such  as  the  hydrocarbons  can  be 
analyzed.  When  micro-waves  are  beamed 
through  the  vapor  of  the  substance  to  be 
anaKzed,  certain  wa\e  lengths  are  ab- 
sorbetl  by  the  molecules.  Thus,  for  each 
substance,  there  is  a  characteristic  pat- 
tern of  absorption  lines  which,  when  pro- 
jected electronically  on  a  scieen.  arc 
easil\'  identihed. 

Basic  elements  of  the  spectroscope  de- 
veloped at  the  Westinghouse  Research 
Laboratories  arc  an  oscillator  ( reflex 
klystron )  wave  guide,  crystal  detector, 
oscillo.scope,  and  sweep  generator  as 
shown  in  the  photograph.  Micro-waves 
emitted  h\  the  oscillator  are  directed 
through  the  wave  guide  which  contains 
the  .sample  vapor  to  be  analyzed.  The 
waves  are  picked  up  at  the  other  end  by 
the  detector  which  transmits  the  impulse 
to  the  oscilloscope.  The  wave  guide  is 
the  long  slender  tube  extending  out  at 
the  lower  left  side  of  the  photograph. 
Compounds  which  have  been  identified 
are  ammonia,  water  vapor,  acetone,  cy- 
anogen bromide,  and  carbonyl  sulfide. 
The  instrument  promises  to  be  a  val- 
uable tool  in  tiie  study  of  molecular  and 
•itomic   nuclei. 


An   electronic  spectroscope   for    identifying    molecules    of   gases 


This  6-inch  long  cathode  ray  tube 
is  designed  for  small,  lightweight 
equipment. 


Miniature  CR  Tube 
For  Small  Testers 

A  newly  developed  NORELCC) 
cathoile  ra\'  tube  (type  3QPI)  for  oscil- 
loscope use  is  very  short,  has  a  Hat  face, 
and  provides  improved  electron-optical 
characteristics,  particularly  at  the  screen 
edge.  The  tube  has  improved  cross-talk 
characteristics  between  deflection-plate 
pairs  and  is  especially  suited  to  the  de- 
sign of  the  imusually  small,  lightweight 
service  equipment  needed  in  television 
installation  and  maintenance  work. 
(Cross-talk  is  the  distortion  on  one  set 
of  dellection  plates  caused  by  the  action 
of  a  signal  on  the  other  set.) 


The  overall  length  of  the  3QPI  is 
only  6  l,/8  inches  and  the  face  diameter 
is  2  3/4  inches.  The  tube  utilizes  PI 
( green )  phosphor  and  has  electrostatic 
focus  and  deflection.  Rated  heater  drain 
is  0.3  amps,  at  6.3  volts.  Capacity  be- 
tween    terminals    varies    from    2    to    9 

[AJJlF. 

Under  typical  comlitions,  operating 
potentials  compare  favorably  with  those 
of  the  usual  cathode  ray  tube ;  second 
anode  voltage  Eb.,  is  800  volts  DC, 
anode  E,„  is  300"  VDC,  grid  cut  oflf 
voltage  is  -¥:>  VDC.  A  voltage  of  168 
volts  between  deflection  plates  D,  and 
D.^  produces  a  beam  deflection  of  one 
inch  while  105  volts  between  plates  D^ 
and  D,  produce  a  deflection  of  one  inch. 

THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


ALUMINUM    BRAINS    FOR   THE    ASKING 


Some  day  you  are  going  to  want  to  know  something  that 
you  won't  have  learned  in  college.  And  won't  find  in  books. 

You  are  going  to  consider  using  aluminum  for  some 
purpose  where  the  engineering  isn't  all  spelled  out  for 
you.  You'll  want  facts  about  aluminum  that  you  can 
apply  to  your  problem;  and  guidance  in  using  them. 

When  that  happens,  remember  to  call  on  the  brains 
that  have  stored  up  more  knowledge  of  aluminum  than 
you  can  find  anywhere  else.  For  59  years  this  brain  has 
been  gathering  facts  and  experience  in  making  aluminum 
useful  in  thousands  of  ways. 


We  are  talking  about  the  cumulative  corporate  brain 
of  ALCOA  .  .  .  Aluminum  Company  of  America.  When 
it  goes  to  work  on  your  problem,  the  particular  kind  of 
knowledge  needed  is  sure  to  be  found  in  one  or  more  of 
this  brain's  many  parts  ...  in  the  minds  of  the  scien- 
tists, engineers,  plant  men  and  salesmen  who  make  up 
this  corporate  brain  of  ours. 

Their  metallurgical  experience,  their  counsel  on 
design,  their  intimate  knowledge  of  aluminum  fabrica- 
tion and  finishes  ...  all  yours  for  the  asking.  Aluminum 
Company  of  America,  Gulf  Bldg.,  Pittsburgh  19,  Pa. 


MORE   people   want   MORE   aluminum   for   MORE    uses   than    ever 


MJ^(Q)l^ 


FIRST     IN 


ALUMINUM 


DECEMBER,  1947 


Ill  the  electrical  iiiamifacturing 
iiitlustrv,  it  takes  an  engineer  to 
sell.  He  must  he  prepared  not 
onlv  to  explain  the  features,  con- 
struction and  design  of  his  prod- 
uct, hut  must  he  ahle  to  apply 
it  as  well.  He  should  foresee 
operating  prohlems  of  his  cus- 
tomer and  he  ahle  to  explain 
how  the  apparatus  works  under 
every  condition. 

For  example,  at  Westinghouse: 

APPARATUS  SALESMEN ...  are  responsihle  for  the  sales  of 

all  Westinghouse  products  to  a  group  of  regular  customers. 

PRODUCT  SPECIALISTS  .  .  .  are  experts  on  specific 
t\pes  of  equipment;  thev  know  and  can  demonstrate 
how   the  motor,  switchgear  or  other  apparatus  works. 

DIVISION  SALES  ENGINEERS  ...  are  specialists  cover- 
ing broad  lines  of  products  such  as  steam  equipment, 


radio  apparatus  and  arc  experts  in  its  application. 
INDUSTRY  SALESMEN  .  .  .  keep  ahreast  of  changing 
developments  in  speeihc  industries,  such  as  textile, 
steel,  petroleiun  .  .  .  and  i'orniuiale  plans  to  maintain 
the  advance  position  of  \\  estinghouse  in  these  fields. 
Your  sales  o|(|M(rtunities  with  Westinghouse  are  as 
hroad  as  industry  itself.  Wherever  power  is  applied, 
there's  need  for  Westinghouse  equipment.  g-ioo(u 


This  is  hut  onp  of  the  many  oppor- 
tunities open  in  the  electrical  field. 
There  are  many  others — in  enpineer- 
inj;,  research  and  manufacturing  at 
^  eslinfjhouse.  Bepin  plans  for  your 
future  hy  sending  today  for  your  free 
ropy  of  "Finding  Your  Place  in 
Industry". 


ouse 

OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


To  ohiain  cop\  of  "Finding  Your  Place  in  Industry",  consult  Place- 
nienl  Olliccr  of  your  uniyersity,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

The  District  Educational  Coordinator 

If  estinghouse  Electric  Corporation 

20  /\.  l\  ncher  Drive,  P.O.  Box  B,  Zone  90 

Chicago  6.  Illinois 

Name 


.^tatc 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

Ijeorge   R.   Foster Editor 

Francis  Green Assistant  Editor 

Ed  VVitort Assistant  Editor 

Barbara   Schmidt. ..l/ci/'cw/i   Editor 


Riportin// 


John  Dick 
Don  Hornbeck 
Donald  Johnson 
Karl   HilRendort 
Ralph  Lending 
Tom  Moore 
Martin  Sahath 
C'.irl  Sonnenschein 
(.fiie  Fisher 
1  Irrhert  Jacobson 
nil  k  Hammack 
Kenneth  McOwan 
('■mriie  Minnick 


Al  Rust 
Phil  Doll 
Ronald  Johnson 
Herbert  Mazer 
Melvin  Reiter 
John  Shurtleff 
Arthur  Welcher 
Shirley  Smith 
Sam  Jefferies 
(ilenn  Massie 
CJeorge  Ricker 
Duke  Silvestrini 


Photography 
(ieiie  Robinson,  Illustrations  Editor 


led  Sohn 
Will V  Woo 
Willard  E.  Jnne 


BobVan  Winkle 
Jack  Stumpf 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Knhert  A.  Johnson.. Bus.  JMgr. 

Sranley  Diamond ../:/m7  Bus.  Mgr. 
Charles  ]a.nscn....Ass't  Bus.  ]\lgr. 

Richard   Leek .Ass't  Bus.  Mgr. 

Frfd  Seavey Ass't  Bus.  Algr. 

Jnhn  Bogatta  Robert  Cox 

Rmlv  \'ergara  CSerry  Thompson 

( it-iirge  Kvitek  Robert  Levin 

Mil  hell  Cassidy  William  Anderson 

Junes  Chapman  Harold  Wilson 


Faculty   Advisers 

J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


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fA» 


1^-^ 


Volume  63 


Number  3 


T/ie  lech  Presents 


ARTICLES 

Agricultural    Machinery    Design 7 

Al  Rust.  Ag.E.  '4S 

Machine  Tool  Developments 8 

Ronald  Johnson.  Com/ii.   '4S 

Industrial    Sightseeing 10 

West    Meets    East 14 

Carl  Sonnensihein .  iM.E.   '4S 


DEPARTMENTS 

\e\v  De\elopments 2 

John  Dick.  E.E.  'JS.  and  Ilerh  Mazer.  E.E.   '50 

Engineering    Societies 12 

John  Shurtleff.  Ch.E.  '50.  and  Dick  Hammack.  G.  E.  '4S 

Introducing    18 

Mel  Reiter.  Arch.E.  '49.  and  Ken  McOuan.  M.E.   '49 
Connie  Minnich.   C.E.  '51 

Editorial   20 

Crossword   Puzzle 16 


OUR  COVER 

This  hole  in  the  ground  at  the  southeast  corner  of  California 
street  and  Mathews  avenue  is  the  first  phase  in  the  construction 
of  the  new  chemistry  building.  (Gene  Robinson). 

FRONTISPIECE 

The  stethoscope,  believe  it  or  not,  is  not  limited  to  the  medi- 
cal profession.  Here  it  is  shown  being  used  for  the  inspection 
of  time  switches.   (Courtesy  of  Sangamo  Electric  company). 


^^v. 


Resign  of  Igriciiltiiral  Mmx] 


"Weeii-taiiH-r,"  "plin\-jockey,"  hay- 
shaker"  or  whatexer  \ou  prefer  to  call 
him,  the  farmer  is  one  of  the  largest 
users  of  the  steel  output  from  the  foun- 
dries in  this  countr\'  toilay.  According 
to  the  1945  census  report  by  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  there  were 
5,800,000  f  a  r  m  operators  utilizing 
$5,150,000,000  worth  of  farm  imple- 
ments and  machinery.  This  means  that 
nearly  one-third  of  the  total  income  of 
the  farmer  has  been  invested  in  farm 
machinery,  excluding  automobiles.  The 
farm  equipment  industry  then  is  defi- 
nitely not  in  its  infancy  and  its  size  indi- 
cates that  employment  for  many  an  aspir- 
ing agricultural  engineer  can  be  assiued 
in   this  occupation. 

The  mbanite  needs  to  go  no  further 
than  his  own  city  limits  before  he  visual- 
izes the  farmer  in  action  surrounded  by 
a  group  of  implements  which  have  been 
designed  and  produced  after  several  de- 
cades of  modification  and  refinements. 
He  might  exclaim  "Farming  is  really  a 
soft  life  with  all  these  new  modern 
labor-saving  devices,"  and  "push-button 
farming  is  practically  here!"  Needless 
to  say,  both  statements  are  rather  inac- 
curate. However,  it  is  true  that  the 
design  and  production  of  farm  machin- 
ery has  kept  pace  and  will  continue  to 
keep  pace  with  rapid  advances  in  other 
industries. 


Bu  .M  It  us/.  Aff.K.  'tn 

What  is  the  basis  for  farm  machine 
design?  How  is  an  implement  designed 
and  built?  For  the  answers  to  these 
questions  the  engineer  must  go  through  a 
logical  thought  process  before  he  can 
establish  an   idea  on  paper. 

What  job  must  the  machine  do?  How 
must  it  perform  under  various  field  con- 
ditions? What  must  be  its  capacity? 
How  much  can  the  company  afford  to 
spend  on  the  machine  in  design  and  engi- 


Concurrent  with  the  record  out- 
put of  foodstuffs  in  tliis  country 
is  the  approaching  maturity  of  the 
farm  machinery  industry.  Sparked 
vvitli  an  expanding  outlook  toward 
the  information  gained  by  recent 
research  and  development  engi- 
neering, the  industry  is  rapidly 
working  toward  the  ultimate  goal 
of  functional  design.  This  article 
deals  with  a  few  of  these  design 
problems  of  which  many  have  been 
demonstrated  by  the  experience  of 
the   farmers   themselves. 


neering?  For  the  answers  to  some  of 
these  questions  the  farm  implement  de- 
signer must  be  a  combination  engineer, 
agriculturist  and  prophet.  What  he  must 
keep  in  mind  is  that  there  may  be  any- 
where from  5  to  50  other  manufacturers 


working  on  a  design  for  the  same  type  of 
implement.  The  field  is  highly  competi- 
ti\e.  If  the  designer  comes  through  with 
an  idea  that  is  patentable,  there  is  al- 
ways the  necessity  of  checking  through 
files  for  infringement  on  someone  else's 
patent  rights.  A  system  of  cross  license 
of  patents  is  used  in  the  farm  equipment 
industry.  For  example,  this  makes  it 
possible  for  the  John  Deere  Company  to 
use  International  Harvester  Company 
patents  for  the  price  that  International 
asks.  These  prices  are  usually  not  ex- 
cessive since  there  may  be  a  mutual  prop- 
osition between  companies  for  use  of 
other  patents.  Once  the  manufacturer 
sees  a  clear  covnse  outlined  he  turns  his 
engineering  "blood-hounds"  loose  on 
turning  out  an  experimental  machine. 

Designing  and  building  a  modern 
farm  machine  goes  through  somewhat  the 
same  procedure  before  production  that 
an  automobile  might.  Ideas  for  a  new 
machine  or  an  improvement  in  an  exist- 
ing design  may  be  conceived  almost  any- 
where— agricultural  experiment  stations, 
the  U.  S.  D.  A.,  and  the  farmers  them- 
selves. The  latter  is  probably  the  most 
prolific  source  since  one  farmer  or  a 
group  of  farmers  often  experiment  with 
an  idea  and  use  their  own  machine  shops. 
The  manufacturer  receives  the  idea  from 
the  farmer  through  the  local  farm  imple- 
(  Continued  on    Page  28  ) 


Of  the  agricultural  design  features  adopted  by  industry,  many  originate  with 
the  farmer,  himself.  Shown  here  are  (left)  a  homemade  power  take-off  and 
(right)   a    hoist   attachment   for   loading    dirt,    manure,    and    limestone. 


DECEMBER.  1947 


I.00kl\(i  1111(11) . . .  Miidiiiii'  Tool  Dmiopiiioiits 


#/f/  lt»ntil*l  'lahnHwn.  1'oniiii.  '  ttt 


Cdiistaiit  lU'W  ili'siyns  ami  iniproNC- 
mcnts  in  inacliiiu'iv  and  machine  tools  in 
nioilfrn  industry  arc  tlu-  basis  for  Anui 
ica's  hijj:h  k-vcl  ot  production.  Throujih 
thfsc  iniprovenicnts  we  are  able  to  "out 
do"  the  rest  of  the  world  in  producing 
superior  equipment. 

An  entireh  new  concept  in  the  field 
of  horizontal  enj;ine  lathes  has  been  de- 
\eloped.  It  is  designed  primarily  for  be- 
tween center  work  on  shaft  and  chuck- 
ing jobs  where  turning,  grooving,  facing 
and  angle  turning  operations  are  re- 
quired. This  machine,  having  three 
spindles  with  identical  tooling  for  each 
spindle,  produces  three  pieces  of  finished 
work  for  each  complete  cycle  of  func- 
tions. This  lathe  makes  possible  rough 
and  finish  cuts  with  single  point  tooling 
for  the  majority  of  machining  operations 
with  attendant  savings  in  tooling  costs. 
However  when  operations  such  as  groo\- 
ing  or  nicking  for  grinding  are  required, 
a  multiple-tool  block  is  used  which  works 
in  conjunction  with  single  point  tools 
and  is  controlled  and  operated  b>  an 
automatic  control  unit  <as  a  single  func- 
tion in  the  machining  cycle. 

Departing  from  the  usual  engine  lathe 
design,  this  new  horizontal  lathe  olifers 
the  following  advantages  never  before 
incorporated  in  horizontal  lathes: 

1 .  An  innovation  for  greater  opera- 
tor's coinenience  is  the  location  of  the 
head  stock  and  the  .\Ian-Au-Control 
Unit  with  all  the  machine  operating 
controls  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the 
operator. 


.\t  llie  Maehine  Tool  Conferenec 
held  in  ChieaRo  this  fall,  the  exhi- 
bitions were  keynoted  with  ma- 
ehinery  which  was  designed  to 
revoliitioni/.e  methods  and  acceler- 
ate the  production  of  parts.  Exem- 
plifying this  type  of  maehine  are 
the  horizontal  lathe  and  the  gear 
and  worm  shaper  which  are  the 
subjects  of  this  article. 


_'.  Three  spnuiles  produce  three  pieces 
in  less  time  than  normally  required  for 
one. 

^.  All  three  spindles  are  equipped 
with  hydraulically  -  operated  centering 
type  lever  gripping  chucks.  These  chucks 
perform  two  functions:  first,  to  extend 
the  center  which  picks  up  the  work,  and 
second,  two  hydraulicalh -operated  le\ers 
grip  the  work,  thereby  eliminating  the 
use  of  driving  dogs. 

4.  Each  hydraulic  chuck  is  individ- 
ually foot  treadle  operated.  This  gives 
the  operator  unrestricted  use  of  both 
hands. 

5.  Both  saddle  and  tool  slide  are 
mounted  in  the  vertical  plane,  and  travel 
horizontally  on  vertical  bearing  ways. 
Because  of  this  vertical  construction, 
chips  fall  freely  into  the  chip  receiver 
without  any  accumulation  around  the 
work    or    the    machine    operating    parts. 

6.  An  automatic  feed  interrupter 
breaks  the  chips  to  convenient  lengths 
for  removal  from  the  chip  receiver. 


7.  The  woik  and  tools  are  ;dways 
\  isible  and  casiK'  accessible  to  the  oper- 
ator without  reaching  across  the  tools 
the  tool  slide. 

Any  setup  is  easily  and  quickly 
changed  to  meet  requirements  of  another 
job.  Since  it  is  not  cam  operated,  its 
\ersatility  in  change  over  from  one  job 
to  another  makes  it  practical  and  efficient 
on  short  or  long  runs.  The  availability 
lit  either  manual  or  automatic  operation 
to  suit  conditions  makes  it  a  practical 
machine  for  extremely  short  runs.  In 
niaiuial  operations,  functions  are  per- 
formed faster  than  with  most  types  of 
manually-operated  engine  lathes.  After 
speeds  and  feeds  are  once  set  for  a  given 
job,  these  are  automatically  selected  at 
the  proper  time,  even  when  in  manual 
operation. 

The  control  and  feed  unit  will  control 
the  head  through  39  different  and  en- 
tirely unrelated  functions  in  any  se- 
quence. With  this  unit  the  machine  is 
cutting  almost  continuously.  There  are 
no  stops  while  the  operator  measures  the 
piece  or  changes  the  feeds  or  speeds  and 
other  customary  operations.  The  ma- 
chine is  set  up  for  a  fixed  maximum  pro- 
duction. There  is  no  loss  of  time  due  to 
the  operators  indecisions  or  the  element 
of  fatigue. 

The  automatic  control  vmit  returns 
the  tool  carrying  head  to  the  starting 
position  by  the  shortest  path.  Since  it  is 
not  necessary  to  retrace  the  cutting  path, 
scoring  the  work  is  eliminated.  It  also 
eliminates   trial    cuts   on   each    piece,    re- 


Left:  A  Bullard  horizontal  engine  lathe  equipped  to  handle  three  pieces  of 
work  simultaneously.  Right:  Diagram  of  a  typical  piece  of  work  handled  by 
the    lathe. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


suiting  in  a  greater  degree  of  accuracy 
and  uniformity  of  finished  woriv. 

The  control  and  feed  unit  is  flexible 
— it  has  no  predetermined  sequence  of 
operating  functions,  except  when  it  is  not 
set  for  a  given  job.  An\-  of  the  39  func- 
tions may  be  quickly  changed  without 
disturbing  other  settings.  This  is  inval- 
uable where  change  of  work  design  af- 
fects a  few  dimensions  of  the  total  setup. 

P'lexibility  of  control  permits  the  op- 
erator during  the  machine's  automatic 
cycle  to  instantly  change  from  automatic 
to  manual  operations  by  simply  moving 
one  lever.  When  this  is  done,  the  head 
is  controlled  manually  and  can  be  mo\ed 
to  any  position  desired  by  the  operator. 
The  machine  may  be  restarted  in  an\ 
position  of  the  automatic  cycle  by  mov- 
ing the  same  lever  back  to  the  automatic 
position.  This  is  a  tremendous  advan- 
tage in  the  event  of  tool  breakage  during 
a  cut  or  for  the  removal  of  a  part  before 
it  is  completeh  finished. 

Flexibility  of  feed  and  traverse  strokes 
from  .005  in.  to  the  capacity  of  the  ma- 
chine greatly  reduces  the  machine  setup 
time  and  minimizes  setup  operations. 

Automatic  changes  of  feeds  and  speeds 
while  the  machine  is  cutting  enables  the 
machuie  to  use  modern  cutting  tools  to 
their  maximum  capacity'  and  provides  a 
high  degree  of  production  efficiency. 

Figure  1  is  an  example  of  the  high 
level  production  methods  used  by  this 
machine. 

Thread  Generator 

Another  advancement  in  tlie  field  of 
machine  tools  is  the  Fellows  4-T  thread 
generator.  This  machine  works  on  the 
molding-generating  principle  and  uses  a 
helical-type  gear  shaper  cutter.  The 
principle  of  operation  can  be  clearh'  vis- 
ualized if  one  considers  threads  as  rack 
teeth   that  are  wrapped  around    a  cylin- 


Front  view  of  the  Fellows  4T  thread  generator 


der  in  a  helical  path.  In  generating 
these  threads  the  work  rotates  upon  its 
axis  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the 
cutter.  The  cutter  also  rotates  in  har- 
mony with  the  w-ork — that  is,  cutter  and 
work  are  geared  together  in  relation  to 
their  respective  numbers  of  teeth  and 
threads. 

The  cutter  is  carried  on  a  spindle  ro- 
tatively  mounted  in  a  head,  the  latter 
being  held  on  a  slide  that  is  moved  along 
a  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  work.  It 
produces  threads  by  molding-generating 
process.  Figure  2  shows  a  close  view 
of  the  cutter  at  work  cutting  a  double- 
threaded  worm,  and  illustrates  the  prin- 
ciple of  operation  of  this  machine. 


Nature    of  the   (Cutting   Action 

Some  idea  of  the  production  possibili- 
ties of  this  method  of  cutting  worms  and 
threads  can  be  obtained  from  a  study  of 
the  cutting  action  illustrated  diagramati- 
cally  in  Fig.  2.  The  cutting  action  is 
analogous  to  that  of  using  a  rotary  circ- 
ular cutting  tool  in  the  lathe,  with  the 
exception  that  instead  of  the  cutting  edge 
becoming  a  continuous  circle,  it  is  inter- 
rupted by  teeth.  The  tooth  spaces  pre- 
vent the  transmission  of  heat,  and  act  as 
chip  breakers.  With  the  circular  cutting 
tool,  the  action  is  that  of  turning,  where- 
as, with  the  gear  shaper  cutter  it  is  turn- 
ing and  shaving  combined. 

(Continued  on  Page  22) 


Left:  A  close-up  view  of  the  differential  change  gears  which  keep  the  teeth 
on  the  cutter  in  step  with  the  threads  on  the  work.  Right:  Bar-type  of  cam  con- 
trol for  operating  the  cutter  head  when  it  cannot  be  started  at  full  depth. 


DECEMBER,  1947 


.  .  .  Sat^XfCi4Pto-  (^lecin4c  Go-. 


l-'rum   I'lihlivilfi  Uvimrtmviil.   Saiifinmu   Kh-t-triv  1'om§ninif 


'J'lu-  Sang  a  111  o  Electric  Compain  , 
with  its  main  offices  and  factory  located 
in  Springtielil,  Illinois,  has  established  a 
world-wide  reputation  for  the  inanufac- 
ture  of  electrical  meters  and  other  re- 
lated products.  The  historv  of  the  com- 
pany dates  back  almost  fift\  >ears  to  the 
period  during  which  the  first  crude  de- 
signs of  the  induction  type  watthour 
meter  were  being  originally  developed. 
The  long,  painstaking  research  in  which 
the  company  shared  during  the  evokition 
of  modern  watthour  meters  has  provided 
a  rich  background  of  electrical  engineer- 
ing experience  and  scientific  advance- 
ment. The  significant  contributions 
which  the  Sangamo  Electric  Company 
has  made  to  the  basic  progress  of  electric 
metering  have  gained  imiversal  recogni- 
tion throughout  the  electric  power  indus- 
try. Today,  more  than  ever,  the  com- 
pany's emphasis  is  on  engineered  designs 
and  methods. 

Executives 

The  high  standards  of  scientific  devel- 
opment work,  the  precision  manufactur- 
ing methods  and  the  exceptional  record 
of  industrial  relations  at  Sangamo  Elec- 
tric Company  have  attracted  executive 
and  professional  personnel  of  unusual 
ability  and  character.  A  brief  summary 
of  the  backgrounds  of  the  company's  ex- 


In  the  attempt  to  bring  to  the 
attention  of  the  engineering  stu- 
dent the  fiehl  of  small  businesses 
as  an  additional  possibility  to  eon- 
sider  when  he  is  job  hunting,  the 
Teehnograph  presents  in  this,  the 
third  artiele,  the  story  behind  the 
nationally-knoun  Sangamo  Eleetrie 
Company  of  Springfield,  Illinois. 


ccuti\es    is    gi\en    in    the    outline    whicli 

follows: 

President 

Crraduate  of  "Vale   University   (1917) 
Accepted  position  with  Sangamo  Elec- 
tric  Conipain-   as   secretary   to   the 
President. 
Directs  company  finances  and    in\est- 
ments;  coordinates  the  activities  of 
the  vice-presidents. 
Vice-President    (In   charge  of   manufac- 
turing and   eniplo\-ee  relations), 
(jraduate  of  Sheffield  School  of  Elec- 
trical Engineering  at  Yale  L  iii\er- 
sity  (1927). 
First  position  with   Sangamo   Electric 
in  office  of  Factory  Superintendent. 
Appointed     director    of    company    in 
charge    of    manufacturing    at    the 
British   Sangamo   plant  in   Enfield, 
England. 


An  aerial  view  of  the  Sangamo  Electric  company  plant  at  Springfield,   Illinois 
10 


Returned    to    Springfield    in     \'KV)    as 
Vice-President. 
\'ice-Prcsident    (In    charge   of    de\elop- 
nient  and  sales) 

(Jraduate  (cum  laude)  of  Sheffield 
School  of  Electrical  Engineering  at 
Yale  University  (1931). 

Began  work  with  Sangamo  in  the  En- 
gineering Department.  Became  as- 
sistant to  the  (leneral  Superinten- 
dent and  later  assistant  to  the  Pres- 
ident. 

Elected  Vice-President  in   l*'4(i. 

Active  in  Navy  development  work  un- 
dertaken by  the  c(>mpan\-. 

V^ice-President  (  In  charge  of  En- 
ineering) 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineer  of  the 
University  of  Nebraska   (191.'i). 

First  job  with  the  General  Electric 
Company.  Later  returned  to  the 
University  of  Nebraska  as  associate 
professor  of  electrical  engineering. 
Entered  employment  of  Sangamo 
Electric  as  chief  engineer  (1919). 
Recently  received  doctor's  degree 
from  his  university. 

Coordinates  the  work  of  the  various 
branches  of  the  engineering  depart- 
ment. 
Vice    President    (In   charge   of    Produc- 
tion) 

Employed  by  the  Racine-Sattley  Com- 
pany before  coming  to  Sangamo 
(1918). 

Exceptional  abilit\   in  pioneering  mod- 
ern production  methods  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  electrical  instruments. 
Secretary-Treasurer 

Graduate  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
with   B.A.   in  Accounting    (19.U). 

Received  C.  P.  A.  rating  in  1935;  be- 
gan work  with  Sangamo  the  same 
year. 

Elected  controller  of  the  companx  in 
1942  and  Secretarv-Treasurer  in 
194(). 

Eii'iineeiin^  l)e  put  tin  cut 

The  functions  and  responsibilities  of 
the  engineering  department  extend 
throughout  the  Sangamo  plant  organiza- 
tion. The  more  important  activities  can, 
however,  be  divided  into  three  general 
categories:  research,  design  development 
and  quality  control.  The  details  in  each 
section  are  supervised  by  senior  engineers 
and  their  staffs. 

The  research  section  works  closeh 
with  the  company's  sales  division  in  an- 
ticipating the   requirements  of  the   elec- 

THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Left:  Machines  for  winding  paper  tubular  capacitors.   Right:  A  test  bench  for  the  Tachographs 


trie  industry.  New  uses  for  electricit)' 
and  ever-increasing  loads  create  prob- 
lems with  respect  to  their  effect  upon 
distribution  systems  and  the  cost  of  sup- 
plying electric  energy.  The  functions  of 
the  research  section  are  to  develop  means 
of  metering  factors  entering  into  the  cost 
of  service,  so  that  such  costs  may  be  most 
equitably  allocated  among  the  customers, 
and  to  siniplif)  and  improve  existing  in- 
struments through  the  application  of  new 
and  improved  materials.  Patent  investi- 
gations are  conducted,  as  well  as  study 
of  domestic  and  foreign  competitive  de- 
velopments. 

The  design  development  section  works 
out  the  actual  details  of  projects  insti- 
tuted by  the  research  engineers.  This 
work  progresses  to  the  point  at  which 
complete  working  models  can  be  as- 
sembled and  subjected  to  test.  From  the 
experimental  tests  specific  information  is 
obtained  which  can  be  compared  with 
the  requirements  established  by  the  re- 
search group. 

The  third  general  section  of  the  engi- 
neering department  is  devoted  to  quality 
control  and  is  in  reality  an  engineering 
testing  laboratory.  Part  of  its  duties  in- 
volve the  checking  of  accuracy  and  per- 
formance of  production  line  samples, 
selected  at  random  each  day.  Other  func- 
tions are  the  testing  of  purchased  mate- 
rials and  parts,  the  establishment  of  in- 
spection standards  for  the  manufacturing 
process,  the  field  testing  of  Sangamo 
products,  and  the  investigation  of  unus- 
ual service  difficulties. 

Operation  Depurtnient 

File  primary  function  of  this  depart- 
ment is  to  coordinate  into  a  master  pat- 
tern a  great  number  of  individual  ma- 
chining operations,  assembly  operations 
and  supplementary  activities  contributing 
to  the  effectiveness  of  factory  production. 

When  a  model  of  a  new  product  is 
completed  by  the  engineering  depart- 
ment, it  is  turned  over  to  the  operating 
department  for  study  as  to  manufactur- 


ing possibilities.  Alterations  are  made, 
if  necessary,  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  con- 
cerned and  the  model  is  sent  to  the  draft- 
ing room,  where  a  complete  set  of  trac- 
ings is  made.  When  these  drawings  are 
returned  to  the  operating  department,  a 
complete  breakdown  of  the  project  is 
made  in  relation  to  the  machines,  opera- 
tions and  materials  required.  The  vari- 
ous parts  are  assigned  to  specific  depart- 
ments for  fabrication,  or  specifications 
are  given  the  purchasing  department  in 
order  to  obtain  the  items  from  an  out- 
side source.  Quantities  are  estimated  and 
time  studies  made  so  that  data  can  be 
compiled  on  manufacturing  capacity  and 
costs.  The  inspection  department  is  in- 
formed of  the  standards  which  have  been 
established  by  the  engineering  depart- 
ment, so  that  accinacy  can  be  checked  at 
each  step   in  the  manufacturing  process. 

Sangamo  Products 

The  Sangamo  Electric  Company  is 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  an  exten- 
sive line  of  meters  for  integrating  elec- 
tric energy  for  use  on  both  alternating 
and  direct  current  systems.  Other  prod- 
ucts of  the  company  are  time  switches, 
capacitors  and  tachographs. 

Alternating  current  watthour  meters 
are  made  for  use  on  all  types  of  distribu- 
tion circiu'ts,  single  or  polyphase.  De- 
mand meters  of  the  block  interval  and 
thermal  type  are  included  in  the  line  of 
alternating  cm'rent  meters,  the  latter 
available  in  both  the  indicating  and 
graphic  forms.  As  an  accessory  to  the 
alternating  current  meters,  the  compan\ 
produces  instrument  transformers  foi- 
loads  too  large  to  be  metered  on  self- 
contained  units. 

While  direct  current  distribution  sys- 
tems have  become  nearly  extinct,  there 
are  numerous  industrial  applications, 
such  as  the  production  of  aluminum  and 
magnesium,  which  require  direct  current 
watthour  meters.  In  these  industries, 
large  currents  arc  often  employed,  and 
metering   shunts   up    to    60, 000   amperes 


( and  one  for  70,000  amperes )  ha\e  been 
built.  Direct  current  amperehour  meters 
are  built  for  the  control  of  batteries, 
showing  the  state  of  charge  or  discharge 
at  all  times.  These  meters  are  compen- 
sated for  the  inherent  losses  in  battery 
operation.  A  special  application  of  this 
type  of  meter  is  in  the  electroplating  in- 
dustry, where  it  is  used  to  indicate  the 
quantity  of  metal  deposited  dining  the 
plating  operation. 

Sangamo  electrically  -  operated  t  i  m  e 
switches  are  made  for  use  on  both  direct 
and  alternating  current.  Three  general 
types  are  included  in  the  line:  the  elec- 
trically-wound clock  type,  the  synchron- 
ous motor  type  with  electrically-woimd 
clock  which  fimctions  during  current 
interruptions,  aiid  the  synchronous  motor 
type. 

Specially-designed  time  switches  are 
used  by  utility  companies  to  turn  off 
electric  water  heaters  and  other  loads 
during  on-peak  hoins.  The  remainder  of 
the  time  switch  market  lies  in  the  auto- 
matic operation  of  electrical  signs,  flood- 
lights, window  lights,  and  in  the  heating 
and   air-conditioning  fields. 

In  1924  Sangamo  introduced  the  first 
bakelite  model  mica  capacitator,  entering 
this  specialized  field  only  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent. During  the  recent  war,  increased 
activity  in  this  line  of  manufacturing  re- 
sulted in  the  decision  to  expand  the  ca- 
pacitator division  to  the  extent  that  it 
has  now  become  a  competitive  force  in 
the  industry.  Plastic-molded  paper  type 
capacitors  have  been  added  to  the  line, 
and  production  has  already  begun  on  ca- 
pacitors of  the  electrolytic  type,  giving 
the  comp.uiy  a  complete  range  of  cover- 
age. 

To  secure  adequate  space  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  the  capacitor  line,  the  entire 
capacitor  division  was  recently  moved  to 
a  new  plant  in   Marion,  Illinois. 

Probably  one  of  the  most  luiusual  anil 
interesting  instruments  manufactured  by 
the  Sangamo  Electric  Company  is  the 
(Continued   on   Page  .S6) 


DECEMBER,  1947 


11 


""'('  l<]iioiii('(M'iiio  lliiiionirics  \ 


Itff  ./aim  Shiirlh'ff.  *  h.K.  \10  ami  Ith-li  Uammtu-li.  ti.K.  'lit 


\.i.i:.i:.-i.R.i:. 

r  mcctlni:  nt   the  - 


ool 


year 

was  held  on  October  _'.\  1047.  The 
tneetiiig  was  called  to  order  b\  the  chair- 
man, James  G.  Matt,  who  introduced 
Murray  L.  Rabcock.  Mr.  Habcock  dis- 
cussed the  entrance  require- 
ments and  functions  of  Eta 
Kappa  \u,  the  honorary 
electrical  engineering  frater- 
nity. He  presented  an  en- 
graved h  a  n  d  book  and  a  national 
membership  to  Richard  Johnston  for 
being  the  junior  electrical  engineer  with 
the  best  scholastic  aserage.  This  is  to 
be  an  annual  presentation. 

Harry  Robbins,  instructor  in  the  il- 
lumination department,  di.scussed  the 
Illumination  Engineering  Society.  He  is 
working  to  organize  the  first  student 
branch  of  the  I.E.S. 

Dr.  William  Everitt.  heail  of  the 
electrical  engineering  department,  who 
was  the  main  speaker  for  the  evening, 
welcomed  all  of  the  fellows  to  the  first 
meeting  of  the  school  year.  He  pointed 
out  that  the  engineering  school's  func- 
tion is  not  to  fill  the  student's  head  full 
of  facts,  but  to  develop  the  ability  to 
learn  and  reason  for  one's  self  after 
leaving  school.  He  stated  that  it  is  im- 
portant to  develop  self  assurance  when 
entering  the  big  world  of  industry. 

Dr.  Everitt  considers  the  engineering 
societies  as  a  fundamental  medium  for 
both  the  student  and  the  professional 
men.  He  suggested  that  the  student 
branch  take  a  poll  of  all  the  electrical 
engineering  students  as  to  complaints, 
suggestions,  and  recommendations  to  the 
faculty. 

The  student  officers  for  this  year 
were  presented  to  the  assembly.  They 
are  the  following:  James  G.  Matt, 
chairman;  Edwin  C.  Edwards,  vice 
chairman;  Donald  E.  Steeper,  secretary; 
Kenneth  E.  Gerler,  treasurer;  Harry  A. 
Davis,  corresponding  secretary  for  the 
A.I.E.E. ;  and  Charles  W.  Steele,  cor- 
responding secretary  for  the  I.R.K. 

A  senior  job  placement  meeting  was 
conducted  by  Professor  Faucett  on  Oc- 
tober 30.  The  annual  senior-faculty 
banquet  of  electrical  engineers  was  dis- 
cussed at  that  time  and  it  will  be  held 
some   time   in   January. 

On  November  4,  about  1 0(1  electrical 
engineers  attended  the  national  confer- 
ence of  A.I.E.E.,  I.R.E.,  and  I.E.S.  in 
Chicago.  Many  interesting  speeches  w'ere 


given  AwA  demonstrations  and  exhibits 
\\ere  observeil.  Those  who  attended  had 
an   interesting  and  educational   time. 

The  Hell  Telephone  laboratories  sent 
men  to  give  a  talk  and  demonstr.ition 
on  "Mobile  Telephone  Systems  "  for  the 
meeting  of  N'o\eniber  13.  An  automobile 
transmitter  in  Chicago  was  pickeil  up 
from  the  receiver  on  the  stage  in  Greg- 
ory Hall. 

As  of  October  24,  there  are  213 
members  in  the  combined  student  branch 
of  the  A.I.E.E.-I.R.E.  The  goal  is  to 
make  the  membership  1(10  per  cent  of 
the   soiihoniores.   juniors,    and    seniors. 


T( 


A.S.C.E. 

liate   the   Illinois   student   chapter 


of  the  A.S.C.E.  is  the  only  society  to 
have  a  local  division.  A  subsidiary  chap- 
ter has  been  started  at  Navy  Pier,  and 
it  now  has  73  members. 

On  (October  21^  a  smoker  was  held 
at  which  George  A.  Ek- 
blow,  geologist  with  the 
State  (Geological  Survey, 
delivered  an  address  on  the 
"Services  Rendered  by  the 
State  (leological  Survey." 
The  following  are  the 
new  officers  of  the  A.S.C.E. :  Robert 
Wright,  president;  Frank  Anderson, 
\ice  president;  Charles  L.  Jansen,  secre- 
tary; and  John  O.  Lewis,  treasurer. 

I.T.E. 

Recognizing  that  traffic  is  a  major 
problem  throughout  the  country  today 
and  will  become  an  even  greater  prob- 
lem in  the  future,  21  University  stu- 
dents have  organized  the  "Lniversity  of 
Illinois   Society   of   Traffic   Engineers." 

Upon  official  recognition  by  the  In- 
stitute of  Traffic  Engineers,  this  organ- 
ization will  become  the  second  student 
chapter  in  the  country.  The  first  chap- 
ter was  organized  by  the  Bureau  of 
Traffic  Research  at  Yale  University 
earh'   this  year. 

This  chapter  hopes  to  promote  the 
ad\ancement  of  traffic  engineering:  b\' 
fostering  the  closer  association  of  stu- 
dents with  the  traffic  engineering  pro- 
fession ;  by  studying  local  traffic 
problems  and  cooperating  with  inter- 
ested agencies  in  their  solution ;  by 
encouraging  the  expansion  of  facilities 
for  traffic  engineering  study  at  the 
University;  and  by  stimulating  general 
interest  in  traffic  engineering. 


Membership  is  open  to  all  students 
with  a  sincere  interest  in  traffic  engi- 
neering. All  persons  interested  in  the 
solution  of  local  traffic  problems  are 
cordially  invited  to  participate  in  any 
meetings  of  the  organization. 

The  following  officers  were  elected 
at  the  first  meeting  on  October  2S : 
Thomas  A.  Wiley,  president;  James  H. 
Runyens,  vice  president;  Robert  J. 
Allen,  secretary-treasurer.  The  facult\ 
adviser  is  C.  C.  Wiley,  professor  of 
civil   engineering  at   the   Universit\. 

After  accepting  the  constitution  and 
b\-laws  of  the  Institute  of  Traffic  Engi- 
neers, it  was  decided  to  apply  for  official 
recognition  as  a  student  branch  of  that 
organization.  Plans  were  made  to  hold 
meetings  at  7  p.  m.  in  Engineering  Hall 
in  the  first  and  third  Wednesdays  of 
each   month. 

Professor  Wiley  gave  a  short  talk  on 
the  general  aspects  of  traffic  engineer- 
ing at  the  meeting  held  on  No\ember 
3.  Several  of  the  graduate  members  then 
gave  summaries  of  the  individual  traf- 
fic problems  which  they  are  investigat- 
ing, and  the  meeting  was  opened  for 
discussion  on  the  problems  mentioned. 

By  meetings  such  as  these,  it  is  hoped 
that  graduate  and  undergraduate  mem- 
bers will  find  a  common  level  for  dis- 
cussions. Most  of  the  meetings  will  be 
held  along  the  line  of  an  open  discussion 
of  traffic  engineering  and  its  problems 
rath  e  r  than  confining  the  activities 
solely  to  lectures. 

CHI   EPSILON 

Although  not  active  during  the  sum- 
mer,     Chi     Epsilon,     civil     engineering 
honorary,    started    a   busy   fall   semester 
with    an    officer's    meeting    on    October 
14  to  discuss  plans   and   acti\ities.  This 
was    followed    by   a    meeting 
of  actives  on  Xo\ember  3  to 
\ote    on    eligible    candidates, 
who  were  later  entertained  at 
a    "get    acquainted"    smoker. 
(Officers   of   the   organiza- 
■~Tra  "''      tion,  which  was  founded   in 
ll  1922    to    further   the   profes- 

11  sion   of    civil    engineering   as 

an  instrument  of  social  betterment,  are 
Ray  Wente,  president;  Bob  Wright, 
vice  president ;  Ken  McCjann,  recording 
secretary;  Wayne  Welge,  corresponding 
secretary;  and  Ernie  Kuncicky,  treas- 
urer. The  faculr\  ad\isei'  is  Professor 
M.  A.  Oliver. 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A.I.Gh.E. 

The  Illinois  student  chapter  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Chemical  Engi- 
neers opened  the  1947-48  year  with  a 
smoker  held  in  the  faculty  lounge  of 
the  Union  Building  on  Wednesday  e\e- 
ning,  October  8.  I'all  membership  indi- 
cates that  this  will  be  a  banner  year 
for  the  Ch.E.s. 

After  the  preliminary  bull  sessions, 
intermixed  with  the  nibbling  of  the 
cookie-coke-nuts  refreshments,  an  infor- 
mal meeting  was  opened  by  Don  Horn- 
beck,  president,  who  outlined  the  exten- 
sive plans  for  the  coming  term. 

The  four  chapter  meetings  of  the  fall 
term  will  feature  such  prominent  speak- 
ers as  (justav  Egloff,  author  and  direc- 
tor of  research  for  Universal  Oil 
Products;  V.  C.  Williams,  head  of  the 
chemical  engineering  department  at 
Northwestern  University;  S.  D.  Kirk- 
patrick,  editor  of  the  McGraw-Hill 
chemical  engineering  magazine;  and  J. 
Henry  Rushton,  head  of  the  Illinois 
Institute  of  Technology. 

Inasmuch  as  several  of  these  meetings 
will  be  of  general  interest  to  all  engi- 
neers, other  societies  may  be  invited. 

The  president  then  introduced  Pro- 
fessor H.  F.  Johnstone  and  the  other 
faculty  members  of  the  chemical  engi- 
neering department.  John  Mitchell,  vice 
president,  and  Edwin  Dyer,  treasiuer, 
who  were  elected  last  May,  were  also 
introduced. 

Herb  Schultz,  of  Evanston,  was  elect- 
ed secretary  of  the  organization,  and 
Robert  Chilenskas,  of  Chicago,  was 
elected  chemical  engineering  representa- 
tive to  the  Engineering  Council.  John 
Mitchell  as  vice  president  is  an  ex 
officio  representative. 

Prior  to  the  election,  (leorge  Foster 
had  outlined  the  principles  of  the  Engi- 
neering Council  and  had  outlined  the 
main  points  of  the  new  constitution  of 
the  organization.  Without  further  dis- 
cussion, the  group  ratified  the  consti- 
tution as  proposed. 

Eighty-five  members  of  the  A.I.Ch.E. 
assembled  in  front  of  the  Illini  Union 
a  half  hour  before  the  Army-Illinois 
football  game  to  pose  for  a  picture  suit- 
able for  publication  in  the  Illio  of  1948. 

The  society  met  on  October  30  in 
room  112  of  Chemistry  Annex  to  hear 
Dr.  Bailar  discuss  the  facilities  of  the 
chemistry  department  for  job  placement 
and  summer  employment.  The  meeting 
was  of  special  interest  to  those  gradu- 
ating in  February  or  June  of  this  school 
year. 

More  than  300  persons,  chapter  mem- 
bers, faculty,  and  members  of  fellow- 
professional  organizations,  attended  the 
meeting  of  November  19.  V.  C.  Wil- 
liams, professor  and  chairman  of  the 
chemical  engineering  department  at 
Northwestern  University,  presented  a 
most  interesting  and  informative  discus- 


sion of  "Liquid  Air  Production  and  Air 
Separation."  Mr.  Williams  has  done 
consultant  and  engineering  work  for 
Linde  Air  Products,  incorporated.  Since 
many  heavy  industries  are  considering 
the  use  of  90  per  cent  pure  oxygen 
instead  of  less  reactive  and  more  vol- 
uminous air,  the  topic  was  one  of  cur- 
rent technical  interest. 

PI  TAU  SIGMA 

In  1915,  a  group  of  upperclassmen 
in  mechanical  engineering  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  formed  the  first  chap- 
ter of  Pi  Tau  Sigma,  now  a  national 
honoraiy  fraternity  for  mechanical  engi- 
neers, "To  foster  the  high 
ideals  of  the  engineering  pro- 
fession, to  stimidate  interest 
^I^N^  in  co-ordinating  department- 
^s^^r^  al  activities,  and  to  promote 
the  welfare  of  its  members." 
(The  Story  of  Pi  Tau  Sig- 
ma). The  chapter  has  proven 
its  worth  over  the  years  by  encouraging 
high  scholastic  ideals,  and  cooperating 
with  the  department  in  student  activ- 
ities. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  group  on 
October  22,  Joe  Mazer  .was  elected 
president,  Charles  Spaeth,  vice  president, 
Martin  Sabath,  corresponding  secretary, 
(lerald  (jeraldson,  recording  secretary, 
and   Jerome   Fox,   treasurer. 

Activities  for  November  included  at- 
tendance at  the  national  convention  held 
at  Purdue  University  from  November 
20  to  November  22.  Delegates  from 
here  were  Bryce  Alberty,  Martin  Sab- 
ath, and  Lee  Sullivan. 

A.S.M.E. 

The  1947-48  edition  of  the  student 
branch  of  the  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers  got  off  to  a  flying 
start  with  an  open  house  and  business 
meeting  on  the  evening  of  October  lb. 
outgoing  honorary  chairman  ;  and  Prof. 
N.  A.  Parker,  head  of  the  department 
of  engineering;  Prof.  K.  J.  Trigger, 
outgoing  honorary  chairman  ;  and  Prof. 
Francis  Seyfarth,  incoming  honorary 
chairman. 

Elections  were  held  for  the  society's 
officers  and  the  men  elected  are  as 
follows;  Robert  S.  Smith,  chairman; 
William  E.  McCarthy,  vice  chairman  ; 
William  M.  Alexander,  secretary ;  and 
Carl  W.  Falk,  assistant  treasurer.  Rich- 
ard (j.  Love,  the  incumbent  treasurer, 
is  now  serving  his  second  year  in  that 
position. 

A  strictly  business  meeting  was  held 
on  October  30,  for  the  purpose  of  vot- 
ing upon  the  ratification  of  the  pro- 
posed Engineering  Council.  The  council 
was  approved  unanimously.  Prior  to 
adjom'nment,  two  committees  were  set 
up  for  the  duration  of  the  first  semester. 
These  were  the  publicity  and  program 
committees. 


On  Tuesda\',  November  11,  Professor 
Hull,  a  newcomer  to  the  department  of 
engineering,  addressed  the  society  on 
the  subject  of  "Tomorrow  in  Automo- 
tive Engineering."  Professor  Hull's 
principal  interests  lie  in  the  field  of 
internal  combustion  engines  and  his  talk 
was  very  illuminating  and  interesting. 
The  principal  points  of  interest  were 
those  which  dealt  with  the  Tucker  car 
and  the  plans  for  three-wheeled  cars 
of  the  future. 

The  program  committee  has  only  been 
able  to  schedule  one  meeting  for  Decem- 
ber due  to  the  beginning  of  Christmas 
vacation.  The  meeting  will  be  held  on 
December  9  in  room  319  Engineering 
Hall.  The  speaker  at  that  time  will  be 
]VIr.  James  W.  May,  head  of  the  re- 
search department  of  the  American  Air 
Filter  company.  Mr.  May,  who  for- 
merl\-  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of 
the  L^niversity  of  Kentucky,  will  have 
for  his  subject,  "Electric  Precipitation 
and  Dry  Filters  in  Heating,  Ventilating, 
and   Air   Conditioning." 

M.LS. 

Plans  for  the  junior  and  senior  stu- 
dents of  the  metallurgy  department  to 
attend  the  National  Metals  Congress 
and  Exposition  in  Chicago  were  dis- 
cussed at  the  meeting  of  October  13. 
Juniors  and  seniors  were  excused  from 
classes  on  October  22  and  October  23 
in  order  to  attend  the  congress. 

Approximately  35  students  and  all  of 
the  faculty  went  to  Chicago  to  spend 
an  informative  two  days. 

Over  350  exhibits  were  on  display 
by  companies  of  the  metal  industries  at 
the  International  Amphitheater.  At  these 
exhibits  the  students  were  able  to  wit- 
ness actual  demonstrations  of  some  of 
the  latest  developments  in  equipment  for 
the    processing   of   metallic    materials. 

The  biggest  attractions  weie  the 
Tucker  automobile  and  the  beautiful 
girls  employed  by  the  various  exhibitors 
to  hand  out  free  souvenirs  or  literature. 
(Their  attire  was  exceedingly  attractive 
even  though  the  skirts  were  long). 

The  exhibits  gave  the  student  an  ex- 
cellent idea  as  to  what  the  outstanding 
companies  of  the  metal  industry  actually 
produce  for  the  commercial  market.  The 
exhibits  also  gave  the  student  a  chance 
to  see  what  field  of  metallurgical  engi- 
neering he  might  wish  to  enter  after 
completing  his  undergraduate  or  gradu- 
ate studies.  Some  of  the  senior  students 
made  contacts  at  the  convention  which 
will  lead  to  interviews  concerning  their 
employment  after  graduation. 

"Current  Research  Developments  in 
the  Steel  Industry"  was  the  topic  talked 
on  by  Dr.  E.  I.  Martin  at  the  meeting 
of  November  21  at  7  p.  m.  in  room 
218  of  the  Ceramics  building.  Dr.  Mar- 
( Continued  on   Page  38) 


DECEMBER,  1947 


13 


Wed  Meeti  i^CuU .  .  . 


hii  1'arl  SunnviiHvhvin.  31. §C.  '  l/t 


It  this  wvvi:  a  tra\t-lo^uf,  tin-  Oiiccit 
would  be  bi-aiititul,  t;lainoioiis,  and  m>s- 
terious.  rnfortunatfly,  to  my  knowl- 
edge, it  is  seliiom  it  e\cr  an\  of  these 
things.  1  greath  doubt  it  I  shall  ever 
get  the  "smell"  of  the  Orient  out  of  ni\ 
nostrils,  or  forget  the  squalor  and  filth 
in  which  the  great  majoritv  of  people 
live. 

It  seems  strange  that  a  place  wiiieh 
offers  so  little  in  the  way  of  a  standard 
of  living  to  its  people  coidd  at  the  same 
time  be  capable  of  great  engineering  ac- 
complishments, yet  that  is  tile  case  in 
Korea  and  particular!)   in  Japan. 

illcctric  Pdit'cr 

The  -American  people,  as  a  whole,  take 
the  existence  of  electric  power  pretty 
much  for  granted.  However,  there  are 
large  regions  of  this  country  in  which 
there  are  no  public  service  companies  and 
others  in  which  the  only  source  of  power 
are  small,  privately  owned,  gasoline  en- 
gine generator  sets. 

It  is  said  of  Japan  that  e\er\  home 
and  hovel  has  an  electric  light.  True, 
there  is  only  one  fixture  and  a  15  watt 
bulb,  but  it  is  there.  It  is  my  personal 
experience  in  both  the  large  cities  and 
rural  areas  to  have  never  seen  anything 
to  disprove  the  above  statement. 

Wherever  one  travels  in  Japan,  or 
Korea,  the  high-lines  are  always  much  in 
evidence.  The  lines  are  much  the  same 
as  those  in  this  country  and  the  occasion- 
al sub-stations  are  al.so  quite  similar. 

Japan  has  always  been  very  short  of 
coal,  and  this  is  responsible  for  the  high 
percentage  of  potential  water  power 
which  has  been  developed. 

The  Japanese  Imperial  Railroads  op- 
erate all  over  the  three  main  islands  of 
Kyushu,  Honshu,  and  Hokkaido.  If 
possible,  the  trains  on  some  of  the  divi- 
sions operate  at  greater  speeds  than  do 
.'\merican  trains. 

Almost  all  of  the  Japanese  railwaxs 
are  electrified,  to  some  extent,  if  not 
wholly,  and  many  of  them  maintain  op- 
erating speeds  of  60  miles  per  hour  or 
more. 

A  note  of  interest  is  the  ages  of  many 
of  the  operating  personnel  of  these 
trains.  I  once  rode  several  hundred 
miles  at  a  very  high  speed  and  found  out 
later  that  the  engineer  was  only  13  years 
old,  an  unheard  of  thing  in  this  country. 

A  person  need  only  see  what  is  left  of 
the    Mitsubishi    shipyards   at   Yokohama 


to  realize  tiiat  tile  Jaiianese  are  tulh 
capable  of  buililing  ocean  going  vessels 
of  all  sorts.  It  was  at  these  yards  that 
one  of  the  two  giant  ^O.OdO  ton  Japa- 
nese battleships  was  built. 

Japan  possessed,  prior  to  and  during 
the  war,  a  highly  dispersed  manufactur- 
ing system.  Hiroshima  and  .Nagasaki  il- 
lustrate the  claim  that  every  home  in 
those  cities  w.is  in  reality  a  war  plant. 
This  claim  was  later  fully  substantiated 
anil  1  lia\e  seen  homes  in  which  the  full 
equipment,  such  as  it  was,  for  the  man- 
ufactvn'e  of  \arious  war  materials  had 
been  installed. 

The  great  majority  of  the  manufac- 
turing in  Japan  is  crude  by  American 
standards.  Due  to  the  tremendous  sup- 
ply of  very  cheap  labor,  very  few  ma- 
chines have  been  installed  unless  they 
were  absolutely  necessary. 

True,  there  are  large  plants  which 
have  .some  very  fine  machine  tools,  most 
of  which  were  imported  from  the  U.  S. 
These  plants  are  the  ones  which  are  be- 
ing used  for  war  reparations.  Many  have 
already  been  disassembled  and  shipped  to 
China,  Java,  the  Philippines  and  other 
areas  which  were  ravaged  by  the  Japa- 
nese. 

Autiqutiteil  Roads 

Highways  are  practically  non-existant 
in  either  Japan  or  Korea.  True  there 
are  many  dirt  roads  but  I  refer  specifi- 
cally to  either  concrete  or  asphalt  sur- 
faces. Whether  this  condition  was  due 
to  shortage  of  material  and  manpower 
dining  the  war  I  do  not  know. 

In  the  larger  cities,  such  as  Seoul,  the 
capital  of  Korea,  Tokyo,  Yokohama, 
Osaka,  etc.,  many  of  the  streets  are  four 
and  six  lanes  wide  and  are  surfaced  with 
either  concrete  or  asphalt. 

However,  when  one  enters  the  ordi- 
nary residential  districts  of  these  cities 
the  streets  are  either  cobble  stones  or 
good  old  fashioned  dirt. 

The  contrasts  between  the  age-old  and 
the  modern  are  startling.  I  recall  one 
dirt  road,  dusty  and  deeply  rutted  which 
suddenly  turned  a  corner  and  there  was 
a  midtiple  span,  four  lane  bridge  with  a 
concrete  roadway.  The  over-all  length 
of  the  bridge  and  its  approaches  must 
have  been  better  than  a  mile.  After 
crossing  the  bridge,  I  was  again  almost 
blinded  by  the  dust. 

I  wondered  then  and  still  do,  why 
they  built  a  bridge  of  those  proportions 
on    a    road    which    was    not    important 


The  persons  used  to  a  high  stand- 
ard of  living  in  the  western  world 
will  find  in  this  urtiele  a  deserip- 
lion  of  the  strange  eontrasts  to  be 
found  in  the  recently  reopened 
countries  of  Korea  and  .lapan.  The 
engineering  viewpoint  is  applied 
to  this  firsthand  account  of  the 
customs  and  pattern  of  life  in  the 
Far  East. 


enough  to  e\  en  be  giaded  occasionalh . 

When  our  outfit  first  went  into  Korea 
we  were  (juartered  in  a  part  of  a  wire- 
rope  factory.  We  were  informed  that 
this  was  the  largest  plant  of  its  kind  in 
either  Japan  or  Korea  and  during  the 
war  had  had  top  priorities  on  materials 
from  the  Japanese  government. 

W'ith  all  of  this  very  impressive  infor- 
mation in  mind  I  was  quite  anxious  to 
have  a  look  at  the  inside  of  the  shop. 
The  main  building  was,  in  itself,  quite 
impressive  being  o\er  two  city  blocks 
long.  I've  never  been  so  disappointed 
in  my  life. 

The  materials  were  all  manually 
moved  about  and  the  equipment  was  of 
the  vintage  of  about  1910.  I  do  not  re- 
call what  the  rate  of  production  was  but 
I'm  sure  that  it  could  not  have  compared 
fa\'orably  with  any  American  plant  man- 
ufacturing the  same  item. 

Poor  Sanitation 

Most  American  communities  take 
great  pride  in  their  municipal  water  and 
sewage  disposal  facilities.  This  does  not 
only  apply  to  the  large  metropolitan 
areas  but  also  to  the  smaller  towns  and 
villages. 

In  Japan,  with  the  exception  of  a  very 
few  of  the  largest  cities,  sanitary  facili- 
ties are  an  unknown  thing.  In  Seoul 
human  excrement  as  well  as  all  garbage 
was  thrown  into  a  two  or  three  foot  deep 
ditch  along  the  street.  In  some  of  the 
better  class  of  homes,  there  were  cess- 
pools which  were  cleaned  out  about  once 
a  month  by  the  city  department  of  sani- 
t;ition. 

In  the  Orient,  human  fecal  matter  is 
of  great  commercial  value  because  of  the 
scarcity  of  fertilizers.  Chemical  fertiliz- 
ers are  unknown  and  there  are  not 
enough  animals  to  provide  manure. 
Hence,  the  sewage  is  hauled  directly 
from  the  city  out  to  the  farmer  where  it 
is  spread  in  the  fields. 

The  water  supply  is  inadequate  and 
definitely  impure.  No  facilities  are  pro- 
vided for  chlorinating  or  aerating  the 
water  supply.  The  pressure  maintained 
in  the  mains  is  always  very  low  and 
often  fails  completely.  As  a  result  of 
this  condition,  when  a  fire  starts  the  fire 
department  can  seldom  extinguish  it  be- 
cause of  faihu'e  of  the  water  supply.  As 
a  result  of  the  poor  sanitation,  typhoid 
(Continued  on   Page   16) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


SHHHHHHH 


HHH! 


Quiet. 


\'(  alk  into  this  new  aoonstir  test  room  at  Bell  Telcplione 
Laboratories  and  all  you'll  hear  is  silence. 

It's  about  the  quietest  place  on  earth. 

This  non-reverberant  chamber  was  ingeniously  designed 
by  telephone  engineers  so  that  acoustic  development  and 
research  could  be  carried  on  under  the  best  possible 
conditions.  It's  another  aid  in  a  continuing  program  lo 
improve  communications. 

This  is  telephone  engineering  at  work. 


BELL  TELEPHONE  SYSTEM 


DECEMBER,  1947 


15 


WEST  MEETS  EAST  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  14) 
and  other  such  diseases  are  very  iire\a- 
lent. 

So  tar  as  was  apparent,  aut()nioti\e 
transportation  was  more  ot  a  public  haz- 
ard than  a  blessing.  The  aNcrage  orien- 
tal seems  to  go  quite  berserk  as  soon  as 
lie  gets  his  hands  on  a   steering  wheel. 

The  cars  and  trucks,  which  formerly 
had  been  army  or  na\  \  property,  vised 
gasoline  as  a  fuel,  but  tlie  vehicles  that 
were  civilian  owneti  were  another  story. 

Due  to  the  shortage  of  gasoline,  the 
nati\es  had  been  forced  to  use  various 
substitutes  such  as  charcoal  burners  in 
their  trucks  and  cars.  Naturally,  these 
vehicles  had  very  little  power  and  it  was 
the  usual  thing  to  see  everybody  disem- 
bark to  push  wlu-nc\er  a  liill  was  en- 
countered. 

Crowded  Transportation 

All)-  vehicle  which  would  normally 
carry,  let  us  say,  five  passengers,  was  not 
considered  properly  loaded  until  there 
were  at  least  a  dozen  persons  crammed 
into  and  hanging  on  the  outside  of  it. 

The  Japs  had  some  three  wheeled  mo- 
torcycles which  were  quite  fast,  but  even 
these  used  to  be  loaded  with  as  many  as 
six  or  seven  persons  hanging  on  to  one 
another. 

After  being  around  for  a  short  while, 
it  became  quite  commonplace  to  see  a 
vehicle  come  to  an  abrupt  stop  with  a 
consequent  spraying  of  the  landscape  of 
its  unseated  occupants. 

The  Japs  have  a  small  automobile 
which  in  appearance  and  performance 
compares  very  favorably  with  the  Aus- 
tins which  were  being  sold  in  this  coun- 
try a  few  years  ago.  This  car  seems  to 
have  been  the  favorite  of  the  few  people 
who  could  afford  to  own  one.  The 
only  people  who  rode  around  in  large 
cars  were  government  officials  and  mem- 
bers of  the  ruling  classes. 

As  an  illustration  of  crowded  condi- 
tions, the  New  York  subways  have  for 
years  been  considered  to  be  the  acme  of 
compressed  living  conditions.  I  believe 
that  there  exists  a  worthy  contender  for 
that  questionable  distinction. 

The  street  cars  of  the  Orient  are  for 
the  most  part  narrow  gauge  and  very 
unstable.  Again  the  question  of  safe  op- 
erating speeds  does  not  enter  into  the 
pictuic.  The  people  in  Japan  and  Korea 
seem  to  swarm,  not  only  into,  but  all 
over  the  cars  and  although  threatened 
with  sudden  death  at  any  instant,  they 
are  very  calm  about  the  whole  thing. 

There  are  many  western  style  build- 
ings in  the  larger  cities  of  the  Orient. 
In  Tokyo,  General  MacArthur's  head- 
quarters is  one  of  the  finest  looking  build- 
ings that  I  saw.  There  are  many  other 
such    structures    but    the\    were    mostly 


built   \v  itli    foreign   capital   and    designed 
by   toreign  ;nchitects. 

The  most  notable  example  ol  the  tiu- 
cign  influence  is  probably  the  Impeiial 
Hotel  which  was  built  after  the  great 
eartluiuake  in  the  '2()s.  This  building 
was  supposed  to  be  earthquake  proof  and 
was  designed  b\  the  famous  American 
architect,    .\Ir.    Frank  Llo\d    Wright. 

The  Japanese  Imperial  Palace  and 
other  governmental  edifices,  both  in 
Japan  proper  and  Korea,  are  magnificent 
structures  which  were  built  by  the  na- 
tives. These  are  usually  massi\e  stone 
structures  and  are  very  ornate. 

Anybody  who  would  deny  the  archi- 
tectural beauty  or  the  fine  craftsmanship 
of  the  many  temples  would  be  foolish. 
These  structures  are  built  without  the 
u.se  of  nails  or  glue.  The  entire  fasten- 
ing together  of  the  component  parts  of 
the  structures  is  done  by  careful  litting 
.iiui  dowelling  of  the  pieces. 

The  engineering  methods  by  which  the 
ancient  Egyptians  raised  the  Obelisks  is 
no  more  of  a  mystery  than  how  the  an- 
cestral Japs  erected  many  of  their  fa- 
mous Buddhas. 

Many  of  these  tremendous  figures  are 
made  of  different  types  of  stone  so  clev- 
erly fitted  together  that  only  very  close 


m^pectH)n  w  ill  cIiscIdm-  the  joints. 

.Many  times  the  statement  has  been 
ni.ide  that  Japs  are  the  greatest  copiei^ 
in  the  world,  and    1   believe  it. 

In  various  shopping  streets,  in  the  \a- 
rious  cities,  I  was  offered  German  cam- 
eras,   Swiss    watches,    genuine    imported 
Scotch,  Irish  lacework,  and  innumerable 
other  items.     All  of  the  above  mentioned 
pieces   of   merchandise    were    in    realit> 
very  clever  copies  made  and  produced  i 
Japan  with  absolutely  no  regard  for  ii 
ternational  patent  agreements  or  misrei 
resentation    of    merchandise.     Howe\e 
this  is  not  a  new  storv. 

Little  Ingenuity 

Apparently',  due  to  a  great  shortage  ni 
imagination  and  inventive  genius  of  their 
own,  the  Japs  were  forced  to  take  other 
people's  inventiveness  and  steal  it  for 
their  own  gains.  L.  iidoubtedly  the  Ori- 
ent has  produced  many  fine  engineers 
but  their  existence  was  hardly  noticeable 
in  either  Japan  or  Korea. 

Perhaps  some  day  the  peoples  of  the 
Last  will  enjo>'  the  same  standard  of 
living  that  we  do,  but  it  will  take  a  lot 
of  work  and  will  require  a  great  deal  of 
money,  time,  and  well-educated  engi- 
neering and  scientific  personnel. 


1.  Corridor 

(]  r  o  s  s  w  o  1 

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Puz/I 

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5.  Chief  Just  :e   ol 

California,   sent 

first    transconti- 

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Bio 

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message  to  Pres- 
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in    1861 

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13    Great  Lake 

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14.  Allan  Pit 

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great  AmencL,. 

writer 

15.  Epoch 

16.  Depart 

18.  Parcel   of  la:;i 

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19.  Group  of  ek< 

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and  neutrons 
20.  Electrical 
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24.  Exclamatioi. 

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26.  Box  cover 



fsm 

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H^  I 

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27.  Branch   wire> 
in  telephone 
exchanges 

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28.  Musical  note 

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30,  Individuals 

59" 

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32.  Produced   by 
most   electric 
refrigerators 

34.  .'^t  a   subsequent 

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26.  Edge 

59. 

\rlificial 

9,  Physician's 

38 

Prepare    for 

37.  Irish  physicist 

anguage 

title:  abbr. 

publication 

who   gave  the 

60, 

Relating  to  the 

10,   A  unit   ot   elec- 

41 

American 

electron    its 

argest  continent 

trical  power 

mathematician. 

name,  in   1891 

62.  1 

Vhirled 

11,  In  the  past 

inventor   of   a 

39.  An.ateur  radio 

63.  \ 

Jnit  of  weight 

12,  Precious  stone 

visual   telegraph 

fan:    slang 

64, 

nventor  of  the 

17,  First   name   of 

system 

40.  Kind  of  sheer 

Iternating- 

the   inventor  of 

43 

Negligent 

linen    fabric 

urrent  induc- 

the  cotton  gin 

46 

.  An  electric 

42.  Lightning 

ion  motor 

19,  Handle  of  a  vast 

alarm  clock 

protector 

65, 

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21,  Mine  entrance 

will you 

43.  Citizens  of  the 

23,  Hideous 

48 

Knock 

U.  S.  S.  R. 

DOWN 

25,  Free    negative 

50 

Easily   magnet- 

44. Metal  used   In 

1. 

jerman   scient- 

atom,    in    an 

ized  metal 

dry  cells:  clieni 

st.  one  of  the 

elcctrolvte 

51 

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symbol 

ounders  of  the 

27,   Kind  of  cotton 

to    protect    a 

45.  4.840  square 

aw  of  the  con- 

gauze 

meter    against 

yards 

servation  of 

28    Wires  connect- 

tampering 

47.  Wrath 

"nergy 

ing   a   motor. 

52 

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49.  City   thorough 

2. 

Metric  surface 

etc.  to  the 

53 

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fare:    abbr. 

unit 

current  source 

a  brace 

50.  Preposition 

3, 

Fibber 

29,  Inventor  of  the 

54 

.  Fuss 

51.  Philatelist's 

4, 

Makes   hori- 

superhete- 

5b 

.  Sister's 

delight 

zontal 

rodyne  radio 

nickname 

53.  Uninsulated. 

5. 

Metal   used   in 

circuit 

58 

.  Member    o,     i 

electromagnets; 

31,  Finial    atop    a 

religious 

55.  Consume,  as 

chem,    symbol 

spire 

sisterhood 

electric  power 

6, 

ndolently 

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60 

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plays it.  among 

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16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Year  after  year,  the  Square  D  Company  em- 
phasizes to  industrial  executives,  the  impor- 
tance of  their  electrical  men. 

Advertisements  such  as  tliis  one  appear 
regularly  in  leading  business  magazines.  We  believe 
they  perform  a  three-ivay  job.  They  give  top  manage- 
ment a  worthwhile  idea.  They  enhance  the  standing  of 
today's  and  tomorrow's  electrical  men.  They  build 
acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers,  practi- 
cally all  of  uhom  come  to  us  from  leading 
engineering  schools  such  as  yours. 


Don't  turn  around, 

Jim  •  •  •  we  want  to  talk  behind 
your  bacic  •  •  •  and  to  your  Boss,  too 


We  want  to  tell  him  how  valuable  his 
head  electrical  man  can  be  in  any  huddles 
that  have  to  do  with  cost  reduction. 

We  want  to  point  out  the  sharp  increase 
in  power  required  for  automatic  machinery 
during  recent  years.  Most  electrical  sys- 
tems have  been  operating  under  abnormal 
stress — are  overloaded,  unreliable,  poorly 
located  or  inflexible  in  the  light  of  present 
machine  locations.  Excessive  "down  time" 
and  high  production  costs  are  certainties. 


We  want  to  suggest  that  he  check  these 
possibilities  with  you.  And  we'd  hke  to  re- 
mind you  that  your  nearest  Square  D 
Field  Engineer  wUl  be  glad  to  work  with 
you  in  analyzing  any  electrical  problem  and 
selecting  corrective  power  distribution  and 
electric  motor  control  equipment.  Field 
Engineering  Counsel  is  available  through 
Square  D  offices  in  50  principal  U.  S., 
Canadian  and  Mexican  cities.  There  is  no 
obligation. 


SQUARE   D  CANADA,  LTD.,  TORON  TO,  ONTARIO    •    SQUARE   D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.  F. 


DECEMBER,  1947 


17 


94^t^lMil4XM^ 


hil  Mvl  Iti'itvr.  .Xrvh.K.  ' l» 


Kvn  .'fl^'ltimn.  ^I.H.  ' tU  ami  I'tmniv  .Minnivh.  I'.li.  '.11 


HENRY  F.  JOHNSTONE 

DiffCtino;  haml  of  one  of  tlic  lim-^t 
olu-mical  engineering  departments  in  the 
eountry  is  Dr.  Henry  F.  Johnstone,  na- 
tionally known  for  his  extensive  research 
anil  developments  in  the  chemical  engi- 
neering held. 

Dr.  Johnstone's  research  and  develop- 
ments have  all  been  along  the  line  of 
gases,  aerosols  and  fumes.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  he  holds  many  patents  and  has 
published  numerous  articles  in  technical 
magazines  on  these  subjects.  In  l'H.> 
his  published  articles  for  that  year  won 
him  the  annual  Walker  medal,  gi\cn  h\ 
the  American  Institute  of  Chcinir:d  Kn- 
gineers. 

When  Dr.  Johnstone  came  to  the  I'ni- 
\ersit>-  of  Illinois  in  l')28  to  take  the  job 
as  research  assistant  in  the  Engineering 
Experiment  station,  he  worked  on  sulfur 
compounds  in  stack  gases  and  their  effect 
on  health  and  vegetation.  He  also 
worked  on  the  corrosion  caused  by  these 
gaseous  sulfur  compounds. 

After  two  \ears  on  this  project  he 
began  a  study  of  the  methods  of  elimina- 
tion of  these  sulfur  compounds  from 
stack  gases.  Almost  $200,000  was  spent 
on  this  project  from  1930  to  1'142  by 
the  University  and  cooperating  in(his- 
tries. 

Just  before  Pearl  Harbor,  Dr.  John- 
stone and  others  began  working  on  gas 
masks  vmder  a  contract  with  the  Nation- 
al Research  Committee  in  charge  of  an- 
other contract  on  the  development  of 
munitions  for  the  Chemical  Warfare 
Service.  New  devises  for  dispersing 
sinakes,  gases  and  insecticides  were  in- 
( Continued  on  Page  24) 


M.VKCIA    PETI^RM.AN 

lla\ing  her  nflice  right  (i\cr  Hiiiie\aiil 
L'lcek  is  a  iiniciue,  hut  n(Jt  too  pleasant 
pioposition  in  the  eyes  of  Mrs.  Marcii 
Peterman,  secretary  of  the  electrical  eii 
gineering  department.  Although  room 
212  in  the  E.  E.  Lab  is  the  onl\'  office 
(in  the  campus  that  can  boast  this  "dis- 
tinction," Mrs.  Peterman  will  be  very 
happy  and  proud  next  suniiiici'  when  she 
can    nio\e   her   files   ;uid    secretarial    pos- 


IIENRY  F.  .lOHNSTONE 


MARCIA  PETERMAN 

sessions  into  the  more  spacious  rooms  in 
the  new  electrical  engineering  building 
now  luider  construction.  Although  the 
view  from  her  window  is  nice,  she  says 
that  this  does  not  compensate  for  the 
odors  and  mosquitoes  that  trooped  in  for 
regular  visits  last  summer. 

However,  one  glance  into  her  small, 
neat  office  will  tell  anyone  that  neither 
the  Boneyard  nor  an  atomic  explosion 
can  interrupt  her  work.  Mrs.  Peterman's 
duties  include  e\erything  from  filing  stu- 
dent and  Alumni  records  and  segregat- 
ing reports  of  the  E.  E.  Research  Di- 
vision to  giving  directions  and  informa- 
tion to  new  students  and  attempting  to 
keep  up  with  all  business  affairs  con- 
nected with  her  rapidly  expanding  de- 
partment. 

A  native  of  Har\artl.  Illinois,  Mrs. 
Peterman  graduated  from  Capron  High 
School  in  1928  and  then  enrolled  at 
(Continued   on   Page  26) 


ROBERT  M.  STEPHENS 

Robert  (Bob)  Stephens  will  be  the 
only  graduate  of  the  mining  school  this 
semester.  This  will  mark  the  end  of  a 
very  long  trail  for  him  dating  back  to 
his  high  school  days  when  he  thought 
that  he  might  like  to  be  an  electrical 
engineer. 

Bob  had  just  graduated  from  high 
school  and  was  playing  his  clarinet  with 
local  dance  bands  around  his  home  town 
when  he  got  an  opportunity  to  enter  the 
University  of  Illinois  under  a  scholar- 
ship from  the  Illinois  Mining  Institute. 
It  might  be  said  at  this  point  that  his 
grades  in  high  school  were  of  a  type  that 
made  people  want  to  ofier  him  scholar- 
ships in  almost  anything  that  he  might 
ha\e  chosen.  This  was  not  a  case  of 
choosing,  however,  for  Bob  had  been 
noticed  by  the  head  of  our  mining  and 
metallurgical  department.  Professor 
Harold  L.  Walker,  and  offered  this  aid 
because  it  appeared  as  if  he  might  be 
well  suited  to  the  profession. 

Bob  appeared  on  campus  in  the  fall  of 
1942  and  began  his  studies.  He  had  the 
usual  amount  of  trouble  getting  started 
but  by  the  beginning  of  his  second  year 
he  was  really  starting  to  hit  his  stride. 
(  He  could  be  found  at  a  certain  sorority 
house  almost  any  week  night.)  The 
Army  stepped  in  at  this  point  and 
claimed  him  for  two  long  years.  His 
travels  carried  him  to  the  North  Caro- 
lina State  College  in  Raleigh,  North 
Carolina.  He  studied  civil  engineering 
and  after  graduation  was  assigned  to  the 
18th  Combat  Battalion  of  the  Army  En- 
gineers. 

Bob  was  back  on  campus  in  1946  to 
continue  his  studies.  This  he  has  done 
with  more  than  the  usual  amount  of 
success. 

Being  the  only  graduate  this  semester 
in  the  mining  curriculum  is  a  great  mys- 
tery to  Bob.  He  says  that  there  is  a 
backlog  of  about  eight  years  for  graduate 
mining  engineers.  This  has  caused  the 
rate  of  pay  for  such  men  to  levels  far 
above  the  av-erage  for  both  beginners  and 
experienced  men. 

The  University  of  Illinois  has  the  best 
mining  curriculum  available,  according 
(Continued  on  Page  34) 


18 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Exploration  of  ocean  depths  is  made  possible  by  RCA  Image  Orthicon  television  camera. 


The  ocean  fs  a  "goldfish  bowl" 

to  RCA  Televlslonl 


Another  "first"  for  RCA  Laboratories, 
undersea  television  cameras  equipped 
with  the  sensitive  RCA  Image  Orthi- 
con tube  were  used  to  study  effects  of 
the  atom  blast  at  Bikini . . . 

There  may  come  a  day  when  fisher- 
men will  be  able  to  drop  a  television 
eye  over  the  side  to  locate  schools  of 
fish  and  oyster  beds  .  .  .  Explorers  will 
scan  marine  life  and  the  geology  of  the 
ocean  floor  .  .  .  Undersea  wrecks  will 
be  observed  from  the  decks  of  ships 
without  endangering  clivers. 

\\'ith  the  new  television  camera, 
long-hidden   mysteries  of   the   ocean 


depths  may  soon  be  as  easy  to  observe 
as  a  goldfish  bowl— in  armchair  com- 
fort and  perfect  safety. 

Exciting  as  something  out  of  Jules 
\'erne,  this  new  application  of  tele- 
\  ision  is  typical  of  research  at  RCA 
Laboratories.  Advanced  scientific 
thinking  is  part  of  any  product  bear- 
ing the  name  RCA,  or  RCA  Victor. 

When  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  be 
sure  to  see  the  radio  and  electronic 
wonders  at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36 
West  49th  Street.  Free  admission. 
Radio  Coipoiation  of  America,  RCA 
Building,  Radio  City,  Neio  York  20. 


RADtO   eORRORATION  of  AMERICA 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

Victor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations). 

•  Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  commtinications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,   loudspeakers,   capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

"Wriie  today  to  National  RccruUmg  Divi- 
sioiiy  RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersey. 

Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and   Chemical   Engineers  and   Physicists. 


DECEMBER,  1947 


19 


GEORGE   R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


FRANCIS  P.   GREEN 
Ass't  Editor 


EDWIN    A.   WITORT 
Ass't  Editor 


fA* 


B^-^ 


The  "Bud"  Kiiiolit  Trophy 


Why  ilo  the  students  of  the  \an'ous  ile- 
paitmeiits  of  engineering,  so  meticulously 
a\oid  one  another?  Is  it  a  disgrace  for  an 
electrical  engineer  to  be  caught  reading  or 
discussing  a  subject  pertaining  to  mechanical 
or  chemical  engineering?  Must  the  student 
of  mining  and  metallurgy  refuse  to  look  at 
the  new  construction,  which  is  going  up  on 
the  campus,  because  that  type  of  work  lies  in 
the  province  of  the  civil  engineer?  Now  you 
may  say  that  this  attitude  is  ridiculous  and 
doesn't   exist   here,    but   such   is   the   case. 

Surely  it  would  be  for  the  greater  good 
if  the  men  interested  in  the  various  fields 
were  to  associate  with  one  another  and  thus 
be  able  to  exchange  information  and  ideas. 

Let  us  consider  the  purely  social  aspects 
of  the  situation.  The  social  life  in  and  about 
the  engineering  campus  is  about  as  spectacular 
as  a  fountain  pen  that  has  just  run  out  of  ink. 
However,  there  was  a  time  when  things  were 
somewhat  different. 

It  would  indeed  be  a  great  surprise  if 
more  than  five  per  cent  of  the  student  body 
of  the  College  of  Engineering  had  ever  heard 
of  the  "Ruck"  Knight  Trophy.  At  one  time 
the  Trophy  was  the  center  of  a  really  impor- 
tant social  event  in  the  college — important 
because  it  brought  together  the  two  largest 
groups  in  engineering,  the  mechanical  and 
electrical  engineers. 

A  "Battle  of  Wits"  was  fought  annually 
to  see  whether  the  American  Institute  of  Elec- 
trical  Engineers  or  the  American   Society  of 


Mechanical  Engineers  would  have  possession 
of  the  trophy  for  the  following  year.  The 
trophy  was  originally  made  and  presented  to 
the  two  societies  by  Professor  A.  R.  Knight 
of   the   department   of   electrical    engineering. 

The  trophy  itself  is  quite  significant  and 
typifies  several  well  chosen  qualities.  Made 
in  the  form  of  a  loving  cup,  little  more  than 
an  inch  high,  the  component  parts  are  as  fol- 
lows: the  base  is  a  collar  button  which  sym- 
bolizes the  eternal  search  for  knowledge,  the 
bowl  is  a  sewing  thimble  which  denotes  in- 
dustry, and  the  handles  are  fully  annealed  14 
gage  copper  wire  which  connotes  adaptability. 
All  of  the  above  are  fiuidamental  and  impor- 
tant qualities  in  the  make-up  of  anybody, 
whether   he    is   an   engineer   or   not. 

To  get  back  to  the  "Battle  of  Wits,"  the 
last  meeting  was  held  in  February  of  1946, 
when  the  A.S.M.E.  retained  the  cup  for  the 
third  successive  year.  Since  then  nothing  more 
has  been  heard  of  the  contest.  An  activity 
of  this  t\'pe  is  essential  to  the  social  inter- 
mingling of  the  students,  and  all  that  is  re- 
quired will  be  for  the  EEs  to  issue  a  challenge 
to  the  MEs. 

There  you  have  a  \ery  real  example  of 
what  can  go  on  in  this  college.  For  the  good 
of  the  school,  but  especially  for  the  betterment 
of  the  individual  student,  it  is  about  time 
that  the  students  of  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing quit  their  moaning  and  griping  about 
an\'thing  and  everything  and  begin  to  do  some- 
thing constructive  to  better  themselves  and  the 
communities  in  which  they  will  somedav   li\e. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


H&f  com  pact  passed 
65  screef?  tests 


c  it  made  of  gold,  silver  or 
"brass",  a  compact  has  to  pass 
a  lot  of  ''screen  tests"  on  its  way 
from  the  earth  to  its  user. 

Ore  is  screened  a  score  of  times 
before  it  becomes  metal.  Silica  goes 
through  a  battery  of  screens  to  be- 
come a  mirror.  And  talcum  is 
forced  through  a  long  series  of  finc- 
mesh  screens  before  it  acquires  that 
caressing  smoothness  that  is  de- 


manded by  our  exacting  fair  sex. 

Yet,  because  this  is  America, 
compacts,  which  are  beyond  the 
means  of  women  living  in  countries 
that  decry  our  free  enterprise  sys- 
tem, are  sold  in  dime  stores,  avail- 
able to  millions. 

Roebling  products  play  a  leading 
|)art  in  this  mass  production. 
Roebling  wire  screens  meet  all  ma- 
terials under  all  conditions.  In  one 


case  they  pass  rocks  as  big  as 
melons.  In  another  they  reject  dust 
as  fine  as  pollen. 

Made  of  steel  rods  as  thick  as 
your  thumb,  or  woven  of  stainless 
as  fine  as  hair,  Roebling  screens 
serve  industry  in  a  hun(ire<i  ways  — 
on  a  thousand  jobs. 

JOHN  A.  ROEBLirlG'S  SONS  COMPANY 

TRENTON  2,  NEW  JERSEY 
Branchej  ond  Worehouici  in  Principal  Cllies 


A  aNTURY  Of  CONflDiNCi 


ROEBLIN 


(^ 


DECEMBER,  1947 


21 


MACHINE  TOOL  .   .  . 

(Coiuiinieil  trom  Pagi-  9) 
The  following  t'xanipk-  will  sc-rvi-  to 
illustrate  the  hish-piodmtioii  possibilities 
of  this  method  of  ciittinji  worm  tlireads. 
Assume  that  the  worm  to  be  cut  has  a 
triple  thread  of  0.525  inch  linear  pitch, 
and  is  2.100  inches  outside  diameter; 
that  the  cutter  is  approximateh  3.5 
inches  pitch  diameter.  21  teeth;  that  the 
worm  is  rotated  at  W)0  R.P.M.  and  the 
cutter  at  H^.7  R.1'..M.  At  a  work  speed 
of  600  R.P.M.,  the  cutter  would  be  op- 
eratinj;  at  330  feet  per  nunute  at  the 
outside  diameter  of  riie  work.  No  por- 
tion of  the  cutter  teeth  woulii  remain 
continuoush  in  contact  with  the  work 
for  more  than  1  30  second,  and  ISOO 
cutting  teeth  would  be  presented  to  the 
work  every  minute. 

If  one  compares  these  cutting  speeds 
with  those  used  for  milling  and  turiu'ng, 
it  will  be  seen  that  speeds  from  three  to 
/i\e  times  as  great  can  be  employed,  with 
a  corresponding  mcrease   ui   production. 

(,' luiHfle  ami  Feed  Gears 

The  principle  of  thread  generation,  as 
brief!)'  outlined,  indicates  that  a  harmo- 
nious relation  must  be  maintained  be- 
tween the  cutter  and  work.  In  addition 
to  keeping  the  cutter  and  \\ork  in  step 
with  each  other,  the  cutter  is  also  tra- 
versed across  the  work.  This  motion  is 
effected  by  a  lead  screw  and  feed  gears. 


These  gears  are  so  compounded  as  to 
advance  the  cutter  a  definite  rate  of  teed 
cutter   across  the  work. 

The  axial  travel  of  the  cutter  upsets 
the  harmonious  relation  effected  by  the 
work  change  gears,  and  necessitates  the 
introduction  of  a  differential  mecharu'>m. 
The  gears  A,  B,  C",  awA  I),  shown  in 
Fig,  3,  increase  or  decrease,  as  necessit) 
demands,  the  relative  speeds  of  the  cutter 
and  work,  and  thus  compensates  for  the 
axial  movement  of  the  tlire;iil  generating 
cutter  across  the  work. 

In  some  cases,  it  may  be  necessary  to 
change  the  traverse  of  the  slide  from  the 
conventional  direction  for  the  "hand"  in 
ipiestion.  and  cut  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion without  changing  the  direction  of 
rotation  of  the  cutter.  When  this  is 
done  it  is  necessary  to  insert  idler  gear 
M  between  differential  gears  C  and  I), 
shown  m   Fig.  3. 

Quick-Return   Mechanism 

'Fhe  thread  generator  is  arranged  so 
that  it  will  cut  both  right  and  left-hand 
threads,  and  the  cutter-slide  can  be  tra- 
versed by  power  feed  in  either  direction. 
In  practice,  this  is  effected  as  follows: 
in  cutting  a  right-hand  thread,  the  cutter 
travels  from  right  to  left  under  power 
feed,  and  when  it  reaches  the  end  of  the 
cut,  the  machine  stops  automatically. 
The  operator  then  removes  the  work 
and    engages    the    clutch    operating    the 


(luick-return  mechanism,  which  returns 
the  cutter  slide  to  the  starting  point  at 
high  speed.  An  uncut  piece  of  work  is 
then  inserted,  the  feed  engaged  and  the 
cutter  again    brought  into  operation. 

Depth  of  Cut  Controls 

'Jlie  head  that  carries  the  generating 
cutter  is  provided  with  trunions,  which 
<ire  mounted  in  suitable  bearings  on  the 
cutter-slide.  The  head  can  be  swivelle<l 
on  these  trunions  to  raise  and  lower  the 
cutter  relative  to  the  work.  The  opera- 
tion of  the  head  is  effected  by  a  cam  lo- 
cated at  the  rear  of  the  slide  where  it  is 
held  in  a  semi-circular  seat.  The  con- 
ventional type  of  cam  is  shown  in  I'ig.  4. 
This  type  of  cam  is  made  with  different 
lengths  of  "dwell"  to  suit  the  length  of 
thread  to  be  cut,  and  with  different  an- 
gles of  "rise"  to  lower  and  withdraw  the 
cutter  at  the  required  rate  of  feed. 

This  cam  can  be  u.sed  in  two  different 
ways :  when  the  cutter  is  to  be  held  at 
full  depth  of  thread  for  the  required 
length,  the  pliuiger  is  located  on  the 
"dwell"  portion  of  the  cam,  and  the  nuts 
are  released  so  that  the  cam  will  travel 
with  the  slide. 

When  a  thread  must  be  cut  in  the 
center  of  a  bar  requiring  that  the  cutter 
be  fed  to  depth  as  the  slide  travels,  the 
nuts  are  tightened  against  the  ends  of 
the  cam  as  shown  in  Fig.  4.  In  this  case, 
(Continued  on   Page  24) 


Electronics  Positions  Available 

CURTISS-WRIGHT  CORPORATION 
Airplane  Division 

We  have  a  number  of  excellent  positions  available  in  our  Research  Department 
for  men  with  Master's  or  Doctor's  Degrees  in  Electrical  Engineering  or  Physics, 
or  engineers  or  physicists  with  a  Bachelor's  Degree  plus  experience  in  the  design 
or  development  of  electrical  and  or  mechanical  computers,  integrators,  compara- 
tors, gyromechonisms  or  servomechanisms. 

Salary  commensurate  with  ability 
Excellent  working  conditions 

Call  in  person  or  write: 
EMPLOYMENT  DEPARTMENT 

CURTISS-WRIGHT   CORPORATION 

4300  East  Fifth  Avenue,  Columbus   16,  Ohio 


22 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


"Our  Safety  Is  Our  Speed" 


World  War  II  proved  the  truth  of  Emer- 
son's words;  post-war  America  will  not 
forget  them.  Millions  of  dollars  and  man- 
hours  spent  in  research  are  providing  the 
groundwork  to  keep  us  first  in  the  air. 

The  picture  above  was  taken  in  a  Stand- 
ard Oil  laboratory  devoted  entirely  to 
experiments  with  combustion  in  jet  en- 
gines. New  fuels  are  tested,  their  per- 
formances analyzed.  These  experiments 
will  provide  information  that  will  help 


—  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 

Standard  contribute  to  the  vast  develop- 
ment of  jet  propulsion,  which  has  already 
resulted  in  speeds  greater  than  those  of 
the  fastest  wartime  planes. 

In  all  of  Standard's  activities,  strong 
emphasis  is  placed  on  pioneering,  on  re- 
search conducted  by  able  graduates  of 
America's  leading  schools  of  science  and 
engineering.  Throughout  our  company 
there  are  unlimited  opportunities  for  the 
finest  theoretical  and  practical  skills. 


Standard   Oil  Company 

910     SOUTH     MICHIGAN     AVENUE,     CHICAGO     80,     ILL. 


STANDARD 
SERVICE 


DECEMBER,  1947 


23 


HENRY  F.  JOHNSTONE  .  .  . 

( Contiiuii'd  troni   Page   18) 

\cnti'(l.  One  of  these  was  for  ilispcisiiit; 
DDT  over  beach-heads  and  camps.  At 
present  the  Navy  has  a  contract  in  the 
Kiiflineering  Experiment  station  umler 
the  direction  of  Dr.  Johnstone  and  oth- 
ers for  the  investigation  of  the  ini\in}j 
of  Huid  steams.  This  work  is  of  im- 
portance for  the  development  of  jet  en- 
gines. Several  of  the  graduate  research 
theses  in  the  department  are  on  investi- 
gations of  smokes  and  fumes. 

Dr.  Johnstone  doesn't  spend  ail  his 
time  on  research.  He  said  that  "ahout 
one  third  of  his  time  is  spent  in  teaching, 
one  third  in  administration  of  the  chem- 
ical engineering  division,  and  the  remain- 
ing one  third  on  research,  both  in  chem- 
ical engineering  and  the  Engineering 
Experiment  station." 

One  naturally  wonders  how  a  man 
who  is  foremost  in  his  field  as  Dr.  John- 
stone is,  got  started  in  it.  He  was  born 
in  South  Carolina  in  1902,  and  grew  up 
on  a  farm  near  Lexington,  Kentucky. 
-And  we  bet  the  farm  gave  him  his  six- 
foot,  210-poinid  stature.  Any  of  you 
raised  on  a  farm  know  that  it  doesn't 
leave  much  time  for  other  activities  in 
high  school.  Ne\ertheless  this  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  member  found   time  to  be  etlitor 


of  the  school  paper  and  to  play  footb.dl 
in  his  senior  \ear,  but  according  to  him 
"Tlie)  aren't  worth  mentioning.  "  Dr. 
Johnstone  majored  in  chemistr\-  at  the 
I  niversity  of  the  South  in  Sewanee, 
Tennessee,  because  he  found  he  could 
finish  in  three  years.  After  grailuation 
there  in  l')2.?,  he  proceeded  to  the  I  ni- 
\ersit>'  of  Iowa  to  receive  his  Ph.D.  in 
!')26  at  the  age  of  twenty-three. 

When  asked  what  his  plans  were  for 
the  future,  Dr.  Johnstone  laughed  and 
said,  "There's  no  place  better  than  Illi- 
nois. It's  like  working  with  a  manu- 
facturer in  that  one  can  develop  new 
processes  and  materials.  Here  one  can 
develop  tilings  from  the  fundamentals  on 
to  the  finished  product,  rather  than  just 
one  phase  of  a  research  project.  Further- 
more, here  one  works  with  young  men, 
which  is  always  an  inspiration."  He  feels 
that  his  teaching  entails  much  more  work 
and  requires  more  time  than  work  in  in- 
dustry, but  far  more  interesting. 


Diner:    'T)o    you    serve   crabs   here?" 
Waiter:     "We    serve     anyone,     sit 
down.  " 

"Do  gentlemen  prefer  blondes?"  asks 
a  writer. 

That's  what  many  a  girl  is  dye-ing 
to  find  out. 


MACHINE  TOOL  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  22) 
the  cam  does  not  travel  with  the  slide, 
but  is  held  in  a  fixed  position.  Hence, 
when  the  plunger  proceeds  up  the  "in- 
cline" the  cutter  is  fed  to  the  required 
depth  of  thread,  then  "dwells"  at  depth 
until  the  plunger  reaches  the  end  of  the 
"dwell"  portion  of  the  cam.  When  the 
plimger  moves  down  the  incline,  the  head 
is  raised  by  a  weight,  removing  the  cut- 
ter from  the  completed  thread. 


Psychologist:  "Are  >ou  troubled  with 
improper  thoughts?" 

.M.  E. :  "Why  no,  I  rather  like  them." 

Many  a  young  engineer  is  spending 
a  lot  of  time  tinkering  with  the  misses 
in    their   motors. 


CROSSWORD 

ANSWERS 

H 

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E 

Y 

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L 

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D 

1 

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E 

D 

S 

ZN 

B  A 

1 

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1 

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■ 

S 

T 

1 

N 

T 

O 

■ 

S 

T 

A 

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P 

■ 

R 

R 

E 

1 

U 

S 

E 

■ 

P 

1 

A 

N 

0 

1 

D 

OBA 

s 

1 

A 

Nils 

P 

LJ 

N 

T 

0 

nHt 

E 

s 

L 

aIs 

A 

a 

G 

The  Cambridge  Recording  Gas  Analyzer  continu- 
ously analyzes  and  records  as  many  as  six 
constituents,  simultaneously.  It  makes  possible 
substantial  savings  in  the  operation  of  l<ilns,  pro- 
duction of  inert  gases,  and  in  metallurgical, 
petroleum,  and  other  chemical  processes.  Single 
point  and  multipoint  instruments  are  available  for 
a  wide  variety  of  applications. 

Send  for  Literature 

Cambridge  olso  makes  pH  Meiers  and  pH 
Recorders  both  single  and  multipoint  sampling; 
Voltomographs  for  polorographic  analysis  and 
many  other  mechanical  and  electrical  instruments 
of  precision.  Send  us  details  of  your  instrument 
problem   for  our  recommendation. 

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Pioneer  Manufacturers  of 

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f^^^ 


And  for  good  reasons:  Thermoid  is 
geared  to  meet  the  day  to  day  prob- 
lems of  the  users  of  its  products.  By 
limiting  itself  to  a  restricted  number 
of  items,  related  in  manufacture  and 
use,  Thermoid  is  able  to  keep  abreast 
of  difficulties  encountered  in  the  field 
and  thus  constantly  maintain  top 
quality. 

The  Thermoid  line  is  a  quality  line. 
Remember  Thermoid  for  BRAKE 
LININGS,  FAN  BELTS,  CLUTCH 
FACINGS  and  RADIATOR  HOSE. 
Remember,  too,  that  Thermoid  makes 
a  complete  line  of  belting,  brake  lin- 
ings and  hose  for  industrial 
and  oil  field  use. 


Write 
these 
you  in 


us  if 
lines 
your 


catalogs  on  any  of 
would  be  useful  to 
engineering  studies. 


Tiiermoia 

Pt*oduc;ts 


24 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


nupom'JjL 

For  Students  of  Science  and  f 

Dja&st 

/  Engineering 

Development  of  dyes  requires 
both  physical  and  organic  chemistry 


ducibility  and  storage  stability.  A  sig- 
nificant Du  Pont  contribution  to  the 
production  of  vat  dyes  in  optimum 
physical  form  is  called  "turbulent  flow 
drowning."  In  this  procedure,  the  color 
is  dissolved  in  strong  H2SO4  and  then 
diluted  by  a  large  volume  of  water  in  a 
constricted  tube.  High  turbulence  is 
maintained  during  dilution  and  pro- 
duces uniform  dye  particles. 

In  this  development  the  work  of 
physical  chemists  and  physicists,  aided 
by  electron  microscopy,  ultra-centri- 
fuging,  infrared  and  ultra-violet  spec- 
trometry and  other  modern  techniques, 
was  of  major  importance. 


The  synthesis  of  a  new  dye  in  the  labo- 
ratory or  even  the  development  of  a 
manufacturing  process  from  that  syn- 
thesis may  still  be  a  long  way  from  the 
realization  of  the  full  potentialities  of 
the  new  compound  as  a  coloring  mate- 
rial. This  is  illustrated  by  the  commer- 
cial, history  of  the  exceedingly  fast 
bright  blue  dye  indanthrone  and  its 
halogen  derivatives. 

Indanthrone  was  the  first  known  an- 
thraquinone  vat  dye  and  has  led  ton- 
nage sales  of  vat  dyes  in  the  U.S.  since 
its  introduction,  despite  the  commer- 
cial use  of  well  over  200  types.  In  1901 , 
Bohn  first  synthesized  indanthrone  by 
KOH  fusion  of  2-aminoanthraquinone, 
but  the  yields  obtained  were  in  the 
range  of  only  25-30  per  cent.  Because 
of  the  industrial  importance  of  indan- 
throne, and  the  low  commercial  yields 
obtained  by  the  original  fusion  pro- 
cedure, a  great  deal  of  research  time 
has  been  spent  in  its  study. 

Several  U.S.  patents  record  the  fact 
that  Du  Pont  organic  chemists  have 
made  outstanding  contributions  in  this 


field,  particularly  by  developing  the 
intercondensation  of  2  moles  of  1,3-di- 
bromo-2-aminoanthraquinone  and  re- 
placing the  bromine  by  chlorination  to 
give  3:3'-dichloroindanthrone  ("Pon- 
sol"  Blue). 


cco: 


This  fixes  the  chlorine  in  the  desired 
positions  to  give  a  product  with  greater 
bleach-fastness  than  indanthrone  and 
minimizes  extraneous  substitution  that 
always  accompanies  direct  chlorination 
of  indanthrone.  The  commercial  yields 
of  3:3'-dichloroindanthrone  now  being 
obtained  by  Du  Pont  are  markedly 
greater  than  those  obtained  by  Bohn 
and  his  workers. 

It  is  just  as  important,  however,  that 
a  water-soluble  dye  be  made  in  a  phys- 
ical form  that  gives  optimum  shade  and 
working  qualities,  such  as  perfect  dis- 
persion, freedom  from  specks,  rapid  re- 


One  of  the  three  wings  of  the  Jackson  Labora- 
tory, where  a  large  portion  of  the  basic  research 
on  dyes  is  carried  on.  The  new  $1,000,000  ad- 
dition on  the  right  is  nearing  completion. 

The  conversion  of  laboratory  findings 
to  a  plant  operation  often  presents 
unique  and  difficult  problems  that  re- 
quire unusual  ingenuity  on  the  part  of 
chemists,  chemical,  mechanical  and 
electrical  engineers.  The  work  on  the 
indanthrones  was  no  exception.  The 
outstanding  commercial  success  of 
"Ponsol"  vat  colors,  typified  by  "Pon- 
sol"  Blue  is  one  example  of  the  results 
achieved  through  cooperation  of  Du 
Pont  scientists. 


Questions  College  Men  ask 
about  working  with  Du  Pont 


W.  R.  Remington,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Chicago,  1944,  and  S.  N.  Boyd,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Illinois, 
1945,  working  on  a  dye  research  problem. 


WILL  I  GET  LOST 
IN  A  BIG  COMPANY? 

The  organization  of  Du  Pont  is  unique  in 
that  each  of  its  ten  manufacturing  depart- 
ments and  two  technical  staff  departments 
is  responsible  for  its  own  operation.  Further- 
more, new  chemists  and  engineers  work  in 
small  groups  under  experienced  supervisors. 
Du  Font's  group  system  assures  men  of  in- 
teresting and  friendly  working  conditions 
plus  the  broad  avenues  of  promotion  that  go 
with  size.  Write  for  the  new  booklet,  "Tlie 
Du  Pont  Company  and  the  College  Gradu- 
.Tte,"  2521  Nemours  Building,  Wilmington 
98,  Delaware. 


(5E1ID 


BETTER      THINGS      FOR      BETTER     LIVING 
...THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 


DECEMBER,  1947 


25 


TIME 

PROVES 

Galvanized  (zinc-coated)  Sheets 
Stay  Stronger  Longer 


nn  34  YEARS  ..  .  Erected  in  1 9 1 3,  and 
i  Vi  covered  with  heavy-gauge  galva- 
nized sheets,  this  Tennessee  con- 
centrating plant  ot  the  A/Z  Company, 
is  still  in  excellent  condition  alter  more 
than  3  decades  of  service.  Painted 
with  Gray  Metallic  Zinc  Paint  in  1932. 


In  building  for  the  future,  look 
to  the  past  for  proof  of  a  build- 
ing material's  strength  .  .  .  du- 
rability .  .  .  service.  With  gal- 
vanized (zinc-coated)  roofing 
and  siding,  you  get  the  strength 
of  steel  .  .  .  the  rust  protection 
of  Zinc.  So  for  low-cost,  long- 
time service,  choose  the  build- 
ing material  that's  proved  by 
TIME  itself  .  .  .  galvanized 
sheets.  Send  coupon  for  infor- 
mation about  Zinc  and  how  it 
can  help  keep  your  buildings 
and  equipment  stronger  longer. 


AMERICAN  ZINC   INSTITUTE 


;  2634  •  35  E    Watker  Dr.  Chicogo  I,  III. 


FREE  BOOKLETS! 


Send  me  without  cost  or  obligation  the 
illustrated  booklets  I  have  checked. 

□  Repair  Manual  on  Galvanized  Root- 

ing and  Siding 

□  Facts  about  Galvanized  Sheets 

□  Use  of  Metallic  Zinc  Paint  to  Protect 

Metal  Surfaces 


Na 


Address. 
Town_ 


_State_ 


MARCIA  PETERMAN  .  .  . 

((."ontiiiiicd    trom    Pa^c    IS) 

Kocktord  Colli'gi'  to  major  in  nui.sic. 
Arrival  here  in  Chambana  ri-siilted  in 
her  marriage  and  her  present  position 
which  she  has  held  for  the  past  sixteen 
years.  Her  favorite  ainiisenients  include 
all  kinds  of  sports,  listening  to  nuisic,  or 
plaviiifi  her  favorite  instrument,  the  sa\- 
opiione.  The  "woman's  touch"  is  appar- 
ent ill  her  office  with  a  small  China  dog 
sitting  on  the  files,  a  vase  of  flowers  on 
iicr    desk    ,111(1    bright    c.-ilendars    on    the 

U.llls. 

I'roud  of  tile  rapid  growtli  of  tlie  elec- 
trical engineering  department,  its  staff 
and  students,  Mrs.  I'etermaii  states  that, 
"The  I  .  1.  engineers  ;ire  more  well- 
rounded  individuals  and  on  a  higher 
le\el  th;iii  those  of  ten  or  twelve  years 
ago."  She  attributes  this  to  the  stimulus 
brought  on  by  the  war. 


Traffic  cop  bawling  out  an  unassum- 
ing lad\  motorist:  "Don't  sou  know 
wji.it  1  mean  when  1  hold  up  ni\'  hand?" 

She,  meekly:  "1  ought  to.  I've  been 
a  school   teacher  for  25    years.  " 

He:  "Every  time  1  kiss  you  it  makes 
me  a  better  man." 

She:  "Well  you  don't  have  to  try  to 
get  to  heaven  in  one  night." 


A  divinity  student  named  Tvveedle 
Once  wouldn't  accept  a  degree — 
'Cause  it's  tough  enough  to  be  Tweedle, 
Without  being  Tweedle  I).  1). 

-}■      «     » 

Sm:ill  bo\'  (looking  at  elephant  I  : 
"Ciee,  Ma,  ain't  that  a  hell  of  a  big 
animal  ?" 

Proud  Mama:  "How  man\  times 
must  1   tell  you  not  to  say  'ain't'?" 

Unlike  other  wild  animals,  coeds  can 
be  tamed  by  petting. 


partners  in  creating 


Engineering  leaders  for  the  last  80  years  have  made 
K  &  E  instruments,  drafting  equipment  and  materials 
their  partners  in  creating  the  great  technical  achieve- 
ments of  America.  So  nearly  universal  is  the  reliance  on 
K  &  E  products,  it  is  self-evident  that  every  major  engi- 
neering project  has  been  completed  virith  the  help  of  K&  E. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEV/   YORK   •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Testing  a  Crystal 
frequency  calibrator 
at  76"  below  zero 
in  the  Frick  Re- 
frigerated Laboratory 
of  Bendix  Ra<U.', 
Tou'son.    Md. 


WKm^HrtsA^ssa^j^^-^iL.  .^^^..i^fs&j. 


VI** 


Hold  Any  Temperature  You  Want  with 


"s^^pmm 


"Cold"    down   to    130   degrees    be 
research   and   test   work.   Pen 
quiclt-froien   at   minus   30   to 


This  installation  is  among  the 
thousands  of  stores,  restaurants 
clubs,  theatres,  offices,  industrial 
plants,  etc.,  which  find  Frick  Air 
Conditioning    indispensible. 


o  t-.  IS  now  comnnon  in 
Is  dried  at  minus  75.  Foods  are 
60;  are  stored  at  zero  to  minus 
20.  Ice  is  frozen  commercially 
in  brine  at  16.  Fresh  toods  are 
held  at  34  to  36.  Drinking 
water  is  cooled  to  45.  Air  con- 
ditioning, at  70  to  85,  tops  the 
scale  of  refrigerating  loads. 
•  Whatever  the  temperature 
wanted,  you  can  hold  it  most 
dependably  with  Frick  Refrig- 
eration. Sixty-five  years'  ex- 
perience   says    so! 


TO  . 
CAUOl^ 


4  FOR  WIRES 

I         AND  CABLE 
^  FOR  RACEWAYS  AND  f ITTWGS 


THE  WORLD'S  LARGEST  PRODUCER  OP 
ELECTRICAL  ROUGHING-IN  MATERIALS 

National  Electric 

Products  Corporation 

Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 


Engineering  Students  .  .  . 

You  will  find  at  the  Co-Op  Bookstore  your  needs 
in  engineering  and  art  supplies,  stationery,  text- 
books, and  general  reading. 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 

The  Bookstore  Closest  to  Engineering  Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


DECEMBER,  1947 


27 


AG  MACHINERY  .  .  . 

(Contiiuieil  troin  Page  7) 
nicnt  tli-alers.  A  tanner  might  approach 
his  di-aler  with  a  qui'stion  liki-  "Why 
doesn't  my  new  forage  liarvester  require 
less  power?  I  only  ha\e  a  t\\<)  plow 
tractor  and  with  most  ot  the  power  re- 
quired in  tile  power  take-oft'  shaft  (re- 
ferred to  as  the  FIX)),  there  isn't 
enough  left  to  move  the  tractor  unless  I 
travel  in  low  gear."  The  local  dealer 
transfers  the  ideas  or  suggestions  ilirectly 
to  the  manufacturer  who  at  this  point 
compiles  any  other  suggestions  and  de- 
livers them  to  liis  engineering  depart- 
ment. 

The  ilesign  of  faiiu  maciiiner\  is  con- 
trolled first  bi,-  economic  considerations. 
Farm  machinery  must  be  produced  at 
low  cost  since  the  actual  ser\icc  life  or 
time  in  operation  is  usually  very  low  in 
comparison  with  industrial  machinery. 
Farm  machinery  becomes  out  moded 
more  quickly.  New  ideas  and  new  crop 
handling  methods  demand  new  machines 
so  that  even  though  a  machine  can  be 
designed  to  last  a  life  time,  it  often  be- 
comes outdated  and  worthless  in  several 
years  time,  even  though  its  component 
parts  might  .still  contain  many  years  of 
service.  An  8  to  10  year  service  life  is 
usually  used  for  a  design  basis.  A  mini- 
mum of  400  hours  in  a  corn  planter  to 
8,000  hours  for  a  farm  tractor  shows  a 


This  device  made  with  old  parts 
and  ingenuity,  trims  weeds  close  to 
fences. 

wide  \ariation  in  design  life  and  of 
course  directly  affects  the  cost  and  sell- 
ing price.  Repair  costs  are  not  consid- 
ered in  the  design  life. 

Of  the  two  types  of  costs,  engineering 
and  production  costs,  engineering  costs 
represent  from  3  to  4%  of  the  finished 
product  selling  price.  Engineering  costs 
involve  all  development  costs  from  de- 
sign through  construction  and  acceptance 


lit  an  cxpeiimenral  niachinc,  which,  for  a 
new  t\pe  of  machine  such  as  an  auto- 
ui.itic  wire-tying  hay  baler,  might  ap- 
proach a  ;>5(),000  figure.  To  show  how- 
important  cost  is  to  the  implement  man- 
ufacturer, we  have  onh  to  look  at  his 
"dead  blueprint"  files  and  the  machinery 
"grave  yard".  The  "grave  yard"  is  that 
•  Ilea  within  the  close  confines  of  the 
manufacturing  plan  which  contains  all 
the  finished  experimental  machines  which 
h.i\c  nc\er  been  pl.'iccd  into  production 
because  thc\  were  either  not  economical 
to  piiiiiucc  or  they  were  outmoded  be- 
lurc  |iro(lu('tiori  exen  got  under  wa\'. 

Kven  though  the  cost  of  the  machine 
IS  low,  it  must  be  dependable  during  its 
designed  life.  Bearings  must  be  designed 
to  give  dependable  service  during  the 
design  life  and  the  frame  must  be  built 
to  withstand  repeated  vibrations,  not 
only  from  moving  parts  but  from  the 
constant  jarring  over  rough  terrain. 
Rubber  tired  implements  have  done 
much  to  reduce  frame  size  by  absorbing 
more  of  the  shock  of  impact  when  wheels 
strike  rocks,  clods,  and  ditches. 

The  machine  must  be  designed  for 
maximum  possible  safety.  Equipment 
manufacturers  have  tackled  the  problem 
of  making  present  machines  safer  but 
there  is  still  a  lot  to  be  done.  There  is 
a  movement  on  foot  at  present  to  design 
(Continued  on   Page  30) 


5AmA^ov>X.  D.nx3iitMvU/ia. 


short  facts  about  long-lived  cable 


FOR  YOUR  COIWENIEIVCE 


This  new,  attractive  bottle 
base  combined  with  the 
famous  Higgins  color  card. 
A  natural  for  use  right  on 
your  drawing  board.  Ask 
for  it  at  your  Higgins  Ink 
dealer's. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD  OF  EXCEIUNCE  SINCE 

If  dealer  does  not  carry  f/iem,  write  direct: 

Hicnins  iJVK  CO.,  /JVC. 

371    -MMH    Sr/ltET,  KnOUKlVJN    15.  JV.   V. 


•  Foot-by-foot  inspection  is  given  every  strip  of  insu- 
lation applied  to  an  Okonite-engineered  wire  or 
cable.  The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic,  New  Jersey. 


look  for  the 
single     ^^^^     ridge 


OKONITE    O 

insulated  wires  and  cables 
for  every  electrical  use 


28 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


THIS  IS  BENDIX 


ENDIX  is  essentially  a  great  creative  engineer- 
ing and  manufacturing  organization — unlike 
any  other  existing  in  America.  U  Despite 
the  fact  of  its  modern  manufacturing  plants 
and  its  demonstrated  productive  capacities, 
the  essence  of  Bendix  greatness  lies  in  its  ten  research  lab- 
oratories and  in  the  integrated  knowledge  its  many  engi- 
neers have  jointly  acquired  in  the  fields  of  electronics, 
magnetics,  optics,  ceramics,  electro-mechanics,  hydraulics, 
pneumatics,  injection-carburetion,  aerological  physics  and 
metallurgy.  ^  Bendix  is  constantly  exploring  the  ^videst 
possible  application  of  all  these  sciences  to  all  manner  of  indus- 
trial, commercial,  domestic  and  human  problems.  If  By  virtue 
of  this,  wherever  machinery  replaces  human  effort,  there  you 
will  find  Bendix  instruments  and  controls  lightening  the  load 
on  human  minds  and  removing  the  strain  from  human  backs 
and  hands.  H  The  searchlight  of  Bendix  creative  engineering 
is  alw^ays  pointed  to  a  bright  and  better  tomorro'w.  K  When  you 
see  the  name  Bendix  Ax'iation  Corporation,  on  any  product,  you 
can  buy  it  with  the  definite  knowledge  that  it  is  first  in  crea- 
tive engineering  design  and  the  last  word  in  quality. 


ON  the  walls  of  tlie  great  Bendix  laboratories  ...  in 
the  offices  of  the  huge  Bendix  engineering  staff  . .  . 
over  the  desks  of  executives  in  Bendix  plants  the 
country  over,  there  hangs  an  exact  copy  of  the  credo 
pictured  above.  It  hangs  there  because  it  is  a  ivorking 
credo — an  authentic  statement  of  Bendix  aims,  aspira- 
tions and  accomplishments.  The  results  of  this  whole- 
hearted preoccupation  with  a  finer  future  for  you  are 


everywhere  apparent.  Radio,  meteorology,  all  forms  of 
transportation  aloft,  afloat  and  ashore  are  better  be- 
cause of  Bendix,  and  new  products  of  basic  importance 
to  industry  and  individuals  are  constantly  added.  "To  a 
bright  and  better  tomorrow."  Every  Bcnthx  Resource 
is  dedicated  to  this  purpose.  .  .  .  Look  to  Bendix  for  your 
future.  In  research,  engineering  and  manufacturing,  it's 
one  of  America's  most  versatile  industrial  organizations. 


BENDIX*  PRODUCTS:  oulomofiVe  broles,  carburetors,  landing  gear  •  BfNDIX  RADIO*:  rodio,  radar,  lehyhlon 
CCUPSl*  MACHINE:  ilorler  drives,  bicyde  brakes  •  MAKSHAU  ECUPSE*:  brake  lining  •  ZENITH*,  zarburelors 
STROMBERG*  aircraft  carburetors,  fuel  in/eclion  •  FRtlZ*:  weather  instruments  and  controls  •  PIONEER*  ll/ghl 
instruments  •  fCllPSE*  aviation  occessorles  •  SCINTIUA*:  aircrall  rgnilron,  diesel  fuel  iniection  •  PACIFIC*:  hydroulic 
systems  •  RED  BANK*:  dynomotors,  inverters  •  BEND/X  INTERNArlONAl:  30  Rockefeller  PI020,  New  York  20,  N.  Y., 

Cable   "lendixcorp"  New    york.  ©  11c!  BENDIX  AVIATION  CORPORAIIOK.  DEIROII  1.  MICH.       *1«A0EMA«KS 


AVIATION    CORPORATION 


I  DECEMBER,  1947 


29 


PROBLEM  —  You're  designing  a  taxi-cab  meter.  You  have  worked  out 
the  mechanism  that  clocks  waiting  time  and  mileage  and  totals  the 
charges.  Your  problem  now  is  to  provide  a  drive  for  the  meter  from  some 
operating  part  of  the  cab  — bearing  in  mind  that  the  meter  must  be 
located  where  the  driver  can  read  it  and  work  the  flag.  How  would 
you  do  it? 

THE    SIMPLE    ANSWER 

Use  an  S.S.White  power  drive  flexible  shaft.  Connect  one  end  to  a 
take-off  on  the  transmission  and  the  other  to  the  meter.  It's  as  simple  ai 
that— a  single  mechanical  element  that  is  easy  to  install  and  will 
operate  dependably  regardless  of  vibration  and  tough  usage.  That's 
the  way  a  leading  taximeter  manufacturer  does  it  as  shown  below. 

•  •  • 
This  is  just  one  of  hundreds  of  power  drive  and  remote  control  prob- 
lems to  which  S.S.White  flexible  shafts  are  the  simple  answer. 
That's  why  every  engineer  should  be  familiar  with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  "Metal  Muscles"  for  me- 
chanical  bodies. 

WRITE     FOR    BULLETIN    4501 

It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineering 
data  about  flexible  shafts  and  their  appli- 
cation. A  copy  is  yours  for  the  asking. 
Write  today. 


S.S.WHITE 


INDUSTRIAL 


THE  S.  S.  WHITE  DENTAl  MFC.  CO.   &  tWU0U0i^  M  V%V#iVfl*     DIVISION 
PtPT.  C,   10   EAST   40tli   ST..  NEW  TORK    16.  N.  T.^ 


Cmc  0^  /iiMfUoM  A  AAA  ItuUuetUU  SHXenputt^ 


AG  MACHINERY  .  .  . 

(  C"iiiitinin-il  trom  Page  28) 
sat('t\  >hicl(is  on  iievv'  machines  integral 
with  the  machine  so  that  they  cannot  be 
remo\eii  by  careless  farmers.  As  yet, 
however,  there  are  still  too  man\  uncov- 
ered chains  and  shafts. 

Having  determined  that  an  idea  has 
some  merit  and  might  be  adopted  into  a 
production  machine,  a  sales  sur\e\  i^ 
made.  H\  anal\/ing  farmers'  desires  aixl 
purchasing  power,  it  is  determined  it 
there  is  a  sufficient  market  for  produc- 
tion. The  volume  of  production,  being 
a  variable  factor,  is  directly  related  to 
the  future  potential  market.  If  a  pro- 
posed machine  still  passes  all  financi.d 
estimates,  a  program  for  dexelopment  i^ 
started. 

I'u uctio nal  Specif icatio ns 

The  engineer  for  a  particular  farm 
implement  receives  a  set  of  functional 
specifications  which  are  requirements 
that  the  machine  must  possess  in  order  to 
make  it  perform  at  a  certain  rate  luider 
certain  working  conditions.  Three  fac- 
tors influence  these  working  conditions 
under  which  a  machine  will  operate  and 
their  effect  on  design  can  be  summed  up 
as  follows: 

1.  The  soil :  Sand  to  clay  conditions. 
dry  to  wet  types.  Soil  conditions  deter- 
mine the  speed  at  which  the  implement 
can  be  towed  through  the  field  and 
power  required.  Frame  design  is  also 
affected  by  soil  conditions  to  a  certain 
extent. 

2.  The  crop:  High  or  low  in  ph\si- 
cal  height,  standing  or  badly  beaten 
down  by  the  elements.  Physical  dimen- 
sions of  the  crop  determine  the  intake  or 
amount  of  crop  which  can  be  processed 
per  hoiu'.  The  amount  of  crop  which 
can  be  processed  is  closely  related  with 
the  economics  of  owning  the  machine  by 
the  farmer  in  his  crop  management  plan. 

3.  The  weather:  Hot  or  cold  cli- 
mates, winds,  and  humidity.  Climatic 
conditions  directly  affect  design  in  that 
provisions  for  enclosed  lubrication  are 
necessary  in  windy,  dust-blown  areas.  It 
is  true,  however,  that  in  hot,  dry  areas 
lubrication  of  moving  parts  is  very  im- 
portant, whereas  in  dusty  areas  non- 
lubrication  means  longer  wear,  less 
abrasion.  In  addition  to  provision  for 
lubrication,  special  adaptations  must  be 
designed  for  special  conditions.  A  par- 
ticular example  is  that  of  a  self-propelled 
combine  where  track  laying  wheels  have 
replaced  rubber  tired  wheels  for  harvest- 
ing of  rice  under  the  swampy  conditions 
encoimtered  in  Louisiana. 

Mechanical  Specifications 
In  addition  to  functional  specifications, 
the  engineer  determines  certain  mechani- 
cal .specifications.  He  estimates  the  ap- 
proximate loadings  on  the  main  working 
parts  of  the  machine.  If  a  machine  is 
conipleteh  new,  the  engineer  uses  "scien- 
( Continued  on   Page  32) 


30 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


ON  January  26,  1946,  newspapers 
carried  front  page  stories  about  the 
new  and  amazing  100  million  volt 
"betatron".  The  heart  of  this  instrument 
that  enables  scientists  to  peer  more 
deeply  into  steel  castings  to  discover 
flaws,  is  a  giant  hollow  glass  "doughnut." 
With  the  betatron,  men  in  the  field  of 
nuclear  research  have  already  made  start- 
ling discoveries  in  the  investigation  of 
atomic  energy. 

The  making  of  this  giant  glass  tube  called 
for  glass  research  knowledge  and  glass- 
making  skill  of  the  highest  degree.  And 
Corning  was  ready  with  the  right  com- 
bination of  both.  Each  of  those  "dough- 
nut" sections  you  see  in  the  picture  had 
to  be  built  to  the  most  exacting  dimen- 
sional tolerances. 


Science  and  industry  have  learned  to 
expect  Corning  to  come  through  with 
the  answer  to  any  glass  problem.  For 
instance.  Corning  produced  the  world's 
largest  piece  of  cast  glass  .  .  .  the  200" 
telescope  mirror  for  famed  Mt.  Palomar. 
And  when  all  othermaterials  failed  to  do 
the  job  of  hrndling  hot  corrosive  acids. 
Corning  made  glass  pipe  and  glass  pumps 
that  work  without  a  hitch  or  replace- 
ment for  years.  Thermometer  tubing 
.  .  .  miles  and  miles  of  it  .  .  .  with  a  bore 
only  1/8  the  diameter  of  a  human  hair  is 
just  an  everyday  job  at  Corning. 
With  more  than  50,000  different  glas 
formulae  to  draw  on.  Corning  scien- 
tists and  glass  workers  have  adapted 
glass  to  thousands  of  different  jobs 
...some  simple, some  as  complicated 


as  the  betatron.  But  in  every  instance 
glass  is  used  because  it  does  the  job  best. 
And  you'll  find  after  graduation  that  a 
knowledge  of  glass  may  help  you  do  a 
better  job.  So  why  not  keep  Corning  in 
mind.  We'll  be  ready  to  help  you  all  we 
can.  Corning  Glass  Works,  Corning,  N.  Y. 


c 


ORNING 

means 

Research  in  Glass 


MAKERS      OF       PYREX       OVENWARE       AND        FLAMEWARE       AND       37 


000       OTHER       GLASS       PRODUCTS 


DECEMBER,  1947 


31 


NORTON     EMPLOYEES  ^1^! 

RECEIVE    SERVICE    AWARDS 

at  Annual  Party 


ON  December  6  over  1300  Norton  men  and  women 
were  company  guests  in  Worcester's  Municipal 
Auditorium  for  the  26th  annual  presentation  of  Service 
Awards: 

212  —  10  years  service 

47  —  15  years  service 

59  —  25  years  service 

29  —  35  years  service 


Approximately    70%    of  a//   Norton    employees 
have  been  with  the  company  25  years  or  more. 

These  figures  attest  to  the  truth  of  the  phrase  so  often 
heard  in  Worcester,  "Norton's  is  a  good  place  to  work" 


NORTON 


AG  MACHINERY  .  .  . 

(Coiitiiiuc-ii  trom  Pane  3U) 
tific  fjucss  work"  to  (ietcniiinc  sizes  ot 
soiiK-  parts.  I'rom  tlu-  outset,  howuvcr, 
it  Is  to  be  noted  that  riii  fxfxriiiu  nltil 
/ii/uliiiic  is  mually  designed  for  ftii/iirc 
at  s'liiic  cnlicid  siclian.  1  he  loads  oo 
farm  machine  parts  are  iiiiknowii  and 
variable  so  that  theoretical  design  is  sel- 
dom satisfactory.  In  contrast,  a  steam 
turbine  which  is  very  expensive  to  buiiil 
and  test,  must  be  designed  to  closer  lim- 
its and  with  more  complete  stress  analy- 
sis. After  failure  in  trial  runs,  this  crit- 
ical section  is  built  up  to  the  point  wheie 
the  section  does  not  \ield  after  strenuous 
tests.  Necessity  ma)'  dictate  that  a  heat 
treating  process  be  introduced  on  a  high- 
er strength  steel  be  used  but  in  the  ma- 
jority of  cases  the  original  steel  as  it 
came  from  the  mill  will  be  strengthened 
by  an  appreciable  change  in  or  bmlding 
up  the  original  section. 

A  wide  variety  of  steels  may  be  used 
in  agricultural  machinery  from  low  car- 
bon 1025  steels  to  higher  carbon  or  alloy 
steels.  The  most  common  plain  carbon 
steels  used  are  those  of  the  1045  variet\- 
while  most  alloy  steels  are  of  approxi- 
mately 2345  composition.  Unless  the 
volume  of  production  warrants,  the  ten- 
dency in  present  day  farm  machine  de- 
sign points  to  the  elimination  of  as  many 
castings  as  possible  and  substitution  of 
more  electric  arc  welded  construction. 
Arc  welding  makes  possible  the  use  of 
lower  carbon  steels. 

Frame  Design 

Some  of  the  biggest  problems  the  en- 
gineer encounters  in  a  particular  machine 
occur  in  frame  design.  If  there  are  many 
rotating  parts,  they  may  throw  an  exces- 
sive strain  on  the  frame  which  will  af- 
fect misalignment  of  gears  and  sprockets. 
V-belts  and  V-belt  pulleys  are  used  in 
some  cases  where  this  occurs.  The  recent 
introduction  of  stress  coat  paints  and 
strain  gages  has  eliminated  much  of  the 
guesswork  in  frame  design.  Since  most 
moving  parts  are  mounted  on  the  frame, 
part  failures  are  often  difficult  to  anah  ze 
and  here  again  the  element  of  "scientific 
guesswork"  may  play  a  major  role.  With 
the  introduction  of  the  oscilloscope  and 
strain  gauges,  stresses  in  shafts,  univer- 
sal joints  and  other  moving  parts  can 
now  be  determined  fairly  accurately. 

After  an  experimental  machine  has 
been  built  from  detail  drawings  it  still 
contains  many  "bugs"  which  must  be  re- 
moved by  a  combination  of  old  fashioned 
horse  sense  and  ingenuity.  The  shop 
mechanic  very  often  has  the  answer  to  a 
certain  problem,  but  where  the  trouble 
cannot  visibly  be  detected,  high  speed 
movies  and  stroboscopes  are  a  helpful  aid 
to  the  engineer  and  designer. 

General    Conclusions 
The  |irobIem  of  apphing    the  princi- 
ples   (it    mechanics    and    machine    design 
(Continued   on   Page  34) 


32 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


for  CHRISTMAS  send 


Send... 

Personalized 

PHOTO 

GREETING 

CARDS 


Stop  in  today  and  see  the  new  1947  designs. 
All  you  need  to  do  is  select  the  card  you  want 
—we'll  do  the  rest.  Prompt,  reasonably  priced 
service. 

HOBBY  SUPPLIES 

CEMENT  TOOLS  H.  O.  TRAIN  KITS 

CONTROL  WIRE        MOTORS         PARTS 

MODEL  KITS  BALSA  WOOD 

FAIRCHILD 

CAMERA  and  HOBBY  SHOP 

111    N.  Walnut  St.  Champaign,   III. 


BEHIND  n..,A  LITTELL  FEED 

Radio   parts   must   he   accurate.    Speed,   to   provide 
economy,  is  essential,  too.   "Behind"  the  radio  you  will 
find   a   LUtell  Feed  which   has   supplied   a   stamping   press 
with  strip  metal,  properly  straightened  and  precisely 
indexed,  at  a  speed  which  contributes  importantly 
toward   low  cost  of   the   final   product. 


LITTELL 


F.     J.     LITTELL     MACHINE     CO. 


4127    RAVENSWOOD    AVENUE 


CHICAGO     1  3,  ILLINOIS 


The  Spot  to  Shop 


CONVENIENT  —  COMPLETE  —  COURTEOUS 


mini  Union  Book  Store 

715  S.  Wright  Street 
ON  CAMPUS 

10%   DIVIDEND   PAID   LAST  YEAR 


DECEMBER,  1947 


33 


AG  MACHINERY  .  .  . 

(Contiiuictl  troni  I'age  32) 
take  on  a  new  lifjht  when  applicil  to 
farm  machine  design.  The  ahih't\  to  ap- 
ply the  tormulae  for  beam  stren<:th,  and 
to  use  equations  for  torsion,  bending, 
tension  and  compression,  all  might  be 
used  in  any  one  machine  but  it  is  said 
that  the  "horse  sense"  factor  weighs 
luM\il>  in  any  computation.  It  should 
be  noted  that  onl\  about  5  to  1(1^  of 
the  ideas  which  are  investigated  for  new 
types  of  machines  e\er  reach  the  fmal 
production   stage. 

At  the  present  time,  the  farmer  is  still 
demanding  machinery  at  almost  any  cost 


which  me;uis  that  in  spite  of  labor  strife, 
the  m:iiiufacturer,  if  he  is  to  remain  in 
tiie  field,  nuist  produce  equipment.  Since 
design,  building,  and  testing  of  an  ex- 
perimental machine  requires  almost  two 
years  time  prior  to  production,  many  of 
the  new  machines  promised  for  post  war 
production  are  just  beginning  to  appear. 
Many  are  still  being  tested  in  the  field. 
Howe\er,  many  of  those  promiseil  ma- 
chines may  never  be  produced  because  of 
an  expected  beginning  of  the  "bu\er's 
market"  in  1Q48. 


Time    is    the    thing     that    keeps 
things  from   happening  at  once. 


ROBERT  STEPHENS  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  I'age  IS) 
to  Hob's  way  of  thinking.  This  opinion 
has  sound  reason  behind  it.  In  contrast 
to  most  mining  schools  «  hicli  hiy  empha- 
sis on  teaching  the  technological  phases, 
the  department  here  at  tiie  I'niversity 
stresses  the  economic  and  engineering 
aspects  of  mining.  It  is  believed  b\ 
some  that  this  latter  method  of  teaching 
better  trains  young  engineers  for  work 
in  the  industry. 

Hob  is  a  member  of  A.I..M.E.,  M.I.S. 
and  Sigma  Phi  Delta,  professional  and 
social  fraternity. 


Satisfy  All  Your  Photo  Needs  at 

STRAUCH'S-at-campus 

Cameras   and    Film    —    Dark    Room    Supplies 

Enlargers    —    Exposure    Meters 

Still    and    Movie    Projectors    —    Screens 

Portrait  and   Salon  Mounts 

Photo  and  Greeting  Cards  —  Camera  Cases 

Field   and  Sports  Glasses 

Strauch's      709  So.  Wright,  C. 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
the 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 


808  S.  Sixth  St. 
Laundry  Service  and  Dry  Cleaning 


For  17  Years 


JERRY  ROESKE 

of  the 

L.  G.  BALFOUR  CO. 

has  been  your 

Official  Fraternity  Jeweler 

MEDALS 
KEYS 
PINS 
AWARDS 


Robeson's 


FOR  THE 

FINEST 

IN  MEN'S  WEAR 


IN   CHAMPAIGN 
Over  73  Years 


34 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Roller  hearth  radiant  tube  heated  furnace  using 
prepared  atmosphere  for  bright  annealing* 


Atmosphere   generating  equipment   used   with 
bright  annealing  furnace. 


Here  are  the 


Customers  of  Phosphor  Bronze  Smelting  Company, 
2200  Washington  Ave.,  Philadelphia,  started  the 
whole  thing — they  demanded  more  Elephant  Brand 
Phosphor  Bronze  products  than  the  company  could 
produce  by  former  methods  of  heat  treating. 


So  company  production  engineers,  already  familiar 
with  GAS  and  Gas  Equipment,  specified  the  modern 
method  of  heat  treating — with  continuous,  auto- 
matically-controlled. Gas  Furnaces,  with  integral 
prepared  atmospheres. 


Process — *Homogenizing — a  method  of  heat 
treating  to  develop  uniform  grain  structure  in 
phosphor  bronze  billets  prior  to  rolling, 
while  relieving  casting  strains. 

Temperature — 1200°  F. 

Cycle — 6  hours 

Furnace  Capacity  —  2000  lbs.  per  hour 


Process — Annealing  of  bars  and  sheets  in  a 
prepared-atmosphere  furnace  to  retain  bright- 
ness while  relieving  stresses  set  up  during 
rolling  or  drawing  operations. 

Temperature— 1200°  F. 

Cycle — (0  minutes  to  3  hours,  varying  with  stock  size 

Furnace  Copacity  —  5000  Ibs.  per  hour 


Here  ore  the 


1.  Pickling  process  eliminated 

2.  Production  increased  80% 

3.  Uniformity  of  heat  treatment  assured  by 
automatic  control 

4.  Annealing  and  homogenizing  costs  reduced  over  50% 
6.  Working  conditions  improved 

AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 

420   LEXINGTON   AVENUE,  NEW  YORK  17,  N.Y. 


Throughout  industry  modern  Gas  Equipment 
has  established  cost-cutting  and  time-saving 
records  wherever  GAS  heat  treating  methods 
and  machinery  have  been  integrated  in  pro- 
duction-line processes. 


DECEMBER,  1947 


35 


A  guide  for  fishermen. •• 
and  factory  heads 


FISHING   rod   guides    (like   tlie   one 
above)  and  bearing  surfaces  in  reels 
can  now  wear  virtually  forever. 

Why?  Because  the  hardest  metal 
made  by  man  is  adaptable  for  use  at 
the  wear  points.  This  super-hard  metal 
is  Carboloy  Cemented  Carbide. 

And  the  same,  almost  incredible 
wear-resisting  qualities  of  Carboloy  are 
equally  effective  in  thousands  of  manu- 
facturing applications  and  product 
parts  throughout  industry.  Take  textile 
plants,  for  example: 

Textile  parts  last  years  longer 

la  one  mill,  Carboloy  nylon  guides 
have  lasted  three  years  and  are  still  in 
use!  Steel  guides  lasted  only  two 
months.  And  so  it  is  with  slitter  knives, 
carding  pins,  needles,  jute  and  yarn 
guides  ...  all  tough  spots  for  ordinary 
metals  but  duck  soup  for  Carboloy. 


Vital  to  all   industries 

Carboloy  is  held  by  authorities  to  be 
one  of  the  ten  most  important  indus- 
trial  developtnents  of  the  past  decade 
...  a  guide  to  cost-minded  factory 
heads  everywhere  .  .  .  because: 

1.  Carboloy  commonly  triples 
the  output  of  both  men  and 
machines, 

2.  Regularly  increases  the  qual- 
ity of  products,  and 

3.  Cuts,  forms  or  draws  all 
alloys  with  accuracy  and 
speed    previously   unknown. 

A  challenge  to  you 

The  odds  are  10  to  1  that  Carboloy — 
the  amazing  metal  of  many  uses — can 
be  put  to  work  profitably  in  your  plant 
by  our  engineers.  Write 

Carboloy  Company,  Inc.,  Detroit  32,  Mich. 


CARBOLOY 

(S)  CEMENTED  CARBIDE 

THE    HARDEST    METAL    MADE    BY    MAN 


SANGAMO  ELECTRIC  .  .  . 

( C'i)iirmuc-ii  troni  I'agi'  11) 
Tachojjrapli.  This  device  is  a  ^c■^■l)^(hn^ 
speedometer  for  automobiles  and  trucks, 
which  provides  the  driver  with  a  visual 
speed  iiidieator,  a  total  mileajje  intiicatnr, 
a  time  eloek,  and  a  red  warning  lifilit 
whicli  tlashes  wiicii  sate  driving;  speeds 
are  beinsi  exceeded.  In  addition  to  the 
\isual  functions,  all  movements  of  the 
\ehicle  are  recorded  on  a  chart  which  is 
locked  inside  the  instrument.  This  chart 
shows  graphically  when  the  engine  is 
started,  the  time  idled,  the  time  mo\ing. 
the  speed  moving,  and  when  stopped. 
These  features  help  drivers  eliminate 
costly  driving  habits,  lost  time,  excessive 
fuel  consumption,  the  necessity  of  fre- 
quent repairs,  and  tire  and  brake  re- 
placement. 

The  Tachograph  has  won  wide  accept- 
ance and  acclaim  from  fleet  owners, 
truck  operators,  bus  transportation  com- 
panies, drivers  of  trucks,  insurance  com- 
panies and  many  others,  who  have 
learned  that  they  can  depend  fully  on 
the  record  as  provided  by  the  instrument, 
and  that  this  record  can  help  them  in 
the  promotion  of  safety  and  more  eco- 
nomical operation  of  their  vehicles. 

Personnel  Management 

A  formalized  industrial  and  labor  re- 
lations department  is  an  important  part 
of  the  company  organization.  Following 
through  an  employee  relations  program 
instituted  by  its  founder,  the  compan\ 
was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  establish- 
ment of  improved  working  conditions. 
Details  of  the  program  in  brief,  are  as 
follows: 

Modern  facilities  are  provided  for  the 
employees,  such  as  a  modern,  well- 
equipped   medical   department,   two 
cafeteria,     smoking     areas,     ladies' 
I  o  u  n  g  e  s,   refreshment  dispensers. 
Rest   periods   total    3(1   minutes   per 
da\.     Plant-wide  music  is  provided 
on    the    public    address   system     15 
nu'nutes  out  of  each  hour.     An  ex- 
ceptionally  active   athletic   program 
has  been  in  effect  for  a  number  of 
years.     There  are  also  numerous  in- 
ter-factory clubs,  such  as  the  camera 
club,  the  supervisors'  club  and  oth- 
ers.    The  .?5  year  service  club  has 
37   members,   the   25   year  club  has 
104  members  and  the   1^  \ear  club 
has  23(1  members. 
A  complete  welfare  program  is  also  in 
operation   with    a    retirement   plan, 
hospitalization    plan,  credit    luiion, 
ami  a  vacation  with  pay  plan. 
An   active  safety  committee  has  been 
effective   in    establishing   high   standards 
of   safety  throughout  the  plant ;  the  ex- 
cellent records  attained  ha\  e  been  award- 
ed national  recognition. 

The  compain  maintains  an  open  shop 
contract  with  independent  organizations 
for  hourlv  workers. 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^J 


When  you  admire  a  beauty  ...  or  visit  a  farm  .  .  . 


ride  on  a  ferry or  order  some  coke  .  .  . 


3  6 

swallow  an  aspirin  ....  or  turn  on  the  light  .  .  . 


the  chances  ore,  you  are  coming  in  contact 
with  Koppers  engineering  or  chemical  skills. 

1.  Koppers  chemicals  for  use  in  cosmetics.  2.  Farm  structures 
made  of  lumber  pressure-treated  by  Koppers  for  long  life.  3.  Koppers 
American  Hammered  Piston  Rings  for  marine  engines.  4-  Coke  from 
Koppers-built  ovens.  5.  Koppers  chemicals  for  use  in  medicines. 
6.  Koppers  Fast's  self-aligning  couplings,  widely  used  in  power 
plants.  All  these  are  Koppers  products  ...  as  well  as  scores  of  others 
that  help  to  increase  our  comfort,  guard  our  health,  enrich  our  lives. 
All  bear  the  Koppers  trade-mark,  the  symbol  of  a  many-sided  service 
.  .  .  and  of  high  quality.  Koppers  Company,  Inc.,  Pittsburgh   19,  Pa. 


KOPPERS 


DECEMBER,  1947 


37 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(Cimtiiuicd    troiii    I'am-    1.^) 
tin  is  assistant  nianagt-r  of  metallurgical 
research    for   the    Inland    Steel    company 
of  p]ast  Chicago,  liul. 

I.A.S. 

New  members  of  the  student  brancli 
were  aci|uainted  with  the  purposes,  aims. 
and  functions  of  the  organization  at  the 
meeting  of  (October   IS. 

In  addition  to  this  orientation,  \ari- 
ous  members  of  the  faculty  in  the  col- 
lege of  engineering  ami  the  tlepartnu-iit 
of  aeronautical  engineering  expiamed 
the  machinations  of  the  college  ami  the 
department  and  their  endeavors  in  sup- 
plying the  aeronautical  engineering  stu- 
dent with  a  .sound,  academic,  technical 
foundation  on  which  he  will  be  able 
to   build   his   professional   career. 

Close  co-ordination  between  facult\ 
and  students  w;ls  stressed,  and  all  new 
freshmen  were  uiged  to  seek  the  advice 
of  the  faculty  and  the  senior  engineer- 
ing students. 

Tlie  speakers  were  the  following:  H. 
H.  Jonlan,  associate  dean  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering;  Jesse  W.  Stone- 
cipher  of  the  University  of  Illinois  Insti- 
tute of  Aeronautics;  Henry  S.  Stihvell. 
heat!  of  the  aeronautical  engineering 
department ;  Robert  W.  McCloy,  pro- 
fessor in  the  aeronautical  engineering 
department. 


.At  the  next  meeting  on  October  2^', 
.M.  Zbigniew  Kr/\blocki.  associate  pro- 
fessor of  aeronautical  engineering,  gave 
an  interesting  talk  on  the  technical  his- 
tory and  development  of  the  rocket, 
stressing  the  necessity  of  rocket  research. 

A  short  business  meeting  ilirected  by 
Robert  S.  Chubb,  student  ch.iirman, 
followed  the  talk  by  .Mr.  Krzyblocki. 
The  proposed  constitution  of  the  Kngi- 
neering  Council  was  read  by  Jack  Mc- 
(luire  and  was  ratified  by  the  assembh. 
A  date  was  set  aside  for  the  taking  of 
the    organization's    lllio    picture. 

"Your  Job  (Opportunities  in  A\  ia- 
tion"  was  the  title  of  the  talk  given  b\ 
K.  |.  .Anderson  at  the  meeting  of  No- 
\ ember  1').  .Mr.  Anderson  is  assistant 
district  sales  manager  for  Capitol  Air 
Lines,  and  his  advice  for  the  graduating 
student  seeking  a  job  in  aviation  was 
greatly  appreciated. 

S.B.A.C.S. 

The  student  branch  of  the  American 
Ceramic  Societ\'  held  its  first  business 
meeting  on  Thursday  evening,  October 
16.  The  main  topic  of  discu.ssion  was 
the  Engineering  Council,  which  was 
ratified  b)'  a  unanimous  vote.  Frank 
Reckny  and  Floyd  Maupin  will  repre- 
sent  the   S.B.A.C.S.   on    the  council. 

Dr.  Cook,  faculty  adviser  for  the 
society,  was  present.  He  announced  part 
of  the  organization's  fall  schedule  which 


includes  a  lecture  h\  Robert  'Fwehes. 
a  graduate  of  the  I  niversitv  of  Illinois 
and  a  representative  of  Auto  I-ight.  Tin- 
time  of   this  lecture  is   December    1''. 

The  second  meeting  of  the  fall  term 
was  held  in  the  Ceramics  Huilding  at 
7  p.  m.  November  13.  John  D.  Sullivan 
of  the  Hattelle  .Memorial  Institute,  Col- 
umbus, Ohio,  and  national  president  ot 
the  American  Ceramic  Society,  was  the 
speaker. 

Walter  Stuenkel,  president  of  the 
student  branch,  presided  at  a  short  busi- 
ness meeting  immediately  following  Mr, 
Sidlivan's  talk.  It  was  decided  to  have 
the  annual  I'ig  Roast  in  May  at  the 
L  rbana-Lincoln  hotel.  It  was  also  de- 
cided to  reserve  a  half-page  in  the  Illio 
for  the  group  picture  and  general  infor- 
mation concerning  the  organization  and 
its  activities. 

"Raw  Materials,  "  the  student  publi- 
cation, is  in  the  making.  Roger  West- 
lake  and  James  Young  will  be  the  ones 
responsible  for  its  composition  and  dis- 
tribution. Its  purpose  is  to  furnish  mem- 
bers of  the  ceramics  department,  or  any 
others  who  are  interested,  with  current 
information  concerning  the  doings  of 
various  ceramists.  Any  slip,  by  word  of 
mouth  or  by  action,  will  be  duly  re- 
corded therein ;  and  the  editors  reserve 
the  right  to  make  any  distortions  in  the 
facts  if  they  so  see  fit.  It  should  prove 
to  be  quite  interesting  to  most  readers. 


I  J  ^^FOR  THE  RIGHT 


^  y^X...Ymh^ie44iVft 


^ 


To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
ings must  make  the  right 
impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  v^hen  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


a.f^. 


£CO. 


ARTISTS    X^NGRAVERS  •  CHAMPAIGN,  III. 


ARE  YOU  HUNGRY? 

ANDERSON'S 

Z  E  S  T  O 

frozen  dessert 

SPECIAL  ORANGE  DRINK 

• 

Hamburgers  —   Chill  —   Light   Lunch 

614  EAST  JOHN  STREET 


Burr,  Patterson  &  Auld  Co. 

FOR 

FRATERNITY 

JEWELRY 

and 

A  Large  Selection  of 

Christmas  Gifts 

On   the  Campus 

704   So.   Sixth 

38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


AIR... 


hot  enough 


to  melt  bricks 


V 


Hiver  see  a  brick  melt  in  air  — 
melt  like  a  block  of  butter  in  a  warm 
room?  Probably  not.  For  air  around  the 
ordinary  brick  building  just  doesn't 
get  that  hot... over  2000°F.  Yet  raising  ^^ 

the  temperature  of  air  until  it's  hot  enough  to 
melt  a  brick  —  and  a  lot  hotter  —  is  now  possible 
with  the  Pebble  Heat  Exchanger  developed  by 
B&W.  It  heats  gases  far  above  the  temperature 
limits  of  metallic  heat  exchangers. 

Development  of  the  Pebble  Heat  Exchanger  is 
further  evidence  that  B&W— old  in  experience. 


pioneer  of  many  advances  in  divergent  fields  — is 
still  young  enough  to  have  new  ideas. 

B&W  offers  excellent  career  opportunities  to 
technical  graduates  in  diversified  phases  of  manu- 
facturing, engineering,  research,  and  sales. 


THE  BABCOCK  &  WILCOX  CO. 


85      LIBERTY      STREET, 
NEW      YORK      6,      N.     Y. 


All  Engineering  Supplies  .  .  . 

UNDER  ONE  ROOF 

No  more  fruitless  hunts  for  hard  to  find  items. 
We  have  supplies  for  every  engineering  need. 
Just  come  to  the  UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE,  ask 
for  whatever  you  need,  and  walk  out,  five  min- 
utes later,  completely  satisfied.  We  will  be  glad 
to  help  you. 

UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE 

610  EAST  DANIEL,  CHAMPAIGN    -    PHONE  5720 


^jl   DECEMBER,  1947 


39 


0002"  TOlERAMtt 

PRACUCMW 
PtWlCT  ROUNDNESS 
HO.  2  WKRO-HNISH 

-this  is  No.   5*s  stated 
performance  on  grindiae 
^    ^^  drum   shafts  -  one  of   the 

^^^''  '  most  vital  parts  of  a  pre- 

cision bombsighi  -  pro- 
duced in  lots  of  2000. 

SUCH  ACCURACY  -  CONSISTENTIY  REPEATED - 
SPEEDS  SMALL  PARTS 
PRECISION  GRINDING 

No.  5  Plain  Grind- 
inj!  Machine  —  made 
in  two  siiei-yx\2' 
or  3"xI8".  Work 
speeds  and  table 
speeds  are  designed 
for  diameters  up  to 
about  1". 


Brown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co. 

Providonca  1,  R.  I.,  U.S.A. 


BROWN  &  SHARPE 


Merry 
Christmas 

Why  not  give  a  Lefax 
for  Christmas? 


DAVID  FREDERIC  CAUSEY 

Post  Office  Box  Number   1 
University  Station 
URBANA,   ILLINOIS 


Engineers! 


f 


BRING  YOUR  BOOK  AND  SUPPLY  PROBLEMS 
TO  FOLLETT'S 

A  Campus  Tradition 


JSl 


Bg7gA5T  G 


FHPWE  HiaC 


AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


odak 


Because  photography  can  be  so  inexpensive 


AS  these  youngsters  can  tell  you  ...  as  you  yourself 
jTi.  know ...  it  doesn't  co.st  much  to  take  pictures  for 
pleasure.  Only  a  few  cents  for  a  snapshot . . . 

It  costs  even  less  — much  less  — to  take  many  of  the 
"pictures"  business  and  industry  want,  because  in 
these  functional  applications  photography  is  often- 
times almost  entirely  automatic. 

Good  example  of  this  inexpensiyeness  is  Recordak. 
Reproducing  automatically  ...  on  economically  mi- 
nute areas  of  microfilm  ...  it  copies  checks,  waybills, 
and  other  similar  documents  for  a  fraction  of  a  cent 
apiece. 

Second  example  . .  .  photographic  recordings.  Auto- 


matically made,  they  reduce  to  a  minimum  the  cost 
of  "reading"  the  fluctuations  of  gauges,  instruments, 
production  control  equipment. 

Third  example  . . .  Transfax  Process  . .  .  inexpensive 
in  another  way,  since,  unlike  any  other  process,  it 
reproduces  complex  drawings,  charts,  layouts  \\'ith 
photographic  accuracy  and  completeness  directly  on 
metal  in  a  matter  of  minutes. 

These  are  only  three  of  the  ways  in  which  photog- 
raphy can  save  time  and  money.  In  our  new  booklet— 
"Functional  Photography"— \ou'll  find  others.  Write 
for  \()ur  free  c()p\'. 

Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


ADVANCING      BUSINESS      AND      INDUSTRIAL      TECHNICS 


Functional  Photography 


. . .  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  METALLURGY 


BABY'S  BLOCKS 
AND  B-29'S 
USE  G-E  PERMANENT 
MAGNET  POWER 


Nursery  tovs  niul  Super-Fortresses  have 
something  in  common.  It's  their  use  o[ 
General  F.lectric  permanent  'magnets. 
.\ncl  there  are  thousands  of  other  prod- 
ucts  in  many  and  varied  industries 
which  employ  these  remarkable  uiagiiets 
to  exceptional  advantage. 

What  is  it  that  makes  G-E  permanent 
magnets  so  readily  adaptable  to  the 
needs  of  motors  and  generators,  control 
devices,  games  and  novelties,  radio  and 
communication  equipment,  meters  and 
instruments,  and  mechanical  appli- 
ances? The  answer  is  G-E  .Mnico.  one  ol 
the  most  powerful  magnet  materials  in 
the  world.  .Special  .Mnico  assemblies 
have  been  dcsioncd  to  lift  as  much  as 


|..|5()   limes   the   weight   of   ihe   Alnito 
permanent  magnet. 

G-E  .Alnico  as  originally  discoveretl 
was  a  modification  of  an  alloy  designed 
to  resist  scaling  at  high  temperatures. 
It  consisted  of  aluminum,  nickel,  and 
inm.  The  magnetic  properties  of  this 
alloy  proveil  njorc  interesting  than 
its  chemical  properties,  however.  Rec- 
ognizing these  properties  as  probably 


originating  Ikimi  ihe  solution  and  |)re- 
cipitalion  of  .MNi  compound  in  iron. 
the  alloy  was  modified  and  heat-treated 
accordingly.  The  result  was  the  scries  ol 
])ernianent  magnet  alloys  which  are  now 
called  the  .Mnicos. 

G-E  Alnico  permanent  magnets  arc 
maiiufactureil  by  sand-casting,  precision- 
casting,  and  sintering.  Sand-cast  .Mnico 
is  most  economical  and  is  generally  u.sed 
for  magnets  weighing  over  15  grams, 
unless  the  magnetic  or  physical  proper- 
ties of  sintered  Alnico  are  reeiuired. 


Sintered  .Mnico  is  best  adapted  for  mass 
production  of  smaller  magnets,  or  for 
s])ecial  applications  needing  more  uni- 
form flux  distribiuion  and  higher  phy- 
sical strength.  For  shapes  that  are  im- 
practical or  impossible  to  sand-cast  or 
sinter,  the  precision-casting  method  may 
be  used  to  advantage. 

But  regardless  of  the  method  of  pro- 
duction, the  end  is  the  same  .  .  .  shaped 
|)ieces  of  ferromagnetic  material  which 
I  )ncc  having  been  magnetized,  show  defi- 


iffjiisiiiiin^^ 

^^ "  Jl 

L 

iv'^i.  ^ 

!9 

m^^J^ 

nite  resistance  to  external  demagnetiz- 
ing forces.  Unlike  quenched  steel  mag- 
nets, G-E  Alnico  permanent  magnets 
will  retain  their  magnetizing  force  for 
very  long  periods  of  time  . . .  actually  hir 
centuries  with  normal  use!  Truly  G-E 
Alnico  magnets  are  permanent  magnets. 
In  the  comparatively  short  time  that 
these  powerful  G-E  magnets  have  been 
available,  an  ever-increasing  field  for 
their  use  lias  opened  up.  Today  the 
total  production  of  Alnico  in  this  coun- 
try surpasses  6,000,000  pounds  annually. 
Tomorrow  this  figure  may  be  greatly  in- 
creased as  young  engineers  of  vision  pro- 
ceed iir  research  and  development  of 
this  family  of  alloys. 


i-i^^-.Lx 


ii 


.1  iiirs.\ui/e  to  students  of  metallurgy  and  nietalhiryical 

engineering,  from 

DR.  ZAY  JEFFRIES 

Vice  President  of  the  General  Electric  Company  and 

General  Manager  of  the  Chemical  Department 

There  are  many  opportunities  for  further  metallurgical  research 
in  the  highly  important  field  of  permanent  magnets.  We  are  en- 
gaged in  the  de\elopnient  of  better  and  less  costly  permanent 
magnet  materials.  You  who  plan  a  career  in  metallurgy  or  chem- 
istry will  find  the  po.ssibilities  at  General  Electric  unusual  anil 
enticing. 


GENERAL  m  ELECTRIC 


PLASTICS     •     SILICONES 


INSULATING   MATERIALS     •    GLYPTAL   ALKYD   RESINS     •     PERMANENT   MAGNETS 


'T-'S- 


^TT 


t5 


tfiP 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

JUN  2  9  ir.'ifi 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILL/NoiS 


January,  1948  •  25  Cents 


MEMBER    OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 


'Intellectual  improvement  arises  from  leisure" —samvei.  johnson 


Why  housekeeping  gets  ''lighter''  all  the  time 


".  .  .  ^'i  Oman's  work  is  never  done." 

True  enough.  But  today's  hoinemaker  —  aidt-d  hv  her 
modern  refrigerator,  range,  water  heater.  \a(uuni  cleaner 
and  other  appliances  finds  more  time  for  family  and  for 
leisure. 

And  what  helps  these  ''automatic  servants'  operate  so 
dependahly?  Belter  materials  for  one  thing. 

Materials  on  the  inside— the  unseen  working  parts  of 
household  standhvs.  Such  as  alloy  steels,  new  plasties,  rar- 
lion  brushes  in  motors  . . .  lighter,  more  eonipacl  materials 
ihal  make  appliances  stand  up  longer  and  handle  with  ease. 

Materials,  too.  that  you  can  see ...  as  those  stainless  steel 
surfaces  so  easy  to  clean.  Or  the  chemicals  in  more  enduring 
waxes  and  polishes,  varnishes  and  plastic  finishes. 


Yes.  today's  housewife  enjoys  new  leisure,  new  freedom 
from  drudgery  .  .  .  thanks  to  better  materials. 

Producinci.  these  better  materials  and  mnnv  nllirrs  —  fnr 
the  use  of  science  and  industry  and  the  benefit  of  mankind 
—is  the  work  of  the  people  of  U^'IO^'  CARBIDE. 


FREE:  )oii  arc  invited  to  send  jor  tlie  illustrated  booklet,  ^'Products 
iind  l^roeessesS^  which  describes  the  niays  in  ivhich  industry  uses 
I  (:(''s  Alloys.  Chemicals,  Carbons.  Gases  and  Plastics. 

Union  Carbide 


,10      LAST      IJNIl 


frm 


NEW     YORK     IT.     N . 


I'roiliiels  <»/  Dhisioiis  and  I'liils  inrlutir 

PREST-0-LITE  ACETVl.KNE      •      PyROEAX   CaS     •     RaKEMIK.    KrENE,  VlNVON,  AND  N'INVLITE   PLASTICS 

EvEREADY  Flashlights  and  Batteries    •      Acheson  Electrodes 


LiNDE  Oxygen 

National  Carbons 
Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Kreezes    •    Electromet  .Alloys  and  Metals 


Haynes  Stellite  Alloys    •    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


There's  a  future  for  you  m 

Research 

at  Westinghouse 


Today,  research  is  one  of  the  most 
important  of  engineering  functions. 
The  field  is  broad  and  of  absorbing  interest.  In 
the  Westinghouse  Research  Laboratories,  entire 
departments  are  devoted  to  research  in  the  follow- 
ing fields:  Chemistry,  Metallurgy,  Mechanics, 
Electrophvsics,  Electromechanics,  Electronics, 
Magnetics,  Insulation. 

The  opportunities  offered  to  engineering  gradu- 
ates lie  in  two  spheres  of  activity: 

Pure  Research — investigation  of  physical  laws 
\-,ilh  llic  aim  of  extending  purely  scientific  knowl- 
edge, without  the  specific  practical  application 
of  that  knowledge  in  mind. 

Applied  Research — solution  of  specific  manu- 
facturing problems,  development  of  new  appa- 
ratus, discovery  of  new  and  better  materials  for 
which  there  is  a  need.  G-ioois 


Here  are  opportunities  limited  ^k 
only  by  your  own  iniajiiination      r 
and    aliilitv.    To    learn     more 
about  these  and  the  many  other 
opportunities    at    Weslinghouse,   get 
your  copy  of  the  booklet,  "Finding 
Your  Place  in  Industry". 


W^stinohouse 

PLANTS  IN  25  CITIES  .  .  .   ^^    OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


To   obtain   copy   of  "Finding   Your   Place   in    Industry,"   consult 
the  Placement  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

T/ic  District  Educational  Coordinator 
n  cstinglwuse  Electric  Corporation 
20  iS.  yX  acker  Drive,  P.  O.  Box  B,  Zone  90 
Chicago  6,  Illinois 


Name 

College- 
Address- 
City 


_State_ 


lew  Developments 


#/f/  .hthn  IHvli.  E.K.  '  i» 
Hvrh  Mnzor.  K.E.  '."iO 

H.VII  .MvOiriin.  M.K.  '.»# 


Electron  Diffraction 
Analysis 

'J'hi-  Cii-ni'ial  Ek-ctric  company  took  a 
sti'p  forward  in  the  field  of  structural 
analysis  by  developing  an  electron  dif- 
fraction instrument.  The  theory  of 
operation  of  this  instrument  is  relatively 
simple.  An  electron  "gun"  fires  a  beam 
of  electrons  in  a  high  vacuum  compart- 
ment. These  electrons  are  accelerated 
by  an  electrostatic  field  of  4(),()()()  volts 
and  focused  by  a  magnetic  field.  Hitting 
the  specimen  being  examined,  they  re- 
bound and  form  a  diffraction  pattern 
that  is  characteristic  of  the  crystalline 
structure  of  the  material  under  examina- 
tion. The  pattern  is  k  corded  on  a  photo- 
graphic plate  after  a  S  second  exposure 
and  provides  information  which  is  not 
available  with  the  use  of  the  con\en- 
tional  x-ray  and  electron  microscope. 

The  commercial  possibilities  of  the 
electron  diffraction  instrument  aic 
numerous,  since  it  can  detect  chemical 
changes  before  they  are  detectable  by 
any  other  method.  This  property  can  be 
utilized  for  combating  corrosion  in 
various  alloys  besides  use  in  the  study 
of  catalysts,  surface  deposits,  graphite, 
pigments  for  paints,  inks,  dyes,  and  in 
metallurgical    investigations. 

Liquid  Level  Gage 

An  improved  liquid  ]e\el  gage  was 
recentlv  produced  b\  the  Boston  Auto 
(rage  company  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.  De- 
signed to  accurately  indicate  the  level 
of  the  insulating  fluid  in  transformers, 
the  gage  utilizes  a  float  inside  the  trans- 
former tank  to  transmit  the  motion  of 
the  liquid  to  one  of  two  similar  alnico 
permanent  magnets.  The  motion  causes 


Electron   diffraction   instrument   has   innumerable   possibilities 


Special  gage  designed  to  indicate 
level  of  insulating  fluid  in  trans- 
formers. 


a  flux  variation  in  the  magnet  which 
is  in  turn  transmitted  to  the  second  mag- 
net. The  second  magnet  is  attached  to 
a  dial  indicator  needle  which,  with  a 
properly  calibrated  scale,  gives  highh 
accurate  readings. 

It  can  be  seen  that  leak-proof,  mag- 
netic coupling  is  neces^sary  for  accurate 
indication.  This  is  obtained  with  use  of 
two  (jeneral  Electric  sintered,  alnico 
permanent  magnets  separated  by  an 
aluminum  diaphragm.  The  aluminum 
diaphragm  is  pressure  tight  to  a  min- 
imum of  30  P.S.L,  effecting  a  pemia- 
nent  seal  between  the  liquid  and  the 
gage  proper.  The  gage  flange  is  mounted 
with  four  studs  to  the  side  of  the  tank, 
(usually  below  the  maximum  oil  le\el  K 
and  is  then  sealed  with  a  "hy-car" 
gasket. 

Sonigage  Detects 
Flaws  in  Metals 

Sounds  pitched  too  high  for  the  hu- 
man ear  to  hear  have  been  put  to  work 
to  improve  motor  vehicles.  Harnessed 
in  an  inspection  device,  called  an  auto- 
matic sonigage,  such  sounds  give  auto- 
motive engineers  new  knowledge  for  con- 


trol of  materials  that  go  into  cars  and 
trucks. 

Similar  to  wartime  radar  where  dis- 
tances were  measured  by  the  bounce  of 
radio  waves,  idtra-sound  waves  travel 
through  metals  and  reverberate  to  meas- 
ure thicknesses  and  detect  structural 
flaws. 

Elapsed  time  for  sounds  to  echo  from 
interior  surfaces  provides  a  measure  of 
thickness.  Variable  tones  reveal  air 
pockets,  cracks  and  other  flaws.  Sound 
frequencies  of  over  a  megacycle  must 
be  used  since  sound  travels  through 
steel  at  about  250,000  inches  per  second 
and  some  sections  of  steel  to  be  meas- 
ured are  only  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick. 

The  field  of  ultrasonics  is  compara- 
tively new  and  virtually  unexplored. 
But  experiments  thus  far  indicate  there 
may  be  many  practical  applications. 
Ultrasonic  experiments  in  automotive 
research  laboratories  began  during  the 
war  when  measurements  of  wall  thick- 
nesses of  hollow  airplane  propeller 
blades  were  needed.  The  improved  soni- 
gage is  one  result  of  continuous  experi- 
ments in  peacetime.  The  device  provides 
engineers  with  much  improved  controls 
of  m.Mterials. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


At  RCA  Exlubitiun  Halt,  radio,  television,  and  electronics  arc  on  parade  in  fascinating  new  exJiihits 


^World's  Fair"of  radio-electronic  wonders,., 

RCA  Exitibition  Hall 


100,000  visitors  every  month  — that's 

how  people  have  responded  to  the  ex- 
citing new  RCA  Exhibition  Hall  in 
Radio  City. 

Like  a  "Worlds  Fair,"  tliis  is  a  place 
where  you  can  watch,  and  e\"en  oper- 
ate, many  recent  developments  of  RC.\ 
Laboratories.  Television,  radio,  loran, 
the  electron  microscope,  and  other 
scientific  achievements  .  .  .  vou'll  find 
them  'on  show,"  fully  explained,  and 
thrilling  to  see. 

For  instance:  step  on  a  platform  and 
tele\ise  yourself,  see  yourself  in  action 
on   a   real   television   screen.    Watch 


radio  waves  heat  steel  red-hot  in  a  jiftv. 
Hear  the  newest  RCA  Mctor  record- 
ings. Take  home  a  souvenir  message 
from  globe-encircling  RCA  Communi- 
cations—see Radiomarine's  radar  and 
learn  exactlv  how  the  NBC  Network 
operates  to  bring  its  "Parade  of  Stars" 
to  \'Our  home. 

Con\enientlv  located  in  the  heart  of 
Radio  Cit\-at  40  ^^'est  49th  Street- 
RCA  Exhibition  Hall  is  open  11  a.m. 
to  9  p.m.  dailv;  evervone  is  welcome, 
there  is  no  admission  charge.  Radio 
Corporation  of  America,  RCA  Biiild- 
iii's.  Radio  City,  New  York  20,  N.  Y. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

\'ictor  — one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  and  electronic  prodvicts 
—offers  you  opportimit>'  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers (including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations ) . 

•  Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,   loudspeakers,   capacitors. 

•  Di  \i  III  III  nt  iiul  design  of  new  re- 
cortiiii I   I    ]  I      hu  ing  methods. 

•  Di  -i^ii  i  I  i^iug,  power,  catliode 
ray,  gui  .iiid  i>liutu  tubes. 

Write  today  to  Xational  Rccrtiiting  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersey. 


Als 


I  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
Chemical  Engineers  and  Physicists. 


RADIO   CORPORATION  of  AMERICA 


JANUARY.  1948 


f 


A  Profilograph  trace,  good  commercially  ground  finish.  5000i  vertical,  30x  horizontal 
B  Prolilograph  trace,  limken  finish.  SOOIlx  vertical,  30x  horizontal 


Answers  the  question  — 
^^Hovf  rough  is  smooth?^^ 


ONE  of  the  reasons  Timken 
Tapered  Roller  Bearings  per- 
form with  such  frictionless,  wear- 
free  ease  is  the  amazingly  smooth 
surface  finish  on  the  rolls  and  races 
— the  finest  known  to  modern  bear- 
ing science. 

Now,  when  you  talk  about  fin- 
ishes like  this,  you're  talking  about 
surface  irregularities  of  only  a  few 
millionths  of  an  inch  —  irregulari- 
ties which  are  impossible  to  detect 
by  any  ordinary  means.  So,  when 
Timken  first  began  to  develop  this 
finish,  one  of  the  biggest  obstacles 
was  the  absence  of  an  accurate 
method  of  measuring  the  roughness 
of   an   apparently    smooth    surface. 

The  profilograph  pictured  above 
was    the    answer.    Developed    by 


Timken  in  1928  and  steadily  im- 
proved since  then,  the  profilograph 
determines  surface  irregularities  to 
within  one-millionth  of  an  inch. 
Equipped  with  this  measuring  stick, 
Timken  engineers  were  able  to  de- 
velop new  finishing  methods  and 
machines,  which  have  resulted  in 
the  microscopic  surface  accuracy  of 
the  Timken  Bearings  you  use  today. 

Every  factor  in  the  efficiency  of  a 
bearing   is   approached  at  Timken 


in  this  same  scientific  manner.  For 
example,  Timken  makes  its  own 
steel  to  assure  constant  quality.  And 
Timken  is  the  acknowledged  lead- 
er in:  1.  advanced  design;  2.  preci- 
sion manufacture;  3.  rigid  quality 
control;  4.  special  analysis  steels. 
No  wonder  you  can  always  be  sure 
of  uniformly  top  quality  and  per- 
formance in  the  Timken  Bear- 
ings you  use.  The  Timken  Roller 
Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio. 


TIMKEN 

TRADEMARK  R£C.  U.  S.   PAT.  OFF. 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

George   R.   Foster Editor 

Francis  Cireen Jsst.  Erii/or 

Ed  Witort -■/.«/.  Editor 

Barbara   Schmidt. .j1/c(/-(7//>  Editor 


Rcl'ortiiit/ 


John  Dick 
Don  Hornbeck 
Donald  Johnson 
Karl   Hilgcndorf 
Ralph  Lending 
Tom  Moore 
Carl  Sonnenschein 
Gene  Fisher 
Herbert  Jacobson 
Dick  Hammack 
Kenneth  McOwan 
Connie  Minnick 


Al  Rust 
Phil  Doll 
Ronald  Johnson 
Herbert  Mazer 
Melvin  Reiter 
John  Shurtleff 
Arthur  Wclcher 
Shirley  Smith 
Sam  Jefteries 
Olenn  Massie 
(Jeorge  Ricker 
Duke  Silvestrini 


Volume  63 


Number  4 


Photography 

(lene  Robinson, ///;«/^c;//o;;.y  Editor 

Ted  Sohn  Jack  Stumpf 

Willard  E.  Jones 

• 

BUSINESS  STAFF 

Robert  A.  Johnson Bus.  Mgr. 

Stanley  Diamond.. ^7 .«/.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Charles  Jansen Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Leek Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 


Fred  Seavey.--- 

John  Bogatta 
Rudy  Vergara 
(George  Kvitek 
Michell  Cassidy 
James  Chapman 


.Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Robert  Cox 
C5erry  Thompson 
Robert  Levin 
William  Anderson 
Harold   Wilson 


Faculty   Advisers 

J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  Colorado  Engineer,  Cornell 
Engineer,  Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Illinois 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engineer,  Iowa  Transit, 
Kansas  Engineer,  Kansas  State  Engineer, 
Kentucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
Missouri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint, 
New  York  University  Quadrangle,  Ohio 
State  Engineer,  Oklahoma  State  Engineer, 
Penn  State  Engineer,  Pennsylvania  Tri- 
angle, Purdue  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Tech 
Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 

Puhlished  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary, March,  April,  and  May)  by  The  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter,  October  30,  1921,,  at  the  post  office 
of  Urbana,  Illinois.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscription,  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph. 


Publisher  Representative  —  Littell  Murray- 
Barnhill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago  11,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  New 
York    17,   New   York. 


Tfie  Tech  PresenH 


ARTICLES 

Const  ruction  Practices  7 

Bar/uira  Srh/iiidt,  (j.E.  '48  and  (Charles  .fanst'u,  C.E.   '4S 

Industrial   Sightseeing — Woodward   (Governor  8 

Don  Johnson,  E.E.  '-/y 

Something  New  10 

Martin  Sahath.  M.E.  '4H 


DEPARTMENTS 

New  Developments  2 

John  Duk.  E.E.  '4'^  —  Herb  Mazer.  E.E.  '50 
Ken  MeOuan.  M.E.   '49 

Crossword   Puzzle  1 0 

Introducing     11 

Art  It'eleher.  E.E.  '48  — Shirley  Smith.  Eng.Ph.  '50 
(Bonnie  Minnieh,    C.E.   '51 

Navy  Pier  - 12 

Engineering  Societies  14 

John  Shurtleff.  Ch.E.   '50  —  Dick  Ilainuiack.  (,'.£.   '48 

Editorial   16 


OUR  COVER 

Introducing  this  month's  modification  in  the  cover  design 
is  a  picture  of  the  plane,  shown  returning  with  the  football 
team  from  the  Army  game  this  fall. 

FRONTISPIECE 

This  picture  of  the  main  machine  shop  floor  of  Woodward 
Governor  company  shows  the  large  area  covered  by  the  in- 
dividually powered  equipment. 


I 


Mechanical  Engineering  Laboratory 

hy  ttnrhnra  Svhinidt,  i\K.'IH  nnd  Iharlt's  'lansvn.  4\E.  'iH 


Designed  to  show  the  relation- 
ship between  theory  and  practice, 
this  article  describes  some  of  the 
practices  used  in  the  construction 
of  the  new  mechanical  engineering 
laboratory  and,  more  important, 
some  of  the  reasons  behind  these 
practices. 

The  authors  wish  ot  thank  Mr. 
F.  J.  Wilcox,  the  architect's  repre- 
sentative, for  his  time  and  patience 
in  answering  the  many  "whys"  t-hat 
were  presented  to  him. 


Main'  questions  which  arise  in  the 
classroom  about  various  construction  de- 
tails can  best  be  answered  by  an  on-the- 
spot  investigation  of  any  one  of  the  build- 
ings being  constructed  on  campus.  Al- 
though these  buildings  are  all  being 
erected  within  a  half-mile  of  the  Admin- 
istration building,  the  foundations  of 
each  vary  considerably. 

The  Electrical  Engineering  laboratory 
is  constructed  entireh'  on  pile  footings 
driven  to  an  average  depth  of  18  feet; 
whereas  the  Mechanical  Engineering 
laboratory  utilizes  pile,  cantilever,  con- 
tinuous, and  single  footings  of  varying 
dimensions.  Both  buildings  used  shell 
piles  filled  with  concrete  and  were  driven 
according  to  the  Engineering  News  for- 
mula. The  E.  E.  laboratory  piles  rest 
upon  a  gravel  strata  and  were  given  54 
blows  for  the  last  3  inches  while  the 
M.  E.  laboratory  piles  are  supported  by 
a  strata  of  blue  clay  and  were  given  48 
blows  for  the  last  3  inches. 

The  footings  at  the  north  end  of  the 
M.  E.  laboratory  are  poured  on  top  of 
piles,  while  the  south  end  of  the  building 
is  supported  by  individual  spread  foot- 
ings. For  this  reason  there  might  be  a 
difference  in  settlement  between  the 
north  and  south  ends ;  therefore  the 
building  is  divided  into  two  sections  and 
connected  by  an  expansion  joint.  The 
columns  along  the  expansion  joint  are 
placed  on  cantilever  footings  so  that  the 
two  sections  can  act  as  individual  units 
and  settle  independently  of  each  other. 
The  purpose  of  the  large  steel  girder  in 
the  M.  E.  laboratory,  which  has  un- 
doubtedh'  caused  comment  among  the 
student  engineers,  is  to  provide  a  connec- 
tion for  further  building  additions. 

Steel  pans,  nailed  to   l"x6"  wooden 


planks,  constitute  the  form  work  for  the 
joists  and  floor  slabs  of  the  M.  E.  labo- 
ratory. Wooden  shoring  supports  the 
forms  (see  fig.  1  ).  The  joist  elevation 
is  obtained  by  driving  wooden  wedges 
under  the  shoring  until  all  the  joists  are 
level.  This  procedure  also  facilitates  the 
removal  of  the  shoring.  A  plank  placed 
between  the  floor  and  the  shoring  struts 
prevents  any  possible  damage  to  the 
wearing  surface  that  might  be  caused 
when  driving  the  wedges. 

After  the  forms  have  been  erected,  the 
temperature  steel  and  reinforcing  bars 
are  laid  in  place.  The  temperature  steel 
is  laid  at  right  angles  to  the  reinforcing 


steel  and  takes  the  stresses  introduced  by 
the  contraction  and  expansion  of  the  slab 
due  to  temperature  changes. 

Other  construction  features,  such  as 
using  reinforced  concrete  instead  of  steel, 
and  joist  pans  instead  of  joist  tiles,  were 
simply  designer's  choice  influenced  by 
frugalit)'.  Although  standard  sized  re- 
inforcing bars  are  emphasized  in  design 
courses,  on  the  actual  job  a  round  bar 
may  replace  one  of  the  specified  square 
bars  as  the  steel  company  might  not  have 
had  any  square  bars  in  stock.  The  com- 
puted bending  moment  will  be  safely  re- 
sisted h\  the  steel  as  long  as  the  area 
(Continued   on    Page   18) 


TfflCAL  CONSTRUCTION    OF   CONCRETE   SLAB   ON    STEEL  FLOOR  BEAMS 


Tn>ICAL  TILE  AND  JOIST  MONOLITHIC   CONCRETE   CONSTRUCTION 
Drawn  by  C.    L,   Jansen  Jr. 
for  the  Technograph 


JANUARY,  1948 


Woodward     Governor     Company    plant    at    Rockford,    Illinois 


.  .  .   7i/aadLua^d  Qaoe^uta^  Co., 


Hi§  iton  •lohnnon,  K.E.  '49 


An  airplane  is  in  level  flight  with  the 
control  set  for  an  engine  speed  ot  2(10(1 
revolutions  per  minute.  The  pilot  pulls 
the  plane  into  a  climb,  forcing  the  engine 
speed  to  momentarily  decrease,  but  al- 
most instantaneously  the  constant  speed 
control  reduces  the  pitch  of  the  propel- 
lers, the  engine  speed  returns  to  normal, 
and  the  plane  contiinies  to  climb  at  a  re- 
duced airspeed  due  to  the  power  required 
to  increase  the  altitude. 

In  the  same  way,  then  the  pilot  levels 
off,  the  engine  load  will  be  momentarily 
decreased,  causing  the  engine  speed  to 
tend  to"  increase,  but  again,  almost  in- 
stantaneously, the  blade  pitch  is  increased 
automatically  to  that  position  necessary 
to  absorb  the  engine  power  output  at 
that  engine  speed  and  throttle  setting, 
and  the  plane  proceeds  in  level  flight  at 
an  increased  airspeed. 

If  while  in  level  flight  the  pilot  de- 
sires to  increase  the  speed  of  his  plane, 
he  has  only  to  increase  the  throttle  open- 
ing. As  the  engine  momentarily  acceler- 
ates, the  governor  increases  the  blade 
pitch,  absorbing  the  increased  power  and 
returning  the  engine  speed  to  normal. 
Thus,  the  engine  speed  remains  constant, 
while  the  forward  speed  of  the  plane  is 
increa.sed  because  of  the  engine's  greater 
power  output. 

Airplane  governors  providing  automat- 
ically controlled  adjustable  pitch  propel- 


lers are  essential  for  satisfactor\'  per- 
formance of  modern  aircraft. 

The  first  company  to  develop  a  prac- 
tical airplane  governor  was  the  Wood- 
ward Governor  company  of  Rockford, 
Illinois.  Its  governing  devices  have  been 
installed  in  the  majority  of  America's 
great  dams,  and  in  installations  through- 
out the  world,  including  the  Soviet  Un- 
ion's historic  Dnieprostroy  Dam,  which 
was  destroyed  in  the  face  of  Nazi  in- 
vasion. Its  Diesel  governors  are  found 
aboard  submarines,  patrol-torpedo  boats, 
sub  chasers,  destroyers,  cruisers,  battle- 
ships, tugs,  merchantmen,  streamlined 
trains,  and  in  stationary  electric  plants. 
These  governors  range  in  work  capacity 
from  6  inch  pounds  to  60,000  foot 
pounds  and  in  weight  from  the  l^/j 
pounds  airplane  goxernor  to  the  75,000 
pound  twin  cabinet  actuator  for  the  L  .  S. 
War  Department's  Bonneville  Dam. 

Amos  Woodward,  a  Rockford  ma- 
chinist, received  on  May  31,  1870,  a 
patent  on  the  first  practical  friction-type 
waterwheel  governor  and,  in  1872, 
opened  up  his  own  general  pattern  and 
machine  shop  in  a  small  two  story  frame 
building.  In  1899,  two  years  before  the 
Woodward  Governor  company  was  in- 
corporated, his  son,  Elmer  Woodward, 
developed  the  first  mechanical  compen- 
sating-type  governor  which  decreased  the 
time  required  to  operate  the  gates  over 


full  travel.  After  assuming  the  presi- 
dency in  1919,  Elmer  Woodward  devel- 
oped the  first  successful  hydraulic  Diesel 
engine  governor  and,  in  1934,  the  first 
satisfactory  governor  for  controlling  the 
pitch  of  airplane  propellers. 

During  this  time  the  company's  physi- 
cal plant  had  also  been  growing.  Leav- 
ing their  original  two  story  frame  build- 
ing in  1893,  the  Woodward  (jovernor 
company  remodeled  and  occupied  the  \. 
C.  Thompson's  Reaper  Works  building, 
and  a  five  story  steel  and  concrete  struc- 
tine  was  completed   for  them  in    1909. 

During  the  lifetime  of  the  two  Wood- 
wards, their  company  became  the  oldest 
and  largest  manufacturers  of  hydraulic 
governors  for  prime  movers. 

Devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  pre- 
cision governing  equipment  and  associ- 
ated auxiliary  devices  for  all  prime  mov- 
ers exclusively,  the  company  has  never 
expanded  except  where  absolutely  neces- 
sary. However,  shortly  after  Pearl  Har- 
bor, it  completed  and  occupied  a  new 
and  beautifid  plant,  which  they  said  was 
"probably  the  most  completely  equipped 
industrial  plant  in  the  world.  "  Although 
conservative  in  expansion,  the  company 
showed  unusual  progressiveness  in  the 
design  of  their  plant. 

The  exterior  of  this  building  is  buff 
brick  and  Lannon  stone  with  Bedford 
trim,   and   is  entirely  windowless  except 


8 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


for  three  small  areas  of  tjlass  block. 
Rasic  construction  is  reenforced  concrete 
aiul  steel.  All  ceilings  are  acoustically 
treated  so  that  even  in  the  machine  shop 
the  sound  level  is  such  that  conversation 
in  normal  tones  is  easily  heard  and  all 
lighting  is  white  fluorescent  with  fixtures 
flush  mounted.  The  entire  building,  in- 
cluding the  shop,  is  air  conditioned.  All 
incoming  air  is  heated  or  cooled,  humiili- 
hed  or  dehumidified  as  required  and  fil- 
tered through  self-cleaning  electric  pre- 
cipitation type  filters.  Because  of  low 
building  losses,  cooling  is  required  under 
normal  load  conditions  for  outside  tem- 
peratures as  low  as  3'  to  b°  below  zero 
for  the  office  area  and  45°  below  for  the 
shop.  Contrast  this  with  so  many  plants 
today  where  the  workers  must  work  in 
T-shirts  all  summer  and  in  jackets  all 
winter.  Throughout  the  building  are 
flush  mounted  ceiling  loudspeakers  carry- 
ing general  paging,  announcements,  and 
music  during  rest  periods. 

At  the  time  of  completion,  the  main 
machine  shop  in  the  Woodward  (jn\- 
ernor  company's  modern  plant  ranked 
second  to  none  in  the  world.  Compris- 
ing a  floor  area  of  approximately  35,()()U 
square  feet  devoted  to  machining  opera- 
tions, the  entire  area  is  clear  from  floor 
to  ceiling  except  for  ceramic  tile  enclosed 
steel  columns  for  roof  support.  All  ma- 
chines, 98%  of  which  were  less  than  five 
years  old  at  the  time  of  dedication  of  the 
new  building,  are  equipped  with  individ- 
ual drives,  eliminating  line  shafting  and 
belts,  and  all  electrical  and  compressed 
air  services  to  the  machines  are  brought 
up  through  the  floor. 

Above  the  suspended  shop  ceiling  is  all 
necessary  wiring  and  ventilating  duct- 
work, making  it  possible  to  service  the 
lighting  and  air  conditioning  from  above 
without  disrupting  shop  operation. 

The  shop  floor  is  terrazo  with  alun- 
dum  chips  in  the  filler  to  prevent  slip- 
ping, the  ceiling  is  perforated  metal 
acoustic  tile,  and  the  walls  are  ceramic 
tile  in  restful  colors  of  green  and  buff. 
The    fluorescent   lights   flushed   into    the 


ceiling  pro\ide  approximateh'  50  foot- 
candles  at  the  work  level. 

In  this  shop  are  performed  all  machine 
operations  on  airplane,  Diesel,  and  water- 
wheel  governors.  Parts  produced  range 
from  a  few  ounces  to  several  thousand 
pounds  and  tolerances  of  two  ten-thou- 
sandths are   not   unusual. 

The  engineering  department  is  sound- 
proofed with  rubber  floor  and  acoustic 
ceiling,    and     lighted    b\-    flush    mounted 


The  subject  of  the  fourth  article 
on  local  industries  is  the  Wood- 
ward Governor  company  of  Rock- 
ford,  Illinois.  Getting  its  start  over 
75  years  ago,  this  company  is  typi- 
cal of  the  many  businesses  which 
were  started  modestly  by  one  man, 
developed  into  successful  concerns 
by  himself  and  his  family,  and 
finally,  by  incorporation,  were 
transformed  into  large  organiza- 
tions without  loss  of  purpose  or 
principles  upon  which  they  were 
founded. 


fluorescent  lights  which  pro\ide  approxi- 
mately 140  foot-candles  on  the  drawing 
boards. 

The  experimental  department  consists 
of  the  general  laboratory,  the  chemistr\' 
laboratory,  the  engine  test  room,  the  hy- 
draulic laboratory,  the  photographic  lab- 
oratory, and  the  model  shop  where  first 
models  for  experimental  units  are  con- 
structed. The  stratosphere  chamber,  also 
a  part  of  the  experimental  laboratory', 
one  of  the  largest  units  of  its  type  ever 
built,  duplicates  conditions  of  tempera- 
ture and  pressure  encountered  by  aircraft 
at  altitudes  up  to  70,000  feet.  Temper- 
ature within  the  chamber  can  be  con- 
trolled from  — 95"  F.  to  -|-175-  F.,  and 
pressure  ranging  from  atmosphere  to  one 
inch  of  mercury. 

Probably  the  most  outstanding  of  all 
this  plant's  construction  is  its  facilities 
for  its  employees. 


The  cafeteria,  in  the  basement  of  the 
ofHce  section,  is  operated  on  a  non-profit 
basis  by  the  Primary  committee  of  Mul- 
tiple Management.  (  More  will  be  told 
about   Multiple  Management  later.) 

The  auditorium  seats  over  500  people, 
in  chairs  which  can  be  removed  for 
dances  and  similar  gatherings,  and  is 
a\ailable  to  all  members  for  meetings 
and  social  functions.  It  is  used  for  gen- 
eial  meetings,  schools  of  instruction  for 
members,  and  the  biennial  Woodward 
(lovernor  schools,  at  which  purchasers 
and  users  of  Woodward  governors  ex- 
change information  and  receive  instruc- 
tion in  governor  theory,  operation,  and 
maintenance.  It  is  eqiu'pped  with  sound- 
movie  equipment  and  a  parabolic  reflec- 
tor microphone  to  pick  up  audience  ques- 
tions. 

The  personnel  department  gives  each 
prospective  employee  written  general  and 
specific  intelligence  examinations  and 
manual  dexterity  test  designed  to  deter- 
mine their  qualifications  for  various  jobs 
in  the  organization.  The  vocational  test 
room  is  equipped  with  booths  for  the 
tests  reqiuring  concentration  and  suitable 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  applicant's 
mechanical  aptitudes  and  dexterity. 
Many  people  assign  this  rigid  employ- 
ment selection  as  one  of  the  main  rea- 
sons for  the  company's  success. 

Provided  for  the  employees  is  a  park- 
ing lot  which  is  patrolled  by  guards  and 
floodlighted  at  night;  twenty-two  show- 
ers; and  locker  rooms  in  which  each 
locker  is  ventilated  to  keep  clothing 
fresh. 

C^pen  constantly  is  the  shop  hospital. 
In  addition  to  the  available  first  aid 
service,  each  member  is  given  complete 
physical,  foot,  and  dental  X-ray  exami- 
nations once  each  year,  the  results  of 
which  are  given  to  a  physician  and  dentist 
of  his  choice.  Since  the  purpose  of  these 
examinations  is  to  maintain  proper  physi- 
cal fitness,  it  is  obligator)-  that  corrective 
measures  be  taken. 

The  plant  boasts  a  treatment  room 
(Continued  on    Page  2f> ) 


^^^^mM 

"'^^^^^^W 

^ 

'Ici'i^ftiO'^ 

i»-"i»r-A^ 

-r-i'*  . 

M 

Xf¥i*nNt 

smm^  -^ 

Left:  View  of  the  shop  cafeteria  during   noon    lunch.     Right;    Shown    being    used    for    a 
meeting,    the    auditorium    is    also    available    for  dances   and    recreation 


JANUARY,  1948 


Sdiiietliiiii!  lew . . . 


Itii  Martin  Siilmlh.  M.K.  ' /« 


All  eiifiineeiing  students  niis'it 
well  examine  this  liberal  metamor- 
phosis of  the  study  program  for 
the  prospective  methanital  engi- 
neering student.  The  changes  in 
existing  courses  and  the  addition 
of  many  new  courses  described  in 
this  article  have  been  made  with 
the  idea  of  helning  the  student  in 
the  choice  and  expansion  of  his 
education. 


-A  new  curriculum  in  mechanical  engi- 
neering went  into  effect  in  October. 

Only  freshmen  and  first  semester 
sophomores  are  affected  by  it.  The  cur- 
riculum will  be  activated  semester  by 
semester  as  these  sophomores  profjress 
through  their  four  years.  Other  stu- 
dents in  mechanical  engineering  will  con- 
tinue to  follow  the  old  curriculum,  but 
will  benefit  by  having  a  wider  selection 
of  electives  to  choose  from. 

Mechanical  engineering  has  the  widest 
application  of  an\'  branch  of  engineering. 
It  can  be  roughly  di\ided  into  three 
main  fields,  each  of  which  can  be  further 
divided  into  specialized  branches.  These 
fields  are  heat  power,  mechanical  engi- 
neering design,  and  production.  The  cur- 
ricidum  has  been  designed  to  give  the 
student  a  Working  knowledge  in  all  these 
fields,  and  in  addition  he  can  concentrate 
on  subjects  in  his  chosen  field  of  special- 
ization, if  he  has  one. 

The  new  curriculum  was  presented 
before  a  meeting  of  the  ASME  last 
spring  by  Professor  X.  A.  Parker,  head 
of  the  department  of  Mechanical  Kngi- 
neering,  after  considerable  study  and  dis- 
cussion by  members  of  the  department. 

A  total  of  nine  options  are  offered  in 
the  department.  These  options,  and  the 
percentage  of  enrollment  expected  in 
each  are  as  follows : 

1.  Design  option,  24%  :  'l"hi>  oinion 
provides  for  specialization  in  mechanical 
engineering  design. 

1.  Design  option,  24%:  The  option 
is  for  those  students  whose  interests  lie 
in  the  field  of  steam  and  gas  power. 

3.  Production  option,  26%  :  This  op- 
tion provides  emphasis  on  the  production 
engineering  aspects  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering to  meet  the  needs  of  those  stu- 
dents planning  on  a  career  in  the  manu- 
facturing industry. 

4.  Research   option,   3%  :     A   highly 


technical    course    for   students   interested 
HI  research  and  de\el()|iment. 

"i.  -Aeronautical  option,  3%  :  This 
option  is  designed  for  tho.se  mechanical 
engineering  students  who  may  be  inter- 
ested in  the  aircraft  industry.  This  op- 
tion is  given  with  the  cooperation  of  the 
Department  of  Aeronautical  Engineer- 
ing. 

6.  .•\n'  conditionuig  ;in(i  refrigeration 
option,  14%  :  This  option  provides  foi- 
those  interested  in  heating,  ventilating, 
air  conditioning,  and  refrigeration. 

7.  Petroleimi  production  option,  6%  : 
This  option  is  designed  for  tho.se  stu- 
dents interested  in  the  mechanical  engi- 
neering aspects  of  petroleum  production. 

8.  Railway  option,  1%:  This  option 
permits  specialization  in  railway  mechan- 
ical engineering. 

9.  General  option,  13%  :  This  op- 
tion permits  selection  of  courses  to  meet 
the  needs  of  students  whose  interests  dif- 


fer   from    those    who   clioose   special    op- 
tions. 

The  basic  differences  between  the  new 
curriculum  and  the  old  one  ma\  bi'  said 
to  be: 

1.  Credit  is  cut  from  certain  tech- 
nical courses  required  for  all.  Additional 
special  courses  arc  provided  in  the  op- 
tions. Some  of  the  new  courses  now  of- 
fered or  to  be  offered  in  the  near  future 
are: 

Combustion  engines  and  turbines  lab- 
oratory. 

Heat  transfer. 

(las  turbines. 

Advanced  heating  and  ventilating  de- 
sign. 

Production  control. 

Industrial  qualit\'  control. 

Tool  engineering. 

Motion  and  time  study. 

hxperimental   investigations. 

2.  Several  options  are  listed  which 
show  how  a  sequence  of  courses  may  he 
selected  to  effect  an  emphasis  on  one  or 
another  phase  of  mechanical  engineering. 
A  student  may  thus  have  an  incentive  to 
do  a  better  job  in  his  particular  field  of 
interest. 

3.  A  general  option  is  included  which 
permits  a  selection  of  courses  which  cut 
across  the  other  options,  or  which  may 

(Continued  on  Page  20) 


to  an  induction 

9.   Healtll    resorl 

12.  Earlv  form  ot 
electric  batter.v 

13.  Grave   robber 

14.  Turn  to  the  left 

15.  Moves  a  switch 
to  interrupt  a 
current 

17.  Chess  pieces 

18.  Inventor  o£  the 
automatic  block 
system  for  rail- 
roads 

19.  Openings  for  in- 
sertion of  coins  m 
coin  telephones 

21.  What  the  use  of 
electricity  con- 
tinues to  do 

23.   Unit  of  germ 
plasm 

25.  Organ  helped  by 
proper  use  of 
light 

26.  Old  name   for 
Thailand 

27.  Scandium: 
chem.  symbol 

29.  Easter  tiowei 
31.  Likely 
33.  Inventor    ot 
12  Across 

35.  Card  game 

36.  Inventor  of 
neon  lights 

38.  Conger 

39.  Tool  for  straight- 
ening borders 

41.  Well  Known 
South   African 
antelope 

42.  Not  electrified, 
as  a  circuit 

43.  Tellurium: 
chem.  symbol 

44.  Be  foolishly  fond 
46.  Essay 

48.  Common  unit  of 
electricity:  abbr. 

49.  Popular  radio 
comedian 

50.  Situated 

52.  Metric  unit  o! 

weight 
54.  Crafty 
56.  Trite 

58.  Belonging  to  us 

59.  Watchful 

61.  Limy  clay 
deposit 

62.  Kind  of  pipe 
connection 

63    Vermont    inven- 


Cr  OSS  word    Puzzle 


i 

2 

3 

|4 

5 

6 

7 

rTHa" 

f\ 

II 

12 

MB  13 

BMI4 

15 

I6B|I7 

W^ 

R 

19 

201—2, 

22 

i 

n 

23 

24 

W'' 

■F 

ffi 

27 

28 

29 

30 

-■" 

^^ 

SB^^ 

.i4 

35 

If 

"L 

37]       gg|38 

39 

40 

W 

Bflp^ 

43 

H 

44 

"'L 

HJ46 

47 

B 

48 

^^^49 

U50 

51 

i         1 

52 

53 

H|54 

55 

g56 

57 

58 

gn59 

60H&I 

62 

M63 

^^ 

JM 

trees 

3.  English  elec- 
trician, devised 
an  electroscope 
in  1771 

4.  Metric  weight, 
about  2.2  lbs. 

5.  Units  of  elec- 
trical resistance 

6.  Fish  eggs 

7.  Some  of  these 
plants    are 
destructive  to 
wooden  poles 

8.  Gas  allied  to 
chlorine:    abbr. 

9    Famous  dram- 
atist, once 
worked  in  first 
London  tele- 


phone e.\change 

10.  Chum 

11.  Shoemaker's 
boring  tool 

12  Introduced  his 
sine  galvano-  • 
meter  in   1837 

16    Kind  of  Chinese 

grown  here 
18.  Genus  of  human 

beings 
20.  Small  short- 
necked    river 
duck 
22.  Talk  deliriously 
24.  Two  element 
vacuum  tube 

26.  Knock  out 

27.  Cut  of  meat 

28.  Member  of  first 
Federal  Radio 
Commission.  1927 

30.  Ship's  record 
book 

32.  American  phys- 
icist, invented  a 
"galvanic   mul- 


tiplier" in  1837 
34.  Dr.  DeForest's 
first  name 

36.  Cut  short 

37.  Obligation 

40.  Ancient  country 
SE  of  Palestine 

42.  Electric 
generator 

45    Inventor  of  the 
modern  alternat- 
ing current  in- 
duction motor 

47.   Curved    bone 

49.  Designed 
copper   a 


1821 


nc 


batte 

50.  Ancient  musical 
instrument 

51.  Growl,  as  a  dog 

52.  Obtained 
.53.  Regret 

55.  Bulgarian  coin 

57.  Skill 

59.  Our  present 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Ol^i^UMUClkUf.    b„ 


Art  n'elvher.  E.E.  'i» 
Shirlvif  Smith,  K.I*.  '.lO  ami  f'onnU'  3tinnit'h.  t'.K.  '.11 


DICK   FOLEY 

"St.'iiting  at  rij;ht  j^uard  tor  Illinois, 
Dick  Foley,  number  '^)."  These  words 
will  echo  throughout  Huff  gym  in  a  few 
weeks  as  the  Illini  ()|X'n  another  cam- 
paign in  quest  of  the  Big  Nine  basket- 
ball title.  One  of  the  stalwarts  upon 
whom  Illinois  is  depending  to  again 
bring  home  the  glory  won  by  the  re- 
nowned Whiz  Kids,  is  Dick  Foley  who 
was  sidelined  a  whole  season  in  the 
shadow  of  these  same  Whiz  Kids. 

Leading  Illinois  scorers  in  his  fresh- 
man year,  Foley,  along  with  a  host  of 
other  potential  first  string  men,  was  rele- 
gated to  the  bench  to  watch  the  return- 
ing Whiz  Kids — Menke,  Phillip,  V^ance 
and  Smiley — carr\'  the  brunt  of  the  Illi- 
nois attack.  Despite  a  mediocre  per- 
formance all  season,  former  coach,  Doug 
]VIills,  perhaps  influenced  more  by  expe- 
rimental reasons  than  by  good  hard  bas- 
ketball sese,  let  the  Whiz  Kids  corner 
the  spotlight  and  allowed  a  possibh'  bet- 
ter combination  sit  nut  most  of  the 
games. 

This  year,  however,  the  Whiz  Kids 
are  gone  and  stellar  performers  like  Jack 
l?in'master,  Dwight  Humphrey  and  espe- 
cially Dick  Foley  will  be  given  the 
chance  to  again  prove  themselves  worthy 
of  the  Orange  and  Blue. 

Dick  Foley,  who  started  his  basketball 
career  in  Paris,  Illinois,  high  school,  be- 
gan working  toward  an  engineering  de- 
gree at  the  same  time.  He  decided  to 
become  a  chemical  cjigineer,  but,  after 
2S  months  in  the  Signal  Corps,  he  de- 
cided to  change  his  major  to  covil  engi- 
neering. 

Dick  is  now  a  junior  in  civil  engineer- 
( Continued  on  Page  24) 


WHEELER  LOOMIS 

In  l')20  when  professor  Wheeler 
Loomis  came  to  Illinois  as  the  newly  ap- 
pointed head  of  the  physics  department, 
the  research  divisions  of  universities  and 
colleges  throughout  the  United  States 
were  beginning  to  make  important  dis- 
coveries in  some  comparatively  new  fields 


DICK    FOLEY 


PROFESSOR  LOOMIS 

of  physics  that  have  now  introduced  us 
to  a  new  era  which  we  call  the  Atomic 
Age.  Under  his  direction,  the  Univer- 
sity has  today  become  one  of  the  leading 
institutions  in  the  world  of  ph^'sics  with 
a  tremendous  amount  of  fundamental 
physics,  war-time  research,  and  the  in- 
vention and  development  of  the  now- 
famous  betatron  to  its  credit. 

Dr.  Loomis  has  behind  him  a  long  rec- 
ord of  research,  teaching,  and  admin- 
istration in  physics.  Born  at  Parkers- 
burg,  West  Virginia,  he  determined  to  be 
a  physicist  when  a  senior  in  high  school. 
He  graduated  from  Harvard  university 
in  1910  with  a  bachelor  of  arts  degree 
and  continued  there  with  his  graduate 
work,  taking  a  master's  in  19L^  and  a 
doctorate  of  philosophy  in  1917.  During 
World  War  I,  he  serveti  as  a  captain  in 
the  ordnance  department  in  charge  of 
anti-aircraft  ballistics  at  the  Aberdeen 
proving  ground  in  Maryland.  Resum- 
ing his  career,  he  held  the  position  of 
research  physicist  with  the  Westinghouse 
Lamp  company  until  1920  when  he  be- 
came successively  assistant  professor  and 
associate  professor  in  the  phj'sics  depart- 
( Continued   on    Page  24) 


WILTON  McDEVITT 

For  22  years  Mr.  W.  B.  McDevitt 
has  worked  at  the  University  amid  the 
white  clay  dust  and  intricate  halls  of  the 
Ceramics  building.  "Mac"  is  a  potter, 
an  expert  in  his  trade. 

Mr.  McDevitt  was  born  on  a  farm 
near  Hamilton,  Mi.s.souri,  but  in  1S96 
his  family  moved  to  East  Liverpool, 
Ohio,  where  he  began  his  five  year  ap- 
prenticeship in  ceramics.  Then,  as  a 
journeyman,  he  continued  to  work  in 
East  Liverpool  for  8  years.  Part  of  this 
time  was  spent  in  sanitary  work.  From 
there,  Mr.  McDevitt  went  to  Mannig- 
ton.  West  Virginia,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed for  two  and  a  half  years  by  the 
Bowers   Pottery  company. 

In  1925,  "Mac"  joined  the  Univer- 
sity stafif  as  general  utility  man  and  store- 
keeper for  the  ceramics  department.  He 
also  supervised  "a  class  in  pottery  from 
raw  clay  to  finished  products  consisting 
of  bowls,  vases,  ash  trays,  and  lamp 
vases." 

In  the  past  he  has  made  many  cer- 
amics pieces  of  special  shapes  and  uses 
for  other  departments  of  the  University. 
Fhese  included  crucibles,  molds,  and 
cases  for  a  variety  of  objects. 

In  1941  Mr.  McDevitt  began  work- 
ing with  the  physics  department  in  the 
development  of  porcelain  tubes  for  the 
betatron.  At  present,  he  is  retired  from 
his  job  in  the  ceramics  department,  but 
he  IS  continuing  to  work  part-time  with 
the  ph>sics  department  to  complete  the 
latest  betatron  accessory,  a  doughnut- 
shaped  tube  made  in  sections  and  meas- 
uring ninety  inches  in  diameter.  In  ad- 
dition, he  continues  to  supervise  the  in- 
struction of  a  few  classes. 

Besides  being  an  expert  in  the  field  of 
ceramics,  "\Iac  '  has  another  passion.  As 
he  says,  "I'm  nuts  about  fishing!"  He 
makes  a  point  of  fishing  at  Danville 
whenexer  he  has  time,  and  in  the  sum- 
(C(jntinued  on    Page  30) 


JANUARY,  1948 


11 


U^luieo^i^,^..MM^  PIER 


Just  Between  Us 

by   Siegmund   Deutscher,   A.E.   '50 

SiiK'c  this  is  tlu-  first  i>mii-  in  wIikIi 
the  Navy  Pier  branch  of  the  L'iiiveisit\' 
is  represented,  we  woulil  like  to  acquaint 
the  reader  with  the  lECIlSO- 
(.R.lPlf. 

^  The  TE(:iI\OaR.ll'll  is  pnbhshcd 
8  times  durini;  the  \ear  (October 
through  May)  at  L'rbana,  Illinois,  by 
students  in  the  College  of  Engineering. 

The  undergraduate  division  will  be 
represented  by  t\\-o  pages  in  every  issue 
and  a  number  of  feature  articles  through- 
out the  issues.  In  cooperation  with  the 
downstate  staff,  we  shall  try  our  best  to 
present  the  reader  with  the  newest  de- 
\elopments  in  the  engineering  industries, 
the  latest  news  of  our  engineering  de- 
partments and  to  acquaint  our  subscrib- 
ers with  the  engineering  field  in  general. 

In  our  two  assigned  pages  we  shall 
attempt  to  acquaint  you  with  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering  at  Xavy  Pier.  This 
is  to  be  accomplished  by  an  interview 
with  a  staff  member,  an  interview  with 
a  student,  an  article  on  our  equipment 
and  a  report  on  the  local  engineering 
societies. 

It  is  also  fitting,  at  this  time,  to  ex- 
press our  thanks  and  appreciation  to 
Professor  Randolph  P.  Hoelsher,  associ- 
ate dean  of  engineering  science  at  Xavy 
Pier,  for  his  valuable  help  and  effort  in 
organizing    t  h  e     rECHNOGRJPI I 


staff  here  ;nul  in  securing  our  office 
(ic)oni   .v^4-I  )    and   equipment. 

H\'  no  means  can  our  appreciation  stop 
at  tin's  point,  for  Mr.  Ogden  Liverniore, 
instructor  in  the  department  of  physics 
and  our  faculty  adviser,  has  given  us 
much  of  his  time  and  effort  in  advising 
,ind  organizing  our  present  staff. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  we  wish  to 
extend  our  thanks  to  (ieorge  R.  Foster 
;ind  Robert  .A.  Johnson,  editor  and  busi- 
ness manager  of  t  h  e  TECIIXO- 
(iR.I/'ll .  respectively.  Hoth  have  come 
to  Xa\\'  Pier  to  give  us  their  personal 
guidance  and  instructions  and  have  given 
us  all  the  help  they  could  at  our  incep- 
tion. We  are  proud  to  be  members  of 
the  same  publication  staff. 


PIER  CLOSE-UPS 


The  Technograph  Staff 

by  Richard  Choronzy,  M.E.  '51 

(-)n  Xuxember  ,5,  1947,  ten  applicants 
were  chosen  and  assigned  to  their  respec- 
tive positions  on  the  newlv  formed 
TECIINOGRAPEI  staff  at  Navy  Pier. 
The  following  is  a  brief  sketch  of  each 
member  of  our  staff. 

I  p  in  room  .iS4-I,  you  can  locate 
Siegmund  Deutscher  every  da\-  between 
two  and  five  in  the  afternoon.  Siegmund, 
by  \irtue  of  his  past  experience  in  writ- 


ing and  editing  in  \;irious  school  news- 
papers, was  appointed  assistant  editor  of 
our  branch  staff.  His  life  story  reads 
like  a  fiction  novel.  In  1939,  at  the  age 
of  111,  he  arrived  in  the  United  States 
from  ,i  trip  abroad  in  which  he  visited 
m,in\  countries.  He  was  born  in  Austria 
and  still  remembers  the  schools  at  which 
he  studied  in  X'ienna.  .-^11  told,  he  has 
attended  27  schools  including  those  in 
the  United  States  and  Austria.  Siegmund 
is  a  sophomore  in  aeronautical  engineer- 
ing and  his  chief  hobbies  are  photographx 
and  writing. 

Our  assistant  business  manager  is 
Joan  Burns  who  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  only  girl  on  our  staff'.  Joan 
graduated  from  Lakeview  high  school, 
Chicago,  in  1945.  Like  Siegmund,  she 
is  a  sophomore  in  aeronautical  engineer- 
ing.    Her  major  recreation  is  golf. 

Four  young  men  comprise  our  report- 
ing staff.  The  first,  John  Fijolek,  spent 
over  five  years  in  the  army  signal  corps, 
from  which  he  drew  his  present  knowl- 
edge of  electricit)-.  He  belongs  to  the 
A.I.E.E.  and  various  other  organizations 
on  the  Pier  campus.  John  is  a  freshman 
in  electrical  engineering. 

Our  second  writer  is  Norbert  Ellman, 
who  graduated  from  Schurz  high  school, 
Chicago,  in  1944.  After  26  months  in 
the  navy,  he  enrolled  at  Navy  Pier  and 
is  now  a  freshman.  Xorbert  belongs  to 
the  A.S.M.E.  and  his  favorite  pastime 
is  basketball. 

Our   third   member  of   the   reporting 


Standing,  left  to  right:  Norbert  Ellman,  John  Kaufman,  John  Fijolek, 
John  Cedarholm,  Clarence  Niebow,  Leonard  Cohen,  Richard  Choronzy. 
Seated:   Joan    Burns,   Siegmund    Deutscher,     Not    present:    Ronald    Wessel. 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 
Siegmund  Deutscher Assl.   Editor 

Ri  p'jrti/it/ 

John  Fijolek  Xorbert  Ellman 

Richard   Choronz) 

Pho/of/raphy 
Clarence  Xiebow 


BUSIXESS  STAFF 

Joan   Burns -Isst.  Bii.f.  Myr. 

lohn  Cedarholm 
lolin  K.iufman 


Leonard  Cohen 
Ronald  Wessel 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Left:  Unidentified  student  checks  a  piece  of  finished  work  with  a  dial  indicator  from 
the  inspection  department  of  the  machine  shop.  Right:  Another  student,  also  unidenti- 
fied,   operates    a    Milwaukee    milling    machine   which    is    a    part   of    the   shop    equipment 


staff  is  Clarence  Xiebow,  who  also 
handles  the  photography.  Clarence  is  a 
freshman  in  chemical  engineering,  having 
just  graduated  from  Lane  Technical 
high  school  last  June.  His  hobby,  obvi- 
ously, is  photography. 

The  other  writer  on  this  staff  is  yours 
truly,  Richard  Choronzy.  I  graduated 
from  Harrison  high  school,  Chicago,  in 
June,  1947,  and  am  now  a  freshman  in 
mechanical  engineering.  I  belong  to  the 
A.S.M.E.  and  the  Classics  club. 

The  remaining  four  members  make  up 
our  business  staff.  John  Cedarholm,  the 
lad  with  the  boyish  grin,  is  a  sophomore 
in  engineering  physics.  After  graduating 
from  York  high  school,  Elmhurst,  in 
1945,  he  served  in  the  navy  for  one  year. 
John  is  a  member  of  the  honorary  fra- 
ternity,   Phi  Eta  Sigma. 

John  Kaufman,  sidekick  of  Cedar- 
holm,  is  a  sophomore  in  engineering 
physics  and  is  also  a  member  of  Phi  Eta 
Sigma.  John  served  two  years  in  the 
navy  and  is  a  graduate  of  Lane  Techni- 
cal high  school  in  Chicago. 

Leonard  Cohen  hails  from  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania.  In  1946,  he  left 
that  city  to  come  here  to  Chicago's  Navy 
Pier.  He  was  in  the  navy  for  two  years 
and  is  now  a  sophomore  in  electrical  en- 
gmeeruig. 

Last  and  certainly  not  least  is  Ronald 
Wessel,  who  is  majoring  in  metallurgical 
engineering.  Ronald  graduated  from 
Palatine  Township  high  school  and 
served  in  the  army  for  M)  months.  His 
fraternity  is  also  Phi  Eta  Sigma. 


Lnder  the  heading  "Gas  Overcomes 
(jirl  While  Taking  Bath,"  the  follow- 
ing appears  in  a  local  paper: 

"^Lss  Cecelia  ^L  Jones  owes  her 
lite  to  the  watchfulness  of  Joel  Colley, 
elevator  boy,  and  Rufus  Bacon,  janitor." 
*     it      ^ 

She  was  only  a  T.A.\L  instructor's 
daughter,  but  she  had  her  moments. 


Shop  Talk 

by  John  Fijoiek,  E.E.  '51 

In  the  center  of  Navy  Pier's  long  jut- 
ting arm,  264  students  of  aeronautical 
and  mechanical  engineering  are  enjoying 
practice  with  the  tools  of  their  sciences 
this  semester  under  the  dierction  of  Pro- 
fessor J.  S.  Kozacka  and  his  staff.  New 
equipment  installed  by  the  University 
has  made  available  four  new  shop  courses 
at  the  Chicago  branch. 

In  one  of  the  most  completely 
equipped  shops  of  its  kind  in  this  section 


With  this  issue  the  Illinois  Tech- 
nograph  takes  great  pride  in  an- 
nouncing to  its  readers  the  addition 
of  this  department  prepared  by  our 
branch  staff  at  Navy  Pier.  We 
would  also  like  to  welcome  our  new 
staff  and  readers  at  the  pier. 


of  the  country,  students  in  \l.E.  87 
(machine  tool  laboratory — three  hoiu' 
course)  are  given  experience  in  opera- 
ting many  and  varied  types  of  machines 
of  latest  make  and  model.  For  example, 
the  equipment  of  the  shop  includes:  19 
lathe  s — precision  machines  by  Pratt- 
Whitney,  Monarch,  and  Handy;  2  tur- 
ret lathes;  10  milling  machines — hori- 
zontal and  vertical  types ;  4  shapers ;  1 
planer — hydraulically  operated;  2  gear 
shapers  for  cutting  internal  and  external 
gears;  7  drill  presses;  9  grinding  ma- 
chines of  different  types;  5  tool  grind- 
ers  and  various  other  machines. 

On  this  page  is  a  photograph  showing 
some  of  the  equipment  in  use  by  the 
students.  Also  shown  is  a  well-equipped 
inspection  department  maintained  for 
checking  the  work  of  the  students.  Here 
are  found  fine  measuring  instruments, 
gauges  and  gauge  blocks,  comparators,  a 


projecting  comparator,  hardness  testing 
machines,  and  optical  flats  for  measuring 
to  millionths  of  an  inch. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  is  a 
large  tool  crib  which  contains  a  great 
variety  of  tools  for  the  operation  of  all 
the  machines  and  for  use  in  metal  cut- 
ting. Not  for  want  of  a  nail  can  a  grade 
be  lost! 

Demonstrations  are  given  in  M.E.  82 
(machine  tool  production  methods — one 
hour)  in  the  use  of  machines,  tools,  jigs, 
and  fixtures.  Students  operate  various 
machines  and  make  simple  jobs  on  mill- 
ing, regular  gear  cutting,  and  special  gear 
cutting  machines.  Occasionally  movies 
are  shown  of  current  industrial  practice. 

To  assist  the  students  in  their  work 
and  answer  their  questions,  the  machine 
shop  has  four  staff  personnel.  Of  these, 
two  are  instructors,  one  is  a  seiu'or 
mechanic  and  the  other  is  a  junior  me- 
chanic. 

The  other  two  new  shops  will  be  cov- 
ered on  these  pages  in  a  later  issue. 


Personable  George,  "What  d'ya  wan- 
na buy,  I'll  sell  it  to  ya  cheaper  than 
you  can  get  it  anj'where  else,"  Zanotti 
can,  without  a  doubt,  claim  undisputed 
possession  of  the  BMOC  (busiest)  title 
this  semester.  In  addition  to  teaching 
classes  in  G.E.D.,  sitting  in  on  a 
T.A.M.  2  class  to  help  prepare  him 
for  his  teaching  position  at  the  Navy 
Pier  branch  next  spring,  tutoring  in 
M.E.,  math.,  physics,  aerodynamics, 
(r.E.D.,  T.A.M.,  and  other  subjects 
relative  to  engineering,  (see  his  secretary 
for  appointments)  counsel  in  personal 
problems,  and  lastly,  trying  to  get  his 
degree  in  aeronautical  engineering,  is 
a  weekly  commutor  to  Chicago.  His 
wife,  Theresa,  was  expecting  about 
Christmas  time  and  this  issue  went  to 
press  before  the  happy  event.  You  can 
contact  him  for  latest  residts  and  cigars. 


JANUARY,  1948 


13 


The  l^]iii|iii(H'i'iiio  lliiiioram's  ami  Mif^ 

Itff  .hthn   Shiirlh'ff.  t  h.i:.  TtO  ami  IHvli  Uammtn-li.  ii.K.  '  tH 


HNGINliERING  COUNCIL 

Tlu-  (irst  official  nift-tiiig  of  the  I'.nj;i- 
lu'criiij;  Council  was  called  to  order  In 
(leorge  Foster,  teniporar\'  chairman,  on 
December  2,  1947.  at  7:00  p.  m.  in  207 
K.  H.  l.A.S.  had  ratified  the  constitu- 
tion on  condition  that  the  limit  on  the 
treasury  be  increased.  The  opening  dis- 
cussion was  one  of  attempting  to  effect 
a  compromise  on  that  point.  According 
to  the  constitution,  l.A.S.  could  prevent 
the  distribution  of  the  money  in  the 
treasury  by  one  vote.  The  other  alter- 
native would  be  for  the  society  to  keep 
any  money  received  from  the  Council  in 
a  separate  account.  The  l.A.S.  repre- 
sentative felt  that  a  solution  agreeable  to 
all  would  be  worked  out  b\-  the  time  of 
the  next  meeting  of  the  Council  on  De- 
cember 16. 

Before  the  Council  could  elect  officers 
for  the  year,  it  had  to  be  decided  how 
long  the  representatives  would  remain  on 
the  Council.  V^ice-presidents  elected  on 
a  semester  basis  would  be  replaced  in 
February.  The  elected  delegates  are 
supposed  to  .serve  a  year  starting  with 
the  spring  semester.  This  will  result  in 
a  large  turnover  in  the  middle  of  the 
school  year.  It  was  tentatively  decided 
that  the  present  elected  representatives 
on  the  coiuicil  would  serve  until  June, 
194H,  and  gradually  turn  over  their  du- 
ties to  the  representatives  to  be  elected 
next  year. 

The  new  officers  are  Murray  Forth, 
A.S.A.E.,  president;  Floyd  Maupin, 
S.R.A.C.S.,  vice-president;  Harbara 
Schmidt,  A.S.C.E.,  secrctar\-;  and  Allen 
Henson,  I.A.S.,  treasurer. 

By  unanimous  vote,  it  was  decideii  to 
have  two  standing  committees.  Murra\ 
Forth  appointed  Keith  (^loodwin, 
A.I.E.F..-I.R.F,.,  chairman  of  the  Steer- 
ing and  Program  committee.  The  pur- 
pose of  this  committee  will  be  to  direct 
and  arrange  business  to  be  brought  be- 
fore the  Council.  F"loyd  Maupin  was  ap- 
pointed chairman  of  the  Coordinating 
and  Publicity  committee.  This  commit- 
tee will  keep  the  societies  informed  on 
events  of  interest  and  will  arrange  tor 
publication  of  news  to  the  public.  In 
order  to  make  the  work  of  the  Publicit\ 
committee  effective,  it  was  strongly  rec- 
ommended that  every  society  appoint  a 
publicity  chairman  and  or  committee 
who  will  be  specifically  responsible  for 
preparing  news  releases  on  all  activities, 
meetings,   etc.,   of    the   society    and    who 


will  work  Ml  close  contact  with  the  i'uh- 
licit\    committee  of   the   Council. 

The  St.  Patrick's  b.ill  committee  v\ill 
be  he  a  d  e  d  b  \  Robert  Chilenskas, 
A.S.Ch.E.,  and  John  Prodan,  EA.S. 
This  committee  will  make  all  the  neces- 
sary arrangements  for  the  ball  such  as 
tickets,  publicity,  arrangements  for  the 
band  and  location,  decorations,  etc.  They 
will  submit  a  budget  at  the  next  meeting 
and  will  have  made  all  the  preliminary 
arrangements  before  Christmas  vacation. 


"BUCK"  KNIGHT  TROPHY 

The  evening  of  January  l.\  1948, 
will  mark  the  renewal  of  the  "Puck" 
Knight  Trophy  competition.  The  stu- 
tient  branch  of  the  American  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  the  present  hold- 
ers of  the  trophy,  have  received  and  ac- 
cepted a  challenge  from  the  stuiient 
branch  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers. 

The  subject  matter  of  the  competition 
is  limited  to  non-engineering  subjects  and 
onh'  those  which  are  regularly  discussed 
in  newspapers  and  radio  broadcasts. 

Each  of  the  competing  societies  will  be 
represented  by  a  panel  of  four  men.  1  he 
judging  will  be  handled  b\'  men  who  are 
in  no  way  connected  with  the  College  ol 
Engineering. 

The  winner  of  this  contest  will  be 
obligated   to  accept  ch.-illenges  from   an\ 


;nul  all  ot  the  other  se\en  student  briuuli 
scjcieties,  or  else  f(n-feit  the  trophy. 

The  contest  will  be  held  in  room  1  12, 
Ciregory  hall,  at  7  :.3()  p.  m.  Everybody 
is  invited  including  the  wives  and  girl 
friends.  This  should  prove  to  be  one  of 
the  most  enjoyable  social  events  of  the 
school  year,  and  it  is  hoped  that  an  en- 
thusiastic aiidiejice  will  be  present. 

A.S.C.E. 

Following  a  study  of  the  I''ngineering 
Council's  constitution  by  James  Chand- 
ler, Barbara  Schmidt,  Charles  L.  Jansen 
Jr.,  Hill  Miller,  and  Frank  Anderson, 
the  Engineering  Council  was  adopted  by 
the  A.S.C.E.  at  a  short  business  meeting 
held  in  room  319,  Engineering  Hall,  on 
October  29. 

"Special  Problems  in  Drainage  on  the 
Congress  Street  Superhighway  "  was  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  John  C.  (luillou,  special 
research  associate  in  the  CE  department, 
who  illustrated  his  talk  with  slides  show- 
ing the  location  and  details  of  the  super- 
highway at  the  November  18  meeting  of 
the  chapter. 

The  Illinois  division  of  highways  has 
allocated  $25,000  per  year  to  the  Civil 
Engineering  department  which  is  con- 
ducting all  research  for  the  state  and 
federal  government.  The  mone\'  will 
be  well  spent  since  the  cost  of  drainage 
for  the  completed  highway  will  be  $500,- 
000  per  mile  of  road.  The  highway  is 
designed  for  2,000  cars  per  hour  per  lane 
at  a  speed  of  60  m.p.h.  The  .lOO-foot 
right  of  way  is  made  up  of  eight  12-foot 
highway  lanes,  four  in  each  direction ; 
four  train  tracks,  two  in  each  direction  ; 
road  shoulders;  and  drainage  ditches. 

At  a  combined  A.S.C.E.  meeting  and 
CE  93  lecture  on  November  19,  Mr. 
Craig  P.  Hazelet,  consulting  engineer 
from  Louisville,  Kentucky,  spoke  on  the 
general  subject,  "Aspects  of  a  Profes- 
sional Career."  He  urged  that  student 
engineers  become  proficient  as  public 
speakers  at  A.S.C.E.  meetings  and  at 
every  other  possible  opportunity.  Mr. 
Hazelet,  who  is  on  the  administrative 
committee  for  student  chapters,  also  em- 
lihasized  the  importance  of  writing  for 
technical  publications  as  a  means  of  de- 
\eloping  the  engineers  literary  skill. 

A.S..4.E. 

On  t)ctober  20,  the  Illinois  student 
branch  called  its  first  meeting  of  the 
semester  with  approximately  50  old  and 
new  prospective  members  in  attendance. 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


President  A.  E.  Rust  introduced  Pro- 
fessor E.  W.  Lehniann,  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  agricultural  engineering, 
who  dehvered  an  enthusiastic  welcome 
to  all  and  introduced  other  members  of 
the  faculty. 

The  first  meeting  was  characterized 
by  the  presentation  of  an  ambitious  pro- 
gram of  branch  activities  for  the  coming 
year.  A  lengthy  report  was  given  by 
each  Illinois  delegate  to  the  national  con- 
vention of  the  A.S.A.E.  in  June. 

C^n  November  3,  the  machinery  began 
rolling  for  the  development  of  the 
branch's  activities,  and  committees  were 
set  up  to  plan  programs  for  each  meet- 
ing, publicize  meetings,  secure  refresh- 
ments, and  take  care  of  the  journalistic 
work  in  connection  with  the  societ\'  and 
individual  members. 

The  annual  fall  picnic  was  held  Sun- 
day afternoon,  November  9,  in  an  atmos- 
phere familiar  to  all  agricultural  engi- 
neers. In  the  tractor  and  fann  machin- 
ery lab,  some  40  students  and  faculty 
members  gathered  to  cook  weiners,  eat 
apples,  drink  cider,  play  badminton  and 
touch  football.  Originally  scheduled 
for  the  city  park,  the  weather  man  forced 
the  use  of  the  tractor  lab  as  the  alternate 
scene  of  action. 

On  November  24,  a  meeting  was  de- 
voted to  the  technical  problems  iinolved 
in  agricultural  engineering.  Mr.  T.  R. 
Wire  and  Mr.  D.  O.  Keairn,  agricul- 
tural engineers  employed  in  the  Soil 
Conservation  service  working  out  of 
Milwaukee,  presented  an  hour's  discus- 
sion on  "Soil  Conservation  as  It  Affects 
the  Agricultural  Engineer."  It  was 
stated  that  soil  runoff,  the  impact  of 
rain  drops  on  the  soil,  and  mechanical 
practices  in  erosion  control  are  all  prob- 
lems confronting  the  agricultural  engi- 
neer; and  therefore,  an  engineering  back- 
ground is  almost  mandatory  to  solve 
many  soil  conservation  problems. 

A.I.Ch.E. 

Six  student  members  attended  the  for- 
tieth annual  convention  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers  in  De- 
troit, Michigan,  at  the  Statler  hotel. 
They  were  Don  Hornbeck,  Jack  Besper- 
ka,  Bob  Chilenskas,  Ernest  Waggoner, 
Karl  Franson,  Robert  Toomey,  and 
Tom  Baron.  The  students  attended  the 
regular  programs  of  the  institute  and 
also  an  inspection  trip  through  the  de- 
velopment laboratories  of  the  Chrysler 
corporation. 

The  student  meetings  were  held  on 
November  12  and  13  at  the  Rackham 
Memorial  Institute.  Dr.  Comings, 
professor  of  chemical  engineering 
at  the  University  of  Illinois  and  national 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  student 
chapters,  presided.  Several  talks  were 
given  at  this  symposium. 

On  Wednesday  evening,  November 
12,  a  student  banquet  was  held  at  the 
Prince  Edward  hotel  in  W^indsor,  Can- 


ada. Mr.  Sidney  D.  Kirkpatrick,  editor 
of  Chemical  Engineering  magazine  and 
an  Illinois  alumnus,  gave  the  principal 
address  of  the  evening,  entitled  "Chem- 
ical Engineering  Opportunities  and 
Achievements."  He  was  introduced  by 
Albert  B.  Newman,  vice-president  of  the 
A.  I.  Ch.  E. 

The  winning  solution  of  the  student 
contest  problem  was  also  on  display.  The 
problem  is  sponsored  by  A.  I.  Ch.  E.  and 
is  given  in  the  spring  of  each  year. 

Attending  these  meetings  affords  the 
student  chemical  engineer  the  opportu- 
nit\  of  meeting  successful  and  progres- 
sive men  in  the  field,  making  valuable 
contacts,  developing  a  "feeling"  for  the 
profession,  meeting  students  from  other 
universities,  and  obtaining  and  sharing 
experiences  and  information  with  other 
engineers.  In  addition,  it  gives  him  a 
feeling  of  "belonging  to  the  profession," 
and  puts  him  in  a  more  receptive  frame 
of  mind  toward  developments  in  his  pro- 
fession. 

I.T.E. 

The  University  of  Illinois  student 
chapter  of  the  Institute  of  Traffic  Engi- 
neers is  now  the  second  student  chapter 
in  the  nation,  having  received  official  ap- 
proval of  the  Institute  on  November  7. 
They  have  been  holding  meetings  every 
two  weeks  and  have  begun  work  on  their 
first  major  project. 

This  project  involves  the  stud\-  of 
the  immediate  campus  area  in  an  attempt 
to  find  solutions  to  some  of  the  traffic 
congestion  problems.  Traffic  surveys 
were  conducted  on  November  12  and  19, 
from  7:45  a.  m.  to  10:43  a.  ni.,  in  the 
area  bounded  by  Springfield  avenue  on 
the  north,  Gregory  drive  on  the  south. 
Sixth  street  on  the  west,  and  Mathews 
avenue  on  the  east.  All  intersections 
along  the  bounding  streets  and  within 
the  area  were  checked,  making  a  total  of 
24  stations.  The  actual  field  work  was 
done  by  members  of  the  chapter  and  by 
students  in  the  C.  E.  20  and  23  classes. 

On  the  first  Wednesday,  a  count  was 
made  of  all  vehicles  entering  and  leaving 
the  area  and  their  movement  within  the 
area.  A  survey  of  all  cars  parked  within 
the  area  was  made  the  same  day  by 
checking  cars  b\'  location  and  license 
numbers  in  the  morning  and  again  in 
the  afternoon  to  determine  the  use  made 
of  the  present  parking  capacity  and  the 
number  of  all  day  parkers. 

On  the  following  Wednesday,  a  count 
was  made  of  all  pedestrians  crossing  the 
most  congested  streets  within  the  area. 
Another  parking  survey  was  also  made, 
this  time  checking  the  cars  at  twenty 
minute  intervals  to  determine  the  length 
of  time  parked. 

It  is  hoped  that  upon  analysis  of  the 
compiled  field  data,  the  I.  T.  E.  will  be 
able  to  find  some  of  the  answers  to  pres- 
ent traffic  problems.  There  may  be  a 
need   for  the  development  of  more  ade- 


quate off-street  parking  facilities,  a 
change  in  present  time  limits  on  park- 
ing, a  s\stem  of  one  way  streets,  retim- 
ing of  the  present  traffic  signals,  special 
pedestrian  control  signals  or  the  use  of 
some  painted  lines  on  the  streets  to  guide 
the  movement  of  both  vehicles  and  pe- 
destrians, and  better  enforcement  of  the 
existing  traffic  ordinances. 

Whatever  m  a  y  be  the  solutions 
reached,  they  will  be  presented  to  local 
agencies  interested  in  these  problems; 
and,  with  their  cooperation,  to  the  prop- 
er authorities  for  study. 

KERAMOS 

At  the  first  meeting  of  Keramos,  the 
national  professional  ceramic  engineering 
society,  the  following  officers  were  elect- 
ed:  James  F.  Essenpreiss,  president;  H. 
(j.  Sowman,  vice-president ;  C.  Roger 
Westlake,  treasurer;  James  F.  Young, 
secretary;  Roger  F.  Fellows,  herald. 

A  short  business  meeting  was  then 
held  to  outline  plans  for  the  semester. 

After  the  business  session  two  movies 
were  shown  to  the  group.  The  first 
movie  dealt  with  the  manufacture  of  a 
structural  clay  product,  and  the  second 
showed  performances  of  the  University 
band  during  the  1946  football  season. 

The  non-business  portion  of  the  No- 
vember meeting  was  devoted  to  a  discus- 
sion of  the  problems  confronting  the 
young  engineer. 

PI  TAU  SIGMA 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  Pi  Tau  Sigma, 
Lee  Sullivan  and  Martin  Sabath  re- 
ported on  the  national  con- 
vention which  they  attended 
at  Purdue  on  November  20, 
^A^^  21,  and  22.  At  the  conven- 
^^^^-)  tion,  Sullivan  served  on  the 
finance  committee,  and  Sa- 
bath worked  on  the  commit- 
tee for  expansion. 
New  pledges  met  the  actives  at  a 
smoker  held  shortly  before  Christmas  va- 
cation. These  men  will  be  initiated  at  a 
banquet  to  be  held  soon  after  the  return 
to   classes. 

CHI  EPSILON 

Thirty-five  men  were  selected  as 
pledges  by  the  active  members  of  Chi 
Lpsilon,  civil  engineering  honorary,  at 
the  meeting  held  on  Novem- 
ber 3.  These  men  met  the 
members  at  a  rushing  smoker 
held  on  November  12,  and 
were  initiated  during  the 
week  of  December  12,  which 
was  climaxed  by  an  initiation 
banquet.  Dr.  Nathan  M. 
Newmark,  lesearch  profes- 
sor in  civil  engineering,  was 
made  an  honorary  member  at  that  time. 
Following  is  a  list  of  the  new  pledges: 
R.  A.  Anderson,  F.  A.  Bassett,  C.  W. 
Browning,  H.  H.  Connolly,  E.  Cabezas, 
(Continued  on   Page  26) 


JANU.4RY,  1948 


15 


GEORGE  R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


FRANCIS   P.   GREEN 
Asst.  Editor 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Asst.  Editor 


fA* 


B^-^ 


We  HAVE  an   Engineering  Council 


Last  smiimci-  on  the  2Srli  of  June  and 
e\ei\'  Monilax'  nijj:hr  rlifrcafter  throujjhour  tin- 
entire  U)  weeks  ot  siinuner  school  a  committee 
of  ten  people  met  to  draft  a  constitution  for 
the  Engineering  Council.  The  committee  con- 
sisted of  at  least  one  representative  from  each 
of  the  eight  professional  engineering  societies 
and  the  editor  and  business  manager  of  the 
lUinois  Tcihnot/ral'h.  The  work  of  the  com- 
nuttee,  needless  to  say,  was  laborious  and  final- 
ly resulted  in  the  finished  constitution  which 
was  acted  upon  during  the  first  few  weeks  of 
this  semester  and  ratified  by  each  of  the  eight 
participating  societies. 

This  action  authorized  the  organization  of 
the  Engineering  Council  which  consists  of  two 
representati\es  from  each  of  the  professional 
societies  and  the  editor  and  business  manager 
of  the  rcrlinnr/rtifili.  In  the  words  of  the 
constitution:  "The  piupose  of  the  Engineer- 
ing Council  is: 

1.  "To  bring  about  closer  relationship 
and  cooperation  among  the  \aiious  professional 
societies. 

2.  "To  stimulate  the  interest  of  the  engi- 
neering student  ui  all  engineering  activities  on 
campus. 

3.  "To  be  responsible  for  the  planning 
and  carrying-out  of  combined  activities  of  the 
engineering  societies:  e.g.,  St.  Pat's  Ball  and 
the  Engineering  Show." 

These  statements  of  purpose  are  merely 
that,  but  do  not  indicate  in  any  way  the  rea- 
sons for  their  inclusion  in  the  constitution. 

Certainly,  the  practicing  engineer  knows, 
or  soon  finds  out,  that  his  everyday  work  fre- 
quently brings  him  in  contact  vv'ith  engineering 
fields  by  no  means  restricted  to  his  own.  He 
continually  meets  and  works  with  men  in  other 
engineering  lines  and  usually  becomes  associ- 
ated with  several  professional  societies  related 
to  his  work.  As  a  means  of  impressing  this 
fact  upon  the  student  engineer,  it  is  felt  that 
the  Engineering  Council  can  foster  a  closer 
relationship  among  the  members  of  the  socie- 
ties. 

The  intermingling  of  ideas  brought  about 
by  this  closer  relation.ship  was  not  considered 
sufficient;  however,  unless  these  ideas  were  at- 
tracted to  maturity  by  an  active   cooperation 


among  the  societies.  In  the  past  the  eight  so- 
cieties ha\e  been  less  effective  than  the  lowly 
octopus,  because  this  creature  does  have,  at 
least,  a  brain  with  which  to  occasionally  di- 
rect its  eight  legs  towards  a  common  goal. 
With  the  formation  of  the  Engineering  Coim- 
cil  there  exists  the  agency  which  can  help  to 
plan  and  coordinate  the  activities  of  the  so- 
cieties to  prevent  overlapping  and,  in  general, 
increase  the  benefits  offered  by  these  activities. 
Although  it  is  not  in  any  sense  the  intent  nor, 
since  the  Council  derives  its  authority  only 
from  the  consent  of  participating  societies,  is 
it  possible  for  the  Council  to  interfere  with 
the  existing  functions  and  aims  of  the  indi- 
vidual societies.  It  is  certainly  to  be  hoped  that 
the  truly  active  cooperation  on  the  part  of  the 
societies  will  manifest  itself  in  very  serious 
consideration  of  all  Council  actions  and  re- 
commendations. 

Ry  this  cooperative  action  it  is  felt  that  the 
activities  offered  and  sponsored  by  the  Council 
will  greatly  benefit  the  individual  societ\  mem- 
ber since  it  will  be  he  who  is  taking  the  acti\  e 
part  in  carrying  out  these  functions.  That  all 
the  engineering  students  should  receive  the 
benefits  of  the  Council's  services  is  a  foregone 
conclusion,  but  the  mere  fact  that  the  societies, 
through  the  Council,  have  made  these  activities 
available  should  do  much  to  stimulate  their 
interest  and  encourage  them  to  affiliate  them- 
selves with  the  professional  societv  in  their 
field. 

Finally,  the  means  by  which  the  Council 
can  provide  these  benefits  to  all  engineering 
students  is  to  plan  and  execute  a  variety  of 
functions  in  which  the  student  can  actively 
participate.  Passive  participation,  such  as  list- 
ening to  speakers,  has  its  place  in  any  organiza- 
tional program  but  should  be  complemented  b\ 
activities  in  which  the  participants  can  realK 
"pitch  in."  The  Engineering  Council  can  and 
will  sponsor  these  and  other  functions.  At  the 
present  time  it  has  already  gone  to  work  on 
St.  Pat's  Ball,  and  the  possibilities  for  the  fu- 
ture are  practically  inilimited.  It  remains  now 
only  for  every  student  to  contribute  his  ideas 
through  his  Council  representative  to  form  the 
blueprint  of  a  better  and  more  interesting 
campus  life  and  later  to  devote  his  energies  to 
make  that  blueprint  a  reality. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


NUMBER  9  OF  A  SERIES 


for  Engineers 


Winding  wire 
^  on  a  "wedding  ring" 

1  his  is  the  "Sea  Breeze,"  a  machine  developed  by 
\\  estern  Electric  engineers.  It  solves  the  problem  of 
winding  wire  half  the  thickness  of  a  human  hair  on  a 
toroidal  core  the  size  of  a  wedding  ring.  Compressed 
air  drives  the  flyer  which  maintains  the  wire  under 
positive  tension  at  all  times,  winding  as  many  as 
40,000  turns  of  #46  wire  on  the  core.  It  winds  finer 
wire  than  any  previous  machine,  lays  turns  more  uni- 
formly, winds  a  wider  range  of  wire  sizes,  increases 
efficiency  m  utilization  of  winding  space  and  permits 
the  manufacture  of  coils  half  the  size  of  those  previ- 
ously possible. 


Metal  welding 
that  saves  millions  ^ 

Here,  palladium  and  nickel  tape  are  welded  together 
at  the  rate  of  400  feet  an  hour.  Tiny  bars  are  later 
snipped  from  this  bi-metal  tape  and  used  to  replace  the 
precious  pinhead-size  platinum  rivets  once  used  as 
contacts  in  Bell  System  relays.  These  contacts,  which 
minimize  noise  in  telephone  conversation,  are  used  bv 
the  billions  in  relays  that  perform  switching  opera- 
tions. The  use  of  this  bi-metal  tape  .  .  .  devised  by  Bell 
Telephone  Laboratories  scientists  and  produced  on 
machines  developed  by  Western  Electric  engineers 
.  .  .  saves  millions  of  dollars  a  year  in  the  cost  of 
producing  telephone  equipment. 

Engineering  problems  are  many  and  varied  at  Western  Electric,  where 
manufacturing  telephone  and  radio  apparatus  for  the  Bell  System  is  the  primary 
job.  Engineers  of  many  kinds — electrical,  mechanical,  industrial,  chemical, 
metallurgical — are  constantly  working  to  devise  and  improve  machines  and  proc- 
esses   for    mass    production     of    highest    quality     communications     equipment. 

Western  Electric 

9      7     7     A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882      V     V      V 

JANU.ARY,  1948  17 


CONSTRUCTION  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  I'lifji-  7) 

tiirnisheil  is  equal  to,  or  greater  than,  the 
area  of  the  specified  square  bars. 

Fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  forms 
for  the  wall  beams  is  a  spam! re!  anj;le 
insert  which  is  held  fast  by  the  linisiied 
concrete  beam.  This  insert  provides  a 
means  of  attaching  angles  which  support 
the  outer  masonry  construction,  allowing 
the  load  of  the  wall  itself  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  wall  beams. 

FIG.    2 


SPANDREL  ANGLE   INSERT   DETAIL 
WITH   WALL  BEAM   FORIjI  REMOVED 
TO    SHOW  METHOD   OF   ATTACHING 
ANGLE 


High  temperatures,  resultmg  from 
lire,  woulii  weaken  the  reinforcing  steel 
and  cause  the  structure  to  fail  ;  therefore 
it  is  standard  practice  to  enclose  all  re- 
inforcing bars  with  a  layer  of  concrete. 
A  concrete  cover  of  1  '/j  inches  is  used  on 
beams  and  girders  to  resist  a  fire  of  foui' 
hours  duration,  while  floor  slabs  utilize 
a  ;54  ni'^h  covering  for  a  fire  of  the  same 
duration.  The  device  which  pro\ides 
the  proper  amount  of  fire  cover  for  the 
reinforcing  bars  is  known  as  a  chair. 
1  hese  chairs  arc  usually  gage  wire  or 
small  bars  bent  into  shape.  The  chairs 
are  placeil  on  the  forms  and  the  reinforc- 
ing bars  rest  upon  them,  allowing  the 
concrete  to  completely  encase  the  bars. 
'Jhe  estimator  does  not  include  these 
chairs  in  his  estimate  because  it  is  stand- 
ard practice  for  the  steel  company  to 
furnish  the  proper  number  needed  when 
filling  an  order  for  the  reinforcing  bars. 

The  structural  designer  usually  does 
not  take  into  account  the  ordinary  open- 
ings for  plumbing  and  ventilating  pipes 
ami  electrical  conduits  in  the  design  of 
the  floor  construction  because  his  archi- 
tectural plans  are  not  complete.  Where 
these  openings  are  comparatively  small, 
their  final  location  is  decided  by  the  con- 
tractors on  the  job.  The  actual  location 
of  plumbing  and  heating  inserts  must  be 
accurateh'  determined  because  of  the  dif- 
ficulty and  extra  expense  that  would  re- 


sult in  pl.icing  bends  in  the  pipes.  The 
insert  mentioned  above  is  a  section  of 
steel  pipe  with  welded  lugs  which  is 
placed  on  the  pans  in  the  desired  loca- 
tion, and  is  held  in  place  by  the  finished 
slab.  This  results  in  an  opening  thiough 
uhich  the  sub-contr.-ictor  m;i\  run  his 
pipe  or  conduit.  Heciuse  the  electrical 
conduits  are  easier  to  bend  foi-  relocation, 
the  heating  and  plumbing  contractors  are 
usually  gi\en  preference  over  the  electri- 
(C'nntinucd   on    I'age  20) 

FIG.    3 


,A 


PAN 


-J 


wrg 


-INSERT 


HEATING  AND  PLUMBING 
INSERT  WITH  WELDED  LUGS 


Attention  '48  Engineers 


Here's  a  Real  Saving  for  You  —  If  You  Act  Now 


The  Alumni  Association  offers  you  a  special  membership  rote  of  $1,  instead 
of  the  regular  price  of  $3,  for  your  first  year  as  an  alumnus.  This  offer  is  good 
only  while  you  are  still   on  the  campus. 

You  will  be  entitled  to  all  the  services  of  the  Association,  including  the 
ILLINOIS  ALUMNI   NEWS  which  will  be  sent  to  you   nine  times  a  year. 

Join  the  active  family  of  17,000  alumni  members  and  identify  yourself  as 
a  loyal  lllini. 

U.  of  I.  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION 

227   ILLINI   UNION   BUILDING 


18 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


IN  THE  GARDEN! 


1AST  YEAR  a  Michigan  truck- 
-i  gardener  planted  part  of  his 
acreage  in  carrots.  The  carrots 
came  up  but  so  did  the  weeds — 
so  thick  and  fast  that  it  looked  as 
if  he  would  have  to  re-plow  and 
re-seed. 

Then  he  discovered  one  of 
Standard's  new  selective  petro- 
leum weed-kUlers.  He  sprayed  it 
on.  The  weeds  died  and  the  car- 
rots thrived.  He  sold  the  carrots 
for  $5,000,  more  than  50  times 
the  cost  of  the  weed-kUler. 

Right  now,  in  Standard's  labo- 
ratories, research  is  increasing  the 
murderous  efficiency  of  these 
herbicides.  Eventually  there  may 
be  a  Standard  petroleum  product 


that  will  mean  sure  death  for  all 
harmful  weeds. 

Hundreds  of  other  products  are 
also  under  development  by  Stand- 
ardresearch  men.We already  make 
more  than  2,000  petroleum  prod- 
ucts, but  new  vistas  are  opening 
up  which  will  lead  to  many  more. 

Standard's  research  expendi- 
tures increase  year  by  year. 
Throughout  our  company,  the 
Unknown  is  under  attack  on  aU 
fronts.  Results  are  good;  prog- 
ress is  being  made. 

Every  year  recruits  from  col- 
leges of  science  and  engineering 
join  the  veterans  at  Standard, 
and  new  objectives  are  won.  This 
wUl  be  true  again  in  1948. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


(INDIANA) 


SERVICE 


JANUARY,  1948 


19 


CONSTRUCTION  .  .  . 

(Continued   from    P;if;i'    IS) 

cal  contractors  when  both  parties  desire 
the  same  location  for  inserts. 

When  an  electrical  junction  box, 
which  is  desired  for  the  room  below  is 
deeper  than  the  floor  slab,  but  is  not  lo- 
cated at  a  joist,  it  is  necessary  to  provide 
a  {jreater  depth  of  concrete  than  is  fur- 
nished by  the  slab.  To  accomplish  tlus 
the  pans  are  telescoped  a  few  inches  in 
the  ilirection  of  the  joists  and  fitted  with 
ends  which  permit  the  formation  of  an 
auxiliary  joist  at  right  angles  to  tlie  r(<;- 
ular  joist. 

Dovetail  anchor  slots  are  channel  sec- 
tions of  sheet  iron  which  are  nailed  in 
place  vertically  to  the  column  forms  ,ind 
which  are  filled  with  felt  in  ordei  to 
keep  the  concrete  out  during  pouring. 
These  anchor  slots  are  approximately  ^ 
inch  wide  and  l^j  inches  deep.  When 
the  forms  are  taken  from  the  columns, 
the  felt  is  removed  and  these  slots  are 
utilized  in  anchoring  the  walls  to  the 
colunms.  When  all  chairs,  stirrups  (  L  - 
shaped  bars  used  to  take  the  shear  in 
beams),  reinforcing  bars,  spandrel  angle 
inserts,  plumbing,  heating  inserts,  and 
dovetail  anchor  slots  have  been  placed, 
the  steel  mesh  is  then  laid.  After  all 
debris  has  been  blown  off  the  section  by 
compressed  air,  the  read\-mixcd  concrete 
is  poured  and  vibrated  into  place.     The 


M.  1'..  laboiatory  specifications  call  lor 
iM)()  p.s.i.  concrete,  and  samples  are  sent 
to  an  independent  laboratory  in  Chicago 
for  analysis.  As  a  rule  all  form  work  is 
kept  in  place  at  least  7  to  10  days,  or 
longer  as  needed.  With  the  coming  of 
cold  weather,  tarpaulins  and  salamanders 
are  being  used  to  raise  the  temperatine 
to  insure  proper  curing. 

"Rats!"  said  the  contractor  as  the 
building  collapsed,  "I  told  those  carpen- 
ters not  to  take  tiowii  the  shoring  until 
the  walls  were  plastered." 


"Now  that  I've  told  you  my  past,  do 
you  still  want   to  marr\'  me?" 

"Ws,    beloved." 

"1  suppose  \ou  will  expect  me  to  live 
it    down." 

"No,  I  e.xpect  you  to  live  up  to  it." 


SOMETHING  NEW  .  .  . 

(C<intinue(i    from    Page    10) 

be  in  non-technical  subjects  or  in  com- 
merce. 

4.  A  minimum  of  nine  credit  hours 
of  non-technical  subjects  are  required  in 
every  option.  If  Rhetoric  is  included. 
this  becomes  fifteen  credit  hours.  As 
many  as  thirty  hours  of  non-technical 
courses  ma\  be  taken  in  the  general  op- 
tion. 

The  reason  for  the  gradual  transition 
to  the  new  curriculum  is  the  liniiteil 
ca|iacity  of  the  physical  plant  and  staff. 
Some  courses  have  been  shifted  to  a  dif- 
ferent semester  in  the  curriculum.  To 
have  a  complete  change  at  once  would 
overtax  the  capacities  of  the  electrical 
engineering  department  and  of  the  T. 
^'  A.  M.  department. 

The  staff  is  being  enlarged  to  bring 
in  some  outstanding  men.  This  is  a  pro- 
cess which  takes  considerable  time. 

Some  of  the  new  courses  cannot  be 
offered  until  facilities  are  completed  in 
the  new  Mechanical  Engineering  build- 
ing, now  under  construction. 

The  new  curriculum  is  part  ot  the 
inerall  improvement  program  which  will 
make  it  possible  for  a  student  to  select 
any  specialized  field  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering at  the  University  of  Illinois,  and 
have  the  finest  facilities  and  facultv  pos- 
sible. 


NO  SLIDE  RULE  NEEDED  to  figure  the  advantage  of- 

''Illinicheck '' 


NO 


Additional  charge  for  deposits  or  checks 
Minimum  balance  required 
Pass  book  to  bother  with 


We  designed  this  economical  checking  service  for  YOU.  Simply  buy  a  book  of 
20  ILLINICHECKS  for  one  dollar  and  use  these  checks  as  long  as  you  have  a 
balance   in   your  account. 


WHY  CARRY  CASH  -  CARRY  A  BOOK  OF  ILLINICHECKS 


Champaign  County  Bank  &  Trust  Co. 

MAIN  AT  BROADWAY  -  URBANA 

C.  A.  WEBBER,  President  GEORGE   I.  MAXWELL,  Vice  President 

FRED  G.  HARRISON,  Vice  President  E.   E.    LATOWSKY,   Cashier 

ARLAN  Mcpherson,  Assistant  Cashier 


20 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


THE  INniNATtOHU 

skmm 

Of  EXCELLENCE 


mrrr(Tinrr| 


Kiggins  non-tip  rubber  base  keeps  your 
Higgins  American  Waterproof  India  Ink 
upright.  .  .  .  Ask  your  dealer  for  both. 


HlGGinS  IJ\K  CO.,  IM.' 

27/  JV/^TH  ST.,  BROOKLYJV  15,  J\.  Y.,  U.S.A. 


A  ''FOUL  WEATHER"  FRIEND 
TO  CABLE  USERS 

Svery  kind  of  weather  but  fair  is  manufactured  in  this 
Weaiherometer  which  is  used  regularly  in  testing  sections 
of  Okonite  Cable.  For  example,  repeated  cycles  of  water 
spray  and  ultra  violet  light  are  combined  with  freezing  in  a 
refrigerator.  The  result:  a  rapid  succession  of  violently  con- 
trasting effects  which  tests  the  cable  more  drastically  than 
could  years  of  actual  exposure. 

This  is  one  of  a  series  of  continuing  tests  in  which  Okonite 
puts  modern  equipment  and  engineering  personnel  to  work 
pre-testing  and  establishing  the  life  expectancy  of  its  electrical 
wires  and  cables.  The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic,  N.  J. 


OKONITE 

insulated  wires  and  cables 


SINCE    1878 


Engineers .  .  . 


...YOU    DON'T   NEED   RADAR   TO 
SPOT  THE  GUIDING  LIGHT  OF  . .  . 


iit*l:i 


PHOME  giaA 


Around  the  Corner  on  Green  Street 


JANUARY,  1948 


21 


PROBLEM  —  Your  company  manufactures  gas 
burners  of  varying  number  and  spacing  of  gas 
ports.  You  want  to  develop  a  drilling  machine 
which  can  be  changed  over  with  a  minimum  of 
time  and  effort  to  drill  the  holes  in  the  different 
burner  castings.  How  would  you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER — The  illustration  shows 
how  one  manufacturer  solved  this  problem  by 
using  S.S.White  flexible  shafts  as  spindles. 
This  arrangement  makes  possible  quick  changes 
of  spindle  groupings  to  meet  different  require- 
ments. As  here,  S.S.White  flexible  shafts  make 
ideal  power  drives  for  almost  any  machine  part 
which  must  be  adjustable. 
r 


This  is  just  one  of  the 
hundreds  of  remote 
control  and  power  drive 
problems  to  which  S.  S. 
White  flexible  shafts 
provide  a  simple  ans- 
wer. Engineers  will  find 
it  worthwhile  to  be  famil- 
iar with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  "Metal 
Muscles"*  for  mechan- 
ical bodies. 

•  Trade  Mark  Reg.  U.  S.  Pat.  0(f.  and 
elsewhere. 


WRITE     FOR     BULLETIN     4501 


It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  Write  for  your  free 
copy. 


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SS.WHITE 


INDUSTRIAL 


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your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
ings must  make  the  right 
impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  when  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


a.^. 


ARTISTS 


£CO. 


ENGRAVERS  •  CHAMPAIGN,  III. 


Visit  the 


ILLINOIS 
POWER 

COMPANY 

Asfc  about  fhe  man\/ 

opportunities 

it  offers 

41    E.   University  Ave. 
CHAMPAIGN,    ILLINOIS 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


22  MILLION  VOLT  X-RAYS... 


INVESTIGATE 


ALUS -CHALMERS 


ONE  OF  THE  BIG  3  IN  ELECTRIC  POWER  EQUIPMENT- 
BIGGEST  OF  ALL  IN  RANGE  OF  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS! 


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outlming  A-C'»  Grodoote 

Training  Course. 

Allis-Cholmers  Mfg.  Co., 
oukee  1,  Wisco 


JANUARY,  1948 


23 


WHEELER  LOOMIS  .  .  . 

( Coiitiiuifd  trom  I'age  II) 
niciit  of  New  York  iiiiiversit.\.  In  l''_'S- 
29,  Dr.  Looinis  hek!  a  Ciugficiiiu-im 
Memorial  tfllowship  to  study  at  (]('ittiii- 
fH'ii,  (rfrmaiiy,  and  at  Zfirich,  Swit/xr- 
laiul.  It  was  followiiifj  his  ri-turn  tiiat 
hf  accepted  his  present  position  here  at 
the  University. 

A  year  before  I'earl  llarhor.  I'l. 
Loomis  took  a  leave  of  absence  to  ser\e 
as  the  associate  director  of  the  radiation 
laboratory  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute 
of  TeehnoIoKN  from  which  he  returned 
to  Illinois  in  l')46.  The  microwave 
radar  which  this  laboratory  developed 
for  our  army,  navy,  and  air  forces  was 
the  decisive  factor  in  the  defeat  of  (Ger- 
man submarines,  brouy;ht  down  95%  of 
the  \'-l  rockets,  guided  our  air  forces  in 
the  bombing  of  Europe  through  overcast, 
and  affected  the  outcome  of  naval  bat- 
tles. The  laboratory  employed  nearh' 
4000  people  and  spent  about  :>5(l,- 
000,000. 

His  small  ofHce  in  203  Physics  build- 
ing is  generally  a  hubbub  of  business 
throughout  the  day.  Dr.  Loomis'  many 
duties  include  directing  the  large  depart- 
ment staff  of  165,  and  giving  demonstra- 
tion lectures  to  large  sophomore  classes 
in  physics.  His  specialty  is  the  study  of 
molecular  spectra,  in  which  field  he  is 
known  for  his  discovery  of  the  isotope 


effect  and  fur  iii>  woik  on  absorptKjn 
.ind  fluorescence  spectra  of   molecules. 

At  that  time  of  the  year  when  the 
majoritv  of  f.iculty  and  students  are 
finding  some  relief  from  the  past  year's 
work,  the  sea  holds  a  strong  attraction 
for  Dr.  r.oomis,  and  any  visitors  to  his 
summer  home  in  Massachusetts  would 
priib.ibh  find  him  s.ailing  in  his  boat  on 
tin-  w.iters  of  Martha's  V'ine\ard. 

Besides  his  work  here  at  the  L  ni\  er- 
sity.  Dr.  Loomis  is  also  active  as  a  Fel- 
low of  the  American  Physical  society,  the 
Optical  society,  the  .Association  of  Phys- 
ics Teachers,  and  the  .American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  He 
is  .ilso  a  member  of  the  board  of  gov- 
eiiiors  .uul  of  the  council  of  the  Argonne 
National  laboratory  and  a  consultant  to 
the  [  .  .S.  Atomic  Energy  commission. 


DICK  FOLEY  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  Page  I!) 
ing  ,ind  lanies  IS  .semester  hours  includ- 
ing rluec  latior.itory  courses.  A  scheihile 
like  that  is  tough  on  anyone,  but  besides 
that,  he  attends  basketball  practice  from 
4  to  6  every  afternoon.  He  explains  that 
very  few  people  get  any  serious  work 
done  in  the  l.ate  a  fternoon  hours,  so 
when  other  fellows  are  loafing  around, 
he  practices  his  b.asketball.  He  admits 
that  ".\Luiy  evenings  after  practice  I've 
felt  like  throwing  the  books  out  the  win- 
dow and  just  taking  it  easy.  Then  1 
remember  that  I  simply  can't  afford  to 
get  behind.  You've  got  to  stay  on  the 
hall !  "  Dick's  study  habits  must  be  good 
because  he  has  better  than  a  4  point,  all- 
uni\ersit\'  a\erage. 


.  .  I-      ■  A   reducing  exercise — move   the   head 

Voice    from    passing    auto:    '  Lngme      ^j^^^.j^.  f^^^,  ^jj^   ^^  ^-^^  „.j,e„  „tf^,ca 

trouble,   bud?  a  second  helping. 

*     -sj      ^ 

She:    "Xow    what    are    we    stopping 

for?" 

He:  "I've  lost   my  bearings." 

She:    "Well,    at    least   that's   original. 

Most  fellows  run  out  of  gas." 
•»     *     * 

Wife:  "Now  that  I  have  an  electric 
ice  box  dear,  I  expect  you  to  get  a  me- 
chanical stenographer." 


V^oice  from   parked   car:    "Nope." 
I'irst  \oice:  "Tire  down?" 
Second   voice:  "Didn't  have  to." 

i:      »      * 

She:  "Can  \()u  direct  me  to  the  ladies' 
room  ?  " 

Bellhop:  "It's  just  around  the  cor- 
ner." 

She:  "rm  looku^g  lor  relief,  not 
prosperity ."" 


Since  1905- 

National  Electric  has  been  a  symbol 
of  Quality  on  Wiring  jnsiS^nESm 
Systems  and  Fittings  llM|]jgf 
for  every  conceivable 
requirement 

Today  ^5^ 


-O 


Producer 


Notional  Electric 

Products  Corporation 

Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 


A  17th  Century  Tragedy 

Staged   As   It   Was 
In    Shakespeare's    Day 

JOHN  WEBSTER'S 

The  Duchess 
of  Malfi 

ON   THE   OLD   GLOBE   STAGING   OF  THE 
LINCOLN    HALL   THEATER 

JANUARY  14,  15,  16  &  17 


Admission:    $1.20   (tax    incl.) 
Tickets  on  Sale  at  the  lllini  Union  Box  Office 

lllini  Theater  Guild 

PRESENTATION 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Plastics— a  growing  field  for  the  young  technician 


Interest  in  the  use  of  plasties  grows  apace.  Products  in  great 
variety  for  the  revived  consumer's  market  show  their  influence 
—  their  special  utihtarian  vahie — their  ready  adaptahihty 
to  ideas  in  design — their  distinctive  beauty. 

Plastic  materials  are  custom  made  in  the  laboratory  for  modern 
living.  Dow  chemists  have  developed  manv  new  plastics 
among  which  is  Styron,  a  material  that  rose  to  a  leading  place 
during  the  war  years.  It  is  a  remarkable  combination  of 
brilliant  beauty  and  properties  of  a  strictly  utilitarian  nature. 
Today,  Styron  is  in  demand  for  products  that  range  from 
toys  and  costume  jewelry  to  batteries  and  automobile  parts. 
Many  lop-rate  refrigerator  makers  use  it  in  ice  compartment 
doors,  shelves  and  other  parts. 

Other  Dow  plastics  are:  Saran  for  colorful  fabrics  that  can 
he  cleaned  with  a  damp  cloth,  non-rusting  window  screen  or 
corrosion-resistant  pipe  and  tubing;  Saran  Film  and  Ethocei 
Sheeting  for  better  packaging;  and  Elhocel  for  durable  molded 
products. 

Development,  testing  and  production  of  these  plastic  materials 
are  carried  on  by  technical  men  with  special  training.  It  is 
a  great  and  growing  field  for  voung  men  who  can  turn  their 
college  training  in  tins  direction. 

THE  DOW  CHEMICAL  COMPANY,  MIDLAND,  MICHIGAN 


DOVNT 


CHEMICALS    INDISPENSABLE 
TO   INDUSTRY  AND   AGRICULTURE 


Philadelphia     •    Waihington 


:ieveland 
i  Angel«» 


JANUARY,  1948 


25 


Abrasive  Products 

yT — -s.  Grinding  wheels  of  ALUNDUM", 

/  ,;=>-X,^  CRYSTOLON*  and  diamond  abra- 
sives, discs  and  segments,  bricl<s,  sticks 
and  hones,  mounted  points,  abrasives 
for  polishing,  lapping,  tumbling  and 
pressure  blasting,  pulpstones. 


i^^ 


Grinding  and  Lapping 
Machines 

A  varied  line  of  machines  for  pro- 
duction-precision grinding  and  lapping 
and  for  the  tool  room  —  including 
special  machines  for  crankshofts,  cam- 
shafts, rolls  and  car  wheels. 


Refractories 


Here's    What 
N  ORTOH 

Makes  .   .   . 

*7a  BeAAje 

in  Ma4Uf  ^iMi 


High  temperoture  refractories 

groin,  cement,  bricks,  plates,  tile,  tubes 
—  for  metal  melting,  heat  treating 
and  enameling;  for  ceramic  kilns,  for 
boiler  furnaces  and  gas  generators,- 
for  chemical  processes;  refractory  lab- 
oratory ware;  catalyst  carriers,  porous 
plates  and  tubes. 


Norbide^ 


Trade-mark  for  Norton  Boron  Carbide 
—  the  hardest  material  made  by  man. 
Available  as  on  abrasive  for  grinding 
and  lopping;  in  molded  products  for 
extreme  resistance  to  wear  —  espe- 
cially effective  for  precision  gage 
anvils  and  contact  points;  and  for 
metallurgical  use. 


Norton  Floors 


%m 


ALUNDUM*  Floor  and  Stair  Tile, 
ALUNDUM'  Ceramic  Mosaic  Tile  and 
ALUNDUM'  Aggregates  to  provide 
permanently  non-slip  (wet  or  dry) 
and  extremely  wear-resisting  floor 
and  stair  surfaces. 


NORTON       COMPANY 
WORCESTER     6,     MASS. 


Labeling  Machines 

Single  and  duplex  automatic  labeling 
^^?^     machines  for  applying  labels  and  foil 
■^     to  beverage  bottles  and  food,  cosmetic 
ond  drug  containers. 

Oilstones  and  Coated 
Abrasives 


Sharpening  stones  and  abrasive 
papers  and  cloth  for  every  use  of 
industry  and  the  home  craftsman. 
Products  of  the  Norton  Behr-Manning 
Division,  Troy,  New  York. 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(Continued  troin  I'afif  IS) 
j.  H.  (ialllvaii,  K.  W.  Habricht,  W.  D. 
Ha\s,  R.  H.  liimaii.  H.  ( i.  Cagges,  C. 
II.  t'l.nnt/,  |.  ().  Lewis,  K.  L.  Moll- 
man,  W.  C.  Ree.i,  !).  j.  Schertz,  C.  F. 
Zitv.ow,  L.  A.  Cuii/,,  C.  K.  Anderson, 
R.  A.  Briscoe,  I).  Q.  Brown,  R.  H. 
Brown,  M.  H.  Fisher,  A.  R.  (loodman, 
I..  M.  Gulledge,  E.  R.  Healy,  (1  A. 
Kouros,  (j.  E.  .N'eher,  C.  R.  Nowacki, 
1..  W.  Piussow,  E.  O/.gor,  H.  I.  I'elc, 
J.  W.  Powers,  I).  Principali,  I).  V. 
Sartore,   and    j.    (i.    Roberts. 

SIGMA  TAU 

This  year's  officers  ot  Sigma  Tan, 
.ill-engineering  honorary,  are:  Philip  A. 
De  Camp,  president ;  Thomas 
E.  Kiirtzer,  vice-president;  Stu- 
art J.  Johnson,  treasurer;  Bur- 
ton L.  Cordry,  recording  sec- 
retary; Charles  W.  Studt,  cor- 
responding secretary ;  Professor 
J.  S.  Crandell,  faculty  advisor. 
Sigma  Tau  has  thirty  active  members 
this  semester,  and  plans  to  initiate  sev- 
eral new  pledges  soon.  A  smoker  was 
held  for  these  men  shortly  before  Christ- 
mas vacation.  Pledges  are  selected  on 
the  basis  of  scholarship,  ability  to  apply 
knowledge  to  a  practical  problem,  and 
socialibility. 

TAU  BETA  PI 

Tau  Beta  Pi,  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  of 
the  engineers,  held  its  first  meeting  on 
October  21.  The  main  topic 
of  the  meeting  was  a  report 
by  president  E.  P.  Shapland 
on  the  national  convention, 
to  which  he  was  a  delegate. 
The  convention  was  held  at 
the  Hotel  New  Yorker,  New 
W  York,  on  October  9,  10,  and 

llj  1 1.  On  December  9,  a  meet- 

ing was  held,  and  new 
pledges  were  elected.  These  men  met 
the  actives  at  a  smoker  held  December 
lb,  to  discuss  pledging. 

ETA  KAPPA  NU 

Eta  Kappa  Nu  is  the  electrical  engi- 
neering honorary  on  the  campus.  The 
Alpha  chapter,  founded  here 
in  1904,  is  the  parent  chapter 
of  the  national  organization. 
At  present  there  are  20  mem- 
bers in  the  Alpha  chapter. 
The  officers  are:  Murray  L. 
Babcock,  president;  Edward 
C.  Fensholt,  vice-president;  Orville  R. 
Pomeroy,  treasurer;  Charles  W.  Studt, 
corresponding  secretary;  Harold  D. 
(juy,  recording  secretary. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  semester 
was  held  November  11,  at  the  Chi  Phi 
house.  At  this  meeting  plans  were  form- 
ulated for  a  pledge  smoker  and  an  initi- 
ation banquet.  Since  there  are  73  men 
eligible  for  pledging  this  semester,  mem- 
bership is  expected  to  hit  an  all-time 
high. 


:\"^  'ky\ 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


FURNACE    PERFORMS 
MULTIPLE    HEAT-TREATING    FUNCTIONS 
UNDER  VARIED   CONDITIONS 

In  modern  heat-treating,  adaptability  of  equipment  and 
flexibility  of  fuel  are  primary  influences  in  any  cost-per- 
piece  analysis.  As  a  typical  example  of  the  flexibility  of 
the  productive  flames  of  GAS,  this  Conjecto-Fired  GAS 
Furnace  is  used  for  a  variety  of  operations  without  any 
change  other  than  regulation  of  the  fuel-mix  and  tem- 
perature controls. 

Atwood  Vacuum  Machine  Company,  Rockford,  Illi- 
nois, is  equipped  to  heat-treat  pieces  ranging  from  1 
ounce  to  1000  pounds,  in  volume  up  to  15,000  pounds 
daily.  Their  modern  Gas-fired  Equipment  is  adapted  for 
annealing,  carburizing,  drawing,  hardening,  normaliz- 
ing, malleableizing,  stress  relieving,  under  rigid  metal- 
lurgical specifications. 

Experienced  heat-treating  specialists  like  At\vood 
Vacuum  Machine  Company  use  GAS  because  this 
flexible,  controllable,  rapid-heating  fuel  is  so  readily 
adaptable  to  all  types  of  processing  at  any  required 
temperature.  The  productive  flames  of  GAS  are  so 
flexible  that  they  can  be  used  for  any  production-line 
heating  operation,  under  the  most  exacting  conditions. 

AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 

420  LEXINGTON  A\ENUE     •     NEW  YORK  17,  NEW  YORK 


Data  and  Photos  by  SURFACE 
COMBUSTION  CORPORA- 
TION, Toledo,  Ohio,  Manu- 
facturers of  Gas  Heat-Treating 
equipment 


Surface  Conjecto-Fired  GAS  «m 

Furnace  used  for  a  variety  of         ^ 

heat-treating    operations    includ- 

ng  Malleableizing,  Pacit  Carburizing, 

Annealing  in  a  temperature  range 

from  600°  F.  to    1 800°  F. 


ANNEALING — station  wagon   body   hinge 

Material:  SAE  1020 

Temperature:  1600°  F. 

Time  Cycle:  36  hours 

Net  charge:  6400  lbs. 


PACK   CARBURIZING— Brake   Trunnions 

Material:  Hot  rolled  SAE  1010 

Temperature:  1650°  F. 

Time  Cycle:  8  hours 

Case:  .040 

Net  charge:  1500  lbs. 


MALLEABLEIZING— Irailer  Jock   Screws 

Material:  Malleable  Iron 

Temperature:  1750°  F. 

Time  Cycle:  72  hours 

Net  charge:  10,000  lbs. 


J.ANUARY.  1948 


27 


WOODWARD  GOVERNOR  . . . 

(Continued  tioni  Pago  9) 
and  a  solarium.  The  facilities  of  the 
treatment  room,  including  a  treatmcnr 
table  and  infra-red  heat  cabinet,  aic 
available  to  all  members  as  required  to 
alleviate  minor  aches  and  pains.  In  op- 
eration durint;  the  winter  months  to  re- 
place the  beneficial  effects  of  the  summer 
sun,  the  eight  ultra-violet  ray  lamps  in 
the  solarium,  or  "sun-room,"  pro\ide  in 
one  minute  the  same  benefits  as  one 
hour's  summer  exposure.  Kach  membei 
is  urged  to  take  three  one-minute  treat- 
ments per  week. 

Kquipment  in  the  public-address  con- 
trol room  broadcasts  music  at  inter\ais, 
reaches  every  part  of  the  plant  with 
paging  and  general  aimouncements,  and 
can  be  set  to  bring  all  members  radio 
programs  of  general  interest  or  impor- 
tance at  the  time  of  actual  broadcast  or 
at  any  time  thereafter,  for  dances  and 
social  gatherings  in  the  auditorium  this 
equipment  is  equally  well  suited. 

Also  available  for  members'  use  are  a 
pistol  and  rifle  range  where  the  pistol 
and  rifle  clubs  meet  in  regular  practice 
and  competition,  two  concrete  tennis 
courts  which  are  designed  for  flooding 
for  ice-skating  in  the  winter,  and  ample 
space  for  gardening  flowers  antl  \ege- 
tables. 

Largely  responsible  for  the  exemplary 


Mechanical  aptitude  test  shown 
here  is  a  part  of  the  examination 
given    to   appMcants   for   employment. 

lUMsonnel  polic\'  in  the  Woodward  ( io\- 
eiiior  compan\'  is  a  plan,  known  formally 
as  Multiple  Management,  which  was 
placed  in  operation  in  1939.  Mr.  Irl  C. 
Martin,  president  and  general  manager, 
belie\es  the  company,  in  reality,  is  a  bus- 
iness organization  of  men  and  women 
who  have  freely  associated  themselves  to 
accomplish  collectively  what  it  would  be 
impossible  to  accomplish  individually. 
He  believes  the  business  is  made  up  of 


three  groups:  the  stock-holders,  the  man- 
agement, and  the  workers;  (ill  of  which 
are  responsible  for  the  success  of  the 
company  anil  all  of  which  should  share 
in  its  management,  hence,  the  name, 
.Multiple  Management.  That  is  the  rea- 
son why,  in  the  course  of  this  article,  the 
employees  have  been  referred  to  as  mem- 
bers. K\ery  employee  is  actually  consid- 
ered as  a  member  of  the  firm. 

.As  practiced  in  this  company,  .Multi- 
ple .Management  is  composed  of  three 
committees;  the  Senior  committee  made 
up  of  the  officers  and  seniors  supervisors 
(  representing  the  stockholder  members)  ; 
the  jimior  committee,  made  up  of  15 
members  of  the  junior  executive  and  su- 
pervisory personnel  (representing  the 
management  members)  ;  and  the  Prima- 
ry committee,  made  up  of  25  members 
not  included  in  the  above  two  classifica- 
tions ( representing  the  worker  mem- 
bers). 

Membership  in  the  Primary  and  Jun- 
ior committees  is  elective  and  rotative  to 
provide  as  many  members  as  possible 
with  experience  in  company  management. 

Each  committee  has  the  power,  and  in 
fact,  the  responsibility  of  recommending 
beneficial  policies,  but  the  Senior  com- 
mittee has  the  final  responsibilit\'  of  ac- 
ceptance or  rejection. 

Any  member  of  the  company  may  have 
(Continued  on  Page  30) 


j^^mmmT- 


l.tjt  Sa,  rs   I.ahor  on 
he   Tank. 


Three  of  the  Six  Big  Frick 
Machines 


mi 

Td  Make  BQQ  Tons 

of  Ice  a  Day  for 
California  Shippers 

That's  the  projected  output  at 
Salinas,  where  the  Shippers  Develop- 
ment Co.  has  built  a  $1,400,000 
plant  to  ice  vegetables.  Five  big 
growers  and  packers  use  the 
product  for  icing  thousands  of  rail- 
way cars  and  trucks.  The  Associated 
Refrigerating  Engineers,  of  Los 
Angeles,  selected  Frick  equipment 
for  this  important  job.  You,  too. 
will  find  Frick  refrigerating,  ice-mak- 
ing, and  air  conditioning  systems 
most   reliable   and    profitable. 

The  Friik  Graduate  Training  Course 
in  Refrigeration  and  Air  Conditioninft. 
»o7i'  in  its  Slst  year,  is  afrroved  under 
the   C.    I.    lUils  'of   KinUts. 


Robeson's 


FOR  THE 

FINEST 

IN  MEN'S  WEAR 


IN   CHAMPAIGN 
Over  73  Years 


28 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


Start  the 
New  Year 
Off  Right 

Take  your  notes  in  a  Lefax.  For  a  free 
copy  of  facts  about  notetaking  write  to 


DAVID  FREDERIC  CAUSEY 

Post  Office  Box  Number   1 

University   Station 

URBANA,    ILLINOIS 


THE  FINEST  STEEL  TAPE 

LUFKIN 
"ANCHOR" 

CHROME  CLAD 


EASY  TO  READ    ^ 

MARXINES 
THAT  «RE  DURABLE  |^ 


^ojt  oi/ifABturir 


f .'  The  Lufkin   "Anchor" 

/  Chrome  Clod  Steel  Tape 

is  the  best  for  student  as 
well  OS  professional  use.  The 
chrome  plated  steel  line  is  ex- 
tra durable— stands  up  under 
rough  usage.    Coated  with 
smooth,  rust-resistant  chrome,  it 
will  not  crack,  chip,  or  peel. 
Accurate,  jet  black  mark- 
ings are  easy  to  read, 
they're  recessed  so  they 
can't   wear    out.     For 
k  free  catalog  write  THE 

»  LUFKIN     RULE     CO., 

SAGINAW,  MICH., 
rV  New  York  City. 


A  Campus  Tradition  that  all 
Engineers  Recognize  .  .  . 

ini   Union   Bookstore 

715  SOUTH  WRIGHT  STREET 
On  the  Campus 

10%   DIVIDEND   PAID   LAST  YEAR 


JANUARY,  1948 


29 


partners  in  creating 


K  &  E  drofting  instruments,  equipment  ond  materials 
hove  been  partners  of  leading  engineers  for  80  years 
in  shoping  the  modern  world.  So  extensively  are  these 
products  used  by  successful  men,  it  is  self  evident  that 
K  &  E  has  played  a  port  in  the  completion  of  nearly 
every  American  engineering  project  of  any  magnitude. 


WOODWARD  GOVERNOR  . . . 

(Continued   from   Page  28) 
a  voice   in  the  nianafienicnt  through  the 
form  of  a  suggestion  to  the  Primary  com- 
mittee, and  each  member  is  encouraged 
to  do  so. 

A  good  example  of  Multiple  Manage- 
ment is  the  fact  that  the  employees,  as 
well  as  the  stockholders  and  the  man- 
agement, were  consulted  before  the  de- 
cision to  erect  the  present  plant  was 
made.  The  operation  of  plant  protection 
and  the  plant  cafeteria  are  a  few  other 
examples.  Multiple  Management  has 
fostered  emplo\er-employee  relationships 
to  such  an  extent  that  there  has  never 
been  the  necessity  for  forming  a  union  in 
the  company. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW    YORK    •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


WILTON  McDEVITT  .  .  . 

I  Coiitmued  troni  Page  1  1  ) 
mer,  he  takes  more  extensive  trips  north. 
While  his  fishing  may  benefit  by  his 
approaching  retirement  from  the  Liii- 
\ersity,  the  ceramics  department  will 
miss  the  atmosphere  of  friendliness 
around  "Mac" — the  slight  figure  with 
white  hair,  a  quick  smile,  blue  work 
clothes,  and  a  white  apron.  "Mac" — 
whose  hands  and  shoes  show  the  white- 
ness of  clay  dust — while  being  inter- 
viewed, looked  perfectly  at  home  sitting 
on  an  up-turned  "flower  pot." 


QUESTION: 

Where  can  you  have  your  scholastic  bill  of 
materials  filled  out  to  your  most  complete 
satisfaction? 

ANSWER: 

UNIVERSITY   BOOKSTORE 

610  EAST  DANIEL  -  CHAMPAIGN 
Phone  5720 


30 


THE  TEGHNOGKAPH 


,1  Jpor'o'-e  of  their  elecnco   '^^n^  ,„,,,  ,-„  ,.„,/,„,  business 

Advertisements  such  as      ...  o ne  ,^     ,,,,    j,,,,.  ,„hance  ,hc 

,na?o-Jnes.  Te  beheve  they  P'^J''    '   "'i^„j  ,„;„,.  They  build  acceplanee 
s,^,,lin,  of.,!..ys  -  l;:^^  Sv  a»  of  .ho.  co.no  to  us  fro., 
(^r  Snuurc  D  I  tela  niiginm^-  / 
tdHi^cn^ineeriu^sehools  such  as. ours. 


YOUR 

HEAD 

ELECTRICAL 

MAN 


I   I 


e 


ai-iTmiMMwii; 


A  good  place  to  get 

Cost-Reducing 

Ideas 


Your  head  electrical  man  is  a  good  source 
of  workable,  cost-reducing  suggestions. 
And  right  now  is  a  particularly  good 
time  to  let  him  prove  it. 

During  the  tremendously  increased 
production  of  recent  years,  there  has 
been  a  sharp  increase  in  the  amount  of 
power  used  per  employee.  Most  electrical 
systems  have  been  operating  under  ab- 
normal stress.  Many  are  overloaded,  un- 
reliable and  poorly  located  or  inflexible 
with  respect  to  present  machine  loca- 
tions. Excessive  "down  time"  and  higher 


production  costs  are  certainties. 

Check  with  your  head  electrical  man 
for  possible  cost-reducing  opportunities 
in  your  plant.  A  Square  D  Field  Engi- 
neer vdll  be  glad  to  work  with  him  in 
analyzing  any  electrical  problem  and 
selecting  corrective  power  distribution 
and  electric  motor  control  equipment. 

Field  Engineering  Counsel  is  available, 
without  obligation,  through  Square  D 
offices  located  in  50  principal  U.  S., 
Canadian  and  Mexican  cities. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  LTD.,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO   •   SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


JANUARY,  1948 


31 


Hill  (Jail  aiui  Miss  jean  Lt-minon  ot 
Chicago  were  mariit-il  on  December  27. 
The  lucky  man  {jiaduates  in  Mechanical 
KiigineeriiiK  in   Febniaiy. 

A  wealthy  client  insuicii  lier  valuable 
wardrobe  while  traveliii;;  in  luuope. 
I.'pon  reaching  Paris  she  touiul  an  article 
missing  and  immediately  called  her 
broker  in  New  York:  "(Jown  lifted  in 
Paris.  "  Her  broker  replied,  after  due 
deliberation:  "VV'hat  do  uiu  tiiink  voiii' 
policy  covers?" 

»        *        IS 

"Who  \ou  shovin?" 

"Uunno,  what's    your   name?" 


CROSSWORD  ANSWER 


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tW 

Then  there's  the  story  about  the  fresh- 
man who  was  told  that  T.A.M.  5  was 
a  pipe  course. 


The  difference  between  a  pretty  i;irl 
and  an  old  maid  is  that  the  prett.v  girl 
always  has  a  lot  of  handsome  men  m 
iier  wnke  while  the  old  maid  only  has 
liu-ni  in  lu-r  sleep. 

»      »      «• 

The  sailor  boy  had  missed  his  ship. 
It  was  majestically  steaming  through  the 
( lolden  (late.  With  his  arms  about  his 
girl's  waist  and  a  gloomy  look  on  his 
face  he  muttered:  "Now.  honey,  we're 
both  in  trouble !" 

^      ^     ^ 

Some  girls  are  like  roads,  lots  of 
curves,  soft  shoulders,  and  you  can't  tell 
where  they  lead  you. 


For  the  drug  store  that's 

beyond  compare,  it's  . . . 

SKELTON'S 

617  E.  Green  -C-  Dial  8072 

SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
the 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 

808  S.  Sixth  St. 
Laundry  Service  and  Dry  Cleaning 


New  Engineers .  .  . 

The  upperclassmen  can  tell  you  about  the  Excep- 
tional Service  of  the  bookstore  on  the  corner  of 
Wright  and  Green,  but  you've  got  to  see  it  for 
yourself  to  really  know  the 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 


32 


THE    lECHNOGKAPH 


i'lill'llil'l'i'l'li'l  llp 


!!    if 


—rfwv**- 


■Jl/^  ^         H^  IV*- 


^^^wif^aiHfffl--4^H^-^ 


Picture  of  a  bridge  ^toaning  under  load 


.  .  .  photographic  stress  analysis  is  one  of 
many  industrial  uses  for  light-sensitive  Kodak 
recording  materials. 

By  cementing  strain  gauges  smaller  than  postage 
stamps  to  external  surfaces,  test  engineers  can 
find  out  about  structural  behavior  deep  inside  the 
material  under  stress  ...  so  sensitive  is  the  re- 
sponse of  these  little  devices  to  vibration  and 
strain. 

An  important  contribution  to  such  sensitivity 
in  instruments  of  this  type  is  the  wide  latitude  of 
Kodak  photographic  recording  materials  that  are 
available.  These  may  be  had  in  all  sizes  and 
speeds  for  nearly  every  type  of  instrument. 


Instrument  Recording 

another  important  function  of  photography 


Kodak  is  continually  developing  new  record- 
ing products,  and  is  glad  to  discuss  them  with 
you — so  your  new  instruments  may  take  full  ad- 
vantage of  the  finest  in  photographic  recording. 

Why  not  utilize  the  greater  sensitivity  and 
speed  of  photographic  recording  for  your  instru- 
ments? Why  not  find  out  how  well  the  new  Kodak 
high  speed  recording  papers  will  work  in  your 
equipment?  Just  write  to 

EASTMAN   KODAK   COMPANY 

Industrial  Photographic  Division 

Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company 

Industrial  Photographic  Division 

Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 

Q  Please  send  me  your  book  "Recording 

Materials." 
Q  Please  send  information  on  your  new 

high  speed  recording  papers. 

Name 


Company. 


Department. 


GENERAL  ELECTRIC 


METEOROLOGICAL 

PROJECT  ENGINEER 


After  keeping  up  with  Patton,  John  Engstrom 
enjoys  his  G-E  job  of  tracking  "met"  balloons 


In  February,  1946,  after  he  had  happily  allowed  himselt 
to  become  "inactive"  in  the  files  or  the  Reserve  Army 
Signal  Corps,  John  Engstrom — a  family  man  with  two 
kids     went  looking  for  his  first  career-size  job. 

He  was  able  to  rely  on  the  help  of  an  old  friend  his 
knowledge  of  electronics. 

Ever  since  he  started  tinkering  with  radio  sets  in  his 
teens,  John  had  been  doing  things  in  electronics — and 
electronics  had  been  doing  things  for  him. 

.At  the  University  of  Minnesota  he  had  earned' part  of 
his  expenses  by  servicing  radios  between  hours  of  studying 
for  a  degree  in  electrical  engineering. 

Going  directly  into  the  Army  after  his  graduation  in 
1942,  John  had  received  further  training  in  electronics  at 
Fort  Monmouth,  New  Jersey,  and  had  been  sent  on  a 
seven-month  electronics  assignment  to  South  America. 
Later  he  had  been  assigned  to  a  Signal  Corps  communica- 
tion team  and  had  helped  provide  General  George  Patton's 
headquarters  with  communication  during  the  final  vic- 
torious drive  into  Germany.  And  after  \'-E  Day  he  had 
been  flown  back  to  the  States  to  head  up  an  investigation 
team  to  study  the  propagation  of  microwaves  in  low  level 
ducts  over  tropical  waters. 

John  Engstrom  found  his  career-size  job  at  General 
KIcctric.  Reporting  to  Electronics  Park  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
he  sj-ient  a  year  in  developmental  engineering.  Today,  as 
project  engineer  for  the  Army-Navy  Meteorological  Pro- 
gram, he  is  in  charge  of  developing  meteorological  track- 
ing and  measuring  equipment  a  solid  foothold  in  an 
electronics  future. 

For  your  copy  of  "Careers  in  the  Electrical  Industry," 
write    to    Dept.    237-6,    General     Electric    Company, 

Schenectady,  N.  Y 


John  Engstrom  admits  ttiot  his  attention  perks  up  when  he  be 
to  think  about  electronics.  He  paid  part  of  his  college  expense 
Minnesota  servicing  radios. 


In  the  Army  Signal  Corps,  he  continued  his  work  in  electronics. 
His  radio  communications  team  helped  keep  channels  open  to 
Patton  during  the  drive  into  Germany. 


GENERAL  O  ELECTRIC 


5Jr 


February,  194S  •  25  Cents 

MEMBER   OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 


"'The  outward  forms  the  intvard  man  reveals"— Ohiy eh.  wendeix  holmes 


H  )V\^ 


;4.„^ 


Why  fabrics  get  better  all  the  time 


31  CHEMICALS  helped  iiuike  lluit  shirt! 

And  lliose  chemicals  —  plus  many  others  — bring  you 
brand-new  fabrics  of  finest  quality.  They  create  new  color 
effects  and  radiant  "conibination"'  tones  and  patterns  in 
modern  clothing  .  .  .  rugs  .  .  .  draperies  .  .  .  blankets.  These 
better  fabrics  are  made  possible  by  belter  materials. 

Chemically  made  fibers,  for  example,  that  challenge 
nature's  best  in  wear  and  appearance.  Better  chemicals,  too. 
in  wetting  agents. .  .shrink-proofing  treatments. .  .solvents 
for  dyes  .  .  .  and  other  "musts  '  that  arc  a  part  of  modi-rn 
textile  manufacturing. 

Also  in  the  picture  arc  slaiidess  slecis  for  dyeing  \  als 
that  are  easy  to  clean  and  resistant  to  corrosive  acids  and 
alkalies.  Plastics  for  bol>l)ins,  pins,  levers,  control  handles 


and  for  many  anuthcr  tool  part.  And  c\en  such  ticw  and 
better  materials  as  svnthetic  sapphire  for  the  tlK)Usands  of 
thread  guides  on  huge  textile  machines. 

Producing  these  better  materials  and  many  others—for 
the  use  of  science  and  industry  and  the  benefit  of  mankind 
—is  the  work  of  the  people  of  Vnion  Carbidi-:. 

FREE:  Yini  iirc  united  to  send  jor  the  illuslrated  buoljet.  "t'luducls 
and  Processes"  wliicll  describes  llie  ways  in  ivliicli  indnslry  uses 
i  (^(^s  Alloys,  Carbons,  Chemicals,  Gases  and  Plastics. 

Union  Carbide 

AJVJ)      CARBOV     COHJ'ORATIOjV 


30     EAST    42iVD     STREt;T 


QH3 


NEW    YORK     17.    N.    Y. 


Products  iij  Divisions  and  Units  include 

I.iNDE  Oxygen    •    Prest-O-Lue  Acetylene    •     Pvroiax  Gas    •    Bakelite,  Krene,  \invon,  and  \  iNYrirt  Pla 
National  Carbons    •    Eveready  Flashlights  and  Batteries    .    Achi  son  Ei  ectrcdi  s 


Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •    Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals  •  Haynes  Stellme  Alloys 


SvNTHtin;  Organic  Chemicals 


There's  a  future  for  jou 

atWestinghouse 


Yesterday  it  was  sufficient  to  call  voiirself  simplv 
an  Electrical.  Mechanical  or  Chemical  Kngineer. 
But  today  we  think  in  terms  of  specific  functions 
performed  .  .  .  such  as  research,  design,  develop- 
ment or  application  engineering.  For  example, 
\^  estinghouse  employs: 

RESEARCH  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  investigate  physical  laws  to  extend  scientific 
knowledge — or  applied  research  to  solve  specific 
manufacturing  problems,  develop  new  apparatus. 

DESIGN  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  design  all  types  of  electrical  apparatus  to  meet 
new  or  specialized  requirements.  Such  work  involves 
not  onlv  the  writing  of  mechanical  and  electrical 
specifications  but  the  selection  of  materials,  manu- 
facturing processes  and  many  other  functions. 

DEVELOPMENT  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  evolve  the  desired  product  in  phvsical  form;  to 
steer  the  product  through  infanev  until  it  is  a 
success. 

APPLICATION  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  analyze  new  projects,  recommend  needed  equip- 
ment; and  to  decide  what  type  of  apparatus  will  do 
the  best  job  for  the  customer. 

SERVICE  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  direct  installation  and  repair  at  the  customer's 
plants;  to  handle  emergency  breakdowns.        c-iuoos 


^■^ 


These  are  but  a  few  of  the  many  oppor- 
tunities for  engineers  in  the  electrical  fielil. 
There  are  nianv  others — in  sales  or  nianu- 
facturing  at  Vt  estin*{house.  Begin  plans  for 
your  future  by  sending  today  for  your  free 
copy  of  "Finding  Your  Place  in  Industry." 


ouse 

OFFICES   EVERYWHERE 


To  ohiuin  ropy  of  Finding  Your  I'la 
J'laceitienl  Officer  of  voiir  universilv. 


in  Imlnstry.  v< 
mail  ihis  ri>ii]>i 


The  District  Educational  Coordinator 

If  estinfihousc  Electric  Corporation 

I'O   \.  II  acker  Drirc,  P.O.  Box  li,  /.one  90 

Chicago  6,  Illinois 


IV  a 


ColIege_ 
Atldress_ 
City 


-Course- 


-State- 


«f/  .#«/»«  iHvii.  li.ii.-in 

Hvrh  Maz0'r.  U.K.  '.TO 


I» 


The  Heat  Pump 

The  heat  pump  is  in  the  piihhc  eve 
today  more  than  c\er  as  a  possihle  source 
of  heat  for  (iuellings.  Contrary  to  the 
opinion  of  many,  the  heat  pump  or  "the 
Kelvin  heating  engine"  was  first  con- 
eeixeii  in  1.S52  by  Lord   Kehin. 

At  present  this  process  is  being  used 
as  a  heating  and  cooh'ng  device  in  a  few 
t)fHce  buildings.  Home  use  has  been  im- 
practical up  to  now  because  of  low  effi- 
ciency. In  the  last  few  years  three  com- 
panies have  been  experimenting  with 
this  process  with  home  use  as  an  ob- 
jective. Two  of  these  companies  are 
offering  ready-built  units  at  present. 

Much  work  is  being  done  to  increase 
the  efficiency  of  these  machines.  At  pres- 
ent, these  units  are  capable  of  producing 
heat  at  a  c.o.p.  of  about  2.5 ;  that  is, 
the  ratio  of  heat  ab.sorbed  to  the  work 
needed  to  absorb  it  was  2.5.  The  heat 
rejected  would  be  equal  to  one  plus  this 
number.  Thus,  if  one  unit  of  electrical 
energy  was  used  over  a  certain  period, 
the  system  would  eject  3.5  units  in  the 
form  of  heat.  This  is  a  very  small  num- 
ber in  the  light  of  present-day  fuels, 
provided  one  remembers  that  when  elec- 
trical energy  is  generated  only  one- 
fourth  of  the  chemical  energy  is  utlized. 
Since  these  imits  depend  upon  electrical 
energy  for  their  operation,  the  original 
loss  in  the  generation  of  the  power  must 
be  considered  along  with  the  losses  of 
the  system  itself. 

CO._D  AIR , 


I'or  operation,  these  ni.icluries  utilize 
the  surrounding  air  for  a  source  of  heat 
in  nHJd  climates  and  the  constant  tem- 
perature below  the  surface  of  the  earth 
in  the  less  temperature  regions.  In  the 
latter  case,  the  unit  consists  of  a  long 
|iipc  which  has  water  flowing  through 
it,  imbedded  in  the  ground  to  a  depth 
of  about  .?00  feet.  The  heat  from  the 
ground  is  transferred  to  the  cooler  medi- 
um of  the  water  in  the  |iipe.  The  watei 
carries  the  heat  up  to  the  compressor 
where  it  is  transferred  to  a  still  cooler 
lluid  in  the  compressor.  From  this  point 
the  \uiit  operates  like  a  home  refrigeratoi 
in  rexerse.  In  the  summertime,  the  ma- 
chine may  be  rexersed  to  pin\ide  cool- 
ing. 

A  simplified  drawing  of  the  unit  is 
shown  in   the   accompanying  figure. 

Automatic  Rectifier  For 
Photo  Mapping 

An  automatic  focus  rectifier  for  mo- 
saic map  making,  the  first  to  be  pro- 
duced in  America,  has  been  delivered 
to  the  aini\'  corps  of  engineers  by  the 
Bausch  and  Lomb  Optical  company. 
The  new  photogrammetric  instrument 
will  be  of  paramount  significance  in 
planning  national  highways,  soil  ero- 
sion stLidies,  flood  control,  and  ;ierial 
reconnaissance  work. 

Resembling  an  o  r  d  i  n  a  r  \  photo- 
enlarger,  this  instiument  simultaneously 


AIR  RADIATOR - 


ri:ce:ivlr 


■  COMPRt'JSOR 


vWAieh;  radiator 


HEAT    PUMP  UNIT 


APPROX.  300 


The     rectifier    corrects     distortion 
in    aerial    photos 

enlarges,  prints,  and  automatically  re- 
duces aerial  photographs  to  a  common 
scale  and  level,  correcting  the  tilt  en- 
countered as  a  residt  of  the  plane's  varia- 
tion in  angle  and  le\el  at  the  time  the 
photographs  are  taken.  Planes  equipped 
with  the  most  modern  stabilizers  can 
maintain  a  constant  level  only  to  within 
one-quarter  degree  accuracy,  making  the 
rectifier  vitally  necessary  in  the  produc- 
tion of  precise  aerial  photo  maps. 

The  automatic  instrument,  equipped 
with  push  button  controls,  can  be  oper- 
ated by  a  photographer  to  turn  out  rec- 
tified prints  on  a  production  line  basis 
at  the  rate  of  one  every  five  miiuites. 
Previous  non-automatic  rectifiers  re- 
quired tedious,  involved  mathematical 
calculations  for  each  individual  photo- 
graph. 

Mathematics,  mechanical  design,  and 
many  features  of  the  new  engineering 
instrument  were  worked  out  by  John  V^. 
Sharp  and  Olin  W.  Houghton,  Hausch 
and  Lomb  scientists,  while  optical  solu- 
tions were  contributed  by  Dr.  Konstan- 
tin  Pestrecov  and  Harr\-  C  Ott,  also 
of  the  firm's  research  ;uid  engineering 
staff. 

This  instrument  will  be  a\ailable  for 
commercial  use  this  \ear.  It  is  small 
enough  to  be  mounted  on  a  trailer  truck 
for  use  in  field  work.  It  also  has  fluor- 
escent illumination,  an  enlarging  lens  of 
high  optical  resolution,  and  is  construct- 
ed to  maintain  constantly  the  proper 
alignment  between  the  negatives  and 
printing   easel. 

(Continued  on   Page  .^8) 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1^     #*#«*/##*«  whore  plastics  botoiiff 

for  E'csistance  to  tnoisiure  ami  Mvear 


Synthane  where  Synthane  belongs 


IT'S  SYNTHANE— this  outboard  motor  pivot  bearing  ...  re- 
quires no  lubrication  .  .  .  resists  both  salt  and  fresh  water, 
wears  long  and  well.  It's  a  good  example  of  the  use  of 
plastics  where  plastics  belong  and  Synthane  where  Syn- 
thane   belongs. 

Synthane  (our  type  of  plastics)  is  also  light,  dense, 
strong,  easily  and  quickly  machined,  an  excellent  insulator, 
a  material  for  fighting  corrosion. 

These  and  many  other  properties— combined— make 
Synthane  adaptable  to  countless  applications.  Synthane 
Corporation,    Oaks,    Pennsylvania. 


[SyntTiane] 


SYNTHANE  lECHNICAl  PUSIICS  •  DtSltN  •  MATERIALS  •  EA3RICAII0N  •  SHEEIS  •  RODS  •  TUBES  •  fABRICATEO  PARIS  •  MOIOED  MACERATED  •  MOIDEDIAMINATEO 


FEBRUARY  ,  1948 


Get  off  to  a  better  start 
in  engineering      .      ♦      .      . 

WITH  A  BETTER  KNOWLEDGE  OF 
TIMKEN  BEARINGS 


TIMPN 

TAPEREO  Toller  'rearihgs 


A.  good  start  is  half  the  race.  The  more  you  know  when 
you  graduate,  the  better  your  opportunity  for  success. 

Your  professors  have  your  best  interests  at  heart,  but  what  you 
learn  outside  the  classroom  will  be  a  plus  advantage  of  great  value 
when  you  toe  the  mark  for  the  start  of  your  career. 

Take  bearings  for  example.  No  form  of  mechanical  equipment  with 
rotating  parts  can  operate  without  them.  By  acquiring  now  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  Timken  Tapered  Roller  Bearings — their  design, 
application  and  possibilities — you  will  be  in  position  to  meet  and 
beat  any  bearing  problem  you  ever  may  encounter. 

For  Timken  Bearings  have  proved  their  ability  to  serve  in  machin- 
ery throughout  all  industries  and  have  received  the  universal  ac 
ceptance  and  preference  of  engineers  everywhere.  They  are  the 
bearings  experienced  engineers  specify  more  than  any  others. 

Our  engineers  will  help  you  to  become  a  bearing  specialist.  Write 
us  today  and  tell  us  what  course  you  are  studying.  The  Timken 
Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio. 

THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

George   R.   Foster Editor 

Ed  Witort .-Issoi.  Editor 

\m   Dick .^sst.  Editor 

Pliil  Doll .hst.  Editor 

Barbara   Schniiilr...l/rt/-(7//)   Editor 


Reporting 


Don  Hiiniheck 
nonalil  Johnson 
t'arl  Soiincnschcin 
Herbert  Jacohson 
nick  Hammack 
Kenneth  McOwan 
Connie  Minnick 
Al  Rust 
Ronald   Johnson 


Herbert  Mazer 
Melvin  Reiter 
John  Shurtletf 
Arthur  Welcher 
Shirley  Smith 
Sam  Jefteries 
Clenn  Massie 
(lenrge  Ricker 
Onke  Silvestrini 


Volume  63 


Number  5 


Plioloi/niphy 


Teil  Sohn 
Willard  E.  Jones 


Jack  Stiimpf 


The  Tecfi  Presents 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Robert  A.  Johnson Bin.  Mi/r. 

Stanley  Diamond. ..Vm/.  Bus.  Mt/r. 

Charles  Jansen L>:st.  Bus.  M</r. 

Richard  Leek .^sst.  Bus.  Mi/r. 


Fred  Seavey.... 

John  Uogatta 
Rudy  Vergara 
Cleorge  Kvitek 
MichellCassidy 
James  Chapman 


...Asst.  Bus.  Mi/r 

Robert  Cox 
Robert  Levin 
Frank  Mitch 
William  Anderson 


Faculty   Advisers 

J.  A.  Henry 
A.   R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


Cha 


J., In 


Arka 


/vhaiM.  111. 
iiati  Cuoperat 
r,  Cornell  En 
Olirnal,  Illin 
-,  Iowa  Traill 
State     Engine 


sity  of  Illii 
IS  Engineer,  Cini 
Colorado  Engin 
neer,  Drexel  Technical 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engini 
Kansas  Engineer,  Kansa: 
Kentucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engii 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
Missouri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint, 
New  York  University  Quadrangle,  North 
IJakota  State  Engineer,  Ohio  State  Engi- 
neer, Oklahoma  State  Engineer,  Penn  State 
Engineer,  Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue 
Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  Rose  Technic, 
Tech  Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer, 
and   Wisconsin   Engineer. 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
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gineering, University  of  Illinois 


Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary, Alarch,  April,  and  May)  by  The  lUini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter,  October  30,  1921,,  at  the  post  office 
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Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
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York    17,   New    York. 


ARTICLES 

See  the  Light  7 

Ted  Sohn.  E.  '4S 

Argonne   National   Laboratories  8 

Fr/meis  (ireen.  E.E.  '4S 

Post-War  japan  Id 

Phi/  Doll.  M.E.  yy 

Protect  Yourself!  1  1 

(Jarl  Sonnensehein.  JM.E.  '48 

DEPARTMENTS 

New   Developments  2 

John  Dirk.  E.E.   VV.  Iferh  Mazer.  E.E.   '.iO 
and  Ken  MeOivan.  M.E.   '4'-' 

Navy  Pier 12 

mini  in  Action 14 

Herbert  .laeohson,  M.E.   '50 

Introducing     16 

Shirley  Smith.  E.E.  '.^0.  Connie  Minnieh.  C.E.  '51 
and    To/n   Moore.   C.E.    '50 

Engineering  Societies  18 

John  Shurtleff.  Ch.E.   '50—D'iek  llaniniaek.  C.E.   '4S 

Editorial   21) 


OUR  COVER 

This  night  scene  of  the  lllini  Union  building  is  typical  of  what 
the  amateur  photographer  can  do  if  he  sets  his  mind  to  it.— 
(Ted   Sohn). 

FRONTISPIECE 

A  scene  near  White  Heath,  Illinois,  showing  the  method  of 
contour   plowing    and    terracing    to    prevent   erosion. 


M 


m&mm. 


?'r  'W^-i, 


'MS- 


;iii'>-.'^5S?* 


•■*«?. 


X^ 


..-^vr 


■■■i 


Mil 


■lU, 
■Ml 

■III 


!!■■ 
■Ill 


!!■■ 


!Mi 


In  the  Dark? ...  See  the  Light 


ttfi  Tfifi  Sohn.  K.  •  l» 


Vi)  the  niajoritx  of  camera  enthusi- 
asts their  hobby  subjects  begin  ami  set 
with  the  sun.  However,  at  dusk  miUions 
ot  lights  appear  one  by  one  to  illuminate 
the  scene.  Each  one  renders  to  nearby 
objects  a  particular  kind  of  glamour  that 
was  mi.ssing  during  the  day.  Whether 
the  downtown  shopping  district,  one's 
neighborhood,  or  a  college  campus,  the 
complexion  of  all  things  is  changed.  The 
distracting  details  that  had  earlier  been 
so  noticeable  are  now  hidden  in  deep 
rich   shadows. 

For  once,  the  photographer  can  ap- 
proach his  subject  material  with  a  mini- 
mum of  equipment,  the  rudiments  of 
which  are  any  camera,  a  watch  with  a 
second  hand,  a  lens  shade,  a  tripod,  and 
jierhaps  an  exposure  meter.  Whether  or 
not  it  will  be  possible  to  use  a  meter 
will  depend  upon  the  intensity'  of  illumi- 
nation. A  llashlight  is  an  aid  in  setting 
the  shutter  ami  diaphram,  but  it  \y\\\  do 
little  better  than  a  few  matches.  The 
tripod  could  be  dispen.sed  with  provided 
a  substitute  is  used.  For  exposures  of 
more  than  one-fiftieth  of  a  second,  it  is 
generalh'  recommended  that  the  camera 
be  supported  solidly  instead  of  held  in 
one's  hands.  The  lens  shade  should  be 
considered  as  a  necessity  since  it  will 
minimize  the  streaks  caused  b\"  light 
striking  the  lens. 

The  illustrations  accompanying  this 
article  were  made  on  panchromatic  iilm 
with  exposures  ranging  from  10  to  1211 
seconds  near  f-16.  This  diaphram  open- 
ing represents  a  compromise  between 
what  would  mean  an  excessive  exposure 
and  a  loss  in  the  depth  of  focus.  Since 
the  depth  of  focus  and  to  a  var\ing  de- 


gree the  clarity  of  the  subject  is  deter- 
mined by  the  diaphram  opening,  it  is  to 
the  advantage  of  the  photographer  to 
stop  down  to  at  least  f-11  or  f-16.  This 
increases  the  length  of  exposure  but  the 
extension  of  patience  in  one's  endeavors 
will  be  rewarded  accordingly.  Select  film 
for  these  shots  that  is  fairly  fast.  Pan 
chromatic  films  are  preferable  since  they 
ha\e  the  greatest  latitvide  and  also  re- 
duce the  exposure  considerably.  Artifi- 
cial light  consists  principally  of  the 
longer  wave  lengths  of  light,  that  is, 
near  the  red  and  yellow  light  bands  to 
which  pan  film  is  almost  equally  sensa- 
ti\e. 

llie  real  problem  in  night  photogra- 
phy is  in  exposure.  At  best,  a  meter  will 
only  duplicate  what  a  good  calculated 
guess  would  do.  To  arrive  at  an  expos- 
ure, the  type  of  light,  film,  subject,  and 
so  forth  must  be  considered.  The  expos- 
ures appear  to  have  three  ranges  and  the 
first   step   is   to   determine   m   which   one 


Some  helpful  hints  on  type  of 
film,  time  ot  exposure,  lens  open- 
ings, and  other  suggestions  for 
night  photography  are  included  in 
this  article.  Easily  accomplished, 
these  suggestions  should  greatly 
improve  the  quality  of  pictures 
taken  at  night  by  amateur  pho- 
tographers. 


Side  entrance  of   Union    building 


)our  subject  is  1(1.  The\-  are  o[ie-tenth  to 
one  second,  10  to  30  secomls,  ami 
exposm'es  from  43  to  120  seconds, 
using  pan  film  with  the  diaphram  at 
f-16.  It  is  best  for  the  beginner  to  find 
this  range  by  use  of  a  photographic  ex- 
posure meter,  but  if  one  is  not  available 
the  exposure  selections  made  by  others 
for  similar  subjects  will  have  to  be  used. 
After  some  experience  has  been  gained 
one  can  rely  on  this  for  the  so-called 
calculated  guess.  At  best,  there  does  not 
seem  to  be  any  simple  solution  for  an 
accurate  determination. 

Once  the  range  has  been  selected, 
either  extreme.  To  illustrate,  if  the 
center  of  the  range  and  two  others  at 
either  extreme.  To  illustrate  it,  the 
meter  indicates  an  exposure  of  seventy' 
seconds  at  f-16,  take  the  first  picture  at 
this,  and  two  others  at  SO  and  90  sec- 
onds. 

Because  films  h;i\e  a  limited  latitude 
much  smaller  th.-m  th;it  of  human  \  ision. 


Terrace    entrance    of    Union 
building 

a  compromise  must  be  made  with  every 
subject.  It  is  not  enough  that  the  mate- 
rial being  photographed  is  interesting, 
but  the  print  must  be  of  high  qualit\. 
It  is  difficult  to  keep  all  the  highlights 
and  still  keep  some  of  the  objects  from 
becoming  hidden  in  thee  shadows.  The 
solution  is  in  selecting  that  part  of  the 
scene  most  important  and  exposing  for  it. 

After  mastering  simple  scenes  and 
.acquiring  a  fair  degree  in  the  judgment 
of  exposure,  a  few  tricks  can  be  tried. 
One  is  a  purposeful  double  exposure 
which  is  accomplished  by  photographing 
the  subject  at  dusk  and  again  when  it 
is  lighted  b\-  artificial  light.  The  first 
time,  deliberateh  miderexpose,  and 
lighted,  rephotograph  it  at  normal  ex- 
posiu'e,  being  sure  that  the  camera  is 
rigidly  held  so  it  will  not  move.  The 
effect  is  to  bring  out  some  of  the  detail 
of  the  building  that  would  ordinarily  be 
lost  and  at  the  same  time  keeping  to  a 
minimum  the  effect  of  halation.  These 
results  can  be  duplicated  in  part  by 
using  a  small  flash  bulb  covered  with  a 
handkerchief  so  that  some  of  the  detail 
can  be  sa\ed  by  the  supplementary  light. 
Reflection  in  water  puddles  or  just  the 
fact  that  it  has  rained  previously  will 
aid  in  making  many  pictures  addition- 
ally- interesting,  each  reflection  adding 
to  the  effect.  This  is  especially'  true  of 
wet  pa\ements.  It  should  not  be  forgot- 
ten that  under  these  conditions  that  a 
reduction  in  exposure  should  be  made 
because  of  the  reflections. 

Not  all  night  shots  are  enhanced  b\ 
(Continued   on    Page  .ih ) 


FEBRUARY,  194S 


kmm  \iili()iial  Laboratories 


o 


L'luicr  the  terms  ot  tlic  Atomic  V.u- 
crgy  Act  the  I  .  S.  Atomic  Kni'r<;\  Com- 
mission is  charged  with  keeping  America 
on  top  ill  the  field  of  atomic  weapons. 
Hilt  its  work  in  making  available  to  the 
nation  as  a  whole  the  benefits  of  atomic 
energy — thereby  adding  to  the  country's 
economic  and  industrial  potential  —  is 
sometimes  obscured  b\'  the  technicalitv 
of  these  benefits  and  by  the  secrec\  at- 
tending progress  of  a  military  nature. 

Significant  events  leading  up  to  the 
conception  of  the  Argonne  National 
Laboratory  occurred  in  1939  when  Dr. 
Einstein  wrote  a  letter  to  the  President 
which  resulted  in  the  appointment  of  a 
liaison  officer  and  a  committee.  NO 
satisfactory  results  were  achieved  until 
Dr.  Kinstein  wrote  a  second  letter  in 
the  spring  of  1940.  In  .Ma\,  President 
Roosevelt  created  the  Office  of  Scientific 
Research  and  Development  under  Dr. 
Vannevar  Bush,  which  took  over  the 
atomic  project.  At  this  point  was  found- 
ed the  research  project  which  ultimately 
became  the  parent  organization  of  the 
Argonne    National    Laboratories. 

The  research  and  development  work 
done  in  connection  with  the  first  suc- 
cessful atomic  pile  or  reactor  ami  the 
plutonium  production  problem  was  car- 
ried out  largely  at  the  University  of 
Chicago  in  the  cr\ptically  named 
"Metallurgical  Laboratorv."  (ilrowth  of 


Itif  l-'ruiifis  liri'vn.  li.lC.  'Hi 


Intil  this  nionu'iit,  the  Techno- 
graph  has  been  unusually  silent  on 
the  new  and  faseinating  subjeet  of 
the  most  prophetic  invention  in  re- 
cent history — atomic  energy.  Ini- 
tiated here  is  a  series  of  articles 
designed  to  cover  the  more  exciting 
and  interesting  aspects  of  the  de- 
velopment, application,  and  cultural 
consequences  of  peacetime  atomic 
energy  research  in  the  United 
States.  First,  read  the  conception 
and  development  of  the  Argonne 
National  Laboratory,  an  organiza- 
tion hailing  you  from  our  very 
doorstep  to  show  you  dreams  come 
true  and  advancements  soon  to 
gain  fruition. 


the  research  facilities  sponsored  b\  the 
L  ni\ersity  of  Chicago,  and  responsible 
to  the  Manhattan  District  during  the 
war,  produced  offices  in  Ryerson  Phys- 
ics laboratory,  Eckhard  ALithematics 
building,  Rosenwald  Museum,  and  part 
of  the  Chemistry  laboratory  on  the 
campus,  and  offices  in  the  new  building 
set  up  for  special  purposes  on  the  Ingle- 
side  avenue  tennis  courts,  and  in  the 
Cottage  Grove  avenue  Armory.  Re- 
search areas  off  campus  were  given  'site' 
designations.  Site  A  was  the  Argonne 
Forest  section   out   in    Palos    Park,    Illi- 


Research   institutions  working   with   Argonne   National    Laboratories 


nois,  and  Site  H  was  a  brewer\-  and  ice 
house  near  6.ud  street,  Chicago,  used 
tor  biological  studies  associated  with  the 
project. 

The  most  important  spot  in  the 
dramatic  wartime  de\elopment  of  atomic 
energy  has  not  \et  been  mentioned  — 
namely,  the  squash  courts  under  the  west 
stands  of  the  L  Diversity  of  Chicago 
stadium!  It  was  here  that  on  December 
2,  1942  Dr.  Fermi  and  a  number  of 
scientists  gathered  to  witness  the  first 
daring  demonstration  of  an  atomic  chain 
reaction,  releasing  atomic  power  in  an 
amount  limited  only  by  the  controlling 
hand  of  the  operator.  Most  of  these 
buildings  and  areas  eventually  became 
a  part  of  the  present  Argonne  Natioiial 
Laboratory   physical    plant. 

The  U.  of  C  Laboratories  Get 
a  New  Name 

( )n  Juh'  1.  1946,  the  name  of  the 
Metallurgical  laboratory  was  changed  to 
Argonne  National  Laboratory,  after  the 
Cook  Comity  forest  preserve  in  which 
one  branch  of  the  laboratory  has  been 
located  since  1943.  The  idea  of  a 
regional  national  laboratory  operated  by 
the  L'niversity  of  Chicago  for  the 
Atomic  Energy  Commission  was  first 
proposed  by  an  advisory  committee  on 
research  and  development  appointed  by 
Major  General  Leslie  R.  Groves,  coni- 
nianding  general,  Manhattan  Engineer 
district,  late  in  1943.  Dr.  Arthiir  Comp- 
ton,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  de\elop- 
nient  of  the  first  successful  chain  re- 
actor, was  chairman  of  this  committee. 

The  purpose  of  the  national  labora- 
tory program  is  to  provide  for  the  re- 
search institutions  of  the  country  the 
costh'  facilities  for  atomic  research, 
facilities  too  costly  for  any  single  insti- 
tution to  provide  for  itself.  Tools  of 
modern  nuclear  work  —  piles,  accelera- 
tors, and  the  like  —  are  far  beyond  the 
resources  of  most  colleges.  In  the  last 
year  or  two,  it  has  become  the  fashion 
for  any  school  which  wants  to  build  a 
strong  physics  department  to  dream  up 
an  appealing  research  program,  sell  it 
to  the  Army,  Navy,  or  Manhattan  dis- 
trict, and  get  government    financing. 

Negotiations  are  now  in  progress  be- 
tween A.E.C.  and  the  military  services 
to  change  that.  A.E.C.  wants  future 
government-owned  equipment  central- 
ized at  the  laboratories,  where  it  will  be 
widely  available,  rather  than  at  in<li\i- 
dual  institutions. 

Because   of    the    \ital    role   played    b\ 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


tlic  ML-ralluriiical  laboratciiN  in  tlu'  ilc- 
\  i.l()|inK'nt  of  atomic  energy,  because  a 
hi<;hly  qualified  and  experienced  stafi 
was  already  at  work  in  Chicago,  and 
because  Chicago  is  the  logical  center  for 
bringing  together  the  research  talents  of 
the  entire  midwest,  the  decision  was 
made  to  build  one  ot  the  laboratories 
here. 

Two  other  laboratories  ha\e  been 
organized  and  are  working  along  similar 
lines  —  Brookhaven  laboratories  at 
Camp  L  pton.  Long  Island,  and  Clinton 
laboratories,  at  Oak  Ridge,  Tennessee. 
Each  laboratory  has  been  assigned  prob- 
lems in  special  fields  in  atomic  energy 
engineering. 

The  Argonne  National  Laboratory  at 
present  occupies  several  locations  other 
than  those  at  the  L  niversity  of  Chicago 
and  at  Palos  Park.  Included  are  a  39th 
street,  Chicago,  warehouse  and  a  new 
six-square-mile  a  r  e  a  in  the  southeast 
corner  of  DuPage  county,  just  north 
of  the  town  of  Lemont.  This  latter  area 
offers  a  number  of  ad\antages.  Its 
underlying  strata  of  rock  is  good,  its 
drainage  is  good,  its  accessibilit\'  is  good, 
and  it  does  not  contain  extensive  land 
improvements.  It  is  only  five-minutes 
distance  from  the  Palos  Park  pile  facili- 
ties, making  possible  continued  operation 
while  the  new  facilities  are  under  con- 
struction. 

Layout  of  Laboratory 

The  new  facilities  just  mentioned  will 
be  divided  into  two  areas,  one,  the  public 
area  consisting  of  auditorium,  guest,  and 
medical  b\iildings,  and  two,  the  larger 
restricted  area  which  at  present  stage 
of  planning  consists  of  six  major  research 
buildings.  On  June  2,\  1*147,  the  Lni- 
\ersity  of  Chicago  announ -ed  retention 
of  I'Onl,   Hacon  and   Davis,  Inc.  of  Chi- 


Worklng  with  radioactive  materials  without  getting  any  nearer  than  the 
six-inch-thick    lead-brick    wall    of    the    "Hot    Room"    allows 


cago  and  Xew  York,  as  architect-engi- 
neer-construction manager  of  the  pro- 
posed new  home  of  the  Argonne  Na- 
tional   Laboratory. 

Dr.  Walter  H.  Zinn  had  been  di- 
rector of  the  Palos  Park  Argonne 
laboratory  and  with  the  inception  of 
the  new  national  laboratory,  became  di- 
rector of  that  organization.  In  addition 
to  the  director,  administrative  organs 
are  a  Council  of  Participating  Institu- 
tions, representatives  of  29  universities 
and    technical    schools,    and    a    board    of 


governors.  ( )ther  institutions  which,  be- 
cause of  research  interests,  qualified  per- 
sonnel and  geographical  location,  find 
it  possible  and  to  their  advantage  to 
participate  in  the  cooperative  program 
of  the  Laboratory  may  be  considered  as 
possible   future   participants. 

T  he  board  of  governors  is  elected  bv' 
the  Coiuicil.  The  first  board  of  gover- 
nors consisted  of : 

Professor    Farrington    Daniels,    chair- 
man— L  niversity   of   Wisconsin 
(Continued   on    Page  22) 


Left:  The  instrument  panel  of  the  pulse  analyzer    which    determines    the    amount    of    radiation 
from  different   materials   which   may   be  in   a   mixture.    Center:    The    elaborate    vacuum    system 
used    to   measure   the   vapor   pressure   of   the    radioactive   materials.    Right:   Making    precise  tem- 
perature   measurements    of    the    crucible    used   to  evaporate  various   new  elements 


FEBRUARY,  194S 


Post -War  Japan... 


Last  Mimnu'i  (liiiiii};  jul\  :iiitl  Aujiu>t 
till-  National  Acailcniy  ot  Scii'iui-s, 
Washiiifitoii,  I).  C.  at  the  lequi-st  ot  the 
war  (icpartnicMit,  sponsoicil  a  six-maji 
committee  on  a  trip  to  japan.  Tlie  mem- 
bers ot  the  committee  iruiiided  :  chair- 
man, Dr.  Roger  Adams,  he.id  ot  the  de- 
partment of  chemist  r\ ,  I  iii\ersit\  ot  Ill- 
inois; Dr.  William  D.  Cooliilge,  director 
of  research  (Emeritus),  ( leneral  Elec- 
tric company;  Dr.  Royal  W.  Sorensen, 
professor  of  electrical  engineering,  Cali- 
fornia Institute  of  Technology;  Dr. 
William  V'.  Houston,  president,  Rice  in- 
stitute; Dr.  Merrill  K.  Bennett,  execu- 
tive director.  Food  Research  institute 
and  dean  of  the  social  sciences  at  Stan- 
ford university;  and  Dr.  William  J. 
Robbins,  director,  New  York  Botanical 
(lardens.  The  purposes  of  the  trip,  a> 
stated  by  Dr.  Frank  B.  Jewett,  president 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Science, 
were  as  follows:  "(I)  To  review  with 
the  American  Military  Ciovernment  and 
the  Japanese  the  plans  which  have  been 
formulated  for  the  peacetime  organiza- 
tion and  development  of  Japanese  science 
and  technology  along  democratic  lines; 
(2)  to  give  such  aid  to  the  Ameiican 
Military  Government  and  the  Japanese 
as  the  experience  of  the  committee  may 
suggest;  and  (3)  by  your  presence  as 
representatives  of  the  Academy  to  sho\\- 
the  Japanese  that  American  scientists 
are  interested  in  the  re-establishment  of 
their  science  along  lines  which  will  be 
permanently  beneficial  both  to  them  .Lud 
to  the  world  at  large." 

During  its  forty-day  mission  to  Japan 
to  accomplish  these  pvnposes,  the  Ad- 
visory Group  visited  industries  m  the 
principal  cities  of  Japan,  discussed  prob- 
lems with  the  Military  Go\ernment  and 
the  Japanese,  and  visited  sexeral  prom- 
inent Japanese  universities. 

Japanese   UniiH'rsities 

Main  mti'iesfing  sidelights  on  iinixcr- 
sity  life  and  teaching  methods  in  Jap.m 
were  observed.  A  complete  university 
has  seven  "faculties,"  including  law,  lit- 
erature, economics,  science,  engineering, 
agriculture,  and  medicine.  Not  all  fac- 
ulties are  represented  in  all  universities, 
but  one  university  may  have  more  than 
one  faculty  of  the  same  kind.  There  are 
both  government  and  private  uni\ersi- 
ties.  The  private  universities  on  the 
average  are  older,  account  ft)r  about  half 
of  the  miiversity  graduates,  and  have 
speciali/eil  more  in  the  cultural  sciences. 


«f/  ritil  /toll.  M.K.  •!» 

Dr.  Ad.ims  s,-|\s  about  the  gincrn- 
ment.  or  Imperial.  uni\  ersities  :  "In  ex- 
ternal torm  the  Imperial  uni\  eisities  ,ire 
similar  to  .American  and  European  insti- 
tutions. The  emph.isis  on  the  scholarl\' 
acti\"it\  ot  the  tacult\  and  on  graduate 
wiiik,  and  the  n.'ituie  ot  the  work  ic- 
i|uned  suggest  a  strong  (  lerm.in  inllii- 
ence."  The  unit  ot  the  Imperial  univer- 
sities appears  to   be  the   "chair,"  consist- 


Herein  you  can  read  of  (he  first- 
hand experiences  and  observations 
of  Dr.  Roger  Adams,  head  of  the 
department  of  chemistry,  set  down 
during  his  recent  travels  through 
,Iapan.  He  and  his  committee  made 
a  survey  and  study  of  education 
conditions  and  practice  and  re- 
search facilities  in  order  to  advise 
the  reconstruction  program  for  that 
country.  See  for  yourself  some  of 
the  amazing  forces  and  effects 
which  shape  the  oriental  mind  and 
his  actions. 


ing  ot  a  |irotessor,  an  assistant  professor, 
and  one  or  more  assistants.  All  mem- 
bers of  the  staff  of  any  Imperial  uni\cr- 
sity  are  government  employees.  However, 
the  internal  administration  appears  to  be 
quite  democratic.  The  deans  are  elected 
by  the  professors,  and  the  president  either 
by  all  the  professors  or  by  represcnta- 
ti\cs  of  the  various  faculties.  This  de- 
mocracy is  probably  more  apparent  than 
real,  since  the  government  Ministry  of 
I'ducation  has  the  final  word  on  e\eiy- 
thing. 

The  .\Iinistr\  ot  I'ducation  also  est;ib- 
lishes  regulations  concerning  private  uni- 
versities; hence  they  may  be  called  pri- 
vate largely  because  they  are  self- 
financed.  Dr.  Adams  says  of  the  private 
\mi\ersities:  "They  seem  to  represent  a 
more  liberal  and  democratic  spirit  than 
do  the  Imperial  universities." 

Following  the  German  tradition,  there 
is  a  high  degree  of  specialization  in  a 
Japanese  university.  A  student  is  con- 
fined to  a  single  faculty,  and  all  general 
education  is  obtained  before  entering.  A 
graduate  student  is  attached  to  one  pro- 
fessor and  works  under  his  guidance. 
Being  in  such  close  contact,  there  is  a 
strong  transfer  of  loyalt\'  to  the  profes- 
sor. This  probably  exerts  an  undue  in- 
fluence on  the  thinking  and  activities  of 
many  scientific   men,   leading  to  concen- 


tr.ition  ol  activit)  in  \ei\  narrow  fields 
;mil  a  lack  ot  breadth  in  training  and 
interest.  It  also  leads  to  competition 
among  .scientists  and  .scientific  institutions 
rather  than  cooperation,  and  pinh.ilily 
hiiidcis  the  general  development  and 
spread  ot  scientific  attitudes. 

( )n  the  whole,  all  salaries  are  low,  and 
members  of  the  teaching  staff  must  sup- 
plement their  incomes  in  an\  wa\  pos- 
sible, such  as  teaching  in  other  institu- 
tions and  doing  consultant  work. 

Scientific  Research 

Scientific  research  in  Japan  todav  is 
carried  out  in  three  ways;  by  universit\ 
professors,  by  government  and  independ- 
ent research  institutions,  and  by  research 
laboratories  closely  associated  with  in- 
dustri.al  organizations. 

Escry  university  professor  is  expected 
to  carr\  on  research  in  his  field  ;  how- 
e\er,  as  Dr.  Adams  points  out,  "Much 
uiii\ersity  research  is  somewhat  esoteric 
in  character.  Mathematicians  prefer  such 
things  as  number  theory  to  analysis  or 
tn  work  in  applied  mathematics."  The 
idea  of  proving  to  the  rest  of  the  world 
that  Japan  has  a  superior  culture  is  the 
dominating  idea  in  too  main  uni\ersit\ 
minds,  and  sometimes  blots  out  research 
ot  a  practical  nature.  The  research 
equipment  seems  fairly  good,  but  much 
ot  it  is  not  in  use  at  present.  Also,  the 
ccjuipment  is  rather  poorly  maintained 
which  is  probably  partly  due  to  the  men- 
t.il  preoccvipation  of  the  reseach  assist- 
ants with  supplementing  their  low  wages. 

\  here  is  also  a  number  ot  research  in- 
stitutions which  are  either  supported  by 
the  government  or  supported  independ- 
ently. The  Ministry  of  Agriculture  su- 
pervises a  laboratory  which,  on  the 
whole,  does  worth  -  while  work  and 
makes  the  results  available  to  farmers. 
The  Ministry  of  Communications  has  a 
laboratory  for  electrical  standards.  A 
number  of  other  laboratories  working  on 
specific  problems  related  to  industr\  are 
maintained  by  the  Ministry  of  Com- 
merce and  Industry.  The  problems  in- 
clude work  in  such  industries  as  ceram- 
ics, mining,  and  textiles. 

The  self-supporting  laboratories  are 
few  in  number  and  quite  large.  The\ 
are  skillfully  managed,  however,  and 
even  develop  their  own  products  and 
manufacture  them.  Few  research  labo- 
ratories run  b\'  industrial  organizations 
attempt  any  pilot-plant  operations  in  de- 
\clopiiig  new  processes  as  is  done  in  this 
counti\.  The  staffs  in  these  laboratories 
often  dexote  much  of  their  time  ami 
energy  to  testing  and  control. 

The  government  and  independent  lab- 
oratories work  in  clo.se  contact  with  the 
university  laboratories.  Indeed,  they  are 
staffed  by  a  large  percentage  of  univer- 
sit\-  graduates,  and  employ  professors  as 
part-time  research  men.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  industiial  laboratories  have 
(Continued   on    Page  ?iA) 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


WliMr  (•n;;iiu-fn'n<z;  stucicnt  li;is  not  at 
sonic  time  ilreanied  of  pioduciiif;  a 
world  sliakiiig  invention?  The  answer 
is,  ob\ioLisly,  that  there  are  quite  a  few. 
How-  many  in\entors  have  lost  the  eco- 
nomic pri\ile}ies  which  should  ha\e  ac- 
crued to  them  from  theii-  in\entions? 
Here,  unfoitunatelx ,  the  answer  is  tliat 
there  lia\e  been  nian\. 

The  pmpose  of  this  article  is  not  to 
outline  a  plan  for  a  potential  inventor 
to  follow  for  production  of  an  invention 
which  will  earn  for  him  a  million  dollars. 
Rather,  our  purpose  shall  be  to  outline 
the  type  of  procedure  which  should  be 
followed  so  that  the  inventor  may  be 
sure  to  reserve  to  himself  the  benefits 
and  earniiifis  from  his  iinention. 

-Most  people  are  acquainted  with  the 
fact  that  there  exists  at  Washington, 
I).  C,  an  orsain'zation  known  as  the 
I  nited  States  patent  office.  The  patent 
office  is  a  part  of  the  United  States 
ilepartment  of  commerce  and  is  housed 
in  a  building  known  as  the  United 
States  Patent  (Office  building. 

History  of  Patent  Office 

The  present  United  States  patent  sys- 
tem came  into  existence  as  the  result  of 
an  act  of  Congress  which  was  passed 
m  1834.  The  first  patents  were  granted 
ni  IHjfi,  and  since  then  there  have  been 
J,4ll( ),()()()  patents  granted  by  the  patent 
office. 

To  go  back  just  a  little  farther  in 
our  national  histor\,  we  can  call  to  mind 
article  1,  section  S  of  the  Constitution 
which  says: 

"The  Congress  shall  ha\e  power 
...  to  promote  the  Progress  of  Sci- 
ence .-ind  useful  Arts  by  securing  for 
limited  Times  to  Authors  and  In- 
\  enters  the  exclusive  Right  to  theii" 
respective  Writings  and  Discoveries." 

It  was  on  the  strength  of  this  Con- 
stitutional authorization  that  the  act  of 
I.S,i4  was  legal.  Clearly,  the  men  who 
wrote  the  Constitution  realized  the  im- 
portance of  inventors  and  their  work  in 
the   national   economy. 

Xow,  you  may  ask.  what  does  the 
■let  of  1834  guarantee  to  the  imentor 
ari<l  in  what  ways  does  it  protect  him? 
1  he  act  provided  for  the  granting  of 
patents  for  a  period  of  seventeen  years, 
with  the  provision  that  renewal  could 
only  he  .iccomplished  by  an  act  of  Con- 
gress. 

riie  imentor  is  guaranteed  the  full 
control  o\er  his  iinention  ;  he  can  pre- 
vent ainone  from  making,  using,  or 
selling  his  invention.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  inventor  can  lease  manufacturing 
rights  or  may  do  his  own  manufactming 
ot  the  item  on  which  he  holds  a  patent. 

The  government  reserves  the  right  to 
lefusc  patents  if  the  item  in  question 
can  be  considered  deleterious  to  the  pub- 
lic welfare,  or  if  it  appears  to  infringe 
upiin  the  prior  patent  rights  of  another 
inventor.    By  the  same  standards,  it  must 

FEBRUARY,  1948 


PixUeot  y<uin^iell 


hii  t'arl  Sonnvntn-hvin.  .M.E.  '  IH 


be  a  iisetul   item  and  must   be  a  iio\elt\. 

Supposing  that  .\ou  have,  or  think  >oii 
have  invented  an  item  that  is  worth  be- 
ing patented.  There  are  several  ver\ 
essential  and  important  steps  which  must 
be  taken  in  order  that  you  may  obtain 
vour  legal  rights  regarding  Mmv  brain- 
child. 

Were  a  business  man  to  attempt  to 
run  his  business  without  keeping  proper 
records  he  would  be  regarded  very  poor- 
ly by  the  people  associated  with  him. 
Such  is  also  the  case  with  inventors. 
The    imentor   should    be    just    as    s\ste- 


All  engineers,  as  potential  in 
ventors.  will  be  interested  in  this 
straightforward  article  which  con- 
tains valuable  data  about  patents. 
Certain  procedures  and  records 
are  mandatorv  in  realizing  the 
worth   of  your   idea   or  invention. 


matic  about  his  business  as  is  the  suc- 
cessful  businessman. 

Complete  records  of  all  correspond- 
ence, notes,  and  experimental  data 
should  be  kept  and  carefully  dated. 
W  h  e  r  e  \  e  r  |iossible.  important  dates 
should  be  attested  to  b\  the  signature 
or  knowledge  of  a  responsible  part\. 
1  his  will  become  more  apparent  as 
we  proceed. 

Hack-tracking  a  bit,  we  recall  th.it 
there  must  ha\e  been  a  time  when  a 
realization  of  a  need  for  the  item  was 
first  conceixed.  Possibh  not  at  this  date 
but  at  a  subsequent  one,  an  idea  was 
forthcoming  as  to  the  means  of  fulfilling 
this  need.  Perhaps  preliminary  sketches 
were  made  and  miscellaneous  notes  scrib- 
bled on  scratch  paper;  all  of  these  pa- 
pers should  have  been  kept  and  carefully 
dated   for  further  reference. 

As  soon  as  the  fundamental  ideas  had 
crystallized,  a  .set  of  working  drawings 
should  have  been  made  up,  with  accom- 
panying descriptive  material.  These 
drawings  need  not  have  been  to  an  ac- 
curate scale,  but  they  should  have  pos- 
sessed all  of  the  necessary  dimensions. 
The  drawings  should  have  been  clearh" 
explained  with  numbers  referring  to  the 
specific  parts  of  the  mechanism.  At  such 
a  time,  it  would  have  been  a  good  idea 
to  write  down  what  the  invention  was 
supposed  to  accomplish  and  what  bad 
features  of  other  machines  or  mechan- 
isms  it   would   o\-ercome. 


Hiietly.  and  in  summ.-iry,  these  |ire- 
liminar\  drawings  should  ha\e  told  what 
the  invention  was  related  to,  what  its 
object  was,  what  the  \arious  drawings 
were  intended  to  show,  how  the  mech- 
anism would  be  constiiicted,  and  lasth 
and  most  important  how  it  was  expected 
to   work. 

I'or  our  purposes,  we  will  assume 
that  you  have  successfully  fulfilled  all 
of  these  preliminary  requirements  and 
that  now  you  want  to  proceed  with  the 
formal  part  of  obtaining  your  patent. 

The  first  step  would  be  to  take  the 
preliminary  drawings  and  statements, 
which  you  have  made,  to  a  iiotar\'  pub- 
lic and  have  him  attest  them  and  attach 
his  seal  to  them.  Of  cour.se,  there  are 
other  ways  of  establishing  the  date  of 
inception ;  such  as  having  the  papers 
signed,  each  one  individually,  by  at  least 
two  qualified  witnesses,  or  by  mailing 
the  papers  to  oneself  through  the  gov- 
erninent  mails.  If  the  latter  mentioned 
system  is  used,  the  seal  on  the  envelope 
should  not  be  broken  unless  the  papers 
are  needed  at  some  later  date  as  evi- 
dence in  court  due  to  litigation  arising 
from  >our  patent  claims.  This  action 
will  definiteh'  establish  \our  claims  as 
to  chronological  inception  of  the  ideas 
pertinent   to  >(iur   invention. 

Obtaining  a  Patent 

In  addition  to  the  notarizing  of  the 
papers  themseUes,  the  following  infor- 
mation should  be  attached  to  the  tech- 
nical papers  and  should  also  be  notarized. 

(a)  The  original  date  when  you  first 
thought  of  this  invention. 

(b)  The  date  when  >ou  first  tohl 
anybody  else  about  your  ideas  or  iinen- 
tion. 

(c)  The  d;ite  when  \ou  lirst  st.irted 
to  work  out  the  practical  consitlerations 
subsequent  to  being  able  to  construct  a 
working  model. 

Having  proceeded  this  far,  it  is  now 
wise  to  obtain  the  .services  of  a  good 
patent  attorney.  Onl\-  certain  men  are 
allowed  by  the  patent  office  to  practice 
patent  law.  Strange  as  it  may  seem,  a 
patent  attorney  need  not  be  an  attorney- 
at-law.  Many  of  the  successful  patent 
attorne3s  are  engineers  who  ha\e  been 
able  to  satisfy  the  patent  office  as  to 
their  qualifications  and  have  thus  been 
permitted  to  practice  patent  \;\\x. 

After  you  have  contacted  your  attor- 
ne\,  you  must  then  be  ready  to  put  full 
trust  and  confidence  in  him.  The  reason 
(Continued   on    P.ige  ,?(!) 


11 


!}H^UueoA*te^..MM^  PIER 


SHOP  TALK 


By   John   Fijoiek,    E.E.   '51 

111  a  li  il  i  t  i  ()  11  to  the  iiiacliiiR-  >li(iii 
courses  described  in  a  previous  issue,  two 
other  shops  have  been  in  operation  at 
the  Chicago  branch  since  September, 
1947.  These  shops  have  been  a  welcome 
addition  to  the  engineering  students  of 
sophomore  Stan  d  i  n  g  for  whom  the 
courses  are  limited. 

Aeronautical  engineering  students  in 
M.E.  81  (foundry  and  welding  labora- 
tory— two  hour  course)  are  divided  into 
two  groups  at  the  beginning  of  the  se- 
mester. One  group  begins  the  study  of 
molding  principles  while  the  other  is 
trained  in  light  welding  principles.  The 
two  groups  change  their  stud\  of  each 
subject  around  the  middle  of  the  se- 
mester. 

In  the  welding  laboratorx  seven  as- 
bestos-lined booths  each  contain  a  weld- 
ing bench  and  an  a.c.  welding  machine. 
These  booths  occupy  one  side  of  a  large 
room  which  also  contains  a  spot  welder 
and  seven  gas  welding  stations.  Light 
welding  with  ferrous  and  aluminum  ma- 
terials is  emphasized.  Practice  makes  the 
study  more  interesting  as  can  be  evi- 
denced from  the  photographs  showing 
some  of  the  equipment  being  operated 
by  the  students. 

The  foundry  group  is  gi\en  practice 
as  well  as  theory  in  melting  of  metals, 
testing  of  castings,  and  testing  of  sand 
so  that  a  good  knowledge  of  the  pro- 
ces.ses  involved  is  obtained. 

More  time  is  spent  on  foundry  prin- 
ciples in  M.E.  85  (pattern  and  foundry 
laboratory — two  hour  course).   Pattern 


disign  IS  taught,  and,  as  in  all  of  the 
courses  described  abo\e,  the  emphasis  is 
placed  not  so  much  on  manual  work  skill 
a-i  (in  tlif  knowleilge  of  the  processes 
iiuid\C(l  and  the  testing  of  the  product 
and   materials   used. 

Movies  and  slides  supplement  the  lab- 
oratory work  which  is  carried  on  in  a 
shop  well-equipped  with  benches,  con- 
\eyor,  molding  machines,  a  core  room,  a 
sand  testing  laboratory,  and  melting 
equipment  including  an  electric  aic 
furnace. 

Professor  Ko/ack.-i's  staff  in  the  foun- 
dr\  consists  of  one  superxising  instruc- 
tor, two  instructors  and  one  mechanic. 
1  he  welding  shop,  which  has  the  small- 
est number  of  students  at  one  time,  has 
one  instructor  to  supervise  all  opera- 
tions. 

Engineering  Societies 

By  Clarence  Niebow,  Ch.E.  '51 

Although  the  Xa\'\  Pier  branch  is 
onh  a  little  o\er  a  year  old,  its  engi- 
neering societies  are  w-ell  organized. 
They  are  sponsored  by  competent  men 
with  good  engineering  background.  All 
the  societies  here  at  Navy  Pier  function 
through  the  College  of  Engineering  ex- 
cept the  Chemical  Engineering  society 
which  is  activated  through  the  College 
of  Liberal  Arts  and  Sciences.  The  fol- 
lowing items  will  give  you  a  summary 
of  the  progress  and  future  plans  of  the 
societies. 

A.S.M.E. 

1  he  Mechanical  Engineering  society 
is  sponsored  by  Mr.  C.  T.  McDonald 
of  the  general  engineering  drawing  de- 
partment.  The  society   has  affiliated   it- 


self with  the  student  chapter  of  the 
A.S..\LE.  Sf)  far  the  group  has  had 
quite  a  few  speakers,  the  first  one  being 
Dr.  Norman  Parker,  head  of  the  me- 
chanical engineering  department  at  L'r- 
bana.  He  spoke  on  the  subject,  "Cur- 
ricula of  the  Junior  and  Senior  Year 
in  Mechanical  Engineering."  They  have 
had  one  field  trip  to  the  Carnegie  Mill 
of  the  United  States  Steel  corporation. 
.\i\  all-day  field  t  r  i  p  is  now  being 
planned  to  the  tractor  works  of  the  In- 
ternational Har\ester  company,  where 
the  group  will  be  especiall\'  interested 
in  the  forge  shop,  the  die-casting  shop, 
and  the  machine  shop.  The  officers  are 
joe  L.  McCaffery,  president;  Gerald 
Lerman,  vice  president;  Edward  Har- 
per, treasurer;  and  Lambert  Kilbo>',  sec- 
retarv, 

A.I.E.E. 
The  sponsor  of  the  Electrical  Engi- 
neering society  is  Mr.  W.  K.  LeHold. 
They  have  affiliated  themselves  with  the 
student  chapter  of  the  A.I.E.E.  and  have 
had  Dr.  [.  E.  Hobson,  director  of  the 
Armour  Research  foundation,  talk  to 
them  on,  "The  A.I.E.E.  and  the  Pro- 
fessional Registration  of  Electrical  En- 
gineers." Also  Dr.  W.  L.  Everitt,  head 
of  the  electrical  engineering  department, 
at  the  University  of  Illinois  spoke  on 
"Electrical  Engineering  and  Options." 
Mr.  LeHold  hopes  to  get  speakers  on 
communications,  radio,  and  illumination. 
The  group  has  not  elected  its  officers 
as  yet;  but  the  acting  secretary  is  R. 
Petersen  who  is  also  chairman  of  the 
nominating  committee. 

A.S.C.E. 

The  ci\il  engineers  are  headed  by  Mr. 
J.  C.  Chaderton  of  the  mechanical 
engineering  department.  This  group  has 


^m^^:^ 


Left:    Students    applying    their    knowledge   of  welding    principles 
Right;    Pouring    a    casting    in   the  foundry   laboratory 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


affiliated  it^^■lf  with  the  >tuilfnt  chap- 
ter of  the  A.S.C.E.  Mr.  (ieorfie  Salter, 
midwest  iTpresentative  of  the  A.S.C.E., 
addressed  the  group  on,  "The  Functions 
of  the  A.S.C.E."  The  society  hopes  to 
have  a  speaker  e\ery  month.  The  offi- 
cers of  the  club  are:  William  Linf^o, 
president;  (rary  Cass,  secretarx  ;  and 
James  Swendsen,  treasurer. 

Ch.E. 

This  group  is  sponsored  by  Dr.  Meloy 
who  is  also  head  of  the  chemistry  de- 
partment here  at  the  Pier.  This  group 
has  not  affiliated  itself  yet,  but  is  now 
negotiating  with  the  chapter  downstate 
for  membership  into  the  A.LCh.E.  Mr. 
Wassel  of  the  American  Can  company 
recently  addressed  the  group  on  the, 
"Thermal  Processing  of  Food."  The 
next  speaker  is  going  to  be  Mr.  A.  L 
Kegan,  a  lawyer,  who  will  speak  on 
some  interesting  facts  about  patents.  Re- 
cently the  chemical  engineers  went  on 
a  field  trip  to  the  Standard  Oil  com- 
pany where  they  inspected  the  research 
laboratories.  The  recently  elected  offi- 
cers of  the  group  are:  Claude  Lucchesi, 
jiresident;  George  Duwel,  vice  presi- 
dent; Neal  Smith,  .secretary;  and  Her- 
man   Petsch,    treasurer. 


FACULTY  IN  REVIEW 


By  Norbert  W.  Ellmann,  M.E.  '51 

RUPERT  M.  PRICE 

In  passing  through  the  lounge  adja- 
cent to  the  lunchroom,  one  may  happen 
to  glance  in  a  southerly  direction  and 
notice  a  white  sign  just  above  an  office 
door.  The  sign  reads  "Associate  Dean  of 
Engineering  Sciences."  This  is  the  office 
in  which  Rupert  M.  Price,  M.A.,  as- 
sistant to  the  associate  dean  of  engineer- 
ing, conducts  some  of  the  many  duties 
falling  to  him  in  the  post.  Mr.  Price 
is  also  an  assistant  professor  of  physics, 
and  a  staff  counselor  in  the  student 
personnel    bm'eau. 

Horn  in  19()h  at  Wa\  iiesville,  Illinois, 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 
Siegmund   Deutscher. ./:/.«/.   Etlilnr 

Rcpfirttni/ 

John  Fijolek  Norbeit  I^llman 

Richard   Choroir/.v 


PIER  CLOSE-UPS 


Pliotoi/nipliy 
Clarence  Xu-bow 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Joan   Hmns Jsst.  Bi/s.  M//r. 

John  Cedarholm     Leonard  Cohen 
John  Kaufman        Ronald  Wessel 


IVIr.  Price  completed  grade  school  and 
high  school  in  Waynesville  and  went 
on  to  Eureka  college  at  Eureka,  Illinois. 
Later  he  received  his  master's  degree 
at  the  University  of  Illinois. 

For  twelve  years  Mr.  Price  coached 
basketball,  baseball,  and  track  for  the 
Atlanta,  Illinois,  high  school.  He  then 
became  the  high  school  principal  at  New 
Holland,  Illinois,  a  position  which  he 
held  for  five  \ears.  For  two  more  years 
he  held  the  position  of  principal  at  the 
WashbLnn,  Illinois,  high  school,  dining 
which  time  he  spent  the  summers  teach- 
ing mathematics  at  the  University  of 
Illinois. 

Ml'.  Price's  hobbies  are  hunting  and 
fishing.  That  he  is  a  true  sportsman  is 
evidenced  by  the  fact  that  he  uses  arch- 
ery equipment  instead  of  a  gun  to  do 
his  hunting.  This  is  far  from  being  a 
handicap,  however,  because  Mr.  Price 
usually  returns  from  his  hunting  trips 
with  a  line  catch  of  rabbits  and  pheas- 
ants. 

Mr.  Price  married  a  school  teacher 
and  has  three  children,  two  girls  7  and 
1,\  and  a    boy  0  years  old. 


Rhet  Instructor:  "John,  take  this 
sentence:  'I  led  a  cow  from  the  pasture.' 
What   mood?" 

P.E. :  "The  cow,  sir.  " 


RUPERT    M.    PRICE 
FEBRU.ARY,  194S 


Last  \ear's  graduating  electrical  engi- 
neers have  learned  how  to  apph  their 
knowledge  in  a  practical  wa\'.  The\'  are 
now  using  the  "right  hand  rule"  to 
ciht.iin    transportation. 

POME 

Mar\   bought  a  "New-Look"  dress. 
The  style  was  very  dare-\. 
The  dress,  it  doesn't  show  the  diit, 
l?ut  WOW!  It  sure  shows  Marv  .  .  . 


Dorothy  Plummer  .  .  .  Heie's  \<)ur 
name  in  print.  N(^W  will  you  buy  a 
subscription  ? 


By  Richard  Choronzy,  M.E.  '51 

TAYLOR  BROWN 

Twenty-fi\e  miles  is  a  long  way  for 
a  person  to  go  to  and  from  school  each 
day.  That  is  the  distance  Taylor  Brown 
tra\e!s  from  his  suburban  home  to  Navy 
Pier,  and  furthermore,  he  likes  it.  "Edu- 
cation is  worth  its  time  in  travel  and 
study.  If  I  had  to  travel  100  miles,  I'd 
stil  do  it."  These  words  were  stated  by 
the  quiet,  unassuming  freshman  at  his 
drawing  desk   in    room    13S. 

Taylor,  a  civil  engineering  student, 
hopes  to  continue  with  his  education 
until  he  receives  his  Ph.D.  Apparently, 
he  is  trying  to  folow  in  his  dad's  foot- 
steps because  the  elder  Brown  is  chief 
engineer  of  the  highway  and  bridge  con- 
struction di\ision  of  tlic  state  in  the 
Chicago  area. 

Taylor  Duane  Brown  was  born  in 
Kankakee,  Illinois,  on  May  28,  1929. 
When  he  was  (>  years  old,  his  family 
moved  to  Downers  (jroxe,  Illinois, 
where  he  lives  at  present.  During  his 
high  .school  years  he  playeil  the  clarinet 
in  the  school  band  and  was  gradu- 
ated from  Downers  Ciro\e  high  school 
last  June.  The  few  months  between  high 
school  and  college  life  he  spent  with  his 
father  studying  the  various  kinds  of  jobs 
performed  by  a  civil  engineer.  His 
choice  of  civil  engineering  as  a  career 
resulted  largely  from  his  liking  for  the 
work  his  father  does. 

His  chief  hobb\  is  hunting  and  his 
favorite  sport  is  boxing,  at  which  he  is 
quite  adept.  Taylor  has  a  girl  friend, 
Helen  Smith,  with  whom  he  has  made 
future  engagement  plans.  He  pl.ins  to 
specialize  in  bridge  constiiiction  work 
after   graduation. 


TAYLOR   BROWN 


L^ 


ILLINI    IN   ACTION 


f/f/  llorhiTl  'fuvohson.  .M.K.  '.lO 


'l\\(j  more  };railii;in-s  of  tlir  fn<;iiH-c-r- 
iiij;  (IcpartmiMit  ot  the  I  nivtMsIt)  ot 
Illinois  were  awanlcd  honors.  uluMi 
WALLACE  A.  DLl'P  and  KIKJAR 
A.  I'OST,  both  of  the  class  of  '.i(), 
wore  presented  the  Eta  Kappa  Nu 
award  by  the  American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers  at  its  winter  meet- 
iiijr  January  26.  This  award  is  pre- 
sented annually  to  the  engineer  selected 
as  the  most  outstandiiif;  yoinif;  electrical 
engineer  on  the  basis  of  his  technical 
achie\ements  and  on  his  civic,  social,  and 
cultural  activities.  These  two  nien  were 
both  given  honorary  mention  citations 
for  the  year   1945. 

Starting  to  work  with  I  nitcd  Air 
Lines  in  1936  as  a  radio  engineer  for 
the  design  and  supervision  ot  construc- 
tion of  aircraft  radio  equipment,  Mr. 
Post  was  soon  promoted  to  the  position 
of  assistant  supervisor  and  acting  radio 
engineer,  a  position  he  still  holds  today 
along  with  that  of  superintendent  of 
navigation  aids.  During  the  war  he  .it- 
tained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel 
and  was  chief  of  systems  at  the  Aircraft 
Radio  laboratory  at  Wright  field  where 
he  had  direction  of  the  installation  and 
Hight  testing  of  all  prototype  radio,  ra- 
dar, and  counter  measure  equipment  in 
army  air  force  aircraft.  A  member  of 
A.LE.K.,  I.R.K..  and  Tau  Beta  Pi, 
Edgar  Post  is  a  member  of  the  \'H1' 
Ra<lio  Ranges  and  Radio  Instrumenta- 
tion committee  of  the  Radio  Technical 
Commission  for  Aerounautics.  At  pres- 
ent, he  is  a  recognized  authority  on 
automatic  flight  control,  airways  traffic 
control,  and  aircraft  instrumentation. 

The  other  alumnus  presented  the  Eta 
Kappa  Xu  award,  Wallace  A.  Depp, 
H.  S.  '.?6,  ALS.  '37,  is  a  graduate  with 
high  honors.  He  is  a  member  of 
A.I.E.E.,  Tau  Beta  Pi,  Sigma  Xi,  and 
the  American  Federation  of  Scientists. 
After  graduation,  he  was  employed  by 
the  Hell  Telephone  laboratories  in  New 
York  where  he  designed  cold-cathode 
tubes,  thyratrons  and  spark  gap  tubes 
for  radar,  and  thyratrons  for  the  prox- 
imity fuze.  At  the  present  time  he  is  in 
charge  of  basic  development  of  gas-filled 
tubes  for  Bell  Telephone  laboratories. 
Wallace  Depp  has  been  granted  se\eral 
patents  and  has  a  few  peiuling  now. 
The  author  of  several  publications,  he 
is  very  active  today  in  radar  and  cold- 
cathodc  tube  research. 

The  Eta  Kappa  Nu  award,  suspended 
during  the  war,  was  resumed  by  the 
A.l.E.E.  at  its  winter  meeing  in  Pitts- 
burgh. An  award  was  presented  for  each 


of  the  years  from  1942  to  1947.  Out  ot 
ninet\-(ive  candidates,  two  of  the  win- 
ners were  L'niversity  of  Illinois  alumni. 
The  award  is  onl\  given  to  engineers 
less  than  thirty-five  years  of  age  who 
have  been  graduates  for  not  more  than 
ten  \ears. 

ERNEST  E.  ClIARl  TON,  X-ray 
section  head  of  the  ( ieneral  Electric  re- 
search laborator\-,  has  been  appointed 
chairman  of  the  .'\merican  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers'  therapeutics  com- 
mittee for  1947-4S.  Born  on  December 
17,  1S90,  at  Meriden,  Iowa,  Mr.  Charl- 
ton received  his  bachelor  of  arts  degree 
in  1913  from  (jrinnell  college.  He  ob- 
tained his  master  of  science  and  doctor 
of  philosophy  degrees  in  1915  and  1916, 
respectively,  from  the  Univecsity  of  Illi- 
nois, and  was  awarded  a  doctor  of  sci- 
ence degree  in  1945  by  (jrinnell  college. 
He  has  been  empIo\eii  by  (jeneral  Elec- 
tric company  since  1920  during  which 
time  he  has  engaged  in  research  activity. 
Mr.  Charlton  served  on  the  therapeutics 
committee  during   1946-47. 

HUBERT  .MICHAEL  TURNER, 
associate  professor  of  electrical  engineer- 
ing, Yale  university,  has  been  appointed 
1947-48  chairman  of  the  American  In- 
stitute of  Electrical  Engineers'  commit- 
tee on  award  of  institute  prizes  and  of 
the  technical  program  committee.  Born 
in  HiUsboro,  Illinois,  July  20,  1882,  Mr. 
Turner  received  the  degrees  of  bachelor 
of  science  (1910)  and  master  of  science 
(1915)  from  the  University  of  Illinois, 
antl  was  instructor  here  from  1910  to 
1912.  He  joined  the  faculty  of  the  Uni- 
\ersit\  of  Michigan  as  instructor  in  elec- 
trical engineering  in  1912  and  in  1918 
became  assistant  professor  of  Yale  uni- 
versity. He  was  appointed  associate  pro- 
fes.sor  in  1926.  Mr.  Turner  has  been 
chairman  of  the  institute  committee  on 
communication  and  has  served  on  the 
committee  on  instruments  and  measure- 
ments. He  holds  a  number  of  patents 
and  is  the  author  of  numerous  technical 
papers.  He  also  is  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Radio  Engineers,  International 
Scientific  Union,  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
Franklin  Institute,  American  Society  for 
Engineering  Education,  Eta  Kappa  Nu, 
and  Sigma  Xi. 

In  1944,  CHARLES  E.  RAMSER 
'09,  received  the  John  Deere  medal  of 
the  American  Society  of  Agricultinal 
Engineers  for  special  in\estigation  and 
drainage  research  conducted  for  the  Soil 
Conservation  Service  of  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.   Recently,   the 


I  .S.l)..\.  engineer  was  honored  again 
u  lun  hi>  bulletin,  "Prevention  of  Ero- 
sion ot  Farm  Lands  b\  Terracing,"  first 
issued  in  1917,  was  listeil  as  one  of  the 
outstanding  scientific  publications  by 
U.S.D.A.   research  workers. 

E.  T.  BLIX  '20,  who  was  chief  en- 
gineer on  the  project  to  build  the  Sky- 
Ride  for  the  1933  World's  Fair,  now  is 
manager  of  the  Melrose  Park  plant  of 
the  .Mississippi  Valley  Structural  Steel 
company,  a  firm  he  has  been  with  .since 
graduation.  He  started  as  a  detailcr  in 
the  Decatur  plant,  worked  into  sales, 
an<l  was  in  the  Kansas  City  and  Chi- 
cago offices.  In  1929,  he  was  made  chief 
engineer  of  the  Melrose  Park  plant,  a 
|K)sition   he  held    until   his  promotion. 

ROBERT  C.  LEWIS  '36  has  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Aero-Elastic  Research 
laboratory,  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  Formerly  chief  engineer  of 
the  vibration  division  of  M.B.  Manu- 
facturing company,  he  will  continue  to 
ser\e  M.B.  as  a  technical  consultant 
and  will  practice  as  a  consulting  en- 
gineer. He  previously  was  associated 
w  ifh  the  Crane  company  research  labor- 
atories and  later  was  head  of  the  vibra- 
tion department  of  Vega  Airplane  com- 
pany 

PHILIP  STEELE,  M.E.  '89,  Chi- 
cago, secretary  of  his  class  and  one  of  the 
most  noted  of  the  older  Illini  (older  in 
point  of  years  only),  recently  was  the 
guest  of  honor  at  a  dinner  celebrating 
his  50  years  of  service  with  the  Munici- 
pal Employes  Insurance  association  of 
which  he  is  president. 

(iuests  included  many  old  friends  and 
members  of  various  unions,  repre.senting 
some  20,000  employes.  Former  mayor 
of  Chicago,  Edward  J.  Kelly  sent  a  per- 
sonal letter  commending  and  thanking 
Mr.  Steele  for  his  "long  years  of  faith- 
ful and  capable  public  service  and  for 
the  contributions  made  to  the  welfare  of 
.  .  .  fellow  employes  ..." 

The  monthly  bulletin  of  the  Miniici- 
pal  Employes  society  carries  a  summary 
of  his  career  of  duty:  1.  Entered  the 
Civil  Service  of  Chicago  in  1895;  was 
later  promoted  to  chief  engineer  of  the 
Springfield  Avenue  Pumping  station, 
and  now  is  rounding  out  fifty  years  in 
the  service.  2.  Was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Chicago  Civil  Service  league, 
which  was  organized  in  1901  to  protect 
and  promote  the  interests  of  civil  service 
employes  of  the  City  of  Chicago.  3. 
Was  instrumental,  along  with  Bernard 
McMahon,  John  P.  Dillon,  and  others, 
in  the  founding  of  the  Municipal  Em- 
plo\es  Pension  fund.  4.  One  of  the  or- 
ganizers and  first  president  of  the  Muni- 
cipal Employes  society,  which  has  pro- 
tected and  promoted  the  interests  of  con- 
tributors to  the  Pension  fund  since  1912. 
5.  One  of  the  organizers  of  Local  556- 
556A,  International  Union  of  (Operating 
(Continued  on   Page  40) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


TELEPHONY'S 

SEVEN  LEAGUE 

BOOTS... 


THIS  tower  reflects  great  strides  in 
communications.  It's  one  of  the  seven 
new  radio  relay  towers  that  link  New 
York  City  and  Boston. 

This  new  path  for  Long  Distance  com- 
munication uses  microwaves  .  .  .  free 
from  static  and  most  man-made  inter- 
ference. But,  because  microwaves  shoot 
off  into  space  instead  of  hugging  the 
earth's  curve,  we've  had  to  build  relay 
stations  within  line  of  sight  to  guide 
the  waves  between  the  two  cities.  Atop 
each  tower,  metal  lenses  gather  these 
waves  and,  after  amplification,  relay 
them  to  the  next  tower.  The  lenses  focus 
and  direct  the  radio  waves  like  a  search- 
light beam. 

This  new  system  for  transmitting  Long 
Distance  telephone  calls,  radio  and  tele- 
vision programs  is  but  one  phase  in  the 
Bell  System's  program  for  improving 
this  country's  communication  service; 
a  never  ending  program  of  growth  and 
development  in  which  many  telephone 
engineers  will  participate,  and  whose 
careers  will  develop  with  it.  There's  a 
future  in  telephony. 


BELL    TELEPHONE    SYSTEM 


A  cut-away  view  of  a  typical  radio 
relay  station.  Emergency  power  equip- 
ment and  storage  batteries  are  on  the 
first  floor, radio  equipment  on  the  second 
floor,  and  the  special  microwave  anten- 
nas which  receive  and  beam  the  com- 
munication signals  are  on  the  roof. 


FEBRUARY,  194S 


15 


94<i^ioa/uxUHXf, 


htf   Turn   Mintri'.  I'.hl.  *.»0 
ShiHvti  Smith.  K.l*.  *.»0  iintl  4onni4'  .Miniiivh.  I.E.  '.11 


JAMISON  VAVVTIiK 

In  1937  the  College  of  Enj;iiieering 
atided  another  full  professor  to  its  staff 
—  Jamison  V'awter,  professor  of  c\\\\ 
engineering. 

Mr.  V^awter,  the  son  of  a  doctor,  was 
born  April  21,  188Q,  in  Arkansas  City, 
Kansas.  His  family  moved  at  various 
times  to  Kentuck\ ,  Oklahoma,  and  Mis- 
souri, but  the>'  returned  to  Arkansas 
City,  where  Mr.  Vawter  .spent  the  last 
three  years  of  his  high  school  career  and 
graduated  in  1Q08.  In  l')I6  he  receised 
his  H.  S.  and  C.K.  degrees  from  the 
l'ni\ersity  of  Kansas.  Mr.  V'awter  com- 
mented with  a  smile,  "It  didn't  take 
me  those  eight  intervening  \ears  just  to 
go  through  college."  He  later  received 
his   M.S.   from   Illinois. 

In  World  War  I,  Mr.  \'a\\  ter  spent 
two  and  a  half  \ears  uitii  tlie  arnn  in 
France,  and  then  served  in  the  arnn  ot 
occupation  in  (ierman\  in  191 S  and 
1919.  Before  joining  the  I  ni\ersity 
staff,  he  worked  six  yeais  for  the  Santa 
Fe  railroad  and  instructed  at  the  L  ni- 
versity  of   Kansas  another   two   \ears. 

Then,  in  the  fall  of  1922,  Mr.  Vaw- 
ter accepted  the  position  of  assistant  pro- 
fessor at  Illinois.  In  1931,  he  hecame 
an  associate  professor. 

Now,  at  Illinois,  Mr.  \'a\\  ter  in- 
structs graduates  and  ad\anced  under- 
graduates in  civil  engineering,  but  his 
principal  problem  is  taking  care  of  irreg- 
ular engineering  students  and  keeping 
C.E.s  properly  registered.  He  remarked 
that  since  the  beginning  of  the  war  he 
has  had  little  time  for  vacationing  or 
his  favorite  sport,  fishing. 

Mr.  \a\\ter  is  one  of  the  joint  au- 
th<)i>  <if  the  book,  "Theory  ot  Simple 
Structures,"  and  he  is,  of  coin^se,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Society  of  Ci\il 
Engineers.  Along  with  the  A.S.C.E., 
lie  holds  membership  in  several  other 
honoraries  and  societies:  Theta  Tau, 
Sigma  Psi,  Tau  Beta  Pi,  Chi  Epsilon, 
Tau  Nu  Tau,  American  Railroad  Engi- 
nesre  association,  American  Society  for 
Engineering  Education,  and  Scabbard 
and  Blade. 

When  asked  if  he  had  an\  iiarticular 
inspiration  or  guidance  toward  a  ci\  il 
engineering  career,  he  thought  a  bit  and 
then,  smiling,  said,  "No,  I  did  what  the 
V.MCA  says  not  to  do.  I  just  drifted 
in." 

If  you  engineers  who  ha\e  no  direct 
contact  with  Professor  Vawter  will  pass 
room  307  Engineering  hall  a  little  slow- 
er than  usual,  you  will  probabK  see  him 


16 


at  the  opposite  end  of  the  room  turning 
between  a  table  and  roll-top  desk  h\ 
means  of  a  swivel  chair.  If  he  isn't  in. 
\(ni'll  recognize  his  office  by  the  u(nk 
piled  around  his  secretary-  and  the  vol- 
umes (it  the  "Transactions  of  .American 
Societ\  lit  C'i\il  I'ngineei's"  which  line 
the  north  wall. 

ELMER  F.  HEATER 

Sitting  astride  his  high  drawing  >to(ii 
and  comfortably  propping  one  elbow  on 
the  drafting  boanl,  Elmer  F.  Heater, 
research  assistant  profes.sor  for  the  Engi- 
neering Hxperiment  station,  summed  up 
his  interest  in  his  work  in  four  short 
words,  "I'm  cracked  on  drawings." 

For  nearly  thirty  years  he  has  worked 
with  all  kinds  of  drawings  in  his  leis- 
ure time  as  well  as  in  his  regular  work. 
A    native    of    this    communitv,     he    was 


ELMER    F.   HEATER 

born  near  Thomasboro,  Illinois,  and  at- 
tended Champaign  high  school.  During 
his  college  career  as  an  electrical  engi- 
neering student,  he  became  a  member 
of  Eta  Kappa  Xu.  After  graduating 
fiom  the  University  with  a  B.S.  degree 
in  1911,  he  was  employed  by  the  (len- 
eral  Electric  company  in  Harrison,  .\ew 
Jersey.  This  job  was  succeeded  by  a 
position  with  the  Public  Service  Coni- 
panv  of  Northern  Illinois  from  1912  to 
191 S.  The  next  two  years  found  him 
with  the  Westiiighouse  companv,  and 
then  lie  returned  to  I'rbana  to  become 
a   drattvman   with   the    liiiversit\    Engi- 


neering Experiment  station.  This  finally 
lesulted  in  his  present  position  as  le 
search  assistant  professoi'. 

Producing  a  number  of  gra>-bound 
publications  which  read,  "The  L'niver- 
Mt>  of  Illinois  Engineering  Experiment 
Station  Bulletin,"  he  thumbeil  through 
one  of  them,  displacing  a  few  of  the 
nian\-  diagrams,  illustrations,  and  charts. 
He  explained  that  the  report  on  any  one 
of  the  many  station  research  projects 
is  first  submitted  to  the  station  staff. 
If  accepted  for  publication  as  a  bulletin. 
It  is  given  to  the  editorial  offices  to  be 
prepared  for  the  printer.  The  editor 
and  Mr.  Heater  first  make  a  prelim- 
inary estimate  of  illustration  sizes  and 
arrangements.  .Mr.  Heater  then  checks 
the  drawings  with  the  manuscript  for 
notes,  captions,  and  references.  Finally 
he  prepares  the  drawings  so  that  cuts, 
at  the  size  desired,  may  be  made  by  the 
engraver.  Photographs  for  half-tones 
are  marked  for  size,  screen,  and  finish. 
After  a  final  check  by  the  author,  the 
"copy"  is  ready  for  the  engraver  and 
Mr.  Heater's  work  on  another  bulletin 
is  finished.  These  station  bulletins  are 
usually  published  at  the  rate  of  one  a 
month  and  deal  with  ever\thing  fioni 
domestic  heating  to  many  industrial 
problems.  One  of  the  publication's  main 
tasks,  he  stated,  "Is  to  keep  scientific 
research  down  to  human  appeal." 

Reminiscing  over  his  past  work,  he 
recalled  one  incident  in  which  the  direc- 
tor of  the  station  came  into  his  office 
to  discuss  the  reproduction  of  a  portion 
of  a  geological  map.  The  director  was 
sure  that  the  only  safe  method  was  by 
a  half-tone  and  refused  to  believe  that 
it  could  be  done  by  a  line-etching,  as 
Mr.  Heater  had  suggested.  To  prove 
his  point,  Mr.  Heater  had  both  the 
half-tone  and  the  line-etching  made.  Aft- 
er he  had  examined  the  results,  the  di- 
lector  admitted  the  line-etching  was  the 
better  of   the  two. 

In  his  hobby  of  stamp  collecting,  Mr. 
Heater  has  gone  beyond  the  "ordinary 
squirrel  stage  of  collecting"  and  has 
written  papers  on  his  latest  specializa- 
tion, the  classification  of  some  of  the 
I  lilted  States  envelopes.  Another  one 
of  his  favorite  pastimes,  fishing  trips  in 
Wisconsin,  was  interreupted  by  the  war. 
Readers  of  the  station  bulletins  can 
appreciate  the  work  and  detailed  check- 
ing done  by  Mr.  Heater,  who  is  to  be 
commended   for  his  fine   record. 

JOSEPH  M.  COOK 

In  June,  1945,  Joe  Cook  set  a  record 
at  the  L  niversity  by  completing  his  un- 
dergraduate requirements  in  five  and 
one-half  semesters.  As  an  undergraduate. 
Joe  was  enrolled  in  engineering  physics, 
but  to  get  into  graduate  school  earh , 
he  transferred  to  the  Division  of  Special 
Services   for  War  Veterans. 

(Continued  on   Page  26) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


can  you  tell  if 
an  idea's  good? 


That's  a  question  you  can't 
answer  w/f/i  a  slip-stick  .  .  . 

The  best  way  to  find  out  is  to  get  the 
opinions   of  people   who    are    competent   to 
judge.  That's  easy  to  do  at  Standard  Oil.  Here, 
even  the  work  and  ideas  of  the  newest  man  are  ap- 
praised by  scientists  who  understand  him  and  his  point  of 
view.    Research  flourishes  in  a  large  technical  group  where  able 
chemists  and  engineers,  in  the  light  of  their  broad  experience,  evalu- 
ate the  ideas  of  the  younger  men.    Under  such  favorable  conditions, 
capable  technologists  combine  their  efforts  and  convert  good  ideas  into 
practical  achievements.  The  vast,  progressive  petroleum  industry  is  jam  packed 
with  possibilities  for  men  with  ideas. 

Standard  Oil  Company 

(INDIANA) 


(standard) 


"^1 


FEBRUARY,  1948 


17 


"'"'r  Kiioiiieriiiio  lliiiioriiiies  i 


^llUlll<iJ 


Iti)  .lohn  Shiirllvn.  ##«.#•;.  *.*«  uiiil  IHvli  llaniiiiin-h.  #>.#•;.  */// 


i:  lA  KAPPA  M 

AlpliM  <li:ipti'r  of  Eta  Kappa  Nu  asso- 
(.■iatiiiii,  rhf  honorary  socict.\  tor  elec- 
trical en<;ineers,  began  its  fall  aeti\itie> 
the  presentation  of  its  annual 
to  Richard  A.  Campbell  ot  Mt. 
Sterling,  Illinois,  tor  acliie\ - 
ing  the  highest  scholastic 
a\erage  in  electrical  engi- 
neering at  the  end  of  the 
^  sophomore  year.    Min"ra\    I,. 

y  H.ibcock,  Alpha  chapter  pies- 

ident,  ni  ,i  d  e  the  presentation  at  an 
l.R.K.-A.l.K.K.  meeting  held  October 
2,\    l')47. 

jainiar\  7,  1"'4S,  was  the  ilate  of  iiii- 
ti.ation  for  t\\ent\-f()ur  senicns  and  (it- 
teen  juniors.  Seniors  were  Lawrence  I,. 
Hrennan,  (teorge  L.  Clark,  Hurton  1.. 
Cordry,  John  M.  Del  Vento,  Joseph 
J.  l)ii  Rapau,  Richard  J.  Fahnestock, 
John  E.  Farley,  Francis  P.  (ireen, 
Howard  L.  Johnson,  Robert  (I. 
Knowles,  Robert  L.  Jones,  Thomas  1^. 
Kurtzer,  Robert  G.  Lakin,  Robert  E. 
Lepic,  Edward  Lovick,  John  R.  Mas- 
sey,  .Maurice  R.  McCrary,  A.  C.  Peifer, 
William  E.  Powers,  Charles  M.  Rieck- 
er,  Joseph  A.  Saloom,  Robert  C.  Schnei- 
der, Lenix  H.  Swango,  and  Norman  H. 
Tarnofif. 

Juniors  who  were  initiateil  are  Del- 
mond  C.  Hangert,  Kenneth  R.  Hruiui, 
Robert  H.  Hrunner,  Glenn  \l.  Bnrg- 
wald,  Edmond  E.  Connor,  Frank  J. 
Dill,  Flovd  Dunn,  Milton  L.  Embiee, 
Edward  VV.  Ernst,  Frank  J.  Ocnaschek, 
Willard  A.  Schaaf,  Donald  K.  Schaeve, 
James  H.  Schussele,  Harohl  H.  Scott, 
and   Lynn   E.  Wolaver. 

A.l.E.E.-LR.E. 

Mr.  Slinger  of  Cieneral  Electric  was 
the  speaker  for  the  meeting  of  Dec.  12. 
Speaking  on  the  subject  of  power  trans- 
mission, he  discussed  the  electiical,  me- 
chanical, financial,  legal,  and  ecojiomi- 
cal  aspects  of  power  distribu- 
tion lines.  He  stated  that  tor 
e\er\-  dollar  spent  for  power 
generation,  f  i  f  t  y  cents  is 
spent  for  transmission.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  amount  of 
power  generation  will  increase  .^00  per- 
cent in  the  next  fifteen  years. 

."Xt  this  meeting,  the  St.  Patrick's 
Hall,  to  be  held  in  \Lirch,  was  \oted 
upon  and  approved. 

The  A.LE.E.-LR.E.  is  at  the  iireseiit 
time    distributing    ijuestionnaires    to    all 


l■^gnl^(•l^  \i\  the  electrical  eiigiiicci  mil: 
department  to  obtain  the  students'  i c- 
.ictions  to  present  teaching  practices  and 
p(dicie^.  It  is  hoped  that  many  constriic- 
ri\e  criticisms,  comments,  and  approvals 
will  be  made.  The  program  has  the 
toll  cooperation  of  the  electrical  engi- 
ni-eiing  department,  and  is  conducted 
undei  the  policx  t(i  make  the  Univer- 
sir\  lit  llliiKiis  the  best  school  in  the 
couiurs'. 

I  he  annual  electrical  engineering 
senior-facult\'  banquet  was  held  at  the 
I'lbana-Lincoln  hotel  on  Jan.  IS,  1048. 
I  his  is  the  students'  chance  to  poke  fun 
at  the  instructors,  and  a  \er\  good  time 
was  enjoyed  by  all. 

The  I'lick  Knight  trophy  contest  be- 
tween the  A.S.\LE.  and  this  ,societ\' 
was  hehl  on  Jan.  13.  F"our  contestants 
from  each  group  met  and  had  a  quiz 
program  on   non-engineering  problems. 

R.C.A.  furnished  the  program  for  the 
meeting  of  Jan.  22.  The  topic  was, 
"How  to  Get  a  Job  in  Industry."  IVLany 
helpful  hints  were  given  on  how  to  get 
the  most  out  of  job  opportunities,  and 
the  desirable  features  of  a  company  were 
discussed. 

I.T.E. 

The  student  chapter  of  the  Institute 
of  Traffic  Engineers  has  been  hard  at 
work  lately.  The  results  of  the  recent 
campus  traffic  studies  ha\e  been  com- 
liled  and  are  in  the  process  of  being 
analyzed  in  an  attempt  to  reach  solu- 
tions to  some  of  the  traffic  problems. 

A  resolution  was  sent  to  the  Cham- 
p.iign  city  council  recommending  that 
it  enforce  the  present  traffic  ordinances, 
p.i\ing  particular  attention  to  the  sec- 
tions on  the  traffic  commi.ssion  and  its 
assigned  duties.  It  was  suggested  that 
other  articles  be  revised  to  meet  present- 
day  conditions.  It  was  also  recommended 
th.it  the  commission  establish  a  indgram 
of  traffic  improvements,  to  provide  f(n- 
correction  of  traffic  hazards,  as  well  as 
to  review  the  street  construction  pro- 
gram for  traffic  design  and  coordination 
with  cit\  planning.  It  was  also  recom- 
mended that  a  definite  traffic  financing 
pl.m,  utilizing  parking  meters  and  other 
t(uins  of  revenue,  be  formulated.  A  sug- 
gested list  of  major  items  to  be  consid- 
ered in  this  plan  was  included. 

A  letter  was  received  by  tile  chainei 
tidiii  the  Champaign  cit>'  engineer  on 
beli.ill  of  the  traffic  commi.ssion,  thank- 
ing it  tor  Its  reconimeiulatiiiii  aiiil  saving 


lii.it  an\  turther  siiggrstKnis  wciuM  be 
kindly  received. 

.A  resolution  to  I  ni\ersit>  officials 
is  now  being  drawn  up  by  the  chapter 
to  give  its  recommendation  on  the  need 
for  more  adequate  parking  facilities  in 
the  campus  area.  This  problem  has  been 
under  study  by  the  chapter  with  .several 
parking  studies  having  been  made.  These 
studies  showed  that  a  great  portion  of 
the  available  parking  spaces  are  being 
occupied  by  all-day  parkers.  This  re- 
duces the  facilities  available  to  the 
"short-time"  parker,  for  whom  street 
parking  is   theoretically   planned. 

The  last  meeting  of  the  semester  w-as 
held  January  21.  Everyone  is  welcome 
at  any  of  the  regular  meetings  held  every 
second  Wednesday  in  the  evening.  The 
meetings  are  normally  round-table  dis- 
cussions b\  the  members  on  local  traffic 
problems  and  their  solutions.  Any  new 
ideas  are  always  welcomed,  so  watch  for 
the  red  flag  outside  Professor  Wiley's 
office  announcing  a  meeting. 

TAU  BETA  PI 

On  Wednesdav,  December  18,  Tau 
Heta  Pi,  all-engineering  honorary,  enter- 
tained at  an  informal  meeting,  fifty- 
seven  men  selected  from  all  phases  of 
engineering  on  the  basis  of  distinguished 
scholarship  and  exemplary 
character.  These  men  were 
introduced  to  the  history  and 
purposes  of  Tau  Beta  Pi  by 
Professor  W.  \.  Espy  of  the 
department  of  mechanical 
engineering. 

Those  invited  to  pledge- 
ship  are  Bryce  E.  Albert)', 
Henry  O.  Barton,  Ralph  W. 
Hehler.  Albert  W.  Berg,  Lawrence  E. 
Hrennan,  Robert  H.  Brunner,  Edmond 
Brown,  Donald  Q.  Brown,  .Maurice  L. 
Burgener,  Roger  W.  Caputo,  Richard 
A.  Coderre,  Edmond  E.  Connor,  Burton 
L.  Cordry,  George  T.  Dellert,  Charles 
E.  Drury,  Floyd  Dunn,  Arthur  X. 
Fleming,  Jerome  L.  Fox,  Gerald  Ger- 
ald.son,  Edward  W.  Ernst,  Walter  D. 
Hays,  James  L.  Hoimold,  William  G. 
James,  Harry  (i.  Kabbes,  Alfred  W. 
Kcllington,  Otho  Kile,  Robert  G. 
Knowles,  Stafford  W.  Kulcinski,  Rich- 
ard (i.  Love,  Joe  L.  Mazer,  Kenneth 
I".  McCjann,  and  Don  C.  Miller. 

.Also   invited   were  Jo.seph    H.    Morri- 
s(in,    l''iank    Ocnaschek,    |ohn   J.    Perry, 
Joseph     Pechloff,    Orville    R.     Pomeroy, 
(  Continued   on    Page  28  ) 


18 


THE   TEGHNOGR.APH 


This  a/'rf  can  beat  ^0 
monks  to  a  stancTstf//    d 


/l/oulicie  In  tlic  uoilJ  are  clc\a- 
f  IT  tors  as  luMirious — efficient — and 
safe — as  mi  America.  N'owhere  are  such 
ingenious  inipro\enients  niaJe  so  con- 
sistently ...  so  raplillv. 

The  ancestor  of  elevators — a  cruile 
basket  attached  to  the  end  of  frayed 
rope — ilill  is  in  daily  use — the  only 
access  to  some  monastcnes  m  Greece. 
Powered  by  monks,  filty  of  whom 
could  not  do  what  a  little  slip  of  a 
girl   does  with   one  hand,   these   "ele- 


\a(ors"  try  the  nerves  of  brave  men. 

American  ingenuity,  born  of  in- 
dividual enterprise,  and  nurtured  by 
free  competition,  not  only  gave  us  the 
world's  best  elevators,  it  gave  us  a 
great  industry  employing  thousands  of 
men  and  using  the  products  of  a  score 
of  other  industries. 

The  wiie  rope  industry  is  not  among 
the  least  of  these. 

Roebling  engineers  have  kept  pace 
with  the  designers  ot  "lifts"  ever  since 


the  first  .'\nierican  elevator  was  in- 
stalled with  a  Roebling  elevator  rope 
— b.ick  in  theearlv  ISbO's. 

Today,  Roebling  Special  Traction 
Steel  Elevator  Rope  enjoys  the  well- 
earned  confidence  of  hoisting  engineers 
the  world  over. 


JOHN    A.    ROEBLING'S    SONS   COMPANY 
IRENTON  2,  NEW  JERSEY 


in  Pnncipal  Cities 


A  CfNrUty  OF  CQMmiHCi 


ROEBLING 


FEBRUARY  ,  I'HS 


19 


GEORGE   R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


EDWIN    A.    WITORT 
Assoc.    Editor 


B^-^ 


FF  and   ON 


This  editorial  is  licsigiu-il  to  jar  wju  (lut 
nf  an  attitude  of  complacent  li;n(iranc;_'.  It 
isn't  goin};  to  be  pretty;  so  it  you  are  easih 
offended,   quit    readinf;   it   now. 

Deviatinu;  from  my  usual  practice  of  writ- 
ing in  an  impersonal  manner,  1  intend  to  dis- 
cuss the  subject  of  living,  in  such  a  way  that 
there  will  be  no  iloubt  as  to  whose  opinion 
IS  being  expiessed.  That  it  is  high  time  to 
talk  about  this  subject  is  e\idenced  by  the 
fact  that  in  the  coiu'se  of  my  few  years  of 
experience  around  thrs  campus,  I  have  been 
appaled  by  the  "don't-gi\e-a-damn  "  attitude 
of  the  average  student  who  calls  himself  an 
educated  human  being.  Although  it  is  true 
that  he  is  receiving  training  in  a  certain  field, 
he  certainly  has  no  right  to  consider  himself 
educated  until  he  has  learned — and  practiced 
— at  least  some  of  the  rudimentary  principles 
of  decent  li\ing. 

Believe  it  or  n(jt,  gentlemen,  whether  >()ur 
specific  endeavor  is  conducted  in  the  business 
world,  in  the  game  of  politics,  or  in  the  field 
of  engineering,  you  are  still  mainly  concerned 
with  the  business  of  living.  Now  this  term 
is  admittedh'  broad,  hut  in  my  own  definition 
it  means  that  if  you  consider  yourself  a 
Christian — if  xour  philosophy  embraces  a  con- 
tinuit)'  or  divine  purpose  of  all  life — you  can't 
liossibh'  sit  through  your  life  in  the  apathetic 
fashion  of  the  average  stiulent  here  and  feel 
that  \()u  are  contributing  anything  worth 
while  t(j  an\()ne,   least  of  all   yourself. 

It  certainly  looks  to  me  as  if  there  is  a 
crying  need  for  each  of  us  to  devote  a  portion 
of  our  lives  to  the  improvement  and  benefit 
of  other  people.  When  we  fail  in  this  task, 
we  not  only  become  Inpocrites  in  the  eyes  of 
our  own  philosopin,  but  also  contribute  to  a 
world  seeniingh    bent  on  self-destruction. 

Many  of  you  will  temporarily  ease  your 
conscience  by  rationalizing  that  yQu  are  too 
busy  studying  right  now  to  divert  any  of 
your  energy  into  other  channels.  After  spend- 
ing three  or  four  years  in  procrastination,  you 


will  eilucate  \ourseIf  negati\cl\  to  the  extern 
rh.it  when  \(m  graduate  and  go  to  work  \ou 
will  argue  that  you  are  still  too  busy  to  help 
arnone  else.  Only  by  positive  action  started 
right  now  in  school  can  you  become  positiveh 
educated.  It  is  probably  a  little  redundant  to 
add  here,  a  frequently  expressed  idea,  that 
only  by  contributing  unselfishly  of  vour  own 
efforts  are  you  able  to  educate  and  improve 
yourself. 

In  the  last  issue  ot  thv'I'i  i  li/io//nif'li  was 
printed  ;ui  .innouncement  ot  the  "Buck" 
Knight  Trophy  competition  which  was  to  be 
held  on  January  13.  Less  than  two  weeks 
before  the  event,  designed  to  provide  an  en- 
tertaining and  relaxing  evening,  the  men  who 
had  devoted  their  efforts  towards  its  reactiva- 
tion were  forced  to  cancel  the  att.iir  Just  be- 
cause of  lack  of  interest. 

1  he  Illinois  'richnoi/niph .  the  one  extra- 
curricular acti\it\'  designed  specifically  for 
engineers,  has  an  amazingly  low  percentage 
of  subscribers  among  the  student  engineers. 
In  addition,  it  has  frequently  been  forced  to 
operate  with  a  skeleton  staff  simply  because 
the  student  was  not  interested. 

(jentlemen,  I  believe  the  time  has  arrived 
for  a  sharp  word  of  caution.  In  order  to 
maintain  the  proper  perspective  towards  life 
it  is  absoluteh'  essential  to  lean  back  in  your 
chair,  take  ten  slow  breaths,  and  re-e\aluate 
yoiii'  own  [ihilosophy.  If,  after  you've  done 
this,  you  still  aren't  interested  in  helping  to 
participate  in  those  activities  which  make  cam- 
pus life  a  little  more  enjoyable  and  pleasant 
for  everyone,  then  you  may  as  well  go  home; 
you're  wasting  your  money.  If  enough  engi- 
neering students  come  up  with  the  same  dis- 
interest, then  we  may  as  well  quit  publishing 
the  'I'd  liiirji/rri/ili ,  fold  up  the  Engineering 
Council,  and  disband  the  societies.  Before  you 
decide  too  conclusiveh'  in  favor  of  the  selfish, 
compl.icent  attitude,  however,  I  should  like 
to  renimd  xou,  as  if  anxone  needed  reminding, 
that    "War   is    Hell!"  ' 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


"C)(//  Aniciictin  concept  of  lailio  i.\  lliiit  il  i\  of  the  jHnpIc  and  for  the  people 


Freedom  to  LISTEN  -  Freedom  to  LOOK 


As  the  world  grows  smaller,  the  ([ues- 
tion  of  international  communications 
and  world  understanding  grows  larger. 
The  most  important  phase  of  this  prob- 
lem is  Freedom  to  List-en  and  Freedom 
to  Look  —  ioT  all  peoples  of  the  world. 

Radio,  by  its  \  ery  natine,  is  a  medium 
of  mass  communication;  it  is  a  carrier  of 
intelligence.  It  delivers  ideas  with  an 
impact  that  is  powerful  ...  Its  essence 
is  freedom— liberty  of  thought  and  of 
speech. 

Radio  should  make  a  prisoner  of  no 
man  and  it  shoukl  make  no  man  its 
slave.  No  one  should  be  forced  to  listen 


and  no  one  compelled  to  refrain  from 
listening.  Alwavs  and  everywhere,  it 
siiould  be  the  prerogative  of  e\  erv  lis- 
tener to  turn  his  receiver  on  or  off,  of  his 
own  Iree  will. 

The  principle  of  Freedom  to  Liaten 
should  be  established  for  all  peoples 
without  restriction  or  fear.  This  is  as 
important  as  Freedom  of  Speech  and 
Freedom  of  the  Press. 

Television  is  on  the  wav  and  mo\  ing 
steadily  forward.  Television  fires  the 
imagination,  and  the  day  is  foreseen 
when  we  shall  look  around  the  earth 
irom  city  to  city,  and  nation  to  nation. 


as  easily  as  we  now  listen  to  global 
broadcasts.  Therefore,  Freedom  to  Look 
is  as  important  as  Freedom  to  Listen,  for 
the  combination  of  these  will  be  the 
radio  of  the  futiue. 

The  "\'oice  of  Peace"  must  speak- 
around  this  planet  and  be  heard  bv  all 
people  c\ery  where,  no  matter  what  their 
race,  or  creed,  or  political  philosophies." 


^/^hzc^Aj^djiy 


"E.xcerpts:  from  (in  aclihess  before  the  United 
Stales  National  Commission  for  UNESCO. 


RADIO   CORPORATION  of  AMERICA 


rKCEDOM  IS  EvcnrBoors  business 


FEBRUARY,  1948 


21 


ARGONNE .  .  . 

(  Coiitiiuicil   trom   I'aj^c  '' ) 
Dean  O.  W.  Kshbach — Northwi'srcni 

iini\i'isit\ 
Chancellor    R.    (I.    (Iusta\son — I  ni- 

\iTsir\'  of   Nfbiaska 
Cliaiurl'lor   A.    11.    Coiiiptoi,      Wasli- 

m<jton  univcisitN 
I'rok'ssoi'   I'.  W.    IdiHius      I   iii\ci>ii\ 

ot   Illinois 
Dean     j.     A.     'late         I   iii\rrsit\     iit 

MiiiiU'sota. 
i'lotcssor     I''.     11.     Spcdciinj;        Inw.i 

Stati'  coUojii' 
Dr.  Paul  Klop.sn-ji;  of  Xorrhwotcni 
iiniver.sity  and  Dr.  1-.  .A.  Tiiiner  of  rlu- 
L'niversity  of  Iowa  were  selectiii  to 
replace  Dean  Eshbach  and  Chancellor 
Coinpron  on  Jul\  I,  1047.  The  diiector 
is  assisted  by  Dr.  Norman  HilberiN  and 
Dr.  Harvard  L.  Hull,  associate  di- 
rectors. Dr.  W.  M.  ManninfT  is  director 
of  the  chemistry  division.  The  director 
and  the  scientific  staff  of  the  Laboratory 
have  full  responsibilit\'  for  the  formula- 
tion of  the  research  proirr.!;n. 

The  scientific  staii  is  uiadi'  up  of 
re<;ular  and  temporary  staff  members. 
Temporary  members  fall  ii'to  two  cate- 
gories; the  first  includes  those  who 
are  on  leave  of  absence  from  their  insti- 
tutions and  are  on  the  full-time  staff  of 
the  Laboratory  for  the  duration  of  their 
leave.   These  members  will   be  engaged 


upon  research  |iro;:rams  sponsoreil  In 
the  Laboratoiy  or  being  carried  out  at 
the  suggestion  of  the  go\ernment.  The 
second  category  includes  those  members 
who  are  carrying  on  research  programs 
lor  their  own  institutions  but  make  ef- 
tecfi\-e  usi'  of  the  facilities  axailahle  at 
the   Laboratorx. 

Temporary  staff  membership  is  not 
limited  to  the  staff  members  of  the  par- 
ticipating institutions.  The  director  may 
a|ipomt  au\-  (pialified  scientist  to  this 
position.  The  Laboratorv  may  cooperate 
with  other  institutions  b\  making  spe- 
cial facilities  available  for  investigations 
at  the  Argonne  National  iyaboratory, 
hv  providing  special  materials  for  use 
,it  the  participating  institutions,  by  ad- 
vice and  assistance  in  the  construction 
of  speci.al  apparatus,  or  occasionally  by 
the  loan  of  special  materials  authorized 
by  the  government. 

Security  requirements  at  the  Labora- 
tory are  in  accord  with  government 
policy.  Reports  detailing  the  results  of 
research  investigations  are  made  availa- 
ble to  other  government  laboratories  and 
contractors  working  under  its  sponsor- 
ship in  the  same  field.  Any  member 
of  the  staff  is  at  liberty  to  publish  re- 
sults properly  certified  by  the  A.E.C. 
as  unclassified  in  any  accepted  scientific 
journal  and  in  such  form  as  such  jour- 
nals may   require. 

Rather   than    the   usual    Civil    Service 


wage  scale  on  projects  under  govern- 
ment sponsorship,  industrial  wage  scales 
are  tollowed  thereby  making  some  posi- 
tions open  to  research  men  unusually 
attractive. 

AN  I.   Research  Projects 

I  he  research  programs  ot  tlie  Labora- 
toiv  include  h(jth  tundamental  research 
anil  development  work.  Work  in  nuclear 
physics  and  chemistry  and  in  related 
phases  of  the  physical,  biological  and 
engineering  sciences  is  stressed. 

It  is  intended  that  the  research  pro- 
gram emphasize  the  training  of  scientific 
personnel.  Botanists,  biologists,  chemists, 
engineers,  physicians,  and  physicists  work 
iiulependently  and  in  groups.  In  many 
cases,  training  there  will  constitute  prin- 
cipally a  stepping-stone  from  college  to 
industry.  Aside  from  on-the-spot  train- 
ing there  are  already  being  given  lectme 
classes  on  underlying  phases  of  both  the 
research  and  applications  elements  of 
many  departments.  I'niversity  graduates 
who  have  shown  promise  of  finding  or 
actually  have  found  methods  of  approach 
to  problems  that  are  not  easily  solved 
by  conventional  methods  are  in  great 
demand   by  the  Laboratory. 

The  research  program  includes  study 

of    the    properties    of    elements    and    of 

atomic   nuclei   and   radiations;  of   fission 

pidilucts    and    their   separation;   of    the 

(Continued  on    Page  24) 


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22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Lots  of  people  like  to  plav  jaek  rab})it.  Still,  as  a  wav  of 
goitig  to  work  everv*  morning,  we  don't  see  niueh  of  a 
future  for  Pogo  Sticks.  Not  even  nliimiriiim  Pogo  Sticks. 

But  mention  anv  other  means  of  locomotion  or  trans- 
portation and  our  aluminum  "Imagineers"  get  a  gleam 
in  their  eves.  After  all,  what  is  more  logical  than 
vehicles  matle  of  alianinum?  Less  weight  to  move. 
More  pavload. 

We  turned  our  imagination  loose  on  that  idea  vears 

ago  .  .  .  then  engineered  our  thinking  into  trains,  trucks, 

planes,  siiips.  Alcoa's  Development  Division  has  a  staff 

^masineers"  who  think  of  nothing  else  hut  better 


wavs  to  transport  people,  products,  and  materials  hy 
using  aluminum.  Actually,  we  have  /o//r  separate  staffs 
of  transportation  engineers,  one  each  on  railroads,  high- 
wav  vehicles,  ships  and  aircraft. 

Whatever  you  do  after  college,  you'll  benefit  from 
that.  If  you  go  into  transportation,  these  Alcoa  engi- 
neers will  be  working  with  vou  to  cut  costs,  speed 
schedules,  improve  facilities.  Or  if  you  choose  some 
field  of  production,  thev'll  be  helping  to  transport 
vour  materials  and  finished  goods  cheaper  and  faster. 
Vlumimim  Company  of  America,  Gulf  Building, 
Pittsburgh  IQ,  Pennsvlvania. 


Passenger  streamliners,  refriger 
ator  cars,  hopper  cars  and  tan' 
cars  built  of  Alcoa  Aluminum  or' 
serving   American   railroads. 


finding 

nd  more  uses  in  buses,  trucks 
nd  trailers.  Yes,  in  passenger 
□  r  manufacture,  too. 


Z^[L(§(2)a     r.sr 


Newest  thing  in  shipbuilding 
the  aluminum  superstructure,  d< 
■,'eloped  by  Alcoa  with  morir 
architects    and    engineers. 


N     ALUMINUM 


r  since  Kitty  Hawk,  Alcoa  ha 
Iced  with  the  aircraft  indus 
in  developing  better  alumi 
for  better  plones. 


FEBRU.A.RY,  1948 


23 


ARGONNE .  .  . 

(  Coiitiiuifil  from  Page  22  ) 

I'ftVcts  of  neutrons  and  radiations  on 
the  properties  of  material  and  ot  livinj^ 
orjianisms;  of  the  application  of  ratho- 
active  isotopes  and  tracer  techniques  to 
the  study  of  hioh)f;ical  processes,  ot 
diemical  reactions,  of  metallurgical  plic- 
nomena,  and  industrial  processes,  llu- 
metallurgy  of  uranium  itself,  so  little 
studied  before  the  war  that  not  even 
the  melting  point  of  metallic  uranium 
was  known  with  any  precision,  is  now 
well  uiulerstooii  and  its  constants  pre- 
cisel\'   found. 

The  use  ot  tiaccr>  are  now  being 
Used  in  the  stud\  ot  |ihotos\nthesis  for 
the  ultimate  goal  of  actual  food  synthesis 
by  laboratory  methods,  and  of  cancer  for 
the  eventual  control  of  malignant  dis- 
eases. Specifically,  good  results  have  al- 
ready been  obtained  by  using  newh-dis- 
covcred  materials  which  arc  sold  by  the 
Isotopes  Branch  of  the  Atomic  Energ\ 
Commission  at  Oak  Ritlge,  Tennessee. 
Two  materials  in  addition  to  the  radio- 
isotopes are  being  allocated  \inder  strin- 
gent rules  to  research  labcnatones : 
Heavy  water  —  also  a  tracer  but  more 
useful  in  regard  to  organic  matter;  and 
boron  10  —  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
radiation  detection  instruments.  These 
are  not   radioactive. 

I'niversity  of  Illinois  personnel  acti\e 


in  .Aigoiine  Natioii.-il  1  ,ab(jrat(jr\  work 
are  Dr.  .\I(uit/.  (ioldhabei,  of  the  ph>s- 
ics  department,  who  is  in  charge  of  the 
neutron  piiysics  research  group.  Profes- 
sor Kugene  Kabinowitch,  of  the  botatn 
department,  who  is  an  expert  in  the  field 
of  photos\nthesis  and  now  is  editor  of 
the  "Huilctin  of  the  .'\fomic  Scientists", 
.ind  llaii\  P;ilevsk\  of  the  |ibysics  de- 
|i,Mtnienr,  associated  with  in>tiuiiieiit  de- 
\  elopment. 

.■\ii  e\aiiipK-  ol  a  recent  press  release 
to  iiulustiy  on  an  advance  in  basic  re- 
search illustrates  the  cooperative  trend 
activel)  emplo\ed  among  all  the  national 
Laboratories.  "Dr.  Inghram,  Mr.  Hess 
;ind  Ml.  H.i\(len  of  the  Argonne  Xa- 
tion.d  l-aborator\  lia\e  di.scovered  that 
a  faint  isotope  of  an  unusual  type  occurs 
naturalh  in  the  r.are  earth  element  lan- 
thanum. Its  nucleus  contains  S7  protons 
;uid  Si  neutrons,  iiotli  odd  numbers. 
()nly  two  such  stable  nuclei  are  known, 
in  lithium  and  nitrogen;  two  others  oc- 
cur in  nature  but  are  r.idioactive.  The 
new  isotope  appears  to  be  stable.  About 
one-tenth  of  one  percent  of  the  nuclei 
of  lanthanum  are  of  this  ty|ie,  the  great 
majority  ha\  ing  S7  protons  and  S2  neu- 
trons." 

Another  central  theme  at  Argonne  is 
the  design  of  atomic  piles  —  at  a  level 
somewhat  more  fundamental  than  the 
engineering  approach  involved  in  (i.  E.'s 
power-production     program     at     Knolls 


l;ihor.itor\  in  Schenectad) ,  New  ^  (uk. 
.A  staff  of  about  25  scimtists  here  and 
o\ei  .^(l  scientists  and  engineers  at  Clin- 
ton l.ibfuatory  are  at  present  engaged 
in   this  sfud\. 

The  big  problem  to<lay  is  to  work 
out  the  teatures  of  piles  which  run  hot 
enough  to  produce  electric  power  eco- 
nomicall\.  Th.it  calls  for  temperatures 
in  the  neighhorhooil  of  the  OOO-degree 
le\el  ol  nioilern  steam  plants.  This  is 
a  considerable  jump  from  the  six  now 
in  existence  which  run  hardly  more  than 
warm,  either  because,  like  the  two  re- 
search piles  at  Chicago,  they  have  low- 
energy  output;  or  because,  as  at  Han- 
ford,  Washington,  they  are  elaborately 
cooled.  Along  with  this  program  Ar- 
gonne has  done  considerable  work  on 
the  design  of  electrom'c  counters,  so 
necessar\'  at  e\ery  stage  of  the  synthesis 
■Ant\  transformation  of  radioacti\e  ma- 
terials. 

As  now  coticeived,  atomic  energy 
merely  substitutes  an  atomic  pile  for  a 
coiuentional  steam  plant  in  developing 
heat  required  to  generate  power.  Hut 
atomic  energy  itself  is  an  electrical  force. 
Some  ilay  a  means  may  be  found  to 
harness  this  force  directl\,  instead  of 
using  it  to  generate  heat  which  must 
be  reconverted   into  power. 

Hefore  the  conclusion  of  this  article, 
the  newly  formed  Atomic  Club  should 
(Continued   on    Page  2fi) 


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MAIN  AT  BROADWAY  -  URBANA 

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24 


THE  techno(;k.aph 


Science  Advances 
on  Many  Fronts  at 
Procter  &  Gamble 


Leadership . . . 

Leadership  in  one  form  of  science  is  based  on 
teamwork  in  many. 

That's  why  Procter  &  Gamble,  long  a  leader  in  the 
chemical  industry,  also  is  making  important  advances 
in  mechanical,  electrical  and  industrial  engineering. 

At  P  AND  G,  every  step  forward  in  chemical  re- 


search and  development  calls  for  corresponding  prog- 
ress in  processing,  equipment  design,  and  production 
methods. 

Long-range  research  leads  naturally  and  logically 
into  practical  production  applications. 

So  now,  as  through  1 10  years  of  progress,  the  key- 
note at  P  AND  G  is  scientific  teamwork — close  coopera- 
tion for  continued  progress. 


Procter  &  Gamble 


CINCINNATI     1,      OHIO 


FEBRUARY,  1948 


25 


ARGONNE  .  .  . 

I  L'uiitniufd  tioni  l';i;;c  24) 
he  nu-iitioiif(l.  It  is  uiuloubtedh  the 
most  expensive  anil  most  exilusi\e  iluli 
ill  the  world.  The  idea  was  iiiaujjiirated 
by  Chancellor  Robert  M.  Hiitchins  last 
year  and  appr()\e4l  by  the  rni\ersit\  of 
Chieaj;"  board  ot  trustees.  Membeiship 
is  limited  to  ^d  industrial  orijanizations 
interested  in  research  in  atomic  power. 
The  dues?  They  are  $S(),()(){)  a  year.  To 
date,  five  members  ha\e  joined,  .ill  oil 
companies. 

This  is  the  saga  of  .AN I,.  Some  of 
the  residts  will  be  significant  and  \alu- 
able  to  the  military,  .some  of  value  m 
connection  with  national  defense,  bur  no 
weapon  development  work  will  be  car- 
ried on  at  the  ArKonne  National  Labora- 
tory. If  a  satisfactor\  control  of  ato:iiic 
energy  can  be  achieved,  unprecedented 
constructive  advance  in  biology,  chemis- 
tr\,  physics,  and  medicine  will  eventual- 
ly be  credited  to  the  .Ai;:onne  National 
Laboratory. 


Daffynition:  An  electron  is  a  dot 
of  electricity  that  speeds  ver\  fast  back- 
wards from  the  direction  tiiat  electricity 
actually  goes. 

Webster  says  taut  means  tiglit.  Theie 
are  plenty  of  people  who  ha\e  been 
taut  quite  a  bit  in  college. 


JOE  COOK .  .  . 

I  L'cJiitiiun-d   Irom  l'a;;e   l() j 

Let  us  start  with  Joe's  freshman  year 
on  campus,  l')4l.  .-Vt  that  time  joe  co- 
ca|irairu-d  the  trcshnian  wrcsthng  tcnii 
and  \\in\  lus  numi'r.ils.  1  o  prci\c  untrue 
the  old  adage  about  athletes  not  being 
scholars,  wrestler  Cook  made  the  Hon- 
ors da\   celebi.ition  with  his  4.S  average. 

During  ills  sopiioiiiore  \ear  Joe  re- 
ceived one  houi-  ot  H.  Tliis  has  been 
tlie  only  grade  below  .A  that  he  has  ever 
received  since. 

Joe's  college  career  was  interrupted 
in  February  of  194.i  when  In-  enlisted 
in  the  armv'  air  corps.  ( )ne  incident 
that  st.'uids  out  ill  his  iiiemory  is  the 
celebration  of  the  h'oiirrli  ot  July  on 
a  ship  just  oil  the  coast  ot  Kngland. 
On  October  7,  1044,  Joe  was  shot 
down  over  Kassel,  (iermany,  and  spent 
the  remainder  of  the  war  in  a  prison 
camp  a   little  noitii   of   Herlin. 

While  in  camp  he  won  a  ^1(10  bet  bv 
w.ilking  100  miles  in  five  days,  on  a 
tract  he  laid  ofi  in  the  enclosure. 

January  of  l')4()  found  Joe  back  on 
the  Illinois  campus,  again  bringing  down 
top  grades.  This  fall  Joe  was  presented 
with  the  Interfraternity  Scholarship 
cup  which  is  awarded  each  semester  to 
the  fraternitv'  man  who  turns  in  the 
greatest  number  of  A's. 

As    an    extracurricular    activity    he 


spends  :i  considerable  amount  of  his 
time  with  the  I  niversirv  chess  club. 
"1  o  iiii|irov  e  game  techniques,"  he  is 
plaviiig  tv\elve  correspondence  games  at 
once. 

Joe  is  ;in  active  member  of  Acacia 
fraternitv',  and  for  several  semesters  he 
served  as  chapter  rcpoirer  tor  .Acacia's 
national  magazine.  The  i'Hf)  Hron/.e 
I  ablet  contains  Joe's  name  and  he  also 
holds  the  scholarship  key  given  for  mak- 
ing Honors  (hiv  for  three  consecutive 
vears. 

In  June,  Joe  will  receive  his  mas- 
ter's degree  in  mathematics.  |-"or  the 
reason  that  he  needs  "the  tools  ot  the 
trade." 

After  completing  his  eilucation.  Joe 
plans  to  devote  his  time  to  jiure  research. 
He  is  not  interested  in  industrial  re- 
search, but  vv(juld  be  interested  in  align- 
ing himself   with   a   uiiiversitv. 


And  then  there  was  the  girl  who  was 
so  lazy  she  wouldn't  even  exercise  dis- 
cretion. 

Harrister  (for  motor  accident  vic- 
tim) :  (jentlemen  of  the  jury,  the  driver 
of  the  car  stated  he  was  going  only  four 
miles  an  hour.  Think  of  it!  The  long 
agonv  of  my  poor,  unfortunate  client, 
the  victim,  as  the  car  drove  slowly  over 
his  bodv. 


Pipe  line  .  •  • 


to  the  Stratosphere 


Up  in  a  stratosphoro  piano  yoii*<l  hrealln'  oxyjien 
from  a  lank. .  .oxyiieii  oxt ra<"l«'<l  from  litiiii'fied  air. 
I'rooossinj;  eipiipniont  in  which  the  oxlraclioii 
lakos  |)la<-e  calls  for  something  exlraortlinary  ill 
the  way  of  t tilting. 

Ordinary  st<-«'l  tiihos  get  hazardously  brittle  in 
the  .■5l.'j-l»elow-zero  lempcralurc  the  extraction 
|>roeess  demands — crack  like  a  crisp  carrol.  Belter, 
safer,  tnhes  were  iiee«led.  Industry  got  ihcni  — 
I'rom  11^  \^  —  IiiIk's  ina<I«- of  new  iiickel-alh>y  siccls. 

KWV  calls  llics<-  new  luh«'s  Nicloys.  In  refriger- 
ation, in  making  s\ntheti<:  riihbcr,  in  handling 
natural  gas  and  slronglv  corrosive  crude  oils,  in 


paper  mills,  industry  is  finding  that  Nieloy  tubes 
answer  many  lough  ])ro!»U-nis. 

Developnienl  of  Nieloy  tubing  is  anolhcr 
nianifestalion  thai,  for  all  ils  years,  B&W  has 
never  lost  the  habit  of  having  new  ideas  for  aLL 
iiiduslri«-s. 

To  leehnical  gratluales.  B&W  offers  excellent 
career  opporlunilies  in  diversified  phases  of  manu- 
facturing, engineering,  research,  and  sales. 


THE  BABCOCK&  WILCOX  TUBE  CO. 


Main  Office:  Beaver  Falls,  Pa. 

Plants:  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.  &  Alliance,  Ohio. 


26 


THE  TECHNOGR.XPll 


RUST   CRAFT 


FNTINES 

^CHILDREN 


Sweethearts,  Friends  and  Family 

BUY    THEM    EARLY 

Semester  Supplies 


Illinois    Stationery 
Pens  and   Pen  Repair 
Note   Books   and    Fillers 
Photo   Supplies   and    Service 
Cameras  and  Cases 


Drawing  Sets 
Graph    Papers 
Greeting   Cards 
Photo  Books 
Study   Lamps 


STRAUCH'S 


709  S.  Wright 


at  Campus 


Robeson's 


FOR  THE 

FINEST 

IN  MEN'S  WEAR 


IN   CHAMPAIGN 
Over  73  Years 


PROBLEM — You  ore  designing  an  electric  clocl<  for  auto- 
mobiles. The  clock  itself  is  completed.  To  set  the  clock, 
Ihe  spindle  which  turns  the  hands  must  be  pushed  in  against 
a  spring  pressure  and  then  turned — and,  of  course,  when 
the  clock  is  installed,  this  spindle  is  back  under  the  dash- 
board. You  want  to  provide  a  means  for  pushing  and 
turning  the  spindle  from  a  point  that  is  easy  to  get  at. 
How  would   you   do   if 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER— Use  on  S.S.White  flexible  shaft. 
The  illustrations  show  how  one  manufacturer  does  it.  Re- 
gardless of  where  the  clock  is  mounted,  the  flexible  shaft, 
available  in  any  length,  makes  it  possible  to  put  the  hand- 
set knob  in  the  most  convsn-eif  spots. 


•      •      • 

This  is  |usf  one  of  hun- 
dreds of  power  drive 
and  remote  control 
problems  to  which  S.S. 
White  flexible  shafts 
are  the  simple  answer. 
That's  why  every  engi- 
neer should  be  familiar 
with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  "Metal 
Muscles  "*  for  mechani- 
cal bodies. 


WRITE     FOR     LiULLETIN     4501 

It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  A  copy  is  yours 
free  for   the   asking.     Write   today. 


SSWHITE 


INDUSTRIAL 


Out «/  /4tKfUcAi  A  AAA  ')M(M4ttuit  £HUnfinitc4 


FEBRLLXRY,  1948 


27 


partners  in  creating 


For  80  years,  badcrs  of  the  engineering  profession 
have  made  K  8.  E  products  iheir  partners  in  creating 
the  technical  achievements  of  our  age.  K  &  E  instru- 
ments, drafting  equipment  and  materials— such  as  the 
lEROYi  Lettering  equipment  in  the  picture— have  thus 
ployed    a    port    in    virtually    every    great    engineering 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW    YORK   •    HOBOKEN,    N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


1Recj.  U.S.  Pat.  Off. 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(  (.'(mlmiic.l  tiiiiii  I'.-i^'t-  18) 
John  I'lod.iM,  Robt-rt  N.  Rasmus,  Hilly 
C  Ricii,  jnim  ("i.  Ri-pliiiger,  Leslie  K. 
R()li\,  Lail  (1.  Riiesch,  Donald  K. 
Schaeve,  Robert  K.  Scharnier,  Robert 
(.".  Schneider,  I'red  L.  Siegrist,  Charles 
VV.  Studt,  Robert  |.  Wagner,  Harlan 
V.  White,  William  C.  Wiley,  Richard 
1'.  Williamson,  Robert  S.  Wiseman, 
.ind  (  leorge  S.  Ziles. 

William  A.  Brooks,  (iilbert  (  i. 
kamm,  and  Jack  I,.  I'ihl  were  elected 
as   honor   students. 


PI  TAU  SIGMA 

(  )n    1  hursday  evening,  December   I'), 
.Alpha   chapter  of    Pi  Tau   Sigma  enter- 
^^  tained  prospective  pledges  at 

W  a     smoker     held     at     Hillel 

S4^\  foundation.   Professor  D.  (J. 

^!^NA       R\,in  outlined   the  early  his- 
^^A-^Ji     tory     of     the     organization, 
which    w.'is    founded    at    Illi- 
nois in    I'M  S. 

President   Joe   Ma/er   was 
in   charge  of   the   meeting. 


SIGMA  TAU 

Sigma  Tau  held  a  pledge  smoker  on 
Thursday,  Januar\  ').  Initiation  was 
held  during  the  week  preceding  finals 
and  was  chm.'ixed  b\  an  uiitiation  ban- 
tpiet  held   at   the   Iiuuan  hotel. 


Senior  Engineers  i 


! 


If  you  want  to  guide  a  freshman  right, 
guide  him  to  .  .  . 


AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


2S 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Rubber  accelerators  lead  the  way 
to  new  agricultural  fjingicides 


Vulcanization  accelerators  for  rubber 
and  agricultural  fungicides  would  seem 
to  have  little  in  common.  But  the  wide 
variety  of  interests  of  men  in  the  Du 
Pont  organization  sometimes  result  in 
outstanding  developments  from  such 
apparently  unrelated  products. 

A  rubber  chemist  suggested  to  a  plant 
pathologist  that  derivatives  of  dithio- 
carbamic  acid,  NH.-CiSiSH,  parent 
.substance  of  a  well-known  group  of  rub- 
heraccelerators,  be  tested  as  insecticides. 
His  suggestion  was  based  on  the  possi- 
bility that  sulfur  combined  in  this  forni 
might  be  more  effective  than  free  sulfur, 
a  recognized  insecticide. 

Entomologists  and  plant  pathologists 
investigated  the  fungicidal  as  well  as 
the  insecticidal  properties  of  this 
group.  One  of  the  first  compounds  test- 
ed, sodium  dimethyldithiocarbamatc, 
(CHjj^N-CtSiSNa,  even  in  dilutions 
of  1:30,000,  was  found  to  be  a  powerful 
fungicide,  but  somewhat  injurious  to 
plant  life. 

This  led  to  a  systematic  program  of 
research  including  other  metallic  .salts, 
the  ethyl,  propyl,  butyl,  phenyl,  and 
other  aryl  derivatives  of  the  dithiocar- 
bamates  and  thiuram  mono-  and  di- 
sulfides,   and    the    related    compounds 


made  from  ethylenediamine  and  mor- 
pholine.  In  this  phase  of  the  work,  or- 
ganic chemists  played  an  important 
role  by  suggesting  various  derivatives 
and  preparing  them  for  tests.  Later,  in 
cases  where  proper  dispersion  and  ad- 
herence of  the  compounds  to  plants  were 
important,  the  skill  of  physical  chemists 
was  called  upon. 

In  general,  the  compounds  of  greater 
chemical  stability  were  found  to  be  less 
effective.  Fungicidal  efficiency  dimin- 
ished with  increase  in  size  of  alkyl  radi- 
cal, and  as  aryl  radicals  were  substituted 
for  alkyl.  Thus  the  unusual  situation 
developed  that  with  the  exception  of 
the  bisethylene  fdithiocarbamates),  the 
first  and  simplest  products  tested,  the 
methyl  derivatives,  proved  to  be  the 
best  fungicides. 

Iron  and  zinc  dimethyldithiocarbam- 
ates,  (CH,),NCiS)-S-M-S-(S)CN 
(CH,).',  are  now  sold  as  "Fermate"  fun- 
gicide and  "Zerlate"  fungicide  respec- 
tively, for  control  of  fungous  diseases  of 
many  fruit  and  vegetable  crops,  to- 
bacco, flowers  and  other  ornamentals. 
Zinc  ethylenebis  (dithiocarbamate), 
Zn(-SC(SiNHCH:CHoNH{S)CS-), 
marketed  as  "Parzate"  fungicide,  has 
specific   action    in    the   control    of  late 


Field  testing  of  promising  fungicides,  including  "Parzate"  formulations,  for  control  of  tomato  late  blight. 


%    si 


B.  L.  Richards,  Jr.  Ph.D.,  Cornell  '44,  end  A.  H. 
Goddin,  M.S.,  University  of  West  Virginia  '32, 
test  efficiency  of  "Parzate"  fungicide  in  control 
of  tomato  late  blight  and  bean  rust.  Equipment 
is  specially  designed  laboratory  spray  chamber. 

blight  on  potatoes  and  tomatoes.  Tetra- 
methylthiuram  disulfide,  {CH.,)..NC 
(S)-S-S-C(S)N(CH.,),,  is  used  in  two 
compositions,  as  "Arasan"  disinfectant 
for  seeds  and  "Tersan"  fungicide  for 
turf  diseases. 

Overall,  the  derivatives  of  these 
groups  of  compounds  proved  to  be  out- 
standing as  fungicides,  rather  than  as 
insecticides.  Although  a  marked  degree 
of  specificity  for  different  pests  was 
characteristic  of  the  members  of  this 
series,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  all 
three  were  highly  effective.  This  work 
offers  still  another  example  of  how  the 
breadth  of  interest  in  a  company  like 
Du  Pont  can  lead  to  worthwhile  de- 
velopments. 


Questions  College  Men  ask 
about  working  with  Du  Pont 


What  are  the  opportunities 
for  research  men? 

Men  ciualified  for  fundamenl  al  or  applied  re- 
search are  offered  unusual  opportunities  in 
facilities  and  funds.  Investigations  in  the 
fields  of  organic,  inorganic  and  physical 
chemistry,  biology,  parasitology,  plant  path- 
olog.v  and  engineering  suggest  the  wide  range 
of  activities.  Write  for  booklet,  "The  Du 
Pont  Company  and  the  College  Graduate," 
2521-A  Nemours  Building,  Wilmington  98, 
Delaware. 


BETTER     THINGS     FOR     BETTER     1 1 V I N  C. 
...THROUGH    CHEMISTRy 

More  facti  about  Du  Pont  —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  Anienca."  Mondayi.  S  P.M..  EST  on  NBC 


FEBRUARY,  1948 


29 


PATENTS  .  .  . 

(  L'niitinurii  tKJin  l';i;:r  1  1  ) 
tor  tliK  IS  tliat  iinl\  lie  ran  j^Min  ciitrv 
rci  the  rccoiils  iit  the  patent  orticc  and 
thus  \ciif\  wln'tlicr  or  not  thcii-  an- 
al rcadv  prioi'  claims  icjiistcred  whicli 
wiiidd  prcNcnt  Nour  liciiij;  !:ranrc<l  a 
patent. 

In  (jider  tof  the  att()irie\  tn  do  this 
liaekt;round  work,  lie  will  ha\e  to  ^o 
to  W'ashinfiton,  and  ynii  will  he  pa\in^ 
the  bill.  This  is  a  liood  tiling  to  renieni- 
bei  so  that  you  will  not  he  hotherin^ 
either  the  patent  offiee  or  an  attorney 
iinlevs  \oii  lioiu-stK  helie\c  that  \oii  ha\e 
sonietliin^  \\ urthu  hile. 

After  \our  attorney  has  returned  from 
Washiiifiton  and  reported  to  you  that  he 
believes  that  there  is  a  very  >;oo(l  ehaiue 
that  the  patent  can  be  obtained,  your 
work   will   really  bejiiii. 

The  p.ateiit  applicatujii  iiiiisr  be  sidi- 
initted  u|ion  special  patent  paper  which 
can  be  obtained  from  the  patent  ofHce 
or  the  i;overninent  printinj;  office.  1  here 
is  also  a  particular  technique  b\  which 
the  drawings  must  be  made.  Usually  it 
will  be  wisest  to  let  the  attorney  take 
care  of  the  drawings  as  they  usually 
ha\e  in  their  employ  men  who  have  been 
making  patent  application  drawings  for 
years. 

Twenty  ('laiiiis  I' rev 

When  you  submit  your  application 
you  will  ha\e  to  make  certain  claims 
for  your  invention.  The  patent  office 
will  allow  you  to  make  twenty  claims 
free.  If  you  wish  to  make  more  than 
twenty  claims,  it  will  cost  you  ^'il  per 
claim. 

These  claims  must  be  \ery  carefully 
drawn  and  must  be  worded  in  the  pe- 
culiar language  which  is  a  part  of  the 
standardized  patent  procedure.  Here 
again  the  attorney,  whom  \ou  ha\e  re- 
tained, will  prove  his  worth. 

Any  series  of  claims  must  be,  ulti- 
mately, the  basis  upon  which  the  patent 
will  be  granted.  Let  us  suppose  that  you 
fail  to  recognize  one  very  valuable  abil- 
ity of  your  invention.  L  nder  these  cir- 
cumstances, another  person  can  enter  a 
claim  on  your  patent  and  thereby  make 
use  of  your  patented  invention  due  to 
your  own  carelessness  or  negligence.  At 
the  time  when  the  claims  are  being  pre- 
pared, the  very  greatest  care  should  be 
taken  to  make  sure  that  all  of  the  pos- 
sible applications  of  the  invention  have 
been  investigated   and   fully  discussed. 

In  your  patent  application  you  must 
st.ite  who  you  are,  your  age,  place  of 
birth,  ,ind  nationalit\.  Failure  to  give 
complete  and  truthful  answers  to  these 
questions  will  ultimately  result  in  revo- 
cation of  your  patent   rights. 

At  the  time  that  the  application  is 
filed,  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  sub- 
mit either  a  full  sized  specimen  of  the 
( Continued   on   Page  32) 


30 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


u'e  a  good  thmg  ^^ 

'*  Aress  ior  ever>| 
doesnt  dress* 


He's  a  Square  D  Field  Engineer.  There 
are  others  like  him  in  Square  D  branches 
in  more  than  50  principal  cities  of  the  United 
States,  Canada  and  Mexico.  These  men  are 
liaison  between  Square  D  and  industrial 
America.  Their  full-time  job  is  contacting 
industries  of  every  type  and  size.  It  is  through 
them  that  we  are  able  to  do  our  job  effec- 
tively. That  job  is  three-fold:  To  design  and 
build  electrical  distribution  and  control  equip- 
ment in  pace  with  present  needs — to  provide 
sound  counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right 
equipment  for  any  given  application — to  an- 
ticipate trends  and  new  methods  and  speed 
their  development. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  distri- 
bution or  control,  call  in  the  nearby  Square  D 
Field  Engineer.  He  makes  a  lot  of  sense  in 
finding  "a  better  way  to  do  it." 


For  many  years,  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS 

THIS  ONE  have  appeared  regularly  in  leading  business 

magazines.  Their  primary  purpose  is  fo  build  acceptance 

for  Square  D  Field  Engineers,  practically  all  of  whom  come 

to  us  from  leading  engineering  schools  such  as  yours. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  LTD,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO    •    SQUARE   D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


FEBRUARY,  1948 


31 


PATENTS  .  .  . 

I  L'untiiuK'il  from  l';igc  .^1') 
item  or,  in  the  event  that  this  is  inad- 
visable due  to  size,  a  workinj;  model. 
(ircat  care  should  be  exercised  in  the 
construction  of  the  model  so  that  it  will 
exactly  conform  to  the  specifications  a^ 
set  forth  in  the  patent  application. 

Many  an  inventor  h;is  been  able  to 
brin^  his  invention  up  to  the  point  where 
lie  needs  financial  backing  in  order  to  be 
able  to  pa\  attorney  fees  and  finally  to 
start  manufacturing  the  item.  This  is 
always  a  difficult  problem  as  the  people 
who  are  williiiij;  to  give  financial  back- 
in";  to  inventors  are  few  and  far  be- 
tween. Usually,  the  person  with  money 
must  first  be  convinced  ot  the  wiirrli  ot 
the  invention  and  then  he  will  usually 
want  to  obtain  a  controlling  interest  in 
the  invention  in  retuiii  for  his  financial 
aid.  Ibis  seems  rather  unfair  but  it  is 
the  usual  practice.  The  only  thing  that 
can  be  said  is  that  it  \ei\  definitely  lie- 
hooves  the  nneiUor  to  attempt  to  do 
business,  if  at  all  possible,  with  .1  man 
whose  integrit.\'  is  beyond  question. 

Following  arc  a  icw  of  the  stand.ird 
fees  which  are  charged  by  the  patent 
office  and  which  are  payable  in  advance: 

(^n  filing  each  original  appli- 
cation     S.^O.dO 

Each  claim  over  20 l.UO 


(  )n   i  s  s  u  i  n  g  each   original 

patent   ■id.HO 

On   issuing  each  claim   over 

20    l.Hd 

These  are  the  most  important  and 
most  often  encountered  feCN  but  tliere 
are  many  moie  rangmg  t  rom  1(1  cents 
for  certified  copies  of  patents  to  );'il.30 
per  hour  for  assistance  to  attorneys  on 
the  examination  of  publications  and  ma- 
terials in  the  scientific  library  ot  the 
patent  office. 

After  all  ol  the  nccc>s,-u  \  papers  ami 
drawings  liaxe  been  piepared  tliex  are 
sent  to  the  commi-isioner  ot  |i;itents,  at 
the  patent  office.  This  is  known  ,is  filing 
an   application   for  patent. 

.Sometime  following  the  receipt  of  the 
.application,  the  patent  office  will  make 
an  examination  of  the  prior  patent 
grants  and  will  decide  whether  or  not, 
in  its  opinion,  the  inventor  is  entitled 
to  a  iKitent. 

Should  the  patent  office  decide  tliat 
\()ui'  unention  is  not  patentable,  the\ 
W)ll  inform  you  of  their  reasons  for  so 
belie\ing.  Ff)llowiiig  receipt  of  this  let- 
ter, you,  the  iinentor,  or  your  attorney 
ha\e  six  months  in  which  to  ask  for  a 
hearing  at  which  time  you  or  he  can 
personally  argue  the  case. 

The  average  length  of  time  required 
to  procure  a  patent  runs  well  over  two 
yeans,  and  therefore  it   is  advisable  that 


the  iinentor  have  some  other  means  of 
suppmt  in  the  interim.  The  cause  for 
this  dela\  is  the  tremendous  amount  of 
research  work  which  must  be  done  by 
the  staff  of  the  patent  office  in  connec- 
tion wnh  each  and  e\er\  patent  appli- 
catKjn. 

The  manner  in  which  the  application 
is  examined  is  qiute  thorough.  The  ap- 
plication division  determines:  a)  wheth- 
er or  not  the  application  is  complete; 
b)  whether  or  not  the  proper  patent 
office  |iiocedure  has  been  folowed  ;  and 
c  )  to  which  class  of  inventions  the  ap- 
plication belongs.  The  examination  di\i- 
sion  reviews  the  application  to  deter- 
mine: a)  whether  the  subject  of  the 
application  is  patentable  under  the  laws 
of  the  United  States;  b)  whether  the 
item  meets  the  basic  requirements  of 
eligibility;  and  c)  whether  the  appli- 
cation conflicts  with  any  patent  that  has 
already  been  granted  or  is  pending. 

It  might  be  well,  in  passing,  to  note 
rh.it  the  patent  office  receives  on  an  aver- 
age about  1,200  patent  applications  per 
week.  L  iider  these  circumstances  it  is 
easy  to  understand  why  there  is  such  a 
great  delay  in  the  processing  and  grant- 
ing of  patents. 

If,  and  when  \our  patent  has  been 
granted,  you  will  be  .so  notified  by  the 
commi.ssioner  of  patents.  L  pon  receipt 
(Continued  on  Page  34) 


ITS  GOOD  Rl  SINE8S 
TO  1)0  in  SIXESS 
WITH  TIIEKMOID 

Why?  Because  Thermoid  concen- 
trates on  a  restricted  line  of  prod- 
ucts, related  in  manufacture  and 
in  use,  and  maintains  those  prod- 
ucts at  top  quality  level. 

Thermoid,  as  a  firm,  is  large  enough  to 
be  thoroughly  dependable,  yet  small 
enough  to  be  sensitive  to  the  day- 
to-day   problems  of  its  customers. 

Engineers  depend  on  Thermoid  to 
always  furnish  well  made  INDUS- 
TRIAL BRAKE  LININGS  and 
FRICTION  PRODUCTS.  TRANS- 
MISSION BELTING.  LIGHT  DUTY 
.-nul  MULTIPLE  V-BELTS  and 
DRIVES.  CONVEYOR  and  ELEVA- 
TOR  BELTING.  WRAPPED  and 
MOLDED    HOSE. 

If  catalogs  on  any  of  these  lines 
would  be  helpful  in  your  studies, 
we'll  he  glad  to  furnish   them. 


Ifiermdul 

Product 


U 


DEVELOPING 


YOUR  FILMS 

\Helpful  Snapsltoi  Advice/ 


We  have  a  comp/efe  Vine  of 

PHOTO  EQUIPMENT 

AND  SUPPLIES 


REVERE  -  AMPRO   -   EASTMAN   -  ARGUS 

ANSCO  -  SUN  RAY  -  DE  JUR  -  SOLAR 

GRAFLEX 


We  have  a  complete  line  in 
HOBBY  SUPPLIES 


FAIRCHILD 

CAMERA  AND  HOBBY  SHOP 
111   No.  Walnut  Champaign,   III. 


32 


THE   TECHNOGR.APH 


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to  the  last  4  issues  of  the  year 

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213    ENGINEERING    HALL 
URBANA    •    ILLINOIS 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
the 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 


808  S.  Sixth  St. 
Laundry  Service  and  Dry  Cleaning 


BEHIND  IT... A  LITTELL  REEL 

Engineers  are  aware  of  the  tremendous  mechanical 
problems    involved    in    the    manufacture    of    even    such 
a  commonplace  thing  as  the  telephone.  "Behind"  many 
of   its   intricate    parts,   you    will    find    a   Littell    Reel, 
efficiently    playing    its    part    in    helping    provide 
accurate,    economical   stampings. 


LITTELL 


F.     J.     LITTELL     MACHINE     CO. 

4127    RAVENSWOOD    AVENUE      •      CHICAGO     13,   ILLINOIS 


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ini   Union   Bookstore 

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33 


PATENTS  .  .  . 

(  Cimtimicil  from  l':i}jf32) 
ot  this  iiitormatioii,  you  will  possess  icr- 
tain  rights  as  to  tax  fxi-inptioiis  upon 
your  iiivciitioii,  and  other  legal  items, 
which  will  not  be  discussed  here.  How- 
ever, it  would  be  a  very  wise  move  tor 
you  to  make  yourself  acquainted  with 
the  purely  legal  aspects  of  your  rights 
and  obligations  as  owner  of  a  patent. 
At  such  a  time,  unless  your  patent  attor- 
ney is  also  an  attorney-at-law,  it  would 
be  adviseable  to  avail  yourself  of  the 
services  of  a  good  lawver  so  that  yoLi 
may  enjoy  riie  rewards  of  your  in\cnti\c 
abilitN. 


"An    engineer   got    pretty    fresh    \vitii 

me  last  night." 

"Did   you  get  the   upper  h.ind  ?" 
"Yes,  but  I  couldn't  do  a  thing  with 

the  one  on  my  knee." 

Patient  (Coming  out  from  under  the 
ether)  :  "Doctor!  Why  are  the  blinds 
drawn  ?" 

Dnctdi':  "'riiere  is  a  big  fiie  next 
door,  and  1  ihdn't  w.mr  \ou  to  come  to 
aiul  think  that  tlie  o|ierarion  wasn't  suc- 
cessful 1" 

Harmaid :   "( )h   yes,   1   married   a  m.iii 
in  the  village  fire  ilepartment." 
Soldier:  "A  volunteer?" 
Barmaid:  "Nope,  shotgun." 


JAPAN  .  . . 

(  (.'nntinued  trom  Page  III) 
little  contact  with  the  universities,  in 
direct  contiast  to  .American  organi/a- 
tions  of  a  similar  nature,  tew  of  the 
Japanese  industrial  research  men  h.i\c 
advanced  degrees.  The  students  with 
ad\a]iced  training  seem  to  feel  there  is  a 
stigma  attachetl  to  this  type  of  work. 
1  he  situation  resembles  that  \\hich  ex- 
isted in  the  I'nited  States  prior  to  191 S. 
In  addition  to  this  handicap,  most  of  the 
industrial  laboratories  operate  in  secrecy 
because  the  present  patent  laws  do  not 
guarantee  them  contrcj!  cncr  the  fruits 
of  their  labors. 

With  regard  to  world  trade,  japan  at 
piesent  is  in  no  condition  to  resume  im- 
mediately her  former  place.  Her  exports 
and  imports  are  far  below  those  of  pre- 
war years.  Manufacturing  establish- 
ments of  all  kinds  ha\e  been  damaged  to 
varying  degrees.  Imports  of  food,  fuel, 
fertilizer,  and  raw  materials  have  shrunk 
extensively,  and  exports  of  manufactured 
goods  have  declined  proportionately. 
Agriculture  alone  remains  substantialh- 
intact,  but  is  seriously  handicapped  by  a 
shortage  of  fertilizer.  These  conditions 
have  brought  about  the  inevitable  result, 
a  lower  standard  of  living  in  terms  of 
food,  clothing,  shelter,   and  iiiHation. 

Kle\ation  of  this  standard  of  living 
will  be  the  result  of  recovery  and  recon- 
struction.  Possibly  this  may  be  brought 


•about  by  increase  in  farm  output,  \icld 
from  available  fisheries,  ami  mine  ,uid 
forest  output.  However,  bef(ne  the  war 
these  home-island  resources  had  been  so 
^kilhullv  exploited  that  a  further  in- 
crease in  iiutiMit  could  cciiiie  only  very 
slowlv.  The  onl\  vv.iv  to  appreciably 
increase  the  general  level  of  living  (the 
forcible  conquest  of  territory  failed  in 
this  respect,  as  it  always  does)  will  be 
through  the  development  of  manufactur- 
ing industries  for  export  and  through  the 
sales  of  services,  as  in  the  tourist  tr.ule 
and  shipping. 

Dr.  Adams  goes  on  to  say,  "It  is  with 
reference  to  the  recovery,  reconstruction, 
and  development  of  the  export  trade  in 
manufactured  goods,  and  in  a  very  wide 
range  of  these,  that  the  progress  of  sci- 
ence and  technology  in  japan  (  using  the 
word  "science"  with  emphasis  upon  the 
natural  sciences)  assumes  particular  im- 
portance. The  products  of  industry  com- 
petitiveh  salable  by  any  country  on  the 
world  market  are  constantly  changing 
both  in  character  and  in  uiut  cost.  The 
most  efficient  nations  must  and  do  invent 
new  products,  creating  new  markets,  and 
at  the  same  time  thev  devise  cost-reduc- 
ing processes  applicable  to  older  prod- 
ucts." 

In  comparison  with  the  products  of 
L  nited  States  aiul  European  industries, 
the  manufactmed  products  of  japan 
(Continued   on   Page  3ft) 


''There  is  NO  royal  road  to  learning!'' 

BUT  you  can  make  the  traveling  on  that  road 
much  easier  by  starting  out  right  and  being  prop- 
erly equipped.  Choose  your  school  equipment 
from  our  complete  stock. 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 

ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


.^4 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


There's  Truth  in  this  "Tall  Story" 


IF  YOU  THINK  of  all  valvvs  in  this 
])l;int  as  one  valve,  you'll  see  the 
truth  iu  this  trick,  photo.  Valves, 
I'ollectively,  represent  one  of  the 
hiflgcst  investments  in  ecpiipnient 
in  any  plant. 

\\  ith  \vag:es  and  material  costs 
highest  ever,  it  is  just  as  important 
for  management  to  keep  a  sharp  eye 
on  valve  maintenance  as  it  is  on 
operatini;  costs  of  larger  plant  units. 

Excessive  maintenance  of  one 
inferior  valve  is  insignificant,  hut. 


serious  drain  on  operating  hudgets. 

Jenkins  Bisos.  helps  manage- 
ment meet  tliis  prohlem  two  ways. 
First,  hy  huilding  extra  endurance 
into  Jenkins  \  alves,  making  them 
tlie  longest -lasting,  lowest  -  upkeep 
valves  that  monov  can  huy.  Second, 
witli  advice  from  Jenkins  Engineers 
on  anv  question  of  proper  selection, 
installation,  or  maiu- 
tenance. 

That's  why,  for  all 
new  installations,  for 


management  relies  on  Jenkins  qual- 
itv  and  engineering  service  for  low- 
est valve  costs  in  the  long  run.  Sold 
through  loading  Industrial  Distrib- 
utors evorytchcrc. 

Jenkins  Bros.,  80  White  St.,  New  York  13; 

liridgeport.  Conn.;  Atlanta;   Boston; 

I'liiladelphia;     Chicago;    San    Francisco. 

Jenkins  Bros.,  Ltd.,  Montreal. 


LOOK  FOR  THIS  . 


multiplied    by    thousands,    it    is    a         all  replacements,  alert 


■PREl'EXT  lALlE  FAILURE"  is  a  lH-fagi-  umdr  l„ 
vake  economy,  fully  illustrated,  villi  case  histories  of  ral-,e 
damage,  and  recommendations  fur  its  prevention  hy  proper 
selection,  installation,  inspeelinn.  and  maintenance.  FREE 
0.1  reiiiiest.  Write  JE^^KI^S  BROS.,  SO  11  kite  St.,  Aew 
York  13,  N.  Y. 


JENKINS 
VALVES 

Types.  Sizes.  Pressures.  .Metals  forEtery  Need 


FEBRUARY,  1948 


35 


JAPAN  .  .  . 

I  C'liMtliiucil  Irom  l'ay;i'.>4) 
liavc,  in  {iciicral,  come  to  bo  rctranled  as 
of  poor  quality.  The  application  ot  sci- 
entific research  to  their  development  :uu\ 
niamitacture  would  brinji  about  a  better 
proiiuct  and  remove  this  stigma.  'I'his 
lias  not  been  done  tor  several  reasons.  In 
addition  to  the  tact  that  few  Japanese 
.scientists  are  willing  to  accept  positions 
in  commercial  laboratories  and  that  the 
patent  laws  contain  loopholes  as  men- 
tioned above,  constant  betterment  of 
product  was  always  retarded  by  artificial 
price  fixing  by  trade  a.ssociations.  How- 
ever, the.se  price  fixing  groups  have  now 
been  dissolved. 

A  renewal  committee  composed  ot 
Japanese  .scientists  is  at  present  working 
on  this  problem  of  the  reorganization  of 
Japanese  administration  of  science  and 
technology.  The  committee,  composed 
of  108  scientists  elected  by  scientific  soci- 
eties throughout  Japan,  was  just  getting 
under  way  as  the  Scientific  Advisory 
(Iroup  left  Japan,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  an  intelligent,  effective  reorganiza- 
tion on  Japanese  initiative  will  result. 

The  formation  of  more  nation-wide 
professional  or  scientific  societies  would 
al.so  aid  the  development  of  science  and 
technology,  and  indeed  higher  education 
generally,    in   Japan.   The   niani    aim   of 


such  a  society  is  to  further  the  science 
which  it  represents,  and  does  so  through 
published  matter,  by  bringing  together 
for  discussion  different  groups  of  scient- 
ists, and  by  encouraging  research  .ind 
thought.  It  gives  experienced  men  a 
chance  to  pass  on  their  knowledge  tn  tiic 
inexperienced. 

llo\\c\er,  reorgani/.ition  nl  the  nat- 
ural sciences  sliould  not  proceed  down  a 
narrow  alley  at  the  expense  iit  the  social 
sciences.  .As  Di'.  .Ad.ims  points  out: 
"The  reconstruction  ot  Japan  and  her 
rehabilitation  in  the  e>es  of  the  world 
call  equally  for  leadership  and  advance- 
iiient  of  thought  in  the  social,  economic, 
and  cultural  fields,  and  for  change  in 
the  attitude  of  the  people  as  well.  Ma- 
terial arul  spiritual  reconstruction  must 
move  forward  on  a  common  front.  Prog- 
ress depends  not  alone  upon  the  scientists 
but  upon  the  collaboration  of  scientific 
and  political  leaders.  Their  joint  efforts 
to  visualize  the  new  Constitution  and  to 
restore  the  econoni>  of  Japan  will  be 
watched   throughout  the  world." 


"Certainly  I  respect  yoiu"  ad\ice,  .Mr. 
Hell,  but  what  good  is  alimorn  on  a 
cold  night?" 

Sign  in  Librar\  :  "Thinking  allowed 
—   but    not    aloud!" 


SEE  THE  LIGHT... 

(  CuiitiiuH-il  tiom  I'age  7  ) 
the  addition  ot  the  human  figure,  but 
ui  the  m.ijority  ot  cases  more  interest 
will  usualK  be  secured.  There  is  sonie- 
thuig  to  this,  perhaps  because  human 
interest  arouses  the  curiositN  ot  those 
\  lewing  the  picture.  Slight  mo\  ements 
ot  the  model  or  models  used  in  the  pic- 
ture will  register  as  a  blur  so  that  it 
is  best  to  place  them  leaning  comfortably 
against  a  building  or  rail. 

The  greatest  dilemma  occurs  in  night 
photography  when  people  walk  into  the 
scene  or  cars  drive  by.  Should  a  person 
appear  or  an  auto  drive  by,  simply  cover 
the  lens  with  a  dark  card  until  the  in- 
truder is  past  and  continue  the  expos- 
ure. This  can  be  done  as  often  as  neces- 
sary, but  with  short  exposures  some 
difficulty  is  encountered  in  the  timing. 
If  the  camera  shutter  is  clo.sed  at  these 
times  there  is  a  good  chance  that  it  may 
he  mined.  If  the  setting  is  made  at 
"H,"  or  Bulb,  and  the  shutter  does  not 
ha\e  to  be  cocked  it  may  be  opened  and 
closed  safely  by  a  cable  release. 

The  results  of  a  successful  evening 
will  be  manifest  in  a  negative  that  is 
of  normal  range  that  can  be  printed  on 
No.  2  paper.  The  pleasing  response  of 
those  seeing  the  print  is  the  reward. 


Jay  ilt  OTL  tint  -fcn^- 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD  OF  EXCEUENCE 

SINCE  1880 


DON'T  COPY 
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these  Data  Sheets,  punched  to  fit  your  Pocket 
Notebook. 

Write  Today! 

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University   Station,   Box   One 
Urbana,  Illinois 

Please    send    me.    without    obligation,    information 
on  LEFAX  Data  Sheets. 

Name 

Address 


36 


THE  TECHNOGR.\PH 


EVERYTHING 

IN  WIRING 

POINTS  to- 


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is  cooled  to  35  F,  and  half  the 
chickens  are  quick-frozen  at  minus 
35^.  One  of  the  storages  is  kept 
at  32',  the  other  at  minus  5  : 
each  holds  200,000  lb.  of  poultry 
Up  to  25  tons  of  ice  are  made  per 
day,  for  precooling  and  shipping 
purposes.  •  Frick  Refrigeration 
handles  all  the  cooling  work.  If  you 
want  to  be  "in  the  know"  on  the 
latest  quick-freezing  methods,  write 
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THE 

UN  VERS  TY 

BOOKSTORE 

Points  to  the  Nen 

Year 

imth  hopes  of 

success  for  our 

future 

Engineers 

LET   us  SERVE  YOU 

OFTEN 

610  East  Daniel  Street, 

Champaign 

-  Phone  5726 

M-:BRU.\RY,  1948 

37 

NEW  DEVELOPMENTS  .  .  . 

(  CoritmiK-cl    1 1  Clin    I'a-i-  _' ) 
The  first  push-button  operates  a   de- 
vice  which   compensates   tor   the   tilt   oi 
the  plane,  and    can  correct   tor  tilts  as 
high  as  twenty  dejirees. 

A  second  button  regulates  nia>inilica- 
tion,  automaticalK'  brinfjing  photos  takcfi 
at  varyin;;  elevations  to  the  desired  map 
scale.  The  remaining  button  controls 
swing,  re-establishing  in  tiie  instrument 
the  plane's  angle  of  dexiation  from  its 
true  course. 

Photographs  of  terrain  printed  w  itii 
the  new  rectifier  are  so  sharpl\  deliiud 
they  give  an  almost  three-dimensional 
effect. 


Fluorescence  Analysis 
Of  Minerals 

.■\  Norelco  fluorescence  analysis  umt 
which  utilizes  a  new  X-ray  diffraction 
technique  and  makes  possible  rapid  quan- 
titative metal  anahsis  has  been  announc- 
ed by  the  North  .American  Philips  com- 
pany. 

It  was  exhibited  and  demonstrated 
for  the  first  time  at  the  National  .Metals 
KxiOTsition  in  Chicago  on  October  18-24. 
The  new  unit  determines  quantitati\ely 
the  purity  of  metals  or  the  percentages 
of  alloying  components,  and  the  quanti- 
ties of  metallic  elements  dispersed  in 
non-metallic  carriers. 


Fluorescent     analysis     unit     used 
for    metal    analysis    and    control 

1  he  riuoiescence  anahsis  unit  con- 
sists of  an  x-ray  generator,  a  rotating 
indexing  holder  for  four  specimens,  a 
special  collimating  system,  a  crystal 
(usually  sodium  chloride),  a  goniometer 
having  a  scale  graduated  from  0°  to 
•^0  ,  and  a  Geiger  counter.  The  crystal 


and  Geiger  counter  are  mounted  on,  and 
positioned  by,  arms  which  traverse  the 
goniometer  arc. 

The  apparatus  serves  for  determina- 
tions on  elements  ranging  from  atomic 
numbers  20  to  41  when  a  rock  salt 
crystal  is  employed.  For  the  elements 
42  to  So,  a  calcium  liuoride  crystal  ma\ 
he   used. 

The  use  of  the  appar.-itus  is  best  ex- 
plained b\-  discussing  a  t\pical  problem. 
To  determine  the  cobalt,  nickel,  and 
chromium  content  of  an  unknown  alloy, 
a  specimen  of  the  alloy  is  placed  in  the 
four-unit  holder  along  with  the  stan- 
dardizing specimens  containing  known 
percentages  of  the  aliening  elements. 

.Assume  that  the  cobalt  content  of  the 
unknown  alloy  is  to  be  determined  first. 
From  tables  of  reflection  angles  in  which 
settings  for  various  metals  are  listed, 
we  find  that  for  cobalt  the  (leiger  coun- 
ter should  be  set  at  the  .56.8°  mark  on 
the  goniometer  scale.  Next,  the  sodium 
chloride  crystal  position  is  adjusted  to 
one-half  the  (Geiger  counter  angle  or 
18.4°.  By  rotating  the  specimen  holder, 
readings  are  taken  first  on  one  or  more 
of  the  cobalt  standardizing  samples  and 
then  on  the  unknown.  By  comparing  the 
readings  and  referring  to  a  calibration 
chart,  the  percentages  of  cobalt  may  be 
determined. 

The  technique  employed  with  the  new 
(Continued  on  Page  4(1) 


BETTER 

TOOLS 

FOR    BETTER 

WORK 


Micrometers 

Rules 

<  ombination  Squares 

Ikvel  Protractors 

Straight  Edges 

Squares 

\'ernier  Tools 

Gages 

Dial  Test  Indicator.s 

Speed  Indicators 

V  Blocks 

Calipers  and  Dividers 


BROWN  &  SHARPE 
TOOLS 


I  J  ^^  FOR  THE  RIGHT 


To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
ings must  make  the  right 
impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  when  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


^7./^ 


38 


THE  TECHNOGR.VPH 


Homestead 

Lever-Seald 

Valve  —  for 

handling  Huids 

at   high   pressures   and 

temperatures — one  of  the 

multitude  of  Homestead  Valves 

for    all    types    of   applications. 


MODERNIZATION 


Foundry  modernization  is  a  continuing  project 
at  Homestead  Valve  Manufacturing  Companv, 
Inc.,  Coraopolis,  Pa.,  because  Homestead  engin- 
eers have  since  1892  kept  their  sights  set  on  mod- 
ern productioneering  equipment  and  methods. 
And,  in  their  research,  these  engineers  have 
investigated  fuels  and  combustion  techniques 
as  they  apply  to  foundry  practice.  As  a  result 
the  productive  flames  of  GAS  are  increasingly 

AMERICAN    GAS   ASSOCIATION 

420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK  17,  N.  Y. 


Gas-fired  "  SKLENAR" 
Furnace  for  high- 

Sjm  speed  melting  of  fer- 

^T  rous  metals. 


Sectional    Gas-fired 
core-drying  oven. 


important  and  more  extensivclv  used  in  Home- 
stead's production  lines. 

Modern  Gas-fircd  Foundry  Equipment,  such 
as  the  "SKLENAR"  furnaces  for  ferrous  metal- 
melting,  utilize  the  special  characteristics  of 
GAS — flexibility,  controllability,  speed.  This 
saves  equipment  space,  melting  time,  and  lining 
maintenance.  Operating  at  2700°  F.  these  fur- 
naces have  a  capacity  of  one  ton  heat  per  hour, 
and  160  heats  per  lining — evidence  that  modern 
Gas  Equipment  is  really  productioneering 
equipment. 

But  this  is  not  the  only  GAS  application 
in  the  manufacture  of  Homestead  valves. 
Core  ovens,  annealing  furnaces,  and  non- 
ferrous  crucible  furnaces  are  all  heated  by 
the  productive  flames  of  GAS.  In  modern 
foundry  practice  GAS  is  the  logical  fuel  for 
all  heating  and  heat-treating  operations. 


FEBRUARY.  1948 


39 


NEW  DEVELOPMENTS  .  .  . 

(  (.'iHiliniK-.l  tioni  I'atic  .^S  ) 
lliioicsii'iKf  analysis  unit  niaki-s  a\ail- 
ablf  an  i-ntircl\'  new  approach  to  many 
of  iruliisti\'s  problems  of  metal  analysis 
anil  control.  The  x-ray  niethoii  permits 
analyses  to  be  made  without  ilestroyinfj 
the  specimetis  used  for  the  purpose.  This 
method  also  permits  a  rapid  determina- 
tion of  the  percentage  of  a  component 
present  in  large  or  small  proportions. 


Gas  Turbine 

.\  British  concerji  is  now  building 
two  ships  with  closed  cycle  gas  turbines 
as  power  units.  This  will  be  a  new  thing 
in  the  Hell!  of  marine  power  plants.  The 
units  used  will  develop  6,()()()  siiaft 
horsepower.  Future  plans  call  for  build- 
ing some  units  with  a  shaft  horsepower 
of  50,000.  These  installations  will  take 
onl\  about  one-(ifth  as  much  space  as 
equivalent  steam  or  diesel  propelling 
units.  1?\-  using  the  closed  cycle  type  of 
turbines,  the  blades  and  other  parts  will 
come  into  contact  with  pure  air  onh'  and 
thereby  prevent  impurities  from  fouling 
the  fine  blades  and  other  parts.  It  is 
expected  that  the  units  will  ha\  e  a  life 
of  around    iOO.OOl)  hour>. 

Variable  pitch  blades  will  also  bv 
used,  thereby  eliminating  the  need  for 
gear  reducers  and  increasing  the  general 
efficiency  of  these  plants. 


ILLINI  IN  ACTION  .  .  . 

(  C'linnnucd  lioiii  Page  14  ) 
Engineers,  and  now  is  serving  as  chair- 
man of  the  Kxecutive  Committee  of  this 
local.  6.  Ilngaged  in  fraternal  activities 
quite  widely  and  for  many  years  was 
president  of  the  Chicago  Fraternal  Life 
association.  7.  Participated  in  institut- 
ing the  insurance  :ictivity  of  the  Mimici- 
pal  Fmployes  society  in  1027.  <S.  Was 
line  of  the  organizers  ami  first  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  Municipal  Fmployes  Insur- 
ance association  founded  in  1937.  9.  Suc- 
ceeded to  the  presidenc\-  of  the  Insurance 
association  in   194.^. 

Beginning  September  I,  bunting  and 
fishing  became  the  principal  interests  of 
CLFVFS  H.  HOWELL  US,  Long- 
mont,  Colorado,  who  has  announced  his 
retirement  from  a  distinguished  engineer- 
ing career.  He  has  been  engaged  for  the 
past  10  \ears  as  project  engineer  of  the 
Colorado-Hig  Thompson  project,  L  .  S. 
Bureau  of  Reclamation,  one  of  the  mon- 
umental feats  of  American  engineering, 
and  construction  engineer  of  the  Conti- 
nental Divide  (Alva  B.  Adams)  tunnel. 
This  13-mile  tunnel,  the  longest  in  the 
world  to  he  built  from  two  headings, 
\\  ill  divert  water  from  the  western  slope 
(it  the  Continental  Divide  and  Rocky 
Mountain  National  Park  to  the  eastern 
slope.  The  Big  Thompson  project  pro- 
vides for  the  diversion  of  surplus  water 


fro[n  bcadw.iters  of  the  Colorado  river 
on  the  western  slope  of  the  Continental 
Di\iile  to  lands  on  the  eastern  slope  in 
northeastern  Colorado  to  supplement 
present  inadequate  irrigation  supph  and 
provide  opportuiuties  for  ile\elopment  of 
Indroelectric  powei . 

At  Kagoshima  on  Japan's  l\\ushu 
island,  Lt.-Col.  RUSSFLL  L.  Mc- 
MIRRAY  '26  serves  as  military  gov- 
iTiuir.  A  chemical  engineer  in  ci\ilian 
life,  he  was  commander  of  a  chemical 
mortar  battalion  on  the  Fifth  army  front 
in  Italy,  fought  at  Salerno  and  An/.io 
and  won  the  Purple  Heart  and  Silver 
Star.  He  is  a  native  of  Peoria,  is  mar- 
ried and  has  a  daughter  and  two  sons. 

FFNC.  C.  LINC,  '21  states:  '.My 
M.  F.,  F.F.  and  C.F.  courses  are  still 
most  useful  to  me."  Since  the  end  of 
the  war  he  has  had  charge  of  two  rail- 
way lines  in  his  province.  He  is  repair- 
ing the  war-damaged  section  of  one 
which  connects  Indochina  with  the  south. 

In  the  reorganization  of  the  General 
Electric  company  into  integrated  depart- 
ments October  "l,  W.  C.  HECKMAN 
'20,  M.E.  '26,  was  appointed  manager 
of  the  aeronautic  and  ordinance  systems 
division.  In  his  new  position  he  will 
have  entire  charge  and  direction  of  man- 
ufacture, design,  and  commercial  activity 
in  this  class  and  field  of  products. 


Short  facts  about  long-lived  cable 


University  Placement  Service 

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finding   the   right   job  for  the   right   person 

CONTRACTS    WITH   INDUSTRIES   THROUGHOUT 
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On   the   Campus 

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40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


RIGHT  THUMB 


Because 

photography 

authenticates... 


bhow  a  jury  photographic  evidence  .  .  . 
the\  "re  pretty  sure  to  recognize  its  authen- 
ticit\-.  The  camera,  they  know,  records 
exactly  what  it  "sees"— no  more,  no  less  .  .  . 
reports  impersonalh',  without  prejudice. 

Because  this  is  so,  photography  is  called 
upon  to  authenticate  throughout  business 
and  industry. 

In  business,  Recordak  microfilming  verifies 
banking  transactions  .  .  .  authenticates  billing 
procedures. 

In  tlie  laboratory,  high  speed  movies  confiim 
working  theories. 

In  advertising,  photographic  illustrations 
attest  products'  beauty  and  utility. 

In  selling,  motion  pictures  convincingly 
demonstrate  product  and  product-promise. 

In  engineering,  Kodagraph  papers  repro- 
duce drawings  — no  matter  how  detailed— 
with  photographic  accuracy  and  completeness. 

In  the  foundry,  radiographv  establishes  the 
soundness  of  castings,  of  weldments. 

And  your  business—?  Whv  not  make  sure  it 
too  is  taking  full  ad\antage  of  the  things 
photographv  can  do  because  it  authenticates 
.  .  .  because  of  its  other  special  abilities?  To 
check  up,  write  for  "Fiuictional  Photographv"; 
it's  free,  of  course. 

Eastman  Kodak  Co.,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


FuiKtional  Photography 

is  advancing  business  and  industrial  technics 


. . .  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  CHEMISTRY 


NEW  NON-STOP  PROCESS 
PRODUCES  G-E  PHENOL 


II  you  were  to  \  isit  the  Chemical  DciJai  i- 
nicMl  ol  the  {;iMicral  KIcctric  Conipain 
ai  I'iiisficld.  Mass..  voii  could  walrh 
sotiitihiiin  new  ill  the  pioduciion  of 
phenol.  It's  a  conliiuious  operation 
process  developed  by  G-E  chemists  and 
nif;liieeis.  With  the  completion  of  this 
plant.  CJencial  Electric  becomes  the  only 
(iiinpany  in  the  United  States  to  .start 
with  the  production  of  chemicals . . .  con- 
\crt  them  into  resin  .  .  .  then  molding 
powder  or  \arnish  .  .  .  and  finally  fabri- 
latc  them  into  a  long  list  of  finished 
molded  or  laminated  |)n)ducts. 

I'hcnolic  compounds  are  among  the 
most  useful  molding  poivders.  Since 
phenol  is  so  important  in  the  fast-grow- 
iTig  plastics  industrv.  its  processing 
should  be  of  interest  to  every  voimg 
chemist  and  student  of  chemistry. 

How  is  phenol  made?  The  basic  in- 
gredients used  at  Pittsfield  arc  ben/ol. 
chlorine,  and  caustic  soda. 


Caustic  effluent  from  ekxtiolyiii  <ills  is 
evaporated  to  20  per  cent  aiul  the  salt 
crystals  .separated.  Caustic  is  dihned  to 
H)  per  cent  for  Itydrolyzing  llie  mono- 
(lilorbenzol.  Chlorine  leaving  the  cells 
at    180  V.  is  cooled  to  55.  The  gas  is 


compressed  10  20  lb.  and  goes  to 
the  chlorinator.  Here  it  meets 
with  benzol  and  monochlorbenzol 
is  formed.  Ga.ses  leave  from  the 
lop  ol  the  chlorinator.  The  hydro- 
chloric acid  is  recovered  to  be  used 
later  in  neutralizing  sotlium 
phcncilate  to  release  |)licnol.  The  li(|uid 
leaving  the  chlorinator  is  composed 
ol  unreacted  benzol,  monochlorbenzol. 
and  dichlorbcnzols.  It  is  nciuralized  and 
the  components  are  separated. 

The  monochlorbenzol,  caustic,  and 
diphenyl  ether  are  then  mixed  and  the 
mixture  is  compressed  to  4,000  lb.  per 
sq.   in.   The   temperature   is   raised   to 


*9VQii^^HnrT 

Highpr. 


e,  high  fempe 


500  E.  The  feed  next  enters  the  radiant 
section  of  the  tubular  reactor  and  is 
brought  up  to  reaction  temperature.  In 
the  convection  section  the  mixture  is 
held  at  high  temperature  luuil  the  re- 
action is  complete.  Substantially  all 
monochlor  is  reacted  to  sodium  phcno- 
late.  diphenyl  ether,  or  high  boiling 
residues.  The  mixture  is  cooled  and  the 
pressure  reduced.  In  a  decanter  the 
(liphen\l  ether  is  separated.  Phenolate 


is  neutralized  with  hydrochloric  acid 
forming  a  brine  layer  and  a  phenol- 
waici  layer.  The  phenol  is  recovered  by 


Control  panel  for  hydrolysis  and  distillation. 

tlistillation  and  sent  to  Mnr.i^r  in  1,111k 
cars,  ready  to  be  shipped  to  plants  re- 
(juiring  this  vital  compound. 

I  his  ingenious  and  elficieiu  ])rocess 
is  another  example  of  what  G-E  chemists 
and  engineers  do  to  aid  in  the  develop- 
iiKiit  of  a  great  many  industries  and  in- 
dustrial projects.  Today  the  dcmatids  of 
the  users  of  chemical  products  are 
extremely  varied.  General  Electric, 
through  its  chemists  and  chemical  engi- 
neers of  today— and  tomorrow— will  con- 
tinue to  meet  those  demands.  Chemical 
Drparlment.  Genera}  Electric  ComlJaiiy. 
Pittsfield,  Masm(  hiisriis. 


!W  oSu 


Tanks  storing  phenol  and  intermediate  products. 


W^  J 

.■1   iiivssuqc  <<>  sii„li;if«  r)f  rhcmUtn/  iind  chemical 

cnu:nceri„a  jrom 

DH.  CH.XRLES  E.   REED 

Manager.  Chciiiicul  En<jiiiccri)iii  Division 

General  Electric  Chemical  Deimrtment 

The  future  of  the  ])lastics  industry  presents  a  rhalleiiKe  to  evcr.N 
.student  of  chemistrv  and  chemical  ensineeriiiK.  Here  at  Oeneial 
I^leolrii'— where  plastics  were  pioneered  and  inan.v  other  chemical 
and  metallurgical   processes  and  products  developed— .vou  niav 
Iind  exactl.v  the  facilities  and  environment  ,von  are  seeking  to 
carrv  on  .vour  work  after  sradnalion. 

GENERAL  m  ELECTRIC 


PLASTICS    •    SILICONES    •    INSULATING  MATERIALS    •   GLYPTAL  ALKYD  RESINS    •    PERMANENT  MAGNETS 


March,  1948  •  2H«nt$ 

MEMBER    OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINE^S    ASSOCIATED 


One  mail -Nerving  all  jjim: 
-um  vdiir  liiiir 

I'orinorc  tlian  Iwriilv  \ cars  (larliiilc  ami 
(  iarliiiii  (:ii)-iiii('al>  Corporation  lias  iiiaiit- 
laincd  a  slalT  of  Icrliiiicallx  Iraincd  rcprc- 
-i'iila(i\i'>  to  serve  its  fiisUmuTs  lliroii<;hoiit 
llic  coiintrx.  Now.  inorc  (liail  ever,  this 
|Milic\  iiirans  liiiK'  and  fllorl  savcil  lor  von. 

I'.verv  ( iarliidf  rcprcsi-nlalivi-  is  a  gradn- 
alf  clu'misl  or  <'li*-nii('al  rn^incrr.  This 
liasic  technical  knowledge,  pins  research 
evperience  in  onr  laboratories,  special 
trainin<;  in  onr  home  office,  and  practical 
knowledge  gained  in  ihe  field,  gives  onr 
representative  the  haekground  n<-eded  to 
he  of  assistance  to  all  three,  the  men  in 
voiir  plant,  \oiir  lah<>ralor>,  and  your 
pnrchasing  department. 

^  hen  von  have  problems  involving  the 
use.  development,  or  purchase  orcheniicals, 
call  onr  nearest  office  and  discuss  them 
with  a  Carbide  representative.  And  if  yon 
would  like  a  copy  of  onr  catalog.  "Syn- 
llietie  C)rganic  Chemicals."  please  address 
I  )epartment  ''A." 


CARBIDE  and  UUM 
CHEMICALS  CORPORATION 

Unit  of  Unkm  Carbidt  and  Carbon  Corporation 

30  East  42niJ  Street  ES  Mew  York  17.  N.  Y. 


Purchasing 


-li^m 


p 

P 

P 

i 

WF 

m 

w 

ill. 

Ml 

!  i 

Offices 

in  Pri 

ncipal  Cities 

In  Car 

ado: 

Carbide 

and  Carb 

>nCh* 

mical 

,  Limited,  Toronto 

Laboratory  curiosity— Now  a  COLOSSUS 


Chemists  and  Engineers  Team  Up 
for  Progress  at  Pa.\d  G 


From  basic  chemical  research,  science 
moves  forward  into  many  different  fields 
at  Procter  &  Gamble.  Here's  an  example: 

A  major  synthetic  detergent  is  made  by 
the  sulfation  and  neutralization  of  fatty 
alcohols.  These  alcohols  are  prepared  by 
the  sodium  reduction  of  long-chain  esters. 

The  Dicture  left  shows  a  reduction  of  a 


triglyceride  to  an  alcohol  by  the  classic 
Bouveault-Blanc  process,  in  one  of  the  re- 
search laboratories.  For  years  this  was  a 
laboratory  curiosity.  Recent  research, 
however,  increased  yields  and  brought 
the  possibility  of  commercial  use. 

The  picture  right  shows  the  colossus 
that  has  grown  out  of  this  research.  It"s  a 


new  P  AND  G  plant, now  using  sodium  in 
tank  car  lots  to  produce  fatty  alcohols. 

Between  the  two  lies  the  whole  story 
of  science  at  P  and  G— of  chemists  and 
engineers  working  together  to  create  new 
products  and  new  processes  and  to  de- 
sign, build,  and  operate  new  equipment 
and  new  factories. 

This  is  scientific  teamwork  at  its  best 
—teamwork  tiiat  leads  to  progress. 


Procter  &  Gamble 


Cincinnati  17,  Ohio 


Hfi  .Iwhn  nivli.  K.K.  '  l» 
Hvrh  Mtizvr.  K.li.  '.10 

Ken  Mi'Oiran.  M.K.  '  i» 


Torque  Converter 

ConsiiliTftl  Dill-  (it  the  ii\it>taiKtinsr 
automotive  fiij;inccrint;  (IcNclopim-iits 
siiKT  the  war,  Hiiick's  lu-w  Dynaflow 
transmission,  introduced  for  1948  on 
Roa<imastiT  cars,  multiplies  cnjjine 
torque  and  transmits  power  to  the  rear 
\\heels  throu<rh  an  oil  pump  turbine  and 
stator  combination  instead  ot  throuKb 
coiuentional  gears.  This  combination  is 
called  a  torque  converter.  The  clutch 
pedal  and  conventional  clutch  are  ehm- 
inated  as  are  all  sliding  gears.  Instead, 
the  power  plant,  through  the  torque 
converter,  does  what  gears  used  to  do, 
transmitting  a  smooth  How  of  oil  cush- 
ioned po\\er  as  needed  from  a  standing 
start  to  cruising  speeds.  Planetary  gears, 
operated  b\  the  converter  are  provided 
for  reverse  and  extreme  load  conditions 
and  extreme  grades,  or  for  "rocking" 
the  car.  (^nly  accelerator  and  brake 
pedal  are  needed  in  the  driver's  com- 
partment. A  selector  lever  mounted 
\mder  the  steering  wheel  chooses  the 
driving  range  and  direction  and  provides 
for  parking  and  neutral  positions. 
Shown  above  is  a  cutawav  view  of  the 
DviiaHovv. 

Man-Made  Rain 

The  dry-ice  or  silver  iodide  methods 
of  producing  rain  from  super-cooled 
clouds  have  been  supplemented  and  per- 
haps by-passed  by  a  new  method  for  pro- 
ducing "man-made"  rain.  Recently  dis- 
closed by  Dr.  Irving  Langmuir,  associate 
director  of  the  General  Electric  com- 
pany's research  laboratory,  the  method 
consists  of  dispensing  small  quantities  of 
ordinary  water  into  actively  growing 
cumulus  clouds.  The.se  clouds  must  have 
certain  characteristics  including  an  up- 
ward wind  current  of  at  least  five  miles 
per  hour,  fully  grown  cloud  water  drop- 
lets, a  high  clo\id  water  content,  and  a 
cloud  thickness  of  several  thousand  feet. 
These  characteristics  are  evident  in  most 
of  the  active  cumulus  cloud  formations. 

According  to  the  theory  behind  the 
method,  the  small  quantity  of  water  in- 
jected into  the  cumlus  cloud  will  begin 
to  fall  in  the  form  of  ordinarv'  water 
drops.  .As  they  fall,  they  will  collect  the 
tiny  cloud  water  droplets  in  their  paths. 
Thus,  the  drops  will  be  continuously 
growing  as  they  fall. 

When  the  water  droplets  reacli  tluir 
critical  si/e,   (about  .^    16  of  an  inch  in 


Dynaflow  transmission  replaces  conventional  gears 


diameter),  they  will  begin  to  shed  water 
particles.  These  particles,  too  little  in 
weight  to  resist  the  upward  wind  cm- 
rents  in  the  cloud,  will  be  driven  up- 
ward. However,  they  too,  will  collect 
the  smaller  cloud  droplets  in  their  paths 
until  a  weight  is  accumulated  that  is 
sufficient  to  overcome  the  upward  force 
of  the  wind  ;  thus  the  drops  will  begin  to 
fall.  In  this  maiuier,  according  to  Dr. 
Langmuir,  a  chain  reaction  will  progress 
throughout  the  cloud. 

Hy  use  of  this  method,  a  self-propagat- 
ing rainstorm  may  be  stimulated.  Since 
the  loss  of  cloud  droplets  lowers  the 
density  of  the  cloud,  the  upward  wind 
currents  could  cause  the  cloud  to  grow 
to  much  greater  heights.  If  this  occurs, 
the  cloud  will  probably  draw  in  addi- 
tional moisture  from  the  atmosphere  and 
thus  continue  the  chain  reaction  rainfall. 

Operating  Costs 
Reduced 

.'\  long  st.mduig  cause  nf  increased 
operating  costs  is  (inally  on  the  vva\'  out 
thanks  to  the  Illinois  Central   Railroad. 

This  railroad  has  just  completed  con- 
struction of  five  new  hopper  cars  that 
weigh  only  four-fifths  as  much  as  cars 
now  used  for  similar  work. 


The  use  of  such  equipment  means 
more  pay  load  for  the  railroads.  The 
savings  that  could  be  realized  by  a  wide- 
spread development  and  use  of  light- 
weight cars  might  well  be  the  long 
sought-after  means  of  actively  compet- 
ing with  the  truck  lines  that  have  caused 
the  railroads  much  concern  in  recent 
years  due  to  their  lower  operating  costs 
and   resultant  lower  tariffs. 

Temperature  Control 

A  new  development  of  an  old  idea 
has  resulted  in  the  manufacture  of  a 
set  of  controls  that  insure  uniform  tem- 
perature through  the  entire  area  of 
furnaces  where  variations  are  not  allow- 
able. This  device  is  coupled  both  with 
the  heat-producing  elements  and  a 
recording  thermometer.  Readings  of 
temperature  are  possible  over  a  large 
area  within  the  furnace  and  adjustments 
are  possible  over  any  part  of  this  area. 
It  is  possible  also  to  keep  one  part  of 
the  furnace  at  a  slightly  lower  temper- 
ature than  that  of  the  surrounding 
areas.  This  device  has  filled  a  great  need 
in  the  pottery  industrv'  where  tempera- 
ture control  is  of  prime  importance  for 
the  piiiduction  of  a  uniform  product. 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


To  be  patentable,  a  technical  contribu- 
tion must  be  both  new  and  useful.  At 
Standard  Oil  (Indiana)  there  exists  a 
stimulating  atmosphere  in  which  our  tech- 
nical men  continuously  contribute  to 
progress  with  new,  useful  inventions. 

The  work  of  all  our  research  men  is  re- 
viewed by  trained  patent  advisors.  When 
a  researcher  conceives  a  new  solution  to  a 
problem,  he  is  encouraged  to  submit  it  in 
tlie  form  of  a  disclosure.  A  careful  search 
is  made  on  his  behalf  by  Standard  Oil 


library  research  experts  and  patent  attor- 
neys. Their  findings  and  the  results  of 
laboratory  tests  go  with  the  disclosure  to 
an  application  committee.  On  the  aver- 
age, one  patent  application  is  filed  for 
every  seven  disclosures  submitted. 

This  procedure  gets  results  for  Stand- 
ard Oil  and  Standard  men.  We  believe  it 
compares  most  favorably  with  the  patent 
practices  of  other  industries — and  few  in- 
deed can  match  Standard's  record  for 
technological  progress. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


(INDIANA) 


910  S.  Michigan  Av 


Chicago,  Illinois 


(standard 


MARCH,  1948 


There's  a 


future  ior  you 


in 


"^acturing 

at  Westinghouse 


This  is  but  one  of  the  many  op- 
portunities open  in  the  electrical 
field.  There  are  many  others — in 
Bales,  research  and  engineering  at 
Vt  estinghouse.  Begin  plans  for 
your  future  by  sending  today  for 
your  free  copy  of  "Finding  Your 
Place  in  Industry". 


ouse 

OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


\\  hfrevcr  there's  manufarturing,  there 
are  johs  for  engineers.  Westinghoiise  is 
one  of  tlie  largest  electrical  manufac- 
turers in  the  world  —  its  prorliiets  are 
as  «liversified  as  industry  itself!  There's 
a  joh  and  a  future  for  you  here.  For 
-  ~  ~  -"—    cxaniple.  \\  estinghouse  needs: 

MANUFACTURING  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  siiow  |iroduelion  people  how  to  turn  out  the 
proiiuct  afl<'r  it  has  heen  designed. 

METHODS  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  iinpro\e  eflieienev  in  nx'tiiods  of  production. 

PRODUCTION  CONTROL  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  get  the  right  materials  at  the  right  place  at 
the  right   time. 

QUALITY  CONTROL  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  supervise  inspection  of  materials  and  work- 
manship at  every  step  in  the  pnx'css  of  manu- 
facture, and  help  develop  the  highest  standards. 

TEST  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  see  that  correct  and  uniform  methods  are 
applied  in  testing  apparatus  to  assure  compli- 
ance with  the  <-ustonier"s  specifications. 

PLANT  LAYOUT  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

to  plan  installation  of  new  manufacturing  facili- 
ties or  revamping  of  the  old. 

Here's  a  challenge  for  your  future.  The  held  is 
limited  onlv  hv  the  initiative  and  resourcefulness 
of  the  engineer  himself.  (.-itoiol' 


To    obtain    copy    of    "Finding    Your    Place    in    Industry,"    consult 
Placement  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

'I'hr  Dislrirt  hAttiratiotud  ('ttonlinaliir 

If  rstinfihottsf  Klrvtric  Corpiiratitm 

20  ;\.  If  arkrr  Driiv,  P.O.  liu.x  II.  /.iitic  90 

Chicago  0,  Illinois 


Name 

College- 


Address- 
City 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

George   R.   Foster Editor 

Ed  Witort Assoc.  Editor 

John   Dick Asst.  Editor 

Phil  Doll 4sst.  Editor 

Barbara   Schmidt  ..J/ci/6('«/>  Editor 


Reporting 

Donald  Johnson  John  Shurtleff 
Carl  Sonnenschein  Shirley  Smith 
Herbert  Jacobson  Sam  Jefferie 
Kenneth  McOw; 
Connie  Minnick 


Herbert  Mazer 
Melvin  Reiter 
Charle^   Straus 
CJeorge  Bailev 
Averv   Heves'h 


Glenn  Massie 
George  Ricker 
Duke  Silvestrini 
Ronald  Johnson 
Rav   Mauser 
Orville  Wunderlii 


Ted  Sohn 
Willard  E.  Jone 


Fhotot/ni/'liy 

Jack  Stumpf 


fA* 


4^-< 


^^-^ 


Volume  63 


Number  6 


The  Tech  Presents 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Robert  A.  Johnson.. Bus.  Mgr. 

Stanley  Diamond. .Asst.  Bus.  RIgr. 
Mitchell  Cnsf.\A\..Asst.  Bus.  iMgr. 

Richard  Leek Asst.  Bus.  Jllgr. 

Fred  Seavey Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 


John  Bogatta 
Rudy  Vergara 
George  Kvitek 
James  Chapman 
Robert  Cox 
Robert  Levin 
Frank  Mitch 
William  Anderson 
Don    Hornbcck 


Dick    Ames 
Clem    Marley 
Ira    Evans 
Bob    Golden 
Adam    Pientka 
Ra\'    Harris 
Bob  Dodds 
Stan  Burnham 
Dick    Hammack 


ARTICLES 

Ind\istrial    Sightseeing   7 

Ronald  Johnson,  Com.   '4S 

Protected  by  Plastics  8 

Don  Ilornht'ik.  Ch.   E.   '4S 

E.  E.  Curriculum  9 

(.;ienn  Mnssie.  E.  E.  '4^ 


Faculty   Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS    (IE    ENGINEERINT, 
COI.LECE   MAGAZINES   ASSOCIATE!) 
Chairman:   John   A.   Henry 
University  of   Illinois,   Urbana,   111. 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Cooperative 
Engineer,   Colorado   Engineer,   Cornell    Engi- 
neer,     Drexel     Technical     Journal,     Illinois 
Technograph,    lnwa    KiiL^iiiLcr,    Iowa   Transit, 
K.Lii-,L^     State    Engineer, 
M.tri|uctte      Engineer, 
Miinu-snta      Technolog, 
Ntlira^ka      Blueprint, 
^it%     I  liKiilrangle,     North 
Dakota    State     Knuim-ir,    I  )hio    State    Engi- 
neer,  Oklahoma    State    EnKineer,    Penn    State 
Engineer,     Pennsylvania     Triangle,     Purdue 
Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  Rose  Technic, 
Tech    Engineering    News,    Wayne    Engineer, 
and   Wisconsin   Engineer. 


Kentucky  t 
Michigan  1 
Missouri  S 
York 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 


Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary, March,  April,  and  May)  by  The  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter.  October  .U).  1921,  at  llu  |.M,t  ,,frm- 
of  Crbana,  Illinois,  by  act  mI  (,,„l.,,,s 
March  .1,  1879.  Office  Jl!  1mii;ii,h  r  niu 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subs. 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  c 
rights  reserved  by  The  IllinoU 


ription,  $1.50 
■nts.  Kepnnt 
Technograph. 


Publisher's  Representative— Littell  Murray- 
Barnhill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago  11,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  New 
York    17,   New    York. 


DEPARTMENTS 

New  Developments  2 

John  Dick.  E.  E.  '4^.  Ilerh  Mazer.  E.  E.  '50. 
and  Ken  McOiran.  M.   E.   '4'^ 

Engineering  Societies  10 

John  Shurtleff.  (A,.  E.  '50.  and  Tom  Moore.  E.  E.  '.50 

Navy    Pier  12 

Introducing    14 

Dick  Ilammaek.  G.  E.  '4S.  Shirley  Smith,  E.  P.  '.^0. 
and  Ilerh  Jacohson,  M.   E.   '50 

Editorial  16 


OUR  COVER 

A  familiar  sight  wherever  structural  steel  framing  is  used  in 
building  is  the  man  who  heats  the  rivets  and  fosses  them  up  to 
the  riveting  crew.  In  this  case,  the  picture  was  taken  on  the  site 
of  the  new  chemical  engineering  building  on  the  University  of 
Illinois  campus. 

FRONTISPIECE 

One  of  the  many  well  designed  and  engineered  buildings 
constructed  by  John  J.  Felmley  Company  is  the  United  States 
Tobacco  Company  factory  in   Richmond,  Va. 


1 


nmnr'^  nil! 


iiiiini  .:nH 


miiM  'nm 


miiHiiieiiiis 


HUUillilllll! 


■Hiimmiuii  ■.jiii: 


i. 


Industrial  Sinlitseeinflf 


^oiui  /.  ^eUvUif  Ca. 


Itff  KunuUI  •Inhnson,  1'onini.  */// 


The  John  Kelniley  company,  with  its 
main  offices  in  Hioominjiton,  Illinois, 
has  established  a  high  reputation  in  Illi- 
nois, Tennessee,  and  Virginia  for  its 
general  and  heavy  construction  work. 
The  history  of  the  company  dates  back 
almost  thirteen  \ears,  at  which  time  a 
small  group  of  men  under  the  direction 
of  John  Felmley  made  plans  for  organ- 
izing a  heavy  construction  company. 
During  the  years  that  followed,  the 
company  did  most  of  its  work  in  Cen- 
tral Illinois.  The  company  is  licensed 
in  both  the  states  of  Tennessee  and  Vir- 
ginia and  has  operated  there  in  the  past. 

The  high  standards  of  construction 
work  performed  is  the  responsibility  of 
highly  trained  and  highly  experienced 
executives  and  professional  men.  A 
brief  summary  of  the  backgrounds  of 
the  company's  executives  is  gi\en  in  the 
outline  which  follows: 

President:  John  Felmley,  graduate  of 
the  L'ni\ersit>  of  Illinois  (1925)  in 
architectviral  engineering.  He  has  had 
thirty  years  of  experience  in  the  general 
building  construction  and  contracting 
busniess. 

Vice-president  and  (General  Superin- 
tendent: R.  C.  Dickerson,  graduate  of 
Purdue  University  in  civil  engineering, 
has  had  twenty  years'  experience  in  con- 
struction work,  most  of  this  time  as  a 
superintendent.  He  is  in  charge  of  the 
two  buildings  being  constructed  here  on 
campus. 

Vice-president    and    (leneral    Superin- 


tendent: (X  R.  Callbeck,  originally  a 
carpenter,  served  his  apprenticeship  from 
1014  to  1917.  He  has  had  thirty  years 
of  experience,  twenty-five  of  which  were 
in  the  capacity  of  carpenter  foreman  and 
general  superintendent  in  charge  of 
large   construction    projects. 

Secretary  and  Auditor:  C.  V.  (Juiett 
has  been  in  the  accounting  end  of  the 
construction   business   for  twenty  years. 

Treasurer  and  Estimator:  A.  IVl.  Al- 
Ivn   attended   the   University  of   Illinois 


This  article  about  tlie  Jolin  J. 
Felmley  Co.  of  Bloomington,  Illi- 
nois, is  the  sixth  in  a  series  on 
local  industries.  The  purpose  of 
the  series  is  to  stimulate  thinking 
on  the  part  of  prospective  engi- 
neers on  the  subject  of  employ- 
ment and  work.  Numbering  several 
Illinois  men  among  its'  executives, 
this  company  is  an  excellent  exam- 
ple of  opportunity  in  the  construc- 
tion business. 


three  years  in  architectural  engineering. 
He  has  had  thirty  years'  experience  in 
estimating. 

Chief  Engineer:  T.  S.  Blackmail, 
graduate  of  the  University  of  (leorgia 
(1925)  in  civil  engineering,  has  had 
twenty-two  years  of  experience  in  engi- 
neering and   construction   work. 

(leneral  Superintendent:  D.  L.  Cjard, 
graduate   of    the    I'niversitv   of    Minne- 


sota (1924)  in  civil  engineering  has  had 
twenty-three  years'  experience  in  gen- 
eral construction   and  engineering. 

Assistant  Superintendent  and  Engi- 
neer: James  B.  Meek,  graduate  of  the 
I'niversity  of  Illinois  (1942)  in  civil 
engineering.  Mr.  Meek  is  in  charge  of 
construction  on  the  Chemistry  and 
Chemical  Engineering  building  on  cam- 
pus. 

The  company,  employing  100%  un- 
ion mechanics  and  laborers,  handles  all 
types  of  general  and  heavy  construction 
including  school  buildings,  office  build- 
ings, hotels,  apartment  buildings,  banks, 
factories,  power  houses,  sewage  disposal 
plants,  water  works,  etc.  Some  of  the 
principal  projects  that  were  constructed 
ui  the  past  twelve  years  consist  of: 

State  Farm  Insurance  companv  office 
building  in    Bloomington.   Illinois. 

Dormitories  and  Union  building,  Illi- 
nois Wesleyan  university,  Bloomington, 
Illinois. 

Library,  Illinois  State  Normal  uni- 
\ersity.   Normal,  Illinois. 

Factory  for  Sylvania  Electric  com- 
pany,  Bloomington,   Illinois. 

Memorial  hospital,  Springfield,  Illi- 
nois. 

Power  plant  for  the  cit\  of  Spring- 
iield,   Illinois. 

Terminal  buildings  and  hangars  at 
the  Springfield  Public  airport,  Spring- 
field,   Illinois. 

(Continued   on   page  24) 


At   left   is   the   municipal    power   plant   for    Springfield,  III.,  built  by  the  John  J.  Felmley  Company. 
At  right  is  the  same  building  during  construction 


MARCH,  1948 


Protected   by   Plastics 


liH  Ifoii  lloriilH'vli.  1  h.K.  •/» 


Denlins;  with  one  of  the  lesser- 
known  applications  of  plastics,  this 
article  covers  the  use  of  plastics 
for  protective  coatings  on  finished 
metal  parts,  and  some  of  tlie  prob- 
lems involved  in  this  field. 


Alrliou^li  today's  plastics  wcic  pi- 
oiu-crcd  ()\er  100  years  ago,  they  re- 
mained merely  the  interest  of  the  small 
inimher  of  men  working;  on  the  crude 
resins  which  appeared,  usually  unintcn- 
tionall\-,  in  the  test  ruhes  ot  lesearch 
chemists.  Three  of  our  most  useful  syn- 
thetic resins,  polystyrene,  polyviinl 
chloride,  and  poly\inylidene  chloride  had 
been  prepared  before  1S40.  These  curi- 
ous resins  were  reported  in  the  literature 
as  they  were  discovered,  but  little 
thought  was  given  to  them  as  a  material 
for  the  manufacture  of  the  myriad  of 
household  and  industrial  items  we  now 
enjoy. 

While  the  19th  century  literature 
contains  frequent  reports  of  studies  made 
of  the  phenomena  of  polymerization  and 
condensation  of  these  resinous  materials, 
it  remained  for  Dr.  L.  H.  Haekeland. 
a  young  Belgian  chenu'st  at  work  in  an 
American  laboratory  in  1909,  to  recog- 
nize the  merits  of  a  phenol-aldehyde 
resin    which    he    had    prepared    and    to 


ajiply  industrial  practices  tn  the  com- 
mercial production  of  this  early  plastic. 
The  original  Hakelite  company  was  or- 
gam'zed  in  1910,  ;uid  it  is  at  present 
a  iiart  of  tlu  C.ubide  and  Carbon  Chem- 
icals corporation.  .As  the  opportunities  in 
this  Held  of  manufactme  of  organic 
resins  became  known,  other  enterprising 
gentlemen  orgaru'zed    sinu'lar  companies. 

Since  an  adequate  co\erage  of  the 
Held  of  plastics  would  require  several 
\()lumes,  we  shall  limit  ourselves  here  to 
the  single  sub-ilivision  concerning  the 
use  of  plastic  coatings  on  the  surface 
of  metals.  Certain  resins  have  been 
found  to  be  particularly  adaptable  to 
use  in  covering  metallic  surfaces.  The 
|iarticidar  properties  required  are  largely 
dependent  upon  the  service  in  which  the 
material  will  be  used.  A  listing  of  some 
of  these  properties  would  include  ineit- 
ness  to  the  action  of  heat,  light  or  \ari- 
ous  solvents,  ease  of  fabrication,  hard- 
ness, transparenc)',  adhesive  qualities, 
and  non-inflammability. 

The  two  general  objectives  for  the 
application  of  organic  coatings  on  metal 
are  to  protect  the  metal  from  corrosion 
and  to  pro\ide  a  pleasing  appearance. 
These  coatings  may  take  the  various 
forms  of  lacquers,  varnishes,  paints,  oi' 
enamels  to  be  applied  by  brush,  spra\, 
or  dip.  Many  special  finishes,  such  as 
wrinkle   coating,   ma\    be    used    for   ilec- 


A  wartime  packaging   development  is  the   use  of  certain    resins   to   pre- 
serve and  protect  metal  parts  in  storage  or  shipment. 


orative  effects.  The  constant  aim  of 
the  plastics  industry  is  to  develop  ma- 
terials that  will  permit  greater  ease  of 
application  and  wider  fields  of  usage. 
Further,  tluse  coatings  shall  be  more 
ie>istanr  to  solvent.'',  chenu'cals,  water, 
weather,  and  othei'  factors  which  cause 
premature  failure  of  present-day  pro- 
tective coatuigs. 

Temporary  protection  of  mechanical 
equipment  while  being  transported  to 
\  arious  theaters  of  war  demanded  the 
de\elopment  of  a  coating  resistant  to 
mild  abrasion  and  to  corrosive  atmo.s- 
pheres.  This  temporary  surface  had  to 
be  readily  strippable  from  the  metal  to 
facilitate  on-the-spot  replacement  of,  for 
example,  truck  parts.  Researchers  de- 
veloped a  plastic  containing  25%  ethyl 
cellulose,  25%  resin  plasticizer,  50' J 
mineral  oil  and  wax,  and  \'',  stabilizer 
and  inhibitor  to  insure  the  stability  of 
the  plastic  to  eft'ects  of  light,  heat,  and 
oxygen.  Ethyl  cellulose  is  the  ether  of 
cellulose  and  ethyl  alcohol,  made  by  the 
reaction  of  ethyl  chloride  upon  alkali 
cellulose,  which  is  prepared  from  wood 
pulp.  The  plasticizer  imparts  the  con- 
trollable properties  of  flexibility,  tough- 
ness,  and  impact  strength. 

The  metal  to  be  coated  was  dipped 
into  a  kettle  containing  this  ethyl  cel- 
lulose mixture  at  a  temperature  of  350 — 
.?75  F.  A  "double-dipping"  procedure 
has  been  recommended.  The  combined 
thickness  of  the  two  dips  should  be  be- 
tween 60  and  100  thousandths  of  an  inch 
in  thickness.  The  material  upon  cooling, 
forms  a  tough  skin-tight  protective  layer 
which  thoroughly  protects  the  metal  and 
at  the  same  time  is  easily  removed  by 
simply  slitting  aiid  peeling  off.  It  is 
abrasion-resistant  to  a  marked  degree. 
The  protective  qualities  of  this  material 
called  "Stripcoat"  are  retained  from 
— 30'  to  150'  F.,  and  it  will  withstand 
lOO't  relative  humidity  at  120'  F.  It  is 
water-  and  corrosion-proof,  and  also 
higly  resistant  to  salt  solutions.  Aside 
from  the  protection  which  this  package 
gives,  manufacturers  using  it  report  a 
saving  of  from  60  to  95' (  in  packaging 
time  tlepending  upon  the  t\pe  of  part 
being    dipped. 

Various  lacquers  were  formulated  for 
brushing  and  spraying  in  addition  to  the 
above-mentioned  dipping  process,  which- 
ever process  appeared  to  be  most  prac- 
tical for  the  individual  application. 

Certain  types  of  parts:  e.g.,  bearing 
assemblies,  were  packed  with  the  grease 
required  in  operation  and  then  given 
their  overall  coating.  Recent  industrial 
applications  have  included  the  use  of 
this  temporary  coating  to  protect  metal 
parts  while  in  the  course  of  intei-plant 
shipment,  in  transit  to  sub-contractors, 
and  in  protecting  export  products  being 
shipped  to  or  through  zones  of  unfavor- 
able climatic  conditions. 

(Continued  on  page  20) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Here  are  the  changes  inaugu- 
rated in  the  electrical  engineering 
curriculum.  They  will  eliminate 
overlapping,  but  will  mostly  intro- 
duce new  material,  especially  in 
illumination,  where  a  new  option 
has   been   added. 


E.  E.  CURRICULUM 


By  fmlenn  Jfasftie.  E.E.  '40 


The  electrical  engiiieering  department 
put  into  effect  a  new  curriculum  last 
spring,  atter  having  waited  until  most 
of  the  students  whose  education  was 
interrupted  by  the  war  had  returned  to 
the  campus.  Even  as  early  as  1940,  de- 
partment committees  were  making  a 
thorough  study  of  the  curriculum  for 
means  of  improving  the  course  offerings 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  student. 
It  was  felt  that  it  was  necessary  to 
eliminate  overlapping  of  some  courses 
and  to  introduce  new  material  where  a 
need  had  been  indicated.  However,  the 
activation  of  the  new  curriculum  had 
to  be  postponed  during  the  war  years. 
The  electrical  engineering  curriculum 
starts  with  the  sophomore  year.  Several 
major  changes  were  made  in  this  and 
the  junior  year.  A  course  in  Effective 
Speaking  was  added  to  help  the  engineer 
learn  how  to  present  his  ideas  in  a  clear 
and  forceful  manner.  Two  courses,  Pat- 
tern and  Foundry  Laboratory,  and  Hy- 
draulics, were  taken  from  the  required 
h'st,  but  may  still  be  taken  as  electives. 
The  study  of  Statics  and  Dynamics, 
which  previously  required  five  hours,  is 
now  covered  in  a  combined  four-hour 
course.  Basic  electrical  theory,  previously 
included  in  Introduction  to  Circuit 
Analysis  during  the  first  half  of  the 
junior  year,  is  now  incorporated  in  In- 
troduction to  Electrodynamics  and  is 
taken  during  the  last  semester  of  the 
sophomore  year.  The  great  importance 
of  a  thorough  mathematical  background 
to  the  electrical  engineer  was  indicated 
by  the  additional  hour  given  to  Differ- 
ential Equations  and  Drthogonal  Func- 
tions, now  a  three-  instead  of  a  two-hour 
course. 

Prior  to  the  change  of  curriculum,  all 
electrical  engineering  students,  whether 
interested  primarily  in  communications, 
power,  or  illumination,  had  taken  the 
same  courses  through  to  the  end  of  the 
junior  year.  However,  specialization 
now  starts  with  the  second  semester  of 
the  junior  year.  This  has  made  it  pos- 
sible to  gi\e  separate  introductory  cours- 
es in  electronics  and  electrical  machines 
and  illumination,  with  the  theory  and 
problems  being  directed  toward  the  par- 
ticular option.  A  new  course.  Measure- 
ments in  Electrical  Engineering,  taught 
by  the  electrical  engineering  staff,  has 
been  substituted  for  Electrical  and  Mag- 
netic Measurements,  which  was  taught 
b\    the   physics  department. 

A  large  portion  of  the  electrical  engi- 


neering ad\ances  made  during  the  last 
war  was  in  the  communications  field, 
and  this  has  been  recognized  by  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  various  communication 
courses.  The  major  difference  is  the 
renumbering  of  courses  and  the  inclu- 
sion of  new  material.  The  same  is  true 
to  a  lesser  degree  of  the  power  option, 
where  the  reorganization  of  course  ma- 
terial had   already  been  accomplished. 

The  importance  of  making  the  engi- 
neering curriculum  as  broad  as  possible, 
in  order  to  graduate  a  good  citizen  as 
well  as  a  good  engineer,  was  acknowl- 
edged by  the  addition  of  six  hours  to 
the  previous  allowatice  of  six  non- 
technical elective  credit  hours.  These 
twelve  hours  are  included  in  the  junior 
and  senior  years,  for  it  was  felt  that 
the  junior  or  senior,  having  attended  the 
University  for  several  \ears,  would  have 
decided  which  course  in  other  colleges 
would  best  help  him. 

Illumination  Option  Added 

The  importance  of  illiunination  as  an 
engineering  problem  was  recognized  by 
the  addition  of  illumination  to  commu- 
nications and  power  as  an  electrical  engi- 
neering option.  At  the  present  time  the 
University  of  Illinois  is  the  only  insti- 
tution in  the  country  offering  such  an 
option.  Courses  in  illumination  and 
photometry  have  been  offered  here  and 
elsewhere  for  over  fifty  years,  but  the 
new  option  is  designed  to  develop  light- 
ing engineers  for  manufacturing  con- 
cerns, scientific  and  research  laboratories, 
and  the  utilities.  A  new  pamphlet  titled 
"To  The  Prospective  Electrical  Engi- 
neer," soon  to  be  released  by  the  elec- 
trical engineering  department,  describes 
the  work  of  the  illumination  engineer 
in  these  terms: 

"In  this  profession  the  individual  will 
find  positions  ranging  from  abstract  re- 
search into  the  behavior  of  human  beings 
luider  the  influence  of  light,  to  positions 
in  the  sales  divisions  of  jobbers  and 
manufacturers  of  lighting  equipment. 
In  the  utilities  the  illumination  engineer 
acts  either  as  a  consultant  or  an  appli- 
cation engineer,  specifying  the  required 
illumination  and  designing  both  com- 
mercial and  industrial  lighting  systems. 
In  the  development  laboratories,  the 
requirements  may  range  from  research 
in  fundamental  principles  to  the  devel- 
opment of  new  sources  and  the  inves- 
tigation of  lighting  applications.  The 
manufacturer  requires  an  engineer  who 
can  design  equipment,  test  it,  and  follow 
through  to  the  actual  application  in  the 
field." 


As  with  communicatio[is  and  power, 
the  illuminating  option  begins  with  the 
second  semester  of  the  junior  year.  The 
illuminating  engineer  takes  the  electronic 
courses  required  for  the  power  group 
and  the  electrical  machine  comses  re- 
quired for  the  communications  group. 
Other  technical  courses  include  Illumi- 
nation Engineering,  Measurement  in 
Electrical  Engineering,  and  Illumination 
Design  Economics.  Physiology  of  Vision 
and  Ps>cholog}'  of  Vision  are  included 
in  the  illumination  curriculum  in  order 
that  the  physical  function  of  the  eye 
and  the  behavior  of  the  human  being 
toward  light  ma\  be  better  understood. 
Inasmuch  as  lighting  and  architectural 
design  are  closely  allied,  two  courses  in 
History  of  Architecture  are  also  pro- 
vided. Several  credit  hours  are  devoted 
to  Salesmanship  and  Sales  Administra- 
tion, for  the  illumination  engineer  must 
also   be   an   effective   salesman. 

It  is  not  expected  that  the  illumina- 
tion branch  will  graduate  more  than 
twenty  to  twenty-five  men  a  year  for 
some  time  to  come  as  the  value  of  tech- 
nically-trained men  is  not  yet  fully 
appreciated  by  the  illumination  industry. 
It  should  be  noted,  though,  that  the 
illumination  engineer  is  still  primarily 
an  electrical  engineer  and  can  compete 
in  either  the  communication  or  power 
fields. 

The  new  curriculum  is  less  elective 
than  the  old,  but  the  alert  student  still 
has  an  opportunity  to  receive  a  broad 
electrical  engineering  education.  The 
new  plan  guarantees  that  the  student 
takes  the  courses  in  which  he  has  "to 
dig  in  and  then  work  himself  out."  As 
in  the  past,  it  is  the  department's  aim 
that  each  electrical  engineering  gradu- 
ate shall  be  first  a  good,  well-roimded 
citizen,  a  capable  electrical  engineer  in 
any  option,  and  a  specialist  in  one  option. 


"Pardon  me,  Mrs.  Astor,  but  that 
would  never  have  happened  if  you 
hadn't   stepped     between   me   and     that 

spittoon." 

*        «       » 

Dean  (to  coed) — ''Are  you  writing 
that  letter  to  a  man?" 

Co-ed — "It's  to  a  former  roommate 
of  mine.  " 

Dean — "Answer  my  question.  " 

It's  all  right  to  compliment  her  on 
her  ankles  but  don't  compliment  her  too 
highly. 


M.\RCH,  1948 


""'I'  l^liiiiiiH'criiio  lliiiiiinirics  anil  T 

«!/  'hthn   Shurih'ff.  1  h.l':.  :iO  and   Turn  MtHtrv.  li.li.  '.10 


engim:i:kin(;  council 

St.  Pat's  Hall  will  be  held  on  March 
12,  1948.  This  was  the  decision  of  the 
Kiigincering;  Council  members  at  their 
second  nieetinj;,  called  to  order  by  Floyd 
Maiipiii  on  December  16  in  Room  21^ 
mini   I  iiion. 

Candidates  for  the  queen  of  the  ball 
may  be  entered  by  any  enjiineer  b\ 
submitting  pictures  to  the  Technofiraph 
office.  The  Queen  must  be  the  date  of 
an  engineer  at  the  dance.  Wives  of 
engineers  are,  of  course,  eligible  to  com- 
pete. The  (leadline  for  submitting  pic- 
tures will  be  February  2(1.  Soon  after 
this  date  the  candidates  will  be  elim- 
inated to  nine  girls  by  a  committee  of 
faculty  members  or  professional  photog- 
raphers. The  Queen  will  be  elected  at 
the  dance,  the  other  girls  being  her  court 
and   representing  the  eight  societies. 

In  entering  candidates  for  St.  Patrick, 
each  societN  will  choose  one  engineer 
to  represent  the  societ\.  This  choice 
must  also  be  turned  in  to  the  Techno- 
graph  office  by  February  20.  St.  Pat 
will  be  selected  at  the  dance  by  an 
applause  meter. 

The  meeting  of  January  6  was  calleil 
to  order  by   Murra\'   Forth. 

Hob  Chileiiskas,  co-chairman  of  the 
St.  Pat's  Ball  committee,  repojteil  on 
the  progress  of  the  comnu'ttee.  Bob 
Scharmer,  A.I.Ch.F.,  was  appointed  to 
head  the  contest  arrangements.  Frank 
Recny,  S.B.A.C.S.,  was  named  ticket 
chairman  ;  he  will  work  out  the  method 
of  ticket  distribution  and  make  up  the 
list  of  people  who  are  to  receive  com- 
plimentary tickets.  It  was  recommended 
that  ticket  sales  be  restricted  to  society 
members  for  the  first  week  that  they 
are  on  sale. 

The  Buck  Kmght  Trophy  contest 
was  postponed.  The  council  was  asked 
to  take  over  and  sponsor  the  contest  in 
the  future. 

A  suggestion  was  made  to  i  n  \  i  t  e 
several  representatixes  from  the  Inter- 
national Harvester  company  to  the 
L  niversity  to  meet  with  an  eight  society 
panel.  All  societies  are  to  let  the  coun- 
cil know,  through  their  representatives, 
how  they  would  like  such  a  meeting. 

The  St.  Pat's  Ball  committee  reported 
at  the  meeting  of  January  20  that  the 
dance  and  the  contests  for  St.  Patrick 
and  St.  Patricia  had  been  approved. 
Frank  Recny  gave  a  report  on  the  list 
of  patrons  and  those  who  woidd  receive 
complimentary  tickets.  The  elected  dele- 


gates on  the  coiuicil  will  receive  the 
allotted  number  of  tickets  for  their  soci- 
ety. Fifty  per  cent  of  the  profits  from 
the  dance  will  be  distributed  equally 
among  the  societies  and  the  rest  accord- 
ing to  the  membership  of  each  society. 
John  Prodaii  resigned  as  co-chairman 
.ind  will  be  leplaced  by  Keith  (loodwin. 

Mr.  S.  T.  Waidelich  of  the  Austin 
conipanv  will  be  her  on  .March  10  to 
talk  on  "Industrial  Plants — Who  De- 
signs Them?"  All  societies  are  urged  to 
publicize  this  program  to  their  members 
because  it  should  he  of  interest  to  ;ill 
students. 

Henceforth,  men  who  are  working 
with  the  two  standing  committees  and 
are  not  official  representatives  of  their 
respective  societies  will  be  known  as 
non-voting  members  of  the  council. 

A.I.E.E-I.R.E. 

An  election  of  officers  at  the  meeting 
of  January  22  produced  the  following 
result:  Orville  R.  Pomeroy,  president; 
Robert  ().  Duncan,  vice-president ;  Ar- 
thur R.  Jones,  secretary;  and  James 
Stew  a  r  t,  treasurer.  Don 
Richardson  and  John  Farley 
were  appointed  correspond- 
ing secretaries. 

(jeorge  D.  Lobinier,  su- 
perintendent of  the  student  recruitment 
department  of  Westinghouse,  addressed 
the  members  on  the  proper  technique 
for  a  student  to  use  when  being  inter- 
viewed for  a  job.  His  advice  was  to 
examine  the  resources  and  backgroiuid 
of  a  company  before  applying  for  a  job. 
A  report  on  the  latest  plans  for  the 
St.  Pat's  Ball  was  given  by  Keith  (llood- 
wiii,  one  of  the  Institute's  representa- 
ti\es  on   the  Engineering  Council. 

A.I.CH.E 

I  he  members  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Chemical  Engineers  met  on 
January-  7  to  hear  a  talk  given  by  Pro- 
fessor W.  E.  Chalmers  of  the  Institute 
of  Labor  and  Industrial  Relations. 
Xominations  were  made  at  this  meet- 
ing for  the  selection  of  a  candidate  to 
represent  the  chapter  in  the  election  of 
St.  Patrick  at  the  annual  St.  Pat's  Ball. 
A  business  meeting  was  held  on  Jan- 
uary 27,  at  which  time  officers  were 
elected  for  the  second  semester.  Don 
Hornbeck  was  re-elected  president  of 
the  chapter  by  the  unanimous  consent 
of  those  piesent.  Also  re-elected  was 
Herb  Schult/,  secretary  The  other  offi- 


cers electeil  were  the  following:  Bob 
Chilenskas,  vice-president ;  R.  W.  Fish- 
er, treasurer;  and  Richard  A.  Coderre, 
representative  to  the  engineering  coun- 
cil. Coderre  also  received  the  honor  of 
being  elected  as  the  chapter's  nominee 
for  St.    Patrick. 

Appointments  made  were  Jack  Rose 
as  chairman  of  the  .social  committee  and 
Ray  Harris  as  chairman  of  the  program 
committee. 

Dr.     L.     F.    Audrieth,    piofessor     of 
inorganic     chemistry     was     elected 
hiinoraiy    member    of     the    chapter     in 
recognition    of    his    interest    in    chemical 
engineering. 

The  revised  constitution  was  ratified 
at  this  meeting,  and  one  of  the  amend 
ments  will  allow  students  of  the  Uni 
versity  branches  at  Navy  Pier  and 
Cialesburg  to  become  members  of  a 
sub-chapter. 

A.S.A.E. 

The  student  branch  of  the  American 
Societ\'  of  Agricultural  Engineers  elect- 
ed officers  for  the  second  semester  at  a 
meeting  held  on  Monday,  January  27, 
1948.  They  are  as  follows:  president 
Harlan  Baker,  Mt.  Morris,  Illinois; 
\ice-presideiit,  William  Fletcher,  Kings- 
ton, Illinois;  secretary,  f]arl  Moss,  Mc- 
Leansboro,  Illinois;  scribe,  Lawrence 
Bitterman,  Wilmington,   Illinois. 

LT.E. 

The  student  chapter  of  the  Institute 
of  Traffic  Engineers  completed  their 
first  semester  since  being  activated  with 
the  publishing  of  a  report  on  the  cam- 
pus area's  traffic  problems  and  some 
possible  solutions.  This  report  was 
based  on  actual  facts  obtained  in  sev- 
eral large  scale  traffic  surveys  taken  by 
the  group  in  November,  1947.  The 
recommendations  called  for  an  imme- 
diate and  a  long  range  plan  of  action 
to  be  taken  by  the  L  ni\eisit\  and  the 
twifi   communities. 

This  report  was  sent  to  President 
Stoddard  and  other  I  niversity  and  city 
officials.  It  is  hoped  that  some  consid- 
eration will  be  given  to  these  recom- 
mendations   by    the    officials    concerned. 

Several  recommendations  were  given 
for  the  immediate  program  of  action. 
One  was  the  establishment  of  a  s\stem 
of  one-way  streets  with  the  following 
streets  being  set  up  for  one-way  traffic 
in  the  direction  indicated:  Daniel,  west; 
Ch.ilmers.     east;     Illinois,     east;     Cali- 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


t'oniia.  west;  Oregon,  east;  Nevada, 
west;  Sixth,  south;  and  Fifth,  north. 
This  action  woidd  permit  parking  on 
both  sides  of  the  street.  Also  recom- 
mended was  the  restriction  of  parking 
to  one  side  only  along  the  east  side  of 
Mathews,  the  east  side  of  Romine  from 
Springfield  to  Main,  and  the  south  side 
of  Springfield  from  Wright  to  Math- 
ews. Other  suggestions  for  the  immedi- 
ate program  were  as  follows:  The 
restriction  of  parking  along  the  streets 
within  twenty  feet  of  all  cross-walks; 
the  changing  of  the  position  of  the  stop 
signs  at  Wright  and  Springfield,  mak- 
ing Springfield  the  through  street ;  and 
the  establishment  of  m  ore  off-street 
parking  facilities. 

The  long  range  program  contained 
the  following  suggestions:  widen  Green 
street  to  a  four-lane  divided  thorough- 
fare from  Wright  to  Goodwin  ;  widen 
Gregory  drive;  widen  Springfield  from 
Wright  to  Goodwin  ;  and  the  establish- 
ment of  still  more  off-street  parking 
facilities. 

An  interesting  talk  on  Traffic  Safety 
and  Elducation  was  gi\en  to  the  chapter 
on  January  28  by  Mr.  ^Vlathew  Sielski, 
director  of  the  Safet\'  and  Traffic  Engi- 
neering department  of  the  Chicago  Mo- 
tor club.  A  dinner  was  held  in  the  lUini 
Union  for  Mr.  Sielski  and  those  mem- 
bers who  were  able  to  attend. 

U.  OF  I.  ELECTRONIC  CLUB 

The  University  of  Illinois  Electronics 
club  is  the  newest  technical  organiza- 
tion on  the  campus.  It  was  formed  last 
spring  by  a  group  of  students  and  fac- 
ulty members  who  are  interested  in  the 
practical  side  of  electrical  engineering 
and  electronics.  The  purpose  of  the 
club  is  to  provide  power,  laboratory 
space  and  instruments  for  the  use  of 
any  interested  student  or  faculty  mem- 
ber of  any  department  of  any  college 
in  the  University.  Work  on  personal 
projects  is  encouraged  and,  whenever 
possible,  technical  assistance  is  supplied. 
Occasionally,  program  meetings  are  pre- 
sented which  feat  u  r  e  one  or  more 
speakers  who  talk  about  subjects  not 
ordinarily  taught  in  the  regular  classes. 

The  originators  of  the  idea  were  \lr. 
Milton  R.  Crothers,  an  instructor  in 
electrical  engineering,  and  Mr.  Ernest 
E.  Overby,  a  senior  in  the  communica- 
tion option  of  electrical  engineering. 
Mr.  Crother  is  the  faculty  sponsor  and 
adviser.  Mr.  Overby  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  club. 

The  club  has  met  several  times  dur- 
ing the  summer  session  and  the  fall 
semester  of  1947  on  a  trial  basis  to 
determine  the  interest  of  the  student 
body.  Since  interest  has  been  sustained 
and  attendance  has  increased,  a  petition 
for  recognition  and  approxal  has  been 
submitted. 

Anyone,   student   or   faculty   member. 


who  has  an  amateur  interest  in  things 
electric  or  electronic  is  welcome  to  at- 
tend. There  are  no  dues,  involuntary 
assessments  or  expenses  except  for  hand 
tools,  parts  and  supplies  which  each 
person  must  supply  for  his  own  use. 
Meetings  are  planned  for  Tuesda\'  eve- 
nings from  7:00  p.  m.  to   10:00  p.  m. 

ETA  KAPPA  NU 

The  semi-annual  initiation  and 
banquet  of  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  electrical 
engineering  honorary,  was  held  on  the 
evening  of  January  7,  1948.  The  fol- 
lowing  thirty-nine    men    were    admitted 

to  membership:  D.  G.   Ban- 

gert,  L.  E.   Brennan,  K.  R. 

Brunn,   R.   H.   Brunner,  (i. 

M.  Burgwald,  G.  L.  Clark, 
j^  E.  K.  Conner,  B.  L.  Cordrv, 

Y  J.  M.  Del  Vento,  F.  J.  Dill, 

F.  Dunn,  (.  y.  Du  Rapau, 
^L  L.  Embree,  E.  W.  Ernst,  R.  J. 
Fahnestock,  J.  E.  Farley,  F.  P.  Green, 
H.  L.  Johnson,  R.  L.  Jones,  R.  G. 
Knowles,  T.  E.  Kurtzer,  R.  G.  Lakin, 
R.  E.  Lepic,  Ed  Lovick,  T-  R.  Ma.ssev, 
M.  R.  McCrarv,  F.  J.  Ocnaschek,  A. 
G.  Peifer,  W.  E.  Powers,  C.  M.  Rieker, 
J.  A.  Saloom,  W.  A.  Schaaf,  D.  K. 
Schaeve,  R.  C.  Schneider,  J.  H.  Schus- 
sele,  H.  B.  Scott,  L.  H.  Swange,  N.  H. 
Tarnoff,  and  L.  E.  Wolaver. 

The  guest  speaker  at  the  banquet  was 
Paul  N.  Landis,  professor  of  English, 
who  discussed  his  views  of  the  "Human- 
ities" in  an  engineering  education.  Fol- 
lowing the  speech,  the  next  semester's 
officers  were   elected    and   installed. 

The  new  officers  are:  CJranville  G. 
Kemp,  president;  James  H.  Schussele, 
vice-president ;  Edward  W.  Ernst,  re- 
cording secretary;  Charles  W.  Studt, 
treasurer;  Edward  Lo\ick,  Jr., 
"Bridge"   correspondent. 

PI  TAU  SIGMA 

Twent\-nine  seniors  and  twenty- 
eight  juniors  were  initiated  into  Pi  Tan 
Sigma,  national  honorary  fraternit\'  for 
mechanical  engineers.  They  were  hon- 
ored at  a  banquet  at  the 
I  niversit\'  cUib  following 
fc:^\  the  initiation,  Januarv  21, 
|^\      1948. 

Seniors  initiated  were: 
James  C.  Adair,  Henry  S. 
Bieniecki,  Roy  K.  Cannon, 
Richard  L.  Davis,  Kenneth  A.  Ebi, 
Harold  J.  Farrar,  Charles  F.  Fry,  Wil- 
liam K.  Haebich,  James  G.  Haller, 
Thomas  B.  Harker,  Carl  P.  Hendrick- 
son,  Richard  F.  Johnson,  Alfred  L. 
Kellington,  Ivan  J.  Law,  Gordon  E. 
Martin,  Robert  C.  Menken,  Walter 
H.  Merker,  Lawrence  S.  Monroe,  Rob- 
ert S.  Plumb,  Daniel  W.  Porter,  Homer 
R.  Ri/iier,  John  O.  Roeser,  Earl  Ci. 
Ruescli,  Robert  S.  Smith,  Elmer  R. 
Steiner,    Walter    R.    Stiles,    Mar\in    L. 


Tratner,  Robert  E.  Wilson,  and  Erwin 
E.  Ziemann. 

Juniors  initiated  were:  (jeorge  A. 
Becker,  William  A.  Berg,  Harold  I. 
Blotner,  Clarence  L.  Brown,  Charles 
L.  Carll,  John  R.  Cushman,  Frederic 
T.  Fariss,  Joseph  A.  Grimmer,  Morris 
Henderson,  Leon  R.  Henry,  John  C. 
Hug.  Richard  R.  Hunter,  Robert  L. 
Hunter,  Stuart  J.  Johnson,  Charles  A. 
Lessing,  Richard  Ling,  Lloyd  M.  Lund- 
quist,  Wilbert  H.  Morgan,  John  J. 
Parry,  Bernard  A.  Peskin,  Chester  M. 
Peterson,  Joe  J.  Poczatek,  Leslie  E. 
Roby,  Donald  E.  Taylor,  George  P. 
Taylor,  James  R.  Tucker,  Renso  J. 
Vannelli,  and   Robert  J.  Wagner. 

Officers  elected  for  the  spring  se- 
mester are:  (jerald  Geraldson,  Jr., 
president;  Robert  C.  Menken,  vice- 
president;  Charles  A.  Lessing,  corre- 
sponding secretary;  Robert  S.  Plumb, 
recording  secretary;  Jerome  L.  Fox, 
treasurer. 

Following  the  banquet.  Dr.  Harry 
J.  Fuller  of  the  LTniversity  botany  de- 
partment gave  a  talk  on  Peru  and 
Bolivia.  He  illustrated  his  talk  with 
colored  slides. 

SIGMA  TAU 

On  the  e\ening  of  January  13,   1948, 

the    University   chapter   of    Sigma   Tau, 

all-engineering  honorary,  held  a  smoker 

at  McKinley  foundation  to  which  fort_\'- 

six     prospective     pledges     were 

invited. 

John  S.  Crandell,  professor 
of  highway  engineering  and 
faculty  adviser  of  Sigma  Tau, 
told  the  rushees  some  interest- 
ing facts  about  the  history  of 
the  organization.  The  initiation  banquet 
was  held  on  the  evening  of  January  27, 
1948,  in  the  Inman  hotel.  H.  E.  Bab- 
bitt, professor  of  sanitary  engineering, 
was   the   guest  speaker. 


A  VOLATILE   QUESTION 

Have  you  seen  alcohol? 
Kerosene  him  last  night, 
But  he  ain't  benezene  since. 
Gasolined  against  a  lamp  post  and  took 
a  naptha. 


FASHION    NOTES 

Another  item  tor  the  "'Fime  Brings 
All  Things"  department:  For  the  infor- 
mation of  all  concerned,  word  got 
around  that  The  Illinois  Technograph 
had  a  Women's  Page  Fashion  News 
Editor.  It  was  news  to  us,  too,  but  for 
the  benefit  of  all  our  married  readers 
and  women  engineers  who  are  interested 
we  will  keep  on  file  the  news  release 
about  modern  kiu'tting,  that  our  "Wom- 
en's Page  Fashion  Xews  Editor" 
received. 


MARCH,  1948 


11 


U^luieo^iH^..MM^  PIER 


Electric  arc  furnace  just  installed  at  Navy  Pier 


SHOP   TALK 


by   John   Fijoiek,   E.E.   '51 

Modern  industry  in  the  shape  of 
molten  metal  being  poured  from  an  elec- 
tric arc  furnace  has  invaded  the  Pier 
campus.  Engineering  students  in  the 
foundry  laboratories  have  welcomed  the 
invasion  and  now  regard  the  ne\\'Iy  in- 
stalled Pittsburgh  Lectromelt  furnace 
as   one   of   their    prize   possessions. 

The  furnace  ni  question  is  pictured 
on  this  page  and  is  one  of  the  three- 
phase  arc  type  with  each  arc  being  indi- 
vidually controlled.  The  furnace  has  a 
melting  capacity  of  250-300  poiuids  for 
each  melt  and  has  an  acid  lining.  The 
walls  are  of  high-refractory  silica  brick. 
It  is  used  for  pouring  acid  steel  products 
and  to  cast  iron.  Another  furnace,  which 
is  gas-fired,  is  used  for  non-ferrous 
metals. 

Shown  in  the  iilu^rrations  are  the 
three  electrodes  each  of  which  is  con- 
nected to  one  phase  of  a  three-phase 
current  and  lowered  into  the  bath  in 
such  a  manner  that  an  arc  is  formed 
between  the  slag  and  each  electrode. 
The  heat  is  generated  by  electric  cur- 
rent passing  through  the  air  separating 
the  electrodes  from  the  bath.  Automatic 


control   of   this   air  distance   is   provided 
for  with   the   new   furnace. 

A  separate  room  houses  the  ele\eii- 
ton  transformer  which  has  a  maximum 
capacity  of  .?()0  KVA.  Normal  opera- 
tion is  at  55  volts  and  SdO  amperes. 
Iron  is  poured  at  temperatures  ranging 
from  2500  to  2700°  F.  with  steel  tem- 
peratures going  higher  to  about  2800". 

The  outside  furnace  wall  is  water 
cooled.  Another  safety  device  is  a  mer- 
cury control  for  tripping  the  circuit 
breaker  when  the  furnace  is  tilted  for 
pouring. 

The  fin'nace  may  start  with  a  cold 
charge  requiring  one  to  two  hours  foi' 
melting,  and  the  steel  made  in  this  way 
is  spoken  of  as  cold-melt  electric-furnace 
steel  to  distinguish  it  from  that  result- 
ing from  the  practice  of  using  a  hot  or 
molten  charge  previoush'  melted  in  an 
open  hearth  furnace  and  transferred  to 
the  electric  furnace.  In  the  manufacture 
of  high-grade  steel  for  tools,  the  slower 
and  more  expensive  cold-melt  method 
is  almost  always  used. 

Instructors  R.  E.  Keruie(i\,  secretary 
emeritus  of  the  American  FoLuidrymen's 
association,  and  R.  W.  Schroeder,  super- 
vise the  various  engineering  groups  who 
use  the  furnace  in  their  studies  of  con- 
trol of  materials  and  processes  in  making 
castings    for   construction    purposes. 


Let's  Do  Our  Share 

By  Siegmund  Deutscher,  A.E.  '50 

East  week  one  iit  the  Ti  t  hiiiii/nit'h 
reporters  approached  the  officers  of  the 
\arious  engineering  societies  for  news 
items.  The  only  repl\'  he  received  was 
that  there  was  no  news.  Yes,  for  a 
whole  month  none  of  the  societies  had 
any  news.  The  following  month  was 
taken  up  by  fuial  examinations  and  reg- 
istration which  in  all  probability  will 
prohibit  any  further  meetings.  The  be- 
giiuiing  of  the  new  semester  will  no 
doubt  draw  out  the  unacti\ity  period 
for  a  few  more  weeks. 

Is  this  how  we  want  to  operate  at  the 
Pier?  To  start  organizations  and  then 
forget  about  them?  I  doubt  \ery  much 
if  that  was  the  idea  of  those  who  startetl 
them. 

Does  lack  of  student  interest  cause 
this  situation?  If  so,  wh\  ?  Inuring  the 
past  semester  a  number  of  students,  who 
showed  considerable  interest,  approached 
nie  and  asked  me  how  they  could  join 
their  \arious  organizations.  The  only 
advice  I  could  give  them  was  to  see  the 
various  officers. 

The  advice  was  next  to  impossible 
to  follow.  None  of  the  organizations 
have  even  attempted  to  use  the  office 
space  appropriated  for  them.  Yes,  they 
do  have  office  space.  In  fact,  they  are 
supposed  to  share  the  Trchnot/rafili  office 
with  us. 

I  still  remember  the  many  difficulties 
Dean  Hoelsher  went  through  to  get  this 
space  for  us.  The  executive  faculty  only 
wanted  to  allow  us  to  use  one-half  of 
the  space  we  asked  for  but  Dean  Hoel- 
sher pressed  for  more  space,  explaining 
that  all  the  engineering  societies  woidd 
be  using  the  office.  But  now  that  we  do 
have  the  space,  the  Techtiograph  is  the 
only  organization  that  has  used  the 
office.  In  fact,  the  other  organizations 
(Continued  on  puage  28) 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Siegmund  Deutscher,  Assl.  Kili/oi 
Naomi   Sulowav,  ,/.va7.   Bus.  Mt/r. 


Rcportiiu/ 
iliM    rijnlek  Niirlicrt   Ellmaii 

iiliard    ('liciniii/\  l.eonarcl    C'liheii 


Onik'ii   I.ivermdre. Faiully  .Idvi 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


NUMBER  10  OF  A  SERIES 


for  En^neers 


"Merry-go-round"    speeds 
telephone  dial  governors 

Most  production  lines  in  Western  Electric  plants 
follow  standard  practices,  but  often  it  is  advan- 
tageous to  custom-tailor  an  assembly  line  to  do 
a  specific  job  better.  To  control  the  mass  pro- 
duction of  delicate  telephone  dial  governors  to 
exactmg  standards,  Western  Electric  engineers 
designed  this  "merry-go-round"  conveyor  with 
its  ingenious  assembly  fixtures.  It  both  simplifies 
tile  operation  and  reduces  the  time  of  assemblv. 


Cable  at  the  "Cross  Roads"  1^ 

This  "Cross  Roads"  guide  plate  through  which 
pulp-insulated  wires  are  rushing,  keeps  the  wires 
in  their  proper  relative  position  while  being 
twisted  into  units  of  101  pairs  before  being  fash- 
ioned into  a  telephone  cable.  The  wires  passing 
through  the  guide  plate  to  the  flyer  strander  are 
kept  at  a  uniform  tension  by  means  of  a  torque 
motor  and  a  very  sensitive  control  device  at  each 
of  the  101  supply  reels.  Designed  by  Western 
Electric  engineers,  this  mechanism  prevents  de- 
fects by  keeping  the  wires  from  being  stretched 
as  they  move  along. 


Engineering  problems  are  many  and  varied  at  Jf'eslern  Electric,  where 
manufacturing  telephone  and  radio  apparatus  for  the  Bell  System  is  the  primary 
job.  Engineers  of  many  kinds — electrical,  mechanical,  industrial,  chemical, 
metallurgical — are  constantly  working  to  devise  and  improve  machines  and  proc- 
esses   for    mass    production     of    highest    quality     communications     equipment. 

Western  Electric 

I     T      T     7     A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882     T     T      T 

MARCH,  194« 


13 


J4ii^lO<il4X>UUf. 


hi§  IHfh-  llunimiivli.  li.E.  'tit 
Shirh'ii  Smith.  #•;.#*.  ',10  and  lit'rh  -Itu-uhHtm.  3t.li.  *.»© 


KA1 MOND  N.  McDonald 

Since  practically  all  ciigiTieering  stu- 
dents sooner  or  later  find  the  letters 
"M.F.."  tolloueil  by  an  appropriate  niini- 
ber,  on  tbeir  schedule,  it  seems  wise  to 
introduce  at  this  time  one  of  the  new- 
comers to  the  department  of  mechanical 
engineering.  Professor  Ra\nionil  Neil! 
McDonalil  is  the  man. 

"Horn  in  Denver,  Coloiado,  in  .  .  . 
well,  maybe  we'd  better  not  mention  just 
when,"  he  began  in  modest  tones.  "1 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Colo- 
rado in  1936,  with  a  R.S.  in  mechanical 
engineering." 

.After  graduation  he  applied  his  knowl- 
edge for  the  (Jates  Rubber  compan\,  in 
their  Denver  office.  The  work  consisted 
of  designing  V-belt  drives. 

Then,  in  September  of  1936,  he  went 
to  work  for  the  Gulf  Oil  corporation  at 
Port  Arthur,  Texas.  After  a  year  in  the 
Lone  Star  state,  he  was  transferred  to 
the  company's  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  plant, 
where  he  was  assistant  to  the  plant  engi- 
neer for  four  and  one-half  \ears.  His 
work  tiiere  was  in  the  maintenance  .iiui 
construction  division  ot  the  refinerw 

In  1941  he  went  back  to  Denver  to 
work  in  the  mechanical  engineering  de- 
sign department  of  the  United  States 
Hureau  of  Reclamation.  Through  this 
department  passed  the  designs  for  the 
piping  .ind  other  mechanical  equipment 
whicli  went  into  such  projects  as  the 
Parker  dam,  and  the  Colorado  Big 
Thompson  dam. 

When     September     of      1941      rolled 

aroimd,  professor  McDonald  went  back 

to  school,  but  this  time  on  the  other  side 

of  the  desk,  at  Vanderbiit  iini\ersit\    in 

(Continued    on    page    IS  ) 


FR.\NK    \NDF^i:W 

()ut  cm  the  south  end  ot  the  campus 
amidst  the  scattered  buildings  stands  the 
.Agriculture  Engineerijig  Huilding.  Not 
a  large  percentage  ot  the  students  ha\e 
e\  er  seen  it  and  fewer  yet  have  ever  been 
inside,  'litis  building,  where  "ag"  engi- 
neers stud\-  how  to  increase  farm  prodtu 
tion  and  improve  farm  life,  also  hous(•^ 
the  extension  agriculture  engineers  of  the 
Iriiversity  of  Illinois  Engineering  De- 
liartment.  At  the  mention  of  the  exten- 
sion engineers  most  "ag"  engineers  think 


K.VYMONi)  McDonald 


FRANK   ANDREW 

of  one  of  the  busiest  and  most  well- 
known  extension  workers,  Frank  An- 
drew. Seldotii  found  in  his  office,  he 
spends  most  of  his  time  flying  over  the 
state  giving  lectures  and  demonstrations 
to  Illinois  farmers.  A  graduate  of  the 
College  of  Agriculture  in  1938  and  the 
College  of  Agricultural  Engineering  in 
1947,  he  is  a  recognized  authorit\'  on 
rural  electrification  besides  being  well 
\ersed  on  farm  equipment. 

Horn  in  1914,  Frank  was  brought  up 
in  Palmyra,  Illinois,  graduated  from  the 
Palmyra  Comnumity  High  School,  at- 
tended Hlackbinn  College  in  Carlinville, 
and  returned  to  his  home  aftei'  graduat- 
ing from  the  L'niversity  of  Illinois  in 
193S.  It  was  during  his  high  school 
days  thta  he  acquired  his  interest  in 
e(pii|iment  and  electrification  when  he 
used  to  hook  up  a  gasoline  engine  so  that 
it  would  nm  the  washing  machine,  but- 
( Continued   on   page    IS) 


14 


JAMES  HONNOLD 

"Well,  >'es,  somewhere  in  the  back  of 
my  mind  I  always  have  hoped  to  get  my 
doctor's  degree."  And  right  now,  Jim 
has  a  pretty  fair  start. 

"Jim"  is  James  Honnold,  24  \ears  old, 
senior,  chem  engineering.  He  will  grad- 
uate in  June  and  then  begin  the  real 
ilrive  toward  the  fulfillment  of  his  ambi- 
tion at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  He  hopes  to  acquire  an 
assistantship  for  part-time  teaching  be- 
ginning next  fall. 

From  his  all-University  average  of 
4.7.  one  could  justly  accuse  Jim  of  much 
hard  study,  but,  somewhere  between 
pages  of  flow  sheets  and  hours  of  lab,  he 
manages  an  active  membership  in  the 
A.  I.  Ch.  E.  Along  with  that,  he  be- 
longs to  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  University 
band,  and  Wesley  foundation. 

Such  industry  might  well  be  just  a 
natural  continuation  of  his  busy  high 
school  days.  His  full  four  years  of  high 
school  were  spent  at  Kansas,  Illinois, 
where  he  was  a  member  of  the  track 
team  and  played  the  sousaphone  in  the 
band.  This  is  in  addition  to  helping 
around  the  family  grain  and  livestock 
farm  and  belonging  to  the  4-H  and 
Future  Farmers  of  America. 

During  the  war,  Jim  was  enrolled  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  (which, 
incidentally,  he  didn't  like  as  well  as  Ill- 
inois) under  the  A.  S.  T.  P.  He  served 
nearly  three  years  as  a  T  5  in  Europe 
and  was  awarded  the  Hronze  Star  as 
well  as  the  Combat  Infantryman's 
award. 

He  said  he  doesn't  have  much  time  for 
hobbies — that  is,  except  to  go  home  and 
see  "the  best  little  brunette  that  ever 
was."  She  is  herself  a  home  economics 
graduate  from  Illinois,  and  they  intend 
to  be  married  during  the  summer. 

To  the  wedding,  then,  w-e  send  our 
congratulations;  to  the  coming  Ph.D., 
our  high  esteem;  and  to  his  success  in 
finding  an  apartment  in  Massachusetts, 
our  rabbit's  foot. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Horizons    of    Chemistry 

constantly    becicon  •  • 


Dow  is  deeply  interested  in  colleges  and  terlniiral  schools  and  maintains 
close  ties  with  them.  The  very  nature  of  our  hnsiness  makes  this  a  logical 
course  for  us  to  pursue. 

We  are  producers  of  chemicals  essenlial  to  industry  and  apiculture.  We 
are  developers  of  plastic  materials.  We  are  the  pioneer  producers  of  mag- 
nesium, recovering  this  lightest  of  all  slruclural  nielals  from  ocean  waler. 
We  are  developers  of  magnesium  alloys  and  methods  for  their  fabrication. 

To  carry  on  this  work,  research  is  a  necessity  and  a  considerable  porlion 
of  our  efforts  and  resources  are  devoted  to  it  as  an  undevialing  poUcy. 

All  these  activities  require  trained  men — scientists  and  technicians — 
clieniists  and  chemical  engineers — metallurgists,  biologists,  physicists, 
entomologists.  Dow  employs  such  men  in  large  numbers — keeps  an  eye  on 
them  as  they  emerge  from  their  academic  training — gives  many  of  I  hem 
special  schooling  at  the  Dow  plants,  according  to  the  jobs  they  are  slated 
to  do. 

In  peace  as  well  as  in  war,  chemistry  is  an  essential  occupation  because  it 
deals  with  materials  essential  to  industry  and  to  the  health  of  the  nation. 
It  is  a  developing  business  with  horizons  that  constantly  beckon  —  a 
profession  to  intrigue  any  ambitious  young  man  with  an  eye  to  the  future. 

THE  DOW  CHEMICAL  COMPANY,  MIDLAND,  MICHIGAN 


New  York 


Boston 
SI.  Louis 


•  Philadelphic 

•  Houston       • 
Ctiemicat  of  Con 


,  Limited,  Toronto,  Co 


Typical  of  its  labnratnrv  artirillr^,  Dow 
recently  derrh>f>cd  this  direct-reading 
speclrtimcler  ihnt  electronically  measures 
concentration  uj  elements  in  alloys — auto- 
matically records   analyses   in  4()  seconds. 


DOW^ 


CHEMICALS    INDISPENSABLE 
TO   INDUSTRY  AND   AGRICULTURE 


M.A.RCH.  1948 


15 


GEORGE  R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


EDWIN    A.   WITORT 
Assoc.  Editor 


-/-A* 


B^-^ 


LET'S  ALL  DO  IT! 


( )iK-  III  the  fircatest  advaiicenieiits  towards 
making  tlic  Collcf^c  of  Engineering  at  the 
I  niversir\  ot  Illinois  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
t()untr\  was  put  into  effect  recently.  I'ni  re- 
ferring, of  course,  to  the  questionnaire  filled 
out  last  semester  hy  all  engineers  enrolled  ni 
electrical  enginneering  courses.  Oddly  enough, 
the  system  was  devised  solely  by  electrical  en- 
gineering students,  and  after  several  revi- 
sions by  the  head  of  the  electrical  engineering 
department,  professors,  and  students  in  elec- 
trical engineering,  it  was  given  the  stamp  of 
appro\  al  and  put  into  use  last  semester. 

The  purpose  of  the  questionnaire  was  to 
improve  the  teaching  methods  used  by  the  de- 
partments, and  to  make  the  methods  efficient 
and  efficacious.  This  was  accomplished  by 
.isking  questions  concerning  the  ability  of  the 
professor;  asking  for  comments  on  text  used; 
and  \arious  other  questions. 

I'rofes.sors'  and  students'  attitudes  towards 
the  questiomiaire  were  very  favorable.  The 
students  had  a  chance  to  really  blow  their  top 
at  the  professor,  text,  laboratory  procedure 
and  assignments.  Many  profes.sors  took  a 
great  personal  interest  by  tabulating  the  com- 
ments into  favorable  and  unfavorable  cate- 
gories and  proceeded  to  give  the  results  to 
their  pre.sent-semester  students.  It  might  be 
looked  upon  as  a  game  with  all  participants 
emerging  as  winners. 

The  great  need  for  such  a  system  is  proven 
by  the  fact  that  results  of  last  semester's  sur- 
\ey,  which  were  probably  compiled  no  more 
than  three  weeks  ago,  were  directly  respon- 
sible for  many  improvements,  already  notice- 
able, in  electrical  engineering  courses.  The 
attitude  of  the  instructor  has  changed;  courses 
have  been  set  up  with  a  definite  aim  in  view; 
and,  in  general,  the  courses  are  better  or- 
ganized. 

The  survey's  first  opportunity  has  brought 
about  these  improvements.  It  might  be  well 
to  bring  to  the  surface  the  fact  that  there  are 
bound  to  be  a  few  inherent  flaws  in  the  ques- 


tionnaire. It  is,  no  doubt,  not  as  efficient  as 
it  could  be ;  some  students,  when  filling  it 
out,  thought  it  was  a  farce  and,  not  realizing 
its  value,  proceeded  to  be  facetious  in  their 
answers.  However,  suceeding  surveys  will  un- 
doubtedly have  cast  out  many  of  these  evils 
and,  as  a  result,  the  plan  will  be  running 
smoothing  and  effectively.  Regardless  of  the 
weaknesses  of  the  questionnaire,  the  fact  re- 
mains that  it  has  brought  about  improvements 
in  the  electrical  engineering  department  after 
its  first  chance. 

Now,  if  the  EE's  can  do  it,  why  can't  the 
ME's,  CE's,  etc.?  There  is  no  reason  why 
they  can't!  The  system  has  shown  its  worth, 
and  as  can  be  seen,  its  potentialities  are  al- 
most unlimited.  All  that  remains  to  be  done 
is  for  the  remainder  of  the  engineering  stu- 
dent societies  to  organize,  do  a  little  research, 
and  promulgate  one  of  their  own  question- 
naires to  be  used  by  the  respective  depart- 
ments. 

At  present,  there  are  a  great  number  of 
veterans  in  the  College  of  Engineering.  As  a 
result,  the  average  age  of  the  engineering  stu- 
dent is  somewhat  higher  than  at  normal  times. 
This  fact  should  not  be  o\erlooked  by  the 
indi\idual  societies  contemplating  putting  the 
plan  into  effect.  The  comments  and  sugges- 
tions received  will  be  those  of  a  more  mature 
individvial.  (Generally  speaking,  the  average 
student  is  earnestly  seeking  an  education. 
Comments  from  students  with  this  attitude 
are  invaluable.  You  will  probably  find  that  a 
greater  number  of  students  have  this  per- 
spective now,  than  in  normal  times.  This 
means  the  plan  should  be  put  into  effect  by 
all  the  engineering  departments  as  .soon  as 
possible. 

The  worth  of  the  sur\ey  has  been  pioven. 
A  gold  medal  and  our  hats  off  to  the  fore- 
sighted  students  of  the  AIEE-IRE,  for  this 
was  the  society  that  sponsored  the  first  sinvey. 
To  the  other  societies  that  as  yet  have  not  in- 
stalled the  plan  in  their  respective  depart- 
ments, we  say:  "Do  it  noii'  John  Dickerson  !  " 


16 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Plastics  where  plastics  belong 


Because  of  a  unique  combinafion  of  chemical,  eleclncal, 
and  mechanical  qualifies,  Synfhane  laminated  plastics  can 
be  applied  to  an  endless  number  of  practical  purposes. 
Moisture  and  corrosion  resistant,  light-weight  and  struc- 
turally strong,  Synthane  has  many  collective  advantages 
not  readily  found  in  any  other  material.  One  of  the  best 
electrical  insulators  known,  Synthane  is  hard,  dense,  dur- 
able .  .  .  quickly  and  easily  machined. 
Among  the  interesting  occupations  of  our  type  of  tech- 
nical plastics  are  the  redraw  bobbin  and  chuck  (below) 
used  in  winding  fine  denier  nylon   for  women's  hosiery. 


Fine   nylon   filaments  can   be  wound  without  pulling  and 
sticking  because  of  the  smoothness  of  the  bobbin.  Light 
weight  of  bobbin  and  chuck  o//ows  the  spindle  to  be  started 
and  stopped  faster  and  with  less  effort.   Greater  crushing 
strength  of  fube  permits  larger  amounts  of  nylon  to  be 
wound.  This  is  an  appropriate  job  for  Synthane,  an  inter-, 
esting  example  of  using  plastics  where  plastics  belong. 
Synthane  Corporation,  1  River  Road,  Oaks,  Pa. 


[Sl^NtTlAlVE] 


where  Synthane  belongs 


DESIGN  .  MATIRIAIS  «   fABKICATION  •   SHeCTS   •   HODS   •  TUSfS 
fASHCAieO  PARTS  •  MOlDCD-MACCkATlD  •  MOlDeO-LAMINAJeO 


TIME 

PROVES 

Galvanized  (zinc-coated)  Sheets 
Stay  Stronger  Longer 


rji  34  YEARS  .  .  .  Erected  in  1 9 1 3,  and 
i\\  covered  with  heavy-gauge  galva- 
nized sheets,  this  Tennessee  con- 
centrating plant  of  the  A/Z  Company, 
is  still  in  excellent  condition  after  more 
than  3  decades  of  service.  Painted 
with  Gray  Metallic  Zinc  Paint  in  1932. 


In  building  for  the  future,  look 
to  the  past  for  proof  of  a  build- 
ing material's  strength  .  .  .  du- 
rability .  .  .  service.  With  gal- 
vanized (zinc-coated)  roofing 
and  siding,  you  get  the  strength 
of  steel  .  .  .  the  rust  protection 
of  Zinc.  So  for  low-cost,  long- 
time service,  choose  the  build- 
ing material  that's  proved  by 
TIME  itself  .  .  .  galvanized 
sheets.  Send  coupon  for  infor- 
mation about  Zinc  and  how  it 
can  help  keep  your  buildings 
and  equipment  stronger  longer. 


•Seal  ol  Quality"    lo 
luide  to  economy  in 


AMERICAN  ZINC   INSTITUTE  ! 


:  2634'  35  E    VKocker  Dr    Chicago  1,  lU 


FREE  BOOKLETS! 


Send  me  without  cost  or  obligation  the 
illustrated  booklets  I  have  checked. 

Q  Repair  Manual  on  Galvanized  Root- 
ing and  Siding 
r~l  Facts  about  Galvanized  Sheets 

□  Use  of  Metalhc  Zinc  Paint  to  Protect 
Metal  Surfaces 

Name 

Address 

Town State 


FRANK  ANDREW  .  .  . 

(  Continued  tiiini  p.(;zi'   14  ) 

tcr  ihuin,   tci-il  ;;rinilcr.  anil  f;rinilsti>ni'. 

In  l')4(l,  till-  tarnuTs  ot  the  midwest 
were  ralkiiif;  about  the  .spiral  farmer  ot 
I'alnura,  Illinois.  That  was  Frank  An- 
il icw.  The  automatic  tractor  and  con- 
trols on  which  Frank  holds  patents 
farmed  the  old  home  farm  in  circles. 
The  sii;ht  of  the  tractor  operatin;;  day 
and  night  without  a  driver  as  the  O.O.U 
inch  stainless  steel  control  wire  guided 
it  around  the  field  was  commonplace  to 
his  neighbors.  The  fact  that  his  spiral 
corn  rows  were  40  miles  long  alwa\s 
gave  room  for  neighborly  comment. 
Frank  operated  the  J.^O-aci'e  configma- 
tion  grain  and  livestock  farm  until  his 
leturn  to  uni\ersitv  work  in  the  fall  of 
I'Hd. 

Recently  acti\e  ii\  promoting  the 
mow  curing  of  hay.  mechanical  drying 
of  corn  in  cribs,  and  the  use  of  the  silo 
vmloader,  he  was  the  first  extension 
worker  to  use  the  airplane  for  traveling 
between  his  lectures.  In  the  past  ye.Tr  he 
has  traveled  about  400  hours  by  private 
plane.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Society  of   Agricultural    Engineers. 


RAY  McDonald  . . . 

(  Continued   from  page   14  ) 

Naslnille.  Tennessee.  During  his  sta\ 
theie  he  was  kept  rather  busy.  He  taught 
courses  in  physics,  mathematics,  and  en- 
gineering drawing  for  the  A.S.T.P. : 
thermodynamics,  machine  design,  kine- 
matics, kinetics,  internal  combustion  en- 
gines, and  aircraft  engines  to  civilian  ami 
V-12  students.  In  addition,  he  taught 
basic  engineering  courses  to  civilians  in 
essential  industries  in  and  near  \ash- 
\ille,  and  was  head  of  the  mechanical 
engineering  laboratory  for  three  years. 

In  June  of  1047,  he  resigned  as  asso- 
ciate professor  of  mechanical  engineering 
at  V'anderbilt  to  come  to  the  heat-power 
di\ision  of  the  mechanical  engineering 
department  here. 

Professor  McDonald  is  a  member  of 
the  A.S.M.E.,  the  American  Society  for 
Engineering  Education,  and  Pi  Tau 
Sigma. 

"I  used  to  like  to  hunt,"  he  said, 
there  hasn't  been  enough  time  for 
for  quite  a  while." 


"but 
that 


Before  I  could  tell  him  1  wasn't  that 
rt  of  a  girl,  I  was. 


LEAP  YEAR 

I   waited   for  this  year 
My  heart  was  filled  with  fear 
I  chose  my  words,  rehearsed 
And  then  he  asked  me  first. 

— from  S.  G.  Moore. 


Textbooks   —    Slide  Rules 
Drawing  Instruments 
Engineering  Supplies 


They're  all  to  be  found 
AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


18 


THE  TECHNOGR.\PH 


A    BEARING    QUIZ    FOR   STUDENT    ENGINEERS 


L)0  you  know  that  over  90%  of  all  modern  bearing  requirements  can  be 
met  adequately  with  the  Timken  Tapered  Roller  Bearing?  That  in  this  one  pre- 
cision mechanism  is  contained  a  multiplicity  of  abilities  which  when  fully  ap- 
preciated and  properly  applied  can  overcome  any  bearing  condition  you  ever 
may  encounter? 

L)0  you  know  that  the  Timken  Roller  Bearing  is  more  than  an  anti-frictioa 
bearing;  more  than  a  radial  load  bearing?  That  it  is  an  all-load  bearing  —  can 
carry,  all  at  once,  radial  loads,  thrust  loads,  and  any  combination  of  them  with 
full  efficiency  and  certainty? 


JL/O  you  know  that  the  Timken  Bearing  was  introduced  nearly  50  years 
ago  and  has  undergone  constant  engineering  development  and  refinement  ever 
since?  That  the  Timken-developed  process  of  Generated  Unit  Assembly  produces 
true  spherical  (convex-concave)  contact  between  the  large  ends  of  the  rolls  and 
the  rib  or  flange  of  the  cone  thereby  reducing  friction  and  initial  wear  to  a 

minimum;  assuring  correct  alignment  of 
the  rolls  with  respect  to  the  races;  help- 
ing to  distribute  the  loads  evenly  through- 
out the  bearing;  decreasing  operating 
temperatures;  producing  quieter  running; 
and  last,  but  not  least,  assuring  that 
when  the  bearing  is  properly  mounted 
no  further  adjustment  is  required? 

Do  you  know  that  the  special  alloy 
steel  from  which  Timken  Bearings  are 
made  was  developed  in  our  own  metal- 
lurgical laboratories  and  is  produced  in 
our  own  steel  plant?  That  the  Timken 
Bearing  is  the  only  bearing  manufactured 
under  one  roof  from  raw  material  to 
finished  product? 

Would  you  like  to  know  more  about 
the  Timken  Bearing,  particularly  how 
it  can  help  you  in  your  engineering 
career?  Write  us.  The  Timken  Roller 
Bearing   Company,    Canton   6,   Ohio, 


MARCH,  1948 


19 


PLASTICS 


:  (^"ontinucd   trnm  pa^''  •'^ ) 

ill-  tor  a  compli'tt'ly  I'xpi'iula- 


ble  beer  can  has  pri-scnted  several  prob- 
lems. First,  the  metal  that  would  be  in 
contact  with  the  beer  must  be  surfaced 
with  some  material  that  would  prevent 
rusting  of  the  metal.  The  beverage,  to 
be  sure,  had  the  properties  that  would 
favor  metallic  oxidation — mois'ure  and 
absorbed  oxygen.  Secondh',  the  met;,l 
would  corrupt  the  distinguishing  Ha\or 
that  was  so  essential  to  the  continued 
sale  <if  the  product.  The  desired  coating 
nuist  have  the  properties  of  low  water 
absorption,  non-combustibility,  non-tox- 
icity,  stability  under  the  action  of  a 
3.2'  i  alcohol  solution,  and  still  remain 
odorless  and  tasteless.  Polyvinyl  chloride, 
one  of  the  earliest  plastic  materials  ob- 
served, was  found  to  possess  these  re- 
quired physical  and  chemical  properties. 
A  thin  layer  of  a  gl\ptal  alkyti  lesin 
(made  from  glycerine  and  phthalic  an- 
hydride) is  applied  to  the  plane  surface 
of  the  steel  which  will  be  used  to  form 
the  cylindrical  container.  This  resin 
forms  a  base  to  which  the  vinyl  chloride 
resin  will  adhere.  The  plastic  layer  is 
then  painted  on  o\er  the  base  coat  and 
baked  at  an  elevated  temperature.  The 
coated  metal  sheet  is  then  rolled  into 
cylindrical  shape  and  the  seams  soldered. 


The  coating  can  easily  be  re- 
moved by  slitting  and  stripping 
the   part. 

The  metal  then  witlistaiuls  the  haid 
knocks  of  handling  while  the  pohvinyl 
chloride  plastic  coating  (called  Keg-lin- 
ing) assures  the  enduring  quality  of  the 
beverage. 

Polyvinyl  chloride  is  prepared  from 
the  raw  materials  of  acetslene  and 
hydrochloric  acid  (HCl).  An  elevated 
temperature  in  the  presence  of  a  catalyst 
is  required  for  the  first  part  of  the 
reaction.  An  equal  number  of  molecules 


of  acetylene  and  h\(irochloric  acid  an- 
reacted  to  produce  the  desired  vin\l 
chloride.  If  excess  acid  Were  present,  this 
excess  would  react  with  the  vin\l  chlm 
ide,  adding  anotlier  molecule  of  IK'I  to 
form  vinylidene  chloride,  CH, — CHCI,, 
which  is  unreactive  and  will  not  polymer 
i/.e.  The  vinyl  chloride  however,  will 
polymerize  in  the  presence  of  a  catahst. 
The  number  of  molecules  which  will 
enter  into  the  chain,  depends  upon  tin- 
concentration  and  temperature  of  the  re- 
action, and  is  variable.  The  polyvinxl 
chloride  molecule  has  a  molecular  weight 
ot  approximately  12,000— 25,000. 

Plastics  ha\e  found  another  u.se  in 
the  protection  of  the  ice  tray  of  modern 
refrigerators.  Since  the  air  inside  of  a 
refrigerator  is  always  saturated  with 
water  vapor  and  the  inner  surfaces  ot 
the  trays  are  in  contact  with  water  the 
metal  is  subjected  to  conditions  highly 
favorable  to  corrosion.  This  was  former- 
h  overcome  by  plating  the  iron  frame 
b\'  dipping  it  in  a  hot  tin  solution.  This 
old  tray  has  long  been  unsatisfactory 
due  to  the  development  of  cracks  and 
scratches,  which,  combined  with  the  in- 
herent pores  and  pits  of  the  tin  coating, 
permitted  the  steel  framework  to  rust 
through  the  coating.  Zinc  covered  the 
foundation  more  completely,  but  the 
dull  finish  was  unattractive. 

(Continued   on   page  22) 


WORLD'S 

LARGEST 

PRODUCER 

OF  ELECTRICAL 

ROUGHING-IN 


Nafionol  Electric 

Products  Corporation 
Pittsburgh  30.  Po. 


After  classes  or  before  the  night's 
session  with  the  books,  stop  in  at 

THE 

ILLINI    UNION 
COFFEE    SHOP 

on 

SOUTH  CAMPUS 

SODAS  -  SHAKES 

COFFEE 

Open  7   a.m.  to  7  p.m. 

REGULAR  MEALS  SERVED 

7-9          11-1:30          5-7 

20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Succciiful  Iclccuits  of  sK/gic-u/  operations  sliow  value  of  television  to  medical  education. 


"Step  up  beside  the  surgeon -and  watch' 


Not  long  ago,  a  radio  beam  flashed 
across  the  New  York  sky  — and  "car- 
ried" more  than  7000  surgeons  into 
a  small  operating  room  .  .  . 

Impossible?  It  was  done  by  television, 
when  RCA  demonstrated  — to  a  congress 
of  surgeons  — how  effective  this  medium 
can  be  in  teaching  surgery. 

In  a  New  York  hospital,  above  an  op- 
crating  table,  a  supersensitive  RCA  Image 
Orthicon  television  camera  televised  a  series 
of  operations.  Lighting  was  normal.  Images 
were  transmitted  on  a  narrow,  line-of-sight 
beam  ...  As  the  pictures  were  seen  the 
operating  surgeons  «crc  heard  explaining 
their  technitpics  .  .  . 


Said  a  prominent  surgeon:  "Television 
as  a  way  of  teaching  surgery  surpasses 
anything  we  have  ever  had  ...  I  never 
imagined  it  could  be  so  effective  until  I 
actually  saw  it  ...  " 

Use  of  television  in  many  fields  — and  sur- 
gical education  is  only  one  — grows  naturally 
from  advanced  scientific  thinking  at  RCA 
Laboratories.  Progressive  research  is  part  of 
every  instniment  bearing  the  names  RCA  or 
RCA  \  ictor. 

Wlien  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  be  sure 
to  see  tlie  radio  and  electronic  wonders  on 
display  at  RCA  Exliihition  Ilall,  36  West 
49tli  Street.  Free  admi.ssion  to  all.  Radio 
Corporal  ion  of  America,  RCA  Building,  New 
York  20,  N.  Y. 


Continue  your  educatioii 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

Victor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—  offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
\-ancement.  Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
griiph  combinations ) . 

•  Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  todmj  to  National  Rccniitini-  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camden.  New  Jcrscij. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and  Chemical  Engineers   and   Physicists. 


RADIO   CORPORATION  of  AMERICA 


MARCH,  1948 


21 


PLASTICS  .  .  . 

(Continued  tioiii  pagi-  20) 

Orif  iiianufacturcT  devoted  five  years 
ot  research  to  the  development  of  a 
phistic  coatiii};  wliicli  would  adhere  to 
the  metallic  frame  and  fii\e  long  cor- 
rosionless  service.  His  recently  developed 
product  is  also  resistant  to  ahrasion  and 
at  the  same  time  emhoilies  a  neater  ap- 
pearance in  the  ice-tray  compartment. 
Hy  apphinfi  two  coats  of  this  resin  o\cr 
a  honderite  film  (which  prepares  the 
0.4 — 0.8  mil  thickness  zinc  initial  coat 
for  adhesion  to  the  resin)  the  manufac- 
turer is  assured  that  no  moisture  will 
reach  the  welded  steel  frame  to  cause 
unsightly  and  unsanitary  corrosion. 

( )ne  of  the  most  recent  and  most 
interesting  additions  to  the  plastic  coat- 
ing fanu'l\'  is  a  polymer  that  is  complete- 
ly unaffected  by  any  known  acid,  base 
or  metal  (except  molten  metal  and  chlor- 
ine under  special  conditions).  Du  Pont 
has  given  this  product  the  trade  name  of 
Teflon,  a  contraction  of  the  chemical 
name  tetrafluoroeth\lene.  Instead  of  the 
usual  carbon-hydrogen  bond.  Teflon  is 
built  of  carbon-flourine  linkages.  The 
pohnier  never  becomes  sticky  when 
heated  to  temperatures  as  high  as  700 
degrees  Fahrenheit,  at  which  tempera- 
ture the  polymer  breaks  down  to  the 
monomer. 


uig    an    entire    reaction    \  (•>>el      out     of 
Tclloii   IS  entirely  )irohibiti\e. 

(  )nc  of  its  uses  as  a /coating  has  been 
reported.  In  this  application  the  plastic 
was  used  as  a  dielectric  for  electric 
cables  exposed  to  corrosive  conditions. 
A  glass  jacket  was  applied  to  the  cable 
to  form  a  base  to  which  Teflon  has  been 
Icjund  to  adhere.  This  aiiplication  is 
limited  to  service  in  which  the  product 
will  not  be  subjected  to  anv  rough  hand- 
ling. 

In  \  iew  of  the  .iiipiiiachiiig  shortage 
of  most  of  our  common  metals,  the  fu- 
tine  use  of  plastics  appears  very  great 
inileed.  Already  they  are  able  to  use 
plastics  in  many  of  the  services  once 
thought  to  require  only  the  best  of 
metals. 


First  operation  of  double  dip- 
ping process  is  to  immerse  half 
of  the  part. 

This  inert  plastic  found  w.'utime  ap- 
plication as  material  for  gaskets  and  cor- 
rosion-proof vaKcs.  DifHculty  has  been 
encountered  in  attempting  to  bond  Tef- 
lon to  metal.  Since  the  material  now 
costs  $15  per  pound,  and  is  estimated  to 
drop  to  one-third  of  this  cost  in  two 
years,  it  is  obvious  that  some  means  of 
making  the  plastic  adhere  to  metals  must 
be  discovered.  The  expense  of  construct- 


A  LARGE  EDITION 

".\Ia\'   1    piint    a    kiss   on    yoin'   lips?"    I 

asked. 
She  nodded  her  sweet  permission. 
So  we  went  to  press  and  I   rather  guess 
We  printed  a  large  edition  ! 
*        -*        -* 

She:  When  we  get  married  I'm  going 
to  cook,  sew,  darn  your  socks  and  lay 
out  your  pipe  and  slippers.  What  more 
can  any  man  ask  than  that? 

He:  Nothing,  unless  he  is  evil  minded. 


AN   OKONITE 

"TWIST"  ON 

CABLE   TESTING 

^konite  research  includes 
subjecting  short  lengths  of 
electrical  cable  to  torsion 
tests  (pic(urcd  above),  twist- 
ing them  ihrough  a  spiral  arc 
(i(  180°  under  a  heavy  load. 

Bending  tests,  impact  tests, 
tests  of  wear-resistance  by 
abrasion  —  these  arc  a  few  of 
die  mechanical  tests  which, 
along  with  electrical,  chemical 
and  weather-exposure  tests, 
complete  an  integrated  pro- 
gram of  performance  checks. 
Irom  its  results  comes  infor- 
mation which  Okonite  engi- 
neers translate  again  and 
a^ain  into  wire  and  cable 
improvements  that  mark 
major  advances  in  the  field. 
The  Okonite  Company, 
Passaic,  New  Jersey. 


^  ^         ^^     5INCE    1878 


insulated    wires    and    cables 


CAN  "MURDER"  BE  JUSTIFIED? 
See  .  . . 


Kjeld   Abells 

Anna  Sophie  Hedvig 

MARCH    17-18-19-20 
LINCOLN  HALL  THEATRE 

It's  filled  with  all  the  popular  qualities  of  a 
thrilling  {letcetivc  laic,  tinged  with  humor 

AN 

ILLINI  THEATRE  GUILD 

PRODUCTION 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


GLASS  SURE  MAKES  BETTER  COFFEE  ! " 


Thousands  of  faniiiies  say 
their  next  coffee-nuiker  will 
be  ghiss.  Why?  Because  they 
Hke  their  coffee  just  right! 
Glass  lets  you  sec  and  control  the  strength 
of  the  brew.  Glass  never  alters  flavor,  even 
when  coffee  stands  and  is  reheated  through- 
out the  day  in  your  home  or  in  a  restaurant. 
And  you  can  see  at  a  glance  when  a  glass 
coffee-maker  is  clean... so  your  next  brew 
will  be  as  rich  and  amber-clear  as  the  first. 
There  are  five  excellent  glass  coffee- 


makers  on  the  market  today.  And  everyone 
of  them  uses  Pyrex  brand  glass  |)arts  made 
by  Corning.  The  reason?  Because  Corning 
makes  these  glass  parts  to  close  tolerances, 
with  proper  sidevvall  thickness,  of  uniform 
high  quality.  And  Corning  makes  glass  that 
can  stand  heat  and  cold  without  breaking. 
Everybody  benefits  today  from  Coming's 
knowledge  of  glass.  You  get  a  better  cup  of 
coffee.  Better  food  cooked  in  Pyrex  ware. 
Better  soup  processed  in  Corning  glass  pip- 
ing. Better  vitamins  e-xtracted  with  Corning 


laboratory  ware.  Better  light  from  bulbs  and 
luminous  tubes  made  from  Coming's  glass. 
In  all.  Corning  makes  about  37,000  items 
in  glass.  Many  of  them  have  been  applied  in 
fields  once  held  by  other  materials.  Glass 
gets  into  new  jobs  because  Corning  uses  it 
as  a  material  of  imbounded  possibilities. 
Perhaps  some  day,  in  the  business  you  select, 
glass  will  be  able  to  cut  costs,  improve  pro- 
cesses, or  add  to  the  saleability  of  your 
product.  That's  the  time  to  remember  us. 
Corning  Glass  Works,  Corning,  N.  Y. 


IN   PYREX   WARE   AND   OTHER   CONSUMER,  TECHNICAL  AND   ELECTRICAL   PRODUCTS   ► 


Corning 


Research  in  Glass 


MARCH,  1948 


23 


floviding  U/a/kmq  Safety 
WITH  abrasives/  .a 


NORTON  FLOORS  are 
Non-slip... /K?/o/-2Vy 


I  HE  same  cHaractemttes  of  hardness  and  toughnsM 
which  make  Alundum  abrasive  so  useful  In  grinding  wheels, 
also  give  H  valuable  properties  as  a  wear-resistant  and 
non-slip  flooring   material. 

Alundum  Stair  and  Floor  Tiles,  for  example,  provide  a 
flat,  smooth  surface  that  is  non-slip  even  when  wet.  And 
they  will  not  wear  slippery  from  foot  traffic.  There  are 
also  Alundum  Mosaics  for  use  where  small  tiles  are  desired 
and  Alundum  Aggregates  to  add  safety  and  durability  to 
terraijo  and  cement  floors  and  stairs. 

You  will  Tnd  NORTON  FLOORS  providing  safe  walk- 
ways in  thousands  of  buildings  the  country  over  Including 
many  in  leading  colleges.  Catalog  1935-CP  gives  the 
full  story  including  sizes  and   colors. 

NORTON  FLOORS  are  iust  another  evidence  of  Norton 
leadership  and  ingenuity   in  the  field   of  abrasives. 

NORTON  COMPANY,  WORCESTER  6,  MASS. 

Be/if-Manning,    Troy.   N.  V.,  iJ  a  Norton  Division 


NORTON 


IIIISIVES  -  eHIIOIIIG  WHItlJ  -  GItlNDING  «N0  LAPMIIG  MACHINES 
DEFMCTOtlES  -  POUOOt  MEDIUMS  -  HON-SUP  FIOOIIS  -  KORIIBE  PRODUCTS 
luiEimC     MKHIHES         (IEMII.MIIIIIIIIGDIWISIOP(:CO«TED»lll«SIWE$  AND  SHARPE*ING  STONES) 


SCHOOLS 

COLLEGES 
STORES 

RESTAURANTS 

OFFICE 
BUILDINGS 

INDUSTRIAL 
PLANTS 

HOSPITALS 

RAILROAD  AND 
BUS  STATIONS 


JOHN  FELMLEY  COMPANY 

(  Coiitiiiucd   troni  page  1) 

Library,  MacMiirray  college,  jai.k- 
sonville,    Illinois. 

Power  house,  I  .  .S.  Tobacco  com- 
paii\',  .Nash\ille.  'I'emiessee. 

Factory  building  ami  power  iioiise, 
V.  S.  Tobacco  company,  Richmond, 
\'  \\]iw\\:\. 

|)uiinj;  the  «ar,  the  i.onipan\  coii- 
Nti  luteil  numerous  buildings  at  the  ( );ik 
(  )r(lnance  plant  in  llliopolis,  Illinois; 
at  Camp  Ellis,  and  at  the  (Iranite  Cit\ 
engineering  depot.  The  carpenter  work 
at  the  Victory  Ordnance  plant  in  1  )e- 
c.-itur,  Illinois,  was  also  handled  by  the 
company. 

I  p  until  the  war,  the  companv  had 
an  average  annual  volume  of  business 
of  approximately  two  million  dollars, 
and  .since  1942  it  has  a\eraged  from 
three  to  four  million  dollars  annual  vol- 
ume of  contracts,  all  in  Central  Illinois. 
.Approximately  9i)^/f  of  all  their  work 
during  the  past  twelve  years  has  been 
on  a  firm  contract  bid  basis. 

At  the  present  time  the  John  Fehnley 
company  is  responsible  for  two  of  the 
three  new  additions  to  our  campus, 
namely  the  construction  of  the  Elec- 
trical Engineering  building  and  the 
Chemistry  and  Chemical  Engineering 
building.  Both  of  these  buildings  are  of 
steel  frame  construction  with  reinforced 
slabs  and  exterior  face  brick  walls,  with 
mostly  exposed  Haydite  partitions.  The\ 
perform  almost  all  of  the  items  clas.sed 
as  "general  work"  with  their  own 
forces,  including  excavation,  forms,  con- 
crete, masonry,  structural  steel,  and 
carpentry  work.  Such  special  skills  as 
plastering,  terrazzo,  glazing,  painting, 
and  mechanical  trades  are  sublet  to 
firms  specializing  in  this  type  of  work. 

The  company's  standard  practice  is 
to  carry  about  one  young  graduate  engi- 
neer for  development  into  a  job  engineer 
or  superintendent ;  a  new  man  is  em- 
ployed usually  about  every  two  to  three 
vears. 


ENCJINEER'S  TEST  OF  GCXM) 
WHISKY 

Connect  20.<H)0  volts  across  a  pint. 
If  the  current  jumps  it,  the  whiske\  is 
poor. 

If  the  current  causes  a  precipitate  of 
lye,  tin,  arsenic,  iron  slag,  and  alum, 
the  whiskey  is  fair. 

If  the  liquor  chases  the  current  back 
to  the  generator,  vou'vc  got  (lood 
Whiskey. 

-»     «     « 

"How   did   you    puncture   that   tire?" 
"Ran  over  a  milk  bottle." 
"Couldn't  \ou  see  it?" 
"No,   the  little  runt  had   it  under  his 
coat." 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRIGHT  FINISHING  was  the  problem — and  engineers 
ot  Crown  Cork  and  Seal  Company,  Inc.,  Baltimore, 
adopted  a  high  -  temperature  method  for  fusing 
tin  to  low-carbon  strip,  with  resultant  high-polish 
surface,  in  a  continuous  production  mill. 

Then,  to  obtain  the  high  temperatures  necessary 
for  heat-processing,  these  engineers  selected  GAS 
and  modern  Gas  Equipment.  By  directing  the  heat 
of  radiant  GAS  burners  over  a  concentrated  area  of 
the  freshly-plated  strip  it  was  readily  possible  to 
coordinate  the  fusing  action  with  the  plating 
process  to  accomplish  continuous  high-speed  pro- 
duction of  bright  finished  strip. 

This  typical  installation  demonstrates  the  flexi- 
bility of  GAS  and  the  applicability  of  modern  Gas 
Equipment  for  continuous,  production-line  heat 
processing.  Compared  with  available  fuels  GAS 
is  most  readily  controlled  by  simple  automatic 
devices;  Gas  Equipment  can  be   adapted  for  use 


with  existing  machinery  or  incorporated  in  new 
machinery  without  radical  design  changes,  or  ex- 
pensive supplemental  apparatus. 

Manufacturers  of  Gas  Equipment  and  the  American 
Gas  Association  support  continuing  programs  of 
research  designed  to  assure  the  most  efficient  use 
of  GAS  for  every  heat-processing  requirement. 

AMERKAN    GAS    ASSOCIATION 

42(1  LIXINGTON  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK   17,  N.  Y. 


MORE  AND  MORE. 


„BT^!ZJ^ 


0dL 


FOR  ALL 
INDUSTRIAL  HEATING 


MARCH.  1948 


25 


partners  in  creating 


Engineering  leaders  for  the  last  80  years  have  made 
K  &  E  instruments,  drafting  equipment  and  materials 
their  partners  in  erecting  the  great  technical  achieve- 
ments of  America.  So  nearly  universal  is  the  reliance  on 
K  &  E  products,  it  is  self-evident  thot  every  major  engi- 
neering project  hos  been  completed  with  the  help  of  K  &  E. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW   YORK   •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


Chemical  Analysis  of  Woman 

SYMBOL— Woe. 

ATOMIC  WKIOHT  —  120  (ap- 
proxiinati'h). 

OCClRRKNCi; 

1.  Can  be  t  (I  u  n  il  \\lu'if\ cr  man 
exist.-. 

2.  ScldDin  tijiin<l  ill  tri-c  ami  natural 
-.tatc. 

I'ln  SIC.M.   rkOI'KRTlKS 
I .    .All   colors  and  sizes. 
J.    .Always     appears     in     a     disguised 
l<]riii. 

.1.    Hdils    at    niithintr,    freezes    at    any 

IXMUt. 

4.    .Melts  when   properly  heated. 

^.   Very   bitter   if   not    used   correctlw 

CHEMICAL   I'KOPKRTIES 

1.  LxtrenieK  aeti\e  in  the  presence 
of  man. 

2.  ( Treat  affinity  for  gold,  silver,  and 
other  p  r  e  c  i  o  u  s  metals  and  precious 
stones. 

i.  Able  to  absorb  expensive  food  at 
any  time. 

4.  I  ndissolved  by  liquids,  but  acti\- 
it.\  is  greatly  increased  with  a  spirit 
solution. 

.">.   Sometimes  \ields  to  pressure. 

6.  Turns  green  when  replaced  by  a 
better  specimen. 

7.  Ages  rapidly — the  fresher  \ariet\- 
has  a  greater  attraction. 

8.  Highly  dangerous  and  explosive  in 
inexperienced  hands. 


You  Engineers  .  .  .  yes,  you  men  of  slide-rule  distinction.  If  you  multiply 
your  supply  needs  by  that  constant,  "Q"  for  Quality,  what  is  the  reading 
under  the  hair  line?  .  .  .  It's  610! 

610  EAST  DANIEL 

And  what  does  this  mean?  Why,  of  course,  that's  the  location  of 

UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE 

It's  the  right  answer  every  time.  You  can't  go   wrong   with   equipment   and 

supplies  from  here 


TECHNICAL  HANDBOOKS      -      TEXTBOOKS      -      DRAWING  EQUIPMENT 


26 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


Research  simplifies  print  making 
with  development  of  " Varigam"  Paper 


Chemists  and  physicists  make 
important  contributions 

Photographic  film  that  has  been  over- 
exposed or  overdeveloped  usually  means 
a  "hard"  or  "contrasty"  negative — too 
much  silver  is  deposited  on  the  high- 
lights in  comparison  with  that  in  the 
shadows.  The  opposite  effect,  a  "soft" 
or  "thin"  negative,  results  from  under- 
exposure or  underdevelopment.  At  one 
time  photographers  had  to  stock  four  or 
five  grades  of  enlarging  paper  to  correct 
for  these  conditions  and  get  the  right 
degree  of  contrast. 

To  eliminate  this  expensive,  unwieldy 
situation,  scientists  developed  "Vari- 
gam"  variable  contrast  photographic 
paper.  With  "Varigam,"  the  whole 
procedure  of  getting  different  degrees 
of  contrast  is  reversed.  Instead  of  using 
several  grades  of  paper,  the  photog- 
rapher uses  only  one.  He  gets  variation 
in  contrast  by  u.se  of  filters  that  control 
the  wave  lengths  of  light  reaching  the 
paper,  thereby  getting  finer  degrees  of 
contrast  than  are  otherwise  possible. 

The  action  of  "Varigam"  depends 
on  the  ability  of  certain  dyes  to  extend 
the  sensitivity  of  silver  halide  emulsions 
beyond  the  blue  and  blue-green  regions. 
This  effect  was  well  known  to  scientists. 
But  "Varigam"  has  an  added  feature 
— it  gives  high  contrast  in  the  blue  por- 


tion of  the  spectrum  and  is  also  sensi- 
tive to  light  in  the  green  region,  with 
low  contrast. 

"Varigam"  the  work  of  many  men 

The  first  job  was  one  for  the  physical 
chemists.  Silver  halide  emulsions,  nor- 
mally sensitive  to  blue  light,  had  to  be 
made  to  give  maximum  contrast  when 
exposed  to  light  in  this  region. 

It  was  known  that  certain  dyes  would 
extend  the  sensitivity  of  the  emulsion 
over  as  far  as  the  infra-red.  But  they 
were  not  practical  for  photographic  pa- 
per, being  affected  by  the  red  safety 
light  used  in  the  darkroom.  Research  by 
chemists  showed  that  certain  dyes  such 
as  l:l'-diethylthiopseudocyanine  iodide 
extended  the  light  sensitivity  only  to 
the  green  region.  And,  most  important, 
they  produced  low  contrast  when  used 
in  lower-than-normal  concentrations. 
When  such  a  dye  was  combined  with 
high-contrast  cilver  halide  emulsion, 
the  result  was  an  emulsion  that  gave 
high-contrast  prints  when  exposed  to 
blue  light,  and  low-contrast  prints  when 
exposed  to  f;rcc:i  light. 

Physieisis  Develop  Filters 

Physicists  made  this  contrast  control  a 
reality  by  preparing  sharp-cutting  fil- 
ters that  allow  the  user  to  control  his 
printing  light  selectively.  These  filters. 


which  are  attached  to  the  lens  of  the  en- 
larger,  range  from  blue  for  high  con- 
trast to  yellow,  which  cuts  out  the  blue 
almost  entirely  and  gives  low  contrast. 
In  between  are  eight  grades  of  filters 
with  intermediate  degrees  of  blue  and 
yellow  light  transmission.  All  of  the  fil- 
ters are  made  in  such  a  way  that  neither 
light  nor  printing  time  needs  to  be 
varied  as  filters  are  changed,  except  the 
last  two  on  the  blue  end.  These  require 
approximately  twice  the  time  of  the 
others. 

In  "Varigam,"  made  by  Du  Pont, 
chemical  science  has  given  the  photog- 
rapher new  economy  and  convenience 
in  printing,  and  a  degree  of  contrast 
control  more  precise  than  is  po.ssible 
with  any  combination  of  commercial 
papers. 


Questions  College  Men  ask 
about  working  with  Du  Pont 


What  types  of  training  are  needed? 

The  majority  of  openings  for  college  graduates  at 
Du  Pont  are  in  technical  work  and  are  usually  in 
chemical,  physical,  or  biological  research;  chemi- 
cal, mechanical,  civil,  electrical,  or  industrial 
engineering.  Openings  are  available  from  time  to 
time  in  other  fields,  including  architecture,  ceram- 
ics, metallurgy,  mining,  petroleum  and  textile 
engineering,  geology,  mathematics,  accounting. 
law,  economics,  and  journalism.  Write  for  booklet, 
"The  Du  Pont  Company  and  the  College  CJradu- 
ate."  2521-C  Nemours  Building,  Wilmington  98. 
Dela 


BETTER    THINGS    FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
...THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 

More  facts  about  Du  Pont  —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America."  Mondays,  8  P.M.,  EST  on  NBC 


Normal  print  (center)  can  be  obtained  from  either  a  "soft"  negative  {'uU)  cr  a  "he: 
negative  (right),  using  "Varigam"  variable  contrast  paper. 


M.ARCH,  1948 


27 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(Coiuinui'tl  from  pagi-  \2) 

liavf  not  even  borhficd  to  pick  up  tluir 
assigned  keys. 

The  preceediofr  paiafiiapli  liriiifis  out 
the  tact  that  the  iinacti\ity  is  b.\  no 
means  caused  by  uncooperation  of  the 
faculty.  It  is  useless  and  unnecessary  to 
try  and  put  tlie  blame  on  anyone.  In- 
stead, let  us  tr\-  to  remedy  the  situation. 

In  my  opinion  the  best  way  of  doing 
the  latter  is  to  t  o  i  ni  an  engineering 
council  similar  to  that  now  in  progress 
at  the  I'rbana  campus.  This  will  not 
onl.\'  help  to  organize  the  indi\idual  or- 
ganizations, but  also  bring  tlu-m  closer 
to  each  other.  To  do  this  I  suggest  that 
the  officers  of  the  various  organizations 
come  up  to  our  office  (Room  354-1) 
and  make  up  a  time  of  meeting. 

Let  us  not  relv  entirely  on  the  facult\ 
for  our  organization.  Let  us  do  our 
share. 


FACULTY  in  REVIEW 


caught. 


.•\   Ilea  and   a  t1\-  in   .-i   Hue  were 

Said  the  Hea:  "Let  us  H\." 

Said  the  Hv:  "Let  us  tlee." 

So  thf\    llew  tlirough  a  flaw  in  the  Ifue. 

"W'iiar    kind    ot    noise    anno\s    an 
oyster?" 

"A  noisy  noise  annoys  an  oyster." 


OGDEN    LIVERMORE 

by  Norbert  W.  Ellmann,  M.E.  '51 

The  Pier  staff  ot  The  Illinois  Tech- 
nograph  is  just  growing  out  of  its  in- 
fancy. We  celebrate  our  third  issue  b\' 
introducing  a  man  whom  we  think 
should  be  mentioned  at  this  time.  He- 
cause  of  his  splendid  efforts  in  our 
behalf  we  were  able  to  form  .1  working 
organization  and  thus  begin  what  we 
hope  will  be  an  interesting  and  instrvic- 
tive  section  of  The  Illinois  Techno- 
graph.  This  man  is  Mr.  Ogden  Liver- 
more,  .M.A.,  faculty  adviser  to  the  Pier 
branch  of  The  Illinois  Technograph. 
-\L.  l.i\ermore  was  born  in  Wellesley 
Hills,  Massachusetts.  He  finished  grade 
school  and  first  vear  high  school  in 
Wellesley  Hills.  His  last  three  years  of 
high  school  were  spent  at  Nicholes  Senn 
high  school  in  Chicago.  While  at  Senn, 
Mr.  Livermore  won  first  prize  for  hav- 
ing the  best  garden  of  the  year.  He  was 
also  assistant  business  manager  of  the 
Senn  News.  Mr.  Livermore  then  went 
to  the  L'liiversity  of  Illinois,  where  he 
received  his  B.S.  degree.  After  this,  Mr. 
Livermore    attended    evening   school    at 


Aiiuour  Institute  (now  Illinois  Insti- 
tute of  Technology)  where  he  took  a 
course  in  welding.  He  then  enrolled  in 
,1  business  course  at  .Northwestern  I  ni- 
\ersity,  also  in  the  evening.  After  com- 
pleting evening  school,  be  enrolled  in 
da\'  school  at  Northwestern  and  received 
his  .M.A.  degree. 

The  first  position  .Mr.  Livermore 
held  was  in  the  field  of  chemistry.  He 
then  worked  in  real  estate  management 
with  the  Chicago  Title  and  Trust  com- 
pany .After  that  he  went  on  to  teaching 
at  I'rancis  W.  Parker  school,  where  he 
taught  mathematics,  drawing,  and  gen- 
eial  shop. 

During  the  war  .Mi'.  Livermore  went 
back  to  chemical  work.  He  worked  on 
fluxes  for  war  alloys.  He  then  became 
business  manager  and  instructor  at 
North  Shore  Count\'  Dewey  school  after 
which  he  accepted  his  present  positiori 
at  Navy  Pier  as  an  instructor  in  the 
department  of  physics. 

Mr.  Livermore's  most  loved  hobby  is 
working  in  his  garden.  He  also  likes  to 
work  on  machinery  and  fix  odds  and 
ends  around   the  house. 

There  are  no  children  in  the  Liver- 
more famih'  although  Mr.  and  .Mrs. 
Livermore  would  like  to  ha\e  about 
three  sets  of  triplets. 

(Continued  on  page  30) 


Rcfrlrieratcd 
Trucks  Loading 
Frozen   Foods. 


World's   Largo.«<   ^iii«'k-frerxer  Uses 


r    I'lVte   0/   the   Great   Plant 
Bridgcton.   N.    J. 


Sesbrook  Farms— Deerfleld   Paclcing  Corp.  are  breaking  all  records 

'- -  for    quick-freeiing    foods    at    their 

■  ^.-''^2^*^ff^'    '  '"~^^  -  gigantic      plant     near      Bridgeton, 

tf^"  ^"^^^^^£^5^^"  ?*'  ^-  ■'•  '^^^'^  "^  processing  as  much 
^tfB  .^>;,;  j'>^'^^^^-r>  as  a  million  pounds  of  vegetables 
li^  ^\<f'^f^'  ^t^-*'  ■  and  fruits  a  day,  85':'f  of  which 
t    ,^^;--— ^^^^^  --  '  are  promptly  froien. 

P^S;:::;^---     .^,  .    *-  Their    precoollng.    qulck-freeiing 

^^wCll'.^^V'^HS^^r.^^BSfe' '  and  cold  storage  operations  are 
all  handled  with  Frick  Refrigera- 
♦  ion.  Storage  capacity  is  over  50 
million  pounds.  Twelve  big  Frick 
ammonia  compressors,  driven  by 
motors  totaling  3825  horsepower, 
carry  the  cooling  load  with  de- 
pendability. 

The  Frick  Graduate  Training  Course 
Refrigeration  and  Air  Conditioning  now 
Its  31st  year  is  approved  under  the 
.   Bill   of   RioMs. 

rTcc' ■ '"  '^"wv'  lllj^r'5'2^g 

Six     of     Nine     Friek     4-Cyl    I    f|  » 1  f  %k   ^  #R4  W  %^ 

Amm.  Compressors.  F    ^#   ,  #   \.^9    *  ^4*^.  ^k».i 


LUFKIN  "Peerless"  Chrome  Clad 
Steel  Tapes 


Rough,   tough   measuring 
work   can't   hurt  the    Lufkin 
"Peerless"  Chrome  Clad  Steel 
Tape.     Jet    black    morkings   ore 
always  easy  to  read.    Sturdy  steel 
line    is    covered    with    satin    smooth 
chrome    that    resists    rust    and    will    not 
crack,    chip,    or    peel.     For    free    catalog 
write  THE  LUFKIN  RULE  CO.,  SAGINAW, 
MICH.,  New  York  City. 


roj9  AccunAeir 


28 


THE  TECHNOGR.\PH 


He's  a  Square  D  Field  Engineer. . . 

his  full-time  job  is  working  with  industries  of 
every  kind  and  size  in  finding  "a  better  way 
to  do  it."  He  talks  less  about  theory,  more 
about  proven  practice.  He  has  a  tremendous 
amount  of  actual  experience  to  back  him  up. 

Through  a  staff  of  such  Field  Engineers 
located  in  more  than  50  offices  in  the  United 


States,  Canada  and  Mexico,  Square  D  does 
this  three-fold  job:  Designs  and  builds  elec- 
trical distribution  and  control  equipment  in 
pace  with  present  needs — provides  sound 
counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right  equipment 
for  any  given  application — anticipates  trends, 
speeds  development  of  new  methods  and 
equipment. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  dis- 
tribution or  control,  call  in  the  nearby 
Square  D  Field  Engineer.  He  makes  a  lot  of 
sense  in  finding  "a  better  v/ay  to  do  it." 


For  many  years  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS  THIS  ONE  have  appeared  regularly  in  leading  business 
magazines.  Their  primary  purpose  is  to  build  acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers,  practically 
all  of  whom  come  to  us  from  leading  engineering  schools  such  as  yours. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  LTD.,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO   '   SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F 


M.ARCH,  1948 


29 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(Coiitimii-il  trom  page  28) 
The  I'iiT  staff  nuMiibers  of  thi-  1  ccli- 
noKiaph  have  come  to  know  Mr.  Lixt-r- 
inori-  as  a  personal  trlciid.  W'e  lia\e 
found  him  willing  to  help  \\hene\er 
help  was  needed.  At  this  time  we  would 
like  to  express  our  gratitude  and  appre- 
ciation to  Mr.  Liverniore  for  his  inval- 
uable counsel  and  assistance  in  helping 
us   tret   starteil. 


PIER   CLOSE-UPS 


RUSSELL   PABST 
by    Richard    Choronzy,    M.E.    '51 

Take  it  from  Russell  Pabst,  there's 
no  place  like  good  old  Chicago.  Russ 
can  testify  to  that,  as  he  spent  a  year 
overseas  in  Japan  while  ui  the  Army 
Air  Corps. 

"The  thing  I  missed  most  of  all  was 
the  sight  of  our  beautiful  Chicago  wom- 
en. Japan  just  can't  compare  with  Chi- 
cago." That  was  all  he  would  say  on 
the  subject  of  Japan.  From  there  on,  it 
was  all  engineering. 

Russ  first  began  to  think  of  engineer- 
ing as  a  career  in  his  freshman  year  at 
Harrison  high  school.  After  graduating 
in  Januar\-,  1944,  he  decided  to  go  to 
work,  meanwhile  going  to  school  during 
evenings.  He  attended  Illinois  Institute 


ot  Technolog)  for  :\  slioi't  penoil  ol 
time;  however,  the  Arnn  had  otlui 
plans  lor  him.  He  entered  the  Armv 
carK  in  I94S,  and  after  his  basic  train- 
nig,  left  the  states  for  Japan.  Russ  was 
discharged  in  December,  1946,  after 
spending  twenty  months  in  the  Army. 

In  l""ebruar\,  1947,  just  two  months 
after  his  discharge,  he  enr(dled  in  gen- 
eral engineering  at  .\a\y  Pier.  Cur- 
rently' he  is  a  sophomore  in  mechanical 
cniiineering,  having  changed  his  course 
this  semester.  He  is  \ery  much  inter- 
ested in  designing  and  intends  to  work 
in   that  field  after  he  graduates. 

Russ  has  many  outside  interests  in 
addition  to  his  school  work.  His  out- 
standing hobbies  are  stamp  collecting, 
photograph},',  and  writing  poetr\'.  He 
enjins  listening  to  classical  music  and 
has  a  large  collection  of  Wagner  record- 
ings. He  also  is  an  a\id  baseball  fan, 
football  expert,  and  boxing  authorit\ 
(all  this  and  engineering,  too!).  If 
worse  comes  to  worse,  Russ  can  alwa\s 
write  poetry. 

Father — "When  I  was  your  age  I 
used  to  go  to  bed  with  the  chickens.  " 

Son — "Well,  dad,  times  haven't 
changed   much.  " 

Here's   to   the  girl   who  gives, 
And  does  not  sell. 
Here's  to  the  boy  who  takes. 
And  does  not  tell. 


Silent    Switches- 
No   More   Clicks 

1  II  cool  and  i|uench  the  arc  of  a  new 
lO-ampere,  silent  light  switch,  there  is 
hydrogen  gas  in  the  "button."  This  also 
prevents  oxidation  of  the  mercury  when 
the  circuit  is  broken. 

The  mercury  in  these  switches  is  con- 
tained in  a  metal  enclosure,  which  con- 
sists of  mercury  to  mercury  contacts  en- 
closed in  two  special  nicr.il  alloy  disks 
that  are  glass-sealed  nn  .i  ciT,imic  l)ar- 
rier. 

The  new  mercur\'  switch  recently  de- 
veloped by  the  (ieneral  Electric  Com- 
pany, assures  its  users  of  silent,  smooth 
operation  for  an  extremely  long  time.  It 
has  been  tested  for  a  half-million  "makes 
and  breaks." 


The  little  child  was  sitting  ilemurely 
on  the  couch,  watching  her  mother 
smoking  a  cigarette.  Her  little  nose  was 
wrinkled  and  in  her  pale  blue  eyes  there 
\\as  an  expression  of  childish  disillusion- 
ment. Finally  unable  to  stand  it  any 
longer,  she  burst  out  in  her  quavering 
falsetto,  "Mother,  when  in  hell  are  \ou 
going  to  learn  to  inhale?" 


"Thish  match  won't  light." 
"Washa  matter  with  it?" 
"I  don't  know.  It  lit  all   right  a  mi 
ute  ago.  " 

— Jester 


LARGEST 


CAMPUS   BOOK  STORE 
ENGINEERING  SECTION 


TEXTBOOKS,  DRAWING  INSTRUMENTS 

ATHLETIC    SUPPLIES,    LAUNDRY    BAGS 

ELECTRIC   SUPPLIES,   NOTEBOOKS 


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30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Tapping  a  Waterfall 


TO  LIGHT  A 

COUNTRYSIDE... 

AND  A  WAY 

TO  SUCCESS! 


Design  anil  Ijuilil  a  liydro-tur- 
ne  to  meet  exacting  demands  of 
capacity,  head  and  horsepower  .  .  . 
that's  just  one  of  thousands  of  ab- 
sorbing problems  tackled  and  solved 
by  Ailis-Chalmers  engineers. 

A-C  probes  every  phase  of 
science  and  industry — electronics, 
hydraulics,  processing,  metallurgy 
.  .  .  contributes  important  new  ma- 
chine advancements  to  almost  every 
)asic  industry. 

What  better  place  couiil  you 
find  to  develop  your  engineering 
talents!  What  better  chance  to  grow 
in  vour  chosen  field. 


INVESTIGATE 


Jl 


_K" 


ALUS- CHALMERS 

ONE  OF  THE  BIG  3  IN  ELECTRIC  POWER  EQUIPMENT- 
BIGGEST  OF  ALL  IN  RANGE  OF  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS! 


Write  for  Book  No.  60aS, 

outlining  A-C'(  Groduot* 

Training  Course. 

Allis-Cholmeri  Mfg.  Co., 
Milwaukee  1,Wi>con<in 


MARCH,  194S 


31 


PROBLEM  —  You  are  designing  a  machine  which 
includes  a  number  of  electrical  accessories  any  one 
of  which  can  be  turned  on  by  means  of  a  rotary 
switch.  For  reasons  of  assembly  and  wiring  this 
switch  has  to  be  centrally  located  inside  the  machine. 
Your  problem  is  to  provide  a  means  of  operating  the 
switch  from  a  convenient  outside  point.  How  would 
you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER  —  Use  on  S.S.White  re- 
mote control  type  flexible  shaft  to  connect  the  switch 
to  its  control  knob.  This  arrangement  gives  you  com- 
plete freedom  in  placing  both  the  switch  and  the 
control  knob  anywhere  you  want  them.  That's  the 
way  one  manufacturer  does  it  in  the  view  below  of 
port  of  the  equipment  with  cover  removed. 


This  is  just  one  of  hundreds  of  remote  control  and  power 
drive  problems  to  which  S.S.White  flexible  shafts  provide 
a  simple  answer.  That's  why  every  engineer  should  be 
familiar  with  these  "Metal  Muscles'"  for  mechanical  bodies. 

•Trademark  Req.   U.  S     Pat.  Off.   and  elsewhere 


WRITE     FOR     BULLETIN     4501 


It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  A  copy  is  yours 
free  for  asking.  Write  today. 


IIWHITE 


INDUSTRIAL 


THC  S.S.  WHITE  DENTAl  MFC.  CO.          ■  f  W  ■#  S^lV  I  flV>#0>       DIVISION 
DIPT.  C,    10   lAST    40lh    ST..  NCW  TORK    16.  N.  T.   


#r 


0>it  0^  /liHVtCyii  A  AAA  1iuCu4t^ia(  S»tcnfiti.iM 


^  I  .\  I  I.M  l-.\  I       111         rill'.      (lU  .M.K.vllll'.       \lA\Ai.l    \II-..N  r, 

ik(  ri..\ ri().\,  KTi'.,  KKoriuKU  in'  the  .\(  t.s  (if  con- 
.i;k,s.s  ok  ai'(;lst  24,  i9u.  a.vd  m.\r(ii  3,  i9,!.i. 


for  October   I,    1947. 


(.  ouiity  01   I  hanipaiKU     j 

Ik-fore  nie,  .'l  iiol.'irv  imlilic  in  and  for  the  State  anri  County  afcn'c- 
s.iiil.  personally  appeared  Koljert  Johnson,  who,  havinK  been  duly 
-worn  according  to  law,  deiioscs  and  says  that  he  is  the  business 
manager  of  the  Illinois  Tecnnonraph,  and  that  the  followins  is,  to 
the  best  of  his  knowledKe  an<l  belief,  a  true  statement  of  the  owner- 
ship, niananenieiit  anil  the  circulation,  etc.,  of  the  aforesaid  publica- 
tiiin  for  the  date  shown  in  the  above  caption,  required  by  the  Act  of 
■ViiKiisl  J4.  1912.  as  anientled  by  the  Act  of  .March  I,  i9.i.i,  embodied 
111  s<rtH-ii  .S.?7,  Postal  Laws  and  Regulations,  priiited  on  the  reverse 
i.t   thiv   Inrrn,  to  wit: 

1.  That  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  publisher,  editor,  man- 
aKing  editor,  and  business  nianaKers  are:  Publisher,  Illini  PublishiuK 
Company,  725  South  Wrikdit  Street,  Champaign,  Illinois: 

Editor,   (leorge   Toster,    Crliana,    Illinois. 

Business   Manager,   Robert  Johnson,    I'rbana.    llliiii.iv 

1.  That  the  owner  is  the  Illini  Publishing  C.inii..iMv.  .,  ,„.u|.infil 
.Miporation,  whose  president  is  C.  A.  .Moycr  of  L'rb.ma,  Illni.a-,  :ui.l 
whose  secretary   is   .Manning   1).    .Seil  of   Champaign,   IlUnois. 

.1.  That  the  known  bondholders,  mortgagees,  and  other  .sccurily 
h^-lders  owning  or  holding  1  per  cent  or  more  of  total  amount  of 
lionds,  mortgages,  or  other  securities  are  none. 

4.  That  the  two  |..Li.,«r..i.li~  luxi  .il.ove,  giving  the  names  of  the 
itwiiers,  stockholiU-rs.  .mil  ~<-(init\  li.il.icrs,  if  any,  contain  not  only 
the  list  of  stockhol.l.  t  s  .iml  s.^uiiiv  ln.Mers  as  they  appear  upon  the 
liiioks  of  the  coni|i.iii>  Imt  al-n,  ni  i,i-es  where  the  stockholder  or 
vecurity  holder  appears  upon  the  books  of  the  company  as  trustee 
or  in  any  other  fiduciary  relation,  the  name  of  the  person  or  corpora- 
tion for  whom  such  trustee  is  acting,  is  given:  also  that  the  said 
two  paragraphs  contain  statements  embracing  affiant's  full  knowledge 
and  lielief  as  to  the  cii-cumstances  an<l  conditions  under  which  stock- 
holders ;ind  security  holders  who  do  not  appear  upon  the  books  of  the 
cninpaiu  as  trustees,  hold  stock  and  securities  in  a  capacity  other 
than  that  of  a  bona  fide  owner;  and  this  affiant  has  no  rea.son  to 
ln-lieve  that  any  other  person,  association,  or  corporation  has  any 
interest  direct  or  indirect  in  the  said  stock,  bonds,  or  other  securities 
tlian  as  so  stated  by  him. 

ROBERT  A.  JOHNSON,   Business   Manager. 
Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  .10th  day  of  January,  194X. 


MARCJAKliT    E.    CAIN,    Notary    Publii 


Robeson's 


for  the  finest  gifts 
beautifully  gift  wrapped 


You  May  Still  Subscribe 

to  the  last  4  issues  of  the  year 

for  only  75c 


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213    ENGINEERING    HALL 
URBANA     •     ILLINOIS 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


X 


Because 
photography 
lasts . . . 


for  48  years  photography  has  preserved  this  passing  scene  . 

Yet  today,  as  a  record,  it's  as  complete  and  accurate  as  ever. 
Photography  lasts  . . .  and  because  it  lasts,  has  great  usefulness  to 
business,  industiy,  and  the  professions: 

Demonstrate  a  product,  tell  a  sales  story,  in  motion  pictm-es— its 
appeal  and  showmanship  stav  fresh,  its  delivery  always  "letter  perfect." 

Reproduce  a  blueprint,  a  specification  sheet,  a  production  chart  on 
Kodagraph  Paper— its  definition  stays  crisp,  its  nsefidness  is  prolonged. 

Photograph  an  accident  scene,  an  operation,  a  constniction  project— 
eveiy  detail  remains  accurately,  lastingly  fixed. 

File  contracts,  correspondence,  cancelled  checks  on  Recordak  microfilm  — 
they  "stay  put"  in  fixed  order,  and  cannot  be  altered  without  detection. 

All  this  vou  can  bring  about  because  photography  lasts.  Because  it 
docs  . . .  because  of  its  other  usefid  characteristics  .  .  .  vou  can  do  even 
more.  For  examples,  write  for  "Functional  Photography."  It's  free. 

Eastman   Kodak  Company,   Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 

TlicocJorc  RnoKcvcIt  on  tour  durinn  the  1900  Presidential  campaign. 


Functional  Photography 


is  advancing  business  and  industrial  technics 


.1: 


PHYSICIST  .  . .  CHEMIST  ...  ENGINEER 

for  each.  Genera/  Electric  has  assignments  to  his  liking 

Cmrral  Electric  is  vol  one  Inisiness,  but  a/i  or^mtzatimi  in  C  J  itlaiits  in  16  states.  Graduates  of  American  colleges 

of  many  businesses,  ranging  from  the  building  of  giant  and  universities  are  finding  that  General  Electric  offers 

turbines  at  Schenectady  to  the  molding  of  plastics  in  opportunities  to  all  degrees  of  specialists,  all  sorts  of 

Pittsfield.  The  16^.000  people  of  General  Electric  ivork  enthusiasms,  all  kinds  of  careers. 


ATOMIC     PHYSICIST 

As  the  result  of  its  research  in  nucleonics,  General  Electric 
was  asked  by  the  Government  in  1946  to  take  over  operation 
of  the  giant  Hanford  Works,  one  of  the  major  units  of  the  Man- 
hattan Project.  With  this  development,  and  with  the  construction 
ot  both  a  new  Atomic  Power  Laboratory  and  a  new  Research 
Laboratory  at  Schenectady,  opportunities  in  all  phases  of  nuclear 
research  have  increased  enormously.  Herbert  C.  Pollock  (left), 
one  of  the  first  scientists  to  isolate  U-235,  works  now  with 
such  electron  accelerators  as  the  Betatron  and  S\  nchrotron. 


CHEMIST 

General  Electric  is  the  largest  molder  of  finished  plastics 
parts  in  the  world.  It  has  also  played  a  large  part  in  the 
development  of  silicones,  new  chemical  compounds  from  which 
a  whole  new  industry  is  springing.  Developments  like  these 
have  meant  unprecedented  opportunities  for  chemists  and 
chemical  engineers  at  General  Electric.  Dr.  J.  J.  P\  Ic,  graduate 
in  chemistry  at  British  Columbia  and  McGill,  became  director 
of  the  G-E  Plastics  Lalxiratories  at  the  age  of  29. 


ELECTRONICS     SPECIALIST 

For  good  reason.  General  Electric  Electronics  Park  has  been 
called  the  "Greatest  Electronics  Center  in  the  World."  Its  155 
acres  look  like  a  campus.  Its  laboratories,  shops  and  production 
lines  are  the  most  modern  of  their  kind.  It's  a  Mecca  for  men 
whose  attentions  perk  up  at  the  sight  of  a  circuit  diagram — 
men  like  Dick  Longfellow,  who  has  worked  his  way  up  through 
television  and  high-frequency  assignments  and  is  today  section 
engineer  in  charge  of  ground  radar  equipment. 


FOR  YOUR  COPY  OF  'CAREERS  IN  THE  ELECTRICAL  INDUSTRY."  WRITE  TO  DEPT.  237-6,  GENERAL  ELECTRIC  CO..  SCHENECTADY.  N.  Y 

GENERAL  A  ELECTRIC 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

JUN  29  1948 
UNIVbRSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


y 


'O 


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Ipiil,  l!)fr^25  Cents 

MEMBER    OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 


Oroaxic 
Chemicals- 

3Modern  Medicine  Men 

Tlie  iiKiilrrn  lrf-alm<-iit  oC  <Ji:^<-a.*e  involves  inan>  factors — 
among  wliir-li  clicniolliciapy    hfcoriies  more  vital   everv    day. 
Ill  the  treatiiD-iit  r)f  disease  and  disahling  alleri;ies.  medicines  s\ntliesized  Ironi  organic  clu-micals 
ha\e  replaced  many  of  the  less  s|iecilic  medicinal  agents  of  |iast  gen<-ralions. 

Sncli  ineili<'inals  as  (he  sulfotiamides.  penicillin,  streptomvein.  anli-liislaminc^  and  aspirin, 
either  comfort  the  patient  or  itiakc  the  control  of  his  illness  far  more  ccrlain  and  effective.  In  eacli 
ease    the    liroaci    a\ailaliilil>  of  these   drugs  has  hi-en   made 
possible  liy    the  d<'\elo|imenl   of  s\nthetic  organic  chemicals 
\vhi<-h  are  necessarx    to  their  manufacture. 

(larhide  and  (larlxin  ( Ihemicals  has  pioiiccn-d  in  s\  nllie- 
si/ing  and  producing,  on  a  large  scale,  depeiidalile  organic 
cliemicals.  Our  technical  representatives  are  well  ipialilied 
to  help  vou  make  the  liest  use  of  theiri  in  the  de\  el(>|imeMl 
of  your  prixluot. 


CARBIDE  and  CARBON 
CHEMICALS  CORPORATION 


<^ 


.1  ftarlinl  list  nf  our  rliriniinis,  noiv  ronsiilrrrtl  linsir  In  llir  plmnnn- 
rriitiiiil  hiiliislrs.  iiuhiilrx  tlii'iilmhnlx:  ini'thannl.  ftliiiiitil.  iiml  isii/irn/iriiii'h 
IK rii,  iinhsdriilc:  iiri>inlriir f;l\,„l:  <-llivl rtlii-i:  rllniiiinl  ixiii,niinl iinlnlf: 
iKi'iiiiir:  rllivh'ni'  ilii  hlnriilr:  "( .iiili<tii<i.\"  iimiiiniinils:  iiri'tixiirlii-  fstrr>: 
iinil  llir  rthiinoldiiiinrs  for  s/inijii  iiifdrniiiliim  mi  any  nf  lliixr  inulirinls. 
llii'ir  rliriiiiinl  iinil  physiriil  prnprrtifs.  anil  llirir  rriii  lirilv.  rail  nr  iirilr 
our  nfiirisl  nfficr/iir  ''Svnthrlir  Or/tanic  Chcmiials,"  hmikli't  li. 


Unit  of  Union  Carbidm  and  Carbon  Corporation 

30  East  42nil  Street  QS  New  York  17.  N.  Y. 


k  c.fC.&  c.c.c. 


No  .  .  .  there  never  was  a  valve  this 
hig.  But  if  all  valves  in  this 
refinery  were  one  valve,  this  picture 
would  be  no  great  exaggeration. 

Today,  with  wages  and  material 
i-osts  the  highest  ever,  it  pays 
management  to  think  about  valves 
collectively,  and  keep  the  same 
sharp  eye  on  valve  maintenance 
costs  that  they  do  on  large  unit 
maintenance. 

EXCESSIVE    MAINTENANCE    of    one 

valve  is  insignificant,  but  multiplied 


by  thousands,  it  is  a  serious  drain 
on  oj)erating  budgets. 

JENKINS  BROS,  helps  management 
meet  this  problem.  First,  by  build- 
ing extra  endurance  into  Jenkins 
Valves,  making  them  the  longest- 
lasting,  lowest-upkeep  valves  that 
money  can  buy.  Second,  with  advice 
from  Jenkins  Engineers 
on  any  question  of 
proper  selection,  instal- 
lation, or  maintenance. 

That's  why,  for  new 


installations  or  replacements,  alert 
management  relics  on  Jenkins  qual- 
ity and  engineering  for  lowest  valve 
costs  in  the  long  run.  Sold  tlirouglt 
leading  Indiislrial  Dislribulors. 

Jenkins  Bros.,  80  White  St..  New  York  13;  Bridfcporl, 

Conn.;  Allania;  Boston;   Philadelphia;  Chicago;  Sao 

Francisco.     Jenkins  Bros,,  Ltd..  Montreal. 


LOOK   FOR  THIS 


•TK.ICTH 

AL  PIPISG  LAYOUTS" 
iiiiig    diagrams    aad    descrif 

s  a  .;.'/■ 

ions    v\ 

,,e 

/'If  ^  J,-       '■!  '    HI 

layouts  with  complete  rccoi 

iJieiiJali 

'11  < 

It     -    r  ■  ,      • 

lection  and  location  in  the 

liiiK.   r 

•Us 

V   ;i     -../Mr/r    -.alve    U'lu-rc    for    best    fi 

rf,.,  iiiain 

I-KIUl    VII 

request.      Write    JENKINS 

BIWS., 

xo 

White  Strc 

t,  NcM  York  IS,  N.  Y. 

QlENWNS^ 


DIAMOND  MARK 


JENKINS 
VALVES 

Types,  Sizes,  Pressures,  Metals  tor  Every  Need 


iw 


Tape  Recorder 


Itii  •l»hn  IHrli.  K.K.  ' l» 
Uvrh  Miiz«-r.  K.K.  '.lO 

Kvii  Mflfiran.  M.K.  '!» 


The  ili-M-ldpiiH'iit  aiul  pciti-ctioii  of  a 
\()icc-ai:ti\  atcil  instantaneous  start-stop 
clutch  nicchanisni,  now  available  as  op- 
tional equipmriit  on  aru  .Mat;nctapc 
Recorder*,  has  been  announccil  h\  the 
Magnephone  Division  of  Anipliliei'  Cor- 
poration of  America. 

Activated  by  the  voice  of  the  speaker, 
singer,  or  other  preselected  sounds,  the 
voice-clutch  equipped  Magnetape  Re- 
corder continues  to  record  as  long  as 
the  sound  is  maintained,  and  for  ap- 
proximately five  seconds  thereafter — to 
compensate  for  any  pause.  Actually,  the 
time  the  recorder  will  operate  after  the 
sound  has  ceased  depends  on  the  length 
of  time  the  speech  or  music  has  been 
going  on,  and  on  its  volume.  Thus,  the 
instrument's  period  of  expectation  in- 
creases with  the  increased  possibility  of 
additional  sounds  following. 

Operating  on  the  principle  of  sound 
being  con\erted  into  electrical  impulses 
through  the  microphone,  which  is  then 
amplified  and  fed  into  a  rectifier,  the 
voice  activated  a  special  control  circuit 
which  operates  through  a  special  clutch 
arrangement  to  provide  instantaneous 
control  of  tape  movement. 

The  sensitivity  of  the  voice-clutch 
may  be  manually  regulated  by  manipu- 
lation of  the  instrument's  recording  vol- 
ume control  to  match  the  normal  vol- 
ume  of    anv   voice.   This   also   serves   to 


pre\ent    activation    of     the    .Magnetape 
Recorder  by  extraneous  room   noises. 

The  addition  of  the  clutch  mechan- 
ism on  a  Magnetape  Recoider  results 
in  a  highly  convenient  automatic  dictat- 
ing machine.  It  tremendously  increases 
the  recording  period  of  a  reel  of  mag- 
netic tape,  since  the  recorder  operates 
only  while  the  sound  continues.  .And 
reels  of  magnetic  tape  ma\-  be  used  over 
and  over  through  a  unique  erasing  proc- 
ess which  completely  erases  previoush 
recorded  material  while  the  new  record- 
ing is  being  made.  Transcribing  of  dic- 
tated material  by  a  typist  is  simplified 
by  a  remote  control  switch  for  instan- 
taneous start  and  stop. 

Instantaneous  voice  activation  of  the 
Magnetape  Recorder  makes  the  instru- 
ment ideally  suited  for  any  regular, 
occasional,  or  intermittent  sound  record- 
ing requirement.  Application  as  widely 
diversified  as  telephone  monitoring,  con- 
fession recording,  studies  of  animal  and 
nature  sounds,  etc.,  will  find  this  voice- 
activated  start-stop  recorder  the  perfect 
answer. 
^Trademark. 


Air  Fuel  Ratio  Controller 

Complete  temperature  and  combustion 
control  systems  for  large  industrial  fur- 
naces now  include  a  new  air-fuel  ratio 
controller.  This  device  can  control  air- 
fuel  ratios  to  any  pre-set  proportions. 
The  main  new  feature  of  this  device  is 
that  it  operates  through  electronic  cir- 
cuits and  thereby  eliminates  the  use  of 
costly  hydraulic  pipe  systems.  The  ratio 
may  be  pre-set  to  vary  with  \oliMne  or 
any  other  standard  such  as  time,  pres- 
sure, etc. 


Tape  recorders  can  be  equipped 
with  sound-activated  start-stop 
mechanisms. 


Phase  Contrast  Microscopy 

.A  new,  simplified  method  of  phase 
contrast  microscop\'  was  recently  demon- 
strated at  the  National  Cancer  Institute 
in  Washinngtonu,  D.  C,  where  it  was 
generally  agreed  to  be  one  of  the  most 
important  developments  in  the  field  of 
microscopy  in  over  50  years.  Developed 
b\-  the  Hausch  and  Lomb  Optical  com- 
pany, Rochester,  New  York,  it  consists 
of  optical  and  mechanical  accessories  that 
can  be  fitted  to  the  standard  laboratory 
microscope  as  well  as  to  the  more  com- 
plex models. 

Contrast  nucroscojiy  in  itself  is  not 
new  but  previous  methods  of  application 
necessitated  either  killing  or  distorting 
the  action  of  the  specimen  with  stain  or 
having   onh'    black    and    \vhite   contrast. 


The  phase  contrast  method,  however, 
eliminates  any  treatment  that  may  hin- 
der the  action  of  the  specimen  ami  pro- 
vides all  of  the  tone  gr;iduation  in  the 
contrast  range. 

Phase  contrast  microscopy  optically 
utilizes  the  differences  in  speed  at  which 
light  travels  through  substances  of  vari- 
ous densities  in  the  specimen  by  trans- 
forming the  resulting  phase  shifts  in  the 
light  wa\e  fronts  into  differences  of 
briglitness.  The  \arious  tone  gradua- 
tions of  the  structure  are  brought  to 
focus  by  a  lens  system  which  produces  a 
sharply  defined  magnified  image  that  can 
be   reproduced   on  a   photographic  plate. 

The  new  accessories  used  consist  of  a 
special  condenser  as.sembly,  a  series  of 
objective  lenses  ranging  from  10  to  97 
power  magnification,  and  a  miniature 
auxiliary  telescope.  The  condenser  as- 
sembly contains  a  rotary  mechanism 
housing  several  annular  stops  that  con- 
trol illumination  on  the  specimen.  The 
objectives  are  mounted  in  a  rotatable 
turret  to  provide  rapid  change  from  low- 
est to  highest  magnification  power  and 
are  fitted  with  a  ring-like  elevation  that 
correspond  to  the  diaphragm  stops  in  the 
condenser.  This  eliminates  partially  dis- 
assembling the  microscope  to  increase  or 
decrease  magnification  power. 

For  centering  the  patterns,  a  small 
auxiliary  microscope  is  used  in  the  micro- 
scope's draw  tube  in  place  of  the  regu- 
lar eye  piece. 

The  development  of  phase  contrast 
microscopy  is  a  definite  step  forward  in 
the  field  of  microscopv.  According  to 
Dr.  Kurt  J.  Heinicke,  Rausch  and  Lomb 
scientists,  its  scope  and  probable  effect  on 
health,  nutrition  and  industrial  processes 
is  practically  unlimited  for  it  will  prove 
of  distinct  value  in  microscopic  studies 
ranging  from  sewage  disposal  to  atomic 
radiation   research. 


Spectrophotometer  Aids 
Police 

The  recording  spectrophotometer  has 
been  put  to  use  as  an  aid  in  locating  hit 
and  run  drivers.  It  can  easily  distin- 
guish 2,000,000  different  colors."  Exam- 
ination of  a  suspect's  car  and  comparison 
with  paint  spots  left  on  the  scene  lead 
to  positive  identification  of  the  guilty 
party. 

The  FBI  maintains  a  standard  file  to 
aid  in  identification  of  the  make  of  car 
involved.  Weathering  and  other  corro- 
sive factors  also  determine  the  final  an- 
swer. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


PATTERNS  in  Soap  set  this  Pattern  in  STEEL . . . 


Chemists  and  Engineers 
Team-Up  for  Progress 

at  P AND  G 


Here's  an  example  of  research  tliat  led  to  the  engi- 
neering development  of  a  new  factory  process. 

The  properties  of  a  finished  bar  of  soap  depend  on  the 
polymorphic  form  or  forms  in  which  the  soap  molecules 
have  crystallized.  For  instance,  the  comparison  of  the 
x-ray  diffraction  powder  diagrams  to  the  left  illustrates 
that  one  soap  can  be  prepared  in  at  least  four  different 
polymorphic  forms  or  phases.  These  different  forms  vary 
in  physical  properties  such  as  plasticity,  rale  of  solution  in 
water,  and  ease  of  lathering. 

Thus,  to  make  a  bar  of  soap  with  desirable  properties. 


it  is  necessary  to  control  both  the  phase  composition  anJ 
the  chemical  composition  of  the  final  product. 

Research  findings  of  this  kind  at  Procter  &  Gamble 
are  translated  into  designs  for  large-scale  factory  proc- 
esses. The  picture  at  the  right  shows  a  new  type  of  factory 
process  in  which  conditions  are  controlled  to  produce  bars 
of  soap  of  the  desired  crystalline  form  or  phase. 

Design,  development  and  construction  of  this  me- 
chanical equipment  called  for  close  cooperation  between 
chemists  and  engineers — scientific  teamwork  that  sets  a 
pattern  for  progress. 


PROCTER  &  GAMBLE 


Cincinnati  17,  Ohio 


\PRIL.  I94S 


In  the  electriral  inanufarturing 
iiidiistrv,  it  tak<-s  an  cntiinccr  to 
sell,  lie  must  lie  prcpan'il  not 
onh  lo  explain  tlic  IValiirrs.  ron- 
sliuction  and  <lcsii,Mi  of  liis  pro( 
net,  l)nt  must  l>c  able  lo  apply 
it  as  well.  He  should  foresee 
operating  prohlenis  of  his  cus- 
tomer and  be  able  to  explain 
how  the  apparatus  works  under 
every  condition. 

For  example,  at  West  inghouse: 

APPARATUS  SALESMEN...  are  responsible  for  the  sales  of 

all  \\  estinghuusfproduetstoagroupofregulareustoniers. 

PRODUCT  SPECIALISTS  .  .  .  are  experts  on  specific 
iNpes  of  equipnienl;  they  know  and  can  demonstrate 
how  the  motor,  switchgear  or  other  apparatus  works. 

DIVISION  SALES  ENGINEERS  .  .  .  are  specialists  cover- 
ing broad  lines  of  prodiiels  such  as  steam  equi|)inenl. 


radio    apparatus    and    are    experts    in    its    application. 

INDUSTRY  SALESMEN  .  .  .  keep  abreast  of  changing 
developments  in  specific  industries,  such  as  textile, 
steel,  petroleum  .  .  .  and  formulate  plans  to  maintain 
the  advance  position  of  Westinghouse  in  these  fields. 
Your  sales  opportunities  with  Westinghouse  are  as 
broad  as  industry  itself.  Wherever  power  is  applied, 
there's  need  for  Westinghouse  equipment.  G10004 


This  is  lull  one  of  llii-  in.Tiiy  oppor- 
tunities open  in  tin*  rlrrtrieal  firUl. 
There  are  many  others  — in  on^ineer- 
inj;.  research  and  rnainifaeluriiip;  at 
\\  eslin^honse.  He^in  phins  for  your 
fiiluir  liv  seiuhn^  today  for  your  free 
copy  of  "rinding  Your  Place  in 
In.fnslrv". 


ouse 

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THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

George  R.   Foster Editor 

Ed  Witoit Assoc.  Editor 

John   Dick Asst.  Editor 

Phil  Doll Assl.  Editor 

Barbara   Schmidt ..il/ci/vtt/>  Editor 


Reporting 

Donald  Johnson        John  Shurtleff 
Carl  Sonnenschein    Shirley  Smith 
Herbert  Jacohson      Sam  Jefferies 
Kenneth  McOwan    Glenn  Massie 
Connie  Minnick         (George  Ricke 
Herbert  Mazer 
Melvin  Reiter 
Charles   Straus 
Cieorge  Haile\' 
Averv  Hevesii 


Duke  Silvestrini 
Ronald   Johnson 
Rav   Hauser 
Orville  Wuriderlich 


Pholoi/raphy 


Ted  Sohn 
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rl    Weymeuller 

Jack    Stumpf 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

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John  Bogatta 

Dick   Ames 

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Clem    Marlev 

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Ira   Evans 

James  Chapman 

Boh    Golden 

Robert  Cox 

Adam   Pientka 

Robert  Levin 

Rav   Harris 

Frank  Mitch 

Bob  Dodds 

William  Anderson 

Stan  Burnham 

Don    H.irnheck 

Dick    Hammack 

Eaculty 

Advisers 

J.  A. 

Henry 

A.  R. 

Knight 

L.  A. 

Rose 

Technograph,  Ii 
Kansas  Engine 
Kcntncky      Ent; 


Enginci 
Enghu-. 
Tech  K 
and  \Vi 


al      J. 


IlHi 


isas  State  Engineer, 
Mar(|uette  Engineer, 
hinasuta  Technolog, 
\.l,i.,,ka  Blueprint, 
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i^,    Wavne    Engineer, 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
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fA* 


-\^"'' 


B^-^ 


Volume  63 


Number  7 


Tfie  Tec/i  PtesenH 


ARTICLES 

RcNoliition  in  Water  Filtration  7 

(lonnif  Miiiiiirh,  (J.  E.  '51 

St.   Pat's  Ball  Tops  Them  All  8 

Shirley  S/iiith.  E.  P.  '50 

Industrial  Sijihtseeing — Old  Ben  Coal  Company  10 

Glenn  Massie.  E.   E.   '-/V 

.\Ici(li'rn   Design   Reaches  the  Farm  12 

(jeorge  Riekcr.  Aero.  E.  V'/ 

A  Mechani/.ec!  l'"arnistead  \?i 

Randall  Beasley.  Ag.  E.   '4S 

Broadening   the    Engineering    Outlook    18 

Robert  Rasmus,  (Jen.  E.  '48 

DEPARTMENTS 

New   De\  eliipments  2 

John   Duk.  E.  E.  '49,  Herb  Mazer.  E.  E.   '50. 
and  Ken  McOivnn.  M.  E.   '49 

Navy  Pier    14 

Richard  Choronzy.  M.  E.  '51 .  Norbert  Ellnian.  M.  E.   '51 . 
and  John  I'ljolek.  E.  E.   '51 

Introducing  the  Galesburg   Division   1.5 

Robert  J  act  man.  E.  P.   '50 

Introducing     16 

/)/'(/•  llammack .  Gen.  E.  '48,  Ilcrbert  Jacohson.  M.  E.  '51 , 
Connie  JMinnich,  (J.  E.  '51 

Engineering   Societies    22 

Ray  Hauser,  Ch.  E.  '50 


OUR  COVER 

Alvina   Sorzickas   is   crowned   queen   of   the   St.    Pat's    Ball,   given 
by  the  Engineering  Council.   (Photo   by  Jack   Stumpf,  M.   E.   '50.) 

FRONTISPIECE 

Coal  briquettes  are  moulded  in  these  "waffle  iron"  rolls  by  the 
Old   Ben  Coal  company. 


Ik.;. 


Water  Filtration 


tty  Vonniv  ^linnivh.  V.K.  '.11 


A  few  sanitary  engineers  in  the 
L  nited  States  do  not  need  a  crystal  ball 
to  visualize  a  revolutionary  method  of 
water  treatment  that  may  be  installed 
in  many  purification  plants  in  the  world 
of  tomorrow.  If  experimentation  with 
this  new  process  pro\es  successful,  the 
engineering  world  will  soon  find  repos- 
ing in  its  lap  a  little  gadget  called  the 
diatomite  filter.  This  newly-developed 
filtration  system  may  prove  to  be  the 
aspirin  for  many  industrial  headaches 
caused  by  bottlenecks  in  existing  water 
purification  systems. 

Although  still  in  the  experimental 
stage,  the  potential  qualities  of  the 
diatomite  filter  have  already  been  rec- 
ognized by  many  of  the  country's  lead- 
ing industries.  It  is,  for  example,  a  type 
of  filter  that  can  be  installed  in  .small 
compact  units  that  occupy  less  space  and 
weigh  far  less  than  rapid  sand  filters 
with  the  same  capacity;  it  has  proven 
successful  in  the  complete  elimination 
of  some  bacteria  and  organisms  and  the 
partial  elimination  of  others  that  cannot 
be  wholly  controlled  by  the  use  of 
chlorine  and  other  chemical  purifying 
means ;  it  is  superior  to  other  methods 
in  faster  filtration,  more  effective  re- 
moval of  tastes  and  odors,  and  a  lower 
installation   cost. 

Although  recognized  as  a  capable 
filter  for  many  years,  the  actual  story 
of  the  diatomite  filter  in  the  field  of 
water  treatment  began  with  Army  re- 
search in  1938.  The  underlying  prin- 
ciple is  based  upon  the  remarkable  fil- 
tering properties  of  diatomaceous  earth. 
This  diatomaceous  earth,  also  known  as 
kieselguhr.  diatomaceous  silicia,  or  sim- 
ply diatomite,  is  a  fine  white  powder 
composed  of  billions  of  tiny  skeletons  of 
diatoms,  minute  acquatic  plants.  During 
their  brief  lives,  these  small  pre-historic 
organisms  formed  shells  or  skeletons 
around  themselves  through  the  absorp- 
tion of  silica  from  the  surrounding  wa- 
ter. Upon  death  all  that  remained  was 
oil  and  these  shells  which  settled  in 
abundant  deposits  principally  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon.  These  particles  are 
so  tiny  that  one  cubic  inch  may  contain 
as  many  as  50,000,000  skeletons  of  more 
than  10,000  known  species,  which  vary 
in  size  from  microscopic  conical  cylin- 
ders and  frustules  to  the  barely-visible 
discs  and   boat-shaped   particles. 

The  raw  powder  is  mined  in  a  black- 


streaked  impme  state.  This  is  refined 
and  processed  by  various  methods  which 
generally  include  calcining  (  removal  of 
the  water  by  heating),  sizing,  and  the 
addition  of  small  amounts  of  alkaline 
rtu.x,  which  causes  an  increase  in  poros- 
ity by  the  agglomeration  of  larger  par- 
ticles. The  finished  product  is  very  light, 
weighing  from  7  to  13  pounds  per  cubic 
foot.  It  is  soft,  friable,  amorphous  in 
character  and  extremely  porous.  Its 
chemical  composition  of  silica,  clay,  sand 
and  other  impurities,  remains  neutral 
and  has  no  effect  on  the  pH  of  the 
filtered  water. 

Need   for    Devehipnieut 

1  hese  remarkable  properties  of  iliato- 
mite  had  been  known  for  some  time,  but 
the  Army  began  actual  experimentation 
only  when  pressed  by  the  necessity  of 
inventing  a  new  filter.  The  existing  con- 
ditions in  the  field  and  on  the  battle- 
ground called  for  a  system  of  water 
purification  that  could  remove  the  cysta 
of  water-borne  dysentery,  a  particularly 
\irulent  strain  of  amoeba  found  among 
the  natives  in  the  Pacific  and  India- 
Burma-China  theaters  as  well  as  in  the 
United  States.  Chlorine  used  in  the 
customary  rapid  sand  filters  failed  to 
kill  these  organisms  whereas  the  use  of 
diatomite  residted  in  the  almost  perfect 
removal  of  them,  according  to  studies 
conducted  through  the  combined  efforts 
of  the  Engineer  Board,  the  Surgeon 
(General's  office,  and  the  Xational  Insti- 


tute of  Public  Health.  Further  studies 
showed  that  diatomite  also  removed 
chlorine-resistant  Chironomus,  a  blood- 
worm larvae,  and  the  cercarie  of  Schis- 
tosoma blood-fluke. 

In  addition  to  the  removal  of  such 
scourges,  the  Army  also  needed  a  light, 
portable  unit  of  water  purification  that 
could  supplant  the  heavy  and  rather 
cumbersome  sand  filters.  Here  again 
diatomite  came  to  the  rescue,  since  it 
coidd  easily  be  used  in  a  small  unit. 
Army  field  tests  showed  that  of  various 
types  of  filter-aid,  diatomite  had  the 
least  bulk  and  the  least  weight  of  filter- 
media  per  square  foot  of  filter  area. 
Cither  advantages,  not,  however,  as  im- 
portant as  those  before  mentioned,  were 


A  discussion  of  the  present  state 
of  development  of  a  filter  more 
effective  than  the  rapid  sand  filter, 
this  article  describes  the  uses,  ad- 
vantages, and  disadvantages  of 
diatomite.  Although  the  remark- 
able properties  of  diatomite  had 
been  known  for  some  time,  actual 
experimentation  was  started  only 
when  the  Army  needed  a  filter 
capable  of  removing  certain  organ- 
isms encountered  principally  in 
the  Pacific  and  China-Burma-India 
theaters. 


Diagram     of     a     simple     diatomite 
filter. 


a  marked  absorption  of  oil  from  con- 
densate and  a  reduction  in  tastes  and 
odors. 

In  collaborative  studies  with  various 
manufacturing  concerns,  the  Army  final- 
ly developed  two  filter  units :  one,  a 
small  pack  filter  with  a  capacity  of  15 
g.p.m.  and  a  larger  motor-transported 
filter  with  a  capacity  of  50  g.p.m.  These 
mobile  units  have  only  between  5%  and 
18%  of  the  weight  of  sand  filters  with 
corresponding  capacities.  The  units  each 
consist  of  a  gasoline-driven  pump,  a 
diatomite  feeder,  a  filter  shell  with  at- 
tached porous  filter  elements  and  all 
necessary  connecting  hose  and  piping.  A 
calcium  hypo-chlorite  feeder  is  also  in- 
cluded in  each  apparatus  and  serves  as 
a  double-check  on  the  filtered  water, 
removing  chemically  any  matter  that 
finds  passage  through  the  diatomite 
cake.  This,  however,  will  be  omitted 
from  the  following  discussion,  since  it 
is  not  connected  with  the  actual  diato- 
mite filtration  process. 

Flow  Diagram 
The  accompanying  diagram  of  a  fil- 
ter developed  by  the  Refinite  company 
of  Omaha,  Nebraska,  shows  a  relatively 
simple  system.  Assuming  that  the  filter 
is  in  steady  operation,  one  finds  that 
there  is  a  cycle  of  three  processes:  pre- 
coating,  filtering  and  backwash.  In  the 
pre-coat  process,  diatomite  powder  is 
released  in  a  suspension  of  water  from 
(Continued  on  page  38) 


APRIL,  1948 


St.  Piit's  Itiill  Tons  Tlii^iii  111 


Itfi  Shirh'ii  Smith.  K.l'.  '.10 


.hid  so,  St.  Pill.  I  (/ivf  you   iiou 
This   nidiiiiit   halo  for  your  hron  . 
"rui/t  light  the  ptithuay  of  our  Si  hool. 
That  F.nginiers  iiuiy  brightly  rule. 

This  is  a  parr  ot  thf  orijiinal  |iocm 
with  which  Protcssor  J.  S.  Craiuii-U 
crowned  the  first  St.  Pat  on  March  17. 
19.U.  The  dance  was  estabHshed  as  an 
annual   affair  tor  the  eni;ineers,   and    re- 


vised   last    \ear    .itter    the    war's    inter- 
iiiption. 

An.l  so.  on  March  !_',  \')4H.  n)  the 
lllirn  I  nion  ballroom,  anothei'  St.  Pat 
was  chosen  by  popular  applanse.  In  keep- 
ini;  with  the  times,  the  settin;;  was 
clianjjed  slightly  and  the  candidates  were 
introduced  with  Dick  Cisne  and  his 
orchestra  singing  a  novelty,  "St.  Patrick 
W'as   An    Engineer." 


The    Ceramic    society    exhibited    samples    of    various    ceramic    products 
and  materials. 


No  one  could  have  disputed  the  re- 
sults ot  the  audiometer  when  it  regis- 
tered high  tor  Hob  Plumb.  "St.  Pat" 
i'lumb  is  a  senior  in  mechanical  engi- 
neering and  represented  the  A.  S.  M.  L. 

Miss  Alvina  Sorzickas  was  chosen  St. 
Patricia  by  ballot  from  the  nine  finalists 
in  the  queen  contest,  and  was  crowned 
by  St.  Pat.  Miss  Sorzickas  is  a  .sopho- 
more in  pre-journalism.  She  was  escorted 
by  Albert  Chilenskas,  a  chemical  engi- 
neer. 

The  crown  was,  as  always,  something 
that  could  have  come  onl\-  from  north 
campus.  It's  brighter  features  included 
two  light  bulbs  which  guided  St.  Pa- 
tricia around  the  ballroom  throughout 
the  latter  half  of  the  dance.  The  pro- 
grams featured  the  traditional  green 
shamrock  on  white.  Exhibits  sponsored 
b\  the  various  engineering  societies  were 
set  up  in  a  side  room  near  the  main 
ballroom.  Each  exhibit  attempted  to 
show  some  phase  of  the  studies  under- 
taken by  the  societies.  The  civil  engi- 
neers' well-trained  transit  seemed  to 
draw  the  largest  crowd. 

The  ball  was  sponsored  by  the  Engi- 
neering Council  and  the  Engineering  .so- 
cieties. Bob  Chilenskas  and  Keith  (lood- 
wiii  were  general  chairmen,  and  (leorge 
Becker  made  the  crown. 


The  civil  engineers  transit  is  momentarily  diverted  from  the  "paper  doll  across  the  street  to  a 
"real  live  girl,"  while  on  the  right  the  agricultural  engineers  exhibit  absorbs  quite  a  bit  of  in- 
terest. 


THE  TEGHNOGR.APH 


Miss  Sorzickas  is  about  to  be 
crowned  queen  by  Bob  Plumb. 
Miss  Marilyn  Fiedler  is  in  the 
background. 


About  400  couples  danced  from  9  o'clock  to  midnight   to    the    music   of    Dick    Cisne    and    his   or- 
chestra. 


APRIL,  1948 


Industrial  Siiilitseeiiio 


Old  lien.  Goal  Ga. 


Itij  liU'itn  Massif.  F..K.  '  tU 


A  inininy;  company  of  profjri-ssivc 
thinkiiij;  and  action  is  the  Old  Hi-n  Coal 
company,  ot  southi-rn  Illinois.  It  is  proof 
of  the  success  of  mechanized  coal  mines. 

Of  the  120  companies  which  operate 
Ibb  mines  in  Illinois  and  employ  33,00(1 
persons,  by  far  the  largest  independent 
company  is  the  Old  Hen  Coal  compan\, 
which  owns  S4,300  acres  of  coal  lands, 
besides  12,000  acres  of  timber  and  farm 
lands. 

The  company's  five  mines  are  located 
in  Franklin  county  in  .southern  Illinois. 
-Although  Illinois  has  77%  of  its  area 
underlaid  by  one  or  more  of  six  known 
layers  of  coal,  the  Herriii,  or  No.  h  bed, 
is  the  most  important.  The  Herrin  bed 
has  its  greatest  purity,  as  well  as  its 
greatest  thickness,  in  the  counties  of 
Franklin  and  Williamson.  Twenty-five 
per  cent  of  the  state's  total  production 
is  mined  in  F'ranklin  county.  An  aver- 
age analysis  of  Franklin  county  coal 
taken  from  23  mines  showed  tiiese  char- 
acteristics: 

Moisture    9.3% 

Volatile  matter  33.7% 

Fixed  carbon  48.4% 

A.sh  8.6%r 

Sulphur    1.5% 

Htu  per  pound  11,830 

Fusion  temp,  of  ash 
in  °F  1920-2650 

Coal  from  Xo.  6  bed  is  bright  and 
shiny  in  appearance  and  is  harder  than 
most  Midwestern  coals;  hence,  it  will 
stand  handling,  sizing,  and  storage  bet- 
ter. These  qualities,  the  free-burning, 
relatively-high  ash-fusion  temperature, 
and  the  relatively-low  sulphur  content 
have  caused  wide  usage — not  only  in 
locomotives  and  electric-power  genera- 
tion, but  also  for  metallurgical  and  do- 
mestic coke,  water-gas  generation,  the 
making  of  brick,  tile  and  cement,  and 
for  conditions  where  there  is  need  to 
avoid  soot. 

The  Old  Ben  Coal  company,  named 
after  Benjamin  Franklin,  is  by  far  the 
largest  producer  of  coal  in  Franklin 
county.  Headquarters  for  the  organiza- 
tion are  located  at  230  South  Clark 
street  in  Chicago,  center  of  the  southern 
Illinois  coal  marketing  area  and  in  itself 
the  world's  greatest  coal-consuming 
metropolis.  The  operation  of  the  com- 
pany's mines  in  southern  Illinois,  as  well 
as  those  of  allied  companies  in  sovithcrn 
West  Virginia,  Virginia,  and  eastern 
Kentucky,   are   directed   by  means  of   a 

10 


Interested  in  minin>;  or  ma- 
chinery? Here  is  another  in  (hi- 
series  of  articles  designed  to  pre- 
sent job  opportunities  for  engi- 
neers in  industries  in  the  state  of 
Illinois.  The  Old  Ben  Coal  com 
pany,  largest  independent  coal 
company  in  Illinois,  is  proof  of 
the  success  of  mechanized  coal 
mines.  Each  mine  is  completely 
electrified  and  employs  mechani- 
cal cutting  and  loading  devices, 
some  of  which  have  been  built  in 
the  Old  Ben  shons.  \  pioneer  in 
the  use  of  safety  devices,  the  com- 
pany uses  compressed  air  for  blast- 
ing. 


teletype  network.  Telet\pe  is  also  used 
to  connect  sales  offices  and  field  staff, 
scattered  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  to 
Omaha,  Neb.,  with  the  home  office. 

The  original  forerunner  of  the  com- 
pany was  the  Wilmington  Star  Mining 
company,  operating  in  the  vicinity  of 
Coal  City,  Grundy  county,  Illinois.  The 
vast  Old  Ben  operations  of  today  are  a 
far  cry  from  the  "longwall"  mines  of 
northern  Illinois  of  the  1870's,  in  which 
the  pick  miner  lay  on  his  side  to  hew 
coal  from  a  24-  to  36-inch  seam.  The 
five  southern  Illinois  mines  now  operat- 
ing (formerly  there  were  twehc,  but 
the  others  have  been  worked  out  or 
consolidated  as  mechanization  increased) 
are    all   shaft    mines    ranging   in    depth 


from  400  to  750  feet.  Daily  production 
.It  the  \arious  mines  ranges  from  4.000 
to  6,000  tons,  for  a  combined  total  of 
about  25,000  tons.  Over  5,00(1,000  tons 
of  coal  were  produced  in   1947. 

Mechanised  Methods 
Kach  mine  is  completely  electrified, 
tKim  the  coal  "face"  to  the  railroad 
car,  and  employs  mechanical  cutting  and 
loading.  Typical  of  the  present  trend 
in  mining  practice  is  No.  9  mine  at 
West  Frankfort,  111.  Old  No.  9  was 
shut  down  in  the  depression  years  of 
the  late  1920's  but  the  wartime  need 
for  coal  caused  its  reopening  in  a  spec- 
tacular fashion.  A  pair  of  new  shafts 
was  sunk  in  a  virgin  area  over  a  mile 
south  of  the  old  main  shaft,  and  the 
new  workings  connected  to  the  old 
workings  to  the  north.  The  mine  is  laid 
out  on  the  "panel  "  system,  development 
being  driven  ahead  by  a  system  of  main, 
cross,  and  panel  entries.  From  the  latter, 
rooms  are  driven  through  to  the  next 
panel,  pillars  being  robbed  to  the  great- 
est degree  consistent  with  safe  roof  con- 
trol before  abandonment  of  the  individ- 
ual panels. 

The  first  step  in  the  actual  mining  is 
undercutting.  This  is  accomplished  with 
universal  shortwall  mining  machines, 
which  are  self-propelled  and  nioimtcd  on 
rubber  tires.  These  use  rotating  toothed 
chains  to  undermine  the  seam  so  that  the 
force  of  the  blast  can  be  directed  both 
downwards  and  outwards;  this  insines 
larger  chunks  of  coal  and  less  coal  dust 


Here's  a  view  of  the  topside  of  a  typical   Old   Ben   mine 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


after  blastinsj;.  Xe\t  ;i  "liiill-mcihilf" 
electi'icall}-  drills  the  necessary  holes  in 
the  "face"  of  the  coal  seam  to  be 
woikeil,  for  blasting:  the  coal  down  for 
loadinjr.  rhis  "drill-mobile,"  created  in 
the  Old  Hen  shops  on  a  standard  Chev- 
rolet chassis,  is  a  jeeplike  car,  also  self- 
propelled  and  rubber-tire  mounted. 

After  drilling,  the  coal  is  blasted  with 
Airdox.  The  company  is  pioneering  this 
new  method  of  blasting.  It  previously 
used  Cardox,  which  in\olved  placing  a 
tank  containing  carbon  dioxide  at  very 
high  pressure,  in  the  hole  drilled  in  the 
"face,"  and  releasing  the  gas  by  remote 
electrical  control.  This  method  had  the 
great  advantage  of  increased  safety  for 
the  miners  and  so  could  be  used  "on 
the  shift" — that  is,  while  the  miners  are 
in  the  mine.  Conventional  explosives  can 
be  touched  off  only  when  the  miners 
are  out  of  the  workings  and  is  generally 
done  during  the  night.  Airdox  substi- 
tutes compressed  air  for  the  carbon  di- 
oxide. The  air  is  compressed  above- 
ground,  then  led  down  into  the  mine 
through  heavy  rubber  hose  to  a  valve  at 
the  "face."  A  thick  copper  tube  is  fixed 
into  the  hole  drilled  in  the  "face,"  with 
the  other  end  of  the  tube  connected  to 
the  \alve.  When  the  valve  is  opened, 
the  compressed  air  at  5, 000-10, OUO  psi 
effectively  blasts  down  the  coal. 

The  loosened  coal  is  loaded  mechani- 
cally by  crawler-mounted  mobile  loading 
machines  into  one  of  the  newer  "Rube 
Goldberg"  mechanical  mining  monsters 
— the  shuttle  car.  This,  too,  rolls  on 
rubber,  being  a  self-propelled,  seven-ton, 
con\'e\or-bottom  buggy.  Two  of  these 
shuttle  back  and  forth  from  each  load- 
ing machine  to  the  "parting,"  that  is, 
the  closest  mine  sidetrack  on  the  mine 
haulage  system.  When  the  shuttle  car 
arrives  at  the  parting,  the  clutch  is 
thrown   in  on  the  convevor  bottom  and 


the  load  is  automatical!)'  transferred  to 
a  waiting  seven-ton,  all  steel,  roller- 
bearing  mine  car.  Eight-ton  electric  lo- 
comotives haul  trips  of  these  loaded 
cars  to  the  shaft  bottom  where  the  cars 
are  dumped  by  a  rotary  car  dump  into 
vast  underground  bins.  The  secret  of 
success  in  this  mechanized  cycle — from 
the  blasting  to  bringing  the  coal  to  the 
shaft  bottom — is  careful  timing ;  the 
same  clockwork  precision  is  employed 
as  is  required  in  a  factory  and  for  the 
same  reason  :  the  tremendous  investment 
in  machiner\  which  must  not  stand  idle. 
The  coal  is  drawn  off  by  gravity  from 
the  underground  bins  and  hoisted  by  14- 
ton  capacity  skips  or  buckets  working  in 
pairs.  And  so,  the  coal  arrives  at  the 
surface.  The  coal  is  screened,  picked, 
and  broken  to  sizes  less  than  six  inches 
and  then  transported  over  a  company 
highway  by  jvton,  high  speed,  trailer 
bottom-dump  diesel  trucks,  to  the  main 
preparation  plant  for  processing. 

Marketing 

At  the  pieparation  plant,  the  coal  is 
sized  by  great  shaking  screens,  washed 
in  either  water  or  calcium  chloride  jigs 
or  dry  cleaned  on  pneumatic  tables, 
blended  or  mixed  with  other  types  of 
coals  if  so  desired,  oil  treated,  and 
lowered  gently  into  waiting  railroad 
cars  for  the  trip  to  market. 

The  adoption  of  new  mechanized 
mining  techniques  by  this  company  and 
other  leaders  in  the  coal  industry  has 
meant  that  the  percentage  price  increase 
of  coal  in  the  last  two  years  has  been 
less  than  for  most  other  items.  Mechani- 
zation h<as  also  meant  that  Old  Ben 
mine  employes  are  younger,  mechani- 
cally-trained specialists — each  an  expert 
in  his  own  field,  carefully  selected  and 
thoroughly  trained  for  his  |iosition  in 
a  mass-production  team. 


1  he  pi'incipal  marketmg  inno\ation 
introduced  by  the  company  is  the  posi- 
tive identification  of  its  product  by 
color-marking  it  with  a  special  green 
pigment.  The  Old  Ben  slogan  is  "A 
glance  identifies  Green  Marked  Coal." 
The  consumer  is  guided  in  his  purchases, 
just  as  packaged,  branded  merchandise 
guides  the  housewife  in  her  grocery  pur- 
chases, (^ver  1800  retail  coal  merchants 
handle  Green  Marked  coal. 

An  allied  company.  Coal  Processing 
corporation,  operates  a  briquetting  plant 
in  conjunction  with  Old  Ben  No.  14 
mine,  producing  smokeless-burning  bri- 
quettes known  as  "Fireballs,"  which  are 
marketed  in  communities  such  as  St. 
Louis  where  rigid  smoke  ordinances  are 
in  force. 

The  Old  Ben  Coal  company  is  proud 
of  its  record  of  pioneering  in  safety 
progress.  Its  mines  were  among  the  first 
to  employ  exclusively  electric  safety  cap- 
lamps.  It  was  first  in  Illinois  to  employ 
Cardox  shooting  and  to  discard  danger- 
ous conventional  explosives.  It  now  uses 
Airdox,  an  even  safer  blasting  method. 
Rockdusting  for  the  prevention  and  con- 
trol of  mine  explosions  was  first  exten- 
sively used  in  the  United  States  by  Old 
Ben,  which  developed  and  patented  the 
first  machine  for  the  application  of 
rockdust.  The  patent  rights  were  dedi- 
cated to  the  people  of  the  United  States 
so  that  they  could  be  used  without  pay- 
ment of  royalty.  A  bag-type  rockdust 
installation  is  tripped  by  the  shock  wave 
of  a  mine  explosion,  the  cloud  of  inert 
dust  released  helps  snuff  out  the  ex- 
plosion. Bags  of  rockdust  are  scattered 
at  many  points  in  the  mines  to  help 
control  the  headline-making,  disastrous 
mine  explosions,  which  although  often 
the  outgrowth  of  a  local  gas  explosion, 
arc  imariably  propagateil  b\'  coal  dust 
rather  than   gas. 


On  the  left  is  an  undercutting   machine.  A  "trip"  coming  into  the  bottom  of  Old  Ben  No.  9 
the  right;  the  pre-cast  concrete  lagging  of  the  ceiling   is  an  Old  Ben   invention. 


APRIL,  1948 


11 


Modern  Desiiiii  Mdm  the  Farm 


Itif  Imvuri/v  Itivlivr.  .Xvra.li.  ' tU 


Old  iiK'i-t.v  in-w  (Ml  the  i.;imi)u>  ajiuiii! 
Miimtord  house,  i-iTCtcd  as  a  iiiodcl 
tarmhoiisc  in  1870,  now  houses  its  suc- 
cessor, the  Small  Homes  council,  whicli 
is  an  agency  created  to  stvidy  low-cost 
homes.  The  council,  working  with  the 
College  of  Agriculture,  has  recently  de- 
\eloped  a  new  type  of  farmhouse  that  is 
huilt  ui  luuts. 

Muinford  house  when  first  erected 
was  occupied  by  the  University's  "head 
farmer,"  who  was  in  charge  of  the  field 
and  farm  work  connected  with  the  house. 
It  is  named  after  Dean  Mumford,  pio- 
fessor  of  agriculture,  whose  famih  was 
the  last  to  occupy  the  house.  In  1939, 
it  became  the  studio  of  Dale  Nichols, 
first  Carnegie  visiting  professor  of  ,irt, 
and  was  the  home  of  his  successors.  1  n 
1944  Mumford  house  was  turned  oxer 
to  tiie  neul\'  organizeii  Small  1  Ionics 
council. 

At  the  time  Mumford  house  was  built, 
a  revolutionary  idea  was  incorporated 
into  it.  This  idea  was  the  addition  of  a 
business  office  for  the  farmer.  The  room 
that  was  set  aside  for  this  purpose  in 
Mumford  house  is  now  the  librar\'  of 
the  Small    Homes  council. 

The  purpose  of  the  council  is  three- 
Idld  :  to  spread  information,  conduct  ed- 
ucation, and  do  research  on  the  construc- 
tion, equipment,  and  maintenance  of  low- 
cost  houses.  It  is  a  coordinating  agency 
working  with  all  the   L  ni\ersit\'  depart- 


A  new  tyne  of  farmhmise  de- 
veloped by  the  .Small  Homes  eouii- 
eil  and  the  College  of  Agrieulturc 
is  described  in  this  article.  The 
basic  design  consists  of  two  rec- 
tangular sections,  the  arrangement 
of  which  may  be  varied  to  suit 
the  owner  and  the  site  conditions. 
Additional  units  may  be  added  as 
desired.  The  design  is  specifically 
adapted  to  farm  houses,  but  may 
also  be  used  for  small  homes 
generally. 


nients  that  ilo  research  relating  to  hous- 
ing: architecture,  economics,  engineer- 
ing, home  economics,  and  sociology.  The 
most  important  informational  activities 
of  the  council  arc  the  non-technical  cir- 
culars that  are  distributed  to  home  own- 
ers and  professional  people  of  the  build- 
ing industry.  These  circulars  are  well 
illustrated  and  easy  to  read  and  under- 
stand. The  subjects  covered  all  phases 
of   home   construction   and   maintenance. 

The  educational  program  is  comprised 
of  three  .series  of  short  courses.  One  of 
the  series  is  a  course  designed  to  bring 
contractors  and  builders  up  to  date  on 
the  latest  construction  practices.  Another 
of  the  series  is  a  .iD-day  session  conducted 
for  lumber  yanis  and  building  material 
personnel.     The  third  of  the  series,  insti- 


Especially  adapted  to  conditions  and  requirements  of  farms 
Central  States  is  this  house  plan. 


the  North 


tilted   111;   cam|Mis   last   July.,    is  ;i   course 
tor  mortgage  officers. 

.Although  the  educational  .iiid  iiilor- 
mational  activities  have  been  far-reach- 
ing and  very  efiPective,  it  is  the  research 
program  which  promises  to  contribute 
the  most  to  the  improvement  of  the  low- 
cost  house.  The  Home  Research  center, 
established  by  the  council,  occupies  a 
four-block  site  on  the  campus.  A  demon- 
stration center,  a  produceiton  yard,  and 
three  blocks  of  research  homes  will 
eventually  be  built  upon  this  site.  Four 
buildings,  including  two  research  resi- 
dences, have  already  been  constructed. 

Development   of   Design 

One  of  the  projects  which  the  council 
and  the  College  of  Agriculture  have  just 
completed  is  the  development  of  a  new 
farmhouse  plan.  The  problem,  as  it  was 
presented,  was  to  design  a  farmhouse 
which  would  be  adaptable  to  the  t\pical 
requirements  and  living  conditions  on 
owner-operated  farms  in  the  North  Cen- 
tral States.  Becau.se  surveys  showed  that 
the  farmers  prefer  a  one-story  house 
with  a  partial  basement,  this  type  of 
plan  was  chosen.  It  is  well  suited  to  the 
generous  house  sites  available  on  farms. 
The  house  was  also  required  to  be  flexi- 
ble in  size  and  in  cost  of  the  initial 
building,  because  main'  buildeis  wish  to 
start  out  with  one  bedroom  and  add 
others  as  desired. 

Alost  of  the  planning  for  this  farm- 
house was  based  on  five  factors  distinc- 
ti\e  to  farms  and  farm  life.  The  first 
consideration  was  the  farmstead  and  the 
arrangement  of  the  farmhou.se  with  re- 
spect to  the  other  farm  buildings.  The 
house  has  to  be  properly  related  to  the 
other  buildings  both  in  location  and 
room  arrangement.  The  arrangement  of 
the  rooms  is  also  determined  by  the  di- 
rection of  the  sunlight  and  the  prevailing 
winds.  The  second  consideration  was  the 
natural  assets  of  the  site.  The  farmhouse 
should  be  planned  to  take  ad\antage  of 
the  generous  home  sites  offered  in  the 
country. 

Another  thing  distinctive  to  farm  life 
is  the  work  room.  A  well-planned  \\ork 
room  should  be  built  in  a  convenient  lo- 
cation to  be  used  for  activities  too  often 
restricted  to  the  basement  or  the  wood- 
shed. The  fourth  on  the  list  is  a  farm- 
er's office.  The  business  dealings  of 
farmers  requires  a  place  to  file  records 
and  business  letters.  Tlie  fifth  major 
(Continued   on   page   i4 ) 


12 


THE  TECHNOGR.A.PH 


A  Mechanized   Farmstead 


Itfi  Itantlult  Itvaslvii.  Ai/.E.  '43 


The  ad\aiiceineiit  in  farm  mechaniz- 
ation in  the  past  thirty  years  has  re- 
duced the  labor  requirement  in  field 
crop  production  to  about  one-third  of 
that  required  at  the  end  of  World  War 
I.  Rural  electrification  now  promises  to 
do  for  farmstead  chores  what  tractors 
and  power  machinery  have  done  for 
field  work. 

One  of  the  newest  developments  for 
saving  time  and  labor  is  the  mechanical 
dairy  barn  cleaner.  By  the  mere  flip  of 
a  switch  this  mechanism  can  do,  in  only 
a  few  minutes,  the  farmer's  most  disa- 
greeable job.  This  is  in  contrast  to  the 


.\  description  of 

a  motor-driven 

dairy   barn   cleaner 

is   included 

in 

this   article,   with   a 

first-hand 

ac- 

count  of  the  problems  involved 

in 

its   installation   in   a 

University 

of 

Illinois  dairy  barn. 

conventional  shovel  method  requiring 
an  hour  or  more  of  hard  work  for  a 
twenty  cow  herd. 

One  of  these  machines  has  been  in- 
stalled in  a  twenty  cow  barn  on  a  L  ni- 
\ersity  of  Illinois  farm  for  experimental 
purposes.  Its  operating  characteristics 
are  being  studied  and  its  efficiency  and 
power  consumption  are  being  deter- 
mined. Studies  are  also  being  made  to 
determine  the  effect  of  the  use  of  rust 
inhibitors  on  the  drag  chain. 

It  has  been  discovered  that  after  re- 
maining stationary  for  only  a  few  hours, 
enough  rust  will  have  formed  to  hinder 
the  starting  of  the  machine.  Since  most 
ilairymen  keep  their  cows  in  the  barn  a 
large  per  cent  of  the  time,  it  has  been 
thought  that  running  the  machine  inter- 
mittently b\'  use  of  a  time  clock  switch 
about  five  minutes  out  of  e\ery  half 
hour  will  keep  rust  from  forming  and 
will  thus  increase  the  life  of  the  ma- 
chine. 

It  must  be  realized  that  the  barns 
into  which  these  cleaners  are  to  be  in- 
stalled are  already  laid  out  and.  there- 
fore, the  type  of  cleaner  used  must  be 
specially  designed  for  the  barn.  In  the 
L  niversity  of  Illinois  barn,  a  continuous 
chain  type  cleaner  is  being  used. 

With  this  type  of  cleaner,  a  contin- 
uous gutter  is  necessary  so  that  the  chain 
drag  will  always  move  in  the  same 
direction  of  rotation.  Accurate  concrete 
construction  is   a  necessity,  especially  at 


the  corners  where  sprockets  must  be 
installed  to  change  the  direction  of 
travel  of  the  chain. 

Creosoted  wood  slats  are  attached  to 
the  drag  chain  to  form  a  continuous  con- 
veyor. From  the  method  of  attachment 
of  these  slats  to  the  drag  chain  and  the 
way  in  which  the  load  acts  on  them, 
they  may  be  considered  as  uniformly 
loaded  cantilever  beams.  The  conveyor 
is  powered  by  a  one  horsepower,  220 
volt  single-phase,  1750  r.p.m.,  capacity 
motor.  The  ratio  of  the  motor  speed  to 
the  conveyor  sprocket  speed  is  4t)0  to  1. 
To  appreciate  the  magnitude  of  the  load 
developed  on  the  conveyor  by  the  motor 
use,  use  the  h.p.  equation  and  solve  for 
the  load  P,  thus: 

h.p.  =  P  X  D,  33()00EP  =  33000  X 
1    X  .800/10  =  2640  lbs. 

Where  P  =  load  on  the  conveyor 
chain.  D  =  distance  traveled  by  the 
conveyor  per  minute,  h.p.  ^=  horsepower 
of  the  motor,  and  E  =  efficiency  of  gear 
transmission. 

At  one  end  of  the  barn  is  an  ele\ator 
into  which  the  manure  drops  as  the  con- 
veyor passes  over  it.  This  elevator  ex- 
tends through  the  end  of  the  barn  and 
drops  the  manure  into  a  wagon  or 
spreader  where  it  can  be  hauled  directh' 
to  the  field.  The  drag  in  the  elevator 
travels  at  a  speed  of  50  feet  per  minute, 
this  speed  being  necessary  to  elevate  the 
liquid  manure. 

The  drag  of  the  elevator  is  powered 
by   the   same  type   and   size   motor   as   is 


A  drag   line  runs  the  entire  length 
of  the  gutter. 

used  on  the  conveyor.  Even  though  the 
load  travels  a  shorter  distance,  it  must 
move  up  an  incline  in  the  same  length 
of  time. 

The  problem  of  corrosion  of  the  chain 
and  rivets,  aliginiient,  chain  tension,  and 
cleaning  of  the  wood  slats,  are  \et  to 
be  satisfactorily  solved. 

Other  cleaners  besides  the  continuous 
chain  type  in  use  today  are  the  recip- 
rocating type  with  a  hinged  paddle  to 
move  the  manure  and  a  drag  and  cable 
type.  The  latter  two  do  not  require  a 
continuous  gutter  and  may  be  preferred 
where  there  is  only  one  row  of  cows. 
Since  these  gutter  cleaners  are  still  in 
the  early  stages  of  development,  the 
cost,  as  may  be  surmised,  is  still  quite 
(Continued  on  page  ?i2) 


The   driving    mechanism   of   the  gutter  drag    line. 


.\PRIL,  1948 


13 


9H^ltUeo^ute^..MM^    PIER 


PIER  CLOSE-UPS 


WILLIAM  GILLESPIE 
By   Richard  Choronzy,   M.E.   '51 

"Why  anyone  from  the  Tcihnoyrapli 
would  want  to  interview  nie  is  a  mys- 
tery, "  said  Hill  (lillespie  when  we  ap- 
proached him,  intent  on  getting;  his  lite 
history.  Yet,  out  of  a  number  of  pros- 
pective interviewees,  he  li:ul  the  most  in- 
teresting story  to  offer. 

He  was  born  in  Chicago,  August  6, 
1926.  He  went  through  grammar  school 
grathiating  with  the  highest  honors.  "1 
still  diiln't  know  what  I  wanted  to  be. 
even  after  graduating  from  high  school," 
he  said,  when  we  asked  if  he  had  already 
deciiled  on  his  future  plans  then.  He 
graduated  from  St.  Patrick  academy  in 
June,  1944.  Five  months  later,  he  was 
inducted  into  the  Army.  Hill  spent  14 
months  in  the  Philippine  Islands  as  a 
staff  sergeant  in  the  infantr\-.  After  he 
was  honorabl>-  discharged  in  December, 
1946,  he  began  attending  Del'aul  uni- 
versity in  the  evenings.  During  the  day 
he  worked  at  the  Inland  Steel  company 
in  the  accoimting  department.  It  was 
there  that  he  decided  to  study  engineer- 
ing. He  transferred  his  credits  to  the 
University  of  Illinois  and  entered  Navy 
Pier  in  September,  1947.  Undoubtedly 
he  chose  the  curricula  most  suited  for 
him  because  he  received  grades  of  A  in 
all  his  subjects  except  drawing  (in 
which  his  mark  was  a  B). 

He  is  an  excellent  dancer  and  is  fre- 
quently seen  at  all  his  favorite  dance 
spots.     His  fa\orite  past-times  are  fish- 


ing and  horseback  riding.  His  chief 
hobbies  are  stamp-collecting  and  numis- 
matics, but  other  minor  ones  are  pho- 
tdgr.iphy,  model  airplane-making,  and 
collecting  and  reading  good  books.  Hill's 
favorite  haunt  is  the  University  library 
where  he  can  usually  be  found  every 
late  afternoon  reading  reference  material 
or  something  by   Shakespeare. 


FACULTY  in  REVIEW 


VVILI.I.VM    GILLESPIE 


PROF.   CLARENCE  I.  CARLSON 
By  Norbert  W.  Ellmann,  M.E.  '51 

The  staff  of  the  Kngineering  Draw- 
ing department  is  a  well  organized 
group  of  men  who  are  qualified  for  the 
positions  which  they  hold.  To  augment 
this  statement  I  would  like  to  intro- 
duce IVIr.  Clarence  Carlson,  B.S.,  asso- 
ciate professor  of  general  engineering 
drawing  and  chairman  of  the  CJeneral 
Engineering  Drawing  department. 
Through  a  brief  review  of  his  life  it 
may  well  be  seen  that  Mr.  Carlson  has 
the  experience  and  knowledge  to  justify 
the  position  which  he  holds. 

Mr.  Carlson  was  born  on  Chicago's 
far  south  side  on  December  21,  1897. 
His  education  was  extensive.  After  first 
attending  Madison  and  Paul  Revier 
grade  school  Mr.  Carlson  was  ready 
to  choose  the  profession  for  which  he 
was  best  suited.  Deciding  upon  engi- 
neering he  attended  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology  (now  Illinois  Institute  of 
Technology).  Here  Mr.  Carlson  re- 
ceived his  B.S.  degree  in  mechanical 
engineering.  Northwestern  university 
was  the  school  which  Mr.  Carlson  next 
attended.  He  also  atended  Iowa  State, 
the  University  of  Illinois  and  Indian,! 
unnersity. 

As  one  would  suspect,  the  vast  store 
of  knowledge  which  Air.  Carlson 
achieved  during  his  long  years  of  study 
put  him  in  demand  by  a  great  many  in- 
dustries and  the  experience  gained  by 
practicing  engineering  in  these  indus- 
tries certainly  qualifies  him  as  an  edu- 
cator of  the  men  who  are  to  follow  his 
chosen  profession. 

Mr.  Carlson  first  accepted  a  position 
with  the  Pullman  Car  Works  as  test- 
ing engineer.  He  then  took  a  position 
with  the  Howe  Scale  company  as  de- 
signing engineer.  After  this  he  went  to 
the  American  Well  Works  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  designing  department.  The 
Love  Brothers  foundry  department  was 
the  next  firm  with  which  Mr.  Carlson 
was  associated,  and  here  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  drafting  department. 
The     Batavian     Metal     Products     com- 


pany then  engaged  Mr.  Carlson  as  chief 
draftsman. 

In  tuining  to  the  field  of  reaching 
experience  we  find  that  .Mi-.  Carlson 
al.so  qualifies  here.  The  first  teaching 
position  which  Mr.  Carlson  held  was  at 
Kast  high  school  of  Aurora  where  he 
taught  drafting.  Pullman  high  school 
was  his  next  teaching  position  and  he 
also  taught  drafting  there.  Mr.  Carlson 
then  went  back  to  Armour  Institute, 
where  he  first  began  his  engineering 
career.  Finally  coming  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  Mr.  Carlson  taught  ex- 
tension work  in  engineering  drawing 
and  then  took  over  his  present  position 
at  the  Pier. 

One  would  liardh'  o\erlook  the  state- 
1\  appeaiance  which  Mr.  Carlson  pre- 
sents. It  is  our  pride  to  have  such  a 
distinguished  man  among  the  facult\'  of 
om'  school. 


SHOP   TALK 


By  John   Fljolek,   E.E.  '51 

Almost  as  much  the  traiiemark  of  an 
engineer  as  a  T-sqLiare  or  triangle  is  the 
sight  of  a  blueprint.  Wherever  you  find 
an  engineer,  there  you  will  find  blue- 
piints.  And  so,  since  we  have  engineers 
and  would-be  engineers  at  the  Pier,  we 
ha\e  not  only  blueprints  but  the  means 
for  making  them. 

In  Professor  Carlson's  Ci.E.D.  depart- 
ment various  reproduction  processes  are 
coordinated  and  put  into  use  by  Mr.  J. 
E.  Findlay.  The  reproduction  equip- 
( Continued   on  page  28) 


CLARENCE   I.   CARLSON 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Iiitroducino  the  Iniversitv  tialesbiira  Division 


hif  Kithvrt  •Itifkninn.  K.I*.  '."HP 


A  famous  man  once  said:  "These  arc 
the  times  that  try  men's  souls."  If  he 
could  visit  the  universities  of  this  coun- 
try today  he  would  probably  conclude 
that  these  were  the  times  that  try  stu- 
dents' souls  because  of  the  miles  of  walk- 
ing through  rain  and  snow  storms  re- 
quired on  most  campuses.  It  is  a  rare 
occasion  when  a  student  will  enroll  in 
a  university  and  find  not  only  dormito- 
ries, study  halls,  classrooms  and  labora- 
tories but  also  a  hospital,  bookstore,  din- 
ing rooms,  barber  shop  and  all  the  other 
necessities  of  life,  all  imder  one  roof. 
Such  a  students'  Utopia  is  the  Galesburg 
L  ndergraduates  Division  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois. 

t^riginally  the  army's  Mayo  General 
hospital,  these  red  brick  buildings  and 
grounds,  covering  an  area  of  156  acres 
and  costing  over  $5,00(1,000,  were,  in 
U)45,  declared  as  war  surplus  and  taken 
over  by  the  State  of  Illinois.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1946,  it  was  turned  over  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  for  conversion  into  an 
undergraduate  school  to  meet  the  educa- 
tional demand  caused  by  new  students 
antl  the  return  of  veterans.  The  old 
army  hospital  received  its  honorable  dis- 
charge, and  on  October  21,  just  30  days 
after  being  acquired  from  the  state,  it 
donned  its  civilian  clothes  and  became  a 
college.  Since  its  establishment,  this 
"30-day  university"  has  seen  its  enroll- 
ment soar  from  432  studfents  to  the 
near-capacity  registration  of  1702.  To 
keep  pace,  the  instructional  staff  has  been 
increased  from  34  faculty  members  to 
the  106  now  handling  teaching  assign- 
ments. 

Advantageously  situated  l(t3  miles 
from  Chicago  and  45  miles  from  Peoria, 
the  Galesburg  Division  offers  its  stu- 
dents many  convenient  facilities  to  in- 
sure that  their  stay  will  be  not  only  edu- 
cational but  also  enjoyable.  The  univer- 
sity itself  is  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
center  of  town  and  is  readily  served  by 
a  city  bus  line.  Athletic  facilities  include 
a  large  swimming  pool  that  becomes  very 
popular  during  the  warm  months,  a  gym- 
nasium with  basketball  and  handball 
courts,  four  football  fields  and  five  base- 
ball diamonds.  Recreational  and  social 
activities  consist  of  frequent  dormitory 
parties,  dances,  and  the  various  meetings 
of  the  20  or  more  clubs  and  organiza- 
tions on  the  campus.  The  movie  going 
student  can  enjoy  the  latest  films  at  the 
UniversitN    theater   three   times    a   week. 


Because  these  facilities  are  all  under  one'^ested  in  further  study.     The  physics  de- 


roof  the  school  is  occasionally  referred  to 
as  the  "University  City." 

The  engineering  department  is  headed 
by  Mr.  Fredrick  W.  Trezise  who 
worked  for  six  years  on  the  TVA  proj- 
ect. He  has  proven  to  be  very  capable 
in  this  position  and  also  as  a  counselor 
and  friend  of  the  engineering  students. 
Mr.  Trezise  heads  a  staff"  of  instructors 
who  have  had  considerable  experience  in 
the  various  fields  of  engineering  en- 
deavor. Notable  among  these  is  Mr. 
Shrode,  an  instructor  in  engineering 
physics,  who  participated  in  the  activities 
concerning  the  atomic  bomb  experiment 
at  Bikini  and  also  accompanied  Admiral 
Byrd  as  a  member  of  his  recent  Antarctic 
expedition. 

Within  our  "Uni\ersity  City"  are 
three  laboratories  which  are  available  to 
all  engineers.  They  are  the  engineering 
geolog\'  laboratory,  the  physics  labora- 
tory and  the  chemistry  laboratory.  The 
geology  laboratory,  which  contains  nu- 
merous exhibits  such  as  various  rocks  and 
their  formations,  has  a  maximum  capaci- 
ty of  30  students. 

This  laboratory  is  open  evenings  for 
the  convenience  of  those  who  are  inter- 


partment  has  two  laboratories  which  are 
capable  of  holding  20  students  each.  The 
equipment  contained  in  these  two  labora- 
tories is  sufficient  to  suit  the  demands  of 
undergraduate  study.  The  department 
has  just  recently  obtained  some  new  vrar 
surplus  equipment  such  as  an  oscilloscope 
and  other  electronic  devices,  which  will 
prove  beneficial  for  demonstration  pur- 
poses. The  two  chemistry  laboratories 
are  possibly  the  greatest  asset  to  the  en- 
gineering students.  They  are  capable  of 
serving  160  students  at  one  time.  Both 
contain  AC  and  DC  power  facilities 
and  also  a  considerable  amount  of  new 
equipment  which  will  aid  the  student  in 
his  study  of  chemistry. 

The  combination  of  these  three  labo- 
ratories and  the  excellent  facidty  in  the 
engineering  department  proves  to  be  an 
unbeatable  team  for  the  instructioii  of 
the  students  of  engineering. 


Dopey    Porter:    "Did    you 
train,  sir?" 

Enraged  Traveler:  "Xo,  I 
its  looks,  so  I   chased  it  out  ( 
tion." 


liiln't  like 
if  the  sta- 


Aerial    view   of   the   Galesburg    branch   of   the    University  of    Illinois. 


APRIL,  1948 


15 


9ntnjoa44xUii4^ 


Hvrh  »lur»hM»n.  .M.H.  '.lO  atitl  1'unni*'  .^linnivh.  t'.iC. 


THOMAS  A.  MURRKLL 

Many  ot  the  i-li-ctrical  enjiinccis  on 
tlie  campus,  especially  those  taking  Elec- 
tronics 40a  and  62a,  have  become  ac- 
quainted with  one  of  the  newer  mem- 
bers ot  the  electrical  engineering  depart- 
ment staff,  Assistant  Professor  T.  A. 
Murreil.  Mr.  Murrell  joined  the  staff 
last  fall  after  working  on  radar  for  the 
war  ilepartmcnt. 

During  the  war  Mr.  Murrell  luld 
several  ver\'  interesting  and  important 
positions.  In  1941  he  became  associated 
with  the  Office  of  Scientific  Research 
and  Development  and,  as  a  member  of 
the  Radiations  laborator\'  at  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology,  began  re- 
.search  on  the  development  of  radar.  He 
was  soon  promoted  to  production  engi- 
neer for  all  air-borne  radar  systems. 
While  at  M.  I.  T.  he  worked  under 
Louis  Ridenour,  now  dean  of  the  (jrad- 
uate  school  at  the  University  of  Illinois. 
In  1944  he  became  an  expert  consultant 
in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  war 
and  was  sent  to  England  as  the  techni- 
cal adviser  on  radar  operations  with  the 
Eighth  -Air  Force  under  General  Doo- 
little.  He  was  concerned  principally 
with  briefing  operations  preparatory  to 
blind  bombing  by  radar.  After  V  day 
he  was  sent  to  the  Pacific  where  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  three-man  Ad- 
vi.sory  Specialists  group  while  on  the 
staff  of  the  Far  Eastern  Air  Force  un- 
der General  Keniie\.  The  group  was 
concerned  with  all  new  scientific  de- 
( Continued   on   page   32) 


THOMAS   A.   MURRELL 


HARRY   K.A.BBES 

Leaning  back  in  his  chair,  Harry 
Kabbes  modestly  explained  his  college 
c.-.reer.  "1  didn't  do  much.  My  favor- 
ite pastime  is  the  sack,  you  know." 

Hut  let  the  record  speak  for  itself. 
Harry  was  born  in  Mattoon,  Illinois, 
back  in  September  of  1924.  He  attended 
grade  and  high  schools  in  ]VIattoon,  then 
came  to  the  University  of  Illinois  in  the 
fall  of  1942.  After  a  short  stay  of  one 
semester,  the  air  corps  called  in  Febru- 
ary, 1943.  In  fact  it  called  Harry  right 
to  the  University  of  Chicago  to  study 
meteorology  for  a  year. 

When  orders  came  for  Harry  to  go  to 
Alaska,  the  University  of  Chicago  asked 
him  to  come  back  for  a  year  some  other 
time,  by  means  of  a  scholarship. 

But  after  a  year  and  a  half  in  Alaska 
as  a  weather  observer,  he  decided  that 
Illinois  was  the  place  for  him.  The 
Army  let  go  its  hold  in  March  of  1946, 
and  Harry  returned  to  the  books  the 
following  September. 

Since  then  he  has  been  going  to  school 
full  time.  In  June  he  will  recei\e  his 
bachelor's  degree  in  civil  engineering, 
with  a  structures  option.  "My  father  is 
a  contractor,  and  I'\e  been  arouml 
buildings  all  m\'  life.  " 

Harr\'  is  a  member  of  the  student 
branch  of  A.  S.  C.  E.,  and  a  member  ot 
Tau  Beta  Pi,  and  Sigma  Tau,  engineer- 
ing honoraries,  and  Chi  Epsilon,  civil 
engineering  honorary. 

"I  used  to  do  a  bit  of  photograph), 
but  most  of  the  fun  was  in  developing 
the  films,  and  the  men's  residence  hall 
doesn't  lia\e  a  darkroom.  Lately  I  seem 
to  like  the  sack  best  of  all." 

Looking  at  Harry's  record,  it  seems  as 
though  more  rest  might  be  a  good  idea 
for  (|iiite  a   ii-w  engineering  students. 


MRS.   K.ATHR^N  C.  JORDON 

All  was  quiet  on  the  northern  front  of 
room  201 ,  Engineering  hall.  Ha!  Now 
w  ,is  the  time — a  quiet  and  peaceful  time 

til  capture  Mrs.  Kathryn  C.  Jordon, 
>ccretaiy  of  the  civil  engineering  depart- 
ment for  an  interview  with  J'iiIukj- 
i/rri/ili.  The  trip  from  the  Tech  office 
across  the  hall  was  uneventful,  for  the 
time  was  exactly  1  :20  p.  m.,  one  of  the 
rare  minutes  at  which  the  halls  of  Illi- 
nuis  I  .  sleep  peacefulh'  from  the  rush 
and  hustle  that  occur  every  ten  minutes 
to  the  hour. 

All  remained  tranquil  while  Mrs. 
Jordon  answered  a  bombardment  of  the 
uMial  questions.  Rorn  on  (October  20, 
1910,  she  grew  up  in  Mount  Carmel, 
Illinois,  and  attended  the  high  school 
there,  taking  a  commercial  course  and 
outside  activities  such  as  (jlee  club,  sen- 
i(n-  plays  and  the  school  operetta.  She 
attended  Chillicothe  Business  college  in 
Chillicothe,  Missouri,  and  then  worked 
for  a  short  time  for  a  bonding  house  in 
Chicago.  Her  return  home  resulteil  in 
a  position  with  a 

Did  we  say  it  was  peaceful?  Did  we 
sa\'  it  was  quiet?  A  moment  ago  the 
office  had  been  vacant,  but  now  people 
seemed  to  be  swarming  in  and  out  of  the 
door  like  ants.  Mrs.  Jordon  smiled  her 
nicest,  and  quietly  and  efhciently  as- 
sumed command  in  the  sudden  onslaught 
of  people.  "Yes,  you  can  pick  up  a  C.E. 
60  notebook  in  the  office,"  to  an  inquir- 
ing student;  "Isn't  this  grand  weather 
we've  been  having?"  to  the  mailman; 
"Yes,  go  right  in,"  to  a  person  who 
wanted  to  see  Professor  Huntington; 
"Hi,  Bill,  can  I  help  you?"  to  another 
inspecting  the  bulletin  board  ;  "Colonel 
Hiatt,  here  is  your  letter  that  Jean  typed 
for  you,  "  handing  a  page  to  one  man  ; 
(Continued   on   page   30) 


MRS.   KATHRYN   C.   JORDAN 


16 


THE  TECHNOGR.\PH 


IC^O 


A 


\7 


0 
00 


iWl  "HER"  wi«e! 

illC**'  .      _  ..,uv>  hundreds  - 


0 

00 

000 


T^^  ^^^^  ICSd  engineers.  T-be^^,,,,a^^ 

occupies  tna^^.tgned-  C^^^  ^^.^Sves  must  be  ex- 
fiprsmustbedesig  ^.     g  themsei  .     ^.^  aiul 

">-'  "i"  TeSu„S"-"*I>S'*e"oTce  m.st  travel. 

a  future  in  teiep 

^^:%v  ..^KiP    SYSTE^A 

^  BEU  nUPHONE 


'    V 


APRIL,  1948 


17 


Broadening  the  Engineering  Outlook 


hfl  Kuhvrl  HuHiniiH.  Hvn.H.  '  IH 


Much  has  been  said  recently  about  tlic 
need  for  the  engineerinfj  profession  to 
take  a  broader  and  more  responsible  part 
ill  the  world  of  human  affairs,  both  po- 
litical and  social.  It  is  said  that  engi- 
neers, as  a  professional  group,  have  been 
short-sighted  and  narrow  in  their  inter- 
ests and  activities  and  have  been  reluc- 
tant to  emerge  from  the  technical  realm 
of  machines  and  materials  into  the  great 
arena  of  world  and  national  affairs  where 
the  problems  of  international  relations 
and  the  atomic  bomb,  of  national  politics 
and  social  justice,  are  being  decided.  It 
is  said  that  of  all  the  professions,  engi- 
neering has  the  least  social  and  political 
consciousness;  statistics  are  presented  to 
show,  for  example,  that  in  the  local, 
state,  and  national  legislative  bodies  the 
legal  profession  has  wide  representation 
while  the  engineering  profession  has  al- 
most none.  It  is  not  my'  purpose  to  go 
into  a  thorough  and  intensive  discussion 
on  this  matter  except  to  say,  that  to  my 
mind,  it  is  wrong  to  expect  the  engineer- 
ing profession,  as  a  profession,  to  enter 
into  fields  for  which  it  has  neither  the 
professional  concern  nor  the  professional 
competence.  This  is  not  to  sa\'  that  en- 
gineers, as  individuals  and  citizens,  are 
to  isolate  themselves  from  these  affairs; 
nor  is  it  to  say  that  there  is  anything 
wrong  with  engineers  leaving  the  pro- 
fession entirely  and  entering  into  these 
fields  if,  as  individuals,  they  have  the 
desire  and  the  proper  abilities.  However, 
I  believe  it  is  folly  for  the  profession,  as 
such,  to  attempt  to  become  articulate  in, 
and  identify  itself  with,  fields  which  are 
properly  the  domain  of  the  politician, 
the  lawyer,  the  economist,  or  the  social 
scientists.  Ultimately,  the  question  re- 
solves itself  into  distinguishing  between 
the  profession  and  the  indi\idual;  once 
this  is  clearly  understood  it  becomes  e\  i- 
dent  where  the  profession  should  stand. 

Most  engineers  imderstand  this  in- 
stincti\elv,  but  what  they  forget,  many 
times,  is  that  it  is  one  thing  for  the  pro- 
fession to  remain  objectively  within  its 
proper  boundaries  and  it  is  another  for 
its  members,  as  private  individuals,  to 
remain  parochial  and  short-sighted  in 
their  attitudes.  So  to  the  claim  that  en- 
gineers, as  individuals,  are  narrow  and 
limited  in  their  undertaking  and  activi- 
ties, I  think  there  is  sometimes  much  jus- 
tification, and  I  think  it  is  with  this  that 
the  profession  should  rightly  concern 
itself.   It  is  one  thing,   for  instance,   for 


the  profession  to  provide  leadership  in 
n.itional  politics  and  it  is  quite  another 
that  individual  engineers  should  be  able 
to  think  and  speak  anil  act  intelligenth 
as  citizens  in  connection  with  national 
politics.  Certainly  a  good  part  of  the 
standing  of  a  profession  in  the  eyes  of 
the  public  depends  on  the  intelligent  at- 
titudes which  its  members  would  take  as 
citizens  and  members  of  society  in  virtu- 
ally every  field  of  human  interest. 

But  of  even  more  importance  than 
these  general  aspects  in  connection  with 
engineers  as  citizens  and  members  of  so- 
ciety, is  the  problem  of  engineers  often 
times  being  serioush'  limited  in  their  un- 
derstanding and  abilit\  in  matters  which. 


Engineers!  Here  is  an  article  of 
vital  importance — read  it  and  take 
heed.  Arise  from  your  soft  easy 
chairs  of  procrastination  and  step 
from  beliind  your  walls  of  lethar- 
gy- 


while  not  strictly  tcchiu'cal  in  nature, 
are  continually  being  met  in  the  day  to 
day  course  of  a  professional  career.  It  is 
here  where  the  profession  has  some  of  its 
most  serious  shortcomings.  I  speak  now 
of  such  matters  as  engineers  commonly 
being  unable  to  speak  lucidly  and  articu- 
lately before  individuals  or  groups,  pro- 
fessional or  non-professional ;  of  being 
unable  to  write  reports  that  are  clear 
and  understandable  and  are  adapted  to 
the  particular  groups  that  will  read 
them.  I  speak  of  too  many  engineers 
being  unable  to  understand  the  business 
or  economic  considerations  which  must 
be  made  in  connection  with  engineering 
or  productive  enterprises;  and  of  the 
failure  of  many  engineers  in  industry  to 
understand  fully  all  the  ramifications  of 
labor-management  relations,  thereby  los- 
ing great  opportiuiities  to  benefit  both 
groups  and  society.  I  am  thinking  of 
the  naivete  with  which  some  engineers 
look  on  business  and  financial  procedures 
which  management  must  follow  for  the 
successfid  execution  of  business.  I  think 
of  the  lack  of  knowledge  which  many- 
engineers  have  concerning  the  legal  and 
political  implications  of  the  industrial  or 
public  enterprises  for  which  they  are  la- 
boring. It  Is  shortcomings  of  this  kind 
that  many  times  continue  to  keep  the 
engineer  in  a  position  of  a  mere  techni- 


cal servant  rather  than  a  full-Hedged 
partner  in  enterprises,,  both  public  and 
private.  Sooner  or  later  engineers  ha\e 
got  to  realize  that  unless  they  supple- 
ment their  technical  knowledge  and  abil- 
ity with  greater  competence  in  self-ex- 
pression and  broader  and  more  intelli- 
gent understanding  and  attitudes  toward 
other  groups  and  fields  with  which  they 
are  constantly  in  contact  throughout 
their  professional  careers,  the  engineer- 
ing profession  will  never  achieve  the 
standing  which  it  should  ha\e. 

Much  improvement  can  be  made  along 
these  lines  by  supplementing  the  present 
engineering  curricuhuii  in  the  colleges 
and  universities  with  more  courses  in 
English  and  composition,  effective  speak- 
ing, business  law,  economics,  psychology, 
labor  problems,  and  government.  If  this 
means  adding  another  year  to  the  usual 
four-year  program  it  will  be  well  worth 
it.  Hut  equally  important  with  broad- 
ened education  is  broadened  attitude;  it 
is  here  that  the  greatest  and  most  last- 
ing gains  can  be  made.  Engineers  have 
got  to  get  over  the  attitude  that  there  is 
some  special  virtue  in  engineering  merely 
because  it  deals  with  tangibles  instead  of 
intangibles.  The  feeling  that  account- 
ants and  lawyers,  business  executives  and 
politicians  because  they  are  not  "produc- 
tive," are  therefore  not  valuable,  has  got 
to  go.  \o  longer  should  we  hear  some 
engineers  speak  of  the  liberal  arts  and 
the  humanities  as  being  worthless.  No 
one  expects  that  engineers  should  become 
scholars  in  Elizabethan  drama  or  the 
philosophy  of  Descartes,  but  it  may  be 
justifiably  expected  that  engineers  will 
at  least  not  maintain  intolerant  and 
scoffing  attitudes  toward  the  fields  of 
culture  and  liberal  learning.  Engineers 
have  got  to  realize  the  importance  of, 
and  be  able  to  cope  with,  human  rela- 
tionships as  well  as  mechanical  relation- 
ships; engineers  must  reach  out  beyond 
their  technical  provincialism  and  under- 
stand that  in  this  modern  society  there 
are  a  multitude  of  facets,  of  which  engi- 
neering is  only  one. 

Thus  far  in  its  history  the  engineering 
profession  has  gained  the  grateful  re- 
spect of  society,  and  rightly  so.  But 
once  the  membership  of  the  profession 
has  acquired  the  attitude  of  looking  and 
thinking  beyond  the  confines  of  that 
which  is  pvirely  technical  in  engineering, 
the  profession  will  reach  e\en  greater 
heights  of  prestige  and  service. 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THIS  xs^endi^ 


„o?  of  ^\ 


LINES  «f„^pIl,OTS.  -~-* 


-rr;i.0D^CTl0y\3  MOl^THS   BB 


i^LL 


BEND/X   On^/S/ONS-Bendix  Product,  •   Friez  I 
Zenith  Carburetor  -k  Eclipse-Pioneer  *  Pacific  6i> 


APRIL,  1948 


HEADQUARTERS    FOR 

CREATIVE  ENGINEERING 


few  highlight* 


'w^; 


GEORGE  R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Assoc.  Editor 


fA» 


]%-" 


Better  Years  Ahead 


I'lic  huge  success  of  this  year's  St.  Pat's 
Hall  was  readily  apparent  minutes  after  the 
(lance  ended.  Practically  every  one  present 
agreed  that,  truly,  it  was  one  of  the  finest 
affairs  ever  presented  to  the  students.  The 
success  was  largely  due  to  the  fact  that  there 
was  a  variety  of  entertainment:  The  displays 
featured  by  each  of  the  engineering  societies; 
the  danceable  music;  and  the  climax  of  the 
evening's  enjoyment,  the  selection  of  St.  Pat 
and  crowning  of  St.  Patricia. 

There  is  just  one  sad  part  about  the  whole 
story.  The  demand  for  tickets  to  the  ball 
was  much  greater  than  the  supply.  There  are 
approximately  3,(10(1  engineers  on  the  campus. 

There    were    exactly     4(10    tickets     available. 

These  were  distributed  pro  rata  to  the  vari- 
ous societies.  After  the  mad  rush  for  tickets 
was  over,  it  was  estimated  that  at  least  twice 
this  number  of  tickets  could  have  been  sold. 
This  means  that  there  were  a  large  number 
of  tlisappointed  engineers. 

Hid  the  Engineering  Council,  when  plan- 
ning the  dance,  mean  it  to  be  for  a  select 
lew?  Not  exactly.  At  most,  the  Council  could 
be  accused  of  veiual  negligence.  As  you  prob- 
ably know,  this  is  the  Council's  first  year  of 
operation  after  six  years  of  inactivity  due  to 
the  war.  The  plans  for  the  dance  were  started 
\ery  shorth'  after  the  Council,  and  its  new 
constitution,  received  its  official  recognition 
from  the  College  of  Engineering  and  the 
engineering  societies.  An  attempt  was  made  to 
procure  Huff  gymnasium  for  the  dance,  but 
at  this  late  date,  the  Tiiion  ballroom,  with 
a  maximum  capacity  of  400  couples,  was  .ill 
that  was  available. 

I^ooking  again  .it  the  outcome  of  the  dance, 
it  can    he   seen   that   the    Council    did    a   com- 


mendable job  in  presenting  it  to  the  engineer- 
ing students.  It  was  ideal  except  for  the  one 
una\oidable    error    mentioned    above. 

With  the  facts  before  you,  it  is  hardly 
conceivable  that  >ou  can  look  with  disap- 
proval at  the  Council.  Rather,  you  should 
give  the  Council  a  hearty  slap  on  the  back 
for  the  admirable  work  it  has  performed  so 
far  this  year,  for,  again,  it  was  the  Council 
that  arranged  for  the  representatives  of  the 
Austin  company  to  gi\e  the  enlightening  talk 
on  "Industrial  Plants." 

Next  year  should  be  a  banner  year  for  the 
engineering  students.  Most  of  the  new  engi- 
neering buildings  should  be  completed  by 
that  time.  The  Council  will  be  well  estab- 
lished, and  with  a  group  of  men  as  capable 
as  the  present  representatixes  of  the  Council, 
plans  for  St.  Pat's  Ball  will  be  started  early 
enough  to  obtain  accommodations  for  as  many 
as  want  to  attend.  Mention  should  be  given 
to  the  fact  that  an  Engineering  show,  normal- 
h'  gi\en  on  odd  numbered  years,  and  various 
other  important  items,  shoidd  be  on  the 
agenda  of  the  Council. 

For  these  reasons  \ou  should  be  unanmious 
in  \i)ur  voice  of  approval  of,  and  encourage- 
ment to,  the  Council.  Let  the  members  of 
the  Coinicil  know  you  are  behind  them. 
When,  as  a  member  of  an  engineering  so- 
ciety, you  are  called  upon  to  cast  \our  ballot 
for  a  Council  representative,  keep  in  mind 
the  responsibilities  that  the  man  elected  will 
have.  Ciive  a  little  forethought  to  the  matter 
and  make  certain  that  the  honor  of  repre- 
senting your  society  goes  to  the  most  capable 
man.  Thei^,  and  only  then,  will  the  Council 
be  able  to  work  and  plan  as  effectively,  effi- 
cienth,    and   on   as   big  a   plane  as   it   should. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


NOTJUSTABAILONOT 


JUST  A  ROUEK  (1=3 

WE  mKEN'  TApmo 


TAKES  liADIAL^  OR 

THRUST^- LOADS  OR 

\  ANY  COMBINATION  % 


A  FACT  WORTH  REMEMBERING!  Yes,  and 
we're  saying  it  good  and  loud  because  it  explains 
one  of  the  basic  reasons  why  9  out  of  10  bearing 
applications  can  be  handled  more  efficiently 
with  Timken  tapered  roller  bearings. 
As  an  engineer  you'll  run  into  many  important 


problems  involving  bearing  applications.  If 
you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this  phase  of  en- 
gineering we'll  be  glad  to  help.  Don't  forget  to 
clip  this  page  for  future  reference — and,  for  addi- 
tional information  write  today  to  The  Timken 
Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio. 


APRIL,  1948 


21 


Engineering  Societies 

itif  It  an   UauHt'i:  1  h.li.  '.70 


HTA  KAPPA  NU 

Alpli.i  diapn-r,  the  parent  oigani/a- 
tion  ot  Kta  Kappa  Nii,  electrical  engi- 
iieeriti!,'  honorary  trateriiity,  granted  a 
charter  to  a  new  chapter  at 
the  I  iii\ersitv  of  Kcntuck\', 
^^  on  February  24,  104S. 
^^KS'  At  the  installation  and  ini- 

tiation of  Beta  Tail  chapter 
at  Northwestern  TechTiologi- 
cal  Institute  the  local  chapter  was  repre- 
sented by  John  E.  Farley.  Mr.  Zerb\, 
executive  secretary,  Mr.  Hibshnian,  na- 
tional president,  and  Mr.  Williams,  na- 
tional \  ice-presitlent,  were  present  at  this 
installation,  which  took  place  January 
24.  Dr.  Jesse  Hobson,  director  of  re- 
search. Armour  research  foundation,  was 
the  principal  speaker. 

KERAMOS 

Preparations  are  now  being  made  to 
initiate  \?i  new  Ceramic  engineers  into 
Keramos.  The  initiation  will  be  fol- 
lowed by  a  banquet  to  be  held  at  the 
McKiiilev  YMCA  on  the  e\ening  of 
March  11. 


(luests  at  a  get-;u(|u,unte(l  siunkci-  and 
movie  at  the  lllini  I  nion,  janu,u\  I  ~i, 
were:  II.  L.  Anderson,  F.  K.  [ensen, 
F.  .\F  Maupin,  1.  Wuellncr,  R.  \. 
Ames,  R.  S.  Degenkolb,  R.  I).  Fenitv, 
J.  K.  (H-iffin,  Jr.,  C.  E.  Janke,  R.  C. 
Kraft,  Chun  Lee,  R.  F.  Bickelhaupt,  D. 
I).    R.i-sner,   ,-iiid    F.    II.    Schneider. 


SIGMA  TAU 

campus   chapter   of    Sigma    'Fai 


formal  initiation  at  the  Inman 
Hotel  January  27.  Forty  men  joined  this 
all-engineering  honorary  fraternity  at 
that  time.  Pledges  honored 
were:  W.  A.  Brooks,  Jr.,  R. 
11.  Chilenskas,  R.  A.  Coderre, 
J.  R.  Cushman,  Floyd  Dunn, 
"X.  J.  FUiott,  M.  L.  Embree, 
(r.  L.  Engelhart,  J.  W.  Eric- 
son,  E.  W.  Ernst,  "G.  T.  Gore, 
R.  W.  Harris,  J.  L.  Hnnnold,  R.  R. 
Hunter,  H.  (L  Kabbes,  Gtho  Kile,  B. 
D.  Kirkwood,  R.  G.  Kraft,  A.  S.  Le- 
vine,  Richard  Ling,  R.  (i.  Love. 

R.    E.    Lovett,   J.   L.    Mazer,   J.    B. 
Morrison,   J.   J.    Parry,    B.   A.    Peskin, 


lohn  Pro.lan,  O.  'F.  Purl,  L.  F.  Robv, 
j.  II.  .Schussele,  C.  H.  Sechrest,  L.  IL 
.SliMnin,  H.  I).  Smith,  [r.,  |.  M.  V'ene, 
R.  j.  Wagner,  R.  B.  Weil,  W.  C. 
Wili-y,  R.  D.  Williamson,  R.  B.  Wi.se- 
man,  and  F.  L.  Zeisler  were  also  initiat- 
ed at  this  time. 

TAU  HEIA  PI 

.\hiin  event  of  the  recent  Tau  Beta 
Pi  activities  on  campus  was  the  formal 
iruri.ition  and  banquet  on  January  22. 
The  pledge  group  consisted 
of  52  men,  the  largest  num- 
ber ever  to  be  taken  into  the 
campus  chapter  of  this  all- 
engi  nee  ring  honorary. 

Banijuet  toastmaster  tor 
this  event,  held  at  the  Hotel 
Tilden  Hall,  was  Professor 
A.  R.  "Buck"  Knight.  Chap- 
ter president.  Earl  Shapland, 
Jr.,  welcomed  all  newcomers  and  Rich- 
ard Williamson  replied  for  the  pledges. 
Leslie  A.  Bryan,  director  of  the  local 
histitute  of  Aeronautics,  delivered  the 
address  for  the  evening,  reflecting  his 
own     genuine  interest  in  aeronautics. 

A.I.Ch.E. 

The  chemical  engineers  held  a  smoker, 
their  first  social  function  of  the  second 
semester,  on  ]VIonday  evening,  January 
(Continued   on   page   34) 


short  facts  about  long-lived  cable 


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^^> 


213    ENGINEERING    HALL 
URBANA    •    ILLINOIS 


took  for  *• 
•InsI*         -         ridge 


OKONITE    £^ 

insulated  wires  and  cables 
for  every  electrical  use 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
the 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 


808  S.  Sixth  St. 
Laundry  Service  and  Dry  Cleaning 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Plastics  whei'c  plastics  belong 


St/nthanc  wriiere  Synthanv  hflont/s 

Here's  Synthane  at  work  in  a  channel  selector  turret  .  .  . 
the  nerve-center  of  any  television  receiver. 
Synthane  is  employed  for  a  number  of  the  intricate  parts  to 
insure  extreme  electrical  and  mechanical  precision  and  rugged 
operation.  It's  an  appropriate  job  for  useful,  hard-working 
Synthane  ...  a  timely  example  of  plastics  where  plastics  belong. 

In  addition,  Synthane  is  moisture  and  corrosion  resistant, 
hard,  dense,  easy  to  machine,  and  has  unusual  electrical  insu- 
lating qualities.  Synthane  is  also  structurally  strong,  light  in 
weight  and  stable  over  wide  variations  in  temperature. 

These  and  many  other  properties — combined — make  .Syn- 
thane adaptable  to  countless  chemical,  electrical  and  mechanical 
applications.  Synthane  Corporation,  14  River  Road,  Oaks.  Pa. 


[SYlVTTlANE] 


SYNTHANE  TECHNICAL  PLASTICS   •   DESIGN   •   MATERIALS   •   FABRICATION   .   SHEETS   •   RODS   .   TOBES    •   FABRICATED  PARTS   •   MOLDEDMACERAIED   •   MOLDEOLAMINATED 

APRIL,  1948  23 


MODERN  DESIGN  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  pa^c  IJ) 

factor  considered  as  vital  to  the  tanii- 
house  was  the  clean-up  facilities.  To 
avoid  bringing  dirt  and  nuid  into  the 
house,  a  place  should  be  proN'ided  near 
the  rear  entrance  for  workers  to  dean  up 
as  they  come  in  from  the  fields. 

The  basic  house  plan  consists  of  t\Mi 
rectangular  units  which  can  be  arranged 
in  a  number  of  ways.  The  flexibility  of 
the  arrangement  of  the  rectangular  unit 
and  the  variability  of  the  length  of  the 
unit  make  it  possible  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  many  fanu'lies  and  their  farm- 
stead arrangements.  One  of  the  rectan- 
gular units  includes  the  living,  dining, 
and  homemaking  areas,  plus  the  storage 
space  which  should  go  with  the.se  rooms; 
the  other  unit  contains  the  bedroom  and 
the  bathroom,  llach  unit  is  16  feet  wide ; 
the  length  of  the  unit  depends  upon  the 
size  and  number  of  rooms  desired.  The 
location  of  the  entrance  has  been  thought- 
fully arranged  .so  that  no  guest  will  en- 
ter through  the  back  door  and  no  worker 
will  track  thiough  the  front  iloor.  This 
will  do  awa\  witii  the  housewife's  com- 
plaint that  workers  walk  through  the 
living  room  and  \isitors  enter  through 
the  kitchen. 

The  dri\ewa\  witiens  near  the  house 
to  provide  a  small  parking  space  for 
guests.  There  is  a  walk  leading  from  the 


parking  space  to  the  tront  entrance;  the 
front  door  opens  into  an  enti\\\a\  in 
which  there  is  a  small  closet  to  hang 
coats.  The  entryway  leads  into  the  li\- 
ing  and  dining  areas.  The  back  door 
opens  into  the  work  room.  The  stairs 
to   tile   b.isemcnt   are   located   just   inside 


the  dooj.  making  it  con\enient  for  the 
tainier  to  get  to  his  office  space  or  for 
tile  workers  to  get  to  the  basement  to 
discard  muddy  clothes  and  clean  up. 
Other  entrances  can  be  made  where  de- 
sired but  two  recommended  doorways 
(Continued   on   page  26) 


Models  of  the  farmstead   in  various  orientations  were  constructed. 
the  house  is  parallel  to  the  road. 


Here 


FOR    RESEARCH    IH 

RADIOACTIVITY 


3%"  X  2ys"  X  1%";  Weight  3]/^  oz. 

Lindemann    Electrometer 

This  instrument  was  originally  designed  for  use  in 
connection  with  photo-electric  measurements  of  light  in 
astronomical  work.  It  is  now  used  extensively  for  the 
determination  of  radioactive  emission.  Compact  and 
stable,  it  has  high  sensitivity,  stable  zero,  and  does  not 
require  levelling.  The  capacitance  of  the  instrument  is  less 
than  2  cm.  For  general  use,  the  instrument  is  placed  upon 
a  microscope  stand  and  the  upper  end  of  the  needle  ob- 
served, illumination  being  obtained  in  the  usual  way 
through  a  window  in  the  electrometer  case. 

Write  for  descriptive  literature 

CAMBRIDGE    INSTRUMENT    CO.,    INC. 

Pioneer  Manufacturers  of  Precision  /nsfromenfs 
3756  Grand   Central   Terminal,  Nev/  York   17 

pH  Meters  and   Reiotdets,   Golvanomelers,   Cos   Analyzers,    Fluxmelers,    E<hausl 


FLOWERS . . . 

/or  Mother's  Day 


ROSES,    CARNATIONS 

AND 

SPRING    FLOWERS 

.  .  .  (U)rsaiies  .  .  . 

ORCHIDS,    GARDENIAS 
ROSES  AND  CARNATIONS 

Flowers  hv  Jf  ire 


iSanscA 


Pyr 


FLORIST 

113  W.  UNIVERSITY  AVE.- CHAMPAIGN 

NOT  AFFILIATED  WITH  ANY  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBAN  A 


Industry  pnd  Medi( 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


.^^ilfiffiiS 


AFTER  April  16,  Standard  OU's  great  new 
xV  research  laboratory  at  Whiting,  Indiana, 
will  be  open  to  the  public.  Technical  men  will  be 
especially  interested  in  these  splendid  new  build- 
ings and  their  equipment.  Most  interested  of 
all  will  probably  be  young  men  like  yourselves, 
for  here  at  Whiting  you  can  see  facilities  so 
modern  in  every  respect  that  they  are  likely  to 
serve  as  a  model  for  similar  industrial  develop- 
ments for  many  years  to  come. 


It  may  well  be  that  you  will  spend  part  of  your 
professional  career  in  surroundings  patterned 
after  these  well-planned  new  buildings  at 
Whiting.  In  any  case,  you  cannot  fail  to  find 
the  new  Standard  Oil  laboratory  a  present  ac- 
complishment and  a  promise  for  the  future. 
Here  is  one  of  the  places  where  the  world  of 
tomorrow  will  be  shaped  by  the  skill  of  men 
trained,  as  you  are,  to  the  exacting,  rewarding 
tasks  of  scientific  research. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  Illinois 


APRIL,  1948 


25 


MODERN  DESIGN  .  .  . 

(Continued  troiii  paj^i-  24) 

arc  those  leaiiinjj  tiom  the  dininfr  room 
and  hedroom  sections  onto  tlie  hack  tei- 
lace. 

Since  the  lionieconiinji  aiea  is  tlie  "con- 
trol center  of  tlie  tariii,"  the  kitchen  ami 
workiooni  shoidd  he  placed  so  as  to  gi\e 
a  view  ot  the  approach  from  the  high- 
way and  of  the  farm  yard  itself..  I'he 
workroom  division  of  the  homeniaking 
area  is  directly  connected  to  the  kitchen. 
The  farmer's  office,  with  space  for  a 
desk  and  file,  is  located  in  one  corner  of 
the  workroom.  Provisions  for  washing 
machines  and  movable  laundry  trays  are 
located  in  the  laundry  alcove  diagonally 
across  the  room  from  the  office.  A  wash- 
up  space  is  located  in  a  third  corner. 
The  work  room  may  also  be  used  to  pro- 
cess food  and  prepare  produce  for  the 
market. 

The  moilern,  compact  kitchen  has  re- 
frigerator, sink,  range,  cabinet,  and  work 
counters  in  a  U-shaped  placement  to  in- 
sure greater  efficiency.  A  breakfast  table 
is  located  across  the  room  from  the  sink. 
Just  a  few  feet  from  the  breakfast  table 
in  the  eating  nook  is  a  sewing  cabinet 
which  provides  space  for  a  sewing  ma- 
chine and  a  full-length  mirror. 

Tile  plan  makes  provisions  for  three 
bedrooms,  but  more  can  be  added  as  de- 


sired. V.:\v\\  bedroom  is  separated  from 
the  other  b\  closet  space.  The  bathroom 
is  located  between  two  of  the  bedrooms. 
Together  the  bedrooms  and  bathroom 
form  a  self-contained  unit,  making  up 
one  of  tile  two  rectangles. 

The  stairs  to  the  basement  are  located 
just  inside  the  grade  entrance.  The  base- 
ment contains  a  heating  unit,  storage 
place  for  the  fuel,  and  a  shower.  The 
basement  also  contains  an  all-purpose 
room  which  c;m  be  used  fcu'  such  things 
as  storage  and  a  pl:ue  to  hand  clothes 
on  a  rain\   day. 

The  construction  of  the  house  achieves 
simplicity  by  use  of  the  modidar  plan. 
All  of  the  dimensions  are  divisible  b\ 
four,  which  leads  to  a  minimum  of  cut- 
ting and  waste  of  material.  The  house 
can  be  built  of  a  wide  variety  of  mate- 
rials. The  exterior  can  be  easily  fin- 
ished with  stone,  brick,  shingles,  or  pl\- 
\\ood  and  with  any  approved  methoil  of 
appl\ing  that  material. 

The  house  is  designed  with  the  first 
floor  level  several  steps  above  the  ground 
line  to  provide  ample  space  for  basement 
windows  and  to  reduce  the  depth  of  ex- 
ca\  ation  and  simplify  the  drainage.  The 
gable  roof  is  built  \\'ith  overhanging 
eaves,  which  provide  shade  from  the  sliii 
and  shelter  the  windows  from  rain  and 
snow.  Since  there  is  a  trend  toward 
more  glass  area  todaw  the  windows  are 


larger  than  usual.  l'"or  comfort  and  to 
save  fuel,  the  l.uge  windows  are  double 
glazed. 

The  farmhtjuse  plan  is  the  first  com- 
pleted research  project  that  has  directly 
residted  in  a  circular.  However,  it  is  not 
to  be  the  last.  The  Small  Homes  coun- 
cil now  has  nian\'  low-cost  housing  proj- 
ects under  way.  Research  is  being  car- 
ried out  on  baseboard  radiation  for  base- 
ment-less houses,  the  planning  of  houses 
to  be  heated  with  solid  fuel,  a  kitchen- 
laundrv'  project,  site  fabrication,  and 
concrete  slab  floors. 

The  problem  of  low-cost  bousing  has 
become  a  \ery  serious  problem  of  this 
era.  The  research  and  experiments  of 
the  Small  Homes  council  will  be  of  great 
service  in  helping  Illinoisans  and  others 
obtain  their  "Home  Sweet  Homes." 


"Where'd  y'all   git  thet  derb\?" 
"It's   a   sooprise   funi    mah   wife." 
"A  sooprise?" 

"Ah  cums  home   de  odder  night,   un- 
expected like,  an'   foun'  it  on  de  table." 


If  it's  fiuiny  enough  to  tell,  it's  been 
told  ;  if  it  hasn't  been  told,  it's  too 
clean  ;  and  if  it's  dirty  enough  to  inter- 
est an  engineer,  the  editor  gets  kicked 
out  of  school. 


TO  , 
CAUO^ 


/S       y^hen  selecting  machines 


4  FOR  WIRES  "^ 

AND  CABLE 
4  FOR  RACEWAYS  AND  nniNW 


THE  WORLD'S  LARGEST  PRODUCER  Of 
ELECTRICAL  ROUGHING-IN  MATERIALS 

Notionol  Electric 

Products  Corporation 

Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 


lecting 

Extra  "dividends"  can  be 
realized  by  selecting  ma- 
chines that  have  a  long 
productive  life,  simplifieil 
operation,  accuracy  and 
versatility. 

These  "dividends"  show 
up  in  the  many  new  ma- 
chines recently  added  to  the 
Brown  &  Sliarpe  hne,  as  in 
the  No.  5  Cutler  and  Tool 
Grinder  shown  at  the  left. 

^lany  unique  features 
developed  to  meet  new  con- 
ditions, and  long  trouble- 
free  service  life  combine  to 
make  a  profitable  invest- 
ment of  Brown  and  Sharpe 

Milling  Machines 

Grinding  Machines 

Screw  3Iacliines 


rt.c    BROWN  &  ShARPE  MFG.  CO. 
PROVIDENCE  1,  R.  I.,  U.  S.  A. 


BROWN  &  SHARPE 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


For  many  years,  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS 
THIS  ONE  have   appeared   regularly  in  leading 
business    magazines.     Their    primary    purpose   is 
to  build  acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers, 
practically    all    of    whom     come     fo    us    from 
leading   engineering   schools    such   as    yours 


'«^ 


/FHE 
COUECTED  S/IMPLES 

as  he  made  his  rounds 


A  sample  from  every  industry  served  by  Square  D 
Field  Engineers  would  make  quite  a  load,  indeed. 
For  these  men  serve  as  liaison  between  Square  D 
and  every  segment  of  industrial  America.  Their 
full-time  job  is  working  with  industries  of  every 
kind  and  size — helping  find  that  "better  way 
to  do  it." 

Through  these  Field  Engineers,  located  in  more 
than  50  offices  in  the  United  States,  Canada  and 
Mexico,  Square  D  does  its  three-fold  job:  Designs 
and  builds  electrical  distribution  and  control  equip- 
ment in  pace  with  present  needs — provides  sound 
counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right  equipment  for 
any  given  application — anticipates  trends  and  new 
methods  and  speeds  their  development. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  distribution 
or  control,  call  in  the  nearby  Field  Engineer.  He'll 
help  a  lot  in  finding  a  "better  way  to  do  it." 


SQUARE   D   COMPANY   CANADA    LTD.,  TORONTO   •   SQUARE    D   de  MEXICO,  S.  A.,  MEXICO  CIIY,  D.  F. 


APRIL,  1948 


27 


NAVY  PIER  . . . 

(Coiitimii'd  from  pajjc  14) 

iiieiit  is  so  modern  ;iiul  complete  rli:it  it 
is  doubted  tliat  more  than  a  tew  ot  the 
schools  ill  the  country  can  match  the 
Pier  ill  the  qiiahty  and  ca|iabiht\  ot  it> 
facilities  in  this  respect. 

The  eipiipment  selecteil  was  installed 
w'nU  not  only  the  idea  of  reproduction 
in  mind,  but  the  demonstration  of  pro- 
ceilures  involved,  mi  th.it,  in  eii'ect,  util- 
ity and  instruction  are  coineniently  com- 
bined. Hecause  of  the  variety  of  equip- 
ment on  hand,  reproduction  is  achieved 
by  the  blueprint  process,  by  the  Ozalid 
method,  b\  photostatinij;,  and  b\  use  ot 
a  vacuum  printer. 

For  blueprint  work,  the  department 
has  a  three  carbon  arc  Pease  "1 1"  I'rint- 
er.  This  42-inch  printer  directs  printing 
in  both  the  blueprint  and  Ozalid  pro- 
cesses. Four  larj;e  vats  used  for  devel- 
opiiiu;  the  blueprint  while  a  42-iiich 
Pease  Senior  Dryer  turns  out  the  fin- 
ished product. 

Reproduction  b\  the  Ozalid  process 
involves  the  use  of  the  Pease  printer  al- 
ready mentioned  and  a  54-inch  Ozacoup- 
ler  in  which  ammonia  fumes  develop  the 
print  in  a  dry  process  that  avoids  paper 
shrinkiii};.  In  this  manner,  one  can  make 
prinr>   which    ha\e    black,    blue,    red,   or 


sepia  lines  on  either  a  white  paper  back- 
{^rouiul   or  on   cloth,   foil,  or  film. 

The  Number  1  photostat  is  made  by  a 
subsidiary  of  Koilak.  This  photostat  ma- 
i  lune  takes  pictures  up  to  1  1  inches  by 
1  4  inches.  Photostats  can  be  obtained  in 
an\  size  between  40  per  cent  and  200 
per  cent  of  the  orisinal  size.  The  ma- 
chine includes  an  engineering  board,  a 
book  holder,  a  filter  for  color  work,  and 
has  its  developing  tank  and  fixer  directly 
attached.  Two  mercury  vapor  lamps  are 
used  for  lighting  the  object  to  be  pho- 
tostated. 

In  the  adjacent  d.iik  room  is  a  Rem- 
ington Rami  \.icuum  printer  called  a 
Portagraph.  This  is  a  contact  printer  for 
general  photostatic  work  but  has  in  ad- 
ilition  a  \acuum  pump  which  is  very  ben- 
elicial  for  reflex  work.  The  printer  is 
c.ipable  of  handling  work  up  to  30  inches 
h\  4(1  inches.  Hy  using  photact  papers 
and  cloth  on  this  machine,  the  originals 
ma\  be  preserved,  restored,  and  dupli- 
cate.!. 

One  of  the  chief  advantages  ot  the 
\acuum  printer  is  its  ability  to  make 
transparencies.  Irrespective  of  the  kind 
of  paper  on  which  the  original  drawing 
is  made,  a  neg.iti\e  can  be  made  from 
which  a  positi\e  transparency  is  made  on 
either  paper  or  cloth  which  is  a  visible 
improvement  o\er  any  pencil  original. 
I'lnally,  the  photact  jirint  now  serves  as 


the  m.ister  from  which  further  reproduc- 
tions may   be  made  on  the  Pease  printer. 

In  straight  photographic  work,  a  35 
millimeter  camera  is  used  for  the  making 
of  film  strips  and  slides  which  are  used 
as  visual  aids  to  education.  A  four  by 
five  press  camera  and  a  four  by  five  view 
camera  belonging  to  the  physics  depart- 
ment supplement  the  above  ecjuipment. 
In  addition,  there  is  in  the  dark  room 
a  Dejur  Professional  four  b\  five  en- 
larger. 

Although  this  ei|uipment  was  set  up 
piimaiily  for  the  Kngineering  colleges, 
it  is  used  for  University  work  such  as 
de\elopiiig  registration  photos  and  in 
supplying  reproductions  for  u.se  by  in- 
structors and  departments  in  the  other 
colleges. 


KDITORIAL  STAFF 
Siegmund  Deutscher,  Jsst.  Editor 
Naomi  Suloway,  Asit.  Bus.  Alijr. 


Re  pat  ting 
John  Fijolek  Norbert  Ellmaii 


Richard   Choronzv 


Leonard   Cohen 


OH(U-n  Livermore- Family  .IJvi 


BEHIND  IT... A  LITTELL  FEED 

Refrigerators  mean  little  but  ice  cubes,  vegetables 

and  cold  cuts  to  the  average  user.   Engineers,  however, 

know  the  intricate  production  problems  each  unit  involves. 

They  know  that  "behind"  the  many  sheet  metal  parts 

that  contrilnite  to  the  whole  mechanism  is  a  Littell 

Feed  that  dependably  feeds  and  straightens  the 

metal  fioni  uhidi  ihosr  )),iits  .irr  fashioned. 


LITTELL 


F.     J.     LITTELL     MACHINE     CO. 


*127    RAVEN5WOOD    AVENUE 
28 


CHICAGO     1  3,   ILLINOIS 


DEVELOPING 


YOUR  FILMS 

\nelpful  Snaps  not  Advice. 


We  have  a  complete  line  of 

PHOTO  EQUIPMENT 

AND  SUPPLIES 


REVERE  -  AMPRO  -   EASTMAN   -  ARGUS 

ANSCO  -  SUN  RAY  -  DE  JUR  -  SOLAR 

GRAFLEX 


We  have  a  complete  line  in 
HOBBY  SUPPLIES 


FAIRCHILD 

CAMERA  AND   HOBBY  SHOP 
111  No.  Walnut  Champaign,  111. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


DUPONT^Dlde^f 


fox,  Students  o£  Science  and 


Experimental  research  results  in  better 
Vitamin  D  source  for  poultry  industry 


Fifteen  years  of  work  by  Du  Pont 
chemists,  biochemists,  physicists, 
and  engineers  behind  develop- 
ment of  "DELSTEROL" 

In  1922,  it  was  shown  that  vitamin  D 
controls  the  utihzation  of  calcium  and 
phosphorus  in  the  body,  especially  in 
the  bones  of  growing  animals.  This  led 
to  the  discovery  that  leg  weakness  in 
chicks,  poor  production, low  hatchability 
of  eggs,  and  other  disturbances  were 
caused  by  a  deficiency  of  this  vitamin. 


that  year,  Du  Pont  research  men — who 
had  been  studying  the  chemistry  and 
biochemistry  of  vitamin  D  for  almost 
four  years — announced  that  the  pro- 
vitamin in  animal  cholesterol  was  not 
ergosterol.  They  showed  that  the  acti- 
vated provitamin  in  cholesterol  gave  a 
vitamin  D  much  more  effective  foi- 
chicks  than  that  of  irradiated  ergos- 
terol. This  fact  was  based  on  many 
comparative  assays  of  irradiated  choles- 
terol, irradiated  ergosterol,  and  irradi- 
ated mixtures  of  these  substances  on 
rats  and  chicks. 


L.  Fullharl,  Ph.D.  1946  in  organic  chemistry,  lowo  Stale  College  and  W.  F.  Marlow,  chemist,  B.S.  1941, 
George  Washington  University,  preparing  to  examine  a  sterol  product  for  quality  and  yield. 


Scientists  subsequently  discovered 
that  vitamin  D  could  be  made  by  irradi- 
ating plant  or  animal  tissues  with  ultra- 
violet light.  This  reaction  has  since  been 
shown  to  consist  of  transforming  cer- 
tain provitamins  from  the  group  known 
as  sterols,  into  vitamin  D.  The  final  re- 
sult of  these  discoveries  was  the  present 
large-scale  commercial  production  of  the 
vitamin  by  a  series  of  complex  chemical 
and  photo-chemical  reactions  which  re- 
quire careful  control  by  chemists,  bio- 
chemists, physicists,  and  engineers.  In 
this  development,  Du  Pont  scientists 
played  an  important  part. 

Ergosterol  once  the  only  source 

For  years  before  1934  it  was  assumed 
that  ergosterol,  a  sterol  first  isolated 
from  vegetable  sources,  was  the  only 
provitamin  that  yielded  vitamin  D.  l.i 

APRIL,  194S 


Synthesis  from  Cholesterol  developed 

Other  investigators  showed  that  the 
provitamin  in  cholesterol  was  7-dehy- 
drocholesterol  by  developing  its  syn- 
thesis from  cholesterol.  The  relationship 
between  cholesterol,  7-dehydrocholes- 
terol,  and  vitamin  Dj  is  shown  by  the 
following  formulas: 


1  / 

CH-CH,-CH2-CH2-CH 


CHj 


I  / 

■CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH 


CHj 


7.DEHYDROCHOIESTEROL 


Bones  at  top,  from  birds  fed  no  vitamin  D,  ore 
shorter,  poorly  developed,  and  fragile,  com- 
pared with  bones  at  bottom  from  birds  fed 
Du  Pont  "D'!lst9rol." 


CH;  CH, 


/CH3 


CH-CH,-CH2-CH2-CH 
Z        Z         2 


VITAMIN  05 


Du  Pont  chemists  and  engineers  car- 
ried this  forward  by  devising  a  success- 
ful commercial  process  for  making  7-de- 
hydrocholesterol  and  irradiating  it  to 
vitamin  D,i.  Several  forms  of  vitamin  D 
are  now  manufactured  by  Du  Pont, 
ranging  from  oil  and  dry  powder  con- 
centrates— used  by  the  poultry  trado 
under  the  trademark  "Delsterol" — to 
vitamin  D3  crystals  of  the  highest 
purity. 

Today's  chickens  are  healthier,  and 
the  average  annual  egg  yield  over  the 
last  eight  years  has  increased  from  134 
to  159  per  bird.  To  a  considerable  de- 
gree, this  is  a  result  of  the  fifteen  years 
of  research  devoted  by  Du  Pont  scien- 
tists to  the  development  of  "Delsterol" 
"D"-activated  animal  sterol. 


Questions  College  Men  ask 
about  working  witii  Du  Pont 


what  are  the  opportunities  in  sales? 

Separate  sales  staffs  are  maintained  by  eaclx 
of  Du  Font's  ten  manufacturing  depart- 
ments. Training  in  chemistry  or  chemical 
engineering  is  a  prerequisite  for  some  sales 
positions,  which  may  be  in  one  of  three 
fields:  technical  sales,  sales  development,  or 
direct  selling.  New  employees  usually  ac- 
quire technical  background  by  first  working 
in  a  control  laboratory  or  in  production. 
Write  for  booklet,  "The  Du  Pont  Company 
and  the  College  Graduate,"  2518  Nemours 
Building,  Wilmington  98,  Delaware. 


BETTER    THINGS    FOR     BETTER    LIVING 
...THROUGH    CHEAi/STRir 

More  facts  about  Du  Pont  —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  Amenca,"  Mondays,  8  P.M.,  EST  on  NBC 


29 


TIME 

PROVES 

Galvanized  (zinc-coated)  Sheets 
Stay  Stronger  Longer 


nn  34  YEARS.  .  .Erected  in  1913,  and 
j_ij  covered  with  heavy-gauge  galva- 
nized sheets,  this  Tennessee  con- 
centrating plant  ol  the  A/Z  Company, 
is  still  in  excellent  condition  after  more 
than  3  decades  of  service.  Painted 
with  Gray  Metallic  Zinc  Paint  in  1932. 


In  building  for  the  future,  look 
to  the  past  for  proof  of  a  build- 
ing material's  strength  .  .  .  du- 
rability .  .  .  service.  With  gal- 
vanized (zinc-coated)  roofing 
and  siding,  you  get  the  strengtli 
of  steel  .  .  .  the  rust  protection 
of  Zinc.  So  for  low-cost,  long- 
time service,  choose  the  build- 
ing material  that's  proved  by 
TIME  itself  .  .  .  galvanized 
sheets.  Send  coupon  for  infor- 
mation about  Zinc  and  how  it 
can  help  keep  your  buildings 
and  equipment  stronger  longer. 


AMERICAN  ZINC   INSTITUTE 


2634  •  35  E    Wackor  Dr.  Chicago  1,  fll. 


FREE  BOOKLETSi 


Send  me  without  cost  or  obligation  the 
illustrated  booklets  I  have  checked. 

□  Repair  Manual  on  Galvanized  Roc!- 

ing  and  Siding 
Q]  Facts  about  Galvanized  Sheets 
n  Use  of  Metallic  Zinc  Paint  to  Protect 


Metal  Surfaces 


Name 

Addre:=_ 
Town 


MRS.  JORDAN  .  .  . 

(  C'njitiniicil   (11)111  page  16) 
"^  cs,  write  \oiir  picscnr  address  lu-ri-," 
to  a  Ix-wildcrcd  studcnr. 

So  it  was  for  the  rest  ot  tite  luiur.  l'"ijr 
.1  tew  moments  the  otfiee  would  be  as 
silent  as  .1  mori;ue  e.\cept  tor  the  .sohtarv' 
tick-ticking  of  the  otlice  typewriters  and 
the  tar-away  drone  of  a  professor's  voice. 
riien  the  room  would  suddenly  become 
,ili\e  with  people  and  Mrs.  Jordon 
would  quickly  be  prepared  to  answer  all 
.sorts  of  questions  and  gi\e  instructions 
and  directions.  In  between  rushes  she 
gave  the  rest  of  the  account  of  her  life. 
.As  we  had  st;irteil  to  sa\' — 

Her  return  tiom  Chicago  resulted  in 
a  position  with  a  town  law\er  and  her 
marriage  in  19.^4.  In  19,^6  she  and  her 
husband  came  to  Chambana,  and  two 
ye.iis  later  she  accepted  a  secretarial  job 
here  on  campus.  The  last  six  and  one- 
half  years  have  been  spent  in  secretarial 
work  for  Professor  W.  C  Huntington, 
head  of  the  civil  engineering  department, 
.iiul  sii|iei\  isioii  of  department  work 
w  hich  she  passes  on  to  the  desks  of  the 
other  girls:  Jeanne  Pancoast,  her  "right- 
hand  man" ;  Patricia  Peterson  and 
Doyne  Proudfit. 

Her  outside  interests  include  golf  "in 
golfing  weather,  of  course,"  movies,  her 
home,    and    her   dog   Ginger,    a   special 


hreeil  called  a  Skipperke.  a  sort  of  "fo\- 
taced  terrier  with  the  bod\-  of  a  black 
s|iit/.  dog."  She  also  said  that  she  lo\es 
to  go  fishing  with  her  husband  up  in 
Wisconsin  diiiing  the  summer. 

At  1  :S()  p.  m.  when  we  left,  Mrs. 
Jordon  was  still  fresh  and  smiling,  glad- 
ly helping  all  and  sundry  who  cami' 
into  her  office,  and  still  prepared  for  any 
emergency.  We,  meanwhile,  tired  and 
worn  from  the  barrages  of  \isitors, 
scratched  our  heads  and  wdiuleicil, 
"How  docs  she  do  it?" 


Judge:  "Who  was  dn\  ing  when  you 
collided  with  that  car?" 

Drunk  (' trium|ihaiitl\  )  :  ".None  of  us. 
We  were  in   the  back  seat." 


A  certai'i  brewer  sent  a  sample  of  his 
beer  to  a  lab  to  be  analyzed.  A  few 
days  later  he  received  this  report  from 
the  chemist: 

"Dear  Sir:  Yawv  horse  has  diabetes." 


KE:  "Could  I  try  on  that  blue  tweed 
suit  in   the  window?" 

Clerk:  "We'd  rather  you'd  use  the 
dressing  room." 


partners  in  creating 


K  &  E  drafting  instruments,  equipment  and  materials 
hove  been  partners  of  leading  engineers  for  80  years 
in  shaping  the  modern  world.  So  extensively  ore  these 
products  used  by  successful  men,  it  is  self  evident  that 
K  &  E  has  played  a  port  in  the  completion  of  nearly 
every  American  engineering   project  of  any  magnitude. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


NEW   YORK 


HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

.    Louis    •    Detroit 

35  Angeles  •   Montreal 


30 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Surface  Conjecto-Fired  GAS  '<*« 

Furnace  used  for  a  variety  of         ^ 
heat-treating    operations    includ- 
ing Malleableizing,  Pacl<  Carburizing, 
Annealing  in  a  temperature  range 
from  600°  F.  to    1800°  F. 


MULTIPLE    HEAT-TREATING    FUNCTIONS 
UNDER  VARIED   CONDITIONS 

In  modern  heat-treating,  adaptability  of  equipment  and 
flexibility  of  fuel  are  primary  influences  in  any  cost-per- 
piece  analysis.  As  a  typical  example  of  the  flexibility  of 
the  productiye  flames  of  GAS,  this  Conjecto-Fired  GAS 
Furnace  is  used  for  a  yanety  of  operations  without  any 
change  other  than  regulation  of  the  fuel-mix  and  tem- 
perature controls. 

Atwood  Vacuum  Machine  Company,  Rockford,  Illi- 
nois, is  equipped  to  heat-treat  pieces  ranging  from  1 
ounce  to  1000  pounds,  in  volume  up  to  15,000  pounds 
daily.  Their  modern  Gas-fired  Equipment  is  adapted  for 
annealing,  carburizing,  drawing,  hardening,  normaliz- 
ing, malleableizing,  stress  relieving,  under  rigid  metal- 
lurgical specifications. 

Experienced  heat-treating  specialists  like  Atwood 
Vacuum  Machine  Company  use  GAS  because  this 
flexible,  controllable,  rapid-heating  fuel  is  so  readily 
adaptable  to  all  types  of  processing  at  any  required 
temperature.  The  productive  flames  of  GAS  are  so 
flexible  that  they  can  be  used  for  any  production-line 
heating  operation,  under  the  most  exacting  conditions. 

AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 


ANNEALING— Station  wagon   body   hinge 

Material:  SAE  1020 

Temperature:  1600°  F. 

Time  Cycle:  36  hours 

Net  charge:  6400  lbs. 


PACK  CARBURIZING- 

—Broke  Trunnions 

Material: 
Temperature: 
Time  Cycle: 
Case: 

Net  charge: 

Hot 

rolled  SAE  1010 
1650^  F. 
8  hours 
.040 
1500  lbs. 

420  LEXINGTON  A\'ENUE 


Data  and  Photos  by  SURFACE 
COMBUSTION  CORPORA- 
TION, Toledo,  Ohio,  Manu- 
jiictimrs  of  Gas  Heat-Treatin/^ 
equipment 


NEW  YORK  17,  NEW  YORK 


MAltFABtEIZING— Troiler  Jock   Screws 


Material: 

Malleable  Iron 

Temperature: 

17  50"  F. 

Time  Cycle: 

72  hours 

Net  charge: 

10.000  ibs. 

APRIL,  1948 


31 


Producing  ALUNDUM 


the  world's  moft  widely  used  abrasive 


IN  these  unique,  arc-type  furnaces  at  the  Norton  electric 
furnace  plant  near  Niagara  Falls  is  produced  ALUNDUM 
abrasive — fused  at  3700°  F. from  the  mineral, bauxite. 

Introduced  to  industry  by  Norton  in  1901  this  first  electric- 
furnace-made  aluminum  oxide  abrasive  revolutionized 
the  grinding  of  steels  because  of  its  combination  of  hard- 
ness, sharpness  and  toughness. 

Subsequent  Norton  developments  were  designated  as 
38  ALUNDUM  and  57  ALUNDUM— and  then  in  1946 
came  the  sensational  32  ALUNDUM  abrasive. 


Today  ALUNDUM  abrasive  in  ifs  various  forms 
is  fhe  world's  most  widely  used  abrasive. 


NORTON   COMPANY*  WORCESTER  6,  MASS. 

(BEHR.MANNINC,   1ROY,  N.    Y.    IS  A   NORrON  DIVISION) 


NORTON 


MECHANIZED  FARM  .  .  . 

( Coiuiniicil  troiii  pa^c  1.?) 

liifjli.  A  luinibcr  of  faiiiicrs  have  made 
units  of  their  own  in  order  to  reduce 
the  investment.  Howe\er,  several  com- 
panies are  now  m  tlie  held  and  as  oper- 
arin;:  dlrticulnO  are  worked  out.  the 
liarn   cleaner  ma\    become  as  standard   a 


For  ease  in   loading  spreaders,  the 
end    of    the    conveyor    is    elevated. 

piece    ot    ilair\     barn    oiuipment    as    the 
milkinij  machine. 

The  Agricultural  Engineering  depart- 
ment at  the  University  of  Illinois  is 
presently  studying  efficiency  of  design 
and  power  requirements  for  se\eral  oth- 
er new  dair}'  production  machines.  All 
these  studies  have  as  their  ultimate 
objective  the  reduction  of  time  and  la- 
bor consumed  b\  the  farmer  m  the  dair\' 
enterprise. 


32 


PROF.  MURRELL  .  .  . 

(  Conriiuied  from  page   l()) 

\ices,  including  radar.  Mr.  Murrell  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  in  October, 
1945,  and  worked  in  Washington  for 
the  w-ar  department  on  problems  of  air 
navigation  and  traffic  control  until  he 
came  to  the  University  last   fall. 

Hoiii  in  Lebanon,  Kentucky,  on  Feb- 
ruary 18,  1914,  he  was  educated  in  Lou- 
is\ille,  Kentucky.  He  received  his  Hach- 
elor  of  Science  degree  in  electrical  engi- 
neering from  the  University  of  Louis- 
\ille  in  1936.  Mr.  Murrell  worked  for 
some  time  as  an  engineer  for  the  Louis- 
\ille  (  I.is  .111(1  Electric  company.  He 
went  to  the  L  iiiversity  of  Wisconsin  in 
I''.i7  as  a  graduate  research  assistant  for 
the  Physics  department.  He  received  his 
(Continued  on   page  .^6) 

THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Fcfri.ncrate.l 


Fro:;cn    Foods. 


World's   Largest   ^iiiek-treezer  Uses 


wmwmp^m 


Seabrook  Farms — Dcerfield   Packing  Corp.  are  breali 
^^^p!r.  for    quick-freezing    f 


ig  all 


.rds 


roods    at    their 
„  gigantic      plant      near      Bridgeton. 
N.  J.  They  are  processing  as  much 
as   a   million   pounds   of  vegetables 
and    fruits    a    day,    SS'Tr    of    which 
*  are  promptly  frozen. 
j       Their    precooling,    quick-freezing 
-'  and    cold    storage    operations    are 
all    handled    with    Frick    Refrlgera- 
tion.    Storage   capacity    is    over   50 
million     pounds.    Twelve    big     Frick 
ammonia    compressors,    driven     by 
motors    totaling    3825    horsepower, 
carry    the    cooling    load    with    de- 
pendability. 


The  Frick  Graduate  Training  Course 
Refrioeration  and  Air  Condilioninj  now 
its  31st  year  is  approved  under  the 
.   Bill   of   Rights. 


HIGGinS 


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Now  available  with 

Cork  and  Curved 
Quill  Stopper 

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Both  type  stoppers 

available  on 

waterproof  black. 

When  ordering  from 

your  dealer,  specify 

the  type  stopper 

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HIGGinS 

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The  CO-OP 


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Phone  6-1369 


APRIL,  1948 


33 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(Cuntiiuii-il  troin  page  22) 

2.iril.  It  was  held  in  the  Illini  Union 
in  an  attempt  to  remove  it  troin  the 
aroma  ala  organic  chemistr\,  rhcichx 
estabhshing  an  environment  coiuliuixe  to 
better  sociahzing. 

The  climax  of  the  evening's  entertain- 
ment was  the  presentation  ot  an  honor- 
ary membership  to  one  of  the  most  pop- 
ular professors  of  the  chemistry  depart- 
ment. Dr.  L.  F.  Audrieth.  He  was  also 
made  an  honorary  life  member  of  the 
Illinois  student  chapter  of  the  A.  I.  Ch. 
1'].,  all   "in   recognition  of  his  continued 


interest  in  the  profession  and  social  train- 
ing of  chemical  engineering  students.  " 

Dr.  Coinings  introduced  the  Ch.  E. 
faculty  and  spoke  at  length  on  the  "new 
building"  being  constructed  immediateh 
east  of  the  chemistry  annex.  The  soci- 
ety officers  were  introduced  b\  the  pres- 
ident. 

.Approximate!)  100  chenu'cal  engineers 
and  chemists  assembled  on  the  evening  of 
March  1st  to  hear  Dr.  Hailar,  professor 
of  inorgaiu'c  chemistry  and  secretary  of 
the  chemistry  department,  discuss  the  re- 
lationship between  a  student's  aptitudes 
and  the  t\pe  of  job  that  he  was  best 
fitted   for.     He  mentioned  the  "job  in- 


ter\iew"    and    what   to   expect    from    an 
industrial  organization. 

1  he  office  of  the  secretary  is  very  ac- 
tive in  assisting  Noyes  laboratory  grad- 
uates in  the  procurement  of  the  right 
job.  Any  chemical  engineer  or  chenu'st 
should  talk  to  Dr.  Hailar  and  fill  out  an 
application  blank  to  be  placed  in  l)i. 
Hailar's  permanent  file. 


".So  you  deceived  \(nir  husband,"  sai 
tile  judge  graveK'. 

"On  the  contrarv,  your  honor,  he  dt 
ceived  me.  He  said  he  was  going  out  o 
town,  and  he  didn't  go." 


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&  Auld  Co. 

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Engineers  Recognize  .  .  . 

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On  the  Campus 

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34 


THE  Ti:CHNO(iRAPH 


The  man  who  cooled 
a  m/f/ion  hotheads 


^ome  women  can  fix  anything 
^  with  a  bent  hairpin.  But  it 
took  a  man  to  solve  a  problem  that 
had  stumped  the  hairpin  experts 
for  generations. 

He  solved  the  irritating  problem 
of  opening  and  shutting  stubborn 
windows  without  benefit  of  crow- 
bars, by  means  of  an  ingenious, 
automatic  sash-balance,  which 
enables  you  to  perform  that  opera- 
tion with  one  finger. 

The  principal  member  of  this 
new  temper-saver  is  a  length  of 
high  carbon,  sash-balance  spring 
steel  made  by  Roebling.The  manu- 
facturers have  such  confidence  in 
this   Roebling  product  that  they 


guarantee  their  sash  balance  for 
the  entire  life  of  the  building  in 
which  it  is  installed. 

Roebling  flat  spring  steel  is  one 
of  the  most  widely  used  of  the 
hundreds  of  Roebling  products, 
vet  it  is  the  least  known.  Few  men 
think  of  umbrella  stays,  clock 
.'iprings,  feeler  gauges,  measuring 
rules  and  tapes,  and  thousands  of 
other  articles,  in  terms  of  flat 
spring  steel. 

On  the  other  hand,  when  enter- 
prising inventors  create  knotty 
design  problems, when  competition 
dictates  re-design  of  a  product  in 
order  to  lower  costs,  engineers 
invariably  look  to  these  Roebling 


products  for  at  least  part  of  the 
solution. 

Born  of  free  enterprise  .  .  .  the 
system  that  creates  demands  for 
thousands  of  articles  that  are  un- 
known to  the  citizens  of  other 
countries  .  .  .  flat  wire  and  flat 
spring  steel  point  the  way  to  other 
undreamt  of  developments  and 
markets. 

Roebling  flat  wire  and  spring 
steel  have  earned  the  confidence  of 
designers  and  engineers  throughout 
industry . . .  the  world  over. 

JOHN  A.  ROEBLING'S  SONS  COMPANY 

TRENTON  2,  NEW  JERSEY 
Bronc/ies  and  Warehouses  in  Principal  Cities 


A  CENTURY  Of  CONFIDENCE 


ROEBLING 


APRIL,  194,S 


35 


Textbooks   —    Slide  Rules 
Drawing  Instruments 
Engineering  Supplies 


They're  all  to  be  found 
AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


PROF.  MURRELL  .  .  . 

(  C'lintinui'cl   troni  |);ijrf  M) 

I'll. I).  ilct;i('c  in  pliNsics  there  in  l')41. 
VVliile  instructinfi  in  electrical  engi- 
ni-eiin)^  Mr.  Miirrell  still  maintains  an 
.11  five  interest  in  the  field  ot  physics.  Al- 
th()u}!;h  not  activelv  engajied  in  any  spe- 

II  lie  research  at  the  present  time,  he  is 
phmninji  to  enter  part  time  research  in 
the   near   future. 

.Mrs.  Murrell  is  the  former  Miss 
Clare  Hall,  also  a  graduate  of  the  L  iii- 
\ersity  of  Illinois.  She  received  her  de- 
uree    from   the  College  of   Liberal   Arts 

III  l'f41.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Murrell  met  in 
1-iigland  in  1944  where  she  was  an  of- 
ficer in  the  WAC.  They  met  again  in 
the  Philippine  Islands  for  a  few  months 
attei  the  war.  They  were  married  in 
January,  1947,  after  both  had  returned 
to  the  United  tSates.  Mrs.  Murrell  is 
now  in  graduate  school  working  on  her 
master's  degree  in  P2nglish  Literature. 

A  member  of  IRE,  the  Physical  soci- 
ety, and  Sigma  Xi,  Mr.  Murrell  is  at 
present  on  special  call  with  the  Research 
and  Dexelopment  board  in  Washington. 


I   crept  upstairs,  my  shoes  in  hand, 
just  as  the  night  took  wing 
And  saw  my  wife,  four  steps  above 
Diimg  the  same   damned   thing. 


Headifuartors  for  Authentic  Power  Transmission  Data 

41    PAIK   ROW,   NtW   YO«K  7,   NEW   YORK 


36 


TliE  TLCILNOGR.APIl 


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jkimmiAnc  uu 


presents 
ANTON   CHEKHOV'S 

'THE  CHERRY  ORCHARD' 


Since  its  first  production  by  the  Mos- 
cow Art  Theatre  in  1904,  THE  CHERRY 
ORCHARD  has  steadily  held  its  place 
as  the  master  work  of  the  modern 
theatre.  The  first  appeal  of  the  play 
rises  from  its  characters,  each  of  which 
is  an  exquisite  realization  of  some  form 
of  human  folly  and  misdirection.  Chek- 
hov ridicules  them  for  the  futility  of 
their  lives,  but  his  ridicule  is  so  gentle 
that  they  become  most  pathetic  when 
most   comical. 


LINCOLN  HALL  THEATRE 

April    14-15-16-17 
Admission    $1.20 


PROBLEM — You  are  designing  a  cabinet-type  oil 
heater.  The  oil  and  air  metering  valve  has  to  be 
placed  at  the  bottom.  You  now  v/ant  to  provide  a 
manual  control  for  the  valve  located  on  the  cabinet 
front  v/here  it  is  easy  to  see  and  to  operate.  How 
would  you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER— Use  an  S.S.White  remote 
control  flexible  shaft  to  connect  the  dial  to  the  valve 
or  to  a  rod  running  to  the  valve.  The  latter  method 
was  used  in  the  heater  illustrated  below.  The  flexible 
shaft  will  provide  smooth,  sensitive  control  and  will 
allow  you  to  put  the  dial  anywhere  you  want  it. 


This  is  just  one  of  hun- 
dreds of  power  drive  and 
remote  control  problems 
to  which  S.S.White  flex- 
ible shafts  are  the  simple 
answer.  That's  why  every 
engineer  should  be  fa- 
miliar with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  "Metal 
Muscles"*  for  mechani- 
cal bodies. 


Photo  «,„..iy  o/ 

Sujlcrr  M/s.   Co.,  Chicago,   III. 


WRITE     FOR     BULLETIN     4501 

It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  A  copy  is  yours 
free  for  asking.  Write  today. 


sswHin 


INDUSTRIAL 


APRIL.  194S 


Oitc  0^  )4mt%CcCt  A  AAA  IntUt^tuU  StUn^titUe* 

37 


DIATOMITE  FILTRATION  .  .  . 

(  L'oiitlniicd   trom  |);ij;i-   7  ) 

till-  slun\  tank  (  ISj.  'I'lic  mixture  circ- 
ulates through  the  connecting  piping 
and  valves  (as  indicated  by  arrow  direc- 
tion) to  the  lower  compartment  ot  the 
filter  (6)  where  it  passes  out  the  top 
tindugh  a  number  of  elements  (7). 
These  elements  consist  of  cylindrical 
septums  of  porous  refractory  materials 
or  septums  of  helically-wound  wire 
upon  which  the  diatomite  gathers  in  ;i 
uiu'form  pre-coat,  .()()  to  .09  inches  in 
tiiickness.  The  water  then  passes 
tiirough  the  lilter  etHuent  line  (9)  and 
\:d\c  (4).  .\t  \ai\e  (10),  however.  It 
lilies  iKit  tdildw  tiic  route  shown  but  l^ 
diverted  ilowii  to  (!_')  and  back  to  its 
origin  in  (IM.  In  test  filter  runs,  the 
best  initial  |)re-coat  of  this  kind  was 
formed  by  the  addition  of  10  to  IS 
pounds  of  filter-aid  per  100  .square  feet 
ot  >urt.KC  area  on  the  filter  elements. 
In  the  .second  process,  the  actual  fil- 
tering, the  water,  usuall\'  pre-treated  b\ 
coagulation  and  settling,  enters  the  in- 
fluent line  (1)  and  follows  the  same 
route  as  the  pre-coat  slurry.  While  pass- 
ing through  the  septums  (7),  the  diato- 
mite coats  filter  out  the  suspended  mat- 
ter, slag,  and  bacteria  of  the  water 
which  accumulates  in  additional  layers 
around  them.  The  filtered  water  then 
continues  through  the  efHuent  line   (9) 


and     (II)     and    <jut     ul     the    apparatus.  lonj;ci    period    In     retarding    the    loss    of 

l)uiing   this   filteiing  operati(jn    tliere    is  head     piessure     that     draws     the     water 

a    contiiHial     feed    of    diatomite    slurry  through    the    apparatus.    However,    this 

from     the     body     feeder     (not     shown)  body  feed  is  not  to  be  confused  with  the 

which    mixes   with    tlie   water   to    be   fil-  uutial   pre-coat  of  diatomite;  this  slurry 

tered   and   builds   up   a   growing  coat  on  ted   In   during  the  filtering  process  is  an 

the    already    pre-coated    filter    elements.  additional  amount. 
This  maintains  the  coat's  porosity  for  a  ( (."oiitlnued   an   page  40) 


Mr.  Bowman  of  the  Sanitary  Engineering  laboratory  displays  a  model  of 
the  15  g.p.m.  diatomite  filter  pack  unit  developed  by  the  Army. 


You  Engineers  .  .  .  yes,  you  men  of  slide-rule  distinction.  If  you  multiply 
your  supply  needs  by  that  constant,  "Q"  for  Quality,  what  is  the  reading 
under  the  hair  line?  .  .  .  It's  610! 

610  EAST  DANIEL 

And  what  does  this  mean?  Why,  of  course,  that's  the  location  of 

UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE 

It's  the  right  answer  every  time.  You  can't  go  wrong  with  equipment  and 

supplies  from  here 


TECHNICAL  HANDBOOKS      -      TEXTBOOKS      -      DRAWING  EQUIPMENT 


3S 


THE  TEGHNOGR.APH 


RCA  Laboratories'  "Chamber  of  Silence"— proving  ground  of  tonal  quality  in  radio  and  television  instrument',. 


Ever  hear  SILENCE  ? 


You  walk  into  an  eerie  room.  The  door 
swings  shut  and  youre  wrapped  in  a 
silence  so  complete  that  it's  an  effort  to 
listen.  Sound  in  this  vault-like  cavern  is 
reduced  to  the  minimum  of  hearing. 

But  c\cn  silence  lias  a  sound  of  its  own. 
Faintly  you  hear  a  subdued  hiss;  sometimes 
a  soft  hum.  Scientists  have  suggested  tliis 
may  be  the  "noise"  of  molecules  hitting  the 
cardnmis.  Others  wonder  if  it  is  caused  by 
tlic  coursing  of  the  body's  blood  stream. 

AVTien  acoustic  scientists  at  RCA  Labora- 
tories want  to  study  the  actual  voice  of  an 
instnmient,  they  fake  it  to  this  room.  What 
fliey  hear  then  is  the  instrument  itself— and 
only  the  instnmient.  They  get  a  true  meas- 
ure of  performance. 


Infomiation  gained  here  is  part  of  such  ad- 
\ances  as:  Tlie  "Golden  Throat '  tone  system 
found  only  in  RC.\  Victor  radios  and  Victrola 
radio-phonographs  .  .  .  superb  sound  sys- 
tems for  television  .  .  .  tlie  true-to-life  quality 
of  RC.\  \'ictor  records  .  .  .  high-fidelity  mi- 
crt)pIiones,  clear  \oices  for  motion  pictures, 
public  address  systems,  and  interoffice  com- 
munications. 

Research  at  RCA  Laboratories  moves 
along  many  paths.  Advanced  scientific  think- 
ing is  part  of  any  product  bearing  the  names 
RCA,  or  RCA  N  ictor. 

When  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  he  sure 
to  see  the  radio,  telc\ision  and  electronic 
wonders  at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36  West 
49th  Street.  Free  admission.  Radio  Corp.  of 
Anwrica,  RCA  Building,  Radio  Cittj,  N.  V.  20. 


Continue  your  education 

with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RC.\ 

Victor— one  of  llie  world's  foremost  miliui- 
facturers  of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—offers  yon  opportunity  to  Rain  valuable, 
well  -  roimded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
\ancenient.  Here  are  only  five  of  tlie  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations ) . 

•  Ad\'anced  development  and  design  of 
AM  .and  FM  broadcast  transmitters.  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  s>'stems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  De\'elopment  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
r.iy,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  today  to  National  Rccrttitiiig  Divi- 
iion,  RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  jcrscij. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and   Chemical    Engineers   and    Physicists. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  of  AMERICA 


-APRIL,  1948 


39 


DIATOMITE  FILTRATION  .  .  . 

(Contimifd  trom  page  .vS  ) 

The  suspeiulfil  matter  and  slag  be- 
fore mentioned  soon  aciumulatcs  to 
form  a  thick  coating  that  is  rcmnvcd 
by  a  backwash  process,  uhicli  lasts  about 
30  seconds.  The  water  llow  is  reversed 
at  valve  (4)  and  passes  up  ('))  and 
down  through  the  top  of  the  filter  ( S  ) 
and  its  elements.  This  discharge,  cair\- 
ing  away  the  coat  of  sludge  and  diato- 
mite,  is  then  diverted  through  (S)  and 
valves  (4),  (10).  and  (12)  to  the 
waste  tank  or  sump. 

Rfsi'arch    in    Profircss 

Field  filters  ol  the  kind  described 
were  used  successtidh:  during  the  war, 
although  it  is  agreed  that  the  possibili- 
ties of  the  diatomite  (iltei-  ha\e  not  >et 
been  entirely  developed.  I'dr  this  rea- 
son, present  research  in  this  t\  pe  of 
filtration  is  being  coiulucted  at  ti\e 
American  institutions:  New  York,  Har- 
vard, Johns  Hopkins,  California,  and 
Illinois  universities.  The  rt\e  factors  in- 
volved in  this  investigation  are  filter 
septums,  filter-aid,  pre-treatment  of  wa- 
ter, corrosion  of  filter  units,  and  various 
methods  of  sterilization.  The  I  niver- 
sity  research  conducted  at  the  Sanitary 
Engineering  laboratory  deals  for  the 
greater  part  with  the  first  of  these,  the 


testing  of  about  M)  kinds  of  diffeicnt 
septums.  This  research  program,  spon- 
sored bv  a  governmental  appropriation 
of  :5S0,()I)(),  began  June  I.  1047,  for  the 
designated  length  of  ;i  \ear  and  will  be 
conriinied  if  further  expeiiinentiition  is 
thought   nece'sarv. 

.'\bout  the  onh  disadvantage  ol  the 
tliatomite  filter  is  its  cost.  The  filter-.iid 
\;iries  trom  three  to  five  cents  pei' 
pound,  .-ind  till'  amount  used  \aiies  tor 
waters  of  different  characteristics.  In 
this  respect  diatomite  filtration  is  more 
expensixe  than  the  rapid  sand  filters 
despite  the  lower  installation  cost  of  the 
former. 

In  practical  application  the  diatomite 
filter  has  found  a  definite  niche  in  the 
purification  processes  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  swimming-pool  water.  The  us- 
ual swimming-pool  tvu'bidity  (occur- 
rence of  sediment  and  other  foreign 
matter)  is  in  the  ratio  (jf  two  or  three 
|iarts  per  million.  This  requires  a  com- 
p.iiatively  low  consumption  of  filter-aid, 
about  .04  pounds  per  1000  gallons  of 
filtered  water.  Financially  speaking,  this 
filtration  would  then  cost  one-fifth  of  a 
cent  per  1000  gallons,  if  the  cost  of  the 
diatomite  is  figured  at  S  cents  per 
pound. 

Another  application  of  the  fdter 
would  be  for  temporary  water  treatment 
by  campers.  Dilc  to   its  ability  to  pro- 


duce ,1  filtrate  ot  \cr\  low  turbidity  it 
could  also  be  used  in  industrial  mechan- 
isms which  require  water  free  from  sus- 
pended solids.  To  date,  no  information 
is  available  concerning  the  possible 
large-scale  treatment  ot  municipal  water 
sujiplies. 

The  future  of  the  <liatomite  filter 
holds  unlimited  horizons,  but  until  fur- 
ther studies  and  statistics  are  compiled, 
it  cannot  be  used  in  wide  industrial 
a|iplication. 


\Vh\    didn't  the   ram   turn    before   he 
ran  off  the  cliff? 

He  didn't  see  the  ewe  tuiii. 

I  stood   on   the  bridge  at  midnight, 

A   simple    Pratts-truss   span. 
And   my   fingers  were  held   fixed   ended 

In  the  clasp  of  my  lo\e  .  .  .  dear  Ann. 
And    I    sighed   as   I    there  surveyed    her. 

My  love  passing  fair. 
While  a  sportive  wind   load   sudden 

Caused  tensile  stress  in  her  hair. 
"Ann,   wilt   thou   walk   beside   me 

Along  life's  hard  surfaced  road?" 
On  my  ribs  spiral   reinforcement 

My  heart  set  up  an  impact  load. 
"Oh,  Ann,   beam   thou  upon  my  life; 

I   pra\    thee  do  not  dim  it." 
And  m\  j()\,  when  she  softh   whispered. 
"Yes,"' 

Exceeded  the  elastic  limit. 


Smorgasbord 

for 

Boilers... 


Coal,  gas,  and  oil  (fired  singly  or  in  rombinalion) 
are  regular  items  on  today's  menu  for  F)iS.\\  boilers. 
Occasional  entrees  include:  grain  hidls,  wood  chips, 
asphalt,  sewage  sludge,  by-products  of  paper  mills, 
steel  plants  and  sugar  mills... just  about  anything 
that  burns.  So  B&W  builds  boilers  and  combuslion 
equipment  that  burn  what's  available  today  . . . 
likely  to  be  availabl(>  tomorrow  ...  at  top  efficiency. 
Helping  power  plants  to  gel  the  most  from  avail- 


able fuels  is  only  one  of  the  things  long  years  have 
taught  ]}&\V  to  do  well.  Industry  offers  examples 
of  many  others — proof  of  the  imaginative  engineer- 
ing at  B&W. 

Through  this  policy  of  continuous  development 
and  research,  B&W  offers  excellent  career  oppor- 
tunities to  technical  graduates  ..  .in  diversified  fields 
of  manufacturing,  engineering,  sales  and  research. 


THE  BABCOCK  &  WILCOX  CO. 


85   LIBERTY   STREET 
NEW   YORK   6,   N.Y. 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


odak 


Argon  "timer"  on  Kodak 
High  Speed  Camera  puts 
edge  marks  on  film,  as 
shown  below,  for  externally 
fed  rectangular  pulses. 


Milling  cutter  bit 
caught  in  the  act  of 
breaking.  Edge  marks 
on  film  give  the  exact 
relative  time  and  speed 
of    any   phase   of 
high  speed  action. 


The   Kodak  High   Speed   Camera  ...  a   precision 
instrument  that  gives  you  exact  visual  answers 
to  complex  industrial  time-motion  problems. 

T7I  TTIEN  high  speed  machinery  doesn't  work  as  it 
*  ^  should  or  wears  out  too  soon  .  . .  when  you  need 
to  know  how  fast-moving  liquids  behave  .  .  .  when 
any  complex  time-motion  problem  confronts  you  . . . 
try  motion  analysis  with  the  Kodak  High  Speed 
Camera. 

By  taking  pictures  up  to  3000  frames  a  second  and 
showing  them  at  regular  speeds  .  .  .  \ou  \isuall\ 
slow  down  action  almost  200  times !  And  flash  marks 
which  the  camera  puts  along  the  film  edge  time  any 
phase  of  action  in  fractions  of  milliseconds. 

Bv  using  this  precision  instrument  in  your  labora- 
tor\  or  plant,  you  can  track  down  and  measure  almost 
any  problem  in  flexure,  inertia,  waste  motion  .  .  .  ana- 
lyze chemical  and  electrical  phenomena  for  perma- 
nent record  .  .  .  for  study  .  .  .  for  group  discussion. 

Send  the  coupon  for  a  cop\'  of  the  booklet  "Magni- 
fying Time."  It  will  tell  vou  how  this  instrument  is 
bemg  used  advantageouslv  in  manv  industries. 

EASTMAN   KODAK   COMPANY 
Industrial  Photographic  Division,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 

High  SpeedlhoN'm 

.  .  .  another  important  function  of  photography 


Mail  this 
new  FREE 


coupon  for 
booklet 


Eastman  Kodak  Company 

Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 

Please  send  me  D  your  new,  free  booklet  on  the 

Speed  Camera;  D  your  16mm.  demonstration  r 

pies  of  high  speed  movies. 


Kodak  High 
L'cl  of  exam- 


C(>mpany_ 


IX  pt. 


City- 


. . .  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  CHEMISTRY 


PLASTICS- INFANT  INDUSTRY 
THAT  GREW  UP  FAST 


I  (II  \c.ii>  .ii;ii  tin-  inhmt  |)laslii>>  iiulii'. 
Ii\  \\;is  tcclliiii;;.  Il  li;is  since  iii>Ir(I 
llimu};li  :i  picKU  ii)us  ( liildlimxl  ;iml 
!;rii\\ii  III  ^1  \i<^i)r(iiis  ;in(l  iiiipn"<si\i'  iiij 
lulilx.  loil.iv  llic  |il;lMi(s  iiulustiv  is 
.1  niiihiiinllloiKhill.ii  liiisiiu'ss.  I'u'o 
ihiiils  111  .ill  \tiii-ii(Mn  liKliiiies  use 
pl.isiiis  III. nil  I. lis  in  ihi'ii  ni:iiiiil:ii  liii 
iiij;  opcinlions. 

Ol  cinilNC,  pl.isiiis  were  iii)t  new  icii 
yf;irs  a<;o.  In  l.ui.  hatk  in  1S94  Geiifial 
r.k'(  trie  \\:is  inakinj;  lamp  carbons  out 
III  an  cailv  |)lasli(  — lani)il)lafk-imprc}>- 
iialcd  p.illn's  day. 

New  Materials  Encourage  Growth 

r.iil  llir  i.ipiil  ;^HP\\lli  111  the  plastiis 
indiistiv  (iiiii  in  ilu'  late  19;i0's  when 
new   iiiaiiiials   anil    improved   molding; 


Synchrolron  ring,  molded  by  G.  E.  for  Univ.  of 
California's  new  betatron  atom-smasfier. 

ie(  liiii(ju(s  encouraj^ed  its  expansion. 
I  III  n.  wiili  World  War  II,  plasticsmann- 
l.iiiiiilii;4  .u  (  ricialed  ircmendoirsly. 

(.<•nei.ll  Kieiliic's  position  in  tin 
plastics  Held  is  iniiijiie  in  that  G.  K.  is 
llie  world's  larj^est  mannlacturer  ol 
liilislied  plastics  piiidiuts  and  also  a 
nianida(  tinei    of  molding  powders. 

(ieneral  Kleclric  oilers  a  compleii- 
plastics  service.  Il  has  facilities  for  ilc 


\cloping  special  com 
pounds  and  for  design- 
mil;.  iMigineering,  and 
inoldint;  plastics  prod 
III  IS  III  meet  individual 
I  iisloMieis'  tcijuireiiienls. 
riir  vaiinv  ol  p.irts 
.111(1  piiidiK  Is  nil  lied  (Mil 
lp\  (.eiieral  ll((lii('s  I'lastiis  Division 
is  slai  iliiig—.iiid  il  illiisiiales  ilie  dixei 
silv  of  applicalidiis  tli.ii  arc  hciiij;  loiiiiil 
lor  plastics  in   llic   posiwar  world. 

For  Rowboats  and  Radios 

lake,  lor  example,  llic  plastics  dinu|i\. 

This  is  a  lour-pa.sseii';er  boat  molded  ol 
laminated  plastics  by  Cieneral  Electric 
loi  a  .New  tngland  boat  maniifactiirer. 

riien  llieic  is  the  svnchrolron  rill"  for 


This  plastics 

dinghy  was  molded  by 

General  Electric  for  the  Beetle  Boot  Comoony. 

the  University  of  California's  new 
betatron  atom-smasher.  It"s  the  largest 
single  part  ever  molded  by  d.  K.  Less 
spectacular,  perliaps,  but  still  impor- 
tant, are  the  hundreds  of  more  familiar 
plastics  products  like  clock  cases,  com- 
pacts, radio  cabinets,  camera  cases,  pack- 


ages ol  all  sorts,  lextolite  surfacing 
iiiaierial,  ]>laslics  parts  lor  automobiles, 
lelrigerators,  and  other  appliances- 
ex  en  plastics  <  ups  for  milking  machines. 
Since  1(120,  {;<iicial  Kleclric  has  man 
lilac  lured  molding  powders  lor  its  own 
use.  Recenilv.  a  svniliclic  phenol  plain 
ivas  ((inipleled  in  Pillsfield.  As  a  resiill 
ol  this  increasc'd  production  capacin. 
(..  I  .  can  now  provide  high  qualii\ 
phenolic    compounds  lo  oilier  molders 


New  GE  Phenol  ploni  ol  Pillsfield,  Moss.,  show- 
ing froclionoling  towers  on  distillolion  building. 

General  tleciric's  plastics  activities  are 
just  one  phase  of  the  operations  of  the 
Chemical  Department,  where  research 
is  opening  new  doors  to  progress.  In  the 
lascinating  new  field  of  silicone  chem- 
istry, in  resins,  in  insulating  varnishes, 
in  permanent  magnets.  General  Electric 
is  making  contributions  to  chemical 
knowledge.  Eor  more  information  on 
any  of  these  activities,  write  Cheritinil 
Definrltnenl .Gi'iieral F.lrrlric  Company, 
Pittsfiehl.  Mnssdihusett.s. 


HP     ^7/ 

Ikf  Hi 

.1  «(«.«»;;.•  to  stuileiits  of  chi-inixfn/  from 
1)1!    .1    .1    I'YLE 

Ihrcrtor.  Cnirral  I'Irrlrir  I'hn-tirs  I.alwrntnr,, 

llic  licld  iif  plastics  is  surcl.v  a  stiiiuiliiliiiK  one-  aiicl  one  that 
■  iVcr^  niaii\    ip|>|)(irliiiiitics  and   llic  iiliiiost  in  cliallcnpc  to 
-railiialc  clicniisis  and  cliciiiical  cii).'iiic-crs.  .\l  (iciicnil  Elcc- 
Irlc.  plastics  research  is  presenting  new  possibilities  in  this 
l:iscinatiiis  field  thai  .should  prove  exceplionally  interesting 
lo  yoiliif;-  Icchniciil  men 

GENERAL  m  ELECTRIC 


PLASTICS    •    SILICONES    •    INSULATING  MATERIALS    •   GLYPTAL  ALKYD   RESINS    •    PERMANENT  MAGNETS 


z.iJT 


Mil.  1948  •  25fents 


MEMBER   OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 


RCA  scientists— pioneers  in  radio-electronics— apply  the  "radio 
tube"  to  communications,  science,  industry,  entertainment,  and  transportation. 


This  "magic  lamp"  malces  Aladdin's  look  laxy 


You  will  ivnifinhfr  the  fabulous  lamp- 
iuid  liow  it  scnt'd  its  master,  Aladdin. 
Serving  vou.  todav,  is  a  real  "magic  lamp" 
.  .  .  the  electron  tube. 

Vou  are  familiar  with  tliese  tubes  in  your 
radio,  X'ictrola  radio-piionograph  or  television 
set  .  .  but  that  is  only  a  small  part  of  the 
work  they  do.  Using  radio  tubes,  RC:A  Lab- 
oratories ha\e  helped  to  develop  nianv  new 
servants  for  man. 

A  partial  list  ineiudes:  all-eleetroi:ic  tele- 
vision, F.\l  radio,  portable  radios,  the  elee- 
tron  microscope,  radio-heat,  radar.  Slioran, 
Teleran,  and  countless  special  "tools '  for 
science,  communications  and  conuncrec. 

The  electron  microscope,  helping  in  the 
fight  against  disease,  magnifies  bacteria  more 


than  100.000  diameters,  radar  sees  through 
fog  and  darkness,  all-electronic  television 
shows  events  taking  place  at  a  distance, 
radio-heat  "glues"  wood  or  plastics.  Shoran 
locates  points  on  the  earth's  surface  with 
unbelievable  accuracv,  Teleran  adds  to  tlu' 
safety  of  air  tra\el. 

Constant  advances  in  radio-electronics  are 
a  major  objective  at  RC).\  Laboratories. 
Fully  developed,  these  progressive  develop- 
ments are  part  of  the  instruments  bearing 
the  name  RCA,  or  RCA  N'ietor. 

When  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  be  sure 
to  see  the  radio,  television  and  electronic 
wonders  at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36  West 
49th  Street.  Free  admission.  Radio  Corp  of 
America.  RCA  Building,  Radio  City,  N.  Y.  20. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

\'itt()r  — one  of  the  world's  foremost  manii- 
fiictnrers  of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—  offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  cnod  salary'  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
\  .UK  nntut.  Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  ne\elopment  and  design  of  radio  re- 
(•ci\ers  (  including  broadcast,  short  wa\'e 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations  ) . 

•  Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
mduction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  iis 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Dc\'elopment  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receivijig.  power,  cathode 
r.iy.  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

WnVf  today  to  National  Recruiting  Divi- 
sion. RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersey. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and   Chemical   Engineers   and   Physicists. 


RADIO   CORPORATION  of  AMERICA 


He  Can  Be 
a  Valuable  Player 
On  Your 


Cost-Reduction  Team 


•  Your  head  electrical  man — don't 
overlook  his  counsel  in  your  cost-reduc- 
tion huddles.  Here's  why — 

During  recent  years,  thousands  of  elec- 
trical systems  have  been  operating  under 
abnormal  stress.  They  have  become  over- 
loaded and  unreliable  .  .  .  poorly  located 
or  improperly  applied  in  relation  to  pres- 
ent needs.  They  have  increased  produc- 
tion costs — plenty. 


Check  with  your  head  electrical  man. 
If  he  finds  such  electrical  weaknesses,  a 
Square  D  Field  Engineer  will  be  glad  to 
help  him  analyze  the  problem  and  select 
corrective  power  distribution  and  electric 
motor  control  equipment. 

The  counsel  of  experienced  Square  D 
Field  Engineers  is  available,  without  obli- 
gation, through  Square  D  offices  in  prin- 
cipal U.  S.,  Canadian  and  Mexican  cities. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  LTD.,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO   •   SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


\m  hw^wmU 


Itfi  .lohn  IHvli.  E.E.  ' /» 

Kvn  MvOuan.  M.E.  't» 


Gas,  Key  to  Progress  in 
Research  and  Manufacture 

(i;is,  as  we  all  too  ottcii  lliiiik  (jt  it, 
is  not  an  "it:"  it  is  a  "thcni."  'I'licri'  arc 
main'  gases  usi'il  in  imlustiv  ami  re- 
search. The  more  important  ones  in- 
cliiile  hydrogen,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  ilhjni- 
inating,  acetylene,  helium,  argon,  kryp- 
ton, neon,  ammonia,  ami  chlorine.  These 
are  not  mere  laboratory  curios  but  are 
piped  into  many  buildings  and  labora- 
tories much  as  one  would  pipe  water 
into  his  home. 

The  uses  of  gas  are  \ariecl.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  furnaces,  glass  blowing,  cop- 
per brazing,  annealing,  sintering,  weld- 
ing, cutting  steel,  as  a  refrigerant,  .is  ,i 
pressurizing  agent,  as  a  filling  for  \,icu- 
um  tubes  and  light  bulbs,  and  foi'  niaii\ 
other  purposes. 

Among  the  most  interesting  uses  of 
gas  is  that  of  glass  blowing.  A  mixture 
of  various  gases  is  used  to  obtain  the 
proper  size  and  shape  of  flame  for  each 
operation.  One  of  the  new  machines  for 
this  highh'  interesting  work,  is  shown 
in  the  incluiled  picture. 


New  Core  Binder 

I  hf  (icneiid  llectric  compan\  has 
(lc\el()ped  a  \ariation  of  the  mass  spec- 
nolic  resHi  to  bnid  sand  cores  used  in 
the  I'asting  of  metals. 

The  new  core  hinder  imparts  enough 
dr\  ^tle^gtll  to  the  cure  material  to 
allow  the  core  to  be  handled  while  still 
warm.  With  a  nunimum  of  baking  time 
and  temperatuie,  it  imparts  sufficient 
strength  to  the  core  to  withstand  pour- 
ing temperatures  of  _'73l)°  F.  It  pos- 
sesses a  low  hot  strength,  and  excellent 
green  strength.  The  phenolic  resin 
e\()l\es  very  little  gas  during  pouring 
and  will  not  injure  the  properties  of 
the  core  material   after  shake-down. 

New  Standards  Adopted 
By  ASTM 

The  ASTM  has  adopted  a  number  of 
\v:\\  standards  that  are  luiique.  One  of 
these  standards  is  a  method  of  testing 
steel  for  sulfur  content  by  direct  com- 
bustion. The  use  of  this  method  will 
cut  down   testing  time  as  well   as  costs. 


Mass  Spectrometer 

1  he  general  Idectric  lompanv  has  de- 
\eloped  a  \ariation  of  the  mass  spec- 
trometer to  make  gas  analysis  easier  and 
more  accurate. 

'1  he  ne\\'  machine  will  seek  nut  and 
record  traces  of  a  gas  c\en  it  it  be 
jiresent  in  as  small  a  quantity  as  one 
|iait  in  loo, 000  parts  of  other  gases. 

To  quote  its  creator:  "For  hydro- 
carbon analysis  of  synthetic  rubber,  gaso- 
line, and  other  petroleum  products,  the 
analytical  mass  spectrometer  requires 
but  one-tenth  the  time  needed  by  ordi- 
nary methods  of  chemical  analysis." 
These  were  the  words  of  Mr.  C.  M. 
Fdust.  the  engineer  in  charge  of  de- 
veloping the  new  machine.  It  seems  that 
he  is  not  stretching  the  point  if  one  can 
remember  the  time  spent  in  a  chemical 
lahoratoiy  in  search  of  just  one  ele- 
ment. 

The  new  machine  is  constructed  so 
that  an  inexperienced  and  untrained  per- 
son can  operate  it  after  an  original 
analysis  has  been  made  by  a  technically 
trained  supervisor. 


A  glass  blowing   machine  is  on  the  left.    On  the  right  is  a   mass  spectrometer  used   in  gas  analysis. 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


How  to  make  a  machine  tool 
cut  out  the  chatter 

Engineers  who  design  machine  tools  know  that  if 
they  eliminate  "chatter" — or  vibration  —  they  will  be 
paving  the  way  for  faster,  more  precise  machining. 
That's  why  you'll  find  the  great  majority  of  machine 
tools  equipped  with  Timken  tapered  roller  bearings. 

Tim  ken  bearings  assure  a  smooth  flow  of  power  from 
initial  drive  to  spindle  nose.  Gears  are  kept  in  precise 
mesh  and  alignment,  the  entire  spindle  assembly  is 
rigid  and  free  from  vibration.  And  with  Timken  bear- 
ings, machine  tools  retain  their  precise,  chatter-free 
performance  even  after  many  years  of  hard  service. 


There's  no  secret  to  keeping 
shafts  in  rigid  alignment 

Here's  an  engineer's  rough  sketch  of  a  typical  trans- 
mission countershaft  equipped  with  Timken  bearings. 
Due  to  the  line  contact  between  rolls  and  races,  you  get 
maximum  load  carrying  capacity  with  no  chance  for 
shaft  deflection  or  misalignment. 

And  because  the  tapered  design  takes  thrust  as  well 
as  radial  loads,  end-movement  of  the  shaft  is  eliminated. 
Positive  shaft  alignment  is  another  big  reason  why  9 
out  of  10  bearing  applications  can  be  handled  more 
efficiently  with  Timken  bearings. 


>  .£^t^.-77un/e*t<,£'€(y" 


TIMPN 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more 
about  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems  you'll 
face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing  applications. 
If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this  phase  of  engineer- 
ing, we'd  be  glad  to  help.  For  additional  information 
about  Timken  bearings  and  how  engineers  use  them, 
write  today  to  The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Company, 
Canton  6,  Ohio.  And  don't  forget  to  clip  this  page  for 
future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  oid  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  Q=> 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -I)-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


MAY,    194S 


WHEN  YOU 


HANG  THAT  HAT 


IN   SOMEBODY'S 


INDUSTRY.. 


Are  you  going  to  hang  up  a  lot  of  useful  habits  along  with 
it  .  .  .  OR .  .  .  are  you  going  to  use  those  habits  to  give  you 
a  flying  start  on  your  career? 

There's  the  habit,  for  example,  of  reaching  for  an  author- 
itative McGraw-Hill  book  to  answer  the  toughest  problems 
they  can  throw  at  you  in  an  engineering  course.  Tliat's  one 
you  can  use  to  good  advantage  for  the  rest  of  your  business 
life.  To  it,  add  the  habit  of  reaching  for  the  latest  McGraw- 
Hill  magazine,  edited  especially  for  your  industry,  to  keep 
abreast  of  up-to-the-minute  trends  anil  developments. 

For  years,  the  keenest  technical  minds  in  industry  have 
funneled  their  best  thinking  into  McGraw-Hill  books  and 
magazines,  building  up  a  reservoir  of  useful  information 
larger  than  any  one  business  could  ever  acquire  for  itself. 
That's  why  McGraw-Hill  is  known  as  "Head<[uarters  for 
Industrial  Information." 

It  will  pay  you  to  keep  the  McGrau-llill  habit. 


McGRAW-HILL 

PUBLICATIONS 

HEADQUARTERS  FOR  INDUSTRIAL  INFORMATION 
330  WEST  42nd  STREET  •  NEW  YORK  18,  NEW  YORK 


THE  TECHNOGR.J^PH 


EDITORIAL   STAFF 

George   R.   Foster Editor 

Ed  Witort Assoc.  Editor 

(nhn   Dick Asst.  Editor 

Phil  Doll Assl.  Editor 

I5;irb:u;i   Schmidt ...l/f//-i7//>   Editor 


Riportint/ 

Donald  Johnson       Jim    locca 
Carl  Sonnenschein    Shirley  Smith 
Herbert  Jacobson      Sam  Jefferies 
Keimeth  McOwan 
Connie   Minnich 
Melvin  Reiter 
John  Shurtleff 
Aver\'  Hevesh 


Glenn  Massie 
tieorge  Ricker 
Huke  Silvestrini 
Ray   Hau>er 
Arthur    DreshfieUI 


Plloto(/r/ipliy 


Ted   Sohn 
Ralph    rixhc 


Rnssel  Sanden 
Carl    \\'c\meuller 
L-k    Stumpt 


Volume  63 


Number  8 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Robert  A.  Johnson Bus.  Mijr. 

Stanley  Diamond-. /:/.«/.  Bus.  Mgr. 
Mitchell  Cassidv-^^/w/.  Bus.  Myr. 

Richard  Leek Asst.  Bus.  Mijr. 

Fred  Seavev Asst.  Bus.  Me/r. 


John  Bogatta 
Rudy  \'ergara 
Cieorge  Kvilek 
lames  Chapman 
Robert  Cox 
Robert  Levin 
Frank  Mitch 
William  Anderson 
Onn    Hornbeck 


Dick    Ames 
Clem    Marley 
Ira    livans 
Bob    CJolden 
Rav   Harris 
Boil  Dodds 
Stan  Bnriiham 
Dick    Ilammack 


Eaculty   Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS   OF    ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE  MAGAZINES   ASSOCIATED 
Chairman :  John 


Urba 


Jo 


i  Cooperati\ 
■oinell  Eng 
nal,     Illino: 


University  of  Illii 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cin 
Engineer,  Colorado  Engin 
near,  Drexel  Technical 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engin 
Kansas  Engineer,  Kansas  t»tate  Engnieer, 
Kentucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
Missouri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint, 
New  York  University  Quadrangle,  North 
Dakota  State  Engineer,  Ohio  State  Engi- 
neer, Oklahoma  State  Engineer,  Penn  State 
Engineer,  Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue 
Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  Rose  Technic, 
Tech  Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer, 
aTirt  \V  ■      -      ■ 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 


Tfie  Tecfi  Presents 


ARTICLES 

(Opportunities  in  Mining  Engineering  7 

George  Clark.  Asst.  Prof,  of  Miii.  Eny. 

Inland  Steel  Company  S 

Sam  Jeffries.  E.E.   '4S 

Production  of  the  Illinois  Technograph  10 

(ieorye  Rieker.  Aero.E.    '40.  and  Sam   .leffries.   E.E.    '4S 

New  Vacinim  Tuhe  Laboratory  12 

Phil  Doll.  ALE.  '49 

DEPARTMENTS 

New  Developments  2 

Ken  MeOwan,  M.E.   V'A  and  .folin  Diek.  E.E.   '49 

Under  Cover  at  (ialesburg  14 

In   I  his  Corner  .  .  .  Navy  Pier 15 

Engineering  Honoraries  and  Societies  If) 

Ray   I lauser,  Chem.   E.    '50.  .1  olin   Shurtleff.   CAiem.   Em/.   '50 
and  A I  mar   l/'idi,/er.   Chem.    Eng.    '4S 

Introducing    IS 

Connie  Minnieh.   C.E.   '51 ,  Ilerh  Jaeohson.  M.E.   '50 
Don  Johnson,  E.E.  '49,  and  Jim  locca,  C.E.  '50 


Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Fehru- 
ary.  March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Puhlishing  Company.  Entered  as  second 
class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  3,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $l..=;n 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph. 

Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Barnhill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago  11,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  New 
York    17,   New    York. 


OUR  COVER 

This  recent  picture  of  Engineering  Hall  shows  the  new,  im- 
proved landscaping,  just  after  the  job  was  completed.  (Photo 
by  Russ  Sanden) 

FRONTISPIECE 

Molten  iron,  produced  in  Inland  blast  furnaces,  is  being  poured 
into  an  open   hearth  furnace. 


OlIMliii 


IBIIIIIilllftii 


>a» 


■^pfiSf 


Opportunities  in  Mining  Engineering 

Ry   t»ooi*;K4'   I  lark 

Aftsistant  l*roffHs«tr  »/  .^iinint/  Enffint't'rinff 


Tochu ,  mnre  tliaii  at  :i\\\  otiu'i-  tinic 
in  the  history  of  tlic  profession,  tliere  is 
great  need  for  more  technically  trained 
men  of  high  caliber  in  mining  engineer- 
ing. If  yoii  feel  that  your  capabilities 
and  desires  equip  you  to  work  in  an\'  of 
the  branches  of  mining  described  below, 
you  woulii  do  yourself  and  the  mining 
industry  a  service  by  in\estigating  the 
possibility  of  entering  this  very  essential 
branch  of  engineering. 

Before  describing  the  various  careers 
in  mining  we  might  discuss  some  of  the 
fallacies  concerning  the  dangers  con- 
nected with  underground  mining,  par- 
ticularly underground  coal  mining.  A 
recent  issue  of  Mechanization  carried 
an  article  which  showed  that  there  were 
l.,i  fatalities  per  million  man-hours 
winked  in  coal  mines  in  one  year.  Dur- 
ing that  same  period  the  rate  for  per- 
sons riding  in  automobiles  was  1.0  fa- 
talities per  million  man-hours  of  riding 
time.  It  is  only  slightly  more  dangerous 
for  a  man  to  work  day  after  day  in  a 
coal  mine  than  it  is  for  you  or  me  to 
drive  day  after  day  in  an  automobile. 

Several  branches  of  mining  offer  ex- 
tensive opportunities  to  graduate  engi- 
neers. They  might  well  be  divided  into 
the  following  categories. 

Coal  Mining 
Coal  is  one  of  the  most  important  of 
our  natural  resources.  Its  production  has 
a  profound  effect  upon  the  national 
economy.  Though  some  might  be  in- 
clined to  steer  clear  of  mining  due  to 
its  slightly  higher  accident  rate,  to  the 
rlear-thinking  person  it  offers  a  chal- 
lenge. The  relatively  greater  number  of 
bazards  which  are  present  in  this  most 
vital  of  industries  show  clearly  the  great 
■.'eed  for  research  into  the  cause  and 
prevention  of  accidents.  IVIost  of  the  fac- 
tors which  cause  explosions  are  already 
known.  It  has  been  well  established  that 
mi.xtures  of  methane  ( the  explosive  gas 
found  ill  some  coal  mines)  and  air  are 
explosive  only  in  certain  well  defined 
ratios;  what  is  needed  is  to  apply  the 
knowledge  that  we  pos.sess.  Contrary  to 
a  common  belief,  however,  explosions 
cause  only  a  small  part  of  the  total  acci- 
dents which  occur  each  year.  "Fall  of 
roof  and  face"  are  responsible  for  three 
to  four  times  as  many  fatalities  as  ex- 
plosions.   Here,    too,    is    an    acute    prob- 


lem that  will  reijuire  real  energy,  in- 
itiatixe  and   ingenuit\'  to  solve. 

An  interesting  sidelight  is  the  puzzle 
of  appraising  the  human  element  in  any 
formula  for  safety  in  underground  pro- 
duction of  coal.  Can  \ou  sohe  it? 

Salaries  for  graduate  engineers  in 
coal  mining  vary  at  present  from  about 
$250  to  $350  per  month.  The  Um'ver- 
sity  of  Illinois  has  not  been  able  to  fill 
even  a  small  part  of  the  requests  that 
have  been  made  for  mining  engineers 
in  this  field  since  the  war. 

Metallics  and  Non-Metullics 
Within  a  radius  of  500  miles  of  the 
University'  we  find  a  large  number  of 
this  type  of  mines.  Many  of  them  have 
engineering  and  operating  problems 
which,  like  a  number  in  coal  mining, 
have  not  been  satisfactorily  solved.  In 
the  min^s  of  a  large  Missouri  company 
we  find  an  excellent  example:  The  min- 
ing of  flat,  undergroiuid,  bedded  de- 
posits of  lead  ore  has  required  the  leav- 
ing of  large  pillars  of  ore  to  support 
the  roof  of  the  excavations.  There  are 
many  millions  of  pounds  of  valuable 
lead  in  the  pillars  of  these  mines.  Yet 
it  is  impossible  at  the  present  time  to 
know  which  pillars  may  be  extracted, 
how  many  may  be  removed  with  safety, 
and  how  long  the  remainder  will  sup- 
port the  roof.  Here  is  a  challenge  to 
the  alert  engineer. 

There  is  also  the  very  urgent  prob- 
lem of  finding  new  ore  bodies.  Many 
of  our  vital  reserves  of  metals  and  non- 
metals  are  becoming  depleted  at  an 
alarming  rate.  No  completely  satisfac- 
tory method  has  \et  been  devised  to 
"see"  into  the  earth  in  older  to  locate 
new  ore  bodies,  (ieophysical  prospect- 
ing in  its  present  stage  is  onh'  a  minor 
part  of  the  answer  to  the  problem.  It 
needs  much  more  development. 

Research 

IVIining  has  been  perhaps  one  of  the 
slowest  of  all  industries  in  developing 
and  applying  scientific  principles  to  its 
use.  Consequently,  many  of  the  broad 
fields  of  research  have  just  been 
scratched  on  the  surface.  We  have  a 
tremendous  amount  yet  to  learn  about 
explosives,  the  physical  properties  of 
rocks,  the  reason  for  "rock  bursts"  in 
some    mines    and,    as    mentioned    above. 


safet\  iiroblems  in  uiulergrouiul  coal 
mining.  There  are  man\'  others;  these 
will  serve  to  illustrate. 

The  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines  offers 
good  starting  salaries  for  junior  engi- 
neers. Many  universities,  including  our 
own,  have  openings  for  part-time  as- 
sistants in  research.  The  new  Illinois 
State  Department  of  Mines  and  Min- 
erals Analytical  laboratory  in  the  Min- 
ing laboratory  building  on  our  campus 
is  directly  concerned  with  analytical 
work  which  employs  results  of  exten- 
sive research  done  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau 
of   Mines  anil  other  agencies. 

Teaching 

Closely  akin  to  research  is  the  teach- 
ing of  principles  of  mining  engineering. 
Instructors  m  this  |irofession  are  in  very 
high  demand.  Opportunities  for  gradu- 
ates   \ar\-    from    part-time    .-issistantships 


Here  is  a  field  with  a  great  need 
for  technically  trained  men — min- 
ing engineering.  As  described  in 
this  article,  there  are  great  oppor- 
tunities for  accomplishing  worth- 
while things  and  getting  ahead  in 
the  mining  industry. 


to  full-time  instructorships.  Salaries  for 
beginmng  instructors  range  from  $,\()(K1 
and  up  for  nine  to  ten  months  of  teach- 
ing at  \arious  mining  schools  in  this 
country. 

Salaries  for  part  time,  which  permits 
work  toward  advanced  degrees,  are 
$1,200  at  the  University  of  Illinois. 
Scholarships  of  $200  per  year  are  of- 
fered for  undergraduates  and  $750  per 
year  for  graduate  students  by  the  De- 
partment of  Mining  and  Metallurgical 
Engineering  on  our  campus. 

For  those  students,  then,  who  have 
not  definitely  decided  which  branch  of 
engineering  they  want,  mining  offers 
many  advantages.  The  state,  the  nation, 
and  the  world  needs  mining  engineers. 
Production,  consulting,  teaching,  re- 
search— all  have  openings  for  trained 
men.  Pay  is  good.  Initiative  is  rewarded. 
Professional  advancement  and  a  satisfy- 
ing career  await  those  men  who  like  to 
face  the  challenge  and  stimulus  of  prac- 
tical problems. 


MW\    194S 


iai  Siolilseeiiio 


.  .  .  9*tland  Stee.1  Go-. 


Itfi  Slim  .li-lli'i-ii'H.  li.i:.  '  IH 


Steel  making  is  one  of  the  laif;est  in- 
ilustries  in  the  woiKl  and  probably  tlu- 
most  important  maiuifacturiiig  process 
ever  created.  Without  steel  in  the  vast 
quantities  in  which  it  is  produced,  mod- 
ern civilization  would  not  ha\e  been 
built.  Few,  if  any,  modern  industries 
could  exist  without  steel.  Yet,  despite 
its  importance,  steel  is  the  world's  cheap- 
est metal.  You  can  buy  finished  steel  for 
about  three  cents  a  pound. 

In  1947  the  American  steel  industr\- 
produced  over  84,()0«,(H)0  tons.  That  is 
more  than  all  of  the  rest  of  the  nations 
of  the  world  produce  even  in  normal 
times.  It  is  estimated  that  more  than  a 
biilidM  tons  of  steel  are  currently  in  use 
in  the  I  nited  States.  That  amounts  to 
about  17,500  pounds  for  every  man, 
woman  and  child  in  the  country — nearly 
seven  times  as  much  as  in  1900. 

The  Inland  Steel  company  started 
business  in  1893  as  a  re-rolling  mill  for 
steel  rails.  Since  then  the  company  has 
continued  to  expand,  and  today  it  is  the 
seventh  largest  steel  producer  in  the 
country  and  a  prime  supplier  of  steel 
for  the  Midwest.  In  the  first  year  of  its 
operation,  the  company  produced  6,000 
tons  of  steel.  By  1910  it  was  producing 
300,000  tons  of  steel  a  year;  and  bv 
1947,  3,300,000  tons  a  year.  The  opera- 
tions of  the  concern  have  been  expand- 
ed to  include  iron  ore  mines,  coal  mines, 
fluorespar  mines,  limestone  quarries,  and 
a  fleet  of  boats.  The  company  strength- 
ened its  marketing  position  by  acquiring 
the  Milcor  Steel  company  (now  called 
the  Inland  Steel  Products  company), 
the  Wilson  and  Bennett  .Manufacturing 
company  (now  known  as  Inland  Steel 
Container  compain  )  and  Joseph  T.  Ry- 
erson  and  Son,  Inc.,  the  largest  steel 
jobber  in  the  countr\.  lliere  are  22,- 
000  men  and  women  working  with  this 
concern  and  its  subsidiaries. 

The  history  of  this  company  shows 
a  policy  of  careful  planning  and  expan- 
sion with  new  and  modern  equipment. 
Particular  emphasis  is  placed  on  metal- 
lurgical research  and  continuous  im- 
provement in  steel  making  and  process- 
ing methods. 

Production 
Principal    raw  materials  used   in   steel 
making    are    iron    ore,    coal,    and    lime- 
stone. A  large  portion  of  these  raw  ma- 
terials   is    carried    from    the    subsidiarv 


nune>  and  ijuarries  In  the  c<mip;in\ 's 
lake  \essels.  The  steehnaking  plant  i^ 
located  at  Indiana  Harbor  at  the  south- 
ern tip  of  Lake  .Michigan.  This  loca- 
tion offers  cheap  transportation  of  raw 
materials  and  a  central  location  in  the 
middle  western  market  for  steel  prod- 
ucts. 

The   size  of   a   steel    pl.int   is   tremen- 
dous.   K\en    with    caretul    plannini;    and 


Another  in  the  series  on  job  op- 
portunities for  engineering  gradu- 
ates in  nearby  industries,  this 
article  tells  about  the  Inland  Steel 
company,  located  at  the  southern 
tip  of  Lake  Michigan.  -Steel  is  a 
vital  part  of  our  civilization,  and 
hence  production  facilities  are  con- 
stantly being  expanded.  Emphasis 
is  placed  on  research  and  continu- 
ous improvement. 


economic  utilization  of  space,  the  blast 
furnaces,  coke  ovens,  open  hearths,  and 
rolling  mills  of  the  Indiana  Harbor 
plant  occupy  an  area  of  630  acres.  A 
complete  railroad  system  with  over  1^0 
miles  of  track  and  45  locomotives  is  re- 
quired just  for  operations  within  the 
plant.  Every  month  about  18,500  rail- 
road cars  move  into  or  out  of  the  plant. 
The  eight  blast  furnaces  and  36  open 
hearth  furnaces  of  this  plant  operate 
24  hours  a  day,  turning  out  thousands 
of  tons  of  high  quality  steel.  The  plant 
is  so  well  integrated  that  molten  iron 
from  the  blast  fLtrnaces  may  be  processed 
through  the  open  hearths  and  the  rolling 
mills  without  ever  cooling.  Cold  rolling 
mills  which  put  special  temper  and  fin- 
ish on  the  steel  operate  almost  continu- 
ously to  supply  the  tremendous  middle 
western  demand  for  cold  rolled  steel 
]iroducts.  At  every  step  in  the  steel- 
making  and  rolling  operations  metallur- 
gical laboratories  maintain  a  continuous 
check  on  the  quality  of  the  steel.  The 
specifications  for  steel  are  so  rigid  that 
if  housewi\es  had  to  make  cakes  with 
the  same  relative  care  which  the  steel- 
men  must  use,  they  would  ha\e  to 
measure  the  ingredients  of  their  cakes 
not  by  teaspoonfulls,  but  by  ten-thous- 
.indths  of  an  ounce.  In  addition  to  main- 
taining careful  control  over  the  qualit>' 
of  steel,  the  metallurgical  laboratories 
are  continuously  searching  for  and  pro- 


ducing better  steel  and  steelm.iking  pro- 
cesses. 

Almost  all  of  this  steel  is  produced 
for  middle  western  customers.  Sheet 
steel  goes  into  automobiles,  refrigerators, 
washing  machines,  and  thousands  of 
other  manufactured  items.  The  company 
produces  large  quantities  of  both  elec- 
trolytic and  hot  dipped  tin  plate  for 
niamifacturers  of  tin  cans.  Large  ton- 
nages of  bars,  structural  shapes,  sheet 
piling,  reinforcing  bars,  and  floor  plates 
are  sold  to  the  construction  industry. 
This  company  is  one  of  the  major  sup- 
id  iers  of  heavy  steel  rails  for  American 
railroads.  The  metallurgists  have  devel- 
oped many  new  alloys  to  meet  special 
maching,  drawing,  and  other  technical 
problems  of  customers. 

-A  portion  of  the  steel  produced  goes 
to  the  subsidiaries.  The  Inland  Steel 
Products  company  manufactures  a  wide 
\ariety  of  sheet  metal  products  in  its 
plants  in  Milwaukee.  Cleveland,  and 
Baltimore.  These  products  are  used  in 
the  building  industry,  and  include  such 
items  as  expanded  metal  lath,  interior 
metal  trim,  steel  roofing,  and  ventila- 
tors. This  subsidiary  also  makes  such 
products  as  furnace  pipes  and  fittings, 
stove  pipe,  and  airtight  wood-burning 
heaters.  The  Inland  Steel  Container 
company,  with  plants  in  Chicago,  Jersey 
City,  and  New  Orleans,  makes  steel 
pails  and  drums  in   all  sizes  and  shapes 


A     steel     sample     is     being     given 
an    impact    test    in    the    laboratory. 


8 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


On  the  left  is  seen  two  of  Inland's  eight  blast  furnaces.  Right:  Inland's  fleet  of  ore  boats 
haul  raw  materials  to  the  Indiana  Harbor  works  from  the  company-owned  mining  and  quar- 
rying   operations    in    the   Great   Lakes    area. 


and  t(ir  ,ill  piirpuscs.  jost-ph  T.  Rycrson 
aiui  Son,  Inc.,  the  coniparn's  largest 
subsidiary  and  America's  largest  steel 
jobber,  handles  thousands  of  sizes, 
shapes,  and  descriptions  of  steel  in  its 
many  warehouses  located  throughout  the 
United  States.  The  Inland  Lime  and 
Stone  company  produces  metallurgical 
stone  for  companies  in  the  steel  industr\' 
and  provides  a  considerable  quantity,  of 
sized  and  crushed  stone  for  construction 
and   agricultural   purposes. 

Industrial  Relations 

Industrial  relations  policies  lia\e  al- 
ways been  ad\anced  and  far-sighted. 
Throughout  the  years  great  emphasis 
has  been  placed  on  the  individual  work- 
er, his  right  of  self-determination,  and 
his  right  to  get  ahead.  I'nion  member- 
ship has  always  been  a  matter  of  free 
choice  for  the  individual  worker.  About 
311  per  cent  of  the  employes  in  the  com- 
pany and  its  subsidiaries  are  members 
of  unions.  The  company  deals  with  10 
unions  and  26  bargaining  units  in  its 
various  operations.  For  the  most  |iair 
labor  relations  are  peaceful,  but  the 
company  has  never  been  willing  to  give 
wa\-  to  coercion  in  the  face  of  unsound 
or  unreasonable  demands.  Job  e\al na- 
tion plans  have  been  installed  in  many 
operations  with  considerable  success. 
Such  job  evaluation  programs  are  aimed 
in  establishing  wage  rates  on  every  job 
which  are  fair  and  correct  in  relation 
to  every  other  job.  The  average  pay  for 
this  company's  steel  workers  for  1047 
was  $1.64  per  hour.  Wage  earners  in 
the  steel  industry  as  a  whole  made  an 
average  of  $1.51  per  hour  during  1047 
and  workers  in  all  manufacturing  indus- 
tries as  a  whole  received  an  average  of 
only  $1.22  an  hour.  Incentives  for  extra 
production  are  pnnided  on  all  jobs 
whene\er    possible    so    that   extra    effort 


and  initiati\e  will  be  rewarded  with 
extra  pay. 

Personnel  policies  ha\e  always  been 
progressive.  For  example,  as  long  ago 
as  1919  this  company  pioneered  the 
eight-hour  day  in  the  steel  industry.  Va- 
cations with  pay  have  long  been  a  tradi- 
tion at  Inland.  All  employes  with  at 
least  one  year  of  service  are  entitled 
to  a  \acation  with  pay.  The  company 
has  one  of  the  most  complete  low  cost 
group  insurance  plans  in  American  in- 
dustry. In  1947  about  91  per  cent  of 
all  eligible  emplo\es  subscribed  to  the 
plan.  The  company  pays  part  of  the 
cost  of  this  insurance.  The  insurance 
plan  covers  life,  accidental  death  and 
dismemberment,  accident  and  sickness, 
hospital  expense  insurance,  and  surgical 
benefits  for  employes  and  their  de- 
pendents. 

Retirement  income  is  important  to 
employes  because  many  of  those  who 
come  into  the  steel  business  as  young 
men  fiiul  steady  jobs  and  lifetime  ca- 
rers in  the  industry.  The  retirement 
plan  is  on  a  voluntary  basis  with  both 
the  compain'  and  the  individual  em- 
plo\e  contributing  to  the  retirement 
fund. 

The  compaiu'  is  particularly  proud  of 
its  medical  and  health  program,  and 
demonstrates  that  it  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  American  industry.  This  program 
provides  for  physical  examinations,  con- 
sultation service,  health  education, 
health  information,  and  medical  re- 
search. In  addition,  the  Department  of 
Industrial  Hygiene  spends  its  full  time 
searching  for  and  correcting  health 
hazards  on  e\ery  job  and  in  every  cor- 
ner of  the  plants.  The  safety  depart- 
ment dates  back  to  1911.  According  to 
accident  statistics,  employes  are  twice  as 
safe  inside  the  plant  gates  as  they  arc  in 
their  own   homes. 


Employment  has  always  been  stable, 
in  good  times  and  bad.  This  has  been 
true  primarily  becau.se  this  company  is  a 
prosperous  and  efficient  steel  producer. 
The  company  is  strong  financialh'  and 
turns  in  a  healthy  profit  from  its  large 
volume  of  sales. 

Opportunities  for  young  men  for  ca- 
reers in  steel-making  are  excellent.  This 
is  true  both  for  engineers  and  non-engi- 
neers. Because  of  the  nature  of  the  busi- 
ness, there  are  many  opportunities  for 
men  with  technical  training.  More  op- 
portunities are  available  today  than  at 
any  time  in  the  past.  The  company  to- 
day has  a  backlog  shortage  of  technical- 
ly trained  young  men  because  of  ex|ian- 
sion  during  the  war  and  the  fact  that 
sufficient  trained  engineers  were  not 
a\  ailable. 

Training  Programs 

There  .ire  currently  a  number  of 
training  programs  which  are  designeil 
for  graduate  engineers  or  men  with  sim- 
ilar technical  training,  (iraduate  train- 
ing programs  are  divided  into  four  ma- 
jor groups.  There  is  a  program  tor  those 
interested  in  sales,  one  for  those  inter- 
ested in  mill  operation,  and  another  for 
those  interested  in  general  administra- 
tion. Each  training  program  extends 
o\er  a  period  of  nine  months. 

For  men  who  are  interested  in  steel- 
making,  the  metallurgical  department 
has  set  up  a  rather  elaborate  program 
in  which  trainees  have  an  opportunity 
to  observe  and  work  under  expert  guid- 
ance in  the  various  divisions  of  the  steel 
plant  and  the  metallurgical  department. 
At  the  end  of  his  training  period  the 
trainee  has  the  opportunity  to  go  into 
either  research  work  or  into  control 
work  in  the  various  operating  depart- 
ments. Trainees  who  go  into  control 
(Continued   on   page  24) 


MAY,    1948 


THE   ILLINOIS  TECHNOGRAPH 

#/f/  iivurffv  llivlivr.  Avrn.K.  '  lU  and  Sam  'Ifffrrit's.  li.li.  '  /it 

Photos   by   Jack    Stumpf,    M.E.    '50 


This  article,  like  all  oilu-r  aiticlc>  in 
this  magazine,  was  in  its  first  staj^e  i)t 
preparation  tweKc  weeks  a^i).  Since 
then,  it  has  seen  ail  the  different  phases 
of  editing  b\-  stiulents ;  composition  of 
the  complete  magazine  from  the  articles, 
short  items,  illustrations,  and  advertise- 
ments; printing  by  the  Illini  Publishing 
company;  and  distribution  by  the  busi- 
ness staff,  composed  entirely  of  students. 
In  fact,  that  is  what  this  .irticle  is 
about  —  its  own   preparation. 

The  Technograph  staff"  is  composed 
of  engineering  students  who  are  inter- 
ested in  writing  and  editing  or  in  tlie 
business  procedures  of  publishing  and 
distributing  a  maga/inc.  These  activities 
are  .in  absorbing  hobby  to  the  student, 
and  the  student  gains  \aluable  experi- 
ence by  his  participation. 

The  preparation  and  writing  of  an 
article,  and  the  development  to  its  final 
form  are  the  duties  of  the  editorial 
staff,  which  is  directed  by  the  editor. 
The  editor  and  the  assistant  editors  de- 
cide upon  the  articles  and  illustrations 
which  will  appear  in  each  issue. 

After  the  articles  and  illustrations  for 
the  issue  have  been  chosen,  the  assistant 
editors  make  the  a.ssignments  to  the 
reporters.  Usually  one  or  sometimes  two 
reporters  are  a.ssigned  to  a  feature  or 
department,  and  generally  have  about 
four  weeks   to   meet   the  deadline. 


Kver 

wonder    \ 

hat    had 

to    be 

(lone  in 

order  to 

publish  a 

maga- 

/inc.   This   article 

will   give 

you  a 

elear-eut 

picture  ( 

f  how  tlu 

Teeh 

nograph 

i  s     p  u  t 

togethei 

each 

month, 

from    the 

day    the 

assign- 

nients    are    made 

to    the    day    the     1 

finished 

magazine      reaches      the     | 

readers' 

hands. 

For  the  initial  preparation  the  report- 
er determines  the  scope  of  his  subject 
and  gathers  general  information.  He 
then  ni.'ikes  a  rough  outhne  of  the  sub- 
ject .ind  selects  the  niaten.il  tii.it  will 
be  ccj\cred.  He  investigates  all  sources 
of  information.  The  business  of  getting 
first-hand  and  up-to-date  news  on  the 
subject  is  an  interesting  part  of  the 
reporter's  work.  This  includes  inter- 
viewing, investigation,  and  obtaining 
contemporary  literature  on  the  subject. 
All  this  work  is  preliminary  to  the 
actual  \\'riting  of  the  article. 

While  the  reporters  are  gathering 
information  and  writuig  the  articles, 
the  make-up  editor  determines  the  types 
of  pictures  to  accommodate  the  articles 
and  makes  assignments  to  the  staff  of 
photographers.  The  photographers  ha\e 
the  job  of  getting  pictures  that  are  not 
only  technically  illustrative,  but  that 
also    show    good    photographic    composi- 


rion.  l'hotograph\'  is  an  .art  in  itsell, 
,ind  is  a  hobb\'  to  these  men.  Certani 
t\pcs  of  pictures,  like  commercial  prod- 
ucts, are  obtained  directly  from  their 
Miurce.  The  make-up  editor  must  meet 
tile  same  deadline  as  the   reporters. 

After  all  copy  has  been  turned  into 
the  office  by  the  rejiorters,  the  articles 
are  edited.  The\  are  re\  lewed  nDi]  re- 
vised, .uul  necessary  changes  are  m;u\v 
to  ini|irove  the  form  and  composition 
and  to  conform  to  the  particular  st\le 
use<l  by  the  magazine.  Each  assistant 
editor  checks  o\er  the  material  turned 
in  h\  tlie  reporters  under  his  supervi- 
sion, and  tile  editiu'  then  re\  lews  all  the 
copy.  The  edited  copy  is  then  taken  h\- 
the  editor  to  the  Illini  Publishing  coni- 
pan\'   for  processing. 

At  the  same  time  that  the  copy  is 
being  edited  in  the  office  of  the  Tech- 
nograph, the  make-up  editor  and  the 
editor  are  marking  up  the  illustrations 
for  size.  These  photographs  are  then 
taken  to  G.  R.  Cirubb  and  Company  to 
be  engraved.  The  production  of  a  metal 
plate  suitable  for  printing  the  \arying 
tones  of  a  photograph  is  an  interesting 
process. 

The  first  step  in  eiigi.i\ing  is  the  jiro- 
duction  of  a  "half-tone"  negatixe.  The 
illustration  is  "shot"  through  a  half- 
tone screen  by  taking  a  photograph  of 
the   illustration   with    a   half-tone  screen 


Staff  members  performing  a  few  of  the  many  small  tasks  necessary  to  put  out  the  maga- 
zine. Left:  Herb  Jacobson  and  Ed  Witort  work  together  to  check  galley  proof  against  the 
original  copy  for  typographical  errors.  Right:  Dick  Leek  sorts  advertising  cuts  while  George 
Kvitek   checks  advertising    page   proof. 


10 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


In  the  basement  of  lllini  Hall.  Left:  Two  printers,  Ralph  Broderick  and  Clyde  Hall  assem- 
ble the  body  type,  headlines,  and  cuts  into  page  forms.  Right:  The  printing  press  in  action, 
operated  by  Leo  Klockner.  At  this  stage,  the  magazine  is  near  completion.  After  the  press  run 
the   sheets   are  cut   and    bound    into   magazine  form    and    are    then    ready   to    be    mailed. 


piaccil  Li|ion  the  negative.  The  half-tone 
.'crecn  consists  of  two  plates  of  glass, 
each  striated  by  a  diamond  cutter,  placed 
one  upon  the  other  so  that  the  unit  is 
cross-hatched.  The  striatioiis  are  \ery 
fine  grooves  which  are  filled  with  a 
black  pigincnt.  The  half-tone  screens 
used  in  making  plates  for  this  magazine 
have  120  grooves  to  the  inch,  and  there- 
fore 120  times  120  squares  to  the  square 
inch.  When  the  light  from  the  picture 
passes  through  this  screen  to  the  nega- 
tive in  the  camera,  the  light  is  refracted 
so  that  the  square  is  reduced  in  size  on 
the  negative.  These  squares  on  the  neg- 
ative are  larger  for  greater  intensity  of 
light,  which  corresponds  to  a  lighter 
tone  of  gray.  The  resultant  negative 
of  minute  squares  is  called  a  half-tone 
negative. 

The  half-tone  negative  is  next  printed 
onto  a  metal  plate  covered  with  a  photo- 
sensitive enamel.  This  plate  is  developed, 
and  a  half-tone  print  of  enamel  is  left 
on  the  metal.  The  plate  is  now  etched, 
so  that  the  parts  not  coated  with  enamel 
become  the  depressed  portion  of  the  en- 
graved plate,  or  cut.  The  metal  plate 
from  which  the  cut  is  made  is  usually 
a  /.mc  or  copper  plate,  and  brass  is  some- 
times used  to  produce  a  tough  plate. 
Copper  is  etched  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
zinc  is  etched  with  perchloride  of  iron, 
;uid  brass  is  usually  electrically  etched. 
Fiom  (i.  R.  (irubb's  finishing  depart- 
ment the  cuts  go  to  the  lllini  Publish- 
ing company. 

The  lllini  Publishing  company  is  a 
non-profit  organization  which  was  estab- 
lished in  1911  to  print  and  distribute 
The  Daily  lllini  and  other  student  pub- 
lications of  the  University  of  Illinois, 
and  to  do  a  general  printing  and  publi- 
cation business.  All  proceeds  from  the 
business   of    this   non-profit   organization 


go  back  into  the  reserves  of  the  compan\' 
and  are  used  to  further  improve  the 
publications.  This  company  is  subject  to 
the  general  authority  of  the  president 
of  the  University.  The  Technograph, 
The  Daily  lllini,  the  Illio,  the  Agricul- 
turist and  the  Tempo  are  all  published 
by  the  lllini  Publishing  company. 

At  this  point,  the  edited  copy  is  ready 
to  be  marked  up  in  the  printing  shop  of 
the  lllini  Publishing  company.  In  the 
margins  of  the  copy  are  marked  the  type 
face,  size  of  type,  and  measure  of  the 
width  of  the  column  to  giu'de  the  setting 
of  the  copy  by  the  operator  of  the  line 
casting  machine.  The  line  casting  ma- 
chines used  by  the  lllini  Publishing 
company  are  Intertypes. 

There  are  two  main  steps  in  compo- 
sition, or  setting  copy.  The  first  is  the 
line  casting  on  the  Intertype.  Wheit  the 
operator  presses  a  key  on  the  keyboard 
of  the  Intertype,  a  mold  for  casting  a 
letter,  called  a  matrix  or  "mat,"  is 
released  and  drops  into  line.  The  t>pe 
metal,  which  is  a  mixture  of  zinc,  tin, 
lead,  copper,  and  antimony,  is  kept  in 
a  molten  state,  ready  to  be  cast  into  a 
line  of  type,  or  slug.  When  a  line  of 
mats  is  ready  for  the  casting  of  the 
slug,  the  molten  type  metal  is  forced 
against  the  mats  and  into  the  depressed 
letters  in  the  face  of  the  mats.  When  it 
cools,  a  line  of  type,  or  slug,  is  ejected 
from  the  machine.  The  second  step  in 
setting  copy  is  the  assembling  of  the 
slugs  into  columns  of  type.  Such  a  col- 
umn of  type  is  called  a  galley. 

Proofs  must  now  be  pulled  from  the 
galleys  on  a  proof  press.  To  do  this 
the  galley  of  type  is  placed  on  the  proof 
press,  the  type  is  inked,  the  paper  placed 
directly  on  the  t\pe,  and  a  roller  moved 
o\er  the  paper.  Two  pioofs  of  each 
galley  are  pulled  and  sent  to  the  Tech- 


nograph office  for  correction  and  for 
making  up  the  magazine  dummy. 

One  copy  of  each  galley  proof  is 
checked  and  corrected  first  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  editorial  staff,  then  by  an 
assistant  editor,  and  then  by  the  editor. 
This  proof  reading  requires  approxi- 
mately three  days  after  which  the  proofs 
are  sent  back  to  the  typesetter  for  cor- 
rection. At  the  same  time,  the  other  set 
of  galley  proofs  is  being  used  to  make 
up  the  magazine  dummy.  The  dummy 
is  a  rough  assembly  of  the  entire  maga- 
zine, formed  by  cutting  parts  from  the 
galley  proofs  and  pasting  them  along 
with  the  illustrations  and  headlines  on 
the  pages  of  an  old  magazine.  This 
work,  which  requires  approximately  a 
week,  is  done  by  the  make-up  editoi', 
assisted  by  the  editor.  The  com]ileted 
dummy  is  then  turned  o\er  to  the  piint- 
er   for  make-up  of  the   pages    of   t\pe. 

After  the  typesetter  has  corrected  the 
galleys,  and  the  headlines  have  been 
set  either  on  a  Ludlow  line  casting 
machine  or  by  hand,  the  printer  assem- 
bles the  body  type,  headlines,  and  cuts 
(engraved  illustrations)  into  page 
forms,  according  to  the  pages  of  the 
magazine  dummy.  In  the  printing  shop 
this  operation  is  called  make-up.  One 
proof  of  each  page  is  then  pulletl  and 
returned  to  the  Technograph  office  for 
correction.  These  proofs  are  checked  and 
corrected  first  by  the  editorial  staff  and 
then  by  the  editor  assisted  by  the  make- 
up editor,  and  are  then  returned  to  the 
printing  shop.  In  the  printing  shop,  col- 
lections are  made  on  the  page  by  sub- 
stitution and  by  resetting  type.  The 
pages  are  then  locked  up  in  forms,  or 
chases,  of  eight  pages  each,  constituting 
what  is  known  as  a  printing  signature. 
There  are  forty-four  pages  in  this  mag- 
( Continued  on  page  .34) 


M.A.^  ,    1948 


11 


Left:  This  research  man  is  evacuating  a  klystron  tube.  The  pressure  inside  the  tube  will 
be  about  .001  mm.  of  mercury  when  he  is  finished.  Right:  Inside  view  of  the  circuit  labo- 
ratory.    Note    modernistic    ceiling    lights    and    orderly   arrangement   of   apparatus. 

lew  liuiiiiiiii  Tiilie  labonitory 


iiij  I'hil  ItoH.  .»/./•;.  '/» 


I  ill'  Nacuuin  tube  re.scarch  group  of 
the  department  of  electrical  engiiieer- 
ing  has  moved  into  the  new  laboratories 
which  have  recently  been  completed. 
The  new  laboratories  occupy  4,80(1 
.square  feet  in  the  south  wing  of  the 
present  Electrical  Engineering  labora- 
tory, supplemented  by  4,()()0  square  feet 
below  the  main  rooms.  Completed  at 
a  cost  of  $142,000,  the  facilities  are 
among   the    best    in    the    United    States. 

Research  in  vacuum  tubes  is  an  im- 
portant part  of  the  University's  $500,- 
000-a-year  electrical  engineering  inves- 
tigation program.  Present  sponsorship 
includes  nine  contracts  with  the  Army, 
three  with  the  Navy,  two  commercial 
ones,  and  three  projects  sponsoreil  by 
the  Graduate  school.  In  addition,  ti\e 
new  Army  contracts  are  pending. 

Working  conditions  in  the  larobatory 
are  excellent.  Half  the  main  tube  area 
is  air  conditioned,  and  the  entire  labo- 
ratory is  floinescent-lighted.  The  flou- 
rescent  tubes  are  sunk  into  long  ceiling 
troffers  and  the  light  is  diffused  througii 
frosted  glass.  The  air  conditioning 
equipment  includes  a  30-ton  air  com- 
pressor complete  with  precipitron  and 
humidity  control.  The  walls  of  all  the 
rooms  are  painted  a  restful  green,  and 
the  floors  covered  with  asphalt  tile. 
Acoustical  ceiling  tile  is  used  through- 
out. Exhaust  hoods  arc  located  where- 
ever  necessary.  An  interesting  feature 
of  the  tube  assembly  benches  is  the  inter- 
changeability  of  the  tops.  The  tops  are 


renunable,  so  that  different  colored 
working  surfaces  may  be  used,  depend- 
ing on  the  job. 

Familiar  in  radio  and  television  sets, 
\acuum  tubes  also  find  many  other  im- 
portant uses.  They  are  \ital  parts  of 
telephone    s\stenis    and    radar,    and    ;ire 


The  recently  completed  vacuum 
tube  research  laboratory  here  is 
among  the  best  in  the  United 
States.  In  this  article  are  described 
(he  scope  of  its  work  and  some  of 
its  new  and  unusual  facilities. 

The  author  wishes  to  thank  Dr. 
H.  L.  Van  Velzer  for  his  help  in 
preparing  this  article. 


used  in  airplane  na\  igation.  Vacuum 
tubes  are  finding  increasing  utility  in 
the  operation  of  machine  tools  as  well 
as  in  the  transmission  of  electrical 
power. 

The  trend  of  developments  in  the 
field  of  vacuum  tubes  has  been  toward 
higher  and  higher  frequencies,  through 
short  wa\es,  high  frequency,  very  high 
frequency,  idtra-high  frequency,  micro- 
waves, and  centimeter  waves.  The  most 
important  types  of  micro-wave  tubes, 
the  klystron,  magnetron,  and  the  tra\el- 
ing-wave  tube,  are  now  under  investi- 
gation. Each  is  represented  by  a  project 
in  the  vacinim  tube  laboratories.  It  is 
to  the  development  of  new  tube  types 
that  the  work  of  the  laboratory  is  spe- 


cifically directetl.  .Most  of  the  work 
which  is  being  done  in  the  field  of 
vacuum  tube  research  is  in  the  design 
of  circuits  for  their  operation  rather 
than  the  design  of  new  tube  t\pes,  as  is 
done  here. 

Precision  work  is  a  necessity,  both  in 
forming  and  assembling  the  parts,  which 
ma\  be  as  small  as  a  match  head  or  as 
large  as  a  half-dollar.  The  thousands 
of  items  of  materials  and  equipment  in- 
clude a  great  variety — metals  from  fine 
wire  to  four-inch  billets,  special  glasses, 
chemicals,  machine  tools,  and  costly  test- 
ing apparatus. 

Different  operations  are  segregated 
into  different  rooms  to  avoid  confusion 
and  interference.  Located  next  to  the 
director's  office,  near  the  entrance,  is 
the  grinding  room.  It  is  farthest  from 
the  clean  air  conditioned  assembly  and 
glass-blowing  rooms  because  of  the 
metal  dust  produced  in  grinding.  The 
machines  include  a  power  saw,  univer- 
sal grinder,  and  surface  grinder. 

Next  to  the  grinding  room  is  the 
parts  preparation  room.  Precision  lathes, 
milling  machines,  shapers,  drill  presses, 
and  an  hydraulic  press  are  used  here. 
The  machines  are  of  all  sizes,  from  ;i 
big  toolroom  lathe  to  a  tiny  watcli- 
maker's  lathe  which  could  be  put  in 
a  coat  pocket. 

Several  interesting  methods  of  stamp- 
ing and  forming  sheet  metal  parts  are 
used  with  the  hydraulic  press,  which 
has  a  20-ton  capacity.  The  form  of  the 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


part  to  be  iiiaile,  say  a  shallow  cup,  is 
first  m.K'liiucii  in  a  block  of  brass  or 
steel.  (  )ii  the  block  is  built  a  sandwich 
— first,  the  sheet  metal  to  be  formed, 
then  a  thick  sheet  of  rubber,  and  lastly, 
a  second  block  of  metal.  The  sandwich 
is  then  placed  in  the  press,  and  pres- 
sure is  applied  to  make  the  metal  sheet 
conform  to  the  shape  in  the  metal  block. 
This  method  eliminates  expensive,  hard- 
ened dies. 

.Another  process  employing  the  hy- 
draulic press  is  used  with  soft  materials 
like  copper,  where  sections  are  to  be 
made  up  with  odd,  often  intricately 
sliaped,  holes.  A  stem  of  hardened  steel 
having  the  shape  of  the  required  hole 
is  pressed  into  the  copper  block.  After 
ren;o\al  of  the  stem,  sections  of  the 
block  may  be  sliced  off  to  any  desired 
thickness. 

The  next  room,  the  heat-treating 
room,  contains  several  furnaces.  Some 
of  these  furnaces  are  used  for  harden- 
ing such  tools  as  steel  punches  and  dies. 
The  hydrogen  furnace  is  the  largest;  in 
its  interior  an  atmosphere  of  hydrogen 
is  maintained.  Parts  are  placed  inside 
and  heated  to  bright  redness  by  glo- 
bar  elements;  the  hydrogen  reduces  the 
oxides  and  the  parts  emerge  clean  and 
blight.  W'hen  used  for  brazing  with  sil- 
\er  solilers,  no  flux  is  necessary. 

Beyond  the  heat  treating  room  is  the 
cleaning  room.  Here  all  traces  of  grease 
are  removed  by  exposing  the  tube  parts 
to  boiling  cleaning  fluid.  In  addition  to 
the  de-greaser,  facilities  are  provided  for 
electroplating  tube  parts  and  other  ob- 
jects with  copper,  silver,  gold,  or  chro- 
mium as  may  be  required.  Electroplat- 
ing techniques  may  be  extended  to  elec- 
troforming,  the  building  up  of  metal 
tvibe  parts  and  wa\eguide  junctions, 
making  possible  a  high  degree  of  accu- 
rac\. 

In  the  coating  room  special  coatings 
of  oxides  are  applied  to  cathodes  to  in- 
crease the  electron  emission.  The  oxides 
are  powdered  in  ball  mills (  rotating 
jars  containing  marbles),  mixed  with 
liquid  binder,  and  sprayed  on  to  the 
surface  like  paint  with  an  air  gun.  The 
thickness  of  the  coating  is  controlled 
by  meaiis  of  sensitive  balances.  Traces  of 
impurities  will  ruin  the  properties  of 
the  coating;  an  air  conditioned  atmos- 
phere is  essential. 

The  assembly  room  and  glass-working 
room  are  located  in  the  heart  of  the  air 
conditioned  region.  Here  the  tube  parts 
are  put  together.  Metal  parts  which 
have  been  formed,  cleaned,  and  plated 
or  coated  are  joined  to  each  other,  to 
glass,  or  ceramic.  The  metal  to  which 
the  glass  is  to  be  joined  is  first  carefully 
heated  to  give  a  coating  of  oxide  around 
the  contact  area.  This  oxide  must  be 
of  just  the  right  thickness  to  diffuse 
into  the  glass  when  the  two  are  heated 
and    brought    together.    The    metal    and 

M.\\\   194S 


glass  are  sealed  together  by  the  diffu- 
sion of  the  oxide. 

In  the  assembh'  room  small  brazing 
operations  are  performed  in  a  hydrogen- 
filled  glass  bell.  The  parts  are  clamped 
together  and  heat  is  supplied  by  an  in- 
duction coil. 

A  small  precision  spot-welder  is  also 
used.  Two  pieces  to  be  joined  are 
placed  together  between  two  pencil-like 
metal  jaws.  A  surge  of  accurately  con- 
trolled current  heats  the  parts,  which 
are  forced  together  by  the  pressure  of 
the  jaws.  The  tiny  parts  are  inspected 
in  an  optical  comparator.  Two  microm- 
eter heads  permit  accurate  measurement 
of  size  and  alignment. 

Eight  different  kinds  of  glass  are 
stocked,  as  well  as  a  great  variety  of 
glass  tubing  sizes.  Each  tube  is  careful- 
ly marked  with  a  label  for  identifica- 
tion. Joining  two  different  kinds  of 
glass  together  will  residt  in  breakage 
upon  cooling,  due  to  different  coeffi- 
cients of  expansion.  In  assembling  the 
parts,  metal  and  glass  of  similar  coeffi- 
cients of  expansion  are  joined,  reducing 
the  stresses  set  up  by  temperature  varia- 
tions. 

The  glass-working  room  is  equipped 
for  both  hand  and  machine  fabrication 
of  glass  parts.  Intricate  shapes,  requir- 
ing a  lot  of  skill  and  patience,  are  made 
here,  (jlass  lathes  are  used  whenever 
possible  for  working  glass  or  joining  two 
pieces  of  tubing.  One  piece  is  held  in 
a  chuck  or  wooden  collet  in  the  head- 
stock,  and  the  other  is  similarly  held  in 
the  tailstock.  Hoth  headstock  and  tail- 
stock  spindles  revolve  at  the  same  speed  ; 
the   tubing  is  heated   at  the  proper  sec- 


tions by  a  set  of  movable  gas  jets.  When 
the  ends  of  the  two  tubes  are  hot,  the 
tailstock  tube  is  moved  up  and  joined 
with  the  headstock  tube.  Blowing  may 
be  done  by  compressed  air  introduced 
through  a  hollow  spindle,  and  the  work 
may  be  pushed  to  shape  by  paddles.  The 
type  of  flame,  area  heated,  and  the  air 
pressure  are  controlled  by  levers,  knobs, 
anil    foot-pedals. 

When  the  gla,ss  parts  cool,  stresses  are 
set  up.  The  stre.ss  distribution  is  studied 
by  means  of  polarized  light,  under 
which  the  stress  distribution  shows  up 
as  vivid  bands  of  color.  The  bands  arc 
examined  to  determine  the  magnitude  of 
the  stresses. 

Emerging  from  the  assembly  and 
glass-working  rooms,  the  vacuum  tubes 
nuist  still  be  evacuated.  In  the  pump 
room,  a  vacuum  of  .000001  mm.  of  mer- 
cmy  is  produced,  which  leaves  only  one 
out  of  every  ten  billion  air  molecules  in 
the  tube.  Dining  the  evacuation,  the 
glass  is  heated  almost  to  its  softening 
temperature,  and  the  metal  parts  are 
heated  b\'  an  induction  furnace  to  an 
even  higher  temperature;  this  brings 
out  any  gas  molecules  hidden  in  the 
pores  of  the  material.  Most  of  the  air, 
down  to  about  .001  mm.  of  mercury, 
is  removed  by  a  rotary  vacuum  pump. 
Beyond  this,  a  diffusion  pump  is  operat- 
ed with  the  rotary  pump.  After  the 
tube  has  been  sealed  and  cooled,  other 
operations  are  necessary  to  acti\ate  the 
sprayed  cathode. 

The    result    of    all    these    operations, 
the  finished  tube,  is  now  sent  to  the  test- 
ing   laboratory.    Here    the    experimental 
(Continued  on  page  26) 


^ 


^     P   t 


OG 


-.  a 


^O 


^^ 


f» 


I 


I 


d 


A   detailed    view   of   the    numerous    ports 
needed     to     assemble     a      K-1      klystron. 


13 


l^^uk/vc<we^  at.  . .  GALESBURG 


ENGINEERING  PROJECTS 

By  Robert  Jackman,  E.P.  '50 

Ik-cause  this  is  thf  first  issue  in  which 
the  Cialesburg  Division  of  the  I  iii\ei- 
sity  is  formally  lepicsenteil,  ami  the 
final  issue  for  this  school  year,  we  hope 
that  these  pages  will  help  to  familiarize 
the  Technograph  reader  with  some  of 
the  engineering  acti\ities  going  on  here, 
and  with  a  few  of  the  people  that  make 
these  activities  possible. 

During  the  earl\  weeks  of  this  semes- 
ter the  Division  of  Engineering  Sci- 
ences, headed  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Tre/.ise, 
sponsored  two  important  programs. 

The  first  was  the  Home  Planning  In- 
stitute, which  lasted  from  February  lit 
to  March  6,  and  consisted  of  six  lec- 
tures on  the  various  phases  of  home 
building  and  planning.  The  speakers 
were  from  the  Small  Homes  Covuicil  of 
the  University  of  Illinois,  and  created  so 
much  interest  that  over  450  people  from 
the  campus  and  the  city  of  (lalesburg 
attended  the  final  lecture. 

The  second  project  was  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Engineering  Council  made 
up  of  members  of  the  faculty  and  promi- 
nent engineering  students.  The  purpose 
of  the  council  is  to  bring  about  closer 
understanding  among  the  students  and 
faculty,  to  stimulate  the  interest  of  the 
engineering  student  in  all  engineering 
activities  on  the  campus;  and  to  sponsor 
activities  of  a  professional  and  social 
nature.  Plans  are  being  made  to  pro 
vide  students  with  periodic  movies  anil 
talks  on  various  phases  of  engineering, 
conduct  field  trips  to  seevral  industrial 
plants  in  Illinois,  and  maintain  an  en- 
gineering lounge  supplied  with  current 
publications.  When  this  council  begins 
to  function,  it  will  become  a  great  asset 
to  the  engineering  student,  so  we  of 
the  Technograph  staff  want  to  wish 
them  the  best  of  luck  in  their  enter- 
lirise. 

Next  September  many  of  the  engi- 
neering programs  that  are  now  on  the 
drafting  board  will  be  put  into  opera- 
tion and  should  provide  a  source  of  in- 
teresting articles.  We  hope  that  the 
reader  will  find  this  to  be  true. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH  STAFF 

By   Rov  Johnson,   C.E.   '51 

A  good  example  of  the  cooperation 
and  interest  shown  by  the  students  of 
engineering  and  their  faculty  is  the  for- 
mation of  the  Technograpii  staff  here 
at  Cialesburg.  Shortly  before  the  close 
of  last  semester,  a  group  of  students 
selected  by  the  faculty,  met  to  discuss 
the    formation    of    the    (lalesbmg   staff. 


I  IM  KIKIAI.  SI  ATI' 

Knlnit    W.    Jaikman Asst.    Kilitm 

R,/<orliiii/ 
l.iilluT    I'l-ti-iMiii         lUiner  LcicIidw 
llcaii  R.  Fcltdii         Kdward  A.  Hrooks 
Stanlcv  Riiiivoii         Homer  KipliiiK 
il.  Rov  Johnson 

Ili-rln-rt  Moon-  John  L.  Mi/c 

K(  SIN'KSS  Sr.^FF 

Hilly  K.  Marr .Assistant  Manager 

{'arol    lohiison  lack  Parlier 

Tril   Hohlak  buisht  R.   Hraril 

I.aii\    Cirecn  Hill  Carr 

T)ar\l   H,   (;aumt-r 


Eighteen  of  these  students  showed  active 
interest,  and  although  this  number  ex- 
ceeded the  requirements,  they  were  re- 
tained to  serve  as  a  nucleus  for  future 
engineering  activities.  Because  space  does 
not  permit  an  introduction  of  each  mem- 
ber, a  discussion  of  each  division  of  the 
staff  will  be  made. 

The  editorial  staff  is  headed  by 
Robert  W.  Jackman,  who  has  contribut- 
ed much  of  his  spare  time  in  organizing 
the  staff  and  aiding  in  the  preparation 
of  articles  submitted  thus  far.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Army  Air  Forces  for 
two    vears   and   was   active   overseas    in 


the  tnrmation  of  tile  { lerman  V Outh  Ai - 
tuities  program.  Another  phase  of  hl^ 
work  in  the  ETO  was  the  preparation 
of  base  histories  which  has  aided  him  in 
his  journalistic  attempts  here  at  (  iales- 
burg.  The  staff  is  presently  engaged  in 
inter\iewing  the  engineering  faculty  and 
prominent  students  whose  personal  ex- 
periences are  of  particular  interest  tn 
the  engineer.  It  is  also  interested  in  the 
acti\ities  of  the  newly  created  Engineer- 
ing Council  and  will  report  on  their 
progress  in  future  issues. 

The  first  function  of  the  businc- 
staff  was  the  selling  of  subscriptimi- 
during  registration.  Under  the  leader- 
ship of  the  assistant  business  manager, 
Hilly  E.  Marr,  the  drive  was  a  com 
plete  success.  Bill,  who  served  with  tin- 
Army  in  !VIanila,  has  proven  to  be  com- 
petent in  this  position,  and  with  the 
assistance  of  his  staff,  also  assumes  the 
responsibility  of  publicizing  the  maga- 
zine on  this  campus. 

We  would  like  to  take  this  opportu- 
nity to  thank  (jeorge  R.  Foster  and 
Robert  A.  Johnson  for  their  valuable 
assistance  in  eliminating  many  of  the 
problems  that  confronted  us  in  our  first 
stages  of  organization.  We  would  also 
like  to  thank  our  sponsor,  Mr.  Omar  C. 
Estes,   and   Professor  Trezise    for  their 


Standing  left  to  right;  Stanley  Runyon,  Bayard  L.  Wright,  William  J. 
Carr,  Billy  E.  Marr,  Daryl  Gaumer,  Dean  R.  Felton,  Lowell  J.  Green,  Jock 
Parlier,  Luther  S.  Peterson,  Herbert  Moore,  Dwight  R.  Beard,  and  Ted 
Boblak.  Sitting,  left  to  right;  H.  Roy  Johnson,  Elmer  Lochow,  Carol  John- 
son, Edward  A.  Brooks,  Homer  Kipling,  and  Robert  W.  Jackman.  Not 
present  is  John  L.  Mize. 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


efforts  in  obtaining  our  offices  and  other 
facilities  that  we  now  enjoy. 

It  is  the  sincere  hope  of  the  Techno- 
graph  staff  that  the  articles  appearing 
on  these  pages  and  in  future  issues  will 
be  acceptable  to  the  reader  and  tliat  ue 
may  continue  to  serve  as  a  legular  jiart 
of  the  Illinois  Technograph. 


INTRODUCING  .  .  . 

PROF.   FREDRICK   W.   TREZISE 

Bv   Dean   Felton,   C.E.   '51 
and   Luther   Peterson,    E.E.   '51 

Probably  one  of  the  most  outstanding 
impressions  one  gets  when  visiting  the 
(ialesburg  Di\ision  is  the  close  relation- 
ship existing  between  the  students  and 
faculty.  This  is  especially  true  in  the  di- 
\ision  of  engineering  sciences,  where  its 
chairman,  Professor  F.  W.  Trezise,  has. 
since  his  arrival  here  in  September, 
I '^47,  gained  the  respect  of  the  engi- 
neering students,  not  only  as  a  capable 
instructor  and  practical  engineer,  but 
also  as  a  good   friend  and  counselor. 

Mr.  Trezise's  career  in  engineering 
may  be  compared  to  a  novel  by  Jack 
London,  for  his  travels  have  taken  him 
across  the  North  American  continent 
from  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  Circle.  His 
study  of  engineering  began  at  Michigan 
State  College  where  he  received  a  B.S. 
in    ci\il    engineering   and    later   the   pro- 


PROF.  FREDERICK  W.  TREZISE 

fessional  C.E.  degree.  He  also  obtained 
an  \l.S.  degree  at  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  majoring  in  hydraulics  and 
business  administration,  and  in  1919  he 
attended  the  University  of  Bonne,  Ger- 
many. His  interests  in  education  led 
him  to  Lawrence  College,  where  he 
taught  for  15  years.  During  this  time 
he  super\ised  construction  of  a  number 
of  concrete  mill   buildings  and  obtained 


material  as  basis  for  a  thesis  on  "Unit 
Costs  and  Time  Labor  Units." 

Also  while  at  Lawrence,  Mr.  Trezise 
gained  a  practical  knowledge  of  engi- 
neering geology  by  investigating  and 
tracing  mineral  claims  in  the  Black 
Hills  region  of  South  Daokta  and  Wyo- 
ming. His  other  investigations  of  min- 
eral deposits  inciudetl  work  in  the  Sierra 
.\Luire  Mountains  of  Mexico,  and  in 
the  Cireat  Bear  Lake  region  beyond  the 
Arctic  Circle  where  lies  one  of  our 
largest  sources  of  uranium-\  ielding 
pitchblende. 

Perhaps  the  engineering  project  with 
which  Mr.  Trezise  is  most  commonly 
associated  is  the  Tennessee  Valley  Au- 
thority. In  1936,  along  with  a  number 
of  other  hydraulic  engineers,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  set  up  preliminary  plans  and 
make  investigations  of  flood  control  fac- 
tors in  the  construction  of  the  various 
dams  in  the  Tennessee  River  Basin.  He 
spent  four  summers  and  one  year's  leave 
of  absence  from  Lawrence  College  on 
this  work.  When  the  war  broke  out, 
ajid  the  TVA  was  called  upon  for  more 
power,  Mr.  Trezise  was  offered  the  po- 
sition of  personnel  officer  for  all  man- 
agement services  at  Knoxville,  Ten- 
nessee. The  pressure  of  the  emergency 
raised  the  employment  to  over  42,000 
anil  the  agency  was  soon  on  a  24-hour 
basis.  All  available  man  power  was  put 
(Continued  on  page  22) 


9n^lUieonMe^..MM^    PIER 


PIER  CLOSE-UPS 

Bv  Richard  Choronzy,  M.E.  '51 
NAOMI    SIDNEY    SULOWAY 

It  is  seldom  that  you  find  a  girl  en- 
rolled in  the  engineering  college.  Our 
newly  appointed  assistant  business  man- 
ager is  one  of  only  ten  girls  enjoying 
that  unique  position  here  at  Navy  Pier. 
She  is  Naomi  Sidney  Suloway,  better 
known  to  her  friends  as  "Sully." 

"Sully"  was  born  on  October  24,  1927. 
From  the  beginning,  she  took  an  interest 
in  anything  that  pertained  to  flying.  She 
began  flying  at  the  early  age  of  13,  when 
she  joined  the  Civil  Air  Patrol  in  1941. 
For  two  years  practically  all  of  her  time 
was  occupied  with  high  school  and  flying. 
Finally,  deciding  that  she  was  more  in- 
terested in  the  latter,  she  left  high  school 
at  the  age  of  15. 

She  went  to  work  during  the  war  at 
Wright  Field,  Dayton,  Ohio.  It  was  there 
that   she   began   receiving   the   practical 


NAOMI  .SULOVV.W 


experience  and  knowledge  of  airplanes, 
which  was  wanted.  Her  position  was  that 
of  an  engineering  aid.  The  various  jobs 
"Sully"  had  were  "taking  planes  up," 
testing  hydraulic  equipment,  wind  tunnel 
maintenance,  and  working  mathematical 
computations.  In  short,  she  learned 
everything  about  aircraft  from  props  to 
bolts.  At  Wright  Field  she  also  learned 
the  essentials  of  mathematics,  drawing, 
and  physics. 

After  the  war  "Sully"  decided  to  study 
aeronautical  engineering.  She  crammed 
and  studied  day  and  night,  and  finally 
completed  entrance  examinations  in 
every  high  school  course  in   15  months. 

"Sully"  entered  Navy  Pier  in  February, 
1947.  and  is  now  the  only  girl  enrolled  in 
her  chosen  curriculum.  As  a  means  of 
better  recognition,  the  ten  girls  in  the 
engineering  college,  with  the  help  of  Mrs. 
Holladay,  G.E.D.  instructor,  have  formed 
the  "Technae  Illinae."  a  club  for  girl 
engineers  at  Navy  Pier.  "Sully"  is  pres- 
( Continued  on  page  ,?2  ) 


MAY,    1948 


15 


fV 


oiiiiTriiio  iKiiionirii's  i 


Mr/   Itaif  lliinHvi:  I'h.K.'.'tO.   .Miliar    Whliiior.  fli.li.'IU 
anil  .iahn   Shiirllvn.  1  h.li.  *.»« 


SIGMA  TAU 

Si^ma  Tail  held  its  first  sclu'dulcd 
mci'tiiisi  of  the  sprin";  semester  on  the 
eveninsiof  March  11,  1948,  in  the  E.  K. 
Illumination  laboratory.  HiKhlifihtinii 
the  business  taken  up  was  tiv,' 
distribution  of  keys  and  shingles 
to  the  new  members.  Sigma 
Tau  is  proud  of  its  41  new 
nu-nibers,  one  ot  the  largest 
groups  c\er  initiated  nito  the 
organization  at  one  time. 
After  necessary  business  was  complet- 
ed the  meeting  was  turned  over  to  the 
program  committee  which  presented  two 
films  of  engineering  interest,  "Exploring 
with  X-Rays,"  and  "Diesels  for  Mod- 
ern Power."  The  films  were  ver\  ui- 
teresting  and  were  well  received  b\  all 
present.  President  Phil  He  Camp  dis- 
cussed some  of  the  activities  coming  up 
during  the  rest  of  the  semester  before 
closing  the  meeting. 


ETA  KAPPA  NU 

A  business  meeting  of  the  Electrical 
Engineering  honorary,  Eta  Kappa  Nu, 
was  held  in  the  Illini  Union  on  March 
_'4.  It  was  decided  to  inaugurate  pe- 
riodic luncheon  meetings  for 
the  pm-pose  of  promoting  in- 
terest and  closer  contact  be- 
tween the  members.  '1  here  is 
.1  short,  informal  program  at 
each  meeting.  The  first  of 
these  luncheons  was  held  on  Thursday, 
April  8,  in  the  University  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
All  faculty,  graduate  and  student 
members  of  Eta  Kappa  Xu  are  urged 
to  attend  these  functions  which  will  be 
amiounced  by  notices  on  the  bulletin 
board  in  the  Electrical  Engineering  lab- 
orator  v. 


U.  OF  I.  ELECTRONIC  CLUB 

New  officers  elected  at  the  second 
meeting  of  the  Electronics  club  were  1. 
G.  Evans,  president;  M.  L.  Embree, 
vice-president;  and  Ci.  W.  Hoy<l,  secre- 
tary-treasurer. 

The  aim  of  the  Electronics  club  i^ 
to  provide  technical  practice,  instruc- 
tion, and  facilities  for  students  and  fac- 
ulty members  of  the  University  who 
are  interested  in  electronics  and  allied 
fields.  University  facilities  and  equip- 
ment will  be  available  for  the  use  of 
members  interested  in  construction  ot 
electronic  equipment. 


Meetings  are  held  on  alternate  Satur- 
da\s  in  rofim  .lOI)  i'lcctrical  Engineer- 
ing laboratory  from  I  t<j  ^  p.  m.  Meet- 
ing notices  are  posted  on  the  bulletin 
boai'd  next  to  room  212.  lntere>ted  stu- 
dents and  faculty  members  are  invited 
to  attend  the  meetings  of  the  club.  Eur- 
tliei-  intormation  nia\  be  obtained  trom 
the  secretary,  (  i.  M.  l!o\d,  l.UI-2 
South  Thin!  street,  Parade  {  iroiind 
I   nits,  Champaign. 


KERAMOS 

Noteworth\-  event  of  this  semester's 
activities  by  Keramos  was  the  initiation 
banquet  held  at  McKinley  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
on  March  II.  In  a  short  but  impressive 
ceremcjiiy  Dr.  Ralph  Early  (Jrim,  pe- 
tiographer,  Illinois  State  (Geological 
Survey,  was  made  an  honorary  member 
of  the  fraternity.  Initiated  at  this  time 
were  l.-i  undergraduate  ceramic  engi- 
neers: H.  L.  Anderson,  E.  K.  Jensen, 
E.  M.  .Maupin,  J.  E.  Wuellner,  R.  \. 
Ames,  R.  S.  Degenkolb,  R.  D.  Fenit\, 
I.  E.  (Griffin,  C.  E.  Janke,  R.  G.  Kraft, 
Chun  Lee,  D.  D.  Rassner,  and  L.  H. 
Schneider. 

After  the  banquet  the  aforementioned 
Dr.  (trim  spoke  on  "Non-Ceramic  Use> 
of  Clays."  President  James  E.  Essen- 
preis  closed  the  ceremony  in  a  gay  man- 
ner by  leading  the  group  in  a  medle\ 
of  "Oskee  -  wow  -  wow,"  "Reniendier 
Pearl  Harbor,"  and  "Come  on  and 
Knock  Me  a  Kiss." 


A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

The  officers  elected  for 
the  spring  semester  were  ( ). 
R.  Pomeroy,  chairman ;  R. 
O.  Duncan,  vice-chairman; 
A.  R.  Jones,  secretary ;  J. 
corresponding  secretary  for 
and  D.  D.  Richardson, 
secretarv    for    the    A.    1. 


At  the  regular  monthly  meeting  on 
February  26,  Dean  .M.  L.  Enger  spoke 
on  "The  Power  Age,"  in  which  he  ga\e 
the  history  of  some  of  the  (•.•ul\  methods 
of  producing  power. 

A  special  meeting  was  held  March  S 
at  which  Mr.  Meacham  of  Hell  labo- 
ratories gave  a  lecture  and  demonstra- 
tion on  pulse  code  modulation,  tlie  new- 
est method  for  the  transmission  ot  in- 
telligence. In  fact,  it  is  still  in  the  de- 
velopment stage  and  the  society  was 
verv  fortunate  in  having  Mr.  Meacham, 


who  is  directing  the  (le\  elopment  wurk, 
speak  to  them  on  the  subject. 

Mr.  Hrooks  H.  Short,  director  of  re- 
search at  the  Delco-Remy  division  of 
General  Motors  spoke  on  "Recent  De- 
velopments in  Automotive  Electrical 
E(pnpment"  on  .March  12.  He  gave  a 
brief  sunuiiary  ot  nev\'  electrical  equip- 
ment to  be  expected  on  the  new  auto- 
mobiles and  explained  why  ceitain  items, 
.ibout  which  there  ha\e  been  rumors, 
will  not  appear  on  the  new  cars.  Mr. 
Short  stated  that  safety  devices  operat- 
ing on  radar  principles  probably  will 
not  appear  on  automobiles  for  some 
time,  since  it  costs  about  50  cents  more 
to  equip  the  car  with  this  <levice  than 
the  cost  of  the  car  itself. 

(^n  March  30  Mr.  Blake  D.  Hull, 
chief  engineer  of  Southwestern  Bell 
Telephone  company  and  national  presi- 
dent of  A.  I.  E.  E.,  addressed  the  stu- 
dent branch  and  the  Urbana  section 
of  the  A.  I.  E.  E.  His  subject  was  "Ceil- 
ing Unlimited,"  in  which  he  discu.ssed 
the  future  of  electrical  engineering. 

Mr.  F.  A.  F.iville,  who  is  chairman 
ot  the  civic  responsibilities  committee 
i}f  the  A.  S.  M.  E.,  president  of  the 
Fa\ille  EeValh  corporation,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Lincoln  Engineering  com- 
pany, spoke  on  "The  Part  of  Engi- 
neers in  Bettering  Community  Under- 
standing," at  the  April  12  meeting. 


M.I.S. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  second  se- 
mester was  held  February  24.  The 
speaker  for  the  evening  was  Mr.  M.  F. 
Varotosky,  division  superintendent  of 
steel  production,  Carnegie-Illinois  Steel 
corporation.  Mr.  Yarotsky's  splendid 
talk  on  "Developments  in  the  Use  of 
Basic  Refractories  in  an  (^pen- Hearth 
Furnace  was  illustrated  by  slides. 

The  next  meeting  of  M.  I.  S.  was 
held  on  April  6,  1948.  Officers  for  the 
school  year  1948-1949  were  elected. 
Plans  for  the  Chicago  section  of  A.  I. 
.M.  E.  field  trip  to  the  University  of 
Illinois  were  discussed.  The  main  events 
of  the  evening  were  movies  entitled 
"Dislocation  Movement  in  Lattice-Soap 
Bubble  Analogy"  and  "Metal  Crystals." 

On  .April  24  the  Chicago  section  of 
the  A.  I.  .M.  E.  made  a  field  trip  to 
the  L'niversity  of  Illinois  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  M.  I.  S.  Welcomed  by 
Professor   H.   L.   Walker  and  Dean   M'. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


L.  F'niziT,  the  \i;.lt()rs  wfie  iiivitfii  U> 
\ie\v  a  Rockwell  Kent  painting  s\ni- 
bcili/in<i  the  "Lincolns  of  Tomorrow." 
The  painting  was  presented  to  the  I'ni- 
\ersity  of  Illinois  by  the  Bituminous 
Coal  association.  The  ilay  was  concludeil 
b\-  inspection  trips  to  the  mining  and 
Metallurgy  labcnatory,  the  geological 
survey,  and  the  betatron. 

The  final  social  event  of  the  year  toi- 
the  M.  I.  S.  will  be  their  annual  picnic 
lield  near  the  end  of  \Ir\. 


A.I.Ch.E. 

At  the  A.I.Ch.K.  meeting  .March  22 
a  short  business  session  was  conducted 
by  Donald  Hornbeck,  president;  and 
then  Mr.  S.  IX  Kirkpatrick,  editor  of 
"Chemical  Engineering,"  was  intro- 
duced as  guest  speaker  for  the  evening. 
Mr.  Kirkpatrick  presented  a  very  in- 
teresting and  entertaining  talk  on  "The 
New  Look  in  Chemical  Kngineering." 
According  to  Mr.  Kirkpatrick,  a  defini- 
tion of  chemical  engineering  given  in 
the  16th  century  is  not  greatly  differ- 
ent fiom  our  modern  definition.  His 
liberal  definition  of  chemical  engineer- 
ing defines  it  as  a  mathematical  applica- 
tion of  chemistry  and  physics  with  an 
eye  on  the  almighty  dollar  sign.  Furthei' 
liighlights  in  his  talk  were  the  new  in- 
dustrial fields  which  are  now  offering 
increased  oportunities  to  the  chemical 
engineer. 

The  newh  <ngani/ed  A.I.Ch.I'". 
bowling  team  has  alreaih  "plowed  un- 
der" the  Ag.K.'s,  but  were  luiable  to 
see  the  king  pin  which,  unfortunately, 
was  clouded  by  steam  emitted  from  the 
leaky  seams  of  the  M.E.'s,  leaving  the 
team  with  a  .5(10  a\erage  for  their  first 
outing. 

The  outstaniling  feature  of  the  ex- 
hibits at  the  St.  Pat's  Ball  was  a  nusti- 
f>nig  bit  of  plumbing  displayed  by  the 
chemical  engineers.  A  stream  of  dark 
liquid  was  seen  to  jet  continuously  from 
a  water  faucet  suspended  in  mid-air 
«'ith  no  visible  water  connections.  The 
more  clever  of  the  engineers,  those  who 
were  able  to  detect  the  fraud,  devised 
innumerable  explanations  of  the  phe- 
nomena to  fmther  bewilder  their  re- 
spective dates.  For  a  complete  thermo- 
dynamic explanation  reference  is  made 
to  a  >et  to  be  published  \olume,  "V^iola- 
tions  of  the  Law  of  Conservation  of 
ALiss,"  by  Chilenskas,  Schultz,  and 
Vance. 

Lickided  in  the  plans  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  semester  are  a  talk  b\- 
Dr.  (lustav  Egloff,  director  of  research, 
L'niversal  0\\  Products,  and  social  ac- 
tivities comprised  of  a  banquet  and  the 
annual   A.LCh.E. 


general  plan  of  the  meeting  is  to  have 
a  focal  point  of  interest,  usually  avail- 
able films  on  the  latest  developments  in 
the  aircraft  field  and,  when  possible, 
a  speaker  active  in  the  industry  to  talk 
on  de\elopments  and  opportunities  in 
the  field. 

Two  films  weie  shown  at  the  tiist 
meeting,  one  showing  the  preparation 
and  execution  of  a  typical  airline  flight, 
and  the  other  giving  an  interesting  in- 
sight into  the  methods  used  during  the 
last  war  to  teach  aircraft  identifica- 
tion. 

Plans  for  the  f\itLn-e?  They're  big,  as 
befits  an  up-and-coming  organization, 
but  help  is  needed  to  make  them  mate- 
rialize.  Aero  engineers,   it's   up   to   you ! 

S.B.A.C.S. 

The  Student  Branch  of  the  American 
Ceramic  Societ\'  held  a  meeting  on 
Wednesday,  \Larch  3.  Thomas  C. 
Shedd,  professor  in  structural  engineer- 
ing, was  the  guest  speaker.  He  spoke 
on  the  need  for  engineers  to  take  the 
necessary  examinations  to  become  reg- 
istered professional  engineers  in  their 
state. 

President  Walter  Stuenkel  presided 
at  a  short  business  meeting  immediately 
following  the  talk.  Plans  were  made  for 
the  annual  Pig  Roast  to  be  held  in  ^Lay, 
and  committees  were  appointed  to  make 
final  arrangements.  Dick  Ames  was 
elected  to  succeed  Art  Bovenkerk  as 
treasin'er  and  was  also  elected  as  rep- 
resentative to  the  Engineering  Covuicil. 


LA.S. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  semester,  an 
informal  affair,  was  arranged  primarily 
to  acquaint  the  new  students  with  the 
organization  and  with  one  another.    I  he 

MAY,    1948 


I.E.S. 

The  charter  members  of  the  Illumi- 
nating Engineering  club  recently  gained 
recognition  as  the  newest  engineering 
society  on  campus.  The  first  open  meet- 
ing of  the  LE.C.  introduced  the  stu- 
dents and  faculty  members  present  to 
the  local  organization  and  to  the  na- 
tional Illuminating  Engineering  Society. 

The  program  was  opened  with  an 
amusing  demonstration  of  "black  light" 
conducted  by  Professor  Horn  of  the 
illumination  department.  The  audience, 
consisting  chiefly  of  men  interested  in 
the  lighting  field,  was  then  given  the 
story  of  the  development  of  the  LE.C. 
by  (7.T.  Nelson.  An  invitation  was  ex- 
tended to  those  interested  in  the  organi- 
zation to  become  members.  The  speaker 
for  the  evening  was  Profes.sor  J.  D. 
Ki  aehenbuehl,  who  talked  on  the  na- 
tional I.E.S.  and  the  illumination  op- 
tion. 

The  idea  of  organizing  the  l.K.C. 
came  with  the  first  group  of  men  to 
pursue  the  illumination  curriculum  of 
electrical  engineering.  A  committee  of 
three  began  studying  the  problems  of 
organization  and  writing  a  constitution. 
With  L'niversity  approval  the  Illumi- 
nating Engineering  club  became  an  offi- 
cial  society  in   February,   194S. 

The  puijKises  of  the  Ll'^.C.  are  three- 


fold. The  organization  is  founded  first, 
to  promote  fellowship  among  the  illumi- 
nation option  and  the  faculty  ;  second,  to 
bring  together  men  in  training  for  the 
same  profession  for  the  exchange  of  in- 
formation, new  ideas,  and  to  learn  of 
new  de\  elopments  in  the  lighting  field  ; 
and  finally,  the  LE.C.  is  founded  in 
cooperation  with  the  national  I.E.S. 
for  the  promotion  of  better  lighting  in 
the  commercial,  industrial  and  domestic 
fields  in  America.  It  is  the  sincere  hope 
of  the  LE.C.  that  in  the  near  future 
this  campus  .society  will  affiliate  with 
the  I.E.S.  as  the  first  student  branch 
of  that  organization. 

Those  interested  in  this  new  field  of 
engineering  should  contact  Professor 
Kraehenbuehl  or  any  members  of  the 
LE.C.  for  information  on  the  club  and 
the  ilhniiination  option. 


A.S.A.E. 

The  acti\ities  of  the  Student  Hianch 
of  the  Agricultural  Engineers  v\Tre 
limited  to  an  exhibit  at  the  St.  Pat's 
Ball  arranged  under  the  supervision  of 
William  J.  Fletcher,  and  the  regular 
meeting  on  March  22.  The  speakers 
at  the  meeting  were  Mr.  Tha\er  Clea- 
\er,  who  spoke  on  the  opportunities  in 
the  L  .  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
and  Mr.  Leo  Holman,  who  presented 
a  talk  with  slides  on  a  typical  engineer- 
ing project  that  was  carried  out  by  the 
I  .  S.   De|iartment  of  Agriculture. 


A.S.M.E. 

The  Student  Branch  of  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  has 
had  two  very  interesting  meetings  dur- 
ing the  month  of  March.  On  .March  Id. 
Mr.  V.  (i.  Swanson,  education  ami 
training  director  for  the  Inikistrial 
Power  Division  of  International  Har- 
vester company,  spoke  on  the  possibili- 
ties that  men  with  engineering  back- 
grounds have  in  other  fields  than  en- 
gineering. Mr.  Swanson  also  gave  some 
valuable  suggestions  for  interviewing. 

A  short  business  meeting  was  held 
on  March  24  at  which  interesting  ac- 
tivities were  discussed.  A  kodochromc 
movie,  "Steam  Progress,"  sponsored  by 
"Combustion  Engineering"  magazine, 
was  shown.  Announcement  was  made  of 
the  annual  student  regional  conferences 
of  the  A.S.M.E.  .soon  to  be  held.  Each 
university  in  a  region  is  usually  repre- 
sented by  a  student  who  reads  a  paper. 
The  papers  are  written  on  any  subject 
of  interest  to  the  author  or  a  group  of 
fellow  engineers.  On  April  7  the  paiiers 
were  presented  to  the  local  branch  from 
which  the  best  paper  will  be  sent  on  to 
the  regional  conference  at  the  L'niver- 
sity of  Iowa.  Besides  glory  for  the  L'ni- 
versity of  Illinois  and  the  winner,  there 
is  also  a  fifty  dollar  prize.  Plans  were 
made  for  a  picnic  to  be  held  later  in 
the  spring  after   the   rains  abate. 


17 


9nt^vo<iUuUi 


,  .jg^.         ''f/  "««  'hthnson.  K.li.  'tit 
^f^        •lini   Itnuui.  1  \IC.  '.10 
Hrrh  .lai-»hMini.  M.li.  '.lO  ami  tonnif  Minnirh.  I'.K.  '.11 


ALAN  KVMV  LAINd 

A  pleasant  voice  with  a  sligint  English 
accent  said,  "Hello,  won't  you  come  in?" 
as  we  entered  119  Architecture  building. 

Alan  Kemp  Laing,  professor  of  Archi- 
tecture, is  a  tall,  neatly-dressed  man  with 
blue  eyes  and  sandy  hair  and  mustache 
— the  type  of  person  with  whom  you 
might  discuss  Parliament's  labor  policies 
over  a  cup  of  tea  in  some  select  London 
coffee  house.  We  sat  down — fully  pre- 
pared to  hear  about  his  life  in  England. 

But  no — contrary  to  what  we  had  ex- 
pected— he  was  born,  not  in  England,  but 
in  Gladstone.  Michigan.  He  spent  his 
boyhood  in  Denver,  Colorado,  and  at- 
tended the  Manual  Training  high  school 
there.  He  entered  the  University  of 
Denver  as  a  chemical  engineering  stu- 
dent, but,  as  he  expressed  it,  "chemistry 
didn't  live  up  to  my  expectations,"  with 
the  result  that  he  changed  to  L.A.S.,  ma- 
joring in  history  and  sociology.  In  1923. 
following  his  graduation  from  there  with 
a  B.A.  degree,  he  worked  for  a  short 
time  in  an  architectural  office  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Denver  Atelier,  a 
studio  group  of  artists  and  interior  deco- 
rators affiliated  with  the  Beaux  Institute 
of  Design  in  New  York. 

Professor  Laing  then  attended  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology  and  took 
courses  at  Harvard  during  the  interven- 
ing summers.  He  graduated  from  M.I.T. 
in  1926  with  a  B.S.  degree  in  architecture 
and  was  a  co-winner  of  the  Desloge  Prize 
in  senior  design.  He  held  positions  with 
the  University  of  Cincinnati  as  assistant, 
associate  professor,  and  professor  of  the 
(Continued   on   Page   34) 


ALAN  KEMP   LAING 


\  I.      /i 

WILLIAM  E.  McCarthy 

If,  as  the>'  say,  hard  work  is  tlu- 
secret  of  success,  Bill  McCarthy,  |iiesi- 
lieiit  of  the  student  branch  of  tiie 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers, is  sure  to  get  ahead  in  the  engi- 
Tieerinfj  world. 

"Mac,"  now  J,i,  urailiiated  tKini 
Amuiiiiseii  high  school  in  Chicago,  his 
birthplace,  six  years  ago,  where  he  ac- 
quired   letters    in    wrestling   and    soccer. 

Working  for  the  Crane  Packing  com- 
pany, he  advanced  from  machinist,  to 
draftsman,  to  testing  engineer.  He  also 
pia\'e(l  on  the  company's  bowling  league 
and   industrial   league  baseball   team. 

It  was  during  this  time  that  he  be- 
came interested  in  engineering  and,  in 
October  of  1Q44,  he  matriculated  at 
tlie  Univeisit\'.  Although  he  had  had 
no  physics,  chemistry,  mechanical  draw- 
ing, geometry,  or  trigonometry  in  high 
school,  he  plunged  right  in  witii  2(1 
hours  his  first  semester.  To  get  back 
to  his  study  habits,  he  began  writing 
30  jiage  reports  for  his  l:iborator\ 
courses.  "Some  of  the  fellows  tluiuglit 
1  was  eager  when  1  started  handing  In 
those  reports,"  Hill  says,  "but  I  don't 
like  a  teacher  unless  he  a.ssigns  a  lot 
ot  lioniework."  To  catch  up  with  those 
who  h.id  a  better  technical  background 
than  he  did,  he  began  to  do  a  tremen- 
dous amount  of  reading.  He  reads  about 
10  books  a  semester,  such  as  "Inside 
U.  S.A.,"  "The  ^L^le  Hormone,"  "Mic- 
robe Hunters,"  "Surgeons'  World," 
"I)e\ils,  Drugs,  ,ind  Doctois,"  "The 
Roosc\('lt  I  knew,"  Fundanicnt.ils  of 
(Continued  on  page  _'S  ) 


U.  J.  II.ALHS 

"Hey,  I'rof:  I'm  conducting  experi- 
ment nine,  and  I  need  one  of  those  'gim- 
micks' that  are  used  to  distil  water." 
.Seconds  later  a  tall,  portly  man  appears 
at  the  dispensing  window  with  the  de- 
sired "gimmick."  "Hey,  Prof!  Do  you 
have  change  for  a  dime.  I  need  some 
nickels  for  the  candy  machine." 

If  you  should  over  have  the  occasion 
to  wander  over  to  the  Chemistry  Annex 
and  pass  by  Room  4,  you  are  more  than 
likely  to  see  Mr.  R.  J.  Hales  busily  doling 
out  "gimmicks"  to  Chemistry  1,  2,  and 
3  students. 

Mr.  Hales  was  born  in  Prophetstown, 
Illinois,  on  September  14,  1883.  He  set 
some  sort  of  record  by  attending  thirteen 
different  elementary  schools  before  grad- 
uating. Not  that  he  was  a  dull  boy,  but 
his  father  was  a  minister,  and  the  family 
traveled  extensively  throughout  the  mid- 
west. 

After  he  graduated  from  high  school, 
his  family  moved  to  Minnesota  where  he 
began  teaching  in  the  rural  schools.  It 
was  while  teaching  in  the  rural  schools 
that  he  acquired  the  nickname  of  "Prof!" 
and  the  name  remained  with  him  to  this 
day.  In  1906  Prof  entered  the  College 
of  Law  at  the  University  of  Illinois.  He 
remained  at  the  University  until  1907, 
after  which  he  returned  to  his  former 
profession — teaching.  Prof  recalled  the 
times  he  played  tennis  with  Professor 
Thatcher  Guild,  then  an  instructor  in  the 
English  department,  but  now  well  re- 
membered by  all  mini  as  the  composer 
of  the  "Illinois  Loyalty  Song." 

In  1922  Mr.  Hales  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  principal  of  Sadorus  high  school. 
In  addition  to  running  the  affairs  of  the 
school,  he  was  an  instructor,  a  coach,  and 
the  director  of  athletics.  While  at  Sado- 
rus. he  introduced  the  sport  of  basket- 
( Continued    on    Page    30) 


1« 


R.  J.   HALES 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


NUMBER  11  OF  A  SERIES 


for  En^neers 


How  to  make  handset 
^  handles  twice  as  fast! 

To  meet  the  tremendous  postwar  demand  for  tele- 
phones, Western  Electric  engineers  were  faced  with 
the  problem  of  molding  50%  more  plastic  handset 
handles  per  day  than  ever  before.  Calling  on  their 
wartime  experience,  the  engineers  turned  to  electronic 
prt-heating,  which  raises  the  temperature  of  the  phe- 
nol plastic  from  room  temperature  to  275  degrees 
Fahrenheit  in  just  30  seconds.  In  this  way  they  cut 
press  time  m  half,  doubled  production,  improved  the 
finish  and  increased  the  strength  of  the  handset  han- 
dles through  more  uniform  heating. 


Laboratory  precision 

in  mass  production  ^ 

This  line  amplifier  looks  like  something  made  in  a 
laboratory— and  destined  to  spend  its  life  there.  Actu- 
ally, the  amplifiers  are  mass-produced  to  lead  rugged 
lives  up  poles,  down  manholes,  or  in  remote  repeater 
stations  along  coaxial  telephone  cable  routes.  Each 
amplifier  must  boost  the  volume  of  as  many  as  600 
voice  channels,  ranging  from  64  kc  to  3,096  kc,  with 
closely  controlled  characteristics  over  long  periods 
without  attention.  Working  out  manufacturing 
methods  and  controls  that  assure  uniform  perform- 
ance of  laboratory  precision  in  telephone  equipment 
is  always  an  interesting  project  to  Western  Electric 
engineers. 


Engineering  problems  are  many  and  varied  at  Western  Electric,  where 
manufacturing  telephone  and  radio  apparatus  for  the  Bell  System  is  the  primary 
job.  Engineers  of  many  kinds — electrical,  mechanical,  industrial,  chemical, 
metallurgical — are  constantly  working  to  devise  and  improve  machines  and  proc- 
esses   for    mass    production     of    highest    quality    communications    equipment. 

Western  Etectric 

V     V      V     A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882      7      X     X 

MAY,    1948  19 


GEORGE   R.   FOSTER 
Editor 


EDWIN   A.    WITORT 
Assoc.   Editor 


fA* 


^^-^ 


Information   Please 


"'riuTc's  ;i  1  w  n  \  >  >onR-  Munnijian'  who 
ilocsn't  fict  tin-  word.  Who  doesn't  rciiicmhcr 
this  taiiiiliar  phrase  which  was  too  frequently 
.•ip|ilied  to  the  hapless  "swab  jockey"  who  just 
h.ippcru-d  to  be  getting  in  a  little  "sack  time" 
w  hen  tile  P. A.  system  blasted  out  its  raucous 
"Now  hear  this?"  Used  also  in  the  plural, 
little  concern  was  expressed  about  whether 
the  iinli\iduals  or  the  system  was  at  fault, 
because  the  "word"  got  around  fairh'  well 
by  the  "scuttlebutt"  route  and  resulted  in  the 
appearance  of  a  successful  system.  In  fact,  it 
was  so  "reliable"  that  a  vast  number  of  men 
became  "Missourians"  overnight. 

Funilamentally,  the  problem  of  communi- 
cations arises  from  the  fact  that  men  must 
work  together.  In  any  situation  where  one 
man  must  work  with  another,  the  need  im- 
niediatel)-  arises  for  a  means  of  communicating 
ideas  between  the  two.  Basically,  this  trans- 
fer of  thoughts  is  carried  out  through  the 
senses  of  sight  and  hearing,  although  the 
skunk  imparts  information  quite  effectively 
through  the  olfactory  nerve.  For  small  groups 
\erbal  communication  is  adequate,  but  as  the 
group  increases  in  size,  so  does  the  need  for 
extending  the  media  employed. 

The  increase  in  size  of  the  group  to  be 
reached  also  increases  the  pioblem  of  design- 
ing an  cfjectwc  communication  system.  With 
a  large  group  the  greatest  effectiveness  can  be 
realized  when  the  information  is  repeated 
several  times.  To  analyze  the  effectiveness  of 
the  system,  however,  the  criterion  should  not 
be  the  percentage  of  the  total  group  receiv- 
ing the  information  but  tlie  number  of  indi- 
viduals who  did   not   receive   the   information. 

.All  this  leads  iq)  to  the  fact  that  the  com- 
munications system  here  at  Illinois,  as  applied 
directly  to  the  dissemination  of  infoiniation 
to  the  students,  is  badlv  in  need  of  analysis 
anil    re-design.    \Vhether    this    information    be 


of  a  current  nature  applving  to  college  activi- 
ties and  official  information,  or  whether  it 
applies  to  longer  range  information  regarding 
scholastic  advisorship  and  information  about 
such  advisory  system,  is  immaterial  from 
the  standpoint  of  designing  an  effective  means 
of  communicating  this  news  to  all  students. 

(Operation  on  the  present  theory  that  the 
student  should  have  sufficient  interest  in  his 
own  welfare  to  seek  the  needed  information 
is  a  fine  theoretical  idea  if  he  knows  who  to 
contact,  but  completely  misses  the  more  prac- 
tical, human  approach.  Consider,  for  example, 
the  extreme  case  of  the  iw\\-  student  who,  in 
his  lack  of  experience  with  the  existing  sys- 
tem and  his  attempt  to  obtain  information, 
contacts  people  with  no  more  idea  of  what 
he  is  hunting  for  than  he  has.  In  an  organi- 
zation of  this  size,  that  is  quite  easy  to  do, 
and  it  leads  to  utter  confusion  and  discourage- 
ment. Later,  as  the  individual  becomes  more 
experienced,  but  equallv  unintormed,  the  situ- 
ation breeds  anything  but  respect. 

The  finding  of  a  complete  answer  to  the 
problem  is  not  an  easy  task,  but  certainlv  it 
should  not  be  too  much  to  expect  at  least  a 
step  or  two  towards  improvement.  A  system 
could  hardly  be  called  effective  that  relies  on 
passing  out  important  information  only  on  an 
easily  overlooked  notice  on  a  stuffed  bulletin 
board  or  on  a  notice  read  in  one  class.  If 
every  student  knew  positively  what  was  going 
on,  it's  a  safe  bet  that  the  gain  in  everyone's 
opinion  would  be  evidenced  bv'  an  improved 
"esprit   de   corps." 

Although  the  engineer's  viewpoint  is  too 
often  based  on  percentage  of  hits,  how  about 
seeking  a  partial  answer  from  the  student's 
viewpoint,  through  the  Engineeri?ig  Council, 
on  the  basis  of  the  individuals  missed?  It's 
certainly  worth  a  try  to  see  how  manv'  "dun- 
nii:an^"  there  rcalh   are. 


20 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


No  illustrations  can  do  more  than  suggest  the  wealth  of  facilities 
at  Standard  Oil's  new  research  laboratory  at  Whiting,  Indiana. 
Here,  in  one  of  the  largest  projects  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  there 
are  provided  the  many  types  of  equipment  needed  and  desired 
for  up-to-the  minute  petroleum  research. 

Tlie  caliber  of  the  men  who  work  here  is  high.  For  many  years. 
Standard  Oil  has  looked  for  and  has  found  researchers  and  en- 
gineers of  high  professional  competence.  Further,  the  company 
has  created  for  these  men  an  intellectual  climate  which  stimulates 
them  to  do  their  finest  work. 

And  there  is  nothing  new  about  the  idea  that  motivates 
Standard  Oil  research.  It  is  simply  that  our  responsibility  to  the 
public  and  to  ourselves  makes  it  imperative  to  keep  moving  steadily 
forward.  Standard  Oil  has  always  been  a  leader  in  the  field  of  in- 
dustrial research ;  the  new  Whiting  laboratory  is  proof  of  our 
intention  to  remain  in  the  front  rank. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


910    S.    Michigc 


M.W,    1948 


21 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(Coiitimii-d   trom  page    15) 

to  work  on  the  production  of  i-k-ctric 
energy  required  in  the  nianufacturiii},' 
of  nlumituim,  phosphates,  nitrates  and 
other  necessities  of  war. 

One  of  the  more  interesting  pliases 
of  his  work  with  the  TV'A  was  his 
assistance  in  the  original  purchase  of 
the  "Kingston  Deniohtion  Range,"  later 
to  be  known  as  Oak  Ridge,  Tennessee, 
"the  atomic  center  of  the  world."  When 
this  area  was  taken  over  b\'  the  Man- 
hattan District  of  the  Arnu'  Engineers, 
it  was  developed  from  one  of  the  poorest 
regions  of  run-down  farms  in  the  Soutli, 
into  the  fourth  largest  city  in  Ten- 
nessee, and  the  hub  of  atomic  research. 
This  task  required  the  tremendous  pow- 
er that  only  the  TV'A  could  furnish. 

Mr.  Trezise's  work  in  the  personnel 
field  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  lea  in 
just  what  industry  is  looking  for  when 
hiring  college  graduates.  He  discovered 
that  certain  elements  of  leadership,  co- 
operativeness,  character,  and  common 
.sense  were  wanted  as  well  as  high  scho- 
lastic achievement.  Here  at  Galesburg 
he  is  using  his  knowledge  and  practical 
engineering  experience  to  give  the  stu- 
dents a  better  understanding  of  the  pro- 
fession they  wish  to  enter,  and  to  aid 
them  as  the\  pass  through  their  green 
years. 


W9RCM 

By   Elmer   Lochow,    E.E.   '51, 
and   Stanley   Runyon,   E.E.   '51 

(  )rie  lit  the  in()>t  interesting  extra- 
curricular acti\ities  at  the  (lalesburg  di- 
vision is  the  operation  and  maintenance 
of  the  radio  transmitter,  property  of 
tile  radio  club. 


This  club  h.id  a  \  ery  humble  begin- 
ning; joe  Saugier  invited  all  fellow  stu- 
dents with  "ham"  licenses  to  a  meeting 
in  March,  1947.  They  collectively  de- 
cided to  "get  something  on  the  air,"  so 
each  brought  his  own  amateur  radio 
equipment  to  the  campus.  Shortly 
after  this,  these  pioneers  (W9KSQ, 
VV9TLY,  W9FSP,  \V6HYI))  became 
(Continued   on    page   24) 


Ham    shack    at    the    Galesburg    branch    of    the    University    of    Illinois. 


Attention    High   School   Students 

Would   you    like   two   weeks   of   camping,  sports,  sightseeing,  and  travel? 

A  PARKHILL  TRAVELKAMP  TOUR  WILL  TAKE  YOU  TO  ILLINOIS'  MOST  BEAUTIFUL 
PARKS,    ITS    HISTORIC    SHRINES,    AND    NUMEROUS   COLLEGE    CAMPUSES 


visit  . 


•  STARVED    ROCK 

•  CHESTER    PENITENTIARY 

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Ask  your  coach   or  teacher   today,   or  write  to: 


PARKHILL'S  TOURS  - 


18-120  S.   Walnut  St.,   Champaign,   Illinois 


22 


THE   THCHNOGKAPH 


How  Electromet  Serves  the  Steel  Industry 


IN  addition  to  providing  a  full  line  of  high-quality  ferro-alloys 
and  alloying  metals,  Electro  Metallurgical  Company  serves 
steelmakers  in  other  important  ways: 


Experience — Our  store  of  information  about  ferro-alloys  and 
their  use,  based  on  over  40  years'  experience  in  producing 
them,  is  available  to  the  steel  industry. 


-^■-^',^^ 


Field  Metallurgists  —  You 

can  obtain  the  help  of  our 
trained  metallurgists  who  ren- 
der on-the-job  assistance  in 
the  use  of  ferro-alloys.  These 
men  are  qualified  to  suggest 
the  grades  and  sizes  of  alloys 
best  suited  for  your  particular 
steel  and  practice. 


Laboratory  Research  — 

You  can  benefit  by  the  new 
alloys  developed  by  our  con- 
tinuous laboratory  research. 
Developments  from  this 
research  include  the  low- 
carbon  ferro-alloys,  silicoman- 

ganese,    SiLCAZ    alloy,    calcium    metal,    calcium-silicon,    and 
ferrocolumbium. 


jiectromet 

Technical  Booklets — Ycu  will  find 

helpful  information  about  ferro-al- 
loys and  metals  in  Electromet's  free 
technical  booklets  and  reprints. 
Among  these  are  "Electromet 
Products  and  Service"  and 
■'Electromet  Ferro-Alloys  and 

Metals."  Write  to  our  Technical  Service  Department  to  obtain 

copies  of  these  booklets. 


Convenient  Stocks  — 

You  can  count  on  prompt 
deliveries  of  ferro-alloys 
from  Electromet,  since 
our  offices,  plants,  and 
warehouses  are  conven- 
iently located  to  insure 
efficient  service. 


■  OfFlce 
•  Plants 
▲   Warehouse 


V^ 


Electromet  Ferro-Alloys  and  Metals 


Information  about  these  and  other  alloys  and  metals  produced 
by  Electromet  is  contained  in  the  booklet,  "Electromet 
Products  and  Service."  Write  for  a  copy. 

CHROMIUM  .  .  .  Low-Carbon  Ferrochrome  (in  all  grades  from 
0.03'^t  maximum  to  2.00'^(  maximum  Carbon),  Nitrogen-Bearing 
Low-Carbon  Ferrochrome,  High-Carbon  Ferrochrome,  SM 
Ferrochrome,  Chromium  Metal,  CMSZ  Mix,  and  other 
Chromium  Alloys. 

VANADIUM  ...  Ferrovanadium  in  all  grades  and  Vanadium 
Oxide. 

COLUMBIUM  .  .  .  Ferrocolumbium. 

MANGANESE  .  .  .  Standard  Ferromanganese,  Low-Carbon  and 
Medium-Carbon  Ferromanganese,  Low-Iron  Ferromanganese, 
Manganese  Metal,  and  other  Manganese  Alloys. 

SILICOMANGANESE  .  .  .  Max.  1.50  and  2.00': c  Carbon  Grades. 

TUNGSTEN  .  .  .  Ferrotungsten,  Tungsten  Powder,  and  Calcium 
Tungstate  Nuggets. 


BORON  .  .  .  Ferroboron,    Manganese-Boron,    Nickel-Boron,    and 
SiLCAZ  Alloy. 

SILICON  .  .  .  Ferrosilicon  in  all  grades  including  both  regular  and 
low-aluminum   material,   Silicon   Metal,  SMZ  Alloy,  and  other 

Silicon  Alloys. 

TITANIUM  .  .  .  Ferrotitanium,  Silicon-Titanium,  and  Manganese- 
Nickel-Titanium. 

CALCIUM  .  .  .  Calcium-Silicon,   Calcium-Manganese-Silicon,   and 
Calcium  Metal. 

"EM"   BRIQUETS  .  .  .  Silicon,   Silicomanganese,   Ferromanganese, 
and  Chromium  Briquets. 

ZIRCONIUM  ...  12-15'^,   and    35-40',     Zircomum    Alloys,  and 
Nickel-Zirconium. 

"CMSZ,"  "Electromet,"  "EM,"  "Silcaz,"  "SM,"  and  "SMZ" 
are  trade-marks  of  Electro  Metallurgical  Company. 

Electromet  Ferro-Alloys  and  Metals  are  sold  by  Electro 
Metallurgical  Sales  Corporation.  Offices:  Birmingham — 
Chicago  —  Cleveland  —  Detroit  —  New  York  —  Pittsburgh  — 
San  Francisco. 


Electromet 


Electro  Metallurgical  Company 

Unit  of  Union  Carbide  and  Carbon  Corporation 
30  East  42nd  Street     [IH3     New  York  17,  N.  Y. 


Ferro-Alloys  and  Metals 

In  Canada:  Electro  Metallurgical  Company  of  Canada,  Limited,  Welland,  Ontario 


M.\Y,   1948 


23 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(Coiltiiunil    tiom    p;i;:i'   22} 

a  rccogiii/.i'd  club.  Dr.  SikhIit,  di-aii  ot 
m.ithcmiitics.  was  chosen  as  sponsor  oi 
the  dub  ami  two  rooms  were  soon  se- 
cured in  which  to  house  its  valuable 
radio  equipment.  The  organization  ex- 
panded from  four  to  twenty-six  mem- 
bers, and  through  tiic  assistance  ot  three 
staff  members,  Mr.  ( ialbraitii,  Mr. 
Enjili.sh,  and  .Mr.  Mills,  the.\  „btained 
a  new  transmitter  and  recei\cr  tor  rile 
exclusive  use  of  this  club. 

The  communication  receiver  is  an 
eleven-tube  Hammcrlund  11Q1_").\.  It 
covers,  in  six  bands,  a  continuous  ranfje 
from  540  kilocycles  to  .'il  megacycles, 
which  includes  all  the  major  frequen- 
cies used  by  amateurs.  It  has  excellent 
sensitivity  and  incorporates  a  ver\  ef- 
fective crystal  filter  circuit,  which  elim- 
inates most  interference.  It  also  has  ,i 
noise  limiter,  whicii  (i\crcomes  auto  ig- 
nition  and   pulse   t\  [le   inteiference. 

The  transmitter  is  a  Supreme  model 
AFIOO  and  is  a  complete,  self-contained 
unit,  embodying  all  types  of  emissidii 
permitted  amateurs.  It  is  designed  tn 
operate  from  a  110-120  volt  power  line 
at  30  to  60  cycles.  It  covers  all  .ini.itein 
bands  from  3.5  to  30  megacycles  \\ith 
a  stability  of  .02Vt  or  better  o\er  the 
entire  range. 


The  tiaiisnutter  proxides  :i  c.u  rier  iit 
at  least  a  huiulied  watts  throughout  tiie 
complete  frequenc\  spectrum  which  it  is 
designed  to  co\er,  and  m;i\  be  lOO'/f 
voice  modulated.  It  m,i\  he  tune  ;uid 
frequency  modulated  with  cither  nar- 
row, medium,  or  wide  band  1*..M.  1  one 
modulation  is  also  provided  tor  I.C'.W. 
operation,  which  is  permissible  on  cer- 
tain amateur  bands. 

Three  eighteen  toot  dduhlers  ( (ine  lor 
each  ot  the  l(i\Mst  ticquency  bands) 
ni.ake  up  the  present  anteiuia  system. 
1  his  anangement  has  a  tendency  to 
limit  the  range  of  the  equipment;  h<iw- 
ever,  our  "hams"  claim  I)X  (long  dis- 
tance), C  VV.  operations  with  Kuropc, 
.'\frica.  and  the  West  Indies.  Plans  are 
being  m;ule  to  erect  a  ten-meter  ground 
plane  verticil   antenna  this  spring. 

On  |amiar\  t,  194S,  the  station  re- 
ceived "its  call  letters,  W')RC.M,  and 
is  now  an  active  member  of  the  inter- 
collegiate   network. 


•Senior  girl  tn  freshman  after  being 
asked  tor  a  date:  "No.  1  couldn't  go  out 
with  a  bab\." 

I'reshman  :  "(  )li,  soiiy;  1  duln't 
know.  ' 

Nothing  robs  a  man  of  his  good  looks 
like   a   liuniedh    drawn   sliade. 


INLAND  STEEL..  . 

(Continued     tioni    page    ')) 

work  ha\e  the  op|iortunit\  ot  moving 
directly  into  nianagement  positions  in 
the   v.iiioiis  steel    handling  operations. 

A  separate  training  program  is  set  up 
for  pre-sales  trainees.  This  program 
parallels  the  metallurgical  training  pro- 
gram except  that  it  places  more  empha- 
sis on  order  handling  and  customers' 
problems.  Selling  steel  has  become  ,so 
iiiuch  a  matter  of  helping  the  customer 
wink  out  the  answers  to  his  particular 
needs  that  this  is  an  unusually  fine  field 
for  engineers  with  an  interest  in  manu- 
facturing problems. 

Another  training  group  is  concerned 
iliiectly  with  mill  operations.  These 
trainees  get  the  same  over-all  picture 
as  those  in  the  other  training  programs 
except  that  blast  furnace,  coke  plant  and 
open  hearth  operation  are  emphasi/.ed. 
Men  in  this  training  program  are  in  a 
position  to  move  into  jobs  of  responsi- 
hilitv  in  basic  iron  and  steel  production. 

A  similar  training  program  which  in- 
cludes both  technical  and  non-technical 
men  prepares  men  for  general  adminis- 
tr.itive  positions.  The  training  of  these 
men  includes  raw  materials  as  well  as 
steel -making   operations. 

In  addition  to  the  formal  training 
{  Continued  on  page  2(t ) 


When  FASTENING  becomes 
your  responsibility,  remember 
this  important  fact  -  -  - 

It  costs  more  to  specify,  purchase,  stock,  inspect,  req- 
uisition and  use  fasteners  than  it  does  to  buy  them.  True 
Fastener  Economy  means  making  sure  that  every  func- 
tion involved  in  the  nse  of  bolts,  nuts,  screws,  rivets  and 
other  fasteners  contributes  to  the  desired  fastening  re- 
sult —  maximum  holding  power  at  the  lowest  possible 
total  cost  for  fastening. 


You  Gel  True  Fattener  Beonomy  When  You  Cut  Co»t»  These  Way» 


1.  Reduce  assembly  time  with  accu- 
rate, uniform  fasteners 

2.  Make  satisfied  workers  by  making 
assembly  work  easier 

3.  Save  receiving  inspection  through 
supplier's  quality  control 

4.  Design  assemblies  for  fewer, 
stronger  fasteners 


5.  Purchase  maximum  holding  power 
per  dollar  of  initial  cost 

6.  Lower  inventory  by  standardizing 
types  and  sizes  of  fasteners 

7.  Simplify  purchasing  by  using  one 
supplier's  complete  line 

8.  Improve  your  product  with  a 
quality  fastener. 


RUSSELL,     BURDSALL     &     WARD       BOLT     AND     NUT     COMPANY 

Plants  at:  Port  Chester,  N.  Y.,  Coraopolis,  Pa.,  Rock  Falls,  111.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 


24 


THH   TECHNOGK.APH 


Plasties  trhore  plasties  belong  •  •  • 
foi'  insalation  and  appearanee 


I  SlaUon  WNfW,  N.r.C. 


Syntliane  •  •  •  where  synthane  belongs 


USES  for  Synthane  laminated  plastics 
are  almost  unlimited  because  of  their 
combination  of  chemical,  electrical  and  me- 
chanical properties.  Synthane  is  corrosion 
and  moisture  resistant,  light  in  weight, 
quickly  and  easily  machined.  It  is  also  hard, 
dense,  strong,  one  of  the  best  electrical 
insulators  known.  The  "set"  plastic, 
Synthane  is  stable  over  a  wide  range  of 
temperatures. 

An  interesting  example  of  Synthane  at 
work  is  this  jack  panel  which  enables  the 


broadcast  technician  to  plug  in  or  transfer 
amplifiers,  microphones,  telephone  lines  or 
other  equipment,  giving  the  input  system 
greater  operating  flexibility.  This  is  an  ap- 
propriate job  for  our  type  of  plastics  because 
Synthane  is  an  excellent  electrical  insulator, 
and  contributes  to  the  attractiveness  of  the 
control  booth.  Synthane  Corporation,  14 
River  Road,  Oaks,  Pa. 

[SYlVlTlANE] 


FABRICAKD  PARTS     •     MOLOEOMACERAIED     •     MOLOEDIAMINAIEC 


MA^',     1<)4S 


25 


INLAND  STEEL..  . 

( t'onninicil    trom   pagt-  24) 

programs  as  mentioned  above,  there  are 
numerous  opportunities  in  mill  manage- 
ment for  men  with  civil,  mechanical, 
chemical,  aiul  electrical  engineering 
backgrounds.  Many  engineering  gradu- 
ates are  able  to  start  in  immediately  as 
providers,  staff  assistants,  testers,  or 
members  of  construction  engineering 
parties  in  the  operating  departments  and 
assume  direct  responsibility  almost  im- 
mediatei\.  Kngineers  who  enter  the  mill 
in  such  starting  jobs  have  typically  ad- 
vanced rapidly,  depending  upon  their  in- 
di\idual  abilities.  In  addition  to  the 
more  typical  engineering  jobs  there  are 
some  opportunities  for  men  with  engi- 
neering backgrounds  in  the  field  of  in- 
dustrial relations  and  in  industrial  h\- 
giene.  For  example,  industrial  engineers 
who  like  time  study  and  job  e\aluation 
work  ha\e  an  opportunity  to  move  into 
the  rapidly  expanding  field  of  labor  re- 
lations wherein  these  problems  frequent- 
I\'  occur.  Engineers  with  an  interest  in 
industrial  hygiene  will  find  the  progr.un 
a  fascinating  combination  of  engineer- 
ing and  human  health,  safet.\',  and  wel- 
fare in  the  industrial  plant.  Theie  are 
also  opportunities  in  mining,  quarryiiig, 
and  vessel  operation  for  men  with  those 
particular  interests.  It  is  not  possible  to 


enumerate  all  of  the  possible  types  of 
engineering  careers  which  are,  and  will 
be  a\ailable  in  the  steel  industiy  in  the 
\ears  ahead.  There  is  room  for  nieu 
with  initiative  luul  ambition  to  get  ahead 
as  far  and  as  fast  as  their  personal  will- 
ingness .-uul  abilit\-  will  permit  theni. 

Steel-making  has  been,  and  will  con- 
tinue to  be,  one  of  the  largest  and  mnst 
important  industries  in  the  wurM.  I  In- 
lidand  Steel  compan\  i^  mu-  ol  the 
prime  producers  of  steel  loi'  the  maiui- 
facturing  industries  in  the  heart  of 
."Xmerica.  Kfficient  production  of  ipial- 
ity  steel  demands  a  high  degree  of  tech- 
nical engineering  competence.  1  he  door 
of  opportum't>'  is  always  open  to  the  en- 
gineering graduate  in  this  industry. 


VACUUM  TUBES  .  .  . 

(Continued    from   page    l.i) 

tube  is  rigorously  tested  under  perform- 
ance conditions.  The  power,  efficiency, 
and  even  the  life  of  the  tube  are  tested. 
Since  the  tubes  produced  are  largely 
for  use  in  the  micro-wave  I'cgion,  espe- 
cially designed  test  equipment  nuist  be 
used.  For  example,  wires.  As  the  fre- 
quency of  alternating  current  is  in- 
creased, the  electricity  flowing  through 
a  wire  tends  to  concentrate  near  the 
surface.  This  selectivene-ss  increases  with 
frequency  until  the  center  of  the  wire 


is  of  no  use.  A  large  surface  is  needed, 
so  the  wire  is  replaced  by  a  hollow  tube. 
I  iirther  increase  in  frequenc\  causes  a 
decrease  in  efficiency  because  of  the 
crowding  of  the  electricity  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  tube.  So  far,  the  circuit 
contains  two  wires  or  tubes;  one  out- 
going, one  return.  The  next  step,  taken 
to  increase  the  efficiency,  consists  of  the 
use  of  a  coaxial  cable,  a  wire  inside  a 
tube.  This  concentrates  the  electricit\  on 
the  inner  surface  of  the  tube,  the  outer 
surface  of  the  wire,  and  especially  in 
the  space  between  the  two.  So  important 
docs  this  space  become  at  microwaves 
that,  foi  efficiency,  the  central  wire  is 
omitted.  The  current  is  plpi'd  through 
the  tube  like  water.  TechnicalK',  the 
pipe  is  called  a  wave  guide;  familiarly, 
it  is  known  as  "plumbing."  This  plumb- 
ing is  quite  expensive.  Much  of  it  is 
silver  plated,  and  some  even  gold  plated. 
This  type  of  conductor  bears  little  re- 
semblance to  ordinary  circuit  wiring. 
There  is  no  return  wire.  This  makes 
it  easy  to  send  signals  out  from  an  an- 
teiuia  into  .space.  Most  of  the  testing 
equipment  used  at  high  frequencies  is 
equally  bizarre. 

Test  data  taken  on  the  tubes  are  tabu- 
lated,  analyzed,  condensed,   and  written 
into    reports.   Tube   performance   charts 
are  fastened  over  the  end  of  a  cathode 
(Continued  on  page  28) 


BEHIND  IT... A  LITTELL  FEED 

.\utoniobili's  arc  bc.TutifiiUy  made,  surprisingK    low- 
in  cost.  "Behind"  the  automobile  you  will  find  modern 
LittcU    Feeds    that    handle    ten    ton    coils    of    ribbon    steel, 
making  possible  automatic  stamping  and  "nesting"  of 
fenders,  hood  tops,  knee  action  pans  and  other 
components,  an  important  factor  in  economical 
autiiTunbili-  fabrirntion. 


LITTELL 


F.     J.     LITTELL     MACHINE     CO. 

4127     RAVENSWOOD    AVENUE      •      CHICAGO     13,   ILLINOIS 

26 


/UFK/N  yj 


Built    to    stand    i 
toughest  treatment.   Special 
e  has  "Nubian"  finish— dead 
block   bockground  with   markings 
deeply  into  bright  portions  for 
ading    ease  and    accuracy.     Easily 
detached    from    husky    metal    reel.     Write 

for  free  catalog.  THE  LUFKIN  RULE  CO., 
SAGINAW,  MICHIGAN,  New  York  City. 


FOR     DURABILITY 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


Tat  Students  of  Science  and  f 

Dia&bt 

■^"^      /  Engineering  1 

Many  Theoretical  and  Applied  Studies 
Behind  Development  of  "Cordura"  Rayon 


Stronger,  lighter  tires  made 

possible  by  teamwork  of 

Du  Pont  chemists,  engineers, 

and  physicists 

On  the  surface,  the  viscose  process  for 
rayon  seems  fairly  simple.  Cellulose 
from  cotton  or  wood  is  steeped  in 
NaOH  to  give  alkali  cellulose,  which  is 
treated  with  CS^  to  form  cellulose  xan- 
thate.  Adding  NaOH  gives  molasses- 
like "viscose,"  which  is  squirted  through 
spinnerets  into  a  coagulating  bath  of 
acid  and  salt  to  form  from  500  to  1,000 
filaments  simultaneously: 

R*OH  +  NaOH  — »■  RONa  +  H,0 
(cellulose)  (alkali  cellulose) 


RONa  +  CSe 


RO-C-SNa 
(cellulose  xanthate) 


R-O-CSNa  +  HjSOj  — »■  R-OH  +  CS..  +  NaHSOj 
(cellulose) 

R*  =  C,,H:0,(OH)o 

Du  Pont  scientists  were  working  to 
improve  on  the  properties  of  rayon 
made  by  this  process  when,  in  1928,  a 
rubber  company  asked  fpr  a  rayon  yarn 
that  would  be  stronger  than  cotton  for 
tire  cords.  The  problem  was  given  to  a 
team  of  organic,  physical,  and  analj'ti- 
cal  chemists,  chemical  and  mechanical 
engineers,  and  physicists. 

Theoretical  and  Applied  Studies 

In  developing  the  new  improved  rayon. 
a  number  of  theoretical  studies  were 
carried  out:  for  example,  (1)  rates  of 
diffusion  of  the  coagulating  bath  into 
the  viscose  filaments,  (2l  the  mechan- 
ism of  coagulation  of  visco.se,  (3 1  the 
relationship  between  fiber  structure  and 
properties  by  x-rays,  and  (4)  a  phase 
study  of  spinning  baths. 

Concurrently,  applied  research  was 
necessary.  This  proceeded  along  many 
lines,  but  the  main  problem  was  to  per- 
fect the  spinning  technique.  It  was 
known  that  a  short  delay  in  the  bath 
between  the  spinneret  and  the  stretch- 
ing operation  allowed  greater  tension 
on  the  filaments.  Du  Pont  engineers, 
therefore,  designed  a  series  of  rollers, 
each  revolving  faster  than  the  previous 
one,  to  increase  the  tension  gradually. 


In  addition,  a  textile  finish  was  de- 
veloped that  combined  just  the  right 
amount  of  plasticizing  action  and  lubri- 
cating power,  allowing  the  filaments  to 
twist  evenly  in  forming  the  cord.  A  new 
adhesive  was  prepared  to  join  the  yarn 
with  rubber.  New  twisting  techniques 
for  cord  manufacture  were  found,  since 
the  usual  methods  caused  loss  in  rayon 
strength. 

Engineering  Problems  Solved 

Chemical  and  mechanical  engineers 
were  faced  with  the  design  and  opera- 
tion of  equipment  for  more  than  15 
different  types  of  unit  operations.  Equip- 
ment had  to  operate  every  minute  of  the 
day,  yet  turn  out  perfectly  uniform 
yarn.  It  was  necessary  to  filter  the  vis- 
cose so  carefully  that  it  would  pass 
through  spinning  jet  holes  less  than 
4  1000th  of  an  inch  without  plugging. 
Some  of  the  most  exacting  temperature 
and  humidity  control  applications  in 
the  chemical  industry  were  required. 

Out  of  this  cooperation  among  scien- 
tists— ranging  from  studies  of  cellulose 
as  a  high  polymer  to  design  of  enormous 
plants — came  a  new  product,  "Cor- 
dura"  high-tenacity  rayon,  as  strong  as 
mild  steel,  yet  able  to  stand  up  under 
repeated  flexing.  Today,  this  yarn  is  al- 
most 100'  ,  stronger  than  20  years  ago. 
Tires  made  with  it  are  less  bulky  and 
cooler  running,  yet  give  greater  mileage 
under   the    most    punishing   operating 


Determination  of  spinning  tension  by  C.  S. 
McCandlish,  Chemical  Engineer,  Norlhwestern 
University '44,  and  A.I.  Whitten,  Ph.  D.,  Physical 
Chemistry,  Duke  University  '35. 

conditions.  In  "Cordura,"  men  of  Du 
Pont  have  made  one  of  their  most  im- 
portant contributions  to  the  automo- 
tive industry. 


Questions  College  Men  ask 
about  working  with  Du  Pont 


How  are  new  men  engaged? 

Most  college  men  make  their  first  contact 
through  Personnel  Division  representatives 
who  visit  many  campuses  periodically.  Those 
interested  may  ask  their  college  authorities 
when  Du  Pont  men  will  next  conduct  inter- 
views. Write  for  booklet,  "The  Du  Pont 
Company  and  the  College  Graduate,"  2518 
Nemours  Building,  Wilmington  98,  Del. 


BETTER    THINGS    FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
...THROUGH    CHltA\%lftY 


More  facts  about  Du  Pont  —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


ing  bath.  Filome 
bucket.  Inset  sho 


id  in  a  harden- 
ling  collecting 


MAY,   1948 


27 


VACUUM  TUBES  .  .  . 

(Coiitimii'il   troni  page  26) 
ray    oscilloscope    aiul    curves    drawn    di- 
rectly.    Offices   where   the    reports   are 
written     are    adjacent    to     the     testinj; 
room. 

Dr.  A.  L.  Samuel,  director  ot  the 
\acuiim  tiihe  projects,  came  to  rh;-  I  ni- 
versit\  ill  June,  1946,  from  tlu-  lull 
Telephone  laboratories.  A  graduate  of 
I'mporia  College  and  Ma.ssachusftts  In- 
stitute of  Technology,  Dr.  Samuel  has 
had  24  \ears  of  experience  in  vacuum 
tube  research.  He  has  published  widely, 
holds  more  than  40  United  States  pat- 
ents, and  has  many  others  pending. 

Research  Professor  J.  T.  Tykociru-r 
is  likewise  noted  for  major  contribu- 
tions to  research.  He  pioneered  on  mod- 
els of  antennae  and  ultra-high  frequency 
transmitters.  His  early  work  established 
and  demonstrated  the  priiuiples  of  iil.o- 
tographic  recording  of  sound  and  its 
photr)-electric  reproduction,  making  pos- 
sible the  modern  talking  motion  picture. 
Karly  in  World  War  U  he  set  about 
the  development  of  micro-wa\e  magne- 
tron tubes.  Subsidized  by  the  Air  Ma- 
terial Command  at  Wright  Field,  these 
iinestigations  have  expanded,  until  at 
present,  there  are  five  separate  \acuuni 
tube  projects. 


McCarthy  . . . 

(Continued    from   page    18) 

Radio,"  "Fundamentals  of  Electronics," 
"(ireat  Men  of  Science,"  and  subscribes 
to.  and  reads  the  Readers'  Digest,  Om- 
nibook.  Coronet,  Science  Illustrated, 
Technograph,  and  .Mechanical  Kngi- 
neering  magazines.  He  seems,  rather,  to 
be  trying  to  c.-itch  u|>  with  l\;irl  T. 
Compton.  lie  is  alxi  >tu(l\ing  (  lerman 
and  has  taken  a  correspondence  course 
on  social  science.  Since  he  started  heie, 
he  has  attended  e\ery  lecture  on  me- 
chanical engineering  given,  and  a  large 
portion  of  those  of  physics,  chemistry, 
and  electrical  engineering. 

He  has  been  nicknanu-il  "(iiaiulma" 
by  his  roommates  at  the  lllini  club,  be- 
cause he  has  learned  all  of  his  lessons 
so  well  that  he  is  constantly  counseling 
the  other  boys  in  the  house  on  their 
engineering  homework.  This  name  was 
partly  earned  by  the  fine  soup  he  for- 
merly made  on  his  hotplate.  "But  1  had 
to  give  that  up,"  he  stated.  "The  fellows 
in  the  house  started  hanging  around  all 
day  waiting  for  me  to  make  hamburgers 
and  soup,  and  never  went  out  to  eat." 
In  addition  to  cooking,  his  hobbies  also 
include  photography  and  stamp  collect- 
ing. 

In  between  all  this,  he  has  been  hold- 
ing down  two  or  three  jobs  per  semester. 


These  have  ranged  from  working  on  the 
cyclotron  to  baby-sitting.  One  of  his  re- 
cent jobs  was  in  the  lately-destroyed 
Urbana  Flatiron  building. 

During  his  college  career,  he  has  be- 
longed to  the  Newman  club,  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.,  played  intra-mural  touch  football, 
served  as  M.  I.  A.  representative,  sold 
homecoming  badges,  and  ushered  at  the 
football  games.  When  he  first  came 
down  here.  Bill  won  the  intramural 
wrestling  meet  just  because  some  of  his 
friends  said  he  couldn't  do  it.  Last  se- 
mester, he  acted  as  vice-president  of  the 
A.  S.  M.  E.  and  as  representative  to  the 
Engineering  Council.  This  semester  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  A.  S.  M.  E. 
.^sked  whether  his  duties  as  president 
kept  him  busy,  his  comment  was  a  long, 
drawn-out,  "Brother!"  A  member  of  the 
A.  S.  M.  E.  bowling  team,  he  boasted, 
"We  beat  the  chem'  engineers  last  Sun- 
day and  the  'ag'  engineers  a  few  weeks 
ago." 

Graduating  this  June,  Bill  hopes  to  get 
more  schooling  in  some  industrial  train- 
ing program  and  then  devote  himself  to 
developmental  work.  "I  like  engineer- 
ing and  I  like  to  work. "  said  he.  "I  don't 
mind  getting  my  hands  dirty." 

If.  as  they  say,  hard  work  is  the  secret 
of  success.  Bill  McCarthy  is  sure  to  suc- 
ceed in  the  engineering  field. 


.  o 


vg»»jf^i"w]n}^ 


means  wasted  fuel 

The  (Icsiyning  engineer,  the  mechanic  and  the  pilot,  all  find 
Cimbridge  Exhaust  Gas  Analysers  essential  for  developing, 
adjusting  and  operating  internal  combus- 
tion engines.  These  instruments  make 
available  continuous  indication  of  air- 
fuel  ratio  of  the  mixture  being  supplied 
to  the  engine. 

exhaust  gas  tester 

determines  the  completeness  of  combustion 
in  one  or  all  cylinders.  This  rugged  and 
accurate  instrument  is  conveniently  port- 
able for  field  and  shop  use. 

aero  mixture  indicator 

is  a  Might  instrument  for  installation  in 
single  or  multi-engine  planes.  Its  use  makes 
possible  greater  pay  load,  cruising  radius 
and  safety. 

CAMBRIDGE  instrument' cosine'. 

3756  Grand  Central  Terminal,  New  York  17,  N.  Y. 

PIONEER  MANUFACTURERS  OF  PRECISION  INSTRUMENTS 


#^-5i«« 


Gel  This  IVnw   Biillclin  nn    4?^§t^^i: 

Hr.lrii|i!riiliiii]   M;ii;liiiies 

It  telli  all  about  the  "New  Eclipse" 
compressors  .  .  .  how  they  meet  the 
needs  of  restaurants,  theatres,  stores, 
institutions,  offices,  factories,  ships  and 
others  .  .  .  for  dependable  air  condi- 
tioniijig,  food  storage,  or  special  refrig- 


If  ' 


d  commercial  or  industrial 

refrigerating  machines  handling  Freon- 

12  asli  for  your  copy  of  Frick  Bulletin 

1 00-D. 

Ttir   Fn.l.   Gr^tiiaK'  Training  Courtp  in   R^- 


Fricli  "New  Eclipse"  Compressors  Do  Well 
both  Laboratory  and  Field  Operating  Test 


28 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


THE  EYE  THAT  SEES 

6.000,000.000.000,000.000.000  MILES 


(nr(>\\'  a  new  tinor  to  the 
.sicRlsnt  tlicuiiiveisc  vv.ll  be- 
gin to  open.  A  door  tliioiigh 
jli  astronomers  will  be  able  to  see 
C,0()(),0()0,000,000,000,000,000  miles  in- 
to s|)ace  —  twice  as  far  as  ever  before.  It  is 
the  giant  telescoj)e  atop  Mt.  Paloinar,  so 
powerhil  tliat  the  canals  of  Mars,  if  there  are 
an\',  will  lor  the  first  time  be  photographed. 
It  all  began  12  years  ago  when  Corning 
cast  the  glass  for  the  famous  200"  telescope 
mirror — the  workPs  largest  piece  of  glass — 
after  most  experts  said  it  couldn't  be  done. 


For  tills  big  (lisi  Corning  scientists  de- 
material  that  would  insiue  the  permanence, 
stability  and  accuracy  demanded  by  the 
telescope's  designers.  This  glass  is  similar 
to  that  used  for  Pyrex  ware  and  Pyrex  in- 
dustrial glass  piping.  Making  the  disc  was 
a  Job  Corning  took  in  its  stride,  because  it 
is  accustomed  to  finding  practical  solutions 
to  all  kinds  of  glass  problems.  Its  research 
laboratory  has  contributed  to  the  develop- 
ment of  more  than  .'37,000  different  items, 
ranging  from  simple  custard  cujjs  to  tele- 


bulbs.  I.iborau 


d  Ste 


i.ptKuI  kUk 


If  Corning  has  a  s])ccially,  it  is  the  ability 
of  its  skilled  engineers  and  craftsmen  to 
translate  research  into  glassware  to  solve 
modern  i)roblems.  With  labor  and  raw 
material  costs  constantly  on  the  rise,  glass 
may  some  day  help  you  keep  down  the  cost 
of  your  product. 

Or  glass  may  help  you  make  your  luture 
product  easier  to  sell.  In  either  case,  re- 
member to  write  Corning  Glass  Works, 
Corning.  New\ork. 


IN  PYREX  WARE  AND  OTHER  CONSUMER,  TECHNICAL   AND  ELECTRICAL  PRODUCTS  ► 


rORNING 

— — means 

Research  in  Glass 


MAY,   1948 


29 


partners  in  creating 


For  80  years,  leodtTi  of  Ihe  engineering  profession 
hove  mode  K  &  E  products  their  portners  in  creating 
the  technical  achievements  of  our  age.  K  &  E  instru- 
ments, drafting  equipment  and  materials— such  as  the 
lEROYt  Lettering  equipment  in  the  picture— have  thus 
played  a  part  in  virtually  every  great  engineering 
project  in   America. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW    YORK    •    HOEOKEN,    N.    J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  *  Los  Angeles  *  Montreal 


IReg.  U.S.  Pal.  Off. 


R.  J.  HALES  .  .  . 

(  Coiitiiiui'il    troni   pam-    IS) 

ball.  His  teams  were  better  than  aver- 
age and  won  the  county  championship 
three  times  while  he  was  coach. 

During  the  war.  Prof  was  employed 
by  the  Army  at  Chanute  Field.  In  1946 
he  became  a  storekeeper  in  the  chem- 
istry department.  Although  compara- 
tively new  in  the  department,  he  is  pop- 
ular with  the  students  and  likewise  the 
students  are  popular  with  him.  When 
asked  what  he  thought  of  the  students, 
his  face  brightened  and  he  said,  "I'll  tell 
you  now.  I've  seen  a  lot  of  students  in 
my  day,  but  I've  never  seen  a  group  that 
worked  as  hard  as  the  students  here. 
They're  sure  a  hardworking  bunch." 

Each  summer  Prof  Hales  spends  his 
vacation  at  the  Illinois  Boys'  State  in 
Springfield  teaching  archery.  He  consid- 
ers that  a  vacation  and  enjoys  every 
minute  of  it.  He  has  been  active  for 
many  years  as  a  track  official.  Prof 
has  a  keen  interest  in  sports  and  his  two 
hobbies,  photography  and  archery. 


Reporter:     "How    about    your    team'.' 
Are  they  good  losers?" 

Coach:   "Good?    Hell,  they're  perfect!  " 

Prof:     "You  missed   my  class   yester- 
day, didn't  you?" 
Stu:    "Not  in  the  least,  sir." 


You  Engineers  .  .  .  yes,  you  men  of  slide-rule  distinction.  If  you  multiply 
your  supply  needs  by  that  constant,  "Q"  for  Quality,  what  is  the  reading 
under  the  hair  line?  .  .  .  It's  610! 

610  EAST  DANIEL 

And  what  does  this  mean?  Why,  of  course,  that's  the  location  of 

UNIVERSITY  BOOK  STORE 

It's  the  right  answer  every  time.  You  can't   go   wrong   with   equipment   and 

supplies  from  here 

TECHNICAL  HANDBOOKS      -      TEXTBOOKS      -      DRAWING  EQUIPMENT 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A 


77l<-   lh,n-,lrirl.,i,.,l    ■^i„,i,..,„,l,;     ntth    simplijini 
schematic  diu^i inn  ilinniiii;  iti  ascnlial  Jvuliins. 


n  example  of  Dow  research 


called     iIk-    1  )irc(l-reailing    S|t<'ftroiiu'ter.    is    a    Do\v-(levfl()|)0(l 
•ic    lubes — measures   tlie   relative   amounts  of  different    metallic 


'J'liis   electronic    and    optical    devic 

iiislnnnent   which — using   photocic 

constituents  in  a  complex  allo\ . 

A   triliute  to  man's  intelligence  and  industr).  the  Spectrometer  was  devised  to  ol)tain  closer  control 

and    more  accurate  analvsis  of  the  magnesium   alloys   used   with  such   spectacular  success  in    World 

War  IJ.  For  the  past  three  vears  it  has  heen  used  in  the  magnesium  alloying  plant   to  make  man\ 

thousands  of  measurements  and  recordings  of  the  exact  concentration  of  the  several  metals  in  an  alloy. 

An  outstanding  feature  of  the  Spectrometer  is  its  speed  of  operation.  For  instance,  only  thirty  seconds 

will  have  elapsed  from  the  time  two  magnesium  samples  are  locked  into  clamps  and  a  spark  passed 

hetween   them   to   start   the   operation,   before   an   analysis   can   be   determined    from   direct-reading. 

rotating  dials. 

'V\u-  <iilire  oi)eration   is  automatic   arid    lakes  less   than    10%  of  the   time   required   by    the   Spectro- 

gra|)hic  method  of  analvsis.  which  in  turn  is  many  times  faster  than  conventional  chemical  methods 

of  analvsis.  This  enormous  saving  of  time  enables  a  much  closer  and   more  nearly  constant  control 

o\cr  melting,  alloying  and  casting  of  magnesium. 

This    method    eliminates    the    necessity    for    photographic    and 

dc\ eloping  equi|>ment  used  in  Spectrographic  analysis,  as  well 

as  the  opportunitv  for  pholograjihic  error  possible  in  the  latter 

method. 

Here  is  another  example  of  Dow  research  ap[)lied  lo  production 

tnclliods.  Such  research  is  typical  of  all  disisions  of  The   Dow 

(ilicmical    ("om|iauv    ...   a   com])any    where   inlclligcnce    and 

indu^lr'N   arc  hidd  in  high  regard. 

CHEMICALS    INDISPENSABLE 
TO    INDUSTRY    AND    AGRICULTURE 


Do  VST 


THE     DOW 

CHEMICAL     COMPANY     •     MIDLAND, 

MICHIGAN 

New  York     •      Bos 

on      .      Philadelphia     .     Washington     •      Cleveland      .      Detroit     • 
Houston      •      San  Francisco      •      Los  Angeles      •      Seattle 

Chicago     •      Sf.  Louis 

MAY,    194,S 

31 


Molding  by  CONTROLLED  STRUCTURE* 


Norton  Process  That  Improves 


Grinding  Wheel  Performance 


In  these  giant  hydraulic  presses,  skilled  Norton  workersf 
mold  grinding  wheels  by  "Controlled  Structure" — an  ingen- 
ious Norton  process  which  makes  possible  closer  control  of 
the  grinding  action  of  a  wheel  and  more  precise  duplication 
of  that  grinding  action  in  wheel  after  wheel. 

"Controlled  Structure"  is  but  one  of  the  many  developments 
of  Norton  research  which  are  constantly  maintaining  world- 
wide preference  for  Norton  Abrasives. 

Norton  research  laboratories  occupy  75,000  square  feet  of 
floor  space  equipped  with  modern  apparatus,  manned  by 
a  staff  of  135  skilled  scientists  and  technicians  whose  team- 
work maintains  the  steady  progress  of  Norton  leadership. 


*A  patented  Norton  development. 
fApproximotely   ]0%  of  Norton  workers  ho 


service  record  of  25  years  or  more. 


NORTON  COMPANY,  WORCESTER  6,  MASS. 

{BEHRMANNINC.   TROY,   N.    Y.   IS   A   NORTON  DIVISION) 


NORTON 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(  l.'()MtirnK'(l     from    pa^ce    1^) 
idcnl  and  her  plans  for  the  club's  future 
are  progressive.     The  club  has  planned 
several  field  trips  with  the  A.S.C.E. 

Her  favorite  pastime  is  constructing 
"something"  around  the  house.  Current- 
ly, she  is  putting  up  linoleum  tile  in  her 
bathroom.  She  also  likes  to  travel. 
"Sully"  would  like  to  go  back  to  Wright 
Field  as  an  aeronautical  engineer.  She 
plans  to  specialize  in  the  structure  of 
aircraft. 


\.\V^     IMl'.k    ST.AIF 

Su 

^niiiml    1  )ciitMlicr.   .I.\.s/.   I'./li/o! 

\: 

(iiiii   Siilciway,  //«/.   Iliis.   Mi/i. 

Ri  l^(ji  lull/ 

|ol 

11    1  ij..l,-k                       Niirlurl    i;iliii;iii 

Ric 

lund    Clinicn/i             l.iMMiard    Colicii 

Icii   I.ivermore- Family  .IJvisrr 

klllSIVES  -  QIINDING  WHEELS  _  G  XN  D  I  N  Q  :  «N  D  Ur  PI  N  G  MACHINES 
REFRICTOIIES  -  rOROUS  MEDIUMS  -  NON-SLIP  FLOONS  _  NORIIDE  PRODUCTS 
LtlElING     MACHINES        (lEHR-MUNNING  DIVISION:  COATED  AIRASIVES  AND  SHARPENING  STONES) 


The  Technae  lllinae 

By  Naomi  S.  Sulowav,  Aero.  E.  '51 

The  newest  student  organization  to  be 
termed  in  the  College  of  Engineering  is 
for  women  onlyl  Known  as  the  Technae 
fllinae,  it  boasts  of  seven  architects  and 
one  each  of  mechanical,  electrical,  and 
aeronautical  engineers. 

Credit  for  forming  this  organization 
can  be  claimed  by  the  gracious  and  very 
capable  Mrs.  Dee  Mette  Holladay,  instruc- 
tor in  G.E.D.  who  is  herself  an  Illinois 
graduate  of  '30  in  architectural  engineer- 
ing. Mrs.  Holladay  struggled  for  two 
semesters  to  get  this  group  of  reluctant 
and  highly  overworked  damsels  in  one 
place  at  the  same  time.  Once  this  was 
accomplished  the  organization  shifted 
into  high  gear;  officers  were  elected  and 
a  petition  for  recognition  as  an  official 
organization  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
was  submitted  to  the  dean  of  students. 

Naomi  Suloway  was  elected  president, 
Blanche  Malekovic,  Brookfield,  Illinois, 
was  elected  vice-president,  and  Barbara 
Engert,  Glen  Ellyn,  Illinois,  was  elected 
secretary-treasurer. 

Membership  requirements  of  the  Tech- 
nae lllinae  are  quite  simple;  they  state 
that  one  be  female  and  that  she  must  be 
slugging  her  way  through  one  of  the  va- 
rious engineering  curricula.  Purposes  of 
the  organization  are  parallel  to  those  of 
the  other  engineering  societies:  indus- 
trial field  trips,  guest  speakers,  and  the 
like.  To  date,  the  women  have  been 
guests  of  the  A.S.C.E.  on  an  inspection 
trip  to  the  construction  of  the  now  Canal 
Street  bridge  and  have  visited  the  cura- 
tor's rooms  (generally  restricted  to  the 
public)  of  the  Field  museum.  Their 
latest  plans  include  a  trip  to  one  of  the 
steel   mills   in   the  citv. 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Since  1905- 

Nationai  Electric  has  been  a  symbol 


of  Quality  on  Wiring  i:T.^a^:f-1' 

Systems  and  Fittings    "^^'^ 

for  every  conceivable 
requirement 


Notional  Electric 

Products  Corporation 

Pittsburgh  30.  Pa. 


You'll  Enjoy  .  .  . 

PYCMAL  ON 

one  of  Shaw's  best  comedies 

See  It  on  the  Stage 

LINCOLN  HALL  THEATER 

•    •    • 

May  19-20-21-22 

Admission:  $1.20  (tax  included) 

JkliMIkaUic^uM 

c  <rM».  «»<..>  .<<i.i>r 

PROBLEM — You  are  designing  a  telescoping  radio  antenna 
for  automobiles.  You  want  to  provide  a  means  for  extend- 
ing and  retracting  the  antenna  sections  from  a  convenient 
point  inside  the  car.    How  would  you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER— The  illustrations  show  how  one 
'  manufacturer  did  it — with  two  S.S.WHITE 
FLEXIBLE  SHAFTS.  One  shaft,  operated  from  the 
control  l<nob,  turns  a  reel  at  the  base  of  the 
antenna.  The  other,  on  the  reel,  pushes  up  and 
pulls  down  the  antenna  sections  as  the  reel  is 
turned.  As  S.S.WHITE  shafts  can  be  supplied  In 
any  length,  this  arrange-  ' 
ment  mal<es  the  antenna 
adaptable  to  oil  types  of  i 
cars  and  other  motor  " 
control   shaft  vehicles. 


-li . " IV.'.  in^^WJilUa^qatoj  .-z 


PI.01W  iouncsy  o|  L.  S.  Bwcli  MIf    Corp  .  Ncujrt  .\     J 

This  is  just  one  of  hundreds  of  power  drive  and  remote  con- 
trol problems  to  which  S.S.WHITE  FLEXIBLE  SHAFTS  are  the 
simple  answer.  All  engineers  will  find  it  helpful  to  be  familiar 
with  the  range  and  scope  of  these  "METAL  MUSCLES'" 
for  mechanical  bodies. 


SEND    FOR    BULLETIN    4501 

It  gives  basic  information  and  engi- 
neering data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  many  uses.  We'll  gladly  send  you 
a  free  copy  on  request. 


ISWHITE 

I  PENTAI  MF( 

"0 


INDUSTRIAL 


tut  S.  S.WHIIt  PINTAl  MFC.  CO.  ■  f  Wa^  B^*  ■  ■•»*«^       DIVISION 

DIPT.C,     10    iASI   40ll>    «!..  NIW  lOIK    14.  M.  Y.  _ 


MAY,   1948 


Gift  a^  f4iHtnieAt  A  AAA  IndiutwU  S^tt/fpfi*** 

33 


PROF.  LAING  .  .  . 

( C'oiitiniifil  lioin  paKc  1^') 
history  of  architecture  until  1940,  at 
which  time  he  came  to  Illinois  as  an  as- 
sociate professor  of  architecture.  In  1941 
he  received  his  full  professorship  in 
architecture. 

His  associations  with  college  and  i)ro- 
lessional  societies  are  so  numerous  that 
Professor  Laing  had  to  think  a  while  be- 
fore he  could  name  them  all.  The  final 
list  included:  Scarab  and  Gargoyle,  archi- 
tectural honoraries;  presidency  of  the 
Central  Illinois  chapter  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Architects  in  1945-1946;  mem- 
bership in  the  Society  of  Architectural 
Historians  and  editor  of  that  organiza- 
tion's Journal;  Illinois  Historical  Society; 
Beta  Theta  Pi;  board  of  directors  of  the 
Cosmopolitan  Club;  Living  War  Memorial 
Organization;  Central  Illinois  Chapter 
A. I. A.,  and  faculty  advisor  to  the  Illinois 
student  chapter  A. I. A. 

What  spare  time  he  finds  is  spent  in 
painting  in  water-colors.  He  also  has  a 
regular  day  for  golf — "one  Wednesday 
afternoon — every  two  years."  When  asked 
if  he  was  a  collector  of  some  sort,  Mr. 
Laing  waved  his  hand  towards  his  desk 
which  was  covered  with  business  mate- 
rial, and  said,  "Yes,  I  collect  everything. 
One  should  have  three  desks  and  move 
to  the  second  when  the  first  is  filled,  and 


to  the  third  when  the  second  is  filled. 
When  the  third  is  filled  one  can  move 
back  to  the  first  and  sweep  everything 
off  the  top  since  it  is  all  out  of  date. 
This  is  one  of  my  architectural  inven- 
tions." 

Well,  here  the  interview  was  nearly  at 
an  end  and  we  still  had  no  inkling  .  .  . 
We  were  almost  positive  that  .  .  .  but 
yet  ...  ah!  ...  he  MUST  be  of  English 
descent.  Professor  Laing  grinned  and 
said,  "No.  Laing  is  a  Scottish  name,  not 
Knglish."  Oh,  well,  we  were  ALMOST 
right! 


TECHNOGRAPH  .  .  . 

(  (.'ontirnifd    troiii    p.-if^c    1  1  ) 

a/Inc,  aiui  lour  pniifinji  sifinaturcs  of 
flgiu  pages  each  .-ind  two  signatures  of 
tour  pages  each  arc  used  on  the  printing 
press.  Tiic  pages  aic  anangcd  in  these 
printing  signatures  so  that,  when  the 
|iaper  is  piintcil  and  tdhh-d,  the  pages 
will  he  in  tin-  Older  that  thc\  arc  to 
appear  ni  the  niaga/inc. 

The  mini  I'ublishing  company  uses 
;i  flat-bed,  cylinder  press.  The  printing 
signatures  are  locked  on  the  bed  of  the 
press,  and  the  press  makes  the  printed 
impression  by  rolling  the  paper,  held  to 
a  c>linder  by  grippers  between  the  c\l- 
inder  and  the  signature  chase,  ci\er  the 
type.  The  type  is  inked  by  a  roller  prior 


to  each  cnnt.ut  with  the  jLipcr.  The 
paper  used  toi-  this  niaga/inc  is  .-i  /()- 
pound,  coated,  enamel  book  paper.  A 
sheet  of  paper,  printed  on  both  sides 
.-Hid  containing  sixteen  printed  pages,  is 
imIIciI  a  binding  signature.  Before  being 
hiiuiiil,  these  binding  signatures  arc 
pLu'cil  (in  tr.-ns  to  dry  because  the  ink 
ti>i-d  is  job  ink  which  must  ilr\  In 
ovulation. 

Wlicn  the  pages  lia\c  dried  tor  about 
twcnt\-four  hours,  the  binding  process 
begins.  The  signatures  .are  ted  into  a 
Dexter  folding  machine.  This  machine 
can  be  rigged-up  with  tapes  for  a  vari- 
ct\'  of  page  sizes  and  folds,  and  for  the 
sixteen-page  binding  signature  of  this 
magazine,  it  is  set  to  fold  the  paper 
three  times.  Then  all  groups  of  pages 
are  a.ssembled  into  the  proper  sequence 
by  page  n  \i  m  b  e  r  and  the  cover  is 
wrapped  around  the  signatures.  The 
assembled  magazine  is  then  stapled  to- 
gether with  a  saddle  stitch,  and  the 
magazines  are  trininieil  with  a  power 
cutter. 

Sixty  magazines  are  trimmed  simul- 
taneously on  the  power  cutter.  As  a 
safety  measure  the  operator  of  the  power 
cutter  must  maiupulate  two  relea.ses  at 
the  same  time,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
machine,  in  order  to  allow  the  blade  to 
descend.  The  magazine  is  u  s  u  a  1  1  y 
(Continued  on  page  36) 


AN   OKONITE 

"TWIST"  ON 

CABLE   TESTING 

vkonite  research  includes 
subjecting  short  lengths  of 
eletirital  cable  to  torsion 
tests  (pictured  above),  twist- 
ing them  through  a  spiral  arc 
o(  180°  under  a  heavy  load. 

lUnding  tests,  impact  tests, 
tests  of  wear-resistance  by 
abrasion  —  these  are  a  few  of 
ihe  mechanical  tests  which, 
.ilong  with  electrical,  chemical 
an<l  weather-exposure  tests, 
Kimpleie  an  integrated  pro- 
gram of  performance  checks. 
I  rom  its  results  comes  infor- 
mation which  Okonite  engi- 
neers translate  again  and 
again  into  wire  and  cable 
improvements  that  mark 
major  advances  in  the  field, 
riic  Okonite  Company, 
I'assaic,  New  Jersey. 


Jewelry— Watches— Diamonds 
LUGGAGE 

LEONARD'S 

76  East  University  Avenue  —  Phone  9168 
CHAMPAIGN,    ILL. 
Leonard   Greenman 


OKONITE^^ 

insulated    wires    and    cables 


For 

SPORTS  WEAR 

and 

PLAY  TOGS 

it's 

Robeson's 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The    Piano    Business    Gets    a    LIFT...whenAlcoa  Aluminum  castings  Replace  Heavy  Metal 


Even  a  well-trained  husband  who'll  rearrange  the 
living  room  every  Spring  balks  at  piano-moving. 
You  can  see  the  main  reason  above.  It's  the  big 
metal  plate  that  holds  the  strings — and  it  has 
always  tipped  the  scales  at  around   125  pounds. 

No  wonder  it  gave  the  piano  business  a  lift  when 
a  progressive  piano  builder  replaced  the  heavy  iron 
plate  with  one  weighing  45  pounds — made  of 
Alcoa  Aluminum.  As  perfected,  this  big  casting 
from  our  foundries  is  strong  to  resist  the  18-ton 
pull  of  the  taut  strings.  It  is  stabilized  to  provide 
tonal  quality  and  stay  in  tune.  And  its  cost  today  is 
competitive  with  the  old-fashioned  cast-iron  plate. 

W  ilh  other  advantages,  in  other  industries  Alcoa 


i:^Q.(§(o)a 


Castings  are  effecting  similar  changes.  In  one 
plant,  their  corrosion  resistance  means  no  painting, 
simple  finishing.  In  another,  they  are  liked  for 
their  superior  machinability.  In  still  another,  ihey 
are  preferred  for  the  ease  with  which  they  swing 
through  production,  where  iron  castings  had  to  be 
haided  by  truck  or  hoisted  on  heavy  cranes. 

The  change  from  heavy  metal  castings  to  Alcoa 
Aluminum  Castings  is  a  revolutionary  switch  in 
product  engineering.  Old,  old  habits  are  being 
questioned  as  engineers  re-evaluate  metals — with 
a  sharper  eye  than  ever  before  focused  on  Alcoa 
Aluminum.  Aluviinum  Company  of  America, 
Gulf  Building,  Pittsburgh  19,  Pennsylvania. 


FIRST  IN   ALUMINUM 


Just  60  years  ago  six  young  men  started  a  tiny 
business  in  a  little  shed  in  Pittsburgh.  They  began 
to  moke  aluminum  by  a  new  process.  That  was 
the  beginning  of  what  is  now  Alcoa.  Alcoa's  aim. 


the 


and 


and 


eful.     Ho 


sfully     that    has 


beer 
tod  a 


shape 


ne  Is  shown  by  the  fact  that  America 
as  the  greatest  aluminum  industry  in 
i,  employing  around  1,000,000  people 
lanufacture  of  aluminum  in  its  many 
nd  forms  or  in  making  many  useful  prod- 
hich  aluminum   plays  an  essential  part. 


M.4Y,   1948 


35 


TECHNOGRAPH  .  .  . 

(Conrinufil    Injiii   pafjc    ■>4 ) 

tn'miiifd  to  S'-.  by  ll-"'s  inclic^,  Init  the 
trim  size  is  otti'fi  alti-icd  slifjlith  to 
"bleed"  an  advertisement  on  the  i()\er. 
A  bleed  ad  has  a  picture  that  extends 
all  the  way  to  the  edge  of  tlie  iomt, 
consequently  the  magazine  ni  u  s  t  he 
trimmed  properlv  to  bleed  tile  adver- 
tisement. After  the  magazines  are 
trimmeil,  they  are  read\-  to  be  distrib- 
uted  by   the  circulation   department. 

The  life  span  of  a  publication  would, 
without  a  doubt,  be  snapped  shoit  it  it 
were  not  distributed  promprK  to  its 
reader^.     Tin-  i-  \\\\\    cnciv    puhliiatinn 


orgainV.ation  which  hopes  to  have  more 
than  one  is>ue  has  a  circulation  manager. 
It  i-  the  circulation  manager's  job  to  ->(■(■ 
that  all  of  the  magazines  are  mailed  and 
distributed  to  the  proper  persons  ami 
that  the  subscription  sales  are  carried 
tlnough — down  to  the  last  ounce  of  en- 
ergy. 

In  ordei'  to  take  a  big  load  off  the 
clerks  at  the  jiost  office,  the  magazines 
are  wrapped  ami  mailed  in  four  groups. 
These  four  groups  are  mailed  to  Cham- 
paign, to  IJrbana,  to  Illinois,  and  to 
outside  areas.  The  magazines  in  the 
groups  which  are  mailed  to  Cliampaign 
and  I  ibana  go  to  students  anil  facidty. 
riic'     third    group    includes    magazines 


which  go  to  the  ( iaiesburg  branch,  the 
Na\\  Pu'r  branch,  and  other  readers  in 
the  state.  The  last  group  is  composed 
ol  all  the  magazines  which  are  sent  out 
ot  the  state.  These  Technographs  even- 
ruall>  find  their  wa\-  to  all  parts  of  the 
I  nited  States  and  e\en  to  some  foreign 
coiuitries. 

However,  after  these  magazines  have 
been  mailed,  there  is  still  a  large  num- 
ber left  to  be  distributed  to  various 
places  and  people.  Some  of  the  Tech- 
nographs are  taken  to  the  bookstores  to 
be  sold  as  single  copies.  Each  firm  that 
.'iiKertises  in  the  Technograph  is  sent 
a  free  copy.  Littcll-Murray-Harnhill, 
(Continued  on  page  38) 


UNTIL  JUNE  30,  1948,  you,  a  regular 
reader,  may  renew  your  subscription 
for  only  $1.25. 


^^^^ 


213    ENGINEERING    HALL 
URBANA    •    ILLINOIS 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
the 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 


808  S.  Sixth  St. 
Laundry  Service  and  Dry  Cleaning 


LARGEST 


CAMPUS  BOOK  STORE 
ENGINEERING  SECTION 


TEXTBOOKS,  DRAWING  INSTRUMENTS 

ATHLETIC    SUPPLIES,    LAUNDRY    BAGS 

ELECTRIC  SUPPLIES,   NOTEBOOKS 


The  CO-OP 


Green  and  Wright 


Phone  6-1369 


36 


IHE  TECHNOGR.APH 


BRIGHT  FINISHING  was  the  problem — and  engineers 
of  Crown  Cork  and  Seal  Company,  Inc.,  Baltimore, 
adopted  a  high  -  temperature  method  for  fusing 
tin  to  low-carbon  strip,  with  resultant  high-polish 
surface,  in  a  continuous  production  mill. 

Then,  to  obtain  the  high  temperatures  necessary 
for  heat-processing,  these  engineers  selected  G.\S 
and  modern  Gas  Equipment.  By  directing  the  heat 
of  radiant  GAS  burners  over  a  concentrated  area  of 
the  freshly-plated  strip  it  was  readily  possible  to 
coordinate  the  fusing  action  with  the  plating 
process  to  accomplish  continuous  high-speed  pro- 
duction of  bright  finished  strip. 

This  typical  installation  demonstrates  the  flexi- 
bility of  GAS  and  the  applicability  of  modern  Gas 
Equipment  for  continuous,  production-line  heat 
processing.  Compared  with  available  fuels  G.\S 
is  most  readily  controlled  by  simple  automatic 
devices;  Gas  Equipment  can  be  adapted  for  use 


with  existing  machinery  or  incorporated  in  new 
machinery  without  radical  design  changes,  or  ex- 
pensive supplemental  apparatus. 

Manufacturers  of  Gas  Equipment  and  the  American 
Gas  Association  support  continuing  programs  of 
research  designed  to  assure  the  most  efficient  use 
of  GAS  for  every  heat-processing  requirement. 


AMERICAN    GAS    ASSOCIATION 

420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE.  NEW  YORK   17,  N.  Y. 


MORE  AND  MORE. 


r»B7^!SJ^ 


0SL 


FOR  ALL 
INDUSTRIAL  HEATING 


MA^',   194.S 


37 


TECHNOGRAPH  .  .  . 

(  L  iiiitimuil    trom   pagi-  ,?6) 

Inc.,  till-  company  which  handles  the 
piocuiTinunt  of  advertising  from  largo 
companies,  is  sent  several  copies  for  its 
use.  I'lnginecring  College  Magazines 
Associated,  of  which  the  Techiiograpii 
is  a  meniber  and  which  is  the  headquar- 
ters or  allying  association  for  twenty- 
seven  engineering  college  magazines,  gets 
twenty-six  exchange  copies.  The  copies 
are  sent  to  the  E.C.M.A.  in  exchange 
for  a  magazine  from  each  of  the  other 
schools.  The  officers  of  the  K.C.M.A. 
also  get  a  copy  of  the  Technograph.  A 
large  number  of  the  Technographs  are 
sent  to  high  schools  throughout  the 
state  through  the  support  of  the  College 
of  Kngiiieering.  A  survey  conducted 
last  spring  shows  that  the  high  schools 
are  very  appreciative  of  this  service  and 
that  they  desire  to  keep  receiving  the 
Technograpli. 

The  third  piohlcm  about  wliicli  the 
circulation  manager  perspires  freelv  is 
the  subscription  sales.  The  actual  sell- 
ing of  the  subscriptions  is  carried  on  by 
the  entire  staff  during  campaigns  which 
usually  take  place  at  the  beginning  of 
each  semester.  The  subscriptions  are 
sold  on  a  whole  year  or  half  year  basis. 
In  order  to  boost  the  efficienc\-  of  the 
campaign,  booths  are  placed  in  tile  engi- 
neering buildings  and  the  sales  are  made 


trom  there.  .A  periodical  is  very  de- 
peiuient  upon  its  circulation.  It  is  not 
the  mone\  that  it  receives  from  a  large 
number  of  sales  that  keeps  a  magazine 
aloft,  but  the  advertisement  it  can  obtain 
because  of  a  large  circulation. 

The    aiU  ertising    carrie<l    on     in    tin- 
1  (■(.iuiogiapii    b\    large   firms   is   luui(llc<l 


A    close-up    view    of    the  Intertype. 

Helmuth    Frey    is    setting  the    type 

from     copy     handed     in  by     staff 
members. 


by  the  general  ad\ertising  manager.  All 
of  these  advertisements  are  obtained  for 
the  Technograph  and  other  engineering 
college  magazines  by  Littell-.Murray- 
Harnhill,  Inc.  The  first  notice  that  the 
Technograph  recei\es  of  a  company's  de- 
^ire  to  ad\ertise  is  a  contract  from  Lit- 
tcll-.Murra\-Harnhall,  Inc.  It  is  stated 
on  the  contract  who  is  buying  the  adver- 
tisemetit,  the  price  and  size,  and  the 
issues  the  ad  is  to  be  run  in  the  maga- 
zine. The  contract,  however,  is  not  the 
order  f(n'  the  advertisement  and  the  firm 
cannot  be  held  to  the  contract.  The 
actual  authorization  to  run  the  ad  is  the 
insertion  order.  The  order  shows  the 
purch.iser,  what  issue  it  shall  appear  in, 
the  price  .ind  size,  aiul  an  identification 
of  the  cut.  The  last  thing  to  appear 
trom  Littell-Murray-Harnhill,  Inc.,  is 
the  ad  itself. 

A  record  is  kept  with  a  list  of  all  the 
firms  who  have  contracts  to  advertise 
in  the  Technograph.  Each  month  this 
list  is  checked  with  the  insertion  orders 
and  the  cuts  to  make  sure  that  all  of 
rlieni  are  in  our  hands.  If  anything  is 
missing  a  letter  is  sent  to  Littell- 
.Muiray-Hanihill,  Inc.,  to  find  out  what 
happened. 

At  a  scheduled  time,  the  staff  gathers 

up  all   the  cuts  and  carries  them  to  the 

printeis.  The  staff  then  pulls  two  proofs 

of  each   advertising  cut.  (^ne  set  is  used 

(Continued  on  page  40) 


Attention  June  Graduates- 
Here's  a  Real  Saving  for  You — If  You  Act  Now 

The  Alumni  Association  offers  you  a  special  membership  rate  of  $1,  instead 
of  the  regular  rate  of  $4,  for  your  first  year  as  an  alumnus.  You  may  also  join 
for  four  years  for  only  $4.00.  These  offers  are  good  only  while  you  are  still  on 
the  campus. 

You  will  be  entitled  to  all  the  services  of  the  Association,  including  the 
ILLINOIS  ALUMNI    NEWS  which   will   be  sent  to  you   every   month. 

Join  the  active  family  of  19,000  alumni  members  and  identify  yourself  as 
a  loyal  lllini. 

U.   of   I.   ALUMNI   ASSOCIATION 

227  ILLINI  UNION  BUILDING 


3N 


THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


OPEN:  New  Fields  to  Explore! 


FP^^ 


A 


X  Allis-Chalmers  scientist  seeks  new, 
better  ways  to  reduce  low-grade  ores . . . 

.  .  .  another  hurls  lightning  at  giant 
transformers  to  test  abnormal  stresses  .  .  . 

.  .  .  another  catches  "wolf  whistles" 
from  the  sun  for  clues  to  better  power  trans- 
mission! 

The  whole  history  of  A-C  is  one  of  far- 
flung  research  and  pioneering  ...  of  revolu- 
tionary advancements  in  almost  every  field 
of  science  and  industry! 

•*  A  H 

Whatever  your  chosen  field — electric 
power,  hydraulics,  processing,  machine  de- 
sign or  production — you'll  find  une(|ualed 
opportunities  in  Allis-Chalmers'  broad 
range  of  operation! 


INVESTIGATE 


ALLIS-CHALMERS 

ONE  Of  THE  BIG  3  IN  ELECTRIC  POWER  EQUIPMENT- 
BIGGEST  OF  ALL  IN  RANGE  OF  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS! 


MAY,   1948 


39 


TECHNOGRAPH  .  .  . 

(Contimii-d    troiu   page  .S8 ) 
ill    tin-    (limimy    aiul    the    other    set    is 
checked     tor    errors.    These    proofs    :nc 
returned  to  the  printer  at  the  same  rime 
the  galley  proofs  go   hack. 

The  general  advertising  manager  also 
has  to  make  a  report.  The  report  must 
include  who  advertised  in  the  magazine, 
and  the  size  and  price  of  the  advertise- 
ment. This  report  has  to  be  turned  o\er 
to  the  llliru'  Publisiu'ng  company  along 
with  a  magazine  which  has  the  prices 
marked  on  each  side  of  the  advertise- 
ments. A  list  of  the  advertisers  must 
also  be  supplied  to  the  circulation  man- 
ager so  he  can  send  a  magazine  to  eacii 
of  the  firms. 

The  advertisements  which  are  placed 
in  the  'I'eciinograph  by  local  businessmen 
come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  retail 
advertising  manager.  This  adxcitising 
is  solicited  by  the  personnel  on  the  retail 
advertising  staff.  'I'he  first  step  in  the 
procedure  for  obtaining  these  ads  is  to 
draw  them  up.  The  salesmen  then  visit 
the  \arious  businessmen  to  sell  them  the 
ad  whicii  was  drawn  u|i  for  their  store. 
When  till'  inntract  is  made,  the  ;ul\er- 
tiser  can  either  approse  tiie  ad\errisenH-nt 
as  it  is  or  fix  it  to  suit  himself.  The  ads 
are  then  turned  o\er  to  the  Illiiu  i'ub- 
lishing  company  where  they  are  made  up 
in  type  form.  After  the  printer  pulls 
proofs  of  these  ads,  the  advertiser  has  a 


ch.uue  to  check  his  acKcrtiscment  for 
errors  before  it  goes  to  press.  .'\ii  cxtr.i 
set  of  these  proofs  is  also  returned  tn  the 
office  to  be  used  in  the  dummy. 

The  ictail  adxeitiMiig  ni.'magcr  must 
also  keep  a  record,  make  out  a  report, 
and  send  a  list  of  the  adverti.sers  to  the 
circulation  manager,  just  as  the  general 
adxertising  manager  does. 

In  every  organization  which  csixcts 
to  prosper,  new  ideas  are  born.  Ihe 
Technograph  has  its  little  bab\'  al.so. 
This  idea  is  the  statewide  advertising  de- 
partment. The  purpose  of  this  depart- 
ment is  to  get  more  Illinois  firms  to  ad- 
vertise and  represent  themsehes  in  the 
Illinois  Technograph.  Although  this  de- 
partment is  still  in  its  promotional  state, 
a  great  de;d  of  trouble  has  been  taken  to 
procure  a  list  of  prospects.  Letters  li,i\c 
been  sent  to  some  of  these  firms  to  ac- 
(piaint  them  with  the  advantages  of  ad- 
\ertising  in  the  Technograph.  It  is  ver\- 
possible  that  in  the  future  this  new  idea 
will  take  the  form  of  a  permanent  mem- 
ber on  the  Technograph. 

Without  advertising,  a  periodical 
cannot  be  published.  Without  circula- 
tion, there  will  be  no  advertising.  With- 
out publicity',  there  is  no  circulation. 
These  three  statements  all  add  up  to 
pro\e  that  publicity  is  a  very  important 
factor. 

The  publicity  for  the  Illinois  Tech- 
nograph   is   handled    by   the   circulation 


BgygAST  B 


FHDWS  Hiat 


Textbooks   —    Slide  Rules 
Drawing  Instruments 
Engineering  Supplies 


They're  all  to  be  found 
AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


man.igei.  Write-ups  for  the  magazine, 
lor  the  staff  meetings,  and  for  other 
publicit\  .ire  carried  in  The  I)ail\ 
mini,  the  .\ews-(  lazette,  and  the 
Champaign-L  rbana  Courier.  The  pub- 
licity comes  from  posters  on  the  bulletin 
boards  and  the  Technograph  blotters. 
Howe\er,  there  are  plans  for  widemng 
this  department  considerably. 

The  laurels  of  this  magazine  rest  on 
two  men  —  the  editor  and  the  business 
manager.  It  is  their  (lut\'  to  see  to  it 
that  the  above  operations  are  carried 
out  and  co-ordinated,  and  onl>  through 
co-operation  of  the  entire  student  bodv 
will  this  magazine  be  all  to  keep  up 
its  great  progress. 


Technocracies. . . 

Frosh  1:  "Hear  you  got  thrown  out  of 
school  for  calling  the  dean  a  fish." 

Frohs  2:  "Didn't  call  him  a  fish— just 
said  'that's  our  dean'  real  fast." 


"I  used  to  curse  the  day  I  was  born. 
Did  you  ever  do  that?" 

"No,  I  was  three  years  old  before  I 
learned  to  swear." 

"You  say  the  water  in  your  house  is 
unsafe?" 

"Yeah." 

"What  precautions  do  you  take  against 
it?" 

"First  we  filter  it." 

"Yes." 

"Then  we  boil   it." 

"Yes." 

"Then  we  add  chemicals  to  it." 

"Yes." 

"Then  we  drink  beer." 

College  man  (finishing  letter  to 
friend) — "I'd  send  you  that  five  I  owe 
you,  but  I've  already  sealed  the  en- 
velope." 

Prof:  "Didn't  you  have  a  brother  in 
tliis  course  last  year?" 

Student:  "No  sir,  it  was  me.  I'm  tak- 
ing it  over  again." 

Prof:  "Extraordinary  resemblance, 
though  .  .  .  extraordinary." 

First  C.  E. — "I  wonder  if  I  eould  bor- 
row that  blue  necktie  of  yours?" 

Second  C.  E.— ""What's  the  matter, 
couldn't  you  find  it?" 

Prof:  "Oxygen  is  essential  to  all  ani- 
mal existence.  There  eould  be  no  life 
without  it.  It  was  discovered  only  a  cen- 
tury ago." 

Student:  "What  did  they  do  before 
it  was  discovered?" 

Bum:  "Have  you  got  enough  money 
for  a  cup  of  coffee?" 

Student  Vet:  "Oh,  I'll  manage  some- 
how, thank  vou." 


40 


THF   TECHNOGRAPH 


<9^^ 


Because  photography  is  fast. . . 


Fast  as  the  hinnmingl:)iid  ino\'es  • 
his  wings  beat  from  55  to  200  times 
a   second  — he s  a    "sitting  duck"  for 
photograph\'. 

Photography  can  spht  a  second  into 
milhons  of  parts  .  .  .  and  as  a  result,  it 
can  do  things  for  industry  and  science 
that  are  truly  astonishing. 

For  industry,  for  example,  ultra-speed 
photography  is  picturing  the  action  of 
the  exhaust  from  jet-  and  rocket-type 
engines  — engines  that  propel  airplanes  at 
speeds  approximating  the  speed  of  sound. 


For  science,  ultra-speed  photography 
—with  cameras  capahle  of  operating  at 
speeds  in  excess  of  fi\e  million  frames  a 
second  — is,  among  other  things,  helping 
researchers  study  electrical  discharges, 
explosixe  phenomena,  and  shock  front 
eflects. 

Just  a  suggestion  .  .  .  this  ...  of  what 
photography  can  do  because  it's  fast.  For 
a  better  idea  of  what  it  can  do  because 
of  this  and  other  unusual  characteristics, 
write  for  "Functional  Photography." 
Eastman  Kodak  Company 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y 


1 


FUlKtiOHOl    Photography  is  advancing  business  and  industrial  technics 


IlCodisiIk 


PILE'  ENGINEER  . . .  ACCOUNTANT  . . .  SILICONES  SPECIALIST 

for  each,  General  Electric  has  assignments  to  his  liking 


Cii'iieraJ  Elect ric  is  not  one  hnsiness,  hut  an  organi- 
zation of  many  businesses,  ranging  Jrntn  the 
building  of  transformers  at  Vittsfield,  Mass.,  to 
the  molding  of  plastics  at  Anaheim,  Calif.  Cradu- 


ates  of  American  colleges  and  universities  are 
finding  that  the  125  plants  of  (ieneral  Electric  offer 
opportunities  to  all  degrees  of  specialists,  all  sorts 
of  enthusiasms,  all  kinds  of  careers. 


'PILE'     ENGINEER 

Quoting  Dr.  \\  .  1.  Parnodc  ((.orncU  '27)  of  the  (i-K  Nucleon- 
ics Project:  "Seldom  has  the  engineer  been  oftcred  the  oppor- 
runirv  to  achieve  greatness  that  is  contained  in  the  development 
of  atomic  power  .  .  .  The  pile  engineer  must  know  radiation  as 
the  aeronautical  engineer  knows  air  flow,  as  the  electrical 
engineer  knows  electroniagnetism  .  .  .  There  is  work  for  more 
pile  engineers,  educated  men  who  comprehend  the  nature  and 
magnitude  of  controlled  nuclear  energx." 


UP     FROM     BTC 

Donald  I..  Millham  (Union  27),  today  the  G-E  Comptroller, 
is  one  of  the  many  top  officials  of  General  Electric  who  got 
their  start  in  the  company's  Business  Training  Course,  the 
oldest  nontechnical  training  program  offered  by  industry.  BTC 
trains  nontechnical  college  graduates  for  managerial  accounting 
positions  such  as  department  comptrollers,  division  accountants, 
district  auditors,  operating  managers,  and  treasurers  of  affiliated 
companies. 


SILICONES     SPECIALIST 

"The  field  of  silicon  chemistry  has  only  been  touched,  with 
new  developments  continually  appearing" — that  is  the  opinion 
of  Jerry  Coe  (M.I.T.  '42),  now  helping  start  up  the  new  G-E 
silicones  plant  at  Waterford.  N.  Y.  Oils,  resins,  greases,  "bounc- 
ing putty,"  and  rubber  having  silicon  as  a  basis  of  the  molecule 
are  now  being  marketetl  in  increasing  quantities,  as  the\'  gain 
recognition  for  their  striking  temperature  stabihty  and  other 
unusual  properties. 


FOR  YOUR  COPY  OF  "CAREERS  IN  THE  ELECTRICAL  INDUSTRY,"  WRITE  TO  OEPT.  237  6,  GENERAL  ELECTRIC  CO.,  SCHENECTADY,  N.  Y. 

GENERAL  M  ELECTRIC 


OCTOBER, 1948  •  23  Cents 


MEMBER    OF    ENGINEERING    COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 


Machines  in  RCA's  Lancaster  Tube  Plant  are  designed  for  mass  production 
of  Kinescopes— television  picture  tubes— at  lowest  possible  cost. 


Behind  the  magic  of  a  Teievision  Tube 


Every  morning,  14  tons  of  glass  "bulbs" 
go  clown  to  tlie  production  lines  at  the 
RCA  Tube  Plant  in  Lancaster,  Pa. 

By  evening,  the  bulbs  are  television  picture 
tubes,  their  luminescent  faces  ready  to  glow 
—in  television  homes  everywhere— with  news, 
sports,  entertainment,  education,  and  major 
political  events. 

Born  of  glass,  metals,  and  chemicals, 
the  picture  tube  comes  to  Hfe  through 
flame  and  intense  heat.  Its  face  is  coated 
with  fluorescent  material— forming  a 
screen  on  which  an  electron  gun  "paints" 
moving  images. 

Each  step  is  so  delicately  handled  that, 
although  RCA  craftsmen  are  working  with 
fragile  glass,  breakage  is  less  than  1%. 


Water,  twice-distilled,  is  used  to  float 
the  fluorescent  material  into  place  on  the 
face  of  the  tube,  where  it  clings  by  molec- 
ular attraction  — as  an  absolutely  uniform 
and  perfect  coating. 

Every  phase  of  manufacture  conforms  to 
scientific  specifications  established  by  RC.\ 
Laboratories.  Result:  Television  tubes  of 
highest  perfection— assuring  sharp,  clear  pic- 
tures on  the  screens  of  RCA  Victor  home 
television  receivers. 


When  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  he  sure  to 
sec  the  radio,  television  and  electronic  won- 
ders at  RCA  Exhibilion  Hall,  36  West  49th 
Street,  Free  admission.  Radio  Corporation  of 
America,RCA  Building, Radio  City.N.Y.BO. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

Victor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations ) . 

•  Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  today  to  National  Recruiting  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersey, 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and  Chemical  Engineers  and  Physicists* 


HJt  DiO    CORPORA  TIOM  of  A  MERiCA 


you  CAN  BE  sui^E..iF  iT^W^stin^house 


YOUR  BIGGEST 
QUESTION 


"Where  shall  I  begin  my  career  in  inJuslry  to  attain 
tlie  higliest  degree  of  suceess?"' 

Probably  this  question  has  been  running  through  Yoiir 
mind  in  recent  months. 

To  help  you  answer  it — and  bridge  the  gap  between 
}'our  college  training  and  a  successful  career  in  industry 
— Westinghouse  offers  the  Graduate  Student  'IVaining 
Course.  This  program,  in  operation  for  over  fifty  years, 
has  provided  practical  training  for  over  15,000  engi- 
neering graduates.  Its  objectives  are: 

1.  To  show  how  your  college  training  can  best  be 
applied  to  industry. 

2.  To  help  you  find  the  tvpe  of  work  you  like  best 
and  for  which  you  arc  best  fitted;  the  rigiit  man 
in  the  right  job  is  of  permanent  benefit  both  to 
you  and  to  us. 

3.  To  give  you  an  imderstanding  of  Westinghouse 
— its  products,  operations  and  many  avenues  of 
opportunity. 

These  objectives  are  realized  through  basic  training  in 
industrial  methods  and  organization,  plus  actual  job  as- 
signments to  prepare  the  way  for  future  responsibilities. 
Proof  of  the  practical  value  of  this  course  lies  in  the  fact 
that  the  majority  of  key  positions  in  Westinghouse  are 
occupied  by  graduates  of  this  course.  G-10024 


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ENGINEERING? 


SALES? 


MANUFACTURING? 


Investigate  the  opportunities  open  to  you  nl 
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today.  Send  for  your  free  copy  of  the  booklet,        \ 
'"Finding  Your  Place  in  Iiulustry". 


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To  obtain  copy  of  Finding  Your  Place  in  Industry,  consult 
Placement  Ofticer  of  your  university,  or  mail  tliis  coupon  to: 

The  District  Educational  Coordinator 

II  estinghouse  Electric  Corporation 

20  N.  It  acker  Drive,  P.O.  Box  B,  Zone  90 

Chicago  6,  Illinois 

Name 


College— 
Address_ 


OCTOBER,  1948 


City_ 


?ip    1 


^nC'fK  tUe 


^ea4€'6>  Pe*t 


Before  the  war  the  maximum  enroll- 
ment in  the  eifg'i  nee  ring  freshman  class 
was  about  700  students.  Two  years  ago 
branches  were  opened  at  the  Navy  Pier 
in  Chicago  and  at  Cialesburg,  and  in  ad- 
dition, many  branches  were  established 
in  Illinois  high  schools  to  give  first-year 
work  in  engineering.  The  engineering 
freshman  enrollments  in  September, 
1946,  were  about  1.100  in  Urbana; 
1,000  at  the  Navy  Pier;  200  at  Ciales- 
burg, and  over  600  in  the  high  school 
branches,  a  total  of  more  than  2, 900  en- 
gineering freshmen. 

Now  that  two  \ears  have  elapsed  it  is 
estimated  that  about  1,200  will  register 
in  L  rbana  as  engineering  juniors  in  Sep- 
tember, 1948,  as  compared  with  a  pre- 
war maximum  of  less  than  500.  Senior 
engineering  enrollments  will  probably  be 
about  800,  as  compared  with  the  pre-war 
maximum  of  about  350.  The  enroll- 
ment of  full-time  graduate  students  has 
increased  from  25  in  1945-46,  to  253 
during  the  past  year.  Part-time  grad- 
uate students  increased  from  12  to  159 
in  the  same  period.  A  further  increase 
to  275  full-time  and  180  part-time  grad- 
uate students  is  expected  in  September, 
1948. 


k 


Ml  I  \  l\  E.  EN  GEL 
Dean  of  Engineering 

The  increased  enrollment  of  upper- 
classmen  and  graduate  students  increases 
the  teaching  load  and  overcrowds  some 
of  the  laboratories.  We  are  determined 
not  to  lower  standards  of  class  or  labo- 
ratory instruction.  It  may  therefore  be 
necessary  to  limit  the  enrollment  in  some 
courses.  A  few  students  may  ha\e  to 
defer  registration  in  certain  required 
courses,  but  it  is  hoped  that  their  sched- 
ules can  be  arraged  so  that  their  grad- 
uation will  not  be  delated.  Others  may 
find  it  desirable  to  register  in  another 
curriculum. 


The  curriculum  preferences  of  many 
students  bear  little  relationship  to  thi- 
relative  professional  opportunities  in  the 
various  fields  of  engineering.  There 
seems  now  to  be  grave  danger  that  thi- 
concentration  of  students  in  certain  cur- 
ricula will  result  in  an  oversupply  of 
trained  men  in  such  fields,  while  a  short- 
age of  trained  men  will  continue  in  other 
fields.  Desirable  openings  and  opportu- 
nities for  excellent  careers  exist  in  cer- 
amic, metallurgical,  mining,  and  sanitar\ 
engineering.  The  nation-wide  college 
enrollments  in  these  curricula  falls  short 
of  supplying  trained  men  for  these  ex- 
panding fields  of  engineering. 

The  selection  of  a  career  is  one  of  tin- 
most  important  decisions  which  each  stu- 
dent must  make.  Because  a  change  (it 
curriculum  can  be  made  with  relati\el\ 
little  difficulty  by  freshmen  and  sopho- 
mores, they  should  investigate  the  vari- 
ous fields  of  engineering  to  insure  that 
they  have  not  overlooked  a  course  nt 
study  better  suited  to  them  than  the  one 
initially  elected.  Members  of  the  statt 
are  available  for  advice,  and  the  rich  re- 
sources of  the  engineering  library  shoiiKI 
be  consulted. 


THE  TEGHNOGR.APH 


THINK  OF  all  the  valves  in  this 
power  phuit  as  one  valve,  and 
your  niintrs  eye  will  see  something 
like  tiiis  photo-illusion.  It  empha- 
sizes an  important  fact — that 
valves,  collectively,  are  a  major  in- 
vestment in  anv  plant,  anv  commer- 
cial or  institutional  huilJing. 
WITH  WACES  and  material  costs  the 
highest  ever,  it  is  just  as  important 
for  alert  management  to  keep  a 
sharp  eye  on  valve  maintenance 
costs  as  it  is  to  watch  operating  ex- 
pense of  larger  plant  units. 


EXCESSIVE  MAINTENANCE  of  one 
inferior  valve  is  insignificant,  hut 
nniltiplied  hy  thousands,  it  is  a 
serious  drain  on  operating  hudgets. 
JENKINS  BROS,  helps  to  meet  this 
prohleni  two  ways.  First,  by  build- 
ing extra  endurance  into  Jenkins 
Valves,  making  them  the  longest- 
lasting,  lowest-upkeep  valves  that 
moncv  can  buy.  Second,  with  advice 
from  Jenkins  Engineers  on  any 
question  of  proper 
selection,  installation. 


That's  wiiy,  for  all  new  installa- 
tions, for  all  replacements,  progres- 
sive management  relies  on  Jenkins 
quality  and  engineering  for  low- 
est valve  costs  in  the  long  run. 
Sold    through    leading     Industrial 

Distributors. 

• 

Jenkins  Bros.,  80  White  St.,  New  York  13; 

Bridfteport,  Conn.;   Atlanta;   Boston; 

Phihidelphia ;    Chicago;   San   Francisco. 

Jenkins  Bros.,  Ltd.,  Montreal. 


LOOK   FOR   THIS 


DIAMOND   MARK 


or  maintenance. 


■■PREVENT  VALVE  FAILURE"  is  a  2S-pagc  guide  to 
falve  economy,  fully  illustrated,  with  case  histories  of 
valve  damage,  and  recommendations  for  its  prevention  by 
proper  selection,  installation,  inspection,  and  maintenance. 
FREE  on  request.  Write:  JENKINS  BROS.,  SO  White  St., 
New  York  13.  N.  Y. 


JENKINS 
VALVES 


,  Pressures,  Melals  jar  Every  Need 


OCTOBER,  1948 


after  2,000  Year 


Since  ancient  times,  ever  since  the 
discover^'  of  soap,  the  making  of  this  product 
has  been  strictly  a  "batch"  affair.  Even  today, 
most  factories  still  make  soap  in  huge  kettles. 

Recentlv,  however,  technical  men  at  Procter 
&  Gamble  have  developed  a  revolutionary  new 
coiitliuious  process  for  making  soap.  It  starts 
in  a  hydrolyzer  like  the  one  pictured  right. 

The  entire  process,  diagramed  below, 
takes  only  a  few  hours,  instead  of  the  many 
days  required  by  the  old  method.  In  addition 
to  obvious  sa\ings,  it  also  means  improved 
products.  To  de\elop  it,  P  and  G  chemists 
had  to  pioneer  uncharted  fields — to  solve 
many  problems  in  the  fundamental  reactions 
of  fats  and  oils;  engineers  had  to  design  high- 
pressure  equipment,  high  vacuum  distillation 
and  "flash'"  dr)ing  units,  and  lay  out  and 
construct  new  equipment,  and  entire  new  plants. 

Now  the  process  is  in  operation  in  many 
P  AND  G  plants,  with  additional  ciiemists  and 
engineers  supervising  operation  and  personnel. 

This  is  just  one  example  of  P  and  G 
technical  teamwork  in  action;  similar 
developments  progressing  in  other  fields  call 
for  additional  men  with  technical  training. 
That's  why  P  and  G  representatives  periodically 
visit  the  country's  top  technical  schools  to 
interview  students.  If  you  would  like  to  talk  to 
a  P  and  G  representative,  ask  your  faculty 
adviser  or  placement  bureau  to  arrange 
a  meeting. 


PROCTER 


&  GAMBLE 


CINCINNATI     1,     OHIO 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witort.. 

Editor 

Phil    Doll 

Assoc.   Editor 

Don    lohiison...- 

Asst.    Editor 

Keii  McOwan  . 

.Asst.  Editor 

("ileiiii  Massie... 

Asst.  Editor 

( ieorge  Ricker... 

Asst.  Editor 

Mehin  Reiter 

..Makeup  Editor 

Rep 

or  tiny 

John    nick 

Connie   Minnich 

Art    DreshfieUi 

nuke   Silvistrini 

Rav   Hau^er 

Shirlev   Smith 

tienrge   Heck 

\V.  C.  Shurtleff 

Averv  Hevesh 

Homer  T.  Kipling 

|im  locca 

Bruce  M.  Brown 

Herb    Jacolisnn 

Tames  T.  Ephgrave 

Leonard    Laddf 

\V.  K.  Soderstrum 

C.  M.  McClym.ind 

Pholoyraphy 

Rus 

Sanden 

BUSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley   Diamond .Bus.   Mgr. 

Fred  Seavey Office  Mgr. 

Dick  Ames Asst.  Bus.  Mijr. 

Dale  Glass Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Smith isst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

William  Anderson  Ray    Harris 

John    Bogatta  (ieorge   Kvitck 

Stan  Burnham  Robert  Levin 

lames  Chapman  Clem  Marlev 

Bob  nodds  Adam  Pientka 

Ira  Evans  Rud\    Vergara 
Bob  Golden 


Faculty  Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS   OF    E.N'GINEERIXG 

COLLEGE  MAGAZL\ES   ASSOCL\TED 

Chairman:   John  A.   Henry 

University  of  Illinois,   Urbana,  111. 


cinnati  Cooperative 

leer,   Cornell    Eiigi- 

Journal,     Illinois 


Arkansas  Engineer,  Cin 
Engineer,  Colorado  Engiii 
neer,  Drexel  Technical 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engin 
Kansas  Engineer,  Kansas  State  Engineer, 
Kentucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
Missouri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint, 
N'ew  York  University  Quadrangle,  North 
Dakota  State  Engineer,  Ohio  State  Engi- 
neer, Oklahoma  State  Engineer,  Penn  State 
Engineer,  Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue 
Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  Rose  Technic, 
Tech  Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer, 
and  Wisconsin  Engineer. 

Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 

Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  Decemb^,  Tanuarv,  Febru- 
ary. March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company,  Entered  as  second 
class  matter,  October  M,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  i,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  iUinois  Technograph. 


Publisher's  Representative — Littell 
Barnhill,  605  North  Michigan  . 
Chicago  11,  111.  101  Park  Avenu 
York    17.   New   York. 


Mur 


ARTICLES 

Overfeed   Stokers   for    Home    Use 7 

Miniature    Printed    Circuits    8 

Atomic    Engineering     10 

Opportunities    for    You    11 

Adobe    Haciendas 12 

DEPARTMENTS 

From  the  Dean's  Pen 2 

In  This  Corner— Navy  Pier 13 

Undercover  at  Galesburg 14 

The  Engineering  Honoraries  and  Societies 16 

Editorial      20 

New     Developments    26 

Illini   in   Action 32 

Technocracks 48 


OUR  COVER 

Engineers  at  the  University  of  Illinois  are  familiar  with  these 
typical  scenes  and  unusual  views  of  their  campus.  (Photos  by 
Ken  McOwan  and  C.  M.  McClymonds). 

FRONTSPIECE 

The  atom  bomb  dropped  in  the  test  at  Bikini  is  seen  exploding 
in  this  joint  Army-Navy  photograph.  In  the  left  foreground  is 
the  Japanese  battleship  Nagato. 


JMii^»^-'''«^ 


Overfeed  Stokers  for  Home  Use 


Bif  Carl  Sonnvnsfhvin 


The  subject  of  domestic  stokers,  like 
any  other  technical  subject,  can  only  be 
discussed  against  a  background  of  under- 
standing. That  is,  an  understanidng  of 
not  only  the  technical  vocabul.iry,  bvit 
also  the  needs  which  the  equipment  i^ 
designed    to   fulfill. 

Since  the  problems  relative  to  stokers 
are,  in  general,  very  closely  akin  to  the 
work  of  the  mechanical  engineer,  it  is 
felt  that  a  few  definitions  of  terms 
should  be  made  for  the  benefit  of  those 
readers  who  may  not  be  mechanical  en- 
gineers. 

"Fly-ash"  is  that  part  of  the  fuel 
which  is  in  a  very  finely  divided  state 
and  therefore  is  light  enough  that  it  can 
be  carried  along  by  a  blast  of  air. 

"Coking"  is  that  quality  of  a  fuel 
which  evidences  itself  in  fusing  of  the 
lumps  of  coal  and  the  resulting  incom- 
plete combustion  of  the  individual  parts. 

"Tuyeres"  are  those  parts  of  any  fin- 
nace  which  are  used,  and  so  placed,  in 
order  to  direct  a  blast  of  air  into  the 
combustion  zone  at  the  particular  places 
where  it  is  most  desired. 

"Grates"  are  those  parts  of  the  fur- 
nace upon  which  the  combustion  of  the 
fuel  activity  takes  place. 

Whenever  a  new  product  is  intro- 
duced, the  persons  responsible  for  its  in- 
troduction must  be  able  to  answer  two 
questions.  They  are:  1.  Why  is  this 
new  piece  of  equipment  necessary?  and 
2.  What  can  this  piece  of  eqinpment  do 
that  previously  designed  apparatus  can- 
not? The  following  discussion  is  con- 
cerned with  these  questions. 

What  are  the  general  requirements 
that  any  automatic  t\pe  stoker  must  ful- 
fill?      In    an    attempt    to    answer    this 


In  this  article  is  covered  the  de- 
sign, functions,  and  operation  of  a 
new  type  of  overfeed  stoker.  Al- 
though the  field  of  stokers  is  one 
that  fits  primarily  into  mechanical 
engineering,  this  article  presents 
the  subject  in  a  clear  enough  man- 
ner that  all  engineers  will  be  able 
to  understand  it. 


broad  question,  the  following  set  of  re- 
quirements have  been  set-up  and  are 
generally  accepted  as  being  very  close  to 
the  final  conditions  which  should  pre- 
vail. 

The  stoker  should  be  capable  of  burn- 
ing both  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal, 
as  well  as  coke.  This  should  be  accom- 
plished with  equal  facility  and  w'ith  a 
miiunium  of  manipulation  of  the  mech- 
anism. The  required  sizing  of  the  fuel 
should  not  be  such  as  to  introduce  any 
stringent  limitations  upon  the  sources  of 
supply.  Coking  or  free-burning  charac- 
teristics, as  the  case  may  be,  and  the 
fusing  temperature  should  not  be  limit- 
ing factors  in  the  selection  of  the  fuel. 

Losses  of  the  heating  value  of  the  fuel 
due  to  volatile  matter  which  is  pa.ssed 
out  of  the  combustion  zone  and  into  the 
stack  before  it  has  been  burned,  must  be 
eliminated  to  an  appreciable  extent.  Un- 
less this  is  accomplished,  the  unit  cannot 
be  considered  to  be  operating  efficiently. 

Fly-ash  must  be  eliminated  to  a  very 
large  extent  in  order  to  avoid  deposition 
of  insulation  around  the  boiler  water 
tubes  and  to  eliminate  objectionable 
sooting  in  the  neighborhood. 


The  removal  of  all  ash  from  the  com- 
bustion zone  should  be  a  fully  automatic 
operation. 

The  unit,  being  of  a  mechanical  type, 
must  be  immune  to  damage  from  foreign 
matter  which  may  be  carried  into  it 
along  with  the  fuel.  In  this  category 
may  be  included  bolts,  spikes,  wood, 
rags,  stones,  or  any  one  of  a  myriad  of 
things  which  have  been  known  to  cause 
difficulties  in  the  past. 

The  most  common  type  of  automatic 
stoker  in  domestic  service  today  is  the 
horizontal,  underfed,  augur  type.  How- 
ever, this  type  of  stoker  has  certain  in- 
herent faults. 

The  most  common  cause  of  mechan- 
ical failure  of  the  augur  type  stoker  is 
the  jamming  of  the  screw  caused  by  the 
introduction  of  some  one  of  the  types  of 
foreign  matter  mentioned  above.  Gen- 
erally, the  method  of  rectifying  the 
trouble  involves  the  removal  of  the  for- 
eign matter  and  the  insertion  of  a  new 
shear  pin.  This  operation  may  be  quite 
lengthy,  although  no  permanent  harm  is 
done  to  the  mechanism  imder  most  cir- 
cumstances. 

The  underfeed,  augur  type  of  stoker 
is  well  known,  particularly  where  vari- 
ous grades  of  coking  coal  are  used,  for 
its  tendency  to  produce  a  "coke-tree." 
This  "tree,"  in  essence,  resembles  a 
small  volcanic  cone,  and  the  effect  is  one 
of  causing  poor  combustion  at  the  center 
of  the  cone  due  to  the  lack  of  air  re- 
quired for  combustion.  Frequently,  the 
furnace  must  be  shut  down  so  that  the 
"coke-tree"  can  be  broken  up  and  re- 
moved. 

Some,  but  not  all,  of  the  automatic 
(Continued   on   page  22) 


Figure    1 


Figure  2 


OCTOBER,  1948 


iliiiiiiliire  Printed  (liroiiits 


I'OiUll'ltHfll    hlf 


r  II  o  .>i    A    T  II  i<:  s  I  s    K  V    .1  a  m  k  s    m  a  t  t 


Tremendous  gravitational  fori-es  arc 
exerted  on  miniature  radio  eqiiipnurit 
when  fired  in  a  shell  from  mortar  or 
artillery  weapons.  This  force  approaches 
10,000  G's  in  some  cases,  and  compon- 
ents wired  into  the  circuit  in  a  normal 
manner  arc  thus  subject  to  being  torn 
from  their  mountings.  This  was  suffi- 
cient reason  for  the  development  of 
printed  circuits,  but  probably  of  eijunl 
importance  were  the  greater  ease  of  mass 
production  and  the  smaller  size. 

Since  the  war,  the  National  Hure.iu 
of  Standards  and  Centralab  Division  of 
(ilobc-L  nion,  Inc.,  and  a  few  other  pri- 
vate companies  have  continued  develop- 
ment of  the  printed  circuit  techniiiue 
with  a  view  to  its  use  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  commercial  radio  receivers  and 
transmitters.  Most  of  the  development 
is  now  being  concentrated  on  sub-minia- 
ture receivers  and  transmitters,  but  it  is 
hoped  later  to  incorporate  into  normal- 
sized  receivers  and  electronic  devices. 
Printed  circuits  will  most  likely  find 
their  widest  application  in  low-po«'er, 
high-frequency  radio  eqiupment  where 
small  size  is  an  especially  important  fac- 
tor. 

Another  factor  favoring  the  furthei' 
development  of  printed  circuit  techniques 


Described  in  lliis  article  is  one 
of  the  outstanding  radio  develop- 
ments of  recent  years — the  printed 
circuit.  By  the  use  of  extremely 
small  radio  tubes  and  new  meth- 
ods of  construction,  radio  trans- 
mitters which  can  be  housed  in 
lipstick  containers  and  radio  re- 
ceivers the  size  of  a  package  of 
cigarettes  are  being  produced.  The 
article  was  condensed  from  an 
original  paner  written  by  James 
Matt. 


is  the  economy  which  it  effects  in  pro- 
duction. Present  assembly  line  methods 
of  radio  manufacture  require  the  placing 
of  individual  wires  and  components,  then 
their  mounting  and  soldering.  The  print- 
ing technique,  on  the  other  hand,  would 
allow  a  single  operator  to  turn  out 
thousands  of  complete  printed  circuits  a 
day,  with  the  added  reassurance  that 
each  would  be  an  exact  reproduction  of 
the  original.  This  process  reduces  re- 
jects to  a  minimum,  assures  standardiza- 
tion, and  cuts  inspection  costs. 

Some  of  the  suggested  peacetime  uses 
for   these   sub-niiiuatmc   printed   circuits 


Figure   1.   Types  of  Sub-Miniature   Radio  Transmitters 


ai'e  somewhat  imagin.iti\c.  One  manu- 
facturer, for  example,  proposes  the  de- 
velopment of  a  printed  "memory"  device 
w  hich  would  be  small  enough  to  fit  into 
the  base  of  the  dial  telephone.  This  unit 
woidd  make  it  possible  to  dial  the  de- 
sired number  before  taking  the  receiver 
off  the  cradle;  then  lifting  the  receiver 
would  automatically  transmit  the  stored 
signal  to  the  selection  circuits  at  the  tele- 
phone company's  sub-station.  Thus  the 
selection  circuits  would  be  utilized  only 
a  small  fraction  of  the  time  now  re- 
quircil  for  each  call,  and  so  make  them 
available  for  much  heavier  traffic  loads. 

Proposed  uses  for  sub-miniature  radios 
and  transmitters  include  a  citizens'  radio 
service  whereby  a  person  may  carry  in 
his  pocket  a  sub-miniature  very-high- 
frequency  transmitter  and  receiver  com- 
bination, and  with  it  be  able  to  contact 
his  office  or  home  from  w^herever  he 
may  be,  within  the  transmission  range  of 
his  set.  This  same  set  could  be  used  by 
surveyors,  hunters,  explorers,  and  by  the 
traffic  policeman  or  patrolman  on  his 
beat. 

Practical  applications  of  these  printed 
circuits  are  available  today.  Miniature 
hearing  aids  about  half  the  size  of  those 
manufactured  just  a  few  years  ago  are 
already  on  the  market.  Vest-pocket  ra- 
dios equipped  with  hearing-aid  receivers 
are  also  commercially  available  and  are 
no  larger   than  a  pocket-size  cigar  case. 

Figure  1  shows  five  types  of  sub-min- 
iature radio  transmitters  which  have 
been  produced  by  printed  circuit  tech- 
niques. They  were  designed  and  con- 
structed at  the  National  Bureau  of 
Standards  to  transmit  in  the  132-144 
megac\cle  government  band.  All  five 
t\pes  require  only  a  connection  to  a  mi- 
crophone, batteries,  and  antenna  in  order 
for  them  to  operate.  The  two  trans- 
mitters on  the  left  have  their  circuits 
printed  on  steatite  cylinders  surrounding 
the  sub-miniature  tube.  The  circuit  of 
the  unit  in  the  center  is  painted  directly 
on  the  glass  envelope  of  the  radio  tube. 
The  next  transmitter  is  painted  on  the 
envelope  of  a  still  smaller  tube,  which 
measures  only  '4  inch  in  diameter  and 
1  inch  in  length.  It  is  housed  in  a  lip- 
stick container  for  protection.  The  last 
transmitter  on  the  right  is  printed  on  a 
steatite  plate  3-32  inch  thick  by  I'j 
inches  long  and  1  J  j  inches  wide. 

The   bottom   row   shows   development 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


stages  of  the  steatite  plate  transmitter. 
The  plate  on  the  left  shows  the  three 
radio-frequency  coils  and  a  single  high- 
dielectric  capacitor.  The  center  picture 
shows  the  reverse  side  of  the  plate,  thus 
exposing  the  silver  wiring,  three  resistors 
(the  black  rectangles),  and  four  circular 
ceramic  capacitors.  The  completed  trans- 
mitter is  shown  next. 

Figure  2  shows  the  companion  rad.o 
receivers.  The  top  row  shows  a  four- 
tube  developmental  receiver  whose  print- 
ed circuit  is  visible  on  the  left,  and  the 
completed  receiver,  except  for  speaker 
and  batteries,  is  on  the  right.  This  re- 
ceiver is  printed  on  a  2  inch  by  5  inch 
lucite  plate.  The  center  row  shows  an 
identical  receiver  printed  on  a  steatite 
plate.  The  bottom  row  shows  a  receiver 
equivalent  to  the  one  above,  but  mounted 
on  a  smaller  2-inch  by  3-inch  steatite 
plate.  On  the  left  is  shown  the  circuit 
as  applied  freehand  with  a  camel's-hair 
brush,  except  for  the  spiral  coil  which 
was  put  on  with  a  stencil.  Wiring  on 
the  center  plate  was  done  with  a  rubber 
squeegee  through  silk  screen  stencils. 
The  completed  receiver  is  at  the  right. 
All  of  the  receivers  shown  in  figure  2 
have  four  stages,  consisting  of  a  grid- 
leak  detector,  two  stages  of  pentode 
audio  amplification,  and  a  triode  output 
stage  which  feeds  a  permanent-magnet 
loud-speaker. 

Construction  of  Printed  Circuits 

The  materials  most  commonly  used  as 
a  base  for  printed  circuits  is  a  relatively 
new  ceramic  called  steatite.  Steatite 
possesses  several  advantages  over  other 
ceramic  materials : 

1.  Greater  physical  strength  and  hard- 
ness. 

2.  Xon-absorbent  even  though  com- 
pletely submerged  in  water,  common  sol- 
vents, or  acids. 

3.  Better  electrical  characteristics  un- 
der adverse  conditions. 

4.  Can  be  formed  to  closer  tolerance. 
Lucite  and  other  plastics  have  also  been 
used  as  bases  for  printed  circuits  and  are 
satisfactory  for  ordinary  commercial  use. 

Several  kinds  of  conducting  paints  are 
required  for  printed  circuits:  1.  A  silver 
conducting  paint  which  has  a  low  resist- 
ance and  so  is  used  for  general  wiring 
and  coils,  replacing  copper  wires  in  the 
standard  radio  sets,  and  2.  A  paint  con- 
taining graphite  and  lampblack  in  solu- 
tion which  is  used  to  paint  the  resistors. 
Although  the  silver  conducting  paint  is 
applied  to  a  thickness  of  less  than  .001 
inch,  its  current-carrying  capacity  is  am- 
ple to  replace  all  wiring,  including  fila- 
ment supply  leads.  In  tests  at  the  Na- 
tional Bureau  of  Standards,  a  silver  line 
.0(12  inch  thick  and  ^  inch  wide  carried 

i  more  than  an  ampere  of  current  contin- 
uously   and    satisfactorily.      It    required 

I     eighteen  amperes  to  puncture  the  line. 

I  Values  of  the  resistors  are  controlled 


Figure   2.    Types   of   Sub-Miniature    Radio    Receivers 


by  varying  the  length  and  width  of  the 
applied  paint  strip  or  by  varying  the  pro- 
portions of  graphite  and  inert  filler 
(lampblack)  in  the  paint.  After  the  re- 
sistor has  been  made,  its  value  may  be 
increased  by  grinding  away  part  of  the 
resistor,  or  may  be  decreased  by  adding 
another  layer  of  paint. 

Vacuum  tubes  specially  developed  for 
service  in  sub-miniature  printed  circuits 
are  extremely  small.  Triodes  and  pen- 
todes are  available  which  are  only  ^4 
inch  in  diameter  and  1  inch  in  length. 

Actual  printing  of  the  electronic  cir- 
cuits may  be  done  by  any  one  of  sev- 
eral methods: 

1.  Stencil 

2.  Paint  brush 

3.  Spraying 

4.  Vacuum  methods 

5.  Die  stamping 

6.  Electro-photography 

Of  these  six  methods,  the  first  three  are 
most  important.  In  the  stencil  method, 
a  stencil  is  prepared  in  the  same  way  as 
a  printer  prepares  a  silk  screen  stencil 
for  printing.  The  screen  is  prepared  by 
stretching  it  over  a  supporting  frame 
and  coating  with  a  photo-sensitive  solu- 
tion. A  photographic  positive  of  the 
wiring  pattern  is  held  firmly  against  the 
sensitized  screen  and  exposed  to  strong 
light.  Exposure  makes  the  coating  in- 
soluble except  for  those  portions  be- 
neath the  wiring  diagram.  When  the 
screen  is  washed  in  water,  the  portions 
not  exposed  to  light  wash  out,  leaving  a 
clean-cut  pattern  corresponding  to  the 
desired  wiring  diagram. 

The  stencil  is  then  placed  on  top  of 
the  steatite  plate  and  the  conducting 
paint  applied  by  means  of  a  camels-hair 
brush  or  by  a  spray-gun.     After  print- 


ing, the  plate  is  heated.  This  heating 
intimately  bonds  the  silver  to  the  base. 

The  resistors  are  applied  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  silver  conducting  paint, 
with  the  most  uniformity  in  resistance 
values  being  obtained  by  the  use  of  a 
stencil.  Wiring  of  the  unit  is  completed 
by  soldering  the  disc  capacitors,  tubes, 
and  leads  for  batteries,  antenna,  and 
loudspeaker  directly  to  the  silver  wiring 
on  the  plate.  Eyelets  may  be  placed  at 
strategically-located  points  to  provide  a 
physically  stronger  contact  for  mounting 
components.  When  all  components  are 
mounted,  the  completed  circuit  may  be 
coated  with  a  thin  coxering  of  lucite 
cement  to  provide  protection  against  hu- 
midity and  mechanical  damage. 

Performance  of  electronic  devices  pro- 
duced by  the  printed  circuit  technique  is 
entirely  comparable  to  that  of  similar 
equipment  produced  by  standard  manu- 
facturing methods.  The  day  may  not  be 
too  far  off  when  equipment  presently 
seen  only  in  the  comic  strips  will  be  com- 
monplace. 


Voice  from  upper  floor:  "What's  the 
matter  down  there?  Have  you  no  key?" 

Noisy  one  on  pavement :  "Gotta  key 
all  right — how  about  tosshin  down  a 
few  keyholes?" 

*  -»     * 

"Whey!"  screamed  the  farmer  boy, 
drinking  a  Holstein  of  beer.  "I  dairy 
to  curdle  up  close  to  me." 

"I  cud,"  said  the  milkmaid,  "but  I'm 
not  that  kine  of  a  girl." 

*  *     *■ 

"What's  the  professor  talking  about?" 
"Integration,  you  half  wit!" 
"Is  he  for  it  or  against  it?" 


OCTOBER,   1948 


ATOMIC   ENGINEERING 


#/f/  trunvis  tivvvn 


A  fertile  imagination  miuI  an  acutt- 
foiTsifiht  are  prerequisites  in  sui\i\insi  a 
workable  plan  to  be  followed  in  order 
that  the  student  get  the  most  advantage- 
ous initiation  into  atomic  energy  engi- 
neering and  research.  To  assist  those  of 
you  who  envision  being  a  benefactor  of 
mankind  by  developing  the  most  power- 
fid  force  on  earth,  some  facts  and  sug- 
gestions are  presented.  Most  of  the  ma- 
terial herein  was  obtained  through  rht- 
cooperation  of  Dr.  W.  .M.  Maiuiingand 
Dr.  Hoylande  Young  of  Argonne  Na- 
tional Laboratory  in  Chicago. 

The  future  of  atomic  power  and 
tracer  techniques  rests  with  the  research 
and  engineering  personnel  now  employed, 
or  soon  to  be  employed,  at  the  National 
laboratories  and  the  many  cooperating 
institutions.  It  is  entirely  within  the 
power  and  ability  of  the  American  sci- 
entist to  create  an  industry  unequalled 
in  size  throughout  the  world,  and  in 
benefits  to  all  mankind  unequalled 
throughout  all  time!  We  stand  on  a 
threshold  of  incomparable  brilliance  and 
promise;  those  of  \ou  who  are  interested 
in   helping   lead    the   world    across   that 


This  article,  aceomi)anieil  by  the 
arliele  on  the  next  page,  eovers 
preparatory  courses,  employment 
opportuniti2s,  and  various  other 
phases  of  the  relatively  new  atomic 
field  in  sueh  a  manner  as  to  be 
particularly  interesting  to  the  stu- 
dent considering  a  future  in  this 
vital    branch   of   engineering. 


threslidid,  to  you  is  extended  the  invi- 
tation to  read  on,  and  welcome! 

At  present  there  is  no  demand  for  per- 
sons with  formal  training  ending  at  the 
high  school  or  junior  college  level  in 
the  field  of  atomic  energy  research. 

A  bachelor  of  science  or  arts  degree  in 
an  engineering  field  or  in  one  of  the 
sciences — such  as  chemistry,  biology,  or 
pre-medicine — is  needed,  and  a  master's 
degree  is  indeed  preferable.  If  you  in- 
tend to  go  into  industry  or  research 
without  the  graduate  degree,  it  is  im- 
perative that  you  include  a  substantial 
amount  of  higher  mathematics  including 
Differential   Equations  and  Orthogonal 


Checking  the  radiation  emitted  through  an  opening  with  a  radiation 
instrument.  The  operation  on  the  inside  of  the  thick-walled  concrete  cell 
is   remotely  controlled    by   the   apparatus    mounted   on    the   outside   wall. 


JAiuations  (Math  19)  if  possible.  Aside 
from  the  inclusion  of  mathematics,  there 
are  no  recommendations  that  can  be 
made  that  apply  generally  to  all  fields  of 
uiulergrailuate  wnu'k. 

What  is  to  follow  is  b\'  no  means  a 
complete  listing  of  necessary  courses  for 
each  branch  of  engineering  in  prepara- 
tion for  a  master's  degree.  The  listing 
and  discussion  is  primarily  for  the  pur- 
pose of  presenting  courses  which  are 
background  to  problems  peculiar  to 
atomic  energy. 

For  the  electrical  engineer  courses  in 
Advanced  Engineering  Measurements 
( E.E.  112)  and  Servomechanism  and 
Automatic  Control  Devices  (E.E.  113) 
are  imperative.  Progress  in  research  of 
a  basic  nature  and  the  engineering  of 
materials  handling  is  based  upon  the 
knowIe<lge  and  ability  of  men  to  invent 
new,  more  accurate  means  of  measure- 
ment and  control  of  radiations  from  ma- 
terials which  are  poisonous  to  life.  Also 
recommended  is  the  course  given  on 
V^acuum  Tube  Circuit  Anahsis  (E.E. 
IJ(I). 

Courses  of  optimum  value  in  other 
fields  are  Advanced  Calculus  (Math 
18),  'Vector  Analysis  (Math  41),  and 
Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable  (  Math 
102),  Line  Spectra  and  Atomic  Struc- 
ture (Physics  184),  and  Flow  of  Fluids 
and  Heat  Transfer  (M.E.  108a). 

The  mechanical  engineer  is  likewise 
advised  to  take  the  mathematics  courses 
mentioned  under  electrical  engineering, 
and  the  course  on  Servomechanism  and 
Automatic  Control  Devices  (E.E.  113). 
Also,  in  his  own  field.  Flow  of  Fluids 
and  Heat  Transfer  should  not  be  missed. 
Elementary  Physical  Chemistry,  and  an 
elementary  course  in  Metallurgy,  are 
preferred. 

L'ntil  sanitary  engineering  comes  into 
its  own  as  a  career  in  the  field  of  pro- 
duction and  handling  of  'hot'  materials, 
the  mechanical  engineer  and  the  chemist 
will  be  working  hand-in-hand  on  the 
problems  of  decontamination. 

Courses  recommended  for  ci\il  and 
architectural  engineers  are  Heating, 
Ventilation  and  Air  Conditioning  (  M.L. 
28),  Sewage  Disposal,  Wastes  Disposal, 
and  General  Sanitation  (C.E.  144),  and 
such  courses  as  your  respective  adviser 
may  name  in  structural  design  and  soil 
mechanics. 

(Continued  on   page  28) 


10 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


/lta4fUa  (^He^u^  MecuiA,   ,    .    . 

OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  YOU! 


till  iton  ilornbwk 


At  approximateh'  S:14  a.  ni.,  August 
6,  1943,  Hiroshima  time  and  date,  Hiro- 
shima and  the  rest  of  the  work!  became 
suddenly  a\\-are  of  the  potentialities  of 
atomic  power.  Heretofore,  the  talk  of 
smashing  the  atom  was  as  little  under- 
stood by  the  average  man,  most  college 
men  included,  as  was  the  reason  for  sun- 
spots. 

That  explosion  over  Hiroshima  un- 
leashed not  only  a  phenomenal  amount 
of  physical  energy,  but  it  also  unleashed 
a  chain  reaction  in  the  imagination  of 
the  columnists  and  contemporary  writers 
the  world  over.  Writers  paged  through 
the  files  of  the  Buck  Rogers  comic  strip 
to  see  what  fantasies  might  be  made 
plausible  to  the  minds  of  their  impres- 
sionable readers.  Within  a  few  hours, 
e\eryone  became  an  atomic  physicist, 
who  believed  himself  capable  of  pre- 
dicting the  weapons,  machines,  power, 
and  life-habits  of  the  coming  decade. 

Popular  magazines  carried  the  artist's 
conception  of  the  automobile  of  tomor- 
row, powered  by  a  small  atomic  pile 
which  would  be  capable  of  supplying 
power  to  the  vehicle  for  a  time  to  ex- 
ceed the  normal  life-expectancy  of  the 
automobile  itself,  (jone  were  the  days 
of  filling  the  gasoline  tank  every  200 
miles.  The  filling  station  attendant  was 
to  be  as  obsolete  as  the  livery-stable  op- 
erator. 

The  day  after  the  announcement  of 
the  atomic  bomb  explosion  the  conserva- 
tive New  York  Times  reported  an  inter- 
view with  Mr.  William  B.  Stout,  who 
was  reported  as  saying  "an  automobile 
engine  no  bigger  than  a  man's  fist  " 
would  be  used  although  he  did  not  pre- 
dict the  realization  of  this  engine  for  at 
least  ten  or  possibly  twenty  years. 

The  time  of  idle  dreaming  has  passed, 
and  people  have  begun  to  recognize  that 
peacetime  use  of  atomic  power  can  come 
only  as  the  end  product  of  years  of  in- 
tensive research.  The  question  is  still 
present — what  is  delaying  our  develop- 
ment of  atomic  energy  for  use  in  power 
phuits? 

Lack  of   Trained  Personnel 

Nucleonics  megazine  reports  that  the 
primary  reason  for  the  lack  of  recent  ad- 
vancement in  the  field  of  atomic  power 
is  a  definite  lack  of  trained  personnel 
who  are  capable  of  doing  research  work 
on  this  phase  of  atomics.  At  the  present 
time  there  is  a  limited  number  of  people 


wiio  are  sufficiently  well  founded  in 
atomic  physics  and  mathematics  such 
that  they  are  qualified  to  do  basic  re- 
search on  this  subject  of  current  interest. 
Since  the  fundamental  research  is  of 
greater  priority  than  the  practical  appli- 
cations, just  as  better  engines  are  funda- 
mental to  better  automobiles,  the  quali- 
fied men  are  kept  on  projects  of  more 
basic  research.  In  order  to  realize  the 
age  of  atomic  power,  we  must  interest 
many  of  our  graduating  engineers  and 
physicists  in  this  field  of  nucleonics. 

Employment  Opportunities 

The  field  of  atomic  energy,  now  in  its 
infancy,  holds  excellent  employment  op- 
portunities for  graduates  with  degrees  in 
chemical,  electrical,  ceramic,  metallurgi- 
cal,  and   mechanical   engineering.      Not 


View  inside  a  "hot"  cell  as  seen 
through  a  periscope  shows  the 
complex  equipment  necessary  for 
chemically  processing  highly  radio- 
active materials  behind  thick  con- 
crete walls. 

only  is  the  work  most  fascinating,  since 
the  materials  under  consideration  are 
quite  unique,  but  the  opportunities  for 
advancement  are  great  since  a  graduate 
could  "get  in  on  the  ground  floor"  of 
this  new  industry! 

At  the  present  time  the  industry  is 
subsisting  at  government  expense  because 
it  has  not  been  well  enough  developed  to 
warrant  any  private  company  investing 
the  amount  of  money  reqiu'red  for  equip- 
ment and  labor  to  do  this  long-range 
fundamental  research.  Although  the 
government  is  sponsoring  the  program 
the  actual  research  is  being  done  largely 
by  private  companies  and  universities 
who    have    been    awarded    contracts    to 


contiiuie  the  work  in  the  wartime  sites. 
These  companies  and  universities  furnish 
the  technical  personnel  for  the  project. 

A  B.S.  in  Engineering 
Before  discussing  any  of  the  specific 
duties  that  one  might  expect  to  perform 
while  on  the  job,  let  us  discuss  the  gen- 
eral qualifications  that  the  industry  is 
demanding  in  its  prospective  engineering 
personnel.  At  the  present  time,  an  indi- 
vidual with  only  a  B.S.  degree  must 
show  unusual  aptitude  and  interest  in 
this  field  to  be  considered  as  an  em- 
ployee. This  can  be  attributed  almost 
entirely  to  the  elementry  stage  of  the 
development  of  this  field.  Although  this 
does  not  serve  to  eliminate  men  with  a 
B.S.  from  seeking  employment  in  this 
field,  the  facts  are  that  they  prefer  men 
with  advanced  degrees. 

Types  of  Work  Available 

The  types  of  work  that  a  man  can  ex- 
pect to  find  in  the  field  of  atomic  energy 
do  not  differ  greatly  from  the  types 
found  in  a  large  industrial  organization. 
There  are  problems  in  research,  design, 
development,  instrumentation  and  opera- 
tion. An  engineering  graduate  will  find 
no  difficulty  in  finding  the  counterpart 
to  his  preferred  type  of  work  in  this  sin- 
gular field. 

The  basic  research  is  being  directed  by 
men  of  relatively  long  acquaintanceship 
with  the  field  of  atomic  energy.  Most  of 
these  men  possess  a  Doctorate  in  physics 
or  chemistry.  Since  any  work  on  the 
nuclear  reaction  will  require  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  atomic  theories  and  struc- 
ture, it  is  apparent  that  an  advanved  de- 
gree will  be  desirable  for  this  fundamen- 
tal work. 

However,  there  are  research  problems 
in  the  development  of  related  equipment 
that  will  not  require  a  Doctor's  degree. 
The  Argonne  National  Laboratory  at 
Chicago  ( featured  in  the  February, 
1948,  issue  of  Technograph)  conducts 
research  on  instrument  development. 
Here  the  researcher  applies  his  back- 
ground in  electronics  toward  the  devel- 
opment of  remote  control  devices  to  con- 
trol the  nuclear  reactions  which  must  be 
controlled  from  behind  lead  or  heavy 
concrete  walls  to  prevent  exposure  to  the 
deadly  radioactive  disintegration  rays. 
The  electrical  enyincering  graduate  who 
has  specialized  in  electronics  and  servo- 
( Continued   on   page  28) 


OCTOBER,  1948 


11 


II] 


iiinK\iiis . . . 


hfi  ifun  'luliitHun.  K.K.  'lit 


A  typical  example  of  what  can  be  done  by  the  use  of  ratnmed-eorth 
construction  methods.  The  house  shown  can  be  built  at  a  much  lower 
cost  than   would    be   possible   with   ordinary   construction    methods. 


Rammed  earth  construction  has  ap- 
peared in  relatively  recent  times  on  a 
large  scale  in  the  cheap  but  adequate 
housing  projects  during  the  depression 
of  the  19.S0s.  The  present  post-war 
housing  shortage  could  be  cased  at  least 
in  part  by  this  same  method  of  con- 
struction. Indeed,  rammed  earth  is  ap- 
plicable to  many  different  situations,  and 
is  a  valuable  and  durable  material  when 
properly  used. 

Rammed  earth  construction  is  a  proc- 
ess of  building  construction  in  which 
moist  earth  is  rammed  hard  into  rigid 
forms  for  the  walls  of  buildings  or 
vaults.  It  is  frequently  referred  to  by 
its  French  name,  pise'  de  terre,  fore- 
shortened to  pise'. 

The  origin  of  pise'  has  been  fairly 
definitely  established  as  reaching  back 
into  neolithic  times  (3000  to  10,000 
years  B.C.)  on  all  five  of  the  major 
continents.  Primitive  forms  of  earth 
construction  far  antedate  the  written 
history  of  man,  but  pise'  is  not  a  primi- 
tive form  of  earth  construction  despite 
its  very  early  origin. 

One  very  common  type  of  primitive 
earth  bvn'Iding  is  wattle  and  daub,  which 
is  simply  mud  plaster  (daub)  on  a  lath- 
ing (wattles)  of  twigs  or  rushes  tied  to 
vertical  posts  forming  the  wall  frame. 
The  wattle  and  daub  is  simply  a  filler 
between  the  framing  members  and  is  not 
self    supporting.    The    mud    is    covered 


Included  in  this  article  is  a 
description  of  tlie  methods  and 
applications  of  rammed  earth  con- 
struction. Its  development  is 
traced  from  prehistoric  times  to 
the  present,  and  examples  of  its 
durability  are  cited. 

The  author  is  indebted  to  Ver- 
non Senour  for  the  use  of  his 
paper  entitled  "\  History  of 
Rammed  Earth  Construction," 
from  which  the  material  for  this 
article  was  taken. 


with  cement  plaster  in  present  Euro- 
pean practice. 

From  wattle  and  daub  the  next  step 
forward  was  the  cajon  method.  This, 
too,  utilizes  the  earth  only  as  a  non- 
bearing  filler  between  studding,  where 
it  is  laid  up  as  sun-dried  brick  filler  or 
sometimes  rammed  into  a  form  clamped 
to  the  studs.  This  is  a  distinct  advance 
over  wattle  and  daub  insofar  as  it  may 
be  relatively  permanent  if  well  con- 
structed ;  also,  it  utilizes  earth  in  suffi- 
cient thickness  to  obtain  effective  insu- 
lation. 

The  next  step  forward  w^as  the  use 
of  uncompacted  earth  as  a  bearing  wall. 
The  sod  houses  of  pioneer  days  on  the 
American  prairies  are  a  crude  example 
of  this  method.  The  English  cob  houses 


are  a  better  example.  Cob,  so  calleil 
from  presence  of  cobble  stones  in  the 
earth  mixture,  is  a  method  of  forming 
walls  by  piling  up  layers  of  wet  earth 
intermixed  with  vegetable-fibre  binder 
and  allowing  each  layer  to  dry  partially 
before  adding  another. 

Adobe  construction,  very  popular  in 
the  American  Southwest  in  pioneer  days, 
is  a  distinct  improvement  upon  cob  in 
the  bearing  strength  and  weather- 
resistance  of  the  walls  and  in  facility 
of  construction.  Poured  adobe  walls  are 
made  by  pouring  the  prepared  earth  wet 
into  a  low  wall-form,  the  form  being 
moved  upward  for  the  next  layer  as 
soon  as  each  layer  becomes  dry  enough 
to  support  weight.  Adobe  bricks  are 
usually  formed  of  prepared,  wet  earth 
in  small  hand-molds. 

Rammed  earth,  or  pise'  de  terre,  un- 
like adobe,  is  not  compacted  by  water 
action  but  by  ranuiiing  in  a  moist  (not 
wet)  condition.  Pise'  is  formed  by  vari- 
ous methods,  the  commonest  being  ram- 
ming the  earth  into  monolithic  walls. 
For  this,  rigid  wooden  (or  metal)  forms 
three  feet  high  by  ten  feet  long  are 
used.  These  are  of  two  inch  lumber, 
the  two  halves  of  the  form  being  held 
apart  the  thickness  of  the  wall  by  wood- 
en spacers,  and  held  together  by  tie  rods. 
The  form  is  erected  on  the  foundation, 
and  a  four  or  five-inch  layer  of  loose 
earth  shoveled  into  the  form  and 
rammed  down  to  about  half  its  volume 
as  loose  earth.  Then  the  form  is  re- 
moved and  erected  on  top  or  beside  the 
freshly  rammed  wall  section  and  the 
wall  continued.  No  drying  time  is  re- 
quired since  the  earth  attains  a  bearing 
capacity  of  five  to  thirty  tons  per  square 
foot  immediately  after  ramming. 

Asia  and  Africa 

Numerous  examples  of  earth  struc- 
tures have  been  excavated  or  discovered 
in  Mesopotamia.  Some  of  the  more  im- 
portant or  more  famous  were :  Temple 
of  the  Sun  God  at  Sippar  (3750  B.C.), 
the  famed  Tower  of  Babel  at  Babylon, 
Temple  Ezida  at  Birs  Nimroud  near 
Babylon.  The  Hanging  Gardens  of 
Babylon  are  another  structural  type. 

One  ancient  method  of  earth  con- 
struction in  India  is  that  of  kneading 
balls  of  clayey  earth  with  water  and 
building  walls  with  them,  filling  up  in- 
terstices with  liquid  mud.  Houses  built 
thus  stand  well  for  years  when  protect- 
ed from  heavy  rain.  Such  walls,  running 
to  a  height  of  twenty  feet,  are  common 
in  India. 

In  the  nineteenth  century,  pise'  cot- 
tages were  built  by  British  colonists  in 
India  and,  at  the  time  of  observation 
about  forty  years  later,  showed  no  sign 
of  deterioration  in  spite  of  monsoon 
rainfall  of  more  than  eighty  inches  in 
three  months.  The  whitewashed  walls 
(Continued   on   page   36) 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


U^luieo^me^..MM"i  PIER 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  .  Full  Speed 
Ahead 

By   Siegmund   Deutscher,   A.E.   '50 

Nearly  half  of  the  normal  student  en- 
roUnient  in  the  main  campus  of  the  L  ni- 
versit\'  of  Ilh'nois,  located  in  L'rbana- 
Champaign,  138  miles  southwest  of  Chi- 
cago, are  residents  of  the  Chicago  area. 

The  Urbana-Champaign  campus  could 
not  accommodate  the  thousands  of  vet- 
erans and  non-veterans  who  applied  for 
admission  following  V-J  day.  The  (jen- 
eral  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illinois, 
however,  was  determined  to  make  good 
its  promise  to  provide  educational  oppor- 
tunities for  all  state  residents,  both  (i.I.'s 
anil  high  school   graduates. 

To  do  the  latter,  the  Undergraduate 
I)i\ision  at  Navy  Pier  in  Chicago  was 
started,  especially  since  it  would  enable 
many  G.I.s  who  could  not  afford  to  li\e 
away  from  home,  an  opportunity  to  live 
at  home  while  attending  the  University. 
The  fact  that  such  a  large  number  of 
qualified  teaching  personnel  lives  in  the 
Chicago  metropolitan  area  added  to  the 
choice. 

Ill  August,  1946,  the  work  of  convert- 
ing Navy  Pier  into  a  college  was  started  ; 
three  months  later  classes  were  under 
\va\'.  Since  the  Pier  was  built  in  1916, 
it  has  served  as  a  shipping  and  storage 
pier,  an  amusement  center,  headquarters 
for  conventions,  and  as  a  training  base 
for  the  Navy.  During  the  war  Navy 
Pier  was  used  as  a  training  school  for 
more  than  50,(100  electronics  and  special 
device  technicians. 

The  man  who  has  directed  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Navy  Pier  branch  is 
Dean  Charles  C.  Caveny.  Dean  Caveny 
was  formerly  the  executive  and  educa- 
tional officer  at  Navy  Pier  during  the 
war. 

The  University  of  Illinois  leases  500,- 
OnO  square  feet,  approximately  one-half 
of  the  entire  Pier.  Most  of  the  class- 
rooms and  laboratories  are  located  on  the 
first  floor  of  the  north  wing.  The  Uni- 
versity also  occupies  the  second  floor  ad- 
dition between  the  north  and  south  Pier, 
the  auditorium  at  the  east  end  of  the 
Pier,  and  the  large  gymnasium  adjacent 
to  the  west  end  of  the  Pier. 

A  total  of  62  classrooms,  33  labora- 
tories, and  6  large  lecture  halls  serve 
4,000  students  offering  freshman  and 
sophomore  courses  in  the  Colleges  of 
Liberal  Arts  and  Sciences.  Commerce 
and  Business  Administration,  and  Engi- 
neering and  Architecture. 

Commencing   with    the    1948    fall    se- 


mester, the  complete  pre-professional 
course  in  medicine  will  be  offered.  Upon 
completing  their  work  here,  the  students 
may  apply  for  admission  to  the  Univer- 
sity's professional  College  of  Medicine, 
located  in  the  medical  center  on  the  west 
side  of  Chicago. 

A  complete  two  year  curricula  in  com- 
merce, chemistrii',  and  chemical,  aeronau- 
tical, civil,  electrical,  metallurgical  and 
mining  engineering,  and  architecture  is 
offered  at  Navy  Pier. 

The  Chicago  undergraduate  division 
boasts  one  of  the  best  equipped  machine 
shops  of  any  college  in  the  country. 
More  than  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars 
in  equipment  is  used  by  engineering  stu- 
dents who  receive  practical  training  in 
the  operation  of  industrial  machines. 

The  Navy  Pier  branch  had  an  enroll- 
ment  of   3,846   when    it   began    its    first 


i:nilX)RlAL   STAFF 
Siegmund   Deutscher. .A'ai'^  Pier  Editnr 
Naomi  Suli)\vay....A'fl'Z7  Pier  Ihu.  Mr/r. 
RiclKird  C'horn[iz\'....A'rti'J'  Pier  .Issl.  Ed. 

Reforlinij 
John  Fijolek  Norbert  Ellman 

Leonard  Cohen  Robert  Mihalik 

Thomas    Fehr Phototjrat'lier 

D^den    Livermore Faetilty    .Id-viser 


classes  on  October  21,  1946.  Last  fall, 
the  enrollment  reached  a  record  high  of 
4,550.  In  the  spring  semester  of  1948, 
4,251  students  were  in  attendance.  More 
than  half  of  the  students  are  veterans. 

The  Lhiiversity's  interest  in  the  indi- 
vidual student  extends  beyond  the  class- 
room to  provide  educational,  vocational, 
and   personal  guidance. 

A  student  health  service  is  maintained 
to  piomote  better  physical  and  mental 
health  among  the  students  at  the  Chi- 
cago undergraduate  division. 

Dail\'  food  service  for  6,000  staff 
members  and  students  is  provided.  To 
supplement  the  classrooms  and  labora- 
tories, the  University  has  a  20,000-vol- 
ume  library,  a  cooperative  bookstore,  and 
three  large  student  lounges. 

Yes,  all  this  has  been  accomplished  in 
two  years,  but  the  sailing  was  not  very 
smooth.  Many  hardships  had  to  be  over- 
come by  both  students  and  staff  mem- 
bers. During  the  first  semester,  half  of 
the  classrooms  had  folding  chairs  for 
seats,  the  laboratories  were  unequipped, 
the  drawing  rooms  had  tables  instead  of 
drawing  desks,  and  half  of  the  books  and 
supplies  were  unobtainable.  Yet,  the 
students  and  faculty  dipped  right  in  and 
did  their  best.  Even  with  new  fluores- 
cent lighting,  desks,  and  eqiu'pment,  the 
"gripes"  were  continuing.  Many  of  the 
(Continued  on   page   38) 


In    between    classes    around    "Engineering    Hall"    at    Navy    Pier 


OCTOBER,   1948 


13 


^l^uHenctwe^  ai.  . .  GALESBURG 


The  Technograph  Staff 

By   Dwight   R.   Beard,   E.E.   '50 

At  tlic  i.l()>c  ot  la>t  ^^■lm■^t^■l■  omt  oiic- 
halt  ot  the  'rcclinofiraph  staff  Ii-ft  the 
(lalcsbiuj;  campus  and  it  was  ncci-ssary 
to  ii'orj;anizc  tlu'  remaining  members 
into  a  new  and  much  smaller  group. 
Following  the  same  general  policies  as  its 
predecessor,  this  new  staff,  although  re- 
duced in  strength,  will  endeavor  to  meet 
the  high  standards  familiar  to  Techno- 
graph readers. 

The  new  editorial  staff  has  two  main 
objectives:  the  reporting  of  news  of  en- 
gineering activities  and  personalities  on 
the    (lalcsburg    campus    and    aiding    the 


Seated  from  left  to  right:  Bill  Carr, 
H.  Roy  Johnson,  and  Luther  S. 
Peterson.  Standing  from  left  to 
right:  Dwight  R.  Beard,  Dean  R. 
Felton,  and  Stanley  Runyon.  Not 
in  the  picture  were  Jack  Parlier 
and   Joe  Graham. 

Engineering  Council  by  publicizing  their 
activities  and  encouraging  more  active 
participation  in  these  activities  by  engi- 
neering students. 

The  staff  is  headed  by  H.  Roy  John- 
son, a  graduate  of  Lane  Tech  in  Chi- 
cago, who  served  with  the  Army  in  Pan- 
ama. While  in  the  service,  he  gained 
much  experience  in  preparing  reports  for 
his  regimental  news  bulletin.  His  in- 
terests lie  in  the  field  of  civil  engineering 
which  he  is  following  with  much  success, 
marked  by  his  initiation  into  the  Phi  Eta 
Sigma  fraternity. 

Aiding  Roy  on  the  editorial  staff  are 
four  reporters  who  gained  experience 
working  on  the  staff  last  semester.  Stan- 
ley E.  Runyon.  who.  after  graduating 
from  Manito  Community  high  school  in 
1946,  attended  the  American  Television 
.school  in  Chicago,  is  presently  following 
his  chosen  field  in  electrical  engineering 


;.'\i.r.SHiRc;    sr 

\VV 

II 

Ki 

V- 

JohllMMI. 

I.OI. 

lutilnr 

Stanli 
Dean 

R 

R 

Riinyiin 
Filton 

l.UtluT 

S.  P 
1   R. 

H.-.ncI 

li 

hi 

II    ( 

': 

J..e 

CJraham 

FF 
Hits 

Adi' 

.   Mar. 
•rlisiiiii 

HUSINESS    STA 

rr Isst. 

rlier 

^, 


and  spends  most  of  his  free  time  as  an 
active  member  of  the  Radio  Club.  Dean 
R.  Felton,  who  hails  from  Kewanee,  Ill- 
inois, spent  nineteen  months  with  the 
Army.  He  is  enrolled  in  civil  engineer- 
ing and  spends  quite  a  bit  of  his  free 
time  on  his  hobby  of  building  model  jet 
racers.  Luther  S.  Peterson  comes  from 
Chicago  and  provides  an  interesting  par- 
adox. Both  he  and  Roy  Johnson  were 
members  of  the  same  high  school  class, 
army  unit,  and  even  went  to  Panama  on 
the  same  ship,  yet  they  never  met  each 
other  until  they  became  members  of  the 
Technograph  staff.  Last  but  not  least, 
we  come  to  your  author.  I  am  a  grad- 
uate of  the  community  high  school  at 
X'irden,  Illinois,  and  spent  29  months 
with  the  Army  Ordnance  Department. 
Later,  I  accepted  a  position  with  a  pho- 
tographic measurement  group  at  White 
Sands  Proving  Cirounds  at  Las  Cruces, 
New  Mexico.  My  work  there  convinced 
me  of  the  need  of  a  more  formal  educa- 
tion and  led  me  to  choose  electrical  en- 
gineering. 

Our  photographer,  Joe  Graham,  is  the 
newest  member  of  the  staff.  He  became 
interested  in  photography  at  Freeport 
high  school  where  he  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Camera  Club.  After  gradu- 
ating, he  joined  the  Navy  and  was  as- 
signed to  duty  afloat  in  the  Pacific.  Be- 
cause of  his  love  of  the  out-of-doors  and 
his  interest  in  construction,  he  chose  civil 
engineering  as  a  career  and  is  now  very 
successfully  preparing  for  that  field. 

The  business  staff  is  chiefly  concernetl 
with  the  sale  and  publicity  of  the  maga- 
zine on  the  Cialesburg  campus  and  secur- 
ing advertising  from  industries.  The 
staff  is  headed  by  Bill  Carr  who  gained 
much  of  his  experience  as  business  man- 
ager of  the  1947  year  book  at  Kewanee 
high  school.  Bill  decided  on  electrical 
engineering  after  working  on  rural  elec- 
trification and  spending  numerous  hours 
tinkering  with  radios.  Jack  Parlier,  a 
graduate  of  Canton  high  school,  aids 
Bill  by  taking  care  of  the  advertising, 
lack's    hobbv   is    building   model    racers. 


Mr.  Francis  Pratt 

By  Thaddeus  F.   Boblak,   E.E.  '50 

Electrical  engineering  students  at 
(lalesburg  look  mainly  to  Mr.  Francis 
E.  Pratt,  faculty  member  in  the  engi- 
neering science  division,  to  provide  a 
sound  basis  for  further  studies  in  their 
specialty.  This  is  quite  natural,  for  each 
electrical  engineer  studies  illumination 
and  circuit  analysis  under  Mr.  Pratt's 
tutorship.  Most  other  pre-cngineers  get 
acquainted  with  him  while  taking  their 
first  and  second  course  in  mechanics. 

Mr.  Pratt  began  his  higher  education 
at  Cornell  College  in  Mount  Vernon, 
Iowa.  From  there  he  transferred  to 
Northwestern  University  where  he  com- 
pleted studies  necessary  for  a  B.S.  de- 
gree in  physics.  After  graduation  he  at- 
tended the  University  of  Iowa  and  there 
obtained  a  B.S.  degree  in  electrical  en- 
gineering. 

His  teaching  career  began  at  Central 
State  Teachers  College  in  Stevens  Point, 
Wisconsin.  After  this,  he  journeyed  to 
Eastern  New  Mexico  College  where  he 
held  a  post  as  assistant  professor  in  engi- 
neering and  physics.  But  the  midwest 
beckoned,  and  he  returned  to  take  his 
present  position  with  the  Uni\ersity  of 
Illinois. 

During  World  War  II  Mr.  Pratt 
detoured  from  teaching,  to  work  in  in- 
dustry and  on  several  development  proj- 
ects. His  services  in  industry  included 
periods  of  time  at  Skokie  Electric  com- 
pany in  Glencoe,  Illinois,  (jalin  Manu- 
facturing company  (Motorola)  in  Chi- 
cago, Illinois,  and  Stromberg  Carlson  in 
Rochester,  New  York.  His  efforts  were 
acknowledged  by  the  National  War  Pro- 
duction Board  for  which  he  received  a 
war  proiluction  award. 

Mr.  Pratt  also  held  a  position  with 
the  physics  and  engineering  development 
project  at  the  I  tiiversity  of  Iowa,  which 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


was  part  nf  the  system  of  campus  war 
deselopment  projects  which  contributed 
so  many  new  and  improved  devices  to 
the  American  war  effort.  Among  the 
more  prominent  developments  in  which 
he  aided  was  the  radio  proximity  fuze 
( VT),  which  became  well  known  as  the 
Posit  fuze  to  the  artillerists  during  the 
latter  half  of  the  European  war.  A  di- 
rect result  of  its  employment  was  an 
increase  in  speed  and  accuracy  with 
which  artiller\  fire  could  be  conducted. 
His  industrial  experience,  together 
wtih  his  education  and  personality,  as- 
sure Mr.  Pratt  continued  success  as  a 
teacher.  He  provides  the  student  with 
not  only  the  technical  essentials,  but  also 
with  some  practical  preparation  for  the 
future  by  discussing  how  theoretical 
study  matter  is  applied  in  industry  and 
by  emphasizing  the  importance  of  funda- 
mental concepts. 

Extra-Curricular  Engineering 
Activities 

By  H.  Roy  Johnson,  C.E.  '51 

As  the  prospective  engineer  enters  his 
undergraduate  training  in  college,  he  is 
confronted  with  many  problems.  The 
most  prominent  of  these  is  the  problem 
of  learning  correct  study  habits  and  how 
to  use  any  spare  time  available  to  its 
proper  advantage.  The  former  is  a  prob- 
lem best  suited  to  individual  solution 
along  with  some  aid  from  the  various 
counselors  available  here  at  Galesburg. 
The  problem  nf  using  spare  time  prop- 
erly is  one  which  has  been  well  handled 
by  our  Engineering  Council.  They  have 
arranged  a  program  of  extra-curricidar 
activities  which  has  aided  many  of  the 
pre-engineers  on  our  campus.. 

(^ne  of  the  most  prominent  of  these 
projects  is  the  Engineers'  Lounge  which 
presenth'  is  housed  in  building  number 
E-11.  This  lounge  has  been  outfitted 
with  current  publications  obtained  from 
some  of  the  largest  engineering  firms  in 
the  nation  and  also  with  other  informa- 
ti\e,  as  well  as  interesting,  literature  on 
all  of  the  engineering  sciences. 

Because  of  the  fact  that  this  lounge 
was  not  completed  until  late  in  the  past 
semester,  it  has  not  been  put  to  its  in- 
tended use.  A  pre-engineering  student 
must  learn  that  he  should  know  what 
developments  are  taking  place  in  indus- 
try that  affect  his  chosen  field  of  en- 
deavor. The  Engineers'  Lounge  is  just 
the  place  for  the  prospective  engineer  to 
obtain  this  type  of  information.  Indus- 
try is  clamoring  for  well  informed,  as 
well  as  well  educated,  engineers  and  it 
[       is  up  to  us  to  satisfy  their  desires. 

Definite  plans  for  this  semester  have 
not  as  yet  been  released  by  the  Engineer- 
ing Council.  It  is  expected  that  there 
will  be  field  trips,  vocation  and  educa- 
tional movies,  and  many  other  activities 
designed  to  interest  engineering  students. 

OCTOBER,  1948 


WILLIS  YARD 

By  Bayard  L.  Wrighf,  M.E.  '50 

Galesburg,  Illinois,  is  the  midwest 
nerve  center  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington, 
and  Quincy  railroad.  Through  Gales- 
burg pass  the  Chicago  to  Denver  main 
line  and  the  Beardstowii,  Quincy,  Peo- 
ria, and  Savanna  secondary  and  branch 
lines  of  this  company.  The  Burlington 
lines  are  important  to  the  economic  life 
of  Cialesburg,  employing  a  large  part  of 
the  city's  29, QUO  population. 

South  of  the  city  is  Willis  Yard,  one 
of  the  largest  classification  yards  owned 
by  a  single  railroad  in  the  world.  Named 
for  R.  W.  Willis,  the  designer,  these 
yards  were  completed  in  two  sections, 
the  eastbound  hump  in  the  year  1931, 
and  the  westbound  in  the  year  1942. 
The  receiving  yard  for  trains  from  the 
north  (twin  cities  \ia  Savanna),  east 
(Chicago),  and  Peoria  contains  ten 
tracks  with  an  1,112  car  capacity.  The 
receiving  yard  for  trains  from  the  south 
and  west  (southern  Illinois  coal  fields, 
Kansas  City,  Colorado  and  Pacific  north- 
west) has  nine  tracks  with  an  1,134  car 
capacity. 

The  receiving  tracks  lead  onto  the 
humps,  artificial  hills  used  for  gravity 
switching,  which  in  turn  lead  into  their 
respective  classification  yards.  The  west 
classification  yard  has  a  1,542  car  capaci- 
ty on  its  35  tracks  while  the  east  yard 
holds  1,306  cars  on  49  tracks.  From  the 
classification  yards  cars  move  to  the  de- 
parture yards  where  they  are  serviced 
before  leaving  as  trains.  The  eastbound 
departure    yard    has    two    extra    tracks. 


holding  90  cars,  which  are  used  for  east- 
bound  perishable  trains.  Refrigerator 
car  ice  bunkers  are  refilled  from  a  long, 
roof  high  icing  dock  between  the  tracks. 
The  humps  themselves  are  the  heart 
of  the  yard.  The  gradient  on  the  west- 
bound hump  starts  at  4%  and  works  off 
to  2%  before  reaching  the  level  classifi- 
cation yard.  The  east  hump  is  not  quite 
so  steep,  working  from  3.5%  to  .25'^;  . 
The  cars  are  slowed  on  the  hump  by 
electro-pneumatic  retarders  (electrically 
controlled  but  operated  by  compressed 
air).  These  retarders  consist  of  long 
heavy  metal  bars  on  both  sides  of  each 
rail  which  press  against  the  wheel  flanges 
and  rims  at  varying  pressures  controlled 
by  the  operator.  The  operators  controll- 
ing the  retarders,  and  also  the  switches 
leading  from  the  hump  into  the  classifi- 
cation yard,  are  situated  in  towers  along 
the  hump  and  lead  tracks.  Willis  Yard 
has  five  such  control  towers. 

During  each  twenty-four  hour  period 
the  operating  crews  work  thirty-two 
tricks  (a  trick  being  an  eight  hour  work 
period  for  a  single  switching  crew). 
Much  of  the  switching  is  done  by  diesels. 
there  being  nine  1,000  h.p.  and  one  600 
h.p.  diesels  employed  in  the  yards.  The 
average  switching  crew  consists  of  the 
engine  crew,  the  foreman  who  is  in 
charge,  the  pin  man  who  uncouples  the 
cars,  and  the  field  man  who  applies 
metal  track  skates  to  stop  the  first  car 
down  each  classification  track. 

The  best  way  in  which  to  relate  the 
various  operations  in  the  yards  is  to  fol- 
low a  train  through  them.  The  train 
first  pLills  onto  one  of  the  receiving 
(Continued    on    page    30) 


This  is  the  Willis  Hump  Yard  located  in  Galesburg,  Illinois.  The  Yard  is 
capable  of  handling  approximately  80  to  95  trains  in  a  24-hour  period 
and  holds  a  record  of   1,387  cars  humped   in  an   8-hour  period. 


15 


The  l^liioiiiiH'i'iiii!  lliiiKiraiics  ami  MHm 

Hfi  Itaii  HiiiiMiT.  1'h.E.  '.lit  ami  IHi'li  .linos.  1'vr.li.  'lit 


PI  TAU  SI(;.MA 

Pi  Tail  Sigma,  the  national  hoiioiar\ 
mechanical  engineering  fraternity,  was 
formed  by  a  group  of  iipperclassmen 
from  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  At  a  joint 
meeting  of  the  two  groups  in  Chicago 
in  1^16,  the  fraternity  was  formally  es- 
tablished and  the  Illinois  and  Wisconsin 
chapters  were  designated  as  tlic  Al|ih;i 
chapters. 

Active  members  are  chosen  from  the 
junior  and  senior  classes  on  the  basis  of 
scholarship,  personality,  leadership,  and 
probable  future  success  in  the  field  of 
technical  engineering.  Fifteen  per  cent 
of  the  junior  class  and  25  per  cent  of  tiie 
senior  class  are  eligible  for  selection  as 
active  members. 

Plans  are  being  forniul.-itcd  at  tlu' 
present  time  for  a  smoker  to  be  held 
later  in  the  semester  to  intnuiuce  new 
pledges  to  the  organization,  and  the  iiu- 
tiation  after  pledge  duties  are  completed. 

Faculty  adviser.  Professor  J.  C.  Miles, 
helps  to  keep  the  gears  running  smooth- 
ly. Officers  of  the  local  chapter  are 
Bernard  Peskin,  president;  Clarence 
Brown,  vice-president ;  Charles  A.  Less- 
ing,  treasurer;  Harold  K.  Levy,  record- 
ing secretary;  and  Harold  1.  Hhitner, 
corresponding  secret  a  r\. 

I.T.E. 

Traffic  engineering,  one  of  the  newest 
anil  fastest  growing  engineering  fields, 
is  that  phase  of  engineering  which  deals 
with  the  planning  and  geometric  design 
of  streets,  highways,  and  abutting  lands, 
and  with  traffic  operation  thereon  as 
their  use  is  related  to  the  safe,  conven- 
ient and  economic  transportation  of  per- 
sons and  goods. 

The  second  chapter  of  the  I.T.E.  was 
formed  here  at  Illinois  in  1^47  .-uid  lias 
been  extremely  active  since  th.it  time. 
The  members  have  participated  in  actual 
research,  including  the  collection,  study, 
and  reporting  of  data  on  the  traffic 
problems  confronting  the  Universit\  and 
the  cities  of  Champaign  and  Urbana. 

The  officers  for  this  year  are  Edward 
Bolden,  president ;  Howard  E.  Morey, 
vice-president ;  and  Thomas  E.  Young, 
secretary-treasurer.  Professor  C.  C. 
Wiley  is  the  faculty  adviser.  The  chap- 
ter normally  meets  twice  a  month.  Dates, 
locations  of  meetings,  and  other  an- 
nouncements will  be  posted  on  the  bulle- 
tin board  outside  103  Engineering  Hall. 
Watch  for  the  yellow  stop  sign ! 


HNGINEERING  COUNCIL 

After  a  very  successful  first  year,  the 
l!ngineering  Council  is  looking  forward 
to  e\en  greater  accomplishments  this 
vear.  Consisting  of  delegates  from  each 
engineering  society  and  the  editor  and 
business  manager  of  The  Technograph, 
the  Council  has  worked  for  better  har- 
mony and  cooperation  among  its  constit- 
uent groups.  Other  aims  are  to  stimu- 
l.ite  the  interest  of  the  engineering  stu- 
dents in  all  engineering  activities  on 
campus  and  to  be  responsible  for  the 
planning  and  carrying  out  of  combined 
.■icti\ities  of  the  engineering  societies.  In- 
cKuied  in  the  latter  are  the  annual  St. 
Pat's  ball  and  the  engineering  show. 

Officers  of  the  Council  are  Allen 
Benson,  president;  Dick  Coderre,  vice- 
jiresident ;  Rill  Paidson,  secretar\' ;  and 
Dick  Ames,  treasurer. 

SIGM.A,  TAU 

Open  to  all  engineering  students  who 
have  brains  as  well  as  good  looks,  Sigma 
Tau  honorary  promotes  cultural  and 
scholastic  improvement.  Pledges  are 
chosen  and  initiated  each  semester.  It  is 
planned  to  present  a  scholarship  medal 
each  year  to  the  most  outstanding  fresh- 
man engineer  on  the  campus.  This  will 
help  to  stinndate  competition  and  inter- 
est in  Sigma  Tau  among  the  underclass- 
men. 

Officers  of  the  Illinois  chapter  are  as 
follows :  George  Gore,  president ;  Nor- 
ton W.  Bell,  vice-president;  Paul  E. 
Backer,  treasurer;  Daryl  M.  Papke,  re- 
cording secretary;  James  F.  Chandler, 
corresponding  secretary. 

M.I.S. 

V'eiy  much  interested  in  bre\ity  is  the 
M.I.S.  which  uses  but  one  "M"  to  sig- 
nifv  mining  and  metallurgical  engineer- 
ing. Membership  in  this  society  is  open 
to  an\one  whose  curriculum  may  include 
mining,  metallurgy,  or  geology.  Speakers 
from  the  professional  chapter  of  the 
A.I.M.E.  in  Chicago  are  often  obtained 
to  inform  the  group  about  the  life  and 
work  to  be  expected  outside.  There  has 
been  a  scarcity  of  mining  engineers  in 
the  M.I.S.  so  the  present  officers  are  be- 
ing urged  to  bring  about  a  better  bal- 
ance of  membership  in  the  society. 

If  you  are  interested,  just  contact  Dr. 
William  R.  Chedsey  or  one  of  the  offi- 
cers, Keith  Lampson,  president;  Norbert 
Blaski,  vice-president;  Charles  Fournier, 
secretary,  or  Verle  I  dzinger,  treasiu'er. 


If  tlie\  are  too  haiil  to  contact  \()u  might 
find  one  of  them  at  the  meetings  which 
are  announced  on  the  bulletin  board  on 
the  second  floor  of  the  Met.illurgical 
laboratory. 

A.S.A.E. 

Doun  in  the  "you  all"  end  of  campus 
is  the  agricultural  engineering  building, 
headquarters  of  the  A.S.A.E.  Mr.  Rob- 
ert Whittacker  is  faculty  sponsor  for  this 
group,  whose  activities  include  operation 
of  a  lunch  stand  during  Farm  and  Home 
Week.  Local  and  imported  speakers  are 
usually  presented  at  the  bi-monthly 
meetings. 

Officers  of  the  A.S.A.E.  are:  Earl 
Moss,  president;  Lawrence  Bitterman, 
vice-president ;  D.  A.  Jones,  secretary ; 
and  Dave  Cash,  treasurer. 

A.S.M.E. 

The  A.S..M.E.  was  a  very  successful 
and  busy  organization  last  year  with  a 
record-breaking  membership.  After  giv- 
ing Professor  Seyfarth,  the  honorary 
chairman,  a  short  rest  during  the  sum- 
mer months,  the  organization  is  ready  to 
start  action  again. 

A  committee  of  A.S.M.E.  students 
was  responsible  for  starting  the  course- 
grading  sheets  in  the  M.E.  department. 
At  the  end  of  each  semester  the  students 
fill  out  a  form,  giving  suggestions  and 
comments  about  the  course  and  instruc- 
tor. The  society's  bowling  team  did 
q\iite  well  last  spring  and  may  be  con- 
tinued this  year.  Watch  the  bulletin 
board  in  the  Transportation  building  for 
notice  of  future  acti\ities. 

.4.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

To  make  sure  that  the  "word"  gets 
around  to  all  the  members  a  newsletter 
is  sent  out  by  the  Electrical  and  Radio 
engineering  society  on  campus.  Thus,  the 
many  events  are  well  publicized  and  no 
one  needs  to  miss  out  on  the  acti\  ities 
throughout  the  semester. 

A  competition  in  writing  technical 
papers  will  be  held  this  year  for  mem- 
bers with  or  without  rhetoric  abilities. 
The  entrant  with  the  most  pidl  (or  bull, 
whichever  it  takes)  will  receive  a  trip  to 
the  AIEE  con\ention  at  Michigan. 

The  AIEE-IRE  is  expecting  to  lend  a 
hand  in  planning  for  the  grand  opening 
and  dedication  of  the  new  EE  building 
this  year. 

Professor  E.  A.  Reid  is  the  adviser 
for  this  group,  whose  officers  are  Keith 
Goodwin,    chairman;    Don    Hyer,    vice- 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


chairman;  Ed  Schwartz,  secretary;  La- 
verne  Wente,  treasurer;  James  Stewart, 
Engineering  Council  representative; 
Robert  Beck,  AIEE  corresponding  sec- 
retary; and  James  Schussele,  I.R.E.  cor- 
responding secretary. 

I.A.S. 

Whether  you're  a  "fly-boy"  or  just 
liigh  on  weekends,  you  might  be  inter- 
ested in  joining  the  Institute  of  Aero- 
nautical Science.  Jacque  Houser,  of  the 
Aeronautical  Engineering  department,  is 
adviser  for  the  group  and  though  not  a 
D.D.,  would  be  glad  to  help  you  shape 
your  wings. 

Leading  the  flight  are  these  officers: 
V'ernon  VanHeyningen,  president;  Wil- 
liam A.  Brooks,  vice-president;  Lowell 
.\Lisley,  secretary-treasurer.  Allen  \l. 
Benson  and  Vernon  VanHeyningen  are 
the  Engineering  Council  representatives. 

A.S.C.E. 

You  don't  have  to  be  a  civil  engineer 
to  belong  to  the  A.S.C.E.  General  and 
architectural  engineers  are  more  than 
welcome  to  join  up  and  take  an  active 
part  in  the  program. 

About  3t  members  from  the  branch 
chapter  at  Navy  Pier  will  be  welcomed 
onto  the  campus  at  a  smoker  to  be  held 
soon.  Anyone  interested  is  invited  to 
attend  and  get  acquainted  with  the  fac- 
idty  and  learn  about  the  plans  for  the 
future. 

A  no\el  arrangement  that  gives  con- 
tinuity to  the  society  and  experience  to 
the  officers  is  used.  Each  vice-president 
learns  the  ropes  from  the  man  higher  up 
and  then  takes  over  the  presidency  after 
a  semester's  apprenticeship. 

Wheels  of  the  A.S.C.E.  for  this  se- 
mester are  Kenneth  McGann,  president ; 
Wendall  Rowe,  vice-president ;  Charles 
Lampe,  secretary;  Cliff  Anderson,  treas- 
urer; and  Frank  Sexton,  Engineering 
Council  representative.  Professor  \l.  O. 
Schmidt  is  the  faculty  adviser. 

To  get  the  latest  dope,  take  a  look  at 
the  bulletin  board  just  across  the  hall 
from  the  Technograph  office  in  Engi- 
neering hall. 

A.LGh.E. 

A  rounded  program  of  speakers  cover- 
ing subjects  from  the  economic  and  busi- 
ness viewpoints,  as  well  as  the  technical 
side,  is  to  be  presented  to  the  members 
of  the  A.LCh.E.  throughout  the  coming 
year.  On  the  list  of  probable  speakers 
are  several  outstanding  men  of  industry 
and  distinguished  faculty  members  from 
this  campus  and  other  schools. 

(^pen  to  chemistry  curriculum  and 
chemistry  majors  as  well  as  chemical  en- 
gineers, the  A.LCh.E.  provides  social  as 
well  as  technical  programs.  Well  worth 
looking  forward  to  are  the  Beer  Bust 
and  the  Banquet,  which  climax  the  year's 
entertaiiuiieiit  program. 

Faculty  adviser  for  the  society  is  Dr. 
H.  G.  Drickamer,  of  the  chemical  eiigi- 


neering  division.  If  you're  interested, 
contact  one  of  the  plumbers  with  the 
economy-size  pipe  wrenches:  Al  Birkel- 
bach,  president;  Ray  Harris,  vice-presi- 
dent; Bill  Barnes,  secretary;  Herb 
Schultz,  treasurer;  or  one  of  the  Engi- 
neering Council  representatives,  Dale 
(ilass  or  Dick  Coderre. 

ETA  KAPPA  NU 

The  electrical  engineering  honorary, 
Eta  Kappa  Nu,  was  founded  here  at  Ill- 
inois in  1904  to  stimulate  and  reward 
scholarship  and  to  advance  the  electrical 
engineering  profession.  Requirements  in- 
clude not  only  scholastic  proficiency  but 
also  acceptability  to  the  members  of  the 
chapter. 

Professor  A.  R.  Knight  is  faculty  ad- 
viser for  the  local  Alpha  chapter.  Pres- 
ent officers  are  Edward  W.  Ernst,  pres- 
ident;  Wayne  L.  Hall,  vice-president; 
James  H.  Schussele,  secretary;  Frank  J. 
Dill,  corresponding  secretary;  Floyd 
Dunn,  bridge  correspondent;  and  James 
L.  Woon,  treasurer. 

TAU  BETA  PI 

You  have  to  be  more  than  a  brain  to 
get  a  Tau  Beta  Pi  key,  as  selection  of 
members  is  based  on  scholarship,  integ- 
rity, breadth  of  interest  both  inside  and 
outside  of  engineering,  and  unselfish  ac- 
tivity. Illinois  Alpha  chapter,  the  fifth 
oldest  in  the  countrv,  was  founded  here 
in  1897. 

Members  of  the  faculty  advisory  board 
are  S.  H.  Pierce,  M.  A.  Faucett,  W.  N. 
Espy,  and  J.  O.  Smith.  Chapter  officers 
are  Charles  Drury,  president;  Charles 
Studt,  vice-president;  Stafford  Kulcin- 
ski,  treasurer;  (jilbert  Kamm,  recording 
secretary;  and  John  Parry,  correspond- 
ing secretary. 

ELECTRONICS  CLUB 

To  provide  technical  practice,  facili- 
ties, and  instruction  for  students  and  fac- 
ulty members  who  are  interested  in  elec- 
tronics is  the  aim  of  the  still-wet-behind- 
the-ears  Electronics  Club.  University 
equipment  and  facilities  are  for  the  use 
of  members  desiring  to  construct  elec- 
tronics equipment.  Work  on  personal 
projects  is  encouraged  and,  whenever 
possible,  technical  assistance  is  supplied. 

To  keep  in  the  know,  take  notice  of 
the  "bidl"  on  the  bulletin  board  next  to 
room  212,  E.E.  laboratory.  I.  Ci.  Evans 
is  president;  \l.  L.  Embree,  vice-presi- 
dent; and  G.  M.  Boyd,  secretary-treas- 
urer of  the  Electronics  Club. 

S.B.A.C.S. 

The  Student  Branch  of  the  American 
Ceramic  Society  is  an  organization  de- 
signed to  give  future  ceramic  engineers 
a  more  professional  interest  in  the  in- 
dustry in  addition  to  their  academic 
course.  A  second,  and  no  less  important 
aim  of  the  society,  is  to  promote  activi- 
ties so   that   all   members  of   the  society 


will  become  acquainted  with  each  other. 
In  the  past,  before  the  influx  of  veter- 
ans, it  was  the  boast  of  the  ceramic  de- 
partment that  each  man  was  known  to 
all  members  of  the  department,  both 
students  and  faculty,  by  his  first  name. 
With  the  present  large  enrollment,  how- 
ever, this  becomes  increasingly  difficult, 
without  having  a  special  agency  for  the 
purpose.  The  S.B.A.C.S.  has  fulfilled 
this  function  in  the  past  two  years,  and 
will  endeavor  to  increase  its  scope  of  ac- 
tivities in  the  year  ahead. 

In  the  1947-48  school  year  the  out- 
standing activities  of  the  society  were  the 
annual  "Pig  Roast,"  a  stag  dinner  at 
which  senior  students  roasted  the  faculty, 
and  a  picnic  to  which  the  wives  and  girl 
friends  of  the  members  were  invited. 
Both  functions  were  a  huge  success.  The 
S.B.A.C.S.  points  with  pride  to  the  fact 
that  its  vice-president  during  1947-48, 
Floyd  Maupin,  was  also  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  Engineering  Council. 
This  gave  the  society  increased  prestige 
among  the  larger  societies  of  the  engi- 
neering campus. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  spring, 
1948,  semester  the  following  officers 
were  elected  :  LaVoy  Schneider,  presi- 
dent;  Dick  Ames,  vice-president;  How- 
ard Rapp,  secretary;  Bob  Bender,  treas- 
urer. Bob  Degenkolb  was  elected  as  the 
Engineering  Council  representative  for 
the  '48-49  school  year. 

It  was  voted  at  this  meeting  to  change 
the  tenure  of  office  from  one  year  to  one 
semester  for  all  officers,  in  order  that 
more  of  the  members  would  have  the 
opportunity  to  direct  the  society's  activi- 
ties. It  was  also  decided  at  this  meeting 
to  draw  up  a  new  constitution.  A  meet- 
ing of  graduating  seniors,  faculty,  and 
the  new  officers  was  held  to  exchange 
ideas  and  make  suggestions  as  to  what 
the  new  constitution  should  embody. 
President  Schneider  will  appoint  a  work- 
ing committee  at  the  beginning  of  the 
fall  '48  semester. 

Many  suggestions  have  been  made  for 
activities  in  the  future.  These  include 
a  pottery  club,  a  newspaper,  and  a  cam- 
era club.  It  is  also  planned  to  have  a 
picnic  at  the  beginning  of  the  fall  semes- 
ter to  introduce  new  students  to  the 
department. 


"My  wife  and  I  had  a  big  argument 
last  week.  She  wanted  a  convertible, 
but  I  refused  to  buy  it  since  I  prefer  a 
station  wagon." 

"Does  she  like  the  new  convertible?" 

*      »      » 
Ruth  rode  in  my  new  motorcycle 

On  the  seat  in  back  of  me 
1  took  a  bump  at  fifty-five 
And  rode  on  ruthlessly. 
*      *-     * 
"Yes,  I'm  married  now." 
"What's  your  wife  like?" 
"Bourbon,  rye,  almost  ainthing." 


OCTOBER,  1948 


17 


94^i^U)aA44yLK4^    .    .    . 


htf  Art  Ifrvshfivlil.  t'hvni.li.  *.»# 


PARESHNAl  n  CHA  r  FHRJKK 

On  ail  average  sunny  afternoon,  the 
best  way  to  find  Nath  Chatterjee  would 
be  to  look  around  the  campus  tennis 
courts.  Althousjh  he  considers  himself 
barely  above  a  beginner,  he  is  really  a 
very  good  player.  What  he  considers  as 
an  "average"  tennis  player,  a  man  wit'.i 


PARESIINATU    CHATTERJEE 

a  powerful  serve,  strong  forehand  and 
backhand,  and  good  net  play,  would  give 
the  best  of  players  a  hard  fight. 

Born  in  Calcutta,  India,  28  years  ago, 
he  has  lived  and  studied  there  most  of 
his  life.  In  193S,  he  received  a  R.S.  in 
physics  from  the  University  of  Calcutta, 
and  three  years  later  a  B.Eng.  from  the 
same  place. 

The  Indian  Arm\'  next  claimed  a  year 
of  his  time,  after  which  he  went  to  work 
for  a  construction  company.  This  work 
was  required  of  graduate  engineering 
students  in  India,  much  as  medical  stu- 
dents in  this  country  are  required  to 
intern  for  a  year.  Most  of  his  two  years 
at  this  job  was  spent  supervising  the 
digging  of  ditches  and  the  erecting  of 
ramparts,  as  this  was  during  the  war, 
and  Calcutta  was  under  the  constant 
threat  of  air  raids  by  the  Japanese.  Be- 
cau.se  this  work  had  no  future  and  gave 
no  important  practical  experience,  he  re- 
signed, feeling  that  he  could  spend  his 
time  in  better  ways. 

Nath  did  use  this  time  to  good  ad- 
vantage reviewing  his  college  work,  and 
in  1945  was  one  of  five  Indian  students 
to  be  awarded  a  scholarship  to  the  Uni- 
versitv  of  Illinois. 


Starting  in  l''cliru.u w  I'HO,  he  li.-rs 
studietl  here  contiiniousiy  since  tiien,  and 
finished  his  work  and  thesis  this  summer. 

Between  now  and  February,  when  lie 
will  be  awarded  his  Ph.D.,  Nath  would 
like  to  get  a  job  in  the  United  States. 
Otherwise,  he  will  probably  return  to 
India.  After  he  gets  his  degree,  under 
the  terms  of  his  scholarship,  he  is  re- 
quired to  work  for  five  years  at  any  job 
assigned  by  the  Indian  government. 

Besides  tennis,  Nath  also  plays  bridge 
and  is  interested  in  photography.  That 
these  do  not  interfere  with  his  studies 
is  testified  by  the  fact  that  he  is  a  mem- 
ber of  Sigma  Xi. 

Comparing  U.  S.  with  Indian  educa- 
tion, Nath  feels  that,  in  general,  they  are 
similar.  Howe\er,  he  feels  that  here, 
the  physical  phases  of  engineering,  while 
in  India  the  theoretical  and  mathemati- 
cal aspects,  are  the  areas  of  greater  con- 
contration. 

Nath  likes  Illinois  and  the  United 
States,  but  naturally  will  be  glad  to  re- 
turn home.  He  has  no  plans  beyond 
working  the  required  time  for  the  In- 
dian government.  "India  is  now  in  a 
period  of  transition,  and  everything  is 
too  uncertain,"  he  says.  But  whether  he 
eventually  settles  down  in  India,  the 
United  States,  or  elsewhere,  his  indus- 
triousness,  personality,  and  education  are 
certain  to  make  him  successfid. 

VERNON  SENOUR 

Would  you  like  to  live  in  a  house 
with  walls  of  earth  ?  Vern  Senour  is  a 
man  who  feels  that  more  people  should 
live  in  this  type  of  building.  He  says 
that,  actually,  rammed  earth  walls  can 
be  made  stronger  than  brick,  as  resistant 
to  water  action  as  concrete,  and  far  more 
inexpensively  than  any  other  building 
material.  "But,"  he  says,  "no  one  would 
benefit  by  their  use  except  the  consumer, 
so  there  has  been  no  commercial  interest 
in  them." 

V'ern  is  in  a  good  position  to  talk 
authoritatively  on  this  subject  for  he  has 
been  interested  in  it  for  over  ten  years. 
While  not  having  done  any  intensive  re- 
search, he  has  done  much  extensive  read- 
ing and  some  practical  work  on  it.  This 
summer  he  made  some  rammed  eaith 
buildings  near  his  home  in  Bourbon,  In- 
diana. 

Vern  was  born  there  in  l''2()  and 
li\ed  there  most  of  iiis  life.  In  19.i,S,  he 
receivetl  a  scholarship  for  his  first  semes- 
ter at  Purdue,  which  he  attended  for 
five  semesters  in  a  general  engineering 
curriculum.  Transferring  to  the  Uni- 
versity  of   Chicago,    he   began    studying 


architectural  engineering  and  continued 
for  three  semesters  until  he  was  called 
nito  ser\ice. 

lie  went  into  the  Ainiy  iji  l')4i  and 
spent  the  next  three  and  one-half  years 
as  an  enlisted  man  with  the  air  force 
ground  services. 

After  receiving  his  discharge,  Vern 
came  to  the  University  of  Illinois  in 
February,  1946.  He  has  continued  in 
the  architectural  engineering  curriculum. 


VERNON   SENOUR 

has  made  Honors  Day  twice,  and  expects 
to  get  his  B.S.  this  February.  Then, 
rather  than  doing  graduate  study,  he 
plans  to  go  right  to  work.  "It's  best  to 
start  now  while  the  housing  boom  is  on. 
It  can't  last  forever,"  he  says. 

With  Vern,  architecture  is  a  hobby  as 
well  as  a  profession.  He  is  well  in- 
formed, not  only  on  rammed  earth  con- 
struction, but  on  many  modern  develop- 
ments. He  reads  Architectural  Forum 
and  other  such  magazines  whenever  he 
has  time.  In  addition,  he  has  designed 
and  built  some  small  houses  his  relatives 
now  occupy. 

W^ith  his  broad  architectural  knowl- 
edge and  experience,  Vern  is  exception- 
ally well  qualified  to  enter  the  field  of 
architecture.  Whether  booms  or  depres- 
sions come,  he  should  be  destined  for  a 
successful  career. 


FIRST    COED    METALLURGIST 

Miss  Margaret  E.  O'Donnell  has  the 
unique  distinction  of  being  the  first  girl 
ever  to  receive  a  diploma  in  metallurgi- 
cal engineering  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois. Professor  Harold  L.  Walker, 
mining  and  metallurgical  engineering  de- 
partment head,  says  that  despite  the 
scarcity  of  co-eds  being  trained  in  this 
field,  employment  for  them  is  excellent. 
Miss  O'Donnell  will  be  a  research  as- 
sistant in  the  University's  metallurgical 
laboratorv  this   fall. 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


When  plans  to  deepen  the  Kill  Van  Kull  channel 
in  New  York  harbor  were  announced,  telephone 
engineers  had  to  plan  a  new  subrharine  crossing 
for  the  important  New  York-Philadelphia  long 
distance  route. 

There  were  many  problems.  How  far  below  the 
floor  of  the  new  channel  should  cables  be  placed? 
How  could  a  trench  be  opened  through  tons  of  mud 
and  shelves  of  rock?  (n  the  fast-flowing  tides,  how 
coUld  cables  be  laid  squarely  in  the  bottom  of  the 
trench?  How  many  circuits,  what  kind  of  cables, 
what  size,  and  how  many  should  be  provided  for 
future  needs?  These  questions  demanded)  and  got, 
many  engineering  skills. 

Despite  obstacles,  the  job  was  completed  on 
schedule.  Eighteen  new  cables,  capable  of  carrying 
5,600  simultaneous  conversations,  are  entrenched 
safely  between  Stoten  Island,  N.  Y.,  and  Bayonne, 
N.J. 

It's  another  example  of  telephone  engineering 
at  work. 


BELL   TELEPHONE    SYSTEM 


OCTOBER,  1948 


19 


EDWIN     A.     WITORT 
Editor 


PHIL    DOLL 
Assoc.   Editor 


-fA* 


?5S-^ 


To  tliP  M  Student . 


Aiintlu-r  school  ycnr  is  well  under  way.  For 
some  of  \-ou  this  is  an  entirely  new  adven- 
tme,  interesting  and  enjoyable,  and  is  is  prob- 
•ibh  the  realization  of  plans  that  were  made 
vears  ago.  By  the  time  you  are  ready  to  grad- 
uate a  L;ood  number  of  \ou  will  probably 
ha\e  explored  every  nook  and  corner  of  the 
campus;  \ou  will  have  been  active  in  campus 
life,  burned  gallons  of  midnight  oil,  attended 
many  social  activities,  and  in  general,  your 
entire  college  life  will  fill  your  memory  book 
to  capacity.  Others  of  \ou  will  have  been 
content  to  ignore  all  things  except  your 
studies.  It  is  the  latter  group  to  which  this 
piece  of  printed  matter  is  directed. 

Before  starting,  it  might  be  well  to  state 
that  college  life  consists  of  a  great  more 
than  just  going  to  classes  and  doing  home- 
work. It  is  surprising  to  note  that  a  good 
number  of  engineering  students  on  this  cam- 
pus either  do  not  know  that  this  is  so,  or  do 
not  care.  This  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that 
about  one-third  of  the  students  in  any  branch 
of  engineering,  mechanical,  electrical,  civil, 
etc.,  are  members  of  their  respective  societies. 
This  is  a  pitifully  low  percentage.  The  fault 
may  lie  with  the  students  who  run  these  or- 
ganizations. However,  this  is  doubtful  because 
membership  drives  are  perpetually  in  progress 
throughout  the  school  year;  notices  of  meet- 
ings and  smokers  are  always  posted  on  the  bul- 
letin boards  throughout  the  engineering  cam- 
pus. 

The  importance  of  extra-curricular  activi- 
ties cannot  be  over-emphasized.  They  improve 


a  person's  character  and  teach  him  how  to  get 
along  with  people.  They  simulate  actual  work- 
ing conditions  and  the  highly  active  student 
is  much  better  fitted  for  industry  when  he 
graduates.  The  University  recognizes  this 
fact.  It  encourages  every  University  student 
to  take  an  active  part  in  the  activity  that 
interests  him  most.  Huff  gym  was  turned  over 
to  the  activity  sponsors  a  few  weeks  ago  in 
order  that  they  might  acquaint  the  new  stu- 
dents with  the  various  activities  present  on 
the  campus. 

Membership  alone  in  an  organization  is  not 
sufficient.  There  are  many  members  of  organi- 
zations who  are  entireh'  too  passive.  The  bene- 
fits \ou  receive  from  any  activity  are  greater 
or  less,  depending  upon  whether  your  dealings 
with  the  acti\ity  are  active  or  passive. 

Those  of  you  who  say  that  you  don't  have 
the  time  and  ability  should  stop  and  recon- 
sider. The  amount  of  time  that  you  are  able 
to  give  will  be  sufficient  in  nine  cases  out  of 
ten.  Ability  is  not  a  prerequisite  to  member- 
ship in  most  of  the  organizations  on  campus. 

The  time  to  start  the  ball  rolling  for  your- 
self is  right  now.  The  school  year  is  young. 
Make  \ourself  known  to  the  sponsors  of  the 
the  activities  of  your  selection  and  show  them 
that  you  are  genuinely  interested.  They  will 
do  the  rest.  The  valuable  experience  and  other 
benefits  \ou  will  receive  from  your  extra- 
curricular activities  will  more  than  compen- 
sate you  for  the  time  you  spend  on  them. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  skeleton  where  Volts  are  Housebroken 


...  with  the  help  of 
Alcoa  Aluminum  Structural  Shapes 

Electricity  is  transmitted  in  raging,  sizzling,  high- 
tension  currents  that  couldn't  be  allowed  to  enter  a 
home  or  factory.  To  "housebreak"  this  hot  stuff — 
step  it  down  toward  a  useful  110  or  220-volt  distribu- 
tion stature — is  the  job  of  substations. 

The  "skeleton"  of  each  substation — the  frame- 
work of  beams  and  girders  that  support  the  trans- 
formers and  equipment — is  prey  to  weather,  corrosive 
atmosphere,  chnging  dirt.  Good  maintenance  has 
always  called  for  frequent  painting,  and  that  called 
for  shutdowns  of  electricity  .  .  .  until  substation 
builders   heard   about   Alcoa   Aluminum   Structural 


Shapes!  Now  the  skeleton  of  a  substation  can  be 
built,  and  routine  maintenance  painting  forgotten. 
Among  the  standard  shapes  made  by  Alcoa,  engi- 
neers find  sections  exactly  suited  to  their  needs. 
It  gives  a  whole  new  concept  to  structures — this 
building  with  Alcoa  Aluminum  Shapes.  When  they 
are  used  for  bridges,  railroad  enginehouses,  indus- 
trial equipment  and  similar  structures,  damaging  red 
rust  will  never  be  a  menace,  painters  will  be  freed 
from  their  frequent  rounds!  That's  something  to 
remember  when  you  start  putting  your  degree  to 
work  and  are  designing  structures  for  industry 
instead  of  for  grades.  Aluminum  Company  of 
America,  Gulf  Building,  Pittsburgh  19,  Pennsylvania. 


(C)^    FIRST    IN    ALUMINUM 


60  years  ago  aluminum  was  a  novelty 
metal,  used  only  for  trinkets  such  as 
combs,  watch  fobs  and  napkin  rings. 
Then  along  came  a  little  company  with 
two  ideas  firmlv  in  mind — making  alumi- 
num cheaper  and  better  so  it  could  be  more 
useful.  That  was  the  start  of  Alcoa,  the 


start  toward  making  aluminum  so  strong 
that  it  can  often  replace  structural  steel. 
Alcoa's  60  years  of  research  and  engineer- 
ing development  have  swelled  the  uses  of 
aluminum  from  a  handful  of  trinkets  to 
4,000  different  applications  in  industry, 
in  homes,  and  on  farms. 


OCTOBER.   1948 


21 


OVERFEED  STOKERS  .  .  . 

(Coiitiiuicii   from  page  7) 

domestic  stokers  now  in  use,  have  a 
means  provided  for  admitting  over-fire 
air  to  the  combustion  zone.  This  is  a 
prime  requisite  if  complete  combustion 
of  all  volatile  matter  is  to  be  accom- 
plished. Also,  properly  directed  over- 
tire  air  will  tend  to  knock  down  the  fly- 
ash  which  otherwise  would  be  carried 
out  of  the  stack. 

In  1940,  after  many  years  of  consid- 
eration of  the  problems  to  overcome, 
Joseph  Harrington,  a  well  known  com- 
bustion engineer,  consolidated  bis 
thoughts  and  ideas  into  the  design  of  a 
new  type  of  automatic  stoker  .  It  is  u  ith 
this  stoker  that  this  article  is  concerned. 

A  cross-sectional  drawing  of  the 
stoker  mechanism,  including  the  grates 
and  ash-pit,  is  shown  in  Figure  1.  The 
fuel  supply  is  contained  in  the  hopper 
which  is  represented  in  the  upper  right 
corner  of  this  drawing. 

Immediately  below  the  hopper  is  the 
stoking  mechanism  which  consists  of  a 
pusher  that  is  operated  by  a  rack  and 
pinion,  as  shown.  The  quantity  of  fuel 
which  is  fed  to  the  combustion  zone  per 
stroke,  is  adjusted  by  the  hand  screw  on 
the  rack.  By  use  of  the  hand  screw,  the 
length  of  the  effective  stroke  is  altered. 
The  pinion  is  activated  through  a  geared 


>pcc(l-i"C(lucer  from  an  clectnc  motor. 
The  fuel  is  forced  out  thnuigh  the 
swinging  door  and  falls  directly  onto  the 
grates  below.  The  swinging  door  is  pro- 
vided as  a  means  of  preventing  any  pos- 
sible preheating  of  the  fuel  which  might 
cause  volatiles  to  be  driven  off  and  pos- 
sibl\'  cause  an  explosion  in  the  fuel   bin. 

T  he  combustion  zone,  as  shown, 
shows  only  the  two  grates  in  section. 
These  grates  constitute  0.6  square  feet 
of  area.  However,  the  total  space  pro- 
vided for  combustion  is  increased  by  the 
area  of  the  slope  plates  which  are  placed 
on  either  side  of  the  grates.  As  the  fuel 
bi'd  is  built  up,  the  coals  spread  out  over 
the  lower  area  of  the  slope  plates  and 
thus  increase  the  burning  area.  This 
combustion  area  is  adequate  for  meeting 
the  heating  and  hot  water  requirements 
of  a  six  or  seven  room  house. 

(^f  the  two  grates  shown,  the  one 
farthest  to  the  left  is  fixed  and  remains 
in  that  position  at  all  times.  However, 
the  right  hand  grate  is  movable,  and  it 
is  through  the  action  of  this  grate  that 
the  fuel  is  progressively  moved  across  the 
grates  and  ultimately  to  the  ash-pit. 

The  movable  grate,  as  shown,  has 
reached  its  return  position.  To  trace 
the  flow  of  the  fuel  through  the  com- 
bustion zone,  it  will  be  considered  that 
the  grate  has  reached  its  farthest  extend- 
ed position.     When  the  grate  is  at  the 


position  mcntiiined,  the  fuel  is  fed  to  it. 
As  the  grate  then  mo\es  backwani,  the 
scraper  pushes  the  fuel  forward  and 
some  of  it  falls  off  the  front  end  of  the 
grate.  As  the  grate  again  moves  for- 
ward, the  fuel  and  ash  upon  the  fixed 
grate  are  pushed  toward  the  ash-pit,  and 
the  part  of  the  bed  which  has  been  in 
the  combustion  zone  the  longest,  drops 
off  the  grate  and  into  the  ash-pit.  The 
movable  grate  is  actuated  in  much  the 
same  manner,  but  instead  of  a  rack  and 
pinion  being  used,  a  lost-motion  linkage 
is  substituted,  and  the  length  of  the 
stroke  is  here  again  controlled  by  the 
use  of  a  hand  adjusting  screw. 

The  removal  of  ash  is  simplicity  itself, 
as  it  only  involves  the  removal  of  the 
ash  bin  from  the  ash-pit ;  this  is  accom- 
plished through  a  door  which  is  not 
shown  in  the  drawing. 

In  order  to  provide  an  adequate  air 
supply,  a  good  deal  of  thought  must  be 
given  to  the  air  system.  The  system,  as 
designed,  is  shown  in  Figure  2. 

The  air  is  supplied  under  pressure  by 
a  centrifugal  fan.  The  fan  is  driven  by 
the  same  motor  which  supplies  the  mo- 
tive power  for  the  stoker  and  grate 
mechanism.  The  requirements  for  over- 
fire  air  have  been  previously  discussed, 
so  it  will  suffice  to  indicate  the  method 
and  objecti\e  of  the  constructional  fea- 
( Continued   on   page  24) 


^uiepohf  II  It  i:  u  i:  ii  1 1:  *>>   i  s  i: 


Frick  ammonia  compressors  as  built  in  the  ElgMies 
and  Nineties  were  primitive  machines  by  today's 
standards.  But  they  were  remarkably  dependable: 
one  of  those  installed  In  the  Hudepohl  Breweries  at 
Cincinnati  ran  57  years,  another  52,  and  two 
others  45! 

Naturally.  Hudepohls  believe  in  Frick  Refrigera- 
tion. Their  fine  new  engine  room  contains  the  two 
big   Frick  4-cylInder  machines  illustrated. 

You'll  get  the  last  word  in  reliability  when  you 
specify  Frick  Refrigeration.  And  you'll  get  equip- 
ment built  to  handle  either  ammonia. 
Freon,  methyl  chloride  or  carbon 
dioxide,  to  suit  your  special  needs. 
All  commercial  and  industrial  sizes, 
1/4  to  1000  horsepower.  Let  us 
quote  on  your  requirements. 

Tkr   Frick    Gradmic    Tmmni    Coiir.r    in 
Refrigeration  and  Air  Conditioning,  nou    in 
ilM  3lii  year,  m  approved  under  the  C-  I.  Ii>:i 
'«_,     o/  Hitht, 

L     -.^^:i:LL;MHlMMi»r...TrTj^— >-,^ 


DEVELOPING 
PRINTING 

YOUR  FILMS 

HELPFUL  SNAPSHOT  ADVICE 

We  have  a  complete  line  of 

PHOTO  EOUIPMENT 

AND  SUPPLIES 

ZEISS    -    LEICA    -    ARGUS    -    NATCO 

REVERE  -  AMPRO  -  ANSCO  -  EASTMAN 

GRAFLEX  -  DEFENDER  -  DUPONT 

BELL  AND   HOWELL 

We  have  a  complete  line  in 
HOBBY  SUPPLIES 

FAIRCHILD 

CAMERA  AND  HOBBY  SHOP 
111  No.  Walnut                                       Champaign,  111 

22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ifiese  /ii/e  fines  are 
cheaper  ifian  heacff/'nes 


>juy  de  Maupassant's  classic 
l^  about  the  Frenchman  whose 
mania  for  saving  string  brought 
ruin  upon  him,  is  an  object  lesson 
for  wire  rope  users. 

Courting  trouble  through  a  mis- 
guided sense  of  economy  applies  to 
wire  rope,  too. 

The  prevention  of  waste  is  a 
commendable  effort  but,  it  should 
be  exercised  before,  not  after  the 
rope  has  outlived  its  usefulness.  It 


should  be  exercised  in  the  selection 
of  the  right  rope  for  the  job,  its 
proper  installation  and  care. 

The  man  who  roots  through  a 
scrap  pile  for  a  short  length  of  rope 
that  is  "good  enough"  to  serve  as 
a  sling,  should  remember  that  a 
wire  rope,  too,  is  only  as  strong  as 
its  weakest  link. 

Our  free  enterprise  system  has 
created  markets  that  demand  the 
output  of  millions  of  workers. 


Roebling  slings  were  developed  to 
increase  the  efficiency  of  these 
workers,  and  to  insure  their  safety. 
Scientifically  designed  for  a  wide- 
spread variety  of  requirements, 
Roebling  slings  have  won  the  con- 
fidence of  management  and  worker 
alike  .  .  .  throughout    the    world. 

JOHN  A.  ROEBLING'S  SONS  COMPANV 

TRENTON  2,  NEW  JERSEY 
Branches  and  Warehouses  in  Principal  Cities 


CENTURY  OF  CONFIDENCE         ROEBLING 


OCTOBER,  1948 


23 


B>      <*ia;^ 


The  World's 
Largest  Grinder 

.  .  .  built, 
by  Norton 


XlERE  YOU  SEE  the  world's  largest  grinder  receiving  its  final 
runoff  test  on  one  of  the  assembly  floors  of  the  Norton  Machine 
Division.  It  handles  huge  cylindrical  work  as  long  as  68  feet 
and  up  to  36"  diameter — and  grinds  such  work  to  tolerances 
measured  in  fractions  of  a  thousandth  of  an  inch — approximate- 
ly a  tenth  the  thickness  of  this  page. 

The  other  extreme  in  the  Norton  line  of  cylindrical  grinders  is 
the  tiny  4"  Type  C.  There  are  also  Norton  machines  for  sur- 
face grinding,  toolroom  grinding,  and  such  special  work  as 
automotive  crankshafts  and  camshafts.  And  for  producing  still 
greater  dimensional  accuracy  and  higher  surface  finish,  there's 
a  line  of  Norton  Lapping  Machines — for  both  flat  and  cylin- 
drical work. 

Every  Norton  machine  is  expertly  designed,  expertly  built  and 
is  expertly  serviced  by  a  highly  trained  field  organization. 

NORTON   COMPANY,  WORCESTER   6,   MASS. 

(Behr-Manning,  Troy,  N.  Y.  is  a  Norton  Diyision) 


NORTON 


AIRAJIVES  -  SRINDING  WHEELS  -  GRINDING  «ND  LAPPING  MACHINES 
REFRACTORIES  -  POROUS  MEDIUMS  -  NON-SLIP  FLOORS  —  NORilDE  PRODUCTS 
LAIELING     MACHINES         (lEHR-MANNING  DIVISION:  COATED  AIRASIVES  AND  SHARPENING  STONES) 


OVERFEED  STOKERS  .  .  . 

(  Coiitimu'd  from  page  22) 
tines  of  the  overtire  air  supply. 

A  shown  by  the  arrows,  the  air  enters 
the  wind-box  and  then  passes  into  the 
o\erfire  combustion  zone  through  the 
tuyeres.  There  are  three  tuyeres,  and  the 
drawing  shows  the  position  of  the  mid- 
dle one.  The  tuyere  shown  tlirects  thf 
:ur  downwarti  an<i  through  tlu-  center  of 
rlie  /.one.  The  two  outside  tuyeres  are 
X)  directed  as  to  introduce  a  turbulence 
in  the  corners  of  the  zone.  This  has  the 
effect  of  producing  a  rotary  action  in  the 
furnace. 

The  underfire  air  is  forced  through 
duct  work  into  the  undergrate  zone 
where  it  is  then  passed  up  through  the 
fuel  bed.  There  is  nothing  very  revolu- 
tionary about  this  method  of  introducing 
underfire  air,  but  the  method  of  insuring 
adequate  distribution  of  same  is  another 
matter.  This  will  be  considered  in  more 
detail   later. 

The  bin  loading  door,  the  equipment 
maintenance  door,  and  the  automatic 
controls  with  which  the  unit  is  equipped, 
is  illustrated  in  Figure  3.  It  is  with 
this  latter  item  that  due  thought  and 
consideration  must  be  given.  The  con- 
trols provided  are  the  conventional  high 
and  low  water  cut-off  .switches  and  high 
and  low  pressin'e  cut-off  switches.  These 
pieces  of  regulatory  equipment  provide 
the  full  safety  and  comfort  features  that 
the  stoker  unit,  as  a  whole,  is  designed 
to  provide. 

After  the  design  characteristics  of  this 
apparatus  have  been  considered,  it  be- 
comes necessary  to  examine  the  opera- 
tional characteristics  in  the  light  of  the 
pre\  iously  stated  requirements. 

The  characteristics  of  the  fuel  supply 
and  its  control  and  handling  will  be  con- 
sidered first.  Any  grade  of  anthracite 
or  bituminous  coal,  or  coke,  can  be 
burned  with  equal  facility.  This  is  ac- 
complished by  adjusting  the  quantity  of 
fuel  and  the  length  of  time  the  fuel  is  in 
the  combustion  zone.  This  time  interval 
depends  upon  the  burning  qualities  of 
the  fuel.  The  factors  involved  are  the 
free  burning  or  "coking  '  qualities,  the 
amount  of  volatile  matter  which  the  fuel 
contains,  and  the  fusing  temperature  of 
the  ash. 

The  grates  are  practically  insured 
against  being  burned  out,  since  a  pro- 
gressive type  of  fuel  is  used.  The  char- 
acteristics of  the  bed  are  such  as  to  in- 
sure an  insulating  layer  of  ash  between 
the  hottest  part  of  the  fire  and  the  grates 
at  all  times. 

Any  foreign  matter,  which  may  be 
passed  into  the  grate  zone,  will  mereh 
be  passed  on  out  of  the  zone  along  with 
the  ash.  There  are  no  surfaces  upon 
which  this  foreign  matter  can  impinge 
and  obstruct  the  normal  operation  of  the 
reciprocating  grate. 

(Continued   on   page   30) 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  base  for  Wli\]\\'t'\i\VM^}h\i^'V( 


M 


How  to  turn  a  churn 
of  butter  better 

Engineers  who  design  creamery  equipment  have 
found  that  a  sure  way  to  keep  a  churn  turning  smooth- 
ly, quietly  and  steadily  is  to  equip  all  journals  and 
countershafts  with  Timken  tapered  roller  bearings. 

Because  Timken  bearings  have  true  rolling  motion 
and  take  both  radial  and  thrust  loads  in  any  combina- 
tion, the  churn  drive  operates  with  less  power,  less 
wear,  less  maintenance.  And  with  Timken  bearings, 
more  effective  closures  are  possible,  keeping  lubri- 
cant hi  and  dirt  0!:t. 


Why  Timken  bearings  have 
true  rolling  motion 

The  rollers  in  Timken  bearings  really  roll.  That's 
because  rollers  and  races  are  precisely  tapered  so  that 
all  lines  coincident  with  their  tapered  surfaces  always 
meet  at  a  common  point  on  the  axis  of  the  bearing. 

This  means  friction-free  operation,  minimum  wear, 
greater  precision.  It's  another  reason  why  9  out  of  10 
bearing  applications  can  be  handled  more  efficiently 
with  Timken  bearings. 


IIMKEN 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Would  you  like  to  know  more 


Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems  you'll 
face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing  applica- 
tions. If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this  phase  of 
engineering,  we'd  be  glad  to  help.  For  additional 
information  about  Timken  bearings  and  how  engi- 
neers use  them,  write  today  to  The  Timken  Roller 
Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio.  And  don't  forget 
to  clip  this  page  for  future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  ozd  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  0=' 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -®-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


OCTOBER,  1948 


25 


lew  Develupiiieiits 


hfl  Kvn  MvOuan.  M.E.  'J9 

l.vunarti  Latlof.  K.K.  'tit 

#.  .♦#.  Mrl  liftinttnlM.  M.K.  '  l» 


Automatic  Waffles 

Altliou};li  sciciK'c  has  liccn  ili-\(itiii}i 
most  ot  its  energies  to  projects  concern- 
ing research  in  atomic  radiation,  jet 
fuels,  polio,  etc.,  the  palate  of  the  com- 
mon man  has  not  been  neglected.  The 
Downy  (lake  baking  mix  division  of  the 
Doiighiuit  Corporation  of  America,  after 
more  than  five  years  of  research  and  over 
a  year  of  actual  testing  in  commercial 
kitchens,  has  introduced  a  new  type  of 
waffle  oven  for  commercial  use.  Ideal 
for  restaurant  use,  three  nested  units  can 
produce  6h  waffles  per  hour  and  \et  re- 
quire (inly  half  the  sp;ice  necdeil  for 
three  ordinar)  wafHe  irons. 

Appropriately  named  the  "Waffle  Ro- 
bot" it  consists  of  an  automatic  batter 
dispenser  and  a  battery  of  heaters.  The 
entire  unit  is  sheathed  with  Monel. 

The  heater  plates  are  of  a  cast  auste- 
nitic-nickel-chromium  iron  alloy  which 
possesses  improved  resistance  to  warping 
that  assures  100  per  cent  contact  be- 
tween the  heater  plates  and  griddles  and 
have  been  given  an  artificial  "polymeri- 
zation" treatment  to  pre\ent  sticking  of 
the  waffles.  The  artificial  "pohnieriza- 
tion"  was  recently  developed  by  the 
Doughnut  corporation. 

The  durabilit)-  of  the  Waffle  Robot 
is  reported  to  be  one  of  its  most  impor- 
tant features.  In  its  year  of  test  oper- 
ation it  has  demonstrated  an  ability  to 
(1)  make  perfect  waffles,  (2)  make 
them  automatically  and  steadily,  and 
(3)    pre\ent  sticking. 

Puncture  Tester 

A  device  has  been  developed  by  a  well 
known  manufacturer  that  tests  boxes  an<l 
other  containers  for  resistance  to  punc- 
ture, tearing,  and  other  forms  of  failure. 
The  machines  are  very  .sensitive  and  will 
indicate  the  slightest  variation  of  a  prod- 
uct. Such  machines  are  responsible  for 
uniform  products  from  mass  production 
methods. 

Inhibited  Oil  in  Use  With 
Power  Transformers 

Some  work  is  being  done  (jn  tr.insfor- 
nier  oils  to  increase  their  resistance  to 
oxidation.  This  is  being  done  by  adding 
certain  oxidation  "retarders." 

The  successful  use  of  such  additives 
should  not  only  increase  transformer  life 
but  also  the  life  of  the  oil  itself,  thereby 
removing  the  need  for  changing  oil  in 
operating  units. 


26 


New  Earthmover 

1  he  i\.  (  r.  Li-'l  Duinciu  company  of 
Peoria,  Illinois,  has  announced  the  addi- 
tion of  a  new  electrically  controlled  high 
speed  earth  moving  scraper. 

The  new  unit  will  handle  a  load  of 
tln'rteen   and   nne-tiurd    \ai(is  of   dirt   at 


one  time,  or  a  maximum  load  of  sixteen 
tons. 

If  is  powered  by  a  ISO  horsepower 
diesel  engine  and  has  four  speeds  for- 
ward. Obtainable  speeds  range  from 
two  and  nineteen-hundredths  miles  per 
hour  to  seventeen  and  one-third  miles 
per  hour. 

The  scraper,  steering,  apron,  and  tail- 
gate are  all  electrically  controlled. 

Miniature  Electric  Motors 

Electric  motors  commonly  associated 
with  heavy  duty  are  taking  over  increas- 
ingly in  automatic  controls.  The  con- 
tinued reduction  in  size  for  a  given  frac- 
tional horsepower  has  opened  the  field 
for  diminutive  motors.  One  motor  small 
enough  to  fit  in  the  palm  of  the  hand 
delivers  three  horsepower  and  operates 
;it  the  amazing  speed  of  120,000  revolu- 
tions per  minute. 

On  the  A.A.F's.  new  heavy  bomber, 
the  H-36,  more  than  300  electric  motors 
are  in  service.  Their  jobs  range  from 
feathering  propellers  to  powering  auto- 
matic  pilots  and   gun   computing  sights. 


Highway  Travel 


The  new  dduble-decker  SO  passenger 
(neyhound  bus,  the  Highway  Traveler, 
has  twin  air-cooled  engines,  one  of  which 
will  normally  propel  the  coach,  and  the 
other  to  be  used  for  extra  power  \\  hen 
needed.  Both  engines  are  rated  at  I  S4 
horsepower. 

Riding  qualities  are  improved  with  a 
springing  system  of  two  air-spring  type 
cylinders  with  torsilastic  springs.  Side 
sway  will  be  kept  to  a  minimum  by 
placing  the  spring  suspension  points  high 


and  near  the  center  of  gravity.  Brakes 
anil  steering  are  hydraulically  power  op- 
erated. 

."Xdditional  passenger  comfort  is  pro- 
vided by  air  conditioning,  individual 
railios,  snack  bar,  refrigerator,  sight  see- 
ing windows,  and  toilet. 

New  Military  Vehicles 

Several  new  arniv  (ndnance  vehicles 
feature  eye-openers  in  the  automotive 
field.  The  two  main  attractions  are  the 
air  cooled  power  plants  and  a  type  of 
torsion  bar  suspension. 

A  new  five-ton  aluminum  bod\'  6x6 
cross  country  carrier  built  bv'  the  Gen- 
eral Motors  corporation  has  a  250  horse- 
power vertical  crankshaft  engine,  which 
weighs  1 ,600  pounds  less  than  a  com- 
parable water  cooled  engine.  The  space 
required  for  the  engine  is  a  little  more 
than  that  required  for  the  radiator  and 
fan  of  a  conventional  installation. 

Precision  Camera 

A  new  camera  has  been  developed  to 
test  lenses  for  cameras.  Thus  the  cam- 
era industry,  like  the  machine  tool  in- 
dustry, has  come  to  a  point  where  the 
products  of  its  industry  can  be  turned 
back  to  work  in  helping  to  reproduce 
itself. 

The  designers  of  the  new  camera  point 
out  that  it  ma\-  be  used  to  check  len.ses 
to  an  accinacv'  equal  to  one-sixth  the 
thickness  of  a  single  sheet  of  paper. 

Checks  may  be  made  of  the  resolving 
power,  curvature  of  field,  astigmatism 
and  distortion. 

As  may  be  well  imagnied,  the  camera 
can  also  be  used  for  very  precise  work 
in  the  photographic  and  copy  field. 

Speed  Measurement 

A  well  known  corporation  lias  intro- 
duced an  electric  recording  tachometer. 
This  device  can  measure  speed  in  any 
desired  units  and  is  provided  with  a 
means  of  recording  speeds  over  a  period 
of  time.  Attachments  for  this  machine 
can  be  adjvisted  to  give  warning  if  the 
speed  should  fall  below  any  set  standard. 


Walking  with  a  friend  one  day,  a 
professor  passed  a  large  fish  shop  where 
a  fine  catch  of  codfish  with  mouths 
open  and  eyes  staring  were  arranged  in 
a  row.  The  prof  suddenly  stopped, 
looked  at  them,  and  clutching  his  friend 
by  the  arm,  exclaimed:  "Heavens!  That 
reminds  me,  I  have  a  class  in  EE  this 
hour." 

THE  TEGHNOGR.'VPH 


To  Engineering  Students 


"TJATHS  of  Opportunity  in  U.S. 
JT  Steel"  explains  the  opportuni- 
ties for  the  college  graduate  with 
United  States  Steel  Corporation. 

It  describes  the  operations  of  the 
five  major  divisions  of  the  Corpo- 
ration. Explains  the  training  pro- 
gram —  shows  how  it  provides  a 
sound  foundation  for  future  pro- 
gress. 

U.  S.  Steel's  promotion  policy  is 
explained.  And  interesting  ex- 
amples of  the  technical  progress  of 
the  various  subsidiaries  are  given. 

\\'hcther  your  field  is  mechani- 
cal, electrical,  metallurgical,  civil, 
chemical,  industrial,  mining,  com- 
bustion, welding,  lubrication,  in- 
strument, safety  or  transportation 
engineering,  you  will  want  to  read 
this  interesting  book  about  the  op- 
portunities offered  you  by  United 
States  Steel. 

You  can  secure  a  copy  through 
your  Placement  Officer. 


AMERICAN  BHIDCE  COMPANY  •  AMERICAN  STEEL  «  WIRE  COMPANY  •  CARNEGIE-IIIIN015  STEEL  CORPOSATION  ■  COLUMBIA  STEEL  COMPANY 
H.  C.  FRICK  COKE  AND  ASSOCIATED  COMPANIES  ■  GENEVA  STEEL  COMPANY  •  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  COMPANY 
MICHIGAN  LIMESTONE  8  CHEMICAL  COMPANY  ■  NATIONAL  TUBE  COMPANY  •  OIL  WEU  SUPPLY  COMPANY  ■  OLIVER  IRON  MINING  COMPANY 
PITTSBURGH  LIMESTONE  CORPORATION  •  PITTSBURGH  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY  •  TENNESSEE  COAL,  IRON  i  RAILROAD  COMPANY 
UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY  ■  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY  •  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY  COMPANY 
UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  ■  VIRGINIA  BRIDGE  COMPANY 


UNITED  STATESSTEEL 


OCTOBER,  1948 


27 


ATOMIC  ENGINEERING  .  .  . 

(Coiitiiuicd  Ironi  page  lU) 

Atomic  energy  and  power  engineering 
is  the  natural  home  of  the  adventurous 
chemical  engineer  and  physicist.  It  seenis 
that  nearly  every  course  in  the  graduate 
school  announcement  is  potentially  use- 
ful to  you.  Here  is  an  earnest  attempt 
to  name  a  few  not  to  be  omitted — math- 
ematic  courses,  mentioned  previously, 
Inorganic  Chemistry  ( Chem.  lOla  and 
101b),  Line  spectra  and  Atomic  Struc- 
ture (Physics  184),  and  probably  Hio- 
chemistry   (Chem.  50). 

The  job  of  the  mining  engineering  is 
for  the  most  part  conventional  when  ap- 
plied to  extracting  uranium  and  thor- 
ium ores.  In  the  future,  however,  it  is 
expected  that  primary  reduction  of  ores 
beyond  the  flotation  stage  will  be  ef- 
fected at  the  mines,  and  therefore  study 
of  ground  water  flow,  decontamination, 
and  the  nuclear  properties  of  materials 
is  advised. 

For  all  engineers  and  scientists  work- 
ing on  the  various  projects,  provisions 
have  been  made  for  night-  and  part-time 
courses  in  nuclear  studies.  Therefore, 
as  it  is  easily  surmised,  your  formal 
training  will  not  constitute  the  sum  total 
of  your  study  in  this  newly  developed 
field  of  endeavor.  Many  elements  neces- 
sary in  the  full  understanding  of  the 
specific  problems  now  being  attacked  are 


\c-t  to  he  presented  in  a  college  course 
anywhere.  The  engineering  prospects  in 
atomic  energy  appear  infinite  in  scope — 
the  ambition  and  perseverance  of  engi- 
neers and  research  men  will  create  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  jobs  eventually. 
There  will  be  "room  at  the  top"  for 
thousands  of  the  more  enlightened  men 
and  women  in  atomic  energy  engineering 
and  research. 


OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  YOU  . . . 

[  L'ontmiu-,1  tiijii!  p.iLzc  1  1  ) 
mechanisms  will  fiml  opportunities  to 
apply  his  training  in  this  field.  The  ac- 
companying article  will  discuss  the 
academic  courses  that  he  should  include 
in  his  curriculum  to  further  equip  him- 
self for  work  in  this  field. 

The  nntiillurgical  ciujiiucr  and  the 
ceramic  engineer  will  find  application 
for  their  training  in  the  development  of 
new  heat-resistant  metals  and  ceramic 
materials.  These  materials  are  used  in 
heat-exchangers  and  associated  equip- 
ment designed  to  remove  the  heat  gen- 
erated by  the  atomic  pile  and  transfer  it 
to  appropriate  power-generating  equip- 
ment. As  is  stated  in  the  second  law  of 
thermodynamics,  the  maximum  efficiency 
of  any  conversion  of  heat  to  useful  work 
is  equal  to  T^  —  Tj,  where  T„  is  the 

higher   temperature    and    T,    the   lower 


operating  temperature.  Thefnetically, 
atomic  fission  can  supply  heat  at  much 
higher  temperatures  than  chemical  reac- 
tions because  there  is  no  reverse  equili- 
brium involved  such  as  the  dissociation 
of  carbon  dioxide  around  2500°  C,  but 
the  limit  of  temperatures,  useful  for 
power,  is  set  not  b\  these  considerations 
but  by  the  inability  of  present  materials 
to  retain  their  properties  at  high  temper- 
atures. Accordingly,  in  the  present  state 
of  the  art  the  very  high  temperatures 
(ihrainable  in  piles  cannot  be  utilized. 
Hut  there  is  present  this  higher  horizon 
toward  which  research  is  being  directed. 
Solution  of  this  pertinent  problem  will 
require  the  concentrated  efforts  of  many 
metallurgists  and  metallurgical  engi- 
neers. 

In  addition  to  the  metal  being  resist- 
ant to  high-temperature,  it  must  possess 
a  low  neutron  absorption  factor  since  the 
reactions  are  sustained  by  the  neutrons 
striking  the  fissionable  atom.  If  the 
structural  materials  of  the  pile  are  of  a 
nature  to  absorb  a  large  number  of  these 
liberated  neutrons,  the  statistical  number 
of  neutrons  available  to  fission  more  of 
the  L\,,-  isotope  will  be  reduced  below  a 
critical  value  which  must  be  maintained 
to  propagate  the  chain  reaction. 

While  the  metal  in  the  structure  is  of 
prime  importance,  the  coolants  must  also 
be  chosen  with  care.  They,  too,  must 
(Continued   on  page  34) 


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DUPONT 

JFpr  Students  of  Science  and 


From  tire  cords 
to  football  pants 

Do  you  know  about 

nylon's  other  lives? 

Here's  a  surprise  for  those  who  tliink 
of  nylon  mainly  in  terms  of  stockings 
and  Ungerie. 

Nowadays,  nylon  fibers  —  twice  as 
strong  and  half  as  heavy  as  the  same 
size  aluminum  wire— are  doing  a  vari- 
ety of  jobs,  better  than  any  previously 
known  fiber.  Off  Labrador,  men  are 
harpooning  whales  with  nylon  Unes. 
In  a  New  England  textile  mill,  abra- 
sion-resistant nylon  ropes  now  drive 
big  "mule  spinners"  for  periods  ten 
times  as  long  as  other  commercial 
materials,  without  a  breakdown.  Ny- 
lon fabrics  are  being  used  in  every- 
thing from  rugged  automobile  seat 
covers  to  delicately  woven  filter 
cloths. 

In  its  plastic  form,  nylon  is  used  to 
make  everything  from  unbreakable 
dishes  to  hypodermic  needles.  As  a 
monofilament,  it  goes  into  a  variety 


You'll  want  to  read 
this  free  booklet 

"Du  Pont  Company  and  the 
College  Graduate"  is  just  off  the 
press  in  a  completely  revised 
edition.  Fully  illustrated — de- 
scribes opportunities  in  research , 
production,  sales,  and  many 
other  fields.  Explains  the  plan 
of  organization  whereby  indi- 
vidual ability  is  recognized  and 
rewarded.  Write  for  your  copy 
today.  Address:  2521  Nemours 
Building,  Wilmington  98,  Del. 


Nylon  cords  give  giant  tiutH  and  airplane 
tires  the  strength  and  elasticity  to  absorb  tre- 
mendous impact  shock  without  bruising. 


Water  won't  hurt  the  nylon  strings  of  this 
racquet  They  resist  hrtakagt  oar  an  t  xttndtd 
period  of  time.  No  tiny  strands  to  fray. 


Nylon  football  uniforms,  as  worn  by  Bobby 
Jack  Stuart,  Army  hack,  are  not  only  tough 
wearing,  but  much  lighter  and  quicker  drying. 


Nylon  research:  O.  C.  Wetmore,  Ph.  D.  Ph\s: 
Ch.,  New  York  U.  '44;  D.  A.  Smith,  B.  S. 
Mech.  Eng.,  Purdue  '40:  C.  O.  King,  Sc.  D.- 
Ch.  E.,  Mich.  '43,  charging  experimental  con- 
densation polymers  to  a  spinning  machine. 


of  products  from  brush  bristles  to 
surgical  sutures. 

Nylon  owes  its  origin  to  a  Du  Pont 
fundamental  research  project  begun 
in  1928.  A  group  of  scientists  set  out 
to  find  out  how  and  why  the  mole- 
cules of  certain  substances  polymer- 
ized to  form  giant  chaiiolike  mole- 
cules. Hope  of  obtaining  a  new  com- 
mercial fiber  was  first  aroused  when, 
two  years  later,  a  polymer  was  de- 
veloped which  could  be  drawn  out 
into  a  thin  strand,  like  taffy  candy. 
The  complex  problems  which  fol- 
lowed called  for  the  services  of  over 
200  Du  Pont  men  and  women,  among 
whom  were  some  of  America's  most 
competent  scientists  and  engineers. 

Research— a  Major  Du  Ponf  Activity 

Nylon  is  an  excellent  example  of 
modern  research  at  work  at  Du  Pont. 
Young  scientists  joining  the  organi- 
zation now  may  share  in  other  dis- 
coveries of  outstanding  importance. 
They  may  find  opportunities  in  such 
challenging  fields  as  finishes,  coated 
fabrics  and  various  fibers;  synthetic 
organic  chemicals,  including  fine 
chemicals;  synthetic  rubber;  electro 
and  agricultural  chemicals;  plastics; 
pigments  and  photographic  film;  and 
high  pressure  synthesis. 

Each  often  manufacturing  depart- 
ments of  Du  Pont  has  its  own  staff 
and  is  operated  much  like  a  separate 
company.  Within  each,  research 
men  work  in  groups  small  enough 
to  bring  quick  recognition  of  indi- 
vidual talent  and  capabiUties. 

Year  after  year,  young,  inquiring 
minds  come  from  leading  U.S.  schools 
of  science  and  engineering  to  Du  Pont 
—  where  individual  ambition  is 
matched  with  opportunity,  coopera- 
tion and  the  type  of  friendly  support 
that  brings  out  the  best  m  each 
person. 


t 


t 


BETTER    THINGS    FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
.   .   .   THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 


More  facts  about  Du  Pont  —  Listen  to  "Caralcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


i    OCTOBER,  1948 


29 


OVERFEED  STOKERS  . . . 

(ContiiuR-d  from  page  24) 
As  has  been  previously  explained,  the 
removal  of  the  ash  is  easy  due  to  the 
accessibility  of  the  ash  pit.  Since  there 
is  a  possibilitv'  of  some  fine  ash  sifting 
throLigli  the  grates  and  into  the  under 
grate  area,  a  clean  out  door  is  provided 
so  that  this  material  can  be  perio(h'cally 
removed. 

In  many  fixed  grate  furnaces,  the  ten- 
dency of  the  bed  to  "coke,"  and  then  to 
cut  off  the  air  supply,  is  a  serious  one. 
The  thing  that  usually  happens  is  that 
the  air  pressure  is  built  up  until  it  final- 
ly breaks  through  the  bed  at  one  or  more 
localized  points.  When  the  air  supply  is 
so  limited  in  its  extent,  there  is  incom- 
plete  combustion    of    much    of    the    fuel. 


Figure   3 

However,  the  reciprocating  grate  motion 
prevents  the  formation  of  a  coking  layer, 
and  the  imder-fire  air  remains  evenly 
distributed  throughout  the  fuel  bed. 

The  location  of  the  tuyeres,  as  previ- 
ously explained,  causes  the  overfire  air 
to  knock  down  the  fly-ash  and  thus  help 
to  eliminate  this  constant  source  of 
trouble.  The  whirlpool  turbulence, 
which  is  created  in  the  center  furnace, 
insures  complete  combustion  of  the  vola- 
tile matters,  and  thus  decreases  to  a  min- 
imum the  losses  due  to  incomplete  com- 
bustion of  this  source  of  heat  value. 

For  the  per.son  who  has  to  tend  a 
stoker,  the  most  important  question  to 
be  answered  is  the  one  which  concerns 
the  operation  of  the  various  control  de- 
vices. During  periods  of  normal  opera- 
tion, such  as  when  the  full  capacity  of 
the  furnace  is  required,  and  the  source 
of  electrical  power  is  constant,  the  con- 
trols are  fully  automatic,  and  the  flow 
of  fuel  into  the  furnace  is  based  upon 
the  demand  only. 

There  may  be,  however,  periods  dur- 
ing which  the  flow  of  electric  power  will 


30 


be  interrupted.  During  periods  when 
tile  motor  and  electric  contiols  do  not 
operate,  the  grates  can  be  shaken  In 
hand  and  the  fuel  delivered  to  the  ciini- 
bustion  /one  in  the  same  manner.  In 
order  to  facilitate  this  "emergency"  op- 
eration, a  door  is  proviiled  in  the  furnace 
fire  wall.  When  the  blower  is  not  work- 
ing, the  air  required  for  combustion  is 
naturalh  convected  to  the  fuel  bed  .uid 
will  provide  the  nunimum  requirenu-rUs 
for  combustion. 

When  the  automatic  controls  are  op- 
erative, in  order  to  insiue  a  "hold-fire," 
the  stoker  will  only  feed  enough  coal  to 
keep  the  fire  from  going  out.  In  pass- 
ing, it  might  be  well  to  mention  that 
under  normal  operating  conditions,  the 
stoker  and  grate  reciprocating  mechan- 
isms will  make  approximately  22  strokes 
per  hoLU'.  Hy  use  of  mercoid  switches, 
the  possibility  of  the  mechanism  being 
stopped  in  the  middle  of  a  stroke  is  elim- 
inated. It  need  not  be  pointed  out  too 
miiHitely  the  inherent  danger  to  the 
equipment  if  the  grates  should  be  stopped 
at  any  other  than  the  rearmost  position. 
It  is  evident  that  there  would  be  a  great 
danger  of  burning  the  grates.  If  the 
swinging  door  to  the  coal  pusher  was 
left  open,  there  would  be  present  the 
very  dangers  which  the  door  is  intended 
to  prevent. 

The  service  and  maintenance  of  the 
equipment  is  provided  for  by  the  ready 
.•iccessibility  of  the  various  mechanisms 
through  the  inspection  doors  provided. 
Several  of  these  doors  can  be  clearly  seen 
in   Figine  .?. 

In  closing,  a  brief  resume  of  the  situa- 
tion is  in  order.  The  desirable  qualities 
that  should  pertain  to  the  equipment 
have  been  fully  enumerated.  The  oper- 
ational characteristics  of  this  particular 
domestic  stoker  have  been  fully  investi- 
gated and  explained.  Therefore,  the  sec- 
ond or  "what"  question  can  be  answered. 
What  this  equipment  possesses  that 
other  equipment  does  not  possess  is  ap- 
parent in  the  simplicit\'  and  universality 
of  its  operation. 

Why  this  equipment  should  be  de- 
signed and  marketed  is,  or  certainly 
should  be,  obvious  to  any  person  who  has 
ever  had  to  hand  fire  a  ilomestic  fur- 
nace. 

At  the  beginning  of  this  article  two 
questions  were  presented  for  the  reader's 
consideration.  It  has  been  the  intent  of 
the  author  to  answer  those  two  ques- 
tions. The  idtimate  success  or  failure 
of  the  equipment,  however,  can  only  lie 
with  the  people  who  purchase  and  at- 
tempt to  use  and  evaluate  the  qualities 
tiom  an  operational  \iewpoint. 


Mistress:  "You  know,  I  suspect  m\ 
husband  is  having  an  affair  with  his 
stenographer." 

Maid:  "I  don't  believe  it  \'ou're 
just  tr\ing  to  make  me  jealous." 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(  Ccjntinued  from  page  1 5 ) 
tiacks  where  carmen  bleed  off  the  air- 
brakes on  each  car,  inspect  the  cars,  and 
inuduple  the  caboose  and  engine  which 
mo\es  to  the  roumlhouse  at  (jalesburg 
tor  sei\icing.  The  wa.\'bills  are  taken 
to  the  hr.inch  \  .-ud  office  anil  sent  by 
pneuniatic  tube  system  to  the  main  \'ard 
office.  These  waybills  (one  for  each 
car)  contain  pertinent  information  about 
the  car,  such  as  owning  company,  num- 
ber, weight,  and  destination.  At  the  main 
y.iid  office  the  waybills  are  checked  for 
diversion  by  shipper  and  expiration  of 
livestock  laws,  and  then  are  sorted  ac- 
cording to  the  train  on  which  the  car 
will  leave.  The  cars  then  move  to  the 
hump  and  are  pushed  over  at  about 
walking  speed.  The  foreman  instructs 
the  pinman  as  to  the  order  in  which  the 
cars  are  to  be  luicoupled  according  to  a 
list  supplied  by  the  yardmaster's  office 
compiled  from  information  on  the  way- 
bills. The  towermen  retard  and  switch 
the  cars  according  to  duplicates  of  this 
same  list.  The  foreman  is  on  the  alert 
for  cars  listed  in  incorrect  order,  and  it 
is  rarely  necessary  for  an  engine  to  shift 
a  car  from  the  wrong  classification 
track.  The  actual  humping  only  takes 
about  thirty  minutes  for  a  100  car  train, 
and  many  Burlington  trains  run  from 
100  to  110  cars.  The  cars  are  moved 
from  the  classification  to  the  departure 
yard  where  they  are  grouped  according 
to  destination  into  outbound  trains.  The 
caboose  and  engine  are  coupled  to  the 
cars.  The  waybills  are  delivered  to  an- 
other branch  office  in  this  part  of  the 
yard  by  pneumatic  tubes,  and  are  turned 
over  to  the  conductor.  Meanwhile,  car- 
men service  the  train.  This  servicing 
consists  of  checking  journals,  coupling 
airhoses,  and  inspecting  for  damaged 
equipment.  After  an  air  brake  test,  the 
train  is  ready  to  leave. 

At  present,  this  yard  handles  approxi- 
mately SO  to  95  trains  in  a  24  hour 
period.  During  February  of  last  year, 
over  a  29  day  period,  more  than  196,000 
cars  were  handled.  In  one  eight-hour 
period  (  November  22,  19.i6)  1,387  cars 
were  humped.  These  figures  indicate 
the  handling  of  cars  in  quantity  at  a  rate 
which  would  be  difficult,  if  not  impos- 
sible, to  realize  in  a  yard  not  gravity 
switched.  With  the  great  speed  up  of 
railroad  freight  service  in  the  last  twenty 
years,  fast  and  efficient  switching  of  cars 
in  large  numbers  has  become  more  and 
more  important.  The  hump  yard  ap- 
pears to  meet  these  needs,  and  yet  keeps 
the  size  and  operating  complexity  of  the 
\ard  within  reasonable  limits.  There- 
fore, it  is  not  unusual  that  the  number 
of  hump  yards  in  operation  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  has  increased  greatly  in  recent 
years. 

THE  TECHNOGR.APH 


JOB 
GUARANTEE 


A 


college  degree  is  the  best  job  guarantee  we  know — 
and  the  best  start  toward  a  successful  business  career.  You  can 
be  proud  of  your  diploma,  the  education  it  stands  for  and 
what  that  education  is  going  to  mean  to  you. 

Much  of  that  education  undoubtedly  came  from  textbooks 
published  by  McGraw-Hill.  They  have  helped  you  to  under- 
stand the  problems  of  the  classroom.  When  you  get  into  busi- 
ness, you  should  add  the  McGraw-Hill  magazine  devoted  to 
your  field  to  the  McGraw-Hill  books  you  will  continue  to  use. 
It  is  the  best  way  we  know  to  help  you  keep  abreast  of  the  news 
and  the  new  developments  and  methods  you  will  need  to  know 
to  get  ahead. 

In  whatever  branch  of  engineering  you  plan  to  enter — civil 
or  chemical,  mining  or  metallurgical  —  there  are  authoritative 
McGraw-Hill  books.  And  wlien  you're  finally  on  that  payroll, 
read  the  McGraw-Hill  magazine  devoted  to  your  industry.  Like 
your  diploma,  it  can  help  you  turn  a  job  into  a  successful  career. 


McGRAW-HILL 

PUBLICATIONS 

HEADQUARTERS   FOR   BUSINESS  INFORMATION 
330  WEST  42nd   STREET     •    NEW  YORK    18,   NEW  YORK 


OCTOBER,  1948 


31 


Production  of  Marine  Hardware 

at  ELCHINGER  FOUNDRY,  NEW  ORLEANS, 

Demonstrates  Efficiency  of 


TEMPERATURE  CONTROL  is  one  of  the  most 
important  factors  in  melting  brass  and  bronze.  And 
the  strict  control  of  each  heat  is  especially  impor- 
tant in  the  production  of  marine  hardware  which 
is  subjected  to  extreme  service  conditions. 

At  the  Charles  F.  Elchinger  foundry  in  New  Orleans, 
metallurgical  supervision  is  facilitated  by  the  use  of 
four  Gas-fired  crucible  furnaces  which  are  so  precisely 
regulated  that  any  desired  temperature  can  be  main- 
tained. This  accurate  control  is  necessary  because 
various  alloys  require  temperatures  varying  from 
1850°  F.  to  2300°  F. 

But  controllability  is  just  one  of  the  features  which 
makes  GAS  the  most  desirable  fuel  for  non-ferrous 
foundries.  The  four  Gas-fired  furnaces  in  the  Elchinger 


foundry  can  be  brought  to  heat  in  2' .',  hours  from  a 
cold  start  or  1'  o  hours  in  succeeding  heats — a  simple 
demonstration  of  the  speed  of  GAS. 

The  flexibility  of  GAS  is  important,  whether  it  is 
used  in  a  small  foundry  specializing  in  certain  alloys, 
or  in  a  large  plant  melting  many  types  of  non-ferrous 
metals.  That  flexibility  is  emphasized  in  the  produc- 
tion control  made  possible  in  the  Elchinger  foundry 
by  the  use  of  four  small  furnaces  capable  of  economical 
heating  and  reheating,  at  high  speed,  with  GAS.  In 
addition,  cores  are  baked  in  Gas-fired  ovens. 

In  every  non-ferrous  foundry  operation  requiring 
heat — for  core-baking,  melting,  ladle  heating— there's 
a  job  for  GAS  and  modern  Gas  Equipment  worth 
investigating. 


AMEKICAN  GAS 

420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE 


Employees  prepare  one  of  the  four  cruci- 
ble furnaces  for  charging.  These  Gas- 
fired  tilting  furnaces  are  rated  at  600 
pounds  each. 


32 


ASSOCIATION 

NEW  YOMK  17,  N.Y. 

THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


LARGEST 

PRODUCER 

OF  ELECTRICAL 

ROUGHING-iN 


StiJUA/d  1^  Qu.aXiTi/| 


THI  INniNATtOHAt 

STANDARD 

Of  EXCaiENCE 


Notionol  Electric 

Products  Corporation 

Pittsburgh  30.  Pa. 


Higgins  non-tip  rubber  base  keeps  your 
Higgins  American  Waterproof  India  Ink 
upright.  .  .  .  Ask  your  dealer  for  both. 


HIGGinS  IM  CO.,  IM. 

271  JV/ATH  ST.,  BROOKLYN  15,  JV.  Y.,  U.S.A. 


Welcome  Back  .  .  . 

whether  you  rested  or  worked  this  last  summer, 
another  semester  is  starting  and  you  NEED  more 
books  and  supplies.  Why  not  get  them  the  easy 
way,  at  the  bookstore  CLOSEST  to  engineering 
campus  where  you  can  BE  SURE  of  finding  what 
you  need. 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 

T/ie  Boo/csfore  C/osesf  fo  Engineering  Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


OCTOBER,   1948 


33 


OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  YOU  . . . 

(  Coiuiina-il  lioiii  pajit-  JS  J 
havi-  a  low  iifutron  absorption  factor, 
must  be  chemically  and  physically  stable 
when  subjected  to  intense  radiations,  and 
they  must  not  corrode  or  erode  the  ma- 
terial of  the  pile  with  which  they  come 
in  contact.  The  knowledge  of  organic, 
inorganic,  and  physical  chemistry  would 
qualify  the  chcinicdl  inyimtr  and  the 
thtinist  for  research  work  on  these  re- 
quired coolants. 

The  diverted  training  of  a  ciu-niical 
engineer  makes  him  particularly  ;iilapt- 
able  to  work  on  this  project.  lmpio\ed 
methods  of  processing  the  ores  and  the 
development  of  ores  of  much  lower  con- 
centration will  require  the  best  abilities 
of  mining,  metallurgical,  and  chemical 
engineering.  The  two  minerals  most 
widely  used  as  starting  material  for  this 
nuclear  process,  uranium  and  thorium, 
are  estimated  to  occur  in  the  earth's 
crust  in  considerable  quantities  of  four 
parts  per  million  and  12  parts  per  mil- 
lion, respecti\ely.  Early  rough  estimates, 
which  are  probably  optimistic,  were  that 
the  nuclear  energy  available  in  known 
deposits  of  uranium  was  adequate  to  sup- 
ply the  total  power  needs  of  this  country 
for  200  years.  This  assumes  the  utiliza- 
tion of  Uo;(s  as  well  as  L^..,,,,  the  latter 
isotope  occurring  in  one  part  to  140  parts 


111    I    .  ,    in   tile   natural    uranium   metal. 
()id\    I  _. ; ,  i^  directly  fissionable 

The  ihtntuiil  iiu/lntcr  will  find  many 
and  varied  applications  for  his  trairuiig. 
The  Han  ford  Engineer  Works,  Rich- 
land, W.ashington,  reports  that  they  em- 
ploy chemical  engineers  in  the  physics 
department  and  in  the  chemical  opera- 
tions department.  Their  duties  in  the 
physics  department  are  working  with  the 
physicists  to  design  new  power  piles  and 
design  modifications  of  uranium — 
graphite  piles  for  the  transmutation  of 
ur;mium  to  plutonium.  This  department 
.also  provides  technical  assistance  to  pile- 
operating  units. 

The  chemical  separations  department 
consists  mostly  of  chemists  and  chemical 
engineers.  Its  function  is  to  develop 
new  types  of  chemical  processes  for  the 
separation  of  plutonium  and  uranium 
from  the  fission  products.  It  also  has  a 
staff  of  experts  to  give  technical  assist- 
ance to  the  chemical  separations  plants 
operating  division.  In  addition  to  the 
personnel  in  the  technical  department, 
the  overall  supervisory  force  of  other  de- 
partments are  all  technically  trained 
men.  For  example,  in  the  operating  de- 
partments a  large  number  of  chemists 
and  chemical  engineers  made  up  the  su- 
pervisory, so  in  addition  to  opportunities 
in  development  work  and  process  design, 


there  are  many  other  opportunities   for 
those  with  supervisory  talents. 

Mechanical  Engineers 

Much  of  the  operating  equipment 
must  work  with  tolerances  and  service 
times  much  more  severe  than  have  ever 
been  previously  re(iuired  in  industrial 
operations.  One  ex.iniple  ot  this  me- 
chanical equipment  uould  hi-  the  pumps 
required  to  pump  the  coolant  outside  of 
the  pile.  They  must  be  absolutely  re- 
liable. If  a  pump  failed  and  the  heat- 
transfer  medium  were  to  stop  circulating 
in  the  unit,  the  heat  would  build  up  so 
rapidh  that  excessive  temperature  might 
be  reached  in  the  pile  and  jeopardize  its 
operation.  Further,  since  the  pump  is 
handling  a  radioactive  fluid,  it  would 
tiot  be  possible  to  approach  the  inopera- 
ti\e  pump  for  repair  except  after  a  pro- 
longed shut-down.  Various  design  fea- 
tures eliminating  hazardous  shut-downs; 
leakage  and  any  physical  change  due  to 
being  subjected  to  the  action  of  neu- 
trons, radioactive  rays  and  particles  are 
yet  to  be  worked  out  by  the  mechanical 
engineers.  Remote  control  operation  and 
maintenance  must  be  emphasized  in  these 
designs. 

Cii'il  Enginers 

The  work   in  civil   and   architectural 
engineering  is  not  greatly  different  from 
(Continued  on  page  36) 


When  FASTENING  becomes 
your  responsibility,  remember 
this  important  fact  -  -  - 

It  costs  more  to  specify,  purchase,  stock,  inspect,  req- 
uisition and  use  fasteners  than  it  does  to  buy  them.  True 
Fastener  Economy  means  making  sure  that  every  func- 
tion involved  in  the  use  of  bolts,  nuts,  screws,  rivets  and 
other  fasteners  contributes  to  the  desired  fastening  re- 
sult —  maximum  holding  power  at  the  lowest  possible 
total  cost  for  fastening. 


You  Get  True  fastener  Keononty  When  You  Cut  Costa  These  Ways 

1.  Reduce  assembly  time  with  accu-  5.  Purchase  maximum  holding  power 
rate,  uniform  fasteners  per  dollar  of  initial  cost 

2.  Make  satisfied  workers  by  making  6.  Lower  inventory  by  standardizing 
assembly  work  easier  types  and  sizes  of  fasteners 

3.  Save  receiving  inspection  through  7.  Simplify  purchasing  by  using  one 
supplier's  quality  control  supplier's  complete  line 


4.  Design  assemblies  for  fewer, 
stronger  fasteners 


8.  Improve  your  product  with  a 
quality  fastener. 


""110  »»»^** 


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34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


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THE  ILLINOIS  TECHNOGRAPH 

213  Engineering  Hall 

URBANA,  III. 


OCTOBER,   1948 


35 


OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  YOU  .  . . 

(  Coiuiiuicil  lioiu  pa;;i-  ,i4  ) 
till'  structural  work  found  in  the  con- 
struction of  most  industrial  buiidinf^s.  In 
some  cases  there  may  be  required  special 
designs  for  very  efficient  ventilation 
and  special  materials  of  construction  as, 
for  example,  the  construction  of  shield- 
ing barriers. 

In  summary,  it  may  be  said  that  then- 
are  almost  unlimited  opportunities  in  tlic 
field  of  atomic  energy  for  the  men  who 
are  actively  interested  in  applving  their 
training  toward  advancement  of  the 
atomic  age.  While  an  advanced  degree 
is  desirable,  it  is  not  imperative.  The 
graduate  who  is  interested  in  the  work 
to  a  degree  greater  than  it  being  merely 
a  job  will  find  it  to  be  a  most  fascinating 
career.  It  cannot  be  said  that  the  re- 
muneration is  generous  but  it  is  quite  in 
line  with  other  industrial  salaiies  paid 
to  practicing  engineers. 

The  work  is  definitely  not  dangerous 
as  one  might  be  led  to  believe.  In  aware- 
ness of  the  existing  hazards  of  radioac- 
tive materials,  the  .'Xtomic  Knergy  Com- 
mission exercises  the  greatest  care  in  pro- 
tecting all  workmen,  making  certain  that 
no  one  is  exposed  to  radiation  greater 
than  a  medically-safe  limit.  For  all 
American  industry,  in  the  last  year  for 
which  there  is  an  enviable  record,  1946, 
the   accident   frequency   rate  was    14.16 


injuries  per  1,000,000  man-hours.  The 
lowest  recorded  figure  that  Dr.  C.  P. 
Cabell,  of  the  Hanford  Kngineer  Works, 
was  able  to  find  was  1.1,  which  was  for 
industriid  office  employees  in  the  st;ite  of 
Washingtuii.  This  makes  the  liarUoid 
Works,  Richi.-ind,  Washington,  tin- 
safest  of  any  industry  on  record — the\ 
had  a  cumulative  figure,  through  Octo- 
ber, 1947,  of  0.7.^  accidents  per  1,000,- 
11(1(1  man-hours,  and  the  value  during 
i')4()  was  only  034.  And.  furthermore, 
not  a  single  case  of  injurN  du(-  to  r;idi;i- 
tion  has  occurred   in  tin-  pl.iiU. 

The  industry  is  still  \(iung.  The  dif- 
ficulty today  is  the  lack  of  pro|M-rly 
trained  personnel  in  order  to  carry  on 
the  program  which  has  already  been  ap- 
proved. The  approved  program  covers 
onh'  a  small  fraction  of  the  work  that 
should  be  done.  For  example,  in  the 
field  of  atomic  energy  we  may  expect  a 
\ery  large  industry  to  develop,  particu- 
larly as  other  countries  have  greater  need 
of  power  from  this  source  than  the 
United  States  does.  We  may  reasonably 
expect  that  this  country  will  be  suffi- 
ciently far-sighted  so  as  to  take  the  lead 
in  the  development  of  backward  coun- 
tries by  use  of  power  from  atomic  en- 
ergy. Because  relatively  small  amounts 
of  materials  will  liberate  enormous 
amounts  of  energy,  power  stations  may 
be  located  in  regions  which  are  remote 


from  the  usual   fuel  sources  of  coal  and 
oil. 

An  excellent  discussion  of  some  of  tlu- 
operating  problems  currently  confrontin;^ 
the  industry  is  found  in  the  .March. 
1048,  i.ssue  of  the  Westinghouse  Engi- 
neer. There  is  a  considerable  volume  ni 
literature  published  on  the  topic  ot 
atomic  energy,  written  for  comprehen- 
sion by  various  levels  of  backgroinid 
training.  Anyone  interested  in  learning 
about  the  field,  gencralK'  or  technically, 
will  ha\e  little  difficult)'  in  finding  m;i- 
terial. 


ADOBE  HACIENDAS  . . . 

(Continued  from  page  \2) 
were     impossible     to     distinguish     from 
brick  and  plaster. 

Africa  has  millions  of  earth  buildings 
existing  today.  Karl  j.  Ellington,  an 
engineer  of  Seattle,  Washington,  and 
author  of  "Modern  Pise'  Building," 
claims  that  in  North  Africa  whole  cities 
are   built   of   pise'. 

The  Roman  author,  Pliny  the  Elder, 
has  given  us  one  of  the  earliest  written 
records  on  pise'  construction  in  his 
"Natural  History."  He  says,  "Do  we 
not  find  in  Africa  and  Spain  walls  of 
earth  which  are  called  'frame  walls,' 
because  two  planks  are  placed,  one  on 
either  side  to  form  a  frame,  and  the 
(Continued  on   page   40) 


^Jl  ^^FOR  THE  RIGHT 


To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
ings must  make  the  right 
impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  when  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


ARTISTS   ^ENGRAVERS  •  CHAMPAIGN,  ill 


SINCE    I9JI      ' 


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THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THE  SALESMAN  WHO  CARRIED  A  GLASS  PIPE  ! 


LOOK  AT  THIS,  Mr.  Irvin!"  said  Joe 
■^  the  salesman  as  he  whisked  a  short 
length  of  glass  pipe  out  of  his  briefcase. 

"This  is  one  reason  why  our  food  prod- 
ucts are  pure  and  clean.  Right  up  to  final 
inspection,  they  flow  through  Pyrex  glass 
piping.  We  can  see  them  all  the  time! 

"We  can  keep  the  pipes  clean  easily  with- 
out taking  them  down.  And  when  they're 
clean,  we  can  see  they're  clean.  And  what's 
more,  food  and  fruit  acids  don't  attack  glass, 


so  there's  no  danger  of  spoiling  the  taste!" 
Glass  pipe  to  guard  the  purity  and  quality 
ofyour  product  is  only  one  of  3  7, 000  things 
we  make  at  Corning  Glass  Works. 

We  make  the  glass  bowls  for  five  best- 
selling  coflfee  makers.  We  know  the  answers 
to  a  lot  of  questions  about  television  because 
Corning  has  been  making  the  glass  parts 
for  television  from  the  start.  And  if  you 
sold  housewares,  we  could  help  you  attract 
new  customers  with  our  Pyrex  Flameware 


Double  Boiler,  made  of  the  first  glass  ever 
specially  developed  to  stand  the  extra  shock 
of  top-of-stove  cooking. 

In  nearly  a  hundred  years  we've  found 
ways  to  make  50,000  diflcrent  kinds  of 
glass.  Some  of  them  may  someday  help  you 
improve  production  or  cut  costs.  Others 
may  suggest  ways  to  make  your  product 
more  desirable  or  useful  to  the  people  who 
buy  it.  Remember  us  when  that  day  comes. 
Corning  Glass  Works,  Corning,  N.  Y. 


IN  PYREX  WARE  AND  OTHER  CONSUMER,  TECHNICAL  AND  ELECTRICAL  PRODUCTS  ► 


ORNING 


Research  in  Glass 


OCTOBER,  1948 


37 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(  Contimu-J  troiii  pagi-  l.i) 
stuileiits  had  programs  which  Ict-pt  thi-ni 
at  the  Pier  from  early  morning  until 
late  evening,  and  it  seemed  inevitable 
that  if  the  previous  class  was  at  one  end 
of  the  3 '5  mile  classroom  area,  the  next 
class  would  be  at  the  other  end. 

In  the  past  two  years  even  the  latter 
had  been  improved,  and  it  is  hoped  that 
for  the  present  semester  it  will  be  im- 
proved further,  especially  for  working 
students.  Yes,  the  University  of  Illinois 
undergraduate  division  at  Navv  Pier  is 
now  going— FULL  SPKKl)  Alll.Al). 


SMATTER  ABOUT  MATTER 

By  John   Fijolek,   E.E.   '51 

Webster's  Collegiate  dictionary  ile- 
fines  physics  as  that  branch  of  knowl- 
edge treating  of  the  material  work!  and 
its  phenomena:  natural  philosophy.  It 
is  further  defined  as  the  science  which 
deals  with  those  phenomena  of  inanimate 
matter  involving  no  changes  in  chemical 
composition ;  more  specifically,  the  sci- 
ence of  matter  and  motion. 

We  are  all  interested  in  the  world  in 
which  we  live  from  the  day  we  are  born. 
Because  of  this  interest  we  have  been 
able  to  discover  certain  definite  relation- 
ships or,  laws  of  Nature,  which  we  have 
\ised  as  tools  to  make  our  lives  more  com- 
fortable and   ourseKes  the  masters  over 


other  forms  of  life  upon  this  earth.  Rut 
tools  can  be  used  for  good  or  evil,  and 
the  laws  of  physics  can  be  applied  to 
atomic  warfare  as  well  as  to  harnessing 
the  unruliest  of  rivers. 

Navy  Pier  in  its  physics  courses  and 
laboratory  work  furnishes  no  magic  key 
to  the  student  whereby  he  can  gain  en- 
trance to  the  halls  of  wisdom  or  fame. 
Rather,  as  Dr.  R.  E.  Harris,  head  of 
the  physics  department,  puts  it,  "it  gives 
the  general  background  of  our  technol- 
ogical ci\  ili/ation  which  every  well-edu- 
cated man  and  every  engineer  must 
have." 

The  physics  laboratory  rooms  at  the 
i'ier  have  available  both  modern  and 
rime-tested  facilities  for  performing  basic 
experiments  in  the  five  main  divisions  of 
|)li\sics.  Mechanics,  heat,  and  sound  are 
covered  in  the  first  semester,  while  elec- 
tricity and  light  are  studied  in  the  sec- 
ond semester. 

The  equipment  available  includes  such 
items  as  oscilloscopes,  used  for  analysis 
of  sound  waves  and  electrical  currents; 
Wheatstone  bridges,  resistance  boxes, 
galvanometers,  etc.,  for  electrical  meas- 
urements; and  tuning  forks  and  water- 
filled  glass  tubes  for  sound  experiments. 
Some  of  the  experiments  performed  dur- 
ing the  two  semesters  are  free  fall,  to 
illustrate  the  laws  of  gravity;  telescope 
construction,  to  demonstrate  relation- 
ships in  light  optics;  resistance  measure- 
ments and  use  of  electrical  circuits  ver- 


ifying Kirchhoff's  laws;  and  application 
of  vector  analysis  principles  in  the  field 
of  mechanics. 

Altiiough  certaui  elements  are  stressed 
for  specific  classes  of  students  (for  in- 
stance, the  field  of  heat  and  light  for 
pre-medics;  the  field  of  sound  and  light 
for  architects;  and  the  field  of  mechan- 
ics for  engineers),  the  curricidum  is  gen- 
erally the  same  for  all  students  taking 
the  course.  In  addition,  the  final  test  is 
a  standard  one  in  use  throughout  the 
country  in  comparable  institutions. 

The  department  has  been  able  to  pro- 
cure modern  tools  as  part  of  the  labora- 
ror\'  equipment  and  thus  is  able  to  give 
tile  student  a  more  vivid  illustration  of 
the  basic  principles  involved  in  the  ex- 
periment, as  well  as  some  practical  ex- 
perience in  operating  equipment  which  is 
in  standard  use  in  industry.  Other  tools 
have  seen  little  change  during  their  serv- 
ice throughout  many  decades  and  have 
become  standard  items  for  this  type  of 
work.  But  in  all  cases,  the  spirit  of  sci- 
entific curiosity,  observation  and  experi- 
mentation, is  inculcated  into  the  stvulent. 

In  this  manner,  the  de|iartment,  which 
last  year  with  the  help  of  18  staff  mem- 
bers introduced  the  science  to  over  one 
thousand  students,  has  been  able  to  give 
those  students  a  better  imderstanding  of 
nature  and  to  provide  the  prospective 
engineer  with  a  very  important  stepping 
stone  to  the  practical  application  of  that 
knowledge. 


HANDBOOKS -for   Engineers 

The   handbooks  you    learn  to  use  in  college 
will  be  your  lifelong  tools 

Follett's  carries  a  complete  line  of  Engineering  handbooks  to  meet  every 
need.  Here  are  a  few  of  the  titles  we  stock  at  all  times.  Come  in  and  look 
them  over. 

PENDER— Electrical  Engineers  Handbook        TERMAN— Radio  Engineers  Handbook 
I.E.S.— Lighting  Handbook  BOYCE— Radio  Databook 

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KETCHUM— Structural  Engineers  Handbook 

PEELE — Mining  Engineers  Handbook:  Traffic  Engineering  Handbook 
COLVIN  &  S. — American  Machinists  Handbook;  Metals  Handbook;  Machinery's  Hand- 
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AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


—I he  volume  oj  nature  is  tne  oook  oj  nnqivieage  —Oliver  goldsmith 


y^fe\ 


Why  tvater  gets  better  all  the  time 


Most  people  take  purified  water  for  granted  today.  But 
water  now  gets  other  scientific  '"treatments"  as  well ...  to 
do  highly  specialized  jobs. 

New  chemicals,  for  example,  make  hard  water  soft . . . 
for  a  quicker,  cleaner  job  of  washing  and  laundering.  And, 
important  to  industry,  are  other  chemicals  that  war  on  cor- 
rosion . .  .  and  lower  the  freezing  point  of  water. 

There  is  wetter-ivater,  too  .  .  .  water  chemically  treated 
so  that  it  penetrates  more  quickly,  spreads  more  evenly.  It 
helps  do  a  better  dyeing  job  on  the  clothes  we  wear.  In 
fire-fighting,  uetter-icaler  soaks  in  faster,  quenches  stub- 
born blazes  swiftly  . .  .  and  cuts  fire  and  water  damage. 

To  get  the  full  benefits  of  water,  we  need  today's  engi- 
neering advances  and  belter  materials.  New  plastics  now- 
used  in  our  tough,  long-lasting,  lightweight  garden  hose. 
Also,  improved  alloy  steels  in  today's  pumps,  pipelines, 


tanks  .  .  .  that  bring  water  from  reservoir  to  your  home  or 
factory,  where  it's  always  on  tap. 

The  people  of  Union  Carbide  produce  these  and  many- 
other  materials  essential  to  the  handling:  and  treatment  of 
ivater.  The\  also  produce  hundreds  of  other  materials  for 
the  use  of  science  and  industry,  thus  helping  maintain 
American  leadership  in  meeting  the 
needs  of  mankind. 

FREE:  You  are  invited  to  send  tor  tite  new  illus- 
trated boolclet,*''  Products  and  Processes."  U'lticlt 
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partners  in  creating 


Engineering  leaders  for  the  last  80  years  have  made 
K  &  E  instruments,  drafting  equipment  and  materials 
their  partners  in  creating  the  great  technical  achieve- 
ments of  America.  So  nearly  universal  is  the  reliance  on 
K  &  E  products,  it  is  self-evident  that  every  major  engi- 
neering project  has  been  completed  with  the  help  of  K  &  E. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

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Chicago   •    St.   Louis   •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  •  Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


ADOBE  HACIENDAS  . . . 

(  C"uiiti]UR\l  hum  pa{;c-  J(i) 
wall     is    then    packed     in     rathei     than 
built?      These    walls    endure    tor    ajzo. 
proof  against   rain,  wind,  and    lire,   .and 
stronger  than  any  cement." 

Some  of  the  most  beautiful  old  home- 
steads of  South  Africa,  especially  Rho- 
desia, are  pi>e'  buildings.  Some  of  these 
have  stood  the  wear  of  a  ceiitur\'  and 
are   still    much    admired    as   houses. 

In  Johannesburg,  South  Africa,  rh  ■ 
Pise'  de  Terre  Construction  compan\ 
does  contract  work  in  this  material.  A 
letter  from  Mr.  E.  T.  Baincs  of  this 
company  states:  "We  have  found  frtjm 
experience  that  a  foundation  of  pise'  i-- 
equally  good  to  one  of  brick  or  stone. 
Such  a  foundation  should  be  rammed 
into  a  two-foot  trench  some  si.\  inches 
wider  than  the  walls  with  a  damp- 
proof  course  at  the  top  at  ground  le\el. 
These  are  used  even  in  districts  recei\ 
ing  as  high  as  100  inches  of  rainfall  per 
annum;  so  long  as  water  is  kept  fiom 
running  directly  against  the  base  of  the 
walls  it  has  no  more  detrimental  effect 
on  pise'  than  brick  work.  The  capillary 
attraction  in  walls  which  are  built 
straight  on  the  ground  w'ithout  even  a 
damp-proof  course  never  exceeds  a  foot, 
and  there  is  no  sign  of  disintegration 
of  the  wall  which  dries  out  as  strong  .is 
before."  Thus  is  established  another  use 
(Continued  on  page  44) 


NO  SLIDE  RULE  NEEDED  to  figure  the  advantage  of- 

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Champaign  County  Bank  &  Trust  Co. 

MAIN  AT  BROADWAY  -  URBANA 

C.  A.  WEBBER,  President  GEORGE   I.   MAXWELL,  Vice  President 

FRED  G.  HARRISON,  Vice  President  E.    E.    LATOWSKY.   Cashier 

ARLAN  Mcpherson,  Assistant  Cashier 


40 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


Plastics  where  plastics  belong 


Sifnthane  tchere  Synthane  bolongs 

Herk's  Synthane  at  work  in  a  channel  selector  turret  .  .  . 
the  nerve-center  of  any  television  receiver. 
Synthane  is  employed  for  a  number  of  the  intricate  parts  to 
insure  extreme  electrical  and  mechanical  precision  and  rugged 
operation.  It's  an  appropriate  job  for  useful,  hard-working 
Synthane  ...  a  timely  example  of  plastics  where  plastics  belong. 

In  addition,  Synthane  is  moisture  and  corrosion  resistant, 
hard,  dense,  easy  to  machine,  and  has  unusual  electrical  insu- 
lating qualities.  Synthane  is  also  structurally  strong,  light  in 
weight  and  stable  over  wide  variations  in  temperature. 

These  and  many  other  properties — combined — make  Syn- 
thane adaptable  to  countless  chemical,  electrical  and  mechanical 
applications.  Synthane  Corporation,  14  River  Road,  Oaks,  Pa. 


[SyivtHane] 

SF — 


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OCTOBER,   1948  41 


CONVENIENTLY    LOCATED 
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they  function— all  this  is  interestingly  narrated 
and  vividly  pictured  in  a  recently-completed 
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particulars  to  B&W  at  the  address  given  here. 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THAT  DESTROYS 


GUESSWORK 


D 

^yccELERATED  aging  tests  are  part  of  the  Okonite  prod- 
Hlua  improvement  program.  While  they  cannot  replace 
the  study  of  aaual  exposure  to  weather  in  proving 
ground  and  in  the  field,  they  have  a  definite  place  in 
estimating  the  value  of  electrical  insulation. 

The  oxygen  bomb  shown  at  the  left  is  used  in  acceler- 
ated aging  tests  —  one  piece  of  apparatus  among  many 
other  examples  of  modern  equipment  at  the  service  of 
Okonite  engineers  and  technicians  in  taking  the  guess- 
work out  of  the  manufacture  of  insulated  wires  and  cables. 
The  Okonite  Oampany,  Passaic,  New  Jersey. 


nn.c    BROWN   &  SHARPE  MFG.   CO. 
U— — I        Providence  1,  R.  I.,  U.  S.  A. 


OKONITE 

insulated  wires  and  cables 


BROWN  &  SHARP  £ 
CUTTERS 


A  Campus  Tradition  that  all 
Engineers  Recognize  .  .  . 

ini  Union  Bookstore 

715  SOUTH  WRIGHT  STREET 
On  the  Campus 

10%   DIVIDEND   PAID   LAST  YEAR 


OCTOBER,  1948 


43 


ADOBE  HACIENDAS  .  .  . 

(  L'cintmiK-d  tioin  paj;i-  40) 
tor  pise',  namely,  the  subgradc  founda- 
tion footings.  Reinforced  concrete  foot- 
ings for  pise'  walls  are,  of  necessity, 
large  and  expensive  due  to  the  thick- 
ness and  weight  of  the  walls. 
Europe 

Kail  j.  Ellington  sa\s  that  the  .Moors 
brought  tlie  pise'  method  into  Spain, 
where  the  centuries-old  Alhanibra  pal- 
ace at  (iranada  is  built  partly  of  pise'. 
One  of  the  medie\al  writers  refers  to  a 
Spanish  pise'  church  eighty  feet  long, 
forty  feet  wide,  and  fifty  feet  high, 
which  was  in  use  eighty  years.  During 
that  period  the  only  attention  gi\en  the 
walls  was  a  coating  of  rough  cast  every 
ten  or  fifteen  years.  A  fire  occurred 
which  left  only  the  walls  standing. 
When  these  were  razed,  great  difficulty 
was  encountered  in  rediLcing  them  to 
pieces  small  enough  to  be  readily  han- 
dled. Hiuidreds  of  peasant  families  in 
France  and  Spain  are  nowadays  occupy- 
ing pise"  homes  which  have  withstood 
the  ravages  of  150  \c;ns  or  more  with- 
out appreciable  wear. 

In  the  American  Architect  of  Febru- 
ar\  2,1,  1021,  appears  the  following 
note:  "The  discoveries  of  Schliemann 
at  Hissarlik  showed  that  among  other 
remarkable  methods  of  ancient  building 
was  the  practice  of  vitrifying  the  walls 


after  erection.  And  he  put  forward  the 
idea  that  the  walls  had  been  built  of 
unburned  cla\'  and  then  vitrified  by  the 
subsequent  lighting  of  huge  fires  on 
both  sides  at  once.  The  interest  for  us 
lies  in  the  transform.ation  of  a  singularly 
perishable  material  into  an  almost  im- 
perishable one." 

In  the  \-.illcy  of  the  Rhone  river, 
France,  pise'  ile  terre  houses  of  great 
age  (600  to  90U  years)  are  still  occu- 
pied and  in  good  condition.  World  War 
I  brought  to  light  the  earth  core  under 
the  plaster  coating  of  numerous  huihl- 
imrs  whose  earth  construction  would 
otherwise  not  have  been  noticed,  nor 
e\en  suspected  in  many  cases.  Kshelby 
stated  that  he  found  numerous  examples 
of  pise'  or  othei'  t\pc  earth  building 
everywhere  between  Lyons  and  the  Rel- 
gian  frontier,  at  Landrecies,  Le  Cateau, 
and  all  along  the  line  of  the  British 
retreat  in  1914  from  Mons,  shell  strick- 
en and  full  of  holes  but  still  standing. 
He  said  that  one-third  of  Rheims  is 
built  of  earth,  not  pise',  but  imburnt 
brick;  it  is  even  used  as  partition  walls 
in  four-story  buildings.  The  city  of 
Lyons,  internationally  famous  for  its 
venerable  buildings,  consists  in  large 
part  of  pise'  structures.  !VIany  tourists 
who  exclaim  over  the  delightful  French 
manor  houses  along  the  Rhone  valley 
are  quite  unaware  of  the  heart  of  dirt 
beneath     their    picturesque    whitewash. 


Some  of  the.se  houses  are  six  centuries 
old  and  sound  as  rock.  Dining  modern 
times,  since  industrial  plants  have  occu- 
pied the  \  alley,  a  variation  of  pise' 
known  as  pise'  de  machefer  has  been 
used  almost  exclusively.  It  is  obtained 
from  clinkers  or  slag.  Building  with 
pise'  de  machefer  can  go  on  at  any  time 
of  year,  and  houses  ca  be  inhabited  as 
soon    as    built. 

In  the  late  eighteenth  century  Rev. 
Mr.  Joucour,  a  French  clergyman 
who  emigrated  to  England,  tells  of 
a  pise'  church  at  Montbrison  (south- 
west of  Lyons,  France),  where  he  re- 
siiled.  He  said  that  the  church  wa 
about  eighty  feet  long,  forty  wide,  and 
fifty  high.  The  walls  were  built  en 
pise'  eighteen  inches  thick.  Soon  after 
his  arrival  at  Montbrison  the  church 
was  burned  and  remained  unroofed  for 
about  twelve  months,  exposed  to  rain 
and  frost.  "As  it  was  suspected  that  the 
walls  had  sustained  much  damage  by 
the  fire  and  the  inclemency  of  the  sea- 
son, and  might  give  way,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  throw  them  down  partially, 
and  leave  only  the  lower  parts  standing; 
but  even  this  was  not  done  without 
much  difficulty,  such  was  the  firmness 
and  hardness  these  walls  had  acquired: 
the  church  had  stood  above  eighty  years, 
and  all  the  repairs  it  required  were  only 
to  give  it,  every  twelve  or  fifteen  years, 
(Continued  on  page  46) 


LEATHER  HAS  THE  GIFT  OF  «*GRAB 

that   puts   power  to  work 


When  you  wrap  your  bauds  around  ihc 
leather-covered  handle  of  a  golf  club,  you  get 
au  idea  of  the  natural  gripping  capacity  of 
leather. 


That  same  grip  or  high  coefficient  of  friction 
makes  leather  an  outstanding  material  for 
modern  power  transmission.  The  full-grain, 
pore-like  surface  of  a  leather  belt  provides  a 
positive,  non-slip  pulley  grip  that  assures 
continued  maximum  efficiency. 

That's  why   leather   belting  is   turning  so 
many  wheels  in  toda) 's  industry. 


Headquarfen  for  Authentic  Power  Transmission  Data 

41  PARK  ROW,  NEW  YORK  7,  NEW  YORK 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


K»  a  6<«*  « t«n 


He's  a  Square  D  Field  Engineer.  There 
are  others  like  him  in  Square  D  branches 
in  more  than  50  principal  cities  of  the  United 
States,  Canada  and  Mexico.  These  men  are 
liaison  between  Square  D  and  industrial 
America.  Their  full-time  job  is  contacting 
industries  of  every  type  and  size.  It  is  through 
them  that  we  are  able  to  do  our  job  effec- 
tively. That  job  is  three-fold:  To  design  and 
build  electrical  distribution  and  control  equip- 
ment in  pace  with  present  needs — to  provide 
sound  counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right 
equipment  for  any  given  application — to  an- 
ticipate trends  and  new  methods  and  speed 
their  development. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  distri- 
bution or  control,  call  in  the  nearby  Square  D 
Field  Engineer.  He  makes  a  lot  of  sense  in 
finding  "a  better  way  to  do  it." 


For  many  years,  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS 

THIS  ONE  have  appeared  regularly  in  leading  business 

magazines.  Their  primary  purpose  is  fo  build  acceptance 

for  Square  D  Field  Engineers,  practically  ail  of  whom  come 

to  us  from  leading  engineering  schools  such  as  yours. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  LTD.,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO   •   SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


OCTOBER,  1948 


45 


a    new    coating   of    rough    cast    on    tin- 
outside." 

The  Americas 

( )ii  tlu-  subject  of  pise'  in  tlie  Aineri- 
cas,  Karl  J.  Ellington  sa\s,  "In  Central 
and  South  America  the  prehistoric  races 
have  left  some  remarkable  architectural 
creations,  among  which  can  be  tiauul 
proof  that  these  people  also  knew  how- 
to  build  terraces  and  buildings  with 
rammed  earth.  To  this  class  of  build- 
ings, no  doubt,  belongs  the  Casa  (Irande 
ruins  in  Arizona.  In  15,52  this  ruin  was 
six  stories  high  and  the  government  is 
now  preserving  what  remains  of  it.  To 
many  it  is  a  pu/.zle  by  what  method 
the  Casa  Grande  was  built.  Hut  the 
markings  of  pise'  forms  can  still  be 
seen,  and  we  are  sure  at  least,  that  that 
method  was  used  in  its  construction." 

The  well  known  "first  house"  built 
by  white  settlers  in  the  I'.  S.  in  1556 
at  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  has  first 
story  walls  of  pise'  with  a  wood-frame 
second  story;  it  is  still  stamling. 

S.  W.  Johnson's  book,  "Rural  Iaoii- 
(iinv.  "  inspired  the  b  u  i  1  il  i  n  g  of  the 
C'hurch  of  the  Holy  Cioss  on  Hill 
Crest  Plantation  near  Sumpter,  South 
Carolina,  1850  to  1S52.  Dr.  An<lerson 
had  difKculty  persuading  his  congrega- 
tion to  accept  the  idea  of  rammed  earth 
until  he  pointed  out  that  it  would  give 
them  the  most  church  for  the  least 
money.  The  church  is  still  standing  and 
measures  one  hundred  and  five  feet  by 


twenty-seven  feet  with  \\alls  fifteen  feet 
high  at  the  eaves  and  forty-three  feet 
,it  the  roof  peak.  Originally  the  church 
has  a  square  pise'  tower  forty  feet  high 
surmounted  by  a  twenty  foot  spire.  A 
record  kept  of  the  church  cost  shows  a 
total  of  ^ill  1,900  spent  tor  labor,  mate- 
rials, and  interest  for  two  \fars  while 
it  was  built.  In  192()  T.  A.  11.  .Miller 
of  the  Division  of  Agricultural  Engi- 
neering investigated  the  church  and 
estimated  it  would  cost  5^180,000  to  dup- 
licate it  in  any  other  material.  Anthony 
French  Merril  estimates  that  in  1947 
it  would  cost  $100,000.  The  tower 
withstood  the  Charleston  earthquake  of 
l.SS()  (Charleston  80  miles  distant). 
'Ilu's  earthquake,  noted  for  its  severity, 
did  cause  a  minor  crack  in  one  of  the 
walls.  The  tower  safely  pa.s.sed  through 
a  three-day  hurricane  in  1895  and  was 
then  45  years  old.  In  1903  a  cyclone 
caused  the  tower  to  crack  across  the 
roof,  necessitating  rebuilding,  with  con- 
crete, the  tower  and  portion  of  wall  on 
which  it  fell.  Otherwise  the  church  re- 
mains, solid  to  the  present  day. 

In  1945  the  following  appeared  in 
Colliers  Magazine:  "One  of  the  great 
advantages  of  pise'  construction  is  the 
high  degree  of  insulation  provided  by 
the  dirt  walls.  R.  B.  Wade,  a  farmer 
near  Flandreau,  South  Dakota,  built  a 
poultry  house  in  1939,  and  found  the 
temperature  inside  the  building  so  much 
cooler  in  summer  and  warmer  in  winter 


that  he  double-crossed  his  hens  and 
moved  in  himself.  He  is  now  making 
plans  to  build  a  pise'  residence;  then 
the  chickens  can  have  their  home  back." 

All  of  the  foregoing  qualities: 
strength,  Hood  immunity,  fire  proofness, 
chemical  stability,  weather  tightness, 
rodent  and  insect  immunity,  wind  re- 
sistance, and  earthquake  resistance,  may 
be  sinnmetl  up  by  the  single  word  dura- 
bility. In  addition  to  durability  pise'  has 
several  other  merits,  nameh',  insulation, 
economy,  speed  and  simplicity  of  con- 
str\iction,    availability,    and    appearance. 

Among  the  disadvantages  of  pise'  arc 
lack  of  contractors  and  workmen  experi- 
enced in  its  use  and  lack  of  any  com- 
mercial backing.  Pise'  also  has  a  rela- 
tively  low   tensile   strength. 

Most  building  codes  outlaw  any  type 
of  economical  construction,  including 
pi.se',  prefabricated  houses,  etc.,  regard- 
less of  the  merits  of  such  types  of  con- 
struction,  aside   from  economy. 

Among  the  interesting  developments 
in  modern  research  of  earth  construction 
are  the  methods  developed  for  earth 
stabilization.  This  eliminates  the  one 
significant  disadvantage  of  pise',  its  vul- 
nerability to  running  water. 

Thus  pise',  however  "old  fashioned" 
it  may  be,  is  as  good  as  most  of  our 
present  day  construction  for  small  and 
medium-sized  buildings,  and  is  better 
than  some  of  our  commonly  accepted 
methods  of   building. 


All  Engineering  Supplies  .  .  . 

UNDER  ONE  ROOF 

No  more  fruitless  hunts  for  hard  to  find  items. 
We  have  supplies  for  every  engineering  need. 
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for  whatever  you  need,  and  walk  out,  five  min- 
utes later,  completely  satisfied.  We  will  be  glad 
to  help  you. 

UNIVERSITY   BOOKSTORE 

610  EAST  DANIEL,  CHAMPAIGN  -  PHONE  5726 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


There's  something  here 
no  photograph  could  show 


Pictures  could  convey  a  clear  idea  of  the 
buildings  of  Standard  Oil's  new  research 
laboratory  at  Whiting,  Indiana.  We 
could  also  photograph  the  many  new 
types  of  equipment  for  up-to-date  pe- 
troleum research  that  are  housed  in  the 
laboratory,  one  of  the  largest  projects 
of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

Or  we  could  photograph  the  men  who 
work  here,  many  of  whom  have  out- 
standing reputations  in  their  fields.  For 
many  years,  Standard  Oil  has  looked 
for  and  has  welcomed  researchers  and 


engineers  of  high  professional  compe- 
tence. We  have  created  an  intellectual 
climate  which  stimulates  these  men  to 
do  their  finest  work. 

But  no  photograph  could  show  the 
basic  idea  that  motivates  Standard  Oil 
research.  It  is  simply  this:  our  respon- 
sibility to  the  public  and  to  ourselves 
makes  it  imperative  that  we  keep  mov- 
ing steadily  forward.  The  new  Whiting 
laboratory  is  but  one  evidence  of  Stand- 
ard Oil's  intention  to  remain  in  the  front 
rank  of  industrial  research. 


Standard  Oil  Company  ^Jjjs^^ 


(INDIANA) 

910   S.  MICHIGAN   AVENUE,  CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


OCTOBER,  1948 


47 


Cuiled  by  A.  Kevesh 


M.'in  dining  in  a  small  town  hotel: 
"Why  does  that  dof;  sit  ami  watch  nit- 
all  the  time?" 

Waitress:  "You've  got  his  plate." 

Jeanie:  "Why  ilul  yon  quit  teaehiiig 
to  join  the  ehonis?  ' 

Queenie:  "Well,  there  is  more  money 
in   showing   figures   to   the   ohler   boys." 

Mary  had  a  little  lamb. 

Its  fleece  was  white  as  snow. 

She  took  it  to  Pittsburgh, 

And    now    look    at    the    damned    tiling. 

*  »      * 

I'rofessor — "(live  me  a  lound-trip 
ticket." 

.Agent — "Where  to?" 
Profe.ssor — "Back  here,  of  course." 
»     *      * 

"Who  was  that  lady  I  saw  you  with 
in  a  sidewalk  cafe  last  night?" 

"That  was  no  cafe.  That  was  our 
furniture." 

*  »      * 

Passenger — "Which  end  of  the  car  do 
I  get  off?" 

Conductor — "Either  one.  It  stops  at 
both  ends." 

The  president  of  a  midwestern  col- 
lege,  speaking  on   st.ite   education,   said: 

"Our  girls  are  poorly  educated,  but 
our  boys  will  never  find  it  out." 

*  *     * 

The  professor  jiut  the  following  no- 
tice on  the  campus  bidletin  bo.nrd  : 

"Professor  Brown  will  be  unable  to 
meet  his  classes  tomorrow." 

A  bright  wag  among  the  students 
came  along,  and  smartly  rubbed  out  the 
letter  "c"  from  the  word  "classes." 
Since  the  college  was  not  co-ed\icarional, 
the  effect  caused  much  hilarity. 

The  professor,  happening  by,  noticed 
what  had  been  done  to  his  announce- 
ment, and  prompth'  went  the  students 
one  better  by  ndibing  out  the  iiutial  let- 
ter of  "lasses." 


48 


"What  is  college  bred,  Pop?" 
"College    bread    is    a    four-year    loaf 

matie  from  the  old  man's  dough." 

»     «     * 

Professor — "What  is  nitrate  of  so- 
dium?" 

Chem.  Eng. — "Half  the  day  rate,  I 
suppose." 

»      »      * 

"Samuel !" 

"Mumm-wmph.  " 

"Samuel !   Wake  up  !" 

"Uh  .  .  .  mpff  .  .  .  wassamatter?" 

"Samuel,  Em  certain  I  heard  a  mouse 
squeak !" 

"Waddya  want  me  t'do?  (let  up 
an'  oil  it  ?" 

The  dam  burst,  and  a  raging  flood 
quickly  forced  the  townspeople  to  flee 
to  the  hills. 

As  they  gazed  down  sadly  at  their 
flooded  homes,  they  saw  a  straw  hat 
float  gently  downstream  for  about  fifty 
feet.  Then  it  stopped,  turned  around 
and  pUnved  slowly  upstream  against  the 
rushing  waters.  After  fifty  feet,  it 
turned  and  moved  downstream  again. 
Then  upstream  again.  Then  down- 
stream again. 

"Say,"  said  one  of  the  townsfolk, 
"what  makes  that  straw  hat  act  so  dinn 
funny  ?" 

"Well,  I   ain't  sartin  sure,"  spoke  up 
a  youth,  "but  last  night  I  heard  (irandpa 
swear,  come  hell  or  high  water,  he  was 
a-gonna  mow  the  lawn  today." 
^      ^     * 

"What  time  is  it?" 
"It's  not  one  o'clock  yet." 
"Are  you  sure?" 

"Well,  I've  got  to  be  back  at  the  of- 
fice   by   one   o'clock   and    I'm    not    there 

yet." 

*      *      * 

A  farmer  once  called  his  cow  'Zephyr' 

She  seemed  such  an  amiable  hephyr 

Hut  when  he  drew  near 

She  bit  off  his  ear 

And  now  he  is  very  much  dephyr. 


"I've  been  thinking  it  over,"  said  the 
husband,  "and  I've  decided  to  agree  with 
you." 

"That  won't  do  you  ;iny  good."  Naid 
his  wife,  "I've  changed  m\  mind." 

■•\n  enemy  I  know  to  all 
Is  wicked,  wicked  .-dcohol. 

I  he    (  lood    Hook,    though,    command- 
ed  me 

I  II  le.iiii  to  love  mine  enemy. 

"Mother,  are  there  any  skyscrapers  in 
heaven  ?" 

"No,  son,  engineers  build  skyscrapers." 

»      ♦      * 

"How  many  cigars  a  day  <lo  nou 
smoke?" 

"About  ten.  " 

"What  do  they  cost  you?" 

"Twenty  cents  apiece." 

"That's  $2  a  day.  How  long  ha\e 
you  been  smoking?" 

"Thirty  years." 

"Two  bucks  a  day  for  thirty  years  is 
a  lot  of  money  .  .  .  Do  you  see  that  of- 
fice  building  on   the   corner?" 

"Yes." 

"If  you  had  ne\'er  smoked  in  yoin' 
life,  you  might  own  that  fine  building.  " 

"Do  you  smoke?" 

"No,  never  ha\e." 

"Do  you  own  that  building." 

"No.'' 

"Well,   I  do." 

She:     "You  look  badly  this  morning.  " 
He:     "I  have  a  cold  or  something  in 
my  head." 

She:     "It's  probably  a  cold." 

*  as      » 

Hreathes    tliere    a    man    with    soul    so 

dead 
That  never  to  himself  hath  said 

As  he  stubbed  his  toe  against  the  bed  ? 

*  *-     * 

Inebriate:  ' 'Shav,  officer,  where 
am  I  ?" 

Officer:  "Wh\',  you're  on  the  corner 
of  (ireen  and  Wright  streets." 

Ineb. :  "Never  mind  the  details. 
What  citv  am  I   in  ?" 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


You  can  see        ^ 
split-second  action 

...with  photography 


Z-\Pl  Fifty -two  cards  cascade  from  hand  fo  hand. 
Yet  fast  as  they  flash  by,  photography  is  faster 
still — giving  you  this  picture  of  what  happens  in 
half  a  tick  of  time. 

It's  having  speed  like  this — and  speed  to  spare — 
that  enables  photography  to  accomplish  the  near- 
incredible  for  industry  and  business. 

Ultra-speed  photography,  in  the  realm  of  industrial 
research,  can  show  you  the  behavior  of  a  plane's 
wingtip,  for  example,  at  supersonic  speed. 
Or  picture  the  action  of  a  spark  or  shock  wove 
at  the  rate  of  1 0-million  times  a  second ! 

Recorddk  microfilming,  in  the  realm  of  business, ., 
can  bring  unheard-of-speed  to  document  recording; 
photographing  60  letters  or  more  a  minute. 

And  this  gives  only  an  inkling  of  how  you 
can  use  photography  to  great  advantage 
because  of  its  speed.  For  a  more  complete 
idea  of  its  workaday  applications,  write  for 
"Functional  Photography."  It's  free. 

EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Advancing  business  and 
Industrial  technics . . . 

Functional 
Photography 


. . .  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  CHEMISTRY 


PLASTICS- INFANT  INDUSTRY 
THAT  GREW  UP  FAST 


Ten  years  ago  the  infant  plastics  indus- 
try was  teething.  It  has  since  rusiied 
through  a  precocious  chiklhood  and 
grown  to  a  vigorous  and  impressive  nia- 
turitv.  Today  the  phistics  industry  is 
a  multimillion-dollar  business.  Two- 
thirds  of  all  .American  factories  use 
plastics  materials  in  their  manufactur- 
ing operations. 

Of  course,  plastics  were  not  new  ten 
years  ago.  In  fact,  back  in  1894  General 
Electric  was  making  lamp  carbons  out 
of  an  early  plastic— lampblack-impreg- 
nated potter's  clay. 

New  Materials  Encourage  Growth 

But  the  rapitl  growth  of  the  plastics 
industry  came  in  the  late  1930's  when 
new  materials  and   improved  molding 


Synchrotron  ring,  molded  by  G.  E.  for  Univ.  of 
Colifornio's  new  betatron  alom-smosher. 

technic[ues  encouraged  its  expansion. 
Then,  with  World  War  11.  plastics  manu- 
facturing accelerated  tremendously. 

General  Electric's  position  in  the 
plastics  field  is  unique  in  that  G.  E.  is 
the  world's  largest  manufacturer  of 
finished  plastics  products  and  also  a 
manufacturer  of  molding  powders. 

General  Electric  offers  a  complete 
plastics  service.  It  has  facilities  for  de- 


veloping special  com- 
pounds and  for  design- 
ing, engineering,  and 
molding  plastics  prod- 
ucts to  meet  individual 
customers'  requirements. 
The  variety  of  parts 
and  products  turned  out 
by  General  Electric's  Plastics  Division 
is  startling— and  it  illustrates  the  diver- 
sity of  applications  that  are  being  found 
for  plastics  in  the  postwar  world. 

For  Rowboats  and  Radios 

Take,  for  example,  the  |)histics  dinghy. 
This  is  a  four-passenger  boat  molded  of 
laminated  plastics  by  General  Electric 
for  a  New  England  boat  manufacturer. 
Then  there  is  llie  synchrotron  ring  for 


Thij  plastics 

dinghy  was  molded  by 

General  Electric  for  the  Beetle  Boat  Company. 

the  University  of  California's  new 
betatron  atom-smasher.  It's  the  largest 
single  part  ever  molded  by  G.  E.  Less 
spectacular,  perhaps,  but  still  impor- 
tant, are  the  hundreds  of  more  familiar 
plastics  products  like  clock  cases,  com- 
pacts, radio  cabinets,  camera  cases,  pack- 


ages of  all  sorts,  Textolite  surfacing 
material,  plastics  parts  for  automobiles, 
refrigerators,  and  other  appliances- 
even  plastics  cups  for  milking  machines. 
.Since  1920,  General  Electric  has  man- 
ufactured molding  powders  for  its  own 
use.  Recently,  a  synthetic  phenol  plant 
was  completed  in  Pittsfield.  .\s  a  result 
of  this  increased  production  capacity, 
G.  E.  can  now  proviile  high  quality 
phenolic  compomids  to  other  molders. 


New  G-E  Phenol  plant  at  Piltsfield,  Mass.,  show- 
ing fractionating  towers  on  distillation  building. 

General  Electric's  plastics  activities  are 
just  one  phase  of  the  operations  of  the 
Chemical  Department,  where  research 
is  opening  new  doors  to  progress.  In  the 
fascinating  new  field  of  silicone  chem- 
istry, in  resins,  in  insulating  varnishes, 
in  permanent  magnets,  General  Electric 
is  making  contributions  to  chemical 
knowledge.  For  more  information  on 
any  of  these  activities,  write  Chemical 
Depnrlmetit ,  General  Electric  Company , 
Pit ts field ,  Massach usel ts. 


A  message  to  students  oj  chemisti-y  jrom 

DR,  J.  J.  PYLE 

Director.  General  Electric  Plastics  Laboratory 

Tile  field  of  plastics  is  surely  a  stimulating  one— and  one  that 
offers  many  opportunities  and  the  utmost  in  challenee  to 
Hraduate  chemists  and  chemical  engineers.  At  General  Elec- 
tric, plastics  research  is  presenting  new  possibilities  in  this 
fascinating  field  that  should  prove  exceptionally  interesting 
to  young  technical  men. 

GENERAL  M  ELECTRIC 


PLASTICS    •    SILICONES    •    INSULATING  MATERIALS    •  GLYPTAL  ALKYD  RESINS    •    PERMANENT  MAGNETS 


\^-t 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


Egg-Shell  Bridges 

Page  8 


Stayed  in  Ceramics 

Page  1 1 


Why  Engineering? 

Page  13 


Campus  Personalities 

Page  14 


TWENTY- FIVE  CENTS 


kJ 


SUPER  TENSILE  MUSIC  WIRE 
PLATED  WITH  PURE  GOLD... 

develoj)e<l  by  American  Sleel  and  Wire  Company 


Tenor  banjo  and  tenor  guitar  players  have  long 
been  plagued  by  unsatisfactory  "A"  or  first 
strings.  This  string,  when  properly  tuned,  is 
under  such  high  strain  that  most  wires  barely 
reach  pitch.  At  the  request  of  the  Mapes  Piano 
String  Company,  the  Metallurgical  Department 
of  the  Worcester  Works  of  the  American  Steel 
and  Wire  Company,  a  subsidiary  of  United 
States  Steel,  created,  after  months  of  research,  a 
wire  specifically  for  this  purpose.  This  new  wire 
is  made  so  strong  that  it  possesses  more  than 
twice  the  tensile  strength,  in  pounds  per  square 
inch,  of  cross  sectional  area,  of  the  steel  wire 


which  American  Steel  and  Wire  spun  into  cables 
to  suspend  the  S'i  mile  bridge  across  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  from  San  Francisco  to  Oakland,  Cali- 
fornia. This  makes  the  new  string  the  strongest 
wire  of  its  size  of  any  kind  known  today. 

This  high  quality  super  tensile  wire  is  pro- 
duced by  a  special  combination  of  heat  treat- 
ments and  exceptionally  long  and  exacting  cold 
working.  The  result  is  a  wire  of  0.010  gauge  with 
a  tensile  strength  of  approximately  460,000 
pounds  per  square  inch.  One  pound  of  this  wire 
extends  3749  feet,  or  sufficient  footage  to  pass 
from  nut  to  bridge  on  approximately  1500banjos 
or  guitars.  This  unusual  wire  is  then  plated  with 
pure  gold  in  order  to  prevent  rust  and  to  impart 
beautiful  appearance. 


Opportunities 


This  wire  development  is  typical  of  the  work 
being  done  in  United  States  Steel  Laboratories. 
But  such  research  is  only  one  kind  of  develop- 
ment to  be  found  within  the  United  States  Steel 
industrial  family. 
United  States  Steel 
and  the  steel  indus- 
try are  famous  for 
development  of  men. 
Have  you  seen  our 
book  "Paths  of  Op- 
portunity in  U-S 
Steel.?"  Ask  your 
Placement  Officer 
'  about  it. 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  COMPANY  ■  AMERICAN  STEEl  i  WIRE  COMPANY  CARNEGIE  IUINDI5  STEEl  CORPORATION  ■  COLUMBIA  STEEl  COMPANY 
H.  C.  FRICK  COKE  AND  ASSOCIATED  COMPANIES  ■  GENEVA  STEEL  COMPANY  ■  GERRARD  STEEl  STRAPPING  COMPANY 
MICHIGAN  LIMESTONE  (  CHEMICAL  COMPANY  •  NATIONAL  TUBE  COMPANY  ■  OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  COMPANY  •  OLIVER  IRON  MINING  COMPANY 
PITTSBURGH  LIMESTONE  CORPORATION  ■  PITTSBURGH  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY  ■  TENNESSEE  COAL,  IRON  S.  RAILROAD  COMPANY 
UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY  •  UNITED  STATES  STEEl  PRODUCTS  COMPANY  ■  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY  COMPANY 
UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  -  VIRGINIA  BRIDGE  COMPANY 


ED  STAT 


S    T    E 


you  CAN  BE  SURE... 
IF  IT'S  W^stinghouse 


HOW  TO  MULTIPLY 
YOUR  OPPORTUNITIES 

BY  27 


Probably  vou  tbink  of  Westinghouse  as  one  of  the 
world's  largest  manufacturing  companies — whicb  it  is. 

Yet  Wcstinghouse  is  not  just  a  single  giant  company. 
It  is  actually  made  up  of  many  individual  units.  Eacb 
has  its  own  sales,  engineering  and  manufacturing 
organization.  With  such  a  divisional  set-up,  your 
progress  toward  a  key  job  can  be  more  rapid — advance- 
ment more  frequent,  your  opportunities  and  scope  of 
activities  almost  unlimited  in  any  of  the  many  divisions 
or  subsidiary  companies  listed  at  the  right. 

The  reputation  and  stability  of  \^  estinghouse,  plus 
the  advantages  of  its  divisional  operation,  plus  the 
rapid  growth  of  the  electrical  industry — offer  you  un- 
usual opporlunilies  for  a  successful  career.  All  of  these 
factors  are  important  to  consider  in  planning  your  future. 


He  invite  you  to  investigate  the  opportuni- 
ties open  to  you  at  If  estinghouse.  Begin 
planning  your  future  today.  Get  your  free 
cojiY  of  the  booklet,  "finding  1  our  I'lace 
in  Industry^^. 


A^stindi 

PLANTS  IN  25  CITIES  .  .  .  ^^    OFI 


DIVISIONS 
Motor  Division 
Switchgear  Division 

Transportation  and  Generator  Division 
Transformer  Division 
Materials  Feeder  Division 
Steam  Division 
Stanchird  Control  Division 
Industrial  Control  Division 
Aviation  Gas  Turbine  Division 
Home  Ra«Ho  Division 
Industrial  Eleetronics  Division 
X-ray  Division 
Meter  Division 
Lam|)  Division 
Ken-Ra«l  Lamp  Division 
Lifihling  Division 
Slurlevant  Division 
Elevator  Division 
Appliance  Division 
Small  INIotor  Division 
Gearing  Division 
Micarta  Division 
Manufacturing  &  Repair  Division 

Sl'BSIDIARY  COMPANIES 
Bryant  Electric  Company 
Westinghousc  Electric  Supply  Company 
Wcstinghouse  Electric  International  Co. 
Westinghousc  Radio  Stations,  Inc. 


To  obtain  copy  of  Finding  Your  Place  in  Industry,  consult 
Placement  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

The  District  Educational  Coordinator 

I)  estinghouse  Electric  Corporation 

20  A.  If  ocAer  Drive,  P.  O.  Box  B,  Zone  90 

Chicago  6,  Illinois 


ou 


Name- 


_Course_ 


OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


_State_ 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


Hvn  Mvtfirun.  M.li.  ' /» 

mil  Shurih'ff.  K.K.  *.*« 


Educational  Gas  Turbine 

A  niajcir  ^t(■|l  has  hccii  taken  In  prii- 
vidiiifT  student  engineers  with  the  means 
of  stiulyinfi  at  first  harul  the  type  of 
power  plant  which  drives  jet  planes,  and 
which  promises  to  play  an  important  part 
in  land  applications. 

Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  has 
installed  in  the  laboratory  of  its  mechan- 
ical engineering  department,  an  "educa- 
tional gas  turbine,"  the  first  of  its  kind 
in  any  engineering  school. 

The  equipment  now  installed  at  the 
school  is  built  around  a  (leneral  Klectric 
company  design  of  a  turbosupercharger, 
which  has  been  equipped  with  a  combus- 
tion chamber  compressor  inlet  flow 
nozzle,  compressor  discharge  control,  and 
other  equipment.  The  turbosupercharger 
was  purchased  from  the  War  Assets  Ad- 
ministration, and  is  of  the  type  used  on 
the  B-29  superfortress  to  provide  high 
pressure  air  to  the  engines  at  high  alti- 
tude. 


Stratovision 

.Strato\  ision,  one  of  the  ways  that  can 
be  utilized  to  transmit  television  pro- 
grams over  long  distances,  has  been  suc- 
cessfidly  tested. 

The  system  uses  a  television  receiver 
and  low  wattage  transmitter  mounted  in 
a  converted  R-2Q  superfortress.  One  of 
these  planes  flying  at  25,000  feet  has  a 
coverage  of  twenty-five  times  greater 
area  than  a  similar  iniit  on  the  ground. 
This  can  be  done  with  one  kilowatt  com- 
pared to  the  average  power  of  fifty  kilo- 
watts of  ground  stations.  One  such  air- 
craft will  replace  100  ground  stations. 

Plans  are  imder  way  to  fit  this  device 
to  an  especially  designed  craft.  Four- 
teen such  planes  wovdd  provide  78  per 
cent  of  the  population  with  television 
coverage. 

New  Valves  for  Dangerous 
Gases  and  Liquids 

Accidents  or  equipment  damage  may 
result  from  valve  failure  when  danger- 
ous ga.ses  or  liquids  are  being  handled. 
High  temperatures,  pressures  or  vacuums 
can  be  safely  controlled  by  a  new  type 
of  valve. 

The  valves,  in  highly  corrosion-resist- 
ant alloys,  have  been  developed  by  the 
Powell  company  of  Cincinnati.  This  line 
features  a  welded  leakproof  bellows  seal 


which  completely  surrounds  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  within  the  valve  body. 
The  bellows  consists  of  metal  discs 
welded  alternately  at  their  inner  and 
outer  circumferences.  The  lower  end  of 
the  bellows  is  welded  to  the  \al\e's  disc, 
and  at  the  top  to  the  body  neck  itself. 
This  creates  a  seal  protecting  the  valve 
packing  which  is  provided  only  as  an  ad- 
ditional safeguard  in  case  of  damage  or 
leaks  developing  in  the  interior  valve 
parts. 

The  \alve  seats  are  hand  lapped  and 
can  be  hard-surfaced  if  necessary.  Tests 
completing  up  to  1,000,000  cycles  indi- 
cated a  good  resistance  to  fatigue. 


Professor  N.  P.  Bailey  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  adjusts 
a  connection  on  an  "educational  gas  turbine"  belonging  to  the  mechanical 
engineering    department    of    that    school.     (Photo    courtesy    General    Electric.) 


New  Refrigerant  Possibility 

A  lefrigcrating  mixture,  particularly 
suiteil  for  use  with  foodstuffs  because  it 
has  no  objectionable  odor,  no  taste,  and 
is  edible,  may  be  prepared  from  glycerine 
and  water.  Glycerine  added  to  water 
lowers  its  freezing  point  and,  more  than 
that,  it  prevents  hard  freezing  of  the 
mixture  below  that  at  which  ice  starts  tn 
form.  Such  a  mixture  can  be  used  either 
for  immersion  freezing  of  foods  or  for 
refrigerating  coils  and  cold  plates.  The 
first  use  will  be  the  most  useful  in  the 
light  of  the  fact  that  there  are  other  re- 
frigerants that  work  better  in  closed  sys- 
tems. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


plastics  where  plastics  belong 


Because  of  a  unique  comb'maiion  of  chemical,  elecfrical, 
and  mechanical  qualifies,  Synfhane  iaminafed  plasfics  can 
be  applied  to  an  endless  number  of  practical  purposes. 
Moisture  and  corrosion  resistant,  light-weight  and  struc- 
turally strong,  Synthane  has  many  collective  advantages 
not  readily  found  in  any  other  material.  One  of  the  best 
electrical  insulators  known,  Synthane  is  hard,  dense,  dur- 
able .  .  .  quickly  and  easily  machined. 
Among  the  interesting  occupations  of  our  fype  of  fecfi- 
nical  plastics  are  the  redraw  bobbin  and  chuck  (below) 
used  in  winding  Fine  denier  nylon  for  women's  hosiery. 


Fine  nylon  filaments  can  be  wound  without  pulling  and 
sticking  because  of  the  smoothness  of  the  bobbin.  Light 
weight  of  bobbin  and  chuck  allows  the  spindle  to  be  started 
and  stopped  faster  and  with  less  effort.   Greater  crushing 
strength  of  tube  permits  larger  amounts  of  nylon  to  be 
wound.  This  is  an  appropriate  job  for  Synthane,  an  inter- 
esting example  of  using  plastics  where  plastics  belong. 
Synthane  Corporation,  1  River  Road,  Oaks,  Pa. 


[SYNTttAIME] 


where  Synthane  belongs 


DESIGN  •  MATEKIAtS  •   FMRICATIOH   •   SHEETS  •   RODS   •  TUtES 
fAaUCATED  tARTS  •  MOIDED-MACERATED  •  MOIDED-LAMINATID 


Flow  Charfof 


Procter  &  Gamble  Teamwork 


How  the 
skills  of  many 
specialists 
develop  a  new 
synthetic 
detergent.  .  . 


Chemists  work  in  uncliiirted  liclds  on  reac- 
tions and  formulae  in  Procter  &  Gamble's 
Research  Laboratories. 


Chemical  Engineers  use  high-speed 
motion  picture  photography  to  study 
proper  nozzle  design. 


Mechanical  Engineers  study  a  1/32  size 
model  to  help  translate  laboratory  proc- 
esses into  reality. 


Industrial  Engineers  Lilc  and  solve  in- 
teresting new  problems  vslien  liic  finished 
plant  goes  into  operation. 


This  is  just  one  example  of  P&  G 

technical  teamwork  in  action;  similar  developments 
progressing  in  other  fields  call  for  additional  men  with 
technical  training.  That's  why  P&G  representatives 
periodically  visit  the  country's  top  technical  schools 
to  interview  students.  If  you  would  like  to  talk  to  a 
Procter  &  Gamble  representative,  ask  your  faculty 
adviser  or  placement  bureau  to  arrange  a  meeting. 


Result: 

A  new  synthetic 

detergent 

(magnified  to  show  nature     \ 
of  hollow  spherical  particle  / 

PROCTER 
&  GAMBLE 

CINCINNATI  1,  OHIO 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witoit Editor 

Phil    Doll Assoc.  Editor 

Don   Johnson Asst.   Editor 

Ken  \IcC)\van  isst.  Editor 

Glenn  Massie -isst.  Editor 

George  Ricker isst.  Editor 

Mel\in  Reiter        ..Miiktiip  Editor 


Reporting 


John   Dick 
Art    Dreshfieki 
Ray  Ha  user 
George  Heck 
Avery  Hevesh 
Jim   iocca 
Herb   Jacohson 
Leonard   Ladof 
C.  M.  McClymonds 
Alfreda  Mallorev 
William    D.    Stahl 


Connie   Minnich 
Duke   Silvistrini 
Shirlev   Smith 
W.  C.'Shurtleff 
Homer  T.  Kipling 
Bruce  M.  Brown 
James  T.  Ephgrave 
W.  K.  Soderstrum 
Henry   Kahn 
Robert  E.  Lawrence 
Ed  Lozano 


Photnyraphy 
Rus   Sanden 


Volume  64 


fA* 


?5^-^ 


Number  2 


The  Tecfi  Presents 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley   Diamond Bus.   Mt/r. 

Fred  Seavey Office  Myr. 

Dick  Ames Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Dale  Glass Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Smith Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

William  Anderson  Ray   Harris 

John    Bogatta  George   Kvitek 

Stan  Burnham  Robert  Levin 

James  Chapman  Clem  Marley 

Bob  Dodds  Adam  Pientka 

Ira  Evans  Rudv  \'ergara 
Bob   (Jolden 


Faculty   Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 

MEMBERS    OF    ENGINEERING 
I. LEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Chairman :   John   A.   Henry 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
rkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Cooperativt 
;iicer,    Colorado   Engineer,    Cornell    Engi 
,      Drexel      Technical      Journal,    Jllinoi; 

Mdgraph,   Iowa   Engineer,   loi 

,,s    Engineer,    Kansas    State 
tiuky     kncincrr,     Marquette 
II-  111      '\'r,  linir.      Minnesota 
...111  I       ^Iliiiii...  k.      Nebraska 
\.iik     I  ii.M-.i.ity    Quad 


Ohii 
,  Oklahoma  State  Engineer, 
iiieer,  Pennsylvania  Triang 
ineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  R. 
h  Engineering  News,  Wavn. 
Wisconsin   Engineer. 


Engineer, 

Engineer, 

Technolog, 

Blueprint, 

ngle.     North 

State    Engi- 

Penn   State 

;le.     Purdue 

:  Technic, 

Engineer, 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 


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lilisher's  Representative — Littell  Murra: 
tiihill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenu 
iiago  11,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  Ne 
ik    17,   New    York. 


ARTICLES 

The    Future    of    Highway    Engineers 7 

Maillart    and    His    Egg-Shell    Bridges 8 

For   Men    of    Expectations 10 

Why   I   Stayed   in   Ceramic   Engineering 11 

DEPARTMENTS 

New     Developments    2 

Undercover    at    Galesburg    12 

In   This   Corner— Navy   Pier 13 

Introducing     14 

Illini   in  Action 15 

Honoraries   and    Societies 16 

Editorial      18 


OUR  COVER 

Air  view  of  Maillort's  Schwandbach  bridge  in  the  Canton  of 
Berne,  Switzerland,  opened  in  1933.  This  bridge  is  the  first 
example  of  a  reinforced  concrete  road  bridge  with  a  sickle- 
shaped  platform.  (Photo  from  Giedion's  "Space,  Time,  and 
Architecture.)  The  new  cover,  appearing  this  month  for  the 
first  time,  was  designed  by  our  talented  make-up  editor,  Mel 
Reiter. 

FRONTSPIECE 

An  engineer  in  the  General  Electric  electronics  laboratory,  ad- 
justs the  antenna  used  for  receiving  information  from  a  light- 
weight device  which  transmits  28  items  of  information  each 
one  thirty-fifth  of  a  second  from  3800-mile-an-hour  rockets. 
(Photo  courtesy  General   Electric.) 


The  Future  of  Highway  Eugiueers 


Itfi  ttvrnard  Gray 


Mr.  Cray  holds  tun  dec/rccs  from 
Tufts  College  and  is  a  iiK inbcr  of  I  nu 
Beta  Pi.  His  first  work  uas  uith  the 
Massaehiisetts  highiiny  eoinmission  on 
surveys  and  as  resident  engineer.  After 
a  year  in  hanking  he  ivas  appointed  engi- 
neer-eeononiist  ivith  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of 
Publie  Roads  and  later  beeaine  senior 
highway  engineer  in  charge  of  some  of 
the  first  Federal  Aid  Projects.  During 
the  twenties  he  ivas  division  engineer  and 
state  maintenance  engineer  in  West  J  ir- 
ginia.  Since  1930  he  has  been  with  the 
Asphalt  Institute  and  is  now  chief  engi- 
neer and  general  manager.  Over  the 
years  Mr.  Cray  has  made  field  studies 
in  all  of  the  4S  states  as  urll  as  abroad. 
He  has  been  associated  closely  with  engi- 
neering education  and  a  frequent  lec- 
turer at  colleges  and  universities.  He 
presents  an  industry  viewpoint  on  the 
present  situation  regarding  the  shortage 
of  highnay  engineers. 


The  article  in  the  April  issue  of 
American  Highways,  by  (jeneral  Ander- 
son, of  Virginia,  dealing  with  the  cur- 
rent shortage  of  highway  engineers, 
should  indeed  make  everyone  stop  and 
think.  We  have  all  been  aware  that  it 
was  difficult  to  obtain  competent  men  in 
sufficient  luunbers  to  permit  preparation 
of  plans  and  the  direction  of  construc- 
tion at  the  desired  rate,  but  to  some  ex- 
tent this  condition  was  assumed  to  be  of 
temporary  nature  and  at  least  partly  re- 
lated to  the  disruption  of  war.  The 
statistics  presented  indicate  very  clearly, 
however,  that  the  shortage  is  not  tem- 
porary, but  on  the  contrary  has  been  de- 
veloping for  some  time  and  is  only  now 
becoming  evident  in  its  real  proportions. 

In  talking  to  a  lawyer  friend  of  mine 
about  the  matter,  he  expressed  consid- 
erable curiosity  as  why  such  a  shortage 
had  occurred.  On  every  hand  he  had 
seen  great  activity  with  huge  equipment 
and  he  had  just  assumed  that  highway 
engineering  must  be  very  well  paid  work. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  when  I  mentioned 
the  starting  salaries  in  many  states  he 
was  still  of  the  opinion  that  lawyers  be- 
gan for  less,  and  furthermore  that  they 
had  put  in  three  or  four  years  more  col- 
lege work  than  most  engineers  had  done. 
Well,  that  conversation  started  me  to 
make  a  little  more  study  of  the  situation, 
and  as  suggested  in  (leneral  Anderson's 
article,    I    asked   myself   whether   or   not 


under  present  day  conditions  I  wouK! 
enter  the  highway  field  of  engineering. 
Knowing  what  I  do  about  the  business, 
I  still  believe  that  I  would,  but  if  I  only 
knew  what  the  average  student  in  col- 
lege knows  I  am  afraid  that  I  would 
be  looking  for  opportunities  elsewhere 
as  the  record  indicates. 

With  regard  to  my  own  college,  while 
I  knew  from  previous  talks  with  the 
Dean  of  Engineering  that  the  highway 
courses  were  not  particularly  popular, 
nevertheless  I  was  surprised  that  not  a 
single  graduate  in  1948  planned  to  be- 
come a  highway  engineer.  And  yet  in 
times  past  this  college  has  graduated 
many  outstanding  engineers  who  have 
been  quite  successful  in  this  branch  of 
engineering.  Of  course  I  must  admit 
that  with  $280  per  month  being  the 
minimum  wage  accepted  by  last  year's 
graduates,  it  was  a  little  difficult  to  per- 
suade a  man  to  start  in  a  highway  de- 
partment at  $200  per  month  or  even 
the  lesser  rate  paid  in  some  states. 

However,  I  am  also  certain  that  a 
low  salary  is  not  the  basic  reason  for 
not  entering  highway  work.  Not  only 
are  highway  engineer  students  few  in 
number  but  civil  engineering  majors  con- 
stitute only  about  15  per  cent  of  the 
present  graduating  classes.  In  my  own 
college,  only  5  per  cent  are  civil  engi- 
neers, as  contrasted  with  an  entirely 
different  situation  25  years  ago.  Recent- 
ly there  were  two  good  openings  in  our 
organization  and  I  requested  the  College 
Placement  service  to  recommend  some 
fellow  alumni.  Not  a  single  one  was 
available  who  had  the  needed  back- 
ground of  experience. 

Reference  has  been  made  to  the  fact 
that  highway  departments  lose  men  be- 
cause they  seek  greener  pastures.  That 
is  true,  and  I  think  it  is  not  only  to  be 
expected  but  in  addition  it  is  desirable, 
provided  we  can  have  every  year  a  new 
group  of  educated  young  men  entering 
public  work  to  serve  at  least  a  number 
of  years  and  learn  what  it  is  all  about. 
Not  every  engineer  is  qualified  by 
temperament  to  be  a  good  administrator 
in  the  higher  brackets  of  public  service, 
nor  are  there  sufficient  positions  to  take 
care  of  all  the  qualified  men  as  they 
develop  in  capacity  with  the  years.  The 
very  fact  that  industry  and  contractors 
supplying  the  highway  field  are  able 
'■ontiiuially  to  employ  trained  engineers. 


is  a  proper  encouragement  to  the  many 
who  find  after  their  apprentice  period 
that  their  talents  run  in  that  direction. 

Not  only  that,  but  in  the  long  run 
such  transfers  force  laggard  legislators 
to  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  necessity 
for  the  retention  of  trained  men  in 
public  work  and  that  they  cannot  expect 
to  continue  to  be  served  on  a  philan- 
thropic basis.  Recently,  in  making  a  new 
addition  to  our  staff,  I  asked  the  state 
engineer  if  he  would  have  any  objec- 
tions. He  was  definite  in  saying  that  he 
was  distressed  to  lose  the  man,  but  on 
the  other  hand  he  thought  his  resigna- 
tion might  help  to  bring  home  to  his 
legislature  the  need  for  salary  adjust- 
ments. I  am  glad  to  say  that,  in  this 
instance,  some  increases  have  been  re- 
cently made. 

In  addition  to  salary  increases,  there 
is  another  adjustment  that  must  be  ac- 
complished in  order  that  men  will  be 
induced  to  make  highway  engineering  in 
public  service  a  career.  That,  too,  has 
been  touched  upon  in  the  April  issue  of 
American  Highways  and  in  some  re- 
spects it  is  more  serious  than  low 
salaries,  particularly  after  a  man  has 
gone  through  the  ranks  and  is  begiiuiing 
to  have  a  position  instead  of  a  job.  I 
refer  to  the  political  handicaps  under 
which  many  highway  departments  are 
obliged  to  operate,  and  which  have 
grown  with  the  years. 

The  young  engineer  is  not  unaware 
of  this  situation,  and  he  does  not  pro- 
pose to  enter  a  kind  of  work  where,  as 
soon  as  he  advances  to  a  reasonably  good 
job,  say  district  engineer,  he  runs  the 
risk  of  being  demoted  or  fired  every 
time  the  state  has  a  new  governor.  Now 
in  making  this  comment  I  know  that 
there  are  many  states  where  civil  service 
protects  against  discharge,  but  in  some 
states  it  also  militates  against  advance- 
ment, and  the  young  engineer  is  fanu'liar 
with  that  situation  too  and  therefore 
looks  elsewhere  for  a  career. 

It  is  too  bad  that  in  some  way  the 
public  cannot  be  educated  to  the  waste 
involved  in  the  constant  turnover  in 
public  work  brought  about  purely  by 
political  changes.  For  a  highway  depart- 
ment alone  it  runs  to  millions  of  dollars. 
Just  suppose  a  railroad  or  an  industrial 
corporation  fired  or  demoted  all  its  key 
engineers  every  two  or  four  years,  not 
(Continued   on   page  28) 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


How's  this  for  pitching  a  bold  curve  in  concrete?  It's  a  baseball  stadium  built  at  Cartagena, 
Colombia,  S.  A.,  in  1946.  Solano,  Gaitin,  Ortega,  and  Burbana  were  the  architects,  with 
structural  engineering  by  Gonzalez.  (Photo  by  Foto  Industrial  and  courtesy  of  Architectural 
Record.) 


iiiiLLiKT  MD  m  mmii  w^m 

By  Connie  3linnivh.  I'.K.  '.11 


Art  has  Picasso;  poetry  has  its  Whit- 
man and  Sandberg;  music  has  its  Ciersh- 
win.  These  people  have  shown  them- 
selves to  be  the  disciples  of  the  new 
trend  of  "futurism"  in  the  aesthetic 
world. 

What  is  "futurism"?  Futurism  might 
be  defined  as  man's  emotional  expres- 
sion in  this  present  world  in  which  he 
lives,  a  world  now  steeped  in  industry 
and  science. 

Looking  at  this  new  trend  from  the 
engineer's  point  of  view,  what  do  ab- 
stract notions  like  "futurism"  and 
aesthetics  have  to  do  with  a  steel  I-beam 
and  a  mixer  of  concrete?  Is  the  average 
engineer  aware  of  the  world  that  lies 
beyond  his  T-square  and  slide  rule? 

The  answer  is  definitely,  "Yes." 
Frank  Lloyd  Wright  and  Walter  Gro- 
pius  have  given  the  architectural  world 
a  few  figurative  wallops  with  their  rev- 
olutionary designs.  In  the  engineering 
world,  Robert  Maillart  was  one  of  the 
first  to  introduce  a  touch  of  "futurism" 
into  bridge  design. 

Rorn  in  Switzerland  in  1872,  Robert 
Maillart  was  an  engineer  in  charge  of 
the  construction  of  a  concrete  sanatorium 
at  Davos  early  in  his  career.    Here  he 


met  and  worked  with  Hcnnebique,  a 
reputed  Emopean  contractor  whose  re- 
inforced concrete  structures  had  been 
the  cause  of  much  eye-brow  raising  in 
foreign  engineering  circles.  It  was  this 
contact  that  became  the  turning  point 
in  Maillart's  life.  He  became  a  self- 
appointed  pupil  of  Hennebique,  learned 
the  contractor's  theories,  and  then,  with 
this    knnwleilge    as    a    basis,    started    e\- 


What  do  abstract  notions  like 
"futurism"  and  aesthetics  have  to 
do  with  a  steel  I-beam  and  a  mixer 
of  concrete?  Here  is  the  answer — 
the  story  of  a  Swiss  consulting 
engineer  who  introduced  a  new- 
trend  in  structural  engineering 
with  his  fairy-like  bridges. 


perimentation  and  calculation  with  the 
object  that  became  his  life  work  —  the 
reinforced    concrete    slab. 

When  Maillart  began  his  experiments 
at  the  turn  of  the  century,  reinforced 
concrete  was  gradually  coming  into 
wider  acceptance  and  greater  use  as  a 
new  construction  medium.    However,  so 


little  was  known  about  the  potentialities 
and  properties,  if  an\',  of  this  \u-\v  ma- 
terial that  the  engineering  world  trusted 
it  no  further  than  the  end  of  its  arm. 
Everytime  the  slab  was  used  in  bridge 
design,  it  was  reinforced  and  strength- 
ened supposedly  by  all  manner  of  cum- 
bersome floor  beams,  trusses,  dirt  fill-in 
arches,  and  other  supports. 

Maillart  was  one  of  the  first  of  the 
European  engineers  to  master  the  re- 
inforced concrete  slab  to  any  appreciable 
degree.  Jerking  it  out  of  its  role  of 
passivity  in  construction,  the  Swiss  engi- 
neer put  the  slab  to  work  by  treating 
it  as  a  plastic  functional  element  of 
bridge  design.  He  gradually  developed 
reinforced  flat  and  curved  slabs  that 
dispensed  with  the  old  methods  of  sup- 
port, which  now  made  the  slab  an  active 
bearing  surface  capable  of  withstanding 
any  stresses  and  tensions  applied  to  it. 
Mathematical  analysis  of  these  forces 
entailed   years  of   calcidation. 

Slabs  of  this  nature  were  first  u.sed 
for  flooring  and  ceiling  work  in  some 
warehouses  that  Maillart  designed,  the 
most  notable  being  one  in  Zurich,  Switz- 
erland, which  had  the  first  "mushroom" 
ceiling   in    Europe.    A    "mushroom"    de- 


THE  TECHNOGR.A.PH 


sign  is  one  in  which  the  piers  have 
splayed  heads  resembling  the  underside 
of  a  mushroom.  Pier  and  ceiling  have 
no  break  ;  they  seem  to  bleiiil  one  into 
the  other. 

Robert  Maillart  turnetl  to  bridges 
next.  C^ne  of  the  worst  problems  of 
construction  that  he  had  to  face  was 
the  rugged  topography  of  Switzerland 
which  ranged  from  high,  unconquered 
mountains  to  deep  gorges  and  chasms. 

He  fii'st  began  by  throwing  out  all 
nonessential  members  of  a  bridge.  Thus, 
all  that  remained  was  the  skeleton  or 
framework  usually  consisting  of  four 
parts:  a  flat,  rigid,  reinforced  concrete 
slab  for  the  deck,  a  curved  one  for  the 
arch,  and  thin  vertical  posts  or  column 
slabs  joining  the  two  together.  Seeming- 
ly inconspicuous.  the  strengthening 
agents  were  two  stiffening  girders,  one 
on  either  side  of  the  deck  and  running 
parallel  to  it,  whose  coordinating  actions 
united  the  other  components  into  a  struc- 
ture of  apparently  fairy-like  proportions 
that  yet  possessed  a  gigantic  strength. 

The  first  notable  results  of  Maillart's 
theories  were  realized  in  his  Valtschiel 
bridge  near  Andeer,  Switzerland,  in 
1935,  although  he  had  experimented  as 
early  as  1905  with  a  bridge  over  the 
Tavanasa  river  in  which  he  threw  out 
the  massive  beams  in  favor  of  the  plat- 
form-arch-column slab  arrangement. 
The  Valtschiel  highway  bridge  was  un- 
usual in  that  it  was  the  first  stiffened 
elliptical  concrete  bridge  of  its  type. 
While   the   rib  is  designed   to  take  onlv 


direct  thrust,  the  stiffening  girders  on 
either  side  of  the  platform  take  the 
unbalanced  live-load  moments  and,  in 
addition,  carry  the  floor  slab  and  act  as 
railings  for  motor  traffic.  Data  on  the 
bridge  is  as  follows : 

span   — 140  ft. 

rise  17   ft. 

roadway  width  10   ft. 

depth  of  stiffening  girder  ....  6.3  in. 

thickness  of  rib  slab  ....varies  from 
1 1  inches  at  springing  to  9  inches 
at  crown 

uniform   load   ....61    lbs.   per  sq.   ft. 
(7.7   to  truck) 

Another  example  of  this  type  of  de- 
sign can  be  seen  in  Maillart's  Land- 
quart  railroad  bridge  at  Klosters.  Data 
on    this    bridge   includes    the    following: 

length   ( incl.  approaches )  ....246   ft. 

arch  span  98   ft. 

rise  26   ft. 

thickness  of  rib  slab....  10  inches  at 
crown  to   13   inches  at  abutment 

thickness  of  floor  slab  ....    12   inches 

The  unique  design  of  the  bridge 
cau.ses  the  rib  slab  to  look  as  though  it 
were  laid  out  on  a  cur\e,  but  it  is  ac- 
tually laid  out  in  polygon  form  with 
straight  slabs  between  column  points. 
C^ne  completely  new  feature  is  the 
curved  deck  that  lies  on  a  410  foot 
radius  and  carries  the  ballasted  railroad 
track.  The  outer  girder  is  elevated  to 
resist  dynamic  forces  and  the  centrifugal 
force  of  a  moving  train  draws  the  re- 
sultant force  nearer  the  center.  Forces 
of    traction,    expansion,    and    contraction 


Maillart's  bridges  spring  out  of  shapeless  crags  with  the  serene  inevitability 
of  Greek  temples.  Witness  his  Salginatobel  bridge.  (Photo  from  Giedion's 
"Space,  Time,  and  Architecture.") 


are  transferred  to  the  abutments  via 
thrust  in  the  rib  taken  from  the  crown 
and  bending  in  the  girder. 

Testings  made  after  completion  for 
vibration,  deflection,  and  unit  deforma- 
tions were  done  with  slight  overloadings. 
The  results  showed  no  excessive  vibra- 
tion and  actually  showed  deflections  less 
than  those  originally  computed. 

Scaffolding  used  in  these  structures 
is  very  light  due  to  the  slender  propor- 
tions of  the  slab.  For  sites  at  an  extreme 
height,  this  factor,  and  the  little  amount 
of  concrete  used,  often  amount  to  a 
large  saving.  However,  the  necessary 
high  grade  of  concrete  and  great  care 
in  placing  it  often  more  than  counter- 
balance these  points. 

On  a  glance  at  one  of  Maillart's 
bridges,  the  casual  observer  becomes  first 
aware  of  the  lack  of  "bulk"  that  charac- 
terizes most  modern  bridge  design  today. 
This  almost  ethereal  appearance  of  del- 
icacy in  his  bridges  has  been  one  of  the 
main  objections  to  Maillart's  type  of 
design.  Quite  a  common  belief  has  al- 
ways been  the  one  that  a  strong  and 
durable  bridge  is  one  in  which  there  is 
good  ".solid"  construction,  whether  in 
concrete,  wood,  stone,  or  even  earth 
fill,  and  more  material  and  checks 
against  possible  disasters  than  ma>-  ac- 
tually be  necessary.  Maillart's  designs 
call  for  le.ss  material,  but  the  quality, 
checks,  and  safety  factor  are  incorporat- 
ed in  his  bridges  to  the  same  degree  as 
in  a  bridge  of  the  "solid"  type.  Other 
objections  frequently  raised  are  the 
singular  features  that  appear  from  time 
to  time  in  Maillart's  bridges  such  as 
peculiarly-shaped  columns  with  splayed 
heads  in  the  approach  viaducts  to  his 
River  Thur  bridge  or  the  hour  glass- 
shaped  posts  in  a  bridge  over  the  River 
Arve  near  Geneva.  Here  Maillart  de- 
parted from  the  conventional  horizontal 
and  vertical  dimensions  to  put  forth  a 
few  queer-shaped  pieces  that  were  the 
luicompromising  result  of  what  the  Swiss 
consulting  engineer  considered  a  struc- 
tural necessity.  In  both  of  these  ex- 
amples he  was  able  to  make  two  columns 
do   the   work   of    four. 

This  treatment  of  the  reinforced  con- 
crete slab — putting  it  to  work  as  an 
active  bearing  surface — is  gradually  com- 
ing into  use  in  the  Americas,  but  the 
engineering  world  is  still  distrustful  of 
Its  possible  merits.  One  of  the  boldest 
designs  in  slab-work  recently  appeared 
at  Cartagena,  Columbia,  in  South  Amer- 
ica. Due  to  the  action  of  salt  air  from 
the  nearby  Carribean,  reinforced  con- 
crete was  employed  to  build  a  stadium 
that,  in  its  cross-section,  looked  like  a 
parabola  with  a  horizontal  axis.  The 
Columbian  architects  and  engineers, 
some  of  them  graduates  of  Yale  and 
Harvard,  were  their  own  authorities  on 
codes.  The  final  result  of  their  work 
(Continued    on    page   38) 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


For  lliMi  III  F\|i('(1  ill  inns 


KhKI  TltHAi.    KyiilXHKItl.Mi    IHCt'AltTMK.XT 

fnirvrnilii  *tt  lllinuiM 


The  selection  of  a  career  is  one  ot 
the  most  important  decisions  which  must 
he  made  b>-  the  average  person.  This 
choice  should  be  based  on  the  person's 
particular  talents  and  not  upon  the 
popular  conception  of  the  glamor  and 
social  position  of  certain  professions. 
When  a  person  is  engaged  in  tlic  lite 
work  for  which  he  is  best  suited,  he  is 
not  only  happier  but  is  also  a  more 
valuable  citizen  to  his  coninuinity  and 
to  his  countrv. 

The  final  choice  of  a  career  must  be 
made  ultimately  by  each  per.son  himself. 
In  order  to  do  this  intelligently,  informa- 
tion regarding  various  careers  should  be 
studied  and  personal  interviews  should 
be  secured  with  men  in  various  pro- 
fessions. 

This  article  has  been  prepared  to  give 
the  student  who  is  considering  engineer- 
ing as  a  life  work,  help  in  reaching  an 
intelligent  decision. 

What  i.s  liiigineering? 

In  the  modern  professional  sense  engi- 
neering is  defined  as  the  art  and  science 
by  which  the  properties  of  matter  and 
the  sources  of  power  in  nature  are  made 
useful  to  man.  Similarly,  an  engineer 
is  defined  as  a  person  specifically  trained 
and  experienced  in  planning,  developing, 
and  supervising  the  creation  of  the  struc- 
tures, machines,  and  devices  wliich  make 
nature   useful    to  man. 

Some  technicians,  craftsmen,  artisans, 
and  skilled  engine  operators  are  popular- 
ly referred  to  as  engineers.  This  article, 
however,  deals  ordy  with  the  engineer 
as  a  professional  man.  This  does  not 
imply  any  lack  of  importance  to  society 
of  all  kinds  of  technicians  and  crafts- 
men. They  are  as  necessary  a  part  of 
society  as  engineers  and  other  profes- 
sional people. 

A  good  distinction  between  the  pro- 
fessional engineer  and  the  craftsman  can 
be  found  in  the  definition  of  Professional 
Lngineer  as  set  forth  by  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States.    Quoting: 

"The  term  Profe.ssional  Employee 
means  (a)  an  employee  engaged  in  work 
(  I  )  predominenth'  intellectual  and 
varied  in  character  as  opposed  to  routine 
mental,  manual,  mechanical,  or  physical 
work;  (2)  involving  the  consistent  e.xer- 
cise  of  discretion  and  judgement  in  its 
perfonnance ;  ( 3 )  of  such  a  character 
that   the  output   produced   or  the   result 


On 

c   of    the    m 

St    rcn 

orkoble    cc 

ndcnsotions 

ot   ve 

luoblc    intor 

motion 

thot    ever 

y    engineer- 

ing    student    shou 

d    knov 

before    he 

enters    the 

cngin 

cenng    prcfc 

ssion 

was     presen 

ted     to     the 

clc:t 

icol    engine 

ring    s 

tudents    lo 

t    semester. 

This 

intormotion 

wos    i 

the    form 

of    0    bro- 

churc 

which    wos 

prepor 

ed    by    mem 

bers  of   the 

elect 

icol    engine 

ring    s 

toft    under 

the    chair- 

mons 

hip   of    Profc 

ssor    H 

S.    Helm. 

Wli 

ot    IS    engin 

coring? 

Wliot    or 

the    chor- 

otter 

sties    of    on 

engin 

er?     These 

ond    other 

quest 

ons    ore    on 

swcred 

in    this    or 

tide,    which 

further     CO 
oned   obove 

ndensa 

tion     of     ti- 

e    brochure 

Be 

ouse   of    its 

length 

the    ortic 

c   is   divided 

into 

two    instollm 

cnts. 

The   second 

installment 

will 

appear     in 

the     D 

ccember    is 

sue    of     the 

TECHNOGRAPH 

accomplished  cannot  be  standardized  m 
relation  to  a  given  period  of  time ;  ( 4 ) 
requiring  knowledge  of  an  advanced  t\  pc 
in  a  field  of  science  or  learning  custom- 
arily acquired  by  a  prolonged  course  ot 
specialized  intellectual  instruction  and 
study  in  an  institution  of  higher  learnin'j 
or  a  hospital,  as  distinguished  from  a 
general  academic  education  or  from  an 
apprenticeship  or  from  training  in  tlic 
performance  of  routine  mental,  manual 
or   physical    processes ;   or 

(b)  an\'  employee,  who  (1)  has  con, 
pleted  the  courses  of  specialized  intcl 
lectual  instruction  and  study  described 
in  clause  (4)  of  paragraph  (a),  and  (i) 
is  performing  related  work  under  the 
super\  ision  of  a  professional  person  tu 
qualify  himself  to  become  a  profession.il 
employee  as  defined  in  paragraph    (a)." 

From  the  above  it  is  evident  that 
engineering  does  not  consist  merely  <il 
the  properties  of  nature  useful  to  ni.ni 
but  also  of  doing  this  in  a  particular 
way.  An  engineering  solution  of  a  prob- 
lem consists  of  the  following  parts: 
(Continued   on   page   34) 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ill  Ceramic  Engineering 


Itfi  It.    II .  lialvs.  ffr.E.  '^& 


Prom  a  purely  practical  point  of  \\e\y 
there  was  no  choice  in  my  own  case. 
Having  worked  in  an  enamel  plant  for 
several  summers  both  before  and  after 
coming  to  college;  believing  in  the  fu- 
tiue  of  the  plant  in  which  I  worked  ; 
enjoying  both  the  work  and  the  person- 
nel, and  being  offered  a  job  upon  grad- 
uation at  a  good  salary,  doing  the  type 
of  work  which  holds  a  special  attraction 
for  me,  I  had  no  real  choice.  However, 
for  others  who  might  consider  ceramics 
there  are  many  good  reasons  to  choose 
one  of  its  fields  over  other  engineering 
possibilities. 

The  main  branches  of  ceramics  are 
as  follows : 

1.  Structural  clay  products,  which  in- 
clude brick,  sewer  pipe,  floor  and  roof 
tile,  chimney  tile,  drain  tile,  architec- 
tural terra  cotta,  and  paving  brick,  made 
in  about  2,()0()  plants.  2.  Porcelain 
enamel  products  are  produced  in  about 
4110  plants  and  arc  table  tops,  stoves, 
refrigerators,  glass  lined  tanks,  bath 
tubs,  building  panels,  pots  and  pans,  and 
signs.  3.  Refractory  products  include 
linings  for  furnaces  of  all  types  and 
other  uses  where  heat,  fumes,  and  cor- 
roding effects  of  fuels  must  be  with- 
stood. They  are  made  in  about  230 
plants.     4.    Karthenware    and    porcelain 


ic  plants  also  produce  tillers  and  coat- 
ing materials  for  paper,  rubber,  paint, 
and  oil  purification.  The  making  of  falre 
teeth  is  one  special  branch  of  ceramics. 

In  order  to  decide  whether  it  might 
be  worthwhile  for  me  to  enter  the  field 
of  ceramics,  I  worked  for  a  plant  for 
a  summer  before  coming  to  school.  Hav- 
ing decided  upon  the  field  which  I 
wished  to  enter,  it  seemed  reasonable 
to  try  it  out.  Probably  one  type  of 
plant  was  not  a  fair  trial,  but  at  least 
one  portion  of  the  picture  was  investi- 
gated. 

Why  did  I  decide  on  ceramics?  In- 
vestigation of  statistics  of  census  of  man- 
ufacturers reports  turned  up  information 
on  value  added  by  manufacturers  in 
many  industries,  and  the  value  of  v/ages 
paid  out. 

There  are  about  3,200  ceramics  plants 
but  only  1,600  engineers  trained  in  ce- 
ramic schools.  Regardless  of  the  reasons 
for  this  deficiency,  it  would  seem  that 
there  is  a  future  in  this  branch  of  engi- 
neering. But,  one  of  the  reasons  for 
this  demand  is  that  the  field  is  new. 
Formulas  that  for  years  were  mixed  by 
the  "dark  of  the  moon"  or  on  certain 
days  only,  time-honored  methods  that 
smacked  of  v\'itch-craft  are  only  now 
becoming  modern  standardized  formulas. 


Values   in    Billions   o 
Dollars   of    Products 

Ceramics   Products  1.687 

Furniture  and  Related  Products 677 

Iron  and  Steel  7.480 

Leather  Products  1.096 

Paints,  Pigments,  and  Varnishes 538 

Petroleum    Refining  2.547 

Rubber    Products   .853 

Smelting  and  Refining  Non-ferrous  ..      1.290 
All  Industries  60.713 


.\ddetl  \'alue 
by    Mfg. 

58.6 

Wages 

24.3 

53.4 

26.1 

45.9 

279 

43.6 

22.8 

42.0 

7.9 

18.9 

5.5 

41.8 

19.4 

12.1 

3.9 

41.5 

16.7 

are  made  in  about  260  plants  in  many 
forms  such  as  china,  earthenware  jugs 
and  bowls,  insulators,  whiteware,  wall 
and  floor  tile,  spark  plugs,  and  the  com- 
mon semi-vitreous  dinner-v.'are  from 
which  we  eat.  5.  Glass  products  are 
windows,  bricks,  bottles,  tableware, 
cooking  utensile,  bulbs,  and  insulation, 
produced  in  about  263  plants;  even  cloth 
and  rope  are  now  being  made  from 
glass. 

Besides  these  divisions  there  are  spe- 
cial fields  to  include  abrasives,  cement, 
lime,  gypsum,  and  optical  glass.  Ceram- 


and  the  methods  are  just  beginning  to 
advance  to  efficiency  and  uniformity. 
The  growth  of  the  industry  in  the  last 
^2  years,  since  the  opening  of  the  first 
department  of  ceramic  engineering  in  an 
American  university,  has  been  tremend- 
ous ;  hence  the  shortage  of  trained  men. 
Lsually  a  graduate  must  start  with 
an  established  industry  unless  he  is  a 
ceramic  artist  who  wishes  to  produce 
hand-made  individual  art  ware.  Some 
few  may  produce  an  entirely  new  pro- 
duct, but  ordinarily  the  young  ceramic 
engineer's  place  is  with  a  well-established 


ceramic  plant.  Before  the  war  one 
might  expect  to  receive  about  f2,500  as 
a  yearly  salary  after  five  years'  work. 
The  starting  salaries  offered  at  present 
vary  in  the  range  of  $3,000,  and  jobs 
are  offered  in  all  parts  of  the  countr\'. 
Truly,  one  can  pick  his  location,  type  of 
work,  and  amount  of  pay. 

The  types  of  positions  and  percent 
of  graduates  in  each  branch  of  ceramics 
are  about   as   follows: 

Teaching  7.4   % 

Art  1.08 

Production  51.1 

Sales  6.16 

Kxecutive  18 

Research  15.7 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  various 
types  of  work  done  by  ceramic  engineers: 

Alirti/iy 

Supervision  of  prospecting,  drilling, 
testing  samples,  making  maps 

Mine  Surveys 

Procuring   of    samples    from    mine    to 
be   tested   to  control   mining  opera- 
tions 
Plant    Control 

Testing  and  checking  raw  materials 
before  permitting  them  to  go  into 
production  —  correction  of  batches 

Control  tests  on  water  —  degree  of 
mixing  —  dying  —  firing 

Checking   of    finished    product 

Remedying  plant  troubles 
Plant  Develo/>/iient   Jl  ork 

New  glazes,  body  compositions,  or 
new  special  materials  to : 

(a)  develop  a  new  line  of  products 

(b)  use  another  source  of  materials 

(c)  overcome  defects  —  cut  losses 
(  d  )    improve  product 

Entjincering   Uork 

Tests  on   various  types   of   equipment 

to  improve  efficiency 
Designing    new    or    remodeled    equip- 
ment— driers,  kilns,  dies,  conveyors, 
plant  layouts,  special  machinery 
Designing   small    structures 
Plant  Supen'isory  Duties 

As   foreman,   superintendent,    produc- 
tion manager,  etc. 
Less  publicity  has  recently  been  given 
to  ceramics  by  the  department  here  at 
Illinois  because  of  the  influx  of  return- 
ing veterans  and  crowding  of  the  facil- 
ities   in    the    department.      During    the 
war  aLso,  students  in  ceramics  were  non- 
( Continued  on  page  20) 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


11 


GALESBURG 


One  of  Mr.  Johnston's  students  struggles  with  problems  concerning  measure- 
ment of  angles  and  prolonging  of  lines  as  he  busily  does  his  surveying 
homework. 


Surveying  at  Galesburg 

By  Dean  R.   Felton,  C.E.  '51 

A  136  acre  campus  plvis  t\vn  large  city 
parks  within  walking  distance  combine 
to  give  the  Galesburg  Undergraduate 
Division  itieal  conditions  for  a  well  filled 
curriculum  in  surveying.  At  present 
three  courses  of  surveying  are  being  pre- 
sented to  engineering  students.  These 
classes  are  C.E.  Ill  (Plane  Surveying), 
C.E.  112  (Topographic  Surveying),  and 
C.E.  115  (General  Surveying). 

The  classes  are  ably  led  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Johnston  and  are  doubly  fortunate  in 
having  at  their  disposal  approximately 
eightcen  thousand  dollars  worth  of  the 
finest  equipment  available.  The  equip- 
ment includes  transits,  levels,  alidades, 
and  supporting  equipment  which  is  be- 
yond the  dreams  of  even  the  most  en- 
thused engineering  student. 

In  the  initial  course  of  surveying,  C.E. 
Ill,  the  student  becomes  acquainted  with 
the  instruments  and  proficient  in  their 
use.  Familiarity  follows  by  actual  prob- 
lems in  the  field  which  make  future 
operations  seem  second  nature.  Such 
problems  as  prolonging  a  line,  measuring 
angles,  and  plotting  courses  are  now  ele- 
mentary to  the  "old  engineer"  and  the 


cidinination  of  the  first  semester  is  a 
topographical  map  of  the  campus  show- 
ing accurate  location  of  buildings  and 
all  public  utilities.  These  maps  are  being 
made  of  consecutive  sections  of  the  cam- 
pus with  the  ultimate  aim  of  completing 
an  extremely  detailed  nverla\-  of  our 
whole  campus. 

A  city  park  comes  next  under  the  un- 
blinking eye  of  the  transit  as  the  classes 
spend  12  weeks  of  their  second  semester 
gathering  data  of  every  sort.  Complete 
notes  are  kept  of  elevations,  utilities,  and 
shore  lines.  Outstanding  features  are 
sighted  from  every  direction.  After  re- 
duction, the  notes  are  used  in  producing 
a  large  scale  map  of  the  whole  area.  This 
map  shows  contours  and  complete  detail 
to  give  the  student  experience  in  general 
plotting  and  map  making.  Constructive 
criticisms  are  given  of  the  completed 
maps  and  much  valuable  experience  is 
gained  in  reading  and  interpreting  the 
type  of  map  most  commonly  useil  b\'  the 
engineer. 

In  no  manner  do  the  combined  courses 
pretend  to  make  a  full-fledged  surveyor 
of  the  student.  The  object  of  these 
courses  is  to  acquaint  the  student  engi- 
neer with  surveying  instruments  and 
procedure  and  to  instill  in  him  confi- 
dence in  his  future  studies  of  surveying. 


Army  Stratosphere  Facilities 

By  Dwight  Beard,  E.E.  '51 

The  New  Stratospheric  Facility .  lo- 
cated at  the  Aberdeen  Proving  Groiuids, 
.Mar>land,  which  has  been  under  con- 
struction since  July,  1945,  is  the  largest 
tiring  chamber  in  the  world  capable  of 
simulating  both  changes  in  temperature 
and  atmospheric  pressure  occasioned  by 
the  fastest  aircraft.  Starting  at  7(1  de- 
grees above  zero  and  sea  level  pressure, 
aircraft  weapons  as  large  as  the  105  mm. 
cannon  can  be  fired  as  temperature  and 
pressure  are  varied  to  simulate  an  air- 
craft ascending  at  the  rate  of  climb  of 
5. ()()()  feet  per  minute,  up  to  50, ()()()  feet 
altitude  arriving  at  a  temperature  of  70 
degrees  below  zero  and  a  pressure  of 
.ibout  1.7  pounds.  Descents  can  be  sim- 
vdated  to  speeds  approaching  that  of  the 
speed  of  soiuid. 

The  facilit)'  consists  of  an  insulated 
steel  firing  chamber,  liea\ily  reinforced, 
in  which  the  guns  and  personnel  operat- 
ing them  are  located,  and  is  connected 
by  a  firing  port  to  a  concussion  chamber. 
The  concussion  chamber  is  a  large  heavy 
steel  pressure  chamber  into  which  the 
nuizzle  of  the  guns  extend  and  which 
absorbs  the  concussion  caused  by  the  fir- 
ing of  the  big  guns.  The  rear  of  this 
chamber  contains  25  feet  of  sand  weigh- 
ing ISO  tons,  and  finally,  armor  plate 
three  inches  thick  to  stop  the  larger  high 
velocity  shells.  The  firing  chamber  and 
concussion  chamber  are  capable  of  being 
independently  controlled  in  both  temper- 
ature and  pressure.  Over  hdO  h.p.  of 
refrigeration  equipment  and  \acuum 
pumps  maintain  the  rarified  air  condi- 
tion at  50,000  feet,  and  the  sub-zero 
temperature    of    70    degrees   below    zero 


CiALESBURt;  ST.'^FF 

11. 

K..y 

Jnhnsnn 

Rct<m 

-/.v../. 

linn 

A,/ 

tor 

Staiilev 

Runvnri 

Pean    R. 

Fel 

nil 

Luther   S. 

Peterson 

PIhiIikj 

-afhy 

Joe  Or 

aham 

BUSINESS 

STAFF 

D«iKht 

R.   Beard 

...Issl.  Bus 

.  M 

III. 

Y■.^ 

injj 

Sharp 

/./•!■ 

rlis 

mil 

while  aiiciaft  cannons  are  tired  automat- 
ically at  high  rates  of  speed. 

Instrumentation  is  available  which  re- 
cords the  velocity  of  each  round  from 
machine  guns  firing  over  a  thousand 
roinids  per  minute,  temperature  changes 
of  fractions  of  a  degree  can  be  almost 
instantly  detected.  Even  the  strains  set 
up  in  the  gunports  by  the  rapidly  chang- 
ing temperature  and  sub-zero  cold  are 
continuously  recorded  for  detection  of 
(Continued  on   page  36) 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


!)H^/tUeo^ine^..MM"^    PIER 


Rubbing  Aladin's  Lamp 

By  John  Fijoiek,  E.E.  '51 

Think  ot  something  you  wouKl  like 
to  experience,  to  do  or  to  know.  In 
most  cases,  someone  not  only  has  felt 
the  way  you  do  about  this  particular 
something  but  has  experienced  or  done 
it  and   described   it  in  writing   for  you. 

Do  \ou  want  to  save  time,  heartache, 
and  disappointment?  Learn  from  ex- 
perience— someone  else's  wherever  pos- 
sible— at  least  the  guide-posts  so  that 
your  own  experience  will  be  safer, 
quicker,    and    more    profitable. 

How  can  \(ni  do  all  this?  It's  eas\  ! 
Learn  how  to  best  use  one  of  the  most 
important  tools  of  your  profession  — 
the  library.  Navy  Pier's  library  now  has 
a  collection  of  over  20,000  volumes,  a 
tremendous  store  of  experience  of  every 
shade  and  description  in  every  field  of 
human  endeavor.  And,  if  the  experience 
you  desire  is  not  among  these,  at  least 
the  clue  to  where  you  may  find  it  will 
most    probably   be   there. 

To  the  engineer,  the  library  should 
prove  one  of  his  most  valuable  tools ; 
it  makes  his  work  easier  and  speeds  his 
objective.  Where  else  can  he  at  a  mo- 
ment's notice,  without  hesitation,  con- 
sult with  the  masters  in  his  profession? 
Where  else  can  he  obtain  priceless  in- 
formation for  only  the  fee  of  time  well 
spent  ? 

But,  like  all  tools,  it  needs  care  in 
its  use.  Slipshod  search  may  well  prove 
fruitless.  Proper  use  will  afford  limit- 
less dividends.  It  is  a  mine  that  can 
never  be  worked  out. 

You  don't  have  to  be  a  bookworm 
or  study  library  routines  for  hours  on 
end  to  make  the  library  serve  you  prof- 
itably and  well.  For  instance,  the  Pier 
library  maintains  a  Reference  Informa- 
tion desk,  staffed  at  all  times  by  one  or 
more  professional  librarians  especially 
trained  to  handle  inquiries.  At  their 
command  and  yours  is  a  collection  of 
reference  books  numbering  over  2,000 
volumes.  Handbooks  and  encyclopaedias 
form  only  the  core  of  this  vast  network 
of  information.  The  entire  staff  of  21 
help  to  make  this  information  accessible 
and  usable. 

The  library  currently  receives  429 
periodicals.  Included  among  these  are 
many  of  the  engineering  journals,  pro- 
ceedings and  papers.  Extensive  back 
files  of  many  of  these  are  on  hand  in 
bound  form,  providing  ready  access  to 
source  material  for  the  research  worker 
or  man   with   a   special    problem. 

The    Industrial    Arts    Index     (1018- 


1947  on  file)  provides  a  subject  index  to 
a  selected  list  of  engineering,  trade  and 
business  periodicals.  This  and  the  Engi- 
neering Index  do  for  the  engineer  what 
the  Reader's  (niide  to  Periodical  Litera- 
ture   does    for    the    L.A.S.    student. 

The  Engineering  Index  is  an  annual 
volume  which  reviews  the  current  engi- 
neering literature  of  the  world.  Recent 
trends  and  technological  progress  are 
recorded  in  the  annotated  references  to 
articles,  papers,  and  reports  from  engi- 
neering, scientific  and  industrial  publica- 
tions, including  periodicals,  society  trans- 
actions, bulletins  and   reports  of  go\crn- 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 
Siegmund   Deutscher.-iVfli'>'  Pier  Editor 
Naomi  Sulo\vay....A'ai'>'  Piir  Bus.  Mi/r. 
Richard  Choroiizy....A'fl'Z'>  Piir  Assl.  EJ. 

Rr/<„rl,n,j 
JoliEi    Fijolck  Norbert   Ellinan 

LeciEiard  Cohen  Robert  Mihalik 

Thomas     Fehr Plwlograplicr 

Oudeii    Livermore Faculty   .Idvisir 


mcnt  bureaus,  research  laboratories,  ex- 
periment stations  and  similar  organiza- 
tions, and  reviews  of  recently  published 
books.  Not  necessarily  all  articles  pub- 
lished in  these  publications  are  indexed 
in  the  Engineering  Index,  selection  being 
made  on  the  basis  of  articles  dealing 
with  the  art  and  science  of  engineering. 

There  is  no  attempt  to  equal  the  Ur- 
bana  engineering  library  in  facilities 
since  the  job  each  has  to  do  is  different. 
What  it  does  do  is  to  furnish  more  than 
adequate  material  for  the  Pier  engineer- 
ing student  and,  through  the  new  Re- 
serve Hook  station  and  proposed  art 
and  architectin-e  department,  bring  this 
material  as  close  to  his  fingertips  as 
possible.  Where  the  request  for  informa- 
tion goes  beyond  normal  demands,  the 
library,  thru  the  use  of  the  Union  list 
of  serials,  is  able  to  refer  the  inquirer 
to  any  of  the  Chicago  libraries  that  do 
possess   the   information. 

The  Pier  library  is  headed  by  Librari- 
an David  K.  Maxfield  who  is  currently 
expanding  its  services  and  facilities  at 
a  rapid  rate  to  the  goal  of  40,000 
volumes  by  September,  1950.  Acting  on 
the  recommendations  of  the  various  de- 
partment heads,  nine  from  engineering, 
he  is  adding  continually  to  the  store  of 
available  material.  By  reorganization 
and  closer  contact  with  the  student  body, 
the  Pier  library  is  becoming  the  widely 
used  tool  it  should  be — in  many  ways, 
a    nidilern    .Aladdin's    Lamp! 


Why  Engineering? 

By  Richard  Choronzy,  M.E.  '51 

The  question  arises  once  more  as  to 
who  is  studying  engineering  and  why. 
This  query  need  not  be  heeded  by  the 
majority  of  the  engineering  students 
here  at  the  Pier;  rather,  it  is  directed 
at  some  few  so-called  'engineers'  who 
are  literally  staggering  their  way 
through  the  various  curricula  offered 
by  the  college. 

Just  why  this  minority  is  attempting 
college  work  is  a  paradox.  Undoubtedly, 
the  great  influx  of  ex-G.I.  students  is 
responsible,  in  part,  for  the  existing  si- 
tuation. This  is  not  intended  as  a 
"knock  "  to  the  veterans — quite  a  number 
of  them  are  our  honor-bright  students. 
But  sadly  enough,  some  are  attending 
college   'just    for   the    ride.' 

There  are  an  equal  number  of  non- 
veterans,  if  not  more,  who  have  no  busi- 
ness attending  the  L^niversity.  To  them, 
college  is  a  social  function ;  in  other 
words,  it's  just  plain  fun.  Too  many 
high  school  students  matriculate  with 
the  erroneous  thought  that  college-life 
is  one  of  gayety,  parties,  fraternities, 
proms,  and  other  social  doings.  Nothing 
in  the  world  could  be  more  incorrect. 
College  is  a  serious  undertaking,  an  edu- 
cational institute.  We  should  keep  it 
that  wa\'. 

An  interesting  incident  occurred  dur- 
ing our  last  honors  day  convocation. 
We  learned  that  the  college  of  engineer- 
ing was  unable  to  fill  their  quota  of 
B-average  students.  Why  is  it  that  we 
couldn't  meet  the  requirements  (no  one 
was  considered  who  had  an  average  be- 
low 4.0,  excluding  P.E.)  for  at  least 
one-tenth  of  the  college  requirements? 
Is  college  work  that  tough?  We  aren't 
going  to  try  to  answer  that  or  suggest 
methods  to  solve  this  particular  problem; 
that  is  the  job  of  the  University  Senate. 
However,  one  fact  is  undeniable.  We 
would  have  had  10  per  cent  on  the 
honors  day  program  if  the  enrollment  in 
engineering    was    decreased. 

Apparently  the  original  question  of 
'why  engineering?'  is  just  as  perplexing 
to  Mr.  I.  K.  Feinstein,  instructor  in 
mathematics  here.  He  plans  to  personal- 
ly meet  every  one  of  his  students  and 
discuss  informally  the  purpose  of  the 
student's  education.  He  also  would  like 
to  know  why  the  student  is  studying 
engineering.  The  reason  will  probably 
be  astonishing,  and  we  would  like  to 
hear  the  results  (off-the-record,  of 
course)    from  Mr.  Feinstein,  if  possible. 

Once  again,  we  stress  the  importance 
(Continued  on  page  26) 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


13 


94ni/lMit4X>Ut^ 


WINSTON  E.  HLACk 

All  engineers  are  required  to  take  a 
■  T.  A.  M."  course  at  one  time  or  an- 
other during  their  college  career.  For 
the  benefit  of  those  of  you  who  ha\  e  not 
as  yet  completed  your  "T.A.M."  courses 
may  we  introduce  Professor  Winston  h. 
Black,  a  member  of  the  theoretical  and 
applied  mechanics  department. 

.Mr.  Black  is  a  native  of  Chicago.  He 
entered  the  University  of  Illinois  in  l').^2 
and  was  awarded  a  B.A.  degree  in  civil 
engineering  in  1936.  After  recei\  ing  his 
degree  he  enrolled  at  Lehigh  universit\' 
to  do  graduate  work  towards  an  M.A. 
degree.  In  1938,  after  receiving  his 
masters,  he  accepted  a  position  on  the 
staff  of  the  theoretical  and  applied  me- 
chanics department  at  the  University  of 
Illinois  as  an  instructor  and  research 
assistant. 

In  1942  Mr.  Black  took  leave  of  the 
University  to  enlist  in  the  corps  of  en- 
gineers. He  was  stationed  at  Fort  Bel- 
voir,  Virginia,  and  later  transferred  to 
Yuma,  Arizona.  His  assignment  was 
chiefly  to  aid  in  the  design  and  testing 
of  portable  bridge  equipment.  He  was 
discharged  in  1946  with  the  rank  of 
captain. 

After  being  discharged  from  the  serv- 
ice he  returned  to  his  position  at  the 
I  Diversity  of  Illinois.  Since  his  return 
he  has  been  instructing  dynamics,  statics, 
and  elementary  and  advanced  strength 
of  materials.  In  addition  he  has  been 
conducting  various  experimental  research 
problems  primarily  in  structures. 

Mr.  Black  likes  sports,  but  he  finds 
very  little  time  to  participate,  for  when 


■ST 


WINSTON  E.  BLACK 

(Pholo  by   Kiiss  SainU-m 


itif  •lint  luvva.  I'.K.  *.»0 


his  de(iartniental  duties  aren't  calling,  his 
leisure  moments  are  Npent  with  his  three 
children. 

Mr.  Black,  with  his  congeniality, 
warm  smile,  and  quiet  mannerisms,  has 
the  abilit)'  to  put  anyone  at  case.  His 
popularity  in  the  engineering  college  is 
evidenced  b\-  the  fact  that  he  has  been 
elected  president  of  the  faculty  bowling 
league  for  the  coming  season  by  his  fel- 
low instructors. 

Mr.  Black  is  a  member  of  A.S.C.K.. 
Tau  Beta  Pi,  Sigma  Xi,  and  an  honor- 
ary member  of  A.K.L.  He  is  also  a 
registered  professional  engineer.  He  has 
written  various  articles  in  conjunction 
with  his  research  work,  two  of  which 
have  been  published,  one  as  a  University 
bulletin,  and  another  included  in  an 
A.S.C.E.  publication. 

GEORGE   B.  CLARK 

This  issue  introduces  a  faculty  person- 
ality from  one  of  the  smaller  depart- 
ments of  the  College  of  Engineering, 
the  school  of  mining  engineering.  Read- 
ers of  the  May  issue  of  the  Technograph 
should  be  acquainted  with  Professor 
George  B.  Clark  for  he  is  the  contrib- 
utor of  "Opportunities  in  ]Mining  Engi- 
neering," and  perhaps  you,  as  well  as  I, 
became  interested  in  this  particular  phase 
of  engineering  as  a  result  of  his  fine 
article. 

Professor  Clark  was  born  in  Pleasant 
Grove,  Utah,  where  he  received  his 
elementary  and  high  school  education. 
Upon  graduation  from  high  school,  he 
enrolled  in  the  department  of  mining 
engineering  at  the  University  of  Utah 
and  received  his  bachelor's  degree  in 
193x 

While  in  college,  he  became  interested 
in  the  possibilities  of  mining  the  placer 
deposits  along  the  Colorado  river,  but 
his  desire  to  prospect  for  gold  never 
materialized  for,  after  graduation,  he 
accepted  a  position  with  the  Tintic 
Standard  Mining  compan\'  in  central 
Utah. 

He  remained  with  the  mining  firm 
for  three  years  after  which  he  returned 
to  his  alma  mater  as  instructor  and 
temporary  acting  head  of  the  department 
of  mining  engineering.  He  taught  at 
Utah  for  one  year  and  then  returned  to 
the  mining  firm  by  which  he  was 
formerly  employed. 

In  1940,  he  accepted  a  position  with 
the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines.  A 
year  later,  he  returned  to  the  L^niversity 
of  Utah  for  a  master's  degree.  After 
he  had  completed  a  year  of  school,  war 
was    declared    and    he   was   ordered    to 


active  duty  in  the  Corps  of  Engineers, 
United   States  Army. 

His  sojourn  in  the  Army  lasted  four 
years.  During  this  period,  he  served 
eighteen  months  with  the  engineers  in 
the  Mediterranean  theater  from  North 
Africa  to  Italy.  After  .service  in  the 
Mediterranean,  he  returned  to  the  states 
where  he  taught  in  the  engineering 
school  at  Fort  Bclvoir.  After  six  months 
of  instructing,  he  embarked  again,  this 
time  to  the  Em-opean  theater  for  a 
peiiod  of  ten  months.  While  overseas, 
he  was  awarded  eight  battle  stars.  In 
February,  1946,  he  was  returned  from 
overseas  and  discharged  with  the  rank 
of  captain. 

He  returned  to  the  University  of 
L  tab  to  complete  work  for  his  master's 
degree,  which  he  received  in  June,  1946. 
Shortly  thereafter,  he  accepted  a  posi' 
tion  as  assistant  professor  of  mining 
engineering  in  the  department  of  mining 
and  metallurgical  engineering  at  the 
I  niversity  of  Illinois. 

Flying  and  playing  the  piano  are  his 
favorite  hobbies,  but  Mr.  Clark  has 
found  very  little  time  to  enjoy  them 
because  of  the  volume  of  work  he  has 
committed  himself  to.  In  addition  to 
teaching,  he  has  been  working  on  his 
doctorate.  He  has  also  contributed  ar- 
ticles to  the  Engineering  and  Mining 
Journal,  and  some  of  his  articles  have 
been  published  as  technical  bulletins  by 
both  the  American  Institute  of  Mining 
and  the  L'niversity  of  L'tah.  In  addi- 
tion, he  is  an  active  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  and 
Metallurgical  Engineers  and  the  re- 
search  honorary,    Sigma   Xi. 

During    the    interview,     Mr.      Clark 

could  not  resist  putting  in  a  "plug"  for 

mining    engineering    and,    to    be    frank 

with  you,   there  were  occasions  when   I 

(  Continued  on  page  il ) 


GEORGE    B.   CLARK 

a'h.:to  by  John  McGloiie) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


9lUni  Ui  Action 


till  Hvrh  •Itn'tthsuii.  M.li.  *.»© 


New  dean  of  the  Yale  school  of  eiigi- 
neeiing  is  WALTER  J.  WOHLEX- 
(IKRCJ,  M.S.  '16.  He  is  world  famous 
for  his  theoretical  work  in  heat  transfer 
leading  to  a  rational  basis  for  design  ot 
industrial  furnaces.  He  has  been  on  the 
Yale  faculty  since  1918  and  has  taught 
at  the  Unixersities  of  Oklahoma  and 
Montana.  During  the  war  he  was  staff 
aide  in  charge  of  engineering  for  the 
New  Haven  Civilian  Defense  council 
and  a  member  of  the  advisory  committee 
of  the  national  fuel  efficiency  coordi- 
nator. 

FREDERIC  T.  MAVIS  '22,  M.S. 
'26,  head  of  the  civil  engineering  de- 
partment at  Carnegie  Tech,  now  also 
is  consulting  editor  for  a  new  McGraw- 
Hill  series  of  books  on  civil  engineering. 
The  series  is  to  be  a  selection  of  books 
for  undergraduate  and  graduate  study, 
and  for  use  bv  practicing  civil  engineers. 
S.  D.  KIRKPATRICK  '10,  editor  of 
Chemical  Engineering,  is  the  consulting 
editor  for  a  chemical  engineering  series 
started   in   1928. 

When  MERLIN  M.  BRUBAKER, 
M.S.  '25,  Ph.D.  '27,  became  director  of 
research  for  the  Du  Pont  company's 
chemical  department  laboratories  and 
director  of  services  for  the  experimental 
station,  he  was  succeeded  bv  PALIL  L. 
SALZBERG,  M.S.  '26,  Ph.D.  '28,  as 
laboratory  director  of  the  experimental 
station.  Salzberg  had  been  general  as- 
sistant laboratory  director  at  the  station. 
Both  men  have  been  with  Du  Pont  for 
20  years. 

MACK  C.  JONES  'i5,  an  electrical 
engineering  graduate,  recently  received 
much  favorable  comment  on  his  inven- 
tion, the  "micromatch,"  which  is  a  de- 
vice used  by  amateur  radio  operators 
to  measure  standing  waves.  A  consulting 
engineer  with  Cardwell  Allen  Manufac- 
turing company,  Jones  also  has  his  own 
electronics  laboratory  and  manufactur- 
ing plant,  M.  C.  Jones  Electronics 
company,  Bristol,  Connecticut.  He  was 
with  RCA  Manufacturing  company 
from  1935  to  1945  and  designed  special 
radio  equipment  for  the  army  and  navy 
dining  the  war. 

Traffic  superintendent  of  the  newly 
created  Champaign  district  of  the 
lihdois  Bell  Telephone  company  is 
WILLIAM  T.  BRIDGES  '30.  Since 
inming  the  company  immediately  after 
L'laduation  he  has  held  the  positions  of 
(■iii,'ineering  assistant,  engineer,  assistant 
tratfic  supervisor,  traffic  supervisor, 
assistant  traffic  superintendent,  and  di- 
\  ision  supervisor  of  force  adjustment  of 
the  Chicago  Toll  division. 


Heads  Rail  Engineering 


Newly  elected  as  fiftieth  anniversar\' 
president  of  the  American  Railway  Eii- 
sineering  Association — the  organization 
which  is  the  principal  national  author- 
ity on  railway  construction  and  main- 
tenance— is  Charles  H.  Mottier,  vice- 
president  and  chief  engineer  of  the  Ill- 
inois Central  Railroad.  A  1910  engi- 
neering graduate  of  the  University  of 
Illinois,  Mr.  Mottier  has  been  in  Illi- 
nois Central  service  the  last  thirty-seven 
years.  His  Illinois  Central  predeces- 
sors in  the  top  AREA  office  were:  J.  F. 
Wallace,  the  association's  first  presi- 
dent, 1899-1901;  A.  S.  Baldwin,  1916- 
17;  L.  A.  Downs,  1921-22;  D.  J.  Brum- 
lev,   1927-28. 


EDWARD  E.  WITT  '42  is  in  San 
Leandro,  California,  where  he  is  the 
newly  appointed  special  representative  in 
construction  and  industrial  sales  for  the 
western  division  of  the  Caterpillar  Trac- 
tor company.  He  will  serve  as  a  con- 
sultant to  all  west  coast  Caterpillar  dis- 
tributors. Before  he  entered  service 
with  the  Army  artillery  corps,  he  worked 
with  the  state  highway  department. 

New  vice-president  in  charge  of  em- 
ploye relations  for  Western  Union  is 
THOMAS  F.  McMAINS  '27.  He 
has  been  with  the  telegraph  company  20 
years,  starting  out  in  1927  as  an  engi- 
neering apprentice.  Later  he  assumed 
various  supervisory  positions  in  southern 
states,  became  an  engineering  assistant 
and  general  inspector  in  the  traffic  de- 
partment headquarters  in  New  York  in 
1935,  was  appointed  traffic  superintend- 
ent of  the  metropolitan  division  in  1941, 
and  assistant  vice-president  of  the  traffic 
department  in    [anuarv,   1947. 

THOMAS  "H.  bean  '34  is  presi- 
dent of  Food  Freezers,  Inc.,  of  New  Or- 
leans. He  also  maintains  an  office  as 
consulting  engineer  at  813  Hidalgo 
street. 


Directing  the  aviation  maintenance  en- 
gineering department  of  St.  Louis  uni- 
Nersity's  Parks  College  of  Aeronautical 
Technology,  East  St.  Louis,  is  HAR- 
OLD N.  HERTENSTEIN,  M.S.  '40, 
newly  appointed  to  the  position.  He  has 
been  an  instructor  and  assistant  director 
of  the  aeronautical  engineering  depart- 
ment at  Parks.  Previously  he  taught  at 
-McKendree  college  and  at  the  Air  Force 
Technical   School,   Biloxi,   Mississippi. 

Capt.  LEWIS  L.  BOWEN  '04  is  at- 
tending the  Air  Institute  of  Technology 
at  Wright  Field,  Dayton,  Ohio.  He  was 
an  inspector  for  the  Chicago  and  North 
Western  railroad  for  years,  taught  civil 
engineering  in  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, and  did  important  work  for  the 
city  of  Minneapolis  in  making  topo- 
graphical surveys.  He  was  much  im- 
pressed with  the  development  of  the 
Hhnois  campus  since  '04. 

This  is  a  little  story  about  a  noted 
mini  engineer  who  quit  a  good  job  be- 
cause he  knew  he  could  make  a  machine 
better  than  the  one  his  company  was 
making. 

The  man  is  STANLEY  T.  GOSS 
'09,  who  heads  the  firm  of  Goss  and  De- 
leeuw  in  New  Britain,  Connecticut. 
That  company  was  organized  in  1922 
and  now,  a  quarter  century  later,  54  per 
cent  of  the  men  employed  in  1927  still 
are  working  in  the  plant,  one  of  the 
most  modern  of  its  kind  in  the   \].   S. 

The  company  manufactures  the 
world's  finest  chucking  machine. 

When  he  was  quite  young  he  worked 
for  a  yacht  company  in  Chicago.  A  Mr. 
Judson  came  in,  wanting  someone  to 
take  his  drawings  of  a  two-cylinder  gas- 
oline engine  and  build  a  working  model. 
Cioss  did  the  job — and  with  the  product 
Judson  started  the  Continental  Motor 
company. 

After  leaving  the  University,  Goss 
went  to  New  Britain  and  worked  for  the 
Corbin  Motor  Vehicle  corporation.  Cars 
were  virtually  tailor  made  then.  Goss 
would  take  a  new  car  out  on  the  road, 
make  the  necessary  changes  and  repairs 
on  the  road,  and  bring  it  back  properly 
broken  in. 

He  went  with  the  New  Britain  Ma- 
chine company  where  he  soon  became 
vice-president  and  director,  having  charge 
of  the  chucking  machine  division.  There 
lie  got  the  idea  for  a  radical  new  chuck- 
ing machine.  But  the  directors  didn't 
want  to  change  their  patterns  then.  Goss 
quit,  and  formed  the  company  which 
made  a  chucking  machine  of  his  own 
design. 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


15 


The  l<]ii!!iiii'n'iii!i  lliiiionirii's  anil  M^im 


Itif  Itnif  llauHvi:  1  h.li.  TtO 


SIGMA  TAU 

(icoigf  (loif,  president  ot  Sifiiiia  'laii, 
took  a  "sentimental  journey"  to  the  na- 
tional conclave  at  Pittsburfih, 
October  6.  Meeting  with  engi- 
neers from  other  chapters, 
(  leorge  pickeil  up  a  few  good 
ideas  as  well  as  convention 
stunts. 

Shingles  and  keys  were  dis- 
tributed to  members  at  an  organizational 
meeting  October  S.  Plans  for  social 
esejits    and    pledge    lists    were    discussed. 

A.S.M.E. 

Off  to  a  good  start  this  year,  the 
mechanical  engineers  have  signed  up 
about  300  members,  forming  a  very 
active  group.  There  was  a  good  turn- 
out for  refreshments  at  the  first  meet- 
ing, September  22,  at  which  Professor 
W.  N.  Espy  gave  a  pep  talk  on  "Your 
Profe.ssional    Society." 

Committees  were  selected  and  the 
following  officers  elected  at  this  meet- 
ing: chairman,  Charles  E.  Drury;  vice- 
chairman,  Robert  L.  Pontius;  secretary, 
Donald  Ci.  Smith;  treasurer,  Carl  W. 
Falk;  assistant  treasurer  George  L. 
Frandsen ;  and  engineering  council  rep- 
resentative, Robert  Carlson. 

ENGINEERING  COUNCIL 

The  Engineering  Council  has  been 
in  full  swing  since  the  early  part  of 
this  .semester  and  has  already  discussed 
many  items  of  importance. 

The  temporary  Saint  Pat's  petition 
committee  states  that  petitions  for  spring 
events  cannot  be  accepted  until  the  start 
of  the  spring  semester.  The  petition 
for  the  Hall  will  be  filed  in  Dean 
Hampton's  office  now  for  formal  action 
at  the  beginning  of  next  semester. 

The  question  of  a  location  for  the 
Hall  was  discussed,  and  the  A. S.M.I", 
recorded  a  formal  vote  in  favor  of  Huff 
gym.  As  this  matter  requires  consider- 
able deliberation,  council  representa- 
tives are  to  consult  their  societies  on  the 
matter. 

A  committee  to  investigate  the  opin- 
ions of  the  various  departments  in  re- 
spect to  an  all-engineering  open  house 
was  named  at  a  recent  meeting. 

At  this  meeting  the  petition  of  the 
S.A.E.  for  council  membership  and  pre- 
viously proposed  amendments  were  ap- 
proved     hv      all      •.(irieric'^      except      the 


A.i.i;.i:.-i.R.i:.,  a.s.c.i-;.,  i.a.s.,  an,i 

the     S.H.A.C.S..     whose     representatives 
had  not  \ct  received  instructions. 

Starting  with  October  14,  the  council 
meetings  will  be  held  on  alternate 
Thuisd,i\s,  at  7  p.  m.  in  the  llliru' 
I  ni(in. 

A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

The  A.LK.E.-LR.E.  is  the  student 
electrical  engineering  society.  Its  pur- 
pose is  to  promote  interest  in  the  elec- 
trical engineering  profession, 
and  to  further  student-facul- 
t\-  relations  outside  of  the 
classroom.  Its  programs  are 
designed  to  give  the  electrical 
engineering  student  an  insight  into  the 
electrical  engineering  profession,  show- 
ing what  the  electrical  industry  is  doing 
today,  and  what  it  will  be  doing  to- 
morrow. Socially,  it  gives  the  E.E.  stu- 
dent a  chance  to  meet  his  fellow  students 
and  faculty  on  an  informal  basis,  and 
it  provides  an  opportunity  for  him  to 
liarticipate  in  an  activity  that  is  closely 
related    to    his   intended    profession. 

Plans  for  this  year  include  many  fine 
speakers,  such  as  Mr.  T.  G.  LeClair, 
assistant  chief  engineer  of  the  Common- 
wealth Edison  company  at  Chicago,  and 
Mr.  M.  V.  Maxwell,  assistant  manager 
of  the  Northwestern  Engineering  and 
Service  of  the  Westinghouse  Electric 
corporation.  Field  trips  have  been  ar- 
ranged to  nearby  electrical  industries,  in- 
cluding Sangamo  Electric  company  anil 
the  IVIunicipal  Light  and  Power  com- 
pany in  Sprmgfield.  Picnics  and  student- 
facidty-get-togethers  have  also  been 
planned. 

A  new  feature  which  has  been  in- 
augurated this  vear  is  a  newsletter, 
known  as  the  "  "WH AT-METER," 
which  is  being  sent  to  all  members.  It 
contains  meeting  announcements,  news, 
activity  announcements,  humor,  and 
other  items  of  interest. 

The  A.I.E.E.-I.R.E.  membership  has 
passed  the  500  mark  this  year.  This  is 
one  of  the  largest,  if  not  the  largest, 
membership  the  local  branch  has  ever 
had. 

The  officers  tor  this  \ear  are  Keith 
Goodwin,  chairman;  Don  Hyer,  vice- 
chairman;  Ed  Schwartz,  secretary;  Rob- 
ert Heck,  corresponding  secretary,  A.I.- 
E.E. ;  Jim  Schussele,  corresponding  sec- 
retary, I.R.E. ;  and  Jim  Stewart,  engi- 
neering council  representative. 


lAU  BEIA  FI 

The  study  of  the  moment 
of  inertia  of  a  big  wheel  was 
Ingun  at  the  Tau  Heta  Pi 
national  convention  at  Aus- 
tin, Texas,  October  14-16. 
One  of  the  big  wheels  was 
Charles  Drurv,  president  of 
this  local  all  -  engineering 
honorary.  Charles  W.  Studt, 
vice-president,  was  the  alter- 
nate delegate. 


A.F.S. 

Latest  arrival  on  north  campus  is  the 
American  Foundry  Society,  officially  in- 
stalled (October  22.  James  L.  Leach, 
assistant  professor  in  the  M.E.  depart- 
ment, is  the  faculty  adviser  for  this 
group  whose  aim  is  to  enlighten  stu- 
dents in  the  possibilities  of  foundry 
work. 

Among  the  professional  men  present 
at  the  installation  were  C.  B.  Soper, 
of  the  American  Foundry  &  Furnace 
company,  Hloomington,  and  representa- 
tives from  the  General  Motors  foundry, 
Danville,  and  the  Caterpillar  foundry, 
Peoria.  Student  officers  are  Charles 
Drury,  chairman;  Harold  French,  vice 
chairman;  Robert  W.  Bales,  secretary; 
and   Joseph    M.   David,   treasurer. 

I.T.E. 

Using  a  whistle  as  well  as  a  slide  rule, 
the  traffic  engineers  are  often  seen  on 
the  campus  streets  taking  their  numerous 
traffic  surveys.  If  you  have  campus 
traffic  problems,  or  know  how  to  solve 
the  existing  situation,  see  the  I.T.E. 

Meetings  were  held  September  21  ami 
October  15  to  plan  and  organize  this 
year's  activities.  Is  it  true  that  "The 
Sidewalks  of  Chambana"  has  been  of- 
ficially adopted  as  their  theme  song? 

PI  TAU  SIGMA 

Pi   Tau    Sigma,   the   mechanical   engi- 

ni'ering    honorary    plans    to    sponsor    a 

senior   banquet   this  .semester 

to  get  the  boys  together   for 

good   eats   and   a   good   time. 

^HflV\       A  pledge  smoker  and  initia- 

^s^^v)     tion  banquet  are  also  on  the 

agenda   for   the   near   future. 

Mssrs.  Peskin,  Stolley,  and 

Johnson    went    to    Madison, 

Wisconsin,   October  29  to   take   part   in 

the    two-day    national    convention. 

(Continued   on   page  24) 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


for  Engineers 


Red  Light  stops 
^  trouble-makers 

This  girl  is  using  a  test  set  designed  by  Western  Elec- 
tric engineers  to  detect  defective  fuses  which  would 
pass  ordinary  tests.  X-ray  studies  of  bad  fuses  showed 
broken  fuse  wire  as  the  usual  cause  of  failure,  but 
that  90%  of  the  time,  the  broken  ends  made  suffi- 
cient contact  to  test  O.  K.  unless  the  fuse  was  vibrated. 
In  the  new  test  set,  the  fuse  is  struck  ten  times  a  sec- 
ond with  a  force  of  250  grams  causing  the  broken 
ends  to  separate — an  "open"  for  as  little  as  ten  micro 
seconds,  lights  a  red  light — and  the  fuse  gets  no 
chance  to  make  trouble  in  telephone  service. 


Bumper  crop  of  crystals 

grown  from  seed  i^ 

Here  you  see  a  tank-full  of  synthetic  EDT  (ethylene 
diamine  tartrate)  crystals  ready  for  harvesting  at 
Western  Electric's  Electronics  Shop.  These  have 
been  held  at  a  fairly  constant  temperature  for  several 
weeks  and  have  swished  back  and  forth  in  the  solu- 
tion in  the  tank,  growing  from  tiny  seeds  into  chunks 
the  size  of  your  fist.  They  will  now  be  processed  into 
crystal  plates  to  filter  various  voice  channels  — 
nearly  500  separate  conversations — traveling  over 
the  same  long  distance  telephone  circuit.  Setting  up 
equipment  and  working  out  precise  controls  re- 
quired in  growing  crystals  was  an  interesting  prob- 
lem for  Western  Electric  engineers.  This  year's  crop 
will  produce  a  million  or  more  crystal  plates. 


Engineering  problems  are  many  and  varied  at  Ji'estern  Electric,  where 
manufacturing  telephone  and  radio  apparatus  for  the  Bell  System  is  the  primary 
job.  Engineers  of  many  kinds  —  electrical,  mechanical,  industrial,  chemical, 
metallurgical — are  constantly  working  to  devise  and  improve  machines  and  proc- 
esses  for    mass    production    of    highest    quality     communications    equipment. 

Western  Electric 

9     9     9     A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882    9     9     7 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


17 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Editor 


PHILLIP  B.   DOLL 
Assoc.   Editor 


r^^-^ 


1  Hiieslioii  of  l|)|ili(aliiiii 


-All  of  us,  at  one  time  or  anotlicr,  lia\c 
heard  ourselves  or  someone  else  ask:  "Why 
is  tiu's  suhject  required?"  Maybe  the  question 
was  in  reference  to  descriptive  geometry,  the 
nemesis  of  many  an  engineer ;  or  maybe  it  was 
rlietoric,  chemistry,  a  particular  design  course, 
or  any  of  the  many  other  subjects  that  are 
prescribed  in  your  particular  curriculum.  As 
an  example,  maybe  your  aspirations  lean  to- 
wards sales  engineering  and  your  curriculum 
states  that  you  must  have  credit  in  a  design 
course  in  order  to  meet  graduation  require- 
ments. "What  good  will  it  do  me?  I  cer- 
tainh'  won't  ever  use  it."  The  prospective 
engineer  may  look  with  antipathy  upon  many 
courses  not  related  to  his  field  and  make  the 
same  statements.  There  probably  are  very 
few  of  us  that  haven't  asked  the  same  ques- 
tions of  at  least  one  of  the  required   courses. 

These  questions  can  be  answered  by  almost 
any  of  your  instructors  and,  if  yoLi  sit  down 
and  analyze  the  question  yourself,  the  answer 
will  present  itself  in  short  order. 

First  of  all,  there  aren't  many  of  us  that 
know  exactly  what  type  of  work  we  will  be 
doing  when  we  graduate.  It  wouldn't  be  im- 
possible that  your  particular  position  will  re- 
qin're  that  you  know  at  least  a  little  about  the 
subject  that  you  so  politely  snubbed  when  you 
were  in  school. 

Secondly,  it  should  be  stated  that  the  \ari- 
ous  engineering  curriculums,  as  they  are  set 
up  now,  are  the  results  of  years  of  research 
by  some  very  competent  men ;  men  who  have 
made  studies  of  what  industry  requires  of  the 
student  engineer  when  he  graduates.  Every 
required  course  has  a  definite  purpose,  and 
you  defeat  that  purpose  when  you  enroll  for 
the  course  with  a  negative  attitude.  There 
are  a  certain  number  of  specified  credit  hours 
required  for  graduation  and  the  men  who 
make  up  the  curriculums  certainly  are  not 
going    to    require    your    taking    a    course    that 


would  not  benefit  \()u  in  one  wa\  or  an- 
othei'. 

Most  engineering  courses  teach  you  to  think 
and  analyze.  If  you  don't  get  anything  more 
out  of  a  course  than  just  to  learn  "analyti- 
cal procedure,"  the  course  will  have  ser\ed 
its  purpose  well. 

The  point  that  should  be  stressed  is  that 
each  and  every  subject  that  you  are  familiar 
with,  be  it  related  to  engineering,  commerce, 
politics,  sports,  laying  bricks,  crocheting,  or 
what  have  you,  is  like  "money  in  your  pocket," 
as  the  saying  goes. 

How  can  this  be  true?  Well,  let's  say  that 
you  go  to  work  some  day  and  your  boss  asks 
you  to  look  over  a  descriptive  geometry  plate, 
or  maybe  solve  a  simple  beam  problem  that 
has  been  puzzling  him.  Will  your  reply  be: 
"Sorry,  sir,  but  I  didn't  like  the  course  and 
I  don't  remember  \ery  much  about  it."  W^hat 
is  so  important  about  this  incident  is  not  that 
you  would  have  been  fired  because  you  didn't 
know  the  answer,  but  the  fact  that  if  you 
had  presented  the  solution,  you  would  have 
been  on  the  inside  track  with  your  boss.  Simi- 
lar examples  can  be  presented  in  defense  of 
every  course  offered  at  this  University. 

If  you  have  a  myriad  of  subjects  that  \ou 
can  discuss  intelligently  you  will  ha\e  an  as- 
set that  a  large  number  of  people  do  not 
possesses:  The  ability  to  make  interesting  con- 
versation. Every  course  you  take.  e\ery  news 
item  you  read,  every  talent  you  possess,  and 
every  bit  of  knowledge  you  have  crammed 
into  your  brain  has  the  potentiality  of  doing 
you  some  good. 

If  you  can  converse  with  the  boss  about 
technical  topics  and  the  next  minute  speak 
\our  piece  to  the  office  boy  about  who  won 
yestei'day's  ball  game  with  equal  facilitv,  you 
are  destined  for  success.  Soon  \our  own  expe- 
rience will  dictate  the  truthfulness  of  this 
statement. 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


tAkiti*hH 


eijuitpeJ  with  LITTELL  Double  Roll 
'J  on   bolster  plate   with  straightening 


Punch  Press 
F,-eJ  mount. 
/'  //j,  scrap  cutter,  and  oiler. 


LITTELL  ROLL  FEEDS  are  designed  for  use  on  open- 
back  inclinable  and  straight  sided  presses.  Dependably 
handle  stamping,  blanking,  cupping  and  drawing  oper- 
ations, at  speeds  from  50  to  200  strokes  per  minute.  Stock 
is  usually  fed  from  Littell  Automatic  Centering  Reels  ot  Coil 
Cradles.  Straighteners  and  scrap  cutters  can  be  provided. 

Write  for  yniir  free  copy  of  Data  Sheet  No.  48 

F.   J.    LITTELL    MACHINE    CO. 


4133    RAVENSWOOD    AVENUE 


CHICAGO    13,   ILLINOIS 


The  lliini  Theatre  Guild 

Presents 

For  the  entertainment  of  your  Homecoming 
and  Dad's  Day  guests  —  its  special  per- 
formances of  EUGENE  O'NEILL'S  great  com- 
edy of  American  family  life. 

"Ah,  Wilderness" 

Admission  $1.20  (tax  included) 


THE  ILLINI  THEATRE  GUILD 

A   Creative   Student   Activity 


CONVENIENTLY    LOCATED 
to  serve  you 


THE   UNIVERSITY  BOOKSTORE 


(A  Student  Co-Operative  Store) 
ROOM  87 


NAVY  PIER 


CHICAGO 


NOVEMBER,  194S 


19 


CERAMIC  ENGINEERING 


( LiJiitiiuic-tl  Uu]u  pa^: 


1) 


deferable,  while  M.E.,  C.E.,  and  E.E. 
students  were  kept  out  of  the  draft  for 
sometime.  That  there  were  fewer  grad- 
uates during  the  war  has  increased  the 
shortage  of  men.  .Men  are  desperately 
needed  now  in  maru  rapidly  expanding 
plants,  thoiigli  the  demand  has  alwa\s 
been  steaily  and  increasing  from  the  de- 
pre.ssion  years  to  the  peak  levels  of  today. 
When  I  talked  about  the  future  of 
enamels  with  Dr.  R.  L.  Cook,  he  stated 
that  the  new  prefabricated  enameled 
houses  alone  woulil  increase  the  number 
of  men  employed  in  the  enamel  industry 
by  about  50'  <'  .  This  five  room  house 
will  cost  about  :;^7,0()0  per  unit,  and 
production  of  50,()(K)  homes  per  year  is 
expected  to  be  reached  this  year.  The 
appliance  field  is  also  rapidly  expanding 
the  use  of  enamel  finishes  because  of  the 
wear  resistance,  color  stability,  and  glass- 
hard  surface.  Signs  arc  being  produced 
in  ever  increasing  numbers  because  of 
the  low  replacement  necessar\.  This 
more  than  compensates  for  the  higher 
original  cost  of  paint-surfaced  advertise- 
ment of  a  semi-permanent  nature.  Mr. 
L.  E.  Nordholt  of  Tennessve  Enamel 
Manufacturing  company  expressed  fears 
that  increased  cost  of  steel  might  force 
the   price   of   enameled   articles   up,   but 


Dr.  Cook  pointed  out  that  enamel  costs 
about  3.Sc  per  square  foot  while  steel 
is  only  2  or  .3c  per  pound.  Steel  shortages 
have  curtailed  the  operation  of  some 
plants  as  it  has  in  man\'  other  industries, 
but  cisr  iron  and  newer  "Tienamel" 
stock  max  lie  iinc  way  out  of  this  dif- 
ficidty.  Processes  have  also  been  de- 
veloped for  many  grades  of  steel  and 
iron  which  it  was  thought  impossible  to 
enamel  a  feu  years  ago.  Continued  re- 
searcli  and  newer  processes  have  also 
cut  down  waste  from  10  to  20' r'  ten 
years   ago    untd    I',     is   common    toda\'. 

Tile  aim  of  the  department,  as  pub- 
lished on  its  founding,  was  stated,  "The 
ability  to  manage  any  large  business 
enterprise  successfull\'  can  not  be  ac- 
quired completely  in  school.  There  is 
a  large  clement  of  practical  experience 
which  can  be  obtained  only  by  actual 
contact  with  the  business  world  in  which 
one  embarks.  The  school  ought  to  give 
the  student  training  in  scientific  meth- 
ods of  experimentation  and  interpreta- 
tion of  results,  and  familiarity  with 
fundamental  processes  covering  the  field 
of  research  with  which  he  is  engaged." 
(U.  of  III.  Bulletin,  Vol.  Ill,  Nov.  1, 
1905.) 

The  college  of  enguieering  at  the  Uni- 
versity makes  this  statement  as  to  the 
purposes  and  scope  in  its  ceramic  depart- 
ment:   "Two   curricula    are   offered    in 


the  Department  of  Ceramic  Engineering 
leading  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science,  one  in  Ceramics  and  the  other 
in  Ceramic  Engineering.  The  courses 
as  a  whole  prepare  the  student  in  the 
general  scientific  principles  underlying 
the  silicate  industries,  which  include  the 
manufacture  of  gla.ss,  vitreous  enamels 
for  metals,  cements,  and  clay  products. 
The  curriculum  in  Ceramics  is  intended 
primarily  for  the  training  of  ceramists 
for  control  of  factory  processes,  for 
testing  and  investigation,  for  teaching, 
and  for  research.  The  curriculum  in 
ceramic  engineering  prepares  the  stu- 
dent for  the  designing  of  plants  and 
equipment,  the  construction  of  kilns  and 
driers,  and  the  supervision  of  manufac- 
turing operations.  It  is  distinctly  an 
engineering  course  in  which  engineering 
subjects  predominate.  An  administration 
option  is  offered  those  registered  in 
ceramic  engineering  who  wish  to  engage 
in  salesmanship  or  management  in  the 
industry.  This  option  contains  courses 
in  accoimting,  management,  salesman- 
ship, cost  accounting,  etc.,  which  are 
substituted  for  some  of  the  electivcs  and 
required  courses  in  the  strictly  technical 
curriculum." 

Close  cooperation   with   industrial   es- 
tablishments has  always  been  maintained 
by  the  staff.   This  was,  and  is,  promoted 
(Continued  on  page  22) 


Burr,  Patterson  &  Auld  Co. 

for 
FRATERNITY  JEWELRY 


Also 
CRESTED  WALL  PLATES 

and 

BEVERAGE  MUGS 

FRATERNITY   AND    UNIVERSITY 
CRESTS  ARE  AVAILABLE 


Order  Now  for  Your 
Christmas  Gifts 


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SPORT  SHOP  W 


Equipment 
for  Every 

Sport 

29  Main— "On  the  Corner" 


DOWNTOWN  CHAMPAIGN 
Phone   2929 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


"Sunspot"  research,  by  RCA  engineers,  helps  radio  communications  to  dod^e  interference 
from  magnetic  storms.  RCA  Laboratories  is  a  center  of  radio  and  electronic  research. 


93,000,000  miles  of  laboratory  space 


A  cyclonic  spot  erupts  on  the  face  of  the 
sun,  and— here  on  earth— we  feel  it.  Sun- 
spots  cause  "magnetic  storms,"  which 
disrupt  radio  communications. 

What  can  be  done  about  it?  Research, 
during  which  RCA  scientists  and  engineers 
"worked"  by  instrument  on  the  sun  — 
93,000,000  miles  away  — offers  an  answer. 

For  years,  science  related  magnetic 
storms  to  sunspots.  Accurate  forecasts  of 
disturbances  were  needed. 

RC.\  scientists  took  a  new  tack.  They  noted 
that  interference  was  most  intense  when 
sunspots  were  in  a  certain  "critical  area." 
Location  and  activity  were  observed  to  be 
more  important  than  size. 

Using  this  knowledge,  RCA  communi- 


cations engineers  accurately  forecast  the 
beginning  and  end  of  magnetic  storms. 
Thev  have  established  a  daily  magnetic 
storm  forecasting  service  which  is  distrib- 
uted like  weather  reports  throughout  the 
world.  Transmission  of  messages  can  be 
arranged  over  circuits  or  paths  that  will 
dodge  interference. 

Such  a  pioneering  spirit  in  research  gives 
efficiency  of  service  and  leadership  to  all 
products  and  services  bearing  the  names 
RCA,  and  RCA  Victor. 

When  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  be  sure  to 
see  the  radio,  television  and  electronic  won- 
ders at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36  West  49th 
Street.  Free  admission.  Radio  Corporation  of 
America,  RCA  Building,  Radio  City.  V.  Y.  20. 


Continue  your  education 
witli  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

Victor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—offers  >'ou  opportimity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  De\'elopment  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations ) . 

•  .\dvanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  reproducing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  today  to  National  Recruiting  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersey. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and  Chemical   Engineers  and  Physicists. 


J9JI  DiO    CORPORA  TIOM  of  A  ME  RICA 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


21 


CERAMIC  ENGINEERING  .  .  . 

(  Cotitimicti  troiii  p;ij;t'  Jii) 

by  the  ceramics  short  courses  given  here 
in  the  I'liiversity  for  men  now  workirif; 
in  plants  throughout  the  couiitr\-.  De- 
signed to  allow  them  to  get  up-to-date 
information  easily  and  presented  under- 
standingly  in  a  short  time,  these  courses 
have  been  given  since  1912.  In  I'Mi 
they  were  given  for  two  weeks  in  jan- 
uarv  and  this  was  continued  up  until 
1916.  From  1916  to  19,U  they  were 
given  every  two  years,  and  the  enroll- 
ment continued  to  grow  from  the  first 
meeting,  which  was  attended  by  50  to  70 
men  in  brick,  glass,  enamels,  and  pottery. 
In  1934  the  course  was  broken  up  into 
sections : 

A.  "Clay  Product  Plant-operators 
Conference"  which  dealt  with  structural 
and  refractory  products  and  attended 
by  about  65  men. 

M.  "Conference  on  Glass  Problems" 
which  includes  glass  refractories,  fuels, 
glass  wool,  and  other  sections  of  the 
field.  This  is  attended  by  50  to  100 
men,  and  in  connection  with  this  is 
given  a  forum  on  factory  problems. 

C.  "The  Porcelain  Enamel  Institute 
Forum"  {renamed  in  1938  the  "Porc- 
elain Fnamel  Institute"  and  held  alter- 
nately at  the  University  of  Illinois,  and 
the  University  of  Ohio)  included  prepa- 


i.ition  of  surfaces,  drying,  application, 
special  short  courses  such  as  "Heat 
'Freating  for  Porcelain  Fnanielers."  The 
attendance  has  averaged  better  than  200 
men    from    all    over   the   country. 

At  these  courses  talks  are  given  both 
by  members  of  the  department  and  in- 
dustrial manufacturers  representatives  as 
well  as  the  plant  men,  and  the  value 
of  the  courses  to  the  industry  has  been 
widely  proclaimed  in  the  scientific  soci- 
ety journals  and  trade  publications  in 
the  various  fields  of  ceramics  covered 
by  the  courses. 

Progress  of  the  branches  of  ceramic 
engineering  can  be  illustrated  by  window 
and  automobile  glass  production  which 
was  produced  by  hand  until  1905,  and 
now  is  95^  sheet  drawn.  Hrick  manu- 
facture has  increased  production  with 
the  continuous  furnace  and  machines 
capable  of  making  15,000  bricks  per 
hour.  (Ilass  progress  in  textiles,  brick, 
soiuid,  heat  and  electrical  insulation, 
polarized  glass,  containers,  and  continu- 
ous batch  furnaces,  has  come  to  the  point 
where  mechanical  methods  are  now  re- 
quiring less  research  and  greater  uses 
are  being  stressed  along  with  better 
technical  processes  and  formulas.  Better 
control  in  porcelain  enamel  variants  of 
manufacture  and  increased  use  of  auto- 
matic and  continuous  processes  along 
with  a  continuously  improved  product 
have  led  to  large  expansion  of  applica- 


tion and  greatly  increased  sales.  These 
improvements  are  due  to  technical 
trained  men  and  the  (la\'  has  passed 
when  the  worker  rises  from  the  ranks 
to  key  positions.  Except  in  a  very  few- 
instances  the  advantage  the  college 
trained  men  have  is  never  caught  b\ 
the  men  with  only  the  vision  and  train- 
ing that  practical  experience  can  gi\e. 
In  the  atmosphere  of  proper  professional 
attitvides  the  necessary  skills  and  tech- 
niques are  introduced  in  college  when 
the  time  is  best  to  acquire  and  use  them. 
The  underlying  scientific  principles  and 
the  fuiulamentals  of  mangement  and 
production  are  taught  with  a  perspectise 
that  \iews  the  entire  ceramic  field  and 
gives  the  student  a  scope  and  a  point 
of  view  not  obtainable  elsewhere. 

That  the  field  of  ceramics  is  inter- 
esting and  worth  while  for  those  who 
finally  decide  ma\'  be  illustrated  by  Ohio 
.State  iuii\ersit\'s  report  to  the  effect 
that  onl\'  eight  percent  of  the  graduates 
had  left  the  field  of  ceramic  engineering. 

"Taking  the  field  of  ceramics  as  a 
whole,  in  all  of  its  aspects,  the  prospects 
of  a  college-trained  ceramic  engineer  as 
he  enters  the  industry  are  excellent.  In 
comparison  with  the  chances  of  other 
tvpes  of  engineers — mining,  chemical, 
civil,  mechanical,  etc. — the  ceramic  en- 
gineer may  expect  as  bright  a  future  as 
any.  Part  of  this  is  due  to  the  health 
(Continued  on  page  24) 


Since  19^5 


National  Electric  has 
manufactured  quality  wiring 
systems  and  fittings  for 
every  electrical  requirement. 


Now^ 


44  years  later 
National  Electric  is  the 
World's  Largest  Producer  of 
electrical  roughing-in  materials 


The    Finest    in    Diamond    Rings,    Watches,    Gifts 
Visit  Our  Optical  and  Watch  Repair  Department 

607  E.  Green  Street.  Champaign 


National  Electric 

Products  Corporation 

Pittsburgh  30.  Po. 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
ffie 

LAUNDRY  DEPOT 


808   S.   SIXTH   STREET 
Laundry    Service   and   Dry   Cleaning 


22 


THE  TECHN'OGRAPH 


Energy  and  persistence  conquer  all  things** — benjamin  franklin 


Why  power  noiv  serves  us  better 


When  it  comes  to  poiver,  the  dreams  of  our  childhood  are 
fast  becoming  a  reality.  For  no  matter  what  our  needs,  spe- 
cial motors  or  engines  are  now  designed  to  meet  them. 

From  the  tiny  thumb-sized  motors  in  electric  razors  — 
and  the  surge  of  the  engines  in  our  cars— to  the  pulsing  tur- 
bines that  propel  our  ocean  liners  .  .  .  today  s  power  is  bet- 
ter, more  dependable  than  ever  before.  And  these  advances 
were  brought  about  by  research  and  engineering  .  .  .  and 
by  today's  belter  materials. 

Examples?  Better  metals  for  giant  turbines  and  genera- 
tors, improved  transformers  and  transmission  lines.  Stain- 
less steel,  resistant  to  rust  and  corrosion.  Better  plastics  that 
make  insulation  fire-resistant,  and  more  flexible  and  wear- 
proof .  . .  for  the  millions  of  miles  of  wires  it  takes  to  make 
power  our  servant. 

There  is  a  promise,  too,  of  even  greater,  more  concen- 
trated power.  Atomic  power  harnessed  for  industry  and  the 


home  .  .  .  approaching  mans  dreams  for  the  future  through 
research  and  engineering.  This  also  takes  such  materials  as 
carbon  .  .  .  from  which  the  all-important  graphite,  used  to 
"control'  the  splitting  atom,  is  made. 

The  people  of  Union  Carbide  produce  materials  thai  help 
science  and  industry  improve  the  sources  and  uses  of  power 
...to  help  mainlain  American  leader- 
ship in  meeting  the  needs  of  mankind. 


FREE:  )nuareir, 

ited  to  s 

end  for  the  new  iilus- 

traled  booklet.  "I' 

rod  nets  a 

nd  l^rocesse'i."  icliich 

shous    hoir  scieni 

e   and 

ndustrv   use    L  CCs 

Alloys,  Chemicah 

,  Carbon 

s,  Gases  and  I*lastics. 

Union  Carbide 

^JVIZ?      CAJ^BOJV     COm^OJiA.TIOJSr 


30     EAST    42  ND     STREET 


dffl 


NEW    YORK     17.    N.    Y. 


-Products  of  Divisions  and  Units  include - 


National  Carbons    •    Bakelite,  Krene,  \  invon,  and  Vinylite  Plastics    •     Eveready  Flashlights  and  Batteries     •    .Acheson  Electrodes 

LiNDE  Nitrogen    •    Linde  O.xvgen    •    Prest-0-Lite  .Acetylene    •    Pvrofax  Gas 

Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals    •    Haynes  Stellite  Alloys    •    Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


CERAMIC  ENGINEERING  .  .  . 

(CoiitinueJ  tioiii  page  22) 

ami  general  prosperity  of  the  ceramic 
iiuiiistry  and  part  of  it  to  the  relatively 
small  number  of  well- trained  men  enter- 
ing the  field  of  ceramic  engineering. 
Although  more  students  are  enrolling 
in  ceramic  schools  from  year  to  year, 
there  yet  remains  a  considerable  shortage 
of  technical  men  in  the  industry.  Even 
with  greater  numbers  graduating  each 
year,  it  will  be  \ears  before  the  field  is 
overcrowded.  Many  plants  do  not  have 
a  single  technical  graduate  in  their  em- 
ploy, yet  the  industry  as  a  whole  is  be- 
coming more  technicallv-mindcd. 


iH)tb 


sniffed    at    the 


tor 


Said    the 
camphor. 
"I'm  S()rr\   I'm  here  where  I  am. 
Some  things  that  I  eat 
Taste   pleasant  and  sweet 
Hut  camphor   I   don't  give  a  daniplior." 

She:  "Perhaps  \(hi  too  have  seen  the 
golden  fingers  of  the  dawn  spreading 
across  the  eastern  sky,  or  red-stained 
sulphurous  islets  floating  in  the  evening 
sky,  or  ragged  clouds  at  midnight  blot- 
ting out   the   shuddering  moon  ?  " 

Elect.  Eng. :  "Nope,  not  lately.  I've 
been    on    the    wagon    for   over    a    vear." 


SOCIETIES  . .  . 

iL'uiinnued  fiom  page  16) 
A.I.Ch.E. 
Some  top-notch  men  in  the  chemical 
engineering  field  are  speaking  to  the 
.A.I.Ch.E.  this  semester.  Scheduled  for 
November  3,  is  Mr.  Carpenter,  an  ex- 
ecutive director  of  the  Whiting  labora- 
tories. Standard  (^il  of  Indiana.  His 
talk  will  deal  with  personnel  problems. 
I'rom  the  L .  S.  Bureau  of  Mines  S>n- 
thetic  research  department  at  Louisiana, 
.Missouri,  come  two  speakers  on  the 
synthesis  of  petroleum  products.  Dr. 
Sternberg  and  Loren  C.  Skinner,  the 
chief  engineer,  will  present  this  tinieh 
topic. 

M.I.S. 

"Conglomerate  "  might  be  a  gooil 
word  to  describe  the  Mineral  Industries 
Society,  inasmuch  as  it  is  composed  of 
metallurgical  and  mining  engineers,  and 
geology  students.  Professor  Walker, 
Dr.  Chedsey,  and  Dr.  Hough,  represent- 
ing these  respective  fields,  spoke  to  the 
society  at  a  smoker  September  23. 

Professor  Shedd  gave  the  boys  a  pep 
talk  on  professional  engineering  at  a 
meeting  held  (October  13.  Other  speak- 
ers lined  up  for  interesting  talks  this 
\ear  are  Dr.  Vaskuil,  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  speaking  on  "World 


Mineral  Economics;"  James  R.  Mc- 
Intyrc,  training  director  of  the  Wis- 
consin Steel  company,  whose  topic  i^ 
"Problems  of  (Jraduate  Engineers;"  ami 
(leorge  S.  .Mikan.  superintendent  of  the 
lolling  mills  at  Carnegie-Illinois.  "The 
Fundamentals  of  Rolling  Mill  Practice" 
is  Mr.   .Mikan's  subject. 


She  (alighting  from  taxi):  "John, 
the  party  isn't  until  nine.  W'hat  time  is 
it  now?" 

He:   "Ten-thirtN,   dear." 

She:  "Ob — I  was  afraid  we  might 
be  late." 

Judge:  "For  your  singing.  I  award 
\()u  this  ribbon.  " 

Contestant:  "Yeah,  but  what  good  is 
a   ribbon?" 

Judge:    "Well,    you   could    use   it    for 

:i   gag-" 

»      »      « 

If  you're  fed  up  now  with  parties. 
And   the  night  life  of  the  town. 
Just  marry  a  girl   for  love 
If  you  want  to  settle  tiown. 

Hut  if  night  life  has  you  broke. 
And  \ou  can't  pay  for  your  keep. 
Just  marry  a  girl  for  mone\' 
If  \ou  want  to  settle  up. 


PERFECTLY-  CENTEflED 
k  CONDUCTORS 


conductor    has    ample 
t/  for  ordinary  wiring 


Rope-stranded  conductor  gives 
treme  flexibility  to  portoble  cabi 


Segmental  conductor  reduces  skin   ^ 
effect,  increases  current  rating      ^ 


CCnt 


''neven  walls  of  insulation  are  a  potential  source  of 
cable  failure.  Perfect  centering  of  the  conductor,  however, 
is  automatically  provided  by  Okonite's  Strip  Insulating 
Process  in  which  continuous  rubber  strips  of  uniform  thick- 
ness are  folded  about  conductor.  Only  by  this  method  can 
insulation  wall  be  gauged,  inspected  before  application. 

Uniform  walls  of  insulation  are  assured  when  you  specify 
Okonite  wires  and  cables.  The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic, 
New  Jersey. 


OKONITE 

insulated    wires   and   cables 


Visit  the 


ILLINOIS 
POWER 

COMPANY 

Ask  about  the  many 

opportunities 

it  offers 


41    East  University  Ave. 
CHAMPAIGN,    ILLINOIS 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


WHAT'S  YOUR  BULL'S  EYE? 


INVESTIGATE 


ALUS -CHALMERS 


ONE  OF  THE  BIG  3  IN  ELECTRIC  POWER  EQUIPMENT- 
BIGGEST  OF  ALL  IN  RANGE  OF  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS! 


Write  for  Book  No.  6085, 

utiining  A-C's  Groduale 

Training  Course. 

Allis-Chalmert  M<g.  Co., 
Milwaukee  I.Wisconsin 


M  NOVEMBER,  1948 


25 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  pago   L>) 
anil    seriousness   of    education.     It    isn't 


(lolfer  —  "Notice  any  inipro\cnu-nt 
since   last   year?" 

Caddy  —  "Had  your  clubs  siiincd  up, 
haven't  vou,  sir?" 


First  Cop:  "(Jot  away,  did  lie,  the 
lirtv  crook!  Did  \()u  fjuard  .ill  riu- 
•xits?" 

Second  Cop:  "^  call,  but  \\  c  tbink  be 
ut  (it  one  ot   tbc  entrances." 


something  we  can  kick  around  or  pla\ 
with.     Good   education    is   an   elevation 
few   students   reach.    All   of   us   should 
strive   toward   that   goal.     If   xou    don't 
agree  with  us,  we  would   like  to  know- 
why  you  are  studying  engineering,  and      escapee 
perhaps    the    answer    will     justify     our  '      * 
opinion.                                                                        "\'(iur  advertisement  said  that  at  this 
bote!  tlieie  is  a  beautiful   \  iew   tor  luib-s 

Hill — "Why   did   you   break   oft    \()ur      and    nu'lcs." 
engagement  with  Jane?"  "So  tbeie  is.    just  iiut  your  bead  out 

Jack — "She  wanted   to  get   married.  "      of  that  window  and   look  up.  " 


I". I',.  1 — "Did  I  borrow  five  dollars 
from  \()u  last  week?" 

I". I..  2 — "No,  you  didn't.  " 

F.I'".  1 — "How  careless  of  me!  Could 
\ou   let  me  ba\e   it  now?" 

jim:  Looks  like  a  sm;u't  dog  \()u  got 
rbne. 

lim:  Smart?  .All  1  gotta  say  is,  "Are 
\i)u    conung    or    aren't    \()u?"    and    be 
either  comes  or  he  doesn't. 
*      «      * 

Landlubber — "Rut  bow  do  you  tell 
the  starboard  from  the  port?" 

Sailor — "By  tbc  labcd  on  the  liottle, 
you  dope!" 


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THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


These  are  the  tasks  for  GAS — these  and  hundreds  of  other 
industrial  heat  processing  requirements.  In  fact,  modern 
Gas  Equipment  has  proved  its  superiority  in  virtually  every 
industrial  production-line  heating  application. 

As  a  source  of  heat  in  the  production  and  fabrication  of 
metals  GAS  combines  characteristics  found  in  no  other 
available  fuel — ■ 

•  SPEED — heat  can  be  applied  to  any  area  or  injected  to  any 
depth  at  exactly  the  temperature  and  speed  desired. 

•  CONTROLLABILITY — automatic  controls  maintain  precise 
temperatures,  permit  exacting  cycles  of  heat  processing  on 
continuous  24-hour  schedules. 

•  FLEXIBILITY — equipment  is  applicable  over  a  wide  range, 
performs  many  heat-treating  and  processing  operations 
without  expensive  accessory  devices. 

9  ECONOMY — the  fuel  and  the  modern  equipment  are  eco- 
nomical, the  production  cost  per  piece  amazingly  low. 

•  CLEANLINESS — clean  fuel  facilitates  good  "shop  housekeep- 
ing," promotes  morale  and  good  health  among  workers, 
eliminates  many  causes  of  rejects. 

These  are  the  characteristics  of  GAS  you'll  find  useful  in 
any  industrial  heating  application  —  these  are  the  reasons 
why  GAS  is  Universally  accepted  wherever  heat  is  used 
for  processing. 


NITRIDING    •NORMALIZING    •    C  AS  E  H  A  R  D  E  N  i  N  G    •    D  EC  AR  B  U  R  I  Zl  N  G 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


27 


HIGHWAY  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

(Coiuinui-(l   trom  |)at;i-  7) 

because  they  weren't  capable,  but  just 
because  they  didn't  belonj;  to  some  part\ 
or  because  politico  Hill  Smith  couldn't 
run  them.  The\  wouldn't  last  long, 
because  that  kind  ot  an  unstable  em- 
ployment condition  could  not  produce 
results.  If  we  do  not  establish  our  public 
service  on  a  level  above  pett\'  politics, 
we  can  not  hope  to  continue  to  attract 
the  kind  ot  engineers  needed,  similar  to 
the  ones  who  built  the  present  system, 
and  who  are  largely  maintaining  it  to- 
day. 

We,  as  an  engineer  group,  whether 
in  public  work  or  on  the  industry  side 
ot  the  fence,  are  largely  to  blame  for 
this  condition  and  it  is  high  time  that 
we  did  something  about  it.  The  so-called 
American  way  of  life  is  dependent  very 
largely  upon  engineers  and  engineering, 
and  it  will  only  require  the  right  kind 
of  action  to  gain  for  engineers  the  recog- 
nition that  their  contribution  to  the 
welfare  of  society  merits.  When  we 
complain  about  the  fact  that  graduate 
engineers  do  not  enter  highway  work, 
we  should  remember  that  it  wasn't  too 
main'  years  ago  that  we  were  graduates 
and  that  it  has  been  in  our  haiuls  to 
protect  our  position  and  see  to  it  that 
other  groups  did  not  usurp  prerogatives 
that  properly  belong  to  us. 


.And  just  how  is  that  to  be  done? 
Well,  engineers  are  supposed  to  be  able 
to  anal\/,e  a  set  of  conditions  and  pre- 
scribe the  solutions  to  problems.  In  spite 
of  the  somewhat  cynical  mood  prevailing 
today  that  the  principal  objective  in  life 
is  to  make  mone\',  I  don't  belie\e  it. 
I  believe  that  engineeis  work  .it  their 
profession  because  they  lo\  e  it ;  because 
they  can  see  facilities  built  and  main- 
tained where  either  none  (or  else  in- 
adequate ones)  existed  before.  Just  for 
the  record  I  might  say  that  I  speak  from 
experience.  A  few  years  after  gradua- 
tion I  decided  engineering  progress  was 
too  slow  and  went  into  banking  —  did 
fairly  well  at  it  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
and  was  earning,  or  at  least  making, 
about  ^400  a  month  in  the  middle  teens. 
But  1  didn't  g<-t  any  fun  out  of  it  and 
1  retunu-<l  to  ;ui  engineering  job  at  $175 
a  month  and  was  ne\er  so  happy  over 
anything  that   I   can   remember. 

1  am  sure  that  the  situation  is  aK^•a^■s 
the  same  with  the  man  who  really  likes 
engineering  and  is  fitted  for  it.  What 
we  need  today  is  to  take  a  leaf  from 
the  book  of  the  merchant.  After  all,  in 
an  industrialized  society,  everyone  is 
selling  something  no  matter  where  he 
may  work.  Highway  engineering  is  a 
high  profession  and  it  has  a  great  deal  to 
offer  in  the  way  of  a  satisfying  life. 
Highway  departments  should  have  much 
better  publicity  on  the  subject.  Instead 


of  just  a  back  page  item,  or  none  at  all 
on  uhat  is  being  done,  ha\  e  it  properly 
reported.  This  should  not  be  glorifica- 
tion of  the  man  but  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  accomplishments,  pointing  out 
the  magnitude  of  the  work,  any  unusual 
features,  the  huge  sums  involved  and 
what  they  mean  in  building  a  better 
society.  There  should  not  be  too  many 
statistics  and  in  publicity  work  of  this 
kind  set  forth  the  storv  in  general  terms 
easily  understood  by  the  layman.  The 
public  is  fair  minded  once  they  under- 
stand the  facts  and  will  applaud  rather 
than  criticize  when  the\  know  those 
facts. 

Highwa\  departments  are  big  business 
and  it  takes  big  people  to  run  them 
properly.  Where  do  you  find  corpora- 
tions doing  business  of  twenty  to  eighty 
million  dollars  or  more  a  year  which 
expect  to  hire  a  president  for  $6,000  to 
$15,000  a  year?  I  don't  believe  the 
public  expects  it  either,  once  they  under- 
stand it. 

Every  college  and  universit\  should 
be  canvassed  systematically,  not  only  at 
graduation  time,  but  beginning  in  the 
junior  year.  In  each  state  the  highway 
department  should  arrange  to  have  some 
of  its  men  who  are  good  speakers  period- 
ically attend  the  junior  engineer  society 
groups  and  put  on  a  real  sales  talk.  If 
we  would  just  do  half  as  much  work 
(Continued   on   page  30) 


rVeu   Process  Uses 

n~—Ui  Gas  lo  Ammonia  Compressor  /^K^fClf^^^ 


Evaporated  al  60* 

,  „(  These  Shells 


Refrigerating    Machine    Heats 
and   Condenses   Water  Vapor 
Driven  Off 


far  both  Bailini]  and 
Freezing  Dranqe  Juice! 

The  plant  of  the  Florida  Citrus  Canners 
Cooperative,  started  in  February  at  Lale 
Wales,  is  remarkable  because  it  uses  re- 
frigeration instead  of  steam  for  concen- 
trating fruit  juices. 

The  cycle  shown,  on  svhich  Moionnler 
Bros.  Co.  of  Chicago  have  patent  applica- 
tions, utilizes  both  the  heat  and  the  cold 
supplied  by  a  refrigerating  machine — and 
with  excellent  economy. 

A  separate  Friclr  refrigerating  system 
quick-freezes  and  stores  the  vacuum-packed 
juices  at  ten  below  zero.  Food  values  are 
both  retained.  Additional  Frick  machinery 
to  enlarge  the  plant  has  recently  been  pur- 
chased. 

T/jc  Frirli  Graduate  Training  Course 
in    Hrfrigt'ration  and  Air  Conditioning, 
..;.r  ra/rj  oiLT  30  years.  Offers  a  Career 
(fieing  Industry. 

.  i;u"i!iiii'iMinr-:i!^r a 


^J^^^FOR  THE  RIGHT 


^  — -^ 


To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
ings must  make  the  right 
impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  when  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


a./?. 


fCO. 


ARTISTS    X^NGRAVERS  •  CHAMPAIGN,   ILL. 


28 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


7^/s  /s  &t/Ae/^ 

fO  €//ijf  ih/' o// 


No  one  has  ever  brought  in  a  gusher  in  Whit- 
ing, Indiana — 

—yet  some  of  the  greatest  discoveries  in  petro- 
leum history  have  been  made  in  Whiting,  and 
more  will  be  made  there.  For  at  Whiting  is 
Standard  Oil's  research  laboratory,  now  housed 
in  new  buildings  like  the  one  above. 
Standard  Oil  researchers,  engineers,  and  other 
technical  men  have  worked  for  years  on  the 
problems  of  getting  more  and  better  products 
from  crude  oil.  Results  to  date  are  equivalent 
to  the  discovery  in  the  laboratory  of  extra 
billions  of  barrels  of  petroleum. 


Now  Standard's  men  of  science  are  looking 
beyond  crude  oU,  as  well  as  deeply  into  it. 
Already  they  know  how  to  make  liquid  fuels 
and  other  products  from  natural  gas  and  from 
coal,  by  variations  of  the  hydrocarbon-syn- 
thesis process.  The  future  will  bring  additional 
progress  on  possible  replacements  for  petro- 
leum and  particularly  on  more  effective  meth- 
ods of  using  our  present  supply. 

A  good  share  of  that  progress  will  be  made  in 
the  Whiting  laboratory.  Standard  Oil  men  of 
the  present  and  future  will  continue  to  dig  for 
oil  in  their  own  effective  way. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


(INDIANA) 
910   S.  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  Illinois 


STANDARD 


(STANC 

^1 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


29 


partners  in  creating 


K  &  E  drafting  instru-ncnts,  equipment  and  materials 
hove  been  partners  of  leading  engineers  for  81  years 
in  shaping  the  modern  world.  So  extensively  are  these 
products  used  by  successful  men.  It  is  self  evident  that 
K  &  E  has  ployed  a  part  in  the  completion  of  nearly 
every  American  engineering  project  of  any  magnitude. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW   YORK    •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


RELAX! 

Sure— even  an  engineer  has  to  do  it, 

sometimes.  How  about  forgetting 

your  worries  for  a  few  hours  with  a 

good  book? 

See  our  complete  selection  of  new  novels,  the  finest 

non-fiction  and  rollicking  humor  books 

FOLLETT'S 

COLLEGE  BOOKSTORE 

AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 

HIGHWAY  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  page  28) 
in  this  regard  as  we  do  in  trying  to 
find  new  football  material,  I  think  we 
could  make  a  showing  rather  quickly, 
and  the  coming  years  would  find  an 
ever  increasing  number  who  would  he 
attracted  to  highwa\'  work. 

In  this  regard,  it  is  pertinent  to  note 
that  where  definite  effort  has  been 
made  to  present  up-to-date  courses  in 
highway  engineering,  the  percentage  oi 
civil  engineer  graduates  entering  this 
field  is  above  the  average.  Our  own  ui 
vestigations  indicate  that  most  colleges 
will  welcome  any  suggestions  and  hel|i, 
either  from  the  highway  departments  or 
industry,  which  will  lead  to  a  better 
course  of  instruction.  The  new  subjects 
in  highways  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M.,  for 
example,  under  Professor  Martin,  have 
been  very  well  received.  Recently,  I 
attended  the  opening  lecture  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  in  Berkeley,  which 
was  the  beginning  of  a  special  series 
on  highway  materials  and  design.  These 
are  three  hour  periods  on  Saturday 
mornings,  and  where  sixty  were  ex- 
pected to  register,  over  two  hundred 
presented  themselves.  This  all  indicates 
the  degree  of  interest  that  may  be  ex- 
pected if  the  courses  are  carefully 
planned. 

And  now  in  conclusion.  I  believe  it 
is  in  order  to  offer  a  little  encourage- 
ment, because  really  there  is  a  great 
future  for  the  undergraduate  civil  engi- 
neer of  today.  Onh'  those  of  us  who 
have  been  in  highways  for  the  past 
thirt\'  years  appreciate  fully  how  many 
important  jobs  came  into  being  after 
the  end  of  the  first  World  War.  There 
was  such  a  shortage  of  engineers  that 
each  highway  department  had  to  ad- 
vance its  men  in  order  to  keep  another 
highway  department  from  taking  them 
away.  I  ran  want  ads  in  all  the  engi- 
neering magazines  for  over  two  years 
and  paid  the  rate  necessary  to  obtain 
good  men.  If  they  were  good  enough 
the\  were  promoted,  if  they  weren't  they 
were  fired.  The  result  was  that  posi- 
tions ranging  from  division  engineer  to 
chief  engineer  in  state  highway  depart- 
ments were  filled  with  comparatively 
young  men  who,  in  many  instances,  have 
retained  their  positions  until  now.  With- 
in the  next  foiu"  or  five  years,  these 
men  will  —  in  a  large  measure  —  be 
retired,  and  so,  while  opportunities  for 
advancement  have  appeared  to  be  rather 
restricted  such  will  not  be  the  case  over 
the  next  decade.  Of  course,  these  higher 
positions  should  be  first  filled  by  present 
subordinates  wherever  possible  but  the 
turnover  will  mean  an  upward  climb 
for  a  large  number  of  the  younger  men, 
and  provide  new  and  better  openings 
for  the  graduating  engineer  of  tomor- 
row. 

(Continued  on  page  32) 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


YOUR  BEARUUyUJEBOOK 


How  to  keep  a  power  shovel 
from  digging  its  own  grave 

Power  shovels  and  other  heavy  duty  construction 
equipment  take  a  terrific  beating.  And  this  used  to 
wear  them  out  at  an  early  age.  Today,  engineers  are 
building  longer  and  longer  life  into  the  construction 
equipment  they  design  by  specifying  Timken  tapered 
roller  bearings  in  place  of  the  friction  bearings 
formerly  used. 

Timken  bearings  make  parts  last  longer  by  elimi- 
nating friction,  by  keeping  gears  meshing  properly 
and  by  preventing  vibration. 


Why  Timken  bearings  are  first 
choice  for  heavy  shock  loads 

Notice  how  the  load  on  a  Timken  bearing  is  spread 
over  the  entire  length  of  the  roller  instead  of  being 
concentrated  at  a  single  point.  This  reduces  the  unit 
pressure  between  the  rolling  elements. 

This  greater  load  area  minimizes  distortion  of  the 
bearing.  Load  capacity  is  increased,  the  bearing  wears 
longer,  and  wheels  and  shafts  are  held  rigidly  in  line. 
It's  another  big  reason  why  9  out  of  10  bearing  appli- 
cations can  be  handled  more  efficiently  with  Timken 
bearings. 


yU(^  C<nUa^ tfiiw'^^U^  OtCcitU/^t^^ 


TIMPN 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Would  you  like  to  know  more 
about  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems  you'll 
face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing  applications. 
If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this  phase  of  engi- 
neering, we'd  be  glad  to  help.  For  additional  informa- 
tion about  Timken  bearings  and  how  engineers  use 
them,  write  today  to  The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Com- 
pany, Canton  6,  Ohio.  And  don't  forget  to  clip  this 
page  for  future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  a=)  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  ^ 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -®-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


31 


HIGHWAY  ENGINEERS  .  .  . 

(Contimicti  troiii  page  M>} 

Then  in  regard  to  salaries,  uhlk-  the) 
laj;  behiiul  in  boom  times,  they  do  ha\c 
a  way  of  catching  up,  and  ulien  times 
come  again  which  are  not  so  good  ( and 
they,  too,  have  a  way  of  returning)  the 
engineer  in  public  work  may  find  that 
he  has  chosen  not  only  vv-isel\'  for  his 
own  happiness  in  doing  work  he  likes 
to  do,  but  also  well  in  respect  to  a 
reasonable  income.  There  are  great  days 
ahead  ;  the  whole  transportation  system 
—  highways  —  railroads  —  .lirways, 
needs  coordination,  integration,  and  im- 
provement. It  will  take  years  to  do  it. 
1  believe  that  now  is  certainly  the  time 
for  the  qualified  boy  to  study  civil  engi- 
neering, and  to  major  in  highway  engi- 
neering as  one  of  its  most  important 
divisions. 


Preacher  (visiting  home  for  first 
time)  :  "And  how  high  can  \ou  count, 
sonny?" 

Little  Oscar:     ■■\.  2.  ,\  4,   S,  (,,  7,  S, 
9,   10,  Jack,  Queen,  King,  Ace." 
*      *     * 

What  do  you  charge  for  your  rooms? 

$15  up. 

Yes.  but  I'm  a  student. 

In  that  case,  >1  "■  down. 


She  was   peeved   and   called   him   "Mr." 
Not    because   lie   went   and    kr.' 
Hut    because   just   before, 
.'\s  she  opened   the  door. 
This  same    Mr.   kr.  sr. 

Jan.  2:  Wanted— Teller,  First  Na- 
tional   Hank. 

Jan.  ,1:  W.  Smith  has  been  a|)|iointed 
teller  at  the  First  National  Hank. 

Jan.  4:  Wanted — W.  Smith 
»     »     » 

"Hey,  yovir  shoes  are  mixed  ;  vou've 
got  the  right  shoe  on  the  left  foot!" 

".And  here  f(U-  twentv  \ear>  1  thought 
1     was    club-foored!" 

And  then  there  was  the  butcher  that 
backed  into  the  slicing  machine  and  got 
a   little  behind   in  his  work. 

-*      *     a 

"You  should  be  more  careful  to  pull 
\()ur  shades  down  at  night.  Last  night 
I    saw   you   ki.ssing  your   wife." 

"Ha,  ha,  ha,  the  joke  is  on  you,  I 
wasn't  home  last  night." 

There  was  a  stage  star  named  Celestus: 

When    she    danced    the    applause     was 

tempestLious. 

She  whirled  and  she  tripped 

'Til    her    shoulder    stra|i    slipped — 

And  tlie\   had  to  ring  down  the  asbestos. 


INTRODUCING  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  page  14) 

was  tempted  to  transfer  to  this  "college 
of  opportunity."  If  any  of  you  engineers 
find  \()u  are  not  suited  for,  or  become 
dissatisfied  with  your  present  curricu- 
lum. .Mr.  Clark  will  give  you  informa- 
tion about  the  mining  engineering  cur- 
ricuhnn. 


.Mi 


Small       b( 
,ter? 


"Shi 


vour 


(Irouch:  "No!  " 

Small  boy:  "Shine  your  shoes  so  you 
an  see  your   face   in   them?" 
(Irouch:   ".No." 
Small  bo\' :  "Coward!" 


She 


i)o  you  like  luits 
'Is  this  a  proposal : 


"What  a  sidendid  fir,"  said  the  tailor 
as  he  canied  the  eiiileinic  out  of  his 
shop. 

«      *      * 

She   paints. 

She   smokes, 

She   drinks    Pa's   liquor, 

She  stays  out  late, 

She  cusses,  too, 

She  does  lots  of  things  she  ought  not  do. 

Hut  she's  m\    grandma,   and   I   love  her. 


Engineering  Students 


e      •      • 


You  will  find  at  the  Co-Op  Bookstore  your  needs 
in  engineering  and  art  supplies,  stationery,  text- 
books, and  general  reading. 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 

The  Bookstore  Closest  to  Engineering  Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


32 


THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


less  "dead"  _,,,«u\\^ 


V,.cW»\  '**'*'' 


Here  you  see  the  i\avy-Douji;las  D558  Skystreak  —  a  dramatic  Uemonstralion  of  tlie  slriictural  advantage  of 
magnesium.  Strouf;  magnesium  alloy  sheet  is  literally  "wrapped"  around  the  Skystreak's  powerful  jet  engine 
to  form  the  entire  fuselage  skin  aft  of  the  pilot  seat.  This  makes  possible  a  monocoque  structure  which  com- 
pletely eliminates  the  usual  stringers,  except  for  frames  carrying  concenlrated  loads. 

However,  this  is  only  one  use  of  magnesium.  It  is  also  used  for  binoculars,  typewriters,  pruning  shears  —  in  fact, 
wherever  flexible  design  properties  as  well  as  lightness  and  strength  are  desired,  magnesium  should  be  considered. 

Dow  produces,  in  addition  to  magnesium  and  plastics,  more  than  five  hundred 
essential  chemicals  from  plants  strategically  located  in  Michigan,  Texas  and 
California.  Among  these  are  pharmaceutical  chemicals  such  as  chloroform, 
iodine  and  aspirin;  also  insecticides  like  Dowklor  and  DDT,  which  aid  greatly 
in  increased  agricultural  production.  Dowtherm,  the  liquid  heat  transfer  medium 
for  use  in  processing  plants,  is  another  of  Dow's  prodiK-ts,  as  is  Methocel,  which 
is  used  in  many  industries  as  a  binder,  thickener,  and  dispersing  and  emulsifying 


This,  in  brief,  is  some  indication  of  how  Dow  serves  agriculture,  as  well  as 
industry  and  the  public  welfare  in  general;  helping  to  maintain  and  raise  still 
higher,  the  American  standaril  of  living. 

THE   DOW  CHEMICAL   COMPANY    •    MIDLAND,  MICHIGAN 


Boston      •      Pliilodelpti 
St.  Louis     •     Houston     •     Son  Franc 
Dow  Chemicol  of  Conoda,  L 


WashHglon  •  Cleveland 
o  •  Los  Angeles  ' 
ted,  Toronto,  Canada 


DO^/NT 


CHEMICALS    INDISPENSABLE 
TO    INDUSTRY    AND    AGRICULTURE 


[NOVEMBER,  1948 


33 


MEN  OF  EXPECTATIONS  .  .  . 

[  C(jntiiUK-d  1 11)111  pa^-   111) 
(  I )    A   study   of    the    natuie    ot    tlu- 
problem  and  its  scope. 

(2)  An  analysis  of  the  problem  into 
its  component  parts. 

(3)  Determination  of  the  relation- 
ships between   the  component   parts. 

(4)  Consideration  of  the  various  fac- 
tors involved  in  eacii  part,  makinji  use 
of  all  the  available  knowledge  fjained 
by  experience,  experiment,  and  rcsearcli, 
and  giving  the  necessary  attention  to  the 
economic  aspects.  At  this  point  the 
factors  which  have  been  adjudt;ed  to 
have  a  negligible  effect  are  omitted. 

(5)  Synthesis  of  the  component  parts 
to  give  the  solution  to  the  original 
problem. 

Thus  the  engineer  bases  his  work  on 
known  laws  and  facts,  and  b\'  logical 
reasoning  along  with  a  strict  sense  of 
honesty  regarding  facts,  knowledge,  and 
men,  he  proceeds  in  an  orderly  manner 
to  the  solution  of  his  problem.  It  is  the 
organized,  well  planned  attack  in  con- 
junction with  the  engineer's  mental  in- 
tegrity which  is  one  of  the  outstaiuling 
characteristics  of  engineering. 

Characteristics  of  an  Enj^iiieer 

Since  engineering  is  a  mental  occupa- 
tion in  contrast  to  a  manual  or  manip- 
ulative one,  the  personal  characteristics 


\\liicli  make  for  success  as  an  engineer 
are  largely  mental.  Some  of  the  ijues- 
tioiis  a  student  should  ask  himself  are: 

(1)  Do  1  like  mathematics  and  do 
rile  reasons  given  in  a  mathematiiaj 
proof   seem   convincing? 

(2)  Do  I  have  a  curiosity  about  and 
an  interest  in  natural  phenomena? 

( ,? )  Do  I  want  to  know  ivhy  things 
ha|ipcn   the  wa\    they  do? 

(4)  Do  1  ha\e  imagination — that  is, 
ran  I  >er  u|i  mental  pictures  of  things 
I  lKi\en't  seen  from  ,i  description  of 
tlu-m  ? 

(5)  Do  I  accept  the  first  meaning  of 
a  sentence  or  paragraph  that  occurs  to 
me,  or  do  I  read  it  over  to  see  if  it 
might  have  another  meaning? 

{(i)  ."^m  I  ingenious  in  devising  ways 
of  making  a  piece  of  equipment  work, 
or  of  finding  a  method  of  solving  a 
problem  ? 

(7)  Do  1  like  pu/./.les,  such  as  me- 
chanical puzzles,  crossword  puzzles, 
jig-saw  puzzles,  and  mathematical 
puzzles? 

If  the  student  can  answer  most  of 
these  questions  with  a  "yes",  he  has 
the  iiati\e  ability  to  be  a  successful 
cngiiuer.  As  will  be  pointed  out  later 
under  the  classification  of  jobs  on  a 
functional  basis,  the  kind  of  work  an 
engineer  does  varies  from  research  to 
sales  and  operation.   The  different  kinds 


of  engineering  work  require  different 
degrees  of  emphasis  on  the  mental  quali- 
ties suggested  above,  and  therefore  it  is 
not  necessary  that  a  student  be  able  to 
give  an  unqualified  "yes"  to  every  ques- 
tion. P'or  example,  for  research,  de- 
velopment, and  design  work,  affirmative 
answers  to  questions  (1),  (2),  and  (3) 
are  important;  for  production,  test,  ap- 
plication, construction,  and  operation 
work,  (4),  (6),  and  (7)  are  important. 
Other  personal  characteristics  which 
help  to  make  a  successful  engineer  arc 
industry,  honesty  with  facts  and  with 
men,  ability  to  co-operate  and  work  with 
others,  initiative,  reliability,  willingness 
to  take  on  responsibilit.\',  and  realizati<in 
of   citizenship   responsibilities. 

(  Concluded   next  month  ) 


"I  went  out  with  a  fellow  last  night 
that   I'd   never  seen   before." 

"Not  a  perfect  stranger,  I   hope." 
"No,    just   a    stranger." 

»      *      » 

"We'll  have  to  rehearse  that,"  said 
the  undertaker  as  the  coffin  fell  nut  of 
the   car. 

*     *     * 

Down  our  way,  they  tell  of  a  man 
who  was  so  hard  that  he  could  ride  a 
porcupine  through  a  bed  of  cactus  and 
never  get  a  scratch.  I 


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34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


»  I.  'Utiifti 
'  li: 


fFHS 
COUECTED  S/IMPiES 

as  he  made  his  rounds 


for  mony  years,  ADV£/?T/Sf  A1ENTS  SUCH  AS 
TH/S  ONE  /love   appeared    regularly  in  leading 
business    magazines.     Their    primary    purpose    is 
fo  build  acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers, 
practically    all    of    whom     come     fo    us    from 
leading   engineering   schools    such   as    yours 


-"^^^ 


A  sample  from  every  industry  served  by  Square  D 
Field  Engineers  would  make  quite  a  load,  indeed. 
For  these  men  serve  as  liaison  between  Square  D 
and  every  segment  of  industrial  America.  Their 
full-time  job  is  working  with  industries  of  every 
kind  and  size — helping  find  that  "better  way 
to  do  it." 

Through  these  Field  Engineers,  located  in  more 
than  50  offices  in  the  United  States,  Canada  and 
Mexico,  Square  D  does  its  three-fold  job:  Designs 
and  builds  electrical  distribution  and  control  equip- 
ment in  pace  with  present  needs — provides  sound 
counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right  equipment  for 
any  given  application — anticipates  trends  and  new 
methods  and  speeds  their  development. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  distribution 
or  control,  call  in  the  nearby  Field  Engineer.  He'll 
help  a  lot  in  finding  a  "better  woy  to  do  it." 


SQUARE  D  COMPANY  CANADA   LTD.,  TORONTO  •  SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.  A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.  F. 


INOVEMBER.  1948 


35 


Norton  Chairin.m  ol'  the  Board  George  N.   Jcppson  pavs  tribute  to  the  work  of 

dcveUipment  engineers  Wallace  L.  Howe  (left)  and  Edward  Van  der  Pyl  (right) 

for  their  work  in  solving  countless  problems  in  building  and  equipping  the  world's 

largest  grinding  wheel  plant 


New  Era  in  Grinding  Wheel  Manufacture 

A  revolutionary  new  process  in  the  manufacture  of  grinding  wheels 
is  being  carried  out  in  the  recently  dedicated  Norton  Plant  7,  the 
largest  of  the  eighty-six  buildings  that  stretch  for  a  distance  of  one 
and  one-half  miles  in  the  Greendale  section  of  Worcester. 

In  this  new  Norton  plant,  with  floor  space  of  approximately  five  acres, 
grinding  wheels  are  being  made  at  a  speed  and  with  a  uniformity  never 
before  known  in  the  abrasive  world. 

Abrasive  grain  and  bond,  brought  in  one  end  of  this  six  hundred 
and  two  foot  building  by  a  modern  conveyor  system,  moves  down 
the  line  for  various  processes,  through  continuous  electric  kilns,  to 
finally  emerge  at  the  shipping  end  ready  for  service  in  the  industrial 
world. 

The  new  process  envisioned  through  the  more  than  half  century 
experience  of  George  N.  Jeppson  and  the  mammoth  new  building 
to  house  it  have  become  realities  by  the  co-operation  of  Norton  engi- 
neers— chemical,  ceramic,  mechanical,  electrical,  architectural,  civil. 


Xi-w  P/anl  7,  fuil  ,>f  Xort.u,  Coni/nmi/,  WorccsU-r,  Mass. 


>q N   O  R   T   O  N 

kIRtSIVES  -  GRINDING  WHEELS  -  GRINDING  «ND  LIPPING  MACHINES 
REFRRCTORIES  —  POROUS  MEDIUMS  —  NON-SLIP  FLOORS  —  NORilDE  PRODUCTS 
ItlElING     MACHINES         (REHR-MRNNING  DIVISION:  CORTEO  RRRASIVES  AND  SHARPENING  STONES) 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(  C'oiuiiiui-d  trom  page  12) 
possible   weak   points   in    design    or   eon- 
stiuction.    High  speed  movie  cameras  re- 
cord the  movement  of  the  gun  ports  and 
can    photograph    the   projectile    in    lii'jii 
velocity    flight.      Rate   of    fire    of    tli 
weapons    in    rounds   per   minute   can 
determined  with  special  iiistrunieiitati"... 
at    any    altitude    from    grfjuml    le\el    tu 
S(),()()(J  feet. 

Effect  of  extremely  low  temperature^ 
on  metals,  fuels,  lubricants,  and  autonin 
tive  parts  can  be  determined  in  a  section 
of  this  facilit\'  which  is  capable  of  pro- 
ducing a  temperature  of  110  degrees  be- 
low zero ! 

Tests  of  ordnance  material,  to  deter- 
mine its  functioning  and  improve  its  ac- 
curacy and  reliability,  can  now  be  ac- 
complished in  fractions  of  the  time  and 
expense,  and  with  much  higher  degree  ot 
precision  than  formerly  possible.  Sn 
urgent  has  been  the  need  for  a  high  alti 
tude  firing  range  that  the  facility  \\  as 
placed  in  service  prior  to  the  dedication. 


The  boss  (looking  over  draftiiiL! 
room)  :  "That  new  fellow  from  Illi 
nois  seems  to  be  tending  to  business.  Hi 
isn't  shooting  off  his  face  like  most  nt 
the  other  draftsmen.  I  like  a  clnx  - 
mouthed  man." 

Chief  Draftsman:  "Oh,  he  isn't  cIum- 
mouthed,  boss,  he's  just  waiting  for  Peti 
to  bring  back  the  spitoon." 
«     *     * 

"D'vou  ever  shee  me  before?" 

"No." 

"Then  how  do  voii  know  ish  me?" 


36 


THANKS    VIRY  MUCH,    BUT   I    THINK    I    CAN   HANAOEI 

THE  TEGHNOGRAPH 


ASSIGNMENT 
FOR  TOMORROW 


lOUR  ASSIGNMENT  for  tomorrow  will  be  based  on  the  textbooks 
you're  studying  today.  Many  of  these  are  published  by  McGraw-Hill. 
From  them  you're  getting  much  of  the  technical  knowledge  on  which 
you'll  build  a  successful  career. 

These  same  books,  and  many  other  McGraw-Hill  titles,  will  be  an 
indispensable  part  of  your  business  life.  To  these  you  will,  of  course, 
want  to  add  the  McGraw-Hill  magazine  edited  for  your  field. 

For  example,  if  you're  studying  chemical  engineering,  the  chances 
are  you  know  Perry's  Chemical  Engineers'  Handbook  and  many  of 
our  other  books  in  this  field.  If  you're  going  to  be  an  aeronautical 
engineer,  you  probably  know  our  series  in  aeronautical  science. 

In  all,  McGraw-Hill  books  and  magazines  cover  practically  every 
kind  of  business  and  industry. 

Chemical  Engineering  and  Aviation  Week  are  but  two  of  the  many 
McGraw-Hill  magazines  for  men  in  business  and  industry.  When 
you've  finally  arrived  on  your  assignment  for  tomorrow— keep  in- 
formed. Let  the  McGraw-Hill  magazine  that's  edited  expressly  for 
your  field  help  you  turn  your  job  into  a  successful  career.  Remember, 
McGraw-Hill  books  and  magazines  are  valuable  tools. 


EADQUAKTeaS  FOB  TECHHICAl   INfOBMATIOH 


McGRAW-HILL 

PUBLICATIONS 

HEADQUARTERS  FOR  TECHNICAL  INFORMATION 
330  WEST  42nd  STREET    •    NEW  YORK   18,  NEW  YORK 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


37 


MAILLART  .  .  . 

(Coiitiiuit'il  from  page  9) 

was  a  stadium  seating  18,000  with  it> 
curved  vertical  frame  supported  on  two 
parallel  rows  of  coluiniis  and  a  beauti- 
tuliy  cantilevered  canopy  spread  over 
the  top  columns  like  a  fine  membrane 
which  consisted  of  reinforced  concrete 
slabs  tapering  at  the  end  to  1^.  inch 
thickness.  As  the  Architectural  Recoid 
of  July,  1948  worded  it,  "The  Soutli 
American  architects  declare  that  the 
North  American  tendency  to  find  struc- 
tures 'impractical'  or  'not  quite  safe' 
arises  in  reality  from  an  Anglo-Saxon 
timidity  in  the  face  of  hold  plastic  in- 
vention." 

Will  RohiTt  Maillarr's  "futuristic" 
structural  design  be  the  forerunner  of 
a  new  era  in  engineering?  It  is  highly 
probable  that  it  may.  One  factor  that 
may  hasten  this  revolution  is  precast 
concrete  slabbing,  a  type  of  hard,  wear- 
able reinforced  concrete  that  is  poLueil 
and  set  in  the  factory  in  forms  that  fit 
the  specifications  and  then  is  shipped 
to  the  site  of  constructoin  and,  in  some 
cases,  is  then  actually  nailed  or  cemented 
into  place.  So  far  this  type  of  precast 
slabbing  has  been  used  only  for  ceiling, 
flooring,  and  blocking  in  stadium  design. 

The  day  may  soon  come  when  the 
engineering   world    will     see     a     whole 


Maillart  resolved  bridge  building  into  a  system  of  flat  and  curved  slabs. 
Here  is  his  Schwandbach  bridge  in  the  Canton  of  Berne,  Switzerland,  erected 
in  1933,  another  view  of  which  is  shown  on  the  cover.  (Photo  from  Giedion's 
"Space,  Time,  and  Architecture.") 


bridge   poured    in    the   factory   and    tlien 
transported    and    .set    up    at    its    location 


much  cju  tin-  order  of  piefabricated  house 
construction  of  today. 


When  FASTENING  becomes 
your  responsibility,  remember 
this  important  fact  -  -  - 

It  costs  more  to  specify,  purchase,  stock,  inspect,  req- 
uisition and  use  fasteners  than  it  does  to  buy  them.  Ti'ue 
F\tstc)icr  Economy  means  making  sure  that  every  func- 
tion involved  in  the  use  of  bolts,  nuts,  screws,  rivets  and 
other  fasteners  contributes  to  the  desired  fastening  re- 
sult —  maximum  holding  power  at  the  lowest  possible 
total  cost  for  fastening. 


Vou  Get  True  Va»tener  Keonomy  When  1'ou  Cut  Co»t»  Thete  Way» 


5.  Purchase  maximum  holding  power 
per  dollar  of  initial  cost 


1.  Reduce  assembly  time  with  accu 
rate,  uniform  fasteners 

2.  Make  satisfied  workers  by  making  6.  Lower  inventory  by  standardizing       o"  ^S 
assembly  work  easier  types  and  sizes  of  fasteners  /^*^  ,^- 

^  ^  *'  "  4.   ^  ^'   \ 

3.  Save  receiving  inspection  through  7.  Simplify  purchasing  by  using  one  .  /  W _%■  ^ i^      -^ 
supplier's  quality  control                              supplier's  complete  line  ■,jl.  ^'      .^9^  ** 

4.  Design  assemblies  for  fewer,  8.  Improve  your  product  with  a  ^St^-- 
stronger  fasteners                                           quality  fastener. 


"itB  tki^^ 


38 


RUSSELL,     BURDSALL     &     WARD       BOLT     AND     NUT     COMPANY 

Plants  at :  Port  Chester,  N.  Y.,  Coraopolis,  Pa.,  Rock  Falls,  111.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


They  said/^^You  can't  do  it! 


But  Dti  Pont  scientists 

developed  a   synthetic   rubber 

with  superior  properties 

"Synthetic  rubber  is  an  impossibility 
at  any  price!"  declared  a  noted  Euro- 
pe&n  scientist  a  number  of  years  ago. 
And  most  people  were  inclined  to 
agree  because  for  more  than  a  century 
chemists  had  been  unable  to  dupli- 
cate natural  rubber. 

Du  Pont  scientists  knew  that  all 
rubber  had  bad  qualities  as  well  as 
good.  "Why  struggle  to  duplicate  its 
faults?"  they  asked.  "Why  not  find 
a  new  chemical  compound  with  all 
the  good  quaUties  of  rubber,  but 
none  of  the  bad?" 

They  took  as  their  starting  point 
a  discovery  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Nieuwland 
of  Notre  Dame  in  connection  with 
the  polymerization  of  acetylene.  By 
modifying  this  process,  they  made 
monovinyl  acetylene.  Adding  hydro- 
gen chloride,  they  made  a  new  chem- 
ical compound  called  chloroprene — 
a  thin,  clear  liquid  at  low  tempera- 
tures. Like  isoprene,  it  polymerized 
to  form  a  rubber-like  substance.  But 
the  new  material,  now  known  as  neo- 
prene,  required  no  sulfur  for  vulcani- 
zation and  was  superior  to  rubber 
under  many  service  conditions. 

Today  neoprene  production  is 
measured  in  miUions  of  pounds  a 


What  you  want  to  know  about 
Du  Pont  and  the  College  Graduate 

"The  Du  Pont  Company  and 
the  College  Graduate" — newly 
revised,  fully  illustrated — de- 
bcribes  opportunities  for  men 
and  women  in  research,  produc- 
tion, sales  and  many  other  fields. 
Explains  how  individual  ability 
is  recognized  and  rewarded  un- 
der the  group  system  of  opera- 
tion. For  your  free  copy,  ad- 
dress: 2521  Nemours  Building, 
Wilmington  98,  Del. 


year,  even  though  it  is  priced  higher 
than  natural  rubber.  Hardly  an  in- 
dustry is  not  now  using  it,  for  such 
good  reasons  as  these:  neoprene  prod- 
ucts resist  deterioration  by  oils  and 
greases.  They  stand  up  under  expo- 
sure to  direct  sunlight.  Their  aging 
and  flame-retarding  properties  also 
are  superior  to  those  of  rubber. 

Three  types  of  Du  Pont  research 

Modern  research  involves  time, 
money,  manpower.  To  develop  neo- 
prene, for  example,  took  six  years  of 
laboratory  study,  a  research  and  de- 
velopment expenditure  of  milUons  of 
dollars,  plus  the  work  of  skilled  re- 
search chemists,  physicists, engineers, 
and  other  scientists. 

At  Du  Pont,  research  is  continuous. 
Some  of  it  is  designed  to  develop  new 
products  or  processes;  some  to  im- 
prove existing  products  or  processes; 
and  the  balance  is  fundamental  re- 
search to  uncover  basic  facts  without 
regard  to  immediate  commercial  use. 
Each  of  ten  manufacturing  depart- 
ments has  its  own  research  staff  and  is 
operated  much  hke  a  separate  com- 
pany. In  addition,  the  Chemical  and 
Engineering  Departments,  which  are 
not  engaged  in  manufacturing  oper- 
ations, conduct  research  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  Company  as  a  whole. 

A  typical  Du  Pont  research  team 


Neoprene,  used  in  ivirc,  cable  and  hose  jack' 
ets,  resists  abrasion,  oil,  heat,  and  sunlight. 


Neoprene  gloves  and  protective  clothing  resist 
deterioration  by  chemicals,  greases  and  oils. 


frrqucnt  contact 
with  experienced  supcriisors.  Here  M.  Jjayck. 
Ph.  D.,  Indiana  '-IT,  discusses  data  obtained 
in  an  experiment  with  F.  B.  Downing,  left,  a 
member  of  research  supervision,  and  M.  B. 
Sturgis,  a  research  group  head. 


Milling  and  compoyjndinq  neoprene  in  the  rub- 
ber experimental  laboratory. 

may  include  physicists,  chemists, 
chemical  and  mechanical  engineers, 
each  of  whom  brings  specialized  train- 
ing to  bear  on  a  specific  phase  of  the 
subject.  The  man  who  joins  one  of 
these  teams  finds  himself  associated 
with  some  of  the  ablest  minds  in  the 
profession  and  receives  the  oppor- 
tunity and  friendly  support  needed 
to  make  fullest  use  of  his  capabilities. 


(^S^ 


BETTER    THINGS    FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
.  .  .  THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 


More  facts  about  Du  Pont  —  Linen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


NOVEMBER,  1948 


39 


Fresh  Flowers  . . . 

with  Personal  Attention 

in  our  shop  .  .  .  Every  order,  large  or 
small,  receives  extra  care  in  handling 
.  .  .  For  Quality,  Freshness,  Packaging, 
and    Prompt    Delivery. 

Flowers  by  Wire 


Jkon\ 


<Bm^ 


FL0RI5T 

113  W.  UNIVERSITY  AVE;CHAMPAIGN 

NOTAFFIIIATED  WITH  ANY  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBANA 


THE  COMPLETE 

CLOTHING  STORE 

FOR 

MEN  AND  YOUNG  MEN 


Jos.   Kuhn  &  Co. 

33-35-37    Main,    Champaign 


You  May  Still  Subscribe 


213    ENGINEERING    HALL 
URBANA    •    ILLINOIS 


Jay  it  outke  hm^ 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD  OF  EXCEllENCE 

SINCE  1880 


40 


STATEMENT  OF  THE  OWNERSHIP,  MANAGEMENT, 
CIRCULATION,  ETC..  REQUIRED  BY  THE  ACTS  OF  COX 
CRESS   OF  AUGUST  24,   1912.  AND  MARCH  3,   1933. 

Of  the  Illinois  Technograph  published  eight  times  a  year  ( Oct  . 
Nov.,  Dec,  Jan.,  Feb.,  Mar.,  Apr.,  and  May)  at  Urbana,  Illinois 
fur  October  1,   1948. 

State  of  Illinois  1      ^g 

County  of  Champaign     J 

Before  me.  a  notary  public  in  and  i 
said,  personally  appeared  Stanley  Dia 
xworn  according  to  law,  deposes  and 
of  the  Illinois  Technograph, 
vledge  and  belief, 


the   State  and  Countv 
3nd,    who.    havinc    bee 
avs    that 
nd    that    the    folio 


bus 


statement  of  the  owner 
nagement  and  the  circulation,  etc.,  of  the  aforesaid  publica- 
!!■  11  t'>r  the  date  shown  in  the  above  caption,  required  by  the  Act  nt 
Air^ust  24,  1912,  as  amended  by  the  Act  of  March  3,  193.1,  embodied 
111  section  537,  Postal  Laws  and  Regulations,  printed  on  the  reverst 
r)f  this  form,  to  wit: 

1.    That   the    names   and   addresses   of   the    publisher,   editor,    man 
a^ing   editor,   and   business   managers   are:    Publisher,    Illini   Publishinjj; 
Company,  725  South  Wright  Street,  Champaign,  Illinois; 
Editor,    Edwin    A.    Witort,    Urbana,   Illinois. 
Business    Manager,    Stanley    Diamond,    Urbana,    Illinois. 

er   is   the    Illini    Publishing   Company,    a   non-profit 

iresident   is   C.    A.    Moj-er  of   Urbana,   Illinois,   and 

Manning  D.    Seil  of   C  hampaign,  Illinois. 

>wn    bondholders,    mortgagees,    and    other    security 

holding    1    per   cent    or   more    of   total    amount   of 

:  other  securities  are   none. 

paragraphs   next    above,   giving   the   names    of   the 

id    security    holders,    if    any,    contain    not    only 

and   security   holders   as   thev   appear   upon   the 

but    also,    in    cases   where    the    stockholder    .n 


2.  That  the  o 
corporation,   wlios 

3.  That    the 
holders   owning    > 
brmds,  mortgages,  or 

4.  That  the  two 
nwncr-^.  stockholders 
tlir  list  of  stockhokl 
]•■  "ik-    nf    the    compan. 


holder    appears    upon    the 
..I    111  any  other  fiduciary  relation , 
lion    for    whom    such    trustee    i- 
two  paragraphs  contain   staterm  i 
and   belief  as   to   the  circumst.nu  > 
holders  and  security  holders  wlio  , 
company    as    trustees,    hold    stock 
than   that   of  a   bona   fide   owner; 
believe    that    anv    other    person,    a 
interest  direct   or   indirect   in   the  s 
than  as  so  stated  by  him. 


books 


compan 


:int's  full  knnwlcdt^t- 
under  which  stock 
)on  the  books  of  tlu- 
capacity    other 


and   this  affiant 
sociation,    or    corporation 
id  stock,  bonds,  or  other  : 


1948. 
(SEAL) 


STANLEY    DIAMOND,    Business    Manager, 
subscribed    before    me   this    28th    day    of    September 


MARGARET   E.    CAIN.    Nota 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Because 
photography 
lasts . . . 


Little  about  this  scene  remains  to- 
day, yet  here  you  see  it  as  it  was. 
For  someone  snapped  a  shutter  at 
the  tmn  of  the  century  — and  "filed 
this  record  for  the  future"  on  film. 

Because  photography  makes  rec- 
ords that  last,  many  offices  and  plants 
are  putting  it  to  profitable  use. 

By  reproducing  a  drawing,  a  blue- 
print, a  specification  sheet  on  one 
of  the  new  Kodagraph  Papers,  you 
can  have  a  photographic  copy  with 
a  sharp,  non-fading  image  of  every 
detail. 

By  making  Recordak  Microfilm 
files  of  correspondence,  contracts, 


checks,  you  can  protect  them  from 
alteration,  preserve  them  from  wear- 
and-tear. 

By  using  photographic  progress 
reports  of  construction  work  — by 
photographing  accident  scenes  or 
filming  surgical  operations— you  can 
have  "eye-witness"  accounts  wliose 
accuracy  never  changes. 

This  and  more  you  can  do  because 
photography  lasts.  For  some  of  its 
other  functional  applications  which 
daily  benefit  business  and  industiy, 
write  for  "Functional  Photography." 

Eastman  Kodak  Company 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Advancing  business  and 
industrial  technics  .  .  . 


Functional  Photography 


I 


fodlalk 


General  Electric  is  not  one  business,  but  an  organiza- 
tion of  many  businesses,  offering  opportunities  in  virtual- 
ly all  the  professions.  Here  three  G-E  men  brief  the 
career-possibilities  which  the  company  offers  to  the 
technical  graduate,  the  mechanical  engineer,  and  the 
chemical  engineer. 

TECHNICAL  SPECIALISTS:   MEET  YOUR   HOST 

M.  M.  Boring  (Colorado),  manager  of  the  Technical  Per- 
sonnel Division:  It's  my  job  to  contact  young  men  with 
technical  training  who  are  interested  in  careers  with  Gen- 
eral Electric,  and  to  start  them  on  their  way  up  through  our 
training  programs.  Opportunities  for  them  ■were  never 
greater.  This  year  we  have  hired  more  electrical,  mechan- 
ical, and  chemical  engineers,  and  more  chemists,  metal- 
lurgists and  physicists,  than  ever  before. 


MECHANICAL    ENGINEER 

H.  P.  Kuehni,  of  the  General  Engineering  and  Consulting 
Laboratory:  Much  of  my  work  has  to  do  with  such  hurry-up 
calculating  machines  as  the  differential  analyzer,  the  AC 
network  analyzer,  and  the  electronic  digital  computer.  For 
the  engineer  with  a  bent  toward  mathematics,  these  ma- 
chines are  opening  up  exciting  possibilities  in  many  prob- 
lems whose  mathematical  complexities,  or  sheer  length, 
have  heretofore  discouraged  investigation. 


CHEMICAL    ENGINEER 

Gil  Bahn  (Columbia),  graduate  of  the  G-E  Advanced  Scien- 
tific Program:  Graduation  from  this  program  poses  an  in- 
teresting problem  to  the  chemical  engineer.  Which  of  the 
company's  diverse  fields  of  endeavor  offers  the  greatest 
challenge  and  opportunity.'  My  own  choice  was  in  plastics, 
particularly  the  complex  processes  used  in  manufacturing 
synthetic  phenol.  I'm  convinced  it's  one  of  the  most  fascinat- 
ing tasks  a  young  chemical  engineer  could  tackle. 


For  fvrther  inhrmathn  about  a  BUSINESS  CAREtK  with  General  Electric,  write  Busiaesi  Training  Course, 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. — a  career  in  TECHNICAL  FIELDS,  write  Technical  Personnel  Division,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 


what's  in  a  Name? 

Page  7 


Engineering 

Fraternities 


Page  9 


Consider  the  Fish 

Page  20 


An  Engineer  Goes 
Thru  Hell 

Page  46 


TWENTY- FIVE  CENTS 


It's  the  world's  largest  coal  mine  — 
and  it's  COMPLETELY  MECHANIZED! 

•  owned  and  operated  by  the  H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Company 


•  The  Rohcna  Coal  Mine  is  currently 
producing  about  12,000  tons  of  coal  a  day. 
And  when  the  mine  reaches  full  operation, 
it  will  probably  turn  out  20,000  tons  a  day. 

Robena  is  completely  mechanized.  A 
flick  of  an  electric  switch  starts  cutters, 
drillers,  loaders,  dumpers  and  conveyors. 
Workers  can  stand  erect.  A  powerful 
blower  furnishes  them  with  fresh  air.  Steel 
beams  protect  them  from  cave-ins.  An 
electric  railway  with  an  automatic  signal 
system  transports  the  coal. 

Above  ground,  too,  Robena  is  operated 
at  top  efficiency.  Automatic  blending 
mixes  coal  into  a  uniform  grade  that  will 
be  usable  for  steel  making.  At  the  tipple, 
coal  is  loaded  into  barges  on  the  Monon- 


gahela  River  at  the  rate  of  a  barge  every 
six  minutes. 

Engineering  coal  mines  for  efficiency  and 
safety  has  been  a  continual  challenge  to 
the  operating  and  engineering  officials  of 
the  H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Company.  They  have 
met  and  are  still  meeting  this  challenge. 


Opportunities 


The  work  being  done  for  the  Robena  Mine  typifies  the 
spirit  of  the  work  being  done  in  all  of  the  subsidiaries 
of  United  States  Steel  Corporation. 

Have  you  seen  "Paths  of  Opportunity  in  U.  S. 
Steel.'"'  Ask  your  Placement  Officer  for  a  copy. 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  COMPAKY  -  AMERICAN  STEEL  t  WIRE  COMPANY  ■  CARNEGIE-IIUNOIS  STEEl  CORPORATION  -  COLUMBIA  STEEl  COMPANY 
H.  C.  FRICK  COKE  AND  ASSOCIATED  COMPANIES  -  GENEVA  STEEL  COMPANY  -  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  COMPANY 
MICHIGAN  LIMESTONE  t  CHEMICAL  COMPANY  -  NATIONAL  TUBE  COMPANY  -  OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  COMPANY  -  OLIVER  IRON  MINING  COMPANY 
PITTSBURGH  LIMESTONE  CORPORATION  •  PITTSBURGH  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY  ■  TENNESSEE  COAL,  IRON  t  RAILROAD  COMPANY 
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UNITE 


IK  A  CAMERA  Could  be  constructed 
witli  an  eye  to  costs,  this  is  the 
jiictiire  you'd  get  of  a  synthetic  rub- 
lier  j)hint.  By  showing  all  valves  as 
one  valve  it  brings  into  proper  per- 
spective the  valve  investment  in  any 
plant,  any  large  building  where 
operation  involves  fluid  control. 
Collectively,  valves  represent  a 
major  expenditure  .  . .  yet  too  often, 
they  are  selected  with  "petty  cash" 
consideration. 

IT  WILL  PAY  MANAGEMENT  tO  keep 

this  picture  in  mind.  ^  ith  wages 
and  material  costs  the  highest  ever, 
valve   maintenance   costs   must   be 


watched  as  carefully  as  operating 
expense  of  larger  plant  units. 

EXCESSIVE     MAINTENANCE    of    Olie 

inferior  valve  is  insignificant,  but 
multiplied  by  thousands,  it  is  a  seri- 
ous drain  on  operating  budgets. 

JENKINS  BltOS.  helps  to  meet  this 
problem  two  ways.  First,  by  build- 
ing extra  endurance  into  Jenkins 
Valves,  making  them  the  longest- 
lasting,  lowest-upkeep  valves  that 
monev  can  buy.  Second,  with  advice 
from  Jenkins  Engi- 
neers on  any  question 
of  proper  selection, 
installation,  inspec- 


tion or  maintenance. 

That's  why,  for  all  new  installa- 
tions, for  all  replacements,  progres- 
sive management  relies  on  Jenkins 
quality  and  engineering  for  lowest 
valve  costs  in  the  long  run.  Sold 
ihroiigh  leading  Industrial  Distrib- 
utors everyicliere. 
• 
Jenkins  Bros.,  80  While  St.,  New  York  13; 
Bridgeport,  Conn.;  Athinta;  Boston; 
Philadelphia;  Chicago;  San  Francisco. 
Jenkins  Bros..  Ltd.,  Montreal. 


LOOK  FOR  THIS 


Su..  DIAMOND   MARK 


"PREVENT   VALVE  FAILURE"  is  a   28-tagc  gnidt 

to 

■.al-.'C    ccoiwmw    fully    illuslratcd,    Zfilll    case    liistorics 

of 

'.alzT  damage,   and   recommendations  for  its  prei-cntioi 

by 

proper  selection,  installation,  inspection,  and  mamtena 

nee. 

1  REE  on  request.  Write:  JENKINS  BROS..  SO  White 

St., 

New  York  13,  N.  Y. 

JENKINS 
VALVES 

Types,  Sizes.  Pressures.  Metals  for  Every  Need 


It  11  l.vanaril  l.uilttt.  U.K.  'lit 
Hvn  MrOiran.  M.i:.  '  lit 

mil  shiirih'ff.  i:.!-:.  '.lo 

0 .  M.  MrlhfmoinlM.  M.K.  '19 


Army  Supersonic  Wind  Tunnel 

The  Army  oiiliiaiicc  has  pi'itcctfil  ami 
built  a  supt'isonic  wind  tuniu'l  labora- 
tory at  Abcrik'i'ti  provitif;  <;rouiuIs, 
Marylaiul,  which  promises  to  propel  re- 
latfd  research  into  a  speed  which  would 
seem  supersonic  in  comparison  to  that 
carried  on  in  previous  years.  The  great 
advantage  of  the  Aberdeen  tunnel,  as 
will  be  explained  later,  is  the  facility  to 
\arv  air  stream  velocity  with  little  or  no 
effort. 

First,  let  us  consider  tiie  better  known 
airplane-type  sub.sonic  wind  tunnel. 
Here  one  merely  causes  air  to  go 
through  a  test  section  at  high  velocity 
by  forcing  the  air  through  with  pro- 
pellers and  narrowing  the  channel  of 
the  test  section.  The  air  circuit  may  be 
continuous,  or  the  tunnel  nia>-  exhaust 
into  the  atmo.sphere.  Supersonic  flow, 
however,  is  an  entirely  different  prob- 
lem. With  sufficient  power,  velocity  can 
be  increased  in  a  wind  tunnel  up  to 
sonic  velocity  by  narrowing  the  chan- 
nel, just  as  one  increases  the  exit  ve- 
locity of  a  fire  hose  by  a  convergent 
nozzle.  However,  no  amount  of  pres- 
sure or  convergence  will  ciuse  velocity 
to  exceed  that  of  sound,  even  at  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  system.  Velocity, 
to  exceed  that  of  sound,  is  achieved  at 
the  expense  of  decreased  density  by  using 
a  diverging,  or  flared,  nozzel.  Thus,  we 
narrow  the  channel  to  get  sonic  velocity 
•ind  then  widen  it,  in  a  very  special  and 
ver\-  pecvdiar  way.  to  obtain  a  \clocity 
in  excess  of  that  of  .sound. 

For  each  supersonic  speed,  a  specific 
and  unique  shape  of  flared  section  is 
required.  Thus,  one  must  have  a  separate 
throat  for  2.5  times  the  velocity  of 
sound,  for  2.6,  and  for  each  speed  de- 
sired beyond  that  of  sound.  Heretofore, 
one  has  not  only  had  to  have  a  most 
carefully-constructed  throat  section  for 
each  desired  speed,  but  the  ch.inging  of 
a  throat  sometimes  rei|uircd  several 
days. 

As  a  consequence  of  these  cdnditions, 
supersonic  wind  tunnels  have  been  limit- 
ed in  practice  not  oidy  to  a  very  few 
mach  numbers  (a  mach  number  is  speed 
in  term  of  the  velocity  of  sound,  at  sea 
level,  as  a  unit),  but  still  more  limited 
as  to  the  frequency  with  which  they 
change  inach  numbers.  A  flexible  throat, 
in  which  one  can  achieve  a  mach  num- 
ber at  will,  has  been  the  dream  of  the 
aerodynamic  world  for  many  years.  This 


The  main  purpose  of  the  New 
Developments  page  is  to  keep  our 
readers  informed  of  the  latest  ad- 
vanees  in  the  engineering  field. 
If  any  of  the  short  items  arouse 
your  euriosity,  drop  us  a  eard  and 
let  it  be  known.  If  more  material 
is  at  hand  on  the  subjeet,  or  is  ob- 
tainable from  the  manufaeturers. 
we  will  try  to  work  it  into  a  full 
length    artiele    for    your    pleasure. 


high  -  speed  flexible  -  throat  supersonic 
wind  tunnel  removes  from  the  experi- 
mental aeroihnamicist  the  shackles 
which  have,  until  now,  both  slowed  his 
progress  arul  linuted  the  latitude  of  his 
experiments. 

New  Uses  for  Wood 
Products 

riiere  have  been  some  rather  startling 
developments  in  the  field  of  wood  prod- 
uct. This  is  especially  true  in  the  case 
of  waste  materials.  A  method  has  been 
devised  to  form  the  sawdust  and  mill 
shavings  into  the  shape  of  small  logs. 
They  are  then  compressed  at  30,000 
jiounds  per  square  inch.  These  artificial 
logs  find  use  as  fireplace  fuel. 

Another  new  development  that  has 
added  to  the  usefidness  of  wood  prod- 
ucts has  been  the  introduction  of  dielec- 
tric heat  to  various  glued  joints.  This 
t\pe  of  wood  welding  makes  it  possible 
to  fabricate  strong  joints  without  the  aid 
of  metal  fasteners. 

A  Party-Proof  Cabinet 

The  plastics  industrv  has  perfected  a 
material  that  is  almost  indestructible. 
The  stuff,  a  composite  plastic  with  a 
striking  resemblance  to  mahogany,  simp- 
ly won't  mar.  It  can't  be  scratched, 
dented,  chipped,  cracked,  burned  or 
broken. 

Cabinets  made  of  the  material  have 
been  subjected  to  such  severe  tests  as 
being  slammed  by  bottles  and  heavy  ash 
tiays.  Cigarettes  and  cigars  have  been 
left  to  burn  out  on  the  surface,  nail  pol- 
ish remover,  alcohol,  grease,  hot  salt 
water,  and  citrus  acids  have  been  poured 
on  it,  110  pounds  of  live  weight  have 
skipiied  rope  on  its  top.  No  deal — it  has 
emerged  imscathed  in  each  iiistance. 

The  plastic  is  easily  fabric.ited,  and 
is  being  used  in  the  manufacture  ot 
timing  gears,  refrigerator  liners,  and  fan 
blades. 


New  Airforce  Planes 

The  United  States  Air  Force  has  offi- 
ci.illy  revealed  two  new  fighters  and  a 
sonic  research  plane. 

Thev'  are  the  following: 

.McDonnell's  XF-88,  a  sweptwing, 
supersonic  fighter.  This  plane  is  pow- 
ered by  a  pair  of  Westinghouse  24C  jet 
engines  slung  internally  in  the  fuselage 
belly  under  the  wing.  Top  speed  is  bet- 
ter than  720  m.p.h.  Other  specifications 
are  wingspan  of  40  feet  and  the  fuselage 
is  33  feet  long.  The  wings  and  tail  sur- 
faces are  swept  back  at  an  angle  of  35 
degrees. 

Xorthrop's  \F"-SQ,  a  heavy,  straight 
wing,  twin  jet  night  fighter.  Power  is 
supplied  by  two  General  Electric-Allison 
J-35  jet  engines.  Top  speed  is  said  to 
be  well  over  550  m.p.h.  The  wingspan 
and  fuselage  are  both  approximately  50 
feet.  This  plane  carries  a  pilot  and  a 
radar  operator  who  sit  tandem  in  a  pres- 
surized cockpit. 

Northrop's  X-4,  a  sweptwing,  twin 
jet,  research  plane.  This  ship  is  de- 
signed to  explore  stability  and  control 
problems  at  high  sub-sonic  speeds.  It  is 
powered  by  two  Westinghouse  19XB 
jet  engines.  It  uses  the  elevons  devel- 
oped by  Northrop  on  its  flying  wing 
type  aircraft  for  aileron  and  elevator 
control.  The  X-4  has  no  horizontal  tail 
surfaces,  but  it  does  have  a  large  vertical 
fin.  The  fuselage  is  20  feet  long,  and 
it  h,is  a  wmg  span  of  25  feet. 

The  Perfect  Soldier 

A  p(ntable  "electric  weatherman  " 
which  automatically  and  continuously  re- 
cords data  in  remote,  unmanned  weather 
stations  has  been  developed  for  the  I  .  S. 
Army  Signal  corps. 

The  device,  built  b\'  the  (leneral  Flec- 
tric  company,  is  slightly  larger  than  an 
mfantryman's  pack.  Time,  wind,  speed 
and  wind  direction  are  marked  continu- 
ously on  a  moving  roll  of  paper  long 
enough  to  make  an  SOO-hour  record. 
Hence  the  luiit  reijuires  attention  only 
once  a  month. 

The  "weatherman"  uses  no  ink  in  its 
records.  Moving  arms,  connected  elec- 
trically to  a  conventional  anemometer 
and  to  a  \^•cather  v.uie,  mark  specially 
sensitized  paper  by  sending  sparks 
tlirougii  it.  The  instrument  can  register 
vviiul  \  elocities  up  to  1  3()  miles  per  horn' 
,ind  can  read  directions  correctlv  to 
within    1  !  J    degrees. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


TO  EACH  AND  EVERY 

STUDENT   ENGINEER  AND   ALL 

THE  FACULTY 

A    Merry    Christmas 

and  a 


Joyous    New   Year 


from 


the  entire  staff  of  ye  oT  Technograph 


DECEMBER,  1948 


/AJr  spnnafime 
256  times  a  second 


your  doctor  counts  your  pulse 
beat.  The  musician  calls  it 
rhythm.  The  sportsman  knows  it 
as  timing.  The  engineer,  who  de- 
signed your  automobile,  refers  to 
it  as  cycles. 

The  valves  that  admit  and 
exhaust  the  gas  to  and  from  your 
engine  are  timed  to  form  a  cycle. 

Spiral  springs  made  of  high- 
carbon  round  wire  play  a  vital  part 
in  maintaining  this  cycle — in  keep- 
ing your  automobile  engine  run- 
ning smoothly — at  the  torturing 


rate  of  256  spring-actions  a  second. 

Taken  for  granted  today,  they 
were  a  major  headache  to  the 
driver  of  yester-year.  Today's 
springs  are  as  superior  to  the 
springs  of  thirty  years  ago  as  are 
the  cars  themselves. 

Improvements  came  with  de- 
mand and  competition.  No  other 
country  advanced  as  rapidly  .  .  . 
or  as  far. 

Just  as  the  discovery  of  America 
was  made  possible  by  enterprise 
capital,  so  the  automobile  was  the 


product  of  free  enterprise — includ- 
ing the  cash  that  buys  it. 

It's  Springtime  256  times  a 
second  under  your  hood  and 
Roebling  is  proud  of  its  contribu- 
tions to  that  engineering  feat. 

Roebling  also  is  proud  of  this 
fact:  the  world  over,  automobile 
engineers  have  confidence  in 
Roebling  and  its  products. 

JOHN  A.  ROEBLING'S  SONS  COMPANY 

TRENTON  2,  NEW  JERSEY 
^raTxc\\&%  and  Warehouses  in  Principal  Cities 


A  CENTURY  OF  CONFIOENCi 


ROEBLING 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witort Editor 

Phil    Doll Assoc.  Editor 

Don   Johnson Asst.  Editor 

Ken  McOwan  Asst.  Editor 

Glenn  Massie Asst.  Editor 

George  Ricker Asst.  Editor 

Mehin  Reiter Makeup  Editor 


Reporting 

Art    DreshfieUI         \V.  C.  Shurtleff 
Rav  Hauser  Homer  T.  Kipling 

George  Heck  Bruce  M.  Brown 

Avery  Hevesh  James  T.  Ephgrave 

Jim  iocca  \V.  K.  Soderstrum 

C.  M.  McClymonds  Henry   Kahn 
Alfreda  Mallorev     Robert  E.  Laivrence 
William    D.    Sta'hl   Ed  Lozano 
Connie   Minnicli       Wallace    Hopper 
Shirlev   Smith 


Volume  64 


fA* 


^^-' 


Number  3 


The  Tecfi  Presenis 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley   Diamond Bus.   Mgr. 

Fred  Seavey - Office  Mgr. 

Dick  Ames Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Dale  Glass Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Smith Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

William  Anderson  Richard    Stevens 
Ira  Evans  Ronald    Trense 

George   Kvitek 


Faculty   Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.  R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Chairman:  John  A.  Henrv 
University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Cooperative 
Engineer,  Colorado  Engineer,  Cornell  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Illinois 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engineer.  Iowa  Transit, 
KaTisas  Engineer,  Kansas  State  Engineer, 
Kentncky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
Missouri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint, 
New  York  University  Quadrangle,  North 
Dakota  State  Engineer,  Ohio  State  Engi- 
neer, Oklahoma  State  Engineer,  Penn  State 
Engineer,  Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue 
Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  Rose  Technic, 
Tech  Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer, 
and  Wisconsin  Engineer. 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 


Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary. March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second 
class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  3,  18?9.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph. 


Publisher's     Representative — Littell     Mu 
Barnhill,     605      North      Michigan      Av 
Chicago    11,     111,     101     Park    Avenue, 
York   17,   New    York. 


ARTICLES 

What's    in    a    Name? :  7 

Solid  Phase  Welding 10 

For  Men  of  Expectations 12 

Light  Detected  by  Sound 13 

FEATURES 

Engineering    Hall   of    Fame 8 

Social    Fraternities   for    Engineers 9 

Scenes   Around   Campus 25 

An  Engineer  Goes  Through  Hell 46 

DEPARTMENTS 

New  Developments 2 

Undercover  at  Galesburg 14 

In  this  Corner— Navy  Pier 15 

Engineering    Honoraries  and  Societies 16 

Introducing     '° 

Editorial 20 

Vocabulary   Clinic '^ 

Crossv/ord    Puzzle 28 


OUR  COVER 

This  neat  bit  of  "darkroom  deception,"  rigged  up  by  one  of  our 
versatile  staff  members,  C.  M.  McCymonds,  shows  Jack  D.  Eas- 
ley,  C.E.  '50,  up  bright  and  early  one  Saturday  morning  looking 
at    some    of    the     more     interesting     scenes    of    South     Campus. 

FRONTISPIECE 

Three  of  the  six  combustion  chambers  in  a  developmental  loco- 
motive gas  turbine  will  connect  the  black-edged  aperatures.  A 
technician  is  shown  making  adjustments  as  the  4,800-horse- 
power  engine  is  reassembled  after  having  been  dismantled  for 
inspection.    (Photo  courtesy  of  General   Electric.) 


What's  in  a  lame? 


itfi  'I1HI\  A.  HE\ity,  AHM»fiatf  M'rnffttMor  »f  .flwlianival  Eniiinwrinif 


About  the  t'lui  of  every  semester,  and 
especially  in  the  spring,  come  many  re- 
quests from  seniors  for  letters  of  reconi- 
niendation  by  members  of  the  faculty. 
This  is  one  of  the  little  outside  jobs  that 
Professor  Z  has  to  do,  and,  in  general, 
he  faces  it  with  mixed  feelings.  There 
are  times  when  he  is  delighted,  to  have 
an  opportunity  to  do  something  that  will 
give  a  first  class  man  a  well-deserved 
boost.  In  fact,  that  is  one  of  the  joys 
of  the  job.  There  are,  alas,  some  times 
when  be  wishes  the  person  in  question 
didn't  have  such  a  naive  impression  of 
his  instructor's  gullibility.  When  puz- 
zled as  to  the  reason  for  his  selection. 
Professor  Z  looks  up  the  student's  graile 
record  to  see  if,  by  chance,  he  gave  him 
an  A,  and  (as  is  sometimes  the  case), 
the  only  A  in  the  files. 

Before  discussing  this  matter  at  an\' 
length,  let's  see  what  a  letter  of  recom- 
mendation really  means.  A  person  who 
teaches  in  a  college  or  university  is  gen- 
erally regarded  by  the  outside  world  as 
a  person  of  integrity,  regardless  of  other 
less  flattering  attributes  that  are  alleged 
to  make  up  the  character  of  the  "typical 
college  Prof."  In  effect,  when  Profes- 
sor Z  writes  a  letter  of  recommenda- 
tion for  student  A,  he  is  putting  his 
own  reputation  in  jeopardy  for  a  per- 
son of  whom  the  recipient  knows  little. 
The  teacher  has  everything  to  lose  and 
nothing  to  gain.  Being  a  kind  sort  of 
soul  at  heart,  the  average  teacher  will 
stretch  a  point  or  two  to  accommodate 
a  student  whom  he  does  not  believe  to 
be  a  washout.  Of  course,  there  are  times 
when  Professor  Z  should,  and  does,  turn 
down  such  a  request  on  the  groiuids  that 
he  does  not  know  enough  about  the 
party.  Again,  being  a  kindly  old  gentle- 
man, he  may  use  that  excuse  when  in 
reality  he  knows  too  much. 

Is  this  a  square  deal  for  either  of  the 
parties  concerned?  It  may  not  be  in 
many  cases.  When  whole-hearted  under- 
standing does  not  exist,  the  teacher  is 
left  with  a  bad  taste  in  his  mouth,  the 
student  gets  an  indifferent  recommenda- 
tion, and  the  prospective  employer  faces 
the    alternative   of    taking    the    letter    at 

-.  face  value  or  reading  between  the  lines. 

gl  Should  the  student  refrain  from  ask- 
ing for  recommendations  from  his  teach- 
erN?  B\'  no  means.  If  a  student  has  con- 
fidence that  Professor  Z  can,  and  will, 
\()uch  for  liim,  he  should  ask  him,  and 
in    general,    he    should    ask    permission 


Did  you  ever  notiee  that  one 
item  all  "applications  for  employ- 
ment' have  in  common  is  Refer- 
ences:     ?   Apparently 

this  is  no  small  detail  in  the  minds 
of  the  men  who  make  the  selec- 
tions   of   future    employes. 

This  article,  prepared  by  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  mechanical  engineer- 
ing department  and  also  adviser 
to  the  Technograph,  gives  an  in- 
sight into  how  you  can  proceed  to 
obtain  a  letter  of  reference. 


before  suggesting  him  as  a  reference. 
But  let  us  be  honest  about  these  letters. 
It  is  not  too  much  of  a  triumph  to 
secure  one.  Someone  is  usually  willing 
to  make  a  half-hearted  attempt.  The  sit- 
uation is  grave  indeed  if  no  one  is  will- 
ing to  vouch  for  a  person. 

The  prospecti\e  em|iloyer  is  not  inter- 
ested in  finding  out  the  grade  point 
average  of  a  student,  or  his  general  scho- 
lastic ability.  That  he  can  secure  from 
the  college  office.  The  boss  wants  to 
know  about  personality  traits.  Is  the 
student  honest?  Can  he  make  friends 
and  keep  them?  What  kind  of  associates 
does  he  keep?  Is  he  willing  to  assume 
responsibility?  Can  he  lead?  Can  he  fol- 
low? Unfortunately,  most  of  these 
traits  do  not  come  to  the  surface  in  the 
classroom,  or  even  in  the  laboratory. 
Professor  Z  doesn't  know  how  to  answer 
these  questions  for  nine  men  out  of  ten 
who  pass  before  him,  but  luckily  for 
him,  seven  of  the  nine  realize  that  and 
do  not  embarrass  themsehes  or  poor 
old  Z. 

How  can  some  of  these  nine  men 
build  themselves  up  to  the  point  where 
they  rate  the  favorable  notice  of  their 
professors?  The  answer  is  simple.  Ttikc 
part  in  a  ii'orthwhile  ram  pus  artivity, 
preferably  one  in  which  the  same  teach- 
er can  guage  both  intellectual  and  so- 
cial performance.  The  part  must  be 
taken  whole-heartedly,  and  an  import- 
ant contribution  to  the  orgaiu'zation 
must  be  made ;  mere  membership  is  of 
little  value.  Is  this  apple-polishing?  It 
certainly  is  not.  (irowth  in  character 
and  social  grace  is  an  important  part 
of  educational  life.  Personnel  men  tell 
us  that  for  each  engineer  discharged  for 
technical  incompetence,  nine  are  released 
bcause  of  personality  traits. 

Let  us  dive  into  the  files  of  our  hypo- 
thetical Professor  Z  and  come  up  with 
some  of  his  hypothetical  letters. 


"Mr.  B.  Z.  Bee  was  in  one  of  my 
classes  in  earthworm  navigation.  He  was 
a  better-than-average  student,  but  not 
outstanding  in  this  subject.  However,  as 
faculty  adviser  to  the  student  chapter 
of  the  Society  of  Tonsorial  Engineers, 
I  bad  an  excellent  chance  to  observe 
his  actions  as  chairman  of  the  member- 
ship committee.  He  did  an  excellent  job, 
not  only  by  his  individual  efforts,  but 
also  due  to  his  leadership  in  getting 
others  to  share  his  enthusiasm  and  duties. 
He  looks  like  an  excellent  emplovment 
risk." 

"Mr.  Eager  Beaver  was  not  in  any 
of  my  classes,  but  his  excellent  scholastic 
rating  speaks  for  itself.  He  was  select- 
ed to  serve  as  a  laboratory  instructor  in 
his  senior  year  during  the  past  emer- 
gency, and  was  under  my  jurisdiction. 
I  can  state  that  he  was  conscientious, 
dependable,  and  well-received  by  the 
students.  He  looked  up  most  of  the  tech- 
nical iriformation  by  himself,  but  when 
in  doubt,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  come 
for  advice  and  knew  what  he  wanted. 
I  would  hire  him  myself  for  any  job 
requiring  intelligence,   drive,   and   tact." 

"I  have  your  letter  of  February  6  in- 
quiring about  Mr.  Fair.  He  was  in  one 
(if  my  classes  and  did  work  that  was  a 
little  better  than  average,  but  I  can  tell 
you  little  about  his  personality  or  habits, 
as  requested.  From  superficial  observa- 
tion, I  imagine  that  he  would  do  well 
on  some  types  of  work,  probably  if 
carefully  supervised  at  first." 

Notice  that  the  payoff  comes  in  the 
last  sentence  in  each  case.  What  would 
you,  as  an  employer,  think  of  them? 
Finalh',  let  Professor  Z  write  two  more 
hypothetical  letters,  both  of  which  would 
gi\e  him  much  joy — if  he  then  tossed 
them  in  the  wastebasket. 

"I  have  your's  of  February  7  request- 
ing information  about  I.  M.  Good.  He 
did  not  ask  my  peiniission  to  use  my 
name,  but  there  are  one  or  two  things 
I'd  like  to  say  about  that  young  man. 
He  is  probably  one  of  the  smartest  men 
I  have  ever  had  in  class,  but  he  knows 
it.  He  likes  to  come  in  after  an  exanu- 
nation  and  have  his  99  raised  to  100, 
despite  excess  of  leniency  already  grant- 
ed. He  belonged  to  the  student  branch 
of  the  Terpsichorean  Engineers,  but  I 
am  told  that  he  repeatedly  refused  to 
take  any  part  in  the  "infantile  antics  of 
his  fellows!"  He  has  no  known  friends. 
(Continued  on  page  28) 


DECEMBER,  1948 


Eiioiiieeriiiii  llall  of  Fame 


bfi  0mf»rffv  Ht'vli.  1\K,  '.12 


Throughout  this  great  campus  of  ours 
there  are  to  be  found  many  interesting 
scientific,  historical,  and  literary  exhibits 
on  display.  These  exhibits  reflect  direct- 
ly upon  the  colleges  which  the\'  repre- 
sent and  the\  add  ipiite  a  bit  of  fame 
.111(1  prestige  to  those  colleges.  The  Cf)l- 


Emperger,  an  early  builder  in  rein- 
forced concrete  who  advocated  the  use 
of  hooped  columns  with  cast  iron  cores, 
sent  the  above  letter  to  Professor  Draf- 
fin. 

lege  of  I'.ngincering  is  no  exception  to 
this  nde,  and  it  claims  possession  of  a 
complete  collection  of  portraits  which 
compose  our  own  "Engineering  Hall  of 
Fame." 

Within  the  doors  ot  the  Arthur  \. 
Talbot  testing  laboratory,  and  adorning 
the  walls  and  hallways  therein,  can  be 
found  an  assembly  of  portraits  of  engi- 
neering heroes  whose  names  shall  li\c 
forever  in  the  annals  of  engineering  his- 
tory. When  one  walks  down  these  halls 
he  cannot  help  but  feel  humble  in  the 
midst  of  these  great  men.  This  collec- 
tion, of  which  there  is  no  duplicate  in 
any  other  college  or  engineering  insti- 
tution in  the  United  States,  is  the  prod- 
uct of  coimtlcss  hours  of  research,  cor- 
respondence, and  personal  effort  by  Ja- 
per  O.  Draf  fin,  professor  of  theoretical 
and  applied  mechanics. 

Mr.  Draf  fin  gained  his  degree  at  the 
University  of  Illinois;  after  teaching 
three  years  at  the  University  of  Ohio, 
he  came  back  to  teach  here  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois.  He  began  this  assem- 


bl\  of  pictures  sometime  during  the 
\car  1029  and  has  continued  through 
to  the  present  day.  During  the  war 
years  his  collection  was  halted  because 
he  acquired  many  pictures  from  great 
European  engineers.  Now,  with  the 
lircsence  of  peace,  Mr.  Draffin  is  again 
starting  tn  add  to  his  library  of  por- 
traits the  pictures  of  the  many  new  sci- 
entific greats  who  have  emerged  out  of 
wartime  research  and  discovery.  The 
niajorit\'  of  the  pictures,  of  which  there 
are  over  three  hundred,  were  gathered 
by  Mr.  Draffin  during  the  ten-\ear 
|ieriod  following  1929.  He  obtained 
these  photographs,  etchings,  sketches, 
and  paintings  from  rare  engineering 
and  history  books,  magazines,  the  men 
themselves,  and  from  their  families.  He 
has  corresponded  with  men  from  all  over 
the  world,  including  America,  England, 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  has  gathered  many 
interesting  replies  from  these  engineer- 
ing geniuses.  Although  most  of  the  men 
were  humble  in  their  wa\'s,  they  were 
alwa\s  anxious  to  supply  their  pictvues, 
proving  the  fact  that  you  can  be  a 
genius  and  still  remain  human. 

The  fields  of  engineering  in  which 
these  men  were  most  active  are  me- 
chanics, metallurgy,  hydraulics,  strength 
of  materials,  engineering  mathematics, 
and  testing  of  materials.  The  selection 
of  the  men  who  were  to  have  their  pic- 
tures hanging  from  the  walls  of  Talbot 
laboratory  v\-as  made  by  Mr.  Draffin, 
who  chose  onlv  the  best  known  and  most 


outstanding  men  in  the  abu\e  mentioned 
fields. 

We  congratulate  Mr.  Draffin  for  his 
contribution  to  the  University  of  Illinois 
by  his  assembling  this  valuable  collec- 
tion of  which  any  engineering  student 
can  be  justly  proud.  We  can  only  look 
with  awe  at  the  achievements  repre- 
sented by  the  pictures  of  these  men  and 
proceed  to  endeavor  to  accomplish  the 
completion  of  our  tasks  that  will  face 
us  in  the  engineering  world  as  well  as 
they  accomplished  theirs. 


PROF.   JASPER    O.   DRAFFIN 


General   Electric  Employment 

A  record  number  ot  more  than  1400 
graduates  of  150  colleges  and  universities 
ha\e  been  hired  by  the  (jcneral  Electric 
company  this  year,  surpassing  by  almost 
600  the  previous  high  mark  of  last  year. 

Expansion  of  the  company,  coupled 
with  the  effects  of  the  war-time  shortage 
of  graduates,  led  to  selection  of  this 
record    number. 

Of  this  group,  1046  are  electrical, 
mechanical,  and  industrial  engineers. 
Fifty  chemistry  and  fifteen  physics  grad- 
uates  also    have   been   selected. 

The  \Kw  college-trained  employees 
will  enter  General  Electric's  $1,000,000 
education  program,  which  includes  not 
only  technical,  scientific,  and  business 
courses,  but  also  apprentice  training  for 
high  school  graduates. 

The  largest  number  of  the  graduates 
are  engineers  who  will  enter  the  test 
course,  which  more  than  20,000  have 
completed  during  past  years.  At  the 
present  tiine,  1,339  student  engineers  are 
enrolled  in  the  test  course,  to  form  the 
largest  single  group  in  company  history. 

During  their  twelve  to  fifteen  months 
of  training,  the  student  engineers  work 
a  f\ill  shift  testing  electric  apparatus 
and  then  take  advanced  classroom 
courses   ui   the  evenmg. 

Others  will  be  assigned  to  the  rotating 
engineering  or  physics  programs  con- 
ducted by  the  G.  E.  general  engineering 
and  consulting  laboratory,  or  the  pro- 
gr.im  for  chemists  and  metallurgists  con- 
ducted by  the  G.  E.  chemical  depart- 
ment. 

Several  hundred  women  college  grad- 
uates arc  employed  each  year,  the 
majority  of  whom  have  backgrounds  in 
mathematics,  physics,  and  chemistry.  A 
small  mnnber  of  women  are  trained  as 
student  engineers. 


8 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Triangle  chapter  house  on  the  University  of   Illinois  campus   is  seen   on   the 
left,  while  on  the  right  is  the  Sigma  Phi  Delta  house. 


Professional  Fraternities  for  Engineers 

«»/  Arthur  Itn'shfivlil.  1  h.K.  '.II 
ami  itohfrt  Mtfuls.  Assislant  in  I'pramit'  Knqinffring 


TRIANGLE 

Thert  is  one  tcaturt-  which  makes 
Triangle  fraternity  different  from  most 
of  the  other  55  fraternities  on  the  cam- 
pus. All  of  its  actives,  and  all  of  its 
many  honorary  members,  are  in  some 
phase  of  engineering  field,  or  are  stu- 
dents of  engineering  or  architecture. 

Thus,  a  member  of  Triangle  has  an 
immediate  common  bond  with  every 
other  member,  over  and  above  the  fact 
that  they  are  fraternity  brothers.  Such 
a  mutual  interest  has  many  benefits, 
for  it  serves  to  stimulate  an  added  in- 
terest in  engineering  among  the  mem- 
bers. 

Founded  on  this  campus  46  years 
ago  by  lb  students,  Triangle  originated 
as  a  fraternity  exclusively  for  civil  en- 
gineering students.  Incorporation  papers 
were  granted  in  April,  1907,  giving  the 
fraternity  its  official  beginning.  April 
15  is  designated  as  Founders'  day. 

Interest  in  the  organization  spread 
rapidly  to  many  engineering  schools  and 
universities  with  engineering  colleges. 
In  19(W  the  Pinxlue  chapter  was  in- 
stalled, followed  soon  by  chapters  at 
Ohio  State,  Wisconsin,  and  Kentuckv 
by  1920. 

L  p  to  that  date.  Triangle  had  been 
limited  to  civil  engineers  only.  It  was 
felt,  however,  that  the  fraternity  would 
be  improved  and  that  the  members 
would  receive  greater  benefits  if  this 
limitation  were  relaxed  somewhat.  With 
this  in  \  iew,  the  various  chapters  con- 
sented to  a  revision  of  the  chapter,  which 
allowed  the  initiation  of  persons  in  an\ 
engineering  curriculum. 

This  step  catalyzed  the  growth  of  the 


The  social  fraternities  exclusive- 
ly for  engineering  students  are 
described  in  this  set  of  articles. 
The  organizations  have  for  their 
objective  the  aiding  of  the  student 
to  become  a  good  engineer  and  a 
good  citizen.  To  do  this,  they  offer 
a  social  program  which  tends  to 
produce  a  well-rounded  individual 
but  still  emphasizes  the  impor- 
tance of  scholarship.  Members  are 
encouraged  to  participate  in  extra- 
curricular activities  in  which  they 
have  a  true  interest. 


fratcnHt\,  with  the  result  that  it  has 
grown  steadily  and  rapidly.  It  now  has 
a  chapter  at  every  Big  Nine  school  ex- 
cept Indiana,  as  well  as  chapters  at  Cin- 
cinnati, University  of  Kansas,  ^Missouri 
School  of  Mines,  Penn  State,  South  Da- 
kota School  of  Mines,  Marquette, 
Louisville,  and  Cornell.  Thus,  it  now 
has  18  chapters  scattered  throughout  13 
states.  Its  growth,  like  that  of  most 
fraternities,  was  halted  by  the  war,  but 
there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  it 
should  not  now  continue  to  expand. 

Scholarship    is    of    prime    importance 
to   members   of   Triangle.    Initiates   are 
required    to   have   a   3.4   average,    which 
is    above    the     University 
minimum  requirement.  In 
addition,   the  national   or- 
ganization     maintains      a 
s  c  h  o  1  a  r  s  h  i  p  cup  and 
awards  it  annualh'  to  the 
chapter   with    the   highest 
scholastic     a\erage.     This 
award    is    eagerl\-    sought,    and    it    en- 
( Continued   on   page  30) 


SIGMA  PHI  DELTA 

'The  promotion  and  advancement  of 
the  engineering  profession  and  engineer- 
uig  education;  the  instilling  of  a  great 
spirit  of  cooperation  among  engineering 
students  and  their  organizations;  the  in- 
culcation in  its  members  of  the  highest 
ideals  of  Christian  manhood,  good  citi- 
zenship, obedience  to  law,  and  brother- 
hood ;  and  the  encouragement  of  excel- 
lence in  scholarship"  are  the  objectives 
of  Sigma  Phi  Delta  fraternity.  The 
motto:  "Pro  Bono  Professionis,"  which 
translated  from  the  Latin  means,  "For 
the  Good  of  the  Profession,"  further 
bears  out  the  objectives  of  this  inter- 
national social  fraternity  of  engineers. 

Alpha  chapter  of  Sigma  Phi  Delta 
fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University 
of  Southern  California  on  April  11, 
1924,  making  Sigma  Phi 
Delta  one  of  the  young- 
est of  the  national  fra- 
ternities. Delta  chapter 
of  Sigma  Phi  Delta  was 
established  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  lan- 
uary  25,  1928.  There 
are  seven  chapters  in  existence  today. 
They  are  located  at  the  L  niversity  of 
Southern  California,  L'niversity  of  Illi- 
nois, North  Dakota  State  college,  Mar- 
quette college,  and  Tri-State  college. 
Prior  to  World  War  II,  active  chap- 
ters were  also  located  at  the  University 
of  South  Dakota,  L'iu'\ersity  of  Texas, 
and  Tulane  Lhiiversity. 

The    Greek    letters    sigma,    phi,    and 
delta,  stand   for  science,   friendship,  and 
duty.   The   colors   of   Sigma    Phi   Delta 
(Continued   on   page  42) 


DECEMBER,  1948 


Solid    Phase   Welding 


Mtif  1'arl  SimnviiHvln'in,  AHHisiiint  in  ^li'vliaiiivul  linfiinwrinif 


The  objectives  ot  this  article  shall  be 
three  in  iiLiniber.  C)ri;aiiizatioiially,  the 
article  will  first  present  ;m  introduction 
to  the  ideas  and  theories  of  solid  phase 
welding;  secondly,  the  problems  in  fei- 
roiis  metallurgy,  inherent  in  solid  phase 
welding  will  be  considered  ;  and  lastly, 
some  brief  consideration  will  be  given 
to  the  industrial  problems  which  may 
influence  the  general  use  of  solid  phase 
welding  as  a  production  tool. 

As  the  name  implies,  solid  phase 
welding  is  concerned  with  the  "fusing" 
of  two  pieces  of  metal  while  they  are 
still  in  the  solid  state.  Of  the  more 
widely  known  types  of  welding,  there 
are  oxy-acytelene,  flash,  arc,  atomic- 
hydrogen,  and  several  others,  all  of 
which  cause  the  metals  to  become  molten 
prior  to  the  fusing  process.  There  are 
also  methods,  such  as  brazing,  in  which 
only  the  bonding  metal  actually  be- 
comes molten.  All  of  these  above  men- 
tioned welding  methods  may  be  broadly 
classified  as  falling  within  the  group 
known  as  liquid  phase  welding  methods. 

In  liquid  phase  welding,  the  diffusion 
ot  the  one  metal  into  the  other,  is  a 
function  of  the  fluidity  and  missibility 
of  the  two  molten  constituents.  Due 
to  the  above  stated  functional  qualifica- 
tions, the  weldment  may  possess  greater 
or  lesser  degrees  of  homogeneity  across 
the  weld. 

Whenever  metals  are  made  molten  by 
the  adilition  of  high  temperatures,  there 
is  always  a  great  danger  of  entrapment 
of  gas  bubbles  or  possible  oxidation  of 
the  metal  in  the  immediate  zone  of  the 
weld.  Both  of  these  conditions  are  un- 
desirable and  tend  to  produce  weak  and 
brittle  welds. 

The  subsequent  solidification  of  the 
weld  metal,  in  liquid  phase  welding,  will 
be  accompanied  by  recrystallization  and 
in  many  cases  unequal  grain  growth  de- 
pending upon  the  physical  dimensions 
of  the  weld.  The  conditions,  as  stated, 
may  be  responsible  for  high  intercrystal- 
line  stresses  as  well  as  other  undesirable 
physical  characteristics.  It  is  for  the 
purpose  of  achieving  homogeneity  of 
structure  and  physical  properties  that 
most  liquid  phase  welds  must  be  sub- 
sequently heat  treated  when  close  toler' 
atices  and  specifications  must  be  met. 

These  characteristics  of  liquid  phase 
welds  have  been  discussed  so  that  they 
may  serve  as  a  background  for  the  fol- 
lowing   discussion    of    the     solid     phase 


No  longer  is  welding  merely  the 
tool  of  the  repainnan.  Having 
taken  its  plate  as  a  production 
tool,  the  techniques  and  methods 
of  welding  have  increased  in  num- 
bers and  complexities.  This  article 
introduces  a  new  and  different 
concept  of  welding  as  an  impor- 
tant manufacturing  process.  Con- 
sidered also,  are  the  technical  and 
metallurgical  bases  of  solid-phase 
fabrication. 


wcliling  technique  and  the  results 
achie\ed  with  it. 

"Solid-phase  welding  is  the  process  by 
which  particles  or  members  are  bonded 
by  atomic  forces  without  the  presence 
of  a  liquid  phase  at  any  stage  of  the 
process."' 

In  this  age  of  atomic-power,  it  seems 
most  fashionable  to  consider  everything 
and  anything  in  the  light  of  the  atom, 
but  in  this  case  it  is  an  absolute  neces- 
sit\-.  In  order  that  the  process  of  dif- 
fusion may  be  better  understood,  the 
lattice  structure  of  gamma  iron  will 
be  considered. 

Gamma  iron  possesses  a  face  centered 
cubic  lattice  which  has  "closely  packed 
atoms  in  12  directions  and  since  slip 
or  shear  occurs  along  these  planes,"-  it  is 
capable  of  a  great  degree  of  deformation. 
The  degree  of  plasticity  which  a  metal 
will  show,  is  directly  a  function  of  its 
degree  of   deformation. 

Xo  attempt  will  be  made,  at  this  time, 
to  explain  all  of  the  theoretical  hy- 
potheses which  ha\c  been  advanced  re- 
garding   diffusion,     but    rather    an     at- 


FACE    CENTERED 
CUBIC   LATTICE 


tempt  will  be  made  to  qualitatively  de- 
fine <liffusion  as  it  is  normally  intended 
when  the  subjects  of  welds  are  at  hand. 
Normal,  complete  diffusion  in  a  weld, 
^hall  be  understood  to  mean  that  when 
the  weld  is  subsequently  examined,  under 
the  most  powerful  available  device,  no 
evidences  shall  be  found  of  discontinuit\ 
or  non-homogeneity  of  the  crystalline 
mass. 

With  the  above  stated  criteria  as  an 
objective,  the  full  case  for  solid-phase 
welding  as  applied  to  the  ferrous  metals 
can  be  considered. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  gamma  iron 
possesses  a  face  centered  cubic  lattice 
which  has  properties  of  high  plasticity. 
However,  inspection  of  the  iron-iron 
carbide  diagram  will  reveal  that  the 
metal  must  pass  through  at  least  one 
allotropic  change  before  the  gamma 
phase  is  achieved.  Without  going  into 
the  matter  too  deeply,  it  has  now  be- 
come obvious  that  in  order  to  achieve 
the  greatest  potential  diffusion,  the 
temperature  of  the  particular  metal 
must  be  in  excess  of  the  Ac,  temperature 
for  that  particular  composition.  This 
then  will  fix  the  lower  limit  of  tempera- 
ture range  to  be  used. 

Having  already  decided  that  this  pro- 
cess shall  at  no  time  involve  any  liquid 
phase,  the  top  temperature  limit  is  auto- 
matically fixed  by  the  solidus  line  or 
freezing  temperature  of  the  metal. 

Briefly  consider  the  constituents  of 
the  metal  in  the  above  stated  range.  The 
material  is  composed  of  a  solid  solution 
of  iron  carbide  in  gamma  iron.  This 
composition  is  known  as  austenite  and 
is  the  most  important  composition  for 
the  heat  treatment  of  steels  that  exists. 
I[i  this  range,  recrystallization  takes 
place  automatically  when  the  metal  is 
held  for  the  proper  period  of  time  at 
temperature. 

It  is  commonly  recognized  that  some 
degree  of  interface  diffusion  will  take 
place  between  any  two  metals  if  they 
are  maintained  in  contact  and  at  an 
elevated  teniperatin-e  for  a  long  enough 
period  of  time.  However,  the  length 
of  time  required  may  be  so  great  that 
it  presents  insurmountable  practical  dif- 
ficidties  and  also,  the  presence  of  an 
oxide  film,  at  the  interface,  may  bar 
all   diffusion  to  a  very  great  extent. 

As  a  result  of  the  difficulties  en- 
countered with  mere  surface  pressures, 
the    solid-phase    process    is    of    necessity 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


one  iinolving  the  use  of  selected  high 
pressures  as  well  as  temperatures. 

The  introduction  of  high  pressures 
into  the  process  immediately  introduces 
the  problem  of  the  upsetting  of  the 
plastic  metal.  The  theory  relative  to 
the  use  of  pressure,  to  increase  the  rate 
of  diffusion,  has  been  well  substantiated 
and  has  been  explaineil  upon  the  basis 
of  two  separate  arguments.  The  atomic 
theory  of  diffusion  contends  that  the 
mean  free  path  of  the  atoms  in  the  space 
lattice  is  no  greater  than  the  inter-atomic 
distance.  This  being  the  case,  in  order 
for  the  atoms  to  be  able  to  displace 
themselves  into  other  lattices,  especially 
those  of  another  and  disconnected  crys- 
tal, every  effort  must  be  made  to  insure 
the  very  closest  crystalline  approach  that 
is  possible  and  required  under  the 
circumstances, 

As  was  previously  mentioned,  the 
presence  of  an  oxide  layer  on  the  inter- 
face is  a  great  deterrent  to  diffusion. 
The  upsetting,  due  to  the  pressure, 
causes  a  greater  surface  area  to  exist  at 
the  interface,  and  in  as  much  as  the 
oxide  film  is  of  a  definite  area,  it  will 
be  broken  and  cracked  in  several  places. 
Once    the    film    has    been    partialh'    dis- 


2100 


persed,  the  process  of  diffusion  can  pro- 
ceed   as    intended. 

Time,  as  a  governing  factor  in  dif- 
fusion, has  already  been  alluded  to.  A 
cursory  perusal  of  the  facts  would  cause 
one  to  immediately  assume  that  the  rate 
of  diffusion  is  a  function  of  time,  tem- 
perature, and  pressure,  and  such  is  the 
case.  However,  what  is  more  difficult, 
all  three  variables  are  in  turn  functions 
of  one  another  and  this  leads  to  some 
complicated  mathematical  expressions. 
The  general  LaPlace  partial  differential 
equations  have  been  adapted  to  the 
theoretical  determinations  of  the  correct 
combinations  to  use  when  the  other 
variables,  such  as  the  lattice  dimensions 
and  the  closest  approach  distances,  have 
been  established. 

The  concept  of  the  mathematical 
prophesy  is  not  a  new  one  to  the  engineer 
although  he  has  always  demanded  that 
the  theory  be  substantiated  by  tests.  It 
is  with  the  results  of  various  tests  that 
tliis   paper   must    now   deal. 

Kinzel'  reported  the  results  of  a  series 
of  over  500  tests  which  were  made  at 
the  research  laboratories  of  the  Union 
Carbide  and  Carbon  company.  The 
tests    reported    included    some    in    whicli 


2000 
1900 
1800 


1700 
1670 

1600 


1500 

1420 
1400 

1333 
1300 


1200 
100 


/ 

GAW 

MA  IR 

DN 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

V 

/ 

\ 

BETA 

moN 

v/ 

AC3  I 

INE 

/ 

.^ 

N 

/ 

1-^ 

-Ac,   I 

.INE 

--^ 

/ 

(    " 

_PHA 

IRON 

' . 

CL§ 

9/48 

.4       .6        .8-83    1.0      1.2       1.4       1.61.7 
PERCENT      CARBON 

IRON-IRON  CARBIDE  DIAGRAM 


non-ferrous  metals  were  used.  These 
tests  will   not  be  reviewed. 

( )f  the  tests  which  were  performed, 
two  series,  those  which  were  at  constant 
temperature  and  those  at  constant  pres- 
sure were  the  most  enlightening. 
Through  the  medium  of  maintaining  one 
\ariable  fixed,  an  empirical  relation 
could  be  obtained  for  the  proper  cycle 
for  the  different  materials  tested. 

Ingot  iron,  S.A.E.  1020,  and  S.A.E. 
1043  were  the  materials  used  in  the 
temperature  and  pressure  calibration 
tests.  These  materials,  not  being  alloyed, 
the  various  states  on  the  iron-iron 
carbide  diagram  can  be  easily  de- 
termined. 

The  critical  temperature  for  the  ingot 
irf)n  was  found  to  be  in  the  neighborhood 
of  1900  F  (1050C)  when  very  low 
axial  pressures  were  used  on  the  test 
bars.  With  the  pressures  used,  there  was 
no  upset  of  the  metal  even  at  this  elevat- 
ed temperature.  The  ingot  iron,  being 
something  of  an  oddity,  no  more  time 
will  be  placed  upon  the  results  with 
tin-    linv    carbon    steels. 

The  pressure  used  for  the  tests  in 
which  the  temperatures  were  varied,  was 
Sl)()  psi.  At  this  pressure,  it  was  found 
th.it  practical  minimum  temperature,  so 
as  to  achieve  the  previously  stated  cri- 
teria, was  2250  F  for  the  S.A.E.  1020 
steel.  Approximately  the  same  result 
was  obtained  with  the  S.A.E.  1045  steel. 

However,  from  the  purely  engineering 
standpoint,  there  exists  another  criteria 
of  iierformance  which  is  much  more  im- 
portant than  the  pre\iously  stated  metal- 
luigical  criteria. 

The  problems  with  whicii  the  engi- 
neer is  faced  are  those  which  concern 
the  usable  physical  characteristics  of  the 
material.  The  ductility  and  the  endm- 
ance  limit,  of  the  weld  material,  were 
felt  to  be  the  criteria  for  acceptance  or 
rejection  by  the  engineer.  This  is  based 
upon  the  assumption  that  the  virgin 
metal  already  possesses  those  qualities 
which  the  designer  desires.  Therefore, 
it  is  necessary  to  know  whether  or  not 
the  idtimate  physical  properties  of  the 
weld  zone  will  limit  the  usefulness  of 
the  weld  as  a  creati\e  process. 

Heterminations  of  the  \  arious  phys- 
ical properties,  and  in  particular  those 
mentioned  above,  of  the  solid-phase 
welded  materials  has  been  investigated 
by  L>tle-',  Durst^  and  others  besides 
Kinzel.' 

(Generalized  conclusions  as  to  the 
physical  properties  of  the  solid-phase 
weld  in  ferrous  metals  can  be  drawn 
from  the  work  that  has  been  done.  How- 
e\er,  in  most  cases,  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  in  order  to  obtain  the  opti- 
mum conditions,  a  post-cooling  normalize 
must  be  used.  Although  the  method 
shows  good  homogeneity  and  refined 
grain  structure,  there  is  always  a  pos- 
(Contin\ied   on   page  .^4) 


PECEMBER,  1948 


n 


For  M  III  ExiiHlaliiiiis 


KL m  Tit II \  1 1.  #i.v#;#.vft ft wf  A  <;  imir  i  is tmi:\t 

I'nivvrMilfi  af  IliinuiM 


PART  II 

I'uiictional  Classijicatioii  tif 
Eii^inci'tinU  Jobs 
'riicre  are  a  wide  variety  of  functions 
performed  by  engineers  in  each  of  the 
engineering  fields.  On  a  functional  basis 
engineering  jobs  may  be  divided  into 
research,  development,  design,  produc- 
tion, test,  application,  sales,  service,  con- 
struction, and  operation. 

The  research  enylneer  devotes  his  en- 
ergies toward  extending  the  horizons  of 
knowledge.  This  involves  a  search  and 
study  of  the  literature  on  a  particular 
subject,  calculations  to  verify  theory, 
and  experimentation  to  prove,  reject,  or 
modify  theory.  In  /x/rc  research  the 
engineer  investigates  physical  laws  for 
the  purpose  of  increasing  scientific 
knowledge,  without  being  particularly 
concerned  with  the  immediate  applicabil- 
ity of  his  discoveries.  In  applied  re- 
search the  engineer  has  as  his  aims  the 
solution  of  specific  manufacturing  prob- 
lems, the  development  of  new  equip- 
ment, and  the  discovery  of  new  materials 
for  which  there  is  a  need. 

The  development  engineer  takes  the 
results  and  discoveries  of  research  and 
develops  them  into  useful  methods,  pro- 
ducts, or  apparatus.  Development  in- 
volves considerable  analytical  and  ex- 
perimental work  in  order  to  get  a  pro- 
duct into  its  final  form  for  production. 
The  design  engineer  is  responsible  for 
the  preparation  of  the  detailed  plans 
and  specifications  from  which  a  piece 
of  apparatus  is  produced  or  a  system  is 
constructed.  He  makes  the  necessary 
calculations  and  sketches,  writes  or 
supervises  the  writing  of  the  electrical 
and  mechanical  specifications,  selects  the 
materials  and  processes  to  be  used  in 
manvifacture,  helps  prepare  specifications 
for  test  procedure,  and  established  ac- 
ceptable performance  standards.  1  he  de- 
sign engineer  must  be  analytically  in- 
clined and  have  the  ability  to  visualize 
what  goes  on  in  the  operation  of  a  given 
piece  of  equipment.  He  must  keep  up 
with  new  developments  and  know  the 
patent  situation  in  his  field. 

The  production  engineer  is  responsible 
for  the  manufacture  of  products  and 
apparatus  from  raw  materials  and  de- 
signs. He  analyzes  the  methods,  pro- 
cesses, and  equipment  used  in  manufac- 
turing. He  works  with  the  design  engi- 
neer on  manufacturing  problems  in  order 


12 


to  keep  costs  to  a  minimum.  In  addi- 
tion to  a  good  engineering  background 
and  a  gooii  knowledge  of  industrial 
management  and  manufacturing  opera- 
tions, the  production  engineer  must 
know  and  be  interested  in  people. 

The  test  engineer  is  in  direct  charge 
of  the  actual  testing  of  apparatus  and 
equipment  to  determine  if  it  meets 
specifications  and  accepted  engineering 
standards.  It  is  his  duty  to  see  that 
correct  and  standard  test  methods  are 
safely  applied.  He  consults  with  the 
design   engineer  on  special   testing  prob- 


This,  the  seeond  and  concluding 
installment  of  this  article,  reviews 
the  functional  classification  of  en- 
gineering jobs,  the  responsibility 
classification  of  engineering  jobs, 
the  objectives  the  engineering  stu- 
dent should  have  in  mind  while 
he  is  in  college,  and  the  essential 
tools  of  the  engineer. 

Part  I  of  this  article  appeared 
in  the  November  issue. 


lems  and  methods.  He  also  works  to 
develop  improved  and  cheaper  methods 
of  testing. 

The  application  engineer  solves  plant 
and  system  problems.  He  recommends 
specific  equipment  and  coordinates  the 
engineering  requirements  of  an  entire 
installation.  He  informs  the  design 
engineer  of  the  characteristics  which 
each  piece  of  apparatus  in  a  system 
should  have.  In  a  manufacturing  com- 
pany he  also  acts  as  a  consultant  to  the 
sales  organization  and  helps  select 
specialized  equipment  which  will  best 
serve  the  customer's  needs. 

The  sales  engineer  is  the  manufac- 
turer's sales  and  engineering  representa- 
tive who  works  directly  with  the 
customer.  He  studies  the  customer's 
needs  and  makes  engineering  applications 
of  equipment.  He  must  know  his  com- 
panies' equipment  thoroughly  so  that  he 
can  explain  its  design,  construction,  and 
operating  features  to  the  customer.  The 
sales  engineer  also  negotiates  the  sales 
price  of  the  equipment  and  its  deliver) 
date.  In  addition  to  his  technical  train- 
ing, he  must  have  the  ability  to  work 
with  people  and  a  personality  that  in- 
spires confidence. 

The  service  engineer  super\  ises  the  in- 
stallation of  new  apparatus  and  performs 


the  final  tests.  He  in\estigates  customer 
complaints  and  corrects  troubles  found 
in  the  field.  He  directs  repair  work, 
and  in  cases  of  emergency,  he  restores 
operation  as  soon  as  possible.  The  .service 
engineer  must  have  a  broad  engineering 
knowledge  since  his  work  covers  a  wide 
field.  Service  work  also  requires  ini- 
tiative, ingenuity,  resourcefulness,  and 
the  ability  to  direct  people. 

The  construction  engineer  supervises 
the  construction  of  facilities  and  struc- 
tures such  as  plants,  transmission  lines, 
air  fields,  and  radio  stations  from  their 
proposed  designs  and  plans.  In  addition 
to  technical  problems  this  involves  the 
procurement  of  materials,  the  selection 
and  proper  use  of  construction  equip- 
ment, and  the  handling  of  men.  The 
ability  to  work  with  and  direct  the 
work  of  others  is  as  important  to  the 
construction  engineer  as  his  technical 
background. 

The  operating  engineer  is  charged 
with  the  responsibility  of  operating  a 
part  or  a  whole  enterprise  safely,  ef- 
ficiently, and  without  interruption.  He 
may  work  with  a  group  of  machines, 
a  plant,  or  a  system  such  as  those  found 
in  the  electric-power,  communications, 
and  transportation  fields.  He  supervises 
the  procurement  of  supplies  and  repair 
parts,  supervises  the  protection  and 
maintenance  of  the  equipment,  selects 
ami  coordinates  new  equipment,  and  di- 
rects the  operating  personnel.  In  ca.se 
or  breakdown  or  emergency  he  must 
have  the  ingenuity  and  resourcefulness 
necessary  to  restore  operation  under  the 
most  adverse  conditions.  The  operating 
engineer  must  have  a  broad  engineering 
background  and  must  be  able  to  handle 
men. 

The  above  sequence  does  not  imply 
the  relative  importance  of  the  various  ! 
classifications.  It  is  based  largely  upon 
the  order  in  which  a  new  discovery  is 
usually  handled  until  it  has  been  made 
useful  to  man.  It  also  indicates  the  ex- 
tent to  which  the  engineer  must  deal 
with  things  and  people.  Research  and 
development  engineers  deal  primarily 
with  things;  at  the  other  extreme,  pro- 
duction, sales,  service,  construction,  and 
operating  engineers  must  know  and  be 
interested    in   people. 

It  should  be  pointed  out  that  not  all 
companies  will  need  every  classification 
listed,  as  this  depends  on  the  exact  type 
of  business  involved.  Also,  in  some 
companies  one  engineer  may  perform 
two   or  more   of   the   functions. 

Responsibility  Classification  of 

Engineering  Jobs 
The  work  of  the  engineer  in  any  ot 
the  preceding  classifications  can  he 
further  classified  on  the  basis  of  the 
type  of  responsibility  in\olved — that  i--, 
into  technical,  supervisory,  and  execufi\c 
work. 

(Continueil   on   page   3t:>) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Light   Detected    by   Sound 


Uii  Utii§  Ha II SIT.  I'll. a.  '."iO 


Despite  the  main  ditterences  between 
sound  and  light,  there  has  been  found 
a  definite  coupHng  action  between  them. 
The  effect  of  infra-red  radiation  on  a 
field  of  supersonic  sound  is  being  studied 
by  Professor  W.  J.  Fry  and  assistants, 
in  the  electrical  engineering  research 
laboratory.  Specifically,  the  project  is  the 
detection  of  infra-red  rays  by  its  meas- 
urable effect  on  high  frequency  sound. 
This  method  of  detection  has  been  found 
to  give  greater  sensitivity  and  more 
rapid  response  to  radiation  than  has 
been  heretofore  possible.  This  is  of  ex- 
treme importance  to  the  Army  air  force, 
sponsor  of  the  research  project.  Hot 
exhaust  gases  from  airplanes  radiate  con- 
siderable quantities  of  infra-red.  If 
supersonic  detection  of  this  radiation  is 
sensitive  enough,  it  may  supplant  radar 
as  a  method  of  airplane  warning.  The 
research  is  still  in  its  fundamental  stage, 
so  it  isn't  known  yet  if  suitable  aircraft 
indication  is  practicable. 

The  new  and  ingenious  feature  of 
the  rather  complicated-looking  apparatus 
is  an  acoustic  interferometer — an  infra- 
red detecting  device.  The  amplifier,  os- 
cillator, detector,  oscilloscope,  and  vacu- 
um tube  voltmeter  are  standard  units. 
Their  functions,  at  least,  are  known  to 
most  engineers,  and  their  relation  to 
the  detector  unit  is  shown  by  the  block 
diagram.  The  gas  control  equipment  is 
necessary  to  provide  accurately  known 
compositions  of  gas  mixtures  used  in  the 
interferometer  chamber.  The  vaciuim 
pump  makes  possible  a  continuous  flow 


of  gases  through  the  chamber.  Tempera- 
ture measurements  and  heater  controls 
are  of  great  importance.  The  interfe- 
rometer must  be  kept  within  one-tenth 
of  one  degree  centigrade  variation,  as 
the     character     of     sound     transmission 


An  outline  of  one  of  the  fasci- 
nating investigations  in  progress 
in  the  electrical  engineering  re- 
search laboratory,  this  article  also 
indicates  some  practical  applica- 
tions. The  project  is  the  detection 
of  infra-red  rays  by  its  measurable 
effect  on  high  frequency  sound. 


through  the  gases  is  found  to  \ary  con- 
siderably unless  the  temperature  is  kept 
constant. 

The  acoustic  interferometer  is  the  key 
to  the  whole  detection  apparatus.  It  is 
a  well  insulated,  sealed  chamber  con- 
taining two  x-cut  piezo-electric  quartz 
crystals.  These  are  the  same  type  that 
are  used  in  radio  transmission.  The  spac- 
ing between  the  crystals  is  varied  with 
a  micrometer  screw.  A  potassium  bro- 
mide crystal  on  the  side  of  the  inter- 
ferometer acts  as  a  window,  permitting 
infra-red  radiation  of  up  to  23  microns 
wave  length  to  pass  into  the  chamber 
between  the  two  quartz  crystals.  A 
simple  heated  body,  variable  from  room 
temperature  to  red  heat,  is  used  as  the 
source  of  a  wide  band  of  infra-red 
waves. 

A     mechanical     shutter     between     the 


hot  body  source  and  the  interferometer 
window  cuts  the  beam  at  frequencies 
variable  from  five  to  100  cycles  per  sec- 
ond. It  is  simply  an  evenly  notched  disk 
that  rotates  at  a  constant  rate,  alternate- 
ly permitting  the  infra-red  beam  to  enter 
the  chamber,  and  blocking  its  path. 
Thus,  the  gas  in  the  interferometer 
chamber  is  exposed  to  periodic  radia- 
tion. 

High  frequency  radio  waves  (932 
kilocycles)  are  generated  by  the  oscil- 
lator, amplified,  and  impressed  upon  the 
upper  piezo  crystal,  causing  mechanical 
\ibration  at  supersonic  frequencies.  This 
\ibration  excites  the  gas  mixture  and  is 
transmitted  through  the  chamber  where 
the  gas  absorbs  infra-red  radiation.  Pe- 
riodic exposure  to  the  beam  changes  the 
transmission  character  of  the  gas  and  its 
wa\e  motion  is  consequently  modulated 
according  to  the  shutter  frequenc\'. 

The  detector  crystal  (exactly  like  the 
driver  crystal)  receives  these  modulated 
waves  and  responds  by  vibrating  "in 
tune"  with  the  supersonic  vibration  of 
the  gas.  Piezo-electric  crystals  generate 
voltages  characteristic  of  their  vibration 
and  dependent  upon  the  amplitude  and 
frequency  of  the  wave  causing  the  vibra- 
tion. Hence,  the  \oltage  generated  in  the 
detector  crystal  varies  with  the  modu- 
lated supersonic  wa\es  subjected  to 
infra-red  radiation.  The  voltage  is  am- 
plified and  fed  into  a  detector  circvu't 
much  like  that  of  an  ordinary  radio. 
Variations  of  wave  pattern  may  be  seen 
(Continued   on   page   il) 


Frank  Fry,  research  associate,  inspects  the  main  piece  of  equipment  used  in  the  present  re- 
search project  of  the  electrical  engineering  laboratory.  On  the  left  is  shown  a  simplified 
block  diagram  of  the  same  piece  of  equipment. 


lB)ECEMBER,  1948 


13 


On  the  left  is  seen  Mr.  A.  M.  Johnson  in  his  office,  which  is  always  open  to  students  with  or 
without  problems,  while  on  the  right  a  group  of  first  semester  students  work  on  the  derrick 
problem    in    one    of    the    well-equipped     laboratories    at   Galesburg. 


^iuie/ixuwe/i  at .  .  . 

GALESBURG 


MEET  MR.  PHYSICS 

By  Luther  S.  Peterson,  E.E.  '51 

It  has  hfcii  said  that  knowledire  of 
tile  physical  world  that  surrounds  us  is 
the  kiiowk'djje  of  life  itself.  To  acquire 
this  knowledge  is  a  task  which  is  re- 
inenibered  by  seniors  and  juniors,  is 
being  experienced  by  sophomores,  and  is 
yet  to  be  realized  by  freshmen.  How- 
ever, this  is  not  the  difficult  task  it  once 
was  when  a  student  was  required  to  im- 
provise all  of  his  experimental  equip- 
ment. 

Such  wa.s  the  situation  prevailing  here 
at  (jalesburg  at  the  start  of  the  fall 
semester  of  1946.  This  condition,  which 
was  conquered  quite  commendably  by 
the  many  students  involved,  is  no  longer 
present.  War  surplus  equipment,  plus 
equipment  which  was  sent  here  from 
L  rbana,  has  aided  in  the  de\elo|iim-nt 
of  our  present  physics  department.  It 
now  ranks  with  comparable  institutions 
throughout  the  country. 

The  department  is  split  up  into  two 
definite,  but  closely  related,  sections: 
pre-med  physics,  led  by  Miss  Zielesh, 
and  engineering  physics,  led  by  Mr.  O. 
Estes  and  Mr.  A.  M.  Johnson.  Through 
the  medium  of  their  instruction,  the  stu- 
dent obtains  a  usable  knowledge  of  me- 
chanics, heat,  sound,  electricity,  and 
wave  motion.  The  knowledge  of  these 
fundamental  principles  is  indispensable 
to  the  engineer  in  his  further  piusiiance 
of  knowledge  of  the  physical  world.  To 
the  pre-med  student,  an  understanding 
of  these  principles  is  necessary  so   that 


he  will  be  able  to  operate  and  under- 
stand the  \aried  equipment  which  is 
used  by  his  profession  in  the  healing  of 
the  human  body. 

Knowledge  of  the  physical  world  and 
its  many  peculiarities  is  not  restricted 
to  the  engineer  or  the  pre-med  student, 
but  is  helpful  to  all  who  wish  to  have 
a  scientific  background  adequate  to  face 
the  problems  present  in  our  "atomic 
age."  The  presence  of  equipment  such 
as  oscilloscopes,  Wheastone  bridges  and 
galvanometers,  coupled  with  able  in- 
structors, enables  anyone  to  obtain  such 
a  background  here  at  (ialesbin;g. 


MR.  A.  M.  JOHNSON 

By  Dean   R.  Felton,  C.E.  '51 

\  he  honoi'  of  being  the  third  person 
hired  at  our  Cialesburg  umiergraduate 
ilivision  goes  to  Mr.  A.  M.  Johnson, 
who  is  one  of  the  most  well-known 
teachers  on  the  campus. 


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Mr.  Johnson  has  aided  in  the  growth 
of  our  di\ision  in  that  he  has  been  imc 
of  the  leaders  in  setting  up  our  ph\si^^ 
laboratories,  and  developing  them  intu 
the  finest  possible.  At  present.  Mi. 
Johnson  teaches  the  advanced  course  ni 
engineering  physics  and  acts  as  adviser 
to  the  electrical  engineers. 

Mr.  Johnson  began  his  higher  educa- 
tion at  Illinois  Wesleyan  university  from 
which  he  received  his  B.S.  degree  with 
a  major  in  physics.  Graduating  in  the 
class  of  '4(1,  he  studied  later  at  North- 
western university  and  the  University 
of  Iowa.  While  attending  Iowa  he  was 
a  staff  member  of  a  weekly  student  pub- 
lication. 

Mr.  Johnson  then  accepted  a  position 
with  the  Anthony  company,  which  is 
one  of  the  greatest  producers  of  hy- 
draulic hoists  and  truck  bodies.  Acting 
as  co-director  of  research  at  Anthony, 
he  was  instrumental  in  developing  a 
welding  timer  which  is  produced  in 
numbers,  and  is  used  by  that  company 
in  their  many  welding  processes.  In  this 
imsition  he  led  in  the  establishment  of 
monthly  tests,  whereby  samples  of  the 
individual  worker's  products  are  tested 
for  the  many  stresses  and  strains  to 
which  they  will  be  subjected,  in  order 
to  insure  a  consistent  high  quality  in 
the  finished  welds. 

After  completing  three  years  of  work 
for  the  Anthony  company,  Mr.  John- 
son worked  at  the  Dodge  plant  in  Chi- 
cago as  a  chemical  spectrographer.  In 
this  capacity  he  tested  incoming  mate- 
rials for  the  relative  content  of  the  many 
special  metals  and  alloys  which  had  to 
meet  strict  specification.  This  proccsv 
involves  burning  a  sample  of  material 
by  a  \ery  high  ampere  spark,  or  arc, 
which  produces  light  waves.  The  result- 
ing arc  is  filtered  through  lenses  and 
prisms.  The  identifying  bands  of  color, 
and  their  density,  allows  very  accurate 
(  Continued   on   page  2b) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


U^ltueo^ui^..MM"i  PIER 


PIER  PERSONALITY 

By  John    Fijoiek,    E.E.  '51 

C^ne  of  the  functions  of  a  university 
is  the  expansion  of  the  frontiers  of  hu- 
man knowledge.  How  best  to  perform 
this  task  has  been  the  problem  of  edu- 
cators of  every  age.  It  is  only  by  im- 
parting to  each  generation  all  that  ex- 
perience, research,  and  thought,  gleaned 
by  the  old  generation,  that  a  stepping 
stone  is  provided  for  the  younger.  Our 
educators,  in  many  cases,  have  slipped 
into  a  groove  in  being  satisfied  to  mere- 
ly impart,  and  make  available,  all  that 
is  known,  and  in  trusting  to  latent  hu- 
man inquisitiveness,  ambition,  and  desire 
to  provide  the  stimuli  for  further  acti\- 
ity  on  the  part  of  the  student. 

There  are  some  educators,  though, 
that  use  cajolery,  flattery,  and  other 
psychological  tools  to  keep  students  alert 
and  to  transmit  their  store  of  informa- 
tion surely  and  effectively.  If,  in  walk- 
ing down  the  corridors  of  Navy  Pier, 
you  see  a  class  of  students  trying  to 
answer  the  question,  "Why  do  you  want 
to  be  an  engineer?"  then  you  know 
Mr.    Feinstein    is   waking    up   his    class. 

Room  105  has  been  Mr.  Feinstein's 
Navy  Pier  home  for  many  a  lesson, 
and  as  he  has  told  his  classes  on  occa- 
sion, "They  always  assign  me  to  this 
room,  and  I  always  scuff  my  shoes  on 
this  nail  protruding  from  this  platform. 
Some  day  I'll  bring  my  own  hammer 
and  nail  it  down  myself." 

You'll  learn  a  lot  more  than  just 
mathematics  in  his  class,  and  you'll  be 
faced  with  many  questions  outside  of 
the  assigned  text.  The  unstated  latitude 
and  longitude  of  Chicago  may  be  an 
additional  hazard  in  a  trigonometry 
problem.  "How  do  you  know  the  author 
is  right?  Did  you  check  it?"  may  be 
other  questions  to  upset  the  calm  of  the 
average  student.  Habit  and  accepted 
solutions  are  not  holy  ground  in  his 
classrooms. 

Irwin  K.  Feinstein,  as  you  may  have 
surmised,  has  his  own  ideas  on  educa- 
tion. He  describes  himself  as  a  fanatic 
on  general  education  and  states  that  his 
\  passionate  interests  are  the  training  of 
student  growth  and  the  teaching  of 
mathematics.  That  it  is  not  a  home 
hobby  of  his  is  evident  in  his  class- 
room teaching  and  his  representation  of 
the  mathematics  department  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  general  education  committee 
— an  advisory  body  on  the  problems  of 
education  to  the  associate  dean  of  liberal 
arts  at  Xa\y  Pier. 

DECEMBER,  1948 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 
Siegmund   Deutscher-A'a-fy  Pier  EJilar 
Richard  Choronzy....A'(i^'>'  Pier  Asst.  Ed. 
John   Fijoiek  Eugene    Stnjack 

Richard    Kawka  Norbert   Ellman 

liusiniss  Staff 

Naomi  Sulo\\ay....A'rt-i7  Pier  Bus.  Mi/r. 

Robert    King  Arthur    Stanchurski 

Robert    Lessin  William   Metzger 

Robert    Ciroemling,    Plii)l(i<irap}iy 


]\Ir.  Feinstein  is  still  single,  received 
his  B.S.  at  the  Illinois  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology in  1936,  graduated  from  Chicago 
Teachers'  college  in  1938  and  obtained 
his  M.A.  at  Northwestern  university 
in  1946. He  has  taught  physical  educa- 
tion in  the  Chicago  elementary  schools 
and  mathematics  in  the  Chicago  high 
schools,     primarily     at     Steinmetz.     He 


MR.   IRWIN   K.   FEINSTEIN 

served  four  years  in  the  Coast  (niard 
dining  World  War  II,  36  months  of 
which  he  spent  at  sea  in  the  European- 
Mediterranean  theater  of  operations,  and 
also  in  a  limited  amount  of  Pacific  duty. 

Among  his  other  achievements,  he  is 
co-author,  with  Messrs.  Corliss  and 
Levin  of  the  Pier  mathematics  depart- 
ment, of  the  analytic  geometry  book 
now  in  use  at  the  Pier,  and  which  will 
be  published  in  book  form  earh  in 
1949.  He  is  now  working  on  a  Ph.D. 
at   Northwestern  university. 

He  has  a  brisk  mannerism  about  him 
and  applies  himself  to  his  teaching.  "Can 
vou  hear  me?  "  in  a  loud  \oice;  followed 


by,  "Wh\'  don't  you  answer,  then?" 
keeps  more  than  one  student  awake. 
Or  an  informal  vote  of  the  class  as  to 
which  answer  is  correct  will  bring 
forth,  "Let's  see,  five  say  it's  right, 
four  say  it's  wrong,  and  we  have  22 
in  the  class.  What  happened  to  the  rest 
of  you?"  Or,  peihaps  he'll  say,  "You 
make  an  'A'  in  algebra,  a  'B'  in  trigo- 
nometry, a  'C  in  analytic  geometry,  and 
a  'D'  in  calculus,  and  you  wonder  why. 
It's  just  because  you  only  memorize  and 
don't  think!  Why  do  you  want  to  be 
engineers  and  make  only  $22.50  a 
week?" 

All  this,  however,  is  just  added  attrac- 
tion to  the  prescribed  curriculum  and  if 
you  pass  his  course  you've  learned  your 
mathematics.  When  the  students  talk 
about  a  mathematics  instructor  who  is 
a  little  rugged  but  good,  the  odds  are 
that  they're  talking  about  an  interesting 
individual.  Irwin  K.  Feinstein. 


Let's  Give  a  Helping  Hand 

By   Siegmund   Deutscher,  A.E.   '50 

Yes.  the  Chicago  undergraduate  divi- 
sion of  the  University  here  at  Navy 
Pier  has  grown.  But  have  we,  the  stu- 
dents, grown  with  it?  Of  course,  I  am 
not  referring  to  physical  growth.  I  am 
aiming  at  our  extra-curricular  activities. 

Since  the  beginning  of  this  semester 
many  students  have  approached  me  with 
questions  such  as  "Whom  do  I  see  to 
join  the  A.S.M.E.?";  "When  will  the 
A.S.C.E.  meet?"  or,  "Where  does  the 
A.I.E.E.  meet?" 

Whenever  possible,  I  have  tried  to 
answer  the  questions.  But,  of  course, 
some  are  outside  the  scope  of  my  limited 
information.  More  so,  many  of  the  stu- 
dents do  not  know  me  or  the  few  others 
that  have  information. 

What  is  the  solution  to  the  above 
problem?  I  do  not  think  that  it  is  for 
me  alone  to  decide.  It  is  up  to  the  com- 
bination of  all  the  societies  and  organi- 
zations to  solve.  This  could  very  easily 
be  done  if  we  had  an  Engineering  Coun- 
cil. 

Many  times  during  the  past  and  pres- 
ent semester,  I  have  tried  to  get  the 
officers  of  the  organizations  and  socie- 
ties together  and  establish  an  Engineer- 
ing Council.  At  every  approach  I  found 
enthusiasm,  yet  there  has  been  no  ac- 
tion. 

This  time,  my   appeal   is  in   the   form 
of  this  article.  I  propose  that  the  officers 
(Continued  on   Page  26) 


15 


IV 


iiiiicfi'iiii!  iiiiiiiinini's 


Bruce  Brown,  E.E.  '52 
Henry  Kahn,  Ch.E.  '50 


Jim  Ephgrave,  E.E.  '51 
Bill  Soderstrum,  Cer.E.  '52 


111 


ENGINEERING  COUNCIL 

A  bulletin  board  tor  the  u.sc  of  all 
I'lijiiiu-criiig  societies  ha.s  been  obtained 
by  the  Council,  through  the  cooperation 
of  Dean   Knger. 

At  present,  the  societies  ha\  e  the  use 
of  one  section  of  the  glass-cased  board 
outside  the  entrance  to  the  Engineering 
library.  If  the  single  .section  should 
prove  inadequate,  additional  space  will 
be  provided.  The  board  is  identified 
with  the  banner,  "Student  hngineering 
Societies." 

This  board,  if  full  use  is  made  of 
it,  will  do  much  to  fill  a  long  felt  need 
for  a  means  of  letting  all  students  know 
what  the  engineering  .societies  on  the 
campus  arc,  what  the\  arc  doing,  and 
how  to  join  them.  It  will  provide  a 
common  link  for  informal  bvisiness  be- 
tween the  societies,  and,  for  engineer- 
ing students  in  general. 

.Additional  information  concerning  the 
use  of  this  bulletin  board  may  be  ob- 
tained from  l^ill  Pavdsen,  secretary  of 
the  Engineering  Council. 

The  open  house  committee  reported 
at  the  October  21  meeting,  that  a  will- 
ingness to  cooperate  on  plans  for  an 
ope!i   house   existed   among   the   faculty. 

Definite  plans  have  been  made  to 
bring  a  well-known  speaker  to  the  cam- 
pus on  December  16.  The  talk  is  to 
ha\e  an  engineering  theme  and  will  be 
given  in  the  east  ballroom  of  the  Illini 
V'nion.  All  students  are  urged  to  at- 
tend. 

The  American  Foundrymen's  Society, 
installed  officially  at  the  University  on 
(October  21,  petitioned  for  membership 
in  the  Engineering  Council  at  the  meet- 
ing held  on  (October  28. 

A.I.Ch.E. 

The  American  Institute  of  Chemical 
Engineers  was  quite  busy  during  the 
last  month  getting  the  chem- 
ical engineers  oriented  on 
possible  future  fields  of  spe- 
cialization. 

On  November  3,  194.S, 
the  assistant  research  director  of  the 
Standard  Oil  laboratories  at  W^hiting, 
Indiana,  spoke  on  personnel  problems 
that  may  be  encountered  by  engineers. 
Two  w-eeks  later,  on  November  17,  Dr. 
Sternberg  of  the  I'nited  States  Bureau 
of  Mines  at  Louisiana,  Missouri,  spoke 
about  synthetic   fuel   possibilities. 

Tentative  plans  include  among  others. 


a  talk  on  general  problems  encountered 
by  chemical  engineers  in  industry  in 
December,  and  a  dance  in  Club  Com- 
mons in  January. 

-A  change  in  the  organization  \xas 
made  in  that  Dr.  J.  W.  Westwater 
has  assumed  the  position  of  faculty  ad- 
\iser,  which  had  been  so  ably  filled  by 
Dr.  H.  G.  Drickamer  during  the  last 
tew  \ears. 

A.F.S. 

The  American  Foundry  Society  is  the 
student  branch  of  the  American  Foun- 
drymen's association.  The  first  meeting 
of  the  year  was  held  October  22  in 
(iregor\'  Hall.  Frank  Shipley,  of  the 
Caterpillar  Tractor  company,  conducted 
a  panel  on  foundry  practices  and  Robert 
Maloney,  secretary-treasurer  of  the 
A.f^.S.,  was  present  for  the  installation 
of  officers. 

The  branch  officers  are  Charles  Dru- 
ry,  chairman;  Harold  F"rench,  vice-chair- 
man; Robert  Bales,  secretary;  and 
Joseph  Da\is,  treasurer. 

S.B.A.C.S. 

The  University  of  Illinois  Student 
Branch  of  the  American  Ceramic  So- 
ciety has  attained  the  largest  member- 
ship in  its  history,  with  102  active  mem- 
bers. The  program  of  the  society  has  also 
reached  new  heights  of  activity  with 
three  events  in  the  first  complete  month 
of  school. 

Approximately  60  watched  the  sen- 
iors battle  the  faculty  and  graduate  stu- 
dents of  the  department  of  ceramic  en- 
gineering to  a  6  to  6  tie  football  game 
October  10  at  Crystal  Lake  park  in  Ur- 
bana.  After  the  hard-played  game,  a  pic- 
nic supper  of  wieners,  salad,  and  all  of 
the  trimmings  was  ser\ed  by  the  stu- 
dents. 

( )ne  of  the  most  popular  e\ents  at  the 
Illini  L  nion  open  house  for  the  facult\' 
October  16  was  an  exhibit  of  ceramic 
materials  and  products,  prepared  by  the 
student  branch.  Four  large  tables  of 
ware  representing  the  glass,  refractory, 
whiteware,  porcelain  enamel,  abrasive, 
and  structural  clay  products  dixisions 
were  prepared  by  LaV^oy  Schneider, 
Jerome  Schweitzer,  Albert  Siska,  and 
Charles  Curtis.  Thev  were  assisted  bv 
Prof.  A.  W.  Allen,  Prof.  G.  F.  Stock- 
dale,  graduate  student  W.  D.  Fitz- 
patrick,  and  L.  R.  McCraight,  special 
research    associate.    Another    table    con- 


tained sample  copies  of  the  various  jour- 
nals and  trade  papers  of  the  ceramic  in- 
dustr\,  along  with  copies  of  "Ceramics 
— What  It  Is — What  It  offers  as  a 
Career,"  which  were  distributed  to 
main   of  the   1,500  guests  at  the  party. 

The  student  branch  held  its  second 
regular  meeting  of  the  year  Wednes- 
day, October  20.  The  main  speaker  of 
the  evening  was  Dean  Howard  Bowen 
of  the  College  of  Commerce.  He  gave 
a  general  outline  of  the  economic  sys- 
tem of  the  United  States  and  where  it 
is  going.  It  was  his  opinion  that  busi- 
ness men  must  take  a  more  active  and 
open  interest  in  the  government.  Dean 
Bowen  told  the  group  that  the  United 
States  is  the  last  outpost  of  free  enter- 
prise in  the  world,  and  it  is  up  to  us 
to  demonstrate  to  the  world  how  to 
make   free  enterprise  work. 

The  student  branch  has  entered  two 
bowling  teams  in  the  Illini  Union  bowl- 
ing tournament  and  plans  the  formation 
of  other  athletic  teams  to  enter  intra- 
mural  competition. 

ETA  KAPPA  NU 

Come  (111  all  \(iu  electrical  engineer- 
ing geniuses,  get  out  of  your  rut  and 
see  what's  going  on  in  the  rest 
of  the  world.  Eta  Kappa  Nu, 
the  electrical  engineering  hon- 
orary, is  giving  a  series  of 
luncheons,  one  each  month,  fol- 
lowed with  a  lecture  by  a  member  of 
the  I  Diversity's  non-engineering  faculty. 
The  first  lecture  this  year  was  given 
by  Dr.  (joldman  of  the  English  depart- 
ment on  the  subject,  "Engineering  and 
Humanities."  These  luncheons  are  for 
the  benefit  of  the  actives,  pledges,  and 
alumni  of  Eta  Kappa  Nu. 

About  75  electrical  engineers  are  be- 
ing pledged  by  Eta  Kappa  Nu  this  se- 
mester. Their  initiation  and  a  banquet 
will  be  held  in  Hotel  Tilden  Hall  De- 
cember 1^. 

S.A.E. 

Are  you  tired  of  walking  to  school 
becau.se  your  hot-rod  eats  up  too  much 
petrol?  Is  your  car  flat  on  its  back  in 
the  garage?  Tell  you  what  you  shoidd 
do.  Visit  the  meetings  of  the  student 
branch  of  the  Society  of  .Automotive 
Engineers. 

A  good  example  of  what  one  can  do 
with  stock  cars  was  pointed  out  b\'  Prof. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


R.  C.  Juvinall  at  the  October  29  meet- 
ing ot  the  S.A.K.  Mr.  Jminall  re- 
vealed how  he  obtained  the  amazing 
rate  of  50  miles  per  gallon  from  a  stock 
car.  That  would  have  come  in  handy 
during  gas  rationing. 

At  that  same  meeting,  R.  C.  Wil- 
liams, chairman  of  the  Central  Illinois 
division  of  the  Society  of  Automoti\e 
Engineers,  also  spoke  to  the  group.  He 
expressed  the  interest  of  the  national 
society  in  the  student  branch.  He  also 
invited  the  student  branch  on  an  inspec- 
tion trip  of  the  Caterpillar  Tractor  com- 
pany at  Peoria  sometime  in  the  early 
part  of  December. 

Don't  get  the  idea  that  the  S.A.E. 
is  devoted  entirely  to  automobiles.  Its 
activities  embrace  standards,  research 
projects,  meetings,  and  publications.  It 
fosters  the  exchange  of  engineering  in- 
formation in  the  fields  represented  by 
the  11  S.A.E.  professional  activity  com- 
mittees, which  include  among  others : 
aircraft,  diesel  engines,  passenger  car 
production,  tractors  and  farm  machin- 
ery, transportation  and  maintenance, 
and  trucks  and  busses.  It  is  evident  from 
this  that  the  society  is  not  limited  to  me- 
chanical engineers. 

Anyone  interested  in  attending  the  in- 
spection trip  in  December  is  urged  to 
contact  Bob  Pontious,  at  20S  Mechani- 
cal Engineering  laboratory. 

SIGMA  TAU 

George  Gore,  the  president  of  the  lo- 
cal chapter  of  Sigma  Tau,  has  returned 
ffrom  a  national  conclave  of  this 
all-engineering  honorary  and  is 
again  presiding  in  his  official 
position.  The  conclave  was  held 
in  Pittsburgh  over  October  7, 
8,  and  9  and  was  attended  by  members 
from  all  of  Sigma  Tau's  widespread 
chapters. 

The  local  chapter  held  its  first  formal 
meeting    of    the    year    on    October    26 
for  the  purpose  of  straightening  out  its 
I   business.  At  the  next  meeting  plans  for 
]   this   year's   social    program    will    be   dis- 
cussed. 

PI   TAU    SIGMA 

Hetty   Lou    Hailey    had    the    honor   of 
lii-'iiniing   the    first    woman    member    of 
Pi   Tau    Sigma   at   the   pledging 
j^      smoker  October   19,    1948.  Thus 
(^81^)     a  29-year-old  precedent  was  brok- 
,        en.     Professor    H.    J.    Schrader, 
""        As.sociate  Professor  L.  C.  Pigage, 
anil    Assistant    Professor    J.    L.    Leach 
Wire   invited   to   honorary   memberships. 
The  highlight  of  the  evening  was   a 
talk  by   Professor  O.  A.  Leutwiler  for- 
mer head  of  the  mechanical  engineering 
department,    who    summarized    the    his- 
tory of  Pi  Tau  Sigma  and  spoke  on  the 
social    and    psychological    aspects   of   en- 
LiiiU'crmg. 


I.E.S. 

"Kinda  dark  in  here,  ain't  it?  Let's 
call  in  an  illuminating  engineer."  The 
best  place  to  look   for  one  is  the  I.E.S. 

The  Illuminating  Engineers'  club  was 
formed  last  spring  for  the  purpose  of 
introducing  to  each  other  future  illumi- 
nating engineers,  the  faculty  members 
who  deal  in  iluminating,  and  men  in 
the  illuminating  industry. 

Through  the  diligent  efforts  of  Prof. 
John  O.  Kraehenbuehl,  the  Illuminating 
Engineers'  club  hopes  to  become  the  first 
student  branch  of  the  Illuminating  En- 
gineers' society  sometime  this  month. 
This  society  is  the  national  organiza- 
tion for  those  in  the  illuminating  field. 

Extensive  programs  for  the  coming 
year  are  to  include  such  things  as  lec- 
tures on  illuminating,  and  other  lec- 
tures pertaining  to  illuminating  such  as 
"Psychology  of  Colors"  and  "State  En- 
gineering Exams."  A  number  of  demon- 
strations and  movies  will  also  be  promi- 
nent on  the  programs.  An  open  house 
for  wives,  freshmen,  sophomores,  and 
other  guests  has  been  planned  for  the 
near  future,  with  lectures  and  demon- 
strations designed  to  gain  the  interest 
of  the  visitors. 

The  membership  now  stands  at  50, 
with  good  prospects  of  a  large  increase 
in  the  near  future.  The  officers  for  this 
year  are  Lowell  Shepard,  president ; 
Stanley  L.  Burnham,  vice-president; 
Robert  E.  Birr,  secretary-treasurer;  and 
Ralph  Hintz,  corresponding  secretary. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  I.E.S., 
which  was  held  October  6,  the  pro- 
gram consisted  of  the  lecture,  "A  Tour 
of  Slides,"  a  group  of  slides  on  out- 
standing lighting  installations  for  1947- 
48.  1  his  lecture  was  completed  on  the 
next  meeting  held  (\-tober  27. 

A.S.C.E. 

Tote  that  slide  rule!  Lift  that  T- 
square!  Another  rugged  semester  has 
started  for  the  engineers. 
The  monotony  of  the  con- 
stant studying  can  be  brok- 
en for  civil,  architectural, 
and  general  engineers,  how- 
ever, by  membership  in  the 
A.S.C.E. 

The  present  membership  of  the  Amer- 
ican Society  of  Civil  Engineers  is  up 
to  the  three  hundred  mark,  the  largest 
of  any  student  branch.  It  looks  like  a 
a   promising  year   for  the  A.S.C.E. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  student 
branch,  Prof.  W.  W.  Hay  of  the  civil 
engineering  staff  gave  an  interesting 
and  informative  talk  on  "Rehabilitation 
of  the  Alaskan  Railway."  Mr.  Hay 
spent  the  summer  in  Alaska  working  on 
this  project,  and  is  exceptionallv  well 
qualified  to  speak  on  the  subject.  Ap- 
proximately 200  students  attended  this 
meeting  at  which  the  faculty  and  all 
ci\il    engineering   students   were    guests. 


M.I.S. 

A  meeting  of  the  M.  1.  S.  was  held 
on  October  8.  Before  60  mining  and 
metallurgical  engineers,  T.  C.  Shedd, 
professor  of  structural  engineering, 
spoke  on  "Professional  Engineering  Ex- 
aminations." 

During  the  business  portion  of  the 
meeting  several  committee  chairmen 
were  appointed.  They  are  the  first  to 
serve  in  such  a  capacity  in  the  history 
of  the  organization.  Those  appointed 
were  Jim  Stanley,  arrangements ;  Wil- 
liam Green,  publicity;  Norbert  Blaski, 
Illio  picture;  Ben  Tudor,  picnic;  and 
H.  C.  Turner,  programs. 

Plans  for  the  meeting  on  December 
8  include  an  address  by  George  S. 
Mican,  rolling  superintendent  of  Car- 
negie-Illinois Steel  company.  He  will 
speak  on  "Rolling  Operations." 

CHI   EPSILON 

Hey,  you  brains!  Don't  bury  your- 
sehes  entirely  in  books!  There  are  other 
phases  of  life  than  studying! 
You  have  been  working  dili- 
gently and  are  just  short  of  a 
five-point  average.  So  what! 
So  you  now  can  join  one  of 
the  honorary  fraternities.  For 
civil  engineers  the  Chi  Epsilon  frater- 
nity rates  pretty  high. 

Requirements  for  Chi  Epsilon  consist 
of  a  high  scholastic  average  and,  as  is 
the  case  with  all  fraternities,  a  good 
personality.  This  year  Chi  Epsilon  start- 
ed off  with  25  members.  Tuesday  eve- 
ning, October  12,  they  entertained  38 
pledges  at  a  smoker  given  at  the  YMCA. 
These  pledges  will  be  initiated  some- 
time in   December. 

The  officers  this  year  are  Cieorge 
Roberts,  president;  Dominic  Principeli, 
vice-president ;  Dean  Collins,  secretary ; 
and  Richard  Foley,  corresponding  sec- 
retary. 

GAMMA   ALPHA   RHO 

Friday  night,  September  30,  Delta 
chapter  of  Gamma  Alpha  Rho,  newly 
formed  aeronautical  engineering  honor- 
ary society,  held  a  smoker  at  the  lllini 
L  nion.  The  purpose  of  the  meeting  was 
to  acquaint  eligible  aeronautical  engi- 
eering  students  with  Gamma  Alpha 
Rho. 

The  program  consisted  of  short  ad- 
dresses given  by  Vernon  Van  Heynin- 
gen,  president;  William  Brooks,  vice- 
president;  Frank  Wohlmuth,  treasurer; 
and  Simon  Sommer  and  Lowell  Mas- 
ley,    initiation   committee. 

Gamma  Alpha  Rho  is  a  recent  new- 
comer to  the  ranks  of  the  campus  hon- 
oraries.  The  aeronautical  engineering 
honorary  was  recognized  by  the  L'ni- 
\ersity  Senate  April  30,  1948,  and  was 
declared  Delta  chapter  of  (jamma  Alpha 
Rho  May  3,   1948. 

(Continued  on  page  44) 


DECEMBER,  1948 


17 


94^i^lO<ii^X>U^    .    .    . 


hi/  Uohvrt  i.airrvin-v.  #t.  I'liifnirM  '.II 


SAM  J.   PIAZZA 

"(loUy,  1  \M>li  I  \\f'ii"  c;iii\in<:  a 
little  more  wcltilu.  IM  sure  like  to  pla\ 
some  football  in  liij;h  school!"  Kvery 
boy  with  athletic  ability  likes  to  dream 
of  the  ilay  when  he'll  become  one  of 
the  boys  out  there  on  the  gridiron. 

So  it  was  with  Sam  Piazza  from  Chi- 
cago Heights.  Illinois.  He  entered 
Hloom  township  high  school  in  l')41 
weighing  150  pounds.  His  greatest 
struggle  with  athletics  concerned  his 
weight;  but  with  a  strong  will  power 
and  a  desire  to  participate,  he  went  out 
for  three  major  sports.   He  was  on   all 


grocery  stoie.  Following  his  graduation, 
he  served  Id  months  in  the  quartermas- 
ter corps.  .\x  jiresent,  he  spends  his 
summers  gaining  practical  experience  by 
working  with  construction  crews. 

The  dating  ratio  on  the  campus 
lioesn't  affect  Sam  because  his  girl. 
Kleanor  Malizia,  is  back  home  at  Chi- 
cago Heights.  Sam  and  Eleanor  reigned 
as  king  and  queen  at  their  high  school 
homecoming  festivities  during  Sam's  sen- 
ior year,  and  they  have  been  dating  reg- 
ularly ever  since. 

Finding  time  for  leisure,  Sam  works 
earnestly  for  his  achievements.  He  strives 
to  accomplish,  and  he  accomplishes  b\ 
striving. 


A.  I'arker,  the  present  head  of  oui'  me- 
chanical  engineering  ilepartment. 

In  1940,  Mr.  Hull  joined  the  statt 
of  the  University  of  Colorado,  where 
he  taught  and  did  research  work.  There, 
too,  he  was  under  Mr.  Parker,  who  was 
at  that  time  head  of  the  Colorado  me- 
charuVal  engineering  department. 

.\n  interesting  part  of  his  research 
work  covered  an  assignment  for  the 
I  .  S.  Armv  air  forces.  This  was  a  fuel 


SAM   J.    PIAZZA 

varsity  teams:  football,  baseball,  and 
track.  In  I''4t  be  ma<le  "all  state"  in 
football. 

Today  we  know  Sam  Piazza  as  "\o. 
54,"  playing  halfback  for  "The  Fight- 
ing mini."  He  attains  recognition  as 
being  the  lightest  member  of  the  squad, 
tipping  the  scales  at  160  pounds  as  com- 
pared to  the  squad  average  of  over  190 
pounds. 

Sam  is  a  qiu'et  fellow  and  rather  mod- 
est; he  finds  no  time  for  hobbies  on  the 
college  campus.  We  found  him  in  his 
room  at  the  Sigma  Pi  fraternity  tack- 
ling a  calculus  a.ssignment.  He  is  en- 
rolled in  the  College  of  Engineering, 
and  is  specializing  as  a  civil  construc- 
tion engineer. 

He  has  worked  at  several  different 
jobs.  During  his  high  school  days  he 
worked  in  his  father's  meat  market  and 


WILLIAM   L.    HULL 

The  mechanical  engineering  stvident- 
wiU  soon  be  attending  classes  in  then 
m-\v  building  on  the  corner  of  Mathews 
and  Cireen  streets.  They  will  conduct 
experiments  in  laboratories  containing 
some  of  the  most  modern  testing  equip- 
ment available  today. 

The  man  responsible  for  most  of  the 
construction  details  and  processing  of 
the  laboratory  is  William  L.  Hull,  asso- 
ciate professor  of  mechanical  engineer- 
ing. His  office  is  piled  with  various 
materials,  waiting  to  be  transferred  to 
the  new  buildmg. 

Mr.  Hull  has  proven  to  be  a  very 
capable  man  for  handling  such  a  project. 
He  received  his  B.S.  in  mechanical  en- 
gineering at  the  L  niversity  of  Colorado 
in  1934,  and  went  to  work  for  the 
Chr\sler  corporation  as  an  experimental 
and  development  engineer.  While  with 
Chr\'sler,  he  attended  the  Chr>sler  In- 
stitute of  Engineering  and  received  his 
master's  degree  in  automotive  engineer- 
ing. He  left  Chrysler  corporation  in 
1937,  and  joined  the  mechanical  engi- 
neering staff  at  Purdue  university. 
While  there,  he  instructed  courses  in 
beat  and  power,  internal  combustion  en- 
gines, and  thermodynamics.  He  also  re- 
ceived his  M.S.  in  mechanical  engineer- 
ing. 

Mi-.  Hull's  specialized  interest  is  in- 
ternal combustion  engines;  he  broadened 
his  knowledge  by  picking  up  practical  ex- 
perience during  the  summers. 

In  1938  he  worked  for  the  Lock- 
heed corporation;  in  1939  he  worked  for 
the  Allison  division  of  (jeneral  Motors; 
and  in  1940  he  took  an  assignment  for 
Combs  Aircraft  corporation,  Denver, 
Colorado,  working  luuler  Prof.  Norman 


PROF.   WILLIAM    L.   HULL 

volatility  performance  project  on  an 
Allison  engine,  operating  at  low  tem- 
perature conditions.  Mr.  Hull  worked 
on  this  project  from  1944  to  1945, 
producing  satisfactory  results,  and  pre- 
sented a  900-page  report  to  the  air 
forces. 

He  followed  Mr.  Parker  to  Illinois 
in  1947  and  is  now^  instructing  M.E.  6 
and  M.E.  7,  along  with  his  work  on  the 
new-  M.E.  building. 

Last  year,  Mr.  Hull  built  a  new- 
home  in  west  Champaign  for  his  wife 
and  two  children.  He  has  a  little  girl 
three  vears  old  and  a  bov  seven  \ears 
old. 

He  likes  to  bowl,  pla\  bridge  and, 
when  he  has  time,  play  "at"  golf.  He 
is  certainly  one  busy  man,  being  a  mem- 
ber of  Acacia  social  fraternity  and  four 
honoraries:  Sigma  Tau  and  Tau  Beta 
Pi,  engineering;  Pi  Tau  Sigma,  me- 
chanical engineering,  and  Sigma  Xi,  re- 
search. He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
American  Society  of  Engineering  F^duca- 
tion,  and  is  the  faculty  adviser  of  the 
Society  of  Automotive  Engineers. 

Students  w-bo  really  know-  Mr.  Hull 
sav  that  he  is  "tops,"  because  he  enjoys 
his  work  and  is  so  actively  interested 
in  his  students.  As  one  member  of  his 
class  says,  "He  is  a  swell  guy  to  know 
— and  a  great  man  to  work  with.  " 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


this  course  help  prepare  me  for  a  telephone  job?" 


"Yes,  it  will.  And  that  would  be  true  of  almost 
any  course  you'd  name. 

"That's  because  varied  abilities  are  required. 
The  telephone  system  has  mechanical  engi- 
neers, electrical  engineers,  civil  engineers,  and 
so  forth.  Some  are  in  development  or  research, 
and  make  contributions  in  these  fields.  More 
are  in  the  operating  end.  They  deal  with  eco- 
nomic as  well  as  technical  problems,  handle 
personnel,  and  assume  other  responsibilities 
gained  as  their  careers  progress. 

"In  other  words,  telephony  has  many  inter- 
esting jobs.  To  prepare  for  one  of  them,  learn 
your  particular  branch  of  engineering  and  gain 
as  much  all-around  knowledge  as  you  can." 


I    DECEMBER,  1948 


BELL        TELEPHONE        SYSTEM 


19 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Editor 


PHILLIP  B.  DOLL 
Assoc.  Editor 


fA* 


15^-^ 


Considering  the  Fish 


When  you  }i()  fishing,  how  do  you  bait 
your  hook?  You  may  have  a  fondness  tor 
bij;,  thick,  juicy,  sirloin  steaks,  but  do  you 
liang  one  of  those  on  a  hook  and  drop  it  in  the 
water?  Certainlv  not — a  fish  wouldn't  flip 
his  dorsal  fin  twice  at  blue-ribbon  beef  dan- 
jliin":  in  front  of  him.  Instead,  you  consider 
the  situation   from   the  viewpoint  of   the   fish. 

\Vh\'  not  use  the  same  reasoning  in  deal- 
ings with  people? 

In  dealing  with  people,  no  matter  who. 
where,  or  when,  there  are  two  prime  consid- 
erations— getting  along  with  people,  and  get- 
ting them  to  do  what  you  want  them  to  do. 
Either  or  both  appear,  from  shooting  the 
breeze  between  classes  to  rehabilitating  Eu- 
rope. The  onl\  person  who  can  ignore  them 
is  a  prisoner  in  solitary  confinement. 

In  this  civilization  of  the  Atomic  Age, 
of  accelerated  li\ing,  mass  production,  and 
ulcers,  the  ability  to  get  along  with  people 
and  get  them  to  do  what  you  want  them  to 
do  is  of  increasing  importance.  Friendships 
ha\e  become  "contacts" ;  the  friendships  of 
yesteryear  ha\e  today  become  a  few  close 
friends  and  many  contacts.  More  and  differ- 
ent people  are  encountered  every  day,  and 
some  system  is  necessary  to  get  along  with 
tliese  people  and  influence  their  activities.  At 
tlie  same  time,  this  must  be  done  so  as  to 
leave  a  mental  attitude  conducive  to  further 
agreeable  relations  and  cooperation. 

The  engineer  should  be  vitally  concerned 
with  these  considerations,  whether  he  is  in 
design,  management,  production,  sales,  re- 
search, or  some  other  of  the  multitudinous 
phases  of  engineering.  The  big  problems  are 
not  solved  by  one  harassed  man  working  in  a 
dimly-lighted  garret.  Rather,  they  are  solved 
by  an  organization,  working  in  close  coopera- 
tion and  harmon)'.  The  days  of  kitchen  table 
chemistry  and  make-shift  apparatus  are  over. 


The  talk  now  is  of  electronic  calculators  and 
pilot  plants.  Gone  are  the  charcoal  forge  and 
anvil ;  enter  the  automatic  screw  machine  and 
quality  control.  Getting  along  with  people 
and  directing  their  activities  is  a  vital  part 
of  this  program. 

How  are  we  going  to  find  a  methoti  to 
accomplish  this?  It's  simple.  It's  so  absurdly 
simple  that  too  few  people  even  think  about 
it,  let  alone  practice  it.  It  consists  merely  of 
a  mental  attitude ;  consider  the  other  person. 
You  consider  the  likes  and  dislikes  of  a  fis'n. 
Why  not  amplify  this  to  include  your  fellow- 
man  ? 

Henry  Ford  knew  this.  He  said,  "If  there 
is  any  one  secret  of  success,  it  lies  in  the  abil- 
ity to  get  the  other  person's  point  of  view 
and  see  things  from  his  angle  as  well  as  our 
own."  This  should  be  posted  at  the  gate  of 
every  plant,  cast  into  the  base  of  every  Alma 
Mater  statue,  carved  into  the  tables  of  the 
United  Nations,  and  printed  on  the  back  of 
every  vehicle  tax  sticker. 

Talk  to  the  other  fellow  in  terms  of  his 
interests  and  desires,  and  he  will  listen  all 
day.  (^f  course,  this  must  be  administered 
with  care  and  insight,  for  often  what  appears 
on  the  surface  is  far  from  the  whole  story. 
There  are,  in  general,  two  reasons  for  doing 
something — the  reason  that  sounds  good,  anil 
the  real  reason.  The  real  reason  can  usually 
be  traced  right  back  in  terms  of  personal  in- 
terests and  desires. 

Call  it  "practical  psychology,  "  "the  tech- 
nique of  handling  people,"  or  what  you  will. 
One  grain  of  it  is  more  valuable  than  a  ton 
of  advanced  theory  and  application.  For.  un- 
like the  latter,  the  ability  to  get  along  with 
people  and  get  them  to  do  what  you  want 
them  to  do  is  not  something  to  be  absorbed 
by  a  few  geniuses;  it  is  a  necessity  for  modern 
living. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


REQUIRED     J 
READING 
FOR    ALUMNI 


'hen  you  graduate,  your  faithful  slip-stick  will  go 
with  you  —  required  reading  tlirougliout  your  working  years. 
You'll  take  some  of  your  textbooks  with  you,  too,  to  help 
you  go  places  in  business.  Many  of  tiiese  will  undoubtedly 
bear  the  McGraw-Hill  name— since  McGraw-Hill  is  head- 
quarters for  technical  information. 

To  your  reference  slielf  of  reliable  McGraw-Hill  books,  add 
the  McGraw-Hdl  magazine  devoted  to  your  particular  field. 

For  example,  if  youVe  studying  to  be  an  electrical  en- 
gineer, yt)u  probal)lv  knowTerman's  Radio  Engineers' Hand- 
book, Hennv's  Radio  Engineering  Handbook  or  Knowlton's 
Standard  Handbook  for  Electrical  Engineers.  If  you're  going 
to  be  a  mechanical  engineer,  its  very  likely  that  you've  used 
Marks' Mechanical  Engineers'  Handbook  and  other  McGraw- 
Hill  books  in  this  field. 

When  you're  launched  on  your  engineering  career,  get  to 
know  y oil r  McGraw-Hill  magazine  —  such  as  Electronics, 
Electrical  World,  Electrical  Construction  &:  Maintenance, 
American  Machinist,  or  Power. 

McGraw-Hill  books  and  magazines  cover  practically  every 
conceivable  pliase  of  business  and  industry.  They'll  help  you 
do  a  better  job. 


McGRAW-HILL 

PUBLICATIONS 

HEADQUARTERS  FOR  TECHNICAL   INFORMATION 
330  WEST  42nd  STREET    •    NEW  YORK   18,  NEW  YORK 


DECEMBER,  1948 


21 


VOCABULARY     CLINIC 


Do  you  know  tluit  tlu-  posinon  ^'()l 
will  have  in  years  to  come  will,  to  a 
great  extent,  depeiul  upon  YOl  R  vo- 
cabulary? Yes,  your  vocabulary  will  be 
;i  veritable  measure  ot  \our  success.  It 
has  been  proven  time  and  time  again 
that  one  of  the  most  common  traits 
among  men  of  sviccess  in  any  profes- 
sional field  whatsoever  is  a  large,  use- 
able, functioning  vocabulary. 

Realization  of  the  importance  of  these 
facts  should  spur  any  man  into  action. 
'I'd    acquire    a    large    \ocabuIary    is    not 


.litlicult;     but     it     iloi-s     take     time     and 
prai  tuc. 

The  'rr.CllNOCRAI'll  will  en- 
dea\-or  to  assist  its  readers  to  enlarge 
their  vocabularies  by  publishing  a  short 
vocabulary  quiz  in  this  and  the  remain- 
ing issues  of  this  year.  The  words  in 
this  quiz,  as  well  as  the  words  appearing 
in  subsequent  quizzes,  will  not  be  select- 
ed haphazardly  from  a  dictionary,  but 
rather,  the\'  will  be  choice  words  that 
are  used  e\ery  day  by  successfid  profes- 
sional men. 


A>  an  a<l(ied  note:  When  you  finish 
the  (|uiz,  in  order  to  make  yourself 
moie  familiar  with  the.sc  words,  make 
sure  \()u  know  the  correction  pronuncia- 
tion and  are  able  to  \ise  each  ot  them  in 
a  sentence.  Then,  and  onh  then,  will 
you  be  able  to  claim  these  words  as  a 
part  of  your  vocabulary.  Answers  will 
be  found  on  page  32. 


Ineffable — (a)   unable,    (b)   witty,    (c)    not  alive,    (d)    uiuitterable 
Flatulent — (a)   pretentious,   (b)    not  carbonized,    (c)    insane,    (d)    terrible 
Exigent — (a)  leading  out,   (b)  in  urgent  need,   (c)   afraid,   (d)   polite 
Efficacious — (a)    effective,    (b)    reluctant,    (c)    easy,    (d)    unconquerable 
(Jogent — (a)  abusive,   (b)  convincing,   (c)   aware,   (d)  unaware 
Collusive — (a)    deceitful,    (b)    sticking   together,    (c)    tender,    (d)    inquisitive 
Panacea — (a)  a  waffle,  (b)  a  remedy  to  cure  all  ills,  (c)  rea.son,  (d)  an  alloy 
Enervating — (a)    detestable,    (b)    deceiving,    (c)    trespassing,    (d)    weakening 
Didactic — (a)   a  diaper,   (b)   teacher-like,   (c)   exact  opposite,   (d)   idiotic 
Palaver — (a)   a  corpse,   (b)   empty  talk,    (c)   pastry,    (d)   a  myth 


"How  did  you  find  the  ladies  at  the 
dance?" 

"( )pened  the  door  marked  'Ladies' 
and   tiiere  they  were." 

*      *      * 

"I'll  never  take  another  drop,"  said 
tiie  drunk  as  he  fell  off  the  sky-scraper. 


talk,    (c)    comfort,    (d)    harsh 
uperior    abilit\-,    (d)    forget- 


Penchant — (a)    a  strong  inclination,    (b)    loud 
Prowess — (a)    frustrate,    (b)    prominence,    (c) 

fulness 
llromidic — (a)    common-place,    (b)    a   cure    for   headaches,    (c)    like   bromid 

(d)   toxic 
Captions — (a)    captivating,    (b)    hard   to  please,    (c)    spicy,    (d)    e 


!  ^.   Supine — (a)  attractive,  (b)  tasty,  (c)  ha\ing  no  interest  or  care,   (d) 


teemetl 
penniles 


.\I.E.  I  —"How  is  or  Hdl  these 
days?" 

M.E.  2  —  "Oh,  he's  much  better 
since   his  operation  !" 

M.f".    1  — "What  operation?" 

M.E.  2  —  "Haven't  you  heard  ?  They 
removed  a  brass  rail  that  was  pressing 
against  his  foot  for  years." 

Mother:  "Martin,  every  time  you  are 
naughty,    I    get   another   gray   hair.  " 

Martin:  "(lee,  mamma,  you  must 
have  been  a  terror  when  you  were 
\oung.      lust    look    at    grandma." 


AN   OKONITE 

"TWIST"  ON 

CABLE   TESTING 

Ckonite  research  includes 
subjecting  short  lengths  of 
elcciricil  cable  to  torsion 
tests  (pictured  above),  twist- 
ing them  through  a  spiral  arc 
of  180°  under  a  heavy  load. 

Bending  tests,  impact  tests, 
tests  of  wear-resistance  by 
abrasion  —  these  are  a  few  of 
the  mechanical  tests  which, 
along  with  electrical,  chemical 
and  weather-exposure  tests, 
complete  an  integrated  pro- 
gram of  pcrforiHiance  checks. 
I-rom  its  results  comes  infor- 
mation which  Okonite  engi- 
neers translate  again  and 
again  into  wire  and  cable 
improvements  that  mark 
major  advances  in  the  field. 
The  Okonite  Company, 
Passaic,  New  Jersey. 


Christmas  Greetings 


fror 


MURPHY'S 

MEN'S  CLOTHIERS 
'The   Home  of   Society   Brand  Clothes" 


27  Main 


On  the  Corner 


CHAMPAIGN 


OKONITEO. 

insulated    wires    and    cables 


Automobiles 

What  every  engineer  should 
know  about  them 


Read  it  in  the  January  issue  of  the 
TECHNOGRAPH 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Elcctiun  microscope,  perfected  at  RCA  Laboratories,  reveals 
hitherto  hidden  facts  about  the  structure  of  bacteria. 


Bacteria  bigger  than  a  Terrier 


Once  scientists,  exploring  the  invisi- 
lilc,  worked  relati\ely  "blind."  Few 
microscopes  magnified  more  than 
1500  diameters.  Manv  bacteria,  and 
almost  all  viruses,  remained  invisible. 

Then  RC.\  scientists  opened  new  windows 
into  a  hidden  world  — with  tlic  first  com- 
mercially practical  electron  microscope.  In 
the  lahorator)'  this  instrument  has  reached 
magnifications  of  200,000  diameters  and 
over.  100,000  is  commonplace  . .  . 

To  understand  sucli  figures,  picture 
this;  A  man  magnified  200.000  times 
could  lie  with  his  head  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  and  his  feet  in  New  York.  ...  A 
hair  similarly  magnified  would  appear  as 
large  as  the  Washington  Monument. 


Scientists  not  only  see  bacteria,  but  also 
viruses— and  have  even  photographed  a  mole- 
cule! Specialists  in  other  fields  — such  as 
industry,  mining,  agriculture,  forestry— have 
learned  unsuspected  truths  about  natural 
resources. 

Development  of  the  electron  micro- 
scope as  a  practical  tool  of  science,  medi- 
cine, and  industry  is  another  example  of 
RCA  research  at  work.  This  leadership  is 
part  of  all  instruments  hearing  the  names 
RCA,  and  RCA  \'ictor. 

•  •  • 

When  in  Radio  City,  Nciv  York,  he  sure  to 
see  the  radio,  television  and  electronic  won- 
ders at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36  West  49th 
Street.  Free  admission.  Radio  Corporation  of 
America,  RCA  Building,  Radio  City,  N.  Y.  20. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

Victor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  niaiui- 
facturers  of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers (including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations). 

•  Ad\anced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  producing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  todaij  to  National  Bccruiting  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jcrsetj. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Meclianical 
and   Chemical    Engineers   and    Physicists. 


^A  DIO    CORPORA  TIOM  of  A  ME  RICA 


DECEMBER,  1948 


23 


I 


'  [  '  1 


Scenes  k 

Upper  left— Univer 
Mater    statue.     Lo\II 
Building.       Upper    ■jt 
center— Athletic   fie  I 
—Engineering   Hall. 


id  Campus 

Lower  left— the  Alma 
cupola  of  the  Union 
srial  Stadium.  Right 
)lcl    gym.     Lower    right 


GALESBURG  .  . . 

(Continucil  tioiu  page  14) 
t.ibularioii    of   the    quantity    of    material 
pifsi'iit  in  the  proiiint. 

During  the  war,  Mr.  johonson  tauj;lit 
:it  Ripon  college,  in  Wisconsin.  He  was 
tnv  of  the  many  teachers  who  did  ex- 
jellent  service  to  our  country  by  teach- 
ing during  the  day  and  working  at  a 
local  war  plant  in  the  evening.  Mr. 
Johnson  taught  for  two  and  a  half  years 
at  Ripon  ami  then  entered  the  Navy  as 
a  radio  technician.  After  discharge  from 
the  Na\y,  he  came  directh  to  tiie  (]ales- 
hurg  undergraduate  division,  and  since, 
has  established  himself  as  an  able  in- 
structor and  a  wilh'ng  counselor. 


Freshman  Orientation 
Program 

By  H.  Roy  Johnson,  C.E.  '51 

The  prospective  engineer  faces  many 
problems,  some  of  which  can  be  elimi- 
nated by  proper  counseling  and  instruc- 
tion. To  supplement  the  individual 
counseling  service  now  in  operation  here 
on  the  (^lalcsburg  campus,  a  program  of 
freshman  orieutiition  has  been  success- 
fully undertaken. 

Such  prominent  men  as  Dean  Joiilan, 
associate  dean  of  engineering  at  tlie  I  ni- 
versity  of  Illinois;  Dr.  Carter,  head  of 
the  department  of  student  welfare  here 


at  (laiesburg;  .■uid  Dr.  .Aherns,  chair- 
man of  the  college  of  educ;ition  at  the 
(lalesburg  division,  have  iiiglilighted  tiiis 
program,  which  is  sponsoreil  b\  the  I.n- 
gineering  Sciences  division,  under  the 
guidance  of  Prof.  F.  W.  Trezise. 

Xot  entirely  new  in  the  historv  of 
education,  tliis  piograni.  which  familiar- 
izes the  freshman  engineer  with  college 
life  in  general,  has  been  in  operation  in 
many  of  the  most  prominent  schools  in 
the  nation. 

This  course,  which  is  non-credit,  .ind 
meets  only  once  a  week  for  a  one-hour 
period,  has  been  enthusiastically  received 
by  the  freshmen  engineers.  Movies,  illus- 
trating the  use  of  the  slide  rule,  have 
already  appeared  on  the  program,  and  a 
course  in  the  instruction  of  this  instru- 
ment is  now  being  arranged  because  of 
the  aforementioned  enthusiasm. 

Such  a  course,  which  advises  the  new- 
student  as  to  the  proper  methods  of 
study  and  concentration,  enables  him  to 
pursue  his  vocation  in  a  more  orderly 
and  consolidated  manner.  By  the  pur- 
SLiance  of  such  a  program,  the  future  of 
our  \outh,  and  therefore  the  future  of 
our  nation,  is  assured. 


Soph:  "Why  don't  you  major  in 
pharmacv .'' " 

Dumb  Frosh:  "Oh,  no.  I  couKln't 
think  of  living  on  a  farm  all  my  life." 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  page  It) 
of  all  the  engineering  societies  and  or- 
ganizations meet  in  our  common  office. 
Room  .?S4-1,  on  .Mond.iy,  December 
20,  at  S  p.  m.  and  form  into  an  active 
council. 

We  ha\e  in  our  possession  at  this 
time,  a  copy  of  the  L  rbana  Engineering 
Covmcil  constitution  and  some  of  their 
past  meetings  minutes. 

Fhe  foundation  has  alreadv  been  laid 
— Id's  t/ivc  a  lu/piriff  hand. 


"And  what  do  \ou  do  with  ; 
azor  blades?"  questioned  Sam. 


old 


"Trv    to    shave    with    them,"    replied 


oe. 


Definition:  research — a  blind  man  in 
a  dark  room  huntuig  for  a  black  cat 
that   isn't   there. 

A  laborer  doing  a  hauling  job  was 
informed  that  he  could  not  get  his 
money  until  he  submitted  a  statement. 
After  much  meditation  he  evolved  the 
following  bill:  "Three  comes  and  three 
goes  at  four  bits  a  went — $3." 

»        -S'        * 

20///    (Jcntury    Version 
(leorge  Washington:  "Father,   I  can- 
not tell  a  lie.  I  cut  your  sherry." 


^  QUICK  f/l^y 
^     OPERATION 


No.  2  VERTICAL 
MILLING 
MACHINE 

LIGHT  TYPE 

The  Brown  86  Sharpe 
Light  Type  design  provides 
a  light  sensitive  milling 
machine  that  permits  ease 
and  rapidity  of  handling — 
yet  insures  the  high  degree 
of  accuracy  necessary  of  a 
milling  machine  for  tool- 
room or  general  purpose 
work.  Smooth  working  con- 
trols and  mechanisms  give 
faster  operation  with  less 
effort  and  fatigue.  Conven- 
ient control  grouping  and 
the  swivelling  spindle  head 
give  the  machine  outstanding  efficiency  for  both  set-up  and 
operation.  Brown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co.,  Providence  1 ,  R.I.,  U.S.A. 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  m 


On  the  |ob  shown  above  the  work 
is  quickly  positioned  for  cutting 
several  adjacent  surfaces. 


DEVELOPING 
PRINTING 

YOUR  FILMS 

HELPFUL  SNAPSHOT  ADVICE 

We  have  a  complete  line  of 

PHOTO  EQUIPMENT 

AND  SUPPLIES 

ZEISS    -    LEICA    -    ARGUS    -    NATCO 

REVERE  -  AMPRO  -  ANSCO  -  EASTMAN 

GRAFLEX  -  DEFENDER  -  DUPONT 

BELL  AND   HOWELL 

We  have  a  complete  line  in 
HOBBY  SUPPLIES 

FAIRCHILD 

CAMERA  AND  HOBBY  SHOP 
111  No.  Walnut                                         Champaign,  111 

26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


m 

IB 

W^ 

^or  Students  of  Science  and  ( 

■    i 

^"^     J  ^"^";®®""9a 



1 

Science  paints 
the  future 


4/  of  every  J,000  U.  S.  (hemisfs  are 

engaged  in  production  of  paints, 

lacquers,  varnishes  and  colors 

Modem  paint  making  is  an  outstand- 
ing example  of  chemistry  at  work — 
of  the  way  the  scientific  approach 
has  replaced  rule-of-thumb  methods. 
Today,  paints  are  formulated  by 
chemists  to  meet  specific  needs.  In 
their  search  for  better  finishes,  these 
highly  trained  technical  men  are  aided 
by  the  electron  microscope  and  infra- 
red spectroscope.  A  variety  of  gonio- 


blow  won't  break.  Tests  with  me- 
chanical scrubbers  prove  it  outwears 
old-style  enamels  by  more  than  five 
times.  "Dulux"  enamels  now  guard 
boats,  large  and  small,  as  well  as 
petroleum  tank  farms,  machinery  and 
other  industrial  installations. 

At  Du  Font's  paint  laboratories,  a 
wide  range  of  materials  is  understudy. 
Where  the  colloid  chemist,  the  phys- 
ical and  organic  chemist,  the  analyst, 
physicist  and  other  technically 
trained  men  leave  off,  the  chemical 
engineer,  mechanical  engineer  and 
metallurgist  stand  ready  to  design 
equipment  to  make  better  commer- 
cial production  possible. 

Modern  equipment  speeds  research 

Many  of  today's  research  tools  are 
complex  and  expensive.  The  modern 
research  worker  may  use  a  $30,000 


Mark  P.  Morse,  /i.  S.,  Physics,  Washington 
Cullegf  ^4iK  measures  specular  and  diffused  re- 
flection of  a  sample  paint  surface  with  a  gonio- 
photometer,  a  Du  Pont  development  for  ob- 
taining data  on  gloss  and  brightness. 

mass  spectrometer  installation  which 
can  make  an  analysis  in  three  hours 
that  formerly  took  tliree  months. 
High  pressure  equipment,  ultra  cen- 
trifuges, niolecular  stills,  and  com- 
plete reference  libraries  are  other 
tools  which  speed  research  and  en- 
large its  scope. 

Young  scientists  joining  the  Du 
Pont  organization  have  at  their  dis- 
posal the  finest  equipment  available. 
Moreover  they  enjoy  the  stimulation 
of  working  with  some  of  the  most 
able  scientists  in  their  fields,  in  groups 


RusI  would  quickly  weaken  this  structure.  Be- 
cause" Dulux*'  resists  salt  water  and  salt  air, 
il  has  for  years  protected  many  famous  bridges. 

photometric  and  spectrophotometric 
devices  are  used  by  the  physicist  and 
physical  chemist  in  the  study  of  gloss 
and  color. 

Du  Pont  men  have  produced  many 
.superior  finishes.  One  of  them, 
"Dulux"  nitrocellulose  lacquer,  made 
mass  production  of  automobiles  pos- 
sible by  shortening  paint  drying  time 
from  weeks  to  hours. 

Finish  failures  —  chipping  and 
-scratching — were  costing  manufac- 
turers of  home  refrigerators  a  million 
dollars  a  year  before  Du  Pont  chem- 
ists developed  "Dulux"  synthetic 
resin  enamels,  based  on  alkyd  resins. 
A  "Dulux"  coating  on  metal  or  wood 
I  "^ries  into  a  film  that  even  a  hammer 


Satin-smooth  beauty  and  outstanding  dura- 
bility are  properties  given  by  "Duco**  or 
^'Dulux*'  to  furniture,  trucks,  buses  and  trains. 


■^ 


Send  for  your  free  copy 
of  this  new  booklet 

The  40-page,  fully  illustrated 
brochure,  "The  Du  Pont  Com- 
pany and  the  College  Graduate," 
answers  your  questions  about 
opportunities  at  Du  Pont.  De- 
scribes openings  in  research,  pro- 
duction, sales  and  many  other 
fields.  Explains  the  plan  of  or- 
ganization whereby  individual 
ability  is  recognized  and  re- 
warded. Write  today.  Address: 
2518  Nemours  Building,  Wil- 
mington 98,  Delaware. 


y 


Paints  ore  tested  by  exposure  to  weather  at 
paint  "farms.*^  Research  men  interpret  results 
as  guide  for  development  of  improved  paints. 

small  enough  to  bring  about  quick 
recognition  of  individual  talent  and 
capabilities.  They  find  here  the  op- 
portunity, cooperation  and  friendly 
encouragement  they  need.  Thus  they 
can  do  their  best  work,  both  for  the 
organization  and  themselves. 


cffp) 


BETTER    THINGS     FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
.   .   .   THKOUGH    CHEMISTKY 

More  facts  about  Du  Pom  —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


ECEMBER,  1948 


27 


WHAT'S  IN  A  NAME  .  .  . 

I  L'ojitiiiucil  li mil  p;i}ic  7  ) 
'riii-rc  is  an  excelli'iit  iliancc  that  he  will 
make  his  mark  in  the  world  after  losinj; 
his  first  three  jobs  liue  to  incompatibil- 
ity. You  \\ill  be  (loinji  him  a  great 
favor  if  you  give  him  the  first  one." 

"Mr.  Chip  Shoulder  is  iine  ot  the 
most  unpleasant  young  men  that  1  lia\e 
ever  encountered.  He  is  practicalh  illit- 
erate, arf;umentati\e,  and  has  an  excel- 
lent opinion  of  himself  in  direct  con- 
trast to  his  abiiitx.  In  behalf  of  tiie 
universit\',  and  witii  tlie  full  concurrence 
of  my  fellow  teachers,  I  apologize  for 
his  degree  (cc.  to  C.  S. )" 

In  summary,  and  all  kidding  aside, 
there  is  a  way  of  making  people  want 
to  write  a  letter  of  recommendation. 
First,  if  po.ssible,  get  a  reputation  for 
scholarship.  Second,  enter  into  some  vise- 
ful  extra-curricular  activity.  The  exact 
balance  is  up  to  the  student,  but  both 
are  necessary.  Even  the  "C"  student 
will  get  his  boost  if  he  gets  into  some 
worthwhile  project  and  does  a  good  job 
wliich  can  he  measured  in  results  and 
not  in  wind.  A  student  who  feels  that 
he  enjovs  the  confidence  of  his  teachers 
should  not  hesitate  to  ask  for  the  privi- 
lege of  using  their  names,  remembering 
that  as  old  Will  Shakespeare  so  aptly 
put  it,  " — he  who  filches  from  me  my 
good  name  takes  that  which  enriches 
him  not  and  makes  me  poor  indeed." 


ACROSS 

1.  Grassy    field 
4.  Englishman  who 
was  first  to  read 
by  electric  light. 
1709 

11.  Laid  the  first 
submarine  cable. 
New  York  Har- 
bor, 1843 

12.  Iridescent  gem 
stone 

13.  Heedless 

15.  Lightning 
protector 

16.  Humple 

17.  Lariat 

18.  To  a  higher  level 
la.  Foundation 

20.  Insinuate 

21.  Have  courage  to 

22.  Food    for 
furnaces 

23.  Hush! 

24.  Published  details 
of  his  zinc  mer- 
cury cell  in  1873 

26    Heavy   weight 
27.  Dark   evergreen 
trees 

29.  Kelatives 

30.  Invented  the  au- 
tomatic electric 
toaster,  1919 

33.  Destructive 
rodent 

34.  Break    suddenly 

36.  Fish  that  gener- 
ates electricity 

37.  Heavenly   food 

39.  That  man 

40.  Devised  his  dis- 
charging-jar 
electrometer. 
1767 

42.  Anatomical 
network 

43.  Support  for  an 


Crossword  Puzzle 


I 

/ 

Z 

— 

1 

r- 

5 

6 

.      IJB 

9 

Ti 

II 

IZ 

M" 

14 

15 

w 

^■"' 

18 

^■isi 

^■20 

■  1 

^H2I 

^■22 

^■Z3 

24 

25 

^H'^'* 

mlT 

29 

Wf' 

FU" 

34 

pry3a 

^Mi' 

38 

59 

HI  40 

41 

^■42 

■  1 

^■'*3 

^■44 

^■''S 

46 

47 

H'^ 

-.. 

53- 

PI" 

1 

b2 

■■■S} 

n 

_ 

S4 

u 

45.  Holy   person: 
abbr. 

46.  Middays 

48.   Developed    a 


50.  German 
philosopher 

51.  Part  in  a  play 

52.  Discovered   the 


effect  in  diaelec- 
trics,    1875 

53.  Discovered   X- 
rays  in   1895 

54.  Turn   to   the 
rieht 

DOWN 

1.  Highly  direc- 
tional form  of 
antenna 

2.  Old  age:  poetic 

3.  Near 

4.  Patented  the 
first  practical 
printing    tele- 

fraph  system  in 
846 

5.  Part  of  a  church 

6.  Existed 

7.  1.000  liters: 


wireless  detector. 
1885 
9.  Orient  '. 

10.  S-shaped  worm      ' 

11.  His  researches  ; 
led  to  the  process  ■ 
of  electroplating 

14.  Patented    electro    : 

statically  shielded 

cable.    1916 
16.   Designed  an 

enclosed    arc 

light  in   1893 


21.  Developed 


25.  Cover  the  inside 

of 
,  Large   plant 
,  Sea    eagle 
.  Canvas  shelter 
,  Corundum  used 

for  grinding,  etc. 
.  Designed  a 

lead-plate  storag* 

battery   in    1859 
.  Devoured 
.  Simpleton 
.  Black    crowUke 

bird 
.  Single:   prefix 
.  In  good  health 
.  Father 
.  Rowing   device 


22.  Thin  metal  sheet 

23.  Developed    the 
all-glass  electric  abbr. 
light  bulb  in  1879  52.  1.000  grams:  abbr 


Fastening  device 
Part  of  an  anchor 
Football  position: 


A  Campus  Tradition  that  all 
Engineers  Recognize  .  .  . 

ini   Union   Bookstore 

715  SOUTH  WRIGHT  STREET 
On  the  Campus 

10%   DIVIDEND   PAID   LAST  YEAR 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


DID  WE   STICK  OUR   NECK  OUT   IN   1930? 


LoolSr   How   Alcoa   Aluminum    Extrusions 
Have  Helped  Our  Prophecy  Come  True! 

On  June  21,  1930,  this  advertisement  appeared  in 
one  of  Aineriea's  great  national  magazines.  "Aha!" 
chortled  a  lot  of  people.  "Look  at  Alcoa  sticking 
its  neck  out!" 

Now,  in  1948,  there  are  many  aluminum  trains 
to  ride.  In  the  past  three  years  alone,  450  passenger 
cars  have  been  ordered  in  Alcoa  Aluminum.  103 
freight  cars.  412  tank  cars. 

One  reason  for  the  railroads'  swing  to  Alcoa 
Aluminum  is  typified  by  the  big  extrusion  press 
shown  above.  Squeezing  out  intricate  aluminum 
shapes  like  toothpaste  from  a  tube,  it  permits  big 
assembly  savings  in  car  structures  .  .  .  without 


sacrifice  of  strength.  From  the  massive  but  light- 
weight beam,  80  feet  long,  that  serves  as  a  car 
side  sill,  down  to  the  satiny  fluted  moldings  around 
the  windows,  Alcoa  Aluminum  Extrusions  find 
wide  use. 

Getting  metal  where  it's  wanted,  in  the  most 
intricate  of  shapes,  and  in  gleaming,  lightweight, 
corrosion-resistant  Alcoa  Aluminum — these  ad- 
vantages have  helped  many  an  industry  to  produc- 
tion short  cuts,  better  products. 

The  story  of  aluminum  is  still  being  written. 
New  developments  are  in  the  making  that  promise 
as  much  for  the  future  of  aluminum  as  the  promise 
we  made  about  aluminum  trains  back  in  1930. 
Aluminum  Company  of  Ameiuca,  Gulf  Building, 
Pittsburgh  19,  Pennsylvania. 


FIRST  IN  ALUMINUM 


Alcoa  ran  the  advertisement  above  before 
being  able  to  make  big  aluminum  beams  for 
railroad  cars — in  fact,  before  the  railroads 
even  showed  much  interest  in  aluminum. 
Believing  the  idea  was  sound,  Alcoa  took  a 
chance,  built  costly  machinery  to  make 
beams,  then  went  out  and  sold  ihem.  Result: 
these  days  von  </«  ride  on  aluminum  trains. 


This  is  typical  of  the  history  of  Alcoa.  In  60 
short  years,  Alcoa  Aluminum  has  found  its 
way  into  thousands  of  useful  things:  uten- 
sils that  cook  better,  buildings  that  last 
longer,  planes  that  fly  faster.  But  this  is  only 
the  beginning.  New  developments,  now  in 
the  laboratory  stage,  are  pointing  the  way 
to  even  wider  uses  for  aluminum  tomorrow. 


DECEMBER,  1948 


29 


TRIANGLE  .  .  . 

( i^Oiitmiicd   from  pafje  0) 
courages  harder  stiuly  and  better  jjrades 
by    scrviti};    as    a    constant    reminder    ot 
the  importance  of  scholarship. 

Hifljh  scholarship  ah)ne  (h)es  not  neces- 
sarily insure  that  a  person  will  be  either 
a  flood  eiif^ineer  or  a  good  citi/en,  and 
Triangle  recognizes  this  fact.  Triangle 
is  definitely  a  social,  as  well  as  a  pro- 
fessional fraternity,  and  nieitibers  are 
encourageil  to  take  p.irt  in  its  \ari(nis 
functions.  Participation  in  intranuua! 
e\ents  is  limited  h\  tlie  tacr  that  the 
fraternit)'  lias  lewcr  than  Jll  acti\es, 
but  Triangle  does  h.ive  basketball  and 
howling  teams,  and  enters  into  the  spor  t> 
requiring  small  teams. 

Extra-curricular  student  activities  are 
recognized  as  an  asset  both  to  the  per- 
sons participating  and  to  the  school,  so 
members  are  also  encouraged  to  work  on 
any  activity  on  which  they  have  a  true 
interest.  It  is  a  policy  of  Triangle,  how- 
ever, not  to  force  members  into  such 
work  merely  for  the  sake  of  participa- 
tion, so  no  one  is  asked  to  work  on  an 
activity  unless  they  wish  to  do  so. 

While  Triangle  limits  its  membership 
to  engineers  and  architects,  it  does  not 
limit  it  to  imdergraduates.  (Iraduate  stu- 
dents, professors,  and  outstanding  men 
in  the  engineering  field  are  eligible  for 
election  as  national   honorary  members. 


or  as  honorary  members  of  an  individual 
chapter.  Such  men  as  Daniel  W.  Mead. 
authorit\'  on  hydraulics,  formerly  at  the 
L  ni\ersit\  of  Wisconsin,  and  Arthur  N. 
Talbot,  for  whom  Talbot  laboratory  is 
name<l,  are  uidicati\e  of  the  type  of  per- 
son elected  to  the  former  status.  .\I.  L. 
I'.nger,  dean  of  the  engineering  college, 
A.  C.  Willard,  president  emeritus  of 
the  I.  iiiversit\  of  Illinois,  H.  H.  Jordan, 
associate  dean  of  the  College  of  Engi- 
neering, and  A.  R.  Knight,  professor  of 
electrical  engineering,  are  some  of  the 
several  men  elected  by  this  chapter  as 
honorary  members.  The  latest  initiate  is 
W.  L.  Everitt,  head  of  the  electrical  en- 
gineering department  here,  anil  recenth 
n.imed  dean-elect  of  the  engineering  col- 
lege. The  two  faculty  advisers  to  the 
Illinois  chapter,  R.  S.  Crossman  and  I,. 
D.  Walker,  are  alumni  members. 

Triangle  is  much  more  than  a  group 
of  persons  who  eat,  sleep,  and  live  en- 
gineering. It  is  an  active  social  frater- 
nity which  has  combined  many  of  the 
features  of  professional  and  honorary 
fraternities.  It  is  firmh'  rooted  at  Illi- 
nois and  elsewhere,  and  should  remain 
as  long  as  engineers  and  engineering 
students  remain. 


I.A.S. 

The      .-lero's      .iiuiouiU'e      >ome      great 

things   in   store    for   all    aeronautical    en 

gineers,     and     especially     Un 

In  the  spring,  the  aeron.iu- 
tical  engineering  department  will  take 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  first  flour 
i)f  the  Transportation  building  and  will 
replace  railway  motifs  with  aviation  dis- 
plays, incluiling  scale  models  of  ;iii- 
planes.  A  model  airplane  meet  and  the 
I.A.S.  regional  coinention  are  aUu 
planned. 

The  highlights  of  the  meeting  on 
October  14,  1948,  were  a  technii  d 
movie  titled,  "Martin  PHM-.?  Statu 
Wing  Test"  and  comments  on  the  film 
by  Prof.  John  M.  Coan,  who  workeil 
on  similar  projects  prior  to  the  recent 
war. 


Then  again,  maybe  the  professor  who 
sent  his  wife  to  the  bank  and  kissed 
his  money  goodbye  wasn't  so  absent- 
minded  after  all. 


"Are  you  going  to  take  this  l.\ing 
down?"   boomed   the  candidate. 

"Of  course  not,"  said  a  voice  from 
the  rear  of  the  hall,  "the  reporters  are 
doing  that." 


'Twas  midnight  in  the  parlor 
'Twas  darkness  everywhere; 

The  silence  was  unbroken — 
There  was  nobodv  there. 


CORSAGES . . . 

FOR  A  SPECIAL  DANCE 
FOR  A  SPECIAL  GIRL 

•  ORCHIDS 

•  GARDENIAS 

•  ROSES 

•  CAMELLIAS 

•  CARNATIONS 

CUT  FLOWERS 

•  ROSES 

•  CHRYSANTHEMUMS 

•  CARNATIONS 

•  GLADIOLI 

•  GARCIA  MUMS 


Jhxnn 


FLORIST 

,  113  W.  UNIVERSITY  AVE;CHAMPAIGN 

NOTAFmiATlD  WITH  ANi  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBAN  A 


Frank  Jewelers 

DIAMOND  WATCHES 

ON    EASY    PAYMENTS 

• 

208   N.    Neil  Champaign 

Across  from  Woolworth's 


CAAAPUS 

BARBER  SHOP 

The  besi  for  the  followers 

of  the 

Fighting  lllini 

SHINES    BY   PERCY 

Corner 

6th    and    Daniel 

30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Qiain  l^dfon ' 

THE  PATTERN 
FOR  TEAMWORK  AT  P&G 


The  Versatile  Soybean — raw  material  for 
many  chemical  industries  —  one  of  many 
subjects  under  continuous  study  at  P&G. 


How  chemists 

develop  new  edible 

oils  . . .  and  engineers     5 

follow  through  to 

produce  them 


/Chemists  conduct  microscopic 
0  studies  on  glycerides  ...  to  develop 


new  edible  oils. 


2. 


Chemical  Engineers  cany  on  hy- 
drogenation  experiments  to  improve 
processing  procedures. 


O     Mechanical    Engineers   design 


This  is  just  one  example 

of  P  &  G  Technical  Teamwork  in  ac- 
tion; similar  developments  in  other 
fields  call  for  additional  men  with 
technical  training.  That's  why  P&G 
representatives  periodically  visit  the 
country's  top  technical  schools  to  in- 
terview students.  If  you  would  like  to 
talk  to  a  Procter  &  Gamble  representa- 
tive, ask  your  faculty  adviser  or  place- 
ment bureau  to  arrange  a  meeting. 


full- 
scale  factory  et|uipnicnt,  using  scale 
models  like  this  edible  oil  freezer. 


^. 


Other  Engineers  plan  and  super- 
vise production  operations. 


PROCTER  &  GAMBLE 


CINCINNATI  1,  OHIO 


DECEMBER,  1948 


31 


DETECTED  BY  SOUND  .  .  . 

^  niitmui-il   Irdiii  p^i'^i-   1.^ ) 

in  the  oscilloscope,  and  voltage  readings 
are  taken  with  the  vaciiuni  tube  volt- 
meter. A  nuich  higher  voltage  is  read 
at  the  instant  when  the  gas  is  subjected 
to  radiation  than  when  the  shutter  pre- 
vents exposure  of  the  gas  to  intra-red. 

Carbon  dioxide-water  mixtures  seem 
to  absorb  more  radiation  than  other 
gas  mixtures  used  in  the  interferometer. 
The  infra-red  coupling  effect  in  these 
nuxtiires  exhibits  markedly  different 
characteristics  depending  on  the  «ater 
vapor  concentration.  This  is  easily  un- 
derstood in  view  of  the  fact  that  water 
vapor  has  a  number  of  strongly  absorb- 
ing bands  in  the  infra-red  region  of  the 
spectrum. 

The  distance  between  the  dri\ei'  and 
detector  crystals  is  adjusted  to  be  some 
nudtiple  of  the  wave  length  of  the 
supersonic  vibration.  When  this  distance 
is  ten  wa\e  lengths,  the  energy  of  the 
sound  \\a\e  is  decreased  by  a  factor  of 
16  at  the  time  of  maximum  radiation 
absorption.  This  means  that  the  detector 
crystal  receives  alternately  large  and 
small  amounts  of  energy. 

Two  di.stinct  types  of  coupling  take 
place  between  the  infra-red  radiation 
and  the  supersonically  excited  gas.  The 
simpler,  due  to  periodic  heating  of  the 


gas  by  radiation,  has  relatively  slow  re- 
sponse. When  the  gas  is  irradiated  with 
infra-red,  the  rising  temperature  of  the 
gas  causes  a  changing  \e!()cit>  of  sound, 
and  consequently  a  corresponding  shift 
in  wave  length  of  the  supersonic  vibra- 
tions. The  shift  of  wave  length  is  pro- 
portional to  small  temperature  changes. 
'Ihe  time  lag  in  heating  the  gas  column, 
however,  causes  a  decrea.se  in  the  effect 
of    this   coupling  at   fast   shutter   speeds. 

A  second  type  of  coupling,  present  at 
all  shutter  frequencies,  deals  with  a 
change  in  tiie  absorption  coefficient  of 
the  gas  molecules.  Radiation  changes 
the  number  of  molecules  in  states  asso- 
ciated with  high  acoustic  ab.sorption. 
The  modidation  amplitude  (effect  of 
radiation  on  the  supersonic  field)  re- 
mains fairly  constant  despite  varying 
shutter  speeds.  Very  rapid  response  de- 
tectors for  use  in  the  far  infra-red 
regions  are  made  possible  by  this  second 
tvpe  of  radiation  effect,  as  there  is  an 
infinitesimal  rime  lag  in  the  coupling 
action. 

This  nia\-  mean  that  detection  of  air- 
planes bv  the  hear  of  their  exhaust  gases 
will  actuallv  be  feasible.  Anti-aircraft 
gunners  of  the  future  may  use  the  slo- 
gan, "Where  there's  smoke,  fire!" 


Quick,  Doctor,  do  .something!  I  was 
pla\ing  a   harmonica  and   swallowed   it. 

Keep  calm,  sir,  and  be  tliankful  \()u 
were  not  playing  the  piano. 

She:  "I  ought  ro  leave  you  and  go 
home  ro  mother.  " 

He  (angrily):  "Well,  win  don't 
you  .■' " 

She:  "I  can'r.  She's  lefr  farher  and 
is  coming  here." 

A  pedestrian  is  a  case  of  survival  of 
the  flitrest. 


Answers  to  Vocabulary  Quiz 

1.  d.  2.  a.  ,1.  b,  4.  a.  5.  b,  6.  a,  7.  b, 
S.  d,  4.  b.  10.  b,  11.  a,  ]_'.  c,  I.?,  a,  14.  b, 
15.  c. 


The   slogan    for   a    night'i 
ment:  So-fa  and  no-father. 


Crossword  Answer 

1 

L 

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aBh 

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B 

A 

S 

E 

1 

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N 

T 

1 

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0 

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1 

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eHk 

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l>^ 

0 

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nHg 

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'■ 

t^kikJAi* 


Punch  Press  equipped 

with  LITTELL  Dial 

Feed  ami  LITTELL 

Safely  Slop. 


LITTELL  DIAL  FEEDS  are  especially  ellicient  for  high 
speed  asscniMy  w  ork  on  punch  presses.  Press  can  be  oper- 
ated at  from 40  to  80  strokes  per  minute,  depending  upon 
size  of  work  pieces.  Production  will  run  from  1 '5,000  to 
20,000  pieces  for  an  eight  hour  day.  Littell  Dial  Feeds  are 
also  adapted  for  certain  second  operation  work,  such  as 
perforating  shells. 

Write  for  ynitr  free  copy  of  Data  Sheet  No.  48 

F.   J.    LITTELL    MACHINE    CO. 


4133    RAVENSWOOD    AVENUE 


CHICAGO    13,   ILLINOIS 


DECEMBER  8,  9,    10,    11 

The  lllini  Theatre  Guild 

Offers  for  Your  Enjoyment 

"THE  DOCTOR  IN  SPITE 
OF  HIMSELF" 


Tickets  $1.20  (Tax  Incl.)  at  the 
lllini    Union    Box    Office 


SMART  ENGINEERS  USE 
the 

LAUNDRY   DEPOT 


808   S.   SIXTH  STREET 
Laundry   Service   and   Dry   Cleaning 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


'' — The  investigation  of  nature  is  an  infinite  pasture -ground" — T.  H.  huxley 


Food  — ours  to  have  and  to  hold 


QiucK-FROZEN  or  in  cans,  dried  or  powdered,  processed  or 
in  liulk.  foods  can  now  be  kept  fresh  and  navorlul  from  har- 
vest to  harvest  ...  or  longer. 

For  this  we  can  thank  research  .  .  .  and  heller  materials. 

There's  nitrogen,  for  example,  that  protects  the  flavor 
and  nutritional  values  of  packaged  foods.  It  is  also  used  to 
protect  delicate  foods  . . .  butter  and  vegetable  oils  . . .  keep- 
ing them  sweet  and  free  from  undesirable  odors. 

Plastic-lined  cans  resist  food  acids  and  alkalies  for  months 
on  end.  They  eliminate  all  contact  with  metal  .  .  .  and  thus 
serve  as  an  added  guard  against  flavor  contamination. 
Plastic-treated  milk  bottle  hoods  keep  pouring  surfaces  ster- 
ile-clean .  .  .  and  new  plastic  containers,  tough  and  pliable, 
"seal  in"  food's  flavor  and  freshness. 

Stainless  steel,  too,  easily  cleaned  and  sterilized,  gives  us 


bpoilage-free  tanks,  vats,  hoppers,  filters  and  great  kettles 
that  help  prepare  and  process  food  for  our  use. 

The  people  of  Union  Carbide  produce  many  materials 
essential  to  the  growing,  handling  and  preservation  of 
foods.  They  also  produce  hundreds  of  other  materials  for 
the  use  of  science  and  industry,  thus  helping  maintain 
American  leadership  in  meeting  the  needs  of  mankind. 

FREE:  You  are  itniled  to  send  fur  llif  ni-w  illuslrated  booldrt,  "I'rwl- 
i.cis  and  Processes."  uliicli  stiims  lioic  scienre  and  industry  use 
[  CCs  Alloys.  Chemicals.  Carbons.  Gases  and  I'laslics. 

Union  Carbide 

AjVJ?     CAI^BOjY     COHI'Ol^JlTIOJV 


30    EAST    42  ND     STREET 


m^ 


NEW    YORK    17 


— Products  oj  D'whious  and  Units  include 

Jakhi.itk,  Kri-xf,  \invon,  and  Vinylite  Plastics    •    National  Carbons    •    Acheson  Electrodes 
i.indi:  nltrocen    •     i.indk  oxygen 


Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals    •    Haynes  Stellite  Alloys 


•    Eveready  Flashlights  and  Batteries 
Prest-0-Lite  Acetylene    •    Pyrofa.x  Gas 
Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •     Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


WELDING  .  .  . 

(Coiitinuftl  from  pajii'  11) 
sibiiity  of  incompU-tf  diffusion  iluc  to 
variations  in  tlu-  niatfrial.  The  use  ot 
the  normalize  will  tend  to  increase 
homofjeneity  wliere  the  same  is  lackin;;. 
However,  any  subsequent  heat  treatment 
must  he  predicated  upon  a  fidl  knowl- 
edge of  the  crystalline  structure  that  is 
present  or  else  there  is  the  danger  of 
grain  growth  and  oversized  grains. 

The  weld  materird  showed  as  gooil 
ductilit\  as  did  the  parent  metal  while 
the  endurance  limit  was  greater  than 
tliat  ot  the  original  metal.  There  has 
been  no  definite  explanation  of  this 
phenomenon  but  it  is  speculated  that 
the  effect  is  due  to  the  orientation  of 
the  newly  formed  crystals  in  the  former 
boundary  area.  The  conclusion  then, 
that  c.in  be  made,  is  that  the  weKl  is 
not  the  limiting  factor  in  the  selection 
of  the  material  to  be  used  on  a  particular 
job. 

Of  the  otlier  plnsical  properties,  the 
yield  point  was  slightly  higher  for  the 
weld,  but  the  ultimate  remained  \ery 
closely  in  agreement  with  the  original 
value.  The  hardness  of  the  weld  was 
only  slightly  greater,  and  the  use  of  the 
normalize  treatment  eliminated  this  dif- 
ference within  the  range  of  practicabil- 
ity. 

Wliat    are    the    pruhlenis    which    face 


the  industrial  user  of  the  solid-pliase 
welding  |irocess?  There  are  several 
which  are  important  but  not  insur- 
mountable obstacles.  The  greatest  prob- 
lem is  providing  a  nieans  of  establishing 
and  maintaiiung  a  constant  pressure  be- 
tween the  pieces  to  be  welded.  'Ihe 
question  of  heating  the  zones  of  the 
metal  immediately  adjacent  to  the  inter- 
face uniformly  and  equally  becomes 
more  difficult  as  the  sizes  of  the  pieces 
become  greater.  This  is  definitely  a 
production  process  in  that  the  initial 
iinestment  is  a  high  one  and  as  yet  not 
too  flexible  a  procedure  has  beeri  de- 
\eloped. 

rhe  process  has  been  used  success- 
fully in  the  welding  of  medium  sized 
pressure  vessels,  tie  rods,  and  other  such 
items  where  quantity  production  is  the 
immediate    objecti\e. 

In  conclusion,  a  summation  is  in 
order.  It  has  been  shown  that  the  liquid- 
phase  welding  methods  possess  some 
certain  inherent  difficulties  which  are 
not  obtained  in  the  solid-phase  methods. 
The  solid-phase  method  has  been  shown 
to  be  a  workable  one  and  a  good  one  in 
so  far  as  the  physical  properties  of  the 
metal  are  concerned.  The  great  problem 
of  the  future,  in  solid-phase  work,  will 
be  the  experimentation  with  the  many 
and  \aried  possible  combinations  of 
metals    that    may     possibly     be     joined 


through  the  medium  of  pressure,  tem- 
perature, and  time,  without  resort  to  a 
li()ui<i    phase. 

BIHLKXiKAl'HY 

(1)  "Adams  Lecture  —  Solid-Phase 
Welding"  by  A.  B.  Kinzel,  The  Weld- 
i'lfl  Journal,  Vol.  23,  Dec.  1944,  pp. 
1124-1143. 

(2)  "Heat  Treatment  of  Metals"  by 
K.  |.  Trigger,  )ohn  S.  Swift  Co.,  1047, 
p.  4.^ 

(3)  "(^xvacetvlene  Pressure  Weld- 
ing" bv  A.  R.  Lvtle,  The  Welding 
lournal,  Vol.  23,  D'ec,  1044,  pp.  1145- 
11S6. 

(4)  "A  Few  Observations  on  .Solid- 
Phase  Bonding"  by  G.  Durst,  Metal 
Progress,  Vol.  31,  Jan.  1947,  pp.  07-101. 


Two  farmers  met  on  a  country  road, 
and  pulled  up  their  teams. 

"Si,"  said  Josh,  "I've  got  a  mule 
with  distemper.  What  did  you  give  that 
one  of  yours  when  he  had  it?" 

"Turpentine.  Giddap!" 

A  week  later  they  met  again. 

"Say,  Si,  gave  my  mule  turpentine, 
and  it  killed  him." 

"Killed   mine,   too.   Cjiddap!" 
*      *     * 

"I  can't  imagine  what  wc  ever  got 
married  for;  we're  totally  different  in 
every  way." 

"Oh,  vou  flatterer." 


/VowiatterJioiv  blithe  job- 


or  how  small- 

A  NaUonal  Electric  Product 
will  fit  into  your  plans.  See 
National  Electric  for  a 
complete  line  of  electrical 
roughing-in  materials. 

WIRES-CABLES-CONDUIT 


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Products  Corporation 
Pittsburgh  30.  Pa. 


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• 

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ENGAGEMENT 

AND 

WEDDING 

RINGS 


The    Finest    in    Diamond    Rings,    Watches,    Gifts 
Visit  Our  Optieal  and  Watch  Repair  Department 

607  E.  Green  Street,  Champaign 


Largest  selection  of  gifts 
for  everyone  at 

Robeson's 


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34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  NEW  LOOK-B&W  Style 


BABCOCK  &  WILCOX 

THE   BABCOCK   &   WILCOX  CO. 

85  Liberty  Street,  New  York  6,  N.  Y. 


Partially  visible  at  far  left  is  a  new 
2,000,000-volt  X-ray  machine  at 
B  &W  for  making  certain  that  welded 
seams  in  pressure  vessels  for  large 
boilers,  refineries,  and  chemical  proc- 
esses meet  industry  code  specifica- 
tions. It  is  the  largest  X-ray  ever  built 
for  this  important  purpose  —  eight 
times  as  powerful  as  the  average  hos- 
pital X-ray. 

Long  years  of  this  kind  of  engineer- 
ing foresight  and  initiative  has  linked 
the  B&W  name  with  numerous  other 
significant  pioneering  advances  in 
many  fields  of  industrial  activity. 

Yet  for  all  its  80  years,  B&W  has 
never  lost  the  art  of  having  new  ideas 
—a  good  reason  why  technical  gradu- 
ates can  look  to  B&W  for  excellent 
career  opportunities  in  research,  engi- 
neering, production,  sales  and  other 
vocations. 


Engineering  Students 


e      •      • 


You  will  find  at  the  Co-Op  Bookstore  your  needs 
in  engineering  and  art  supplies,  stationery,  text- 
books, and  general  reading. 

CO-OP   BOOKSTORE 

The  Bookstore  Closest  to  Engineering  Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


DECEMBER,  1948 


35 


I 

Abrasive  Products 

^ -^^             Grinding  wheek  of  ALUNDUM', 

/   ,;=>-V         CRYSTOLON-    and     diamond    obro- 
1         ,'    ^^i».    ^      sives,  discs  and  segments,  bricks,  slicks 
\       .    '  ^•^     and  hones,  mounted  points;  abrasives 
^^O^'^^jN     for   polishing,   lapping,   tumbling   ond 
"^■■^    ^^^      pressur*^  blasting,  pulpstones 

Grinding  and  Lapping 
,^     .,  .         Machines 

A  varied  line  of  machines  for  pro- 
cJuction-precision  grincJing  and  lopping 
and  for  the  tool  room  -  -  including 
special  machines  for  crankshafts,  cam- 
shafts, rolls  and  car  wheels. 


Refractories 


Here's    What 
NORTON 

Makes  .    .   . 


High  temperoture  refractories — - 
grain,  cement,  bricks,  plates,  tile,  tubes 
—  for  metal  melting,  heat  treating 
and  enameling,  for  ceramic  kilns,  for 
boiler  furnaces  and  gas  generators,- 
for  chemical  processes,  refractory  lab- 
oratory ware,  catalyst  carriers,  porous 
plates  and  tubes. 


Norbide' 


Trade-mark  for  Norton  Boron  Corbide 
—  the  hardest  material  mode  by  man. 
Available  as  an  abrasive  for  grinding 
and  lapping;  in  molded  products  for 
extreme  resistance  to  wear  —  espe- 
cially effective  for  precision  gage 
anvils  and  contact  points,-  and  for 
metallurgical  use. 


Norton  Floors 


W 


ALUNDUM  ■  Floor  and  Stair  Tile, 
ALUNDUM-  Ceramic  Mosaic  Tile  and 
ALUNDUM'  Aggregates  to  provide 
permanently  non-slip  (wet  or  dry) 
and  extremely  wear-resisting  floor 
and  stcir  surfaces. 


Labeling  Machines 


^',% 


NORTON       COMPANY 
WORCESTER     6,     MASS. 


xiXEi: 


Single  and  duplex  automatic  labeling 
machines  for  applying  labels  and  foil 
to  beverage  bottles  and  food,  cosmetic 
and  drug  containers. 

Oilstones  and  Coated 
Abrasives 

Sharpening  stones  and  abrasive 
papers  ond  cloth  for  every  use  of 
industry     and     the     home     craftsman. 

_  Products  of  the  Norton  Behr-Monning 

~         Division,  Troy,  New  York. 


MEN  OF  EXPECTATIONS  .  .  . 

( C(jiitiiuii'il  troiii  pa};e  \1) 

111  technical  work  the  i-iigincer  .solves 
ifchiiical  problems  under  the  general 
supervision  of  someone  else  who  de- 
termines what  problems  are  to  be  at- 
tacked and  when  a  satistacror\  sf)lution 
has    been    obtained. 

Ill  supervisory  work  the  engineer  as- 
signs problems  to  other  engineers  under 
his  direction  and  supervises  their  work. 
He  is  usually  responsible  tor  the  proper 
operation  of  a  group  or  a  department 
in   an  organization. 

In  executive  work  the  engineer  is  con- 
cerned with  the  broader  aspects  of  the 
operation  of  his  company.  This  includes 
problems  of  general  policy,  organization 
and  coordination,  personnel,  finance, 
law,  and  public  relations.  Many  engi- 
neers hold  important  executive  positions, 
this  being  particularly  true  in  the  engi- 
neering industries. 

For  the  first  few  years  after  gradua- 
tion the  young  engineer  normally  works 
on  technical  problems  under  the  super- 
vision of  an  experienced  engineer.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  should  be  preparing 
himself,  through  study  and  observation, 
to  assume  direction  of  the  efforts  of 
others.  This  study  should  include  such 
fields  as  human  relations,  management, 
labor  relations,  corporate  finance,  eco- 
nomics, and  business  law  as  well  as 
subjects  in  his  field  of  technical  special- 
ization. He  should  also  begin  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  civic  and  sociological  ac- 
tivities of  his  community  so  that  the 
benefit  of  his  training  in  handling  prob- 
lems will  be  available  for  the  general 
welfare   of   all. 

College   Training  of  the   Engineer 

The  prospective  engineer  should  real- 
ize that  the  engineering  college  graduate 
is  not  a  finished  engineer.  He  does  ha\e, 
however,  the  foundation  on  which  he 
can  continue  to  build  his  career  through 
experience   and    further   study. 

The  foundation  resulting  from  collcizi' 
training  is  so  important  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  engineer  that  it  must  be  :in 
solid  as  possible.  This  requires  an  undei  - 
standing  and  appreciation  of  the  ob- 
jectives of  engineering  college  training. 
These  objectives  are  to  impart  iriiou/- 
edge,  to  develop  the  iiicntal  skills.  necc>- 
sary  to  make  use  of  the  knowledge,  ami 
to  develop  the  attitudes  and  personal 
characteristics  which  make  it  possible  to 
get  the  greatest  return  from  the  applica- 
tion of  the  mental  skills,  in  other  words, 
to  become  a  successful  engineer  and  a 
good  citizen. 

The  attainment  of  the  foregoing  ob- 
jectives requires  a  carefully  designed 
cmriculum  administered  by  good  teach- 
ers. 

An  examination  of  the  first  two  years 
shows  that  they  are  largely  devoted  to 
(Continued   on   page  38) 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


I 


Lay  Away   Gifts  Now 


Your  selection  of  an  attractive  gift  will  be 
reserved   for   you    by   our   Lay-Away    Plan. 

ALL    ADVANTAGES    IN    FAVOR    OF    THE 
EARLY   SHOPPER 

STRAUCH'S--709  So.  Wright 


The  Lois  Taylor  Music  Shop,  Inc. 

"AT  THE  CAMPUS" 
514  E.  John 

Suggests  for  Christmas  .  .  . 

■^RECORDS 

*RADIO    PHONOGRAPHS 

^SHEET   MUSIC 

-MOTHER  ASSOCIATED   ITEMS 

When  You  Think  of  Good  Music, 

Thinli  of  LOIS   TAYLOR 

(Established  1926) 


Continuous  records  of  the  oxygen  dissolved  in  boiler  feed 
water  and  of  the  hydrogen  entrained  in  steam,  point  to 
the  corrective  measures  necessary  to  prevent 
otherwise  unsuspected  and  costly  corrosion.  The 
Cambridge  Analyzers  measure  and  record  dis- 
solved oxygen  directly.  The  hydrogen  in  the 
steam  is  the  measure  of  the  oxygen  set  free  by 
dissociation.  Cambridge  Instruments  are  avail- 
able for  recording  O^  and  H^.,  either  separately 
or  simultaneously.  Send  for  Bulletin  148  BP. 


In  addition  to  instruments  used  in  power  plant 
operation,  Canibridge  also  makes  pH  Meters 
and  Recorders,  Galvanometers,  Gas  Analyzers, 
Fluxmeters,  Exhaust  Gas  Testers,  Surface 
Pyrometers  and  other  instruments  used  in  Science, 
Industry  and  Medicine.  Write  for  literature, 
jjMlbllHH'a^     stating  application. 

CAMBRIDGE     INSTRUMENT     CO.,     INC. 

3756  Grand  Central  Terminal,  New  York  17,  N.  Y. 
Pioneer  Manufacturers  of 

PRECISION       INSTRUMENTS 


BOOKS  and   SUPPLIES 

For  Every  Engineering  Need 


THE   UNIVERSITY  BOOKSTORE 


(A  Student  Co-Operative  Store) 
ROOM  87 


NAVY  PIER 


CHICAGO 


DECEMBER,  1948 


37 


MEN  OF  EXPECTATIONS  .  .  . 

(Cuiitiiuic'il  liuiii  |);ii;f  jO) 
a  study  of  fuml.imi'ntal  laws  and 
principles;  ili-velopnii'iit  of  tlic  ability  to 
tiiui  sources  of  information ;  and  dc- 
vi'lopnient,  likewise,  of  facility  in  com- 
prehension, expression,  and  visualization. 
Some  factual  information  is,  of  course, 
accumulated  and  a  start  is  made  on 
the  development  of  judjjment  and  the 
ability  to  think  straight. 

Mathematics  is  a  means  of  c()ini\int; 
iileas  in  symbolic  form  anil  is  a  tool 
needed  in  engineering  calculations. 
Drawing  is  another  important  means 
of  conveying  ideas.  Additional  develop- 
ment in  comprehension  and  expression 
and  also  development  in  the  ability  to 
find  sources  of  information  is  given  by 
the  stud>'  of  rhetoric  and  public  speak- 
ing. The  ability  to  write  and  speak 
clearly,  concisely,  and  correctly  is  a 
necessity  for  the  engineer,  as  he  must 
convey  information  and  ideas  to  others. 
Descriptive  geometry  has  its  greatest 
value  for  the  prospective  engineer  in 
that  it  develops  visualization,  or  the 
ability  to  set  up  mental   pictures. 

Further  examination  of  the  curric- 
ulum shows  that  the  last  two  years  are 
mainly  devoted  to  technical  courses.  In 
these  the  student  acquires  a  technical 
vocabulary  and  factual  information  in 
his  field  as  well  as  further  training  in 


visualization  and  in  analvsis  and  synthe- 
sis. Hy  contact  with  problems  based  on 
pi'.ictical  application  he  also  begins  to 
«le\elop  the  judgment  needed  in  his 
professional   work. 

It  will  be  noti-<l  tliat  the  teihnical 
courses  of  the  later  semesters  are  usualh' 
arranged  as  options.  This  permits  the 
student  to  work  in  the  field  of  his  special 
interest  and  reduces  the  general  field 
sutticientl\  to  permit  a  deeper  and  more 
detailed  study  than  would  be  possible 
otherwise.  This  opportunity  to  work 
on  more  difficult  problems  results  in  a 
greater  <le\elopment  and  growth  for  the 
student  along  the  lines  of  .an  engineering 
solution. 

Much  of  the  student's  development 
in  the  ability  to  think  straight,  in  the 
ability  to  analyze  and  s\iithesize,  of 
confidence  in  his  ability  to  learn,  of 
honesty  with  facts  and  men,  in  the  spirit 
of  cooperation,  in  leadership,  and  in 
such  characteristics  as  imagination,  in- 
genuity, resourcefulness,  industr\,  initi- 
ati\e,  and  self-reliance  comes  about  more 
from  the  way  a  course  is  taught  than 
from  the  material  itself.  This  is  true 
of  the  laboratory  courses  as  well  as  for 
the  theory  courses.  In  the  laboratory  the 
development  is  accomplished  b\'  using 
experiments  which  are  actually  in  the 
form  of  problems.  With  the  problem 
type  of  experiment  the  responsibility  for 
the    deterinination    of    the    data    to     be 


t.iken,  the  procedure  to  be  followed, 
and  the  use  to  be  made  of  the  data  is 
left  mostl\-  to  the  student. 

In  addition  to  the  technical  courses 
in  the  last  four  .semesters,  provision  is 
made  for  the  student  to  select  a  limited 
number  of  electivcs.  Thus  he  has  the 
opportunity  to  develop  along  cultural 
lines  and  in  fields  that  will  make  him 
conscious  of  his  broader  responsibilities 
to  his  community  and  society  in  general. 
To  utilize  these  electives  most  efficiently 
the  student  should  select  them  to  fit  into 
an  over-all  general  plan.  Therefore  dur- 
ing his  second  year  he  should  gather 
as  much  inrfomation  on  this  subject  as 
possible  and  select  the  complete  list  to 
tit  into  an  integrated  whole.  To  aid 
the  student  in  this  selection  the  follow- 
ing reasons  for  the  choice  of  an  elective 
are  given. 

(1)  Subject  develops  cultural  and 
sociological  backgroimd — are,  literature, 
history,  music,  sociology,  political  science, 
classics,  philosophy,  languages,  etc. 

(2)  Subject  requires  criticism  of  stu- 
ilent's  efforts  —  speech,  business  letter 
writing,  report  writing,  dramatics, 
modern   languages,   etc. 

( .■! )  Subject  r  e  q  u  i  r  e  s  specialized 
equipment  or  library  facilities — bacteri- 
ology, astronomy,  botany,  zoology,  arche- 
ology, etc. 

(Continued  on  page  40) 


JH 

mm 


Hiciiins 


AMERICAN 

WATER  PROOF 

I  MM  A  irVK 


A 


^'M  ^ 


,       '      Now  available  with 

1:        Cork  and  Curved 
fu  Quill  Stopper 

1^ 


/ 


OR 

Perfected  Rubber 
Dropper  Stopper 


Both  fype  stoppers 

available  on 

waterproof  black. 

When  ordering  from 

your  dealer,  specify 

the  type  stopper 

required. 


HiGains 

271  .\;.\TH  STREEL  BROOKIVA  15,  A.  Y. 


Provides  eight  distinct  services: 
Air  conditioning  operating  rooms 
Cooling  drinking  water 
Making  crystal-clear  ice 
Keeping  penicillin  and  serums 
Holding  mortuary  boxes 
Quick-freezing  foods  in  bulk 
Storing  frozen  foods  at  zero 
Storing    fresh    foods    at    correct 
temperatures. 

If  your  Hospital  needs  any  of  these 

refrigeration   services,   let   us  make 

recommendations. 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


HE'S  MAKING  THE  SIGNS  OF  THE  TIMES 


HERE  is  a  man  who  can  put  your  name 
III  lights!  In  sign  shops  throughout 
the  country  he  makes  the  neon  signs  that 
tell  you  where  to  buy  the  things  you  need 
or  want.  The  low  cost  and  colorful  eye- 
appeal  ot  these  versatile  signs  give  the 
smallest  storekeeper  the  same  dis]>lay  op- 
portunities as  his  biggest  competitors. 

The  letters  that  spell  "drugs"  or  "gro- 
ceries", "beer"  or  "ice  cream",  are  shaped 
by  skillful  hands  out  of  glass  tubing  made 


by  Corning.  The  tubing  is  made  from  a 
special  glass  developed  by  Corning  research, 
with  many  characteristics  not  found  in 
ordinary  glass.  With  the  help  of  skilled 
operators,  hiuidreds  of  miles  of  this  tubing 
arc  drawn  by  automatic  machnie  every  day. 
Out  of  this  same  research,  born  of  nearly 
a  hundred  years  of  glass-making  experience, 
has  come  the  improved  laboratory  ware 
that  helped  America  win  world  leadership 
in  science.  The  gleaming  Pyrex  ware  that 


bakes  pies  like  Mother  used  to  make,  anti 
saves  dishwashing  time  because  it  can  be 
used  for  serving  and  storing  too.  And  now 
the  many  special  tubes  and  other  precision 
glass  parts  that  are  speeding  television  to 
your  home. 

Altogether,  Corning  makes  over  37,000 
glass  products.  Some  day  they  may  furnish 
just  what  you  need  to  improve  your  product 
or  make  it  more  saleable.  Remember  us  dien. 
Corning  Class  Works,  Corning,  N.  Y. 


IN  PYREX  WARE  AND  OTHER  CONSUMER,  TECHNICAL  AND  ELECTRICAL  PRODUCTS  ► 


RNING 


Research  in  Glass 


pECEMBER,  1948 


39 


MEN  OF  EXPECTATIONS  .  .  . 

(  CoiitiiUK-cl  troni  pajic  .<S  j 

(4)  Subject  ilcvi'lops  a  hobby  tor  rec- 
reation in  professional  lite — geology, 
astronomy,  music,  botany,  tiramatics, 
etc. 

(5)  Subject  is  advantageous  or  ad- 
junct in  professional  work — economics, 
business  law,  mathematics,  industrial  re- 
lations, accounting,  etc. 

It  should  be  apparent  that  e\ery 
course  in  the  curriculum  ma\'  contribute 
in  some  way  or  other  to  the  attainment 
of  each  of  the  objectives  of  engineering 
college  training.  In  the  preceding  dis- 
cussion only  the  major  contributions 
were  pointed  out. 

The  student  shoidd  realize  from  the 
begiiuiing  that  true  education  conies 
from  the  inside — that  is,  the  studtnt 
itliiKilts  himself.  It  has  been  said  that 
eilucation  consists  of  working  oni's  sr/f 
out  of  a  state  of  mental  confusion  and 
that  the  complexity  of  the  problem  a  stu- 
dent can  solve  is  a  measure  of  his  capa- 
bility. The  curriculum,  the  University 
organization,  and  the  instructors  foster 
the  student's  growth  in  self-education  by 
presenting  the  training  material  in  prop- 
erly graded  steps  and  by  helping  the  stu- 
dent acquire  the  techniques  necessary  in 
self-education.  The  student  can  contrib- 
ute considerably  to  his  growth   by  the 


way  he  studies.  In  this  respect  the  word 
WHY  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 
Stuihing  with  a  questioning  attitude, 
trving  to  determine  the  WHY  for 
everything,  rather  than  trying  to  re- 
member only  the  end  result,  will  lielp 
a  great  deal  in  the  process  of  self-educa- 
tion. 

In  the  complete  educational  program 
to  develop  an  engineer  it  must  be  recog- 
nized that  certain  concepts  are  best 
taught  in  the  universitv  and  that  other 
ideas  can  be  learned  best  by  outside  con- 
tacts, notably  those  in  industr\'.  For  the 
closest  integration  between  these  two 
areas  of  learning,  contact  with  industr\ 
should  not  be  postponed  until  after 
graduation.  Work  in  an  industrial  en- 
vironmenr  gives  the  student  the  opportu- 
nity to: 

( 1  )  Learn  by  experience  how  an  in- 
dustrial organization  functions. 

(2)  Set  up  mental  pictures  of  shops, 
apparatus,  and  devices  which  will  be 
\aluable  in  later  college  study. 

(3)  Secure  experience  and  informa- 
tion which  will  be  helpful  in  the  selec- 
tion of  an  option  and  of  the  type  of  in- 
dustry to  work  in  after  graduation. 

(4)  Observe  and  obtain  knowledge 
of  labor  relations  through  actual  work 
with  the  men  who  produce.  (This  as.so- 
ciation  can  be  more  intimate  at  this  time 


than  after  graduation,  when  the  student 
becomes  a  member  of  an  engineering  de- 
partment which  is  usually  associated 
more  with  planning  than  production. 

The  student  will  receive  less  guid- 
ance in  industry  than  in  the  university. 
Consequently,  the  value  derived  from 
the  sLunmer  work  in  industry  will  de- 
lienii   largely   upon   the  student   himself. 

.Although  not  often  mentioned,  a  good 
personality  is  also  an  important  factor 
in  the  attainment  of  success  in  engineer- 
ing just  as  it  is  in  nearly  all  other  walks 
of  life.  When  several  men  of  equal  abil- 
ities are  being  considered  for  promotion, 
the  man  with  the  better  personality  will 
nearly  always  be  selected.  Conversely, 
numerous  cases  exist  where  an  otherwise 
well  qualified  man  is  not  promoted  be- 
cause of  a  poor  personality.  Thus  the 
student  shoidd  give  considerable  atten- 
tion to  de\eloping  his  personality,  to  the 
i-nd  that  he  will  become  possessed  of 
good  personal  and  social  traits.  Just  as 
in  the  development  of  mental  skills,  de- 
velopment of  a  pleasing  personality  re- 
quires initiative  and  earnest  effort.  The 
student  will  find  that  improvement  in 
his  personality  can  be  accomplished  bet- 
ter by  association  with  his  fellow  men 
than  by  formal  education.  He  should 
take  advantage  of  opportunities  to  de- 
( Continued  on  page  42) 


^anacvt>    •  ueUing  ** 


can  "take" 


\ 


i 


\ 

AL-2i 


Headquarters  for  Authentic  Power  Transmission  Data 

«I  PARK  BOW.  N[W  YORK  7,  NfW  YORK 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


He's  a  Square  D  Field  Engineer. . . 

his  full-time  job  is  working  with  industries  of 
every  kind  and  size  in  finding  "a  better  way 
to  do  it."  He  talks  less  about  theory,  more 
about  proven  practice.  He  has  a  tremendous 
amount  of  actual  experience  to  back  him  up. 

Through  a  staff  of  such  Field  Engineers 
located  in  more  than  50  offices  in  the  United 


States,  Canada  and  Mexico,  Square  D  does 
this  three-fold  job:  Designs  and  builds  elec- 
trical distribution  and  control  equipment  in 
pace  with  present  needs — provides  sound 
counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right  equipment 
for  any  given  application — anticipates  trends, 
speeds  development  of  new  methods  and 
equipment. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  dis- 
tribution or  control,  call  in  the  nearby 
Square  D  Field  Engineer.  He  makes  a  lot  of 
sense  in  finding  "a  better  way  to  do  it." 


For  many  years  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS  THIS  ONE  have  appeared  regularly  in  leading  business 
magazines.  Their  primary  purpose  is  fo  build  acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers,  practically 
all  of  whom  come  to  us  from  leading  engineering  schoo/s  such  as  yours. 


SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


DECEMBER,  1948 


41 


MEN  OF  EXPECTATIONS  .  .  . 

(  Coiitiiuied  from  page  4U) 
vt'lop     himself     socially     by     atteiuliiin 
parties,  group  meetings,  church  activities, 
banquets,  dances,  and  other  social  func- 
tions. 

One  of  the  definitions  of  tlic  word 
"tool"  given  by  Webster  is  "anything 
that  serves  as  a  means  to  an  end." 

Kvery  profession  has  certain  necessary 
tools  which  an  individual  must  expect 
to  acquire  as  a  part  of  his  investment 
in  his  future  success.  The  following; 
items  are  essential  to  the  engineer.  They 
are  mentioned  here  because  they  should 
be  purchased  early  in  his  collge  career 
so  that,  by  repeated  use,  he  will  feel 
thoroughly  at  home  with  them: 

(  1  )  Drawing  instruments — for  cl.iri- 
ty  in  the  graphical  presentation  of  ideas. 

(2)Typewriter — for  claritv  in  the 
written  presentation  of  ideas. 

(.5)  Slide  rule — for  speed  and  rea- 
sonable accuracy  in  computations. 

(4)  Tuxedo — for  free<lom  and  ease 
ill  associations  with  people  on  torniai  oc- 
casions. 

An  adequate  library  is  also  an  im- 
portant tool  of  the  engineer.  The  col- 
lection of  such  a  library,  containing  not 
only  required  texts,  but  also  important 
reference  works  and  technical  perioili- 
cals,  requires  time  and  money,  and 
should    be   started    as   early   as   possible. 


SIGMA  PHI  DELTA  .  .  . 

(Continueil  Irom  page  4) 
are  red  and  black,  and  the  official  flow- 
er of  the  fraternity  is  the  American 
Heauty  rose.'l'he  ple<ige  button  has  a  red 
triangular  background  on  which  is  a 
black  castle,  the  whole  bcnilered  in  gold. 
The  active  pin  is  triangular  in  shape  and 
upon  the  face  are  three  raised  arms 
bearing  the  characters  of  the  fraternity 
name.  In  the  center  of  the  pin  shines 
a  ruby.  A  star  in  each  of  the  three 
apexes  of  the  triangle  completes  the 
pin. 

Delta  chapter  of  Sigma  I'lu  Delta  is 
located  at  110.1  West  Illinois  street, 
Irbana,  Illinois.  President  of  this  fra- 
ternit\',  strictly  for  engineers,  is  Robert 
S.  Degenkolb,  a  studeiit  in  ceramic  en- 
gineering. Members  of  Sigma  Phi  Delta 
may  be  found  in  almost  all  branches 
of  engineering,  including  chemical  and 
architectural  engineering.  Likewise, 
members  of  this  fraternity  may  be  found 
in  most  of  the  engineering  activities,  in- 
cluding the  Engineering  council,  The 
Technograph,  Sigma  Xi,  and  other  en- 
gineering societies  and  honoraries. 

Dual  membership  is  not  permitted 
members  of  Sigma  Phi  Delta.  The 
touTulers  of  this  fraternity  combined  the 
fimctions  of  all  three  types  of  frater- 
nities— honarary,  professional,  and  so- 
cial, into  one  fraternity.   Delta  chapter 


Merry  Christmas,  Engineers 

for  that  last-minute  gift  shopping 
we  have  lots  of  answers 

BILLFOLDS  and  BRIEF  CASES 
THE  BEST  in  BOOKS 
FINE  STATIONERY 
FOUNTAIN  PENS 
NEW  WORLD  GLOBES 

We  are  still  able  to  offer  you  a  wide  selection 
of  Christmas  cards  with  24-hour  personaliz- 
ing service. 

FOLLETT'S 

COLLEGE  BOOKSTORE 

AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


justifies  the  faith  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers b\  retaining  a  high  position  on  the 
all-fraternity  scholarship  roster  each  se- 
mester. The  last  two  semesters,  the  fra- 
ternity has  held  a  high  .second  place. 
The  social  life  of  the  engineering  stu- 
dent is  limited  by  the  amount  of  time 
he  has  to  devote  to  his  laboratories  and 
studies.  Therefore,  a  social  program 
which  tends  to  provide  a  well-rounded 
individual,  but  which  does  not  occupy 
too  much  time,  is  the  aim  of  the  chap- 
ter. Sigiiia  Phi  Delta  is  a  member  of 
tlie  Interfraternity  council  and  the  Pro- 
f  e  s  s  i  o  n  a  1  Interfraternity  conference. 
Twenty-eight  members  of  Sigma  Phi 
Delta  iive  in  the  chapter  house  and  12 
members  elsewhere  on  the  campus.  '1  he 
fraternity  participates  in  the  intranuiral 
activities  sponsored  by  the  I.  F.  council 
and  supports  all  the  other  activities  and 
|dans  of  the  council. 

Faculty  members  of  Sigma  Phi  Delta 
fraternity  are  Professors  Babbitt,  Cran- 
dell.  Knight,  Straub,  Tuthill,  and 
Wiley.  There  are  also  some  alumiu'  in 
teaching  and  research  positions  on  the 
faculty.  Delta  alumni  of  Sigma  Phi 
Delta  have  been  very  active  and  co- 
operati\e  in  the  support  of  the  acti\e 
chapter.  The  alumni  chapter  continues 
the  ties  of  brotherhood  after  the  mem- 
bers graduate  and  leave  the  campus. 
There  are  approximately  1,800  alumiu' 
members  of  Sigma  Phi  Delta  throughout 
the  engineering  profession. 


"Fm  anxious  to  make  this  a  good  shot. 
That's  my  mother-in-law  watching  up 
on  the  club  house  porch." 

"Don't  be  a  fool.  You'll  never  hit 
her  at  200  vards." 


Author:  "I  have  just  written  my 
first  novel.  There  isn't  an  immoral  line 
in  it." 

Critic:  "That's  not  a  novel;  that's  a 
textbook." 


Jones:  "His  father  died  from  hard 
drink." 

Hones:  "He  did?" 

Jones:  "Yes,  a  cake  of  ice  fell  on 
hull." 


Old  Lady:  "I  wouldn't  cry  like  that, 
my  little  man." 

Boy:  "Cry  as  you  damn  please,  this 
is  mv  way." 


"I  can't  marry  him,  mother,  he's  an 
atheist  and  doesn't  believe  there  is  a 
hell."  ( 

"Marr\    him,   my   dear,   and    between; 
us  we'll  comince  him  that  he's  wrong."* 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH] 


Year  by  year,  month  by  month,  oil  industry  chemists  find  new, 
fascinating  possibilities  in  the  hydrocarbon  molecules  that  make 
up  petroleum.  They  have  learned  many  ways  to  convert  them  into 
new  and  more  valuable  molecules. 

One  result  of  this  experimentation  has  been  a  flexibihty  that 
permits  stepped-up  output  of  whichever  petroleum  products  are 
most  urgently  required.  When  the  primary  need  was  for  vast  quan- 
tities of  aviation  gasoUne  to  help  win  the  war,  research  showed  how 
it  could  be  produced.  In  a  peace-time  summer,  the  great  demand 
is  for  an  ocean  of  automobile  gasoline;  in  winter,  less  gasoline  and 
more  fuel  oil  are  needed.  Research  tells  the  industry  how  to  make 
petroleum  serve  the  public  more  efficiently. 

Standard  Oil  is  a  leader  in  petroleum  research.  Many  remark- 
able developments  have  come  from  our  laboratories;  many  more 
are  sure  to  come,  in  the  future,  if  we  continue  to  attract  good  men, 
furnish  them  with  the  most  modern  equipment,  and  provide  an 
intellectual  climate  in  which  they  can  do  their  best  work. 

We  are  continuing. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

(INDIANA) 
910  S.   MICHIGAN  AVENUE,  CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


STANDARD 


DECEMBER,  1948 


43 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(Contimicil  trom  page  17) 
I.T.E. 

TwfCt!  I'ull  over  to  the  curb,  Hub! 
Thus  the  local  student  branch  ot  the 
Institute  ot  traffic  engi- 
neers is  off  to  a  big  start 
again  this  year.  Their 
tirst  meeting,  held  on 
Septeniber  24,  was  merel\ 
an  introductory  nieeting 
to  get  the  new  students  and  prospecti\e 
iiUMubers  acquainted  with  the  group. 

( )nl\  five  former  members  yet  reni.iin 
in  tlie  I.T.E.  The  enrollment  now 
stands  at  17,  with  hopes  of  readiing 
the  2S  mark  in  the  next  ivw  meetings. 

This  organization,  devoted  to  the 
studies  of  traffic  problems  in  the  Twin- 
Cities  area,  has  offered  many  recom- 
mendations in  their  short  existence. 
Some  of  these  recommendations  ha\e 
been  used  and  have  produced  remarkable 
results. 

The  second  meeting  of  tlie  l.T.L^. 
was  held  on  October  5.  At  this  time  a 
problem  program  for  the  following  se- 
mester was  outlined.  It  was  decided  to 
investigate:  ( 1  )  parking  problems  on  the 
I'niversitN  of  Illinois  campus,  and  (2) 
Temporarx'  traffic  problems  due  to  the 
large  amount  of  construction  about  the 
campus.  It  was  also  decided  to  make 
follow-up  reports  on   last  year's   recom- 


mendations   to   see   what    improvements, 
if  an\',  were  brought  about  b\   them. 

The  last  meeting,  held  on  October 
I'),  was  devoted  to  talks  by  Prof.  C.  C. 
W'ilcN,  and  Prof.  Ellis  I  ),niner  on  the 
piohlem  program  for  the  coming  se- 
mester. 

TAU   BETA   PI 

With  the  fall  .semester  well  under 
\\.i\,    rile    various    committees    of    Tau 

tHeta  Pi  are  hard  at  work  iron- 
ing out  the  details  of  the  elec- 
tion, examination,  and  initia- 
tion ot  new  pledges. 

rile  new  chapter  officers 
have  been  elected  for  the  spring  term. 
Robert  Carlson  was  elected  to  fill  the 
office  of  president,  and  James  Crawfoid 
was  elected  to  the  post  of  \ice-piesi- 
dent. 

Charles  E.  Drury,  chapter  president, 
attended  the  national  convention  of  Tau 
Beta  Pi  held  at  the  L'niversity  of  Texas, 
.•\\istin,  Texas,  from  October  14  to  U) 
inclusi\e.  While  at  the  convention, 
Drury  came  in  contact  with  many  prom- 
inent alumni  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois. Among  them  was  Robert  C.  (  Red  ) 
.Matthews.  Matthews  was  introduced 
between  halves  of  the  Arkansas-Texas 
football  game  as  the  father  of  organized 
cheer-leading.  Matthews  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Illinois  Alpha  of  Tau  Beta  Pi 
in    1902.   At   the   present   time   he   is   a 


nembcr  of  the  facultv  of  the  L  niversity 
)f  Tennessee. 


.Aboui 
l.R.K.K 


A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

i  members  of  the  A.I.K.E.' 


went  on  a  field  trip  recently 
to  Springfield  to  visit  the 
Sangamo  Electric  plant. 
These  field  trips  are  an 
iniport.int  part  of  the  ex- 
t(risi\e  program  of  the 
electrical  and  radio  engi- 
gineering  societies;  two  will  take  place 
each  semester. 

The  organization's  over  500  members 
will  be  able  to  keep  up  to  date  now  by 
reading  the  A.I.E.E.-I.R.E.'s  news- 
letter, "What-Meter."  The  meeting  of 
No\ember  9  included  a  lecture  given  by 
a  member  of  the  I'niversity's  electrical 
engineering  research  laboratory  staff.  C. 
N.  Hoyler  of  the  R.  C.  A.  research 
laboratory  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  spoke  on 
Electronic  Computers  and  Counters" 
at  the  meeting  of  November  19. 

The  A.I.E.E.-I.R.E.  also  has  its  fair 
share  of  brains.  Ed  Schwartz,  its  secre- 
tary, has  received  the  Eta  Kappa  Nu 
outstanding  junior  award.  Congratula- 
tions,  Ed  ! 


M.   E.:   "Resist  the  temptation." 
E.    E. :    "Would,    but    it    may    never 
come  again.  " 


When  FASTENING  becomes 
your  responsibility,  remember 
this  important  fact  -  -  - 

It  cost.s  more  to  specify,  purchase,  stock,  inspect,  req- 
uisition and  2(se  fasteners  than  it  does  to  buy  them.  True 
Fastener  Economy  means  making  sure  that  every  func- 
tion involved  in  the  use  of  bolts,  nuts,  screws,  rivets  and 
other  fasteners  contributes  to  the  desired  fastening  re- 
sult —  maximum  holding  power  at  the  lowest  possible 
total  cost  for  fastening. 


You  Get  True  Faalener  Kconomy  When  I'ou  Cut  Cost*  These  Ways 

1.  Reduce  assembly  time  with  accu-  5.  Purchase  maximum  holding  power 
rate,  uniform  fasteners  per  dollar  of  initial  cost 

2.  Make  satisfied  workers  by  making  6.  Lower  inventory  by  standardizing 
assembly  work  easier  types  and  sizes  of  fasteners 

3.  Save  receiving  inspection  through  7.  Simplify  purchasing  by  using  one 
supplier's  quality  control  supplier's  complete  line 


4.  Design  aasemblies  for  fewer, 
stronger  fasteners 


8.  Improve  your  product  with  a 
quality  fastener. 


-"iiio  .»»'»* 


RUSSELL,     BURDSALL     &     WARD       BOLT     AND     NUT     COMPANY 

Plants  at:  Port  Chester,  N.  Y.,  Coraopolis,  Pa.,  Rock  Falls,  111.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


L 


^lill^BI 


\ 


How  to  keep  a  tandem  roller 
from  doing  the  shimmy 

The  king  pin  hearings  on  tandem  road  rollers  like 
this  take  heavy  thrust  and  radial  loads.  If  wear  and 
looseness  develop,  shimmy  is  the  result.  Here's  another 
example  of  a  difficult  problem  that  engineers  solve  by 
using  Timken   tapered   roller   bearings. 

Timken  bearings  take  both  thrust  and  radial  loads 
in  any  combination.  Their  true  rolling  motion  means 
smooth,  almost  frictionless  operation  with  negligible 
wear.  Easy,  accurate  steering  and  freedom  from  shimmy 
are  assured,  even  after  years  of  hard  service.  The  need 
for  frequent  lubrication  is  eliminated  and  maintenance 
is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 


Here's  why  Timken  rollers 
stay  in  positive  alignment 

Accurate  and  constant  roller  alignment  in  Timken 
tapered  roller  bearings  is  assured  by  their  design.  Wide 
area  contact  between  the  roll  ends  and  the  rib  of  the  cone 
keeps  the  rollers  stable.  It  prevents  skewing,  eliminates 
the  need  for  alignment  by  the  cage,  and  increases  load 
capacity. 

The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Company  developed  the 
principle  of  positive  roller  alignment — one  more  reason 
\shy  Timken  bearings  are  the  number  one  choice  of 
engineers  everywhere. 


iTIMKEN 


TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  know  more 
about  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems 
you'll  face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing 
applications.  If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about 
this  phase  of  engineering,  we'd  be  glad  to  help. 
For  additional  information  about  Timken  bear- 
ings and  how  engineers  use  them,  write  today  to 
The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6, 
Ohio.  And  don't  forget  to  clip  this  page  for  future 
reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  cd  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  0= 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -®-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


DECEMBER,  1948 


45 


An   Engineer  Goes  Through  Hell! 


ThriT  men — a  lawyer,  a  doctor,  aiul 
an  engineer — appeared  before  St.  IVter 
as  he  stood   jjn:"''!'''*!  t'^'"  Pearly  gates. 

The  lawyer  stepped  forward — with 
eontideiice  and  assurance  he  proceeded 
to  deliver  an  eloquent  address  which 
left  St.  Peter  da/.ed  and  bewililered. 
Before  the  venerable  Saint  could  re- 
cover, the  lawyer  quickly  handed  him 
a  writ  of  mandamus,  pushed  him  aside 
and  strode  through  the  open  portals. 

Next  came  the  doctor.  With  impres- 
si\e,  dignified  bearing,  he  introduced 
himself:  "I  am  Dr.  Brown."  St.  Peter 
received  him  cordialK'.  "I  feel  I  know 
you.  Dr.  Brown.  Many  who  preceded 
\()u  said  \ou  sent  them  here  before  their 
time.  Welcome  to  our  city!" 

The  engineer,  modest  and  diffident, 
had  been  standing  in  the  background. 
He  now  stepped  forward.  "I  am  looking 
for  a  job,"  he  said.  St.  Peter  wearily 
shook  his  head.  "I  am  sorry,"  he  replied, 
"we  have  no  work  here  for  you.  If  you 
want  a  job  you  can  go  to  Hell." 

This  response  sounded  familiar  to  the 
engineer  and  made  him  feci  at  honic. 
"Very  well,"  he  said.  "I  have  Jiad  hell 
all  my  life  and  I  guess  1  can  stand  it 
better  than  the  others." 


St.  Peter  was  pu/./led.  "Look  iu-rc, 
young  man,  what  are  you?"  "I  am  an 
engineer,"  was  the  reply.  "Oh,  yes," 
said  St.  Peter.  "Do  you  belong  to  the 
Locomotive  Brotherhood?"  "No,  I  am 
sorry,"  the  engineer  responiled  apolo- 
getically, "I  am  a  different  kind  of  en- 
gineer." "I  do  not  understand,"  said 
St.   Peter,  "what  on  earth  do  you  do?" 

The  engineer  recalled  a  definition 
and  calmly  replied:  "I  apply  matheinati- 
cal  principles  to  the  control  of  natural 
forces."  This  sounded  meaningless  to 
St.  Peter  and  his  temper  got  the  best 
of  him.  "Young  man,"  he  said,  "you  can 
go  to  Hell  with  your  mathematical  prin- 
ciples and  try  yoLir  li:uul  on  some  of  the 
natural  forces  there!" 

And  it  came  to  pass  that  strange  re- 
ports began  to  reach  St.  Peter.  The  ce- 
lestial denizens,  who  had  amused  them- 
selves in  the  past  by  looking  down  upon 
the  less  fortunate  creatures  in  the  In- 
ferno, commenced  asking  for  transfers 
to  that  other  domain. 

The  sounds  of  agony  and  suffering 
were  stilled.  Many  new  arrivals,  after 
seeing  both  places,  selected  the  nether 
regions  for  their  permanent  abode.  Puz- 
zled,  St.   Peter  sent  messengers  to  visit 


partners  in  creating 


For  81  years,  leaders  of  the  engineering  profession 
have  made  K  &  E  products  tfieir  partners  in  creating 
the  technical  achievements  of  our  age.  K  &  E  instru- 
ments, drafting  equipment  and  materials-such  as  the 
LEROYt  Lettering  equipment  in  the  picture-hove  thus 
played  a  part  in  virtually  every  great  engineering 
project   in    America. 


Hell  mm]  lepoit  back  to  him.  Thev  re- 
turned, all  excited,  and  reported  to  St. 
Peter: 

"That  engineer  you  sent  down 
there,"  .said  the  messengers,  "has  com- 
pletely transformed  the  place  so  that 
you  would  not  know  it  now.  He  has 
harnessed  the  fiery  furnaces  for  light 
and  power.  He  has  cooled  the  entire 
place  with   artificial   refrigeration.." 

"He  has  drained  the  lakes  of  brim- 
stone and  has  filled  the  air  with  cool 
perfumed  breezes.  He  has  flung  bridges 
across  the  bottomless  abyss  and  has 
bored  tunnels  through  obsidian  cliffs. 
He  has  created  paved  streets,  gardens, 
parks  and  playgrounds,  lakes,  rivers  and 
beautiful   waterfalls. 

"That  engineer  has  gone  through 
Hell  and  has  made  of  it  a  realm  of 
happiness,  peace  and  industry." 

— Rf printed  from  Xeirs  Letter  of  Issocia- 
tion  of  Professional  Enijineers  of  the  Province 
of  Ontario,  Canada. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


NEW   YORK   •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J.    r 

Chicago   •    St.   louis   •    Detroit 
Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


Liquor  Salesman  :  "Y'know,  I  hate  to 
to  see  a  woman  drink  alone." 

Food  Salesman:  "I  hate  to  see  a 
woman  eat  alone." 

Mattress  Salesman:  "Say,  what  do 
you  fellows  think  of  the  cold  weather 
we've  been  having?" 


A  faith  healer  ran  into  his  old  friend 
AL-ix    and    asked    how    things    were    go- 

"Not  so  good,"  was  the  pained  re- 
ply. "My  brother  is  very  sick." 

"Your  brother  isn't  sick,"  contradict- 
ed the  faith  healer,  "he  only  thinks  he's 
sick.  Remember  that:  he  only  thinks 
he's  sick." 

Two  months  later  they  met  again 
and  the  faith  healer  asked  ALix,  "How's 
you  brother  now?" 

"Worse,"  groaned  Max,  "he  thinks 
he's  dead."  I 


A  gill  who  worked  as  a  hostess  in 
Roseland  was  complaimng  to  her  friend, 
also  a  hostess,  that  she  was  never  invit- 
ed out  to  swell  parties.  "I  get  invited 
once — but  that's  all."  Her  friend  took 
her  aside  and  said,  "The  reason  that 
you're  never  invited  again  is  that  \ou 
can't  discuss  any  subject  with  people. 
Read  a  book  and  you'll  become  an  in- 
teresting con\ersationalist.  "  So  the  so- 
cial  climber   read   a   book. 

When  she  was  invited  to  a  part\  a 
few-  days  later,  she  was  all  prepared. 
She  listened  to  the  conversation  for  a 
while  and  then  cut  in.  "Say,  wasn't  that 
tough  about  ALirie  Antoinette?" 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Temperature  Ranges  Required  for  Pressure  Vessels 

at  BLACK,  SIVALLS  &  BRYSON,  Inc. 

Demonstrate  Controllability  of 


Safety  codes  govern  many  of  the  manufacturing  and 
testing  methods  for  pressure  vessels.  One  of  the  most 
important  processes,  stress  relieving,  requires  precise 
control  of  temperatures  throughout  the  cycle — just  the 
type  of  temperature  control  to  be  found  in  thousands 
of  industrial  applications  of  GAS  for  heat  treating. 

Specialists  in  the  manufacture  of  pressure  vessels 
depend  on  GAS  for  heat  processing  of  all  types.  The 
pioneering  firm  of  Black,  Sivalls  and  Bryson,  Inc., 
Kansas  City,  uses  GAS  in  the  manufacture  of  tanks, 
valves,  pressure  vessels  and  safety  heads.  President 
A.  J.  Smith  says, 

"Throughout   the    past    2  5    years   we   have 
depended  on  GAS  to  provide  the  exacting 


temperatures  for  our  work.  In  many  of  our 
plants  we  have  developed  special  GAS  equip- 
ment; our  large  stress-relieving  furnace  at 
Oklahoma  City  is  a  typical  example." 

In  this  large  furnace  the  GAS  control  system  is  ar- 
ranged to  provide  temperatures  up  to  1200°  F.  for  any 
time-cycle  required.  Automatic  regulators  and  record- 
ing pyrometers  assure  maximum  fuel  efhciency  while 
the  flexibility  of  GAS  is  an  important  factor  in  main- 
taining production  schedules  on  vital  equipment. 

Stress-relieving  is  just  one  of  the  applications  of 
GAS  for  heat  processing.  You'll  find  hundreds  of 
other  uses  for  the  productive  flames  of  GAS — they're 
worth  investigating. 


One  of  the  largest  stress-relieving  ovens 
in  the  United  States,  this  installation  at 
Oklahoma  City  is  77'  long,  12'  wide,  18' 
high — Gas-fired  and  equipped  with  record- 
ing pyrometers. 


AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 


420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE 

DECEMBER,  1948 


NEW  YORK    17,  N.  Y. 


47 


"Mister,  if  you  think  you  can  kiss 
me  like  that  again,  I'll  have  soniethiiif; 
to  say  about  it." 

"Well,  I'm  going  to,  so  start  talk- 
ing." 

"The  light  switih  is  rigin  next  to  the 
piano." 

The  Human  Race — the  only  race 
which  is  never  over  and  which  no  one 
ever  won.  f^ach  succeeding  generation 
is  a  new  relay.  They  travel  'round  na- 
ture's course  neck  and  neck  and  u>uail\ 
end  up  tied  ! 

W'heii  you  knock  at  the  door  and  tind 
hubby  home,  tlien,  brothei',  sell  sonic- 
thing. 

The  Old  Maid:  "Has  the  canar\ 
had  its  bath  yet?" 

The  Maid:  "Yes,  he  has,  ma'm.  ^'ou 
can  come  in  now.  " 

*     *     « 

Student:  "I  could  dance  on  like  this 
fore\er." 

Coed:  "Oh,  tion't  say  that.  You're 
bound  to  improxe." 

*  if      * 

"Don't  talk  to  me  about  lawyers,  my 
dear.  I've  had  so  much  trouble  over  the 
property  that  I  sometimes  wish  my  hus- 
band hadn't  died." 

Hill:  "The  girl  I  am  married  to  has 
a  twin  sister." 

Mac:  "Gee!  How  do  you  tell  them 
apart?  " 

Bill:  "I  don't  tr>.  It's  up  to  the  other 
one  to  look  out  tor  herself.  " 
»      *     # 

"I  hear  he  was  a  big  gun  in  college." 
"That  so?  What  kind?" 
"A  sort  of  smooth  bore." 

*  *      * 

Then  there's  the  bachelor  who  got 
thrown  out  of  his  apartment  when  the 
landlady  heard  him  drop  his  shoes  on 
the   floor  twice. 


Zoo  V^'sitor:  "Where  are  the  mon- 
keys?" 

Keeper:  "The\'re  in  the  back,  mak- 
ing love.  " 

V^'sitor:  "W^)uld  tlu-\  come  out  for 
some  peanuts?" 

Keeper:  "WouKl  \ou?" 


ANNOUNCING  — a  new  depart- 
ment-— -"Letters  to  Ye  Ed,"  in 
whieh  you  will  have  the  opportu- 
nity to  express  your  ideas  on  any 
thing  that  interests  you:  pet  peev- 
es, eampus  activities,  suggestions, 
ete. 

Letters  should  be  addressed  to 
The  Illinois  Technograph,  213  En- 
gineering Hall,  University  of  Illi- 
nois, Urbana,  Illinois.  Length  of 
the  letters  should  not  exeeed  300 
words,  and  they  must  be  signed  by 
the  sender.  Names  will  be  with- 
held upon  request. 


.'\  wealthy  dowager  in\ited  about 
SO  soliliers  from  a  near-by  camp  to  her 
home.  Ax  about  4  o'clock,  she  .served 
cookies  ;ind  lemonade.  At  about  S 
she  served  more  cookies  and  lemonade. 
At  about  6,  she  stood  up  and  said,  "1 
ha\e  just  four  more  cookies  left — now 
what  shall   1   do  with  them?" 

Immediately  a  lieutenant  stood  up 
and  said,  "The  first  guy  who  answer 
gets  the  guardhouse  for  a  week." 

*  »     » 

l.d    (lardiier's   friend,    Fiiuiegan,  was 
down    at    Duffy's    Tavern    enjoying 
gla.ss    of    beer.    "How    many    barrels    of 
beer   do   you    use   a   day?"   he  asked   the 
proprietor. 

"Four,"  said  the  barkeep.  "Why  do 
you  ask?" 

"Cause  I  can  tell  you  how  you  could 
use  eight   barrels   a   day.  " 

"You  can?"  came  the  delighted  re- 
sponse. "How  can  I?" 

"(live  full  glasses,"  Finnegan  retort- 
ed  bitterlv. 

Mother:  "What  took  you  .so  long  to 
say  goodnight  to  that  fellow?" 

Daughter:  "But,  mother,  if  a  bov 
takes  you  to  a  movie,  the  least  you  can 
do   is   to  kiss  him  goodnight." 

Mother:  "But,  I  thought  \ou  went 
to  Kl  Morocco." 

Daughter:   "Yes,   mother."  | 

»      *     •*  ' 

In  the  old  days,  when  a  fellow  tt>\d 
a  girl  a  naughty  story,  she  blushed. 
Nowadays,  she  memorizes  it.  li 

*  *     ■»  jj 
Then  there  was  a  girl  named  "Check- 
ers" because  she  jumped  whenever  you 
made  a  wrong  move. 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Kodak  High   Speed  Camera  ...  a   precision  / 

instrument  that  gives  you  exact  visual  answers  / 

to  complex  industrial  time-motion  problems. 


V^HEN  higli  speed  machinery  doesn't  work  as  it 
^  "  shonld  or  wears  out  too  soon  . . .  when  you  need 
to  know  how  fast-moving  liquids  behave  .  .  .  when 
any  complex  time-motion  problem  confronts  you  . . . 
try  motion  analysis  with  the  Kodak  High  Speed 
Camera. 

By  taking  pictures  up  to  3000  frames  a  second  and 
sliowing  them  at  regular  speeds  .  .  .  you  visually 
slow  down  action  almost  200  times!  And  flash  marks 
which  the  camera  puts  along  the  film  edge  time  any 
phase  of  action  in  fractions  of  milliseconds. 

By  using  this  precision  instrument  in  your  labora- 
tory or  plant,  you  can  track  down  and  measure  almost 
any  problem  in  fle.xure,  inertia,  waste  motion  .  .  .  ana- 
lyze chemical  and  electrical  phenomena  for  perma- 
nent record  ...  for  study  ...  for  group  discussion. 

Send  the  coupon  for  a  copy  of  the  booklet  "Magni- 
fying Time."  It  will  tell  you  how  this  instrument  is 
being  used  advantageously  in  many  industries. 

EASTMAN   KODAK   COMPANY 
Industrial  Photographic  Division,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 

High  Speed  \hmi&^ 

. . .  another  important  function  of  photography 


Milling  cutter  bit 
caught  in  the  act  of 
breaking.  Edge  marks 
on  film  give  the  exact 
relative  time  and  speed 
of    any   phase   of 
high  speed  action. 


Mail  this  coupon  for 
new  FREE  booklet 


Eastman  Kodak  Company 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 

Please  send  me  D  your  new,  free  booklet  on  the  Kodak  High 
Speed  Camera;  D  your  16mm.  demonstration  reel  of  exam- 
ples of  fiigh  speed  movies. 

Name 


Company. 

Street 

City 


_Dept. 


-State- 


. . .  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  CHEMISTRY 


UNIQUE  PLANT 
G-E  SILICONES 


PRODUCES 
FOR  INDUSTRY 


On  the  outskirts  of  the  1 
W'atcrforcl.  N.  Y.  is  one  of 
usual  plants  in  the  world. 


iltle  town  of 
the  most  un- 


New  Walerford  plant  worki  night  ond  day  to 
produce  tiliconei. 

Where  other  new  industrial  structures 
may  be  impressive  because  of  their 
physical  size  or  tremendous  productive 
capacity,  the  Waterford  Works  of  Gen- 
eral Electric  is  of  interest  because  of  the 


Silicone  oils  ore  excellent  mold  relea 


rare  nature  of  the  materials  being  pro- 
duced there,  and  because  of  the  new 
chemical  processes  involved  in  their 
manufacture. 

Silicones  from  Sand 

The  primary  raw  material  from  which 
silicones  arc  derived  is  sand.  This  basic 


ingredient  is  modified  at 
Waterford  through  a 
complex  series  of  pipes, 
tanks,  stills,  and  reactors 
which  are  operated  in  :i 
nearly  automatic  pro- 
duction system. 

The  most  amazing 
property  of  silicones  is  that,  like  quart/, 
they  are  relatively  unaffected  by  heat, 
cold,  water,  chemicals,  and  weather.  lint 
instead  of  being  rigid,  like  quartz,  sili- 
(ones  are  flexible  — they  may  take  any 
form  from  li(|uid  to  solid!  This  flexibil- 
ity permits  them  to  be  used  in  many 


Silicone   cente 
golf  balls. 


p   to   U.   S.   Royal 


places  where  rigid  materials  with  similar 
properties  could  not  serve. 

The  finished  silicone  products  are  al- 
ready being  widely  applied  in  industry. 
:irid  new  uses  are  constantly  being  fomul 
lor  them.  Silicone  rubber  is  being  used 
for  heat-resistant  gaskets  for  aircraft  and 
diesel  engines,  oven  doors,  and  labora- 
tory equipment.  Silicone  oils  are  excel- 
lent mold  release  agents  for  rubber  and 


tire  molders.  Silicone  resins  promise  to 
make  possible  paints  and  finishes  of  ex- 
ceptional durability.  Another  product 


Tank  farm  stores  liquid  raw  materials  which  au- 
tomalic  process  converts  lo  silicones. 

of  G-E  silicone  research  is  called  DRI- 
FILM*— water  repellents  that  can  be 
used  on  a  variety  of  materials. 

Put  Waterford  on  Map 

You'll  be  hearing  a  lot  about  G-E  sili- 
cones. They're  really  going  to  put  that 
little  town  of  Waterford  on  the  map. 

Of  course,  silicones  are  only  one  of 
the  products  produced  by  the  various 
divisions  of  the  General  Electric  Chemi- 
cal Department.  It  also  manufactures 
Glyptal*  alkyd  resins,  insulating  mate- 
rials, permanent  magnets,  plastics  mold- 
ing compoinuls.  and  is  responsible  for 
the  plastics  molding  operations  that 
have  made  G.  E.  one  of  the  world's 
largest  plastics  manufacturers.  For  more 
information,  write  to  the  Chemical  De- 
partment, General  Electric  Company, 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts. 


A   message  to  students  of  cheinistry  and 

chemical  engineering  from 

J.  L.  McMURPHY 

Manager.  Chemicals  Division,  G-E  Chemical  Department 

'The  new  world  of  orRano-silicon  chemistry  is  a  fasciiiatiiif; 
one— and  one  wliic-li   promises  an  interesting  future  for  a 
.vounK  man  who  wants  lo  make  chemistry  his  career.  We 
at  General  Electric  are  expanding  our  silicone  research  and 
l)roduction  to  meet  industry's  growing  need  for  silicones." 

M 

GENERAL 


ELECTRIC 


PLASTICS   •    SILICONES    •    INSULATING  MATERIALS    •     GLYPTAL  ALKYD  RESINS    •     PERMANENT  MAGNETS 


'p;':,^^ 


SEPT 


OCX 


ti!r>i 


JRf\J, 


.1    M/iDr/ 


/, 


cr>. 


JANUARY.  1949 

i^M1fti_ 


rv/o\/ 


FEB. 


KXl  .^^  \  , 


Know  Your  Carl 

Page  7 


Engineers  As 
Executives 

Page  8 


Rolling  Along  The 
Railway 

Page  10 


Go  North  Young  Man 

Page  12 


TWENTY- FIVE  CENTS 


World's  first 
Coiitiniioiis  Seamless  Tube  Mill 

— National  Tiil)c  Company 
drx-lons  rcvoliilioiiary  new  mill  design 


2,rK¥)  feet  of  seamless  pipe  a  minute!  That's 
what  the  world's  first  continuous  seamless  pipe 
mill  will  turn  out  upon  completion. 

Developed  by  National  Tube  Company  — 
U.S.  Steel  Subsidiary  —  at  its  Lorain,  Ohio 
Works,  the  mill  has  already  been  referred  to  as 
"one  of  the  greatest  advances  in  the  steel  in- 
dustry during  the  past  50  years." 

The  new  continuous  process  it  features  will 
eliminate  several  steps  in  the  conventional 
method  of  making  seamless  pipe  and  will  be 
comparable  to  that  of  continuous  strip  and  sheet 
mills.  Designed  to  produce  sizes  ranging  from 
2  inches  to  4*2  inches  OD,  the  mill  not  only  will 
provide  quality  products  at  lowxr  cost,  but 
greater  service  to  the  consumer. 

This  revolutionary  seamless  mill  design  is  an- 
other demonstration  of  National  Tube  Com- 
pany's position  of  leadership  in  providing  indus- 
trv  with  both  quality  and  quantity  products. 


shoHini  9-stand  Rolling  Mill  and  Inlcl  and  Outlet  Conveyors. 


Opportunities 


The  spirit  behind  this  latest  Nation.il  Tube  Company  development  typifies 
the  spirit  behind  projects  being  conducted  in  all  United  .States  Steel  Corpora- 
tion Subsidiaries.  It  is  a  pioneermg  spirit— one  that  requires  qualified  men  in 
all  branches  of  engineering.  See  your  Placement  Officer  for  a  copy  of  "Paths 
of  Opportunity  in  U.S.  Steel"  if  j'ou  would  like  to  take  part  in  these  fascinating 
:ind  important  developments. 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  COMPANy  -  AMERICAN  STEEL  t  WIRE  COMPANY  CARNEGIE  lUINOIS  STEEL  CORPORATION  •  COLUMBIA  STEEl  COMPANY 
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MICHIGAN  LIMESTONE  t  CHEMICAL  COMPANY  •  NATIONAL  TUBE  COMPANY  ■  OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  COMPANY  ■  OLIVER  IRON  MINING  COMPANY 
PITTSBURGH  LIMESTONE  CORPORATION  ■  PITTSBURGH  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY  •  TENNESSEE  COAL,  IRON  I,  RAILROAD  COMPANY 
UNITED  STATES  STEEl  EXPORT  COMPANY  ■  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY  COMPANY 
UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  -  VIRGINIA  BRIDGE  COMPANY 


UNITED  STATES  STEE 


you  CAN  6E  SURE  ...  IF  fTfe  Wfestinghouse 

WE  INI 

CHEMICAL  fli 
mLLORGICAL > 

ENGINEERS,  100 


\S  estinghouse  is  dirertlv  interested  in  tin-  iiiatrrial:- 
that  go  into  its  various  products.  For  example,  the 
development  of  precision  casting  processes  for  high- 
speed, high-temperature  gas  turhine  hlades  was 
exclusivelv  the  activitv  of  metallurgical,  and  chem- 
ical engineers  at  Westinghouse. 

Consulting  ami  advisory  service,  diagnostic  lab- 
oratorv  testing,  tlevelopment  of  new  processes  and 
specialized  equipment  are  all  part  of  their  activity. 

If  you  are  a  metallurgical  or  chemical  engineer, 
then  investigate  the  \\  estinghouse  Graduate  Student 
'J  raining  Course  now.  \  our  abilities  and  aptitude 
niav  he  \  our  kev   to  a  career  in  these  fields.       g-Ioost 


Begin  planning  xour JuXtirp  today.  Crt  vour 
free  copv  of  the  Jf  estinghouse  btxtkleL, 
"Finding  Your  Place  in  Industry". 


ouse 

OFFICES   EVERYWHERE 


PLANTS   IN   25   CITIES  . 


To  obtain  copr  of  Finding  Your  Place  in  Industry-,  consult 
Placement  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  thij  coupon  to: 

The  District  Educational  Coordinator 
JTestinghouse  Electric  Corporation 
20  y.  tf  acker  Drive,  P.  O.  Box  B,  Zone  90 
Chicago  6,  Illinois 


r^i.r^ 

City 

St3t#- 

.. 

Tlio  l<]iii)iiion'iiio  lliiiioi'iirjcs  iiiid  Mi'im 

Itif  mil  Suflvrnlritni.  1  vr.lC.  :12  ami  Itill  Sitilil.  i:.l-:.  '.'t'J 


A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

Fcatuii'il    ar    till-    November    ''    iiieet- 
•>;  was  a  ilenionstration  ar]d   lecture  by 
Professor     V  a  ii     Vclzer 
eoncerniiig     electron     tiis- 
iharge    in    \acuiiiii    tubes. 
( )ne  \  ery  colossal  ilenion- 
stration  featured   the   bal- 
ancing   of    a    tuentv-foot 
two-by-four  on   a  watcb   glass.    1  he   re- 
niainilcr   of    the    meeting   took    place    in 
the  electron  tube  research  lab. 

Although  the  present  membership  is 
in  excess  of  300,  A.I.E.E.-I.R.K  will 
sponsor  another  membership  clri\e  next 
semester,  hoping  to  attract  even  more 
prospective  members. 

The  Weston  Electrical  Instrument 
company  of  Chicago  is  sending  to  the 
December  27  meeting  a  representative 
who  will  lecture  on  the  theory  and 
operation  of  electrical  meters.  Supple- 
menting the  talk  will  be  some  special 
"blown-up"  meters,  which  will  illus- 
trate, in  exaggerated  detail,  the  mech- 
anisms involved. 

The  final  entries  in  the  A.I.E.E.- 
I.R.E.  "Technical  Paper  Contest"  will 
be  judged  December  14.  The  writer  of 
the  winning  paper  will  receive  a  ten 
dollar  first  prize  as  well  as  have  his 
paper  go  into  the  graduate  competition 
to  be  judged  next  spring. 

A.S.C.E.  (Navy  Pier) 

The  American  Society  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, a  branch  of  the  olde.st  engineer- 
ing organization,  was  organized  at 
Navy  Pier  in  Octobei',  1946,  shortly 
after  school  started.  Its  purpose  is  to 
bring  all  student  civil  engineers  together 
for  their  mutual   benefit. 

The  chapter,  in  the  past,  has  had  one 
business  and  one  instructional  meeting 
per  month.  At  the  instructional  meet- 
ings it  is  customary  to  have  an  engineer 
from  some  firm  speak  on  a  topic  of 
interest  to  engineers  and  engineering 
students.  The  speakers  are  chosen  from 
all  branches  of  civil  engineering,  such 
as  transportation  (highways  and  rail- 
roads), sanitation  (water  supph  and 
sewage),  structural  (bridges  and  build- 
ings), and  other  related  fields. 

Posters  announcing  the  time  and 
place  of  these  meetings  appear  on  sever- 
al bulletin  boards  throughout  the  hall. 

The  chapter's  activities  include  guid- 
ed  inspection   trips  to  various  projects. 


With  tlie  chapters  of  the  Illinois  In- 
stitute of  Technol()g\'  and  Northwest- 
ern Technological  Institute,  the  mem- 
bers of  this  society  were  guests  of  the 
Illinois  section  of  the  .American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers  ;ir  a  meeting  hcici 
at  Navy  Pier  on  Ndxenibei'  1.  ()\ei' 
.?l)(l  nu-mhcrs  anil  students  were  pres- 
ent. 

'Ehe  officers  at  the  present  time  aie 
.A.  J.  Boyle,  president;  E,  j.  Koepke, 
\  ice  -  president ;  R,  Dzierzanowski,  sec- 
retary; ,ind  J,  Ratski,  treasurer.  The 
sponsor  ot  the  organization  is  Mr.  j.  C. 
Chaderton  of  our  (l.E.D.   department. 

A.S.C.E. 

If  you  ha\e  had  occasion  to  \  isit  the 
\  icinity  of  the  Armory  lately,  yoii  no 
doubt  have  run  into  several 
civil  engineering  students 
with  their  transits  and 
chains.  They  aren't  always 
looking  through  transits, 
however.  Sometimes  they 
are  watching  other  fellows 
look  through  them.  Thus  was  the  pro- 
gram of  the  November  9  meeting  of 
the  A.S.C.E. 

After  a  short  business  meeting,  on 
that  date,  a  social  meeting  was  held. 
At  this  .social  meeting,  films  were  shown 
of  the  summer  surveying  camp  in  Min- 
nesota last  summer.  Also  on  the  pro- 
gram was  the  group  of  singers  which 
sang  at  the  camp  last  summer.  After 
this  entertainment,  refreshments  were 
served. 

During  the  business  nieetiiig,  plans 
were  laid  for  a  dinner  meeting  with  the 
central  section  of  the  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers.  This  meeting  was 
held   in  the  middle  of  December. 

A.I.E.E.  (Navy  Pier) 

At  the  organizational  meeting  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neers an  election  of  new  officers  was 
held  with  the  following  results:  Joseph 
Loos,  Jr.,  chairman ;  Everett  S,  Remus, 
vice-chairman;  Ceorge  Conetzsky,  sec- 
retary; and  Harold  G,  Cohon,  treas- 
urer. For  each  of  the  two  committees, 
only  two  volunteers  were  selected.  On 
the  program  committee  are  Bill  Meyers 
and  R.  T.  Paul ;  Tony  Creco  and  R,  B. 
Laube  are  on  the  advertising  and  pub- 
licity committee. 

A    program    of    mo\ies,    lectures,    .uul 


fielil  trips  is  being  |)lanncd  In  the  new- 
officers,  with  the  possibilit)  of  at  least 
one  every  two  weeks. 

With  the  vast  number  and  \ariety 
of  electrical  industries  in  the  Chicago 
area,  it  is  expected  that  a  \eiy  interest- 
ing program  shouKl  be  axailable  for 
.A.I.E.E.  members  next  semester. 

CHI   EPSILON 

'Ehe  Chi  Epsilons  ha\e  added  another 
bunch  of  fellows  to  their  little  brood. 
Last  month,  at  a  banquet,  29 
pledges  were  initiated  into  this 
honorarv  ci\il  engineering  fra- 
ternity. The  addition  of  these 
men  will  boost  the  present 
membership  to  S4. 
The  names  of  the  pledges  are  as  fol- 
lows: Robert  Renwick,  Clifton  Woest, 
Donald  Waggoner,  John  Goodell,  Rob- 
ert Williams,  Howard  Morey,  A. 
Beniis,  Charles  Givens,  Floyd  Brown, 
George  Wear,  Roger  Schierhorn,  Wil- 
liam Mottershaw,  James  Chandler, 
Jacob  Whitlock,  Harvey  Hunt,  Suat 
Ata\',  Allen  Kanak,  Wilford  Novotny, 
Neal  Hennegan,  William  Swofford, 
Henry  Suzuki,  Don  Kaminski,  Max 
Weberling,  Joe  Marsik,  Phillip  Stikes, 
(jeorge  Keele,  W\'ndell  Rowe,  Carl 
Sands,   and   Robert   Hart, 

A.I.Ch.E.  (Navy  Pier) 
The  American  Institute  of  Chemical 
Engineers  has  already  been  on  a  field 
trip  this  semester  to  the  Revere  Copper 
and  Brass  corporation.  They  have  seen 
two  movies,  "Gasoline's  Amazing  Mole- 
cules, "  and  the  "Stor\'  of  Lubricating 
(^il,"  at  their  meetings  thus  far.  An- 
other field  trip  is  planned  to  the  new 
laboratories  of  Standard  Gil  of  Indiana. 
At  every  meeting  the  society  presents 
movies,  and  whenever  possible,  a  lec- 
ture by  a  prominent  man  in  the  field  of 
chemical  engineering. 

The  society  is  sponsored  by  Dr.  C.  R. 
Malloy,  of  the  chemistry  department. 
The  officers  are  Jerrold  Radway,  pres- 
ident;  Phil  Ebart,  vice-president;  Mrs. 
Charlotte  Rieger,  secretary;  and  Walter 
Beiisen,   treasurer. 

A.S.M.E.  (Navy  Pier) 

At    its    first    meeting,    the    American 

Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  elected 

the  following  officers:  Victor  E.  Swen- 

( Continued   on   page   20) 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH. 


Be  Careful .  •  • 
the  life  you  save  may  he  your  own 


Standard  Oil  promotes  this  slogan  of  the 
National  Safety  Council  as  a  reminder  to  the 
motoring  public  to  drive  carefully.  In  its  own 
affairs,  Standard  Oil  works  and  lives  by  the 
same  slogan. 

In  the  last  twelve-month  period  reported 
(1948),  our  accident  rates  per  million  man- 
hours  were  1.51  in  the  company's  manufac- 
turing department,  3.31  in  our  sales  depart- 
ment. This  compares  with  an  average  of  13.16 
accidents  per  million  man-hours  in  the  entire 
petroleum  industry,  and  13.26  in  all  industry. 


It  is  a  record  we  are  at  all  times  attempting 
to  improve. 

Because  of  our  great  interest  in  safety,  we 
are  glad  to  see  the  subject  getting  more  and 
more  attention  every  year  in  engineering  col- 
leges. Many  mechanical  engineering  curricula 
now  include  courses  in  safety  engineering. 

We  welcome  the  trend.  We  hope  that  stu- 
dents now  being  trained  in  safety  engineering 
will  soon  be  helping  to  make  Standard  Oil 
and  thousands  of  other  American  companies 
better,  safer  places  to  work. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


(INDIANA) 


STANDARD 


JANUARY,   1949 


TECHNICAL 
TEAMWORK 


How  close  cooperation  between  chemists  and 

engineers  constantly  improves  this  famous  product 


PHYSICAL  CHEMISTS  btudy  the  diflerent  phases  of  soap  to  define  the        CHEMICAL  ENGINEERS  make  pilot  plant  studies  hke  this  flash  drier, 
conditions  for  improved  Ivory  bars.  to  translate  these  conditions  into  practical  processing  methods. 


<\l'  '.JSb4<^*!n 


MECHANICAL  ENGINEERS  design  equipment  like  this  atilomalicvaciiiini         OTHER    ENGINEERS    (Chemical,    Mechanical,    Industrial)    plan   and 
"pickup"  to  improve  methods  of  handling  Ivory,  and  other  soaps.        super\ise  all  phases  of  production  operations. 


This  is  just  one  example  ofP&G  technical 
teamwork  in  action;  similar  developments  in  other  fields 
call  for  additional  men  with  technical  training. 

If  you  would  like  a  copy  of  our  booklet,  "Information 
for  Chemists  and  Engineers,"  write  to  Procter  &  Gamble, 
Industrial  Relations  Division,  Cincinnati  17,  Ohio. 
Also,  if  you'd  like  to  talk  to  a  P&G  representative,  ask  your 
Placement  Bureau  to  arrange  a  meeting. 


PROCTER 
&  GAMBLE 

CINCINNATI    17,    OHIO 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witort Editor 

Phil   Doll hsoc.   Editor 

Don   Johnson Asst.   Editor 

Kfn  McOwan  Assl.  Editor 

Glenn  Massic Asst.  Editor 

George  Rickcr Asst.  Editor 

Melvin  Reiter M/d-ciip  Editor 


Rcfiortiiuj 

Art   DreshfieUi  Homer  T.  Kipling 

I    Ray  Hauscr  Bruce  M.  Bro«n 

I    George  Heck  James  T.  Ephgrave 

Averv  Hevesh  \\'.  K.  Snderstriim 

,    C.  M.  McClvmiiiuis  Heiir\    Kahii 
'    Alfreda  Mallorev     Robert  E.  Lawrence 

William    D.    Sta'hl   Ed  Lozano 
*    Connie   Minnicli       \\'al!ace    Hopper 

Shirlev   Smith 


Volume  64 


Number  4 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley   Diamond Bus.   Mtjr. 

Fn-d  Seavey - Offire  Mgr. 

Dick  Ames Aut.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Hale  Glass Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Smith Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

William  Anderson  Richard    Stevens 
Ira  Evans  Ronald    Trense 

(itorne   Kvitek 


Facu/ty   Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.   R.   Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS   OF   ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Chairman :  John  A.  Henry 
University  of  Illinois,   Urbana,  111. 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cir 
Engineer,  Colorado  Engii 
neer,     Drexel     Technical 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engii 
Kansas    Eng' 


Fl  Kentuck 


nnati  Cooperative 
er,  Cornell  Engi- 
Journal,  Illinois 
;r,  Iowa  Transit, 
isas  State  Engineer, 
-      ,  Marquette     Engineer, 

-MkIiilmu  T..  IniK,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
\li^^niiii  Mi,i„„,„|,.  Nebraska  Blueprint, 
\'"  ^".l^  t  i,n.:Mty  Quadrangle,  North 
I'il^Mta  Suilr  KnKiuccr.  Ohio  State  Engi- 
"">.  Oklahoma  Stale  Engineer,  Penn  State 
I  iijmcer,  Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue 
t.ir.:iiieer,  Rochester  Indicator,  Rose  Technic, 
I"  li  Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer, 
Mill  Wisconsin  Engineer. 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
?ineering,  University  of  Illinois 


I'lil.hshed 


ight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
nber,  December,  January,  Febru- 
,  April  and  May)  by  the  lUini 
t  I'nipanv.  Entered  as  second 
.  October  Jn,  1920,  at  the  post 
■  I'.niri,  lllino.c.  under  the  Act 
Engineering 


riptli 


SI. 50 


Reprint 
Tcclmograplt. 


iMi'-her's    Representative — Littell    Mur 
irnhill,     605      North      Michigan      Avei 
'<o    n.     111.     101     Park    Avenue,     I 
17,    New    York. 


The  Tech  Presents 

m 
ARTICLES 

Know  Your  Automobile 7 

Engineers    as    Executives    8 

Rolling  Along  the  Railway 10 

DEPARTMENTS 

Engineering    Societies    2 

Vocobulary    Clinic 11 

Undercover  at  Galesburg 12 

In  this  Corner— Navy  Pier 14 

Editorial 16 

OUR  COVER 

Our  talented  artist,  Ed  Lozano,  adds  a  bit  of  humor  to  his 
season's  greeting. 

FRONTISPIECE 

Located  at  a  silicone  plant  at  Waterford,  N.  Y.,  this  storage 
tank  holds  methyl  chloride,  an  important  ingredient  in  the  manu- 
facture of  silicones.  Silicone  resins,  ores,  greases,  and  rubber  are 
remarkably  resistant  to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  (Photo  cour- 
tesy of  General  Electric). 


Know  Your  iliitoiiioliile ! 


Bfi  •/.  ^\  MtuHHtv  iinti  1'.  .>#.  Mt'lliiiiionils 


Because  the  engine  "makes  it  go,"  the 
logical  starting  point  for  a  discussion 
of  the  automobile  would  be  the  source 
of  power.  All  stock  cars  being  delivered 
to  the  consumer  today  are  propelled  by 
an  internal  combustion  engine  using 
gasoline  as  a  fuel.  The  usual  method 
of  operation  involves  mixing  fuel  and 
air  together  outside  of  the  engine,  bring- 
ing them  into  the  engine,  and  then  com- 
pressing and  igniting  the  mixture  by  an 
electrical   spark. 

The  principle  used  is  known  as  the 
Otto  cycle,  and  differs  from  the  Diesel 
cycle  in  that  in  the  latter,  only  the  air 
is  taken  in  ;uid  compressed,  the  fuel 
then  injected,  and  the  mixture  ignited 
by  the  heat  of  compression.  The  ther- 
mal efficiency  of  both  cycles  increases 
with  an  increase  in  the  ratio  of  the 
volume  before  and  the  volume  after 
compression.  This  ratio  is  known  as  the 
compression  ratio.  Theoretically,  the  ef- 
ficiency of  the  Otto  cycle  is  always 
greater  than  the  efficiency  of  the  Diesel 
cycle  for  any  given  compression  ratio. 
At  the  present  time,  the  Diesel  engine 
has  a  higher  thermal  efficiency  than  the 
gasoline  engine,  due  to  its  higiier  com- 
pression  ratio. 

The  compression  ratio  is  not  actually- 
based  on  pressures,  inasmuch  as  the\- 
vary  with  loads  and  speeds.  An  engine 
that  has  a  7:1  compression  ratio  reduces 
the  volume  of  every  seven  cubic  inches 
of  air  taken  in,  to  one  cubic  inch. 

It  is  a  popular  belief  that  an  engine 
lia\ing  a  hirge  bore  and  stroke,  and  a 
high  horsepower  rating,  will  consume 
more  fiiel  than  an  engine  having  small 
dimensions  and  a  low  horsepower 
rating,  even  though  they  both  might  be 
delivering  the  same  amount  of  power. 
Fuel  consumption  is  usually  determined 
b\  the  amount  of  fuel  used  per  horse- 
power output;  thus,  a  large,  high- 
powered  engine  may  not  use  as  much 
fuel  as  a  small,  low-powered  engine,  al- 
though operated  under  the  same  condi- 
tions. The  fuel  consumption  rate  per 
horsepower  output  is  not  a  constant 
\alue.  From  tests  of  maximum  power 
output  at  varying  speed,  it  is  usually 
found  to  be  higher  at  low  and  high 
speeds  than  it  is  at  intermediate  speeds. 
Also,  from  tests  of  variable  horsepower 
output  at  constant  speed,  it  is  found 
that  the  fuel  consumption  rate  decreases 
slightly  and  then  increases  as  the  horse- 
power output  is  varied  at  this  speed 
from  the  maxinuim  possible  to  zero.  At 

JANUARY,   1949 


zero  horsepower  output,  the  fuel  con- 
sumption rate  per  horsepower  output  is 
infinite.  For  maximum  economy,  tile 
engine  should  be  operated  at  some  in- 
termediate speed  and  at  some  power 
output  just  below  the  maximum  for  that 
speed. 

An  ideal  condition  of  engine  and  car 
performance  would  be  one  in  which, 
with  increasing  speed,  the  horsepower 
required  by  the  car  increased  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  horsepower  output 
of  the  engine.  The  actual  horsepower 
output  is  proportional  to  the  speed  of 
the  engine  times  the  torque.  If  the 
torque  output  is  constant,  the  horse- 
power will  increase  in  direct  proportion 
to  the  increasing  speed.  Many  manu- 
facturers go  to  great  lengths  to  keep 
the  torque  output  constant  but  cannot 
entirely  reach  this  goal.  As  a  result, 
torque  output  is  usually  a  maximum 
at  intermediate  speeds.  The  horsepower 
required,  on  the  other  hand,  is  propor- 
tional to  the  cube  of  the  speed  of  the 
car.  The  drag  on  the  car  is  mainly  air 
resistance,  which  varies  with  the  ve- 
locity of  the  air  squared. 

The  maximum  speed  of  the  car  is 
that  speed  at  which  the  horsepower  re- 
quired equals  the  maximum  horsepower 
of  the  engine.  Since  the  engine  speed 
is    directly    proportional    to   the    rate    at 


COMPRESSION  RATIO 

Thermal  efficiencies  are  compared 
above,  where  heavy  lines  indicate 
vv'orkable  ranges  of  compression 
ratio. 


The  automobile  is  probably  the 
second  most-discussed  subject  in 
and  around  the  classrooms  and  lab- 
oratories on  the  engineering  cam- 
pus. This,  the  first  of  a  series  of 
two  articles  to  appear  in  the 
TECHNOGRAPH,  is  written  in  an 
effort  to  further  the  understanding 
of  the  basic  concepts  of  the  auto- 
mobile, and  to  familiarize  the 
reader  with  what  the  American- 
made  car  has  to  offer  technically. 
Just  as  a  girl  can't  be  judged  by 
her  face  and  make-up,  a  ear  can't 
be  judged  solely  by  its  exterior  ap- 
pearance, which,  in  any  ease,  is 
tending  toward  uniformity  in  new 
models. 


which  the  car  moves,  it  would  seem  that 
the  car  should  be  geared  to  give  the 
engine  speed  corresponding  to  maximum 
horsepower.  However,  since  the  torque 
is  decreasing  at  a  gradually  increasing 
rate  as  the  speed  of  maximum  horse- 
power is  approached,  the  horsepower 
peaks  in  a  gradual  manner  and  is  nearly 
constant  for  several  huiulred  re\olu- 
tions  per  minute. 

At  any  given  speed  between  zero  and 
maximum,  the  difference  between  the 
horsepower  available  from  the  engine 
and  that  required  to  maintain  the  given 
car  speed  is  the  power  available  for  ac- 
celeration. This  must  not  be  interpreted 
as  establishing  the  horsepower  as  being 
directly  responsible  for  acceleration.  Ac- 
celeration equals  force  divided  by  mass. 
In  this  case,  the  force  is  the  torque  of 
the  engine,  multiplied  by  the  gearing, 
and  divided  by  the  radius  of  the  driving 
wheels,  with  the  forces  retarding  the 
motion  of  the  car  being  subtracted.  B}- 
having  the  car  so  geared  that  the  re- 
quired horsepower  curve  intersects  the 
available  horsepower  c  u  r  v  e  at  some 
point  just  beyond  the  maximum  horse- 
power, the  "pick-up"  of  the  car  can  be 
greatlv  improved  without  losing  more 
than  a  few  miles  |n-r  hour  from  the 
top  speed. 

Having  a  car  geared  for  a  high  ac- 
celeration rate  is  inconsistent  with  eco- 
nomical operation.  Furthermore,  since 
the  acceleration  is  temporary,  changing 
gear  ratios  after  acceleration  will  per- 
mit more  economical  operation.  Neglect- 
ing first  and  second  gears,  this  is  ac- 
complished by  means  of  a  hydraulic 
coupling  in  conjunction  with  an  auto- 
matic transmission,  a  torque  converter, 
or  an  overdrive.  An  overdrive  gives  a 
single,  positive  change  of  gear  ratios, 
thus  giving  an  exact,  known,  accelera- 
ting factor  to  an  economical  gear  ratio. 
A  torque  converter  gives  a  variable  ac- 
celerating factor  to  an  economical  gear 
ratio  whose  maximum  is  greater  than 
that  supplied  by  an  overdrive.  A  plain 
(Continued  on  page  26) 


ENGINEERS  AS   EXECUTIVES 


Itfi  1ih>nn  MtiMHiv.  li.K.'IU 


KiitjiiK'i'riii}!;  graduates  often  hope  to 
become  executives  sooner  or  later,  since 
such  positions  pay  large  rewards  in 
money  and  satisfaction.  Hut  in  the  rank> 
of  engineers,  tliere  are  man\  more  po- 
tential e\ecuti\es  than  actual  executives. 
.\lr.  J.  M.  (lillet,  director  of  commer- 
cial research  for  the  V'ictor  Chemical 
works,  writing  in  The  Hent  of  Tau 
Heta  Pi,  explained  this  condition  when 
he  said,  "(^ur  engineering  graduates 
usually  come  to  us  with  a  good  techni- 
cal preparation  and  are,  as  a  rule,  capa- 
ble of  doing  well  in  strictly  technical 
lines.  It  is  when  they  are  considered  for 
advancement  into  managerial  functions 
that  many  of  them  show  a  definite  lack 
of  preparedness.  Most  of  them  have  no 
conception  of  business  principles,  labor 
relations,  or  elementary  economics." 
Mr.  Walter  E\ans,  vice  president  of 
Westinghoiise  Electric,  recently  stated 
that  one  of  the  biggest  needs  in  indus- 
try is  for  engineers  who  have  the  ipiali- 
fications   for  executive  positions. 

There  is  a  definite  trend  toward  using 
engineers,  as  well  as  bankers  and 
lawyers,  to  fill  top  managerial  posts. 
(Graduate  engineers  are  the  presidents  of 
one-third  of  the  ISO  largest  corporations 
in  .America.  According  to  a  survey  of 
SOO  typical  industrial  companies,  made 
b\'  .Mr.  Robert  Spahr,  director  of  the 
(leneral  .Motors  institute,  the  engineer- 
ing college  graduate  is  12  times  more 
likely  to  reach  the  presidency  of  an  in- 
dustrial company  than  is  the  man  who 
graduated  from  a  non-engineering  col- 
lege. He  is  five  times  as  likely  to  be 
treasurer  and  24  times  more  likely  to 
be  a  sales  official.  All  in  all,  the  engi- 
neering school  graduate  is  30  times 
more  likely  to  become  an  officer  of  an 
industrial  company  than  is  a  graduate 
of  a  non-techiu'cal  college.  These  fig- 
ures show  that  the  engineer  does  have 
an  advantage.  Why  is  this?  Mr.  Ernest 
E.  jenks.  vice  president  of  the  Alexan- 
der Hamilton  institute,  points  out  that, 
"T  here  is  no  question  that  engineers 
should  make  excellent  executives.  The\ 
have  the  ability  to  pierce  the  heart  ol 
complex  problems  with  a  vision  uncom 
mon  among  business  men.  Their  judg 
ment  is  sound,  conservative,  and  clear 
of  prejudice.  The\  have  logical  minds — 
minds  trained  to  the  factual  and  the 
specific.  Their  reasoning  qualities  are 
mature  and  well  balanced.  They  have 
most  of   the   mental    traits   which   spell 


G'.ENN  MASSIE 


Wh< 


Glenn  Massic  first 
:ollcgc  before  the 
■  he  plonned  to  major 
business  odministrotion. 
wcver,  offer  four  years 
the  Army,  he  decided 
chongc  to  engineering, 
evidenced    by    this    ort- 


nte 
de     of     in 
»  0  n  e  d. 
in    Februo 
enter     int. 
field. 


producti( 

Glenn  hos  been  on  the 
TECHNOGRAPH  stott  for 
two  years  end  is  on  os- 
sistont  editor  this  semes- 
ter. He  Is  a  member  of 
Sigma  Tau,  Eta  Kappa 
Nu,    ond    A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 


success    in    business.     industr\',     and     fi- 
nance," 

\  annus  authorities,  including  Dean 
A.  A.  Potter  of  the  college  of  engineer- 
ing Purdue  uni\ersit\',  and  Profesor 
Eugene  L.  Grant,  college  of  engineer- 
ing, Stanford  university,  have  stated 
their  belief  that  more  than  two-thirds  of 
engineering  graduates  reach  executive, 
managerial,  or  other  administrative  posi- 
tions within  10  years  of  their  gradua- 
tion. Figure  2  taken  from  The  Engi- 
neering Profession  in  Transition,  pub- 
lished by  the  Engineers'  Joint  Council, 
seemingly  does  not  bear  this  statement 
out.  It  indicates  that  of  37,000  engi- 
neers questioned,  30.9  per  cent  of  these 
engineers,  whose  median  years  of  pro- 
fessional experience  numbered  22,2, 
were  in  the  field  of  administration- 
managenient,  technical.  Including  engi- 
neers in   the   fields  of   production,   sales. 


personnel,  a  n  d  administration-manage- 
ment, nnn-technicd,  brings  the  percent- 
age up  to  41,  with  median  years  of 
professional  experience   now    IS. 

Figure  1  shows  the  occupational 
status  broken  down  in  terms  of  experi- 
ence level  in  years.  It  indicates  that  the 
sharpest  increase  in  engineers  engaged 
in  administration  -  management,  techni- 
cal, occurs  during  the  9-1  1  years.  How- 
ever, tlie  number  of  engineers  in  this 
field,  1,100,  is  only  28  per  cent  of  the 
number  of  eiigiiu-.-rs  in  that  experience 
level,  3,910. 

Dean  Potter's  statement  and  the  En- 
gineers' Joint  Council  sur\ey  ma\  be 
partiall)  reconciled  by  noting  that  only 
37,000  out  of  the  2.50,000  engineers  in 
the  United  States  took  part  in  the  sur- 
vey. These  37,000  engineers  were  all 
members  of  the  six  principal  national 
professional  engineering  .societies,  and 
consequently  may  be  supposed  to  be  pri- 
marily interested  in  engineering.  Many 
of  the  graduate  engineers  not  covered 
by  the  survey  may  be  engaged  in  a  line 
of  activity  which  is  not  engineering  or 
a  direct  outgrowth  of  their  engineering 
training.  Dr.  Karl  T.  Compton,  while 
commenting  on  the  fact  that  50  per 
cent  of  the  graduates  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology  are  in 
fields  not  relating  to  engineering,  said, 
"The  conclusion  may  be  drawn  that 
an  engineering  education  is  a  good  gen- 
eral preparation  for  life  in  this  day  and 
age." 

When  the  background  of  the  success- 


<>""—-- 

Gip«r)ene«  Urel  in  Y»ra                                                                                                 1 

T.U1 

-?" 

• 

' 

' 

• 

' 

• 

7-6 

"' 

"" 

,6-1, 

»■" 

25-29 

3.-34 

36.9 

"Z 

Total 
Drdign 

3S.»1 

<so 

477 

71t 

1.064 

1.614 

1.796 

1,671 

2.363 

3.910 

2.164 

4.319 

6.146 

i 

1! 

2.431 

2.361 

1 

i 

i 

'1 

1 

i 

1 

■| 

2SS 

1 

1 

;'= 

lit 

fl 

\\\ 

Figure  1  above  and  the  chart  on  the  next  page  are  reproduced  from 
"The  Engineering  Profession  in  Transition,"  published  by  Engineers'  Joint 
Council. 


8 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


fill  engineer-presidents  of  the  50  large 
corporations  mentioned  previoush  was 
investigated,  it  was  found  that  in  each 
instance,  the  engineer  had  had  to  ex- 
pand his  training  and  knowledge  to  in- 
clude business  principles.  For  promo- 
tion into  executive  work,  he  had  to  ha\e 
a  working  knowledge  of  business  funda- 
mentals as  well  as  technical  knowledge. 
Mr.  C.  E.  Groesbech,  who  was  a  ver\ 
Miccessful  electric  utility  executive,  has 
>tated  that,  "Between  a  high-grade  tech- 
nical engineer  without  executive  and 
business  ability  and  a  high-grade  execu- 
tive without  technical  ability,  the  choice 
of  an  administrator,  even  for  an  engi- 
neering or  construction  organization, 
should  fail  to  the  latter."  Perhaps, 
though,  it  is  likeh'  that  it  is  easier  for 
the  trained  engineer  to  pick  up  the  busi- 
ness side  of  a  technical  enterprise  than 
it  is  for  the  businessman  to  learn  the 
engineering  aspect. 

An  article  appearing  in  the  April, 
1''47,  issue  of  Mechanical  Engineering, 
gnes  the  results  of  questionnaires  sent 
to  104  industrial  companies,  employing 
more  than  two  million  persons,  includ- 
ing 40,000  engineers.  It  indicated  that 
the  deficiencies  of  engineering  gradu- 
.\u-i.  from  the  industry  viewpoint,  in- 
cluded lack  of  knowledge  of  economics, 
of  business  in  general,  and  of  production 
control  and  methods.  Alany  ideas  may 
be  good  if  viewed  from  a  purely  techni- 
cal standpoint,  but  may  be  of  little  prac- 
tical \-alue  to  the  industry  if  the  engi- 
neer failed  to  consider  the  business 
aspects. 

A  knowledge  of  business  methods  is 
important  to  the  engineer.  Without  in- 
tioductory  coiu'ses  in  economics  and 
management  subjects,  he  is  frequently 
iidt  aware  of  the  existence  of  important 
problems  with  which  he  will  have  to 
ileal.  When  he  later  meets  these  prob- 
lems, he  may  not  be  conscious  that  there 
are  certain  principles  which  he  may  use 
in  their  solution.  Electrical  engineers 
take  service  courses  in  mechanical  engi- 
neering (thermodynamics)  and  mechan- 
ical engineers  take  service  courses  in 
electrical  engineering  (machines  and 
electronics).  These  courses  have  been  in- 
cluded in  the  curricula  because  it  has 
been  recognized  that  the  engineers  will 
come  up  against  situations  where  such 
knowledge  is  vital.  It  may  well  be  that 
engineers  should  take  service  courses  in 
the  college  of  commerce.  By  taking  in- 
troductor\-  courses  in  accounting,  busi- 
ness law,  economics,  industrial  organiza- 
tion and  management,  and  industrial  re- 
lations, the  engineer  will  be  able  to  un- 
derstand basic  principles  and  will  be  in- 
troduced to  current  practices  and  term- 
inology. Knowledge  of  business  termin- 
ology and  practice  will  help  the  engi- 
neer from  feeling  like  a  foreigner  when 
111-  is  in  a  gathering  of  men  associated 
uith    other    aspects    of    industry.    Even 


EMPLOYMENT  AND  EARNINGS  OF  THE  ENGINEERING  PROFESSION 
BY  OCCUPATIONAL  STATUS  FOR  SELECTED  EXPERIENCE  LEVELS  IN  1946 

^"r" 

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Figure  2  above  shoves  the  distribution  of  engineers  reporting  base 
monthly  salary  rates  only,  by  occupational  status  and  experience  level 
in    1  946  only. 


thoLigh  he  will  not  be  an  authority  on 
such  matters,  at  least  he  will  know  the 
essentials  and  will  be  able  to  understaiul 
the  language  they  are  talking. 

After  having  completed  these  intro- 
ductory courses,  he  will  have  back- 
ground that  will  help  him  in  further 
study  of  the  subject,  either  by  reading 
on  his  own,  or  at  night  school,  or  by 
correspondence  courses.  The  University 
of  Illinois  offers  seven  courses  in  eco- 
nomics, three  business  organization  and 
operation  course  s,  seven  accounting 
courses,  and  two  courses  in  business  law 
— all  by  correspondence. 

The  engineering  student's  study  of 
accounting  would  probably  be  similar 
to  his  study  of  machine  tools  and  shop 
practice.  In  shop  work,  he  doesn't  learn 
enough  to  be  able  to  compete  with  the 
machinist,  but  does  learn  the  funda- 
mentals, is  able  to  judge  quality  of  work 
done,  and  knows  the  advantages  and 
limitations.  So  in  accounting,  he  prob- 
ably won't  become  expert  in  posting  a 
ledger,  but  will  know  the  fundamentals. 
If  an  engineer  becomes  responsible  for 
estimates  of  cost  or  profit,  he  should  be 
able  to  determine  whether  the  books,  as 
kept,  are  trustworthy.  A  balance  sheet 
should  be  a  clear  picture  of  cause  and 
effect  to  him.  If  an  engineer  should 
ever  need  to  evaluate  manufacturing 
propertw  ,i  knowledge  of  accounting  is 
vital. 

A  knowledge  of  cost  accounting  is 
important,  for  it  enables  a  close  super- 
vision   of    manufacturing    costs    to    be 


made.  Even  the  designer  must  keep  in 
mind  that  when  a  product  is  to  be  sold 
in  competition,  a  minimum  of  cost  is  es- 
sential. For  prices  of  articles  to  be  fixed 
intelligently,  the  costs  must  be  known. 
The  ever-present  emphasis  on  economy 
of  man-hours,  material,  and  money  is 
likely  to  become  even  greater  when  the 
present  seller's  market  does  end  and 
competition  becomes  sharper.  The  abil- 
ity of  the  engineer  to  analyze  costs 
will  be  even  more  important  then. 

A  study  of  business  law  would,  of 
necessity,  be  brief  and  incomplete.  It 
woidd,  however,  impress  on  the  engi- 
neer the  dangers  of  ignorance  of  the 
law  and  the  necessity  of  knowing  when 
to  seek  thoroughly  competent  legal   aid. 

Knowledge  of  the  broad  field  of  bus- 
iness organization  and  management  is 
especially  vital  to  the  engineer.  It  will 
make  him  more  familiar  with  the  de- 
partments and  functions  of  business  and 
industry,  the  interdependence  of  de- 
partments such  as  sales,  production,  en- 
gineering, research,  and  finance;  and 
the  necessity  for  clearly  established 
lines  of  authority   and    responsibility. 

Industrial  relations  is  concerned  with 
wage  scales  and  methods  of  computing 
wages;  it  covers  working  hours,  pen- 
sion systems,  employee  insurance,  col- 
lective bargaining,  and  supervisory  tech- 
niques. In  short,  it  is  the  study  of  the 
relation  of  industry  to  its  own  person- 
nel. One  of  the  facts  brought  out  by  the 
surveys  mentioned  earlier  was  that  en- 
( Continued   on   page    18) 


JANUARY,   1949 


tolliiio  lloiio  llie  lliiilway 


f/f/  Art  ItrvHhfivhl.  fh.i:.  '.11 


(The  author  is  indehleA  lo  Professor  Her- 
man J.  SehraJer  of  the  Jefiarlmeiil  of  thee- 
relieal  and  applied  meihanits  for  his  help 
and  for  the  use  of  his  talk  ijiven  on  the  radio 
proijratn,  "The  l.ihrary  Presents,"  last  May.) 

\\'lu-f|s  on  i:ul\\ay  cars  ilittcr  tioni 
tliuM'  on  autoinobik-s,  bust's,  rriK'k.s,  ami 
almost  all  other  vehicles  in  one  vitalh 
important  respect.  In  addition  to  with- 
stand ing  all  of  the  shocks  and  stresses 
of  ordinary  travel,  the  railway  wheel 
must  also  function  as  a  brake  drum. 
It  is  the  use  of  the  wheel  in  this  role 
that  has  caused  many  serious  problems. 

Basically,  railway  wheels  are  of  sim- 
ple desi<rn.  There  are  five  types  which 
are  in  current  use:  the  forged  steel 
wheel,  the  cast  steel  wheel,  the  rolled 
steel  wheel,  the  built-up  wheel,  and 
the  chilled  iron  wheel.  Of  ttiese,  the 
first  three  types  need  little  explanation. 
They  are  used  on  practically  all  pas- 
senger cars  and  to  some  extent  on 
freight  cars,  and  they  compose  about 
30  per  cent  of  the  wheels  in  service. 
The  built-up  wheel  is  limited  to  use  on 
locomotives  and  tentlers  for  a  reason 
which  will  be  made  apparent  later.  It 
is.  as  the  name  implies,  built  up  of 
either  a  spoked  wheel  or  a  disc  as  the 
center,  with  a  tire  of  rolled  steel  at- 
tached upon  the  periphery.  The  fifth 
type,  the  chilled  iron  wheel,  is  by  far 
the  most  common.  There  are  well  over 
10, ()()(), 000  of  them  in  use  on  American 
railroads  today.  1  his  means  that  about 
70  per  cent  of  the  car  wheels  being 
u.sed  are  made  of  chilled  rolled  steel. 
This  type  of  wheel  is  used  mostly  on 
freight  cars,  and  only  a  few  of  them 
appear  on  passenger  cars. 

The  manufacture  of  the  chilled  iron 
wheel  is  quite  simple.  The  molten  metal 
is  poured  into  a  mold,  the  outside  of 
which  is  kept  cool.  In  this  manner,  the 
inner  part  of  the  wheel  is  gray  cast 
iron  which  is  soft  and  ea.sy  to  machine, 
while  the  tread  is  made  of  white,  or 
chilled  cast  iron  which  is  hard  and  ex- 
tremely resistant  to  wear,  because  of 
the  ea.se  of  manufacture  and  the  low 
price  of  iron,  this  t\pe  of  wheel  is  much 
less  expensive  than  any  other,  the  cost 
approximating    about    $50    per    wheel. 

All  five  types  of  railway  wheel  have 
been  found  highly  useful  as  a  rolling 
bearing  for  the  car.  Under  tests  at  the 
University  Experiment  station,  they 
have    been     found    capable    of    bearing 


ART  DRESHFIELO 

Art  Drcihfitld,  a  sopho- 
more in  Chcmicol  cngi- 
tucring,  IS  from  Brooklinc, 
Massochusctts.  He  w  o  s 
born  November  9,  1929 
An  interest  in  photography 
brought  him  to  the  TECH- 
NOGRAPH  staff  a  ycor 
ago,  but  the  lure  of  writ- 
ing changed  h  i  m  from 
photographer  to  author. 
He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of 
Chemical  Engineers,  Phi 
Eta  Sigma,  and  Toma- 
hawk. 


man\  times  the  weight  imposed  upon 
them  in  actual  service,  and  withstand- 
ing several  times  the  stresses  to  which 
they  are  subjected   in   normal   use. 

H(nve\er,  the  use  of  a  brake  drum 
presents  quite  another  picture.  In  such 
a  capacity,  the  wheel  must  absorb,  or 
dissipate,  a  large  amount  of  energy, 
primarily  as  heat,  in  a  short  period  of 
time.  .More  quantitatively,  to  stop  an 
average  passenger  train  going  100  miles 


per  lioiii-  within  ,i,()()ll  feet,  wluch  is 
the  maximum  disraiue  piescribed  for 
.such  a  stijp  under  existing  railway  safe- 
ty regulations,  the  set  of  wheels  on  each 
axle  must  dissipate  energ\-  at  the  rate 
of  over  1,000  horsepower.  A  15-car 
liassenger  train,  pulled  by  a  Diesel  loco- 
motive at  this  speed,  has  enough  kinetic 
energy  to  light  an  average  home  for 
six  months,  \et  this  must  be  expended 
by  the  brakes  in  less  than  one  miiuite. 
.\o  satisfactory  method  has  yet  been 
de\  ised  for  measuring  the  surface  tem- 
lierature  of  a  wheel  under  brake  action, 
but  ill  laboratory  tests,  the  surface  has 
been  noted  to  approach  and  reach  red 
heat.  The  resulting  thermal  expansion 
is  enough  to  loosen  the  rims  of  built-up 
wheels,  which  renders  them  useless  un- 
der such  conditions  because  of  the  dan- 
ger of  shedding  the  tire.  This  heating 
also  lowers  the  hardness  of  the  chilled 
iron  wheel  and  may  set  up  permanent 
strains  within  them.  More  important, 
though,  is  the  fact  that  any  slight  de- 
fects which  may  be  in  the  wheel,  and 
the  strains  which  are  inevitably  intro- 
duced in  the  casting  and  mounting  pro- 


Sparks    fly    as    this   wheel    "grinds"    to    a    halt    during    a    laboratory    test 
simulating    conditions    met   in    stopping    a    fast-moving    train. 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


cesses,  are  aggravated.  Slight  cracks, 
known  as  thermal  cracks,  develop  in  the 
rim.  These  thermal  cracks  are  not  se- 
rious in  themselves,  but  they  can  pre- 
cede a  violent  and  dangerous  rupture 
in  the  flange,  or  rim.  Several  accidents, 
a  few  of  which  resulted  in  injuries  or 
fatalities,  have  occurred  in  recent  years 
as  a  result  of  this  latter  type  of  failure. 
Naturally,  the  railroads  wish  to  do 
everything  possible  to  prevent  such  fail- 
ures. Wheels  which  normally  should  be 
;     good    for   300,0(KI   miles,   ma\'   be   taken 

■  out  of  service  after  lO.UUU  miles  or  less, 
due  to  the  development  of  thermal 
cracks.  Obviously,  this  is  costly  and 
troublesome. 

The  most  obvious  remedy  would  be 
to   install   separate   brake   drums   on   the 

■  a.xles.  However,  the  tremendous  ener- 
'  gies  to  be  dissipated  make  this  imprac- 
I  ticable.  A  brake  of  similar  design  to 
!  that  on  autos  would  require  a  drum 
I  two  feet  in  diameter  and  three  feet 
(  long  on  every  axle.  The  problem  of 
I  servicing  such  a  brake  would  be  e\- 
l|    tremely  difficult. 

Regenerative  braking  is  of  some  help, 
and  is  useful  in  certain  circumstances. 
In  this  type  of  brake,  the  motors  on 
the  axles  of  the  engine  are  allowed  to 
act  as  generators,  and  the  electricity  de- 
veloped is  fed  back  into  the  power  lines, 
if  the  engine  is  electric,  or  is  short-cir- 
cuited across  a  ventilated  grid  on  a 
I  )R-seI  engine.  But  this  braking  is  only 
1)11  the  axles  of  the  engine,  and  there 
the  motors  are  only  500  horsepower, 
which  is  half  the  amount  which  must 
he  absorbed  at  every  axle  of  the  train 
HI  order  to  stop  a  rapid  train  in  the 
lircscribed  distance.  Regenerative  brakes 
ha\e  proven  very  effective  in  retarding 
riains  on  grades,  but  are  of  little  use 
in   emergency  or  service  stops. 

Many    other    ideas    have    been    pre- 
Miited,  and  some  may  have  possibilities. 
I  )isc  brakes  have  been  used  experiment- 
ally   with    some    success,    and    work    is 
I'liiig    done    on    inexpensive    generators 
w  Inch    could    be    mounted    on    the    car 
i\les    and    run    at    great    overload    for 
-■liort    periods    of    time.    Even    such    de- 
\icfs    as     forward-firing    rockets     have 
been  suggested,  but  for  the  present,  the 
most  practical  thing  to  do  is  to  attempt 
tu    improve    the    wheels    to    the    point 
w  here  the>'  can  withstand  the  high  tem- 
ptiatures  of  the  present  t\pe  of  brakes. 
Ir   is   in    research   on   this   project   that 
much  work  has  been  done  at  the   Uni- 
versity  Experiment  station. 
I      In    1906,    a    machine    was    installed 
;here    for    the    purpose    of    testing    brake 
'shoes    and    car    wheels.    Early    research 
'  concentrated     on     the    study    on     brake 
-li'H's,  but  it  was  not  long  before  work 
'111    car    wheels    was    begun.    In    1922- 
■  1923,  the  Experiment  station  published 
Ithe  findings  of  Prof.  J.   IVI.   Snodgrass 
and    F.    H.   Guldner   in    three    bulletins 

in   JANUARY,  1949 


High  temperatures  encountered  in 
braking  caused  this  typical  thermal 
crack  in  the  rim  of  a  wheel. 

entitled  "An  Investigation  of  the  Prop- 
erties of  Chilled  Iron  Car  Wheels" 
(Bulletins  number  129,  134,  and  135). 
The  conditions  of  the  investigations 
simulated  those  of  actual  use,  and  many 
facts  concerning  the  stresses  and  strains 
due  to  mounting,  static  loads,  and  brake 
application  were  disclosed.  As  a  result  of 
these  findings,  the  chilled  iron  car 
wheel  was  re-designed,  and  the  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Railroads  stand- 
ardized on  a  single  plate  wheel  in  1928. 
Research  on  the  subject  was  contin- 
ued, and  five  more  bulletins  (157,  294, 
298,  301,  312)  were  published  between 
1933  and  1938.  The  first  two  were  by 
Profs.  Edward  C.  Schmidt  and  Her- 
man J.  Schrader  of  the  theoretical  and 
applied  mechanics  department;  the  next 
two  were  by  Profs.   Frank  E.   Richart 


and  Rex  L.  Brown,  of  the  same  de- 
partment. The  Association  of  Manu- 
factures of  Chilled  Car  Wheels  co- 
operated with  the  Engineering  Experi- 
ment station  on  the  first  six  bulletins, 
while  the  seventh  concerned  wrought 
steel  wheels  and  was  done  in  coopera- 
tion with  Carnegie-Illinois  Steel  cor- 
poration. The  last  bulletin  was  by  Prof. 
Schrader  and  dealt  primarily  with  brake 
shoes.  Since  1938,  more  work  has  been 
done  on  the  subject,  but  no  further  bul- 
l.'tins  have  been  published. 

As  a  result  of  all  this  research,  car 
wheels  today  are  of  better  design  and 
are  much  safer  than  they  have  ever 
been.  In  the  period  1930-1940,  there 
was  an  average  of  18-20  violent  type 
failures  per  year,  while  in  1946  and 
1947  there  were  only  four  failures  of 
this  type.  However,  the  length  of  serv- 
ice of  the  wheels  has  been  considerably 
shortened,  because  the  new  type  of 
wheel,  while  being  much  safer,  does 
not  wear  as  well  as  did  some  of  the 
older  types.  Many  new  alloys  ha\c  been 
tried  as  substitutes  for  the  cast  iron  and 
plain  carbon  steel  in  order  to  extend  the 
wheel  life,  but  the  vast  majority  have 
been  found  to  be  much  more  sensitive 
to  heating  effects  of  rapid  braking  and 
for  this  reason  cannot  be  used.  Many 
excellent  metallurgists  are  at  work  on 
this  problem,  but  no  quick  solution  is  in 
sight. 

The  improvement  in  car  wheels  has 
been  great.  Whereas  15  years  ago  the 
top  speed  of  trains  was  about  75  miles 
per  hour,  trains  today  are  being  run  at 
speeds  of  110  miles  per  hour  or  over, 
and  yet  they  may  still  be  stopped  within 
a  safe  distance  without  weakening  or 
(Continued  on  page  24) 


VOCABULARY  CLINIC 

I/oiu  did  you  do  last  monthf  This  month's  quiz  contains  iL-ords  thiil  ivill  he  vrry  usrjul 
to  you  in  your  everyday  speaking.  Remember,  you  won't  he  alilr  to  use  these  iiords  until  after 
you  have  consulted  the  dictionary  for  their  pronunciation.  From  the  <iroup  of  ivor,ls  at  tlie 
right,  select  one  whose  meaning  most  closely  resembles  the  word  in  capitals  on  the  left.  An- 
swers will  be  found  on  page  20. 

1.  COMITY — (a)  glory,  (b)  fear,  (c)  friendliness  and  courtesy,  (d)  resentment 

2.  GARRULOUS— (a)    frightening,    (b)    antagonistic,    (c)    scrawny,    (d)    talk- 

ative 

3.  VITIATE— (a)   inflate,    (b)   unstable,    (c)   inconsistent,  (d)   corrupt 

4.  PRODKilOUS— (a)  immense,  (b)  careful,  (c)  untrue,  (d)  puzzling 

5.  inexorable:— (a)    indolent,    (b)    unspeakable,    (c)  unvielding,    (d)    in- 

fallible 

6.  EFFRONTERY— (a)    relaxation,    (b)    boldness,    (c)    scholarship,    (d)    con- 

clusion 

7.  volition — (a)    grief,    (b)    power   of   willing,    (c)    electric   potential,    (d) 

popularity 

8.  DEMUR — (a)    insult,    (b)object,    (c)    demote,    (d)    condemn 

9.  SANGUmE— (a)    hopeful,    (b)    bloody,    (c)    profitable,    (d)    talkative 

10.  AVARICE — (a)   modesty,   (b)   reliance,    (c)   greediness,   (d)   speed 

11.  ABROGATE — (a)    escape,    (b)    absolute,    (c)    confident,    (d)    annul 

12.  CAVIL — (a)   find  fault  with,   (b)  cancel,   (c)  to  separate,   (d)   to  intrigue 

13.  DEISIST — (a)  to  butt  in,   (b)  erase,   (c)   to  explain,   (d)  stop 

14.  P'ORTE — (a)  machine,  (b)  volume,  (c)  one's  strong  point,  (d)  to  expose 

15.  STIPEND — (a)  a  salary,  (b)  an  introduction,  (c)  to  lessen,   (d)  an  untruth 

11 


'U4^xlle/uuweA.  at .  .  . 

GALESBURG 


Equipment  for  the  head  frame  of  the  God's  Lake  Mining  Co.  in  Manitoba 
had    to    be   shipped    in    by   tractor   over   the   winter   ice    roads. 


Go  North,  Young  Man 
Go  North 

By  Ewing  Sharp,  M.E.'SI 

The  luri-  of  new  frontiers  and  strange 
horizons  is  an  ever  moving  force  that  is 
present,  to  a  varying  degree,  in  evcr\' 
man,  woman,  or  child.  This  conipelHng 
urge  to  coMc]ucr  new  frontiers  is  what 
moved  the  adxenturous  pioneers,  set- 
tlers, and  prospectors  to  move  into  the 
western  area  of  the  United  States  in  a 
great  tidal  wave  of  immigration  that 
has  been  unequaled  in  the  history  of  the 
western  world. 

True,  the  days  of  the  old  west  are 
gone  forever,  and  many  a  would-be  e.v- 
plorer  and  adventurer  has  wished  it 
were  possible  to  have  had  a  part  of  the 
glamorous  and  adventurous  history,  but 
it  is  never  too  late  to  look  for  ad\enture 
and  new  frontiers. 

The  .scientist  and  engineer  are  open- 
ing ever  increasing  fields  in  both  medi- 
cine and  technical  research,  and,  in  real- 
ity, are  pioneers  and  explorers.  Anyone 
who  has  wished  to  participate  in  the  ex- 
ploration and  development  of  new  terri- 
tories has  but  to  open  his  eyes  and  look 
north  into  the  vast  land  of  Canada. 
Her  extensive  undeveloped  m  i  n  e  r  a  1 
fields,  which  to  this  ilay  are  largely  un- 
explored and  thoroughly  unknown  ex- 
cept to  a  few  trappers  and  Indians, 
offer  unlimited  opportunities  to  these 
would-be  adventurers. 

It  is  only  in  recent  years  that  explor- 


.irioii  and  prospecting  was  begun  in  the 
Laurentian  or  Fre-Cambrian  shield. 
This  area  consists  largely  of  granite 
rocks  formed  from  the  molten  state  far 
below  the  surface.  This  shield  covers 
nearly  three-fifths  of  the  province  of 
Manitoba  and  extends  through  most  of 
northern    Michigan  and    Minnesota. 

Early  in  the  present  century  the  dis- 
covery of  gold-bearing  quartz  in  central 
Manitoba  started  a  wave  of  prospecting 
that  uncovered  gold  ore  at  Herb,  Flin 
Flon,  and  Schist  lakes  in  1913.  This 
interest  in  prospecting  continued  until 
the  collapse  of  metal  prices  in  1929 
brought  prospecting  to  a  standstill. 
However,  in  1931,  with  the  increase 
of  the  price  of  gold,  the  gold  min- 
ing industry  grew  steadily.  Prospect- 
ing was  further  stimidated  by  the  need 
for  new  sources  of  base  metals  caused 
b\-  the  increasing  depletion  of  the  sup- 
ply of  American  metals.  In  spite  of  all 
tiiis  development  and  prospecting,  it  is 
estimated  that  apart  from  one  or  two 
localized  sections,  the  great  majority 
of  all  the  mineral  areas  have  been  in- 
completely prospected,  leaving  main 
areas  practically   unexplored. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  observe 
the  founding  and  development  of  a 
t>pical  mining  camp  in  this  new  and 
largely  unexplored  territory.  The  dis- 
covery of  gold  on  an  island  north  of 
the  western  tip  of  Elk  Island  on  God's 
lake,  by  R.  J.  Jowsey  and  his  associ- 
ates in   1932,  was  the  basis  of  increased 


jirospecting  acti\itics  in  the  surrounding 
area,  with  the  subsequent  discovery  of 
gold  in  many  other  sections.  By  air, 
(Jod's  lake  is  350  miles  northeast  of 
Wiiuiipeg.  For  the  more  adventurous, 
a  canoe  trip,  with  its  numerous  port- 
ages anil  excellent  fishing,  provides  an 
exciting,  but  r.-ither  strenuous  voyage 
of  about   four  weeks. 

One  of  the  first  steps  in  organizing 
a  nulling  camp,  after  the  gold  is  lo- 
cated, is  the  establishing  of  a  supply 
route  by  which  the  heavy  machinery 
and  supplies  may  be  transported  to  the 
site.  .Most  of  the  equipment  for  the 
("lod's  lake  gold  mine  was  hauled  on 
tractor  trains  of  four  or  five  trailers 
carrying  70  to  80  tons  of  freight  over 
the  ice  road  from  Ilford,  the  nearest 
Hudson  Hay  railroad  station.  Although 
the  distance  is  only  130  miles  southeast 
of  (lod's  lake,  it  took  two  or  three  days 
tor  the  tractor  crews,  working  in  shifts 
and  sleeping  in  the  caboose,  to  make 
the  difficult  journey.  Plane  service  was 
also  established  from  Ilford  during  the 
winter  months  and  from  Norway  House 
(275  miles  north  of  Winnipeg)  during 
the  summer  .season. 

In  such  an  isolated  outpost  one 
\xould  not  expect  to  find  most  of 
the  facilities  such  as  hospital,  complete 
plumbing  systems,  steam  heat,  electric 
lights,  ball  diamond,  and  golf  course, 
which  are  common  to  more  settled  areas, 
to  be  developed  in  a  few  short  months, 
but  this  was  accomplished.  To  a  large 
extent,  these  modern  conveniences  were 
due  chiefly  to  the  convenient  source  of 
electric  power  of  6,000  kw.  about  45 
miles  away.  This  power  plant  has  been 
adequate  to  supply  power  for  the  150 
ton  mill  on  Elk  island,  in  addition  tn 
the  entire  region  of  God's  lake. 

The  original  main  street  of  God's 
Lake  Mining  Company,  Ltd.,  camp 
was  reminiscent,  to  outward  appear- 
ances, of  a  typical  pioneer  settlement. 
On  the  north  side  of  Main  street  was 
a  row  of  log  cabins  consisting  of  the 
Canadian  Airways  radio  station  ami 
camp  post  office,  laboratory,  hospital, 
mine,  geologist  and  engineering  offices, 
m  addition  to  the  hospital  and  staff 
house.  Facing  these  on  the  south  side 
(Continued  on  page  22) 


GALESBURG  STAFF 

II.   Roy  Johnson Issl. 

F.dilor 

RfpnriiiKj 

Stanley   Rnnvon              Oe-in   R. 

Felton 

I.uthcr   S.   Pftcrson 

Pli(>lograt>liy 

Joe  (irahain 

Oni.ir   Estes,   Faculty   :ld-vi. 

,r 

HISINESS  STAFF 

Owight  R.   Beard ..Issl.  liu. 

.  M,)r. 

Fwing   Sharp /,/•!■, 

liisini/ 

12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Reverberatory  Furnace  Operations 

GERITY-MICHIGAN  CORPORATION 


Demonstrate  High  Temperature 

REVERBERATORY  FURNACES  designed  to  in- 
crease the  production  of  zinc  base  die  casting  alloys 
have  expanded  melting  and  alloying  capacity  almost 
50%  over  conventional  pot  melting.  At  Gerity- 
Michigan  Corporation,  Detroit,  these  Gas-fired 
furnaces  operate  on  practically  continuous  schedules 
with  savings  of  35' j  to  40%  based  on  time-saving 
methods  and  more  efficient  fuel  utilization. 

This  application  demonstrates  the  flexibility  of 
GAS  for  industrial  heating  processes  in  high  tem- 
perature ranges.  But  it  also  emphasizes  the  role  of 
GAS  in  the  development  of  production-line  equip- 
ment for  non-ferrous  metals. 

R.  L.  Wilcox,  metallurgical  engineer  and  Vice 
President  of  Gerity-Michigan  Corporation  describes 


^SMm^%    firing  Technique 

the  furnace  and  its  application — '  "This  18-ton 
Gas-fired  reverberatory  furnace  has  the  advan- 
tage of  extended  service  life,  more  efficient  fuel 
utilization,  closer  temperature  control,  simplified 
alloy  analysis." 

Regardless  of  the  type  of  heating  operation  or 
heat-treating  process,  GAS  is  the  ideal  fuel  for 
any  temperature  requirement,  or  any  production- 
line  application.  The  characteristics  of  GAS — 
speed,  flexibility,  economy,  controllability — are 
useful  features  for  every  industrial  heating  need. 
In  view  of  rapid  developments  it's  always  worth- 
while to  keep  your  eye  on  what's  new  in  Modern 
Gas  Equipment. 


Gas-fired  reverberatory  furnace  de- 
signed and  constructed  especially  for 
melting  and  alloying  zinc  base  die 
casting  alloys  at  Detroit  Die  Casting 
Division. 


AMEBICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 

NEW  YOKK  17,  N.  Y. 


420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE 

JANUARY,   1949 


13 


The  officers  of  the  A.S.C.E.  are  (left  to  right)  John  Rafski,  Roy  Dzierzanowski,  Austin  Boyle,  and 
Frank  Koepke.  (Photo  by  Bloomquist).  Dr.  Roscoe,  head  of  the  physics  department,  is  known  not 
only  as  an  eminent  physicist,  but  also  as  a  friend  and  counselor. 

!}Kiuueo^ute^..Mkyy  pier 


TOPS  AGAIN 

By  Eugene  Stojack,  A.E.  '51 

A  niinoiit\-  of  the  chemistr\  stiulcnts, 
I'lirollfd  in  the  Chicago  L  iidcrgradiiatc 
Division  of  the  I'liiversity  of  Illinois, 
realize  the  true  value  of  the  cheniistrx 
department.  .'Mthough  the  school  is  in 
its  infancy,  the  chemistry  department  is 
very  well  developed  in  respect  to  other 
colleges  in  this  country.  The  courses 
taught  here  are  the  required  undergrad- 
uate courses  necessary  to  a  student  in 
his  college  education.  These  courses  con- 
sist of  general  chemistry,  organic  chem- 
istry, quantitative  chemistry,  qualitati\e 
chemistry,  and  physical  chemistry. 

The  chemistry  department,  headed  h\ 
Dr.  Carl  R.  Meloy,  consists  of  2.5 
teachers.  Almost  all  the  teachers  have 
master's  degrees  and  arc  working  to- 
ward their  doctorate.  Sc\  en  of  the 
teachers  have  already  attained  tlie  lat 
ter.  Two  of  the  instructors  also  teacii 
courses  in  geology.  A  factor  which  hen- 
efits  the  student  is  that  many  of  the 
teachers  have  had  industrial  research 
experience,  as  well  as  teaching  experi- 
ence, and  tend  to  stress,  in  class,  the 
material  most  useful  in  indu.stry. 

In  the  chemistry  courses  the  student 
uses  three  types  of  classrooms,  the  qui/ 
classroom,    the    lecture    rooms,    and    the 


iahoratories.  The  qui/,  section  seats  35 
students  comfortably.  There  are  two 
lecture  rooms,  each  seating  180  students. 
There  is  a  smaller  room  connecting  the 
lecture  rooms,  which  the  teachers  use 
to  prepare  demonstrations  usable  in 
their  lectures. 

Tiiere  are  four  laboratories  which 
can  hold  a  maximum  of  576  students. 
The  well-constructed  laboratories  have 
conciete  floors,  cement  block  wails, 
heat-air-conditioning  units,  and  fluores- 
cent lighting  fixtures.  In  each  labora- 
tory there  are  shelves  along  the  wall 
that  contain  the  materials  used  by  the 
student  in  his  experiments.  The  general 
materials  are  kept  in  bottles  on  these 
shelves.  The  solid  materials  are  kept  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  room  from  the 


1  ni  roRiAL  sr.wv 

SicKinuiid  Oeutscher.-A'az'j'  Pier  Kditiii 
Richard  Choronzy.— A'ai'}"  Pier  .Issl.  l-.d. 
John   Fijiilcli  Eugene    Stojack 

Richard    Kawka  Norbert    Ellman 

liusiniss  Staff 

Naomi  Sulo^vay....^'fl^7  Pin   Hiis.  Mi/r. 

Robert    King  .Arthur    Stancliorvki 

Rolicrl    I.c^^ill  William   Mctzger 

Riilnrt    ( Ircuniliiig,   Pholoyrapliy 


liquid  materials.  The  bottles  on  both 
sides  are  numbered  and  are  kept  in  al- 
phabetical order  according  to  their  sci- 
entific names. 

A  very  efficient  ventilating  system 
lias  been  installed  to  draw  out  all  the 
harmful  gases.  There  are  six  unit  hoods 
that  compose  the  gas  ventilating  system 
for  each  laboratory.  For  every  two  luiits 
there  is  a  separate  electric  pump  that 
draws  out  the  impure  air,  neutralizes 
its  harmful  effects,  and  sends  it  out  of 
the   building  through  concealed   \ents. 

The  expensive  equipment  used  in  the 
laboratories  is  the  latest.  The  labora- 
tories are  supplied  with  distilled  water 
by  the  chemistry  department's  own  dis- 
tilling equipment  which  turns  out  10 
gallons  of  water  per  hour.  There  is 
a  constant  supply  of  compressed  air  and 
natural  gas.  A  gasometer  that  supplies 
H.,S  gas  to  the  laboratories  is  also  in 
constant   use. 

The  work  benches  used  by  the  stu- 
dents ha\e  alberline  soapstone  tops,  me- 
tallic structure  and  dr.iwers,  and  a  con- 
Aenient  wooilen  shelf  in  the  center  ex- 
tending the  length  of  the  bench.  Each 
student  has  access  to  running  water  and 
natural  gas  which  is  \-ery  essential  in 
his  cxpeiiments.  The  students  also  rc- 
( Continued   on   page   30) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Newsworthy     Notes     for     Engineers 


-^  PAPER  COVERED  CORE 
.^CORRUGATED  ALUMINUM  SHEATH 
.^EXTRUDED   POLYETHYLENE  JACKET 


PROBLEM: 

How  to  put  a  new  type  of 
covering  on  telephone  cable 

Make  a  new  type  of  cable  slieath  no  one  has 
ever  made  before — make  it  to  rigid  specifica- 
tions—  make  it  fast!  That  was  the  challenge 
put  up  to  Western  Electric's  manufacturing 
engineers. 

The  new  type  of  cable  sheath  —  developed 
through  cooperative  research  at  Bell  Tele- 
phone Laboratories  and  Western  Electric 
Company — is  a  valuable  alternative  to  the  tradi- 
tional lead  covering  for  telephone  cable.  It  is 
called  Alpeth.  "Al"  stands  for  an  inner  shield 
of  aluminum;  "peth"  for  the  outer  coating  of 
the  plastic,  polyethlene. 

To  produce  this  new  cable  sheath.  Western 
Electric  engineers  developed  the  Alpeth  pro- 
duction line — a  combination  of  new  machines 
and  new  manufacturing  techniques  —  which 
turns  out  finished  cable  in  a  fast-moving, 
straight-line  operation. 


From  the  desert-dry  125°  F  "hot  room"  wh. 

cores  are  stored,  the  core  moves  into  this  m 

is  fed  from  a  supply  reel  underneath.  After  being  corrugated  to 

vide  flexibility  and   strength,  the  aluminum   strip  is  wrapped  oi 

the  core  and  flooded  with  o  sticky  protective  compound. 


strip 
pro- 
^und 


uminum-clad  cable  then  passes  into  this  machine  and  c 
out  seconds  later  with  an  extruded  coating  of  flexible,  imperv 
gleaming  black  polyethylene.  Finally,  after  a  lOO-fool  bath 
cooling  trough,  the  finished  cable  is  wound  on  reels  and  readie 
shipment  to  Bell  Telephone  companies. 


Engineering  problems  arc  many  and  varied  at  Western  Electric,  where  manufacturing  tele- 
phone and  radio  apparatus  for  the  Belt  System  is  the  primary  Job.  Engineers  of  many  kinds — 
electrical,  mechanical,  industrial,  chemical,  metallurgical — are  constantly  working  to  devise  and 
improve  machines  and  processes  for  production  of  highest  quality  communications  equipment. 

Western  Electric 

7     T     X     A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882    X      V     X 


JANUARY,   1949 


15 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Editor 


PHILLIP  B.   DOLL 
Assoc.   Editor 


fA* 


g:^-^ 


II  hill  Kind  of  a  lliiiisc  are  Voii  lliiililiiio  f 


Not  s(i  many  yt'ars  ago,  a  nKuk-ratcly  sia- 
cessfiil  contractor  in  Peoria,  Illinois,  decided 
to  retire.  During  his  long  business  career,  he 
had  managed  to  accumulate  a  sizable  sum  o( 
money,  and  hence,  could  afford  to  be  a  little 
generous. 

Now,  tor  man\  \cars,  two  of  his  foremen 
had  been  with  him  and  had  stood  faith- 
fulK  by  him  through  good  times  and  bad. 
.As  his  time  for  retirement  grew  near,  this 
contractor,  being  a  good  sold,  wanted  to 
show  his  appreciation  for  their  steadfast  loy- 
alt\-.  -After  considerable  thought  he  hit  upon 
a  plan  to  reward  them. 

Calling  them  into  his  office  one  da\.  he 
said,  "Hoys,  I  have  one  more  job  1  want  \ou 
to  do  before  I  retire.  r\e  secure<i  two  fine 
lots  in  the  new  addition  on  the  west  side  of 
town,  and  I'd  like  \ou  to  build  a  large  six- 
room  house  on  each." 

As  on  previous  assignments,  one  foreman 
undertook  the  construction  of  one  home,  while 
tin-  other  foreman  proceeded  to  build  the 
other. 

The  first  foreman  was  always  an.xious  to 
"get  the  job  over  with."  In  his  haste,  he 
woidd  take  imnecessary  short-cuts.  Where 
three  nails  should  be  driven,  he  would  drive 
two,  and  where  four  supporting  boards  were 
required,  he  would  use  three.  Thus,  he  con- 
structed his  house  carelesslv,  hastih',  and 
shoddily. 

The  other  foreman,  however,  went  about 
the  construction  of  his  house  in  an  entirely 
different  manner.  Where  three  nails  were 
needed,  he  used  three;  wliere  foui'  supporting 
boards  were  called  for,  he  used  four.  His 
house  throughout  was  constructed  carefully 
and  judiciously,  as  if  he  himself  were  to  li\e 
in  it. 

Finally,    the    two   houses   were   completed. 


The  contract(n'  again  called  his  two  foremen 
into  his  office.  "Boys,"  he  began,  "You've 
been  with  me  a  good  many  years.  Through 
good  times  and  bad  you  have  stuck  with  me, 
always  doing  the  tasks  assigned  you.  Such  loy- 
alty certainly  deserves  some  sort  of  a  reward, 
so  I'xe  decided  to  give  you  something  for 
\our  faithfulness.  The  house  that  each  of  you 
recently  completed  is  yours.  Yes,  boys,  the 
house  and  the  lot  are  both  yours.  You  have 
each  built  your  own  home,  and  it  hasn't  cost 
you  a  cent." 

Well,  it  doesn't  take  much  figuring  to  de- 
cide which  of  the  two  men  was  o\erjoyed  and 
which  was  bitterly  repentent. 

How  often  have  we  ourselves  been  guilty 
of  such  action — of  doing  a  job  in  a  careless 
but  passable  manner,  when  only  a  little  more 
care  would  have  resLilted  in  a  much  bettei' 
job?  The  moral  of  this  tale  can  be  summed 
up  very  nearly  by  the  a.xiom,  "Anything 
worth  doing  is  worth  doing  well." 

It  has  been  said  of  more  than  one  out- 
standingly successful  man,  "The  reason  he  is 
such  a  success  is,  that  everything  he  does  is 
done  as  if  it  were  the  most  impoitant  thing 
in   the  world." 

Now  that  a  iww  \ear  has  rolled  around, 
wli\  don't  we  resohe  to  do  that  very  thing. 
Let's  not  succumb  to  that  temptation  to  save 
a  little  time  by  tm'ning  out  a  "sloppy"  job. 
Resolve  now  to  take  just  a  few  more  seconds 
here  and  just  a  minute  longer  there  to  turn 
out  a  job  you  are  proud  of.  Take  those  few 
minutes  required  to  produce  a  good,  stvjrd\' 
structure,  whether  the  task  be  large  or 
small. 

On  tlie  next  occasion  that  \ou  are  tempt- 
ed to  do  an  inferior  job  to  sa\c  time,  stop 
and  think.  Remember  this  question.  "What 
kind  of  a  house  are  YOU  building? 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^Mkl 


(JJ0  MAjv^)^(y(ht 


( 


Recontlv  the  movie  people  filined  an  oil 
gusher  scene,  using  Methoeel  (Dow  Methvl- 
eelhilose).  This  unusual  material  thiekens 
\Naler,  giving  a  solution  which,  with  the  right 
color  added,  resenihles  oil.  \\  liv  go  to  such 
lengths':'  Because.  Methoeel  soluti«ins  are  non- 
indannnahle.  harmless  to  actors  and  are 
readily  washed  off  with  water. 

This,  of  course,  is  not  a  vital  use  of  Methoeel. 
But  it  does  indicate  Methocers  great  variety 
of  applications.  Countless  industries,  including 
paper,  paint,  leather,  textiles,  drug  and  cos- 
metics, utilize  its  widely  applicahle  projicrties 
as  a  dis[)ersing.  thickening,  stahilizing,  emulsi- 
fying, hinding  and  coating  agent. 


THE    DOW    CHEMrCAL    COMPANY    .    MIDLAND,    MICHIGAN 

New  York       •       Boston       .       Philadelphia        .      Washington       •       Cleveland       •       Detroit       •      Chicago 

Los  Angeles      •      Seottle      •      St.  Louis      •      Houston      •      San  Froncisco 

Dow  Chemical  of  Canada,  Limited,  Toronto,  Canada 


Dow  research  is  continuous  in  all  divisions. 
This  is  onlv  one  chemical  of  many  chemicals 
vital  to  American  industry  and  agriculture 
that  Dow  has  developed. 

Dow  produces  more  than  five  hundred  essen- 
tial chemicals  from  plants  located  in  Michigan, 
Texas.  California,  and  Canada.  These  include 
major  industrial  chemicals,  germicides  and 
fimgicidcs.  agricultural  chemicals  and  "special" 
chemicals — new  products  which  especially 
reflect  Dow's  constant  efforts  to  raise  still 
higher  our  standards  of  living. 


TDOVI 


CHEMICALS     INDISI>ENSABLE 
TO     INDUSTRY     AND     AGRICULTURE 


JANUARY,   1949 


17 


Engineers  As  Executives  .  .  . 

» ^^ontiiiuiil   I  loin  pa^i'  ') ) 

gimrrs  arc  likely  to  be  doing  persomii-l 
work  in  highly  technical  manufacturing 
concerns. 

I  he  engineer  who  aspires  to  a  super- 
visory position,  either  in  an  engineer- 
ing ilepartnient  or  in  operations,  has  to 
stuily  anil  become  familiar  with  reac- 
tions of  people,  just  as  he  has  studied 
and  knows  the  reactions  of  material 
things.  His  pcrforniance  in  directing  the 
work  of  others  determines  his  future 
success  in  management.  The  old  saying 
is  still  true:  It  is  not  so  much  what  a 
man  can  do  himself  as  what  he  can  get 
others  to  do  that  makes  him  \aluable. 
Dean  L.  K.  (Irinter  of  the  Illinois  In- 
stitute of  Technology,  writing  in  the 
Jour  n  a  1  of  Engitieering  Education, 
stated :  "Some  of  the  greatest  difficul- 
ties encountered  by  young  engineers  are 
difficulties  of  adjustment  to  people  and 
to  social  situations.  Appreciable  num- 
bers of  engineers  fail  to  acquire  during 
their  college  career  the  ability  to  ana- 
lyze and  solve  the  difficult  problems  of 
getting  along  with  other  people."  Study 
of  supervisory  techniques,  psychology  as 
applied  to  industry,  and  personnel  prob- 
lems would  perhaps  yield  the  greatest 
return  to  the  engineer  of  any  subjects. 
This  study  may  save  him  a  great  many 


headaches  later  on.  And  while  there 
may  be  many  things  that  only  experi- 
ence can  teach,  the  student  «ill  ha\e 
at  least  gained  an  inkling  of  what  iiis 
problems  as  a  supervisor  are  likely  to  be. 

Statistics  has  been  defined  as  a  means 
of  getting  more  information  out  of  few- 
er figures.  Courses  in  statistical  analy- 
sis are  included  in  the  curricula  of  eco- 
nomics, sociology,  marketing,  agricul- 
ture, business  administration,  mathe- 
matics, and  biology.  Why  not  in  engi- 
neering? Training  for  the  engineer 
probably  would  not  take  up  the  ad- 
vanced theories,  but  would  be  sufficient 
to  enable  an  engineer  to  understand  the 
principles  of  quality  control.  Quality 
control  is  the  use  of  statistical  proce- 
dures to  obtain  quantity  production  of 
high  quality  and  low  cost.  Understand- 
ing of  statistics  would  be  of  particular 
value  to  the  design  engineer,  for  sta- 
tistics have  many  applications  to  toler- 
ances and  to  engineering  alternatives. 

Engineering  graduates  usuall\,  in 
their  first  jobs  after  graduation,  do 
drafting,  testing,  inspecting,  or  other 
such  tasks.  These  jobs  may  be  of  small 
responsibility,  but  do  give  the  chance  to 
look  the  company  o\cr  and  become  more 
familiar  with  the  practical  siilc  of  en- 
gineering. The  employer  has  an  oppor- 
tunity to  size  up  and  see  where  the 
young   graduate   will    fit    in,    to   deter- 


mine what  responsibility  he  can  carry. 
If  tlie  superintendents,  managers,  and 
officers  of  the  company  are  predomi- 
nantly technical  men,  the  graduate  can 
look  ahead  at  his  future  more  confi- 
dently. With  his  background  in  busi- 
ness subjects,  he  can  become  more 
thoroughly  informed  on  the  policies, 
operation,  and  organization  of  his  com- 
pany. With  his  preparation,  he  will  be 
in  a  position  to  work  his  way  up,  per- 
haps faster  than  many  of  the  present 
executives.  That  this  might  be  the  case 
is  indicated  by  the  statement  of  Mr. 
R.  C.  Muir,  vice-president  of  General 
Electric,  that  "Most  men  in  industry 
now  carrying  management  responsibili- 
ties ha\e  learned  what  the\'  know  of 
management  through  the  hard  school 
of  experience,  often  at  the  expense  of 
valuable  time  and  costly  errors  in 
judgment." 

.'^s  the  new  graduate's  judgment  in 
the  application  of  his  technical  and 
business  knowledge  learned  before,  as 
well  as  after,  graduation,  and  his  abil- 
ity to  lead  men,  increase  with  his  ex- 
perience, he  will  leave  the  ranks  of  fio- 
lint'ud  executives  and  enter  the  field 
for  which  he  prepared  himself. 


The    modern    glamour    gal    h,i 
it  takes  to  take  what  vou  have. 


what 


BOOKS  and   SUPPLIES 

For  Every  E7tgineering  Need 


THE  UNIVERSITY  BOOKSTORE 


(A  Student  Co-Operative  Store) 
ROOM  87 


NAVY  PIER 


CHICAGO 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


I 


Makiiii^  (c/ti(sii')i  history,  first  coverage  of  air-sea  maneuvers  demonstrates 
value  of  rcscareli  by  RCA  Laboratories  to  our  armed  forces. 


Mow  teievision  "stands  watch" at  sea 


licture  the  advantage— in  military  oper- 
ations—when commanding  ofiBcers  can 
watch  planes,  troops,  ships  maneuver  at 
long  range  .  ,  . 

This  new  use  of  television  was  seen  bv 
millions  when  the  aircraft  carrier  Leyie  — as 
Task  Force  TV— maneuvered  at  sea  before 
a  "battery"  of  4  RCA  Image  Orthicon  tele- 
vision cameras. 

Se\'entv  planes  —  Bearcats,  Avene;ers, 
Corsairs  — roared  from  Lei/te's  flight  deck 
and  catapult . . .  dixed  low  in  mock  attack 
.  .  .  fired  rockets.  And  an  escorting  de- 
stroyer stood  bv  for  possible  rescues. 

Action  was  beamed  by  radio  to  shore. 
then  relayed  over  NBC's  Eastern  television 
network.  Reception  was  sharp  and  clear  on 
home  television  receivers  . . . 


Said  high  officials:  "The  strategic  impor- 
tance of  television  in  naval,  military,  or 
air  operations  was  dramatically  revealed" 
.  .  ."There  is  no  doubt  that  television  will 
scn'e  in  the  fields  of  intelligence  and 
combat." 

Use  of  television  as  a  means  of  military 
communications  is  only  one  way  in  which 
radio  and  electronic  research  by  RCA  Lab- 
oratories serves  the  nation.  All  facilities  of 
RC.4  and  NBC  are  available  for  develop- 
ment and  application  of  science  to  national 
security  ...  in  peace  as  well  as  war. 

When  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  be  sure  to 
see  the  radio,  television  and  electronic  won- 
ders at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36  West  49th 
Street.  Free  admission.  Radio  Corporation  of 
America,  RCA  BuildUif^,  Radio  City,N.Y.2n. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

\'ictnr— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
f.ictiirers  of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—  offers  you  opportunity*  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  i:ood  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  tlie  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers { including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations). 

•  .Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters.  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
etiuipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  producing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  today  to  National  Recrtiiting  Divi- 
.•iion,  RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersetj. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and   Chemical   Engineers   and  Physicists. 


RADIO    CORPORATION  of  AMERICA 


JANUARY,    1949 


19 


Honoraries  and  Societies  .  .  . 

( Coiitimii-ii   tniiii  pane  -') 

son,  presi<lciit ;  (lorilon  Kmidson,  vice 
prt-sidoiu;  Dick  Swaiiburg,  secretary; 
ami  Frank  Hartkowicz.  treasurer.  The 
f()llowiii}j  Cdnimittee  chairmen  were  also 
appointeii :  Jim  Makanishi,  program; 
Harry  Wallituler.  publicity;  Wolfnanj; 
Junkel.  membership;  Sal  (Irassadonia. 
tielil  trip;  anil  Hob  ]5earilmore,  social. 
The  organization's  sponsor  is  Mr.  Cobb 
ot    the   (i.e. I),   department. 

At  the  second  meeting,  a  movie  on 
the  "Design  of  Packaging  .Machines" 
was  shown  by  Mr.  Shapiro  of  the 
( I.E.I),  office.  Plans  for  a  smoker  were 
completed,  and  plans  for  a  dance  wen- 
started. 

Student  members  of  the  A.S.M.E.  at 
the  Illinois  Institute  of  Technology  are 
iiuited  to  the  smoker.  Those  present 
will  be  addressed  by  Mr.  Oldacher  of 
the  Junior  Division  of  the  A.S..M.E., 
and  other  entertainment  will  consist  of 
a  sports  movie  and  magical  phenomena 
by  a  magician.  Refreshments?  Cider  and 
doughnuts! 

The  organization  is  planning  a  field 
trip  during  the  Christmas  vacation  to 
one  of  the  largest  matuifacturing  plants 
in   the  Chica'-o  area.    It  will   he  an   all- 


day  affair,  beginning  and  ending  at 
\avy  Pier.  .Also  tentatively  planned,  is 
a  lecture  by  Dr.  Allison,  of  the  Nuclear 
Institute  at  the  l'ni\ersit\  of  Chicago, 
on  the  atom  bomb.  This  lecture  is  not 
of  a  highK  technical  nature;  therefore 
the  organization  is  planning  to  make  it 
available  to  the  entire  student  body. 

In  the  latter  part  of  October,  a  three- 
day  membership  campaign,  conducted  by 
Wolfgang  Junkel,  increased  the  mem- 
bership from  56  to  1(W  paid  members, 
with  many  more  signed  up. 


GAMMA   ALPHA   RHO 

Membei-  ut  the  Delta  ih.iinci'  ot 
(lamnia  .Xiiiiia  Rho  Ir-KI  their  first 
formal  initiation  at  ()  p.  m..  November 
,\  at  the  mini  I  nion  building.  The 
members  initiated  included:  Charles  H. 
Anderson,  Walter  L.  Bedenkop,  Paul 
W.  Horn.  Joseph  W.  .Meyer,  Carl  (). 
Orkild,  W'illiani  R.  Stephens,  Joseph 
M.  Zabinsky,  and   Henry  J.   Hirtzer. 

Following  the  initiation,  a  banquet 
was  held  at  the  University  club.  Dr. 
Leslie  A.  Hryan,  the  after-dinner  speak- 
er, discussed  10  basic  rules  for  obtain- 
ing success. 

As  part  of  the  initiation  require- 
ments, prospective  members  were  re- 
quired to  bin'ld  a  scale  model  of  an  air- 


plane. Joseph  Meyer,  a  senior  aeronau 
tical  engineering  student,  was  awardei 
first  prize  for  his  model  of  the  nav^ 
Hellcat. 


I.A.S.  (Navy  Pier) 
The  Ijistitute  ot  Aeronautical  Sci- 
ences is  in  the  process  of  being  organ- 
ized by  Mr.  (jeorge  Zanotti  of  the 
(i.E.D.  department  here  at  Navy  Pier. 
In  No\ember,  a  film  on  the  P-47, 
"High  Altitude  Flight  in  Aerobatics," 
uas  shown,  and  at  this  time  the  follow- 
ing officers  were  elected :  Raymond  E. 
Kreuger,  chairman;  Edwin  A.  Arve.sen, 
Jr.,  vice-chairman;  Naomi  Suloway,  sec- 
retar\ -treasurer. 


Answers   to   Vocabulary   Quiz 

1.  c,  _'.  .1,  ,■!.  d.  4.  a.   S.  c.  (i.  b.  7.  b,  ' 
S.  b,  9.  a,   10.  c.   11.  d,   12.  a,   13.  d,  14. 
c,  15.  a. 


She:    "If    wishes    came    true,    what 

wotdd  you  wish  for?" 

He:  "(josh,  I'm  afraid  to  tell  you." 
She:   "Go   ahead,   you   sap,   what   do 

you    think    I    brought    up    this   wishing 

business  for,  anvwa\?" 


when  you're  looking  for  a 
single  source  of  supply  for 
a  complete  line  of  electrical 
roughing-in  materials, 
National  Electric 

is  your  best  bet. 


A  Symbo/  of  Qu3f/ty 


Nationoi  Electric 

Products  Corporation 

PiHsburgh30.Pa. 


KODAK  CAMERAS 
or  ACCESSORIES 

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Cameras— Projectors— Screens   as   well    as 
Jewelry— Leather— Stationery— Greeting  Cards 

Strauch's  at  Campus 

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for  food  that's  really  good 


OPEN  ALL  NIGHT 

DROP   IN   AFTER  THE   SHOW 

105  Walnut— Champaign 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


UR  BfARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  to  help  a  press 
keep  punching 

In  a  punch  press,  one  of  the  engineering  prob- 
lems is  to  keep  the  flywheel  and  drive  shaft  in 
alignment  and  rotating  freely  in  spite  of  terrific 
shock  loads. 

To  solve  this  problem,  engineers  specify  Timken* 
tapered  roller  bearings. 

Timken  bearings  hold  the  drive  shaft  and  fly- 
wheel of  a  punch  press  rigidly  in  line.  There's  no 
deflection,  wobble,  or  end-play.  Friction  and  wear 
are  negligible. 


Why  TIMKEN'  bearings  hold 
shafts  In  alignment 

The  line  contact  between  rolls  and  races  in  a 
Timken  bearing  means  wider,  more  rigid  support 
for  the  shaft.  Due  to  their  tapered  construction, 
Timken  bearings  carry  radial  and  thrust  loads  in 
any  combination,  eliminating  deflection  and  end- 
movement.  And  since  wear  in  Timken  bearings  is 
negligible,  shaft  rigidity  is  retained  for  long  years 
of  service. 


TIMPN 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more 
about  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems 
you'll  face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing  ap- 
plications. If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this 
phase  of  engineering,  we'd  be  glad  to  help.  For 
additional  information  about  Timken  bearings  and 
how  engineers  use  them,  write  today  to  The  Timken 
Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio.  And  don't 
forget  to  clip  this  page  for  future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  ozd  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  (r=) 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -D-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


JANUARY,   1949 


21 


Undercover  at  Galesburg  .  .  . 

( Coiitiiuii'il  liom  pagi'  I-) 
wiTf  the  cook  housr  ;in<l  iloriiiitotii-s, 
or  bunk  housi-s,  which  were  also  con- 
structeil  of  h)};s.  The  inaiia^er's  home 
faces  tlie  street  from  the  west  enil.  In 
a  little  less  than  two  years  after  the 
discovery  of  jjolii  in  this  camp,  the  first 
Holil  bricks,  value.l  at  ^lO.IKHI,  were 
shippeil  out. 

New  discoveries  are  beinsj  made  con- 
tinuously, not  onl\  in  fjold,  silver,  ami 
copper,  but  also  in  platinum  and  uran- 
ium. There  is  much  work  to  be  done 
in  developing  the  resources  of  this  area. 
The  person  who  is  looking  for  new 
frontiers  might  do  well  to  peer  over 
the  horizon  to  the  north,  or  iti  the 
words  of  Professor  Trezise,  who  spent 
considerable  time  in  this  Arctic  area, 
"(]o  north,  young  man,  go  north." 


Introducing  Omar  Estes 

By  Luther  S.  Peterson,   E.E.  '51 

In  the  April  issue  of  the  Illinois 
Technograph  was  an  article  entitled 
"Introduction  to  the  (lalesburg  Di\i- 
sion."  This  article  was  the  culmination 
of  two  months'  work  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  staff  here  at  (lalesburg.  .Mr. 
(^niar  Fvtcs  was  instrumental  in  the 
■  ■■■1   ot    thi^  -taft    and   lia<  ^iiut- 


OM.VR  E.STES 

pro\ed   his  abiiirv    to  assist   the  students 
in  all  phases  of   L  niversit\    life. 

Mr.  Estes,  an  adept  physics  and  en- 
gineering sciences  instructor,  has  been 
with  this  branch  of  the  University  of 
Illinois  since  September,  1947.  He  is 
a  native  of  Canton,  Illinois,  and  it  was 
there  that  he  got  the  desire  to  attenil 
college.  He  fulfilled  this  desire  by  at- 
tending Western  State  Teachers  col- 
lege at  Macomb,  Illinois,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  B.S.  degree.  However,  his 
desire  for  more  education  didn't  decline 
after  this  accomplishment.  He  soon  en- 
rolled at  the  University  of  Missouri, 
where  he  worked  diligently  for  his  M.S. 
degree.  He  soon  went  into  teaching,  but 
like  many  other  college  graduates,  he 
was  certain   that  education   didn't  stop 


after  an  M.S.  degree  was  obtained.  As 
a  result,  he  has  since  taken  some  grad- 
uate work  at  hotii  the  University  of 
Illinois  and  the   I  ni\ei>ir\   of  Colorado. 

.■\fter  his  formal  education  had  been 
completed,  he  entered  the  teaching  pro- 
fession as  an  instructor  of  the  natural 
sciences  and  as  a  coach  of  athletics  in 
a  school  of  secondary  education.  He 
demonstrated  his  abilities  to  sucii  an 
extent  that  he  was  promoted  to  the 
position  of  principal,  and  icinained  in 
that  capacit)'   for  five  years. 

.After    his    five    year    tenure    as    jirin-    fl 
cipal,    Mr.    Estes     received     the     well 
known   "greetings"    from   the   President 
lit    the    United    States   and   entered    the    J 
.\rmy  Air  corps.     His  work  in  the  A.A.F.    I 
was  concerned  mainly  with  administra-     ' 
tive    duties,    and    upon    receiving   special 
orders    from    Washington,    he   went    to 
Oahu,  Hawaii,  to  assist  in  the  organiza- 
tion   of    the    Army    University    Center. 
After  he  had  finished  this  task,  and  had 
proven    himself    at    various    other    jobs, 
he   was    finally    discharged    as    a    major 
in    1946,   with   52   months   of  ser\ice   to 
his   credit. 

Immediately  after  Mr.  Estes  was  dis- 
charged, he  accepted  a  job  with  the 
Veterans  Administration  as  Institution- 
al Training  officer  at  Urbana,  Illinois. 
This    close    contact    with    the    veteran 

(Continued  on  page  24)  :■ 


Itefrtgemti^tt 


Frick  Comprestort  l 
Control 


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tities of  fish,  keeps  bait,  and 
makes  Ice  for  the  fisheries  plant 
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— among  many  other  noteworthy 
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22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


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Uneven  walls  of  insulation  are  a  potential  source  of 
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New  Jersey. 

OKONITE^ 

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U.    of    I.    ALUMNI    ASSOCIATION 

227  ILLINI  UNION  BUILDING 


JANUARY,   1949 


23 


f-f- 


-flOft^ 


j\(&/i 


\6^ 


•  Grinding  has  a  part  in  producing  the  olarm 
clock  that  wakes  you  in  the  morning  —  and 
it  ploys  a  part  in  producing  almost  everything 
that  you  use  throughout  the  whole  day. 

•  Your  morning  newspaper  is  made  of  ground 
wood  pulp  —  your  breakfast  cereal  was  pro- 
duced by  steel  rolls  ground  smooth  and  true. 

•  The  furniture  in  your  lecture  and  class  roomj 
is  cut  and  shaped  with  ground  tools  and 
finished  with  coated  abrasives. 

•  Grinding  has  much  to  do  with  making  the 
apparatus  in  your  laboratories. 

•  The  office  machinery  that  keeps  the  volu- 
minous college  records  is  a  product  of  grinding. 

•  Grinding  has  an  important  part  in  producing 
the  sporting  equipment  used  by  your  college 
teams  and  for  your  personal  recreation. 

•  Thousands  of  grinding  operations  play  a 
vital  part  in  producing  your  automobile. 

•The  midnight  "oil"  that  you  burn  as  you 
sweat  out  that  lab  report  is  generated  and 
distributed  by  equipment  produced  to  an 
important  extent  by  grinding. 

And  wherever  grinding  is  done 
you'll  find  NORTON 

...  for  Norton  is  the  world's  largest  producer 
of  abrasives,  grinding  wheels  and  grinding 
machines.  At  Norton  there  is  the  engineering 
skill  to  solve  all  of  industry's  grinding  problems. 


NORTON  COMPANY,  WORCESTER  6,  MASS. 

Brhr-Mannmg,  Tioy,  N.  Y..  is  a  Norton  0/».iion 


NORTON 


«ll*>IVEt      -      ailRDIHa  WHEELS      -      8 R I N D I N 0     «HD     LIPPINS     MICHINES 
(EFIICTOIIEI     -     POROIt  MEDIIMt      -     RON-SUP  FLOORS      -      HORIIDE  PRODUCTS 

IIIEIIRO     MUNIRIt        (RENR-l»RRIRapiVISIOR:eO*TED«iRHIVES«RDSHMPERIRS  STORES) 


24 


Galesburg  .  .  . 

(  C"(iiitinui-<i    from   pajjc  22) 

stinicnt,  aiul  the  close  association  that 
was  prevalent  between  his  office  and 
the  school  ailniinistration,  gave  him  am- 
ple opportunity  to  view  the  problems 
of  the  student  at  first  hand.  This 
knowledge  has  aided  him  ever  since, 
and  as  a  counselor  of  many  engineering 
students  here  at  (jalesburg,  he  has  been 
able  to  remove  man>'  of  their  worries 
and  assist  them  with  their  problems 
concerninti  their  prfibable  transfer  to 
I  rbana. 

The  urge  to  teach  prevailed  once  again, 
and  he  soon  left  his  Veterans  Adminis- 
tration job  to  accept  a  position  here  at 
Cialesburg  as  instructor  of  engineering 
physics.  At  present  he  is  instructor  of 
the  first  semester  of  engineering  phys- 
ics, although  he  has  also  taught  the 
second  semester  physics  course. 

Since  Mr.  Estes  has  been  here  at 
(lalesburg,  his  friendly  and  helpful  at- 
titude has  given  the  student  greater 
initiative  to  get  ahead  on  his  own.  Mr. 
Kstes'  enthusiasm  to  help  the  student 
not  only  with  his  studies,  but  with  his 
extra-curricular  activities  as  well,  is  wit- 
nessed by  the  fact  that  he  himself  is  a 
member  of  two  educational  societies  — 
Kappa  Delta   Pi  and   Pi   Kappa  Delta. 


Railway  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  page  11) 
damaging  the  wheels.  This  is,  however, 
just  about  the  present  day  limit.  As 
speeds  get  higher,  the  extra  work  done 
by  the  brakes  for  an  increase  in  speed 
becomes  greater  and  greater.  Because 
the  kinetic  energy  of  a  moving  body  is 
given  by  the  formula,  K.E.  =  iini-  2, 
and  because  higher  speeds  require  more 
powerful,  hence  heavier  engines,  a  train 
going  150  miles  per  hour  will  require 
not  1 50  per  cent  of  the  braking  power 
needed  at  100  miles  per  hour,  but  over 
22^  per  cent  more.  At  present,  no 
brakes  or  wheels  have  been  developed 
which  could  withstand  the  extremely 
high  temperatures  which  would  be  de- 
veloped. Thus  the  problem  of  wheel 
failures  seems  to  be  the  limiting  factor 
in  raising  train  speeds. 

Slow  progress  is  being  made,  and 
work  on  this  problem  is  continuing  at 
the  L  niversity  of  Illinois  and  elsewhere. 
However,  many  unanswered  questions 
and  unsolved  problems  remain  to  be 
answered  before  train  speeds  of  150 
miles  per  hour  or  greater,  which  are  so 
glibly  talked  of  by  some  people,  can 
become  a  reahtv. 


It  isn't  what  a  girl  knows  that  both- 
ers us,  it's  how  well  and  where  she 
learned  it. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


"—In  life,  as  in  chess,  forethought  wins" -sm  thomas  f.buxton 


Why  surfaces  now  last  longer 


Small  boy's  bike  or  great  ocean  liner  . . .  there  are  fitiishes 
for  each  so  iniprovecl  today  that  a  one  or  two  coat  job  holds 
up  longer  than  did  dozens  before. 

Heat  and  cold,  acids  and  gases,  water  or  salt  air  just  don't 
crack  and  peel  today's  surface  coatings  as  they  once  did.  For 
our  homes  and  cars,  our  great  bridges,  our  machinery  for 
farms  and  industry  are  now  protected  as  never  before. 

Belter  materials— aided  by  research— bring  us  this  better 
protection.  \ew  plastics  and  chemicals,  for  example,  that  go 
into  c]uiek-drying  varnishes,  lacquers,  paints  that  keep  a 
like-new  finish. 

Industrial  gases  help  us,  too.  In  flame-cleaning  structural 
steel,  the  oxy-acetylene  flame  provides  a  clean,  dry  and 
warm  surface  into  which  paint  "bites""  instantly  and  dries 
c]uickly. 

There's  also  stainless  steel,  the  lustrous  metal  that  needs 
no  surface  protection . . .  that  withstands  wear  and  corrosion 


on  equipment  used  outdoors  or  in  . . .  and  keeps  gleamingly 
clean  year  after  year. 

Tile  people  of  Lnion  Carbide  produce  many  materials 
essential  to  today's  superior  surfaces  and  surface  coalint^s. 
They  also  produce  hundreds  of  other  materials  for  the  use 
of  science  and  industry,  to  help  maintain  American  leader- 
ship in  meeting  the  needs  of  mankind. 


FREE  :  1  ou  ure  itnilnl  In  scml /,„  lliv  «.-.<■  i7/hs- 
Iralfd  hmiklel.  '•  I'rmlucis  ami  fr,Ke.sses,"  irliicll 
s/ioiis  hoii-  science  anil  inilaslry  nsc  L  CC's 
Alloys,  Chemicals,  Carbons.  Casrs  ami  I'laslics. 


Union  Carbide 

AJVJ?     CAHJBOIV     C'OI^I'OjRjiriOJV 


30     EAST    42  ND 


Hffl 


NEW     YORK     17.     N. 


I'mdiirts  oj  Divisions  and  Units  include 

Prest-O-Lite  Acetylene     •     Pvrofax  Gas    •    Bakelite,  Krene,  Vinyon,  and  Vi.nylite  Plastics 
EvEREADY  Flashlights  and  Batteries    •      Acheson  Electrodes 


LiNDE  Oxygen 

National  Carbons 
Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •     Electromet  .Alloys  and  Metals 


Haynes  Stellite  Alloys    •    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


Automobiles  .  .  . 

(  C'oiitiinu-il   trimi  |i;i<;c  7  ) 

hydraulic  couplinf;  dot-s  not  inultiph 
the  toii|iR' — ill  fact,  it  actually  reduces 
the  torque  output  in  that  it  does  not 
aiid  an  acceleratini;  factor  to  an  econom- 
ical gear  ratio.  However,  when  the  hy- 
draulic coupling  is  used  with  an  auto- 
matic transmission,  it  does  apply  an  ac- 
celerating factor  by  automatically  shift- 
ing gears  in  the  transmission. 

The  main  selling  point  at  present 
for  both  the  fluiil  drive  and  the  torciue 
converter  is  that  both  prevent  the  en- 
gijie  from  stalling  when  heavily  loaded 
with  the  car  almost  stopped.  For  this 
purpose,  the  torque  converter  and  the 
fluid  drive  with  a  fully  automatic  trans- 
mission are  better  because  of  their 
ability  to  multiply  the  torque  of  the 
engine  \\ithout  freeing  riie  lo.ui  from 
the   engine. 

It  i>  probable  tliat  changes  will  be 
made  in  future  transmissions,  but  e\eii 
now  an  extra  piece  of  optional  equip- 
ment, such  as  mentioned  above,  can  pay 
for  itself  during  constant  use,  whether 
for  city  or  country  driving. 

The  electrical  systems  are  \'ery  nearly 
the  same  for  all  of  the  popular  Ameri- 
can cars.  Therefore,  they  will  be  over- 
looked, except  to  note  that  needless  and 
extra  electrical  accessories  can  overload 


the  system,  (."arc  sliould  he  taken  in 
their   selection. 

The  heating  system  has  been  greatly 
improved  in  most  cars  in  recent  years. 
The  engine  wastes,  in  the  torni  ot  hc.it, 
about  70  per  cent  of  the  i  iicrg\  put  into 
it  by  the  fuel.  This  quantity  ot  wasted 
heat  could  easily  heat  the  average  home 
on  the  coldest  day.  it  would  be  foolish 
not  to  utilize  some  of  it  in  keeping  the 
inteiiiir  of  the  car  at  a  comfortable 
temperature.  If  this  heating  is  accom- 
plished b\  heating  the  air  already  in 
the  car  and  then  reheating  it  as  it  cools, 
the  moisture  that  is  given  oft  by  the 
passengers  is  condensed  on  the  windows 
and  creates  a  driving  hazard.  ( )n  the 
other  hand,  if  outside  air  is  heated  and 
introduced  into  the  car  and  the  cooled 
air  is  exhausted  from  the  car,  the  mois- 
ture given  off  by  the  passengers  is  re- 
mo\'ed  with  the  cooled  air  before  enough 
IS  formed  to  condense  on  the  windows. 
The  newer-tyiie  he.iters  that  bring  out- 
Mcle  air  into  the  car  ha\e  a  larger 
capacitN  and  are  thermostatically  con- 
trolled, thus  maintaining  a  more  con- 
stant temperature.  Obviously,  if  a  heat- 
er is  at  all  necessary,  the  outside  air 
type  is  worth   the  additional   cost. 

Visibilitv  is  one  of  the  items  which 
is  abu.sed,  misused,  and  not  generally 
agreed  upon.  Ciood  visibility  is  not  par- 
ticularly  proportional     to    the   window 


.in-a  nl  the  car.  It  consists  maiiil\  nt 
an  unobstructed  horizontal  \  iew  in  all 
directions  and  a  good  view  of  the  ro.ul 
immediately  in  front  of  the  car.  While 
it  is  necessary  to  be  able  to  see  over- 
head stop  lights,  it  i>  not  necessary  to 
see  the  tops  of  tall  buildings.  Thus,  a 
manufacturer  that  adds  window  area 
by  increasing  the  height  of  the  windows 
excessively  is  merely  adding  a  selling 
feature. 

Riding  comfort  and  driving  comfort 
are  two  items  of  major  importance  that 
are  closely  linked  together.  Riding  com- 
fort is  usually  thought  of  as  being  how 
effecti\ely  the  car  isolates  road  shocks 
but  should  .also  include  the  isolation  of 
\ibrat!()n,  noise,  and  the  atmospheric 
elements. 

The  isolation  of  the  atmospheric  ele- 
ments is  accomplished  \er\  well  in  most 
cars  b\  the  use  of  weather  stripping 
around  doors  and  controls  that  go 
through  the  floor  and  dash-board,  as 
well   as  snug-fitting  windows. 

The  isolation  of  n  o  i  s  e  s  is  accom- 
plished partly  by  the  use  of  .sound- 
absorbing  m  a  t  e  r  i  a  I  s.  The  ideal  case 
would  be  the  complete  elimination  of 
the  \ihration  whenever  possible,  but 
where  this  is  not  possible,  springs  and 
rubber  cushions  can  be  used  to  isolate 
(Continued  on  page  28) 


HO. 


0ft 

Chrome   P„g    .s 
coa^^    "*        'development" 
„  ..        .      important  '^'^^  ^.,,^exclus.ve 

,    fkin.    It    n^a^"       „c<^addsmany 


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and    "Michigan"  arc  Ncu-  and  Better  Chain  Tapes. 

Chrome    plating    over    rust    resistant    base    and 

multiple   coats  of  electroplating  gives  a   hard, 

smooth,   dull,   chrome- white   surface.    Wear  ^    ^  V^    .^A^ 

and  corrosion   resistant.   Jet  black   figures  I  ^H^'  ft 

are    easy    co    locate    and    read.    Write    for  I  Jv 

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26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPl 


DUPONT 


For  Students  of  Science  and 


^lae^t 


Engineering 


a  giant 
on  the 
farm 


Products  of  the  laboratory 

are  saving  time,  toil,  money 

for  the  American  farmer 

Through  chemistry,  farmers  are  gain- 
ing control  over  many  of  nature's  un- 
certainties. Costly  losses  of  crops  and 
livestock  are  being  curtailed  or  pre- 
vented. Efficiency  is  increasing.  New 
applications  of  chemistry  to  agricul- 
ture are  becoming  more  important 
than  ever  as  demands  for  more  pro- 
duction increase. 

Today,  new  organic  insecticides 
and  fungicides  help  control  insects, 
plantdiseases  and  bUghtsthat  threat- 
en crops.  Seed  disinfectants  and  pro- 
tectants help  guarantee  bountiful 
harvests  by  protecting  crops  in  the 
critical  period  after  planting.  Plant 
hormones  hold  fruit  on  trees  until 
fully  ready  for  picking. 

Days  of  labor  saved 

Du  Pont  weed  killers  and  explosives 
accomplish  in  minutes  tasks  that 
used  to  take  hours  or  days  of  back- 
breaking  labor.  With  2,4-D  farmers 
can  kill  weeds  without  harming  cer- 
tain crops.  Dynamite  removes 
stumps,  digs  ditches  for  draining  and 
irrigation,  and  loosens  the  soil  to 
forestall  erosion. 

New  fertilizer  formulations  meet 
the  changing  nutritional  require- 
ments of  plants  during  the  growing 
season.  Thus  the  farmer  has  better 
control  over  crop  development,  and 
he  can  utilize  his  materials,  labor  and 


Du  PonI  unncuUural  specialist  Dr.  Arnc  Curl- 
son,  M.S.,  '40,  Ph.D.,  U.  of  Minnesota,  '48, 
helps  develop  sprays  and  dusts  to  control 
fungous  diseases. 


Phenothiazine  kill-,  more  kind-,  of  Ine-^lotk 
worms  in  more  kinds  of  animals  than  any 
other  drug  .  .  .  promote-,  normal  grouth. 


For  growth  insurance,  farmers  treat  seeds  with 
disinfectants.  "Ceresan"  treated  wheat  gives  up 
to  20%  better  yields. 


equipment  more  efficiently. 

Feed  compounds,  developed  by 
industry,  are  making  poultry  flocks 
and  livestock  herds  vastly  more  pro- 
ductive. Research  on  chemicals  to 
control  animal  diseases  and  internal 
parasites  is  making  great  progress. 
Control  of  insect  pests  is  already 
changing  livestock  management 
practices. 

Turning  ideas  into  products 

Achievements  such  as  these  are  the 
result  of  Du  Pont's  team  research. 
An  idea  may  start  with  one  or  two 
individuals.  But  many  specialists — 
chemists,  physicists,  biologists,  plant 
pathologists,  and  entomologists  — 
must  contribute  their  skills  before  a 
new  product  is  ready  for  market. 
Normally,  engineers — chemical,  me- 
chanical, civil,  and  electrical  —  de- 
velop the  commercial  processes  and 
plants  for  making  the  finished  prod- 
ucts. 

The  new  Du  Pont  employee, 
whether  he  holds  a  bachelor's,  mas- 
ter's, or  doctor's  degree,  enters  into 
this  cooperative  effort.  Yet  the  im- 
mediate group  with  which  he  is  asso- 
ciated is  small  and  congenial,  offering 
him  every  opportunity  to  display 
individual  talent  and  capabilities. 


Find  out  more  about  Du  Pont 
and  the  College  Graduate 

"The  Du  Pont  Company  and 
the  College  Graduate"  is  just  off 
the  press  in  a  completely  revised 
edition.  Fully  illustrated,  it  de- 
scribes opportunities  in  research, 
production,  sales,  and  many 
other  fields.  Explains  the  plan 
of  organization  whereby  indi- 
vidual ability  is  recognized  and 
rewarded.  Write  for  your  copy 
today.  Address:  2518  Nemours 
Ruilding,  Wilmington  98,  Del. 


V. 


t 


t 


Spraying  orcliards  controls  infrstations  of  i 
sects  or  plant  diseases  .  .  .  or  holds  fruit 
the  trees  until  it  is  fully  ready  for  picking! 


BETTER    THINGS     FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
.   .   .   THKOUCH    CHEMISTRY 

More  facts  about  Du  Pont —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


JANUARY,   1949 


27 


partners  in  creating 


Engineering  leaders  for  the  lost  81  years  have  made 
K  8.  E  instruments,  drafting  equipment  and  materials 
their  partners  in  creating  the  great  technical  achieve- 
ments  of  America.  So  neorly  universal  is  the  reliance  on 
K  &  E  products,  it  is  self-evident  that  every  major  eng.- 
t  has  been  completed  with  the  help  of  K  &  E. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


NEW    YORK   •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •   Montre 


Have  you  flunked  a 
course  lately? 

Probably  not-but  why  start  now?  Let  Follett's 
help  you  hit  those  exams  with  a  minimum  of 
midnight  oil. 

SCHROMM'S-THEORY     AND     PROBLEAAS     FOR     STUDENTS     IN 

COLLEGE  PHYSICS 
FOSTER-ABC'S      OF      SOLVING      PROBLEMS      FOR      ANALYTIC 

GEOMETRY 

COLLEGE  OUTLINE  SERIES 

Colleqe  Algebra,  Calculus,  Geometry,  Logarithmic  Tables 
Hydraulics,  Physics,  Use  of  the  Slide  Rule,  Trigonometry,  General 
Chemistry. 

FOLLETT'S 

COLLEGE  BOOKSTORE 

AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


Know  Your  Automobile  .  .  . 

(Coiitiiun-il    liimi    l':ii;i'   -'') 
the    vibrating    iti-niN    tiom    tin-    bciily    of 
the  car. 

The  isolation  of  road  shocks  is  ac- 
complished by  using  soft  springs  and 
proper  shock  absorbers  at  each  wheel 
and  attempting  to  isolate  each  wheel 
from  the  others.  If  the  spring  on  the 
wheel  is  soft,  and  the  mass  of  the  car 
IS  great,  only  a  small  amount  of  the 
road  shock  will  affect  the  people  riding 
in  the  car,  who  are  also  sitting  on  up- 
holstery. If  what  happens  to  one  wheel 
also  affects  another  wheel,  it  will  almost 
double  the  force  transmitted  through 
the  springs  to  the  body  of  the  car.  Thus, 
the  best  combination  for  easy  riding  is 
a  heavy  car  with  soft  springs  and  in- 
dependently   mounted    wheels. 

Driving  comfort  is  more  difficult  to 
evaluate  because  no  two  people  drive 
the  same  and  consequently,  have  dif- 
ferent preferences  concerning  car  re- 
sponse. People  will  agree  that  the  car 
should  be  easy  to  handle  in  a  cross-wind. 
Driver  fatigue  should  be  kept  to  a  min- 
imum, which  depends  upon  the  posi- 
tion the  driver  must  maintain  to  operate 
the  controls,  and  the  amount  of  work 
necessary  for  steering,  shifting,  braking, 
and  just  simply  holding  the  accelerator 
ilowii. 

llu  nixt  iiHtalliinnt  (if  this  iirtuie 
u-ill  tiiilude  n  /^oint-hy- /""'"'  /"C'lkdoicn 
and  aiinpanson  of  the  sf>cnfic  features 
of   iiirrnit   models   of   Aincncim    cars. 


Women  wear  girdles  from  instinct 
a  natural  desire  to  be  squeezed. 

"That's  a  nice  suit  you  have  on;  do 
you  mind  my  asking  how  much  you 
paid   for  it?" 

"Not   at   all,  a  hundred   and  ten  dol- 

lai-s."  ,         .  ,     -,„ 

"Don't  vou  think  that  s  quite  a  lot . 
"Oh,   1  don't  know.  I  got  nine  pairs 

lit   ixiiits  with  it." 

Mable:  "Ever  been  pinched  for 
speeding?" 

Soph    Engineer:   "No,   but   1  ve   been 
slapped  for  going  too  fast." 
-*      *      * 

She:  "Em  so  discouraged.  Everything 
1    ,lo  seems  to  be  wrong." 

He:  "What  are  you  doing  tonight. 

s      *      -* 

A  freshman  engineer  is  a  young  man 
who  knows  II  hx  a  strapless  evening 
gown  is  hehl  up.  but  doesn't  yet  know 
hoiL'. 

"Won't  your  wife  hit  the  ceiling 
when  vou  get  home  tonight? 

"Yeah,  she  probably  will — she  s  a 
hell  of  a  shot." 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


28 


THE   ILLiNI   THEATRE   GUSLD 

presents 

ITS  BILL  OF  PLAYS  FOR  THE  SECOND  SEMESTER 

"^  The  Family  Reunion 

By    T.    S.    Eliot Feb.    17,    18,    19 

^  The  House  of  Bernardo  Alba 

By  Lorca March  9,   10,   11,   12 

if^  An  Original  Dance  Drama 

By  Marvin  Robinson March  30,  31 

April    1,   2 

*  The  Rivals 

By  Sheridan Mav  4,  5,  6,  7 

ic  The  Glass  Menagerie 

By  Tennessee  Williams     May  18,  19,  20,  21 


Tickets  on  Sale  One  Week  Before  Opening  Nights 
ILLINI  UNION  BOX  OFFICE 


CORSAGES . . . 

FOR  A  SPECIAL  DANCE 
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JxoTn 


FLORI$T 

113  W.UNIVERSITy  AVE;  CHAMPAIGN 

NOTAFFILIATID  l/VITH  ANY  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBAN  A 


M. 


PROBLEM  —  You're  working  out  the  application  of  a 
hydraulic  speed  selector  system  to  a  turret  lathe.  The 
system's  oil  pump  Is  to  be  driven  by  a  belt  take-off 
from  the  main  belt  drive.  Your  problem  now  Is  to 
provide  a  means  for  transmitting  power  from  the  pump 
drive  pulley  to  the  pump  that  will  permit  the  adjustment 
of  the  pulley  to  regulate  belt  tension.  How  would 
you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER  — Use  an  S.S.White  flexible  shaft 
between  the  pulley  shaft  and  the  pump  shaft.  As  you 
see  below,  that's  how  the  Gisholt  Machine  Co.,  did  if. 
An  S.S.White  flexible  shaft  is  the  logical  answer  for  a 
wide  range  of  drives  where  one  or  both  of  the  con- 
nected members  must  be  adjustable  in  position. 

.  ^-1 

Photos  councsy  i 
G.iholt  Mach.'a 
Madison.  Wii. 


This  Is  just  one  of  hundreds  of  power  drive  end  remote  control  problems 
to  which  S.S.WHITE  FLEXIBLE  SHAFTS  ore  the  simple  answer.  That's  why 
engineers  will  find  it  helpful  to  be  familiar  with  the  range  ond  scope  of 
these  "METAL  MUSCLES'*   for  mechanical  bodies. 


SEND    FOR    BULLETIN   4501 

It  gives  basic  information  and  engi- 
neering data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  many  uses.  We'll  gladly  send  you 
a  free  copy  on  request. 


siWHin 


THE  S.  S.WHirr  ptNTAl  MFC.  CO. 


INDU5TRM 


PHi  JANUARY,   1949 


DIPI.  C,    10  CAST  40th  SI..  NIW  TOUK   K.  H.  T.  _ 

29 


In  This  Corner— Navy  Pier  .  .  . 

( ContiiHu-cl    tioiii   \r.iiic    14) 

Cfivi'  a  private  diaufi  in  w  hi  ill  to  keep 
their   basic  equipment. 

There  are  two  balaiue  rooms  loii- 
nccting  the  laboratories.  One  of  the 
rooms  is  used  by  the  students  studyirif; 
j»eneral  chemistry ;  the  other  is  used  by 
the  students  studyinj;  analytical  chem- 
istry. 

A  rccentl\  aiKled  course  in  the  cur- 
liculum,  is  physical  chemistr\  which 
shares  one  of  the  balance  rooms.  'I'his 
course  requires  the  finest  equipment 
available.  At  the  present  time  the  space 
allotted  to  it  is  of  telephone-booth  si/e, 
but  the  future  has  prospects. 

Each  student,  while  working;  in  rlu- 
laboratory,  must  wear  a  rubber  apron 
and  a  pair  goggles  to  protect  his  clothes 
and  eyes.  The  common  safety  precau- 
tions, such  as  fire  blankets,  fire  exting- 
uishers, and  sand  buckets,  are  conven- 
iently placed  around  each  laboratory.  A 
steam  cone,  another  safety  device,  has 
been  added  to  the  organic  laboratories. 
These  safety  precautions  are  to  prevent 
serious  injury  to  the  student,  and  also 
to  prevent  costly  damages  to  the  labora- 
tories. The  chemistry  department  at  the 
Chicago  Undergraduate  Division  of  the 
I'niversity  of  Illinois  has  organized  and 
developed  into  one  of  the  best  equipped 
in  the  countrv. 


Faculty  in  Review 

By    Richard    Kawka,    Ch.E.    '52 

l'i()babl\  one  ol  tin-  ^lo^t  outstanding 
impressions  one  gets  when  visiting  \a\  >• 
Pier  is  the  close  relationship  that  exists 
between  students  and  taiult\.  This  is 
especially  predominant  in  the  physics 
department.  Dr.  Rnscoe  Harris,  head  of 
this  department,  has  gained  the  admira- 
tion and  respect  of  students,  not  only 
as  .in  eminent  physicist,  but  also  as  a 
triend   and  counselor. 

Horn  in  1896  in  Oakridge,  Mo.,  Dr. 
Harris,  after  obtaining  his  elementary- 
and  intermediate  schooling,  received  his 
H.S.  at  Missouri  State  Teachers  college. 
During  the  first  World  War.  he  serxed 
the  arinccl  forces  ,is  a  second  licuten.int 
in  the  field  artiller\.  Atter  peace  w.is 
declared,  he  resumed  his  education  at 
the  University  of  Chicago,  where  he 
received  his  Ph.D.  in  physics  and  mathe- 
matics. After  completing  his  studies  in 
1923,  Dr.  Harris  went  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont  to  accept  a  position  as 
associate  professor  of  plnsics.  He  re- 
mained there  for  two  years.  In  1''2^ 
Dr.  Harris  was  offered  a  position  at 
Lake  Forest  college  as  head  of  the  new- 
ly formed  physics  department.  He  re- 
mained as  head  of  this  department  until 
the  outbreak  of  the  second  World  War. 
In  1942  he  again  entered  the  army, 
this  time  as  a  captain  in  charge  of  per- 


sonnel. The  arm\  s(jon  lecogni/.ed  his 
exceptional  talents  and  placed  him  on 
the  Coast  Artiller\-  board  in  charge  of 
electronic  and  communication  experi- 
mentation. From  there  Dr.  Harris  re- 
ceived special  orders  to  go  to  the  office 
of  the  military  attache  at  Istanbul.  Tur- 
key, where  he  rcni.iinccl  luitil  the  end 
of  the  war. 

When  he  returned  to  the  L'nited 
States,  he  recei\ed  a  position  at  Bell  and 
Howell  as  engineer  in  charge  of  super- 
sonic radar  equipment.  From  his  expe- 
rience he  published  a  technical  manual 
on  airborne  supersonic  radar  equipment. 

Not  only  is  Dr.  Harris  a  well-known 
writer,  but  he  is  also  a  well-know-n  in- 
\entor  and  designer.  He  has  invented 
a  tiew  type  of  internal  combustion  en- 
guie,  .111  X-ray  exposure  control  device, 
and  a  way  to  communicate  sound  on  a 
light  beam.  He  has  also  published  many 
articles  such  as  "Velocity  Determination 
by  Photographic  Distortion,"  "The  Use 
of  the  Oscilloscope  in  Basic  Electrical 
Measurement,"  and  many  others  help- 
ful   to   science. 


The  salesman  was  trying  to  "pick 
up"  a  beautiful  blonde  in  a  hotel  lobby. 

Said  she:  "Don't  bother  me!" 

Said  he:  "Pardon  me,  I  thought  you 
were  my  mother." 

Said  she:  "I  couldn't  be,  I'm  mar- 
ried."— Saturday  Evening  Post. 


''There  is  NO  royal  road  to  learning!'' 

BUT  you  can  make  the  traveling  on  that  road 
much  easier  by  starting  out  right  and  being  prop- 
erly equipped.  Choose  your  school  equipment 
from  our  complete  stock. 

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30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


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ngging 


sw 


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4G/ 


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grouiiny 

phosing 


\a^^ 


\<tf^ 


^ 


if 


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He  speaks  a  Lot  of 
Industrial  Languages 


He's  a  Square  D  Field  Engineer. 

He  speaks  the  language  of  many  indus- 
tries because  his  full-time  job  is  working 
with  them  .  .  .  helping  them  find  "a  better 
way  to  do  it." 

Through  a  staff  of  such  Field  Engineers 
located  in  more  than  50  offices  in  the 
United  States,  Canada  and  Mexico,  Square 
D  does  this  three-fold  job:  Designs  and 


builds  electrical  distribution  and  control 
equipment  in  pace  with  present  needs — 
provides  sound  counsel  in  the  selection  of 
the  right  equipment  for  any  given  appli- 
cation— anticipates  trends,  speeds  de- 
velopment of  new  methods  and  equipment. 
If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  dis- 
tribution or  control,  call  in  the  nearby 
Square  D  Field  Engineer.  He  makes  a  lot 
of  sense  in  finding  "a  better  way  to  do  it." 


SQUARE  D  COMPANY  CANADA   LTD.,  TORONTO  •  SQUARE   D  de  MEXICO,  S.  A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.  F. 


JANUARY,    1949 


31 


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32  THE  TECHNOGRAPt 


'  ^  Because  photography  can  see 
a  billion  light  years  away 


•  Without  photography  this  would 
he  a  small  world.  For  even  with 
the  best  optical  instruments,  the 
eye's  range  scarcely  lireaks  the 
confines  of  the  earth's  hack  yard. 

But  with  pilot ot^rapluj  .  . .  P  That's 
different ! 

For  years,  astronomers  have  looked 
.500  million  light  years  into  space  with 
photographic  plates  exposed  in  the 
100-incli  Mount  Wilson  telescope. 

Now,  they  can  "see"  twice  as  far. 
For  the  big  200-inch  Mount  Palomar 
instniment  — actually  the  world's  larg- 
est camera  — will  bring  in  light  from 
stars  a  billion  light  years  away,  about 
six  sextillion  miles. 

It's  faint  light  that  the  eye  could 
neyer  see.  But  photographic  plates 


Openino  night  at  Mount  Palomar.  The 
giant  telescope  duarfs  the  assembled  guests. 


build  up  images  through  long  expo- 
sures and  make  visible  new  outer  re- 
cesses of  man's  expanding  universe. 

Thus,  science  continuously  makes 
spectacular  use  of  photography  in 
penetrating  the  unknown. 

So  too  can  industry.  Radiography, 
photomicrography,  x-ray  diffraction, 


microradiography  and  other  indus- 
trial functions  of  photography  can  re- 
\eal  facts  and  conditions  that  will 
help  make  a  product  more  durable 
and  dependable,  a  manufacturing 
process  more  efficient. 

Eastman  Kodak  Company 
Rochester  4,  New  York 


Advancing  business  and  industrial  technics— FunCtlOnoj  Photography 


AT  GENERAL  ELECTRIC 


General  Electric  is  not  one  business,  but  an  organization 
of  many  businesses,  offering  opportunities  in  virtually 
all  the  professions.  Here  three  G-E  men  brief  the  career- 
possibilities  which  the  company  offers  to  the  student  of 
advertising,  the  physicist,  and  the  accountant. 


FOR  A  FUTURE  IN  ADVERTISING 

D.  S.  Mix  (Yale),  Manager  of  Personnel  and  Training 
Programs,  Advertising  and  Publicity  Dept.:  Besides  our 
A  &  P  Department  here  in  Schenectady,  there  are  eight  G-E 
operating  departments,  each  with  its  own  advertising  staff. 
These  provide  the  career-opportunities.  Our  Training 
Program,  including  six  months'  work  and  study  here 
followed  by  a  year  on  rotating  assignments  with  various 
staffs  throughout  the  company,  opens  the  door. 


PHYSICIST 

August  Binder  (Carnegie  Tech),  of  the  G-E  Physics  Pro- 
gram: I've  been  one  of  the  first  group  of  physicists  taking 
part  in  this  program.  We've  changed  assignments  every  few 
months,  trying  out  interesting  lines  of  work,  and  have 
chosen  permanent  positions  in  everything  from  research  to 
sales.  My  assignments:  nuclear  instrumentation,  research  in 
cathode  spot  phenomena,  quality-problems  in  fluorescent 
lamps,  which  I've  selected  as  my  permanent  assignment. 


TRAVELING  AUDITOR 

E.  B.  Murray  (Princeton),  Chief  Traveling  Auditor:  After 
our  business  administration  and  liberal  arts  graduates 
finish  the  G-E  Business  Training  Course,  certain  of  them 
are  transferred  to  the  auditing  staff  as  traveling  auditors. 
It's  my  job  to  assign  these  men  and  co-ordinate  their  activi- 
ties at  G-E  locations  in  this  country  and  abroad.  The  varied 
experience  acquired  in  this  work  fits  them  well  for  re- 
sponsible accounting  and  financial  positions. 


for  further  information  about  a  BUSINESS  CARffR  with  General  tiectric,   write  Business  Training  Course,'' 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.       a  career  in  TKHNICAL  fliLDS,  write  Technical  Penonnel  Division,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 


FEBRUARY.  1949 


Technical  Education 

Page  7 


Jets  Are  Jumping 

Page  8 


Octane  Numbers 

Page  10 


For  Upperclossmen 

Page   6 


ENTY-FIVE  CENTS 


Electrolytic  tinning  process 
stretches  tin  supply 

■iiiakes  heller,  less  expensive  liii-plaled  produels 

•pioneered  by  Carnegie- f/lifiois  Steel  Corporation 


►  Rcfore  tlic  war,  almost  all  tin  plate  was  made 
b\'  the  hot-dip  method  in  which  a  sheet  of  steel 
was  coated  by  dipping  it  into  molten  tin.  In 
the  1930's,  Carnegie-Illinois  Steel  Corporation,  a 
member  of  the  United  States  Steel  family,  played 
an  important  role  in  the  research  work  and  the 
technological  development  of  the  electrolytic 
process— an  improved  tinning  method  in  which  a 
strip  of  steel  is  given  a  thin,  uniform  coating  of 
tin  bv  passing  continuously  and  rapidly  through 
a  bath  of  special  plating  solution.  1  his  process 
necessitated  the  development,  by  Carnegie- 
Illinois  engineers,  of  complex  mechanical  equip- 
ment completely  revolutionary  in  the  industry. 

Since  the  electrolytic  process  covers  a  given 
area  of  steel  with  only  one-third  the  amount  of 
tin  that  the  hot-dip  method  requires,  it  makes 
the  tin  supply  go  3  times  as  far. 

Today,  United  States  Steel  Corporation  has 
nine  electrolytic  tin-plating  lines  producing  U'S-S 
Ferrostan.  1  liese  lines  are  helping  to  lower  the 
cost  of  tin-plated  steel  .  .  .  stretch  the  supply  of 
tin— and  make  better  tm-platcd  products. 


Opporluiiilies 


Work  such  .ns  this  h.is  an  import.int  place  in  the  operations  of  all  U.  S.  Stetl 
Subsidi.iries.  To  be  carried  out  successfully,  these  undertakings  require  quali- 
fied technical  men.  Why  not  see  your  Pl.icement  Officer  about  the  book  "Paths 
of  Opportunity  in  U.  S.  Steel"  and  find  out  how  you  can  take  part  in  tliis 
interesting,  important  work? 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  COMPANr  -  AMERICAN  STEEL  i  WIRE  COMPANy  -  CARNEGIEILLINOIS  STEEL  CORPORATION  -  COLUMBIA  STEEL  COMPANY 
H.  C.  FRICK  COKE  AND  ASSOCIATED  COMPANIES  •  GENEVA  STEEL  COMPANY  ■  GERRARO  STEEL  STRAPPING  COMPANY 
MICHIGAN  LIMESTONE  t  CHEMICAL  COMPANY  -  NATIONAL  TUBE  COMPANY  -  OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  COMPANY  -  OLIVER  IRON  MINING  COMPANY 
PinSBURGH  LIMESTONE  CORPORATION  ■  PITTSBURGH  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY  •  TENNESSEE  COAL,  IRON  t  RAILROAD  COMPANY 
UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY  ■  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY  ■  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY  COMPANY 
UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  •  VIRGINIA  BRIDGE  COMPANY 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


you  CAN  BE  SURE...  iFir'sW^stinghoiise 


LET  US  HELP  Y( 
CHART  YOUR  FUTURE 

.  .  .  THROUGH  THE  WESTINGHOUSE 
GRADUATE  TRAINING  COURSE 


"What's  ahead?" "Where  am  I  going?""  'I'oilax .  mon' 

than  ever  hefore,  these  questions  are  prohaliK  |ni/,/.liiig 
you. 

Weslinghouse  has  long  recognized  that  the  transition 
from  college  lo  a  job  in  industry  is  often  a  diflieult  one. 
Your  college  training  has  forged  the  tools  necessary  to 
start  your  career.  Yet  you  may  be  wondering  how  thev 
can  best  be  applied,  and  the  fields  in  which  thev  can 
best  serve  you. 

To  help  you  bridge  this  gap,  Westinghouse  offers  the 
Graduate  Student  Training  Course.  The  chart  at  the 
right  shows  how  you  progress  with  guidance  through 
basic  training,  followed  by  training  in  your  selected 
field,  to  job  placement.  You  may  enter  almost  any  field 
of  engineering,  manufacturing,  sales  or  many  other 
fields — according  to  your  ability,  aptitude  and  personal 
preferences.  During  the  past  fifty  years,  this  course  has 
helped  more  than  15,000  graduates  chart  their  future. 
Why  not  let  it  help  you?  G-10026 


Gel  full  particulars  ahnut  the  Graduate 
Stuavnt  Training  Course  ami  the  oppor- 
tunities open  toyou  nl  II  estintihonse.  Heiiin 
planning  for  your  future  todnv.  ( •et  vour 
free  copy  Of  the  booklet,  "•I'inding  )oiir 
Place  ifi  ludustry^^ , 


PLANTS  IN   25   CITIES  .  .  .  ^^    OFf 


ouse 


OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


ORIENTATION 


BASIC  TRAINING 

MANUFACTURING   ASSIGNMENTS 

• 

TEST  FLOOR  ASSIGNMENTS 

O 

PRODUCT  CONFERENCES 


SELECTION  OF  FIELD 


SALES 
TRAINING 


SALES 
ASSIGNMENTS 

• 
SALES  SCHOOL 


/ 


MANUFACTURING 
TRAINING 

MANUFACTURING 

ASSIGNMENTS 

• 

MACHINE  OPERATION 

• 

MANUFACTURING 

SCHOOL 


ENGINEERING  TRAINING 

ENGINEERING  ASSIGNMENTS 

ENGINEERING  PRINCIPLES  SCHOOL 

^SELECTED   STUDENTS- 


ELECTRICAL 
DESIGN  SCHOOL 


MECHANICAL 
DESIGN  SCHOOL 


♦  i  ♦  ♦  * 

PLACEMENT  IN  JOB 


To  obtain  copy  of  Finding  Your  Place  in  Industry,  consult 
Placement  Officer  of  yonr  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

The  District  Educational  Coordinator 

n  estinghouse  Electric  (Corporation 

20  IS.  IT  acker  Drive,  P.O.  Bo.-c  B,  Zone  90 

Chicago  6,  Illinois 

Name 

College Course 


City_ 


_State_ 


M 


Mtff  ht'untiril  l.nihtt.  K.K.  '  tU 

Kt'ti  MrOirun.  M.K.  '  l» 

II V It r  11  Kithn.  1'li.li.  '."iO 


Winter  Proof  Highway 

Aiiotlu-i  triumph  lor  lii^luvay  cngi- 
ni-i-rin^  will  bi-  rt-ali/.i'ii  with  the  new 
year  when  a  siiow-iiieltiiif;  liii;hwa>  is 
opened   for  use  in   Klamath  Falls,  Ore. 

The  application  of  railiant  heating 
principles  to  a  public  road  will  keep  a 
four-lane  highway  clear  and  skid  free  in 
all  weather.  The  heated  road  section  is 
an  eijiht  per  cent  f;rade,  450  feet  long, 
on  the  Dalles-California  highwa\ ,  lead- 
ing into  Klamath  Kails  from  the  north. 
Heat  is  supplieil  b\  hot  water  from  an 
underground  spring,  circulated  through 
a  network  of  welded,  wrought  iron  pipe 
laid  in  the  concrete.  Work  was  started 
on  the  road  last  spring  after  a  10-inch 
well  had  been  li rilled  and  a  good  flow 
of  hot  water  tapped  at  a  depth  of  390 
feet.  A  coil  of  two-inch  pipe  is  sub- 
merged deep  into  the  well,  which  acts 
as  a  boiler.  A  pump  sends  ordinary 
water  and  anti-freeze  through  the  coil 
where  the  solution  is  heated  to  160 
degrees. 

The  p  u  m  p,  thermostatically  con- 
trolled, begins  to  circulate  the  water 
when  air  temperature  drops  to  freezing 
and  continues  to  operate  until  the  tem- 
perature rises  above  freezing.  Another 
pump  draws  water  from  the  well  since 
it  loses  its  heat  value  as  the  cool  solu- 
tion flows  from  the  road  through  the 
transfer  coil.  Hot  water  then  bubbles 
up  from  the  earth  back  into  the  well. 
In  continuous  operation,  the  system  is 
capable  of  melting  one  inch  of  snow  per 
hour. 

The  New  Look 

In  the  tuturc,  when  you  admire  the 
beautiful  finish  on  refrigerators,  wash- 
ing machines,  sinks,  and  other  products 
finished  in  this  manner,  don't  be  too 
sure  it  is  baked  enamel. 

A  new  finish  called  .Superclad  was 
developed  by  Sherwin-Williams  engi- 
neers, because  bakeil  enamel  can  be  ap- 
plied only  to  a  special  steel.  This  new- 
product,  however,  has  the  advantage  of 
"sticking"  to  such  metals  as  aluminum 
and  low  grade  steels. 

Superclad's  chemical  inertness  is  cer- 
tainly a  desired  property,  especially 
when  it  is  to  be  used  in  industry.  Tests 
on  the  synthetic  enamel  showed  that  it 
could  withstand  acids  and  alkalies  up 
to  eighteen  months,  while  ordinary  top- 
grade  enamel  succumbed  within  forty- 
eisrht  hours. 


F-M  Radio  for  Railroads 

Two-way  radio  communicition  as  an 
aid  to  more  efficient  yard  operation  is 
now  being  used  by  the  Illinois  Central 
railroad.  Station  WMWK  employs  fre- 
quency modulation  at  161.85  mega- 
cycles with  a  power  of  15  watts.  The 
reasonably  effective  range  is  about  15 
miles. 

The  transmitter  is  locateil  in  the 
northbound  "hump"  office  in  the  freight 
car  classification  yard  at  Markham, 
about  20  miles  south  of  Chicago.  The 
main  communication  is  with  the  crews 
of  switch  engines  engaged  in  making 
up  tin-  long  lines  of  freight  trains  which 
mil  down  from  the  "hump." 

High-Visibility   Temperature 
Indicator 

-A  new  liighlv  accurate  temperature 
indicator  can  be  read  even  under  the 
worst  conditions  of  visibility.  This  high 
degree  of  visibility  is  assured  by  contrast- 
ing colors  between  the  background  and 
the  hands  and  numerals,  a  uniform  scale, 
and  shockproof  and  weatherproof  con- 
struction, which  eliminates  fogging  of 
the  glass.  In  such  construction,  reset- 
ting of  the  maximum-temperature  indi- 
cating hand  cannot  be  accomplished  by 
the  usual  knob  protruding  through  the 
glass.  Consequently  the  hand  is  reset 
by  "wiping"  a  small  magnet  over  the 
face  of  the  cover  glass.  The  magnet, 
which  is  .screwed  into  a  hub  on  the  side 
of  the  instrument  for  safe  keeping  when 
not  in  use,  is  attached  to  a  light  chain 
to  prevent  loss.  The  temperature  indi- 
cator can  be  furnished  with  an  alarm 
contact  that  indicates  when  a  pre-set 
temperature  is  reached.  An  oil-tight 
mounting  will  permit  removal  and  re- 
installation of  the  unit  without  changing 
the  oil  level  or  disconnecting  the  trans- 
former. 

Automatic  Flux  Mapping 
Machine 

The  iruisihie  field  of  force  surround- 
ing electrically  charged  pieces  of  metal 
can  automatically  be  represented  on  a 
drawing  board  with  a  new  instrument 
developed  by  the  General  Electric  com- 
pany. This  field  mapping  instrument 
may  be  used  to  study  such  problems  as 
the  flow  of  heat  in  and  around  heated 
objects,  the  magnetic  field  surrounding 
from     the     rocker,     the     "chute"     slows 


an  atom-smasher  magnet,  and  the  twist- 
ing forces  set  up  in  propeller  blades. 

Field  mapping  up  to  this  time  has 
been  a  tedious  process  of  calculation 
and  point  by  point  plotting  of  curves. 
This  new  instrument  can  map  fields 
of  any  two-dimensional  and  many  three- 
dimensional  shapes  in  a  few  hours. 

In  operating  the  instrument,  the  metal 
boundaries  are  connected  to  a  power 
supply  and  submerged  in  a  shallow  tank 
of  water,  which  acts  as  a  conductor  of 
electricity.  Three  small  probes,  extend- 
ing downward  into  the  water  like  minia- 
ture fingers,  are  used  to  pick  up  the 
voltage  which  varies  from  place  to  place. 
These  probes  are  suspended  from  mobile 
equipment  above  the  water.  The  ma- 
chine is  built  so  that  when  the  probes 
move,  they  follow  a  line  of  constant 
voltage.  The  motion  of  the  probes  is  then 
reproduced  on  the  drawing  board  by 
means  of  a  four-foot-long  metal  arm. 
Only  the  center  of  the  three  probes 
actually  follows  the  lines  of  constant 
voltage.  The  outside  probes  serve  as 
guides  which  steer  the  center  probe 
around   the  corners  taken   by  this  line. 

The  same  process  applies  equally  well 
to  heat  problems  and  to  twisting  forces 
in  propeller  blades.  The  lines  of  equal 
temperature  or  strain  are  equivalent  to 
the  constant  \olta2e  lines. 

Supersonic  Parachutes 

The  pilot  of  the  future  may  safely 
escape  from  a  disabled  supersonic  craft 
at  high  altitudes  where  an  ordinal^ 
parachute  would  be  useless.  He  would 
be  enclosed  in  a  bullet-shaped  metal 
"capsule"  with  a  propeller  on  its  tip. 

The  device,  also  called  a  "rotochute" 
and  developed  by  General  Electric  engi- 
neers, is  now  used  in  rocket  research. 
At  present  the  "rotochute"  is  capable 
of  gently  lowering  delicate  instruments 
to  the  ground  from  rockets  flying  as 
high  as  100  miles.  After  being  released 
gradually  from  supersonic  speeds  to 
about  27  miles  per  hour  by  means  of 
its  whirling  propellers  or  vanes  which 
act  as  an  air  brake. 

Although  not  now  intended  for  use 
by  humans,  the  "rotochute"  can  be  re- 
designed so  that  it  could  carry  a  pilot 
and  could  be  fired  by  an  explosive 
charge  from  the  rocket.  The  pilot  could 
then  guide  the  course  of  the  device  by 
controlling  the  pitch  of  its  vanes  and 
could  land  with  greater  accuracy  than 
is  possible  with   a  parachute. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPHJI; 


DON'T  GST  Me  WKONG- 

We  don't  work  with 

ALL  THIS  STUFF! 


For  many  years,  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS 
THIS  ONE  have  appeared  regularly  in  leadirtg 
business  magazines.  Their  primary  purpose  is 
to  build  acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers, 
practically  all  of  whom  come  to  us  from 
leading   engineering   schools    such   as    yours. 


But — Square  D  Field  Engineers  work 
with  the  industries  that  do^  Our  specialty 
is  electrical  distribution  and  control  as  it 
applies  to  any  industry.  Each  has  its  own 
problems.  By  working  with  all  kinds  and 
sizes,  we  encounter  a  lot  of  questions — and 
help  work  out  the  answers.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  our  full-time  job  is  working  with 
industry  —  helping  find  that  "better  way 
to  do  it." 

Through  such  Field  Engineers,  located  in 
more  than  50  offices  in  the  United  States, 


Canada  and  Mexico,  Square  D  does  its 
three-fold  job :  Designs  and  builds  electrical 
distribution  and  control  equipment  in  pace 
with  present  needs — provides  sound  coun- 
sel in  the  selection  of  the  right  equipment 
for  any  given  application  —  anticipates 
trends  and  new  methods  and  speeds  their 
development. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  dis- 
tribution or  control,  call  in  the  nearby 
Field  Engineer.  He'll  help  a  lot  in  finding 
a  "better  way  to  do  it." 


SQUARE  D  COMPANY  CANADA   LTD.,  TORONTO  •  SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.  F. 


EBRUARY,  1949 


Science  Advances 
on  Many  Fronts  at 
Procter  &  Gamble 


Leadership ... 

Leadership  in  one  form  of  science  is  based  on 
teamwork  in  many. 

That's  why  Procter  &  Gamble,  long  a  leader  in  the 
chemical  industry,  also  is  making  important  advances 
in  mechanical,  electrical  and  industrial  engineering. 

At  P  &  G,  every  step  forward  in  chemical  research 


and  development  calls  for  corresponding  progress  in 
processing,  equipment  design,  and  production 
methods. 

Long-range  research  leads  naturally  and  logically 
inU)  practical  production  applications. 

So  now,  as  through  1 12  years  of  progress,  the  key- 
note at  P  &  G  is  scientific  teamwork — close  coopera- 
tion for  continued  progress. 


Procter  &  Gamble 


CINCINNATI    17,     OHIO 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witort Editor 

Phil    Doll hsoc.   Editor 

I^on  Johnson Asst.  Editor 

Kin  McOwan  Asst.  Editor 

(  ;icnn  Massie Asst.  Editor 

(  Icorge  Ricker Asst.  Editor 

Mclviii  Reiter Makeup  Editor 


Reporting 


Art    Dreshfiekl 
Ray  Hansen 
George  Heck 
Averv  Hevesh 


Bruce  M.  Brown 
James  T.  Ephgravt 
W.  K.  Soderstrum 
Henrv  Kahn 


C.  M.  McCIymonds  Robert  E.  Lawrence 
Alfreda  Mallorev     Ed  Lozaiio 
William    D.    Stahl  Wallace    Hopper 
Connie   Minnich       Carl   Blanyer 
Shirlev   Smith  Leonard    Ladof 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley  Diamond Bus.  ]\Igr. 

Fred  Seavey Office  Mgr. 

Dick  Ames Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Dale  Glass Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Smith Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

William  Anderson  Richard    Stevens 
Ira  Evans  Ronald   Trense 

George   Kvitek 


Faculty  Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.   R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


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Chairman :  John  A.  Henry 
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neer,    Drexel     Technical     Journal,     Illinois 
Technograph,   Iowa   EngineeV.   Iowa   Transit, 
Engineer,     Kansas    State    Engineer, 


Kan 

Kentucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic.  Minnesota  Technolog, 
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neer, Oklahoma  State  Engineer,  Penn  State 
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Tech  Engineering  News,  Wayne  Engineer, 
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Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
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I'nMished  eight  times  during  the  year    (Oc- 

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nhill 


Volume  64 


Number  5 


T/ie  Tech  Presents 

• 

ARTICLES 

Can  We  Improve  Technical   Education 7 

Jets   are   Jumping 8 

Stepping  Stones  to  Octane  Numbers 10 

Sales   Engineering 12 

DEPARTMENTS 

New  Developments 2 

Personalities     13 

Navy    Pier 14 

Galesburg     15 

Engineering    Honoraries  and  Societies 16 

Editorial 18 

Vocabulary   Clinic 40 

Technocracks 40 


OUR  COVER 

Air  view  of  the  Northrop  XP-79,  highly  unconventional  twin- 
jet  Flying  Ram,  in  flight  over  Southern  California.  Features  of 
the  XP-79  are  fully  enclosed  cabin  and  jet  engines,  prone- 
position  for  the  pilot  enabling  sharper  turns  and  pull-outs,  and 
over  500  m.p.h.  speed.  (Photo  courtesy  of  Aeronautical  Engineer- 
ing   Review.) 


HiiiiiiK''  Sliiilnils  Take  kk . . . 

c 

Early  next  month,  a  contest  will  be  held  to  determine  which  instructors  are 
considered,  by  vote  of  the  students,  the  most  effective  in  their  teaching  methods. 
The  objectives  of  this  contest,  sponsored  by  the  Engineering  Council  and  the 
Illinois  Technograph,  are  to  promote  an  active  interest  in  the  advancement  of 
effective  teaching,  to  honor  members  of  the  faculty  in  each  department  of  the 
College  of  Engineering,  in  particular,  those  who  are  chosen  by  vote  of  the 
students  as  the  most  effective  teachers,  and  to  bring  about  a  closer  relationship 
among  the  faculty  and  the  students. 

Here's  how  the  contest  will  work: 


Voting    is    open    to    all    juniors    and    seniors    in    engineering. 

Junior  and  senior  engineers  will  cast  three  votes  for  their  most  effective 
instructors,    no    more  than   one   vote   being   cast    in    any   one   department. 

Voting  will  be  for  instructors  in  all  engineering  departments  at  the 
University,  including  chemical  engineering  and  architectural  engineer- 
ing. For  the  purpose  of  this  contest,  mining  and  metallurgy  are  con- 
sidered two  separate  departments.  The  departments  to  be  included  are 
as   follows: 


Aeronautical 

Agricultural 

Architectural 

Ceramics 

Chemical 


Civil 

Electrical 

G.E.D. 

Mechanical 

Metallurgical 


Physics 

Mining 

Theoretical  and 
Applied 
Mechanics 


4.  The  starting  date  of  the  contest  will  be  Wednesday,  March  16,  and  voting 
will  continue  until  Friday,  March   18. 

5.  Between  the  above  dates  you  can  cast  your  votes  either  at  the  special 
booth  to  be  located  outside  Engineering  Hall  or  at  the  ballot  box  In 
your    respective    departmental    office. 

Shortly  after  the  close  of  this  contest  a  special  College  of  Engineering 
convocation  will  be  held  in  the  University  auditorium.  At  that  time  the  win- 
ners of  the  contest  will  be  announced  and  a  plaque,  with  their  names 
inscribed,   will   be  presented. 

Below  are  listed  some  points  which  mark  the  good  instructor.  Before 
deciding  who  your  most  effective  Instructors  are,  consider  these  points  carefully! 


The  good  instructor  .   .   . 

Knows  his  subject  thoroughly 
Is  interested  in  his  field 
Is  orderly,  systematic  and  careful 
Is  always  prepared  for  class 
Has  definite  standards  of  work 


Gives  assignments  which  are  clear 

and    varied 
Gives  tests  that  are  fair  and  grades 

them   accurately 
Keeps  the  student  informed  of  his 

standing 


Remember  to  Cast  Your  Vote ! 

VOTING  DAYS:  MARCH  16  THRU  18,  INCLUSIVE! 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Can  We  Improve  Technical  Edncation? 


Mtif  'loliH  •luhnsun.  31. K,  *•>! 


Can  we  improve  technical  education? 
Certainly  before  the  answer  to  such  a 
question  can  be  determined,  an  analysis 
of  our  teaching  is  in  order. 

Few  people  connected  with  technical 
education  today,  either  in  the  capacity 
of  administrators,  teachers,  or  students 
are  willing  to  say  we  have  reached  the 
ultimate  in  our  teaching  processes.  Is 
it  the  ability  of  the  teacher,  the  atti- 
tude of  the  student,  or  the  process  by 
which  our  teaching  is  done?  Let  us  look 
at  these  factors  separately. 

Our  Teachers 

Are  they  educated  men  or  are  they 
teachers?  Asking  such  a  question  indi- 
cates a  belief  that  there  is  a  distinct  dif- 
ference between  knowledge  and  know- 
ing how  to  teach.  It  is  felt,  with  at 
least  some  justification,  that  too  often  a 
man  is  employed  to  teach  on  a  basis 
other  than  his  teaching  abilitv. 

To  find  the  justification  for  such  a 
statement,  one  has  only  to  review  the 
technical  curricula  of  some  of  our  rep- 
resentative institutions.  This  curricula, 
the  only  preparation  many  of  our  in- 
structors have,  in  many  cases  shows  a 
decided  lack  of  courses  on  teaching 
methods.  Such  is  not  the  case  in  non- 
technical curricula,  for  therein  many 
education  courses  are  offered ;  but  in 
preparing  to  teach  technical  subjects, 
practically  all  the  available  time  is  spent 
in  acquiring  that  technical  knowledge 
which  is  to  be  imparted  to  others  at  a 
later  time. 

A  frequently  he.ird  comment  of  stu- 
dents today  is,  "He  knows  his  subject, 
but  can't  teach  it."  If  such  comments 
have  basis,  there  must  be  requisites  of 
a  good  teacher ;  requisites  which  some 
of  our  teachers  in  technical  schools  do 
not  have.  Let  us  enumerate  but  a  few : 
(1)  the  technical  knowledge,  (2)  the 
desire  to  teach  and  work  with  others, 
(3)  the  personality  for  teaching,  (4) 
the  ability  to  teach. 

Before  we  discuss  these  factors,  let 
us  divide  our  present  day  faculties  into 
two  groups,  which  we  may  call  the 
"stop-gap"  and  "normal"  groups.  Such 
classifications  certainly  overlap,  and  are 
not  to  indicate  definite  segregation. 

The  "stop-gap"  groLip  came  into 
being  as  a  result  of  the  second  world 
war.  The  return  of  thousands  of  vet- 
erans,   along   with    the   normal    flow   of 

FEBRUARY,  1949 


high  school  graduates,  presented  an 
almost  insatiable  demand  for  instructors. 
Few  colleges  or  universities  in  this  coun- 
try had  sufficient  faculties  to  handle  the 
tremendous  rush  to  college  which  took 
place  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Additional 
teachers  were  required  almost  immedi- 
ately; certainly  more  quickly  than  our 
normal  process  of  training  teachers 
could  supply.  What  was  the  alternati\e? 


This  first-place  winner  of  the  re- 
cent Tau  Beta  Pi  pledge  competion 
treats  a  very  wortliy  subject — edu- 
cation. By  discussing  the  attitudes 
of  teacliers  and  students  and  anal- 
ysing teaching  methods,  the  author 
shows  conclusively  that  there  is 
much  room  for  improvement  in  our 
present  educational  system. 


The  i)nl\'  apparent  answer  was  to  draft 
into  the  service  of  teaching  those  people 
who  had  finished  undergraduate  work, 
and  who  were  remaining  in  school  to 
work  on  advanced  degrees.  IVIany  of 
these  people  had  no  desire  to  teach,  but 
accepted  employment  as  instructors  as  a 
means  of  partial  support.  Many,  al- 
though technically  trained,  had  no  par- 
ticular ability  to  teach.  Some  liad  per- 
sonalities not  conducive  to  instructing 
others. 

A  look  at  some  of  our  great  technical 
experts  serves  to  prove  there  is  a  place 
for  those  who  prefer  to  work  alone.  But 
how  many  of  our  great  educators  have 
been  men  whose  best  work  was  done  in 
the  confines  of  their  own  offices  or 
laboratories?  The  need  for  the  desire 
to  teach  and  the  personality  for  teaching 
seems  apparent.  It  suffices  to  say  that 
ability  is  essential. 

Can  we  condemn  this  group  who  is 
teaching  as  a  means  to  an  end,  who  is 
using  a  faculty  position  as  a  stepping 
stone  to  an  advanced  degree?  No,  rather 
they  are  to  be  profoiuidly  thanked  for 
the  service  they  are  rendering.  But  as 
we  approach  the  normal  flow  of  stu- 
dents again,  e\ery  effort  should  be  made 
to  reduce  within  appropriate  limits,  this 
group  who  have  tried  to  combine  teach- 
ing others  with  advanced  studies  of  their 
own.  Either  seems  to  be  a  full-time  job, 
with  the  result  that  a  mixtm'e  of  the 
two  only  dilutes  the  success  of  each. 

The    "normal"    group    includes    those 


people  who  have  chosen  teaching  as  a 
career,  are  qualified  technically,  and 
have  the  ability  and  required  personal 
traits  to  teach.  This  group  is  to  include 
all  those  who  do  well  the  job  of  their 
choice.  Obviously,  an  expansion  of  this 
category  is  desirable,  but  also  difficult. 
Many  men  who  could  have  potentially 
been  great  teachers  are  in  industry 
today.  The  reason  is  economic.  Today, 
many  students  feel  sincerely  that  they 
would  like  teaching  as  a  career,  but  are 
forced  to  pass  the  choice  by,  afraid  of 
the  economic  shortcomings  involved. 
Certainly,  we  have  no  right  to  expect 
men  to  enter  the  field  of  teaching, 
when  that  very  entry  means,  in  many 
cases,  great  financial  loss.  When  ami 
only  when  the  people  of  this  country 
are  willing  to  "pay  the  price"  for  good 
teachers,  through  taxation  or  otherwise, 
can  we  expect  this  group  to  be  expanded. 
This  so-called  normal  group,  natural- 
ly includes  good,  fair,  and  poor  teachers, 
but  an  expansion  of  this  category  woidd, 
by  the  normal  process  of  competition, 
eliminate  those  not  qualified  for  the  job 
they  chose,  as  is  the  case  in  any  field. 

Our  Students 

What  student  factors  greatly  affect 
the  success  of  technical  education  ?  Prob- 
ably the  three  most  important  are  abil- 
ity, aptitude,  and  attitude.  The  casualty 
rate  in  our  technical  schools  indicates 
that  too  great  a  percentage  do  not  have 
the  ability  to  master  technical  subjects. 
In  many  cases,  a  lack  of  aptitude  for 
the  chosen  curricula  is  evident.  How 
about  attitudes?  Certainly  they  are  not 
all  that  is  to  be  desired  in  many  cases. 
Let  us  examine  each  of  these  factors 
separately. 

One  possible  cause  of  inabilit\  to  mas- 
ter technical  subjects  lies  in  the  lower 
level  education  of  our  students.  It  is 
very  possible  that  students  in  high 
school  delay  too  long  the  choice  to  stud\ 
technical  subjects,  and  hence  fail  to 
adequately  prepare  themselves  for  their 
college  work.  Many  returning  veterans 
have  been  unable  to  readjust  themselves 
to  the  study  processes  required.  At  least 
some  justification  must  be  given  the 
theor\  that  many  students  enter  college 
at  too  young  an  age  to  be  fully  capable 
of  mastering  technical  subjects. 

Little  can  be  said  about  the  lack  of 
(Continued   on   page  22) 


JETS   ARE   JUMPING 


Itfi  00*'«prffv  Kivlivr.  Avru.K.  'lit 


As  time  follows  time  aiul  man  gathers 
new  knowledge,  startling  and  revolu- 
tionary creations  are  produced  in  the 
fields  of  industry.  However,  the  advent 
of  these  new  products  is  not  wholly  one 
of  recent  research  hut  the  growth  of  a 
feeble  idea  in  the  minds  of  ancient 
scientists.  This  is  very  true  of  the  latest 
development  in  aeronautics — jets.  The 
jets  which  are  seen  streaking  across  the 
sky  today  are  reminders  of  a  long  re- 
search process  which  began  before  the 
birth  of  Christ  and  has  continued  up  to 
the  present  day. 

Hero,  an  Alexandrian  philosopher, 
began  this  research  by  the  construction 
of  an  aeolipile  in  130  B.C.  This  aeoli- 
pile  was  a  hollow  sphere  supported  be- 
tween two  pillars.  One  of  the  pillars 
was  hollow,  and  steam  was  transmitted 
through  this  pillar  into  the  sphere. 
There  were  two  jets  located  diametri- 
cally opposite  of  each  other  on  the 
sphere,  and  as  the  steam  was  released 
through  the  jets,  the  sphere  rotated  on 
the  pillars.  However,  at  that  time  there 
was  no  explanation  for  this  result,  and 
the  progress  of  jet  propulsion  was  mired 
down  for  18  centuries  until  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  introduced  his  third  law  of 
motion.  This  law,  which  states  that  for 
every  action  there  is  an  equal  and  op- 
posite reaction,  was  presented  to  the 
public  in  1687,  along  with  his  other 
works,  in  a  volume  entitled  " Principia." 
The  explanation  of  jet  reaction  which 
this  law  provided  brought  about  new 
enthusiasm.  Scientists  renewed  the  in- 
vestigation of  jet  propulsion.  The  re- 
sults of  the  experiments  were  not  \ery 
encouraging  though,  and  the  most  prac- 
tical thing  designed  was  a  four-wheel 
"steam  carriage"  accredited  to  (iirave- 
sande.  This  carriage  was  propelled  by 
releasing  steam  through  a  jet  at  the 
rear  of  the  carriage. 

Hy  the  middle  of  the  18th  century 
another  lull  had  developed  in  the  field 
of  jet  reaction.  This  lull  was  not  in- 
fringed upon  until  the  beginning  of  the 
20th  century. 

At  the  start  of  the  20th  century  the 
inventors  began  to  focus  their  thoughts 
upon  the  use  of  jet  reaction  to  propel 
aircraft.  In  1903,  Avery,  an  American, 
visioned  a  helicopter  with  steam  jets 
at  the  tips  of  the  blades  to  produce  ro- 
tation. However,  the  steam  plants  were 


too  lu';i\\    for  tin's  purpose,  and  a  model 
was   ne\(T   nuide. 

In  1908,  Lorin,  a  French  engineer, 
proposed  a  multi-cylinder  construction 
or  wing  installation.  The  layout  was  an 
inline  reciprocating  engine  with  diverg- 
ent no/./.les  attached  in  such  a  way  that 
the  pistons  woidd  force  the  exhaust 
through  these  nozzles.  The  unit  was  to 
use  only  jet  reaction  for  propulsion  and 
no  power  was  taken  off  of  the  crank- 
shaft. The  mass  of  air  handled  by  this 
power    |ilant    was    inadequate,    and    the 


It  is  very  possible  that  you  have 
seen  a  jet  plane  streak  across  the 
sky  and  wondered  about  the  de- 
velopment and  operation  of  its 
revolutionary,  jet  propulsion 
engine. 

This  artiele  presents  the  history 
of  the  jet  engine  and  explains  the 
operation  of  the  four  basic  types  of 
jets — the  ram-jet,  pulse-jet,  radial 
flow  turbo-jet,  and  axial  flow 
turbojet. 


thrust  obtained  was  far  too  small.  Lorin 
had  made  a  start  in  the  right  direction 
though,  and  inventors  realized  that  the 
solution  was  a  device  which  would  in- 
crease the  mass  of  air  used  and  thus 
develop  more  thrust. 

In  1917  a  Frenchman,  Morize,  pro- 
posed an  "ejector"  scheme  which  em- 
ployed a  convergent-divergent  nozzle. 
An  engine  drove  the  compressor  and  a 
fuel  pump.  The  fuel  and  compressed  air 
were  delivered  to  a  combustion  cham- 
ber and  the  combustion  gases  were  dis- 
charged through  the  combustion 
chamber  nozzle  into  the  con\ergent- 
dixergent  ejector  tube.  This  process 
utilized  a  large  amount  of  air,  and  the 
thrust  was  increased.  In  the  same  year 
H.  S.  Harris,  of  Esher,  devised  a  pro- 
pulsive unit  which  employed  two  ejector 
rubes.  However,  Harris'  ejector  tubes 
were  divergent-convergent  nozzles,  just 
the  opposite  of  Morize's.  Harris  used 
an  engine  to  run  the  compressor,  but  the 
fuel  was  sucked  into  the  combustion 
chamber  and  the  fuel  pump  was  elimi- 
nated. No  attempt  was  made  to  piit 
either  Morize's  or  Harris'  >uiits  into 
an  airplane. 


In  1930,  Whittle,  a  British  airforce 
man,  tried  to  get  the  British  govern- 
ment interested  in  a  jet  unit  composed 
of  a  radial  compressor  and  a  gas  tur- 
bine which  was  used  to  run  the  com- 
pressor. The  British  refused  it  on  the 
grounds  that  the  practical  difficulties 
were  far  too  numerous. 

From  1917  up  to  the  niidille  of  the 
1930's  the  progress  was  slow  and  the 
work  was  still  being  done  mostly  as  an 
imlividual  interest. 

The  first  nation  to  start  a  large-scale 
research  program  was  Germany.  In 
U'34  three  (jerman  aircraft  companies, 
Junkers,  Heinkel,  and  B.M.W.,  were 
assigned  the  task  of  producing  jet  units 
to  be  used  in  the  aircraft  which  ]Mes- 
sersmidt.  Junkers,  and  Heinkel  were 
designing. 

Two  years  later,  in  England,  Whittle 
formed  the  Power  Jet,  Ltd.,  with  hope 
of  building  a  workable  jet  unit.  The 
British  government  was  still  very  un- 
concerned about  the  matter  and  did  not 
offer  Whittle  any  encouragement. 

Later  in  that  same  year  the  Jimkers 
company  in  Germany  started  the  layout 
for  the  Jumo-004  jet  unit. 

Meanwhile,  Whittle  had  been  con- 
structing his  radial  compressor  jet,  and 
in  1937  it  was  given  the  first  test  run. 
The  results  were  very  discouraging. 
There  was  still  a  great  deal  of  work  to 
be  done  on  the  compressor  and  the  com- 
bustion chamber.  However,  the  British 
Air  Ministry  was  beginning  to  take  an 
interest  in  Whittle's  jet,  and  the  con- 
struction of  another  unit  was  started  im- 
mediately. This  unit  was  completed  in 
1938.  A  test  run  of  the  second  jet 
brought  about  severe  damage  to  the 
unit.  Therefore,  Whittle  began  the  de- 
sign of  another  luilt. 

During  this  time  the  Heinkel  com- 
pany of  Germany  was  finishing  the  re- 
search of  the  HeS-3  jet  unit,  ami  in 
1939  this  vuiit  was  installed  in  the 
He-178  airplane.  On  August  27,  193'i, 
the  He-178  took  off  for  the  worl(r> 
first  jet  propelled  flight.  However,  the 
HeS-3  unit  developed  less  than  1,500 
poimds  of  thrust  and  was  not  put  into 
production.  Junkers  also  finished  the 
Jumo-004  in  1939  but  it  was  not  flight- 
tested  until  later.  The  Jumo-004  de- 
veloped 1,760  pounds  of  thrust  and  had 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


better  prospects  than  the  Heinkel  unit. 
Meanwhile,  Whittle  was  working 
hard  on  the  WIX,  his  new  jet  unit. 
The  WIX  was  finished  in  1941  and 
was  installed  in  the  Gloster  E-28  air- 
plane. On  May  15  of  that  same  year, 
the  Gloster  E-28  made  the  first  British 
jet  propelled  flight.  By  this  time  a  large 
number  of  British  aircraft  companies 
«ere  beginning  designs  for  jet  units. 

In  1941,  General  H.  H.  Arnold  ot 
the  U.  S.  Army  Air  Forces  visited  Eng- 
land and  arranged  to  have  one  of  the 
Whittle  jet  units  shipped  to  America. 
The  Americans  were  behind  in  the  field 
of  jets,  and  in  order  to  speed  up  produc- 
tion of  an  American  jet  unit,  the  job 
of  construction  was  given  to  the  General 
Electric  company  whose  personnel  were 
experienced  in  turbosuperchargers.  By 
1942  the  General  Electric  company  had 
developed  the  I-A  jet  unit.  During  the 
construction  of  the  I-A  jet  engine,  the 
Bell  Aircraft  company  designed  and 
completed  the  XP-59A  for  the  purpose 
of  housing  two  of  the  I-A  units.  The 
jet  units  and  the  airplane  were  ship|ied 
to  Muroc  Lake,  California,  and  as- 
sembled. On  October  1,  1942,  the  XP- 
S9A  took  off  for  the  first  jet  propelled 
flight  in  America.  The  following  year 
the  Cieneral  Electric  company  tinned 
out  the  1-40  jet  unit  which  was  to  be 
installed   in   the   XP-8(I. 

Howe\ei',  the  (lermans  were  still 
aheail  in  jet  development,  and  in  1944 
they  commenced  mass  production  of  the 
Jumo-()04B  jet  unit  and  the  ME-262 
aircraft.  Late  in  1944  the  ME-262  was 
put  into  action  against  Allied  bombers. 

The  Germans  were  defeated  before 
they  could  do  much  more  with  jet  pro- 
pulsion, but  the  Americans  and  British 
have  continued  to  improve  jet  engines 
and  the  planes  which  house  these  engines. 

The  jet  propidsive  units  that  are 
being  built  by  the  Americans  and  Brit- 
ish can  be  cataloged  into  four  divisions: 
}ijcket,  pulse  jet,  ram  jet,  and  turbo  jet. 

Although  the  rocket  employs  jet 
reaction  for  its  propulsive  power,  it  is 
somewhat  different  from  the  other  jet 
units.  The  rocket  is  not  an  air-breathing 
unit;  it  carries  its  own  oxygen  or  oxi- 
dizing agent  along  with  its  fuel.  There 
are  two  types  of  rockets :  (  1  )  those 
which  use  solid  fuel,  and  (2)  those 
which  use  liquid  fuel.  The  fuel  is 
burned  in  a  combustion  chamber  and 
the  combustion  gases  are  emitted 
through  a  nozzle  at  the  rear  of  the 
rocket. 

The  rockets  at  the  present  time  aie 
used  for  assisted  take-offs  of  aircraft  ami 
for  guided  and  unguided  missiles.  One 
of  the  greatest  handicaps  of  rockets 
today  is  the  large  amount  of  fuel  which 
(Continued   on   page   30) 


The  Xf2Hl    Banshee  was   built  for  the   U.   S.   Navy  by  McDonnell.  {Photo 
Courtesy  of  Aero  Digest.) 


Wing   tanks  give   the   Republic    P-84   Thunderjet   a    range   of   over    1000 
miles.  (Photo  Courtesy  of  Flying.) 


First  A.  A.  F.  fighter  in  the  600  m.p.h.  speed  class  was  the  P-84.  (Photo 
Courtesy  of  Aeronautical  Engineering   Review.) 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


Steppiiio  Stones  to  Odaiie 


itfi    n'ulttnw  llttppvr.  ^I.K.  'SiO 


Whoops!  Wait  a  minute!  I  looked 
again  and  drew  to  a  stop  just  inside 
the  south  door  of  the  mechanical  engi- 
iieering  laboratory.  What's  this?  An 
Kthyl  Series  30  knock  test  engine!  A 
glance  at  the  name  plate  verified  it. 
This  very  engine  was  one  of  the  step- 
ping stones  in  the  story  of  the  dcM-iop- 
nient  of  "octane  number." 

"(Octane  number"  is  a  laboratorv 
e\aluation  of  the  anti-knock  quality  of 
a  fuel.  Knock,  or  detonation,  is  that 
disagreeable  little  pinging  sound  which 
many  drivers  of  cars  hear  when  they 
are  going  up  a  hill,  beating  the  other 
guy  away  from  the  stop  sign,  or  pass- 
ing another  car.  It  is  caused  by  the  sec- 
ondary self-ignition  of  the  vuiburned 
portion  of  the  charge  in  the  c\linder 
because  of  the  rapid  rise  in  pressure 
and  temperature  following  the  priniar\' 
firing. 

Several  factors  combine  to  determine 
the  degree  of  disgust  which  the  driver 
may  feel  toward  his  car  during  the  pe- 
riods of  knocking.  These  are  ( 1 )  com- 
pression ratio,  (2)  jacket  temperature, 
(3)  spark  advance,  (4)  air-fuel  ratio, 
(5)  speed,  (6)  combustion  chamber  de- 
sign, (7)  temperature  of  air-fuel  mix- 
ture, and   (8)   fuel  type. 

The  phenomenon  of  detonation  is 
common  to  internal-combustion  engines 
used  on  the  ground  and  in  the  air.  In 
the  aircraft  engine,  this  characteristic 
is  a  very  serious  consideration,  because 
it  can  rapidly  produce  a  destructive  con- 
dition at  the  piston. 

Knock  determination  was  an  individ- 
ual research  problem  among  the  indus- 
tries in  the  eight  years  preceding  1928. 
Methods  employed  for  establishing  a 
relative  knock  rating  for  fuels  were 
many;  there  is  no  absolute  rating,  (^ne 
method,  used  by  H.  R.  Ricardo,  a  Brit- 
ish engineer,  was  to  determine  the  com- 
pression ratio  which  would  produce  a 
light  knock.  This  ratio  was  designated 
as  the  highest  useful  compression  ratio 
(HUCR)  of  the  fuel.  The  intensity 
was  judged  by  aural  means  and  was 
standardized  periodically  using  a  fuel 
of  a  given  value. 

Chemical  analysis  was  attempted,  as 
was  power  output  and  spark  advance, 
in  trying  to  evaluate  the  degree  of 
knock;  after  much  investigation  along 
these  lines,  it  became  obvious  that  onl\ 
an   engine   test   could    give    the    desired 


the  w 
members,  is  o  |unior  in  mc- 
chonicol  engineering  from 
Alton,     Illinois 

Born  on  October  6,  1909, 
Wolly  hos  spent  18  of  his 
ycors  working  in  the  pe- 
troleum industry-  Fifteen  of 
these  years  were  devoted 
to  anti-knock  testing, 
which      certainly      qualifies 


•ite 


utho 


WALLACE    HOPPER 


tivcly     on     the     subject     o 

Returning  to  school  at 
ter  such  a  long  time  ii 
industry  was  surely  a  dif 
ficult  but  wise  decisioi 
for  Wolly  to  make.  How 
ever,  after  groduation  hi 
plans    to   return    to   his   for 


results.  When  using  an  engine,  the  only 
satisfactory  substitute  for  the  aural 
method  is  the  "bouncing  pin."  Its  essen- 
tia! parts  are  shown  in  Figure  2.  As 
the  pressure  in  the  cylinder  rises,  due 
to  the  fuel  combustion,  it  flexes  the 
diaphragm  which  in  turn  allows  an 
electrical  contact,  and  a  current  flows. 
In  the  early  development,  the  current 
went  through  an  acid  mixture,  thus 
evolving  a  measurable  amoiuit  of  hydro- 
gen. The  pressure  in  the  cylinder  must 
be  of  the  magnitude  to  produce  knock 
before  this  takes  place.  Later,  a  knock 
meter  was  substituted  for  the  hydrogen 
e\olution    process. 

B\'   1028,  it  hail   become  ob\ious  that 


tor  marketing  reasons  some  uniform 
method  of  knock  determination  had  to 
lie  devised.  With  this  in  mind,  the  Co- 
operative Fuels  Research  committee, 
made  up  of  members  from  the  American 
Petroleum  Institute,  Societ\  of  Auto- 
motive Engineers,  and  The  National 
Bureau  of  Standards,  set  up  a  sub-com- 
mittee on  detonation. 

The  sub-committee  decided  on  three 
primary  objectives  as  necessary  to  a 
standard  test:  (1)  a  test  engine,  (2) 
a  scale  of  measurement,  and  (3)  a  re- 
producible method.  Success  culminated 
their  efforts  in  1932.  During  the  in- 
tervening period,  much  work  and 
tliought  had  taken  place ;  here  is  the 
niche  which  is  partially  filled  by  the 
Fthyl   Series  30  engine. 


The  dictionai-y  defines  a  step- 
ping-stone as  a  means  of  progress 
or  advancement.  As  such,  the 
Ethyl  Series  30  engine  has  a  place 
among  the  many  stepping-stones 
used  in  the  development  of  the 
term  "octane  number."  Octane 
number,  although  usually  thought 
so.  is  not  self-identifying.  There 
are  four  types.  This  article  points 
out  the  justification  for  the  sev- 
eral types,  the  manner  in  which 
they  differ,  and  the  methods  used 
to  determine  them. 


Fig.  1.  C.  F.  R.  engine  tests  motor 
fuels  for  knock  characteristics  of 
motor  fuels. 


It  is  interesting  to  note  the  im- 
portant part  the  predecessor  of  this  en- 
gine played  in  the  development  of  the 
anti-knock  compound  tetra-ethyl  lead. 
The  unit  was  originally  produced  as  a 
small  lighting  plant  by  C.  F.  Kettering 
of  the  General  Motors  corporation,  but 
because  of  the  hazards  connected  with 
gasoline  storage,  kerosene  was  consid- 
ered as  a  fuel.  Knocking  and  loss  of 
power  immediately  followed  the  change 
of    fuel. 

It  was  thought,  by  analogy,  that 
other  engines  must  act  similarly.  So 
tile  search  was  on  to  find  some  sub- 
stance which  would  raise  the  resistance 
of  a  fuel  to  knock.  Thomas  Midgle\ 
;ind  T.  A.  Boyd,  two  veterans  at  knock 
research,  were  given  the  problem  of 
finding  the  material.  They  did,  after 
investigating  30,000  compounds.  Tetra- 
etliyl  lead,  or  more  familiarly,  lead,  was 
the  answer. 


10 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


5^ 


^sgti//V£V/V<y  ^/v 


/=/«=J"J6'<r'/? 


After  considering  several  engines,  the 
committee  approved  one  which  had  been 
developed  by  the  Waukesha  IVIotor  com- 
pany, Waukesha,  Wisconsin.  This  test- 
ing unit  is  shown  in  Figure  1.  Basicalh, 
this  engine  has  remained  unchanged 
since  its  development.  It  is  a  single- 
cylinder,  variable-compression  unit,  with 
overhead  valves,  and  has  3'4-inch  bore 
and  4j/-inch  stroke. 

The  next  consideration,  a  scale  of 
measurement,  was  answered  by  Dr. 
Ciraham  Edgar,  of  Eth\l  Gasoline  cor- 
poration, who  suggested  the  use  of  the 
pure  chemicals  iso-octane  (2,  2.  4-tri- 
methyl  pentane)  and  normal  heptane; 
the  former  being  arbitrarily  assigned  the 
value  of  100  and  the  latter  0.  An  "oc- 
tane number"  of  a  fuel  was  established 
as  equal  to  the  percentage  of  iso-octane 
in  the  normal  heptane  required  to  give 
knock  intensity  equal  to  that  of  the 
fuel  under  test,  when  nui  under  the 
specified  conditions  of  test  and  in  the 
designated  engine.  These  fuels  are  ideal- 
ly suited  for  the  purpose  because  they 
have  similar  physical  properties  and  are 
unreactive  to  change  in  engine  condi- 
tions. 

Because  of  their  cost,  approximately 
$30    per    gallon    at    that    time,    it    was 


necessary  to  set  up  secondary  standards 
for  routine  use.  Of  course,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  engine,  these  fuels  were  not  im- 
mediately obvious,  and  it  required  con- 
siderable elimination  of  other  possibil- 
ities before  they  were  approved. 

Finally,  for  complete  success  of  the 
initial  "mission,"  the  method  was  de- 
fined. This  original  method,  presenth 
called  the  research  method,  although 
suffering  minor  changes  through  the 
years,  is  still  a  factor  in  determining 
fuel  characteristics.  Its  features  are  out- 
lined in  Table   I . 

_.  CAR    NUMBER 

L,_l 

^  I  234  55  6  769IOI01II21314IS 


u 

1— 
< 

90 

2 

80 

o 

70 

< 

60 

z 

50 

v9 

6 

40 

(- 

30 

z 
u 

20 

o 

bJ 
O 

10 
0 

t 


■" — • -i  4——" 


t       nt        »      * 


Average 


Fig.  3.  Road  knock  ratings  of  one 
fuel  are  shown  for  several  makes 
of  cars. 

The  octane  number  of  an  unknown 
fuel  is  determined  by  putting  the  un- 
known fuel  in  one  of  three  carburetors, 
setting  the  carburetor  to  the  maximum 
knock  mixture  strength,  and  noting  the 
meter    reading.    This    reading    is    then 


Table  1—  Operating  Conditions  for  Laboratory  Knock  Test  Methods^ 


Jacket     Humldlt^ 

temp  ,       int.   air 

F  gr /lb. 


Fuel- 
air 
rotio 


Determined 
by 


A.S.T.M.   D908-47T 
Research    Method 
Formerly  CRC   F-1 

.\.S.T.M.  D357-47 

Motor   Method 
Formerly  CRC   F-2 

A.S.T.M.   n6l4-47T 
Formerly  CRC   F-3  1 

.Aviation    Method 
Fuels  of  70  O.N.  or  over 
at   a   lean   fuel-air   ratio 

A.S.T.M.   D909-47T 
Formerly   CRC    F-4  1 

Supcrch'ge   Avia.   Meth. 

Fuels  of  85  O.N.  or  over 
at  knock  limited  power, 
under  supercharge  rich 
mixture    conditions 


max. 

600 

13.0 
Variable 

212 

25 

-50 

125 
100 

knock 

900 

auto. 

212 

""* 

-50 

mixture 
300 

max. 

knock 

200 

35 

374 

25 

-50 

125 

mixture 

220 

max. 

thermo 

plug 

bouncing 
pin 


bouncing 
pin 


thermo- 
couple 


Note:  Fuel  injection 


•See:   1947  Supplement  to  Book  of  A  S.T.M.   Standards,   Port 

Philadelphia,   Pc  ,    IQ-l': 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


II   A,   American  Society  for  Testing  Materials, 


<?  SO  ^O  60  So  /oo 

Fig.  4.  Motor  and  research  methods 
with  the  1932  road  tests  are  com- 
paratively   plotted. 

bracketed  with  fuel  blends  of  known 
octane  \alues  b\-  putting  them  in  the 
other  two  carburetors  and  adjusting  for 
like  conditions.  An  interpolation  of  the 
readings  gives  the  equivalent  rating  of 
the   unknown   fuel. 

The  answer  had  been  foimd  so  far  as 
the  laboratory  measurement  of  knock 
was  concerned,  but  another  very  im- 
portant question  arose.  How  would 
these  laboratory  results  correlate  with 
the  knock  as  foimd  in  the  car  on  the 
load  ?  To  solve  this,  a  hill  near  Union- 
town,  Pennsylvania,  was  chosen  in  1932 
as  a  site  for  road  tests,  and  representa- 
tives of  15  oil  companies  and  automo- 
tive companies  rated  15  fuels  in  several 
cars  of  different  makes.  These  fuels 
were  rated  at  the  point  of  maximum 
knock  encountered  during  the  run  up 
the  hill.  The  results  were  interesting 
since  knock  is  a  function  of  compres- 
sion ratio,  air-fuel  ratio,  speed,  spark 
advance,  and  air-fuel  temperature,  and 
no  one  of  these  is  exactly  the  same  in 
any  two  cars,  or  for  that  matter,  in  any 
two  cylinders  of  a  given  car.  Wide 
variations  were  found  in  rating  the  same 
fuel  in  the  diffenent  cars.  Figure  3 
shows  how  one  fuel  rated  against  the 
secondary  reference  fuels  in  use  at  that 
time.  The  extreme  difference  represent- 
ed about  five  octane  numbers.  The  re- 
producibility of  the  laboratory  engine 
was   ±0.5  octane  number. 

With  road  data  in  hand,  the  group 
tested  the  identical  fuels  by  the  research 
method  at  the  Waukesha  Motor  com- 
pany laboratory.  The  degree  of  corre- 
lation between  the  average  road  test  and 
the  laboratory  ratings  is  shown  in  the 
Figure  4.  On  the  basis  of  this  work, 
a  revision  of  the  laboratory  method 
was  necessary.  Additional  investigation 
brought  about  the  more  severe  motor 
method ;  its  specifications  are  listed  in 
Table  1.  The  usefulness  of  the  two 
methods  lies  in  the  ability  to  determine 
the  effect  of  engine  conditions  on  a 
knock  rating.  The  following  table  lists 
a  icw  data  by  both  methods. 

(Continued   on   page  24) 


11 


SALES    ENGINEERING 

«f/  It  i:  It. \  A  It  If  LliSTIilt 

Suh's  Mttiitifivr   Wvsliiifilnniso  Klvvlriv  I'or/ntration 


Sixty  Jays  ago  the  new  plant  for 
building  pumps  would  have  been  a  great 
place  for  an  entertainment:  walls  glis- 
tening, floor  big  enough  for  a  roller 
skating  rink.  Hut  now  the  steady  fluor- 
escent light  from  the  ceiling  sheds  its 
bright  rays  over  long  rows  of  machine 
tools,  conveyors,  and  spotless  work 
tables.  Not  only  a  safe,  efficient  layout, 
but  a  pleasing  place  to  work. 

It  had  all  come  about  through  the 
persistent  skill  of  the  works  engineer 
and  his  crew,  and  sales  engineers  repre- 
senting suppliers  of  machine  tools,  ma- 
terial handling  equipment,  and  other 
suppliers  of  just  the  right  apparatus  for 
the  job.  Back  of  it  all  were  the  stock- 
holders' dollars  wisely  spent  by  the 
folks  up  top  for  capital  equipment.  A 
buildinti  itself  years  ago  was  90  per 
cenr  of  the  investment.  But  now  the 
tables  have  turned.  The  "house,"  im- 
portant enough,  is  designed  to  enclose 
a  whole  array  of  carefully  engineereil 
apparatus,  many  times  its  value. 

Machines?  Plenty  of  them.  And  here 
they  were  ali\e;  all  were  selected  and 
tailored  for  one  particular  job.  Motion 
and  power  with  infinite  exactness  all 
engineered  to  perform  one  particular 
duty:  make  high-grade  pumps,  efficient- 
ly and  profitably. 

In  accomplishing  such  a  result,  the 
work  of  the  sales  engineer  is  seldom 
recognized.  To  the  casual  observer  the 
credit  for  producing  all  this  productive 
apparatus  goes  to  the  men  at  the  sup- 
plier's headquarters  who  designed  and 
built  it,  and  to  the  people  who  own  and 
run  the  plant  where  it  is  installed.  But 
to  the  capable  and  resourceful  sales  en- 
gineer should  go  much  of  the  credit  for 
intelligence  in  putting  the  various  tools 
to  their  proper  use.  His  job  is  never 
done,  until  what  he  sells  is  properly  en- 
gineered and  in  place,  continually  pro- 
ducing the  full  service  for  which  it  was 
intended. 

Exactly  what  does  this  sales  engineer 
representing  the  apparatus  manufac- 
turer do?  He  is  an  engineer,  a  practical 
economist,  and  a  promotional  force — 
these,  all  in  one.  He  must  know  his 
customer's  processes  and  problems  and 
be  able  to  solve  them.  He  must  know 
the  design  and  construction  and  opera- 
f';';j;  factors  of  what  he  sells.  And  too, 
he  must  know  jieople,  how  their  minds 
work,   from  the  customer's  engineers   to 


12 


the    purchasing    agent    who    places    the 
onler. 

Sales  engineering  during  recent  years 
has  jumped  by  leaps  and  bounds  into 
a  position  of  singular  importance. 
Everjone  knows  the  age  in  which  we 
are  living  is  becoming  increasingly  me- 
chanical, but  technical  products  are  use- 
less uidess  skillfulh    applied. 

Saving  the  old  horse  and  buggy  with 
pamt  and  repair  no  longer  works.  Ma- 
chinery and  equipment  are  on  the  move. 
There  are  better  designs  each  year,  with 
new  operations  to  perform.  Results 
come  in  the  ever-expanding  use  of  capi- 
tal goods,  through  spending  wisely,  with 
a  keen  knowledge  of  depreciation  and 
possible  output  and   earning  power. 

With  all  this  progress  has  come  a 
great  change  in  the  art  of  selling  pro- 
ductive equipment.  Years  ago  the  ma- 
chinery salesman  was  a  high-powered 
entertainer.  For  instance,  he  knew 
scarcely  more  about  the  power  plant  ap- 
paratus to  be  sold  to  the  village  than 
the  city  fathers  themselves,  as  they  ac- 
cepted his  entertainment  and  sometimes 
his  graft.  Sales  engineering  today  is  a 
serious  job,  requiring  talents  of  a  high 
order.  Yet  we  still  associate  with  selling 
the  idea  of  persuasion  to  buy  that  which 
one  may  not  actually  need.  Not  so  with 
the  sales  engineer.  He  does  not  grab  the 
order  and  disappear.  He  must  live  with 
his  customers  year  after  year.  He  is  the 
consultant,  the  expert  on  his  line  of 
equipment,  the  man  who  gets  into  the 
plant  and  works  out  the  problem.  Some- 
times his  recommendations  are  "not  to 
bu\"    and    often    this    advice    creates    a 


"Wanna  buy  a  duck?"  No.  you 
wouldn't  hear  this  phrase  from  a 
sales  engineer.  Sales  engineering 
is  a  position  of  singular  import- 
anee  and  requires  the  talents  of  a 
man  familiar  with  many  other 
aspects  of  life  besides  engineering. 

Perhaps,  uo  until  this  moment, 
you  have  had  no  eoncept  of  the 
various  duties  performed  by  the 
sales  engineer.  An  excellent  de- 
scription of  these  duties  is  given 
in  this  artide  by  Mr.  Bernard 
Lester,  a  man  of  vast  experience 
in  this  field,  and  who  now  holds  a 
position  as  assistant  industrial 
sales  manager  of  Westinghouse 
Electric  corporation. 


reputation    that   is   worth    its   weight   in 
gold  for  many  years  to  come. 

Creative?  No  class  of  engineering 
service  is  more  creative  than  that  of  the 
sales  engineer.  Of  course  he  creates 
business  for  his  employer.  But  materials 
are  of  little  value  in  their  native  state. 
The  value  in  the  machine  tools  he  .sells, 
for  instance,  traced  away  back,  is  the 
work  that  has  gone  into  the  making  of 
them. 

Who  could  be  more  productive  in 
creating  work  for  his  own  company 
or  for  the  plant  that  uses  his  machines, 
products,   and  services? 

But  sales  engineering  is  creati\e  also 
in  another  sense.  Back  in  the  black 
thirties,  there  was  a  run-down  paper 
mill,  antiquated,  inefficient,  tottering. 
The  sales  engineer  of  an  important 
builder  looked  upon  it  with  vision  and 
with  intelligent  enthusiasm.  He  set  to 
work.  Nothing  was  further  from  the 
paper  mill  owner's  mind  than  to  buy. 
But  tlic-  sales  engineer  had  resourceful- 
ness and  ability.  He  studied  the  mill 
and  its  inactive  layout.  He  drew 
sketches  and  developed  a  new  possible 
productive  layout,  all  reduced  to  figures 
of  expenditures  and  resulting  reduction 
in  the  production  cost  and  price  per 
ton  of  paper.  He  interested  local  bank 
crs  and  consulted  with  other  apparatus 
suppliers  in  lines  parallel  to  his  own 
gaining  their  support.  Finally,  he  de- 
veloped a  practical  program  of  revamp- 
ing, and  the  willingness  to  invest  funds 
The  decision  was  made  to  go  ahead 
even  in  the  poorest  time.  He  got  a  sub 
stantial  order  for  apparatus.  Was  he 
creative? 

Numberless  examples  c  a  ii  support 
this  same  idea.  In  lO.U,  the  steel  mills 
rolled  cold-rolled  tin  plate  at  a  maxi 
mum  speed  of  400  feet  per  minute, 
Only  five  years  later,  in  1939.  a  mill 
was  in  operation  producing  this  tin 
lilate  at  a  speed  of  2,300  feet  per  min 
ute.  This  remarkable  improvement  came 
about  largely  from  the  efforts  of  a 
sales  engineer  selling  rolling-mill  ma- 
chinery and  a  sales  engineer  selling  elec- 
trical equipment,  both  working  in  con- 
jiMiction  with  the  engineers  connected 
with   the  steel  mill. 

Where  do  sales  engineers  cowv  from? 
How  are  they  trained?  Some  few  capa- 
ble  men,   likely  older  ones,   never   took 
(Continued  on  page  20) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


94^i^lMil4<U4iXf.   .    .    . 


fcf/  Knhfrl  l.airrvnvv.  K.  M'hifsifs  'Si 

ami  •luntifH  Ephgrave^  E.E,  '3i 


JOHN  L.  WESTENHAVER 

Contrary  to  coninioii  belief,  there  are 
some  engineers  who  have  interests  south 
of  Green  street.  A  good  example  is  the 
editor  of  the  1948  Illio,  John  Westen- 
haver,  a  senior  in  electrical  engineering. 

Although  born  in  Pittsburgh,  John 
spent  most  of  his  life  in  LaCjraiige, 
Illinois,  where  he  attended  Fenwick 
high  school.  At  Fenwick  he  was  active 
in  many  affairs,  including  work  on  the 
newspaper  and  yearbook.  In  1942  he 
moved  to  San  Bernardino,  California, 
where  he  now  has  his  home. 

After  graduating  from  high  school  in 
1942,  John  came  to  the  University  of 
Illinois.  Both  his  father  and  mother 
were  loyal  Illini.  His  father,  a  con- 
sulting engineer,  graduated  from  Illi- 
nois in    1918. 

After  one  semester,  John  left  for  the 
Army  Air  Force.  During  most  of  his 
time  in  the  service,  he  was  a  radar  op- 
erator in  the  Pacific  theater.  In  the  fall 
of  1946,  he  returned  to  the  University. 

When  he  became  editor  of  the  Illio 
this  year,  John  took  on  many  varied 
duties.  As  editor,  he  decides  on  the 
organization  and  layout  of  the  book. 
He  also  suggests  and  approves  the  de- 
sign and  art  work.  Under  his  personal 
supervision  are  the  Illio  "beauties"  and 
"campus  leaders"  sections.  Their  con- 
tents remain  secret  until  the  day  of  pub- 
lication. In  addition,  he  must  organize 
and  train  the  staff  to  take  over  next 
year's   Illio. 

An    estimate   of    the   size   of    his   job 


JOHN  WESTENHAVER 


may  be  shown  by  the  size  of  the  Illio. 
Even  though  it  has  the  reputation  of 
being  the  world's  largest  college  year- 
book, this  \ear's  volume  will  contain 
120  more  pages  than  last  year,  and  101) 
more  than  the  previous  record  holder. 
It  is  no  wonder  that  the  editor  is  a 
very  busy  young  man. 

As  well  as  working  on  the  Illio,  John 
has  served  as  house  manager  and  secre- 
tary of  his  fraternity,  Phi  Kappa  Sig- 
ma. In  addition,  he  has  been  secretary 
of  Sachem  and  is  now  secretary-treas- 
urer of  Ma-Wan-Da.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  Skull  and  Crescent  and 
A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

John  put  in  a  plea  for  more  men 
from  north  campLis  to  work  on  the 
Illio  and  in  other  activities.  He  has 
certainly  shown  that  it  is  possible  for 
an  engineer  to  take  an  active  part  in 
extracurricular  affairs  and  still  keep  up 
his   grades. 

DR.  HARRY  G.  DRICKAMER 

In  1947  the  American  Institute  of 
Chemical  Engineers  presented  t  h  e  i  r 
junior  award  to  a  chemistry  professor 
on  this  campus.  The  award  went  to 
Dr.  Harry  G.  Drickamer,  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  chemical  engineering,  for  the 
best  publications  submitted  of  the  pre- 
vious three  years'   work. 

Dr.  Drickamer  came  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois  in  July,  194b,  on  a  re- 
search assignment.  In  the  fall  he  started 
teaching  chemistry  courses  in  both  the 
graduate   and   undergraduate  schools. 

He  was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
attended  Shaw  high  school  there.  Ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Drickamer,  his  life  at 
high  school  went  along  rather  smoothly. 
He  was  active  on  several  committees 
and  played  football  and  baseball. 

He  enjoyed  sports  and  continueii  to 
play  football  and  baseball  at  V'anderbilt 
university;  but  he  gave  them  up  after 
the  first  year  in  order  to  devote  more 
time  to  studies.  He  then  attended  the 
University  of   Indiana. 

He  spent  three  years  at  the  Univer- 
sit\-  of  Michigan  and  soon  found  himself 
in  school  activities  again.  This  time  he 
became  president  of  his  senior  class,  and 
served  on  a  number  of  active  commit- 
tees. 

He  received  his  bachelor  of  science 
degree  in  June,  1941  ;  and  that  summer, 
he  went  to  work  for  the  engineering 
research    department    at    Michigan.    In 


1942  he  went  to  Texas  City,  Texas,  to 
work  for  the  Pan  American  Refinery 
company.  This  job  also  included  re- 
search and  a  design  assignment  of  new 
imits  for  making  aviation  gasoline  and 
chemical  petroleum.  He  earned  his 
master's  degree  in  1942  and  became  a 
member  of  two  government  committees. 
They  were  the  Aviation  Gasoline  Advis- 
ory committee  and  the  Toulene  Tech- 
nical   committee. 

While  still  in  Texas,  he  worked  on 
his  doctor's  thesis.  For  the  spring  semes- 
ter of  1946,  he  returned  to  ^Vlichigan 
to  complete  the  requirements  for  his 
doctor's   degree. 

It  w;is  soon  after  he  rcceixed  his  doc- 


DK.  HAKKV  G.  DRICKAMER 

tor's  degree  that  he  came  to  Illinois  for 
his  research  work.  He  is  now  working 
on  such  experiments  as  the  fluctuation 
of  liquids,  the  kinetic  theory  of  gases, 
and  other  critical  phenomenon  pertain- 
ing to  gases  and  liquids. 

Dr.  Drickamer  is  a  member  of  five 
honorary  fraternities.  They  are  Phi  Eta 
Sigma,  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  Phi  Lambda 
Epsilon,  Sigma  Xi,  and  Tau  Beta  Pi. 
He  was  also  counselor  of  the  student 
chapter  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Chemical  Engineering  last  semester. 

He  is  married,  has  two  children,  and 
li\es  in  eastern  Champaign.  He  enjoys 
a  good  round  of  golf  whenever  he  has 
a  spare  moment,  and  finds  relaxation 
from  his  work  bv  maintaining  a  garden. 


The  tailor  was  selling  his  best  friend 
a  suit.  "I'm  telling  you,  Harry,"  he 
said,  "that  even  your  best  friend  won't 
recognize  you  in  that  suit!  Just  take  a 
walk  outside  for  a  minute  and  get  the 
feel  of  it." 

Harry  went  out  and  returned  a  mo- 
ment later.  The  tailor  rushed  up  to  him 
with  a  smile.  "Good  morning,  stran- 
ger," he  beamed,  "what  can  I  do  for 
vou  ?" 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


13 


W1lUieo^me^,.MM^    PIER 


Our  New  Engineering  Council 

It's  takni  a  long  nnu',  but  attci'  t\\(i 
semesters  ot  pushing,  our  engineering 
societies  finally  have  the  ball  rolling. 
Yes,  we  do  have  an  Engineering  council 
here  at  the  Pier.  The  stuilents  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  a  coiuicil 
is  necessary  tor  greater  cooperation  and 
recognition  of  our  engineering  societies. 

Ever  since  the  first  article  appeared 
in  the  Technograph  concerning  an  En- 
gineering council  at  the  Pier,  many  read- 
ers ha\e  approached  us  with  the  ques- 
tion, "What  power  will  the  council 
have?" 

We'd  like  to  clarify  this  question  for 
our  readers.  The  council  was  not  de- 
signed primarily  to  have  power,  but 
rather,  as  the  preamble  of  its  constitu- 
tion states,  to  bring  about  a  closer  rela- 
tionship between  all  engineering  socie- 
ties, promote  mutual  benefits,  and  spon- 
sor the  annual  St.  Pat's  ball  and  Engi- 
neering  show. 

The  council  is  already  making  prog- 
ress. Within  the  past  three  weeks,  there 
have  been  three  meetings,  during  which 
the  council  has  ratified  its  constitution, 
made  application  for  recognition,  and  is 
currently  working  on  the  St.  Pat's  af- 
fair. There  are  still  many  things  to  be 
ironed  out.  However,  we  have  high 
hopes  for  this  new  organization.  As  of 
date,  it  represents  approximately  50  per 
cent  of  our  engineering  enrollment.  Cer- 
tainly a  council  that  represents  such  a 
large  body  must  be  very  responsible  to 
the  latter.  We  hope  the  council  realizes 


Mr.  Ogden  Livermore  presents  Ma- 
trix awards  to  Siegmund  Deutscher 
on  the  left  and  Richard  Choronzy. 
(Photo  by  Groemling.) 

this  responsibility,  and  in  turn,  we  urge 
that  the  entire  student  body  get  behind 
the  plan  with  all  their  support. 

To  the  members  of  the  Engineering 
council,  we  wish  the  best  of  luck  and 
success  in  the  hope  that  you  will  be 
truly  representative  of  our  large  engi- 
neering student   body. 

First  Awards  Presented 

By  Robert  Lessin,  M.E.  '51 

The  Xavy  Pier  staff  set  a  new  prece- 
dent in  holding  its  first  "coffee  and 
cake"  meeting  during  December,  just 
before  the  Christmas  holiday. 


The  highlight  of  the  meeting  was 
the  presenting  of  matrix  awards  to 
Siegmund  Deutscher,  retiring  editor; 
Richard  Choronzy,  recently  appointed 
editor;  and  John  Fijolek,  ace  reporter. 
The  awards  were  presented  by  Mr. 
Ogden  Livermore,  faculty  adviser  here 
at   the    Pier. 

These  awards  are  given  b\  the  lllini 
School  of  Journalism  in  conjunction 
with  the  lllini  Publishing  company.  The 
awards  are  given  to  those  staff  mem- 
bers who  have  worked  faithfully  in  be- 
half  of   the   magazine    for   at   least   one 

At  the  meeting,  an  informal  discus- 
sion was  held  concerning  sales  and 
methods  to  improve  them.  Many  new 
ideas  and  plans  were  brought  forth  and 
much  consideration  is  ciurentiy  being 
given  to  them.  It  was  during  this  part 
of  the  meeting  that  the  editorship  of  the 
Xavy  Piei  staff  was  formally  turned 
over  to  Richard  Choronzy.  At  this 
(Continued   on   page  28) 


XA\  \    PIER   Sr.\FF 

Rich.Trcl   Choroii/y A  Hi.  EdiUir 

Nacimi    Suloway list.  Ilus.  Mijr. 

EJitnnal    .Issot  iii.'fs 
John    Fijolek  Robert   Lessin 

Eugene   Stojack  Richard   Kavvka 

Businrss    .Issoiiairs 

Robert   King  .Arthur    Staiichiirski 

Clarence    Niehow 

Rnhert     Crnemling Plinlnaral'liir 


Enjoying  the  Pier  Technograph  staff  meeting  ore,  left  to  right,  Robert  Lessin,  Naomi  Sulo- 
woy,  Richard  Choronzy,  Siegmund  Deutscher,  Mr.  Ogden  Livermore,  Robert  King,  and  Rich- 
ard Kawka.  (Photo  by  Groemling).  Officers  and  sponsor  of  the  A.S.M.E.  are,  left  to  right, 
Frank  Bartkowicz,  Dick  Swanburg,  Prof.  Arnold  Cobb,  Gordon  Knudson,  and  Victor  Swenson. 


; 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Mr.  J.  H.  Johnston,  as  counselor  of  civil  engineers,  aids  the  students  in  their  many  prob- 
lems. Commander  M.  J.  Gobbraith,  U.S.N.R.,  explains  the  up-to-date  electronic  equipment 
in  the  electronics   laboratory  to  the  author,   Ewing   Sharp. 


^nxieAxuufe/i  (U . 


GALESBURG 


MR.  J.  H.  JOHNSTON 
By  Dean  R.  Felton,  C.E.  '51 

A  rather  young  instructor  who  looks 
more  like  a  student  than  the  average 
student  does  himself,  is  one's  first  im- 
pression of  Mr.  J.  H.  Johnston.  This 
impression  is  very  effectively  erased 
though,  when  Mr.  Johnston  conducts  a 
class  and  painstakingly  leads  his  students 
through  the  bewildering  maze  of  theo- 
retical and  applied  mechanics  and  sur- 
veying. 

A  graduate  of  the  Thayer  School  of 
Engineering  at  Dartmouth,  he  received 
his  B.S.  degree  in  civil  engineering  as 
a  member  of  the  class  of  1946.  His  ex- 
perience is  not  limited  strictly  to  books, 
even  though  a  recent  graduate,  but  also 
consists  of  an  understanding  gained  as 
a  junior  engineer  with  a  Los  Angeles 
engineering  firm  and  in  work  at  the 
Point  Mugar,  California,  guided  missile 
test  center. 

Commissioned  an  ensign  in  the  U.  S. 
Navy,  he  served  for  four  years  and  five 
months  as  an  officer  in  the  civil  engi- 
neer corps.  In  this  capacity  he  held  posi- 
tions as  maintenance  officer  at  the  sea- 
bee  center.  Port  Hueneme,  California, 
and  as  assistant  training  officer  at  Camp 
Rousseau,  and  also  at  Port  Hueneme. 
His  naval  records  show  him  to  be  a  sea 
going  officer  as  well,  with  time  served 
aboard  the  U.S.S.  Cleveland. 

IVIr.  Johnston's  most  recent  contact 
with  a  civilian  engineering  project  was 
as  a  special  engineer  on  the  Matilija 
dam   in   Ventura   county,    California.   A 


Recent  de\elopment,  this  project  en- 
coimtered  difficulty  with  the  foundation 
material  on  which  the  dam  was  con- 
structed. As  an  engineer  on  Matilija, 
Mr.  Johnston  aided  in  special  grouting 
operations  and  helped  conduct  tests 
where-by  compressed  air  was  forced  into 
grouting  holes  and  resulting  blow  holes 
reported.  This  indicated  faidts  in  the 
underlying  strata.  This  portion  of  his 
experience  makes  available  to  this  aspir- 
ing civil  engineer,  knowledge  which  will 
be  of  great  value  to  him  in  his  future 
operations. 

The  University  of  Illinois  is  Mr. 
Johnston's  first  position  as  a  college  in- 
structor. He  came  to  Galesbm'g  in  April 
of  1948  and  has  since  taught  T.A.M. 
150  and  T.A.M.  211  as  well  as  his 
classes  in  surveying.  As  an  adviser  to 
the  civil  engineering  students  enrolled 
here  at  Galesburg,  he  performs  an  im- 
portant service.  His  knowledge  of  the 
industrial  applications  of  the  subject 
matter  taught  in  school  aid  the  young 
engineer  in  choosing  the  proper  courses 
for  his  particular  speciality. 


NAVAL  ELECTRONICS 

The  effecti\eness  ot  an\  organization 
depends  largely  upon  the  technical  skill, 
efficiency,  and  close  teamwork  of  its 
members.  In  industry,  mass  production 
demands  a  large  number  of  trained  en- 
gineers, technicians,  and  skilled  main- 
tenance inen.  The  same  is  true  for  a 
military  organization.  It  need  not  be 
stressed  that  the  operation  and  mainten- 


ance of  modern  warfare  units  must  be 
thoroughly  iniderstood  by  members  of 
the  military.  Before  the  armed  forces  of 
the  United  States  could  wage  an  effec- 
tive war  with  the  equipment  that  the 
vast  industrial  forces  provided,  it  was 
necessary  to  train  and  instruct  a  large 
number  of  inexperienced  recruits  in  the 
use  of  modern  militar\'  equipment.  This 
was  a  tremenilous  undertaking,  for  most 
of  the  equipment  was  completely  unfa- 
miliar to  many  men  who  had  no  previ- 
ous mechanical  experience. 

The  large  expenses  involved  in  main- 
taining a  regular  army  makes  it  imprac- 
tical to  keep  a  large  standing  army  in 
times  of  peace.  However,  with  world 
conditions  such  as  they  are  at  present, 
the  government  has  decided  that  a  large 
reserve  force,  subject  to  immediate  serv- 
ice in  case  of  emergency,  is  necessary. 

The  program  of  building  this  reserve 
force  of  trained  men  is  carried  out  by 
the  Army  and  Navy  through  various 
training  units  established  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  States.  A  particular  example 
of  such  a  training  unit  is  the  Naval 
Reserve  Electronics  Warfare  company 
established  by  the  commandant  of  the 
Ninth  Naval  district  at  the  (lalesbing 
division  of  the  L  niversity  of  Illinois  in 
the  spring  of  1948. 

(Continued  on  page  38) 


GALESBURG  STAFF 

II. 

Roy 

Johnson isst. 

Reportinij 

Editor 

St 

111  ley 

Runyon              Dean   R. 

Luther   S.  Peterson 

Photography 

Joe  Graham 

Felton 

Omar   Estes,   Faculty  Adv'is 

i-r 

BUSINESS  STAFF 

DwiRht 

R.  Beard .Asst.  Bus 

Mgr. 

E\ 

■iiig 

Sharp Idverlisintj 

FEBRUARY,  1949 


15 


Till'  l<liiojiii>n'iii»  lliiiiiii'iirios  iiiiil  Smiolies 


Itfi  Itill  Satlfrtttrntn.  I't-r.K.  *.»if 


Engineering  Council 

TIk-  Ln^iiH-fiint;  Council,  ic-acti- 
vated  only  three  semesters  afio,  now 
consists  of  representatives  from  12  en- 
gineering societies.  The  newest  members 
of  the  Council  are  S.A.E.  and  A.F.S. 

Plans  for  this  year's  St.  Pat's  Ball, 
to  be  held  on  ^larch  5,  are  nearing 
completion.  The  Queen's  crown  is  al- 
ready made,  and  all  member  societies 
arc  working  diligently  on  the  displays 
that  will  border  Huff  gymnasium  dur- 
in  the  dance. 

Copies  of  a  streamlined  constitution, 
the  result  of  many  weeks  of  effort,  were 
distributed  at  the  meeting  of  Januar\- 
12.  This  new  constitution  contains  pro- 
visions to  enable  the  council  to  function 
more  quickly  and  effectively.  The  fol- 
lowing officers  were  elected  at  this 
meeting:  Carl  Falk,  president;  Stanley 
Burnham,  vice  -  president ;  Earl  IVIoss, 
secretary;  and  Francis  Sexton,  treas- 
urer. 

A.S.C.E. 

The  student  members  of  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Civil  Engineers  were 
honored  at  a  joint  dinner 
meeting  with  the  Central 
Illinois  section  of  A.S.C.E. 
The  meeting  was  held  at 
Lat/.er  hall  on  Deceniber 
7.  Other  guests  were  mem- 
bers of  I.S.P.E. 
Mr.  Ale.\  Van  Pragg,  Jr.,  president 
of  the  National  Society  of  Professional 
Engineers,  spoke  on  "Professional  En- 
gineering Societies."  Mr.  Van  Pragg, 
also  a  member  of  A.S.C.E.,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  consulting  engineering  firm 
of  Warren  and  Van  Pragg  of  Decatur. 
Illinois. 

M.I.S. 

Distinguished  guests  of  75  mining 
and  metallurgical  engineers  at  the  De- 
cember 8  meeting  of  the  M.I.S.  were 
Mr.  George  S.  Mican  and  Mr.  John  W. 
King  of  the  Carnegie  Illinois  Steel 
corporation.  Mr.  Mican,  superintendent 
of  the  South  Works  rolling  mill,  spoke 
to  the  members  about  the  fundamentals 
of  rolling  practice.  He  accompanied  his 
talk  with  several  slides  on  the  subject 
and   afterw-ards  held    a   discussion  with 


16 


tlu'     \anous     members     answering     any 
(luestions  which  they  had. 

.\n  election  was  also  held  at  this 
time,  and  the  officers  chosen  were 
Edward  Sperr,  p  r  e  s  i  d  e  n  t ;  Norbert 
Hlaski,  \ice  presiilent ;  and  Be\erly  Sol- 
liday,  secretary. 

TAU  BETA  PI 

ultra  elite  ot  engineering  lion- 
Tau  Beta  Pi,  held  its  initiation 
banquet  at  Hotel  Tilden  Hall 
on  December  9,  1948.  Prior  to 
the  initiation.  President  R.  B. 
Carlson  and  Vice  President  J. 
W.  Crawford  were  introduced 
to  the  group. 

The  speaker  for  the  evening  was  Dr. 
Robert  Dubin  who  spoke  on  expecta- 
tions in  industr\-  as  contrasted  with 
reality.  Dr.  Dubin  obtained  his  Ph.D. 
at  the  University  of  Chicago  and  now 
has  a  joint  appointment  at  the  L  niver- 
sity  of  Illinois  from  the  department  of 
sociology  and  the  institute  of  labor- 
management  relations. 

I.T.E. 

A  curriculum  for  undergraduate  civil 
engineers  in  traffic  engineering  w-as 
drafted  recently  by  mem- 
bers of  I.T.E.  This  cur- 
riculum should  prove  ex- 
tremely helpful  to  future 
traffic  engineers. 

At  the  November  30 
meeting,  the  I.T.E.s  also  laid  plans  for 
a  field  trip  to  the  Chicago  area  this 
spring. 

Nominations  for  this  semester's  of- 
ficers were  made  at  the  December  14 
meeting.  Also  at  that  time,  the  semester 
plans  were  brought  to  completion.  The 
final  meeting  of  the  semester  was  held 
Tuesday,  January  11.  It  was  a  dinner 
meeting  at  which  State  Traffic  Engi- 
neer  H.   H.    Harrison   was   the  speaker. 

I.E.S. 

Mr.  Dan  Dunne  was  the  guest  speak- 
er at  the  December  8  meeting  of  I.E.S. 
held  at  319  Gregory  hall.  Mr.  Dunne 
addressed  50  members  on  the  subject, 
"What  to  Expect  After  Cjiaduation" 
pertaining  to  the  illumination  field.  Mr. 
Dunne  is  sales  manager  for  Lighting 
Products  Incorporated  of  Highland 
Park,    Illinois,    and    chairman    of    the 


papers  committee  of  the  I.E.S.  Chicago 
section.  He  has  had  a  great  deal  of  ex- 
perience in  lighting  applications  ami 
sales  engineering.  His  sales  work  has 
taken  him  all  over  the  country,  thus 
enabling  him  to  compile  information 
concerning  employment  in  the  illumina- 
tion field. 

During  the  business  meeting  it  was 
decided  to  back  the  Senior  banquet  of 
the  electrical  engineers. 

A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

electron  chasers  held  their  De- 
7  meeting  at  100  Gregory  hall. 
Carl  G.  Miller,  sales  en- 
gineer for  Weston  Elec- 
trical Instruments  corpor- 
ation, gave  a  lecture- 
demonstration  on  electri- 
cal instruments  to  100 
members  of  the  A.I.E.E.-I.R.E.  Mr. 
Miller  exhibited  several  of  the  instru- 
ments to  the  audience. 

During  the  business  meeting,  Charles 
Eletson,  chairman  of  the  field  trip  com- 
mittee, announced  plans  for  the  field 
trip,  which  was  taken  January  6,  1949. 
The  trip  was  to  the  Mallory  Electric 
company  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana.  This 
company  manufactures  a  large  number 
of  radio  parts.  The  tour  included  in- 
spection of  the  processes  involved  in  the 
manufacture  of  capacitors,  potentiome- 
ters, vibrators,  and  high-current  con- 
tacts. 

ETA  KAPPA  NU 

The  brilliant  sparks   (Eta  Kappa  Nu 
to  \()u)    held   their  December  luncheon 
n  at   the   University   club   on    the 

4?         sixth    of    that    month.    At    that 
■^^^^     time  they  heard  an  address  by 
1^      Dr.    Louis    Ridenour,    dean    of 
"  the   Graduate   college,   who 

spoke  on  "The  Second  Industrial  Revo- 
lution." Dean  Ridenour  briefly  dis- 
cussed possible  unemployment  due  to 
"push  -  button"  mechanization  of  in- 
dustry. 

Wednesday  evening,  December  1~^, 
Eta  Kappa  Nu  held  its  semi-annual  ini- 
tiation and  banquet.  Dr.  R.  G.  Bone, 
head  of  the  Division  of  Special  Services 
for  War  Veterans,  was  the  guest  speak- 
er. Approximately  75  graduates  and 
undergraduates  were  initiated  at  this 
meeting. 

(Continued   on   page  26) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


"" — The  seeds  of  godlike  power  are  in  us  still  ' — matthew  arnoid 


More  and  more . . ,  and  better  oil 


Under  the  waters  just  off  the  Gulf  Coast  alone ...  lie  vast 
new  oil  fields  that  may  almost  double  Americas  oil  reserves. 

This  rich  discovery  is  just  one  more  phase  of  the  better- 
than-ever  job  the  oil  industrv  is  now  doing  to  meet  our 
soaring  demands.  And  back  of  that  job  are  today's  supe- 
rior skills,  advanced  engineering,  and  better  materials. 

Such  hard  metals  as  tungsten  carbide,  used  in  drills, 
help  make  it  possible  to  cut  more  than  three  miles  into  the 
earth.  Essential  valves,  pumps,  and  even  fractionating  tow- 
ers made  of  carbon  are  virtuallv  100 /c  proof  against  highly 
corrosive  acids. 

Such  b;'ltcr  materials  as  stainless  steel  defv  heat,  pres- 
sure and  corrosion  in  refinery  operations.  With  the  nev/ 
oxv-acet\lenc  pressure  welding,  pipelines  can  be  more 
swiftlv  linked  into  single  strong  units  that  extend  for  hun- 
dreds of  miles. 

Better  chemicals,  also!  Solvents  that  purify  our  oil  .  .  . 
chemicals  that  draw  offensive  elements  from  our  gasoline 
and  provide  us  with  anti-knock  compounds.  All  these  ar.> 


helping  bring  us  better  medicines,  waxes,  cosmetics,  paints 
...  to  name  onlv  a  handful  of  today's  hundreds  of  superior 
petroleum  products. 

Tfie  people  of  Union  Carbide  produce  these  and  many 
oilier  materials  that  help  5u;)/)/v  us  with  more  and  better 
petroleum  products.  TTiey  also  provide  hundreds  of  other 
materials  to  help  science  and  industry  maintain  American 
leadership  .  .  .  in  meetinv:,  the  needs  of  mankind. 


FREE:  Vou  are  inviled  to  send  for  the  new  illus- 
trated booklet,"  Products  and  Processes  "  which 
ihnws  hoiv  science  and  industry  use  UCC^s 
.i'.loYS,  Chemicals,  Carbons,  Gases  and  Plastics. 


Union  Carbide 


^JVJ?     CAJRBOJV     COHI'OIiATIOW 

:0    EAST    42ND     STREET  |||^^  iN  E  W     VORK     17.    N.   Y. 


Products  of  Diiisioii.'i  and  I 'nils  include ' 

LiNDE  Oxygen    •     Prest-0-Lite  Acetylene    •    Pvrofax  Gas    •    Bakelite,  Krene,  Vinvon,  and  Vinylite  Plastics 

National  Carbons     •     Evereadv  Flashlights  and  Batteries     •    .^cheson  Electrodes 

Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •    Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals    •    Haynes  Stellh-e  Alloys    •    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


EDWIN   A,   WITORT 
Editor 


PHILLIP  B.   DOLL 
Assoc.   Editor 


fA* 


S^-" 


Wliai  llii|i|)cne(l  to  llu'  liispcclioii  Tri|i? 


After  registering  for  the  inspection  trip 
last  semester,  the  senior  class  of  the  College 
of  I'ngieering  was  looking  forward  to  a  pleas- 
ant anil  educational  four  da\s  of  visiting 
various  industrial  plants.  Less  than  two 
weeks  after  registration,  the  senior  class  was 
informed  that  the  trip  had  been  cancelled. 

During  the  war,  security  reasons  were 
responsible  for  cancellation  of  the  inspection 
trip:  immediately  after  the  war,  hotel  accom- 
odations were  unavailable;  last  year,  with  the 
return  to  normalcy,  it  was  agreed  b)  the  fac- 
ult\-  that  the  inspection  trip  shouhl  again  be 
a  requirement  for  graduation.  A  representa- 
tive poll  of  the  students  taken  last  spring 
showed  that  the\'  too,  were  in  fa\or  of  the 
trip. 

As  a  result  of  these  favorable  conditions, 
several  members  of  the  various  departments 
ot  the  College  of  Engineering,  during  the 
summer  interim,  proceded  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  the  inspection  trip.  Companies  were 
contacted,  the  date  was  set,  hotel  reservations 
and  special  train  arrangements  were  made, 
and  the  entire  plan  completed  before  the 
start  of  last  semester. 

Shortly  after  registration  was  completed, 
the  same  companies  were  contacted  and  in- 
formed that  plans  for  the  inspection  trip  had 
h.'cn  abandoned  ;  hotel  reservations  and  spec- 
ial  tram  arrangements  were  cancelled. 

The  reason  for  this  action,  reportedly,  is 
that  a  large  number  of  veterans  found  it 
financially  impossible  to  make  the  trip.  Com- 
plaints were  heard  from  all  corners.  The  ad- 
ministration ceded  to  the  wish  of  its  veteran 
students  by  cancelling  the  trip  anil  gradua- 
tion  requirements  for  the  trip. 

It  is  erroneously  thought  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  persons  that  the  Veteran's  Administra- 
tion was  indirectely  responsible  for  having 
the  trip  cancelled,  because  the  VA  would  not 
finance  the  trip.  This  is  not  true.  The  V.A 
will  finance  all  expenses  incurred  by  veterans 
in  pursuing  a  required  course  of  the  College. 
Expenses  for  the  inspection  trip  would  in- 
clude travel,  subsistence,  and   hotel  arcomoil.-i- 


tions.  The  \'A  will  pay  for  travel  expense^, 
but  refuses  to  reimburse  veterans  for  subsis- 
tence and  hotel  accomodations  on  the  basis 
that  these  are  covered  by  the  monthly  allow- 
ances paid  to  veterans.  This  certainly  is  a 
justifiable  stand. 

The  College  of  Engineering  was  too  le- 
nient last  semester  in  cancelling  the  inspec- 
tion trip  because  a  number  of  veterans  were 
unable  to  meet  the  required  expense.  There 
will  always  be  students,  veterans  and  non- 
veterans  alike,  who  will  express  disapproval  of 
a  trip  of  this  type  because  of  the  expense  in- 
volved. The  College  of  Engineering  should 
realize  this  and  proceed  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  such  cases.  Waiver  of  the  required 
credit  or  petitions  by  students  for  this  credit 
coidd  be  arranged  to  handle  the  hardship 
cases. 

Alany  instructors  feel  that  the  opportu- 
nity afforded  a  student  by  these  inspection 
trips  will  never  present  itself,  once  the  student 
leaves  school.  The  reason  is  obvious.  An 
industrial  concern  makes  adequate  and  elabo- 
rate preparations  for  a  tour  and  inspection  of 
its  plants  for  occasions  of  this  sort.  Especially 
appropriate  arrangements  are  made  which 
are  practically  "tailor  made"  for  senior  stu- 
dent engineers.  Special  features  are  included 
and  fine  points  are  brought  to  the  surface 
which  would  not  be  included  in  a  tour  of  the 
same  company  by  some  other  inspection  party. 

Several  of  the  various  departments  of  the 
College  did  schedule  regular  inspection  trips 
or  field  tours  when  they  were  informed  that 
the  original  plan  was  cancelled.  These  trips 
were  certainly  good  substitutes,  but  not  as 
effective  as  the  original  plan. 

Freshmen,  sophomores,  and  particularly 
juniors,  slioidd  see  to  it,  as  soon  as  possible, 
that  the  inspection  trip  is  again  made  a  re- 
([uirement  for  graduation.  Plans  for  next 
vear's  trip  will  have  to  be  made  this  summer. 
It  might  be  well  for  the  presidents  of  each 
society,  as  representatives  of  students,  to  ex- 
press the  existing  enthusiasm  about  the  trip 
to   the   heads   of   their   respective   ilep.'irtments. 


18 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


We've  proved  it! 


Problem :  To  hold  down  costs,  and  speed  the  ex- 
tension of  telephone  service. 

Solution:  High-strength  wire  whose  use  allows  the 
span  between  poles  to  be  increased 
from  150  feet  to  more  than  300.  One 
pole  now  does  the  work  of  two. 

The  problem,  of  course,  is  a  continuing  one  for 
telephone  people.  High-strength  wire  with  re- 
quired electrical  qualities  is  only  one  of  many 
things  they  have  developed  to  help  solve  the 
problem  in  these  days  of  high  construction 
costs. 

In  total,  their  developments  are  the  reason 
why  telephone  service  here  is  the  best  in  the 
world — the  reason  why  it  remains  low  in  cost. 


BELL  TELEPHONE  SYSTEM 


>PNJ     FEBRUARY,  1949 


19 


SALES  ENGINEERING  .  .  . 

(ContiniK'ii   fi(jni  p:ij;i'    12) 

;in  i-iigiiicc'iinf;  ilof;rcc.  Most  maiiutac- 
tuicis  ot  machinery,  as  well  as  of  spe- 
cial products  to  be  tecliiiically  applied 
as  allays,  lubricants  and  chemicals,  take 
on  from  the  technical  schools  each  year 
a  number  of  engineering;  graduates  for 
training.  Larger  companies  can  estab- 
lish definite  and  t  h  o  r  o  u  g  h  training 
courses.  With  many  of  the  smaller  com- 
panies, the  boy  is  simply  put  to  work 
to  learn  the  business. 

Though  the  work  of  the  sales  engi- 
neer is  an  art,  back  of  it  stands  science. 
It  is  a  science  based  upon  a  knowledge 
of  business  organization,  markets,  (hs- 
tribution  methods,  and  an  understand- 
ing of  group  and  individual  human  ef- 
fort. More  and  iiKne  tile  heads  and 
executive  statt  of  iii.-uiutacturing  and 
operating  companies  are  now  dr.iwn 
fioni   the   rajiks  of  sales  engineers. 

'I'hirty  or  forty  per  cent  of  engineering 
graduates  within  a  few  years  are  en- 
gaged in  work  that  is  largely  commer- 
cial in  nature.  The  various  courses  in 
salesmanship — so  commoid\'  g  i  v  e  n  in 
almost  any  important  cit>' — are  often  of 
little  significance  to  the  sales  engineer, 
for    thev    concentrate    on    merchandise 


and  commoility  M-lling.  1  lie  lundamen- 
tal  training  most  needed  by  the  prospec- 
tive sales  engineer  is  a  combination  of 
technical  training  and  business  training 
— the  latter  dealing  with  capital  invest- 
ment for  technical  accomplishment.  The 
sales  engineer  must  have  one  eye  well 
trained  to  engineering,  and  the  other 
trained  to  detect  values  and  economic 
results,  lie  nuisr  jiossess  not  only  tech- 
nical skill,  but  an  understanding  of 
where  the  use  of  his  technical  skill  is 
leading  us. 

Salesmen  and  salesmenship  are  often 
frowned  upon  in  academic  circles — too 
close  to  the  peddler  or  slap-the-back  pro- 
moter. Because  the  sales  engineer  sells, 
he  is  often  mentally  catalogued  as  a  pro- 
nounced extrovert.  Unfortunately  too 
few  of  us  have  had  a  chance  to  meet  a 
mature,  friendly  individual  selling  nia- 
cliiuerv,  t  o  u  ii  d  r  \  e(|uipment,  power 
pl.uit  equi|iment,  or  a  host  of  other 
classes  of  equipment  or  highly  technical 
products,  and  to  watch  him  exercise  an 
ability  quite  his  own,  comprehending  a 
whole  system  of  specialized  proihiction. 
His  tools  of  accomplishment  are  in  his 
head    crammed    full    of   experience. 

The  great  need  toda\'  in  technical  ac- 
complishment IS  an  understanding  of 
where  the  nnention,  the  new  design, 
the  improved  process,  the  new  material. 


will  lead  us,  (luite  ap.irt  tnim  the  skill 
to  cre.ite  it  iihvsicalh.  Sales  cjigineers 
can  lend  a  vision  to  Management,  for 
they  can  be  skilled  in  detecting  the  over- 
all result,  whether  it  be  mechanical, 
economical,  or  social.  They  can  give  the 
"why"  so  greath'  needed  today,  to  guide 
the  "do." 

Although  the  sales  engineer  is  the 
mouthpiece  for  the  company  he  repre- 
sents, he  is  also  the  eye  which  detects 
customer's  needs.  He  is  the  one  who 
can  point  to  improvements.  He  can 
guide  the  designer  in  the  character  of 
the  apparatus  built.  He  often  points  to 
iKw  items  which  his  company  might 
build,  and  provides  the  necessary  spark 
to   accomplishment. 

The  barometer  of  business  activity 
points  to  various  conditions  at  differ- 
ent times.  Onh'  about  one-quarter  of 
the  time  is  the  emphasis  on  production 
— times  when  the  plans  are  loaded  and 
the  chief  problem  is  to  produce.  The 
remainder  of  the  years,  plants  are  not 
working  up  to  capacity,  and  the  pressure 
is  on  distribution — not  production. 
Today,  when  we  are  still  wriggling  out 
of  the  harness  of  war,  the  importance 
of  distribution  is  coming  to  the  front 
again  with  alarming  force,  and  the  sales 
engineer  is  taking  his  place  at  the  head 
of  the  parade. 


Higgins  non-tip  rubber  base  keeps  your 
Higgins  American  Waterproof  India  Ink 
upright.  .  .  .  Ask  your  dealer  for  bofk 


HIGGins  im  CO.,  /JVC. 

271  JV/^TH  ST.,  BROOKLVJV  15,  JV.  Y.,  U.S.A. 


Sppdial  Features 

to  look  for  in  the  March  issue  of  the 

TECHNOGRAPH 

Beginning  a  Career  in  Engineering 

An  article  written  expressly  for  the  grad- 
uating seniors.  What  factors  should  be 
taken  into  consideration  when  selecting  a 
job  after  graduation. 

•  • 

Part  two  of 

"Know  Your  Automobile" 


20 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


SH-H-H!  A  quieting  thought 
for  compressors 

Engineers  design  quiet  operation  into  heavy  duty 
compressors  by  mounting  the  crankshafts  on  Tim- 
ken*  tapered  roller  bearings. 

Timken  bearings  take  the  tough  radial  and  thrust 
loads  in  any  combination.  They  hold  the  crankshaft 
in  rigid  alignment,  prevent  deflection  and  end-play. 
Wear  is  minimized,  precision  increased.  And  long, 
quiet,  trouble-free  operation  is  assured. 


What's  new! 


Two  great  developments  have  been  announced 
recently  by  The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Company. 
First,  the  capacity  ratings  of  all  Timken  bearings 
have  been  increased  25%,  enabling  engineers  to  use 
smaller  bearings,  with  savings  in  bearing  cost, 
material  cost  and  weight. 

Second,  the  new  Timken  "Double-Zero"  bearing 
—twice  as  accurate  as  any  previously  made— opens 
the  way  to  new,  higher  standards  of  precision.  These 
are  the  two  latest  examples  of  the  Timken  Company's 
well-known  leadership  in  bearing  manufacture. 


TIMPN 

TAPERED 
f  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more 
about  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems 
you'll  face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing 
applications.  If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about 
this  phase  of  engineering,  we'll  be  glad  to  help. 
For  additional  information  about  Timken  bear- 
ings and  how  engineers  use  them,  write  today 
to  The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Company, 
Canton  6,  Ohio.  And  don't  forget  to  clip  this 
page  for  future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  ozd  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  (p 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -^-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


21 


CAN  WE  IMPROVE  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  page  7) 
aptitude  tor  chosen  courses  of  stud\, 
except  that  this  lack  of  aptitude  must, 
by  some  s\stem,  be  discovered  before 
the  student  has  wasted  his  own  time 
and  that  of  others,  merely  to  find  he 
is  not  suited. 

Poor  attitudes  can  be  traced  to  sev- 
eral factors.  First,  a  feeling  that  the 
best  possible  instruction  is  not  being 
received  breeds  discontent.  Second,  poor 
prior  showings  in  some  subjects  defi- 
nitely foster  belligerent  attitudes  on  the 
part  of  the  student.  The  conversion 
from  war  to  peace-time  and  the  accom- 
panying disillusion  doesn't  make  for  the 
ideal  attitude. 

Rather  than  seek  individual  correc- 
tive actions  for  these  factors,  let  us  men- 
tion but  a  few  possible  improvements 
obvious  to  everyone,  but  slow  in  coming 
forth,  which  will  aid  in  correcting  all 
three  factors. 

Aptitude  tests  in  the  high  school  sen- 
ior year  would  certainl\-  catch  many 
ca.ses.  At  present,  the  tests  are  brought 
to  light  by  the  blunt  force  of  failure. 
Screening  tests  upon  entering  college 
would  tend  to  sort  out  those  not  capable 
of  mastering  technical  subjects.  Prepara- 
tory schools  could,  in  short  periods  of 
time,  prepare  these  screened  individuals 


for  the  proper  approach  to  a  technical 
education.  Possibly  the  greatest  single 
boon  would  be  a  five-year  technical  pro- 
gram, rather  than  the  current  four.  The 
additional  year  could  tend  to  decelerate 
the  program,  which  admittedly  now 
progresses  too  quickly  for  adequate  in- 
struction. Part  of  the  additional  year 
could  be  used  for  non-technical  subjects, 
a  definite  aid  to  better  understanding 
and  attitudes.  Also,  in  the  additional 
\ear,  provision  could  be  made  for  courses 
in  teaching  methods,  indicated  so  sorely 
lacking.  Many  students  who  cannot 
m.ister  their  subjects  at  the  present  pace, 
would  have  enhanced  chances  if  the  pro- 
gram was  decelerated  and  spread  over 
an  additional  year.  Certainly  any  com- 
bination of  these  improvements  should 
b;-  welco;ne   in  our  present  system. 

Our  Methods 

-Are  they  the  best  possible  ones? 
Probably  one  of  our  greatest  shortcom- 
ings is  the  lack  of  necessary  laboratorx 
equipment,  a  condition  due  to  wartime 
restrictions  on  production  and  to  budget 
problems.  Normal  reconversion  should 
partially  alleviate  this  situation.  Nor  do 
our  lecture  rooms  seem  to  be  equipped 
with  sufficient  training  aids,  particularly 
in  the  form  of  visual  aids.  Blackboard 
recitations,  though  proven  they  are,  are 
almost  non-existent  todav.  Does  the  in- 


structor sufficiently  prepare  the  lesson? 
How  well  is  the  material  presented? 
Do  examinations  cover  the  material  to 
be  mastered?  Is  there  sufficient  discus- 
sion of  the  examinations?  In  spite  of 
its  many  shortcomings,  the  Army  theory 
of  teaching  might  well  be  revived  by  our 
technical  training  institutions.  The  six- 
step  method  of  preparation,  explanation, 
demonstration,  application,  examination, 
and  discussion  ccrtainh  has  worthwhile 
points  to  offer. 

In  view  of  what  has  gone  before,  tin- 
answer  to  our  opening  question  is  obvi- 
ously yes.  The  correction  of  the  exist- 
ing conditions  will  necessarily  be  a  slow 
and  tedious  process,  for  many  factors, 
economic  and  physiological,  are  involved. 
Hut  only  when  the  teaching  profession 
is  made  more  attractive,  when  students 
are  suitably  prepared,  when  our  colleges 
and  universities  are  better  equipped,  will 
we  even  approximate  the  ultimate  in 
technical  education. 


Jack:  "Grandpa,  we've  been  having 
an  argument  about  whether  the  clock 
stands  or  sits  on  the  mantel.  " 

(rrandpa:  "It's  half-past  eight  by  the 
clock  and  it  is  only  a  quarter  to  eight 
actually;  therefore,  I  should  say  it  lies 
on  the  mantel." 


A  BOMB 


THAT  DESTROYS 


GUESSWORK 


13 

^yccELERATED  aging  tests  are  part  of  the  Okonite  prod- 
^Hua  improvement  program.  While  they  cannot  replace 
the  study  of  aaual  exposure  to  weather  in  proving 
ground  and  in  the  field,  they  have  a  definite  place  in 
estimating  the  value  of  elearicai  insulation. 

TTie  oxygen  bomb  shown  at  the  left  is  used  in  acceler- 
ated aging  tests  —  one  piece  of  apparatus  among  many 
other  examples  of  modern  equipment  at  the  service  of 
Okonite  engineers  and  technicians  in  taking  the  guess- 
work out  of  the  manufacture  of  insulated  wires  and  cables. 
The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic,  New  Jersey. 

OKONITEiO>. 

insulated  wires  and  cables   j 


DEVELOPING 
PRINTING 

YOUR  FILMS 

HELPFUL   SNAPSHOT  ADVICE 


We  have  a  complete  line  of 

PHOTO  EQUIPMENT 

AND  SUPPLIES 


ZEISS    -    LEICA    -    ARGUS    -    NATCO 

REVERE  -  AMPRO  -  ANSCO  -  EASTMAN 

GRAFLEX  -  DEFENDER  -  DUPONT 

BELL  AND   HOWELL 


We  have  a  complete  line  in 
HOBBY  SUPPLIES 


FAIRCHILD 

CAMERA  AND  HOBBY  SHOP 
111  No.  Walnut  Champaign.  III. 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Drop  Forge  Division  Operations 

WILLYS-OVERLAND  MOTORS,  INC. 

Emphasize  Speed  of  ^AS 


SPEED  HEATING  of  small  billets  for  drop  forging 
demonstrates  the  speed  of  GAS  for  production-line 
operations  requiring  a  flexible,  controllable  fuel. 

Drop  Forge  Division  engineers  and  metallurgists, 
working  with  the  furnace  manufacturers,  devised  a 
simple  Gas-fared,  continuous-cycle  billet  furnace  with 
the  following  characteristics  and  capabilities: 
.  Billet  Temperatures— 2, 200°-2,300°F 

•  Billet  Heating  Time — 4  minutes  normal  (can  be  regulated 
as  required  in  production  schedules) 

•  Billet  Discharge  Rate (40  per  hour,  on  4-minute  cycle 

•  Piece  Dimensions  (Average) — 1"-2.5"  thickness  or  diam- 
eter for  rounds,  squares,  or  flats  up  to  10"  in  length 

•  Furnace  Heat-up  Time — 2,500  F  in  1 5  minutes  after  initial 
lighting 

Quite    as    important   as   the   productive    capacity  of 


the  furnace  are  results  of  high-speed   billet  heating 
with  GAS — 

•  Uniform  temperature  of  billets  improves  workability  in 
forge 

•  Reduced  scale  minimizes  abrasion  in  dies 

•  Flexibility  for  different  sizes  and   shapes  without   costly 
equipment  changes 

•  Economy  of  operation,  of  fuel  costs,  and  of  equipment 
investment 

This  application  of  modern  Gas  Equipment  in  an 
important  production-line  process  is  just  one  of  the 
contributions  made  by  GAS  to  industrial  progress. 
There  are  many  other  heat-processing  operations  such 
as  annealing,  normalizing,  stress-relieving,  case-hard- 
ening, in  which  the  productive  (lames  of  GAS  have 
established  records  for  productioneering.  They're 
worth  investigating. 


Longitudinal  section  thru  billet  heoting 
furnace  shows  simplicity  of  equipment 


Section  Drawing  courtesy  of  Surface 
Combustion  Corporation,  Toledo. Oliio. 
manufacturers    of    tlic     billet    heating 


AMEMICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 


j  420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE 

I 

\\     FEBRUARY,  1949 

i 


'   YOKK  17,  N.  Y. 


23 


STEPPING  STONES  .  .  . 

(Conriiiucil    tioiii   p:ij;c    II) 

In  1933,  the  American  Society  for 
Testing  Materials  adopted  the  motor 
method  as  tentative. 

It  was  thought  that  the  mw  mcrhocl 
should  be  tested  directi\  against  some 
road  data,  so  a  new  road  test  was  car- 
ried out  in  1934  on  current  model  cars. 
The  correlation  was  substantiated,  as  is 
shown  in  Figure  4.  Again,  in  1939, 
the  motor  method  was  put  to  trial  by 
running  a   road   test  program;  again   it 

Table  2  — Fuel    Rating   by  the  Motor 
and    Research   Methods 

Octane   Numbers 
Motor            Research 
Fuel Method Methcd 

Iso-octane   100.0  100.0 

Fuel    A   82.0  93.5 

Fuel    B    80.0  82.0 

Fuel    C    73.0  82.5 

Fuel    n    71.0  71.5 

Normal  Heptane  00.0  00.0 

proved  itself  by  giving  a  good  correla- 
tion with  the  a\erage  road  rating.  Both 
motor  and  research  methods  are  now 
rccogni/.ed  as  laboratory  tests  for  nintoi' 
fuels,  the  motor  for  routine  testing,  and 
the  research  for  what  its  name  implies. 
Although,  during  the  period  just  de- 
scribed,   the    emphasis    was    on    motor 


fuels,  there  also  w.is  an  interest  in  avia- 
tion fuels.  In  an  aircraft  engine,  the 
fuel  nia\  knock,  but  most  flyers  have 
slight  interest  in  this  characteristic. 
The  appearance  of  this  condition,  con- 
comitant with  overheating,  can  be  rap- 
idly destructive  to  piston.s  and  cylinders, 
which  is  infinitely  more  important  than 
noise.  Because  of  the  predominant  im- 
portance of  the  engine  temperatures, 
aviation  fuels  are  rated  for  lean  mix- 
tures using  a  thermocouple  .md  a  po- 
tentiometer. 

I  ntil  the  w.nr  ix-riod,  when  the  ma- 
jor portion  of  aircraft  engines  re(iuire(l 
luels  below  UK)  octane  number,  the  rat- 
ing was  determined  by  bracketing  the 
unknown  fuel  temperature  with  known 
blends  ot  iso-octane  and  normal  heptane 
and  interpolating.  Special  conditions 
were  used  for  this  a\iation  test,  and 
these  are  listed  in  Table  1.  This  is 
known  as  A.S.T.M.  Method  D614- 
47T. 

With  the  war,  howe\er,  came  the  de- 
mand for  high  output  fuels;  this  re- 
quired ratings  above  that  of  iso-octane 
■Aiu\  under  supercharge  conditions.  These 
re(|uirements  meant  a  deviation  from 
the  methods  used  so  far.  It  was  re- 
iiuired  to  evaluate  the  knock  through  a 
fuel-air  range  met  in  the  aircraft  opera- 
tion for  full  rich,  or  take-off  mixture. 
Figure   5    shows   how   a   knock   limited 


a.aS        o./o       o,/£ 


Shown     are     knock-limited 
curves       determined       by 


Fig.  5 
power 
A.  S.  T.  M.   method   D909-47T 


power  curve  looks  when  plotted  against 
fuel-air  ratio  .it  otherwise  constant  con- 
ditions. 

In  this  test,  as  in  the  other  cases,  the 
basic  engine  is  the  Waukesha  engine. 
The  induction  air  is  under  pressure, 
which  can  be  varied  to  simulate  super- 
charged conditions,  and  thus  control 
the  power  output.  The  fuel  is  injected 
directly  into  the  induction  system.  See 
Table  1.  To  obtain  a  rating,  the  un- 
known fuel  is  run  into  the  engine  and 
(Continued  on  page  26) 


BOOKS  and   SUPPLIES 

For  Every  Engineering  Need 


THE  UNIVERSITY  BOOKSTORE 


(A  Student  Co-Operative  Store) 
ROOM  87 


NAVY  PIER 


CHICAGO 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


WAGES,  SALARIES, 
EMPLOYEE    BENEFITS 

41.53<i 


DIVIDENDS  TO  STOCKHOLDERS 
3.19(i 


HOW   TO    DIVIDE    UP    A    DOLLAR 

.   .   .   the   American    Way 


It  may  interest  you  to  know  the  mistaken 
notions  most  folks  have  about  the  profits  of 
American  companies. 

They  tell  interviewers  that  they  think  such 
companies  are  entitled  to  make  12  to  15  cents 
on  every  dollar  of  income,  as  a  fair  return. 
Yet,  they  add,  it's  their  guess  that  manu- 
facturers actually  do  make  about  25  cents! 

The  facts  are  that  in  normal  years  Ameri- 
can companies  average  about  nine  cents 
profit  per  income  dollar. 

Take  Alumiinun  Company  of  America  in 
1947,  for  example.  Out  of  each  dollar  re- 
ceived last  year  by  Alcoa  and  its  subsidiaries, 
the   net   profit   amounted   to   less   than   eight 


cents.  We  show  above  where  the  rest  of  that 
dollar  went.  Nearly  half  of  it  in  wages,  sala- 
ries, and  employee  benefits,  to  Alcoans.  Al- 
most another  half  for  materials  and  services 
we  bought.  Over  six  and  a  half  cents  for  taxes. 

The  doUars-and-cents  story  of  Aluminum 
Company  of  America  represents  the  kind 
of  facts  you'll  get  from  any  typical  Ameri- 
can enterprise.  Facts  that  show  a  fair  return 
for  a  good  product. 

By  dividing  up  a  dollar,  the  American 
way,  Alcoa  has  provided  secure  employment 
for  46.000  aluminum  workers  and  has  helped 
America  to  gain  world  leadershi])  in  alumi- 
niim  jjroduction  and  research. 


^^jy^xmmmm^^ 


'^a^^(^;^/mmzu 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


25 


STEPPING  STONES  .  .  . 

(Coiitiiiucil    trom   p:iiiv  24) 

till-  tiK'l  flow  Is  ailjustfd  ;  tlic  ;iir  flo\v- 
is  then  ;uljusti'<l  until  a  iTprodiicibli' 
intfnsity  ot  knock  is  found  at  about 
(I. OS  fuel-air  ratio.  After  this  point, 
the  fuel  flow  anil  air  flow  are  increased, 
and,  maintaining  the  same  intensity  of 
knock,  a  curve  similar  to  that  shown  in 
Figure  5  results.  This  cur\e  is  then 
bracketed  by  doing  the  same  with  blends 
of  iso-octane  and  normal  heptane,  or 
iso-octane  and  lead,  as  the  case  may 
demand.  The  results  are  interpreted  on 
the  basis  of  the  interpolated  per  cent 
power  value  of  the  test  fuel.  Iso-octane 
equals  100','.  Data  are  reported  in 
terms  of  performance  nunihei-.  which 
is  a  power  increase   rating. 

An  aircraft  fuel  designated  as  grade 
100  i.iO  has  a  lean  rating  of  100  per- 
formance number,  or  lOO'V  iso-octane, 
and  a  rich  rating  equivalent  to  130 
performance  number,  or  iso-octane  plus 
1.30  milliliters  of  lead.  This  test  is  now 
A.S.T.M.    Method    r)000-47T. 

{Fit/iuis  I  (ind  3  lire  from  "Tin 
Stic  nee  of  Petruleuni"  by  CanipheU  and 
Boyd  {Oxford  University  Press)  and 
figures  2.  4,  and  5  are  hy  the  author. 
Wallace  Hopper. ) 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(Continued    troni   p,-i;;e    16) 

PI  TAU  SIGMA 

Members  of  Pi  Tau  Sigma,  mechan- 
ical engineering  honorary  fraternity,  en- 
joyed    them.selves    at    Lat/.er 
©  hall    for    their    December    8 

r4?l.  meeting.    This    meeting   was 

^^V\  the  semesterlv  iiu'tiation  ban- 
^>53^,)  ipiet  at  which  61  pledges  and 
3  honorary  members  were 
pledged  anil  welcomed  into 
the  fraternity. 
At  the  business  meeting  which  pre- 
ceded the  initiation,  members  accepted 
changes  and  revisions  of  the  chapter 
constitution  and  by-laws.  Mr.  David 
Duff,  cliairman  of  a  committee  which 
will  conduct  a  rating  survey  of  the 
mechanical  engineering  department  fac- 
idty,  gave  a  report  on  the  plans  and 
progress  of  this  committee.  Officers  for 
the  spring  semester  who  were  elected 
at  this  meeting  were  John  G.  Johnson, 
president ;  Harold  I.  Blotner,  vice  pres- 
ident; Frederick  T.  Fariss,  secretary; 
Harold  D.  Barthel,  corresponding  sec- 
retary; and  Charles  A.  Lessing,  treas- 
urer. 

Speaker  of  the  evening  was  Dr.  C.  F. 
Hottes,  profes.sor  emeritus  in  the  de- 
partment of  horticulture  at  the  l.hiiver- 


sit\  of  Illinois.  In  his  after  dinner 
speech.  Dr.  Hottes  told  of  a  trip  he  and 
eight  other  scientists  made  through  the 
uncharted  regions  along  the  San  Juan 
and  Colorado  rivers.  He  gave  a  brief 
history  of  this  section  of  the  country  and 
showed  colored  movies  that  he  had  taken 
on  this  trip. 

SIGMA  TAU 

Sigma  Tau,  all-engineeruig  honor- 
ary fraternity,  entertained  prospective 
f  pi  edges  at  its  December  7 
meeting  held  at  Wesley  founda- 
tion. Professor  H.  N.  Hayward 
of  the  electrical  engineering  de- 
partment told  the  guests  of  the 
history  of  Sigma  Tau,  its  purpose,  its ' 
past  activities,  and  of  its  future  social 
functions. 

At  the  December  14  meeting,  pledges 
were  chosen.  The  initiation  was  at  a 
banquet  held  in  the  early  part  of  Jan- 
uary. 


Professor:  "What's  \our  idea  of  civil- 
ization?" 

C.E. :  "Good  idea,  someone  ought  to 
start  it." 

*     *      « 

Women  blush  not  in  reflection  upon 
what  has  happened,  but  in  rosy  antici- 
pation of  what  may. 


Since  19^5 


National  Electric  has 
manufactured  quality  wiring 
systems  and  fittings  for 
every  electrical  requirement. 


\^1\A1^^W^^ 


Now 


AA  years  later 
National  Electric  is  the 
World's  Largest  Producer  of 
electrical  roughing-in  materials. 


Notionol  Electric 

Products  Corporation 
Pittsburgh  30.  Pa. 


fOR  IHt 


^'PROHSSIONAI"  TOUCH  HH 
USE  ^fl"^^ 


The  ONLY  Pencil  that 
Combines  these  8  Tests 
of  Pencil  Superiority 

I.  America's    ONLY    5.  Uniform   lead 


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6.  Perfect  repro- 

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Smudge-resistant 

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Completely 

8.  Fine   cedar. 

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Ask  for  ;t  at 
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si'. 

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S)   WOIITN     STKCCT    NCW  V6«.K  I).  N.V. 

STAEDTLEK    SINCE    1««2 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPI- 


he 


r  tfie  oroodsman 
the  betferthe  axe/ 

.  .  .  and  experience  buys  the  best 

industrial  equipment,  too 

THE  MOST  SKILLED  CHOPPER  invariably 
owns  the  fastest  axe  .  .  .  And  engineers  wlio  buy 
industrial  equipment  on  the  strength  of  experi- 
ence, get  topmost  eiiciency  and  econoni)\  Per- 
formance records  tell  why  Roebling  products 
have  enjoyed  more  than  a  century  of  confidence. 


ELECTRICAL  WIRE  — CABLE- 
MAGNET  WIRE.  There's  a  high 
quality  RoebUng  Electrical  Wire 
and  Cable  ( 65  standard  types )  for 
e\ery  sort  of  transmission,  distri- 
bution and  service  circuit  .  .  . 
Roevar  Magnet  Wire  is  unsurpassed 
for  high-speed  winding  operations. 

WOVEN  WIRE  FABRIC.  Eco- 
nomical Industrial  Screens  by 
Roebling  range  from  the  most 
finely  woven  Filter  Cloths  to  the 
largest  Aggregate  types.  Roeflat 
Screen,  a  radically  new  design,  has 
75%  more  wearing  surface,  up  to 
90%  more  wear. 

ROUND—  FLAT— SHAPED 
WIRE.  You  cut  down  reject  costs 
and  speed  up  production  with 
Roebhng  high  carbon  wire... every 
inch  is  like  every  other  inch  .  .  . 
same  gauge  and  grain  structure  . .  . 
same  strength,  hardness  and  finish 
.  .  .  and  it's  available  7iow! 

WIRE  ROPE.  Roebling  rope  is  one 
of  the  most  widely  used  products 
in  industry  today  . . .  and  Roebling 
Preformed  "Blue  Center"  Steel 
X\'iTc  Rope  is  the  last  word  in  long- 
time performance  and  genuine 
scr\ice  economy.  Only  Roebling 
makes"Blue  Center"  wire  ropesteel. 

Whatever  career  you  are  studying  for,  when 
)  ou  get  on  the  job  you  will  find  some  type  of 
Roebling  product  serving  there,  dependably 
and  at  low  cost.  Jolin  A.  Roebling's  Sons  Co., 
Trenton  2,  N.J. 


ROEBLiNC 


A    CENTURY    Of    CONflDENCB    (^«iS/ 

BRANCH  OFFICES:  Atlanta,  934  Avon  Ave.  *  Boston,  51 
Sleeper  St.  *  Chicago,  5525  W.  Rooscvell  Rd.  *  Cleveland, 
701  Si.  Clair  Ave.,  N.  E.  *  Denver,  1635  ITlh  Si.  *  Houston. 
6216  Navigalion  Blvd.  *  Los  Angeles,  216  S.  Alameda  Si.  * 
New  iork,  19  Reclor  Si.  *  Philadelphia,  12  S.  12lh  Si.  *  Pitts- 
burgh, 855  W.  Norlh  Ave.  *  Portland,  Ore.,  1032  N.  W.  141h 
Ave.  *  San  Francisco,  1740  Klh  St.  *  Seattle,  900  First  Ave. 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


27 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(Continued  tioni  page  14) 
point,  vvi-  wish  to  congratulate  our 
newly  appointed  editor  and  wish  Sig 
Deutsclier  all  the  luck  in  the  world.  It 
was  grand  working  (uulcr  Sig,  and  we 
are  sure  that  Dick  will  lia\e  his  work 
cut  out   tor  him  in   following  Sig. 

Pier  Engineering  Societies 

By  Bob  King,  C.E.  '51 
A.SJIJ:. 

Approximately  85  \wr  cent  ot  rlu- 
members  were  present  at  tlie  smoker 
held  in  November.  Mr.  Oldacher  spoke 
on  the  "Importance  of  the  Protessional 
Society."  and  movies  on  atomic  energy 
and  the  Ohio-Illinois  football  game 
were  shown.  Exeryone  enjo\ed  the  cider 
and  doughn\irs.  as  well  as  the  interesting 
program. 

Hob  Heardmore  acted  as  host  and 
presented  many  novelty  dances  at  the 
"Turkey  Trot,"  also  held  in  Novem- 
ber. Seventy  members  and  guests  were 
present  to  enio\-  the  refreshments  and 
dances. 

The  lecture  b\  Dr.  .Allison  of  the 
University  of  Chicago,  a  noted  authori- 
ty in  the  field  of  atomic  research  and 
nuclear  fission,  turned  out  to  be  a  won- 
derful success.  The  lecture  by  Dr.  .Alli- 


son cleared  up  nian\  false  impressions 
that  many  of  us  had  about  atomic  en- 
erg),  and  was  most  interesting.  In  the 
subject,  "Nuclear  Physics  Today,"  Dr. 
-Allison  stressed  the  importance  of  radio 
activity  and  its  uses  in  industry,  path- 
ology, biology,  and  pharmacy.  He  also 
gave  a  brief  history  of  his  research  at 
the  Midway  laboratories  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  and  the  development  of 
the  present  cyclotron  and  problems  en- 
countered  in  its  development. 

On  December  8,  a  regular  meeting 
was  held.  .A  movie,  "Fixed  Ciauges  '  was 
shown,  and  the  newly  formed  engineer- 
ing council  was  discu.ssed. 

A  field  trip  to  the  electromotive  di- 
vision of  (reneral  Motors  at  LaGrange 
was  held  on  December  21. 

At  the  Freshman  Convocation  and 
at  registration  in  February,  the  society 
is  planning  to  operate  a  booth  to  famil- 
iari/.e  new  students  with  the  society. 
New  memberships  will  al.so  be  accepted 
,it  that  time.  The  society  also  plans  to 
hold  regular  meetings  every  other  week 
during  the  spring  semester,  with  speak- 
ers and  movies  alternating  for  the  pro- 
gram. .Also,  if  it  is  possible,  additional 
programs  similar  to  the  lecture  by  Dr. 
Allison — which  drew  a  very  large  crowd 
— will  be  scheduled. 

The  society  wishes  to  extend  its  full 
cooperation  to  the  Engineering  council. 


and  the  societie's  chairm.in,  .Mr.  Victor 
E.  Swenson,  wishes  to  thank  all  his  fel- 
low officers  and  the  society  sponsor,  .Mr. 
Cobb,  for  the  excellent  and  diligent 
cooperation  he  has  received  from  them 
in  making  the  fall  semester  program 
successful. 

A.S.(:.L. 

.About  lIMI  men  and  their  dates  had 
a  good  time  dancing  and  playing  games 
at  a  party  and  get-together  at  Keyman's 
hall  on  Friday  evening,  December  3. 
The  party  broke  up  around  midinght. 

Mr.  C.  A.  Walls,  of  the  Portland 
Cement  corporation,  spoke  on  "Expre>s 
ways,"  at  the  regular  meeting  held  cm 
Monday,    December    13. 

The  society  hopes  to  have  a  big  meet- 
ing in  January,  when  an  out-of-tow]i 
speaker  will  be  present. 

A.I.E.E. 

Thus   far   this   semester,    two   movies 
"Dawn  of  Better  Living,  '  and  "Ma:: 
of    F"luore.scence"    have    been    present! 
It  is  planned  to  have  an   I.B.M.   repu 
sentative  speak  at  a  meeting  in  January. 

At  the  business  meeting  held  on  De- 
cember 14,  the  constitution  of  the 
A.I.E.E.  was  drawn  up.  John  Doeriiii; 
has  been  appointed  as  Engineering  coun-j 
cil  representative.  I 


XEW    "PKCSIDEXT-    LITERS 
I  SE    EltllTEE.X    /^*^f^^ 

i|tr""   "^ 


Jlge^^m^  ^^i&m 


And  s;< 

of  them  a 

re  big  one 

s.  cooling 

nearly 

n  0.000  c 

u.  ft.  of  ca 

rgo  Space- 

-includm 

3  1,200 

tons  of  fr 

len  food 

eld  al  mm 

s  10,  The 

twelve 

other  Frlc 

l<  iTiachine 

$  cool  twe 

ity  food 

service 

boios  lor 

the  1.780 

jassengeri 

and  cre>" 

Thousa 

ds    of   Fr 

ck    Refrige 

rating    m 

achlnes 

are    used 

on    Navy 

vessels.    1 

ners.    fre 

ghters, 

tankers,  c 

redgcrs.  y 

chts.  tugs 

and  rive 

boats. 

Equally  d 

spendable 

afloat  or 

sfiore. 

T/i<-  Frick  Graduate  Training  Co 
n  licfrigt-ration  and  Air  Condition 
.prralcd  mer  30  >.-ars.  Offers  a  Ca 
.1  a  Cruuing  Industry. 


Robeson's 


Champaign's  Largest, 

Most  Complete 

Department  Store 


For  the 


BEST  SERVICE 


CAMPUS  BARBER 
SHOP 

812  S.  Sixth  St..  Champaign 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPI 


These 

engineers  help 
build  sales 


Attached  to  our  sales  department  is  a  large 
group  of  college-trained  technical  men — in- 
dustrial lubrication  engineers,  automotive  en- 
gineers, and  others.  They  help  to  keep  up  pro- 
duction in  our  customers'  plants.  These  men 
areoursalesengineers.  They  serve  industry  by: 

.  .  .  surveying  the  lubrication  requirements  of 
paper  mills,  mines,  steel  mills,  metal  and  wood 
working  factories,  process  industries,  and  the 
Uke. 

.  .  .  helping  production  engineers  select  cut- 
ting oils,  drawing  compounds,  and  quenching 
or  tempering  oils. 

. .  .  aiding  power  plant  men  to  get  more  effi- 
cient operation  of  turbines,  Diesels,  or  re- 


ciprocating steam  engines. 

.  .  .  solving  operating  problems  of  equip- 
ment that  must  work  under  extreme  heat, 
cold,  moisture,  or  other  adverse  conditions. 

.  .  .  working  with  engine  and  machinery 
manufacturers  to  set  up  instructions  for 
lubricating  their  equipment. 

.  .  .  analyzing  problems  for  operators  of 
fleets  of  trucks,  buses,  or  construction  equip- 
ment. 

Our  business  is  one  in  which  engineering  has 
many  and  varied  applications.  Sales  engi- 
neering has  a  direct  bearing  on  the  satisfac- 
tion given  by  our  products.  Naturally,  it 
rates  high  with  us  and  with  our  customers. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


STANDARD 


INDIANA) 


(EBRUARY,  1949 


29 


partners  in  creating 


K  &  E  drafting  instruments,  equipment  ond  materials 
have  been  partners  of  leading  engineers  for  81  years 
in  shoping  the  modern  world.  So  extensively  are  these 
products  used  by  successful  men,  it  is  self  evident  that 
K  &  E  has  played  a  part  in  the  completion  of  nearly 
every  American  engineering   project  of  any  magnitude. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW   YORK    •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •   Montreal 


Engineers  .  .  . 

Know  the  place  to  go  for  service  on 
engineering  supplies  and  text  books 
(new  and  used)  is  .  .  . 


FOLLETT'S 

COLLEGE  BOOKSTORE 

AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


JETS  ARE  JUMPING  .  .  . 

(  ContiiHieil  from  page  9) 

thi'\    use.   However,   the  development  ot 
ntoniic  power  might  remedy  this  defect. 

Ptilxe  Jet 

.Another  jet  reaction  unit  which  is 
not  heing  extensively  used  is  the  pulse 
jet.  The  pul.se  jet  is  composed  of  a  long 
tube  with  non-return  admission  valves 
at  the  entrance  to  the  tube.  The  fuel  in- 
jection nozzles  are  located  just  behind 
these  valves  and  are  directed  straight 
back.  Immediately  following  the  injec- 
tion nozzles  are  venturi  sections  through 
which  the  fuel  enters  the  cotiibustion 
chamber.  The  combustion  chamber, 
which  is  formed  by  the  tube,  narrows 
liowii  to  a  tail  pipe  of  smaller  diameter. 

In  order  to  start  the  pulse  jet  there 
must  be  air  pressure  against  the  valves 
at  the  nose  of  the  tube.  This  pressure  is 
supplied  either  by  moving  the  unit 
through    the    air    or    by    shooting    com- 


The    impulse   jet   was   employed    on 
the  German  flying   bomb. 

pressed  air  against  the  front  of  the  tube. 
The  air  pressure  on  the  nose  opens  the 
\alves  and  air  is  admitted  into  the  tube. 
As  the  air  travels  to  the  combustion 
chamber  it  is  mixed  with  the  fuel,  which 
is  injected  through  the  nozzles,  and  a 
combustible  mi.xture  is  formed.  Com- 
pression is  obtained  partially  by  the  air 
itself  as  it  is  rammed  into  the  combustion 
chamber.  The  rest  of  the  compression  is 
obtained  during  combustion  as  a  result 
of  the  rapidly  expanding  gas.  As  soon 
as  the  combustible  mixture  has  been 
rammed  into  the  combustion  chamber, 
it  is  ignited  by  a  spark  plug.  The  spark 
plug  is  needed  only  for  the  first  ex- 
lilosion,  for  the  operation  is  continuous 
thereafter,  and  the  mixture  is  ignited 
by  the  heat  formed  from  the  previous 
explosion.  When  the  mixture  is  ignited 
there  is  a  rise  in  pressure  inside  of  the 
rube,  and  the  non-return  valves  at  the 
nose  of  the  tube  are  closed.  The  gases 
then  expand  out  the  tail  pipe.  -As  the 
gas  rushes  out  of  the  tail  pipe,  the  pres- 
sure in  the  combustion  chamber  drops. 
.As  soon  as  the  pressure  inside  has 
dropped  below  that  of  air  pressure  on 
the  front  of  the  valves,  more  air  is  ad- 
mitted in,  and  the  process  is  repeated. 
The  phase  of  operation  is  repeated 
in  pulses  and  this  is  how  the  unit  ob- 
tains its  name,  (^ne  of  the  most  diffi- 
cult achievements  in  the  design  of  a 
pulse  jet  is  to  obtain  correspondence  be- 
( Continued   on   paj;e   .^2) 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Into  youi  III  Ji,_;  hunii  <  kii 
and  ttLi-i^ion  i 


Ls  llic  ".\yc'  ()/  Electronics"— throng}^  radio 
L  ^Ldich  atliicvcmcnts  of  RCA  Laboratories. 


Hescarcit 


cof^es  -fo  ///e  m  y<^^^  /jiz/nty  "^oom 


lurn  on  your  radio,  tune  in  a  televi- 
sion set  — as  simplv  as  that  you  have 
completed  the  final  step  in  a  long  chain 
of  research  and  invention  . . . 

In  a  generous  measure,  your  new  com- 
mand of  sound  and  sight  comes  from  re- 
search conducted  at  RCA  Laboratories 
and  made  available  for  useful  purposes. 
Almost  every  single  major  advance  in 
radio  and  television  during  the  past  30 
\ears  was  pioneered  by  RCA. 

A  few  examples  of  RC.\  leadership:  all- 
electronie  television,  llic  all-electronic  radio 
receiver,  and  the  \iclroIa  radia-phonograph. 
The  iconoscope,  television's  electronic  "eye," 
was  developed  by  Dr.  V.  K.  Zuorykin  — now 


of  RC.\  Laboratories.  Super-sensitive  Image 
Orthicon  television  cameras  and  kinescope 
"picture  tubes"  for  receiving  sets  and  radio 
relays  are  RCA  firsts. 

Actually,  these  are  just  a  few  of  the 
hundreds  of  examples  of  RCA  leadersliip 
in  radio  and  electronic  research  and  engi- 
neering "know-how"  .  .  .  that  give  vahic 
bcijond  price  in  any  product  or  ser\  ice  of 
RCA  or  RCA  Victor. 


\V/ic'ii  in  Radio  City,  New  York,  i/ou  arc  cor- 
dialhj  invited  to  tisit  the  radio,  television  and 
cleetr{nuc  ivondcrs  at  RC.\  Exliihition  Hall. 
36  West  49th  Street.  Free  admission.  Radio 
Corporation  of  America,  RCA  Biiilding,Radio 
Citij,  N.  Y.  20. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

\'ictor  — one  ot  tlie  world's  foremost  ilLinu- 
fiicturcrs  of  radio  .ind  electronic  products 
—  offers  yon  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 
«  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations). 

»  Ad\-anced  de\-eIopment  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  producing  methods. 

o  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
lay,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 
\V'ri/c  today  to  National  Recruiting  Divi- 
sion. RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jcrsci/. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and   Chemical   Engineers  and   Physicists. 


IVor/c/  Leac/er  />?  'Rac/Zo  —  T^rsf-  in  le/ew/s/'on 


i-EBRUARY,  1949 


31 


JETS  ARE  JUMPING  .  .  . 

(Continued   from  page  30) 

tween  tlie  pulses  or  vibrational  fre- 
quency of  the  valves  and  the  vibrational 
frequency  of  the  tailpipe.  The  frequency 
with  which  the  combustion  gases  leave 
the  tail  pipe  depends  upon  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  pipe. 

The  reaction  opposite  to  tliat  ol  tlu- 
gases  passing  out  the  tail  pipe  or  tail 
nozzle  of  the  jet  is  the  jet  reaction  or 
jet  propulsion  which  propels  the  plane. 

The  pulse  jet  is  used  mainl\  tor 
model  airplanes  and  for  guided  and  \in- 
guided   missiles.   One   difficulty   of   the 


The 


Roui  Jet 

ram  jet  is  the  only  air-breathing 


The    ram    jet    does    not    have    any 
moving   parts. 

pulse  jet  is  tile  lar^'c  Iniiitai  .irca  foinu'd 
by  the  valves  at  the  nose  ol  tiie  tube. 
The  impact  of  the  air  upon  tiiis  area 
inipiises  a  larijc  drag  force.  The  effi- 
cienc\  ot  the  pidse  jet  falls  far  below 
that  of  the  other  propulsive  units. 


jet  unit  which  does  not  have  any  mov- 
ing parts.  This  unit  somewhat  resembles 
a  stovepipe  with  a  small  diameter  at 
each  end  and  a  large  diameter  in  the 
niiddh-.  All  of  the  dimensions  of  a  ram 
jet  are  dependent  upon  calculations 
made  by  tile  use  of  thermodynamic 
tormuhis. 

The  ram  jet  is  composeil  of  three 
parts:  (1)  the  diffuser,  (2)  the  com- 
bustion chamber  and,  (3)  the  exit  noz- 
zle. The  diffuser  is  located  at  the  front 
of  the  jet.  It  forms  a  small  diameter  at 
(Continued  on  page  34) 


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Engineers  . . . 

For  quality   in  engineering   supplies  all  our  complete   line  of 
Eugene  Dietzgen  and  Keuffel  &  Esser  materials 

•  MINUSA  DRAWING  INSTRUMENTS 

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Telephone   6-1226  South  Wright  St. 


32 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


'And  What  Are  You  Going 
To  Do  Tomorrow?'' 


.  .  .  said  one  of  Napoleon's  generals  to  the  young  officer 
who  was  reporting  on  the  victory  he  had  won  that  day.  It's 
a  bit  hke  that,  too,  in  preparing  for  a  career.  The 
important  thing  is  not  only  what  you  do  in  the  classroom 
today,  but  what  you  are  going  to  do  tomorrow  when 
you  find  yourself  in  the  business  world. 

Tomorrow  it  will  be  as  important  to  keep  yourself  posted  on 
what's  going  on  in  your  profession  as  it  is  to  learn  its 
fundamentals  today.  In  the  classroom  you  have  been 
building  much  of  that  foundation  probably  with  McGraw-Hill 
books.  When  you  are  in  business,  you  will  need  McGraw-Hill 
books  and  magazines  to  help  you  keep  forging  ahead. 

In  both  classroom  and  industry  McGraw-Hill  books  are 

recognized  as  authoritative  and  standard  works  on 

their  subjects.  In  business  and  professional  fields  McGraw-HUl 

magazines  command  the  top  editorial  staffs, 

plus  the  world's  largest  news-gathering  facihties  devoted 

exclusively  to  business. 

McGraw-Hill  books  and  magazines  should  be  your 
headquarters  for  technical  information. 

McGraw-Hill  Publications 


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HEADQUARTERS         FOR         TECHNICAL         I     r^l     FORMATION 


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=EBRUARY,  1949 


33 


JETS  ARE  JUMPING  .  .  . 

(  Continued    from   paj:c   M  ) 

tlic  nose  and  tapers  into  the  laijjer  di- 
ameter of  the  combustion  chamber.  The 
combustion  chamber  then  tapers  down 
to   form   the   tail    pipe   mmI   exit   no//ie. 

The  air  enters  the  ram  jet  throu}i;li 
tile  small  diameter  at  tlie  nose  of  the 
diffuser.  As  the  air  passes  along  the 
diffuser  the  diameter  becomes  larger, 
and  thus  the  area  increases.  This  in- 
crease in  area  causes  the  velocity  to  de- 
crease and  the  pressure  to  rise.  The  rise 
in  pressure  gives  the  unit  its  compres- 
sion. As  the  air  enters  the  combustion 
chamber,  it  is  ]iii.\ed  with  fuel  to  foini 
a  combustible  mixture.  The  initial  ig- 
nition is  caused  by  a  spark  plug,  but 
the  operation  thereafter  is  continuous, 
and  the  ignition  is  brought  about  b\  the 
heat  of  the  previous  explosion. 

The  ram  jet  cannot  produce  static 
thrust.  It  has  to  obtain  a  very  high 
speed  before  it  will  operate  as  a  pro- 
pulsive unit.  For  small  units  this  speed 
is  around  200  miles  per  hour  and  for 
large  units  around  400  miles  per  hour. 
The  expi.ination  tor  this  i>  that  the  ram 
jet  cannot  produce  enough  thiiist  to 
overcome  the  internal  drag  until  it  has 
reached  this  speed. 

The  ram  jet's  most  promising  use  at 


The  radial  flow  turbo  jet  (above) 
and  the  axial  flow  turbo  jet  (be- 
low) mechanically  compress  the 
entering   air. 

the  present  is  in  the  field  of  helicopters. 
The  jet  units  are  placed  on  the  tips  of 
the  blades  and  their  propulsive  power 
is  used  to  rotate  the  blades.  The  ram 
jet  will  operate  very  successftdly  in  this 
c:ip.icit\  since  the  top  speeds  range  from 
40(1  to  SOO  miles  per  hour.  The  ram 
jet  also  offers  promising  results  as  a 
supersonic  propulsive  unit,  but  this  re- 
<|uires  a  slighth'  different  design  of  the 
exit   nozzle. 

Turbo  Jet 

The  jet  unit  which  is  being  used  to 
operate  all  of  the  current  jet  airplanes 
is  the  turbo  jet.  The  turbo  jet  has 
proved  to  be  the  only  practical  unit  for 
the  present  type  of  aircraft. 


The  tuiho  jet  is  divided  iiito  two 
classes.  The  distinction  is  made  in  the 
type  of  compressor  which  is  used.  One 
type  uses  a  centrifugal  or  radial  flow 
compressor  and  the  other  type  uses  an 
axial  flow  compressor.  AH  of  the  (jer- 
man  turbo  jet  units  employed  axial  flow 
compressors,  and  at  the  beginning,  all 
of  the  American  and  Hritish  turbo  jet 
units  were  constructed  with  radial  flow 
compressors.  However,  the  Americans 
.uul  British  have  now  developed  a  num- 
ber of  axial  flow  compressors  also. 

The  compressor,  whether  it  is  axial 
or  radial  flow,  is  located  at  the  nose  of 
the  turbo  jet.  The  combustion  chambers 
are  placed  behind  the  compressor.  Di- 
rectly to  the  rear  of  the  combustion 
chamber  is  an  axial  flow  turbine.  The 
turbine  and  compressor  are  connected 
on  a  common  shaft.  The  bullet  and 
exit  nozzle  are  located  behind  the  tur- 
bine. The  bullet  can  be  moved  in  and 
out  and  is  used  to  vary  the  exit  area. 

The  turbo  jet  is  started  by  mechan- 
ically turning  the  main  shaft.  The  jet 
airplanes  are  equipped  with  electric 
starters  which  spin  the  shaft  at  about 
one-eighth  of  the  operating  speed.  As 
soon  as  the  shaft  starts  to  rotate,  the 
compressor  forces  air  into  the  combus- 
( Continued  on  page  36) 


Spans  20  Centuries  in  41  Minutes 

This  new  16  mm.  educational  motion  picture  dramatizes, 
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combustion  of  fuels.  Extensive  animation  and  striking 
photography  traces  important  steps  in  the  2000-year  prog- 
ress of  steam  power  .  .  .  from  Hero's  engine  to  the  modern 
turbine,  from  the  Haycock  boiler  to  the  latest  develop- 
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34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


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To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
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impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  when  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


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addition  it  has  greater 
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Standard  taper  hole  in 
spindle  —  suitable  spindle 
speeds  for  larger  cutters 
—and  ample  power  plus 
rigidity  for  work  requiring 
heavier  cuts. 

Engineered  for  smooth, 
powerful,    cutter    driving; 


antifriction  bearings  support 
all  shafts  in  speed  train;  inde- 
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■EBRUARY,  1949 


35 


■  M^^^S^I^^^^t '  '  •  lip; 


.  .  .  the   tree   became   a  newspaper 
through  GRINDING! 

\ArAY  back  in  the  woods  Norton  starts  to  have  a  part  in  producing 
your  newspaper — axes  and  saws  sharpened  by  Norton  grinding 
wheels  fell  the  trees  and  cut  them  to  pulp  wood  lengths. 

Then  at  the  paper  mill  the  wood  is  ground  into  pulp  for  newsprint 
by  Norton  Pulpstones — gigantic  ten-ton,  segmental  grinding  wheels 
as  large  as  six  feet  in  diameter  and  as  wide  as  66" — wheels 
developed  by  Norton  research  to  replace  nature's  sandstones. 


The  machines  that  convert  the  pulp 
into  paper  and  the  complicated 
presses  which  print  your  newspaper 
contain  many  rolls  and  other  ports 
precision-produced  by  Norton  grind- 
ing machines  and  grinding  wheels. 

Norton  Refractories  ore  important, 
too — Alundum  Loboratory  Ware  is 
used  in  the  paper  mill  laboratories, 
Crystolon  Brick  in  the  power  plants. 


NORTON  COMPANY  •  WORCESTER  6,  MASS. 

Distributors  in  All  Principal  Cities 


NORTON 


JETS  ARE  JUMPING.  .  . 

(ContiiUR-d    troui   page  34) 

riDii  chamber.  Thv  tiicl  is  iiijcctfil  into 
the  combustion  chamber  ami  forms  a 
combustible  mixture  with  the  com- 
pressed air.  Since  the  process  of  combus- 
tion is  a  continuous  one,  the  spark  pluj; 
is  needed  only  for  the  initial  ifjnition. 
Ill  most  turbo  jets  the  spark  plug  is 
placed  in  only  one  of  the  combustion 
chambers  and  the  fl;niie  of  the  initial 
explosion  travels  to  the  other  chambers 
through  inter-connecting  pipes.  After 
tile  explosion,  the  gas  is  expanded 
through  the  turbine.  However,  only 
part  of  the  energy  is  used  to  turn  the 
turbine;  the  rest  of  the  energy  is  ex- 
pelled as  the  gas  expands  through  the 
rear  nozzle.  As  soon  as  the  operation  of 
combustion  has  begun,  the  electric  motor 
is  turned  off  and  the  turbine  is  used  to 
turn  the  compressor. 

The  biggest  advantage  which  the  jet 
engine  has  over  the  reciprocating  en- 
gine is  speed.  However,  the  jet  reaction 
engine  has  many  other  advantages  which 
place  it  in  such  high  favor.  Listed  be- 
low are  a  few  advantages  of  the  turbo 
jet  engines  compared  to  the  reciproca- 
ting engine: 

1.  \o  warmup  time  is  needed  for 
the  turbo  jet. 

2.  The  turbo  jet  can  be  designed 
and  produced  in  about  one- 
quarter  of  the  time  that  it  takes 
to  test  a  piston  engine. 

3.  Vibration  is  eliminated  since  the 
turbo  unit  is  composed  of  only 
rotating  parts. 

4.  There  is  no  sliding  friction  aiul 
no  heav\'  bearings  to  be  lubri- 
cated. 

5.  The  absence  of  an  air  screw  per- 
mits a  low  undercarriage  and 
therefore,   a   light   landing  geai. 

6.  The  jet  propelled  aircraft  offer 
better  vision  and  less  restriction 
for  armament. 

7.  Jet  fuels  are  easier  to  get  and 
are  less  expensive. 

Although  the  jet  airplane  was  not  ile- 
veloped  until  recently,  there  are  a  large 
number  of  different  designs  in  produc- 
tion today. 

As  time  follows  time  and  man  gath- 
ers new  knowledge,  startling  and  revo- 
lutionary creations  will  be  produced  in 
the  field  of  aeronautics.  However,  tin 
advent  of  these  new  products  will  rep- 
resent the  labor,  learning,  and  knowl- 
edge which  is  being  endowed  upon  the 
aircraft  of  today. 


«IR*SIVES  -  atlNDING  WHEEIJ  -  G » I  N  0 1 « G  AND  L«rPIIIG  M«CHIIIE$ 
REFRkCTORIES  -  POROUS  MEDIUMS  -  RON-JIIP  flOORS  -  NORilDE  PRODUCTS 
ICHIHES        (lEHR-MimilNG  DIVISION:  COATED  AIRtSIVES  AND  SHARPENING  STONES) 


Bob:  "That  was  a  close  call,  old 
man.  Don't  \ou  know  you  always  ought 
to  give  a  woman  driver  half  the  road  ? 

Bill:  "Well,  I  always  try  to,  as  soon 
as  I   find  out  which  Iialf  she  wants." 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


[           ^^1 

Dia&sf 

For  Students  of  Science  and  ^ 

''*^.  _^r  ,Engineerinjg_,^,^ 

The  story  of 

A  CHEMICAL  ACHIEVEMENT 


How  Du  Pont  scientists 

found  a  way  to 

Moistureproof  Cellophane 

There's  no  secret  to  Du  Font's  suc- 
cessful system  for  making  chemical 
discoveries.  It  is  simply  research 
through  teamwork. 

As  each  new  problem  in  research 
arises,  it  is  tackled  by  men  and 
women  whose  training  and  skill  qual- 
ify them  to  master  it.  Backed  by 
ample  funds  and  facilities,  they  are 
continuously  extending  the  field  of 
scientific  knowledge. 

Take  the  case  of  moistureproof 
Cellophane.  Plain,  transparent  Cello- 
phane was  strong,  clear  and  protec- 
tive. As  a  packaging  material  it  had 
eye  appeal.  Its  uses  were  limited, 
however.  Perishable  foods  wrapped 
in  this  cellulose  film  were  protected 
from  contamination  and  were  good 
to  look  at,  but  they  did  not  retain 
their  freshness.  They  either  lost  or 
absorbed  moisture,  depending  on  the 
nature  of  the  food  and  atmospheric 
conditions. 

That  was  a  challenge  to  Du  Pont 
research  people.  They  set  out  to  find 
materials  that  would  moistureproof 
Cellophane  without  materially  af- 
fecting its  thinness  or  transparency. 
After  developing  a  basic  test  to  meas- 


This  is  a  booklet  you 

shouldn't  miss 

Before  deciding  on 
your  first  job,  send  for 
your  free  copy  of  "The 
Du  Pont  Company 
and  the  College  Grad- 
uale."  Describes  op- 
portunities for  men 
and  women  with  many 
types  of  training.  Explains  how  in- 
dividual ability  is  recognized  and  re- 
warded under  the  group  system  of 
operation.  Address:  2518  Nemours 
Building,  Wilmington  98,  Delaware. 


i 

Cellophane  has  become  thi'  nation's  symbol 
for  modern  packaging.  Since  1927,  continuing 
research  has  developed  over  fifty  different  types. 


Dr.  Hale  Charch,  Ph  D.,  Ohio  Stutt  'Ji,  re- 
enaclb  discoiuy  of  moistunptoof  Cellophane 
film.  Bag  at  far  right  held  water  for  weeks; 
other  control  bags  showed  evaporation. 

ure  moistureproofness,  they  tried 
various  procedures — adding  ingredi- 
ents to  Cellophane  dope  before  cast- 
ing, impregnating  sheets  in  baths 
and  coating  the  film. 

Coating  showed  the  most  promise. 
Had  you  been  a  member  of  the  re- 
search team  on  this  job,  you  might 
have  helped  mix  and  test  several 
hundred  different  coating  formulae 
over  a  10  months'  period.  With  suc- 
cessful coatings  in  sight,  a  small 
pilot  operation  was  set  up.  Then — 
to  make  sure  the  new  Cellophane 
was  right — doughnuts,  cookies  and 
cakes  were  wrapped  in  it  and  sent 
to  market.  Finally,  engineers  were 
called  on  to  design  machinery  for 
full-scale  operation. 

Now  everything  from  chewing  gum 
to  porterhouse  steaks  is  being  sold  in 
moistureproof  Cellophane.  Another 
scientific  achievement  is  helping 
change  the  food  packaging  and  food 
buying  habits  of  America! 

Using  your  training  at  Du  Pont 

Diverse  problems  call  for  diversified 
talents.  At  any  one  time,  there  are 
hundreds  of  interesting  projects  un- 
der way  in  the  Du  Pont  laboratories. 
You  may  be  trained  in  chemistry, 
engineering  or  physics.  You  may 
have  studied  in  the  fields  of  botany, 
entomology,    parisitology,   pharma- 


Cellophane  is  made  by  extruding  viscose 
through  a  slit  into  an  acid  bath  where  it  coagu- 
lates into  sheets.  Moistureproofing  follows. 


WRITE  TODAY  for  "The  Du  Pont  Company  and  the  College  Graduate  " 


Organic  Chemist  M.L.Ward,  /■/(./).,  llUnni: 
'42,  and  Physical  Chemist  P.  E.  Rouse,  Jr., 
Ph.D.,  Illinois  '41,  conducting  research  on  the 
permeability  of  thin  membranes,  including 
Cellophane. 

cology  or  plant  pathology.  In  fact, 
almost  all  the  sciences  are  put  to  use 
at  Du  Pont. 

Working  as  a  member  of  a  small 
team,  the  individual  is  afforded  every 
opportunity  to  show  his  talent  and 
capabUities. 

BETTER    THINGS    FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
.  .  .  THROUGH    CHEMIStRY 

More  facts  about  Du  Pont  —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


37 


GALESBURG  ... 

(C'lintimic.l  Irom  p:igf  li) 
riu'  Navy  leased  a  buildinji  on  tlu- 
( ;:ik'sburs  campus  containiii};  approM- 
inateh'  2,800  square  feet  of  floor  space 
to  house  all  the  equipment  ami  facilities 
necessary  for  training  electrical  tech- 
nicians. This  building  will  house  equip- 
ment representing  a  total  value  of  over 
$100,000.  when  the  remainder  of  the 
equipment  is  received  from  the  Navy. 

The  volunteer  unit  has  an  authorized 
complement  of  five  officers  and  40  men 
under  the  command  of  Comdr.  M.  J. 
Calbraith,  U.S.N.R.,  who  is  the  direc- 
tor of  student  welfare  at  the  (lalesburg 
division.  The  unit's  executive  officer  is 
Lt.  Comdr.  De  Voss,  U.S.N.R.,  a  resi- 
dent of  (^.alesburg.  Dr.  H.  L.  Lawdcr, 
commmander,  U.S.N.R.,  is  the^  com- 
pany's medical  officer,  and  l.t.  Comdr. 
H.  C.  Woolsey,  I'.S.N.R..  is  communi- 
cations officer. 

The  specific  purpose  of  the  Electron- 
ics Warfare  unit  is  to  keep  the  naval 
reservists  up-to-date  and  familiar  with 
the  most  recent  developments  in  the 
field  of  electronics.  The  program  is  de- 
signed to  provide  former  navy  person- 
nel with  up-to-date  information  on  the 
repair,  maintenance  and  operation  ot 
radio  transmitters  and  receivers,  radar 
gear,  direction  finders,  and  all  types  ot 
electronic   equipment.    In    addition,   the 


program  provides  for  the  training  ot 
,„-w  recruits  in  tlie  Naval  Reserve  who 
■ux  inti-iTsted  In  the  ticld  ot  electronics. 
The  recruit  who  has  had  no  previous 
experience  is  taught  the  basic  principles 
„f  electricitv.  The  trainee  progresses 
through  the  various  phases  of  radio 
transmission  and  reception  of  code,  and 
learns  the  repair  and  maintenance  of 
electronics  equipment. 

The  training  and  re-orientation  pro- 
>rram  follows  as  closely  as  possible  the 
■procedure  used  in  the  regular  Navy 
training  schools.  Naval  Reserve  officers 
ami  enlisted  men  who  have  had  consid- 
erable training  and  valuable  experience 
instruct  the  trainees  in  the  various  spe- 
cialized fields  of  electronics. 

The  unit  meets  regularly  twice  a 
month  for  the  purpose  of  training.  Lec- 
tures on  the  various  phases  of  study  are 
aiven  during  the  first  part  of  the  pe- 
riod. The  latter  part  of  the  period  is 
devoted  to  the  practical  applications  ot 
tlie  principles  presented  in  the  lectures. 
Tile  electronics  laboratory  is  a  great 
•lid  to  the  trainee  because  he  can  actual- 
ly see  and  put  into  practice  the  subject 
matter  covered  in  the  lecture  period. 
The  Naval  Reserve  student  who  ap- 
piic-s  himself  may  receive  advancement 
ill  made  after  he  has  completed  the  re- 
quirements specified  by  the  Navy,  pro- 
vided  the   commanding  officer   and   his 


instructors    liavc    .leemed     liis    progress 
satisfactory. 

To  Naval  Reserve  memliers  of  all 
branches  and  to  new  recruits  in  the  re- 
serve, the  Naval  Reserve  Klectronics 
Warfare  unit  offers  excellent  opportuni- 
ties to  learn  a  trade  in  a  relatively  new 
and  very  improtant  field.  The  training 
of  qualified  technicians  and  repairmen 
by  tlie  unit  at  Ciaiesburg,  and  the  many 
other  units  throughout  the  United  States 
will  result  in  better  job  opportunities 
for  many  of  those  who  could  not  other- 
wise secure  this  specialized  training.  In 
addition,  the  program  will  create  a  large 
reserve  force  of  technicians  who  are  able 
to  take  over  important  duties  in  case 
of  a  national  emergency. 

The  Ciaiesburg  division  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  is  fortunate  in  having 
such  a  unit  on  the  campus.  The  physics 
and  engineering  department  may  use  the 
equipment  and  laboratory  at  the  discre- 
tion and  supervision  of  the  commanding 
officer.  At  the  present  time  about  90 
per  cent  of  the  complement  consists  of 
division  students,  mostly  engineers,  with 
the  remainder  consisting  of  reservists 
from   the  Galesburg  area. 


Answers  to  Vocabulary   Quiz 

1-b,  2-b,  -Vc,  4-b,  5-h,  6-d,  7-b,  8-b, 
9-c    10-c,    11-d,   12-b,   13-c,   14-b,   15-a. 


A  Campus  Tradition  that  all 
Engineers  Recognize  .  .  . 


ini  Union  Bookstore 


715  SOUTH  WRIGHT  STREET 
On  the  Campus 


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THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


38 


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rson 

FOR 

&  Auld  Co. 

FRATERNITY 

JEWELRY 

and 

Gifts  for 

Valentine's  Day 

On  the  Campus 

704  S.  Sixth 

CORSAGES . . . 

FOR  A  SPECIAL  DANCE 
FOR  A  SPECIAL  GIRL 

•  ORCHIDS 

•  GARDENIAS 

•  Rosns 

•  CAMELLIAS 

•  CARNATIONS 

CUT  FLOWERS 

•  ROSES 

•  CHRYSANTHEMUMS 

•  CARNATIONS 

•  GLADIOLI 

•  GARCIA  MUMS 


Jhxxm. 


FLORIST 

.  ll3W.UNIVERSITyAVE.CHAMPAIGN 

NOT  AFFILIATED  WITH  ANY  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBAN  A 


PROBLEM You're  designing  a  radio  broadcast  trans- 
mitter. The  circuit  includes  condensers  and  other  variable 
elements  which  must  be  adjusted  by  the  operator.  You  want 
to  place  these  elements  for  optimum  circuit  efficiency  and 
where  they  will  be  easy  to  assembly,  wire,  and  service.  At 
the  same  time,  you  want  to  centralize  the  control  knobs  at  ct 
point  convenient  to  the  operator.  How  would  you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER 

Use  S.S.White  remote  control  type  flexible  shafts  to  couple 
the  variable  elements  to  their  control  knobs.  This  leaves  yoi» 
free  to  place  both  the  elements  and  the  knobs  anywhere  you 
want  them.  And  you  get  control 
that  is  as  smooth  and  sensitive 
as  a  direct  connection  because 
S.S.White  remote  control  flexible 
shafts  are  engineered  expressly 
for  this  kind  of  service. 


This  is  just  one  of  hundreds 
of  remote  control  and  power 
drive  problems  to  which 
S.S.White  flexible  shafts  pro- 
vide a  simple  answer.  That's 
why  every  engineer  should  be 
familiar  with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  "Metal 
Muscles"*  for  mechanical 
bodies. 


Here's  now  one   o 
radio  manufacturef  did  \U 


WRITE     FOR     BULLETIN     4501 


It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  A  copy  Is  yours  for 
the  asking.  Write  today. 


SSWHITE 


INDUSTRIAL 


One  of  /imtvciM  A  AAA  %<(u4tnial  Sntetfiniaa 


FEBRUARY,  1949 


39 


— VVfll,   Sam,   1  sec  you're   back   tor 

fightinj;  with  your  wife.  Liquor  again?" 

— "No  sah,   jedge,  slic  licked   me  dis 

time." 

*  s      s 

Slir:  "I  iLtint  ii  /ifistici:." 

Clerk:   "iriitit  size.  />/ciLu\'" 

She:  "I'hrif  rides  and  ii  hmisc  p/ii/y.' 

"Is  your  uifc  huvin//  any  success  in 
leuriiini/  In  drive  a  cur?" 

"II  ell.  the  rnrid  is  lici/innituj  to  turn 
liken  she  does." 

As  OIK-  little  electron  said  to  anorlur 
wlien  the\  met  in  a  new  element:  "1 
don  t    know    you    from    at<im.  ' 

"  )  0//  knoiv.  you're  not  d  hiid-lookinn 
yirl." 

"Oh.  you'd  S(iy  that  even  if  yon  didn't 
think  so." 

"It  ere  even  then.  ")  on  d  think  so 
even  if  I  didn't  say  so." 

*  »      * 

He:  I've  got  to  get  rid  of  our  chauf- 
fer; he's  nearh'  killed  me  ff)ur  times. 
She:    Oh,    gi\e    him    another    chance. 

f'loridian  (f>iekititj  uf>  melon):  "Is 
this  the  lari/est  af>/>le  yon  can  i/roie  in 
your  state.' " 

(jiilifornian :  "Sto/>  fiuyeriny  that 
grape.  ' 

*  «      « 

Pop:  "Well,  I  received  a  note  from 
your    teacher    today." 

Son:  "Honest,  Pop?  (live  me  a  quar- 
ter and  I  won't  breath  a  word  about  it." 

*  *      » 

"(iood  uiorninff,  Airs.  Kclley,"  said 
the  doctor,  "did  you  take  your  husband's 
temperature  as  I  instruetcdf" 

"Yes.  doctor,  I  borrnued  ti  barometer 
and  placed  it  on  his  chest.  It  said  'very 
dry.'  so  I  bought  him  a  pint  of  beer  and 
he's  gone  hack   to   iiork." 


The  following  took  place  in  the  read- 
ing room  of  our  librar\  : 

.\  coed  was  reading  birth  and  death 
statistics.  Suddenly  she  tinned  to  a 
male  on  her  right  and  saiil,  "Do  you 
know  that  everv  time  I  bre.ithe  a  m.in 
dies?" 

"\'ery  interesting,"  said  he,  "why 
don't  you   tr\    Sen-Sen?" 

\  oung  U  ife:  "II  ould  you  he  sur- 
prised if  I  gave  you  a  fifty  dollar  cheek 
for  your   birthday,   darling.'" 

Il/isband:    ")es.   sueet.   I   uoitld." 
>'.//'.:  "Well,  here  it  is.  all  made  out 
ready  for  you  to  sign." 


l.ady:  "Have  you  ever  bein  offered 
iLork.'" 

Tramp:  "Only  ome.  madam.  .Isidc 
froui    that    I've    met    leith    nothing    that 

kindness.  " 

*  *      * 

— "What  are  the  young  man's  in- 
tentions,  daughter?" 

— "Well,  he's  been  keeping  me  pretty 
nuich   in   the  dark." 

Ilyde — Here  you  lucky  at  the  race 
track    yesti  rday .' 

II  yde — /'//  say  I  nas!  I  f'/und  a  dime 
after  the  last  race,  so  I  didn't  have  to 
ivalk  home. 

*  *      » 

She  (spurning  suitor) — "I  wouldn't 
leave  my  happy  home  for  any  man." 

He  (brightly) — "AH  right,  we'll  live 
here." 

*  »      ■» 

1st  Coed:  "That  hoy  you  Here  riding 
leith  has  trouble  liith  his  vision.'" 

2nd  (Joed:  "Yes,  he  sees  parking  spots 
before  his  eyes." 

Woman  on  crowded  bu^ :  "I  wish 
that  good  looking  man  woulil  gi\e  me 
his  seat." 

Five  engineers  got  up. 

-:!:-        *        ^if 

Mary  had  a  little  ear 

Sh-:   drove   in    manner  deft 
But   every   time  she  signalled  right 

The  little  ear  turned  left. 


VOCABULARY  CLINIC 

Rt-memlier,  you  wnn't  lie  alilc  to  use  these  words  until  .ifter  you  have  consulted  the 
dictionary  for  their  prnnunci.itioii.  From  the  ;iroup  of  words  .it  the  right,  select  one  whose 
nie.iniiij;  most  closelv    resembles  the   word  on   the   left.   Answers   will   lie   found   on    p.ige    38. 

1.  Welter — (a)   prize  fighter,    (b)    tin'moil,    (c)    North  Atlantic  fish,    (d)   sidtry 

heat 

2.  Putative — (a)  quarrelsome,   (b)   reputed,   (c)  arithmetical,   (d)   cruel 

3.  Semantics — (a)    an   Asiatic   race,    (b)    empty   talk,    (c)    science   of   meanings, 

( d )  division  of  biology 

4.  Hiatus — (a)   Japanese  musical  instrument,    (b)    an  opening,    (c)    a  pretentious 

person,    (d)    legislati\e  bill 

5.  .Anomalous — (a)   similar  to,    (b)    exceptional,    (c)    pertaining  to  a  goose,    (d) 

dramatic 
().    Puissant — (a)    cat-like,    (b)    cowardly,    (c)    insignificant,    (d)    powerful 
7.    Kpicene — (a)   African  antelope,   (b)   sexless,   (c)   sensual,    (d)   glutton 
S.    .Matutinal — (a)    mother-like,    (b)    pertaining  to  the  morning,    (c)    tast\-,    (d) 

musical 
'\   Cognizant — (a)    mechanicil,    (b)    lustro\is,    (c)   sensible,    (d)    sinK 
1(1.    Mitigate — (a)    to   cut    into    torn-    parts,    (b)    to    tra\el,    (c)    to   make   nulder, 

(d )  to  pick  a  quarrel 
II.    Inchoate — (a)    improper,    (b)    polished,    (c)    penniless,    (d)    recently   begun 
\2.    Prescience — (a)  introductory  course  in  science,  (h)   f(ueknowledge,  (c)  author- 
ization,   (d)    warning 
l.v   Scintillate — (a)    to   destroy,    (b)    to   break    the   Ten    Cummandments,    (c)    to    I 
glitter,    (d)    to  go  away  f 

14.   Overt — (a)   dishonest,    (b)    apparent,    (c)    to  prevent,    (d)    to  overlook 
1^.    Pragmatic — (a)    opinionated,     (d)    citizen    of    Prague,     (c)    influential,     (d) 
imcidtined 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  Is  a  pfefure  of    ?IHG 


// 


It's  a  picture  that  gives  automotive  engi- 
neers clear-cut  facts  on  performance — a 
picture  that  suggests  how  photography  v\/ith 
its  ability  to  record,  its  accuracy  and  its 
speed,  can  play  important  roles  in  all 
modern  business  and  industry. 

No,  this  is  not  the  "doodling"  of  a  man  on  the  tele- 
phone. Far  from  it.  It's  the  photographic  record  of 
an  oscilloscope  trace  that  shows,  and  times,  detona- 
tion in  a  "knocking"  engine.  It  all  happens  in  a  few 
hundred-thonsandths  of  a  second— yet  photography 
gets  it  clearlv  and  accurately  as  nothing  else  can. 

Oscillograph  recording  is  but   one   of  countless 
functional  uses  of  photograph)'  in  bettering  prod- 


ucts and  improving  manufactming  methods,  lligli 
speed  "stills  '  can  freeze  fast  action  at  just  the  crucial 
moment  — and  the  design  or  operation  of  a  part  can 
be  adjusted  to  best  advantage. 

And  high  speed  movies  can  expand  a  second  of 
action  into  several  minutes  so  that  fast  motion  can 
be  slowed  down  for  observation  — and  products  be 
made  more  dependable,  more  durable. 

Such  uses  of  photography  — and  manv  more  — can 
help  you  improxe  your  product,  your  tools,  your 
production  methods.  For  every  day,  functional  pho- 
tography is  proving  a  \aluable  and  important  ad- 
junct in  more  and  more  modern  enterprises. 

Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Functional  Photography 

...  Is  advancing  business  and  industrial  technics 


Pres,    George  D,    Stoddard 

355  Adm.    (W)    Bldg. ,    U.    of   111. 


. .  .  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  CHEMISTRY 


HOW  G-E  GLYPTArALKYD  RESINS 
SERVE  THE  PAINT  INDUSTRY 


inn  inks.  1  nl)l>ci  ( iiin- 
|)iiiii(K  uikI  (loin  (i)\ci 
I  II  i;s.  1  h  L-  I  c si  UN  :i  I'C 
i('(  oiiiiiit'iuU'd  as  s|>('(  ili( 
\  I  hi(  Ics    lor    arc  liitci  • 


oils,  iiiakiii};  jxissililc  tlie  iormulalioii  ol 
miiiicious  imerincdiaie  products. 

One  from  Many 

(.Kplal  alkvd  resins  arc  oiilv  one  ol  the 


11  you've  ever  used  paint,  chances  are 
yui'vc  already  had  experience  with  G-E 
C.lyptal  alkycl  resins.  Because  GlyiMal— 
a  development  of  General  Electric 
chemists— is  incorporated  in  the  for- 
niidas  of  iuiiidreds  of  dillerciit  paints, 
lacc|iiers,  enamels,  and  iiuliisiri.il  fin- 
ishes of  almost  every  i\pi-. 

These  \c-rsalilc'  s\ntluti(s.   hlcndcd 


In  exterior  or  interior  paints,  enamels,  primers, 
and  sealers.  2509  Glyptal  formulations  ore  ideal. 

Iioni  plilhalic  anhydride,  glycerine,  and 
linseed,  soya,  or  castor  oil.  serve  the 
p. lint  industry  like  so  many  faithhil 
genii.  Ciencial  Electric  has  developed  a 
Glyptal  for  almost  every  paint  function 
—for  adhesion,  heat-resistance,  arc-resist- 
ance, and  himiidity:  for  acid-,  alkali-, 
and  oil-resistance.  'Ehese  modeiaie-cost 
resins  have  excelktil  chirahililv. 

Master  Mixers 

I  hcse  c|ii.ililic,s  li.iM  iK:iiioiisiian:d 
(ilyptal's  value  in  coatings,  both  preserv- 
ative and  decorative,  lor  metals,  woods, 
paper,  textiles,  and  in  adhesives.  priiit- 


tiiral.  auloiiiolive.   and  iiiiiiicrous  olfsjjring  ol  (ieneral  Electric 


industrial  finishes:  waler-thinned  paints: 
nitiocelliilosc  lac<|ueis:  iiie;i-loriiialik- 
hvdcen:iniels:  aluminum  p.iiiii:  hullciin 
colors:  marine  jiainls,  ;iiid  in  iuhikious 
other  applications. 

Glv|)i;il  alkvd  resins  are  su|)plied  in 
a  varietv  ol  solvents  so  that  thev  can  be 
casilv  ap]>liecl  by  spraying,  dipping, 
bnisliini;.    Ilr>\viii^.   or   roller   co:iiiii;4. 


research.  Like  (i-E  silicones.  pcrin;inem 
magnets.   :iii(l   plast  i(  s— c  ompounds  as 


In    painis    for   loys- 
Glyptal  is  suitable. 


nochinery— 2592 


For    automobile    and 
2477  Glyplol. 


aft   formulations 


I  iuv  aif  comp.itiiilc  with  a  variety  of 
pigments,  and  disperse  ;ind  suspend 
lluni  veiv  v\cll.  .Many  are  iniscible  with 
e.ii  li  oiliii  and  with  some  v;ii  iiislies  and 


well  as  molded  |)ioducts  -llicv  are  beiiij; 
used  mole  and  mole  cMrnsiv  eh  cverv 
moiiili.  E\p.iiuling  piodiic  tioii  lac  ililies, 
with  iiivv  pi. lilts  in  \iialicim.  Clalilornia 
and  W.neilord.  New  Wnk,  arc  helping 
to  meet  ihc  p.iinl  industiv's  glowing 
needs  lor  (.1\  plal.  l-or  more  inloiinal  ion 
on  these  products,  write  to  Chemic:il 
Department.  Gen c-i:il  Eiec  trie  Gom]).iii\ . 
I'llislKld.   .Massac  husctls. 


.1  »i<i.v«,i;c  lo  sliiiliiil.s  (If  rlitinisny  Iruiii 

C.  S.  FERGU.SON.  Engineering  Manager. 

Chemicals  Division^  O-K  Chrinicdl  Dcptiylmt'nl. 

rile  increasing  awareness  of  the  lolc  of  science  in  the 
fiilinc  of  every  one  of  us  will  continue  to  stimulate  oppor- 
tunities for  young  chemists.  Here  at  General  F.leclric.  re 
search  in  svnthetic  ic-siiis  is  just  one  of  the  Chemical 
nepartmeiu's  activities  that  hold  great  piimiise  for  liii 
thel   (levelopilulll.  " 


you    CAN    PUT   YOUR    CONFIDENCE   IN 


PLASTICS    •    SILICONES 


GENERAL 


INSULATING   MATERIALS 


ELECTRIC 


GLYPTAL   ALKYD   RESINS    •     PERMANENT  MAGNETS 


)  Know  Your  Car- Part  II 

Page  8 


t 

[The  Coming  Convocation 

Page  10 


ginning  Your  Career 

Page   12 


jas  to  C 


^ 


MAR  171949 
won/TV  oJF,!^,,^,^ 


TWENT 


\  'vvs-i^  '.tjNii; 


Thousands  of  Acres  of  Southern  Farm  Land  Revitalized 


Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad  Company 
plays  important  role  in  task 


FOR  years,  the  devastating  "one- 
crop  systL-ni"  robbed  vast  acreages 
of  southern  soil  of  the  vital  mineral  ele- 
ments which  support  plant  growth.  Cot- 
ton or  tobacco  raised  in  the  same  fields 
year  after  year  had  reduced  the  fertility 
of  many  southern  farms  to  the  point 
where  the  annual  yield  hardly  paid  for 
the  seed  and  labor  that  went  into  pro- 
duction. 

.^mong  the  things  that  agricultural 
leaders  found  in  their  efforts  to  build  up 
southern  agriculture  was  that  Basic  Slag 
—a  by-product  of  open  hearth  steel,  as 


manufactured  at  the  Ensley  (Alabama) 
Works  of  the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and 
Railroad  Company,  a  subsidiary  of 
United  States  Steel  Corporation  —  con- 
tained several  important  minerals,  in- 
cluding phosphorus  and  lime.  These  ele- 
ments are  needed  to  grow  bountiful 
crops  and  high  beef  and  milk  producing 
pastures. 

lodav,  Basic  Slag  is  in  wide  use  as  a 
convenient,  economical  soil  builder.  To- 
gether with  the  other  soil-building  pro- 
grams of  the  agricultural  agencies,  it  has 
helped  the  southern  farmer  to  prosper. 


Here  is  another  example  of  the  important 
zc'ork  being  done  by  the  United  States  Steel 
family.  If  you  would  like  to  take  part  in 
the  widely-varied  projeets  being  conducted, 
U'/iy  not  see  your  Placement  Officer  for  a 
copy  of  the  book  "Paths  of  Opportunity  in 
US.  Steel" !^ 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  COMPANV  -  AMERICAN  STEEl  i  WIRE  COMPANr  -  CARNEGIE  ILLINOIS  STEEL  CORPORATION  -  COLUMBIA  STEEL  COMPANY 
H.  C.  FRICK  COKE  AND  ASSOCIATED  COMPANIES  ■  GENEVA  STEEL  COMPANY  ■  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  COMPANY 
MICHIGAN  LIMESTONE  8;  CHEMICAL  COMPANY  -  NATIONAL  TUBE  COMPANY  -  OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  COMPANY  -  OLIVER  IRON  MINING  COMPANY 
PITTSBURGH  LIMESTONE  CORPORATION  -  PITTSBURGH  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY  -  TENNESSEE  COAL.  IRON  t  RAILROAD  COMPANY 
UNITED  STATES  STEEl  EXPORT  COMPANY  •  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  COMPANY  UNITED  STATES  STEEl  SUPPLY  COMPANY 
UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  ■  VIRGINIA  BRIDGE  COMPANY 


ED  STATES 


you  CAN  BE  SURE  »F  (T^  Wfestinghouse 


AN  OPPORTUNITY 

TO  OBTAIN  YOUR  M.  S.  OR 

WHILE  YOU  WORK 


Not  all  men  qualified  for  praduate  work  can  continue 
their  advanced  study  under  a  full-time  university  pro- 
gram. Westinghouse  recognizes  this  fact  and  has  done 
something  ahout  it. 

The  X'^  estinghouse  Graduate  Study  Program,  inaugu- 
rated in  1927,  has  heen  instrumental  in  hel|)ing  many 
\^  estinghousc  employes  realize  their  ambition  to  obtain 
an  M.S.  or  Ph.D.  degree.  It  is  a  joint  undertaking  by 
Westinghouse  and  several  leading  universities. 

The  Graduate  Studv  Program  enables  vou  to  combine 
advanced  studv  with  vour  job  at  W  estinghouse.  In  this 
way,  vou  can  applv  advanced  fundamental  knowledge 
to  solve  the  problems  vou  encounter  on  vour  regular  job. 

Get  complete  information  about  the  many  opportuni- 
ties offered  engineering  graduates  at  Westinghousc, 
including  the  advantages  offered  through  the  Graduate 
Student  Training  Course  and  the  Graduate  Study  Pro- 
gram leading  to  higher  degrees.  Complete  information 
is  given  in  the  booklet,  "^  estinghouse  Graduate  Study 
Program".  You  mav  also  want  a  copv  of,  "Finding 
Your  Place  in  Industry".  Use  coupon  at  right.      G.10028 


\^^stindiouse 

PLANTS  IN   25   CITIES  .  .  .  Q^    OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


To  obtain  copy  of  Finding  Your  Place  in  InJustry;  consult 
Placement  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

The  District  Educational  Coordinator 
U  estinghouse  Electric  Corporation 
211  V.  IJ  acker  Drive,  P.O.  Box  B.  /.one  <I0 
Chicago  6,  Illinois 

Name 


Colle" 


City_ 


-Course- 


jState_ 


vAARCH,   1949 


lew  Devdopiiiente 


tint  Mt'lfiraii.  M.K.  'tit 
llfnrif  Kiihn.  1'h.li. 


Safety  First 

I  )c\  i-Kiimurit  ot  cxplosion-pioot  I'li'i- 
tric  motors  has  in  tlu-  last  few  years  re- 
ceived a  great  deal  of  attention  from 
designers,  in  order  to  satisfy  the  de- 
mand for  safer  and  more  efficient  mo- 
tors in  coal  mines  and  industries  where 
dust  accumulation  inay  cause  explosions. 

Enclosed  motors  seem  to  be  the  an- 
swer; however,  the  standard  enclosed 
motor,  due  to  the  insvdation  and  lubri- 
cant used,  had  to  be  equipped  with  a 
cumbersome  cooling  system.  This  prob- 
lem has  now  been  overcome  by  the  use 
of  silicone  insulated  winding  and  sili- 
cone grease. 

These  silicone  resins  can  withstand 
high  temperatiue  and  a  great  deal  of 
wear.  The  value  of  this  type  of  motor 
is  best  illustrated  by  comparing  the 
physical  properties  of  this  silicone  in- 
sulated motor  to  the  conventional  one. 

The  efficiency,  power  factor,  and 
torque  are  about  the  same  as  that  of 
open  motors  of  the  same  rating,  and  it 
is  only  sixty  per  cent  as  heavy  as  a 
Class  A  insulated  motor. 

Switch   Heater 

A  new  t\pc  ot  iu-atrr  has  been  tk-\  ised 
that  will  keep  railwa\'  switches  from 
freezing  in  the  coldest  weather.  The  use 
of  such  devices  not  only  reduces  the 
number  of  men  needed  to  keep  switches 
clear  during  bad  weather  to  almost  noth- 
ing, but  assures  clear  switches  without 
the  uncertainty  caused  by  the  human  ele- 
ment in  this  important  matter. 

Ceramic  Crystals 

The  use  of  ceramic  elements  to  re- 
place the  Rochelle  salts  type  of  cr\stals 
has  been  announced  by  the  Astatic  cor- 
poration 01  Conneault,  Ohio.  The  most 
common  use  of  the  elements  is  in  micro- 
phones and  phonograph  pickup  arms. 
The  features  of  the  cartridge  are  its  in- 
dependence of  high  ambient  tempera- 
tures, rugged  n  e  s  s,  and  resistance  to 
moisture.  Rochelle  salt  crystals  are  fra- 
gile and  decompose  a  t  temperatures 
above  135°  F. 

The  frequenc\-  response  of  the  unit  is 
essentially  flat  from  .SO  c.p.s.  to  10,(101) 
c.p.s.  \Vhen  employed  in  a  microphone 
the  output  level  is  —62  db.  into  a  load 
impedance  of  5  megohms.  The  pickup 
cartridge  operates  into  a  similar  load. 
and  has  a  needle  pressure  of  less  than 
one  ounce. 


The  Latest  in  Tape  Recorders 

A  \H-\\  rape  iriMirdci  .  Mlieduled  for 
deli\er\  in  earh  I'^H'*,  has  been  an- 
nounced by  the  Fairchild  Recording 
Kquipment  corporation  of  Jamaica,  New 
\'ork. 

One  of  its  outstanding  teatui'es  is  its 
IS  inches  per  second  tape  speed.  The 
high  fidelity  performance,  formerly 
thought  possible  only  at  30  inches  per 
second,  is  still  maintained.  Recording 
time  for  any  specific  amount  of  tape  is 
doubled,  and  the  operating  speed  of  the 
equipment   is   reduced   by  this   low   tape 


The  Fairchild  tape  recorder  doubles 
recording  time  of  standard  tapes 
while  maintaining  high  fidelity 
performance. 

speed.  This  results  in  lower  costs  of 
operation,  and  nicer  controls  of  starting, 
stopping,  spotting,  and  editing. 

In  numerous  tests,  the  finest  ears 
have  been  unable  to  detect  the  differ- 
ence in  an  instantaneous  A-R  test  in 
switching  between  the  monitoring  of  a 
li\e  studio  program  and  the  same  pro- 
gram from  the  Fairchild  tape  recorder. 
Tests  also  show  better  than  60  db. 
signal-to-noise  ratio  with  a  maximum 
total  harmonic  distortion  of  two  per 
cent. 

Other  features  of  the  instrument  in- 
clude plug-in  type  construction,  both 
mechanical  and  electrical,  for  uninter- 
rupted service  ;  interlock  system  to  pre- 
vent accidental  erasing;  volume  indica- 
tor for  reading  recording  level,  etc; 
adjustment  of  playback  head  during 
operation;  and  automatic  control  in 
e\enr  of  tape  break. 

Ford  Truck  Conversion 

The  Marnion  -  Harrington  company 
Inc..  ot  Indianapolis,  has  aimounced  a 
complete     new     line     of     all-wheel-dri\e 


converteil  Fonl  trucks  to  be  known  as 
the  "Q"  series.  The  trucks  are  especiall\' 
engineered  and  powered  for  heavy-duty 
.service  which  has  been  proven  too  diffi- 
cult or  impossible  for  trucks  of  conven- 
tional drive.  They  promise  to  be  par- 
ticularly siu'ted  for  oil  field  and  pipe- 
line work,  mining  and  logging  opera- 
tions, construction  and  maintenance  of 
roads,  airports,  bridges,  dams,  farming, 
and  other  types  of  off-the-road  services. 
In  converting  the  F-7  models,  (Ford's 
new  heavy-dut\'  truck,  powered  by  the 
big  14S  horsepower  engine),  Marmon- 
Herrington  makes  the  following  changes 
to  the  "Q"  series: 

1.  Original  front  axle  a.ssembly  re- 
placed by  new  front  driving  axle. 

2.  New  two-speed  auxiliary  trans- 
mission of  Marmon-Herrington  design 
provides  a  total  of  ten  forward  speeds 
and  two  reverse.  The  final  low  reduc- 
tion of  89.215  to  1  gives  extreme  trac- 
tive power  for  off-the-road  operation. 

3.  Steering  assembly  and  brake  con- 
nections necessarily  changed. 

4.  Frame  is  lengthened  and  rein- 
forced, and  a  third  driving  axle  installed 
on  six-wheel-drive  models. 

5.  Tires  are  replaced  for  increased 
flotation,  when   necessarx. 

"The  Blind  Shall  See" 

A  new  electronic  letter  recognition 
system  to  enable  blind  persons  to  read 
was  recently  developed  by  RCA  as  a 
result  of  extended  research  for  the  Of- 
fice of  Scientific  Research  and  Develop- 
ment and  the  Veterans  Administration. 

This  system  consists  of  a  scanning 
unit,  a  selector,  and  a  loudspeaker.  As 
the  user  moves  the  scanning  device  along 
a  line  of  type,  a  miniature  cathode  ray 
tube  explores  each  letter  with  eight  ver- 
tically arranged  spots  of  light. 

Each  of  the  black  letters  actuates  a 
ilifferent  number  of  impulses,  which  are 
electronically  counted  and  noted  on  the 
selector  unit.  Each  set  of  numbers  actu- 
ates a  magnetic  tape  recording,  which 
is  made  audible  by  reproducing  through 
a  loudspeaker.  This  device  is  limited  to 
the  26  letters  of  the  alphabet  and  a  few 
commonly  used  words. 

This  model  is  still  in  its  experimen- 
tal stage  but  a  possibility  exists  that  this 
instrument  can  also  be  used  to  trans- 
late coded  patterns,  such  as  those  which 
form   the  basis  of   teletype  messages. 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH' 


that's  what  esteron 
ant!  \vooily  gro\\tli. 

\X  fed  and  brush  rontrol  along  hifflmavs.  power  lines  and 
otlier  utility  rit;ht  of  ways  is  important.  Esteron  245,  a  close 
cousin  of  2.4-0.  was  developed  for  weeds  found  resistant  to 
that  well-known  compound.  It  is  particularly  effective 
against  woody  growth,  osage  orange,  gum,  brambles,  hickory 
and  oak. 

An  unusual  feature  of  this  plant  hormone-tvpe  weed  killer  is 
that  it  kills  by  cliemical  action  which  accelerates  the  norma 
growth  processes,  resulting  in  death  of  the  plant. 

The  development  of  Esteron  2  lr>.  folloiv  ing  Esteron  44  and 
2,4-D,  is  indicative  of  the  imceasing  effort  to  better  things 
that  is  characteristic  of  Dow  research. 

Dow  produces  more  than  five  hundred  essential  chemicals 
from  plants  located  in  Michigan,  Texas,  California  and 
Ontario,  Canada.  These  include  agricultural  chemicals,  the 
Dowicides  (including  PENTAchlorophenol— the  chemical 
that  increases  the  life  of  wood  many  years)  plastics,  which  is 
becoming  a  by-word  in  everyday  living,  as  well  as  major 
industrial  and  pharmaceutical  chemicals. 


THE    DOW    CHEMICAL    COMPANY     .     MIDLAND,    MICHIGAN 

New  York       •       Boston       •       Philodelphio        •        Woshinglon       •       Cleveland       •       Detroit       .       Chicago 

SI.  Loois      .      Houston      .      San  Francis.o      •      Los  Angeles      .      Seattle 

Dow  Chemical  of  Canada,  Limited,  Toronia,  Canodo 


Dovs^ 


CHEMICALS    INDISPENSABLE 
TO    INDUSTRY    AND    AGRICULTURE 


MARCH,   1949 


No  .  .  .  tli<>re  never  was  a  valve  this 
l)ifi.  But  if  all  valvos  in  this 
rcfinory  were  one  valrc,  tliis  picture 
wouhl  be  no  fjreat  exafigeration. 

Today,  with  wages  and  material 
costs  the  highest  ever,  it  pays 
management  to  think  about  valves 
collectively,  and  keep  the  same 
sharp  eye  on  valve  maintenance 
costs  that  they  do  on  large  miit 
maintenance. 

EXCESSIVE  MAINTENANCE  of  one 
valve  is  insignificant,  but  nniltiplied 


l)y  thousands,  it  is  a  serious  drain 
on  operating  budgets. 

JENKINS  BROS,  helps  management 
meet  this  problem.  First,  by  build- 
ing extra  endurance  into  Jenkins 
Valves,  making  them  the  longest- 
lasting,  lowest-upkeep  valves  that 
monev  can  buy.  Second,  with  advice 
from  Jenkins  Engineers 
on  any  question  of 
j)roper  selection,  instal- 
lation,  or   maintenance. 

That's  why,  for  new 


installations  or  rej)laceinents,  alert 
management  relics  on  Jenkins  qual- 
ity and  engineering  for  lowest  valve 
costs  in  tlie  long  run.  Sold  through 
leadinu.    liiduslriid   Distributors. 


While  Si.,  New  York  13;  Bridgeport, 
Bcislun:  Philaaelphia ;  Chicago:  Saa 
Jenkins  Bros.,  Ltd.,  Monlreal. 


LOOK   FOR  THIS 


'■PRACTICAL  PIPING  LAYOUTS"  is  a  S2  f 
book  coiitaimng  diagrams  and  dcscriptimts  of 
basic  piping  lavouts  with  complete  reeommendali: 
for  valve  selection  and  location  in  the  lines.  T, 
Villi  -tiliieh  valve  -.vhere  for  l<est  perf.omanc. 
FREE  on  reqnest.  Write  JISXKINS  BROS., 
IVhitc  Street,  New  York  13,  N.  Y. 


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VALVES 


Types,  Sizes.  Pressures.  Metais  for  Every  Need 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witort Editor 

Phil   Doll Assoc.  Editor 

Melvin  Reiter Makeup  Editor 

Ken  McOwaii  Asst.  Editor 

Ra\    Mauser Asst.   Editor 

Ccinnif  Miiinich Asst.  Editor 


Edito  ritil   Asso  cm  tcs 

Art    Dreshfield         Robert  E.  La^vrence 
Avery  Hevesh  Ed  Lozaiio 

C.  M.  McClymonds  Wallace    Hopper 
Bruce  M.  Broun        Carl  Blaiiyer 
James  T.  Ephgrave  Leonard   Ladof 
\V.  K.  Soderstriim     Joseph  O.  tJraham 
Henry   Kahn  Luther  S.  Peterson 

Oean  R.  Felton 


Volume  64 


Number  6 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley   Diamond Bus.   Mgr. 

Fred  Seavey Office  Mgr. 

Dick  Ames Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Dale  Glass Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Smith Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

r>usin:ss  .hsociales 
Ira  Evans  Ronald    Trense 

(Seorge   Kvitek  James  J.  Skarda 

Richard    Stevens       Ewing  A.  Sharp 
Alfreda    E.   \Lallorey....O///,T  Seaclary 


Faculty   Advisers 
J.  A.  Henry 
A.   R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS   OF   ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Chairman:  John  A.  Henry 
University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Cooperative 
Engineer,   Colorado  Engineer,   Cornell    Engi- 
neer,     Drexel     Technical     Journal,     Illinois 
Technograph,    Iowa    Engineer,    Iowa   Transit, 
Kansas    Engineer,     Kansas     State    Engineer, 
Kentucky     Engineer,     Marquette     Engineer, 
Michigan     Technic.      Minnesota     Techn 


Missouri      Shamrock. 

Xehrask.i      Blueprint! 

New     York     Univcr-i' 

<lii,i.!:,:ii:;le.     North 

Dakota    State    En  1:11 

neer,  Oklahoma  St..t 

1                  ,    Penn    State 

Engineer,     Penns\h,.- 

1      I!:.:.l:1l-.     Purdue 

Engineer,  Rochester  i 

ulicator.  Rose  Technic, 

Tech    Engineering    Ne 

ws,    Wayne    Engineer, 

and  Wisconsin  Engine 

Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 


Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary. March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second 
class  matter,  October  30,  1930,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  3,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
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Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Barnhill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago  11,  III.  101  Park  Avenue,  New 
York   17,   New    Y'ork. 


The  Tecfi  Presents 

• 

ARTICLES 

Operation:  South   Pacific 6 

Know  Your  Automobile,  Part  II g 

The   Coming   Convocation IQ 

Your  Career   in    Engineering 12 

From  Gas  to  Gasoline 14 

• 

DEPARTMENTS 

New   Developments 2 

Engineering  Honoraries  and  Societies 15 

Undercover  at  Golesburg 16 

In  This  Corner— Navy  Pier 20 

Vocabulary  Clinic    40 

OUR  COVER 

This  "babbling  brook"  snow  scene  is  not  the  "Boneyard,"  as 
most  of  you  might  think.  The  picture  was  taken  in  February, 
1946,  in  Kassel,  Brasselsberg,  Germany,  while  the  photographer, 
C.  M.  McClymonds,  was  on  duty  with  the  Army  Engineers. 


Operation:  Noiith  Pacific 


Itif  t'onnit'  .\linnivh.  4\K.  *.»# 

(ILLUSTRATIONS    BY    THE    AUTHOR' 


Out  (it  the  ruins  of  the  past  war 
ha\c  arix-n  iu-\v  examples  of  ciifiiniTring 
intiiMHiit\  tliat  have  \iolateil  cvcr\-  rule 
in  tlu-  I'.njiineer's  Hoyle,  some  of  whieli 
lia\e  been  fuiulaniental  theorems  of  en- 
"iineering  ever  since  tlie  first  ea\eman 
threw  a  lo";  across  a  stream  and,  h\  the 
grace  of  St.  Fat,  became  tlie  tiist  engi- 
neer. 

Haile\  briiiges,  pontoon  structures 
coral  airfields — the  list  of  engineering 
feats  of  the  past  war  runs  to  infinity. 
( )bstacles  of  climatic  conditions,  topo- 
graphical features,  and  availability  of 
building  materials  met  extremes  from 
the  poles  to  the  equator.  How  Ameri- 
can engineers  surmounted  these  obsta- 
cles, and  how  they  created  many  things 
out  of  practically  nothing  on  the  old 
necessity-is-the-mother-of-invention  rule 
makes  a  story  worth  the  telling  from 
Life  to  Engineering  News-Record. 

(ilobe-trotting  became  an  occupation 
for  the  armed  forces  who  fought  the 
war  in  the  South  Pacific;  or,  as  one 
Seabee  officer  expressed  it,  "Too  damn 
much  water  and  too  little  land."  Their 
military  tactics  necessitated  such  speed 
and  systematic  cooperation  that  things 
had  to  be  accomplished  with  onl\  the 
impossible  "taking  a  little  longer." 

Probably  one  of  the  greatest  feats 
that  came  out  of  this  theater  was  the 
highh-secret  operation  known  as  "Red 
Hill."  PVom  start  to  finish,  the  project, 
done  by  private  corporations  imdcr  gov- 
ernment contract,  was  entireh'  experi- 
mental since  no  construction  of  this  par- 
ticular type  had  been  attempted  before. 

The  story  began  early  in  1940.  At 
that  time  the  United  States  government 
had  just  completed  its  coastal  and  terri- 
torial defenses  in  the  Pacific  to  the 
tune  of  6S  million  dollars  worth  of 
work  done  by  PNAB  (Contractors, 
Pacific  Naval  Air  Bases),  a  combo  of 
three  large  corporations:  the  Hawaiian 
Dredging  Company,  Turner  Construc- 
tion of  New  York,  and  the  Raymond 
Concrete  Pile  Company,  also  of  New- 
York.  In  the  new  contract  of  l')4l) 
given  by  the  N  a  v  y  department  to 
PNAB  appeared  an  unexplained  para- 
graph entitled  Project  16. 

"Underground  F'uel  Storage,  S4,(H)(),- 
000." 

An  explanation  soon  followed.  The 
Navv  wanted  to  store  oil — four  million 


^^^^^^^^^^H 

"I'm    in    engineering    be- 

^^^^^^^Bl^^^^l 

cousc     1     love     it'"     Connie 

^^^^^^^^  ^^^^1 

Minnich     emphatically     an- 

^^^^^ft        ^^^1 

swers      queries      about      her 

Wf^m 

north    campus    habitudes. 

Alreody        on        ossistant 

editor   of    the    Tcchnogroph, 

Connie     is     completing     her 

'^B^  fj^^^ 

sophomore  year  in   civil  en- 

'*'               ./V^^^^ 

gineering.   Proof  of  her  en- 

gineering    interest     is     her 

octivc    participation    in    the 

J 

A.S-C.E.,      1  T.E.,      Mu-Son, 

f 

a    sanitary    engineering    so- 

ciety,   and    the    Illinois    So- 

ciety    of     Professional     En- 

, 

gineering,    also,    she    desires 

'           / 

to     do     graduate     work     in 

hydraulics    or    sonitory    en- 

CONNIE   MINNICH 

gineering    at    Harvard. 

barrels  of  it — for  the  Pacific  fleet  some- 
where in  the  vicinity  of  Pearl  Harbor. 
They  wanted  it  stored  in  underground 
bombproof  tunnels. 

The  problem  looked  simple  enough 
on  paper,  but  locating  such  a  storage 
place  around  Hawaii  was  difficult.  The 
ground  was  practically  all  "piika-puka, " 
the  native  for  the  lava  deposits  of  hard 
basalt  and  volcaiiic  ash  spliced  with  bub- 
ble holes  that  ranged  from  a  pinpoint 
in  size  to  caverns  as  big  as  barns  and 
underground  streams  that  threaded  the 
whole   undersurface. 

After  a  month  of  test  borings,  a  low- 
ridge  kno\^•n  as  Red  Hill  was  chosen 
as  the  site  of  tunneling;  two  miles  from 
the  harbor,  it  was  all  and  more  than 
PNAB  could  ask  for,  since  it  was  be.iu- 


tifully  free  of  the  "puka"  ground  and 
composed  of  fairly  soft  rock  that  would 
make  tunneling  a  fairly  simple  opera- 
ridii. 

Now  rile  conferences  began.  Authori- 
ties, among  them  geologists,  tunneling 
and  hydraulic  experts,  the  best  that 
America  had,  were  called  in  for  con- 
sultation. The  original  idea  had  been 
t(i  carve  a  system  of  horizontal  vaults 
nut  of  the  side  of  the  mountain  ;  elab- 
orate plans  and  specifications  were  laid 
out  on  this  basis.  Howe\er,  it  was  a 
short  conversation  o\er  a  dinner  table 
one  night  that  de\'eloped  the  final  plans. 
Two  of  the  resident  engineers  outlined 
a  process  of  tunneling  which,  with  its 
simplicity  and  economy,  floored  even  the 
Naval  department,  which  had  long  since 
LTiown   accustomed  to  the  suilden   brain- 


History  books  and  other  docu- 
ments will  hand  down  to  posterity 
the  record  of  the  politician's  and 
militarist's  past  war,  but  what 
about  the  engineer's  chronicle?  The 
following  article,  reviewing  very 
briefly  the  highlights  of  engineer- 
ing feats  in  the  South  Pacific  thea- 
ter, is  the  beginning  of  a  series  of 
such  articles  that  give  the  engi- 
neer behind  the  man  behind  the 
gun  a  pat  on  the  back. 


Red  hill  and  Pearl  harbor  are  easi- 
ly located  on  the  Hawaiian  island 
of  Oahu. 


storms  of  PNAB.  Immediately  all  plans 
were  halted  and  gears  shifted  within 
two  weeks  time  to  meet  the  new  speci- 
fications. 

These  new  plans  now  called  for  ver- 
tical tunnels — a  series  of  wells,  each 
double  the  diameter  of  the  original  tun- 
nels and  each  300  feet  deep.  Operations 
began  with  the  boring  of  a  horizontal 
tunnel  the  length  of  the  mountainside. 
Smaller  tunnels  were  cut  off  from  the 
sides  of  this  passage  which  eventually 
became  the  main  connecting  tunnel  for 
all  the  wells.  On  top  of  the  ground, 
meanwhile,  shafts  were  sunk  through 
the  soft  strata  down  to  the  point  where 
they  met  these  small  side  tunnels.  Each 
shaft  thus  formed  was  the  ceiUerline 
of   a   vault. 

In  the  following  tunneling  operations, 
the  e\ca\ated  rock  and  dirt  was  dropped 
down  the  center  shaft  to  the  small  siile 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


tuniu-I  where  it  was  taken  out  through 
the  m;iin  passagewav  by  a  system  of  con- 
\eyors.  lliis  nitt\  use  of  grav'ity  to 
ehininate  the  cut  alone  saved  the  Navy 
hunilreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  in 
haiding  expenses;  for,  as  fast  as  the  rub- 
ble came  out  of  the  side  of  the  moun- 
tain, it  was  eaten  up  by  Army  and  Navy 
demands  for  road-grading  material  and 
concrete  aggregates — about  five  million 
tons  of  it. 

Excavation  work  now  carved  a  form 
in  the  mountain  in  the  shape  of  a  huge 
inxerted  bowl  stemming  from  a  point 
in  the  center  shaft  100  feet  down  from 
the  ground  surface  ( for  bombproofing 
purposes)  to  the  springing  line  of  the 
vault.  This  cavity — the  upper  dome  of 
the  vault — had  to  be  a  perfect  mould 
for  the  concrete  pourings  and  consti- 
tuted the  most  difficult  part  of  the 
operation  with  its  precision  cutting  and 
pouring. 

The  whole  space  required  timber 
bracing  due  to  the  fairly  soft  rock. 
Lined  on  its  lower  surface  with  firmly 
welded  steel  plates,  the  "bowl"  also  had 
an  elaborate  network  of  reinforcing  rods 
which  were  "floated"  with  acces.sory 
wires  attached  to  the  rock  ceiling  and 
the  steel  floor.  Concrete  was  then 
poured  steadily  from  a  batching  plant 
on  top  of  the  mountain  down  through 
a  pipeline  in  the  center  shaft  and  dis- 
tributed e\enly  throughout  the  mould. 
As  fast  as  the  concrete  came,  work 
crews  ribbed  out  the  timbering  directly 
above  it.  The  whole  pouring  operation 
of    this    upper    dome    took    70    hours. 

After  the  concrete  had  set,  excava- 
tion now  began  on  the  underside  of 
the  "cup,"  with  the  crews  widening  the 
center  shaft  in  a  V  or  fiuinel  shape  so 
that  the  rock  debris  rolled  right  down 
to  the  edge  and  then  down  the  shaft 
to  the  heavy-duty  belt  conveyors  far 
below.  After  the  cylinder  of  the  vault 
and  the  bottom  of  the  dome  had  been 
hollowed  out,  the  whole  rock  surface 
was  grouted  to  seal  off  all  cracks.  Some 


A  cutaway  of  Red  hill  shows  the 
wells  as  they  appear  beneath  the 
ground. 


The  dome  of  a  well  is  shown  before 
and   after  pouring   of  the  concrete. 

of  the  puka  holes  that  had  been  fovuid 
( the  largest  in  this  mountain  was  only 
the  size  of  a  trunk)  were  filled  with 
concrete.  The  bottom  dome,  or  invert, 
was  then  cast.  Next,  fabricated  steel 
rings  were  assembled  for  the  skeleton  of 
the  circumferential  framework  and,  as 
these  progressed  upwards  to  meet  the 
spring  line  of  the  upper  dome,  the  weld- 
ing crews  followed  and  put  on  form 
plates.  After  these  came  the  actual  con- 
crete pouring.  After  hardening,  the  con- 
crete was  prestressed  to  meet  the  tre- 
mendous pressure  of  the  oil  which  other- 
wise would  cause  the  plate  seams  to 
burst  with  residting  leaks.  This  was 
done  by  forcing  grout  under  heavy  pres- 
siue,  into  the  space  caused  by  shrinkage 
of  the  concrete  from  the  form  plates 
while  it  was  setting. 

Final  testing  for  leaks  was  accom- 
plished by  a  rather  unique  method.  The 
finished  vault  was  filled  to  the  brim 
with  water  till  it  rose  through  a  small 
pipe  in  the  top.  If  in  twenty-four  hours 
the  water  level  in  the  pipe  dropped  only 
half  an  inch,  the  test  was  deemed  un- 
satisfactory. A  system  of  indicator  pipes 
leading  up  from  the  bottom  passed 
through  the  plating  at  intervals  where 
they  were  open.  A  hundred-poimd  pres- 
sure was  put  through  the  pipes  and  as 
the  water  le\el  slowly  rose  again,  any 
leaks  were  located  by  bubbles  on  the 
surface  of  the  water.  A  crew  of  welders 
floating  around  on  the  surface  of  the 
water  would  locate  a  leak,  signal  the 
ground  crews  to  lower  the  water  level 
a  bit,  then  repair  the  leak. 

I'inal  construction  on  the  \avdt  con- 
sisted of  the  stopping  up  of  the  original 
shaft   with    conceite.    All    other   \ertical 


entrances  except  the  main  passageways 
were  wedged  in  solidly-  with  eight-ton 
plugs. 

Even  though  the  Red  Hill  operation 
was  important  as  a  means  of  supply  of 
the  life  blood  of  the  Pacific  fleet,  equal- 
ly as  important  was  the  undertaking  of 
the  mass  construction  of  air  fields  on 
many  of  the  islands  that  dotted  the 
South  Pacific.  Part  of  this  project  was 
completed  by  the  PNAB  before  the 
Pearl  Harbor  episode.  After  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war,  however,  the 
U.  S.  Naval  Construction  Battalions, 
or  "Seabees"  as  they  were  called,  took 
over  the  work. 

For  the  most  part,  these  fields  were 
constructed  of  materials  native  to  the 
surrounding  area,  although  in  some 
cases,  concrete  and  steel  were  employed. 
The  most  abundant  source  of  material 
was  coral.  Although  not  the  best  pos- 
sible surfacing  material,  coral  served 
very  well  even  under  the  heaviest  of 
bombers;  and,  in  some  cases,  it  actually 
liroved  superior  to  concrete  under  the 
hot  and  moist  climatic  conditions. 

In  one  instance  on  an  airfield  on 
Guadalcanal,  the  surfacing  was  a  per- 
forated steel  mat  on  a  fairly  soft  foun- 
dation. The  first  mat  required  constant 
repair;  finally  it  broke  down  and  had 
to  be  replaced  by  a  second.  Eventually, 
the  second  wore  dow'n,  too,  mainly  be- 
cause of  uneven  settling  of  the  founda- 
tion. This  was  comprised  of  soft  black 
silt  that  beat  up  to  a  thick  foamy  mud 
iHider  the  daily  thumping  of  tropical 
rains,  and  which  most  of  the  time  was 
little  more  than  a  swamp.  Another  riui- 
way  in  the  adjacent  vicinity  was  con- 
structed by  using  coial  for  surfacing 
and  the  foundation  was  built  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner:  first,  a  network  of 
drainage  ditches  running  in  both  direc- 
tions was  dug;  the  soil  was  compacted 
as  much  as  possible ;  this  was  then  cov- 
ered w^ith  a  four-inch  layer  of  noncapil- 
lary  earth  to  seal  the  mud  ;  on  top  was 
spread  and  packed  down  a  four-inch 
layer  of  gravel;  finally,  the  four-inch 
layer  of  coral  was  spread  and  com- 
pacted. Even  at  the  very  end  of  the  war, 
this  coral  runway  was  still  giving  excel- 
lent service  on  this  footing. 

Coral,  as  usually  used,  was  mixed 
with  a  small  percentage  of  clay  and  re- 
quired a  setting  period  of  three  days. 
During  this  time,  the  coral  seemed  to 
"come  alive"  and  have  certain  expan- 
sions, contractions,  and  movements  that 
caused  the  construction  crews  to  tab  it 
as  "live"  coral.  These  queer  properties 
seemed  to  cause  it  to  result  in  a  ver\ 
compact  slab  siu^face. 

The  heavy  tropical  rains  presented 
the  biggest  problem — drainage.  A  Sj/ 
per  cent  grade  was  the  general  rule  al- 
though some  runways  were  constructed 
with  alternate  sloping  grades  of  \y>  per 
(Continued  on  page  32) 


MARCH,   1949 


Know  Your  Automobile 


ttfi  .#.   i:   ittiHMit'  ami  0 .    M.  .%l*'4'hfniontis 


I'arr    11 

Everyone  seems  to  have  quite  detiiiite 
ideas  about  the  car  he  desires,  but  \cr\ 
few  of  the  people  one  talks  to  really 
know  enoufjli  about  the  car  they  love  to 
accurately  judge  whether  this  car  meets 
and  fulfills  their  needs.  In  fact,  from 
the  number  of  people  who  sa\.  "1  like 
that  new  convertible,  "  with- 
out having  a  better  reason  than  the  fact 
that  it  costs  more  nione\  than  they  will 
e\er  be  able  to  spend  on  a  car,  the  need 
to  explain  to  them  that  their  needs  are 
in  contrast  with  their  desires  is  quite 
apparent. 

The  basic  thing  to  consider  when  pur- 
chasing a  new  car  is  the  amount  of  driv- 
ing one  expects  to  do.  For  those  who 
drive  less  than  S, ()()()  miles  per  year, 
perhaps  a  car  isn't  needed  at  all.  If  the 
mileage  requirements  are  less  than  10,- 
000  miles  per  year,  a  car  may  be  needed, 
but  the  smaller,  le.ss-expensive  car  is  the 
wisest  choice.  Only  for  those  who  drive 
more  than  20,000  miles  per  year  should 
the  large  expensive  car  be  considered. 

At  this  point  it  should  be  apparent 
that  this  article  is  not  intended  for  the 
"prestige"  car  buyer.  Instead,  it  is  an 
attempt  to  study  the  basis  for  selecting, 
on  technical  principles,  the  best  car  from 
the  standiioint  of  economics  for  the 
needs  and  desires  of  the  prospective 
motorist. 

The  reason  for  the  preceding  break- 
down on  a  mileage  basis  is  to  keep  in 
nuiul  that  the  only  fair  economical  cost 
analysis  is  on  a  cost-per-mile-operated 
base.  Naturally,  if  one  gets  an  expensive 
car  which  uses  more  fuel  per  mile  plus 
the  high  first  cost,  high  insurance  rates, 
high  depreciation,  high  taxation,  and 
high  maintenance  costs,  the  mileage 
driven  must  be  very  high  to  bring  the 
cost  per  mile  into  line  with  that  for 
a  less  expensive  car  driven   fewer  miles. 

To  refer  back  to  the  preceding  article 
("Know  Your  Automobile,"  Techno- 
graph,  January,  1*)4')),  it  was  shown 
that  the  horsepower  required  varies  with 
the  cube  of  the  speed.  To  carry  this  one 
step  further,  it  may  be  demonstrated 
that,  at  speeds  of  less  than  50  miles  per 
hour,  this  horsepower  is  nearly  the  same 
for  all  cars.  Since  the  horsepower  re- 
quired is  one  of  the  determining  factors 
of  what  the  fuel  consumption  will  be, 
most  cars  are  on  an  equal  footing  for 
judgment  if  over  two-thirds  of  the  miles 


driven  are  at  >peeds  less  than  SO  mile^ 
per  hour.  If  the  requirements  fall  into 
this  category,  two  more  factors  must  be 
known.  First,  the  fuel  consumption  per 
horsepower  (which  most  manufacturers 
decline  to  furnish),  and  second,  the  de- 
gree to  which  the  dri\er  accelerates  his 
car.  This  latter  is  usual!\  a  very  diffi- 
cult factor  to  even  try  to  guesstimate 
because  of  the  fact  that  even  in  the  city 
driving  conditions  will  vary  over  wide 
limits.  Therefore,  the  best  thing  to  do 
is  to  attempt  to  find  tiie  lightest  and 
lowest-iKiwered  car  that  will  meet  the 
riding  and  driving  requirements  so  the 
cost  of  acceleration  will  be  minimized. 
To  generalize,  long  trips  at  high 
speeds  should  entitle  one  to  make  the 
choice  of  a  heavy,  high-powered  car  for 
the  sake  of  riding  comfort.  To  further 
simplify  this  discussion,  some  of  the 
basic  points  to  be  considered  are  listed 
with  their  effects,  both   pro  and   con. 

WEIGHT — Increases  the  riding 
comfort  and  frictional  forces  with  the 
load,  making  the  car  safer.  It  also  in- 
creases the  power  required  for  accelera- 
ricin,  thus  increasing  fuel  consumption 
and  the  inertia  forces  in  tvirning  and 
stopping. 

SIZE  —  Exterior:  determines  the 
space  required  for  maneuvering  and 
parking,  and  the  necessary  size  of  the 
garage.  Naturally,  a  small  car  is  best 
suited  for  easy  handling  in  city  traffic. 
Interior:  determines  passenger  comfort 
and  the  capacity  of  the  car.  A  club 
coupe  or  similar  body  st>le  is  alwavs 
lacking  in  leg  and  head  room  in  the 
back  seat.  The  height  of  the  seats,  as 
well  as  the  width,  is  important  for  rid- 
ing ease.  Today's  dealers  are  willing 
for  the  prospective  buyer  to  try  the  seats 
for  size. 

WINDOW  AREA—This  is  only  an 
:ipproximate  index  of  the  visibility  from 
tile  inside  of  the  car.  Seat  height,  win- 
dow slope,  and  window-to-passenger 
relationships  also  affect  the  visibility. 
In  most  of  the  new  cars,  an  outside 
mirror  is  more  of  a  necessity  than  an 
accessory  in  order  for  the  driver  to  ob- 
tain a  clear  view  of  the  conditions  to 
the  rear  of  the  car.  Another  point  to 
check  is  the  field  of  vision  that  the  rear 
seat  passengers  ha\e  when  the  front  seat 
is  carrying  its  normal  capacity  of  pas- 
sengers. 


I  URAKi;  l.lMNCi  AREA— A  light 
jbraking  load  (pounds  of  car  weight  per 
'square  inch  of  brake  lining),  is  usually 
a  good  index  of  cool  and  subsequently 
safe  braking.  It  will  also  increase  tile 
life  of  the  linings. 

TIRE  SIZE — Large,  oversized  tires 
( with  increased  cross-sectional  area  rath- 
er than  diameter)  give  a  softer  ride, 
longer  tire  life,  and  greater  safety.  The 
softer  ride  is  due  to  the  fact  that  more 
loatl  is  carried  b\-  the  air  in  the  tire  and 
less  by  the  tire  sidewall.  The  greater 
life  and  safety  is  due  to  the  greater  area 
in  contact  with  the  road  and  thus,  for 
the  same  frictional  force,  the  unit  stress 
in  the  tire  is  less.  This  decrease  in  unit 
stress  reduces  the  tendency  for  the  so- 
called  "black  mark"  skids,  which  are  the 
result  of  rubber  shearing  off  of  the  tire. 

HORSEPOWER— This  factor  is 
the  most  important  in  the  determination 
of  the  top  speed  of  the  car,  the  second 
being  the  air   resistance  or  drag. 

TORQUE  —  This  is  the  quantity 
which  determines  the  acceleration  rate 
of  the  car  and  the  hill  climbing  ability. 
The  exact  manner  of  its  effect  was  dis- 
cussed in  the  preceding  article,  but  it 
can  be  noted  from  the  accompanying 
specification  chart  that  the  maximum 
torque  is  usually  found  at  engine  speeds 
from  1,200  to  1,600  r.p.m.  for  six- 
cylinder  engines  and  at  speeds  from 
1,600  to  2,200  r.p.m.  for  eight-cylinder 
engines.  Other  things  being  equal,  it  is 
apparent  that  a  six-cylinder  car  can  ac- 
celerate faster  below  35  m.p.h.  than  an 
eight,  but  the  eight  can  accelerate  faster 
at  speeds  above  40  m.p.h.  This  should 
be  kept  in  mind  when  making  the  choice, 
depending  on  one's  speed    requirements. 

REAR  END  RATIO— This,  as  pre- 
\iously  explained,  affects  the  accelera- 
tion, the  top  speed,  and  the  economy  of 
fuel  that  may  be  expected.  It  was  quite 
common  before  the  war  for  the  pur- 
chaser to  make  a  choice  between  three 
different  ratios:  one  of  approxiiiiateh' 
.1.7:1  for  economy,  one  of  approximately 
4.^:1  tor  performance  and  hill  climbing, 
and  a  third  of  approximately  4.1  :1  for 
all-around  utility.  The  parenthesized 
ratios  are  indicated  as  optional. 

TRANSMISSIONS— The  type  of 
transmission  a\ailable  with  the  car  is  a 
controlling  influence  on  the  choice  of 
(Continued   on   page    1 1  ) 


8 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


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MARCH,   1949 


^U^    Qo4niwa    Qo4UfLOc.atlo-n 


Uil  Ifah'  liluHH.  Ih.K.'tft 


On  April  S.  I'H'',  the  slide  rule  boys 
will  ()bsci\e  the  launching  of  sonu-thiiiii 
new  in  the  history  ot  the  University 
— the  first  annual  all-engineering  con- 
vocation, sponsored  by  the  Engineering 
Council    and    the    Illinois   IVchnograph. 

The  objectives  of  this  new  venture 
are  (  1  )  to  promote  an  active  interest 
in  the  advancement  of  effective  teach- 
ing at  the  University,  (2)  to  honor 
members  of  the  faculty  in  the  x.irious 
engineering  departments,  in  paiticuhu, 
those  who  are  chosen  by  vote  of  the 
students  as  the  most  effective  teachers, 
and  (3)  to  bring  about  a  closer  rela- 
tionship among  the  facultx  and  the  stu- 
dents. 

Pifsidctit  Stoddard  tii  Speak 
Because  of  his  contributions  to  the 
educational  field,  our  own  president, 
Dr.  Stoddard,  has  been  chosen  to  de- 
liver the  main  address  at  this  first  con- 
vocation in  the  University  Auditorium. 
Sharing  the  spotlight  with  President 
Stoddard  will  be  M.  L.  Enger,  retiring 


PRESIDENT  STODDARD 

dean  of  the  College  of  Engineeiing.  and 
W.  L.  Everitt,  ilean-elect  of  the  Col- 
lege, who  will  each  give  a  brief  talk. 
The  concluding  feature  of  this  event 
will  be  the  presentation  of  awards  to  the 
engineering  instructors  chosen  by  the 
students  for  their  effective  teaching 
methods. 


('lasses  to  hi'  Disniisst'd 

Engineering  students  will  be  dis- 
missed from  tiieir  10  o'clock  classes  on 
Friday,  April  8,  so  that  the\'  will  have 
the  opportiMiity  to  hear  President  Stod- 
dard speak  and  to  learn  the  results  of 
the  effective  teaching  contest.  Not  until 
tlu-n  will  the  lesults  of  the  contest  be 
announced. 

/'Effective   Teaching  Defined 

just  what  is  effective  teaching?  Here 
is  what  two  professors  and  one  student 
ha\-e  to  say  about  it.  ( In  fairness  to 
other  instructors  eligible  for  the  contest, 
the  instructors  quoted  ha\e  not  been 
identified)  : 

"The  effective  instructor  is  one  who 
stimulates  each  student  to  learn,  to  think 
and  to  perform  at  his  highest  capacity." 
— Well-known   M.E.   instructor. 

"Effective  teaching  should  accomplish 
the  following:  (1)  direct  results  — 
development  of  mental  skills,  develop- 
ment of  confidence  in  ability  to  learn, 
acquisition  of  factual  information,  and 
(2)  indirect  results — appreciation  of 
\iewpoints  of  others,  increase  the  hori- 
zon of  interests,  development  of  sense 
of  individual  responsibility,  increase  in 
capacity  for  self-direction  and  self-dis- 
cipline. Direct  iTsults  depend  upon  .  .  . 
knowledge  of  teaching  methods  and  ma- 
terial on  the  part  of  the  instructor.  In- 
direct results  depend  upon  the  philoso- 
phies and  personality  of  the  instructor." 
— A   popular    E.E.    instructor. 

"A  good  instructor,  in  m\  opinion, 
is  one  who  possesses  an  ability  to  teach. 
No  matter  what  academic  degree  is  held, 
the  ability  to  teach  consists  of  a  few  im- 
portant points:  primarily,  a  knowledge 
for  one  particular  course  or  e\en  one 
of  subject  matter  beyond  that  required 
field  of  study,  and  secondly,  the  ability 
to  communicate  information  to  students. 
Among  the  basic  necessities  are  an  un- 
derstandable speaking  voice,  a  sense  of 
humor,  and  a  knack  for  improvising  sub- 
ject matter  to  correlate  it  with  the 
present-da\  picture." — Win.  Peeples, 
editor.   Daily  lllini. 

(Contest  Date 

All  junior  and  senior  engineering  stu- 
dents will  have  the  opportunity  to  cast 
three  votes  for  their  most  effective  in- 
structors in  any  engineering  department. 
Voting  dates  will  be  Wednesda\' 
through  Friday.  March  \(i  through  1<S, 
inclusive.  The  student  m.i\   cast  no  more 


than  one  vote  in  an\  (jne  department. 
(  I'or  this  contest,  mining  and  metal- 
lurgy arc  considered  as  separate  depart- 
ments.) 

Location  of   ballot   boxes: 

Aero.  E. — Office  Transportation 
building. 

Ag.  E. — Office,  Agiicultural  Engi- 
neering building. 

Arch  E. — Office,  Architecture  build- 
ing. 

Cer.   E. — Office,  Ceramics  building. 

Chem.   E. — Office,   Noves  laboratorv. 

Civil,  Gen.,  DSSWV.  E.— First 
floor,  Engineering  Hall. 

Elec.  E.— Office,  E.  E.  R.  L. 

Eng.  Physics — Office,  Physics  build- 
ing. 

.Mech.  E.— First  floor,  M.  E.  labo- 
r,-itor\-. 

Min.  and  Met.  E. — Office,  Ceramics 
building. 

(Previous  information  concerning  the 
Convocation  and  Contest  appeared  in 
the  February  issue  of  the  Technograph. ) 

A  sample  ballot  appears  on  the  next 
page. 


A  farmer  and  a  professor  were  shar- 
ing a  seat  on  a  train.  It  was  getting 
lonesome  so  the  farmer  started  a  con- 
versation and  they  soon  became  a  friend- 
ly pair. 

"Let's  have  a  game  of  riddles  to  pass 
the  time,"  said  the  professor.  "If  1 
have  a  riddle  that  you  can't  guess  \ou 
give  me  one  dollar  or  vice  versa." 

"All  right,"  replied  the  farmer,  "but 
as  you  are  better  educated  than  I  am, 
do  you  mind  if  I  only  give  fifty  cents?" 

"C^K,"  replied  the  professor,  "you  go 
first." 

"Well,  what  .inimal  has  three  legs 
walking  and  two  legs  fhing?" 

"I  (lon't  know.  Here's  vour  dollar. 
What's  the  answer?" 

"I  don't  know  either.  Heie's  your 
fiftv   cents,"  answered  the  farmer. 

,:/  unman  is  a  />i-rs'jii  iih'i  can  iiurry 
lliroin/h  a  dnu/storr  aisle  18  inches 
iiide  iviihoiit  bnishinc/  against  the  tin- 
li-arr  f'ilcd  up  there,  and  then  drive 
home  and  knock  off  one  of  the  doors 
from   a    \2-foot   (/arat/e. 

"irHlie.  I'd  like  to  </o  thront/h  one 
lihole  day  uilhoiit  once  scoldini/  yon  or 
punish  in//  you." 

"All  riijhl  mother,  you  have   my   c 


10 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Ballot  for  Effective  Teaching  Contest 


SPONSORED    BY 


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Vote  for  one,  two  or  three  instructors  in  any  engineering   department   listed   below,   but  do   not 
vote  for   more  than  one   instructor   in   anv  one   department 


AERONAUTICAL 

AGRICULTURAL 

ARCHITECTURAL 

CERAMICS 

CHEMICAL 


CIVIL 

ELECTRICAL 

G.E.D. 

MECHANICAL 

METALLURGICAL 


Name   of   Instructor 


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THEORETICAL  and 
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MECHANICS 

Department 


(SAMPLE   BALLOT) 


Don't  spoil  a  ballot.  Polls  open  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  March 
16,   17,  and  18.  8-12  a.m.  and  1-5  p.m. 


AUTOMOBILES  .  .  . 

(Cniitinued  fiom  pa,L;i'  S) 
n-ar  eml  ratio,  and  the  parenthesized 
"H"  in  the  rear  end  ratio  column  illus- 
trates those  ratios  furnished  hy  the  man- 
ufacturers employing  the  Hydramatic 
transmission.  It  was  found  that  most 
people  using  an  automatic  or  semi- 
automatic transmission  find  that  they 
had  to  develop  a  steadier  foot  on  the 
throttle  than  the\'  had  been  using  in  the 
past  on  manual  transmissions,  or  the 
transmission  would  ha\e  a  tendency  to 
"hunt."  This  hunting  is  less  noticeable 
on  the  torque  convertor  than  it  is  on 
the  automatic  transmission. 

I'SEFUL  CAR  LIFE— For  the  past 
decade,  it  has  been  considered  that  the 
maximum  useful  life  of  most  cars,  with- 
out excessive  maintenance  costs,  is  about 
three  and  one-half  years  or  100. 00(1 
miles,  whichever  occurs  first.  The  most 
desirable  wearing-out  of  a  car,  from  the 
economical  point  of  view,  is  through 
usage,  because  it  lowers  the  cost-per- 
mile-operated. 

Beyond  this,  and  with  the  help  of  the 
accompanying  chart,  perhaps  those  con- 
templating the  purchase  of  a  new  car 
can  make  their  own  comparison  of  these 
basic  paints  and  come  to  a  logical  con- 
clusion as  to  whicli  car  will  be  the  best 
suited   for  the  job. 


Prof,    (during   tlif  suininer  quarter): 

"  That's   five    tiuus    this    ueek    that   you 

have  fiiiled  to  turn  in  your  iissit/unients. 

Do  you  have  any   eo/u/aents/" 

Frosh:    ")es,   sir.    I'm    eertainly    ;/lail 

it's   I'' rid  ay." 

Lieutenant    (in  the  mess  hall,  roaring 
with    indignation )  :    "Who    told    you    to 
put  these  flowers  on  the  table?" 
Sergeant:   "The  Colonel,  sir." 
Lieutenant:  "Pretty,  aren't  they?" 

Stndint:  "Professor,  ran  you  hel/>  ute 
liith    this  /iroh/cur/'" 

Professor:  "I  eould.  hut  I  don't  think 
it  'iLould  he  rie/ht." 

Student:  "I  don't  sup/^ose  it  iiould. 
hut  let's   take   a  shot  at   it." 

Friend  (to  \oung  wife  contemplating 
divorce)  :  "Remember,  you  took  your 
husband  for  better  or  for  worse." 

Young  Wife:  "Hut  I  didn't  take  him 
for  good,  did  1  ?  " 

Studies  b>'  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of 
Standards  show  that  the  a\crage  car 
gets  21  miles  per  gallon  at  20  miles 
an  hour,  16  at  40  miles  an  hour,  11 
at  00  miles  an  hour,  anil  S  at  80  miles 
an  hour. 


PI     MARCH,  1949 


Mrs.  Jones  ivas  sitting  in  the  hreak- 
fast  nook  shelling  peas  uhen  she  heard 
the'  haek  door  open.  Thinking  it  ivas 
her  son.  she  railed.  "Here  I  am.  dar- 
ling." 

Silenee:  Then  a  deep  voiee  hoomed. 
"Phis  is  not  the  regular  ieeman. 
Ma'am.  " 

How's  Your  Tooter? 

Automotive  terms  differ  in  man\ 
parts  of  the  world.  Here,  for  example, 
are  American  and  British  terms  that 
mean  the  same  thing : 

A  car  horn  is  a  footer.  A  vahe-grind 
job  is  a  decoke  job.  The  car  trans- 
mission is  a  gearbox,  the  windshield  a 
wind-screen.  Gasoline  is  petrol,  the  gen- 
erator is  the  dynamo,  and  the  old-time 
rumble  seat  is  a  dickey  seat. 

The  car  hood  is  a  bonnet,  and  when 
you  talk  of  the  car  top  in  England  you 
call  that  the  hood.  The  triuik  is  a  lug- 
gage boot. 

You  don't  have  a  tire  blow-out,  you 
have  a  "burst."  When  you  race  the  en- 
gine, )ou  "rev  up."  The  sidewalk  is  the 
pavement,  and  a  paved  road  is  a  "built 
up." 

A  lug  wrench  for  removing  a  car 
wheel  is  a  wheelbrace.  And  the  driver 
does  not  "step  on  the  gas."  He  just 
"hits  up." 

11 


liciliiiiiiii!!  Viiiir  him  in  l<]iioiiiH'riiii| 

Uif  Ki.hlS  It.XWKIt 


Art'  you  one  ot  those  yoim^  iihmi  who 
is  about  to  complete  his  collefje  traniuit: 
in  enirineerinfi  aiul  who  will  soon  befjin 
an  active  career  in  engineering  \\'ork  ? 
It  you  are,  then  you  are  probably  strug- 
gling with  some  of  the  most  difficult 
questions  that  you  have  had  to  answer 
(luring  your  college  days.  "What  type 
of  work  would  I  like  to  do?"  "Who 
offers  the  best  opportunities?"  "How- 
much  salary  will  I  get?"  "Where  do 
I  want  to  go?"  "Which  job  shall  1 
take?"  "Why  should  I  get  an  adxanceil 
degree?"  "When  will  I  find  the  answers 
to  these  questions?" 

The  answers  to  these  and  other  simi- 
lar questions  must  be  worked  out  by 
you.  You  may  receive  advice  and  sug- 
gestions from  others,  but  the  final  deci- 
sions are  yours  to  make.  Certain  infor- 
mation which  may  be  of  assistance  to 
you  in  making  the  proper  start  in  your 
career  in  engineering  is  presented  here 
for   \()u   to   consider. 

llhere    Shall   I    Benin 
My  Career? 

1.  If  hat  inginccriny  nori  w  availahlc.' 
Before  you  can  compare  jobs  you 
must  have  some  idea  of  what  jobs  are 
open  to  you.  You  will  find  the  informa- 
tion about  specific  jobs  in  \our  college 
of  engineering  cniphixnient  offices  and 
through  other  employment  contacts 
which  you  may  establish.  But  you  will 
also  find  it  useful  to  know  in  a  general 
way  the  various  fields  in  which  engi- 
neering  services    are    used.    The    Engi- 


TABLE   1 
Percentage  l^istributinii  of  tlie   EnKiiUfrin 
Profession     in     1946,     by     Cieneral     Field     ( 
Employment. 

General  Field  of  Emplovment                       Percenta; 
Total    lOO 


Chemical 
Civil     .... 
Electrical 
Mechanical-l 
Mining  Meta 


lUistrial     23.7 

urgical     7.6 

Other   Engineering  6.5 

Non-engineering   3.6 

neers  Joint  Council  made  a  survey  of 
the  engineering  profession  in  1946  and 
has  published  under  the  title  "The  En- 
gineering Profession  in  Transition"  ex- 
tensive data  on  the  distribution  of 
engineers  in  the  various  fields  and  the 
ranges  of  salaries  in  those  fields. 

The    membership    of    the    engineering 
profession  in  the  I'nited   States  in   l')46 


Are  you  lookiiii;  forward  to  grad- 
uation with  a  lot  of  employment 
questions  still  on  your  mind''  If  so, 
this  article  will  provide  you  with 
a  very  helpful  point-to-point  analy- 
sis of  factors  that  should  be  con- 
sidered before  making  a  decision. 
.Also,  some  important  suggestions 
on  how  to  make  the  most  of  your 
first  position  are  included. 


was  estimated  to  be  .■!!/, 4(i/.  A  piojcct- 
ed  estimate  of  the  total  for  195f)  was 
336,722.  You  are  about  to  become  a 
member  of  a  very  large  profession  with 


\i\'i  ill  sciinol  a  while  longer  to  get  a 
master's  ox  doctor's  ilegree.  How  much 
(Icmand  is  there  for  an  ad\anced  degree 
111  engineering?  Table  .5  gives  the  per- 
centage distribution  of  the  engineering 
lirofession  in  1946  according  to  educa- 
tional ie\-el  for  the  general  fields  of 
emploMiienr. 

.Since  the  matter  of  return  on  the  in- 
\cstment  in  an  advanced  degree  is  al- 
\xays  of  interest.  Table  6  is  included  to 
show  the  median  salaries  for  the  various 
educational  levels  at  several  levels  of 
experience.  There  is  little  variation  of 
salaries  for  the  three  college  degrees 
during  the  first  six  years  of  experience, 


TABLE  2 
Percentage   Distribution  of  the   Engineering  Profession   in 
1(1  by  (ieneral  Fieki  of  Employment. 


Field 


1946,   by    .Major    Industry    Field 


.Mcch.-    .\Ii 


Total    100.0 

-Agriculture   and    Forestry  ....  O.S 

Mining    6.1 

Construction    IS. 4 

Manufacturing    41.8 

Transportation     2.2 

Communication    4.2 

I'tilitics   11.1 

Personal  services  9.4 

Other   fields   .1.8 

Unemployed   0.5 


Indus. 

Metal. 

E.igi. 

EuKi. 

00.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

0.5 

1.2 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

1.1 

1.5 

1.6 

0.8 

0.6 

1.0 

5  5.1 

13.4 

6.6 

2.9 

63.9 

4.6 

4.1 

0.4 

12.2 

5.6 

82.3 

7.5 

41.8 

6  5.6 

34.4 

28.7 

35.7 

0.1 

4.1 

1.6 

1.9 

0.1 

3.3 

3.1 

0.2 

0.1 

13.8 

1.3 

0.4 

3.3 

3.2 

1.1 

8.9 

25.7 

6.7 

0.3 

8.7 

7.1 

6.8 

7.3 

6.8 

12.8 

5.3 

17.0 

22.4 

4.3 

5.8 

4.8 

5.8 

2.4 

11.8 

12.7 

0.2 

0.4 

0.3 

0.7 

0.5 

0.5 

2.1 

a  wide  variety  of  interests.  First  you 
may  want  to  know  how  many  engineers 
there  are  in  your  branch  of  the  profes- 
sion. Table  1  gives  the  percentage  dis- 
tribution in  1946  according  to  the 
general  fields  of  employment.  Table  2 
shows  the  percentage  distribution  in 
1946  according  to  major  industry  fields 
for  each  of  the  branches  of  engineering. 
Table  3  shows  the  percentage  distribu- 
tion in  1946  for  the  entire  profession 
by  class  of  worker  and  Table  4  by  oc- 
cupational status.  The  distribution  for 
Tables  3  and  4  for  the  various  branches 
of  engineering  may  be  found  in  the 
I',.J.C  Report,  but  is  not  reproduced 
here. 

From  these  tables  you  may  determine 
the  comparative  demand  for  engineering 
services  in  the  many  phases  of  the  pro- 
fession and  you  may  also  learn  of  the 
various  fields  and  occupations  in  which 
your  engineering  training  may  be  used. 
2.    Should  I   tjit  (in   lulvnnccd  degric   in 

cnginccriny.' 

About  the  time  that  you  are  to  receive 
your  bachelor's  degree  in  engineering, 
someone  brings  up  the  (piestion  of  sta\- 


the  greatest  variation  at  aboute  20  years 
of  experience  and  the  \ariation  disap- 
pears at  about  30  years  of  experience. 
The  highest  salary  levels  in  engineering 
are    in    the    technical    and    non-technical 


TABLE   3 
Percentage  Distribution  of  the  Engineering 
Profession   in   1946,  bv  Class  of  Worker. 

Class  of   Worker   "  PerceiitaKC 

Total    100.0 

Private   engineering  76.3 

F.mplove    67.1 

Employer     6,0 

Independent   consultant   3.2 

Public   engineering   20.4 

Federal    Ciovernment    9.7 

State  Government  5.fi 

County    Government    0.9 

Municipal   CJnvernment  3.4 

Other    public   authority   0.8 

Non-engineering 2.5 

Student    0.4 

Retired     0  : 

I'nemployed    0.  ^ 


administration-management  field  (liiu:li 
er  years  of  experience)  .uul  the  ;ul 
vanced  degrees  seem  to  be  of  lirtK 
.idvantage   in   this  t\  pe   of   work. 

In    college   teaching   Anil   in    enginec! 


12 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


ing  research  advanced  degrees  are  highly 
desirable  or  in  many  cases  essential.  The 
trend  seems  to  be  towards  a  greater 
ilemand  for  advanced  degrees  in  many 
other  phases  of  engineering.  When  the 
supph'  of  engineers  exceeds  the  demand 
as  is  expected  to  occur  by  1950  or  1951, 
advanced  degrees  will  become  of  rela- 
tively greater  importance  in  the  process 
of  selection. 

3.  //  hat  factors  should  I  loiisidcr  in 
decidiiKj  upon  a  jol/.' 
While  salary  is  always  an  important 
and  basic  consideration,  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  other  factors  worth  thinking 
about  in  choosing  a  job.  They  might  be 
listed  as  follows: 

A.  On  the  job  factors. 

1.  Salary — present  and  future  possi- 
bilities. 

2.  Prestige  and  recognition  given  to 
engineers  in  the  particular  field  of 
business. 

3.  Opportunity     for     advancement  — 

system  for  handling  advancement. 

4.  Do  I  like  the  type  of  work  that  I 
am  to  do  ? 

5.  Character  and  congeniality  of  asso- 
ciates. 

6.  Security  and  continuity  of  employ- 
ment under  variations  in  business 
conditions. 

7.  Quality  of  engineering  experience 
obtained. 

S.  Possibility  of  contacts  leading  to  a 
better  position  in  other  fields  or 
with  other  employers. 

B.  Home  factors. 

1.  Availability  of  suitable  housing. 

2.  Character  of  comnuunty  and  its 
people. 

3.  Amount  of  travel  required  on  the 
job  and  the  time  at  home. 

4.  Amount  of  moving  necessary. 

5.  Accessibility  of  adequate  schools 
for  children. 

6.  Recreational   facilities  in  the  area. 
At  this  point  you  might  be  interested 

in  some  information  about  the  range  of 
salaries  for  engineering  services.  In  Ta- 
ble 7  you  will  find  a  listing  of  the 
median  salaries  paid  in  1946  to  the  vari- 
ous classes  of  engineering  workers  at 
several  levels  of  experience.  Salaries  have 
generally  increased  about  10  to  20  per 
cent  since  1946  with  the  largest  gains 
in  public  engmeering.  Private  engineer- 
ing no  longer  offers  the  great  advantage 
in  pay,  particularly  in  the  early  years  of 
experience,  that  it  did  a  few  years  ago. 
In  order  to  give  you  an  idea  of  the  vari- 
ation in  salaries  for  several  levels  of 
experience,  Table  8  is  included. 

Some  of  the  factors  listed  above  will 
be  of  interest  to  you  and  others  will 
not.  Check  over  the  list,  decide  which 
elements  are  of  concern  to  you  and  then 
fill    in    the    corresponding    information 


about  the  jobs  which  \ou  are  consider- 
ing. By  weighing  the  good  and  bad 
points  of  each  job  opportunity  in  the 
light  of  the  relative  importance  of  these 
factors  to  you,  you  are  on  the  wa\  to 
making  a  logical  selection  of  the  start- 
ing point  in  your  engineering  career. 


T.'\BLE  4 

Percentage    nistribution  of  the   Eiigineeriii 

Profession    in    1946,    by    Occupation.Tl    Statu: 

CVcupational    Status  Petcentai; 

I'ntal    100. 

Administration-management,    tecli 30. 

Design    14. 

Development    6. 

Research,    applied   5. 

Construction,    supervision    4. 

Teaching,  college  or  university  4. 

Consulting,   employe   or   private   firm  4. 

Sales     4. 

Administration  management,    nontecli.  3. 

Consulting,    independent   3. 

Operation    2. 

.Analysis   and   testing  2. 

Production     2. 

Any  occupational  status  not  specified  2. 

Maintenance     1. 

Drafting    1. 

Estimating    1. 

Inspection    0. 

Editing   and    writing  0. 

Installation    0. 

Research   in   basic  science  0. 

Patents     0. 

Safety   engineering  0. 

Student    0. 

Tnemployed    0. 

Personnel-labor   problems   0. 

Teaching,  other  0. 

Retired     0. 


How  Can  I  Make  the  Most 
Out  of  My  Job? 

While  the  selection  of  the  right  job 
for  you  requires  careful  consideration, 
it  is  more  important  that  you  make  the 
most  of  whatever  job  you  take.  You  ma>' 
get  nowhere  on  the  very  best  job  that 
you  could  have  chosen  and  you  mai,-  be 
\ery  successful  in  a  much  poorer  job 
opportunit)',  depending  upon  your  own 
capabilities  and  application  to  the  work. 

Since  most  of  you  will  be  employes, 
at  least  for  a  time,  a  few  suggestions 
from  the  employer's  point  of  view  ma\ 
help  you  to  make  a  better  impression 
and  to  do  a  better  job. 
A.  Give  yoin'  employer  full  value  for 
his  mone\'. 

1 .  Be  at  work  on   time. 

2.  Don't  be  a  clock  watcher  or  afraid 
of  a  little  extra  time.  Engineering 
is  brain  work,  and  brain  work  is 
note  very  well  regidated  by  the 
clock. 


B.   Show-    interest    and    enthusiasm     for 
your  work. 

1.  Seize  ever\-  chance  to  learn  more 
about  the  business. 

2.  Continue  to  study  and  improve 
yoiu'self — your  knowledge  at  grad- 
uation is  only  a  small  fraction  of 
what  you  will  learn  in  the  next 
10  years  unless  you  are  content  to 
stagnate  and  sit  in  one  place. 

3.  Don't  be  afraid  to  tackle  a  new 
job.  Get  as  much  varied  experience 
as  you  can.  Advancement  depends 
upon    N'oiu'   breadth    of   experience. 


TABLE   6 
Median  Monthly  Salaries  for  the  Engineer- 
ing Profession  in   1946,  by  Basic  Educational 
Levels    and   bv   Experience   Level. 
Basic  Educational  Level  Exp.  Level  in  Years 

6        20-24     ia■i^ 

Doctors   $400     $534     $575 

Masters     367       501        580 

Bachelors    3  37       489       568 

Incomplete  college  316       421        507 

No  college   340       411       472 


TABLE  7 
Median  Monthly  Salaries  for  the  Engineer 
ing  Profession   in    1946,   by   Classes   of   Engi- 
neering  Workers    and    hy    Experience    Level. 

Classes  of  Engineering  Workers        Exp.  Level  in  Vrs. 

Under  1  9-11  25-2') 

Private  engineering  employes 

Chemical    .' $256  $443  $76  5 

Civil    243  371  476 

Electrical    237  366  535 

Mechanical  Industrial   225  405  567 

Mining-Metallurgical    236  431  623 

Other  engineering  224  399  595 

Non-engineering     215  417  659 

Private  engineering 

Employers    235  484  672 

Independent  consultants  415  513 

Public   engineering  employes 
Federal   Government  employes 

Civil    engineering 225  368  486 

.Ml  other  engineering  230  403  495 

Non-Federal  Ciovernment  employes 

Civil    engineering    234  314  371 

All  other  engineering  230  343  432 


particularly  for  the  better  jobs 
which  are  administrative  in  natiu'e. 

C.  Organize  your  work.  Plan  things 
ahead  so  that  you  know  where  >()u 
are  going.  Be  neat  and  orderly.  Prac- 
tice lettering  and  drafting,  the  tools 
with  which  the  engineer  expresses 
his  ideas. 

D.  Practice  speaking  and  writing  clear- 
ly concisely  and  correctely.  This  is 
the  means  by  which  you  sell  yourself 
to   your   employer.    How   much    you 

(Continued  on  page  22) 


TABLE  5 

Percentage  Distribution  of  the  Engineering  Profession   in   1946.  by  Educational  Level   and 
bv  (Jenetral  Field  of  Employment. 

Basic  Education.al  Level                    '         Total         Clieni.         Civil          Kkc.         Jlecli.-  .\linins-  Other  Non- 

In.lus.  -Metal.  Eusi.  Engi. 

.Ml    Levels 100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0 

Doctors     3.7          12.7            1.8            2.4            2.0  7.1  4.5  2.5 

-NListers    15.4          24.0          13.7          13.4          14.9  19.3  14.1  15.0 

Uachelors     63.8          57.2          63.7          66.2          67.3  57.4  61.2  60.5 

Incomplete   college    13.0           4.7         15.9          13.6         11.7  12.5  15.7  16.0 

No  college  4.1            1.4           4.9           4.4           4.1  3.7  4.5  6.0 


MARCH,   1949 


13 


A  simplified  illustration  of  the  Hydrocol  process  for  production  of  synthetic  fuels  m  shown 
above  This  process  is  to  be  put  in  operation  by  Carthage  Hydrocol,  Inc.,  at  Brownsville,  Texas, 
near  the  San  Salvador  natural  gas  fields.    (Photo  courtesy  of  "Texaco  Star.") 


FROM  GAS  TO  GASOLINE 


TIkmt  has  Ix-iMi  consiilt-rabli'  interi-st 
lately  in  the  economic  anil  industrial 
feasibility  of  synthesi/.inj:  liquid  fuels 
aiul  lubricants  from  carbon  monoxide 
and  hydrogen.  The  need  for  such  a 
process  to  augment  our  dimuushing 
crude  petroleum  reserves  has  led  to  hur- 
ried, but  significant,  advances.  Hotli 
coal  and  natural  gas  are  being  investi- 
gated as  raw  materials.  It  is  estimated 
that  natural  gas  will  last  only  a  few 
decades,  but  coal  is  expected  to  last  for 
centuries — especially  if  lignite  can  be 
used  successfully.  Conversion  of  coal  to 
gasoline  has  not  yet  become  economical- 
ly practical,  but  conversion  of  natural 
gas  to  hydrocarbons  is  already  of  great 
significance. 

The  Fischer-Tropsch  process  for  syn- 
thesis of  liquid  fuels  has  been  varied  so 
many  times,  and  so  much,  that  the  ag- 
gregate systems  are  now  being  called 
the  "synthine"  process.  Carbon  mon- 
oxide and  hydrogen  in  the  right  propor- 
tions react  under  the  proper  conditions 
to  produce  a  mixture  of  aliphatic  alco- 
hols, aldehydes,  ketones,  acids,  and  esters 
called  "synthol."  Although  the  yield  of 
hydrocarbons  is  only  one  per  cent,  heat- 
ing of  synthol  for  an  hour  at  S40°  F. 
gives  a  mixture  of  hydrocarbons  ami 
oxygenated  compounds.  Separation,  re- 
fining, and  polymerization  of  the  hydro- 
carbons produces  gasoline  and  oils.  The 
alcohols,  aldehydes,  and  ketones  are 
by-product  chemicals  of  considerable 
value. 

Synthesis  gas  i>  the  basic  mateiial 
from  which  petroleum  products  are 
made.    It    is   mainlv    a   mixture   of    CO 


14 


A  prospective  chemical 
engineer  ot  1950  is  blond- 
haired,  blue  -  eyed  Roy 
Houser. 

A  native  of  Litchfield, 
Illinois,  Roy  was  born  on 
April  16,  1927,  A  loyal 
member  of  the  Honorable 
Order  of  BMOC's  here  on 
the    com 


elude 


ston 


torship   of    TECHNOGRAPH. 
membership      in      A.ICh.E, 
and    Engineering    Council, 
Outside    ot    the    slipstick 


Mc 


RAY    HAU5ER 


Kinlcy  Foundotion  as  a 
member  of  the  choir  and 
choirmon  of  the  recreo- 
tionol  committee.  Like 
mony  others,  Roy  come  to 
college  after  he  left  the 
Navy   in    1946, 


and  11.,  the  exact  composition  depend- 
ing upon  the  process  to  be  used  and 
the  products  desired  from  synthesis.  The 
normal-pressure  synthesis  method  uses 
a  H,:CC)  ratio  of  2:1,  and  the  more 
prominent  medium  -  pressure  synthesis 
u.ses  a  ratio  of  1.4:1. 

Synthesis  gas  may  be  made  from  coal 
or  from  methane,  depending  upon  the 
availability  of  the  raw  material  and  the 
cost  of  production.  Production  from  coal 
may  be  done  by  the  "Winkler"  genera- 
tor,   water    gas    process,    or    b>-    under- 


Are  you  worried  about  a  future 
gasoline  shortage?  Synthetic  gaso- 
line prepared  from  hydrogen  and 
carbon  monoxide  may  soon  be  at 
the  gas  stations  to  help  prevent 
this  condition.  This  article  presents 
the  Fischer-Tropsch,  or  Synthine 
process  of  liquid   fuels. 


;iniuiid  burning.  Methane  may  be  ob- 
tained from  coke  oven  gas  or  natural 
,t;as. 

The  "Winkler"  system  uses  cheap 
lignite,  a  very  low-grade  brown  coal 
that  is  found  extensively  in  this  coun- 
try. A  high-velocity  blast  of  hot  oxygen 
and  sti-.im  passes  through  a  bed  of  lig- 
nite. A  temperature  of  2500°  F.  is  at- 
taineil,  and  the  entire  mass — except 
moisture  and  ash — is  converted  to  CO 
aiul  H..  Impurities  are  usually  present, 
especially  sulfur  products.  The  necessary 
oxygen  is  usually  obtained  by  the  Linde- 
Frankl  process,  involving  fractionation 
of  liquid  air.  The  cost  of  lignite  is  very 
low,  but  the  expense  of  producing  oxy- 
gen is  considerable. 

Where  practical,  water  gas  prepared 
from  coke  and  having  the  composition, 
CO— 40%,  H.— 50%,  CO.— 5%o,  and 
N„  and  CH^ — 5%,  may  be  used.  How- 
ever, the  H„:CO  ratio  is  too  low  for 
hydrocarbon  synthesis,  and  the  proper 
ratio  is  attained  by  conversion  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  CO  to  CO,  by  high-tempera- 
ture oxidation  over  FeO.  In  this  con- 
version, steam  and  water  gas  are  passed 
over  the  iron  oxide  catalyst  at  840- 
025°  F.  The  per  cent  bypassing  the 
convertor  is  regulated  according  to  the 
exact  composition  of  the  original  gas  and 
the  required  H,:CO  ratio  of  the  syn- 
thesis gas.  The  carbon  dioxide  produced 
by  the  conversion  is  passed  through  the 
Fischer-Tropsch  reactors,  its  effect  being 
only  that  of  a  diluent. 

Underground    gasification   of   coal    is 
(Continued  on  page  24) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Giisiiieeriiio  lloiioraries  and  Societies 


ni§  Mtill  Sotlfrstruni,  f't'r.K.  '.72 


SIGMA  TAU 

Radai!  That  awesome  subjfct  was 
tlie  main  theme  of  the  address  titled 
"Nothing  Is  Impossible"  which  was  de- 
livered by  Dean  L.  X.  Ridenour,  dean 
of  the  Ciradiiate  College,  to  Sigma  Tau, 

fall-engineering  honorary  frater- 
nity. Dean  Ridenour  addressed 
the  group  at  its  initiation  banquet 
held  on  Januar\-  12,  1949,  at  the 
Town  Club. 
Members  initiated  to  the  fraternity 
at  this  time  are  as  follows:  H.  C).  Bar- 
ton, L.  F.  Brown,  R.  Brown,  D.  Bur- 
gener,  R.  A.  Campbell,  D.  T.  Carter, 
W.  H.  Christoffers,  R.  D.  Collins,  H. 
G.  Cooper,   f.  W.  Crawford,  P.  Dasher, 

F.  S.  Ebv,  R.  D.  Filers,  B.  W.  Everitt, 
W.  j.  Evers,  J.  F.  Farris,  J.  J.  Fish- 
man,  J.  (Gordon,  J.  R.  Harlan,  M. 
Henderson,  J.  R.  Howard,  R.  L.  Hyde, 
R.    N.    Irgens,   W.   Jarvis,    J.   Johnson, 

G.  Keele,  H.  W.  Knoebel. 

S.  W.  Kulcinski,  L.  G.  Ladof,  R.  T. 
Loewe,  A.  London,  W.  R.  Loomis,  C]. 
Massie,  C.  A.  McCjovnev,  P.  Moone\ , 
T.  G.  .Morrison,  H.  M.  Passman,  R.  L. 
Parr,  C.  M.  Peterson,  E.  Petkus,  D.  P. 
Protzman,  R.  M.  Robinson,  W.  A. 
Schaaf,  R.  E.  Schilson,  E.  W.  Schwarz, 
H.  B.  Scott,  S.  C.  Sommer,  J.  Stephens, 
N.  E.  Wandke.  P.  Wargo,"  H.  Ward, 
H.  C.  Watton,  D.  Weaver,  M.  J. 
Weberling,  I.  Weissman,  R.  E.  Wilson, 
D.  W.  Wright,   and   L.   K.  Yoskowitz. 

S.B.A.C.S. 

A  colored  film  on  the  making  of 
steel  opened  the  pre-Christmas  meeting 
of  the  Stuilent  Branch  of  the  American 
Ceramic  Society  held  on  December  If), 
1948. 

After  the  films,  the  new  constitution 
and  by-laws  of  the  organization  were 
discussed  and  ratified.  After  the  busi- 
ness meeting,  refreshments  were  served 
and  a  general  "bull  session"  was  in 
order. 

Officers  for  this  semester,  who  were 
nominated  at  the  December  16  meeting 
and  elected  at  the  January  10  meeting, 
are  president,  Norman  Russell ;  vice 
president.  Bob  Bender;  secretary,  John 
Cox;  historian,  Lucas  Pfeiffenberger ; 
treasurer,  Al  Siska ;  and  Executive 
Council    representative,    Howard    Rapp. 

Mr.  Ralph  Hanna,  ceramic  engineer 
of  the  Square  D  company  of  Peru,  Ind., 


was  the  speaker  at  the  January  ID  meet- 
ing. He  addressed  the  group  on  the 
"Background  of  Ceramics  and  Ceramics 
in  Industry." 

As  a  grand  finale  to  the  semester 
activities,  the  society  held  a  record  dance 
on  Januar\-  IS,  1949,  in  ,il4  lllini 
L  nion. 

M.E.  NEWS 

Two  M.E.  societies  and  one  M.E. 
honorary  fraternity  banded  together  to 
sponsor  a  Senior-Faculty  banquet.  Pi 
Tau  Sigma,  honorary'  fraternity,  S.A.E. 
and  A.S.M.E.  gave  the  banquet  in  the 
lllini  Union  ballroom  on  Jaiuiar\'  (>  in 
an  attempt  to  revive  the  prewar  amuial 
event. 

Dr.  Henning  Larsen,  dean  of  the 
College  of  Liberal  Arts,  was  the  guest 
speaker.  Approximately  170  members 
attended. 

ETA  KAPPA  NU 

"The  Two  Most  Seductive  Women 
in  History."  This  (believe  it  or  not), 
was  the  topic  that  Dr.  R.  G.  Bone, 
director  of  the  Division  of  Special  Serv- 
ices for  War  Veterans,  chose  for  his 
speech  at  the  semi-annual  initi- 
ation banquet  of  Eta  Kappa 
Nu.  In  his  address.  Dr.  Bone 
discussed  a  few  of  the  more 
illuminating  adventures  of 
Cleopatra  and  La  Maquise  d'Aubrion. 
This  banquet,  which  was  held  De- 
cember 15,  1948,  at  Hotel  Tilden  Hall, 
was  also  the  scene  for  the  election  of 
officers.  Officers  elected  at  this  time 
included  president  W.  A.  Schaaf;  vice 
president,  K.  R.  Brunn ;  corresponding 
secretary,  J.  R.  Stone;  recording  .secre- 
tary, E.  A.  Kitsch;  treasurer,  J.  Schriv- 
ner ;  and  bridge  correspondent,  G.  B. 
Foster. 

Seventy  undergraduate  and  eight 
graduate  students  were  initiated  into 
the  electrical  engineering  honorary  frae- 
ternity  at  this  banquet. 

The  last  noon-time  luncheon  of  last 
semester  was  held  on  Mondav,  Tanuar\- 
10,  1949,  at  the  University  Club.  Dr. 
H.  R.  Bowen,  dean  of  the  College  of 
Commerce  and  Business  Administration, 
was  the  guest  speaker.  Dean  Bowen 
spoke  on  "The  Causes  of  Wars,"  in 
which  he  briefly  discussed  historical 
causes  of  war  and  their  possible  effect 
in   the   future. 


CHI   EPSILON 

Do  you  ever  wonder  what  a  ci\il 
engineer  does?  And  is  a  civil  engineer 
always  civil?  Prof.  J.  J.  Doland  didn't 
answer  these  questions  but  he  did  say 
"What  a  Civil  Engineer  flight  Do." 
This  was  the  subject  of  his  talk 
at  the  Chi  Epsilon  initiation 
January  5,  in  which  he  brought 
forth  some  good  advice  for  the 
members. 

Thirty-one  initiates  received 
a  warm  welcome  into  the  organization 
and  a  banquet  meal  consisting  of  swiss 
steak  and  all  the  trimmings.  George 
Roberts,  president  of  the  local  chapter, 
served  as  toastmaster  and  (jerald  Engel- 
hart  w  e  1  c  o  m  e  d  the  new  members, 
(ieorge  Wear  responded  to  the  latter 
in   behalf  of  the   initiate  class. 

Club  Commons  in  the  lllini  Union 
was  the  scene  of  a  very  enjoyable  party 
and  dance  held  Saturday,  January  15, 
for  the  members  and  their  guests.  Tricks 
of  magic  during  the  intermission  were 
especially  entertaining  and  contributed 
to   the   good    time   had    b\'   all. 

I.E.S. 

Dr.  Waril  Harrison,  international 
authority  on  lighting,  was  the  speaker 
at  the  January  13,  1949,  meeting  of 
I.E.S.  Dr.  Harrison,  former  director 
of  engineering  for  the  General  Electric 
Lamp  department  at  Nila  Park,  spoke 
on  glare  factors  that  are  important  in 
lighting  design.  At  present  he  is  doing 
research  work  toward  eliminating  glare 
in   lighting  installations. 

A  new  secretary-treasurer,  Robert 
Vandenboom,  was  elected  at  this  meet- 
ing. The  next  meeting  is  tentatively 
scheduled  for  P^ebruary   16. 

A.F.S. 

"We're  in!"  The  University  of  Illi- 
nois Student  Branch  of  American 
Foundrymen  Society  was  accepted  into 
the  Engineering  council  last  December. 
Latest  arrival  on  north  campus,  the 
American  Found rvmen  Society  was  of- 
ficially installed  on  October  22.  James 
L.  Leach,  assistant  professor  in  the 
M.E.  department,  is  the  faculty  adviser 
for  the  group,  who.se  aim  is  to  enlighten 
students  in  the  po-ssibilities  of  foundry 
\\ork. 

(Continued  on  page  .'il) 


MARCH,   1949 


15 


CONDENSING     LENS    "^^ 

1      / 


CAMERA    LENS 


NC       /  REFLECTING     PRISM     ^  I  7^     ^^ 


The   Bausch   and   Lomb   spectroscope   of  the    large  Littrow-type  is   pictured    in    Figure    1    (left)   and 
outlined    in    Figure  2   (right).     (Photos   courtesy   of  Bausch  and  Lomb.) 


l^nde/icxweA.  at .  .  . 

GALESBURG 


The  Magic  of  the  Spectroscope 

The  science  of  spectro.scopy  is  defined 
as  the  science  of  the  phenomena  observed 
b\-  the  spectroscope.  Such  phenomena  is 
the  process  of  breaking  a  lifjht  beam  up 
into  its  constituent  wave  lengths.  The 
discovery  and  development  of  this  pro- 
cess or  any  process  of  this  type  dealing 
with  light  has  been  a  most  recent  one. 
It  was  for  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  early  in 
the  ISth  century,  to  make  the  initial  dis- 
cover). In  his  experiment,  he  allowed 
sunlight  to  pass  through  a  small  round 
hole,  a  glass  prism,  and  then  let  it  fall 
on  a  scieen.  Fhe  \  iew  oji  the  screen 
was  a  series  of  colored  images  of  the  hole 
which  he  named  the  spectrum.  He  de- 
\eloped  his  idea  to  the  extent  that  he 
came  very  near  to  the  production  of  a 
modern  spectroscope.  Newton  later  rec- 
ognized that  this  series  of  colors  appeared 
in  the  same  order  with  each  additional 
experiment.  This,  however,  was  the 
limit  of  Newton's  discovery  and  his  pres- 
tige at  this  time  was  such  that  he  sent 
everyone  off  on  the  wrong  track  when 
he   refuted   the   idea   that  emitted   light 


was  characteristic  of  the  atom  or  mole- 
cule which  produced  it. 

At  the  turn  of  the  19th  century  man\- 
discoveries  led  to  the  modern  concept  of 
spectroscopy.  Among  these  were  the  dis- 
covery of  the  infra-red  spectrum,  the 
ultra-violet  spectrum,  wave  length  de- 
terminations, and  the  finding  of  the  lines 
in  the  sunlight  spectrum  and  the  subse- 
quent lettering  of  these  lines  with  the 
surprisingly  accurate  wave  length  deter- 
mination which  resulted.  The  final  step 
in  making  spectroscopy  the  true  science 
it  is  today  was  the  realization  that  each 
atom  or  molecule  has  its  own  character- 
istic spectrum.  This  conclusion  was 
gradually  brought  about  by  experiments 
with  light  sources  of  single  certain  types 
of  light  waves. 

A  process  by  which  industry  has  made 
use  of  this  great  discovery  is  in  the  analy- 
sis of  samples  of  an  unknown  material. 
This  process  is  so  developed  today  that 
not  only  can  we  get  a  qualitative  analy- 
sis but  also  a  quantitative  analysis.  The 
process  is  initiated  with  the  arc  (see 
Fig.  2.)  The  sample  is  introduced  here 
into   a  source  of   temperature   which   is 


high  enough  to  \olatize  it  and  convert 
it  into  a  luminous  \apor.  This  can  be 
accomplished  in  many  ways  with  the 
sample  in  a  solid  or  liquid  form  and  with 
a  high  temperature  source,  which  can  be 
.unthing  from  the  Bunsen  burner  to  a 
high  tension  spark.  The  light  given  off, 
characteristic  of  all  the  elements  in  the 
original  sample,  passes  through  the  con- 
densing lens  and  then  to  the  slit.  The 
width  of  the  slit  has  a  great  deal  of  ef- 
fect on  the  resolving  power,  which  is  the 
ability  of  the  instrument  to  separate  the 
light  of  different  wave  lengths.  The  slit 
must  be  kept  free  of  dust  particles  be- 
cause the  end  result  is  a  series  of  images 
of  the  slit  and  the  dust  particle  would 
show  up  on  the  photographic  plate.  The 
light  then  passes  throLigh  the  instrument 
to  the  refracting  prism.  This  is  the 
heart  of  the  apparatus,  in  as  much  as 
here  is  where  the  work  of  separating  the 
light  into  its  own  wave  length  is  done. 
(Instead  of  a  prism,  many  instruments 
are  now  made  with  a  defraction  grating 
which  is  a  piece  of  gla.ss  with  as  many  as 
20,000  lines  to  the  inch  etched  upon  it.) 
The  shorter  the  wave  length  the  more 
the  rays  are  bent  and  every  type  of  light, 
representative  of  its  element,  is  therefore 
divided  and  recorded  on  the  photograph- 
ic plate. 

Prom    this    brief    description   one    can 

s:'e  how   a  qualitative  measurement   can 

be    made.      However,    the    quantitative 

measurement  is  made  by  determinations 

(Continued  on  page  18) 


II  U( 
II"  I  I 


Ml      11 'II 

R    nil  •::  I 

II    I  III  III 
I 


:;9  IB 

iii  19 


mill  II 

II 

0  9  >• 

•^     '!i  H 

*    1*9 

Hfl  : 

J  "iiiii_L 

ii  IS 

-m         ■  ■■■iiiiiiw 

I  1 1 


III  \':  W      I 

III  II  I' 

III  II  I 

III  II  'Ii 

ill  l|  III 

p'b  Pb  P'b 


II     i 


II  III 
II  III: 
II     III 


Figure  3  (left):  In  these  spectra  of  two  die  casting  alloys  containing  93  per  cent  zinc,  four  per 
cent  aluminum,  and  three  per  cent  copper  the  second  spectrum  from  the  top  was  an  alloy 
that  failed.  Figure  4:  Lead  in  a  sample  quantitatively  determined  by  these  spectra.  (Photos 
courtesy  of  Bausch  and  Lomb.) 


16 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Newsworthy  Notes  for  Engineers . . . 


This  new  "controlled  atmosphere"  plant,  which 
produces  electronic  equipment  for  your  telephone 
service,  posed  many  interesting  problems  for  engi- 
neers at  Western  Electric  —  manufacturing  unit  of 
the  Bell  System. 

For  example,  a  speck  ot  dust  or  a  trace  of  per- 
spiration may  seriously  impair  the  efficiency  of 
vacuum  tubes,  thermistors,  varistors  and  mercury 
switches  manufactured  here.  To  meet  these  prob- 


k^ 


Ht    - 


Assembling 


eleclr 


jbes  —  typical  of  the  higti  pre- 
cision work  at  Allentown  —  colls  for  finest  lighting.  It  is  provided 
by  o  scientifically  designed  system  containing  over  13,000  fluo- 
rescent lubes. 


miles  of  pipes  deliver  13   needed  services  to  working 

These  are   hydrogen,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  city    gas,   city 

Monized  water,  soft  water  (cold,  hot,  cooling)  high  pres- 

low  pressure  air,  process  steam  and  condensate  return. 


lems,  the  new  plant  is  completely  air  conditioned, 
with  strict  control  of  temperature  and  humidity  — 
sealed  except  for  doors,  and  slightly  pressurized  to 
keep  out  dust. 

Other  "musts"  in  planning  included  proper  illu- 
mination for  high  precision  work — a  complex  net- 
work of  piping  to  deliver  13  needed  services — a 
gas  generating  plant — a  highly  efficient  chemical 
waste  disposal  system. 

But  beyond  the  problems  solved  in  helping  to 
design  the  plant  itself,  Western  Electric  engineers 
met  many  a  challenge  in  working  out  highly  effi- 
cient manufacturing  layouts,  machine  design  and 
production  techniques  to  assure  a  steady  flow  of 
highest  quality  electronic  devices  of  many  types. 

This  new  Western  Electric  Plant  at  Allentown 
is  a  measure  of  the  ingenuity  and  thoroughness  ot 
Western  Electric  engineers — electrical,  mechanical, 
industrial,  civil,  structural,  chemical,  metallurgical 
—  who  provide  equipment  that  helps  make  Bell 
telephone  service  the  best  on  earth. 


Western  Electric 

9     X     7      A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882     X      X     9 


MARCH,   1949 


17 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(  L'dminiicil  iiDiu  p:im-  If) ) 
ot  the  JiMisitics  ot  the  liiii's.  (  Fin.  ■^■)- 
Tlu'  more  (Ifiisc  the  lines  the  greater  tlie 
quantity  of  the  element  present  in  the 
sample.  The  spectroscope  is  a  most  sen- 
sitive instrument  and  in  cases  where  the 
element  may  he  present  in  too  small  an 
amount  to  he  noted  h\  chemical  analysi>, 
the  spectroscope  will  discover  it. 

To  aid  in  the  identification  ot  ele- 
ments, most  instruments  have  a  pio\  ision 
for  imprinting  a  scale  of  appro.ximate 
wave  lengths  on  the  plates  (note  the 
numbers  on  the  tops  of  Figs.  3  and  4. ) 
This  system  is  of  its  greatest  value  w  hen 
the  same  spectrum  is  to  be  photographed 
repeatedly.  If  the  plates  were  not  num- 
bered a  new  set  would  be  required  tor 
each  test.  A  more  accurate  identifica- 
tion of  the  lines  is  made  either  by  com- 
paring them  with  the  spectra  of  known 
elements,  photographed  adjacent  to  the 
spectrum  to  be  studied,  or  by  measure- 
ment of  the  wave  length  of  the  line  (see 
Fig.  3,  the  top  and  bottom  spectrum 
are  comparison  spectrum).  The  iron 
spectrum  is  usually  the  one  photographed 
as  an  identification,  since  it  has  maii\ 
lines  well  distributed  throughout  the 
spectrum  and  their  wa\'e  lengths  are 
known  to  a  high  degree  of  accurac\. 
With  experience,  one  can  usually  classify 
an  unknown  line  by  comparing  its  posi- 
tion to  that  of  certain  groupings  of  the 
known  spectrum.  Because  of  the  very 
accurate  results  of  analysis  obtained 
from  the  spectroscope,  many  manufac- 
turers are  turning  to  it  as  a  means  to 
analyze  materials  befoie  the>  are  un- 
loaded. 

Certaiidy  no  article  on  siH-ctr<)Scop\ 
can  be  written  without  mentioning  its 
use  in  the  field  of  astronomy.  One  of 
the  more  recent  determinations  is  that 
water,  in  a  solid  state  only,  exists  on  the 
planet  Mars,  was  made  with  ;i  new  in- 
fra-red spectrometer  by  Mr.  (Jerard 
Peter  Kuiper  at  MacDonald  Observa- 
tory in  Texas.  The  ballistic  research 
laboratory  of  Aberdeen  proving  ground, 
Maryland,  is  studying  the  jet  of  the  V-2 
rocket  in  flight  by  these  methods.  It 
.seems  entirely  possible  that  by  the  time 
the  space-ship  era  arrives,  details  of  the 
life  or  lack  of  life  on  the  outlying  planet, 
to  which  a  ship  of  this  sort  could  go, 
will   he   known. 


CALESBIRC; 

STAFF 

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vight  R.   He.nrd. 

.,    I.Jilnr 

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./.< 

UlddhS 

R( 

Kcr    Fr.inzeii 

El 

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lames   S.    Shelloii          | 

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11   K.   Shcrm.iii 

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lois   Smith 

1) 

.M  Ren/ 

P.T 

III  ZnclKUi 

W 

aircn   E.  II..II.111 

1 

Joe  Elcmore  

I'lidhifliaflni 

O 

Fstes 

Ftinilly    JJvisf, 

' 

HOUSE  OF  MAGIC 

-Music  that  is  tiansnullcd  In  a  iieani 
of  light,  spinning  gears  that  seem  to  be 
stopped,  and  the  many  other  oddities  of 
science  that  are  shown  in  the  (leneral 
Electric  "House  of  .Magic"  show  lead  a 
person  to  belie\e  in  the  old  adage  that 
truth   is   indeed   stranger   th;m    fiction. 

In  \'I.M)  the  late  radio  cominentatdi- 
l'"l()\il  (libbons  visited  the  (lencral  Elec- 
tric research  laboratory  in  Schenectady, 
New  York,  and  exclaimed  that  the  lab- 
oratory was  truly  a  house  of  magic.  In 
1033,  for  the  Chicago  world's  fair,  .1 
show  was  made  up  iisiiiij;  intci-esting 
parts  (it  this  labdiatiiiy  whiili  were  be- 
lieved to  be  ot  interest  tn  the  a\eiage 
peiMin  ;ind  thus  the  show  which  we  now 


Mr.  Hoverman  of  General  Electric 
lights  a  flourescent  tube  without  the 
aid  of  electrical  connections. 

call  "House  of  Magic"  was  born.  This 
show  now  has  played  at  all  of  the  major 
world's  fairs  and  in  all  the  states  of  the 
I'nion  plus  many  of  the  proxinces  of 
C.mad.i. 

The  (i.  K.  Iaborat(nies,  noted  pri- 
marily for  their  research  in  the  fields  of 
electronics,  also  delve  into  the  research 
of  modern  chemistry.  An  e\;unple  of 
one  of  the  recent  disco\eries  of  the  re- 
search chemists  has  been  the  perfecting 
of  the  important  substances  called  "the 
silicones."  One  of  the  most  interesting 
is  a  by-product  referred  to  as  "bouncing 
putty."  This  material,  if  slowly  formed 
into  :m\  sha|ie,  will  letain  that  shape, 
but  if  an  attempt  is  made  to  change  this 
shape  suddenh',  the  putty  has  a  strong 
tendency  to  return  to  its  original  form. 
This  property  makes  it  especially  prac- 
tical for  u.se  as  golf  ball  centeis  and 
other  similar  uses. 

.An  aid  to  modern  nu-dicine  has  been 
made  in  the  torm  ot  the  inductotherm. 
This  apparatus  produces  high  frequency' 
wa\es  which  will  induce  artificial  fever 


III  the  hum.in  bod).  .Most  doctors  be- 
lieve this  will  aid  the  natural  heat  of  the 
body  to  combat  certain  disease  bacteria. 
VV'ith  the  induced  ciineiit  from  the  coil 
of  the  inductotherm,  Mr.  Hoverman, 
the  ( I.  E.  representative,  was  able  to 
light  gas-filled  and  common  light  bulbs 
bv  holding  them  in  his  hands. 

In  the  "House  of  Magic"  demonstra- 
tion of  stroboscopic  light,  a  gear  which 
was  spinning  at  speeds  above  1, ()()()  r.p.m. 
appeared  as  though  it  were  standing  still. 
This  stroboscopic  lamp  is  capable  of  de- 
livering a  flash  of  light  which  has  a  du- 
r.ition  of  one  five-millionth  of  a  .second 
or  less.  By  carefully  timing  this  ray  of 
light  so  that  the  flash  always  takes  place 
when  the  wheel  is  in  the  position  occu- 
pied during  the  preceding  flash,  the  eye 
sees  the  wheel  as  if  it  were  standing  still. 
I'sing  two  different  colored  lamps  and 
timing  one  slower  than  the  other  in  re- 
lation to  the  revolutions  of  the  wheel, 
the  illusion  of  two  oppositely  turning 
gears  was  formed.  The  stroboscopic 
light  is  used  in  industry  today  in  the 
study  of  rapidly  spinning  gears,  turbines, 
and  propellers  imder  conditions  which 
are  actually  experienced   in   their  varied 

AiKitlu-r  use  of  the  stroboscopic  lamp 
is  ill  the  taking  of  pictures  of  ultra-high 
speed  objects.  When  used  in  this  man- 
ner, the  lamp  is  connected  to  a  photo- 
electric cell  which  trips  the  lamp  and  the 
camera  shutter  at  the  same  instant.  An 
example  of  this  would  be  in  the  study  of 
the  fracture  of  a  high  speed  turbine.  In 
this  study  a  beam  of  infra-red  light  is 
directed  on  the  spinning  turbine  and  as 
the  turbine  fails,  an  electric  eye  is  un- 
covered which  simultaneously  activates 
the  camera  shutter  and  the  stroboscopic 
lamp.  This  results  in  a  picture  of  the 
object  at  the  exact  instant  of  failure. 
This  procedure  is  also  used  in  the  pho- 
tography of  projectiles  while   in   flight. 

A  very  popular  portion  of  the  show  is 
the  small  train  which  seems  to  obey  the 
spoken  commands  of  the  demonstrator. 
This  model  will  back  up,  go  forward  or 
stop  when  the  operator  speaks  into  a  mi- 
crophone. Although  the  train  seems  to 
obey  the  spoken  command  it  is  the  num- 
ber of  syllables  of  the  command  which 
operate  the  sensitive  selector  switches. 
This  was  shown  when  a  meaningless 
series  of  sounds  caused  the  train  to  op- 
erate in  the  desired  mannei'  as  long  as 
the  series  contained  the  proper  number 
of  svllables. 

One  of  the  highlights  of  Mi.  Hover- 
man's  demonstrations  was  the  transmis- 
sion of  sound  on  a  beam  of  light.  While 
the  transmission  of  sound  b\  radio  waves 
has  become  quite  common  to  the  world, 
the  science  of  using  a  light  wave  for  this 
purpose  is  still  in  the  experimental  stage. 
To  demonstrate  this  phenomenon,  an  or- 
dinarv  phonngra|ih  turntable  was  used 
(Continued  on  page  36) 


18 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


slow  compared  ' 

at  the  speed  ut  light. 


Titis  messenger 

c/e//Vers  a  M/7//of^  i/worc/s  a  M/'/?Cf/e 


Recently,  at  the  Library  of  Congress,  a 
distinguished  audience  saw  documents 
Hashed  across  Washington  by  a  new 
means  of  communication  .  .  .  and  repro- 
duced before  them  in  facsimile. 

This  was  Ultrafax  in  action  — a  sup.,  r-fast 
television  communications  system  developed 
at  RCA  Laboratories.  Reproductions  of  any 
mail  — personal,  business,  or  military  ...  in- 
cluding police  descriptions,  finserprints,  bank 
drafts,  government  records  — can  travel  at 
186,000  miles  a  second! 

Material  to  be  sent  is  placed  before  an 
KCA  "flying  spot"  scanner,  and  transmit- 
ted by  ultra-high  frequency  radio  signals. 
Miles  away  the  pictures  appear  on  a  pic- 
ture tube  and  are  photographed.  Nega- 
tives are  ready  tor  printing  or  projection 
in  40  seconds. 


Eventually,  when  Ultrafax  comes  into 
commercial  use,  a  complete  Sunday  paper— 
every  word,  and  every  single  picture  — may 
cross  America  in  60  seconds  ...  a  letter  in 
the  twinkling  of  an  eye. 

Science  at  work  . . . 

Ultrafa.x  is  but  one  of  scores  of  major 
achievements  pioneered  at  RCA  Labora- 
tories. This  leadership  in  the  fields  of 
science  and  engineering  adds  value  he- 
t/ond  price  to  any  product  or  service  of 
RCA  and  RCA  Victor. 


Kxainjilcs  of  the  newest  developments  in 
radio,  television,  and  cleclronie.s  marj  he  seen 
in  aelion  at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36  W.  49th 
St.,  N.  Y.  Admission  is  free.  Radio  Corpora- 
tion of  Ameriea,  Radio  Ciltj,  N.  Y.  20. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  IWA 

\'ictor-(mc  of  tlu-  world's  foremost  nl.inii- 
facturers  of  r.idio  and  electronic  products 
—  offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  training  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Hcic  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers (including  hroailcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graiih  combinations). 

•  Ad\'anced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
eriuipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  producing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  cathode 
ra\',  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  tiidaij  to  National  Recrtiitiug  Divi- 
sion. RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersey. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and    Chemical    Engineers   and    Physicists. 


iVor/c/  L^crc/er  in  ^aa^/o  —  T^rsf-  in  'Te/et/'/s/on 


AAARCH,   1949 


19 


NAVY   PIER 


Engineering  Societies 

Bob  King  '51 
A.S.C.E. 

Thcrf  \\vi\-  about  1_'(1  mcnibcis  and 
guests  at  the  regular  monthly  meeting 
held  by  the  A.S.C.E.  on  January  6.  Be- 
sides the  regular  business,  those  present 
heard  a  discussion  of  "  I'luiipcrete,"  b\ 
Mr.  Roy  Hawkins  of  Chain  Belt,  Mil- 
waukee. 

Arrangements  were  matlc  for  meet- 
ings to  be  held  during  the  spring  semes- 
ter, with  the  first  one  on  February  22, 
at  which  time  the  sursey  camp  inv  I'HO 
will  be  discussed. 

I.A.S. 

At  its  last  meeting  the  I.A.S.  dis- 
cussed the  constitution  of  rlie  newh 
formed  Engineering  Council.    Tin-  |iiin- 


cipic  sections  ot  the  constitiition  wcic 
read  b\  jack  Jensen,  and  a  talk  on  the 
purpose  of  the  council  was  given  b\  Mr. 
Zanotti,  the  faculty  sponsor.  The  con- 
stitution was  r  a  t  i  f  i  e  d,  with  minor 
changes,  and  is  subject  to  fin'ther  rati- 
fication b\    the  Engineering  Council. 


N.W  "1     I'll  K    MAI  I 


KirlianI    Clinn, 


h.liloruti    .hsoiiatcs 
J()hi\    Fijiilrk  Robert  Lessin 

Richard   Kawka        Eugene  Stojacl< 

HISINESS    STAFF 
Rdhert  King  Rusincss  Maiuujrr 

Husimss  .Issocialcs 
Arthur  Stnnchurski       Clarence  Nielmw 
Rnlicrt    Crnrnilintj    ._ Plinlo/jriipliy 


PHI  ETA  SIGMA 

The  freshman  honorary  .societ\.  Phi 
Eta  Sigma,  here  at  the  Pier,  has  a  total 
membership  of  57.  The  engineers  have 
something  to  be  proud  of  in  their  repre- 
sentation of  22  members.  Two  of  the 
officers  are  engineers;  namely,  John 
I'ijolek.  president,  and  Heiu\  Aoyama, 
ncasMrcr.  The  tollouing  is  a  list  of,  if 
\ou'll  [lardori  the  expression,  "brains" 
who  were  fortunate  enough  to  keep  their 
a\erages  abo\e  4, SO,  thus  making  them 
eligible  for  membership. 

Marion  B  a  t  y,  Gordon  Brenker, 
Bruce  Capek,  James  Cleary,  John  Fi- 
jolek,  Charles  Furtak,  Bill  Gillespie, 
Tony  Grieco,  Lloyd  Gross,  Henry  Ao- 
\ama,  Norman  Inoue,  Henry  Lahr, 
Alexander  Magnvis,  Ed  Mattbei,  Jim 
Xakanishi,  G  o  r  d  o  n  Nelson,  Harry 
Quinn,  Gilbert  Riske,  Bill  Roseberry, 
Bob  Seavey,  Vic  Swenson,  and  Charles 
Wheeler.   Congratulations,   boys! 


A  Scot  who  was  a  poor  sailor  w'as 
crossing  the  Channel.  He  went  to  the 
captain  and  asked  him  what  to  do  to 
prevent  seasickness. 

"Have  you  got  a  sixpence?"  asked 
the  captain. 

"Aye,"   replied   Sandy. 

"Well,  hold  it  between  your  teeth 
during  the  trip." 


l^^itiU^ 


Littell  new  style  conlhiuous  straightening 
machine   ttilh  automatic  centering  reel. 


LITTELL  SPINDLE  REELS,  automatic  centering,  which 
insure  greater  accuracy  and  higher  speeds,  offer  definite 
economies  in  automatic  ieed\ng.  Littell  Continuous  Feeding  and 
Straightening  Machines  are  designed  for  operation  with  Auto- 
matic Centering  Reels  or  Coil  Cradles.  These  machines  straighten 
the  curvature  from  coiled  steel,  and  in  addition  keep  a  free  loop 
of  stock  between  coil  and  the  automatic  feed  stamping  press. 

Write  for  your  free  copy  of  Data  Sheet  No.  4fl 

F.    J.    LITTELL    MACHINE    CO. 


4133     RAVENSWOOD    AVENUE 


CHICAGO     13,     ILLINOIS 


20 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


w'c  a  good  thing  he 
doesn't  d'^^^^J"'    ,. 


He's  a  Square  D  Field  Engineer.  There 
are  others  like  him  in  Square  D  branches 
in  more  than  50  principal  cities  of  the  United 
States,  Canada  and  Mexico.  These  men  are 
liaison  between  Square  D  and  industrial 
America.  Their  full-time  job  is  contacting 
industries  of  every  type  and  size.  It  is  through 
them  that  we  are  able  to  do  our  job  effec- 
tively. That  job  is  three-fold:  To  design  and 
build  electrical  distribution  and  control  equip- 
ment in  pace  with  present  needs — to  provide 
sound  counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right 
equipment  for  any  given  application — to  an- 
ticipate trends  and  new  methods  and  speed 
their  development. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  distri- 
bution or  control,  call  in  the  nearby  Square  D 
Field  Engineer.  He  makes  a  lot  of  sense  in 
finding  "a  better  way  to  do  it." 


For  many  years,  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS 

THIS  ONE  have  appeared  regularly  in  leading  business 

magazines.  Their  primary  purpose  is  fo  build  acceptance 

for  Square  D  Field  Engineers,  practically  all  of  whom  come 

fo  us  from  leading  engineering  schools  such  as  yours. 


SQUARE  D  CANADA,  LTD.,  TORONTO,  ONTARIO    •    SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  S.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.F. 


MARCH,    1949 


21 


YOUR  CAREER  .  .  .  '"•■  <^""">-i'l<'i-  "fi"-''.  p'-"p1'--   ''.'■•'m  '"-^v 

,,,       ...                    ,  ,^  to  act  alons;  with  thcni.  Know  noui 

(Continued  rioni  page  l.S  u             i  i         i             »    .1  •          i 

'    "^  boss  and  liow  he  wants  things  (lone. 

know   is   of   little   iniportaiur   it    you  ],•     Dcvcj,,,,   initiative.    See   tilings   to   lie 

can't     con\e>     that     ml.uniation     to  ,|,„n.    without    being    told    and    find 

of"'"''^-  methoils  of  improving  the  things  that 

===^^==^=—  you    are   doing.    Don't    be    afraid    to 

TABI.F.   S  make    suggestions    and    to    lead    the 

Variation   in   Monthlv    Salaric".   Im    the   I'.ii-  way. 

Kini-erinK   Professiiiii    in    l'M(,,    In     KNptrinui-  (  ;.    {••m;ill\:   enjo)    \our   work   or  change 

^'"■'•''-  vour  job.  .\iuch  of  xnnr  lilctinie  will 

RaiiKf                                                        Ivxp.  I.ivcl  In  Vrs.  i,                       .             1 

I'ndiT  1    'Ml  .'o-_»4  he  spent  at  work. 

Lower  lU  p.T  cent  .flgl   $287  JIJIO  .///    stiilis/iral    data    in    this    (irli,!,     is 

Lower  25  per  cent  206     333     4(1';  „,^,-„/,„ ,,/    /,,    prrmLs.uo,,    of    En„uuns 

Medinii  231      395     4S1 

Upper  25"per'"cent"."".'.".'m'.  259     470     623  ■'[""{    <'""""/    /"""    'I"     H'l'""    "'1''"^'^ 

Upper  10  per  cent  298     561     889  Engineering  Profession   in    Iransition." 


WilV:  '■!) 

ear,  1 

saw  the  ^ 

weete 

St 

little 

h, 

t  downtown  tod 

ay 

llusbaiul: 

"Put 

it 

oil  ; 

et's  see 

how 

\  1 

u   look   in 

it." 

'I'Ik    man 

uilli 

II 

H'llllll 

rliil 

•II 

iihll- 

/r, 

/'V   ;.v   ';//( 

'iho     , 

nil 

dl  s, , 

In    n 

v/; 

if"/y 

'11 

;/  liilh.oiil 

lISUli/ 

hi. 

lliiiid 

*■ 

m 

"Do  \ou   drink?" 
"No." 

"Then    hold    this 
y  shoe." 

ipiart 

wliik 

1    tie 

THE  UPTOWN  CAFE 

for    Reasonably    Priced 
LUNCHES  AND  DINNERS 

Excellently  prepared  in  sanitary  surroundings 
Sandwiches  -  Steaks  -  Spaghetti 


9  East  University 


Champaign 


QUALITY  CAFE 

TRY 

OUR 

Delicious  Steaks 
Tender  Fried  Chicken 

To 

make  your  theatre  date  comple 
.  .  .  visit  Quality 

te 

Ope 

n  All 

Night                                   105  N 

Walnut 

Leather  has  ^Mravel  endurance^' 

When  you  see  a  piece  of  "globe-trotting"  luggage, 
you're  looking  at  leather  that's  been  around.  It 
has  taken  a  long-term  beating  but  is  still  doing 
a  good  job. 


Modern  leather  belting  used 
for  power  transmission  has 
that  same  inherent  wear- 
resistance.  That's  the  rea- 
son why  it  is  marking  up 
records  for  long  service 
traveling  around  the  pul- 
leys of  modern  industry. 


A  modern  leather  belt  drive 
witti  a  tension-control  motor 
bose  ...  the  lost  word  in 
power  transmission  via  leather. 


Headquarters  for  Authentic  Power  Transmission  Data        w 


41    PARK  ROW,  NIW  YORK  7,  NiW  YORK 


22 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


/^UT  of  sight  of  land,  miles  offshore  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  oil  is  now  being  brought 
from  under  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 

Through  its  subsidiary,  the  Stanolind  Oil  and 
Gas  Company,  Standard  Oil  undertook  to  de- 
velop this  new  source  of  oil  to  help  fill  the  grow- 
ing need  of  Americans  for  petroleum  products 
of  all  kinds.  Offshore  drilling  presented  our 
technical  men  with  brand-new  problems.  These 
were  solved  so  successfully  that  oil  hitherto 
unavailable  is  beginning  to  flow  to  refineries, 


and  products  made  from  that  oil  are  helping 
meet  the  public's  huge  demand. 

This  is  important  news  to  an  oil-hungry  na- 
tion, now  and  for  the  future.  It  is  also  a  tribute 
to  the  ingenuity  and  skill  of  the  Stanolind  Oil 
and  Gas  Company  men  who  engineered  the 
project.  There  are  places  in  Standard  Oil  for 
other  men  who,  in  the  research  and  operating 
departments,  can  help  find  new  ways  to  provide 
inore  and  better  petroleum  products. 


Standard  Oil  Company 


INDIANA) 


W    ■ 

(STANDARD) 


MARCH,   1949 


23 


GASOLINE  .  .  . 

(CoiitiiUK'd  from  p:im-  14) 
the  project  of  cxti'iidcil  iiitcicst  and  re- 
search. The  cost  of  "ininiiif;"  is  very 
low,  and  there  is  no  transportation  ex- 
pense. Especially  adaptable  to  inclined 
seams,  the  stream  method  of  t;asificatioii 
is  the  simplest  of  several  processes.  Two 
shafts,  a  con\enient  distance  apart,  are 
drilled  into  a  seam  and  a  <r:illi"y  is  driven 
through  the  coal  connecting;  the  shafts. 
A  fire  is  started  at  the  bottom  of  the 
deeper  shaft,  and  steam  ;ind  .lir  ,iie 
alternately  blasted  in  from  abo\c.  The 
coal  surrounding  the  fire  is  burned  to 
CO..  In  passing  along  the  galley,  how- 
ever, this  is  reduced  in  the  presence  of 
steam  to  CO  and  H...  These  aie  taken 
off  at  the  top  of  the  outlet  shaft.  Ash  is 
formed  as  the  burning  progresses  along 
the  galley  and  falls  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  seam  where  the  coal  is  already 
burned  out.  Thus,  the  ash  doesn't  ob- 
struct the  access  of  inlet  gases  to  the 
coal  surface. 

The  coke-oven  gas  (inetliane)  cou- 
\ersion  is  accomplished  in  two  steel 
towers,  lined  with  refractor>-  brick,  and 
filled  with  refractory  checker  brick.  As 
the  reaction  is  endothermic,  the  tem- 
perature must  be  maintained  at  2350° 
F.  The  two  towers  alternate  in  function, 
one  converting  the  gas  while  the  other 


is  being  heated.  VV  ater  tor  the  leactiori 
is  supplied  by  passing  the  gas  counter- 
current  t  h  r  o  u  g  h  a  water-saturation 
tower  at  1SS°  V.  The  reaction  in  the 
coinersion   units   is: 

Cll,+  H,0-*.51L  -f  CO. 
The  heat  required  for  the  high-tempei  a^ 
tuic-   leaction   is   a   decided   dis;i(l\  .intage 
of  this  piocess. 

Natural  gas  is  to  be  ux-d  in  the 
methane-oxygen  process  at  a  |ilant  of 
Carthage  Hydrocol,  Inc.,  now  being 
constructed  at  Brownsville,  Texas.  Par- 
tial oxidation  of  the  methane  to  synthesis 
gas  follows  the  overall  reaction, 

CH,  -f  ;:.0, -»C{)  +  2H,. 
This  reaction  gives  off  thirty  thousand 
calories  per  gram  mole  of  CH,  burned. 
Use  of  the  heat  from  synthesis  gas  pro- 
duction to  drive  turbo-compressors  for 
the  plant  is  expected  to  residt  in  a  net 
oxygen  cost  of  fi\e  cents  per  thousand 
cubic  feet.  Proof  of  the  economic  feasi- 
bility of  this  process  is  the  estimated 
ilaih  xield  of  (),()()()  barrels  of  gasoline 
at  a  cost  (it  five  and  one-quarter  cents 
per  gallon  (compared  with  petroleum- 
base  gasoline  at  seven  and  one-quarter 
cents  per  gallon  ) . 

Synthesis  gases  from  all  the  foregoing 
processes  contain  some  sulfur  impurities, 
principally  in  the  form  of  H.,S  and  or- 
ganic sulfides  and  mercaptans.  As  pres- 


ence of  more  than  ten  parts  of  sulfur 
in  a  million  parts  of  gas  poisons  the 
catalysts  used  in  the  synthesis  process,  its 
removal    must    be    practically   complete. 

The  H..S  is  removed  by  passage  through 
a  bed  of  moist  iron  oxide,  forming  FeS. 

The  organic  sulfur  is  then  lemoved  by 
passing  through  a  Mf  per  cent  Xa.,CO.,, 
7ll  |ier  cent  FeO  mixture  at  356-5.36° 
1''.  .About  (1.25  per  cent  ox>gen  is  added 
.It  the  inlet  to  oxidi/.e  the  organic  sulfur 
to  sulfates,  which  deposit  as  sodium 
sulfate. 

(' (itiilytic  Synthesis  Process 

Choice  of  products  and  process  condi- 
tions, as  well  as  production  costs,  de- 
teimine  what  catalyst  should  be  used 
in  synthesis  of  liquid  fuels.  A  high  yield 
of  saturated  hydrocarbons  is  obtained  by 
using  nickel-base  catalysts  to  hydro- 
genate  synthesis  gas  having  a  H^:CO 
ratio  of  2:1.  The  predominant  reaction 
IS : 
nC0+(2n  +  l)H,-^C„H,„+,+nH„0 

A  cobalt-base  catalyst  used  with  syn- 
thesis gas  of  the  same  composition  gives 
the  same  type  of  reaction,  with  about 
25  per  cent  of  the  reactants  forming 
olefins  bv  the  following  reaction : 
nCO  +  2nH„  -^  C„H„,  -f  nH,0 

Iron   catalysts   at   higher   temperature 

and    pressure    causes    the    formation    of 

(Continued  on  page  26) 


A' 


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AN   OKONITE 

"TWIST''  ON 

CABLE   TESTING 

Ckonite  research  includes 
subjectinp  short  lengths  of 
electrical  cable  to  torsion 
tests  (pictured  above),  twist- 
ing them  through  a  spiral  arc 
of  180°  under  a  heavy  load. 

Bending  tests,  impact  tests, 
tests  of  wear-resistance  by 
abrasion  —  these  are  a  few  of 
the  mechanical  tests  which, 
along  with  electrical,  chemical 
and  weather-exposure  tests, 
complete  an  integrated  pro- 
gram of  performance  checks. 
From  its  results  comes  infor- 
mation which  Ckonite  engi 
neers  translate  again  and 
again  into  wire  and  cable 
improvements  that  mark 
major  advances  in  the  field. 
The  Ckonite  Compan>, 
^    Passaic,  New  Jersey. 


OKONITE^^ 
^  ^^      ^^       ■  ^"      ■         ■         ^*    SINCE    1878 

insulated    wires    and    cables 


24 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Temperature  Ranges  Required  for  Pressure  Vessels 

at  BLACK,  SIVALLS  &  BRYSON,  Inc. 

Demonstrate  Controllability  of 


Safety  codes  govern  many  of  the  manufacturing  and 
testing  methods  for  pressure  vessels.  One  of  the  most 
important  processes,  stress  relieving,  requires  precise 
control  of  temperatures  throughout  the  cycle — just  the 
type  of  temperature  control  to  be  found  in  thousands 
of  industrial  applications  of  GAS  for  heat  treating. 

Specialists  in  the  manufacture  of  pressure  vessels 
depend  on  GAS  for  heat  processing  of  all  types.  The 
pioneering  firm  of  Black,  Sivalls  and  Bryson,  Inc., 
Kansas  City,  uses  GAS  in  the  manufacture  of  tanks, 
valves,  pressure  vessels  and  safety  heads.  President 
A.J.  Smith  says, 

"Throughout   the    past    2  5    years   we    have 
depended  on  GAS  to  provide  the  exacting 


temperatures  for  our  work.  In  many  of  our 
plants  we  have  developed  special  GAS  equip- 
ment; our  large  stress-relieving  furnace  at 
Oklahoma  City  is  a  typical  example." 

In  this  large  furnace  the  GAS  control  system  is  ar- 
ranged to  provide  temperatures  up  to  1200°  F.  for  any 
time-cycle  required.  Automatic  regulators  and  record- 
ing pyrometers  assure  maximum  fuel  efficiency  while 
the  flexibility  of  GAS  is  an  important  factor  in  main- 
taining production  schedules  on  vital  equipment. 

Stress-relieving  is  just  one  of  the  applications  of 
GAS  for  heat  processing.  You'll  find  hundreds  of 
other  uses  for  the  productive  flames  of  GAS — they're 
worth  investigating. 


One  of  the  largest  stress-relieving  ovens 
in  the  United  States,  this  installation  at 
Oklahoma  City  is  77'  long,  12'  wide,  18' 
high — Cias-fired  and  equipped  with  record- 
ing pyrometers. 


AMEKICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 


420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE 

PfARCH,   1949 


NEW  YORK   17,  N.  Y. 


25 


GASOLINE  .  .  . 

(  C"i)ntinucil   iii'in  p:i\ic  J4  ) 
about    7^    piT    ci-nt    ok'tins    in    the    it- 
sultant  proiluct: 

JnCC)  -f  mH,^  C„H,„  +  tiCO, 

All  of  tin-  :ibo\c  n-actions  arc  cxo- 
tluTmic,  so  low  tcmpcratinH'  ami  hijih 
yield  pressure  jjeneralls  ta\or  the  per 
cent  yield.  A  yield  ot  1 1.01 1 Ki  pouiuN 
syiithol  per  cubic  toot  of  s\iithesis  jras 
is  obtained  when  nickel  and  cobalt  cata- 
lysts are  used  at  .570°  F.  and  atmos- 
pheric pressure.  (laseous  nickel  carbonyl 
is  formed  at  higher  pressures,  so  deteri- 
oration is  decreased  by  using  nickel  at 
one  atmosphere. 

Iron  catalyst  used  at  4()^  F.  and 
150  />siff  pressure  (medium  -  pressure 
process)  gives  a  total  yield  comparable 
to  that  of  nickel  and  cobalt.  Higher- 
octane  fractions  are  nuich  more  pre- 
valent when  iron  catal\st  is  used  due 
to  olefin  formation. 

Nickel  and  cobalt  catalysts  were  used 
almost  exclusively  in  (jermany  in  the 
normal-pressure  process.  Synthesis  gas 
passed  through  one  or  more  stages  of 
reaction  chambers,  with  or  without  re- 
cycle of  the  unconverted  portion,  and 
the  hea\ier  products  condensed  from  the 
residual  gas.  Charcoal  was  used  to  ad- 
•sorb  the  lighter  products. 

The   relatively  e.xpensive  loss  of  cat- 


.il\>t  and  the  low-octane  number  of  the 
resultant  product  in  the  normal-pressure 
process  have  caused  most  American 
firms  to  concentrate  research  on  the 
iron  catalyst,  medium-pressure  process. 
I  sing  the  niedium-pressuie  synthesis,  the 
citahst  lie  -  activation  is  appreciably 
slower  and  an  optimum  yield  of  solid 
and  liiiuid  hydrocarbons  is  obtained. 
.Among  the  many  specific  processes  used 
in  medium-pressure  synthesis,  the  sus- 
pended catalyst  and  the  fluid  catalyst 
proce.s.ses  seem  to  be  the  most  note- 
worthy. 

In  the  fornu-r  process,  fineh -di\  ided 
inin  particles  are  suspen<led  in  a  heavy 
(mI  medium,  through  which  the  s\nthesis 
gas  rises  coiuitercurrent  to  the  flow  of 
the  heavy  oil.  This  gives  the  advantage 
of  uniform-temperature  control,  in  that 
the  oil  carries  the  reaction  heat  out  of 
the  reactor  to  a  heat  exchanger.  A  dis- 
advantage is  encountered,  however,  in 
that  the  reaction  products  are  often  dif- 
ficult   to    separate    from    the    heavy   oil. 

The  fluid  catalyst  s\'stem  is  essentialh' 
a  reaction  chamber  of  fineh'  divided  cat- 
alyst suspended  or  "fluidized"  in  the 
up-flowing  stream  of  incoming  gas.  The 
particles  are  in  a  constant  state  of  vio- 
lent agitation  and  transfer  the  heat  of 
reaction  to  water  pipes  imbedded  in  the 
reactor  walls.  The  many  special  diffi- 
culties  encountered    in    this   process   in- 


clude legulation  of  particle  size,  shape, 
and  weight,  and  gas  velocity,  (iradual 
poisoning  of  the  catalyst  necessitates  var 
iation  in  feed  of  synthesis  gas  to  the 
reactor  .so  that  the  maximum  yield  may 
be  obtained.  The  advantage  of  fluid 
catalysts  are  the  intimate  contact  with 
the  reacting  gases  and  the  close  tempera- 
ture   control    po.ssible. 

Although  there  are  many  variations 
and  specific  processes  of  the  medium- 
pressure  synthesis,  a  general  flow  system 
is  usuall\-  followed.  Reactors  in  the  three 
stages  are  in  a  ratio  of  2:1  :1.  S\nthesis 
gas  fed  into  the  two  reactors  in  the  first 
stage  has  a  H.:CO  ratio  of  1.4:1.  The 
liquid  products  are  condensed  in  an  in- 
direct condenser,  and  the  non-conden- 
sables  are  enriched  with  fresh  synthesis 
gas  to  a  Ho:CO  ratio  of  1.6:1,  and 
charged  into  the  second  stage  reactor. 
The  liquid  from  the  second  stage  is  con- 
densed in  a  like  manner,  and  the  ef- 
fluent gas  is  enriched  to  1.8:1  before 
entering  the  third  stage.  Products  from 
the  final  stage  are  condensed  in  a  direct 
water  condenser,  and  C,  and  C,  hydro- 
carbons are  adsorbed  in  carbon. 

Conventional  petroleum  methods  are 
then  used  to  separate  and  refine  the 
gasoline,  Diesel  fuel,  and  fuel  oil.  By- 1 
product  chemicals,  consisting  primaiiK 
of  oxygen  fimction  compounds,  are  sep 
arated  and  processed  for  marketing. 


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Pittsburgh  30.  Pa. 


The  Lois  Taylor  Music  Shop,  Inc. 

"At  the  Campus" 
514  East  John  Street,  Champaign,  III, 

Cordially  invites  you  to  visit  the  exhibit  of 
Contemporary  Music.  The  works  of  such  great 
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26 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


The  resources  of  cwilization  are  not  yet  exhausted'' - 


WM.  E.  GLADSTONE 


Why  greater  strength  weighs  less  and  less 


Can  you  make  llncc  |)()unds  of  steel  do  tli<'  work  of  four  .  .  . 
and  slay  on  the  job  longer?  The  answer  is  yes,  with  alloy 
slechsleels  that  arc  combined  w  ith  small  amounts  of  other 
metals,  such  as  chromium,  vanadium,  and  zirconium,  to 
develop  or  increase  desired  qualities.  For  example,  it"s  the 
element,  chromium,  that  gives  the  stainless  nature  to  steel. 

So  great  is  the  improvement  in  steel,  when  alloy  agents 
arc  used,  that  a  freight  car  of  alloy  steel  can  weigh  25%  less, 
haul  heavier  loads,  yet  stay  in  service  much  longer  than 
similar  cars  of  ordinary  steel.  Alloy  agents  not  only  increase 
the  strength  of  steel,  they  also  extend  its  life  through  reduc- 
tion of  destructive  factors  such  as  rust,  corrosion,  and  wear. 

The  use  of  better  materials  to  make  steel  go  farther  and 
serve  longer  is  especially  vital  to  all  of  us  . . .  with  steel 
mills  unable  to  catch  up.  and  ore  supplies  dwindling. 

Industrial  gases  have  a  big  role  in  steel's  better  per- 
formance, too.  Compressed  oxygen  aids  in  cleansing  the 
molten  steel  .  .  .  the  oxv-acetylene  torch  cuts  steel  sections 


to  size-and  welds  thrni  together  if  desired.  Finished  steel 
articles  are  given  a  harder,  longer-wearing  surface  through 
'"flame-hardening."'  And  carbon,  in  the  form  of  electrodes, 
makes  modern  electric  furnaces  j)ossible  .  .  .  with  their  out- 
]iut  of  high  quality  steels. 

The  people  of  Union  Carbide  produce  these  and  related 
materials  for  improving  steel.  They  produce  hundreds  of 
other  materials  for  the  use  of  science  and  industry  — to  the 
benefit  of  mankind. 


FREE:  /.PMissrnr/v 
■•/V«rfuc(s  ami  r, 
science  ami  industt 
icals.  Carbons,  Ca.^< 


i  the 


illu 


■ilnileil  Imol.Iel, 
cesses,"  tchich  slious  hntc 
■  use  VCC's  Alloys.  Cllem- 
(  and  Plastics.  Just  irrite— 


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nd  Metals    •     Haynes  Stellite  Alloys     •     Prest-O-Lite  Acer 


•  I.INDE  Oxyscn 
•  .Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals  •  Pyrofax  Gas 
nd  Trek  Anti-Freezes    •     Eveready  Flaslilights  and  Batteries 


A  backwoods  woniaii.  tlic  soles  ot 
whose  feet  had  been  toughened  by  a  lik- 
tinie  of  shoelessness,  was  staiidiiifi  in 
front  of  her  cabin  fireplace  one  day 
when  her  hnsband   addressed   her: 

"You'd  better  move  yore  foot  a  mite, 
maw,  you're  standin'  on  a  live  coal.  " 

Said  she  nonchalantly,  "Which   foot, 

paw  ?" 

«     »      • 

'I'litii  there's  the  one  about  the  poor 
fella  liho  enityht  his  hiiddy  inakiiu/  lovi 
to  his  (jirl.  There  Jias  a  lapse  of  sileiue 
and  then  he  said.  "I  don't  mind  yoar 
kissiny  my  y'trl.  hut  yet  your  hand  off 
my  fraternity  pin." 


i'unerid  Direetor  (youiuj  and  amh'i- 
lious):  "lion    old  are  you,  sir/" 

.h/ed  Mourner:  "I'm  98." 

Direetor:  "Hardly  north  yoint/  home, 
is  it.'" 


Harber:    "What's   thi 
the  razor  takin'  holt?  " 
Victim:    "Yeah,    it's 


matter 


taki 


t,  but  it  ain't  lettin'  go  again.  ' 
*      »      » 

lias   struek    hy    the   heiiuty    of   her 

hand . 
Then  I  t'icd  to  hold  it.  and — 
mis  struek   hy   the  beauty   of  her 

hand. 


Greek  Lesson   No.    1 
(Overheard  in  an  J  thins   tailor  shop) 
Tailor:  Euripedes? 
C'ustomei':  Yas,   Eumenides. 

»      *     « 

'/'//I  kintiuky  eolonel  iiluays  closed 
his  lyis  11  hen  he  look  a  drink.  II  hen 
r/iit  stioiu  d  on  this  habit,  hi  readily  ex- 
plained. "The  sit/ht  of  yood  liekah.  suh, 
alii/iys  makes  iiiiih  mouth  icater.  An'  I 
don't   like   to   dilute   my   drinks." 

Mrs.:  "Here's  my  new  dress,  dear.  I 
bought  it  for  a  song.  " 

Mr.:  "All  right,  send  in  the  collector 
and  I'll  sing  to  him." 


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COMBUSTION 
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The  BOOK  o£  the  YEAR 


for  the  engineering  student  interested  in  steam  generation  and  related  subjects 


COMBUSTION  ENGINEERING  is  probably  the 
most  comprehensive  technical  book  ever  published  by 
an  equipment  manulacturer.  Its  30-cdd  chapters  and 
appendix  run  to  well  over  a  thousand  pages  and  in- 
clude more  than  400  illustrations  and  about  80  tables. 
It  is  designed  for  the  use  of  both  engineering  students 
and  practicing  engineers. 

Among  the  subjects  covered  in  this  book  are:  the 
origin  and  production  of  coal;  fuels  for  steaming  pur- 
poses; fluid  cycles;  steam  purification;  feedwater;  per- 
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fuel  burning  equipment;  burners  tor  liquid  and  gaseous 
fuels;  furnaces  for  wood  refuse  and  bagasse;  all  types 
of  stationary  boilers;  marine  boilers;  forced  circulation 
boilers;  electric  boilers;  superheaters  and  desuperheat- 
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selection  of  equipment;  testing  ot  steam  generating 
units;  and  operation  and  maintenance  of  equipment. 
A  full  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  A.  S.  M.  E.  Boiler  Con- 
struction Code.  The  Appendix  includes  complete  steam 
tables,  and  a  Mollier  Diagram  is  tipped  in  to  the  back 
cover. 

Edited  by  Otto  de  Lorenzi,  Director  of  Education, 
Combustion  Engineering  -  Superheater,  Inc.  Size  6}^, 
by  9' 4.  1042  pages. 

HOW  TO  GET  IT.  Although  the  list  price  of  this 
book  is  $7.50,  it  is  made  available  to  engineering 
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pubiishedby  COMBUSTION   ENGINEERING-SUPERHEATER,  Inc. 

A  Merger  of  Combustion  Engineering  Company,  Inc.  and  The  Superheater  Company 

200  Madison  Avenue,   New  Yorkl6,  N.  Y. 


m 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Ring  Test 


Ihe  ring  test,  shown  above,  is  a  scientific 
method  for  determining  the  modulus  of  rupture 
of  pipe.  It  is  not  a  required  acceptance  test  but  one 
of  the  additional  tests  made  by  cast  iron  pipe  manu- 
facturers to  ensure  that  the  quality  of  the  pipe 
meets  or  exceeds  standard  specifications. 

A  ring,  cut  from  random  pipe,  is  subjected  to 
progressively  increased  crushing  load  until  failure 
occurs.  Standard  6-inch  cast  iron  pipe,  for  example, 
withstands  a  crushing  weight  of  more  than  14,000 
lbs.  per  foot.  Such  pipe  meets  severe  service  re- 
quirements with  an  ample  margin  of  safety. 

Scientific  progress  in  the  laboratories  of  our 
members  has  resulted  in  higher  attainable  stand- 
ards of  quality  in  the  production  processes.  By 
metallurgical  controls  and  tests  of  materials,  cast 
iron  pipe  is  produced  today  with  precise  knowl- 
edge of  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  iron 
before  it  is  poured  into  the  mold.  Constant  control 
of  cupola  operation  is  maintained  by  metal  analy- 
sis. Rigid  tests  of  the  finished  product,  both  ac- 
ceptance tests  and  routine  tests,  complete  the 
quality  control  cycle.  But  with  all  the  remarkable 
improvements  in  cast  iron  pipe  production,  we  do 
not  forget  the  achievements  of  the   early  pipe 


founders  as  evidenced  by  the  photograph  below  of 
cast  iron  pipe  installed  in  1664  to  supply  the  town 
and  fountains  of  Versailles,  France  and  still  in 
service.  Cast  iron  pipe  is  the  standard  material  for 
water  and  gas  mains  and  is  widely  used  in  sewage 
works  construction.  Send  for  booklet,  "Facts  About 
Cast  Iron  Pipe."  Address  Dept.  C,  Cast  Iron  Pipe 
Research  Association,  T.  F.  Wolfe,  Engineer, 
122  So.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago  3,  Illinois. 


Section  of  285-year-old  cast  iron  water  main  still 
serving  the  town  ond  fountains  of  Versailles,  France. 


(CiVST  IRON  PIPE 


SERVES  FOR 
CENTURIES 


,ARCH,    1949 


29 


PROBLEM-You're  designing  a  taxi-cab  meter.  You  have 
worked  out  the  mechanism  that  clocl<s  waiting  time  and 
mileage  and  totals  the  charges.  Your  problem  now  Is  to 
provide  a  drive  for  the  meter  from  some  operating  part  of 
the  cab — bearing  in  mind  that  the  meter  must  be  located 
where  the  driver  can  read  it  and  work  the  flag.  How  would 
you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER— Use  an  S.S.White  power  drive 
flexible  shaft.  Connect  one  end  to  a  take-off  on  the  trans- 
mission and  the  other  to  the  meter.  It's  as  simple  as  that — a 
single  mechanical  element  that  is  easy  to  install  and  will  oper- 
ate dependably  regardless  of  vibration  and  tough  usage. 
That's  the  way  a  leading  taximeter  manufacturer  does  it 
as  shown  below. 


This  is  just  one  of  hundreds 
of  power  drive  and  remote 
control  problems  to  which 
S.S.White  flexible  shafts  are 
the  simple  answer.  That's  why 
every  engineer  should  be 
familiar  with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  "Metal 
Muscles"*  for  mechanical 
bodies. 


Pholo  Cuu,tcj>  i.(  Fktihu<sh  Taxn.ulc.  Cj   ,   Fitubuigh.  P^ 


WRITE     FOR     BULLETIN     4501 


It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  A  copy  is  yours  for 
the  asking.  Write  today. 


sswHm 


INDUSTRIAL 


tMI  S.  S.  WHltt  DENTAl  MFC    CO            ■  I W  ■#  *#^  ■  a****^        DIVISION 
OICI.  C,    10    lAJt    4011.    SI   .  NIW  rO«K    16.  N.  T.   


0>u  ai  AiM-UcAi  A  AAA  ')<ulciitiiai  £ittt^tiita 


CORSAGES  . . . 

FOR  A  SPECIAL  DANCE 
FOR  A  SPECIAL  GIRL 

•  ORCHIDS 

•  GARDENIAS 

•  Rosrs 

•  CAMELLIAS 

•  CARNATIONS 

CUT  FLOWERS 

•  ROSES 

•  IRISES 

•  CARNATIONS 

•  GLADIOLI 

•  TULIPS 


fuxm 


cgmc^ 


FLORIST 

113  W.  UNIVERSITY  AVE;CHAMPAIGN 

NOT  Af FILIATED  WITH  ANY  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBAN  A 


^J^^^FOR  THE  RIGHT 


To  do  a  real  selling  job 
your  advertising  must 
make  the  right  impres- 
sion. And  to  do  a  real 
printing  job  your  engrav- 
ings must  make  the  right 
impression,  too.  So  why 
take  a  chance  when  you 
can  always  .  .  . 

DEPEND   UPON 


ARTISTS   ^ENGRAVERS  •  CH/ 


£CO. 

AMPAIGN,  ILL. 


30 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


SOCIETIES  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  page  1^) 
( )tficeis  for  this  semester  were  elect- 
ed at  a  meeting  held  at  the  Foundry 
on  |anuar\  4,  1949.  The  officers  are 
chairman,  Paul  Green;  vice  chairman, 
H.  Rodbro;  secretary,  Keith  Van  Xess; 
and   treasurer,  Joe   David. 

A.S.C.E. 

More  new  officers  for  this  .semester 
were  .selected  by  the  A.S.C.E.  A  nom- 
inating committee  chose  three  candidates 
for  each  office  and  ballots  were  distrib- 
uted by  mail  to  the  Mi)  members.  The 
final  count  was  taken  on 
Januar\  13,  1949,  and  the 
newly  elected  officers  met 
with  the  retiring  officers 
on  January   1  5. 

Those  officers  chosen  for 
this  semester  are  president, 
Wendall  L.  Rowe  ;  vice  president,  John 
R.  Anderson ;  secretary,  Donald  V. 
Sartore;    and    treasurer.    Robert    Mack. 

KERAMOS 

Keramos  welcomed  and  initiated  13 
new  members  at  its  December  8  meet- 
ing. The  meeting  and  smoker  were  held 
at  McKinley  Hall.  At  this  time  the 
resolution  of  by-laws  and  proposed 
amendments  to  by-laws  were  discussed. 
A  donation  to  the  Campus  Chest  was 
also  voted  in. 


Men  initiated  at  this  time  were  Bob 
Bender,  Martin  Berg,  Jr.,  Charles  Cur- 
tis, Jr.,  Lynn  Fussell,  Stanley  Paspy, 
Jr.,  Henry  Rapp,  Jr.,  Norman  Russell, 
Albert  Siska.  Harlan  Tripp,  John  Cox. 
John  Jero.  Delmar  Johnson,  and  How- 
ard   Rapp. 

CLE. 

One  ot  tile  oldest  and  perhaps  the 
least  known  of  all  engineering  societies 
is  the  CLE.  You  are  no  doubt  as  sur- 
prised as  I  was  to  learn  that  there  is 
a  Chinese  Listitute  of  Engineers  here 
at  L  rbana.  You  will  be  more  surprised 
to  learn  that  it  has  been  on  this  cam- 
pus for  more  than   10  years. 

CLE.  and  C.A.A.S.  (Chinese  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
formerly  known  as  the  Science  Society 
of  China)  are  the  two  biggest  academic 
organizations  in  China.  The  organiza- 
tion of  CLE.  is  very  much  similar  in 
nature  to  A.S.C.E.,  A.S.!VLE.,  etc.  in 
this  country  except  that  it  covers  the 
whole  field  of  engineering  rather  than 
a  particular  phase. 

Li  1918,  an  informal  Chinese  engi- 
neering association  was  organized  at 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  by  some  Chinese  stu- 
dents of  engineering  at  Cornell  L  ni- 
\ersit\.  Later  on,  when  those  Chinese 
students  went  back  to  China,  the  asso- 
ciation was  formally  combined  with  the 


Chinese  A.ssociation  of  Engineers,  found- 
ed in  1911.  The  combined  organization 
is  the  presente  C.I.S. 

The  CLE.  branch  in  the  L'nited 
States  was  established  in  l')2l)  at  New 
York  City.  The  activities  include  pres- 
entation of  technical  papeis  during  the 
.innual  meeting,  publications  of  the 
CLE.  Journal  (a  senu'-annual  publica- 
tion), and  the  CLE.  News  Bulletin 
(bi-monthly).  Li  1937,  chapters  were 
founded  successively  at  Ann  Arbor, 
Boston,  Buffalo,  Detroit,  Lidianapolis, 
Ithaca,  Philadelphia,  San  Francisco, 
L  rbana,  \Llwaukee,  Washington,  I). 
C,  .ind  Montreal,  Canada.  CLE.  Jour- 
nal and  CLE.  News  Bulletin  are  tra- 
ditionally published  by  either  the  New 
York  branch  office  or  the  Boston  chap- 
ter. Membership  in  this  country  at  the 
present  time  is  roughly  estimated  at  750. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  80 
members  in  the  local  chapter.  Only  16 
of  these  are  working  for  their  bachelor 
of  science  degrees.  Twent\-nine  arc 
working  for  masters  and  3t  are  work- 
ing for  Ph.D.'s.  These  men  are  engaged 
in   nearly  all  phases  of  engineering. 

The  officers  for  this  year  are  presi- 
dent, V^.  T.  Chow;  vice  president,  An- 
drew T.  S.  Yen;  secretary,  Charles 
C  S.  Yen;  treasurer,  Arthur  \V.  N. 
Lo ;  and  business  manager,  Chi  Lung 
Kang. 


RUSSELL,    BURDSALL&    WARD    BOLT    AND    NUT    COMPANY 


\AARCH,   1949 


31 


Save  a  Buck... 

And  Probably  Lot's  More 

Follett's  have  a  complete  stock 

of  used  textbooks — 

Also  the  Finest  in  Engineering  Supplies 
Paper  and  Equipment 


FOLLETT'S 

COLLEGE  BOOKSTORE 

JUST  AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


partners  in  creating 


For  81  years,  leaders  of  the  engineering  profession 
have  made  K  &  E  products  their  partners  in  creating 
the  technical  achievements  of  our  age.  K  &  E  instru- 
ments, drafting  equipment  and  moteriols-such  as  the 
LEROYf  Lettering  equipment  in  the  picture— have  thus 
played  a  part  in  virtually  every  great  engineering 
project   in    America. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW   YORK   •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


tReg.  U.S.  Pal.Otf. 


SOUTH  PACIFIC  .  .  . 

( Contiiuifd  tioiii  page  7) 

cent.  However,  the  rains  also  .soInccI 
another  problem — that  of  moistening  the 
coral,  since  in  this  wet  state,  it  could 
be  handled  and  set  the  most  effective- 
ly ir.  order  to  obtain  a  smooth  hard- 
finish  surface. 

Nil  luu-  wrirricd  ahcjut  siicii  matters 
as  bomb  craters  and  the  effect  of  the 
surp;ise  air  attacks;  had  the  strips  been 
of  co'"-rete  Seabee  officials  would  have 
had  «:ood  cause  for  worry,  but  with  a 
coral  air  strip,  it  was  a  matter  of  having 
w-aiting  truckloads  of  coral  to  be  rushed 
out  on  the  field  after  the  all-clear  sig- 
nal. After  being  hand-shoveled  into  the 
patch  :uu\  rolled  down,  the  coral  quickly 
united  with  the  mother  slab,  leaving 
hardly  a  trace  or  scar  behind.  A  subse- 
quent sprinkling  of  salt  water  served  to 
vinite  the  coral  better  than  fresh  water, 
probably  exercising  anhydrous  qualities. 
Another  construction  item  that  be- 
came a  piece  of  standard  equipment  in 
the  South  Pacific  was  the  pontoon  cell. 
Made  of  thin  steel  plates  which  were 
shipped  flat  and  welded  on  the  spot,  the 
pontoon  cell  came  in  one  general  size 
of  5x5x7  feet.  The  method  of  assem- 
bly of  the  cells  was  fairly  simple — cell 
fastened  to  cell  by  steel  angles  around 
the  deck  of  each  one. 

Combinations  of  these  cells  served  as 
bridges,  drydocks  for  PT  boats,  small 
landing  craft  and  seaplanes,  .self-propel- 
ling unloading  barges,  and  wharfs  for 
unloading  supply  freighters.  With  the 
addition  of  marine  tractors,  they  have 
even  been  used  as  "tugs."  An  excellent 
example  of  their  use  as  a  wharf  was  the 
situation  at  a  base  in  New  Caledonia, 
center  of  the  Solomon  Island  operations. 
A  wharf  was  needed  quickly  for  the  un- 
loading of  badly  needed  supplies;  how- 
e\er,  time  was  scarce  and  the  equip- 
ment for  building  such  a  pier  was  even 
more   scarce. 

A  small  crew  of  Seabees  went  to 
work  and,  putting  in  eighteen  hours  a 
day,  turned  out  in  record  time  a  wharf 
434  feet  long  by  40  feet  wide — a  whai  t 
comprised  of  some  500  cells  with  rigid 
connections  of  three  transverse  joints 
on  hinge  connections  with  Ij/  inch  pins, 
thus  allowing  for  free  wave  action.  The 
wharf  was  held  in  place  by  mooring 
spars  driven  through  thirty  feet  of 
water;  the  connection  with  shore  was  a 
series  of  "bridges"  or  groups  of  cells 
just  wide  enough  for  truck  travel.  This 
wharf  was  the  first  of  its  size  ever  built 
and  served  to  pave  the  way  for  niauy 
more  like  it  at  other  bases;  for  it  had 
the  advantage  of  being  at  home  in  prac- 
tically every  environment  from  atolls 
profusely  spiked  with  coral  reefs  where 
ordinarv  piers  would  be  out  of  the  ques- 
tion, to  rock-bound  islands  where  other 
(  Continued    on    jiiige   ,U  ) 


32 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


>* 
^ 


^^ 


Plastics  where  plastics  belong 

for  high  dielectric  and  structural  strength, 
light  weight  and   ease   of  machining 


L 


In  the  RCA  television  camera,  for  example,  Synthane  was 
selected  for  coil  forms,  tubes,  flanges  and  other  components 
because  of  its  electrical  insulating  properties,  especially  at  high 
frequencies  and  high  voltages.  Its  ease  of  machining,  liglit 
weight  and  structural  strength  were  other  factors  that  led 
RCA's  design  engineers  to  select  Synthane  as  the  best  possible 
material  for  this  job. 

Synthane,  laminated  phenolic  plastic,  is  at  its  best  in  appli- 
cations requiring  unusual  combinations  of  characteristics.  Its 
excellent  electrical  insulating  ability,  combined  with  ease  of 
machining,  light  weight,  rigidity  and  many  other  properties, 
such  as  moisture  and  corrosion  resistance,  make  S\nlhaiic  a 
valual)lc   material   for  manv   industries. 

Synthane   Corporaliun,    1   River   Road,   Oaks,   l'eiins\  haiiia 


rSYNTflANE]         where  Synthane  belongs 

^ — w — ^ 


SHEETS  •  RODS  •  TUBES  •  FABKICATED  PAHTS  •  MOWED  LAMINATED  •  MOIDEDMACERATCD 


BARCH,   1949 


33 


TEMPERATURES  TlV/Cf  IHL 


MELTING  POINT  OF   STEEL  / 


/ 


4300  F 


Industry  Uses  These  Temperatures  Today 
.  .  .  with  Norton-Developed  Refractories 

TEMPERATURES  as  high  as  4300°  F.  for  the  sintering  of 
carbides  .  .  .  up  to  4700°  F.  in  the  manufacture 
of  acetylene  .  .  .  even  up  to  5500°  F.  in  certain  research 
projects  .  .  .  that's  the  way  industry  is  using  heat  today. 
And  to  handle  this  heat  it  is  turning  to  Norton. 

Long  the  acknowledged  leader  in  the  abrasive  industry, 
Norton  is  also  the  pioneer  in  the  development  of  refrac- 
tories for  handling  today's  super  temperatures  .  .  .  pure 
oxide  refractories  of  thoria,  zirconia,  beryllia,  fused  mag- 
nesia (MAGNORITE*)  and  fused  alumina  (ALUNDUM*). 

Other  types  of  Norton  refractories  are  handling  heat  for 
many  industries — chemical,  metal,  ceramic,  power  generat- 
inq  and  gas  generating. 

^  "^  ^  •Tradcmork  r«9.  U.  S.  Pal.  Oft. 

NORTON  COMPANY,  WORCESTER  6,  MASS. 

Behr-Manning,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  is  a  Norton  Division 


)tn  Worcester  plant  of  Norton  Company — world's  lorgost  producer  of  obn 


products 


NORTON 


SOUTH  PACIFIC  .  .  . 

(Coiitiniicd    from   i^ajie  M) 

wharfs    niifilit    hv    possible,    bur    for    the 
sake  of  time,  not  probable. 

No  matter  how  brief  the  resume  of 
ensiiiieerinji  operations  in  the  Soutli  I'a- 
lifie,  a  tribute  to  the  Seabecs  and  a  brief 
explanation  of  their  orf^aiiizatioii  should 
be  iru'luded.  This  offspring  of  the  Civil 
Knj;ineer  Corps  of  the  .Navy  was  the 
answer  to  a  Navy  bottleneck  in  large- 
.scale  construction.  Modern  warfare 
methods  demanded  all  manner  of  con- 
struction as  well  as  the  mass  production 
of  supplies  and  trained  troops.  No  long- 
er able  to  rely  on  civilian  firms  such  as 
the  PN.'\R  after  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  the  Navy  needed  their  own  con- 
struction corps,  a  highly  organized  army 
of  men  skilled  both  in  the  trades  of  con- 
struction and  military  tactics.  This  was 
the  origin  of  the  Seabees. 

The  usual  Seabee  recruits  were  men 
with  experience  in  some  pha.se  of  con- 
struction and  generally  a  little  older 
than  the  average  draftee.  Trained  for 
actual  combat  and  military  engineering 
and  given  the  largest  and  best  constrvic- 
tion  equipment  the  Navy  could  dig  up, 
these  men  turned  out  work  in  record 
time  and  on  such  massive  scales  that 
they  have  become  sort  of  a  legendary 
organization  in  the  eyes  of  the  Ameri- 
can public.  They  also  kept  one  eye 
cocked  on  projects  where  they  could 
apply  economy  and  ingenuity,  instilled 
traits  carried  over  from  their  civilian 
days. 

Military  divisions  among  the  Seabees 
were  the  same  as  in  the  regular  Navy. 
However,  each  company  was  divided  up 
into  highly  specialized  units,  each  of 
which  liad  a  definitely  assigned  job  for 
each  jiroject.  Although  trained  for  the 
main  purpose  of  land  construction,  the 
Seabees  tackled  whate\er  came  their 
way,  whether  it  was  the  repair  and  dry- 
docking  of  torpedoed  ships  or  the  build- 
ing of  a  little  village  of  straw  huts  for 
the  nati\e  evacuees  of  enemy-held  tern 
tory. 

Although  operating  with  greater  free- 
dom from  military  commands  than  other 
Navy  divisions,  the  Seabee  battalions 
worked  under  conditions  that  definitely 
placed  them  in  the  combat  classification. 
C^ften,  they  began  repairs  on  Japanese 
air  fields  or  started  entirely  new  con- 
struction on  territory  that  was  either 
listed  as  "battle  zone"  or  enemy  terri- 
tory and  that  had  not  yet  been  decisively 
won  by  .Army  troops.  Fairly  true  may 
be  the  old  rag  about  a  Marine,  the  first 
to  land  on  the  captured  enemy  isle  of  X, 
who  found  a  Seabee  lying  on  a  sand 
dune  and  inqviiring,  "What's  been  keep- 
ing \  a.   Hub?"  I 


AimtlVES  -  ailNDINS  WHEELS  -  QRINDIlia  «ND  LtPriNQ  MICHINES 
*EFi*CTOIIES  -  POtOUi  MEDIUMS  -  NON-Slir  FLOORS  -  NOmiDE  PHODUCTS 
lllElllie     MICHINEI         (KH(.M«RIIIIIGDIVISI0ll:e0*TED«l*HIVESIIIDSHMPEIIIN6  STONES) 


ANSWERS  TO  VOCABULARY 

1-c,  2-b,   ,va,   4-c,    ^-d,   (i-c,   7-a,  8-d, 
O-b,    l(l-b.    11 -b,    \2-h.    IS-c,    14-a,    1  ^-d- 


34 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


A  notherpage  for 


How  TIMKEN^  bearings  pave  the  way 
lor  long  life  in  a  concrete  mixer 

Keeping  concrete  mixers  from  growing  old  too  soon  is 
the  aim  of  construction  equipment  builders.  That's  why 
they  use  Timken""  tapered  roller  bearings  on  drum  shafts, 
driving  pinions,  and  in  the  road  wheels.  Because  Timken 
bearings  practically  eliminate  friction  and  keep  parts  in 
rigid  alignment,  wear  is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 


TIMKEN'  bearings 
keep  gears  meshing  smoothly 

This  drawing  illustrates  how  Timken  bearings  are 
used  to  insure  smooth  operation  in  a  concrete  mixer. 
Because  of  the  tapered  design,  Timken  bearings  take 
thrust  as  well  as  radial  loads.  End-movement  of  shafts 
is  eliminated  and  parts  are  held  in  rigid  alignment. 
Timken  bearings  carry  the  heaviest  loads  with  mini- 
mum shaft  deflection.  Gears  wear  longer — work  better. 


TIMKEN 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more 
about  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems  you'll 
face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing  applica- 
tions. If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this  phase  of 
engineering,  we'd  be  glad  to  help.  For  additional 
information  about  Timken  bearings  and  how  en- 
gineers use  them,  write  today  to  The  Timken  Roller 
Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio.  And  don't  forget 
to  clip  this  page  for  future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  ozd  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  (n^ 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ij)  AND  THRUST  -f)-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


M'RCH,    1949 
il 


35 


Engineering   Students 

You  will  find  at  the  Co-Op  Bookstore 
your  needs  in  engineering  and  art  sup- 
plies, stationery,  textbooks,  and  gen- 
eral reading. 


Co-Op  Bookstore 

The    Bookstore   Closest   to    Engineering    Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(C'ontirnu-(i  Iroiii  p;iy:c-  18) 

in  conjunction  «itli  a  vacuum  tube  ani- 
jilifii-r.  'J'liis  \acuuni  tube  anipliticr 
causes  the  beam  from  a  small  crater 
lamp  to  \ary  in  intensity  according  to 
the  \ibration  of  the  phonograph  needle. 
1  he  resulting  modulated  light  beam  is 
tcHused,  through  a  system  of  lenses,  on 
a  clistant  light  collector  which  directs  it 
to  a  photo  electric  cell.  The  photo  elec- 
tiic  cell  tiansfornis  these  variations  of 
light  into  a  series  of  electrical  impulses 
which  are  connected  to  a  loud  speaker, 
which  in  turn  transforms  them  into 
audible  sound.  This  method  of  trans- 
mission is  effective  within  a  range  of  ap- 
proximately 25  miles  and  has  been 
adopteil  by  the  Navy  for  ship-to-shi|) 
I  ijinmunication. 

riie  "House  of  Magic"  show  was 
\ri\  ably  and  interestingly  presented  b\' 
Mr.  William  Hoverman  and  his  assist- 
ant, Mr.  Ro\'  Verlilis.  Mr.  Hoverman 
Is  a  graduate  electrical  engineer  from 
lirown  university  of  the  class  of  194t). 
After  graduation  Mr.  Hoverman  ac- 
cepted a  position  with  (General  Electric 
in  their  test  and  research  laboratories. 
Entering  the  commercial  field  after  a 
\ear  and  a  half  in  the  laboratories,  Mr. 
Hoverman  became  one  of  the  lecturers 
who  present  the  "House  of  Magic." 


Air  Conditioned  witli  ^^^F^ 


Three  "New  Eclipse"  compressors 
provide  1  17  tons  of  refrigeration  for 
air  conditioning  the  restaurants  of 
*^'l  Tho  Brass  Rail,  at  521  Fifth  Avenue, 
New  York.  The  installation,  with  its 
excellent  results,  is  a  credit  to  Armo 
Cooling  and  Ventilating  Co.,  New 
York  Distributors  of  Frlck  air  condi- 
tioning equipment. 

When  YOU  want  dependable  re- 
frigerating, ice-making  or  air  condi- 
tioning equipment,  write,  wire,  phone 
or  visit  the  nearest  Frlck  Branch 
Office  or  Distributor. 


^hr  Frick  Graduate 
Rrfrigrralion  and  . 


mng  Cm., 
onditionii 


Offc, 


Two   of   Three    Frlck 

Machines  at  the  Bn 


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EASY  TO  READ  MARKINGS  THAT  ARE  DURABLE 

Lufkin     Chrome-Clad     '  SupiT     Hi-Way".     ■Pioneer' 
and  ■Michigan"  arc  New  and  Seller  Chain  Tapes. 
Chrome    plating    over    rust    resistant    base    and 
multiple  coats  of  electroplating  gives  a  hard 
smooth,   dull,   chrome-white   surface.   Wear 
and  corrosion  resistant.  Jet  black  figures 
are    easy    to    locate    and    read.    Write    for 


illu 


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The  Lufkin 


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Soginow,  Michigan 


36 


THE   TECHNOGRAPt- 


nUPONT 


For   Students  of   Science   and 


ngineering 


PRODUCING  METALLIC  TITANIUM 

FOR  INDUSTRIAL  EVALUATION 


Du  Pont  group  research 
developed  a  pilot  plant  with 
daily  capacity  of  100  pounds 

Du  Pont  research  has  just  made 
available  to  industry  what  may  be- 
come one  of  America's  key  structural 
materials,  titanium  metal.  Midway 
in  density  between  aluminum  and 
iron  and  with  an  especially  high 
melting  point,  silvery-white  titanium 
offers  an  extraordinary  combination 
of  strength,  lightness,  corrosion  re- 
sistance and  hardness. 

Titanium  is  the  ninth  most  com- 
mon element.  But  it  has  been  slow 
in  coming  into  its  own  as  a  metal  be- 
cause of  the  difficulty  of  separating 
it  in  pure  form  from  its  ores. 


pictured  im  t]ii<  /)«t'c  were  mcmhrr-.  of 
titanium  rfscarch  team.  E.  L.  Anderson, 
A.lS.Ch..  lingham  Youn/;  '40;  J.  B.  Sutton, 
rh.n.l'hys.Ch..  West  Virginia  '35;  A.  R. 
Cnnklin.  M.S.Phys.Ch.,  Georgia  '40,  are 
•ihown  inspecting  300  lbs.  of  Du  Pont  titanium 
mctat  sponge. 

Du  Pont  scientists  first  began  to 
probe  the  possibilities  of  metallic  ti- 
tanium in  the  course  of  their  long 
experience  with  the  titanium  oxide 
pigments.  Their  research  was  inter- 
rupted by  World  War  II.  Meanwhile, 
the  U.S.  Bureau  of  Mines  laborato- 
ries succeeded  in  producing  the  metal 
for  research  purposes. 


After  the  war,  Du  Pont  scientists 
developed  a  process  for  the  produc- 
tion of  ductile  titanium  metal  that 
can  be  scaled  up  to  meet  commercial 
demands.  The  research  team  that 
mastered  the  complex  problem  con- 
sisted of  chemical  engineers  special- 
izing in  design  and  production,  as 
well  as  chemists  and  a  metallurgist. 
In  September  1948,  a  pilot  plant  was 
opened  with  a  daily  capacity  of  100 
pounds.  Titanium  metal  is  now  beini; 
produced  in  sponge  and  ingot  form. 
Samples  are  available  to  industri;! 
and  college  laboratories  with  resear  j'.i 
projects  in  related  fields.  Studies  cf 
methods  for  forming,  machining  and 
alloying  are  under  way. 

Exhaustive  studies  will  be  neces- 
sary before  the  many  possibilities  of 
titanium  metal  can  be  known.  Be- 
cause of  its  high  ratio  of  strength  to 
weight,  early  uses  may  be  in  airplane 
power  plants  and  structural  parts. 
Its  hardness  and  rust-resistance  rec- 
ommend it  for  railroad  transporta- 
tion equipment,  marine  power  plants 
and  propellers,  and  food  packaging 
equipment.  Its  high  melting  point 
suggests  use  in  pistons,  and  its  re- 
sistance to  electric  currents  points  to 
electronics.  Titanium  wire  may  be 
used  for  springs  and  titanium  sheet 
for  such  highly  stressed  parts  as 
microphone  diaphragms. 

Your  Opportunity  in  Research 

The  commercial  development  of  ti- 
tanium metal  is  a  typical  example  of 
Du  Pont  research  in  action.  How- 
ever, the  Pigments  Department, 
wliich  worked  out  the  process,  is 
but  one  of  the  ten  Du  Pont  manu- 
facturing departments.  Each  con- 
ducts continuous  research.  Each  is 
operated  much  like  a  separate  com- 
pany. Within  these  "companies" — 
whose  interests   range  from   heavy 


C.  M.  Olson,  Ph.D.Phv!i.Ch.,  Chicago  ' 3fi,  and 
C.  II.  Winter,  Jr.,  B.S.Ch.E.,  Virginia  Poly- 
technic Institute  '40,  removing  1004b.  titan- 
ium ingot  [ram  furnace  in  heat-treating  study. 

chemicals  to  plastics  and  textile  fi- 
bers— college  trained  men  and  wom- 
en work  in  congenial  groups  where 
they  have  every  opportunity  to  dis- 
play individual  talent  and  capa- 
bilities. Who  knows  what  their  con- 
tributions will  mean  in  the  future 
to  .science  and  the  world! 


m^m       ^V^ 

"ffl 

^^^t^    (              , 

HP 

M 

R.  C.  Reidinger,  B.S.Ch.E..  Princeton  '47,  and 
T.  I).  McKinley,  B.S.Ch.,  Worcester  Poly- 
technic Institute  '35,  making  a  lest  of  the  hard- 
ness of  ingots  of  Du  Pont  titanium  metal. 


r 


"^ 


THIS  BOOKLET  WILL  HELP  YOU 

PLAN  YOUR  CAREER 

Send  for  vuur  piTsr,n:il 
copy  of  "Tho  l)u  I'ont 
Companv  and  I  he  Hol- 
leRO  Gradu.nto  •■  lie 
scribes  opporlunilics 
for  men  and  women 
with  many  tvi)e.s  of 
training.  Kxplains  liow 
individual  ability  is  recotrnized  and  re- 
warded under  the  group  sv.stcm  of  oper- 
ation. Address:  2.'')18  Nemours  BuildinK. 
WihninKton.  Delaware. 


WRITE  TODAY  for  "The  Du  Ponf  Company  and  the  College  Graduate  " 


BETTER    THINGS     FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
.  .  .   THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 

More  facts  about  Du  Pont — Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


vAARCH,   1949 


37 


Smith,  ot  Siiiltli  :m(l  \V'a\crl\,  tlu- 
well  known  niaiuitacturi'is,  hadn't  tak- 
en a  vacation  in  more  than  20  years. 
He  was  finally  prevailed  upon  to  set 
out  on  a  fishing  trip.  No  sooner  had 
he  arrived  than  he  immediately  tele- 
phoned his  office.  Miss  Jones,  his  sec- 
retary, spoke  to  him  and  told  him  that 
after  his  departure  from  the  otficc  tin- 
firm  had  received  the  largest  ordei-  in 
its  history.  The  order  hail  been  placed 
by  telegram  and  Miss  Jones  started  to 
read  it  to  him.  "Send  immediately  two 
hundred  gross  number  34  stop  three 
hundred  gross  number  83  stop  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  gross  number  36  stop 
.   .   ."   At  this  point   Smith   called   out 


•For  I 


lca\e    f 
readint; 


U'a\en's  sak 

done    until 

telegram." 


Waverly, 
ic    tinishes 


An  engineer,  who  h.id  a  bottle  ot 
Scotch  on  his  hip,  slippe<l  on  the  ic\' 
pavement  and  fell.  On  rising  he  felt 
something   wet    running   down    his   leg. 

"I    lio|ie   it's  blood,"   he  said. 


foreman 
r\'   up." 
■  "Oka 
in  a  day." 

Foreman:  "Yeah 
man  on  that  job." 


1  luriy  u|i,  \o\i  gu\s,  hur- 

boss,    hut    Rome    wasn't    built 

but  1   wasn't  fore- 


THE  PRICE  PAINT  STORE 

For  the  New  Look 

in  Decorating 

We  Carry 

DuPOINT  PRODUCTS 

ENAMELS 

VARNISHES 

108  South 

Neil  St.                                    Phone  2176 

//  Ik  n  llic  (/r'lii  j's  lilllc  (/ill  i  iiiiu 
huiiit  /iftir  /!  Ii(/li/liiy  at  liir  /iiin/'s.  .slii 
jiiiuul  Ihiil  tri/<l,ls  liail  h, ,  n  <ul/l,d  /o 
///,    jininly. 

"Il'/ii  silly  'if  yiiii.  iiiiiniiiiy ."  she 
siiiit .  "yon  shuiilil  htii'i  ilniic  tin  ortiir- 
iiKj — yiiii   kiKiiv   diulily   stutters/" 

.1  spy  u/is  III  ill//  hd  to  his  c  xiiiitinii 
liy  II  sqiiiid  of  so/dins  on  ii  luld  riiiiiy 
iiioi  iiiiii/. 

"You  soldiers  are  harbarie I'  the 
doomed  spy  yruinhled,  "to  make  me 
march  throut/h  this  cold  rain  like  this." 

"Quit  squmuking,"  snapped  one  of 
the  soldiers,  "we've  got  to  walk  back." 


ARE  YOU  HUNGRY? 

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38 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH     ;: 


Change 
Your 

Mind*** 

Most  of  us  have,  at 
one  time  or  another 


bv].  L.  SINGLETON 

Vice-Pres.  and  Director  oj  Sales, 

General  Machinery  Division 

ALLIS-CHALMERS  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

(Graduate  Training  Course  1928) 


You  may  be  one  of  those  men  who  knows 
exactly  the  sort  of  work  he  wants  to  do 
when  he  finishes  engineering  school.  I 
I  did.  I  was  going  into 
Istraight  engineering 
I  work.  But  I  became  a 
(salesman. 


I've  noticed  since 
[that  it's  not  unusual 
I  for  Graduate  Training 
Course  students  at 
|Allis-Chalmers  to 
J.  L.  SINGLETON  changc  their  minds. 
Here,  opportunities  ha\e  a  way  of  seeking 
out  a  man  according  to  his  ability.  Some- 
times these  opportunities  are  in  fields  that 
he  had  not  fully  understood  or  considered 
before.  There  are  so  many  kinds  of  work 
to  do  here  that  a  man  is  almost  sure  to 
end  up  in  work  that  will  bring  him  the 
most  in  personal  satisfaction  and  ad- 
vancement. 

Opportunities  in  Selling 

For  example— sales.  Not  every  engineer 
is  a  salesman,  but  at  Allis-Chalmers'every 


three  80,000  kw  Allis-Chalnicrs  steam  t 
iiiid-uestcrn  power  plant.  A  lourth  una  i 


nine  generating  units  nm 
being  buih,  and  a  tilth  is 


salesman  is  an  engineer.  Engineering 
plays  a  vital  part  in  the  sale  of  a  big  steam 
turbine,  a  cement  plant — or  even  a  mul- 
tiple V-belt  drive. 

There's  a  thrill  in  landing  orders — 
really  big  ones,  such  as  two  115,000  HP 
generators  for  Hoover  Dam— all  of  the 
rolls  and  purifiers  for  the  world's  newest 
and  most  modern  flour  mill— the  world's 
largest  axial  compressor  for  use  in  a 
supersonic  wind  tunnel,  or  volume  sales 
of  small  motors,  pumps  and  drives.  Orders 
like  these  come  through  teamwork  of  en- 
gineering, manufacturing  skill,  high-level 
salesmanship  and  merchandising.  It's 
good  to  be  a  member  of  such  a  team. 

If  you  have  ability  and  a  leaning  toward 
sales  work,  you'll  have  plenty  of  chance 
to  test  and  develop  it  at  Allis-Chalmers 
during  your  Graduate  Training  Course. 
Then  you  take  your  place  in  a  Coast-to- 
Coast  sales  organization— perhaps  even 
in  a  foreign  office. 


Many  Fields  Are  Open 

Or,  maybe  you'll  change  your  mind.  Re- 
search and  development — or  manufac- 
turing— or  design  engineering  may  prove 
your  field.  The  point  I  want  to  make  is, 
all  of  these  things  are  open  to  you  at 
Allis-Chalmers.  This  company  is  in  in- 
timate touch  with  every  basic  industry: 
mining  and  ore  processing,  electric  power, 
pulp  and  wood  products,  fiour  milling, 
steel,  agriculture,  public  works. 

The  Graduate  Training  Course  here 
doesn't  hold  you  down.  You  help  plan  it 
yourself,  and  are  free  to  change  as  you  go 
along.  You  work  with  engineers  of  na- 
tional reputation — divide  your  time  be- 
tween shops  and  offices — can  earn  ad- 
\anced  degrees  in  engineering  at  the 
same  time. 

Those  are  some  of  the  things  that  ap- 
pealed to  me  23  years  ago.  They're  still 
good. 


Write  for  details  of  the  Allis- 
Chalmers  Graduate  Training 
Course  —  requirements,  sal- 
ary, advantages.  Representa- 
tives may  visit  your  school. 
Watch  for  date. 

ALLlS-CHALMERS  MFG.  CO. 

Milwaukee  7,  Wisconsin 


Front-line  man  on  the  A-C  team  that  designs,  builds 
and  sells  basic  machinery  to  all  industry. 


Rotary  Kilns  are  the  most  gigantic  of  all 
machines.  Allis-Chalmers  has  designed 
.ind  built  kilns  up  to  475  feet  in  leriglh, 
i:  feet  in  diameter— supplies  all  basic 
machinery  for  complete  cement  mills  and 
processing  plants. 


ALLIS-CHALMERS 

One  of  the  Big  3  in  Electric  Power  Equipment— Biggest  of  All  in  Range  of  Industrial  Products 


AARCH,   1949 


39 


VOCABULARY  CLINIC 

Rcineinlicr,  you  won't  be  able  to  use  these  words  until  atlir  vou  have  consulted  the 
dk-tionarv  for  their  pronunciation.  From  the  group  of  words  at  the  rinhl,  select  one  whose 
meaniiiK  most  closely  resembles  the  word  on  the  left.  Answers  will  be  found  on  page  34. 

1.  Largesse — (a)  very  large,   (b)   very  small,   (c)  a  gift,   (d)   a  container. 

2.  Nescience — (a)    penetration,    (b)    complete   ignorance,    (c)    noui  isliment,    (d) 

magnificence. 

3.  Otiose — (a)  useless,  (b)  a  coior,  (c)  graceful,   (d)  humorous. 

4.  Prefatory — (a)  .suitable,   (b)  poi.sonoiis,   (c)  introductory,   (d)   possessive. 
"i.   Requite — (a)  assure,   (b)  select,   (c)   dictate,   (d)   repay. 

b.   Verbiage — (a)  an  old  verb,   (b)  gra.ssland,   (c)   wordiness,   (d)   slaughter. 

7.  Ruminate — (a)  ponder,   (b)  bring  to  light,   (c)   idolize,   (d)   delay. 

8.  Adjure — (a)    reside,    (b)    imitate,    (c)    tell   a  story,    (d)    entreat. 

f).  Acrimonious— (a)  stinging,    (b)   judicious,    (c)   plentiful,    (d)    ugly. 

10.  .Xettle — (a)   a  small  net,   (b)   irritate,   (c)   irenu'ze.    (  d  )   offer  tor  acceptance. 

11.  Behest — (a)  a  perfect  specimen,  (b)  a  command,  (c)  a  forest,  (d)  take  leave. 

12.  Cacophony — (a)  mu.sic,   (b)  discord,   (c)   an  imitator,   (d)   northern  cactus. 
I.?.  Deference — (a)  boldness,   (b)   loud  talk,   (c)  consideration,   (d)  sly  work. 

14.  Lquivocal — (a)   ambiguous,   (b)  equal,   (c)  monotone,   (d)   very  clear. 

15.  Guile — (a)  guide,  (b)  praise,   (c)  degrade,  (d)  deceitful  cunning. 


A  fa.shionably  dres.sed  woman  ap- 
proached the  florist  and  asked  for  some 
blooms.  After  the  purchase  she  inquired: 

"Will  you  be  here  next  Wednesday, 
as  I  shall  want  some  flowers  for  my 
daughter?  She's  coming  out  that  day." 

"She  shall  have  the  best  on  the  mar- 
ket, ma'am,"  the  salesman  answered. 
"What's  she  in  for?" 


A  burglar,  who  had  entered  a  poor 
minister's  house  at  midnight,  was  dis- 
turbed by  the  awakening  of  the  occu- 
pant of  the  room  he  was  in.  Drawing 
his  weapon,  he  said,  "If  \ou  stir,  you 
are  a  dead  man.  I'm  hunting  for  your 
money." 

"Let  me  up  and  strike  a  light,"  said 
the  minister,  "and  I'll  hunt  with  you." 


— Hear  about  Bob  being  in  the 
hospital  ? 

— In  the  hospital?  Win,  I  just  saw 
him   last   night   dancing   with   a   blonde. 

— Yeah!   So   did    his   wife. 
»      *      », 

}\  iii/y-ici/l  1 1  usIkukI:  "Do  ynu  mean 
Id  s/iy  tlnrc's  only  one  <  ottrsc  for  dinner 
lonu/ht'  J  list  cheese!'" 

Wife:  "Yes,  dear.  You  see,  ichen  the 
I  hops  raiu/ht  fire  find  fell  into  the  des- 
sert. I  h/id  to  nsi  I  Ik  soup  to  put  it 
out." 

Prof. — Don't  you  think  \()u  are 
straining  a  point  in  your  explanation? 

Stud. — Maybe  I  am,  but  you  often 
have  to  strain  things  to  make  them 
clear. 

*      *     -* 

"Did  you   ijivi    your   uife   that  little 
leeture   on   eeononiy  you  tidked  about?  " 
"Yes." 

".-Iny  results?" 
"I've  t/ot  to  yive  up  smoking." 

Drunk  (to  splendidly  uniformed  by- 
stander) :  "Sav,  call  me  a  cab,  will 
yuh?" 

Splendidly  u  n  i  f  o  r  m  e  d  bystander: 
"My  good  man,  I'm  not  a  doonnan ; 
I'm   a   naval   officer.  " 

Drunk:  "All  right,  then  c.ill  me  a 
boat.  I  gotta  get  home.  " 


BOOKS  and   SUPPLIES 

For  Every  Engineering  Need 


THE   UNIVERSITY  BOOKSTORE 


{A  Student  Co-Operative  Store) 
ROOM  87 


NAVY  PIER 


CHICAGO 


40 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Because  photography  is  accurate 
to  the  last  detail 

The  magic  of  photography  turns  hours  of  costly  drafting  room 
time  into  a  minute-quick  job  of  utmost  accuracy. 


Correcting  an  engineering  drawing— 
or  restoring  a  dimmed  one— used  to 
take  long,  tiresome  hours.  But  not 
today.  For  photography  with  its  abil- 
ity to  record  detail  in  a  flick  of  time 
has  been  put  to  work,  and  the  most 
intricate  drawing  is  copied  accu- 
rately, inexpensively,  and  with  last- 
ing quality. 

Using  the  new  Kodagraph  Auto- 
positive  Paper,  vou  can  get  sharp 
positive  prints  directly  from  originals 
of  every  tvpe,  even  from  worn  or 
weak  tracings  — get  them  with  regu- 
lar blueprint  or  direct  process  equip- 
ment—in ordinary  room  light,  without 
negatives. 

Using  the  new  Kodagraph  Contact 
Paper  (with  conventional  photo-copy- 
ing ecjuipment  and  negative  step)  vou 
can  produce  sharp,  clear,  legible  pho- 


tographic prints  of  letters,  specifica- 
tion sheets,  forms,  drawings. 

Using  the  new  Kodagraph  Projec- 
tion Papers,  you  can  enlarge  small- 
scale  negatives  of  drawings  and  docu- 
ments to  original  size  or  larger  . . .  get 
high  contrast  reproductions. 

With  Kodagraph  or  Recordak 
Micro-File  Equipment,  vou  can  re- 
produce the  most  detailed  drawings, 
charts,  etc.— "de-bulk"  them  98%  . . . 
and  protect  your  valuable  originals. 

This  same  ability  to  reproduce  de- 
tail exactly,  completely,  lastingly  . . . 
e\en  to  improve  its  quality  .  . .  gives 
photography  a  multitude  of  uses  in 
your  plant.  It  can  help  make  vour 
designs  faster,  your  production  meth- 
ods smoother,  and  get  your  product 
to  the  dealer's  sooner. 

Eastman  Kodak  Co.,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Advancing  industrial  technics— FuilCtionol    PhotOgrflphy 


-.„rln-.r  M^o?'!!! 


^i:^^ 


General  Electric  is  not  one  business,  but  an  organization 
of  many  businesses/  offering  opportunities  in  virtually  all 
the  professions.  Here  three  G-E  men  brief  the  career- 
possibilities  which  the  company  offers  to  the  marketing 
specialist/  the  accountant,  and  the  manufacturing  trainee. 

FUTURES  IN  MARKETING 

C.  H.  Lang  (Michigan),  Vice  President  responsible  for 
all  sales  activities  of  Apparatus  Dept.:  "I  believe  that  the 
need  for  increased  sales  efforts  to  maintain  the  current 
high  level  of  business  activity  provides  new  and  greater 
opportunities  in  the  marketing  of  industrial  products. 
Extensive  training  is  offered  in  all  phases  of  our  marketing 
program — selling,  application  and  service  engineering, 
market  analysis,  and  advertising  and  sales  promotion." 


CAREER  IN  FINANCE 

H.  A.  MacKinnon,  Assistant  Comptroller  and  member  of 
Company  Education  Committee:  "New  products  coupled 
with  the  company's  growth  are  providing  excellent  open- 
ings in  business  management.  Since  1919,  our  Business 
Training  Course  and  travelling  auditors  staff  have  pro- 
vided direct  channels  through  which  young  men  have 
progressed  into  all  types  of  accounting  and  financial 
management  positions  with  General  Electric." 


MANUFACTURING  TRAINEE 

Dick  Saunders  (Rochester):  "As  a  member  of  the  G-E 
Manufacturing  Leadership  Program,  I'm  getting  the  know- 
how  of  manufacturing  through  'personal  apprenticeships' 
to  seasoned  managers.  These  varied  assignments  have 
included  sitting  in  on  labor  relations  meetings,  handling 
grievances,  taking  time  studies,  establishing  production 
schedules,  and  operating  machine  tools.  It's  the  best  way 
I  know  to  learn  the  working  of  a  complex  business." 


for  further  informallon  about  a  BUSINESS  CAREER  wtth  General  Electrk,  write  Businesi  Training  Course, 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. — a  career  in  TECHNICAL  FIELDS,  write  Technical  Personnel  Division,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 


A  Thousand  and 
One  Nights 


t.  Pat's  Bali 

Page  8 


Engineering  Exam 

Page    10 


Dean  Enger  Retires 

Pcuje    13 


TWENTY- FIVE  CENTS 


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Summer  Opportunities 


with 


UNITED   STATES    STEEL 


and  how  they  can  affect  your  future 


Uniied  States  Steel  Corporation  Subsidiaries  are  now  selecting  a  limited 
number  of  outstanding  engineering  students  for  summer  employment.  This  tem- 
porary work  has  been  designed  to  provide  students  with  practical  experience  that 
will  supplement  their  regular  college  curriculum.  This  work  may  also  prove  a 
valuable  guide  to  the  student  in  choosing  his  life  work  following  graduation. 

The  activities  of  U.  S.  Steel  Subsidiary  Companies  are  so  diversified  that  they 
require  qualified  men  in  just  about  every  branch  of  engineering.  And  every  effort 
is  made  to  place  these  students  in  permanent  positions  with 
U.  S.  Steel  after  graduation. 


J  Your  Placement  Officer  can  give  you  additional  information 

▼  about  summer  employment  with  United  States  Steel.  Why  not 

T  discuss  the  matter  with  him  and  at  the  same  time  ask  him  for 

T 

T  a  copy  of  the  book — "Paths  of  Opportunity  in  U.  S.  Steel." 

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LOOKING  FOR 

CREATIVE  ENGINEERING 

OPPORTUNITIES? 


The    opportunity    for    original    engineerino;    in    the 
Westiiighouse  Eleetric  Corporation  is  unUmited.  All 
responsible   technical   positions   require   imagination 
and  creative  ability.  Resourcefulness  is  the  key  in  the 
development  of  new  designs,  new  products  and  new 
applications.  Great  engineering  achievement  requires 
the  development  of  ingenuity. 

Each  year  a  carefully  selected  group  of  engineering 
graduates  start  their  careers  with  Westingliouse.  If  vou 
are  among  these,  you  will  receive  practical  training  in  any 
phase  of  applied  engineering,  manufacturing  and  design 
— through  the  \\  estinghouse  Graduate  Student  Training 
Course. 

If   you    demonstrate    high    analytical    ability    through 
competitive  examinations,  vou  mav  qualify  for  advanced 
study  in  either  the  Electrical  or  Mechanical  Design  Schools. 
These  courses  are  taught  by  top  Westingliouse  men.  Design 
School  graduates  are  prepared  to  assume  high-level  tech- 
nical responsibilities  rapidly. 

These  advanced  Design  Schools  may  be  the  opportunity 
vou  are  looking  for,  if  you  have  a  flair  for  analytical  engi- 
neering. ^  by  not  set  your  sights  now  to  qualify  for  tbi 
unusual  training  opporlimity?  (;-ioo27 


Begin  planning,  vottrjiiturr  tnday.  Oct  your 
free  copy  of  the  If  estinfihoiise  booklet, 
"Finding  Your  Plate  in  lnilustry'\ 


W^stindiouse 

PLANTS   IN   25   CITIES  .  .  .  ^^    OFFICES  EVERYWHERE 


To  obtain  copy  of  Finding  Your  Place  in  Inihistry,  consult 
Placcmenl  Officer  of  your  university,  or  mail  this  coupon  to: 

The  District  Educational  Coordinator 
Westingliouse  Electric  Corporation 
20  I\\  tt acker  Driiv,  P.O.  Box  B,  Zone  90 
Chicago  6,  Illinois 

Name 


College- 


_Course_ 


Address 


City. 


vPRIL,  1949 


Kf/  l.vanaril  l.inlaH.  IC.i:.  ' /» 

ninl  llvnrii  Kaliii.  Ih.li.  '."iO 


How    minute   cracks   or   "bubbles"   cause   metals  to  fracture   is   illustrated 
in  sketches  by  John  Fisher  of  General  Electric.  (Photo  courtesy  of  General 

Electric.) 


Metal  Fracture  Theory 

New  theories  as  to  why  aiui  how  met- 
als break  were  recently  announced  by 
scientists  of  the  General  Electric  re- 
search laboratory.  Their  investigations 
show  that  the  fracture  of  metals  begins 
with  extremely  small  cracks,  which  act 
as  nuclei  and  grow  into  a  large  spHt 
when  enough  tension  is  applied. 

The  nuclei,  which  may  result  in  frac- 
ture, form  along  the  boundaries  between 
the  grains  or  crystals  of  metal  where  the 
atoms  in  the  grains  are  most  active.  The 
minute  cracks  tend  to  grow  under  ten- 
sion, and  if  a  nucleus  reaches  a  certain 
critical  size,  it  will  form  a  complete  split 
between  grains. 

Enough  rapidly  growing  nuclei  in  a 
sample  will  eventually  cause  the  sani|ile 
to  break. 

Prior  to  these  in\estif:arions  it  was 
usually  assumed  that  the  break  in  the 
metal  occurred  simultaneously  through 
the  sample.  However,  the  new  theory 
leads  Dr.  J.  H.  Holloman  of  the  ( i.  E. 
laboratories  to  predict  metals  five  to 
ten  times  stronger  than  they  are  at  the 
present  time.     "If  we  can   find  ways  of 


preventing  crack  formation  along  the 
boundaries,  and  make  the  only  possible 
break  occur  through  the  much  stronger 
grains,  we  can  increase  the  metal's 
strength  at  high  temperatures." 

Curved  Light 

A  new  plastic  which  conducts  light 
like  a  garden  hose  conducts  water  has 
been  produced  by  \Vestinghoi_ise  research 
laboratories. 

This  translucent,  ember  plastic  is  so 
flexible  and  light  conducting,  according 
to  Westinghouse,  that  no  matter  how 
many  times  it  is  bent  and  e\en  if  it  tied 
in  a  knot,  a  beam  of  liglit  will  shine 
iiimplcteh    thioui;h  it. 

Three-Dimensional  Glasses 

Paid  H.  (]esswein  and  Co.  announced 
the  production  of  magnifying  spectacles 
giving  three-dimentional  views.  Models 
which  can  be  attached  to  regular  eye- 
glass frames  are  also  available.  These 
glas.ses  are  especially  useful  for  inspec- 
tion of  small  parts  and  aie  made  in  long, 
medium  and  shoit  focal  lengths. 


Atomic  Migration 

.Among  (  ieneral  Electric's  most  re- 
cent developments  is  a  method  of  de- 
termining the  speed  of  diffusion  of 
atoms  is  metals.  It  is  believed  that  the 
determination  of  the.se  characteristics  of 
metals  may  lead  to  "designing"  metals 
tor  specific  uses  just  as  implements  are 
now  designed. 

The  method  consists  of  electroplating 
a  block  of  ordinary  silver  with  radio- 
active silver.  Then  the  block  is  heated 
to  500°  C.  for  several  hours;  after  it 
is  cooled  the  block  is  sliced  into  sheets 
about  the  thickness  of  ti.ssue  paper.  By 
finding  the  innermost  radioactive  sheet 
of  silver,  the  speed  of  the  silver  atom 
within  the  block  may  be  determined. 

The  study  just  completed  indicates 
that  at  500°  C.  the  atoms  which  travel 
around  grains  of  silver  have  a  speed 
of  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  per  week, 
while  atoms  that  travel  through  grains 
have  a  speed  of  approximately  one  inch 
in  10,000  years. 


Theatre  Television 

An  advanced  optical  system  has  made 
possible  the  television  "theatre."  The 
optical  system,  part  of  the  direct  projec- 
tion television  equipment  used  by  the 
Radio  Corporation  of  America,  is  the 
prime  factor  in  obtaining  high  quality 
pictures  18  by  24  feet.  In  the  direct 
lirojection  system  are  three  major  ele- 
ments: the  special  projection  kinescope 
which  is  the  som'ce  of  the  light  image; 
the  optical  system  which  projects  the 
image ;  and  the  viewing  screen. 

Although  similar  in  many  ways  to  the 
direct  viewing  tube  used  in  the  conven- 
tional television  receiver,  the  kinescope 
produces  an  image  of  much  greater  bril- 
liancy because  of  the  higher  voltage  ap- 
plied to  it. 

Elements  of  the  optical  system,  based 
on  an  astronomical  camera,  consist  of  a 
spherical  mirror  and  a  correcting  lens. 
The  lens  arc  made  of  plastic,  by  a  cold 
setting  process.  Lenses  as  large  as  20 
inches  in  diameter  have  been  made  by 
this  process. 

The  principal  featine  in\olved  in  the 
R.C.A.  developments  is  the  method  em- 
plo\'ed  to  correct  the  spherical  aberration 
of  the  system  for  finite  focus.  The  shape 
of  the  lens  must  be  such  that  all  rays 
emanating  from  any  point  on  the  tube 
face  and  reflected  by  the  mirror  shall 
meet  at  an  image  point  a  standard  dis- 
tance from  the  correcting  lens.  The 
shape  of  the  lens  can  be  determined  by 
tracing  a  large  number  of  rays  and 
evolving  a  final  curve.  Such  a  curve  is 
difficult  to  generate  and  is  derived  b\ 
dividing  the  svn-face  of  the  lens  into  an\ 
/ones   and    grinding  them    progressively. 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


A 


GOOD  MYSTERY  STORY  is  wonderful  en- 
tertainment, fine  for  relaxation.  But  for 
downright  imagination-stirring  interest, 
you  can't  beat  the  confidential  progress 
reports  from  Standard  Oil's  research  cen- 
ters. 

For  example,  here's  an  excerpt  about 
one  of  the  many  products  with  which 
we're  now  working: 

"These  new  alkanesulfonic  acids  are  un- 
usually effective  catalysts  for  a  variety  of 
organic  reactions,  particularly  where  con- 
ventional catalysts  cause  degradation  of  sen- 


sitive reactants.  They  are  non-oxidizing  and 
non-sulfonating,  and  are  recoverable  from 
many  reactions." 

What  does  that  suggest  to  you?  Con- 
densation? Polymerization?  Dehydra- 
tion? Alkylation?  Acylation?  Esterifica- 
tion? 

Yes,  Standard's  alkanesulfonic*  acids 
are  of  value  in  all  these  processes.  We're 
sure  we'll  discover  other  uses,  just  as 
countless  uses  have  already  been  discov- 
ered for  the  hundreds  of  other  products 
we  make  from  petroleum. 


Standard  Oil  Company  stawardi 

Kfj'VlWl 


*Now  being  marketed  by  Indoil  Chemical  Con 


(INDIANA) 


ubsidiary  of  Standard  OH  Company  (Indiana) 


No  SHIP  was  ever  fitted  -vvith  a 
valve  this  hi;;.  \\  e  took  l>road 
liberties  with  proportion  in  this  pic- 
ture because  a  valve's  size  can  be 
misleading.  In  comparison  with 
larfrer  jdant  units,  the  cost  of  a  sin- 
j;le  valve  seems  a  minor,  "petty  cash" 
investment.  But  if.  as  here,  all  tlie 
valves  could  be  \  iewed  as  ofie  valve, 
you  would  see  that  valves  actually 
represent  a  major  expenditure. 

In  anv  plant,  any  bnildinp;  whore 
operation  inxobcs  (luiil  control,  it 
j)ays  manafii'incnt  to  keep  this 
'"collective"  valve  in  mind.  These 
days,    especially.    They    pay   more 


than  ever  today,  in  wages  and 
material  costs,  for  every  operation 
in  the  plant  —  including  valve 
maintenance. 

Excessive  maintenance  of  one 
inferior  valve  is  insignificant,  but 
multiplied  by  thousands,  it  is  a 
serious  drain  on  operating  budgets. 

Jenkins  Bros,  helps  to  meet 
this  problem.  In  twn  ways.  One,  by 
building  extra  endurance  into 
Jenkins  Valves.  They  are  the 
longest -las  ting,  lowest-upkeep 
valves  that  money 

can     buy.     Two, LOOK 

with    advice    from 


Jenkins  Engineers  on  any  question 
of  proper  selection,  installation,  or 
maintenance. 

For  all  new  installations,  for  all 
replacements,  alert  management 
relies  on  Jenkins  quality  and  en- 
gineering for  lowest  valve  costs  in 
the  long  run.  Sold  through  leading 
Industrial  Distributors. 

Jenkins  Bros.,  80  While  St.,  New  York 
13;  Bridgeport,  Conn.;  Atlanta;  Boston; 
Philadelphia;     Chicago;     San    Francisco. 
Jenkins  Bros.,  Ltd.,  Montreal. 


■■PREVENT  VALVE  FAILURE"  is  a  2Spage  guide  to 
'.alvr  economy,  iitlly  illustrated,  with  case  histories  of  ralrc 
damage,  and  recommendations  for  its  prevention  by  proper 
selection,  installation,  inspection,  and  maintenance.  FREE 
on  request.  IVrite  JENKINS  BROS.,  SO  White  St.,  New 
\\>rk  IS.N.  y. 


^e^U^ru  i^Tifr 


JENKINS 
VALVES 

Types,  Sizes,  Pressures,  Metals  for  Every  Need 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witort Editor 

Phil   Doll Assoc.  Editor 

Mclvin  ReitiT Mtii-iiip  Editor 

Ken  McOwan  Asst.  Editor 

Ray    Haustr Jsst.   Editor 

Connie  Minnicii .Isst.  Editor 


Editori/d  Associates 

Art    Dreshfield         Robert  E.  Lawrence 
Avery  Hcvesli  Ed  Lozano 

C.  M.  McClymonds  Wallace    Hopper 
Bruce  M.  Brown        Carl  Blanyer 
James  T.  Ephgrave  Leonard    Ladof 
W.  K.  SoderstriMTi     Joseph  G.  Graham 
Henrv  Kahn  Luther  S.  Peterson 

Dean  R.  Felton 


BUSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley  Diamond Bus.  Mgr. 

Fred  Seavey Office  Mgr. 

Dick  Ames Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Dale  Glass Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Richard  Smith Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 


Business  .Issoi iiilis 
Louis  Davidson        Ronald    Trense 
Ira  Evans  James  J.  Skarda 

George   Kvitek  Euing  A.  Sharp 

Richard   Stevens 
Alfreda   E.  Mallorey.-..0///(c  Secretary 


Faculty   Advisers 


J.  A.  Henry 
A.   R.  Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COrXEGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Chairman:  John  A.  Henry 
University  of  Illinois,  Urliana,  111. 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Cooperative 
Engineer,  Colorado  Engineer,  Cornell  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Illinois 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engineer,  Iowa  Transit, 
nsas  Engineer,  Kansas  State  Engineer, 
ntucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog, 
""isouri  Shamrock,  Nehraska  Blueprint. 
IV  York  University  O,,:,,!,- ,nr.l..,  \r.rth 
Dakota  Engineer,  Norili  1 1  il  '  ^  •  I,, 
neer,  Ohio  State  En^m.,,.  n  :  ,  -.  ,,. 
Engineer,  Penn  St.iii  Kir_ ::,..;  ,  l'.i,i,,,l 
vania  Triangle,  Purdue  Eukih^w.  l;.,chi.,tcr 
Indicator,  Rose  Technic,  Tech  Engineering 
News,  Wayne  Engineer,  and  Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 


Puhlished  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
toher,  November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary. March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second 
class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  3,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph. 


Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murrav- 
Barnhill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago  11,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  New 
York   17,  New    York. 


-/•A* 


?5^-^ 


Volume  64 


Number  7 


The  Tech  Presents 

m 
ARTICLES 

A  Thousand  and  One  Nights 6 

St.    Pot's   Boll 8 

Professional  Engineering   Exam 10 

Dean   Enger  Retires 13 

Employment  Directory 16 

• 

DEPARTMENTS 

New   Developments 2 

Vocabulary   Clinic 11 

Personalities     12 

In  This  Corner— Navy  Pier 14 

Undercover  at  Galesburg 15 

Technocracks 40 

OUR  COVER 

Sue  Welch  and  George  "Mike"  Mahoney  smile  for  their 
public  after  being  chosen,  respectively.  Queen  of  the  Ball  and 
St.  Pat  at  the  annual  St.  Pot's  Ball  for  engineers.  Sue  holds  the 
cup  presented  to  her  by  Carl  Folk,  president  of  the  Engineering 
Council.  (Photo  by  Felix  Ou.) 


1  Tlioiisaiid  iiiid  One  lights 


Ity  t»nnh'  Minnh-h.  0  .li.  '.*# 


Of  tlu-  tliousaml  aiul  one  ni>;lus  thar 
the  Persian  Cjiilf  Coniinaiul  spent  in 
Iran,  every  sunset  saw  the  departure  ot 
more  supply  freights,  trucks,  ami  fighter 
planes  from  the  Persian  Gulf  to  Russia, 
7(H)  miles  away  over  one  of  the  most 
hazardous  traveling  routes  known  to  ex- 
ist— the  Persian  Supply  Corridor.  It  was 
the  Command's  task  to  deliver  American 
lend-lease  supplies  to  the  Russians  as  fast 
as  they  could  be  shipped   from  America. 

For  the  Command,  the  famed  Arabian 
nights  of  legend  were  filled  with  mud, 
torrential  rains,  malaria,  flies,  tempera- 
tures of  135°  F,  lonesomeness,  and  an 
everlasting  sand  that  even  found  its  wa\- 
into  food  until  the  stomach  was  little 
more  than  a  sand  grit  pit.  Yet,  in  spite 
of  calamities  as  bad  as  those  of  Biblical 
lore,  the  Persian  Ciulf  Command  was  a 
key  factor  in  the  punishment  the  Rus- 
sians were  able  to  feed  Hitler's  troops  in 
driving  them  back  to  their  own  borders. 

Back  in  1941  originated  the  problem 
of  getting  our  lend-lease  supplies 
through  to  Russia.  The  Black  Sea  en- 
trance was  blocked  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean by  Nazi  occupation  of  Greece. 
American  relations  with  Japan  were  on 
the  verge  of  severance,  which  eliminated 
the  Siberian  entry.  To  the  south,  the 
Himalaya  ranges  formed  a  natural  bar- 
rier, and  to  the  north,  (German  sub- 
marines patrolled  the  North  Sea  and  the 
waters  off  Denmark  and  Norway.  The 
Icist  of  the  evils,  then,  was  a  possible 
supply  channel  through  Iran,  up  to  Rus- 
sia's back  door. 

The  routes  selected  belonged  to  the 
age  of  camels.  After  considerable  scratch- 
ing around  Iran's  some  628,000  square 
miles,  Army  officials  decided  upon  two 
main  routes:  the  rail  travel  was  settled 
upon  an  SOO-mile  stretch  of  rails  going 
from  Bandar  Shapur  on  the  Persian 
(lulf  to  Bandar  Shah  on  the  Caspian 
Sea;  the  truck  route  followed  an  ancient 
Iranian  highway  700  miles  long.  This 
road  passed  from  Basra  on  the  (nilf  to 
the  west  of  the  rail  route  and  had  its 
terminal  in  Teheran,  the  capital  of  Iran. 

Both  rail  and  truck  routes  in  their 
original  states  were  outstanding  enough 
to  be  cla.ssified  as  the  eighth  and  ninth 
wonders  of  the  world.  One  of  the  high- 
est-priced standard  gages  in  the  world, 
the  railway  cost  $160,000,000  when  it 
was  built  in  1938  by  the  old  Shah  of 
Iran.     This  e.xpenditure  seemed  reason- 


able enougii  when  one  obser\eti  tlie  con- 
struction of  the  railroad.  The  route  it 
followed  climbed  from  sea  level  to  an 
elevation  of  7.200  feet  with  freqvient 
grades  of  2.8  per  cent.  The  spiraled 
switchbacks  and  curved  tunnels  had  few 
equals  in  the  whole  of  Europe;  and  in 
one  section  of  120  miles  through  the 
mountains,  the  railway  had  132  tunnels 
(amounting  to  47  miles)  and  innumer- 
able side-hill  galleries  for  protection 
against  rock  slides. 

Both  routes  ran  the  gaiuulet  of  topo- 
graphic extremes.  The  first  180  miles 
out  of  Bandar  Shapur  and  Basra  went 
through  desert  similar  to  Death  V^alley 
where  the  shady  temperature  was  often 
150°  F. ;  where  the  humidity  soared  to 
80  percent;  where  monsoon  rains  turned 
the  entire  desert  into  great  stretches  of 
lakes  that  disappeared  only  through  long 
periods  of  evaporation ;  and  where 
ground  water  was  so  near  the  surface 
that  it  oozed  out  of  the  sand  even  in  the 
light  impression  of  a  foot  print.  The 
other  500  miles  of  the  route  climbed 
into  ranges  of  mountains  in  the  Lmistan 
and  Elburz  provinces  with  their  Alpine 
snows  and  Siberian  temperatures. 

The  first  detchment  of  the  Persian 
(]ulf  Command  (about  9,000  officers 
and  men)  landed  in  Iran  in  December 
of  1942.  The  first  step  was  to  trans- 
form the  sleepy  little  fishing  towns  of 
Khorramshahr,  Bandar  Shapur,  and 
Cheybassi  on  the  Persian  Gulf  into  full- 
time  Liberty  ship  terminals  complete 
with  40-ton  tower-mounted  revolving 
cranes  and  100-ton  guy-derricks.  Port 
battalions  had  to  be  trained  in  dock- 
walloping  and  lighterage  operations  for 
the  unloading  of  these  vessels.  These 
ships  came  in  such  a  stream  a  few 
months  later  that  they  had  to  wait  in 
line  at  the  docks  until  more  wharfing 
facilities  were  completed.  As  fast  as  the 
supplies  were  unloaded,  they  had  to  be 
packed  into  waiting  freights  or  trucks 
for  the  long  overland  route. 

In  the  handling  of  trucks  and  fighter 
planes,  "C.M.T."  tonnage  became  the 
most  efficient  method  of  shipment. 
"C.M.T."  stood  for  Cased  Motor 
Trucks  and  referred  to  trucks  that  were 
shipped  piecemeal  in  cases  to  be  as- 
sembled at  the  ports  upon  arrival.  For 
this  purpose  General  Motors  established 
two  large  truck  assembly  plants,  one  at 
Khorramshahr  and  the  other  at  the  in- 


land town  of  .Andime>hk.  In  the  usual 
procedure,  the  parts  of  the  truck  would 
arrive  in  four  cases  which,  after  unload- 
ing, were  broken  open  and  the  parts  as- 
sembled, tested  and  inspected.  The  fin- 
ished product  would  then  roll  back  to 
the  supply  dumps  on  its  own  four  wheels, 
load  up  with  other  supplies,  and  be  off 
on  its  way  to  Russia  the  same  day  it 
arrived.  Staffed  with  native  labor,  these 
two  assembly  plants  turned  out  an  aver- 
age of  7,500  vehicles  a  month  when  the 
Russians  were  asking  for  200.  These 
vehicles  not  only  included  trucks,  but 
also  covered  jeeps,  command  cars,  half- 
tracks, ambulances,  weapon  carriers,  and 
even  fire  engines. 

The  same  technique  was  also  employed 
in  the  assembly  of  fighter  planes.  P-39 
Airacobras,  P-40  Warhawks,  and  B-26 
Mitchells  with  their  white  star  insignia 
changed  to  red  were  turned  out  of  the 
airplaine  assembly  plant  by  the  thous- 
ands. A-20  light  bombers  were  flown 
in  from  America  and  turned  over  to 
Russian  fliers  who  were  waiting  at 
P.Cj.C.  air  bases  to  fly  them  immediately 
to  European  combat  zones. 

During  the  first  few  months  of 
P.G.C.  operation,  most  of  the  overland 
hauling  was  done  by  freight  train  since 


^Photo  courtesy   of  McGra-.v-Hill 

The    route    of    the    Persian    "supply 
corridor"  American  Army  engineers. 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


the  truck  route  was  in  no  shape  for  de- 
cent travel.  Before  the  route  was  re- 
built by  Army  engineers,  the  surfacing 
was  in  such  a  bad  condition  that  the 
Motor  Transport  corps  practically  be- 
came a  suicide  unit  of  the  Army.  The 
intense  heat  of  the  desert,  the  jagged 
cliffs  and  terrific  cold  of  the  mountains 
and  bandit  hordes  took  an  alarming  toll 
of  lives  before  repairs  were  made.  So 
rough  and  full  of  holes  was  the  roadbed 
that  gasoline  tanks  being  jarred  off  by 
the  bumping  were  an  hourly  occurrence, 
and  drivers  would  frequently  steer  thcii- 
trucks  while  standing  on  the  running 
board  to  escape  the  jouncing. 


At  one  time  or  another  you've 
probably  heard  the  poets  and  ro- 
manticists baying  about  Iran,  "land 
of  romance."  For  a  different  slant 
on  the  story  this  article  pays  tribute 
to  the  Persian  Gulf  Command,  one 
of  the  key  factors  in  Russia's  fight 
against  Germany.  The  P.G.C.  saw 
little  of  the  famed  Arabian  thous- 
and-and-one  nights  that  were  not 
filled  with  rain,  heat,  knee-deep 
mud,  and  gritty  sand. 


The  first  180  miles  of  the  truck  route 
IS  over  pure  desert,  where  the  land 
ivas  so  flat  that  the  slope  was  less  than 
i\  niches  to  the  mile.  The  standard 
oad  as  given  by  Command  specifications 
:alled  for  a  24-foot  wiile  slab  raised  IS 
nches  above  the  desert  floor  «ith  a 
hree-inch  wearing  surface.  Large  side 
litches  warded  off  to  a  certain  extent 
he  danger  of  flash  floods  which  were  a 
reak  and  frequent  occurrence  on  the 
ranian  desert  in  the  early  spring.  The 
oad-building  operation  was  accom- 
)lished  by  several  outfits,  each  com- 
irised  of  four  close-traveling  imits:  an 
evating  road-grader  in  the  ditch  ;  a 
latrol  grader  on  the  embankment  to 
evel  out  the  discharge  of  the  belt ;  water- 
listributor  trucks  to  wet  down  the  sub- 
urface ;  and  sheepsfoot  rollers  to  com- 
lact  the  layer.  The  asphalt  wearing 
urface  was  achieved  by  the  .-idilition  of 
.sphaltic  oil  to  the  top  layer  and,  then, 
inal  compaction. 

The  road-building  was  accomplished 
t  the  rate  of  two  miles  a  day.  Then, 
ne  day  when  the  construction  crews 
/ere  in  sight  of  Andimeshk,  the  terminal 
f  the  desert  road  and  the  end  of  the 
rudgery,  the  "impossible"  happened, 
although  it  was  a  clear  day  without 
ind,  water  suddenly  appeared  on  the 
oii/on,  and  without  warning,  rapiilly 
Mil  efficiently  washed  out  the  last  30 
lilcs  of  road.  Three-foot  waves  created 
\  a  sudden  wind  kept  beating  upon  tlie 
Ktch  until  not  a  telephone  pole  or  cul- 
'  Tt  was  left  standing.  A  day  later,  the 
hole   area  was   a   large  lake  some  250 

.PRIL,  1949 


square  miles  in  area.  A  SLibsequent  in- 
vestigation showed  that  a  nearby  river 
had  undergone  some  geological  disturb- 
ance causing  an  overflow.  The  P.G.C. 
engineers,  however,  will  never  be  quite 
con\inced  that  the  flood  was  not  some- 
thing akin  to  a  Hiblical  calamity. 

L'ntil  the  IVIilitary  Railway  Service  of 
P. (i.e.  acquired  a  fleet  of  Diesel  en- 
gines, the  freight  locomotives  used  were 
"mikes,"  an  old  design  of  engine  that 
was  suitable  for  Iranian  peacetime  trav- 
el, but  hardly  serviceable  for  the  round- 
the-clock  rail  schedule  that  the  Com- 
mand required.  The  "mikes,"  used  onh 
for  light  passenger  travel,  were  un- 
equipped with  air  brakes  for  the  movui- 
tain-climbing.  Whenever  one  of  these 
engines  went  through  one  of  the  220 
tunnels  on  the  train  route,  the  crew  had 
to  slow  it  down  to  a  crawl  and  get  out 
and  walk  beside  the  train  because  the 
engine  steam  packed  the  tunnel  until  the 
mercury  hit  180°  P'.  Unlike  the  United 
States,  there  is  no  Iranian  law  requiring 
tiuinel  ventilation,  so  that  going  through 
these  tunnels  was  justifiably  calle<l 
"charging  the  ratholes." 

The  arrival  of  Diesels  eliminated  most 
of  these  hazards.  They  traveled  through 
the  tunnels  without  a  degree  tempera- 
ture change,  and  their  powerful  brakes 
stopped  the  monthly  occurrences  of  run- 
away trains. 

Despite  the  heat,  cold,  sand  and  ban- 
dits, the  worst  of  the  P.Ci.C.  enemies 
were  the  Iranian  versions  of  the  Texas 
mosquito  and  the  Iowa  fly.  The  method 
of  water  purification  was  another  ex- 
ample of  a  necessary  combination  of  the 
modern  and  the  ancient  in  a  land  in 
which  Waldo  Bowman,  Engiiwcniu/- 
Ni'ivs  Record  war  correspondent,  ob- 
served, "has  a  native  population  that  re- 
gards water  courses  as  combination 
latrines,  lavmdries,  bath  tubs,  and  drink- 
ing foinitains." 

The  most  effective  treatment  was 
gi\en,  oddly  enough,  by  the  practically 
obsolete  slow-sand  filter.  Needing  few 
\  alves  and  pipe  fittings,  which  were  at  a 
minimum  in  Iran  at  the  time,  some  of 
the  treatment  plants  had  a  daily  capacity 
of  400,000  gallons.  In  other  cases, 
pressure  filter  units,  tanks  four  or  six 
feet  in  diameter  filleil  with  filter  stones, 
were  used.  These  filtering  operations 
cut  down  on  the  heavy  chlorination  that 
otherwise  would  have  been  needed  to  en- 
tirely elimmate  the  pre\alent  amoebic 
dysentery. 

The  water  supply  for  the  capital  city 
of  Teheran  arrived  from  the  mountain 
in  a  system  of  ghanats,  ,fupply  lines  built 
on  the  Roman  aqueduct  principle.  The 
i/hanats,  however,  were  a  network  of  vm- 
derground  tunnels  rather  than  the  large 
superstructm-es  of  the  aqueducts.  They 
were  laboriously  hand-mined  by  native 
labor    crouching   and    crawling    through 


^'^  '^>r 


The  engineers'  roads  opened  the 
way  for  transportation  and  com- 
munication. 

the  undergrountl.  At  Teheran,  several 
of  these  gha/ni/s  are  directed  together  in 
a  flume  from  which  steel  pipes  take  the 
water  to  the  treatment  plant  for  chlori- 
nation and  filtration. 

Malaria  control  was  effected  b\'  the 
constant  treatment  of  still  pools  of 
water,  ditches,  and  other  possible  breed- 
ing places  for  mosquitoes.  Oiling  and 
dusting  with  Paris  green  were  the  oper- 
ations performed  by  native  labor  for  a 
radius  of  three-quarters  of  a  mile  around 
P.Cj.C.  camps  and  zones.  The  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  limit  was  taken  as  the 
flying  range  of  iuio/>lif/cs  stiphansi,  the 
most  common  breed  of  mosquito.  In  one 
case,  an  officer  made  a  game  of  malaria 
control  for  a  large  group  of  ten-  and 
twelve-year-old  boys.  Under  his  direc- 
tion, an  "army"  of  boys  "charged"  the 
huts  of  native  labor  settlements  with 
Paris  green  spray  guns  and  sprayed  the 
entire  contents  of  the  house,  including 
the  occupants.  Tenants  as  well  as  the 
boys  enjoyed  the  game  and  the  oid\  suf- 
ferer was  the  mo.squito. 

While  the  Iranian  natives,  steeped  in 
their  ancient  cultures,  gazed  in  awe  at 
the  monstrous  cranes,  derricks,  planes, 
graders,  and  tractors  that  a  modern  in- 
dustrial company  brought  with  them  to 
accomplish  their  bustling  noisy  business, 
it  became  P.G.C. 's  turn  to  stare  at  the 
practical  but  ancient  methods  of  build- 
ing construction  in  this  torrid  land.  Try 
as  they  would,  Army  engineers  could  not 
equal  the  native  fabrications  of  mud 
bricks,  straw  roofing,  and  "ball\'  pole" 
trusses. 

Buildings  constructed  b\'  these  meth- 
oils  gave  long  anil  serviceable  wear. 
There  was  certainly  no  scarcity  of  ma- 
terials. Mud  bricks  were  simply  slabs 
(Continued  on  page  36) 


St.  Pat's  Ball .  .  . 


By   Hill  SihI,,^I, 


j:. 


I'or  tile  sfcoiui  year  in  succession  Dick  Cisnc  cntcrtaini-d  rlic  cniiinccrs  with  his 
music  at  the  annual  St.  Pat's  Hall.  On  Saturdax,  Maicli  ^,  Huff  t;\ninasiuni  was 
ciovvded  with  650  engineers  and  their  ladies. 

The  dance  floor  was  hordcred  with  displays  from  all  the  engineering  societies  and 
the  Technograph.  As  usual,  these  displays  were  the  center  of  attraction  during  inter- 
missions and  proved  to  be  very  entertaining.  Some  of  the  more  interesting  displays 
included  a  Link  trainer  furnished  by  the  I.  A.  S.,  a  Kiss-o-meter  which  was  one  of  the 
features  of  the  A.  I.  E.  E.-I.  R.  E.  display,  and  the  bottle  of  "heavy  milk"  which  made 
up  the  display  for  A.  I.  Ch.  E. 

The  two  most  popular  displays  were  those  of  the  A.  S.  M.  K.  and  S.  H.  A.  C  S. 
The  former  display  featured  various  types  of  gears  and  heating  units.  Tlie  most  at- 
tracting part  of  the  ilisplay.  however,  \\as  the  lathe  used  to  cut  brass  rings  for  the 
ladies'  fingers  from  a  solid  brass  rod. 

The  S.  B.  A.  C.  S.  display,  voted  best  and  most  informative,  included  various  raw 
materials  and  the  different  ceramic  products  into  which  they  are  made.  The  highlight 
of  the  display  was  a  series  of  plates  showing  the  steps  in  the  process  of  enameling.  The 
plates  were  approximately  three  inches  by  four  inches  and  were  coated  with  a  white 
enamel.  On  the  surface  of  this  enamel  was  placed  a  green  enamel  shamrock  with  the 
words  "St.  Pat's  Ball"  above  it.  The  finished  product  was  presented  to  each  cou]ile 
as  a  souvenir  of  the  dance. 

Entertainment  during  one  of  the  intermissions,  introduced  by  Master  of  Ceremonies 
Bill  Bierbaum,  was  furnished  by  the  "campus  characters,"  Jim  and  Jerry  Sedgwick, 
Dave  Johnson,  and  Bob  Black.  The  quartet  rendered  their  versions  of  "Home  Sweet 
Home"  and  "Clancy." 

George  "St.  Pat"  Mahoney,  Sue  "St.  Patricia"  Welch,  and  their  courts  were  in- 
troduced by  Carl  Falk,  president  of  the  Engineering  Council  and  chairman  of  the  ball. 
The  queen's  crown,  the  traditional  North  Campus  novelty,  was  made  by  Joan  Hessler. 


Queen    Sue    Welch,    George    "St.    Pat"    Mahoney,   and   their  court   pose   with    last  year's   winner, 
Alvina  Sorzickas,   at  St.   Pat's  Ball.  (Photo  by   Felix  Ou.) 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH  **l 


An  interested  audience  watches  brass  rings  turned  out  on  a  turret  lathe  in  the  M.E.  depart- 
ment's exhibit  (left).  Engineering  training  pays  off;  the  Kissometer  thermometer  boils  over  in  the 
E.E.'s  exhibit  (right).  (Photos  by  Felix  Ou.) 


The  dance  floor  of   Huff  Gym   is   packed   with  couples    dancing    to    the    music    of    piano-playing 
maestro   Dick  Cisne.  (Photo  by  Felix  Ou.) 


APRIL,  1949 


Professional    Engineering    Exam 


Eilili-il  hif  rhiiip  Itoll.  M.li.'IU 


"In  order  to  safeguard  life,  health  and 
property,  any  person  practicing  or  offer- 
ing to  practice  professional  engineering 
is  required  to  submit  e\idence  that  he  is 
qualified  so  to  practice  and  to  be  regis- 
tered as  hereinafter  provided."  Thus  is 
stated  the  purpose  of  the  Illinois  Profes- 
sional I.ngineering  act  in  Section  I  of 
the  act. 

The  examination,  consisting  of  three 
parts,  for  registration  under  this  act  is 
frequently  given  at  the  University.  Parts 
I  and  II  of  the  examination  will  be  of- 
fered on  May  24,  1949,  and  part  III  on 
May  25,  1949.  Seniors  may  take  only 
the  first  two  parts  now,  and  must  wait 
at  least  four  years  after  graduation  to 
take  the  last  part. 

As  a  guide,  in  preparation  for  this  ex- 
amination, a  sample  of  the  questions 
asked  last  fall  is  presented  below.  Only 
a  specified  nimiber  of  questions  from 
each  of  the  three  parts  must  be  answered, 
allowing  considerable  latitude  in  choos- 
ing familiar  material.  As  may  be  noted, 
one  of  the  advantages  in  taking  the  ex- 
amination as  a  .student  is  that  a  large 
amount  of  the  subject  matter  covered 
has  been  recently  studied  and  is  still 
fresh  in  the  student's  mind.  Certain 
reference  books  and  haiui  books  are  per- 
mitted. 

PART  I 

1.  Cii\en  the  equation  of  a  cmve  as 

y=x-  A-=  '240 

(a)  Plot    the    cur\c    in    the    interval 
A-=  -  120   to   .v=  +  240. 

(b)  Write   the   equation  of   the  tan- 

gent to  the  curve  at  x  ^  —  120. 

(c)  Write   the  equation   of  the   tan- 

gent to  the  curve  at  x  =  -1-240. 

(d)  Calculate  the   area  between   the 

curve  and  the  tangents. 

2.  A  body  when  submerged  in  an  oil 
having  a  specific  gravity  of  O.SO  weighs 
16  lbs.  and  requires  a  downward  force 
of  20  lbs.  to  keep  it  submerged  in  a 
liquid  (acetylene  tetrabromide)  ha\ing  a 
specific  gravity  of  2.96. 

(a)  What  is  the  volume  of  the  body? 

(b)  What  is  the  weight  of  the  body? 

(c)  What   is   the   specific  gravity  of 

the  body? 

3.  A  closed  tank  standing  in  a  verti- 
cal position  has  an  inside  diameter  of 
6'-0"  and  an  inside  length  of  20'-0".  The 
tank  has  flat  ends.    A  pipe  leading  from 


10 


a  source  of  water  supply  is  connected  by 
means  of  a  \al\e  to  the  bottom  of  the 
tank.  The  water  surface  in  the  source 
of  supply  is  open  to  the  air  and  120  feet 
above  the  bottom  of  the  closed  vertical 
tank.  With  the  valve  closed  and  the 
tank  empty  a  pressure  gage  in  the  top 
indicates  a  pressine  of  5  psi,  when  the 
temperature  of  the  air  in  the  tank  is  at 
60  F.  If  the  temperature  of  the  air  in 
the  tank  lemains  constant: 

(a)  When    the   valve   is   opened   how 

high  will  water  rise  in  the  tank? 

(b)  What  pressure  will  the  gage  in 

the  top  show  ? 

(c)  Assuming  the  air  to  be  dr\.  how- 

many    pounds    of    air    will    the 
tank  contain  ? 

4.  (^ne  tank  contains  5  pounds  of  air 
at  a  gage  pressure  of  50  psi  and  a  tem- 
perature of  120°  F.  A  second  tank  has 
a  vohime  of  20  cu.  ft.  and  contains  air  at 
40  F  and  20  psi  gage.  If  some  time 
after  the  tanks  are  connected,  the  tem- 
peratvire  is  foiuid  to  be  SO"  F. : 

(a)  What  will  be  the  pressure  in  the 

two  tanks? 

(b)  How  many  pounds  of  air  remain 

in  the  first  tank  ? 

5.  A  steel  sphere  rolls  120  feet  down 
an  incline  having  a  slope  of  1  foot  ver- 
tical to  3  feet  horizontal.  The  incline 
<iown  which  the  sphere  rolls  is  connected 
by  a  smooth  transition  curve  to  an  up- 
ward incline  having  a  slope  of  1  vertical 
to  1  horizontal.    Neglecting  friction: 

(a)  If    the    sphere    starts    from    rest 

what  will    be   its   speed    at   the 
bottom  of  the  incline? 

(b)  How  far  will  it  roll  up  the  sec- 

ond incline? 

6.  The  electrical  resistances  in  ohm; 
of  two  coils  of  w'wQ,  one  manganin  and 
one  copper,  at  the  temperature  t.  (de- 
grees centigrade ) ,  are  given  bv : 

Rc=\.^  (1  +0.003930. 

( a )  Find    the   horizontal    intersection 

of  these  lines. 

(b)  What  is  the  physical  significance 

of  this  point? 

7.  Twenty  cubic  feet  of  air  at  a  press- 
ure of  25  psi  abs.  and  temperature  of 
60°  F.  is  compre.ssed  adiabaticalK  until 
its  temperature  is  200'   F. 

(a)  What  is  its  final  volume? 

(b)  What  is  its  final  pressure? 

8.  Chlorine  gas  containing  3.6  per 
cent  oxygen  is  flowing  through  an  earth- 
enware pipe.  The  gas  is  measured  b\- 
introducing  into  it  ;iir  at  the  rate  of  150 


cubic  feet  per  minute  and  further  down 
the  line,  after  mixing  is  complete,  remov- 
ing a  second  sample  of  gas  for  analysis. 
The  gas  is  now  found  to  contain  9.6 
per  cent  oxygen.  How  many  cubic  feet 
per  minute  of  the  initial  gas  were  flow- 
ing through  the  pipe? 

9.  Calculate  the  exact  length  of  a 
tight  belt  to  connect  two  pulleys  7'-0" 
and  3'-0"  in  diameter  respectively,  the 
centers  of  which  are  8'-0  apart. 

10.  (a)    Describe    briefly    the    manu- 

facture of  soap. 

(b)  Name  the  important  by- 
product of  this  process  and 
give  a  use  of  it. 

(c)  Write  a  formula  that  repre- 
resents  each  of  the  following: 

(1)  Alcohol. 

(2)  A  carbohydrate 
( 3  )   An  ester 

(4)    A  hydrocarbon. 

(d)  Write  the  str\ictural  (graph- 
ic)  formula  that  represents: 

(  1  )    Propane 
(2)    Benzene 

PART  II 

1.  A  rectangular  channel  3(1  feet 
wide  by  14  feet  deep  is  closed  at  one  end 
by  a  bulkhead  in  which  there  is  a  rectan- 
gular orifice  l'-6"  high  by  12'-0"  wide, 
the  bottom  of  the  orifice  being  I'-O" 
above  the  bottom  of  the  channel.  Water 
in  the  approach  channel  is  maintained  at 
a  depth  of  10'-6"  above  the  bottom,  and 
flows  through  the  orifice  into  an  outlet 
channel.  The  bottom  of  the  outlet 
channel  is  at  the  same  elevation  (at  the 
bulkhead  )  as  the  bottom  of  the  approach 
channel,  and  water  in  the  outlet  channel 
is  maintained  at  a  depth  of  4'-6"  above 
the  bottom.  The  outlet  channel  is  30' 
wide. 

(a)  How  much  water  flows  through 

the    orifice     into     the     outlet 
channel  ? 

(b)  What  is  the  a\erage  \elncity  in 

the  approach  channel? 

(c)  What  is  the  average  \'elocity  in 

the  outlet  channel  ? 

2.  Oil  is  being  pumped  from  a  truck 
to  a  tank  10  feet  higher  than  the  truck 
through  a  2-inch  galvanized  pipe  line 
100  feet  long.  If  the  pressure  of  the 
discharge  side  of  the  pump  is  15  psi,  at 
what  rate  in  gallons  per  minute  is  oil 
flowing  through  the  pipe?  The  oil  has 
a  kinematic  viscosity  of  O.OCl  sq.  ft.  per 
sec.  and  a  specific  gra\it\'  of  0.02  at  the 
temperature  in  the  pipe. 

THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


3.  An  o\erhead  crane  which  is  to 
have  a  full  load  capacity  of  50  tons  is  to 
be  designed  for  a  bridge  travel  speed  of 
250  feet  per  minute.  The  weight  of 
the  crane  itself  in  read\-to-operate  con- 
dition, will  be  150,000  lbs.  For  the 
purpose  of  this  problem  it  may  be  as- 
sumed that  a  force  of  40  lbs.  per  ton  of 
total  load  is  required  to  o\ercome  all 
mechanical  and  electrical  resistance--  and 
maintain  the  bridge  travel  speed  ol  250 
feet  per  minute. 


The  problems  appearing  in  this 
article  were  taken  directly  from 
the  "Illinois  Professional  Engineer- 
ing Examination  for  Registration" 
given  November  9,  1948. 

They  should  prove  to  be  an  ex- 
cellent exercise  for  those  student 
senior  engineers  planning  to  take 
the  next  examination  to  be  given 
on  May  25. 


(a)  \Vhat    horsepower    m.otor    will 

be  required  for  bridge  travel? 

(b)  If    the    bridge    is    to    reach    its 

travel  speed  of  250  feet  per 
minute  under  full  load  in 
7y2  seconds,  what  overload 
must  the  travel  motor  be 
capable  of  exerting? 

(c)  In  what  distance  will  the  bridge 

reach  its  maximum  travel 
speed  of  250  feet  per  minute  ? 

(d)  If  the  crane  luider  full  load   is 

to  be  brought  to  rest  from 
full  speed  in  10  seconds,  how 
much  energy  will  the  brake ; 
have  to  absorb  and  what  will 
be  the  stopping  distance  ? 

4.  The  end  truck  for  the  crane  of 
the  previous  problem  has  four  wheels 
spaced  5'-4",  3'-8",  and  5'-4".  Under 
maximum  load  each  wheel  brings  to 
the  rail  a  load  of  45,000  lbs.  The  run- 
way beams  on  which  the  crane  trav- 
els have  a  length  of  30  feet  between  sup- 
ports. 

(a)  Where    should    the    wheels    be 

placed  to  produce  maximum 
m.oment  in  a  runway  beam 
and  how  much  is  the  mo- 
ment 

(b)  Where    should    the    wheels    b? 

placed  to  produce  maximum 
shear  in  a  runway  beam  and 
how  much  is  the  shear? 

5.  A  3-phase,  440  volt,  60  cycle,  4 
pole  induction  motor  drives  a  pump  with 
an  outpLit  of  50  hp.  The  efficiency  of 
the  pump  is  80  per  cent,  while  that  of 
the  motor  is  90  per  cent.  The  motor 
power  factor  is  88  per  cent  lagging,  and 
the  slip  is  3  per  cent.  Determine  the 
torque  delivered  by  the  machine  and  the 
line  rune  lit  to  the  motor. 

0.  A  certain  230-\olt  d-c  shunt  mo- 
tor   whose    armature    resistance    is    0.07 


ohms,  including  brushes,  generates  a 
torque  of  250  Ib.-ft.  at  1200  rpni  with 
an  armature  current  of  210  amperes. 
Calculate  the  torque  developed  when  the 
ainiature  cvn'rent  is  300  amperes  and  the 
field  is  reduced  to  75  per  cent  of  normal. 

7.  (a)  A  tractor  is  to  have  a  drawbar 
pull  of  5000  lb.  The  differential  has  a 
double-threaded  worm  acting  on  a  wheel 
having  35  teeth.  The  rear  wheels  are 
42  in.  in  diameter.  The  motor  has  a 
maximum  torque  of  200  lb. -ft.  The  ef- 
ficiency of  the  drive  is  assumed  to  be  90 
per  cent.  What  gear  ratio  is  necessary 
in  the  transmission? 

(b)    Calculate  the  stress  in  the  rear 
axle  if  the  diameter  is  1.75  in. 

8.  Calculate  the  volumetric  efficiency 
nf  a  Diesel  engine  from  the  following 
ilata:  per  cent  of  CO.  by  Orsat  6;  bore 
of  engine  cylinders  4^4  in. ;  stroke  6  in. ; 
number  of  cylinders  6;  re\-.  per  min. 
1200;  temperature  of  air  at  intake  60" 
F. ;  pressure  30  in.  Hg. ;  weight  of  fuel 
burned  per  hour  17.3  lb.  Assume  the 
per  cent  of  CO.,  if  all  the  oxygen  were 
perfectly  combined,  to  be  14.8.  Assume 
that  14.8  per  cent  of  CO.  indicates  an 
air-fuel  ratio  of  15  by  weight. 

9.  A  3-phase,  3-wire,  208-volt,  60- 
cycle  system  draws  10  kw.  at  80  per  cent 
power  factor,  lagging.  It  is  desired  to 
connect  three  capacitors  in  delta  across 
this  line  to  raise  the  power  factor  to 
90  per  cent  lagging. 

10.  A  compound  beam  is  composed  of 
20"  I  at  65.4  lbs.  in  a  horizontal  posi- 
tion fastened  through  its  web  to  the  top 
flange  of  a  36"  WF  at  160  lbs.  and  a 
15"  channel  at  33.9  lbs.  (flanges  down) 
fastened  through  its  web  to  the  bottom 
flange  of  the  36"  WF.  The  compound 
beam  is  svmmetrical  about  the  center 
line  of  the  36"  WF.  The  beam  is  40 
feet  long  between  supports  and  is  loaded 


over  its  entire  length  \vith  6500  lbs.  per 
foot  including  its  own  weight. 

(a)  What  is  the  maximum  intensity 

of   stress   in   compression   and 
in  tension? 
(  b )    What  is   the  shear  per  inch   of 
length  between  the  20"  I  and 
the   36"   WF   at   the   end   of 
the  span?     Between   the   15" 
channel  and  the  36"  WF  at 
the  end  of  the  span  ? 
II.     A  30"  WF  beam  has  a  span  of 
"lO   feet   between  supports  and  is  simply 
supported.     It  has  a  load  such  that  the 
intensity  of  stress  in  the  extreme  fiber  at 
the  center  of  the  span  is  exactly  20,000 
p.s.i. 

(a)  What  should  be  the  stress  in 
the  extreme  fiber  at  the  cen- 
ter of  the  span  of  a  20"  WF 
beam,  having  the  same  span 
and  the  same  load,  so  it  will 
have  the  same  deflection  at 
the  center  of  the  span  as  the 
30"  WF  beam  ? 

(b)  If   the   load   is   uniformly   dis- 

tributed o\er  the  entire  length 
how  much  is  the  deflection  at 
the  center  of  the  span  in 
inches  ? 

PART  III 
Group  A 

1.  State  in  approximately  200  words 
wh\-  \ou  believe  you  are  qualified  for 
registration  as  a  professional  engineer  in 
Illinois.  Illustrate  briefly  by  describing 
some  engineering  project  or  accomplish- 
ment for  which  you  are  responsible. 

Group  B 

1.     A  syndicate  wishes  to  purchase  an 
oil   well   which,  estimates  indicate,  will 
IModuce  a  net  income  of  $200,000  per 
(Continued  on  page  22) 


VOCABULARY  CLINIC 

Remember,  you  won't  be  able  tn  use  these  wnrds  until  after  you  have  consulted  the  dic- 
;iiiiiary  for  their  pronounciation.  From  the  group  of  words  at  the  right,  select  one  whose 
meaning  closely  resembles  the  word  on  the  left.    .Answers  will   be  found  on  page  38. 

1.  Acquiesce — (a)   impede,   (b)   agree,    (c)   imply,    (d)   resent. 

2.  Quiescent — (a)   unruly,   (b)   greasy,   (c)   motionless,   (d)   quickly. 

3.  Terpsichorean — (a)   dancing,    (b)   ancient,    (c)    physiognomy,    (d)    dinosaur. 

4.  Approbation — (a)  approval,  (b)  investigation,  (c)  trial,  (d)  doubtful. 

^.   Improbity — (a)   improbability,    (b)   treachery,    (c)   integrity,    (d)   humorous. 

6.  Turpitude — (a)  depravity,   (b)  innocence,   (c)  sluggishness,   (d)  enthusiasm. 

7.  Perseverance — (a)    perplexity,    (b)    temperance,    (c)    determination,    (d)    ir- 

resolution. 

8.  Commiseration — (a)   submission,    (b)   synipath\-,    (c)   distress,    (d)   horror. 

9.  Refutation — (a)   compensation,    (b)    distinction,    (c)    appro\al,    (d)    vindica- 

tion. 

11).  I  surp — (a)   devour,   (b)   seize,   (c)    repetition,    (d)    force. 

11.  F"astidious — (a)   starve,    (b)   hasty,    (c)    indifferent,    (d)   squeamish. 

12.  Sibilant — (a)   hissing,    (b)   ill,    (c)   self-important,    (d)   secrecy. 

13.  Phlegmatic — (a)    deliberate,    (b)    explosive,    (c)    foreboding,    (d)    exacting. 

14.  Rejuvenate — (a)  reinvigorate,  (b)  rejoice,  (c)  disinfect,  (d)  purify. 

15.  Facetious — (a)    witt\',    (b)    fatuous,    (c)    facial,    (d)    pernicious. 


APRIL,  1949 


n 


Ol^J^UijdujClkUf.   .    .    . 


ttfi  KnhPFi  l^tiirrvitw.  K.l'hif.  *.7# 


STANLEY  FELDMAN 

Tile  lllini  havcliall  n-.ini  will  be  on 
the  march  this  spring,  and  Stanley  "The 
Wliip"  Feldman  will  be  providing 
plenty  of  spark  from  the  mound. 

Stanley  has  his  heart  in  baseball  anti 
has  earned  his  position  as  number  one 
pitcher  for  the  Illinois  nine.  His  nick- 
name, "The  Whip,"  was  given  to  him 
by  Ruck  Steger  two  years  ago,  because 
Stanley  throws  a  terrific  fast  ball.  Stan's 
past  record  in  sports  is  excellent.  He 
attended  Farragut  high  school  in  Chi- 
cago where  he  was  voted  All-Sectional 
in  basketball,  and  he  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Farragut  baseball  squad. 

Stan  made  a  fine  showing  on  the 
lllini  nine  last  spring.  He  pitched  nine 
games  and  was  accredited  with  eight 
wins  and  one  loss.  He  pitched  a  four- 
hitter  against  Northwestern,  but  the 
best  game  he  ever  pitched  was  a  shut- 
out against  Purdue. 

He  remembers  his  greatest  thrill  as 
the  Ohio  game.  It  was  the  last  Big 
Nine  game  and  we  were  tied  with 
Michigan.  To  lose  that  game  would 
have  meant  a  broken  tie  and  Michigan 
woidd  ha\e  captured  the  crown,  single 
handed. 

Stanley's  big  thrill  came  in  the  first 
inning.  He  found  himself  in  a  tight 
spot.  The  bases  were  loaded  with  no 
outs.  The  fourth  batter  popped  up  to 
the  catcfier  to  provide  the  first  out; 
then  Stanley  opened  up  with  his  fire 
ball.  He  struck  out  the  next  two  batters 
to  retire  the  side,  as  the  lllini  fans  went 


.    ^     ',    I.    .1/.    McCly 

STANLEY  FELDMAN 


wild     with    cheers    for    "The    Whip." 

Stanley  has  received  several  offers 
to  play  professional  ball  this  spring.  He 
plans  to  accept  one  of  them  soon  after 
graduation. 

If  professional  baseball  doesn't  satis- 
fy, he  will  enter  the  field  of  electrical 
engineering.  Stan  is  tops  as  a  student 
as  well  as  an  athlete.  He  maintains  a 
high  scholastic  average  of  4.4  in  the 
College  of  Engineering. 

Although  seemingly  quiet,  Stanley  has 
a  nice  personality  and  is  active  about 
the  campus.  He  is  a  good  looking  fellow, 
standing  six-feet-one  and  weighing  175 
pounds,  and  is  considered  a  valuable 
player  in  intramural  basketball  by  his 
fraternity  brothers  of  Alpha  Epsilon  Pi. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Tribe  of  lllini, 
Ma-Wan-Da,  and  a  mathematics  hon- 
orary, Phi   Mu  Epsilon. 

A  short  review  of  Stanley  Feldman's 
record  in  scholarship  and  athletics  shows 
that  he  is  well  prepared  to  find  a  good 
future  in  baseball  or  electrical  engineer- 
ing. 

EDWARD  A.  BOLDEN 

The  Institute  of  Traffic  Engineers 
is  working  on  a  new  and  special  cur- 
riculum for  traffic  engineers  this  se- 
mester. They  feel  that  a  special  cur- 
riculum would  improve  the  present 
method  of  picking  option  courses  in 
traffic  engineering  from  the  general  en- 
gineering curriculum. 

Past  president  of  I.T.E.,  Mr.  Edward 
I..  Holden,  states  that  at  present  the 
new  curriculum  is  under  development 
by  the  I.T.E.  members  only;  but  they 
.irc  trying  to  arouse  the  interest  of  their 
professors  to  support  the  plan  and  put 
it   into  operation. 

Mr.  Holden  was  born  in  the  state 
(it  Texas  and  spent  his  early  years  at 
l"l  Paso.  In  1940  his  parents  moved  to 
I, one  Wolf,  Oklahoma;  but  he  re- 
turned to  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  for  his 
high    school    education. 

He  graduated  from  high  school  in 
i')44  with  a  scholarship  to  the  Hampton 
Institute  in  Virginia,  and  enrolled  there 
that  fall  to  study  architectural  engineer- 
ing. At  the  end  of  o[ie  year,  he  decided 
that  he  was  not  in  a  field  relating  to 
his  interests  and  transferred  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  to  study  traffic  engi- 
neernig. 

Mr.  Holden  has  taken  several  high- 
wax'  courses  in  our  engineering  cur- 
riculum,   majoring    in    structural    work. 


He  atteniletl  the  first  University- 
operated  summer  camp  for  civil  engi- 
neers at  Hlackduck,  Minnesota,  in  1946. 
It  was  an  old  C.C.C.  camp,  now  being 
leased  by  the  Uiu'versity  for  study  and 
actual  field  work  in  surveying. 

In  the  summer  of  1947,  Mr.  Holden 
experienced  a  change  in  study.  As  a 
member  of  the  R.O.T.C.  advanced  air 
corps  he  received  six  weeks  of  training 
at  Chanute  Field,  Rantoul,  Illinois. 
Some  of  this  training  consisted  of  flying 
time  in  C-47s. 

Last  summer  Mr.  Bolden  was  able 
to  gain  some  actual  experience  by  work- 
ing for  the  highway  department  at 
(Ottawa,  Illinois.  This  June  he  expects 
to  graduate;  and  if  he  is  not  drafted, 
he  has  big  plans  of  working  in  a  foreign 
country.  An  oil  company  in  Arabia 
seems  to  be  the  center  of  his  interest. 
They  have  offered  him  a  colorful  op- 
portunity abroad  on  a  two-year  contract; 
and  if  he  accepts,  his  assignment  will 
co\er  the  engineering  phase  of  pipe  line 
laying  and  surveying. 

Although  a  very  pleasant  conversa- 
tionalist, Mr.  Bolden  seems  to  main- 
tain a  serious  attitude  toward  his  work 
and  future,  and  he  finds  very  little 
time  to  de\ote  to  outside  activities. 
While  in  high  school,  he  served  on  the 
student  council  and  was  appointed  pre- 
siding officer  of  his  senior  class.  He 
joined  a  local  fraternity.  Omega  Sigma 
Chi,  while  at  the  Hampton  institute; 
after  he  came  to  Illinois  he  became  a 
member  of  Phalanx,  our  honorary  mili- 
tary fraternity. 

He  is  not  asking  for  any  great  mir- 
acles after  he  graduates.  He  merely 
wants  to  live  comfortably  and  earn  a 
regular  income.  A  man  of  Mr.  Bnlden's 
ability  should  find  it  relatixely  simple 
to  reach  such  a  goal. 


—Photo  hy   C.   M.    M.'Cly 

EDWARD  A.  BOLDEN 


12 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


DEAN   MELVIN   L.   ENGER 


DEAN  ENGER  RETIRES 


Uif  Itohfrt  i.nirrvnt'f'.  K.l'hif.  '.11 


L  pon  the  completion  of  42  years  of 
faithful  service  to  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois, Melvin  Lorenius  Enger,  dean  of 
the  engineering  college,  will  formally 
retire  Thursday,  September  1,  1949. 

In  recognition  of  his  splendid  record 
of  untiring  devotion  and  service  to  the 
L  niversity,  a  farewell  banquet  will  be 
held  May  5  in  the  Illini  L  nion  ball- 
room. The  event  will  be  sponsored  by 
fellow  faculty  members,  friends,  and 
students.  Following  the  banquet,  a  re- 
ception will  be  held  at  which  time  a 
large  portrait  of  Dean  Enger  will  be  un- 
veiled. The  sponsors  are  having  the  por- 
trait made  for  the  purpose  of  having  it 
placed  on  a  wall  of  a  corridor  in  Engi- 
neering hall. 

Dean  Enger  well  deserves  such  a 
tribute.  Under  his  counsel,  leadership, 
and  direction,  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing has  grown  and  expanded  to  a  posi- 
tion of  great  esteem  among  the  engineer- 
ing colleges  in  the  United  States. 

Talbot  laboratory  was  built  while  he 
was  head  of  the  department  of  theoreti- 
cal and  applied  mechanics.  Since  his  ap- 
pointment to  Dean  of  the  engineering 
college,  four  new  buildings  have  been 
added.  They  are  the  sanitary  engineer- 
ing building,  the  physics  research  labora- 
tory, the  new  electrical  engineering 
building,  and  the  new  mechanical  engi- 
neering building.     Being  director  of  the 


C.A.A.  student  pilot  training  program 
in  1942,  he  contributed  a  great  deal  of 
time  and  effort  towards  the  promotion 
of  the  University  airport. 

Dean  Enger  has  acquired  the  respect 
of  his  colleagues  for  his  research  in  engi- 
neering mechanics  and  hydraulics.  He 
has  always  been  considered  an  unusually 
good  teacher,  a  capable  administrator, 
and  a  generous  contributor  to  education- 
al and  technical  literature.  He  is  joint 
author  of  two  bulletins  of  the  Engineer- 
ing Experiment  Station. 

The  result  of  tests  made  by  Professors 
M.  L.  Enger  and  A.  X.  Talbot  in  14 
water  columns,  representing  the  princi- 
pal types  employed  in  American  railwa\ 
practice  for  supplying  water  to  steam  lo- 
comotives, were  summarized  in  one  of 
the  bulletins.  The  information  devel- 
oped in  such  tests  enabled  manufacturers 
to  re-design  their  water  columns,  making 
them  more  efficient,  thereby  reducing 
the  delay  to  locomotives  and  the  cost  of 
water  services. 

Other  topics  of  his  research  included 
the  study  of  transmission  of  pressure  in 
granular  materials,  penstock  design,  and 
air  inlet  valves  for  hydraulic  pipe  lines. 
His  research  work  and  study  have  made 
him  a  well  known  authority  in  engineer- 
ing mechanics  and  hydraulics,  his  field 
of  specialization. 

In    1940,    Dean    Enger   was   awardeil 


the  John  M.  Goodell  Award  by  the 
American  Water  Works  association.  The 
award  is  made  annually  by  the  associa- 
tion to  the  "member  who  has  made  the 
most  notable  contribution  to  the  science 
or  practice  of  water  works  develop- 
ment." Dean  Enger  and  T.  H.  Wiggin, 
New  York  City  consulting  engineer, 
each  received  engraved  certificates  and  a 
monetary  award  for  their  article,  "A 
Proposed  New  Method  for  Determining 
Barrel  Thickness  of  Cast  Iron  Pipe." 
This  article  was  published  in  the  May, 
1939,  issue  of  the  American  Water 
W^orks  association  journal. 

Dean  Enger  is  a  good  scholar  and  pre- 
pared thoroughly  for  his  field  of  work. 
He  entered  the  University  of  Minnesota 
in  1900  and  stayed  two  years.  The  fol- 
lowing two  years  he  taught  in  a  public 
school.  In  1904  he  entered  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  receiving  his  bachelor  of 
science  degree  in  civil  engineering  in 
1906. 

He  went  to  work  on  his  first  job  as 
an  instrument  man  for  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee, and  St.  Paul  railroad. 

The  following  year  the  late  Professor 
A.  X.  Talbot  appointed  him  instructor 
in  mechanics  and  hydraulics.  W^ithin  the 
next  three  years  he  received  his  civil  en- 
gineering and  master's  degree,  and  in 
1919  was  appointed  professor.  He  was 
appointed  head  of  the  department  of  the- 
oretical and  applied  mechanics  in  1926; 
and,  eight  years  later,  he  was  named 
Dean  of  the  college,  succeeding  A.  C. 
Willard  who  was  moved  up  to  the  pres- 
idency of  the  University.  He  also  was 
in  charge  of  research  investigations  in 
engineering  in  engineering  materials  and 
director  of  the  University's  Engineering 
Experimental  Station. 

Dean  Enger  has  been  very  active  in  a 
large  number  of  engineering  organiza- 
tions, being  a  past  president  of  the  Illi- 
nois Society  of  Engineers,  chairman  of 
the  Illinois  section  of  the  American 
Waterworks  association  from  1930  to 
'31,  vice  president  of  the  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Engineering  Education 
trom  1938  to  '39,  and  honor  member  of 
the  Illinois  Society  of  Professional  En- 
gineers in  1948.  He  also  was  chairman 
of  the  engineering  section  of  the  Associ- 
ation of  Land  Grant  colleges  and  uni- 
versities, past  president  of  the  University 
Club,  and  has  served  on  the  board  of 
directors  of  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineering  since  1932.  He  main- 
tains membership  in  se\'eral  social  and 
honorary  fraternities  such  as  Sigma  Xi, 
Tau  Beta  Pi,  Sigma  Tau.  Mu  San,  Chi 
Epsilon,  and  Triangle.  Other  organiza- 
tions include  the  Xewcomen  Society. 
A.A.A.S.,  and  the  American  Society  for 
Testing  Materials.  He  served  as  an  Ur- 
bana  alderman  from  1919  to  1922,  and 
(Contmued  on  page  38) 


J  APRIL,  1949 


13 


9n^Uueo^tH^..MM^  PIER 


PIER  FACULTY 

By  Robert  Groemling,  L.A.S.  '52 

DR.   JOHN   J.   CORLISS 

The  'rechnograpli  would  like  to  intin- 
duce  to  you  another  nieiiiber  behind  the 
academic  curtain.  Dr.  jolm  |.  C'oihss 
is  an  associate  professor  ot  m:ltht'lll;ltil.■^, 
chairman  of  the  division  at  Na\\  I'it-r, 
and  co-author  with  W'inifred  Herjilumi 
of  a  new,  more  understandable  trii;ononi- 
etry  textbook.  The  most  striking  teatim- 
of  this  text  is  its  departure  from  the 
more  conventional  by  providing  foui'  in- 
troductory chapters  giving  the  basic  iiieas 
before  the  appearance  of  right  triangles. 
The  virtue  of  the  book  is  that  it  gives 
a  ver\-  thorough  explanation  of  the  ma- 
terial. A  previous  book  is  an  analytic 
geometry  text  which  is  co-authored  b\- 
Messrs.  I.  K.  Feinstein  .ind  11.  I, ex  in, 
also  of  the  Pier  facult\. 

Although  Dr.  Corliss'  life  has  re- 
volved around  mathematics,  he  has  an 
interesting  and  \aricd  background  of  ed- 
ucation and  teaching.  He  was  born  and 
attended  school  in  White  Ha\en,  Ten- 
nessee, and  later  the  University  of  Mis- 
sissippi. Incidentally,  he  never  did  grad- 
uate from  high  school.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  college  by  examination. 

At  Mi.ssissippi,  he  was  very  active  in 
extra-curricular  activities.  To  mention 
a  few,  the  Honor  society.  Literary  soci- 
ety, and  newspaper.  He  worked  his  wa\ 
through  his  second  >ear  by  tutoring  stu- 
dents in  mathematics  at  the  rate  of  twen- 
ty-five cents  an  hour.  He  netted  two 
hundred  dollars  that  year  which  meant 
a  lot  of  tutoring.  Dr.  Corliss  studied 
both  engineering  and  liberal  arts  subjects 
and  receiveil  his  l^.A.  in  '2^  and  M.A. 
in  '27. 

After  this  he  spent  two  \ears  at  Texas 
Christian  L'niversity  where  he  taught 
mathematics  and  engineering  couises. 
During  his  spare  time  he  watched  the 
"horned  frogs"  play  football. 

He  was  an  instructor  of  mathematics 
at  the  University  of  Michigan  from  '27 
to  '}>})  while  he  worked  on  his  Ph.D. 
Here  he  did  research  in  the  deflection  ot 
a  coil  spring  dvie  to  a  horizontal  thrust. 
Dr.  Corliss  is  a  member  of  (]amma  .Al- 
pha and  Sigma  .Xi,  scientific  honorar\ 
fraternities. 

Before  coming  here  to  head  the  math- 
ematics department  at  the  Pier,  Dr.  Cor- 
liss was  head  of  the  mathematics  depart- 
ment and  founder  of  the  graduate  school 
of  mathematics  at  DePaul  university. 

(hardening  takes  up  a  great  deal  of 
his  spare  time  now,  but  fishing  and  most 


14 


\.\\  ^    i'ii:k  ,si.\if 

Riiliarcl    Cliorori/y    lidUm 

V.diUn  ml    .  Issiii  lalis 
Jnhn    Fiiclfl,  R..bcrt  l.essiii 

KiclianI    Kawk.T         I'liKfiii-   Stnjark 

HCSINKSS    Sr.\FF 

Riiliiri   Kinn  Husiniss  Miuiiuiii 

Hiisiiiiss  Jssijiiali-s 
.\illuir  Slamliuivki       Clarence  Nichiiw 
Riiliirt     ( Inicmllii;;    l'//i)IOffrap/iy 


outdoor  acti\ities,  including  the  work 
done  around  his  home  keep  him  fairly 
busy. 

Although  Dr.  Corliss  through  his 
books  has  made  mathematics  courses 
easier  to  understand,  there  still  remain 
the  difficult  problems  of  mathematics 
e\erprest-nt    t<i    the   engineeis    of   tonior- 


Engineers  at  the  Pier 

Quite  a  tew  changes  lia\e  taken  place 
here  at  the  Pier  of  late.  The  chief  in- 
novations are  the  birth  of  the  Engineer- 
ing Council  and  the  St.  Pat's  Hall  which 
the\-  are  sponsoring.  The  engineers  have 
all  greeted  the  latter  affair  with  much 
enthusiasm.  Arrangements  are  still  be- 
ing made,  but  tentatively  speaking,  it 
will  be  held  at  the  Edgewater  Beach 
Hotel,  March  US.  By  the  time  this  issue 
appears,  the  St.  Pat's  Ball  will  already 
have  taken  place. 

This  awakening  of  the  engineers  is  .-ni 
innovation  in  itself.  Formerh'.  the\'  have 


DK.  .JOHN  .1.  CORLISS 


been  content  in  struggling  with  theii' 
studies,  and  for  the  most  part,  being  seen 
ami  not  heard.  Within  the  past  few 
months,  however,  the  engineering  socie- 
ties have  strengthened  their  ranks  and 
s|ionsored  small  dances  and  smokers  of 
their  own. 

I  here  is  a  time  ;ind  place  for  e\ery- 
tlung.  An  exhuberance  of  social  activi- 
ties would  eventually  prove  to  be  detri- 
mental to  the  studies  of  the  engineer.  In 
addition,  our  campus,  situated  as  it  is 
in  Chicago,  offers  innumerable  forms  of 
amusement  and  pleasure  for  the  stiulent 
liming  the  week-ends. 

Howe\er,  we  do  believe  that  an  engi- 
neer should  participate  in  at  least  one 
extra-curricular  activity.  He  should  seek 
his  indi\idual  engineering  society  and 
join  in  the  fun.  There  is  much  to  be 
gained  from  such  participation  and  \ou 
do  not  realize  the  importance  of  such  a 
group  until  too  late. 

Although  many  engineers  have  arisen 
from  this  lethargic  state,  there  still  re- 
main a  great  number  that  do  not  join  in 
these  informal  gatherings  with  people  of 
common  interest.  This  is  especially  true 
of  freshmen.  College  life  lasts  a  brief 
fom-  years,  and  since  two  are  spent  here 
at  the  Pier,  there  is  no  rea.son  why  these 
years  shoidd  be  deprived  of  friendly,  so- 
cial acti\ities  with  your  fellow  engineers. 

Let's  take  notice  engineers,  .ind  join 
now ! 

Engineering  Organizations 

By  Bob  King,  C.E.  '51 

A.S.M.E. 

During  the  lull  between  semesters, 
this  organization  sponsored  four  field 
trips.  On  January  26th,  the  boys  were 
conducted  on  a  tour  of  the  Chicago 
Hardware  and  Foundry  Co.  at  Xorth 
Chicago,  on  Januar\'  28th,  the  Hills 
-McCanna  Co.,  on  February  1st,  the 
Crane  Co.,  and  on  February  ,ird,  the 
Continental  Foundry  and  ^Llchine  Co. 
All   four  tours  were  well  attended. 

.A  mid-semester  dance  was  held  on 
Frulay,  January  28,  at  8:30  to  12:30 
in  the  third  floor  lounge.  It  was  in- 
tended as  a  "good-bye"  to  the  boys  go- 
ing down-state,  and  as  a  "hello"  to  the 
ne\\-  M.  E.  students.  There  were  42 
couples  present  to  enjcn  the  dancing, 
C(iu\  ersation.  cokes,  ice  cream,  and 
"brownies." 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  spiing  se- 
mester ,1  new  vice  president  and  treas- 
uier  weie  elected.  The  results  were  not 
available  at  this  wiiting. 

(Contimied   on   page  20) 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


^4i<llje/icjcwe^  at .  .  . 

GALESBURG 


A  Visit  to  Keokuk  Dam 

In  the  bright,  blustery  dawn  of  Jan- 
uary b,  about  60  I'epresentatives  of  our 
engineering  department  boarded  two 
chartered  buses  and  journeyed  85  miles 
to  Keokuk,  Iowa.  The  object  of  this 
field  trip,  sponsored  by  the  Engineering 
Council,  was  to  furnish  our  engineering 
students  with  some  visual  knowledge  of 
the  construction  and  operation  of  the 
Keokuk  dam  and  power  plant,  which  is 
dam  No.  19  of  the  Mississippi  flood  and 
navigation  control  project  system. 

With  a  slight  feeling  of  misgiving  on 
our  part,  the  buses  rolled  carefully  over 
Keokuk's  antiquated  toll  bridge,  negoti- 
ated some  hairpin  curves,  and  pulled  into 
the  employees'  parking  lot  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  dam  site.  On  om'  half  mile 
walk  to  the  power  plant  we  passed  a  cav- 
ernous drydock  which  was  occupied  by 
two  barges  being  repaired,  the  locks, 
which  were  then  idle  as  they  always  are 
during  the  winter  months,  and  the  un- 
used foundations  for  an  extended  power 
plant  which  was  never  needed.  When  we 
entered  the  power  plant  we  signed  a  pa- 
per waiving  the  Lnion  Electric  company 
from  any  responsibility  for  accidents,  and 
entered  an  ele^'ator,  five  at  a  time,  that 
took  us  to  the  upper  floor. 

Here,  with  20  students  to  a  guide,  we 
started  om'  tour.  The  first  stop  was 
the  control  room,  the  brain  and  nerve 
center  for  the  control  of  the  180,000 
horsepower  capacity  of  this  famous  dam. 
In  this  room  there  are  four  control  cab- 
inets and  panels  which  are  covered  with 
a  maze  of  gauges  and  switches.  Some  of 
these  instnmients  indicate  the  speed  and 
output  of  each  generator,  the  height  of 
the  river  at  strategic  points,  wind  ve- 
locities, and  other  information  needed  for 
the  economical  management  of  such  a 
variable  source  of  power. 

Exploring   this   top    floor    fm'ther   we 


GALESBrRC;   STAFF 

DvviRht  R.  Beard Ed'Ui.r 

JLditorial  AssociaU's 


Roger   Franzen 
Robert  D.  Giffro 
John  R.   Hiiher 
Jackie   Keefner 
Don  Renz 
Warren  E.  Holland 

Joe  Elemore  Photografili 

Omar    Estes, _._ Fiuulty     Idv'n 


Elwood  R.   Schmidt 
James   S.    Shelton 
Don   K.   Sherman 
Delois   Smith 
Paul  Zachan 


found  110,(100  volt  circuit  breakers, 
transmitters,  repair  looius,  and  storage 
rooms  for  replacement  parts. 

We  returned  to  the  first  floor  via  ;i 
steel  stairway  where  we  found  the  means 
by  which  the  gates  of  the  almost  mile 
long  dam  are  raised.  It  is  a  crane  mount- 
ed on  a  railroad  car.  Two  sets  of  tracks 
run  the  entire  length  atop  the  dam  so 
that  the  crane  can  move  from  gate  to 
gate.  Early  winter  is  a  time  of  low- 
water  so  none  of  the  gates  were  open. 
The  flow  of  water  must  be  carefully 
regulated  to  prevent  severe  shortage  of 
electricity  during  low  water  and  to  pre- 
vent floods  during  high  water  stages. 

Also  on  this  first  floor  is  the  generator 
room  housing  15-  9,000  KVA  genera- 
tors. They  generate,  on  the  average, 
enough  current  in  one  day  to  operate  an 
electric  iron  for  250  years.  These  gen- 
erators ( four  are  60  cycle  ones  running 
at  a  speed  of  62  revolutions  per  minute 
and  the  rest  are  25  cycle  ones  with  a 
speed  of  57.7  revolutions  per  minute) 
operate  with  an  oil  pressure  of  140-180 
lbs.  per  sq.  in.  and  are  regulated  by  a  fly 
ball  mechanism.  Turning  each  genera- 
tor from  below  is  a  reaction  type  turbine 
receiving  its  power  from  the  32  foot  fall 
noted  and  if  it  falls  too  near  freezing, 
the  water  is  heated  by  hot  water  pipes. 
To  facilitate  repair  work  in  the  genera- 
tor room  there  is  a  150-ton  Alliance 
crane  overhead. 

This  completed  our  tour  of  this  $27,- 
000,000  dam  that  serves  (ialesburg,  Bur- 
lington, St.  Louis,  and  Chicago.  This 
dam,  the  largest  on  the  Father  of  Wa- 
ters, was  completed  in  1913  under  the 
direction  of  designing  engineer  Hugh 
Lincoln  Cooper  and  remains  as  an  in- 
spiring tribute  to  his  genius. 


Introducing  .  .  . 

Mr.  Harvey  Mullen 

.Maii\  enguteering  students  here  at 
(jalesburg  will  remember  the  various 
objects  used  to  illustrate  the  principles 
of  descriptive  geometry.  It  is  most  like- 
h'  that  this  experimental  equipment  was 
made  by  the  popular  instructor,  Mr. 
Harvey  Midlen.  Mr.  Mullen's  interest 
in  his  work  is  the  outgrowth  of  his  early 
labors  in  woodwork.  His  work,  plus  his 
interest  in  athletics,  was  the  main  reason 
(Continued  on  page  27) 


^Plwtn  by   Cliailrx  J.   Kiikuni 

Railroad  tracks  and  power  lines 
along  the  fop  of  Keokuk  dam, 
Keokuk,    Iowa. 


illllliaiinwmuw 


-    PJi,,!,,  by   (  lunlrs  J.    Kul.i,,-,t 

Keokuk  dam,  stratching  for  almost 
a    mile   across   the   Mississippi. 


APRIL,  1949 


—Photo  by   Charlrx  J.   Kid-iira 

The  fifteen  generators  of  Keokuk's 
power  plant,  delivering  135,000 
KVA. 

15 


EMPLOmENT  DIRECTORY 
For  the  convenience  of  our  renders  we  hive  contacted  the  companlea 
listed  below  asking  them  about  their  needs  for  eng-lneern.   If  you 
desire  eoployment  with  any  of  the  companies  Inquiries  should  be  made 
directly  to  the  conpany. 


COUPANY  and  ADDRESS 

t~ 

<< 

c 

s 

X 

> 

a 

E- 
k 

< 

o 

M 

u 

s 

< 

9 

►J 

•< 

o 

5 

< 

E- 

w 

SPECIAL  QUALIFICATinNS 
AND  COMMENTS 

Personnel  Uanaper 
American  Oas 

ASBOclatlon  Testing 

Laboratories 
1032  E.  62nd  3t. 
Cleveland  3,  Ohio 

X 

X 

X 

Good  personality,  ability  to 
cooperate  with  others  and  de- 
sire to  merit  promotion  to 
higher  responsibilities.   In- 
formation about  training  pro- 
gram at  Technogrsoh  Office, 
213  E.H. 

Dow  Chenlosl  Company 
Technical  Employment 

Deoertment 
Midland,  "UchlRin 

X 

J 

X 

B.  3.  and  graduate  students  In 
chemistry 

Business  and  Technical 

Personnel  Dept. 
Eastman  Kodak  Comoany 
343  State  Street 
Rocliester  4,  N.  Y. 

X 

3 

X 

3 

Specific  Information  9nd  atjoll- 
catlon  bland s  may  be  obtained 
In  the  Technograph  office, 
213  E.H. 

Frlck  Company 
Waynesboro,  Penn. 

X 

J 

3 

X 

Want  men  for  sales  engineering 
good  height,  anne^rance,  and 
at  ease  with  oeople  to  sell 
refrigerating,  Ice  making  and 
air  conditioning  eouloment. 
M.S. 'a  and  E.E.'s  offered  a 
two  year  training  course  In 
refrigeration 

F.  J.  Llttell  Uach.  Co 
4127  N.  Ravenswood 
Chicago  13,  Illinois 
Attn:  Mr.  F.  M.  Llttel 

X 

C.  E.  Butler,  Off.  «Rr 
Norton  Company 
New  Bond  Street 
Worcestor  6.  Mass. 

z 

X 

X 

Employment  Dept. 
Industrial  Relations 

Division 
Proctor  and  Gamble  Co. 
U.  A.  and  R.  Bldg. 
Ivorydale  17,  Ohio 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Training  and  Soeclal- 
Ized  Recruiting  Dlv. 
Personnel  Dent. 
R.C.A.  Victor  Dlv. 
Camden,  N.  J. 

X 

X 

X 

Desire  top  notch  uen  with 
high  academic  standing  and 
ability  to  get  along  with  men. 
The  R.C.A.  training  Drogrnm 
Is  a  one  year  period  of  rota- 
ted and  on  the  Job  assignments 
within  various  product  and 
staff  activities. 

Union  Carbld<>  and 

Carbon  Corp. 
Attn:  Mr.  CM.  Barlow 
30  E.  42nd  St. 
New,  York  17,  N,  Y, 

X 

X 

X 

Also  chemist  and  business 
administration  students. 
Some  vacancies  in  research, 
development,  production,- 
sales,  advertising.  Indus- 
trial relations,  natlent 
and  Durchaolng  work. 

George  D.  Loblngler 

Ugr.  Student  Recruit- 
ment Educational 
Dept. 

Westlnghouse  Electric 
Corp. 

E.  Blttsburgh.  Penn. 

X 

X 

F.  H.  Hoby,  General 

Sales  Uanager 
Square  D  Company 
6060  Rlvard  Street 
Detroit  11,  Ulch. 

X 

X 

Students  In  upper  third  of 
their  class;  Initiative; 
leadership  for  sales  engin- 
eering.  Also  frequent  va- 
cancies In  Engineering  and 
)tenufacturlng  Dept. 

President  of  S.A.E.  Addresses 
Local  Chapter 

By  C.  M.  McClymonds,  M.E.  '49 

llow  luoilcin  aiitomobilc  fugiiu-s  arc 
(U-\  (.-loped  by  niaiuitacturers  was  inter- 
estingly presented  by  Mr.  Stanwood 
W.  Sparrow,  president  of  the  Society  of 
.Aut<)ni()ti\e  Kn^incers.  He  was  a  guest 
of  the  University  of  Illinois  student 
branch  of  the  S.A.E.  at  a  meeting  of  the 
local  group  March  2.^,  in  31')  I'ngineer- 
ing  hall. 

The  organization  on  this  campus  of 
the  student  chapter  of  the  S.A.E.  on 
May  20,  1048.  marked  the  start  of  a 
rapidh'  growing  interest  in  a  "highly 
American  institution,"  (as  the  magazine, 
F'irliinc.  so  aptly  credited  it).  The  31 
charter  members  here,   as  well   as   those 


STANWOOD  W.  SPARROW 

who  have  since  joined,  have  finished  the 
steps  necessary  for  admittance  to  the  na- 
tional membership  now  exceeding  15,- 
000.  The  student  branch  has  shown  a 
mile-stone  of  progress  which  was  high- 
lighted March  23  by  the  presentation  of 
the  charter  and  the  presence  of  Mr. 
Sparrow. 

Mr.  Sparrow's  address, "Your  Friend, 
the  Engine,"  told  of  the  development  of 
the  Studebaker  "champion"  engine  from 
its  inception  to  its  present  stage  of  de- 
velopment. The  popular  80-horsepower 
"three-by-four"  in  use  in  America's  first 
post-war  car  came  as  a  result  of  years  of 
design,  development,  and  experimental 
work. 

The  speaker's  biography  is  even  more 
colorful.  He  looks  like  a  scientist,  acts 
like  an  engineer,  and  is  generally  regard- 
ed as  one  of  the  industry's  best  intellects. 
Some  of  his  earlier  experience  in  the  au- 
tomotive industry  was  obtained  while 
(Continvied  on  page  36) 


16 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


BURIED 
7\LIVE 


Aerial  cable  gets  pro- 
tective wrapping  before 
going  underground. 


A  highway  near  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  was  being 
widened.  This  meant  that  a  telephone  pole  line 
had  to  come  down.  But  the  cables  it  carried  were 
too  busy  and  too  important  to  be  cut.  They  had 
to  remain  in  constant  use. 

Telephone  engineers  got  busy. 

Within  two  months,  cables  along  the  five  mile 
stretch  were  "buried  alive" — with  every  circuit 
in  service  all  the  time.  Every  inch  of  cable  was 
given  a  protective  wrapping  to  make  it  suitable 
for  underground  use.  Streets,  highways  and  rail- 
road tracks  wei-e  crossed.  Work  was  done  at 
night  to  avoid  busy -hour  traffic.  Yet  not  a  single 
telephone  call  was  interrupted. 

The  skill  and  initiative  of  the  telephone  en- 
gineer are  impoitant  I'easons  why  America  has 
the  finest  telephone  service  in  the  world— at  the 
lowest  possible  cost. 


BELL  TELEPHONE  SYSTEM 


(APRIL,  1949 


17 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Editor 


PHILLIP  B.   DOLL 
Assoc.   Editor 


/A* 


B^-^ 


Of  Books  and  Men  .  .  . 


"lMit;iiu-crs  ;irc  uiiNociabli-  isolatidnists" 
M'fiiis  to  he  a  prf\  alciit  south-camiiiis  opiniim. 
Is  this  opinion  pnitly  justiticd,  or  can  it  be 
slirufisic'il   otf  witli   a   "not  by  choice"? 

1  ha\c  conic  to  the  ojiinion  that  the  matter 
cannot  be  treated  lijilitly.  In  trying  to  sell 
tickets  to  the  St.  Pat's  Ball,  I  was  turned 
away  by  a  number  of  engineers  who  said  they 
simply  didn't  know  anyone  to  take.  Many  of 
them  would  ha\e  had  no  trouble  getting  and 
enjoying  dates,  if  they  had  only  known  a  few 
of  the  cute  coeds  on  campus.  According  to 
ticket  sales,  this  asocial  situation  was,  and 
stdl  IS,  too  Luu\ersal  on  the  engnieeruig  cam- 
ims.    Hut  soniethuig  iiiii  he  done  about  it! 

Social  de\tei"it\  is  not  only  desirable  but 
necessary  from  at  least  two  im|iortant  stand- 
points. 

Hecaiise  we  li\c  in  a  world  ot  pt-ople,  we 
iiuist  know  liow  to  get  along  with  pL'ople,  and 
how  to  make  them  our  friends.  We  ha\e  to 
take  ■in  interest  and  learn  to  cooperate  with 
our  neighbors.  An  interesting  fact  worth  men- 
tioning is  that  second  only  to  your  ho:iietowii, 
your  campus  is  the  best  idace  to  start  a  happy 
marriage.  Chances  for  success  in  this  all- 
important  ende;i\()r  are  greatly  diminished  if 
>i)U  wait  till  \oii  go  to  work  before  looking 
for  your  life  partner. 

Industrial  conceriiN  are  consistently  asking 
tor  men  who  know  to  handle  themselves  with 
ease  in  soci.al  situ.ations.  Notice  the  right- 
hand  column  of  the  employment  directory  on 
page  \i).  The  dem.and  is  tor  engineers  who 
h.i\e  de\eloped  their  leadership  abilities  and 
know  how  t<i  h.uidli'  personnel — men  who  can 
get   out    and    do    things.     In    responsible    posi- 


18 


tioiis,  \ou'll  ha\e  to  judge  the  personality, 
cbar.acteristics,  and  qualifications  of  your  fel- 
low workers.  \  on  can't  judge  a  person's 
character  without  knowing  what  to  look  for, 
without  the  experience  of  meeting  and  work- 
ing with  people  in  all  types  of  situations. 

The  usual  comment  is  that  engineers  just 
don't  ha\e  enough  time  to  work  problems, 
write  iep(uts,  pass  exams,  and  still  partake 
of  social  functions.  There  ni.ay  be  many  in 
this  dull  routine — too  many — bi.it  I'm  not  ad- 
vocating that  less  time  he  spent  studying. 
Rather,  I  suggest  that  relaxation  be  done  as 
cffectixeK  and  as  efficiently  as  possible. 
Movies  and  beer  parties  may  he  relaxing  (  or 
stiffening)  but  how  much  do  they  add  to  your 
life?  Or  do  they  subtract?  lo  get  the  most 
worth-while  improvement  out  of  relaxation 
time,  take  ad\antage  of  opportunities  to  meet 
people — get  acquainted  with  varied  personali- 
ties, itleas,  and  interests. 

I'rom  my  own  experience,  I've  found  that 
the  cam|ius  Foundations  are  the  best  and  most 
n.itural  places  to  meet  and  enjoy  other  stu- 
dents. In  their  parties  and  socials  you'll  find 
an  informality  and  spirit  of  fellowship  that 
will  help  you  to  le.irn  to  make  friends  and 
feel  at  ease  socialh. 

It  \ou  tiN  to  be  w  friend  to  all  people, 
\oii  will  find  .an  experience  that  can't  be 
found  m  books  (U'  problems,  or  anything  but 
life  itself, 

"From    fjii'ut    li'/iiiis    iiiiiJ  first    In  iiinniiii/s . 

Out   t')   thi    iiniitsi  <tV(  red  riitJs. 
riiiri's    iKithiiit/    jLorth    thr   luciir   of   iviiinnii/ 

lliil  tht   liiiiiihtir  mill  tin  lovr  of  frinids." 

— R,  L,  H. 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


"—They  perfect  nature  and  are  perfected  by  experience"— francis  bacon 


tT 


T 


■f%-fi, 


What  these  man-made  gems  mean  to  you 


SvNTirKTIC  STAR  SAPPHIRES  likr  lliis  (lun.  ^^lli(■Il  niilv  llm 
fiiK-st  of  nature's  stones  can  equal,  are  now  made  by  man. 

^is,  Union  Carbide  — which  since  1942  has  made  svn- 
tlictic  crystals  for  precision  instruments  and  other  indus- 
trial uses  — today  produces  the  loveliest  of  synthetic  star 
sapphires  and  rubies  for  personal  wear. 

l)Ut  far  more  important  to  all  of  us  are  the  research  ami 
technical  skills  .  .  .  the  work  with  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold,  with  \  acuums  and  tremendous  pressures  .  .  .  that  lie 
behind  these  superb  jewels.  The  research  and  skills  that 
produce  today's  better  materials  .  .  .  used  by  industry  in 
turning  out  numberless  products. 

The  same  research  that  brings  these  maii-niadc  slurs 
within  our  reach  .  .  .  brings  us,  too,  man-made  leather  and 
rubber.  It  also  gives  us  today's  better  food,  clothing,  and 
tlR-llcr.  !l  helps  us  resist  disease.  It  improves  our  heating 


and  lighting.  It's  a  part  of  our  swifter,  safer  transportation 
systems  .  .  .  our  coniniunicalions  .  .  .  our  progress  in  con- 
structiDM. 

The  people  of  Union  Carbide  work  with  a  vast  range  of 
Alloys.  Chemicals.  Carbons,  Gases,  and  Plastics.  TJiey  are 
constantly  perfecting  new  processes  .  . .  and  producing  hun- 
dreds of  materials  .  .  .  for  the  use  of  science  and  industry 
to  benefit  mankind. 


FREE:  You  are  invileJ  la  uiiJ  fur  llu 
iraled  booklet," I'roduili  and  I 
slwtts    how  science   and    industry 
.4lto\s,  Chemicals,  Carbons,  Gases 


"  which 
rse  ilCC's 
d  I'taslics. 


Union  Carbide 


30    EAST 


CAUB  OJV^     COJUJ'  ORA  TTOJV 

I  :  N  D     STREET         \\\^^  NEW    Y  O  K  K    17.    N .    Y. 


LlNDt    Ox 

Prestone  and  Trek  Anti-Fi 


Irailc-mnrkcd  Prodiirls  oj  Divisions  and  Units  include ~ 

I'REST-O-LlTE  Acetylene    .     PvROFAX  C.is     •     Rakelite,  Krene,  Vinyon,  and  Vinvlite  Plastics 
National  Cail>nns    •     Evereadv  Klashli^hts  and  Batteries    •     AcME.sON  Kk-ctrodes 

'    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals  •    Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals  •    Haynes  Stellite  Alloys 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

( CoiUiiiiu'ii  tiDin  paj;o  14) 
The  orgiini/atioii  has  plans  tor  a  K-c- 
turc  and  dcnionstration  by  a  representa- 
tive of  the  Magnaflux  Corp.,  and  a 
nio\ie  b\-  the  KIco  Boat  Manutacturiii": 
Co. 

A.S.C.E. 
This  organization   held   its   first   busi- 
ness meeting  of  thf   spring  semester  on 
February  22nd.     The  topic  was,  "Sum- 
mer Survey  Camp  for  1049."     More  in- 
formation will   appear  in   the  next   issue 
concerning  this  topic. 
I.A.S. 
This  organization   held   its   first  busi- 


ness meeting  of  the  spring  semester  on 
February  22nd.  A  movie  on  "Aircraft 
Wing  Structure,"  and  a  movie  on  "Air- 
craft Fuselage  Structure"  were  shown. 
There  was  also  an  election  of  officers 
held — results  in  next  issue. 

A.I.E.E. 

In  |anuar\  the  soi-iety  was  addressed 
In  Mr.  llulla,  an  electronics  engineer 
from  the  Westinghouse  Corp.,  on  the 
"Application  of  Electronics  in  Industry." 
Included  in  his  lecture  were  such  items 
as  "voltage  regulation  in  a  generating 
station,"  "color  control  in  painting,  '  and 
"switchgear  for  high  amperage  spot 
welding.  ' 


Carils  were  distiibuted  to  all  the 
members  present  at  this  meeting  to  se- 
cure names  for  a  nominating  committee. 

.At  the  first  meeting  in  the  spring  se- 
mester ,1  film  on  "Adventures  in  Re- 
search" was  shown,  and  an  election  of 
officers  for  chairman,  secretary,  and 
treasurer  was  held — results  in  the  next 
issue. 


We  can  get  the  new  world  we  want, 
if  we  want  it  enough  to  abandon  our 
prejudices,  every  day,  exerywherc.  We 
can  build  this  world  if  we  practice  now 
what  we  said  \\t  were  fighting  for. 
— (  rwen   Bristow. 


STRAUCH'S  at 

CAMPUS 

for 

jmm^' 

-^"^jh      \ 

^ 

PENS  AND  PEN 

SERVICE 

A  Large  Selection  of 

Best  Makes 

Straoch's,    709   S 

Wright 

Robeson's 


Champaign's  Largest, 

Most  Complete 

Department  Store 


A  Campus  Tradition  that  all 
Engineers  Recognize  .  .  . 

ini   Union   Bookstore 

715  SOUTH  WRIGHT  STREET 
On  the  Campus 

10%   DIVIDEND   PAID   LAST  YEAR 


20 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH   1/ 


ii//r€ff  ^oei/ina  metres. . . 


you  stand  there  talking  about  Roebling  wire 
cloth  and  screening.  Well  I  tell  you  Roebling 
makes  electrical  wire  and  cable.  I've  bought 
them  since  before  you  were  bom!" 


Of  course  both  engineers  are  right.  At  its  four 
big  plants  in  and  near  Trenton,  New  Jersey, 
Roebling  makes  an  extremely  wide  variety  of 
wire  and  wire  products  .  .  .  develops  new  types 
and  achieves  quality  standards  of  highest  effi- 
ciency and  service  economy  to  industry. 

ROUND  -  FLAT-SHAPED 
WIRE.  Every  inch  of  Roebling 
high  carbon  wire  is  just  like  every 
other  inch  in  gauge  and  temper, 
grain  structure  and  finish.  That 
means  fewer  rejects,  fewer  stop- 
pages .  .  .  production  speed  and 
lowered  costs . . .  It's  available  riott.' 


WIRE  ROPE.  Roebling  wire  rope 
is  a  standard  specification  in  many 
industrial  fields.  Among  the  large 
variety  of  types,  Roebling 
Preformed  "Blue  Center"  Steel 
Wire  Rope  is  outstanding  for  easv 
handling,  operating  efficiency  and 
economical  service  cost. 

ELECTRICAL  WIRE-CABLE- 
MAGNET  WIRE.  With  63  stand- 
ard t\  pes  to  choose  from,  there's  a 
Roebling  Electrical  Wire  or  Cable 
for  all  transmission,  distribution 
and  ser\  ice  requirements  .  .  .  For 
high-speed  winding  you'll  find 
Rocvar  Magnet  Wire  is  tops. 

WOVEN  WIRE  FABRIC.  Roebling 
industrial  Screens  range  from  finely 
woven  Filter  Cloths  ( including 
highly  corrosion-resistant  types)  to 
largest  Aggregate  Screens.  Rocflat 
Screen,  a  new  development,  has 

75%  more  wearing  surface gives 

up  to  90%  more  wear. 

Whate\er  career  you  are  studying  for,  when 
you  get  on  the  job  you  will  find  one  or  more 
types  of  Roebling  products  serving  there,  de- 
pendably and  at  low  cost.  John  A.  Roebling's 
Sons  Company,  Trenton  2,  New  Jersey. 


CENTURY    OF    CONflOENC 


BRANCH  OFFICES:  Atlanta,  93*  Avon  Ave.  *  Boilon,  51 
Sleeper  Si.  *  Chicago,  5525  W.  Roosevelt  Bd.  *  Cleveland, 
701  Si.  Clair  Ave,  N.  E.  *  Denver,  1635  17th  Si.  *  Houston, 
6216  Navigation  Blvd.  *  io»  Angeles,  216  S.  Alameda  St.  ♦ 
New  York,  I9RcelorSt.  *  Philadelphia,  12S.  I2thSl.  *  Pitls- 
bur^h,  855  W.  North  Ave.  *  Portland,  Ore.,  1032  N.  W.  lUb 
Ax.:.  *  Son  FrancMCO,  1740  17th  St.  *  Seallle,  900  First  Ave. 


APRIL,  1949 


21 


ENGINEERING  EXAM  .  .  . 

(ContiiiiK'il  tidm  pafjc  1  I  ) 
yi-ar  tor  M)  xcais.  W'liar  slmuM  the 
s\iulicatt'  pay  tor  tin-  well  it,  our  nt  rliis 
iK't  iiicoiiie.  a  return  ot  111  per  icnr  on 
tin-  investment  is  desired,  and  a  sinkin<: 
fund  will  be  established  at  .1  per  ecru 
interest  to   recoxcr  the   iiucstnient  ? 

2.  A  4  per  i'(iir  bond  with  interest 
(laid  annualix  will  mature  in  ill  years. 
What  is  the  market  value  it  ,1  per  cent 
is  considered  a  fair  return? 

,v  Determine  how  much  more  could 
he  paid  for  a  h>(lroelectric  power  |ilant 
and  transmission  line  than  for  a  steam 
plant,  to  be  run  at  full  load  for  301111 
hours  per  year,  if  the  operating  costs  for 
the  latter  as  0.6  cent  per  hor.sepowei' 
hour,  while  for  the  hydroelectric  system 
they  arc  only  0.2  cent.  Assume  the  life 
in  either  case  to  be  ,^0  \ears  and  iiitere>t 
to  be  ^  per  cent,  while  all  other  thinf;s 
are   cipial. 

4.  What  piinisions  can  be  made  in 
a  contract  for  engineering  construction 
to  avoid  dispute  o\er  pavments  for  extra 
work  ^ 

Group  (,' 

1.  W'here  the  presence  of  nitrogen  is 
not  objectionable,  hydrogen  for  reduc- 
tions may  be  procured  by  cracking  am- 
monia at  high  temperature.  A  cylinder 
of  hydrogen  under  high  pressure  contains 


1  lb.  ot  h\dr<igen  and  weighs  approxi- 
mately 100  lbs.  .An  ammonia  c\linder 
containing  100  lbs.  of  ammonia  weighs 
approximateh  1  ^0  lbs.  A  plant  wishes 
to  reduce  one  ton  of  Fe._.()..  to  metallic 
iron  per  tlay  with  hydrogen.  If  freight 
is  20  cents  per  100  lbs.  and  it  costs  three 
cents  per  pound  to  crack  ammonia,  cal- 
culate and  compare  the  costs  of  cylinder 
hydrogen  and  hydrogen  from  ammonia. 
.Ammonia  costs  12  cents  per  pound  and 
c\linder  hydrogen  $1.00  per  pound. 

2.  It  is  desired  to  market  oxygen  in 
small  cylinders  having  volumes  of  0.8 
cu.  ft.  each  containing  1.5  lbs.  of  oxygen. 
If  the  c\linders  are  subjected  to  a  max- 
imum temperature  of  110"  I"".,  calculate 
the  pressure  for  which  they  must  be  de- 
signed. Assume  the  a|iplicabiliry  of  the 
simple  gas  law. 

3.  How  much  lie.'it  is  lost  per  hour 
from  a  rotar\  kiln,  30  ft.  in  length  b\ 
3  ft.  inside  diameter  (I.I).)?  The  kiln 
is  covered  with  insulating  brick  (k  equals 
0.03  Htu  °F.  ft.  hi.)  of  2.0  ft.  thick- 
ness, and  the  temperature  of  the  outside 
surface  of  the  brick  is  500° F.  less  than 
the  inside  surface  of  the  brick. 

Group  D 

1.  A  3(i-inch,  new  \itrifieil  sewer 
pipe  on  a  one-half  per  cent  slope  is  flow- 
ing 24  inches  deep.  How  many  cubic 
feet  of  water  are  flowing  per  second? 


2.  Calculate  the  ele\ations  at  50  ft. 
stations  for  a  circular  vertical  curve  600 
ft.  long  between  tangent  grades  at  3.96 
per  cent  (before)  and  4.32  per  cent 
(after)  meeting  at  Station  13  25  at  ele- 
\ation  of  105.68  ft. 

Group  E 

1.  A  balanced  three-phase  load,  star- 
connected,  has  a  resistance  of  six  ohms, 
and  an  inductance  of  0.015  henries  in 
series  in  each  phase.  The  load  is  sup- 
plied at   120  \()lts,  sixty  cycles. 

(a)  What  is  the  line  ciiirent? 

(b)  What    is    the    power    consumed 

per  phase  and  the  total  three- 
phase  power  consumed  ? 

(c)  Draw   the  complete  vector  dia- 

gram of  currents  and  volt- 
ages. 

(d)  Show  a  connection  diagram  for 

connecting  two  watt-meters 
to  read  the  total  three-phase 
power.  What  will  be  the 
reading  of  each  meter? 

(e)  What   is   the   reactive  power  of 

the  circuit? 
2.  (a)  In  a  shunt-wound  motor  the 
applied  voltage  is  240  volts, 
and  the  back  emf  is  230  volts. 
The  resistance  of  the  arma- 
ture is  0.25  ohms  and  that  of 
(Continued  on  page  24) 


For  Measuring 

RADIOACTIVE 

EMISSION 

Pocket  Gamma  Ray  Dosimeter 

A  personnel  proteition  instrument  to  measure  cumu- 
lative expo.sure  to  x-  or  gamma  ray.s.  The  cylindrical 
case  contains  an  ionization  chamber  and  a  quartz  fiber 
electrometer.  Optical  sy.stem  enables  position  of  the 
fiber  to  be  read  easily  upon  a  40-division  tran.slucent 
scale.  Standard  range  O-200  milliroentgens.  Size  4;'.i" 
X  ;4"   dia. 

Other  Cambridge  Instruments 

LINDEMANN-RYERSON  ELECTROMETER  has  high  sen- 
sitivity and  good  stability.  Does  not  require  leveling. 
When  reading,  the  upper  end  of  the  needle  is  observed 
on  a  scale  illuminated  through  a  window  in  bottom  of 
case.  .Size  8.3  x  CiSi  x  .3..'i  cm. 

"CHANG  and  ENG"  FAST  NEUTRON  DETECTOR  follows 
closely  original  design  of  U.  .S.  Atomic  Energy  Com- 
mission. Consists  of  twin  ionization  chambers,  Linde- 
mann  Electrometer,  reading  miero.scope  and  dry  cells. 
Self-contained. 

PRECISION   IONIZATION   METER    (Failla  De.sign).    A 
complete  instrument  for  null  methods  of  radioactivity 
measurement     where     li.ukground     radiation     effects 
must  be  elimin.ited.  Operated  from  A.('.  outlet. 
Send  for  complele  iitformalion 

CAMBRIDGE  INSTRUMENT  CO.,  INC. 

Pioneer  Maniifuetiirers  of  I'reeision  lust  rum  I'nts 
3756  Grand  Central  Terminal,  New  York  17,  N.  Y. 


EASTER  TIME   IS 
FLOWER  TIME 

For  the  Finest  Quality  Easter  Lilies 

An  Other  Blooming  Plants 


CORSAGES 

•  ORCHIDS 

•  GARDENIAS 

•  ROSES 

•  CARNATIONS 


CUT  FLOWERS 

•  ROSES 

•  CARNATIONS 

•  SNAPDRAGONS 

•  STOCKS 


FLOWERS  BY  WIRE 


Jkom 


^3afi^ 


FLORIST 

113  W.  UNIVERSITY  AVE;CHAMPAIGN 

NOT  AFFILIATED  WITH  ANY  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  URBAN  A 


22 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


No...he  doesn't  know 
every  industry 

abook... 


.  .  .  but  there  are  a  lot  of  things  he  does  know  about  each 

of  them.  As  a  Square  D  Field  Engineer,  it's  his  business  to 

know  electrical  distribution  and  control  as  it  applies  to  any 

industry.  By  working  with  all  kinds  and  sizes,  he  encounterTa 

lot  of  questions — and  helps  work  out  the  answers.  As  a  matter 

of  fact,  his  full-time  job  is  working  with  industry — helping  find 

that  "better  way  to  do  it." 

Through  such   Field   Engineers,   located   in  more   than   50 
offices  in  the  United  States,  Canada  and  Mexico,  Square  D 
does  its  three-fold  job:  Designs  and  builds  electrical 
distribution  and  control  equipment  in   pace  with 
\         present  needs — provides  sound  counsel 
\         in  the  selection  of  the  right  equipment 
\    y'"     for  any  given  application — antici- 
^^^•^        pates  trends  and  new  methods 
and  speeds  their  development. 
If  you  have  a  problem  in 
electrical  distribution  or  con- 
trol, call  in  the  nearby  Field 
Engineer.   He'll  help  a  lot  in 
finding  a  "better  way  to  do  It." 


For  many  yean,  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS 

THIS  ONE  have    appeared    regularly   in  leading 

business    magazines.      Their    primary    purpose    is 

to  build  acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers, 

practically    all    of    whom     come      to    us    from 

leading   engineering    schoo/s    such   as    yours. 


SQUARE   D   COMPANY   CANADA    LTD,  TORONTO  .  SQUARE   D  de  MEXICO,   S,  A.,  MEXICO   CITY,  0.  F. 


APRIL,  1949 


23 


ENGINEERING  EXAM  .  .  . 

(ConriiUK'il  trom  page  22) 

the  field,  60  ohms.  It  the 
iron  and  copper  losses  in  the 
armature  are  equal,  what  is 
the  efficieiKN  of  the  motor? 

(b)    A  d-e  motor  under  test  j;a\e  the 
followinfj  results: 
Voltage  4W)  volts 
Current  .i()  amps. 
Effective    load    on    brake    at 

periphery  200  lbs. 
Diameter     of     brake     pulley 

6.25  in. 
R.  P.  M.  1725 


Kind  the  brake  horsepower  and  the 
efficiency. 

Group  F 

1.  A  furnace  wall  consists  of  nine 
inches  of  firebrick,  4y'>  inches  of  Sil-O- 
Cel  brick,  and  4'/->  inches  of  buiidinf; 
bricks.  Calculate  the  heat  transmission 
through  the  wall  in  Htu  per  hour  per 
square  foot  when  the  inside  surface  is 
2400° F.,  and  the  outside  room  and  air 
temperature  is  i()0°F.  Use  K  for  fire- 
brick as  O.Sl,  K  for  Sil-O-Cel  as  0.043, 
and  K  for  building  brick  as  0.40.  State 
clearly  an\'  assumptions  made. 

2.  A  manufacturing  plant  has  in- 
stalled reciprocating  steam-driven  air 
compressor.s  and  finds  it  more  economi- 


cal to  modernize  uith  electrical-dri\  en 
equipment.  Daily  average  demand  is 
1250  cfm,  with  maximum  and  mininumi 
demand  factor  of  1.5  and  0.6,  respective- 
ly. Past  records  indicate  a  rate  of  growth 
of  7  per  cent  per  year.  You  are  aske<l 
to  select  equipment  for  a  10-\ear 
growth.  Outlme  si/.e,  type,  drue,  and 
number  of  compressors  you  would  select, 
and  give  reasons. 

J.  A  gear  reduction  set  on  a  lathe 
with  ratios  1  :4,  1  :6,  and  1 :8  has  final 
drive  gear  on  a  lead  screw  shaft.  If  the 
shaft  has  eight  threads  per  inch,  what 
must  be  the  RPM  of  the  original  line 
shaft  to  produce  final  translation  of 
apron  of  two  inches  per  minute. 


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24 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


New  RCA  16-inch  direct-view  televisioa 
tube  fills  gap  between  popular  10-inch 
tubes  and  the  projection-type  receivers. 


p/'c^ure  Of?  ^our  ye/ei//s/o^  screen 


Tlic  screen  on  which  )'ou  are  accustomed 
to  seeing  television  is  the  face  of  an  elec- 
tron tube  — on  which  electrons  "paint" 
pictures  in  motion. 

And  the  size  of  the  picture,  unless  pro- 
jected, is  determined  by  the  size  of  the  tube. 

Working  to  give  you  bigger,  brighter 
pictures,  RCA  engineers  and  scientists 
de\eloped  a  new  way  to  make  large, 
direct-view  television  tubes.  They  found 
a  method  of  "welding"  large  areas  of 
glass  and  metal  .  .  .  while  keeping  a  vac- 
uum-tight seal! 

Using  this  development— ideally  suited  to 
mass  production— RCA  can  now  build  tele- 


vision tubes  of  light,  tough  metiil  .  .  .  using 
polished  glass  for  the  face,  or  "screen." 

An  achievement  of  research 

Development  of  this  new  way  of  making 
television  tubes  is  a  continuation  of  basic 
television  research  which  began  at  RCA 
Laboratories.  Such  leadership  in  science 
and  engineering  adds  value  beyond  price 
to  any  product  or  service  of  RCA  and 
RCA  \'ictor. 

Examples  of  the  newest  advances  in  radio, 
television,  and  electronics  — in  action— mai/ 
he  seen  at  RCA  Exhibition  Hall,  36  \V.  49th 
St.,  Ncic  York.  Admission  is  free.  Radio 
Coriioralion  of  America,  Radio  City,  N.  Y.  20. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RCA 

Victor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  manu- 
facturers of  radio  and  electronic  products 
—offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  valuable, 
well-rounded  traininR  and  experience  at 
a  good  salary  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  five  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise; 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
ceivers ( including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations ) . 

•  Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  KM  broadcast  transmitters,  K-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  producing  methods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  catliode 
ra\',  Kas  and  photo  tubes. 

Write  today  to  National  Recmiting  Divi- 
sion, RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  Jersey. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  llfechanical 
aiul    Chemical    Engineers    and    Physicists. 


APRIL,  1949 


25 


PROBLEM  —  You  are  designing  a  diathermy  unit.  Included 
in  the  electrical  circuit  are  variable  elements  which  must  be 
adjusted  during  operation.  The  control  knobs  must  be 
located  where  they  will  be  convenient  to  the  operator.  The 
variable  elements  themselves  must  be  located  in  the  cabinet 
where  they  will  be  easy  to  mount,  to  wire  and  to  service. 
How  would  you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER  —  Use  an  S.S.White  remote  control 
type  flexible  shaft  to  couple  each  variable  element  to  its 
control  knob.  This  simple  arrangement  makes  It  possible 
to  place  the  elements  and  their  controls  anywhere  you  want 
them.  And  you  will  find,  too,  that  operation  with  these 
shafts  Is  as  smooth  and  sensitive  as  a  direct  connection, 
because  S.S.White  remote  control  flexible  shafts  are  de- 
signed and  built  especially  for  this  type  of  duty. 


This  is  just  one  of  hundreds 
of  remote  control  and 
power  drive  problems  to 
which  S.S.White  flexible 
shafts  provide  a  simple 
answer.  That's  why  every 
engineer  should  be  famil- 
iar with  the  range  and 
scope  of  these  "Metal 
Muscles"*  for  mechanical 
bodies. 


Here's  how  one  well  known  electronic 
equipment  manufacturer  did  it.  The 
flexible  shatt  larrowl  connects  control 
knob  at  top  to  a  variable  eUment  at 
the  bottom  rear. 

WRITE    FOR    BULLETIN    4501 

It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  A  copy  is  yours 
free  for  asking.  Write  today. 


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DEPEND   UPON 


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eco. 

AMPAIGN,  ILL. 


26 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(  C(HitiriiK-il  fioiii  paiji'   15) 

for  his  entfriiifi  the  Kansas  State  Teach- 
ers college  and  studying  in  the  architec- 
tural curriculum.  His  ability  to  main- 
tain friendly  relations  with  people  was 
demonstrated  in  college  life,  for  he  had 
a  keen  interest  in  extra-curricular  activi- 
ties and  also  served  three  years  on  the 
football  team. 

Like  all  discerning  students  Mr.  .Mul- 
len decided  earh'  that  the  college's  main 
effort  is  to  give  an  education.  Because 
of  this  realization,  he  did  graduate  worL 
at  the  Colorado  College  of  Education 
after  receiving  his  B.S.  degree  from 
Kansas  State. 

His  first  position  was  with  the  liigli 
schools  of  Colorado,  but  industry  next 
laid  claim  to  Mr.  Mullen's  talents.  At 
the  beginning  of  World  War  II  he  de- 
cided that  industry  was  not  his  line,  and 
he  re-entered  the  teaching  profession  at 
the  Jefferson  City  Junior  college,  an  ex- 
tension of  the  University  of  Mi.ssouri. 

During  the  war,  Mr.  Mullen  was  an 
instructor  in  the  E.S.M.W.T.  (  Kngi- 
neering  Science  Management  War 
Training)  program  at  the  same  college. 
Finally  the  wander  lust  prevailed  in  him 
once  again  and  he  struck  out  for  greener 


IIAKVEY  MULLK.N 


pastures,   arriving  at  (lalesburg  in    Feb- 
ruary of  1047. 

It  wasn't  long  before  the  stuiients 
learned  that  Mr.  Mullen  was  their 
friend,  able  and  willing  to  help  anyone 
and  everyone  who  .sought  his  advice.  His 
interests  are  varied  and  he  enjoys  talk- 
ing with  students  about  almost  anything. 
Due  to  his  Army  experiences  in  World 


War  I,  he  can   hold   his  own   in   any  of 
those  "old  soldier  "   bull  sessions. 

His  duties  here  at  school  are  many, 
but  he  has  found  time  for  a  very  inter- 
esting hobby,  the  making  of  furniture. 
He  is  also  a  Mason  and  a  member  of 
the  American  A.ssociation  of  University 
Profe.ssors.  All  these  activities  combined 
with  his  past  experiences  indicate  that 
Mr.  Mullen  is  an  active  person,  an  able 
instructor,  and  a  man  who  takes  much 
pleasure  in  aiding  his  students. 


FRESHMAN  ORIENTATION 

Our  tii/n  ill  prcscntuit/  thcsf  (inounls 
is  tiio-fold:  Although  this  program  is 
required  only  of  neic  students,  ice  feel 
the  infor/iuitio/i  is  of  rr/iiri/  i/ii portcnee 
to  all  the  old.  experic  ik  c  d  t  ni/ineeriiig 
students  nnd  at  the  same  lime  leill  i/ive 
the  neiv  students  somethiiu/  <i  little  more 
permanent  than  a  leeture. 


The  program  committee,  under  the 
chairmanship  of  Professor  F.  W.  Tre- 
zise,  has  obtained  some  well-known  and 
distinguished  men  to  speak.  Included 
among  these  personalities  are  such  well- 
known  men  as  Mr.  L.  J.  Fletcher,  who 
is  director  of  training  and  communit\' 
relations  for  the  Caterpillar  factory  in 
(Continued  on  page  28) 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD 

S/NCf  1880 


Vfpdii  alujwip  wwL 


HlGGinS  \m  coj^c.  ^^i6^T^\ 


APRIL,  1949 


A  y,LOWlN( 

TO  CABLE  FITNESS    J 


Is  a  cable  covering  flameproof?  'Will  it  resist  high  tem- 
peratures when  it  comes  to  aaual  service.' 

Long  before  a  cable  is  manufactured,  questions  like 
these  are  answered  in  the  Okonite  laboratories,  proving 
ground  and  in  various  testing  departments  of  the 
Okonite  plants.  The  picture  above  shows  a  flame  test. 
The  measured  current  that  makes  the  coils  glow  makes  it 
possible  to  reproduce  test  after  test  without  variation. 
The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic,  New  Jersey. 

OKONITE 

insulated  wires  and  cables 


27 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(Coiitiiuieil  from  p:ii;c  ^7) 
Peoria,  Illinois,  ami   Mr.  J.   F.   Roberts. 
who  is  manager  of  the  Hyilraulie  Depr. 
of  Ailis-Chalmers  Mf};.  comparu. 

Mr.  I  .  J.  Fletcher,  who  is  also  past 
pi'oidciit  ot  the  American  Society  of  Afi- 
ricultural  luigineers,  ami  is  on  the  board 
of  trustees  of  Hraille\  L  ni\ersit\  in  Pe- 
oria, Illinois,  gave  the  pre-engineering 
students  valuable  tips  on  how  they  ma\ 
prepare  themselves  for  their  work  in  in- 
dustry His  general  topic  was  "The  Col- 
lege in  Industry."  This  included  a  rather 
unique  definition  upon  which  the  college 
graduate's  success  depends.  His  defini- 
tion stated  that  "the  success  of  the  col- 
lege graduate  in  industry  depends  upon 
the  amount  of  iiulustr\'  in  the  college 
graduate." 

Mr.  P'letchei-  stated  that  Industry  it- 
self is  merely  people  and  the  know-how 
which  they  possess.  Therefore,  the  grad- 
uate engineer  is  concerned,  to  a  large  ex- 
tent, with  the  actions  and  pecidiarities  of 
people.  The  personality  of  the  engineer 
is  extremely  important  when  brought 
into  this  light.  When,  upon  graduation, 
he  is  inter\iewed  by  the  representative  of 
one  firm  or  another  he  is  placed  within 
a  showcase,  wherein  he  must  prove  to  the 
representative  that  his  ability  to  cope 
with  people  and   their  personalities  is  of 


sufficient  qualit\  to  be  acceptable.  Then, 
and  onh'  then,  is  he  offered  a  position 
with  the  firm  represented. 

Obviously,  the  .scholastic  average  of 
the  student  is  al.so  of  importance,  but  it 
is  the  opinion  of  the  Mr.  Fletcher  that 
the  success  of  the  engineer  is  dependent 
upon  from  fair  to  good  grades  and  upon 
a  pleasing  personality. 

.Mr.  Roberts  was  conc<-rned  mainly 
with  acquainting  the  orientation  group 
with  the  processes  and  problems  involved 
in  the  construction  of  a  dam.  He  also 
explained  iiuite  thoroughly  the  position 
of  the  ci\il  engineer  in  lu'dro-electric 
work. 

The  iirocess  of  constructing  a  large 
dam  is  (|uite  complicated  and  thus  could 
onl\  he  outlined  by  Mr.  Roberts.  How- 
e\er,  hi-  supplemented  his  fine  talk  with 
numerous  slides  showing  the  various  im- 
jiortant  features  of  a  well-constructed 
dam. 

A  site  sufficiently  capable  of  produc- 
ing the  necessary  power  and  also  capable 
of  bearing  such  a  large  structine  is  of 
prime  importance.  C^nce  a  proper  site 
has  been  selected,  the  civil  engineer  has 
the  all-important  task  of  surveying  the 
land  and  the  subterranean  strata  to  de- 
termine whether  or  not  there  would  be 
any  water  power  loss  due  to  under- 
ground leakage.  He  must  also  estimate, 
with  a  large  degree  of  accuracy,  the  cost 


ol  the  land,  the  construction  of  bridges 
;uid  railroads,  the  cost  of  moving  both 
industries  and  people  out  of  the  land  to 
be  flooiled,  and  the  cost  of  constructing 
the  dam  itself.  These  are  only  a  few  of 
the  consiilcrations  that  must  be  taken 
into  account  before  a  total  estimate  of 
both  time  and  cost  can  be  made.  Careful 
design  and  planning  can  save  both  money 
and  time,  and  is  therefore  of  great  im- 
portance. 

Following  this  estimation  and  plan- 
ning a  schedule  is  made  up  to  coordinate 
the  actual  construction.  Such  a  schedule 
is  generally  made  flexible  so  that  any 
necessary  deviations  from  it  can  easily 
be  made. 

The  problems  encountered  are  varied 
and  many  but  probably  the  most  impres- 
sive of  those  explained  by  Mr.  Roberts 
was  the  fact  that  allowances  had  to  be 
made  for  the  growth  of  the  structure  it- 
self. This  growth,  as  much  as  one-tenth 
of  an  inch  per  year  per  foot  of  depth  of 
concrete,  had  led  to  the  comparatively 
new  study  of  the  chemistry  of  dam  con- 
struction. This  "growing"  of  dams  has 
caused  some  damage  to  the  turbines  con- 
tained therein.  The  growth  is  apparent- 
ly due  to  the  swelling  of  the  alkaline 
particles  in  the  aggregate.  However,  al- 
lowances are  now  inade  for  the  turbines 
within  the  structure  so  that  no  damage 
(Continued  on  page  30) 


When  you're  looking  for  a 
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a  complete  line  of  electrical 
roughing-in  materials. 
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28 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH     (i; 


When  Does  An  Engineer 
Finish  Exams? 


The  answer,  of  course,  is  never—not  as  long  as  he  continues  to 
be  an  engineer.  As  an  engineer,  every  problem  put  to  you,  in  school 
and  out,  will  always  test  your  professional  skill  and  ingenuity. 
The  next  step,  then,  is  to  make  sure  you'll  always  pass. 

Today  you're  passing  those  exams  with  the  information  you're 
getting  out  of  books,  lectures  and  the  laboratory.  Tomorrow,  when 
you  are  out  on  the  job,  the  lectures  and  the  laboratory  will  be 
gone.  But  your  engineering  books  will  always  be  there,  and  to 
them  you  will  add  the  business  and  technical  magazines  devoted 
to  your  special  branch  of  work. 

Many  of  the  books  you  are  using  now  and  will  use  throughout 
your  career  bear  the  McGraw-Hill  imprint,  for  McGraw-Hill  is 
the  world's  leading  pubUsher  of  technical  and  scientific  works. 
Pick  up  the  writings  of  an  authority  in  your  branch  of  engineering 
and  there's  a  good  chance  they  were  published  by  McGraw-Hill, 
for  McGraw-Hill  books  are  the  works  of  the  leaders  in 
technology  and  science. 

In  the  McGraw-Hill  magazine  covering  the  industry  you're 
preparing  for,  you  will  find  the  news  and  reports  on  current 
developments  in  yom-  profession  that  every  engineer  and 
businessman  needs  to  keep  posted.  Editors  of  McGraw-Hill 
magazines,  for  example,  travel  over  2  million  miles  a  year  to 
probe  for  the  facts  and  news  they  bring  their  readers. 

For  the  exams  you'll  always  have  to  pass— keep  yourself  posted 
with  McGraw-Hill  books  and  magazines. 


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McGraw-Hill  Publications 


H      E      A      DQUARTERS 


^:5_^^>V5_^ 


TECHNICAL  INfORMATION 


330  Wtst  42nd  Street  New  York  18,  N.  Y. 


'APRIL,  1949 


29 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

(ContiiUR'd  from  page  28) 
is  expected  in  any  of  the  newer  t\pes  of 
(lams. 

The  conhination  ot  suili  speetlics  as 
those  fjiveii  li\  Messrs.  I'letclier  and 
Roberts  aid  tlu'  student  of  engineeriiif; 
immeasurably.  They  not  onI\'  add  to 
the  students'  knowledge  ot  the  field  ot 
ennineerini;  but  also  give  I  hem  a  wide 
range  of  general  information.  It  has 
been  the  practice  of  the  speakers  thus  far 
to  open  the  lecture  to  informal  discussion 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  hour  and  it  is 
then  that  the  student  obtains  atiswers  to 
problems  which  may  have  troubled  him 
previously.  It  is  through  the  medium  of 
such  discussion  and  lectvire  groups  that 
the  future  leaders  of  our  nation's  indus- 
try are  formed,  and  it  is  the  sinceie  hope 
of  all  those  concerned  that  this  program 
will  be  continued  in  the  future. 


THAT  DECIMAL  POINT 

-Attention,  engineers  who  arc  careless 
with  the  math.  Below  is  an  excerpt 
from  a  letter  recei\eti  by  Professor  Tre- 
zise  from  an  engineer  friend  : 
Puebla  Tramwav,  Light  and  Power  Co. 
January  26,  1949 
Dear  Fred : 

I  was  indeed  gratified  upon  receiving 
your  card,  and  its  written  message.   You 


arc  indeed  fortiniate,  think  1.  in  being  in 
education.  I  have  often  imagined  what 
great  stimulus  it  must  be  to  live  among 
people  who  can  afford  the  time  to  do 
abstract  thinking,  instead  of  the  more 
focused  thinking  connected  with  a  job — 
and  to  have  the  privilege  of  guiding 
younger  thoughts  through  channels  that 
wdl  lead  them  to  even  more  profoiuul 
knowledge  than  has  their  teacher. 

Since  you  heard  from  me  (a  couple  of 
letters  must  have  gung  aglee),  1  finished 
the  Merida  job,  and  built  a  steam  plant 
here.  Then  went  to  Celoya  to  iron  out 
the  wrinkles  in  a  new  plant  there  prior 
to  putting  it  on  the  line.  At  present,  the 
company  has  placed  me  in  charge  of  all 
of  the  generation  and  transmission  in  the 
southern  Mexican  district  witli  head- 
quarters here  at  Puebla. 

We  ha\e  nine  small  (8(M)  to  S6,l)(ll) 
kw. )  Indro-electric  plants,  and  one 
steam  plant,  the  new  one  at  Puebla.  In 
addition  we  purchase  power  from  the 
government  steam  plant  at  Veracruz, 
and  from  several  mdustrial  plants  on  a 
power  exchange  basis. 

The  construction  of  the  Puebla  steam 
plant  offered  some  unusual  problems  in 
foundation  work.  Several  years  before 
I  came  here  a  stenographer  made  an  er- 
ror in  placing  a  decimal  point,  and  the 
dictator  failed  to  catch  it.  Soil  bearing 


tests  indicated  ,a  m;i\inium  safe  loading 
of  .42  kilograms  per  square  centimeter. 
'I'he  steno  wrote  4.2,  and  New  York 
used  that  figure  in  their  design  of  foot- 
ings. Result  was  that  when  the  plant 
was  half  built  (all  of  the  building  and 
footings  were  in  place)  we  noted  foun- 
dation failure.  Footings  were  redesigned 
and  rebuilt — and  the  pedestal  for  the 
unit  was  torn  down  and  rebuilt  on  piles. 

A  48'  x  48'  high  steel  stojage  tank 
was  lifted  four  feet,  out  of  the  mud  into 
which  it  had  sunk,  moved  80  feet  and 
then  moved  back  on  an  extended  crushed 
rock  foundation  carried  down  to  under- 
lying limestone  layers.  .  .  . 
Sincerely, 

Arthur  Wheatley 

Along  the  same  line,  the  following 
paragraph  was  written  on  a  C.  E.  final 
last  semester: 

"In  second  order  surveying  work, 
there  should  be  no  mistakes  because  nus- 
takes  and  discrepancies  can  be  totally 
elimin.ited   h\  checking  and   cagev  tech- 


(rreat  men  speak  to  us  only  so  far  as 
we  have  ears  and  souls  to  hear  them  ; 
onlv  so  far  as  we  have  in  us  the  roots, 
at  least,  of  that  which  flowers  out  in 
them. — Durant. 


Unloading  one  of  the  15 
Frlck  BNuard  Frcciers  af 
Mt.  Vernon,  Wash.  Tem- 
perature is  40 '  below  0. 
Installed  by  Lewis  Refrig- 
eration &  Supply  Co., 
Seattle. 


80-000  I'oundH 


-u 


That's  just  one  day's  work  at  the  new 

plant  of  the  Washington  Co-Operative 

Assn.     But    it    rreans     16,000 

chickens    or   4.000    turkeys    have    to    be 


stored 


1 

i         Frick   Refrigeration   carries 

■?    cooling  load  at  this  Mt.  Ven 

-^     ington    plant— just    as    it    d. 

''     world's  largest  quick-freeier. 

tinent  at  Bridgeton,  N.  J. 


k-frc 


and 


?d  refriqeratic 
irest   Frick    Br, 


lere  in  between,  and 
.  get  in  touch  with  the 
,ch  Office. 


Til,-  rrirk  Crcidiiair  Trainini;  ToursL' 
in  licjri^iTation  and  Air  Condition- 
ing, operated  over  30  years,  Offers  a 

i'  -rf-r  III  n  C.rnuinp  Indmlry. 

L  _»^Lii;inriiniiii!-;ijuygiiin 


NEW     ADVANCED 


ELECTRONIC 
MEASURING  EQUIPMENT 


Adaptable  to  many  special  ap- 
plications such  as  sorting  and 
quality  control  devices.  Simple 
Jetting  provides  readings  of 
.0001"  to  .00001".  Intermediate 
setlings  can  be  made  cosily  to 
match  prescribed  tolerance  limits. 
Equipment    includes:    amplifier 


unit;  external  and  internal  com- 
parators; gage  head  cartridge 
for  jig  or  fixture  mounting;  signal 
light  attachment.  Write  for  cat- 
alog.  Brown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co., 

BROWN  &  SHARPE  MFG.  CO.      ng.c 
Providence  1.  R.  I..  U.S.A.     U=l 


BROWN&SHARPE 


30 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


ALAN  LADD  noiv  co-starring  in  "WHISPERING  SMITH",  .1  Paramount  Picture.  Color  by  Technicolor. 


How  a  group  of  American  pioneers 

has  held  the  price  of  Aluminum  down 


Charles  Martin  Hall,  founder  of  America's  alunii- 
niun  industry,  had  a  special  kind  of  gleam  in  his 
eye.  Every  one  of  us  has  it   too. 

He  was  hound  and  determined  to  find  a  way 
to  make  aluminum  eheaplv.  The  schoolhooks  all 
tell  how  he  did  it,  where  the  world's  greatest 
scientists  failed. 

Bluntly  speaking.  Charles  Martin  Hall  set  out 
to  cut  tiie  world  price  of  aluminum. 

He  was  the  first  of  the  men  and  women  of 
Aluminum  Company  of  America.  He  licked  a 
process.  ^  e  who  followed  him — engineers,  chem- 
ists, metallurgists,  physicists,  production  experts 
— have  heen  at  it  ever  since. 

But  the  gleam  is  the  same.  It's  bumping  elbows 
in  the  research  lah  with  men  who,  in  fifty  years, 


have  accomplished  most  of  the  finding-out  that 
took  fifty  centuries,  with  the  age-old  metals. 

Its  working  in  the  mill  and  having  it  seem  that 
every  shining  sheet  racing  over  the  rolls  is  your  own. 

It's  typing  a  letter  in  answer  to  a  simple  query, 
and  having  the  deep-down  feeling  that  vou  may 
be  in  at  the  hirth  of  a  new  business,  taking  root 
in  aluminum. 

We  propose  to  keep  on  being  pioneers  in 
broadening  the  usefulness  of  aluminum.  Alcoa 
Aluminum  sold  in  1*)3')  for  20  cents  a  pound. 
It  sells  today  for  16  ci-nts. 

\V  e  are  pioneering  with  microscopes  and  calipers 
and  rolling  mills.  W  e"ll  slai'k  them  against  axes 
and  squirrel  rifles  and  spinning  wheels,  for  a  place 
of  importance  in  the  liislory  of  our  America. 


To  knoiv  other  stnrirs  nf  tlw  Air 
copy  of  '"''Alwninum  —  Its  Story 


f.uoily  „n,l  tl,r  lir 

All  MIM   M    (  .OMI 


mM^/A 


ith  fif  ithtminum''s  usrfulnrss  to  yoH,  tvritr  for  free 
iNV  or  Amkhica,  Gulf  Bltlf*,.,  Pittshurt^h    10.   Pa. 


FIRST  IN  ALUMINUM 


APRIL,  1949 


31 


"Maniina,   iln  antii'Is  have  winjjs?" 
"Yes,  clear,"  rcplieil  the  mother. 
"And  can  angels  fly,  mamma  ?" 
"Yes,  dear." 

"Daddy  said  nurse  was  an  angel  last 
night.     \Vhen  will  she  fl>  ?" 

"Tomorrow,"   replied   the  mother. 

Prospeitive  Employer:  "Are  \(iu  look- 
ing tor  work,  my  good  man?" 

M.  E. :  "Not  necessarily — but  I\l 
like  a  job." 

»      »     « 

A  coach  is  a  fellow  who  is  alwa\s 
willing  to  Ia\'  down  \<)ur  life  for  his 
school. 


"If  liy  tire  you  iryiiu/.  liltlc  i/irlf" 
"(Jaiist    my   //rol/u?-   Iiiis   li'iliilays   iiiiil 
I  don't." 

"  11  ill.  nliy  don't  you  luivc  holidays/ " 
"'('.(Uiic  I   don't   (JO   to  siliool  yit." 

^  r^  --.y 

'llic  K.  I',  student  was  pu//led. 
"He\,"  he  called  to  his  lab  partner,  "put 
on  one  of  these  wires." 

His  lab  partner  did  as  he  was  told. 

"Feel  aiuthing?" 

"No." 

"(jtood,"  replied  the  E.  E.  "I  wasn't 
sure  which  was  which.  Don't  touch  the 
other  or  you'll  drop  dead." 


He  dashed  up  to  the  bar  and  hollered: 
"( iimme  a  double  shut,  (piick,  before 
the  trouble  starts!" 

']"he  bartender   did,   and   he   drank   it. 

"(iimme  anothei'  double  shot — before 
the  tiouble  starts." 

The  bartender,  puzzled,  did,  and 
asked:   "Before  what  trouble  starts?" 

He  replied  sadly:     "It's  started  now. 
I  ain't  got  any  money.  " 
*     «     * 

"You  say  you  never  ha\e  a  quarrel 
with  \()ur  wife?" 

".Never.  She  goes  her  wa\'  and  I  go 
hers." 


llnivprsity    book   store 

Jll:.::.  . 


Jos.  Kuhn  &  Co 

The  Complete  Clothing  Store 
for  Men  and  Young  Men 

e 
33-35-37  MAIN   ST.  -  CHAMPAIGN 


Additional  steam  for  power  generation  at  the  Hudson 
Avenue  Station  of  Consolidated  Edison  Company  of 
New  York,  Inc.,  will  be  supplied  by  the  World's  most  powerful 
boiler — now  on  order.  High  as  a  14-story  building,  it  will  have  a 
continuous  output  of  1,300,000  lbs.  of  steam  per  hr. — 25%  more 
than  its  nearest  rival  also  on  order 
for  the  same  utility.  The  volume  of 
water  converted  hourly  into  steam 
by  this  unit  would  fill  over  2'/2  mil- 
lion tall  tumblers — enough  to  serve 
8  glassfuls  a  day  to  every  resident  in 
Greater  New  York  City;  its  hourly 
coal   consumption   would   heat   an 
average  home  for  over  6  years! 

Making  boilers  that  make  history 
is  an  80-year-old  story  with  B&W. 
So,  too,  are  pioneer  advancements 
in  many  other  fields. 

Through  its  great  diversity  of 
progressive  activities  B&W  offers 
unusual  career  opportunities  to 
technical  graduates  in  research,  en- 
gineering, production,  sales  and 
other  vocations. 


THE  BABCOCK  &  WILCOX  CO. 
8S  liberty  Street,  New  Yoric  6,  N.  Y. 


World's 

Largest  Boiler 

for 

World's  Largest 

Steam-Electric 

Plant 


32 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


COMMERCIAL 
HEAT  TREATING 


ety  of  Equipment  used  by 


SUPERIOR  METAL  TREATERS,  INC. 

Bmphasizes  the  Versatility  of  ^/(5 


VARIETY  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic  features 
of  a  commercial  heat  treating  shop — variety  of  cus- 
tomer demands  and  variety  of  equipment  required  to 
fulfill  them. 

With  a  background  of  22  years  experience,  Evan  D. 
Ehmann,  President  of  Superior  Metal  Treaters,  Inc., 
knew  just  what  to  look  for  when  he  established  his 
Newark,  New  Jersey,  shop.  This  modern  plant  has 
the  productive  capacity  to  cope  with  the  miscellaneous 
requirements  of  many  customers. 

Key  feature  of  the  installation  is  the  versatility  of 
the  equipment.  Each  unit  was  chosen  for  its  ability 
to  perform  under  a  number  of  different  conditions.    In 


selecting  this  equipment  Mr.  Ehmann  determined  to 
use  GAS  because,  as  he  expresses  it,  "During  my 
years  in  this  business  I  discovered  that  Gas  Equip- 
ment provided  the  accurate  control,  economical 
operation,  and  versatility  we  needed.  The  precise 
temperatures  and  speed  of  heating  we  obtain  with 
GAS  mean  a  lot  of  extra  production  in  our 
shop." 

Whether  the  heat  treating  process  is  a  production- 
line  application,  or  a  commercial  shop  operation,  the 
flexibility  of  GAS  and  the  versatility  of  modern  Gas 
Equipment  are  important  economic  factors.  The  char- 
acteristics of  GAS  make  it  stand  out  in  any  comparison 
with  other  available  fuels  for  heat  processing. 


AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 

420  LEXINGTON  AVE.,  NEW  YORK  17,  N.  Y. 


APRIL,  1949 


Let's  Look  It  Up! 

Up-to-date  Reference  Books  are  the  most  necessary 
tools  of  engineers.  Follett's  invite  you  to  look  over 
their  w/de  selection  of  Handbooks,  Math  Tables, 
Dictionaries,  Outlines  and  Data-Books  for  all  fields 
of  engagement. 


FOLLETT'S 

COLLEGE  BOOKSTORE 

JUST  AROUND  THE  CORNER  ON  GREEN  STREET 


QThe  tf^osptl  atcorbing  to  i%><iiut  3fof 


JLytTliV.  J  sat*  unto  UOU.  marrpnoe  an  tn^iiutt 
tor  lilt  fiiQiiitfr  ifi  J  slTJiiQr  btiiiQ.  possrftstO  ol  natip  b(i>ilt;  rr.i 
lir  eptjktih  fltrnsUr  in  paratiltfi  tDbitb  lit  (.illrtb  "(orniulas  '.  i■^^^ 
ttf  iialh  but  onr  Viblr,    a  baiibliooli. 

*/r  Mlkfih  Altsdi's  of  itrtssF)  anb  altAtiis,  dub  tsilhoul  rtifi 
ol  tlifrmoopnamits.  f>t  stioii>fi!iaiUt3Pfi.i  3fno»s.ifipffl  .intiBCfnut!' 
noi  lo  tiriotD  lio\D  to  «milt .  .inD  hr  pithtEfi  Ins  sr^it  in  ttir  ut  t)t>  ttit 
siinngs  tlirtnu  aiiti  not  hv  Die  birnsrl  brsiOr  bim:  nrithrc  Bois  In 
Unob)  &  tn^trrlalt  0abr  lor  its  pouicr.  itor  tlif  siinstt  txttpt  (or  hrr 
iibsoriiiion  sptdrum. 

^ItuAPs  t)f  carntlb  his  slibr  rtilr  toith  him  snb  hr  rntrrlainrth 
his  inaibrri  isitti  strain  tabltB-  Vrnlr.  tliougli  liis  bamsri  fxpf(trtli 
thoraldtrs.  tulirn  hr  callttii  br  brings  eampirs  of  iron. 

5;  ra.  hr  holbtih  bis  bamsrl  3  lutiB.  bui  oiilr  lo  mrasurr  tbr 
hr4t  [onirnt  Itirrtol.  Jitb  lussts  but  to  trs;  the  OiStosttp.  In  bis 
fprs  flhtnrth  a  tacmav  looti  ivhich  le  iitilhrr  lobt  nor  (oiijing-but 
a  bam  atirmpi  to  rrtati  a  formula. 

j^hrrr  is  but  our  Utr  to  bi6  hrart.  anb  that  is  the  iTan  Stta 
t)i  kfi-:  aiib  our  lobt  Iriirr  for  totjub  bf  rfarnrlli  Jitb  that  an  ■■^": 
aiib  uihrc)  to  Ui  bainsrl  \)(  isrttrtb  of  lot^  aiib  sigitrch  With  troesttf. 
takr  not  tht&r  spmbols  for  ttissrs  but  ratbrr  tor  uubnotun  quaiitittrs. 

t£bcii  <\^  a  poitth.  hr  pulltth  a  girl's  h^ir  to  tret  its  rUstititp. 
\3ut  as  J  man  br  biatobrrrb  bilfrrrtit  btbirra:  (or  tir  luoulb  (oiinl  (hr 
Otbrations  of  her  htartstnngs  aiib  rrikons  hrr  sirtuglh  of  inatrnal«: 
for  hr  scrbrtli  cbtr  to  piirsut  stitiUifu  inbtstiQ.iiionE.  anb  itistribtth 
hts  passion  in  a-tormuL];  anb  hts  marna^r  is  an  rgirajioii  inboltniig 
rb)0  unhnobins  anb  viftbiiie  bibtrst  an^rrs- 


Prosperity 
be  used,  not 
— Coolidjje. 


only   an    instrument    t 
Jiety  to  be  worshipped 


All  experience  hath  shown  that  man- 
kind are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while 
evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  them- 
selves by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which 
they  are  accustomed. — Jefferson. 


34 


RUSSELL,    BURDSALL    &    WARD    BOLT     AND    NUT    COMPANY 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Plastics  where  plastics  belong 

for  high  dielectric  and  structural  strength, 
light  weight  and   ease   of  machining 


In  the  RCA  televisinn  camera,  for  example,  Synthaiie  was 
selected  for  coil  forms,  tubes,  flanges  and  other  components 
because  of  its  electrical  insulating  properties,  especially  at  high 
frequencies  and  high  voltages.  Its  ease  of  machining,  light 
weight  and  structural  strength  were  other  factors  that  led 
RCA's  design  engineers  to  select  Synthane  as  the  best  possible 
material  for  this  job. 

Synthane,  laminated  phenolic  plastic,  is  at  its  best  in  appli- 
cations requiring  unusual  combinations  of  characteristics.  Its 
excellent  electrical  insulating  ability,  combined  with  ease  of 
machining,  light  weight,  rigidity  and  many  other  properties, 
such  as  moisture  and  corrosion  resistance,  make  Synthane  a 
valuable  material  for  many  industries. 

Synthane   Corporation,    1   River  Road,   Oaks,   Pennsylvania 


[SYIVTTIANE]  where  Synthane  belongs 


SHEETS  .  RODS  •  TUBCS  .  FABRICATED  PARTS  •  MOlDCD-iAMINATED  .  MOiDeDMACERATCD 


RAPRIL,  1949 


35 


Another   NORTON    "FIRST  " 

THIS  time  it's  a  ceramic  surface  plate — on  entirely  new 
type  of  plate  for  toolmakers  and  inspectors  to  use  in 
making  their  precise  measurements.  This  Norton-developed 
ceramic  plate  has  distinct  advantages  over  previous  types 
of  surface  plates  including:  (1)  a  longer-lived  surface, 
(2)  a  smoother  surface,  (3)  a  flatter  surface  and  one  that 
stays  flat.  It  will  not  warp  nor  deform,  not  sweat  nor  cor- 
rode, not  deflect  under  load. 

The  development  of  this  unique  surface  plate  is  typical  of 
the  progressive  research  that  has  made  Norton  an  acknowl- 
edged leader— not  only  in  abrasives  and  grinding  wheels 
but  also  in  the  development  of  grinding  and  lapping  ma- 
chines, high  temperature  refractories  and  a  wide  variety 
of  wear-resistant  materials. 

In  the  Norton  laboratories  at  Worcester,  Chippawa  and 
Troy,  there  are  195  scientists,  engineers  and  technicians 
constantly  at  work  on  new  or  improved  Norton  products. 


NORTON  COMPANY,  WORCESTER  b,  MASS. 

Behr-Manning,  Troy,  N.  V.,  is  a  Norton  Division 


ain  Worco.tor  plant  of  Norton  Company— world's  largest  producer  of  abraJve  products 


NORTON 


MdtlVES  -  OtlUDIIIO  WHEllS  -  0IIHIDIII8  IND  UPPIIIO  MICHIIIEI 
REFDACTOdEt  -  P0»0»1  MEOIUMI  -  IIOII-»llP  FlOOil  -  II0»I10E  HOOMCTt 
lUEima    HHeHIIIEI        (IEH»-II»IIIIIII0  DIVUIOH:  COUED  lllUIVEt  *IID  IHHPENINa  ITOIIEJ) 


1001  NIGHTS  .  .  . 

(Continued  troni  pajic  7  ) 
of  mud  carved  out  of  the  ground  and 
burned  for  three  days  in  the  sun.  "Bally 
poles"  were  the  trunks  of  abundant 
young  poplar-like  trees,  ranging  in  diam- 
eter from  six  to  eight  inches.  Mortar 
was  a  mud-straw  combination,  and  plas- 
ter was  a  refined  t\'pe  of  mud  known  as 
"sweet  earth,"  whose  consistency  is  se- 
lected for  its  taste. 

While  all  the  main  construction  re- 
ports containing  the  most  pertinent  data 
are  filed  away  in  the  proper  military  of- 
fices, there  were  a  few  other,  smaller 
incidents  that  will  only  live  on  by  pas- 
sage of  word-of-mouth.  There  was  the 
story  of  an  airfield  on  the  south  coast  of 
Arabia  that  was  constructed  of  430  tons 
of  supplies  hauled  inland  over  25  miles 
of  country  roads  by  a  camel  caravan 
numbering  1,100.  On  another  job,  when 
the  native  labor  slacked  off  on  their 
work,  the  .'\merican  civilian  superintend- 
ent bought  his  Arab  foreman  three  new 
wives  at  $10  apiece  from  a  local  market 
— p  r  o  g  r  e  s  s  spontaneously  improved. 
There  was  another  rumor  of  a  wily 
Arab  chieftain  who  demanded  payment 
for  his  men  in  Maria  Therese  dollars, 
old  silver  Austrian  coins;  by  stint  of  an 
expensive  plane  trip  to  Austria  once  a 
month,  the  contractors  paid  the  Arab 
his  price. 

The  Persian  (nilf  Command  had  just 
about  completed  their  assignment  in  De- 
cember in  1944.  They  started  on  noth- 
ing and  came  out  with  a  spectacular  cli- 
max, and  in  the  process,  saw  little  of  the 
Iran  of  a  thousand  and  one  nights.  All 
they  will  remember  of  Iran  is  one  little 
factor  that  makes  a  pleasant  topic  of 
conversation  over  here  in  America.  Here- 
after, when  a  remark  about  the  hot 
weather  is  made  in  the  presence  of  one 
of  the  Command  boys,  he  won't  say  a 
word — he'll  just  grin. 


S.A.E.  .  .  . 

(Continued  from  page  16) 
testing  the  famous  Liberty  and  Hispano- 
Suiza  aircraft  engines  of  World  War  I. 
After  work  connected  with  numerous 
projects  at  the  National  Bureau  of 
Standards,  Mr.  Sparrow  went  to  Stude- 
baker  in  1927  ami  has  been  at  South 
Bend,  Indiana,  ever  since.  By  the  time 
World  War  II  broke  out,  he  was  chict 
research  engineer,  and  devoted  almost 
his  entire  time  to  the  s\ipervision  of  Stu- 
debaker's  building  of  the  Wright  "cy- 
clone" engine.  Now  he  is  vice  president 
of  engineering,  and  ranks  among  the 
automotive  industry's  six  senior  engi- 
neers. He  has  been  an  S.A.E.  councilor; 
a  member  of  the  S.A.E.  Technical 
board  ;  chairman  of  the  Washington  sec- 
tion ;  and  served  several  years  as  chair- 
man of  the  Publications  committee. 


36 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


ll 


BUPOJVT 


For   Students  of   Science   and 


Chemists  in 
Pictures 

How  DuPont  and  studio  scien- 
tists solved  the  problem 
of  noisy  film 

Who'd  ever  expect  to  find  Du  Pont 
chemists  in  Hollywood?  When  mo- 
tion pictures  suddenly  started  to  talk , 
a  whole  new  series  of  perplexing  sci- 
entific problems  was  born,  not  the 
least  of  which  was  "noisy"  film. 

As  you  know,  sound  is  usually  re- 
corded directly  on  film.  If  you  hold 
a  strip  of  motion  picture  film  to  the 
light,  the  sound  track  is  seen  as  a 
narrow  band  of  irregular  Unes.  A 
light  ray  passing  through  the  mov- 
ing sound  track  falls  on  a  photocell 
with  rapid  interruptions  or  changes 
in  intensity.  The  photocell  converts 
these  interruptions  into  electrical  im- 
pulses which,  amplified,  reach  the 
theater  audience  as  voice  and  music. 

If  the  film  has  a  coarse  grain  struc- 
ture, it  tends  to  give  lines  that  are 
not  sharp  and  uniform  in  density. 
Such  irregularities  interrupt  the  Ught 
ray — come  out  as  distracting  noise. 

What  could  be  done  about  it? 
Du  Pont  scientists  of  the  Photo  Prod- 
ucts Department  started  a  program 
of  research,  in  cooperation  with  tech- 


Don't  miss  reading  this  new 
booklet  about  Du  Pont 

^^H^MMMH  Send   for   your   copy    of 
H|HH^^^^|   "The  Du  Pont  Company 
^^K^^H|  and  the  College  Gradu- 
.^1  ate  "  This  fully  illu.stra- 
^  ted    40-page  booklet  an- 
swers your  questions,  de- 
si  rihcs  many  fields  which 
^  ii[  IV  lie  new  to  you.  Tells 

il  out     opportunities    in 
TLficarch,    production, 
—      "     '   saleb,  etc.  Explains  how 
rccoKuilion  of  ability   is   assured.    For 
free  copy,  address:  2518  Nemours  Bldg., 
Wilmington  98,  Delaware. 


nical  experts  from  the  studios  in 
Hollywood.  They  made  and  tested 
scores  of  film  coatings.  Finally  there 
were  developed  films  of  exceedingly 
fine  grain  structures. 

M-G-M  and  Paramount  were 
among  the  first  to  use  the  new  type 
Du  Pont  films.  The  development  was 
lieralded  by  the  press  as  "another 
milestone  in  the  technical  progress 
of  the  industry, "and  in  1943  Du  Pont 


W.  L.  Foy,  Ph.D.  in  Physical  Chemistry, 
Clark  University,  1947,  and  A.  C.  Lapsley, 
Ph.D.  in  Physics,  Virginia,  1947,  discussing 
details  of  Color  Densitometer  Wiring  Diagram 
used  in  connection  with  research  on  color 
photography. 

outstanding  achievements,  two  of 
which  have  been  recognized  by 
"Oscars." 


Voice  and  music  (ipjn'ar  as  a  continuous  band 
of  irregular  lines  on  this  movie  sound  track. 
Any  irregularity  means  noise. 

received  an  Academy  Award  of  Merit 
for  its  achieveinent.  Now  the  use  of 
fine  grain  films  is  practically  uni- 
versal in  Hollywood.  Actors,  actresses 
speak  their  lines,  with  no  technical 
restrictions  to  cramp  their  artistry. 

You  may  have  a  place 
in  Du  Pont  research 

Had  you  been  a  member  of  a  Du  Pont 
Photo  Products  research  team  since 
1931,  you  might  have  shared  in  many 


In  coarse  grain  films,  the  particles  of  silver  are 
large  and  scattered.  Compare  with  Du  Pont 
fine  grain  film,  right.  (Magnified  1000  times.) 

The  Plioto  Products  Department, 
however,  is  just  one  of  ten  Du  Pont 
manufacturing  departments,  all  of 
wliich  engage  in  continuous  research. 
Operated  much  like  separate  com- 
panies, each  holds  challenging  oppor- 
tunities for  young,  college-trained 
chemists,  engineers  and  physicists. 
Du  Pont  not  only  tries  to  select 
young  men  and  women  of  promise, 
but  makes  a  conscientious  effort  to 
help  each  one  develop  as  rapidly  as 
possible.  Whatever  your  interests, 
you  will  find  here  the  cooperation 
and  friendly  interest  you  need  to  do 
your  best.  As  a  member  of  a  small, 
congenial  working  team,  your  ability 
can  be  seen,  recognized  and  rewarded. 


:q 


Achievements  of  Du  Pont  scientists  over  the 
years  have  won  two  "Oscars"  from  Academy 
of  Motion  Picture  Arts  and  Sciences. 


WRITE  TODAY  for  "The  Du  Pont  Company  and  f/ie  CoHege  Graduate  " 


BETTER    THINGS    FOR    BETTER    LIVING 
.  .  .  THROUGH    CHE/M/Srsr 

More  fads  about  Du  Pont  —  Listen  to  "Cavalcade 
of  America"  Monday  Nights,  NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


APRIL,  1949 


37 


partners  in  creating 


Engineering  leaders  for  the  last  81  years  have  made 
K  8.  E  instruments,  drafting  equipment  and  materials 
their  partners  in  creating  the  great  technical  achieve- 
ments of  America.  So  nearly  universal  is  the  reliance  on 
K  &  E  products,  it  is  self  evident  that  every  major  engi- 
neering project  has  been  completed  with  the  help  of  K  &  E. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW   YORK    •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    St.    Louis    •    Detroit 
San  Francisco  •  Los  Angeles  •  Montreal 


Engineering   Students 

You  will  find  at  the  Co-Op  Bookstore 
your  needs  in  engineering  and  art  sup- 
plies, stationery,  textbooks,  and  gen- 
eral reading. 


Co-Op  Bookstore 

The   Bookstore  Closest  to   Engineering   Campus 
ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


DEAN  ENGER  RETIRES  .  .  . 

(  Contiiiucil   1 1  (Jill  p:i;;i'   1  .i ) 

lias   rcmliTcd   cxcfllfat  st'i\ii:i'  on   niaiix 
state  aiui  national  committees. 

His  •:v:\xv  ha.-;  bt-m  icco;jiii/,c.l  l'\ 
several  noted  bioKi'aphics  such  as  Who's 
Who  in  America,  ami  the  American 
Man  ot  Science. 

(  )n  the  twelfth  day  ot  juK.  l')4S', 
Dean  Enger  was  recogni/.ed  by  the  I  ni- 
versity  as  being  "King  for  a  Day."  For 
the  first  time  in  his  life  he  was  a  Uni- 
versity president.  He  attained  the  posi- 
tion of  president  because  all  of  the  Uni- 
versity officials,  of  higher  priority  than 
himself,  were  out  of  town.  Since  he 
was  the  oldest  dean  on  the  campus,  he 
was  informed  that  he  would  have  to  take 
over.  Everything  went  along  smoothly 
according  to  Dean  Enger  and  nothing 
but  routine  matters  concerning  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering  were  presented  to 
him.  He  had  even  forgotten  that  he 
was  holding  the  University's  top  posi- 
tion. Provost  Coleman  R.  (jriffith  re- 
lieved him  of  his  duty  the  following  day. 
Dean  Enger  has  earned  a  rest ;  and 
he  expects  to  take  one  this  fall.  He  en- 
joys his  summer  trips  by  automobile  and 
has  traveled  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  In  1939,  he  toured 
the  Baltic  Sea  nations  in  Europe.  For 
recreation,  he  likes  an  occasional  game 
of  golf. 

Dean  Enger  was  born  in  Decorah, 
Iowa,  on  Alay  5,  1881,  and  he  married 
Mary  Crawford  on  August  24,  1908. 
They  have  two  children,  a  boy  and  a 
girl,  both  graduates  of  the  University  of 
Illinois.  Bertha  Marie  Enger  graduated 
in  19,^2  from  the  school  of  journalism 
and  married  Henry  Molden,  former 
sports  editor  of  the  Daily  Ulini.  Mr. 
Molden  is  now  on  the  sports  staff  of  the 
Omaha  World  Herald.  Walter  M. 
Enger  graduated  from  the  College  of 
Engineering  in  1935  and  has  been  em- 
ployed on  a  major  dam  project  near 
Redding,  California. 

Dean  Enger  and  his  wife  have  been 
residing  in  their  new  home  at  606  West 
Delaware  since  1940.  It  is  of  modern 
brick  veneer  and  follows  the  (teorgian 
style  of  architectLirc. 


Answers  to  Vocabulary  Clinic 

1-b,   2-c,   3-a,   4-a,    S-b,   6-a,    7-c,   S-b, 
9-d,    lO-b,    ll-d,    12-a,    13-a,    14-a,    13-a. 


Ciood  judgment  comes  from  experi- 
ence, and  experience — well,  that  conies 
from   poor  judgment. — S.   B.   Buckner. 


38 


Tlu'  more  intellectual  people  are,  the 
most  originality  they  see  in  other  men. 
To  commonplace  people,  all  men  are 
much  alike. — Pascal. 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  to  get  a  good 
steer  from  a  grader 

To  make  motor  graders  easy  to  steer,  and  to  carry 
the  weight  of  the  front  end,  leading  constructioa 
equipment  manufacturers  use  Timken  ®  tapered  roller 
bearings  in  the  king  pin  yokes.  Timken  bearings 
carry  the  heaviest  radial  and  thrust  loads  in  any 
combination,  no  matter  how  tough  the  going  gets. 


TIMKEN^  bearings  carry 
both  radial  and  thrust  loads 

From  whatever  direction  loads  may  come,  Timken 
bearings  can  carry  them.  That's  because  Timken 
bearings  are  tapered  in  design.  There's  no  need  for 
special  thrust  bearings  or  washers.  All  combinations 
of  radial  and  thrust  loads  are  carried  with  frictionless 
ease.  Shafts  are  held  in  perfect  alignment,  deflection 
and  end-play  are  eliminated. 


\////////////\ 


STRAIGHT    ROLLER    BEARINGS 


TIMKEN 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more 
about  TIMKEN  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems  you'll 
face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing  applica- 
tions. If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this  phase  of 
engineering,  we'd  be  glad  to  help.  For  additional 
information  about  Timken  bearings  and  how  engi- 
neers use  them,  write  today  to  The  Timken  Roller 
Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio.  And  don't  forget 
to  clip  this  page  for  future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  Qid  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  (td 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -ID-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^^ 


APRIL,  1949 


39 


A  Scot  was  Icaviiifi  on  a  business  trip, 
anil  he  called  back,  as  he  was  leaxinfj, 
"("ioodb\e.  all  and  diiiiia  forget  to  take 
little  Donald's  glasses  otf  when  he  isn't 
looking  at  anything.  " 

*      »     ■* 

"Were  you  excited  when  you  first 
asked  your  husband  for  money?" 

"Oh.  no.  I  was  calm — and  collected.  " 

1st  i'risoncr:  "What  are  you  in  for?" 

2n(!  Prisoner:  "Want  to  be  a  warden, 

so  I  thought  I'll  start  from  the  bottom." 

"Just  look  at  old  Phillips  o\er  there — 
thoroughly  enjoying  himself  And  l'\i- 
always  understood  he  was  a  woman- 
hater." 

"So  he  is;  hut  she's  not  with  lu'ni  to- 
night." 

»        Si        * 

He:  "Who  spilled  mustard  on  this 
waffle,  dear?" 

She:  "Oh,  John!  How  could  \ou? 
This  is  lemon  pie !" 

Visitor:  "And  what's  your  name,  m\- 
good  man?" 

Prisoner:     "9742.?S." 

Visitor:      "Is   that   >()ur   real    name?" 

Prisoner:  "Naw,  dat's  just  me  pen 
name." 

"Whaddxa  mean,  she's  a  drug  ad- 
dict'" 

"I  sually  under  the  influence  of  .some 

dope." 

»     »     » 

He  was  sitting  at  the  bar,  downing 
one  after  another  and  laughing  boister- 
ously. Every  so  often,  as  he  nuimbled 
to  himself,  he  would  hold  up  his  hand 
in  protest.  Finally  the  bartender's  curi- 
osity got  the  better  of  him. 

"What  are  you  doing?'"  he  asked. 
"I'm  telling  myself  jokes,"  was  the  re- 
ply. "Hut  why  the  hand  in  the  air?" 
"Oh,  that's  when  I  stop  me  if  I've  heard 
it  before."" 


Mary  had  a  littele  dress 

A  dainty  one  and  airy. 
It  didn't  show  the  dirt  a  bit 

Rut,  wow,  how  it  showed  Mai\  1 

She:     Oh  darling,  the  baby  swallir\ed 
the  matches.     What  will  we  do? 

He:      Here,   use  my  cigarette  lighter. 

"I  was  a  spy." 

"Did  they  shoot  \ou  ?" 

"I   don't  know.      I   was  blindtoldeil." 

"Tell  me,  is  this  good  perfume?" 
"It's  one  of  our  best  smellers." 

"The\'  say  bread  contains  alcohol." 
"That  so?    Let's  drink  a  little  toast." 


"Doesn't  your  wife  miss  you  when 
you  stay  out  till  three  in  the  morning?'" 

"Occasionally — but  usually  her  aim  is 
perfect." 

1st  Coed:  "(nve  me  a  man  with  a 
past.  A  man  with  a  past  is  always  in- 
teresting."" 

inil  Coed:  "That's  true;  but  I  don't 
think  he's  nearly  as  interesting  as  a  man 
with  a  future." 

.Mil  Same:  "I  like  a  man  with  a 
present." 

"Doesn't  that  soprano  have  a  large 
repertoire?" 

"Yes,  and  that  dress  she  has  on  makes 
it  look  worse." 

"Broken  off  \our  engagement  to 
Mary?" 

"She  wouldn't  have  me."" 

"You  told  her  about  vovu'  rich  un- 
cle?"" 

"Yes.     She"s  my  avmt  now." 
*      »      * 

Judge:  "And  what  did  >ou  do  when 
},"ou  heard  the  accused  usmg  such  awtul 
language?  " 

Policeman:  "I  told  him  he  wasn't  fit 
to  be  among  decent  people,  and  brought 
him  here.  " 

P^mployer:  "What  do  you  mean  by 
telling  me  that  you  had  seven  years  ex- 
perience in  a  bank  when  you  never  held 
a  job  before?  " 

College  Cjrad. :  "Well,  you  adver- 
tised for  a  man  with  imagination." 


ITS   B^m  LIKE  Tt^eiT  ^vnR   S/w^  4hrk 


40 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH, 


All  size  42 
-Yet  no  two  alike 


Now,  photography  with  its  speed  and  accuracy 
measures  a  man  for  his  clothes  quickly  and  with 
precision  in  every  dimension. 

Recently  a  striking  new  idea  hit  the  headlines — an  idea  aimed 
at  fitting  made-to-measure  clothes  more  accurately  than  ever 
before.  It  was  the  idea  of  Henry  Booth  of  Amalgamated  Textiles, 
Ltd.,  and  he  named  it  "PhotoMetric." 

In  the  PhotoMetric  method,  photography  scans  you  with  a 
wink  of  its  precise  eye  from  before,  behind,  above,  and  from 
the  side.  With  the  click  of  a  shutter  it  gets  all  major  measurements 
plus  all  the  individual  variations  from  a  "perfect"  size.  It 
oversteps  the  limitations  of  the  tape  and  records  contours, 
proportions,  shape,  and  posture  as  well. 

Later,  in  the  pattern  room, 
the  film  is  projected  and, 
in  effect,  there  you  stand 
while  the  craftsman 
with  special  calibrated 
devices  measures  your 

image  in  three  dimensions —  s  i 

getting  some  thirty  highly  '        ii    ' 

accurate  readings. 

PhotoMetric  installations 
are  already  going  in  from  coast  to  coast.  It  is  a  fine  example 
of  how  photography  is  serving  business,  science,  and  industry  — 
speeding  methods,  refining  technics,  improving  products.  It  may 
be  well  worth  your  v/hile  to  look  into  what  the  photographic 
process  con  do  for  you. 

EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Advancing  business  and  industrial  technics— 

Functional  PhotographY 


\)    .    ..  ijoB.,  u.  or  III, 


. .  a  great  name  in  research  with  a  big  future  in  CHEMISTRY 


PLASTICS -A  MULTIMILLION- 
DOLLAR  INOUSTRY 
AND  STILL  GROWING 


"Plastics"  to  most  people  connotes 
something  modern —  something  new. 
And  the  plastics  industry,  as  it  now  ex- 
ists, is  still  an  infant,  but  a  lusty  and 
vigorous  one. 

How  fast  it  has  grown"  in  a  short  span 
of  years  is  indicated  by  these  figures. 
which  show  the  number  of  plastics 
molding  plants  in  the  United  States  in 
the  last  thirtv-nine  vears: 


1910 
1920 
1930 
1940 
1949 


8  plants 

63  plants 

172  plants 

575  plants 

1,160  plants  (estimated) 


The  Ancients  Molded  Plastics 

Hut  the  art  ol  castinj;  "plaMii"  material 
hi  molds  is  an  old  one.  .\s  long  ago  as 
King  Solomon's  time,  asphalts  and  min- 
eral tars  were  being  molded  into  umIuI 
shapes. 

I'hesc  natural  molding  materials  were 
the  only  ones  available  for  centuries— 
until  the  invention,  in  1869.  of  the  first 
modern  synthetic  plastic,  celluloid.  To- 
day the  |>lastics  industry  makes  dozens 
of  synthetic  materials  with  a  wide  range 
of  molding  characteristics. 

Cieneral  Electric  entered  the  plastics 


business  more  than 
fifty  years  ago  by  mold- 
ing carbon  rods  for  arc 
lamps  from  clay  and 
lampblack.  Later, 
G.  E.'s  plastics  opera- 
tit)ns  expanded  raj)- 
idly,  when  plastics 
began  to  be  used  ex- 
tensively in  electrical  insidation. 

.\s  General  Electric's  plastics  opera- 
lions  grew,  it  became  practical  to  offer 
plastics  services  to  other  companies. 


Now  General  Electric  is  unique  in  the 
industry,  being  both  a  manufacturer  of 
plasties  molding  materials  and  one  of 
the  world's  largest  plastics  molders. 

C;.  E.  provides  a  complete  plastics 
service.  It  has  facilities  for  producing 
special  types  of  molding  compounds  and 
lor  designing,  engineering,  and  mold- 
ing any  kind  of  plastics  part  or  product. 

You  may  breakfast  at  a  dinette  table 
with  a  surface  of  G-E  Textolite*  (a 
laminated  sheet  plastics);  your  toaster 
may  have  a  base  of  plastics,  molded  by 


G.  E.;  the  breakfast  service  may  be  G-E 
plastics  plates  and  cups  in  beautiful 
pastel  shades.  Your  automobile,  your  re- 
frigerator, your  radio,  your  camera— iill 
are  likely  to  incorporate  plastics  parts 
produced  by  General  Electric. 

The  Scope  of  G-E  Chemical 
Department's  Operations 

Molded  plastics  are  just  one  j>art  of 
General  Electric's  Chemical  Depart- 
ment's operations.  Other  products  made 
and  sold  by  the  Chemical  Departinent 
include  the  amazing  new  materials  of  or- 
ganic-silicon chemistry  called  silicones, 
Glyptal*  alkyd  resins,  insulating  var- 
nishes, permanent  magnets,  and  plastics 


molding  compounds.  Every  month  new 
chemical  developments  are  coming  from 
the  G-E  research  laboratories.  .And  the 
variety  and  scope  of  G-E  chemical  op- 
erations promise  to  broaden  tremen- 
dously as  this  research  progresses. 

For  more  information,  write  Chemical 
Department.  General  Electric  Com- 
pany. Pittsfield.  Massachusetts. 


A  infy.-<a<jc  to  titudeitts  oj  chetni^try  from 

K.  W.  \V.\RNER 

Eugint'crimj  Maimger  oj  the  G-E  Plasties  DivUioti 

Tlu-  rapid  (irowtli  of  the  plastics  industry  in  the  last  ten 
\'ears  offers  lis  some  idea  of  the  progress  we  may  expect  in 
plastics  \\  itliin  the  next  decatle.  For  a  young  man  who  wants 
to  "grow  up"  with  a  rapidly  expanding  business,  the  field  of 
plastics  sccnis  In  offer  particularly  attractive  opportunities. 


GENERAL 


ELECTRIC 


PLASTICS     •     SILICONES     •     INSULATING   MATERIALS     •     GLYPTAL   ALKYD  RESINS     •     PERMANENT   MAGNETS     •     MOLDING   COMPOUNDS 


Thermistors 

Page  7 


Convocation 


Page  8 


Dean-Elect  Everitt 

Page  9 


I  See  Ya  Talkin' 

Page  10 


TWENTY- FIVE  CENTS 


Gulf  of  Mexico  IS  site  of  newest  oil  "boom" 


:y^ 


OIL   WELL   SUPPLY   COMPANY 
PLAYS    IMPORTANT    ROLE   IN    PROJECT 


^  "More  than  4  billion  barrels"— that's  what  one  person  has  estimated 
as  the  amount  of  oil  in  one  30  mile  strip  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico— scene 
of  one  of  the  biggest  oil  exploration  projects  in  history.  More  than  20 
million  dollars  has  been  spent  by  several  companies  in  leasmg  properties 
on  this  newest  oil  province. 

Oil  Well  Supply  Company  — a  subsidiary  of  United  States  Steel  Corp- 
oration—is supplying  many  of  the  oil  companies  with  complete  drilling 
rigs,  including  rotary  drilling  units,  slush  pumps,  derricks,  swivels, 
blocks,  rotary  feed  controls  and  other  important  parts  of  rigs. 

Since  1862,  when  it  was  founded,  "Oilwell"  has  been  one  of  the  lead- 
ing suppliers  of  oilfield  equipment.  Not  only  has  it  pioneered  many 
improvements  in  equipment,  but  it  has  introduced  many  new  types  of 
machinery  and  equipment. 

This  pioneering  of  more  efficient  and  more  economical  equipment  is 
a  most  significant  phase  of  "OilwelFs"  progress.  For  back  of  all  the  de- 
velopment work  are  the  objectives  to  drill  cheaper  and  to  produce  more 
economically  from  any  depth. 


Opportunities 

The  fascinating  work  being  done  by  Oil  Well  Supply  Com- 
pany, as  well  as  projects  being  carried  on  by  other  U.  S. 
Steel  Subsidiaries,  requires  qualified  men  in  just  about 
every  branch  of  engineering.  If  you  would  like  to  take  part, 
why  not  see  your  Placement  Officer  and  talk  it  over  with 
him.  And  be  sure  to  ask  him  for  a  copy  of  the  book  "Paths 
of  Opportunity  in  V.  S.  Steel." 


■■  ■■3'SJ^SP'??'^ 


where  it  will  lead  nobody  knows 


Soon  it  will  be  possible  for  you  to  step  into 
your  home  or  office  and  turn  on  a  light 
that's  different  from  any  you've  ever  used 
before. 

From  a  panel  in  the  ceiling  will  come 
even,  glareless  rays  to  shine  on  your  desk, 
your  chair,  your  tabic — but  never  with  un- 
comfortable brightness,  never  in  your  eyes. 

The  light  itself  will  come  from  electric 
bulbs  or  tubes  like  those  you  use  now.  But 
it  will  behave  far  differently  because  it  will 
shine  through  a  '  5-inch  sheet  of  a  new  kind 
of  glass— Fota-lite— a  recent  development 
of  Corning  Glass  Works. 

Formed  inside  this  sheet  is  a  crisscross 
pattern  of  strips  of  white  glass  extending 
through  the  full  thickness  of  the  glass.  The 
squares  enclosed  by  the  white  strips  are 
crystal  clear. 

Light  from  the  bulb  above — shining 
through  this  patterned  glass  at  slantwise 
angles — is  diffused  and  causes  no  glare. You 


get  an  even,  soft  light  through  the  entire 
room — as  well  as  light  channeled  directly 
downward  through  the  clear  squares  to  the 
objects  you  need  to  see  closely. 

This  new  glass  is  made  by  mixing  small 
amounts  of  rare  metals  in  with  the  sand 
before  it  is  melted  to  form  glass.  These  ma- 
terials make  the  whole  sheet  of  glass  photo- 
sensitive—through and  through — so  that 
any  desired  design  (such  as  the  one  men- 
tioned) may  be  formed  inside  the  glass  by 
a  special  process. 

In  fact,  similar  photo-sensitive  glass  is  cur- 
rently being  used  to  print  photographs  in 
glass  —  pictures  that  can  last  for  thousands 
of  years. 

Use  of  Fota-lite  for  indoor  lighting  is  its 
first  industrial  application.  Many  other  ap- 
plications— such  as  its  use  in  instrument 
panels  for  cars,  in  street  lighting,  and  in  il- 
luminated signs— are  being  thoroughly  ex- 
plored. 


In  9S  years  of  glass-making  Corning  has 
developed  glass  into  one  of  the  most  versa- 
tile engineering  materials  there  is.  There  are 
more  than  50,000  glass  formulas  on  file  at 
Corning,  and  the  number  is  growing  con- 
tinually as  new  developments  such  as  this 
photo-sensitive  glass  come  out  of  the  labo- 
ratory. 

That's  a  good  thing  for  you  to  remember. 
For  some  day,  when  you've  picked  the 
business  you  want  to  work  in,  one  of  these 
glass  developments — or  one  now  in  the  re- 
search stage — may  be  just  the  material 
you'll  be  looking  for  to  improve  a  product 
or  a  process. 


CORNING  GLASS  WORKS 

CORNINC,    NEW    YORK. 


MAY,  1949 


lew  DnHoiiiiieiits 


Mtfi  l^'itniiril  Ludttt.  IC.K.  'Iff 

ami  llvnrii  Kiilin.  i'h.K.  *.*W 


C.  J.  Young  of  the  RCA  laboratories  loads  the  camera  which  copies  the 
incoming  messages  received  by  the  Ultrafax  equipment  in  front  of  him. 
(Photo  courtesy  of  R.  C.  A.) 


"Ultrafax"-A  Million  Words 
A  Minute 

I  Itratax,  a  ru-«ly  il(-\  cloiH'd  system 
of  television  comimiiiicatioiis  capable  nt 
transmitting  and  receiving  written  or 
printed  messages  and  documents  at  tlie 
rate  of  a  million  words  a  minute,  was 
demonstrated  publich'  at  the  Library  of 
Congress  recently. 

The  system  is  a  ile\  elopnieiit  ot 
R.C.A.  laboratories,  in  cooperation  with 
the  Elastnian  Kodak  compan>'  and  tlu- 
Xational  Broadcasting  company.  Basi- 
cally the  operation  combines  the  ele- 
ments of  television  with  the  latest  tech- 
niques in  radio-relaying  and  high-speed 
photography.  A  n  y  languages  or  line 
drawings  may  also  be  transmitted  b\ 
this  medium. 

Future  possibilities  of  I  Itratax  are 
numerous.  Homes  equipped  with  tele- 
vision sets  could,  with  proper  attach- 
ments, print  the  daily  newspaper  broad- 
casts without  interrupting  the  programs 
being  viewed.  Military  departments 
would  find  a  ready  use  for  the  system. 
The  transmission  could  be  scrambled 
for  secrecy  and   still   h.indle   with   onl\ 


one  riansniitter,  in  ten  minutes,  the  peak 
load  of  communication  that  p  a  s  s  e  d 
through  the  Pentagon  building  during 
a  single  war  dav. 


New  Porcelain  Enamel 
Testing  Machine 

J  lie  <lepartment  ot  ceramic  engineei- 
ing  has  just  received  a  machine  for  giv- 
ing an  accelerated  service  test  luuler  sim- 
ulated refrigerator  lining  conditions,  it 
was  announced  by  Dr.  A.  I.  Andrews, 
head  of  the  department.  The  unit  con- 
sists of  a  cabinet  having  space  for  ten 
one-foot-square  enameled  panels  wliich 
are  alternately  cooled  on  one  side  by  .1 
refrigerator  then  heated  on  the  other 
side  by  infra-red  lamps  in  the  presenci 
of  moisture.  Each  cycle  takes  two  min- 
utes and  in  one  week,  it  is  estimated  that 
the  machine  will  duplicate  conditions  in 
a  cold-wall  type  refrigerator  for  one 
\ear. 

R.  J.  .McEvoy,  assistant  in  ceramic 
engineering,  will  make  these  studies  as  a 
research  problem  for  an  M.S.  thesis.  The 
machine  was  designed  and  built  under 
the  supervision  of  Mr.  L.  H.  Da\id.son, 
project  development  engineer  of  the 
American  Central  cor|ioration  at  Con- 
nersville,   Indiana. 

An  Ultra-Sensitive  Photo 
Emulsion 

kodak  research  laboratories  have  de- 
\eloped  a  new  emulsion  for  nuclear 
track  plates  which  is  four  times  as  "fast" 
as  the  compain  s  previous  emulsions  of 
this  t\  pe. 

This  emulsion  is,  in  fact,  so  sensitive, 
that  it  must  be  protected  from  cosmic 
ra\s,  which  are  constantly  bombarding 
the  earth.  This  protection,  at  present, 
consists  of  decreasing  the  sensitivity  b\' 
cooling  with  dr\'  ice  to  — 79"  C. 

Dr.  John  Spence,  in  charge  of  re- 
search on  the  new  emulsion,  commented 
(Continued  on  page  .vS ) 


R.  J.  McEvoy,  assistant  in  Ceramic  engineering  (left)  and  L.  H.  David- 
son, of  American  Central  Corporation,  inspect  the  new  testing  machine 
for  porcelain-enameled  steel,  which  was  recently  installed  in  the  Cer,E. 
department. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


fROOmm  ENGINEERED  GLASS 


/Modern  Technicjues 
Employed  by 
KOPP  ©LASS,  INC. 

Illustrate  Effective 
Utilization  of  ^^^ 


ENGINEERED  GLASS — produced  for  signal,  technical, 
and  industrial  purposes — involves  small-batch  operations 
and  specialized  glass-making  practices.  At  Kopp  Glass, 
Inc.,  Swissvale,  Pa.  engineers  have  applied  modern  pro- 
duction machinery  to  these  highly  technical  processes, 
utilizing  flexible  GAS  for  all  heating  requirements. 

As  large  users  of  fuel,  Kopp  executives  are  concerned 
with  the  operating  economies  made  possible  by  effective 
utilization  of  GAS  in  modern  Gas-fired  Equipment.  But 
equally  important  is  the  automatic  controllability  of 
GAS  for  the  varying  temperatures  used  for  melting,  an- 
nealing, tempering,  mould  heating,  in  this  specialized 
glass  business.  The  importance  of  GAS  in  the  Kopp 
plants  is  stressed  by  the  wide  range  of  equipment  using 
this  efficient  fuel  — 


Molten  glass  from  the  Gas-fired  re- 
generative furnace  (rear)  is  placed  in 
the  mould  for  pressing. 


Continuous  Lehr  in  which  GAS  is 
used  for  annealing  signal  and  in- 
dustrial glass  products.  I 

of  Equipment  J.  B.  Fullcn  says,  "The  automatic  con- 
trollability and  the  speed  of  GAS  are  of  great  im- 
portance,  but  we  can't  overlook  the  cost  of  fuel  in  our 
type  of  operation.  That's  why  we  use  every  device  for 
effective  utilization  of  GAS." 

You'll  find  it  worthwhile  to  investigate  modern  Gas 
Equipment  for  heat-processing  in  glass  manufacturing. 


•  2  pot-type  regenerative  furnaces 

•  2  special  heat  treating  lehrs 

•  grinding  and  polishing  plate  heaters 

•  4  day  tank  furnaces 

•  3  annealing  lehrs 


•  1  mould  oven 

•  2  pot  arches 

•  2  ring  ovens 

•  1  cut-off  machine 

•  1  trial-pot  furnace 


In  commenting  on  the  use  of  GAS  for  heat-process- 
ing in  the  manufacture  of  engineered  glass,  supervisor 

MAY,  1949 


AMERICAN  GAS  ASSOCIATION 

420  LEXINGTON  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK  17,  N.Y. 


iNobody  can  buy  a  length  of  cast  iron  pipe 
unless  it  has  passed  the  Hydrostatic  Test  at  the  foundry. 
Every  full  length  of  cast  iron  pipe  is  subjected  to  this 
test  under  water  pressures  considerably  higher  than 
rated  working  pressures.  It  must  pass  the  test  or  go 
to  the  scrap  pile. 

The  Hydrostatic  Test  is  the  final  one  of  a  series  of 
routine  tests  made  by  pipe  manufacturers  to  assure 
that  the  quality  of  the  pipe  meets  or  exceeds  the  re- 
quirements of  standard  specifications  for  cast  iron 
pressure  pipe. 

Few  engineers  realize  the  extent  of  the  inspections, 
analyses  and  tests  involved  in  the  quality-control  of 
cast  iron  pipe.  Production  controls  start  almost  liter- 
ally from  the  ground  up  with  the  inspection,  analysis 
and  checking  of  raw  materials  — continue  with  con- 
stant control  of  cupola  operation  and  analysis  of  the 
melt  — and  end  with  inspections  and  a  series  of  accept- 
ance and  routine  tests  of  the  finished  product. 

Members  of  the  Cast  Iron  Pipe  Research  Associa- 
tion have  established  and  attained  scientific  standards 
resulting  in  a  superior  product.  These  standards,  as 
well  as  the  physical  and  metallurgical  controls  by 
which   they   are    maintained,   provide   assurance   that 


THE     HYDROSTATIC     TEST 


cast  iron  pipe  installed  today  will  live  up  to  or  exceed 
service  records  such  as  that  of  the  130-year-old  pipe 
shown. 

Cast  iron  pipe  is  the  standard  material  for  water 
and  gas  mains  and  is  widely  used  in  sewage  works 
construction.  Send  for  booklet,  "Facts  About  Cast 
Iron  Pipe."  Address  Dept.  C,  Cast  Iron  Pipe  Research 
Association,  T.  F.  Wolfe,  Engineer,  122  So.  Michigan 
Ave.,  Chicago  3,  Illinois. 


Section  of  130-year-old  cast  iron  water 
main  still  in  service  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


CAST  IRON  PIPE  lllVvWli) 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EDITORIAL  STAFF 

Edwin    Witort Editor 

Phil    Doll .-issoc.   Editor 

Mt'lviii  Reitcr Mdktitp  Editor 

Kill  McOwnri  7.f,\7.  Editor 

Ra\     Hauser ,7.v,v/.    Editor 

Lcirinie   Miiiiiicli ..J.tst.  Eilitor 

• 

Editor i/d  Associates 

Art    Oreshfield         Robert  E.  Lnwrence 
Avery  Ilevesh  Ed  Lozano 

C.  M.  McClymonds  Wallace    Hopper 
Bruce  M.  Brown        Carl   Blanyer 
James  T.  Ephgrave  Leonard   Eadof 
\V.  K.  Soderstnitn     Joseph  C  Oraham 
Hcnrv   Kahn  l.uther  S.  Peterson 

Hean  R.  Kelton 

• 

RTSINESS  STAFF 

Stanley   Dianioiu! Bus.   iMt/r. 

Ert'd  Seavey Office  Mgr. 

Dick  Ames Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Dale  Cilass _,7.f,f/.  Bus.  Mgr. 

Rirhanl  Smitli Asst.  Bus.  Mgr. 


liiisinrss  .  Issoiinies 
I.ouis  Oavidson        Ronald    Trense 
Ira  Evans  James  J.  Skarda 

George   Kvitek  Euing  A.  Sharp 

Richard    Stevens       Bill  Anderson 
Alfreda   E.   Mallorey....O///Vv  S,-n;-lnry 


Faculty  Advisers 

J.  A.  Henry 
A.   R.   Knight 
L.  A.  Rose 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
>I.I.EGE  MAGAZINES  ASSOCIATED 
Chairman:  John  A.  Henry 
University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  111. 
\rkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Cooperative 
gineer,  Colorado  Engineer,  Cornell  Engi- 
■r,  Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Illinois 
Technograph,  Iowa  Engineer,  Iowa  Transit. 
Kansas  Engineer,  Kansas  State  Engineer. 
Kentucky  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer, 
Michigan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog. 
Missouri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blneprint, 
New  York  University  Quadrangle.  North 
Dakota  Engineer,  North  Dakota  State  Engi- 
neer, Ohio  State  Engineer,  Oklahoma  State 
Engineer,  Penn  State  Engineer,  Pennsyl- 
vania Triangle,  Purdue  Engineer,  Rochester 
Indicator,  _  Rose  Technic,  Tech  Engineering 
News,  Wayne  Engineer,  and  Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


Published  Eight  Times  Yearly  by 
the  Students  of  the  College  of  En- 
gineering, University  of  Illinois 


Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  Januafy,  Febru- 
ary. March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second 
class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  i,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  Illiuois  Technograph. 

Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Barnhill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago    11,     111.     101    Park    Avenue,    New 


Volume  64 


Number  8 


The  lech  Presents 


ARTICLES 

The  Thermistor,  Simple  and  Rugged 7 

The  Convocation 8 

Dr.  Everitt:    Dean-Elect    9 

I  See  Ya  Talkin' ]Q 

New  Headquarters  for  Chem  Engineers 12 

E.  E.  Building  Dedication 13 

The  New   Internal   Combustion  Laboratory 13 

e 

DEPARTMENTS 

New  Developments 2 

Navy    Pier 14 

Galesburg    15 

Engineeiing    Honoraries  and  Societies 16 

Personalities     17 

Vocabulary    Clinic 17 

Editorial 18 

Technocracks 40 


OUR  COVER 


^..itagu        11,         iji.         lyj 

York    17,   New    York. 


Dean-Elect  William  L.  Everitt  (left)  shakes  hands  with  retiring 
Dean  Melvin  L.  Enger  at  the  first  annual  All-Engineering  Con- 
vocation at  which  they  were  featured  speakers.  (Photo  by  Ralph 
Zuccarello.) 

FRONTISPIECE 

J.  H.  Hagenguth,  engineer  in  charge  of  General  Electric's 
high-voltage  laboratory,  stands  framed  between  three  huge 
sphere  gaps,  preparing  to  set  off  a  10,000,000  volt  charge  of 
man-made  lightning.   (Photo  courtesy  of  General    Electric.) 


The  Thermistor,  Simple  and  Rugged 


tti§  l.i'onnrtt  Luilof.  K.K.  '  lU 


Thermistors  are  made  of  semi-conduc- 
tors which  are  extiemely  sensiti\e  to 
siii^ht  temperature  changes.  Variations 
in  temperature  as  small  as  one  thous- 
andth of  a  degree  centigrade  can  be 
measured  with  the  use  of  a  thermistor. 
These  control  devices  are  made  from  a 
mixture  of  metal  oxides  under  very  pre- 
cise procedures,  as  the  resistance  of  the 
materials  can  vary  by  factors  up  to  a 
thousand  or  a  million  with  surprisingly 
small  amounts  of  certain  impurities,  with 
iieat  treatment,  or  with  methods  of  mak- 
ing contact. 

To  be  generally  useful  m  industry  the 
thermistor  should  meet  these  require- 
ments: 

1.  Mass-produced  units  should  have 
the  same  characteristics. 

1.  AbilitN'  to  maintain  constant  char- 
acteristics dining  use;  the  contact  should 
be  permanent  and  the  unit  should  be 
chemically  inert. 

3.  The  units  shoulil  be  mechanicalh 
rugged. 

4.  The  technique  of  manufacture 
should  be  such  that  the  material  can  be 
formed  into  various  shapes  and  sizes. 

5.  The  unit  should  cover  a  wide 
range  of  resistance,  temperature  coeffi- 
cient, and  power  dissipation. 

Production  Methods 

The  methods  of  production  include: 
melting  the  semi-conductor,  cooling  and 
solidifying,  cutting  to  size  and  shape; 
!)  evaporation;  3)  heating  compressed 
powders  of  semi-conductors  to  a  tem- 
perature at  which  they  sinter  into  a 
strong  compact  mass  and  firing  on  metal 
powder  contacts.      While  all   three  pro- 


LEONARD    LADOF 


Leonard  Ladof,  o  senior 
in  electrical  engineering, 
combines  extensive  practi- 
cal experience  with  theory 
in  his  field.  He  has  worked 
in  the  radio  field  since 
1936,  and  served  three 
years  in  the  Navy  as  a 
radio  technician. 

Born  in  Chicago  on  May 
17,  1913,  Len  started  his 
college  career  in  1929  by 
taking  two  years  of  pre- 
med  The  medical  profes- 
sion's loss  was  the  engi- 
neering profession's  gain 
.'.hen,  after  a  !5-year  ab- 
sence, he  decided  to  return 
to  school  Len  is  a  member 
of  Sigma  Tau,  Eta  Kappa 
Nu,  Chi  Gamma  lota,  and 
A  1  EE-I  RE. 


cesses  have  been  used,  the  third  method 
has  been  foimd  to  be  most  generally  use- 
ful for  mass  production.  This  method 
IS  similar  to  that  employed  in  ceramics 
or  in  powder  metallurgy.  At  the  sinter- 
ing temperatures  the  powders  re-crystal- 
lize and  the  dimensions  shrink  by  con- 
trolled amounts.  The  powder  process 
makes  it  possible  to  mix  two  or  more 
semi-conducting  oxides  in  varying  pro- 
portions and  obtain  a  homogeneous  and 
uniform  solid.  It  is  thus  possible  to 
co\er  a  considerable  range  of  specific  re- 
sistance and  temperature  coefficient  of 
resistance  with  the  same  system  of  ox- 
ides. By  means  of  the  powder  process 
it  is  possible  to  make  thermistors  of  ;i 
great  variety  of  shapes  and  sizes  to  cover 
a  large  range  of  resistances  and  power 
handling  capacities.  The  most  common 
forms  are  beads,  rods,  discs,  washers  and 
flakes. 

In  ilesigning  a  thermistor  for  a  spe- 
cific application,  the  following  charac- 
teristics should  be  considered:  1.  Me- 
chanical dimensions  including  those  of 
the    suppoits;     2.      The    material    from 


which  it  is  made  and  its  properties. 
These  include  the  specific  resistance  and 
how  it  varies  with  temperatures,  the  spe- 
cific heat,  density,  and  expansion  coeffi- 
cient; 3.  The  dissipation  constant  anil 
power  sensitivity.  These  constants  are 
determined  by  the  area  and  nature  of 
the  sinface,  the  surrounding  medium  and 
the  thermal  conductivity  of  the  supports; 

4.  The  heat  capacity  which  is  determined 
by  specific  heat,  dimensions  and  densitv  ; 

5.  The  time  constant.  This  determines 
how  rapidly  the  thermistor  will  cool  or 
heat.  If  a  thermistor  is  heated  above  the 
surrounding  temperature  and  then  al- 
lowed to  cool,  its  temperature  will  de- 
crease rapidly  at  first  and  then  more 
slowly  until  it  finally  reaches  ambient 
temperature.     The  time  constant  is  the 


Even  though  the  thermistor,  or 
thermall.v  sensitive  resistor,  was 
(liseovered  only  about  15  years  ago, 
industry  has  already  found  impor- 
tant and  large  scale  uses  for  the 
device. 

Some  of  the  uses,  as  explained  in 
this  article,  are  as  time  delay  devi- 
ees,  protective  devices,  voltage  reg- 
ulators, thermometers,  and  temper- 
ature control  devices,  pressure 
gauges,  flowmeters,  and  detecting 
elements  for  very  small  amounts  of 
radiant  power.  Thermistors  are 
simple,  small,  rugged,  have  a  long 
life,  and  require  little  maintenance. 
Because  of  these  and  other  desir- 
able properties,  thermistors  prom- 
ise to  become  new  circuit  elements 
which  will  be  used  extensively  in 
the  fields  of  communications,  radio, 
electrical  and  thermal  instrumen- 
tation, and  research  in  physics, 
chemistry,  and  biology. 


Fig.  1.  Thermistors  can  be  manufactured  in  a  variety  of  forms  as  (left 
to  right)  beads,  rods,  discs,  washers,  and  flakes.  (Photo  courtesy  of 
General  Electric.) 


time  required  for  the  temperature  to  fall 
63  per  cent  of  the  way  toward  ambient 
temperature;  6.  The  maximum  permis- 
sible power  that  can  be  dissipated  con- 
sistent with  good  stability  and  long  life, 
for  continuous  operation  and  for  surges. 
1  his  can  be  computed  from  the  dissipa- 
tion constant  and  the  maximum  permis- 
sible temperature  ri.se.  This  and  the  re- 
sistance-temperature relation  determine 
the  maximum  decrease  resistance. 
Properties  of  Setni-Condtictors 
As  most  thermistors  are  made  of  semi- 
conductors it  is  important  to  discuss  the 
(Continued   on   page  20) 


MAY,  1949 


THE    CONVOCATION 


lti§  Itvun  It.   I'vllan.   #.#•;.  ".»/ 


T/ie  Winners 


DR.   WILLIAM   L.   EVERITT 


"An  histoiMC  occasion,"  in  the  words 
of  Dr.  Stoddard  was  the  first  annual 
All-Enginefrs'  Convocation  held  Friday, 
April  8,   I94Q,  in  the  Auditorium. 

Sponsored  jointly  by  the  Engineerinj: 
Council  and  the  Illinois  Technograph, 
the  convocation  was  the  first  assenibh 
of  its  kind  here  at  the  L'ni\ersity.  The 
program  began  with  music  presente<i  h\ 
the  First  Regimental  Hand  under  tin- 
direction  of  Everett  I).  Kisingcr. 

Carl  W.  Falk,  president  of  the  Engi- 
neering Council,  opened  the  ceremonies 
with  a  short  introduction  and  presenta- 
tion of  Dean  Melvin  L.  Enger,  head  of 
the  College  of  Engineeiiiig  and  I'riitcs- 
sor  W.  L.  Everitt,  head  ot  the  electrical 
engineering  department. 

Highlighting  the  convocation  was  the 


M.  Z.   Krzywoblocki 

D.  G.  Carter 
R.  C.    Hay 

N.    D.   Morgan 
A.   W.   Allen 
R.  L.  Cook 
T.    Boron 
W.   E.   Hanson 
M.  S.  Helm 
S.  G.  Hall 

E.  D.    Luke 

E.  J.  Eckel 

W.  R.  Chedsey 

F.  W.   Loomis 

G.  R.  Tape 

O.  M.  Sidebottom 


Aeronautical 

Agricultural 

Agricultural 

Architectural 

Ceramic 

Ceramic 

Chemical 

Civil 

Electrical 

G.E.D. 

Mechanical 

Metallurgical 

Mining 

Physics 

Physics 

T.  &  A.  M. 


Honorable  Mention 


H.  S.  Stillwell 
R.    I.   Shawl 

E.  F.  Toth 

F.  V.    Tooley 
W.  M.  Campbell 
E.  R.  Bretscher 
D.    E.   Glum 

J.   K.  Tuthill 
M.  B.  Reed 
L.    D.    Walker 
B.  O.  Larson 
D.   H.  Krans 
J.   R.   Fellows 
B.    G.    Ricketts 

G.  B.  Clark 
R.  A.   Becker 
W.  E.   Black 


Aeronautical 

Agricultural 

Architectural 

Ceramic 

Chemical 

Civil 

Electrical 

Electrical 

Electrical 

G.E.D. 

G.E.D. 

Mechanical 

Mechanical 

Metallurgical 

Mining 

Physics 

T.  &  A.  M. 


CARL   FALK 

announcing  of  the  awards  to  the  win- 
ners of  the  most  effective  teaching  con- 
test by  Ed  Witort,  editor  of  the  Illi- 
nois Technograph.  Dean  Enger  made 
the  presentations.  The  teachers  were 
\oted  these  awards  by  the  junior  and 
senior  students  of  the  College  of  Engi- 
neering in  a  recent  poll. 

The  main  address  was  presented  by 
Dr.  Cieorge  Stoddard,  president  of  the 
I  niversit\'  of  Illinois.  Dr.  Stoddard's 
address  was  concerned  with  the  value 
lit  effective  teaching  ami  stressed  that 
although  many  teachers  were  awarded 
certificates  for  the  most  effective  teach- 
ing, that  this  by  no  means  detracteil 
an\  merits  from  the  rest  of  the  instruc- 
tors. Xo  single  method  of  conducting 
(Continued  on  page  34) 


The  sixteen  instructors  voted  "most  effective"  in  the  recent  contest  line  up  on  the  Auditorium  stage  after 
receiving  their  awards.  The  list  of  winners  above  reads  from  right  to  left.  (Convocation  photos  by  Ralph 
Zuccarello.) 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Dr.  Everitt:  Dean -Elect 


Iff/  Holn'i'l  I.Hirrviivv.  K.l'hi/.  '."il 


Doctor  William  Littell  K\fritt,  lu'ad 
of  the  University  of  Illinois  department 
of  electrical  engineering  since  1944,  will 
become  dean  of  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing next  September. 

Professor  Everitt,  widely  known  as 
one  of  America's  foremost  authorities  on 
electronics,  has  been  appointed  by  the 
board  of  trustees  to  succeed  Dean  Alel- 
\in  L.  Enger.  Dean  Enger  has  reached 
the  letirement  age  of  68,  and  will  step 
down  as  dean  of  the  college  on  Septem- 
ber 1,  1040. 

Dr.  E\critt's  appointment  was  influ- 
enced by  his  broad  experience  of  teach- 
ing, writing,  and  pratical  work.  He 
served  in  the  U.  S.  Marine  Corps  in 
World  War  I  and  joined  the  Signal 
Corps  reserve  in  1922.  He  received  his 
bachelor  degree  in  electrical  engineer- 
ing from  Cornell  university  the  same 
year.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
teaching  staff  at  Cornell  from  1920  to 
1022. 

In  the  summer  of  1920,  he  was  an 
engineer  for  the  New  York  Telephone 
Co.,  and  from  1922  to  1924  was  em- 
ployed as  a  telephone  engineer  for  the 
North  Electric  Manufacturing  Co.,  at 
Cialion,  Ohio.  The  following  two  \'ears 
Dr.  Everitt  was  an  instructor  at  the 
I  nixersity  of  Michigan.  He  obtained 
his  M.S.  degree  there  in  1926  and  went 
to  ()hi(j  State  university  as  assistant 
professor  of  electrical  engineering.  He 
received  his  doctor's  degree  there  in 
10.^1  and  in  1934,  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor ot   electrical  engineering. 

l)r.  I'.xeritt  chose  the  communica- 
tions branch  of  electrical  engineering 
eail\  \n  his  college  career.  He  remained 
acti\e  in  the  Signal  Corps  reserve  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major  by  1936.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  communication 
section  of  the  N.itinnal  Defense  Re- 
search comnu'ssion  in  1940,  and  in  1942 
obtained  a  leave  of  absence  from  Ohio 
State  university  to  serve  as  director  of 
operational  research  in  the  office  of  the 
chief  signal  officer,  War  Department, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

In  carrying  out  this  vital  research, 
Dr.  Everitt's  principal  dealings  were 
with  the  Air  Corps  operators  from 
whom  he  learned  the  residts  of  the  railio 
and  radar  equipment  supplied  by  the 
Signal  Corps  and  deternu'ned  what  ini- 
proxements  were  necessarv. 

In   recognition  of  his  exceptional   per- 

MAY,  1949 


WILLIAM  LITTELL  EVERITT 

formance  in  this  research,  Dr.  Everitt 
was  presented  with  the  Exceptional  Ci- 
vilian Service  Award  in  May,  1946, 
by  General  C.   H.  Arnold. 

The  citation  on  the  certificate  states, 
"His  outstanding  contribution  in  devis- 
uig  methods  and  procedures  improving 
Signal  Corps  cqiupment  and  the  accom- 
panying instiuctional  literature  and  im- 
pro\enients  in  the  technical  training  pro- 
gram resulted  in  better  utilization  f)f 
railar  equipment.  " 

(General  Arnold  emphasized  these  out- 
standing duties  performed: 

"Doctor  Everitt  developed  and  im- 
|ii-o\ed  methods  and  procedures  which 
accomplished  results  for  the  War  De- 
partment by  directing  a  staff  in  a 
thorough  investigation  in  IFF  Mark  HI 
(identification,  friend  or  foe)  and  in 
de\ising  corrective  procedures  which  im- 
proved the  efficiency  in  IFF  from  76 
per  cent  to  97  per  cent;  in  preparing 
prototype  manuals  of  preventative  main- 
tenance on  Signal  Corps  equipment;  in 
|ireparing  a  report  on  radio  wave  propa- 
gation that  showed  how  each  funda- 
mental factor  of  a  radar  set  effected 
the  maximum  range;  in  developing  a 
iiew  type  antenna  for  use  with  L.  F. 
Loran  ;  in  preparing  a  handbook  'Fimda- 
iiientals  of  Radar  A.  J.'  which  fur- 
nished basic  engineering  design  informa- 
tion on  anti-jamming;  in  developing  a 
methoil    of    measuring   the    \elocity    and 


diag  of  rockets  by  use  of  radar;  in  de\  is- 
ing  methods  of  training  radio  code  oper- 
ators; and  in  collaborating  with  the 
assistant  chief  signal  officer;  Dr.  Everitt 
revie\\'ed  the  course  in  electricity  at  the 
U.  S.  Military  Academy  and  recom- 
ommended  fundamental  changes  in  the 
course  that  placed  stress  on  electronics." 

Dr.  Everitt  was  named  to  head  the 
electrical  engineering  department  here  in 
1044.  succeeding  Professor  Ellery  P. 
Paine,  and  was  granted  an  automatic 
leave  from  the  University  to  continue 
his  Army  work 

Since  he  came  to  Illinois,  intensive 
new  research  programs  in  electronics 
have  been  inaugurated,  such  as  the  new 
vacuum  tube  research  laboratory,  and 
contracts  from  the  Army  and  Navy  de- 
partments for  resarch  work  have  been 
made. 

1  he  department  has  increased  research 
on  idtrasonics  to  include  detection  of 
infra-red  rays  and  the  effect  of  ultra- 
sonics on  nerve  ti.ssue  and  bacteria.  Oth- 
er improvements  include  a  program  to 
give  assistance  to  other  departments 
using  electrical  measuring  instruments, 
and  a  revi.sed  curriculum  for  electrical 
engineers. 

Several  electrical  in\entions  ha\c  been 
developed  by  Dr.  E\eritt,  which  include 
a  counting  relay  chain  and  other  auto- 
matic telephone  equipment,  a  frequency 
moilulation  radio  altimeter,  and  several 
.intenna  matching  and  feeding  systems. 
He  has  also  developed  high-power  radio 
amplifier  principles. 

As  a  recognized  authority  on  electron- 
ics, he  has  written  a  number  of  books. 
Among  them  aie  Coiniiuinifatioiis  Eiu/i- 
luciiiu/  and  Fundiiiiicntnls  of  Radio.  He 
wrote  the  section  of  "Telephone  and 
Telegraphy"  in  the  Standard  I landhook 
for  Electrical  Engineers,  and  has  written 
and  published  many  articles  on  radio  en- 
gineering and  commimication  that  have 
appeared  in  various  technical  publica- 
tions. 

Dr.  Everitt  has  been  active  in  several 
engineering  societies  and  organizations. 
He  h.is  been  president  and  director  of 
the  Institute  of  Radio  Engineers  and  has 
gi\en  lectLues  before  more  than  forty 
sections  of  the  Institute.  He  has  been  a 
member  of  the  electronics  committee  of 
the  joint  Research  and  Development 
Hoard  of  the  National  Military  Estab- 
(  Continued  on  page  34) 


I   SEE   YA  TALKIN 


«f/    Xrvrii  HvivmIi.  Il.li.'lit 


'I'lic  rdiKcpt  i)t  "\oii-c  wntm^  is 
not  a  lu-u  one.  Many  ot  us  aii'  taniiliar 
with  tlu-  complex  wave  trace  represent 
ing  speech  visually  on  the  screen  of  an 
oscilloscope.  Motion  picture  sound 
tracks  portray  the  characteristics  of 
voice  or  music  by  a  pattern  of  light  an<l 
dark  areas  on  film.  These  methods  and 
several  others  achieve  the  display  of 
what  may  be  callcii  "\isihK-  sound."  ( )n 
many  occasions  it  ma\  ho  desirabU'  to 
analyze  the  sound  in  order  to  learn 
more  about  the  complicated  combination 
of  single  frequencies  that  blend  to  form 
audible  sensations. 

I  suali\',  the  interest  lies  in  splitting 
sound  into  its  separate  tundMuieiital  tic- 
quencies  and  their  attendant  harmonic 
frequencies.  I'nfortunateh',  none  of  the 
sound  patterns  produced  by  the  meth- 
ods mentioned  aho\e  lend  themsehcs  to 
eas\    anahsis.    Harmonic  anaKsis  in   the 


Here  is  presented  a  survey  of 
(he  historical  development  and  re- 
sults achieved  with  a  new  device 
which  started  off  as  a  research  in- 
strument for  sound  analysis.  The 
device  finds  one  of  its  most  im- 
portant uses  in  the  training  of  the 
deaf  to  "read"  sound  and  learn  to 
speak  effectively — some  for  the 
first  time. 


laboratory  ma\  be  done  ii\  picking  out 
single  frequencies  from  a  steady  state 
complex  w  a  v  c.  Separation  is  accom- 
plished by  sen<ling  the  wave  through  a 
series  of  narrow  filters,  each  of  which 
selects  a  single  frequency  or  a  small 
group  of  adjacent  frequencies,  (^iraph- 
ical  methods  of  Fourier  analysis  may 
also  be  applied  to  a  complex  wave  form, 
but  the  mathematical  labor  is  usualh' 
discouraging  when  speech  is  concerned. 
In  any  event,  conventional  methods  of 
analysis  are  found  to  be  impractical  due 
to  the  equipment  or  effort  involved. 

Still  another  limitation  that  may  be 
found  is  the  clear  presentation  of  all 
the  dimensions  of  speech.  While  fre- 
quency and  relative  amplitude  may  be 
siiown  by  some  of  the  analyzing  meth- 
ods, tlie  third  variable,  a  chronological 
time  order,  is  either  obscured  by  the 
display  or  neglected  entirelv.  'Jhe  time 
dimension  is  supplied  by  the  memory  in 
aural  reception,  and  to  some  extent  in 
visual   discrimination.   In   tiie  lattei'  it  is 


10 


AVERY    HEVESH 


Avery  Hevesh  was  born 
in  Chicago,  but  soon  moved 
to  New  York  where  he  re- 
ceived his  pre  -  college 
training. 

Avery  enrolled  in  L  A.S 
when  he  orrived  here  ot 
Illinois,  but  later  switched 
to  electricoi  engineering 
The  change  seems  to  hove 
'J Treed  with  him,  for  he 
, trained  membership  in 
au  Beta  Pi,  Sigma  Tau, 
f  iG  Kappa  Nu,  and  joined 
the    A  IE  E.-l  RE 

After  completing  the 
communication  option  this 
tune,  Avery  is  plonning  to 
work  for  o  while  in  devel- 
opment work  before  start- 
ing graduate  school. 


commonly  known  as  persistence  of  vis- 
ion. It  has  been  found,  however,  that 
visual  analysis  is  much  easier  when  the 
time  sequence  is  included.  Since  speech 
energy  varies  with  frequency  and  time, 
three-dimensional  models  ma\  he  con- 
structed which  correctly  show  the  en- 
ergy distiibution  as  a  function  of  its 
two  variables.  All  three  basic  dimen- 
sions arc  required  in  order  to  learn  new 
facts  in  the  studv'  of  sound  ;  but  it  would 
be  quite  inconvenient  to  work  with 
solid  models.  Tlieretore,  one  ot  the 
in'oblems  related  to  the  sound  display 
is  that  of  representing  three  independ- 
ent variables  on  a  plane  surface.  The 
new  picicess  of  visible  sound,  using  the 
soiiiiil  spectrograph,  accomplishes  this 
successtiillv. 

Dfvcldpnioit   (ij  the 
S  fvct)(ii>r(iph 

I'nim  stiiches  on  speech  ilisfortion  m 
tcdephone  circuits,  it  was  vcali/eil  at  the 
Hell      1  (dephone     Labcuatcnies    m     New 


York  that  no  device  adequately  fulfilled 
the  requirements  of  sound  analysis.  The 
first  model  of  a  sound  spectrograph,  de- 
signed to  overcome  the  aforementioned 
disadvantages,  was  built  at  Bell  and 
produced  patterns  that  were  crude — bv 
present  standards  of  detail — but  the  ini- 
tial step  had  been  made.  Several  years 
of  steadv'  improvement  in  the  device 
followed.  F  u  r  t  h  e  r  refinements  were 
made  at  Haskins  Laboratories  in  New 
York  in  connection  with  the  develop- 
ment of  reading  machines  for  the  blind. 
The  patterns  produced  by  the  latest 
spectrographs  simplify  sound  analysis 
considerably  and  introduce  some  en- 
tirely   nvw   applications. 

It  was  appreciated  rather  carlv'  dur- 
ing these  developments  that  the  methods 
of  "reading"  sound  would  be  of  con- 
siderable interest  to  the  deaf,  since  the 
spectrograph  would  present  .sound  vis- 
ually. "Voice  writing"  is  an  apt  de- 
scription of  the  process  of  learning  to 
recognize  the  visual  counterparts  of 
spoken  words  and  sentences. 

Thus,  there  are  two  fields  of  inter- 
est that  merge  in  the  study  of  visible 
speech.  The  scientist,  who  is  interested 
in  sound  anaylsis,  is  concerned  with 
the  detailed  patterns  that  represent 
speech  or  other  audible  sound.  Those 
interested  in  the  problems  of  the  deaf 
are  concerned  with  the  modtilations  of 
s|ieech  that  carry  intelligence — that  is, 
readabilitv'  of  the  patterns.  Accordinglv', 
two  general  types  of  spectrographs  have 
grown  out  of  the  basic  model.  One 
ileals    with    permanently    recorded    pat- 


ECOROtNii  PAPtn 


RECOROING 


iMH 


Fig.  1.  The  Bell  spectrograph  records  sound  on  a  magnetic  tape  drum 
and  transfers  it,  separated  into  frequency  bands,  to  a  sensitized  paper 
for    a    permanent    record.      (Courtesy    of    Bell    Telephone     laboratories.) 

THE  TECHNOGRAP^ 


Fig.  2.  Two  spectrographs  of  ordinary  speech  mode  on  recent  machines 
are  shown  above.  The  sentence  recorded  on  the  upper  strip  is,  "We  are 
due  at  about  eight,."  and  on  the  lower,  "A  boy  got  out  a  back  gate." 
The  words  "eight"  and  "gate"  are  bracketed  for  comparison.  (Courtesy 
of  Bell  laboratories.) 


terns  >uitable  for  analysis  and  study; 
the  other  provides  transient  patterns 
suitable   for  visual  hearing. 

Permanent  Spectrograms 

Figure  1  represents  a  block  diagram 
of  the  basic  Bell  spectrograph  for  pro- 
ducing permanent  patterns.  Two  spec- 
trograms made  with  recent  machines 
arc  shown  in  Figure  2.  Two  of  the 
variables  are  represented  by  the  coordin- 
ate axes.  Frequency  is  shown  along  the 
vertical  a.xis  with  the  high  frequencies 
at  the  top  and  the  low  frequencies  at 
the  bottom.  Time  sequence  is  indicated 
along  the  horizontal  axis  and  proceeds 
from  left  to  right.  The  third  variable, 
intensity,  is  shown  by  the  varying  shades 
of  gray.  Even  at  first  glance  the  pattern 
resolves  itself  into  a  form  that  is  readily 
retainable  in  the  memory.  The  dark 
bands  that  appear  on  the  spectrograms 
are   regions  of  mouth  cavity  resonance. 

In  the  Bell  instrument  the  speech  is 
recorded  on  a  rotating  loop  of  magnetic 
tape.  Transfer  of  the  sound  from  there 
to  the  sensitive  paper  is  a  delicate  pro- 
cess that  involves  synchronization.  The 
frequency  axis  on  the  recording  drum  is 
horizontal ;  and  since  the  time  axis  is 
around  the  circumference,  a  point  on 
the  magnetic  tape  corresponds  to  a  point 
on  the  time  axis  around  the  drum.  The 
magnetic  tape  is  constantly  rotated  to 
gi\e  a  repeated  reproduction  of  the  ini- 
tial speech.  The  sound  is  then  separated 
into  60  different  wave  bands  by  the 
analyzer,  and  each  band  is  fed  into 
the  power  amplifier.  For  one  revolu- 
tion of  the  magnetic  tape  only  one  wave 
band  actuates  the  recording  stylus.  For 
the  next  re\olution  the  stylus  moves 
horizontally  and  records  the  impulses 
in  the  next  wave  band.  This  process 
continued  until  the  whole  range  of  fre- 
quencies is  covered. 

The  Haskins  device  is  almost  identi- 
cal   except    that    the    record    tape    is    re- 


placed by  a  singIe-groo\e  record  of  the 
desired  sound  and  a  photographic  film 
is  used  on  the  recording  drum.  Here 
again,  the  sound  to  be  pictured  is  played 
repeatedly  through  the  scanning  filter, 
which  moves  slowly  across  the  frequency 
spectnun  from  100  cycles  to  about  4,000 
cycles.  A  high-intensity  electron  spot  is 
produced  on  the  screen  of  a  small  cath- 
ode-ray tube  where  an  optical  system 
focu.ses  it  upon  photographic  film  in  a 
light-tight  drum.  The  cathode-ray  tube 
is  actuated  by  the  sound  which  passes 
through  the  analyzer,  and  the  intensity- 
modulated  electron  spot  produces  upon 
the  film  a  progressive  spectrogram  as 
each  sweep  cycle  is  recorded. 

The  advantage  of  using  film  on  the 
recording  drum  is  that  a  greater  range 
of  intensity  variation  is  possible.  The 
maximum  and  minimum  power  levels 
of  normal  speech  are  on  the  order  of 
100,000  :  1.  The  amplifiers  used  with 
the  Bell  instrument  cover  most  of  this 
range,  but  the  whole  recording  system 
is  limited  by  the  12  db.  sensiti\ity  of 
the  recording  paper.  There  is  a  much 
wider  latitude  to  the  density  range  of 
film,  and  levels  up  to  50  or  60  db.  are 


not  uncommon.  Thus,  better  dynamic 
range  in  the  film  spectrograph  leads  to 
more  faithful  reproduction  of  sound  pat- 
terns. However,  even  with  the  wide 
sensitivity  range,  some  signal  compres- 
sion is  necessary  to  reduce  the  effect  of 
the  excessive  contrast  that  appears  in 
human  speech. 

The  two  spectrograms  shown  in  Fig- 
ure 2  were  produced  by  a  luiit  using 
wide  band-pass  filters  to  reduce  un- 
necessary detail  and  raise  the  readability 
level,  or  "discrimination  index."  Each 
word  stands  almost  as  a  unit  in  itself, 
since  single-syllable  combinations  were 
used  primarily.  Notice  the  similarity  in 
the  words  "eight"  and  "gate"  in  the 
respective  patterns.  The  visual  pictures 
of  these  two  words  are  almost  identical 
except  for  the  low  frequency  resonance 
bar  (the  dark  band)  at  the  beginning 
of  the  word  "gate."  The  vertical  stria- 
tions  are  caused  by  beats  between  ad- 
jacent harmonics. 

To  show  still  more  conclusively  the 
ease  of  recognition.  Figure  3  is  included. 
Here,  the  same  sentence  was  spoken  by 
fom'  subjects  from  different  regional 
areas.  It  is  apparent  that  the  speech 
similarities  are  greater  than  the  differ- 
ences. Although  no  two  individuals  have 
identical  voice  characteristics,  visible 
speech  as  considered  here  does  not 
emphasize  the  dissimilarities.  The  varia- 
tion of  pattern  shapes  for  different  peo- 
ple has  been  described  in  much  the  saine 
way  as  the  variation  of  handwriting 
among  individuals. 

The  spectrogram  patterns  used  for 
illustration  here  have  been  chosen  to 
represent  one  of  the  most  complex  of 
sounds — that  of  human  speech.  Yet  the 
adaptability  of  the  equipment  to  other 
types  of  signals  is  quite  feasable  and 
many  stLidies  ha\-e  been  made  of  .sounds 
other  than  speech.  Such  varied  .sounds 
as  those  of  bird  songs,  machinery,  noise, 
and  even  snoring  are  exposed  by  spec- 
trographic  study. 

Spectrograph  work  has  made  pos- 
sible the  reproduction  of  many  sounds 
(Continued  on  page  30) 


Fig.  3.  Shown  above  are  four  spectrographs  of  the  phrase,  "We  ore 
here,"  spoken  by  subjects  from  four  regions:  upper  left,  general  Ameri- 
can; upper  right,  English;  lower  left,  eastern  American;  lower  right, 
southern  American.     (Courtesy  of  Bell   laboratories.) 


MAY,  1949 


n 


lew  ll('iiil(|iiiiii('rN  lor  (linii  Ui\mm 


Mtii  Art  Itrvshfivltl.  1  h.i:.  '.7/ 


llu-  opening  (it  rlic  new  clii'nili.al  Miiil 
(.'licniii.al  I'ligliK'crinj;  liuililiii^  tlli^  tall 
will  iiiaik  anorhei'  major  addition  to  the 
cxpaiulinj;  cnt^incciiii^  facilities  on  the 
L  rbaiia  campus. 

Started  in  Scprcmhri,  1'I47.  the  luiild- 
iiij;  is  now  |iracticall\  completed  and 
ready  for  the  installation  of  equipment, 
most  of  which  will  be  moNed  in  and  as- 
sembled during  this  summer.  H\  the 
befjinning  of  the  fall  semester,  the  chem- 
ical engineering  department  will  mini' 
in,  and,  tor  the  first  time,  will  he  houscil 
in  a  buil(ii[ig  designed  for  their  needs. 

This  building  has  five  floors  plus  a 
basement,  sub-basement,  and  penthouse, 
and  contains  over  1  ()(),()()()  square  feet  ot 
floor  space.  An  ele\ator  transverses  the 
entire  height  of  the  structure,  except  the 
penthouse,  and  a  tunnel  connects  the  sub- 
basement  with  Noyes  l;ihorator\  and 
Chemistry  annex. 

/   nit  Oficr/iliijiis  Liil) 

(  )ne  ot  the  outstanding  features  ot 
the  building  is  the  unit  operations  labo- 
ratory, which  will  replace  the  present  in- 
adequate facilities  in  Noyes  laborator\. 
A  large  amount  of  equipment  now  scat- 
tered in  several  places  will  be  installed 
here,  and  much  new  equipment  is  now 
on  order. 

This  laborator\  will  h.ive  .i.ddd  square 
feet  of  floor  space,  ami  will  evtend 
through  three  stories.  .Me//anini>  nt 
iron  grilling,  five  feet  wide,  will  run 
completely  around  the  laboratory  at 
nine-foot  inter\als,  making  three  addi- 
tional operating  levels  besides  the  m.iin 
tloor.  'I'hus  the  entire  40  feet  of  head- 
room will  be  easily  available  tor  those 
without  heart  trouble. 

Adjoining  this  laborator)  and  the  ele- 
vator shaft  will  be  another  shaft  which 
will  extend  to  the  top  of  the  building. 
It  will  give  a  space  over  7(1  feet  high  to 
be  used  for  distillation  columns  or  other 
unusualh'  tall  equipment. 

The  laboratory  will  be  used  prim;iril\ 
by  students  in  the  laboratory  courses  in 
unit  operations — Ch.  E.  372  and  374, 
but  it  will  also  be  available  to  otherv 
who  wish  to  make  use  of  some  of  the 
equipment  or  to  take  advantage  of  tin 
high  clearance. 

Otic  of  the  completclv  nvw  items  in 
this  laboratory  is  a  single  effect  evapora 
tor  which  is  20  feet  long.  I  I  feet  wide, 
and  12  feet  high.  It  has  vertical  tubes 
and  a  2()-incli  diameter  tank,  built  to 
be  operated  at  pressures  ranging  from  10 


pinuids  vacuum  to  1^  pounds  gauge;  it 
cm  be  opeiated  as  a  forced  circulation 
evaporator  or  as  a  natural  circulation 
Inng-tube  evaporation  um't.  With  the 
pumps  by-passed,  it  c;ui  ,iKo  be  used  as 
a  rising  film  or  a  falling  tilni  unit,  or 
as  a  flash  type  evaporator. 

All  motors  on  it  will  be  explosion 
proof,  so  that  it  can  be  used  with  a  wide 
v.iricty  of  substances  under  greatly  vary- 
nig  conditions.  With  it,  students  will 
be  .ible  to  study  heat  transfer  and  evapo- 
r.ition  and  processes  in  detail. 

Another  new  piece  of  equipment  is  an 
1  1-foot-high,  six  plate  distillation  col- 
umn. It  is  a  foot  in  diameter  and  made 
lit  bron/e.  Operating  at  pressures  up  to 
loo  pounds  gauge,  it,  too,  is  very  ver- 
satile, and  will  he  us-.-ful  for  studving 
ili^tdlatiiin  processes  with  vaiious  liipiids 
and  at  several  capacities. 

^^\vo  other  new  units  are  also  planned 
for  this  laboratory.  One  is  a  stainless 
steel  rotary  filter,  18  inches  in  diameter, 
with  a  12-inch  face.  It  will  replace  the 
old  Oliver  filter  which  is  now  being 
used.  T  he  second  is  to  be  a  rot.ary  tun- 
nel drier,  a  piece  of  equipment  looking 
and  operating  somewhat  like  a  rotary 
kiln,  but  at  much  lower  temperatures. 

Besides  this,  there  will,  of  course,  be 
much  other  equipment.  Thickeners,  dri- 
ers mixers,  and  all  the  usual  equipment 
tound  in  a  unit  operations  laboratory 
will  make  this  one  very  complete. 

An   overhead    crane    running   the    full 


lahiii  ,iti)i\    ,-uiil  extra-large 
ipeu  directiv   onto  a  drive- 


Irngrh  ol   thi 
iloors  which 
vv.iy  will  make  the  task  of  installing  .and 
moving  equipment  much  easier. 
OiIhi    I'idtiiics 

Across  the  hall  from  the  unit  opera- 
tions laboratory  will  be  the  ci  ushing  ,iiul 
grinding  room.  While  nothing  new  has 
been  ordered,  it  will  have  a  large  stock 
of  equipment.  This  includes  ball  mills, 
disc  pulverizers,  hammer  mills,  a  jaw 
crusher,  roll  crusher,  gyrating  crusher, 
shaker  screens,  and  other  items  which 
will  be  capable  of  processing  stones  and 
powders  ranging  from  three-inch  diame- 
ters down  to  pigment  sizes. 

Separate  electric  motors  will  be 
mounted  on  each  piece  of  equipment, 
eliminating  much  of  the  noise  and  trou- 
ble formerly  caused  by  the  shaft  and  belt 
drives.  Locating  all  this  equipment  in  a 
separate  room  will  eliminate  abrasive 
dusts  from  the  shops  and  from  other 
laboratories  where  it  could  d.iniage  bear- 
ings and  machinery. 

A  high  pressure  laboratory  on  the  first 
floor  will  contain  many  new  innovations. 
A  pit  six  feet  below  the  floor  level  of 
the  main  laboratory  is  provided  for  some- 
what hazardous  equipment  to  keep  it  off 
the  main  operating  level ;  and  there  will 
be  new  and  old  safety  cubicles  made  of 
quarter-inch  boiler  plate. 

Two  new  compressors  will   be  placnl 
in  this  laboratorv'.     (^ne  will  be  a   tive- 
(  Continued  on  page  24) 


The  new  Chemistry  and  Chemical  Engineering  building  at  the  corner  of 
Matthews  and  California  streets  is  nearing  completion.  Photo  by  Al 
Augustyn.) 


12 


THE  technograph; 


Room  50,  the  big  basement  motor-generator  laboratory  in  the  nev 
building,  is  shown  above.    (Photo  by  Jock  Chandler.) 


E.  E.  Building  Dedication 

ttif  l.uthfr  M*<'tprH»n.  K.K.  '.11 


E.  E. 


At  last!  The  toniial  ciedication  ot 
the  new  electrical  engineerintj  buildinii 
will  take  place  on  May  20,  1949. 

After  many  years  of  planning,  the 
new  electrical  engineering  building  will 
officially  become  part  of  the  engineering 
I  ,impus.  Extensive  and  interesting  pro- 
^lams  are  planned  for  the  three-day 
dedication  with  alumni  as  guests. 

To  make  this  dedication  a  memorable 
and  educational  affair,  several  talks  on 
various  scientific  topics,  pertaining  most- 
1\-  to  the  field  of  electrical  engineering, 
will  be  given.  These  talks  and  discus- 
sions will  be  divided  between  the  two 
main  interests  of  the  dedication — the 
symposium,  and  the  general  sessions. 

The  symposium,  whose  theme  is  "Ex- 
panding Frontiers  in  Engineering,"  will 
consist  of  four  sessions.  In  these  sessions, 
timely  topics  such  as  "electron  and  ion 
dynamics,"  "semi-conductors,"  and  "sta- 
tistical problems  in  electrical  engineer- 
ing" will  be  discussed. 

The  general  sessions  will  deal  mainly 
with  the  training  of  electrical  engineers. 
To  cover  this  subject  adequately  it  will 
be  divided  into  three  main  topics — the 
"electrical  engineering  curriculum," 
"post  graduate  training  in  industry,"  and 
"the  approach  to  a  research  problem." 

In  order  that  these  subjects  be  prop- 
erly discussed,  well  known  speakers  from 
(jeneral    Electric,    Massachusetts    Insti- 


tute of  Technology,  Carnegie  Tech, 
Nela  Park  Laboratory,  National  Hureau 
of  Standards,  RCA  Laborator\-,  Bell 
Laboratory,  and  of  course,  representa- 
tives from  our  own  University  of  Illi- 
nois will  be  present;  in  fact,  Mr.  E.  S. 
Lee,  president  of  the  A.I.E.E.,  will  be 
the  keynote  luncheon  speaker.  To  round 
out  such  a  splendid  program.  President 
Cj.  D.  Stoddard  will  speak  at  the  dedi- 
cation ceremon\'  and  the  genial  depart- 
ment head,  Professor  W.  E.  Everitt, 
will  close  the  celebration. 

Interspersed  among  these  various 
events  will  be  \er\'  important  dinners 
and  luncheons. 

It  might  be  worthwhile  noting  that 
the  engineering  students  will  be  dis- 
missed from  their  E.  E.  classes.  Of 
course,  the  idea  of  no  classes  might  make 
some  students  feel  "blue,"  but  due  to  the 
fact  that  a  dedication  is  held  only  once 
in  the  lifetime  of  a  building,  the  E.  E. 
department  feels  that  lack  of  instruction 
for  a  few  days  won't  be  too  disastrous. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  E.  E.  depart- 
ment has  contemplated  holding  a  few 
classes  for  a  few  engineers  to  display  the 
"brilliance"  that  has  befuddled  the  in- 
structors for  years. 

Inchided  in  the  program  is  the  ine\- 
itable  tour  of  the  new  biu'lding — to  give 
the  College  of  Engineering  a  chance  to 
"expand    its    chest." 


The  New  Internal  Combustion 
Laboratory 

By    Art    Dreshfield 
Ch.E.  '51 

Next  fall  another  north  campus  build- 
ing will  be  ready  for  use  by  the  engi- 
neering students.  It  is  the  new  mechani- 
cal engineering  building  at  the  corner 
of  Green  and  Mathews  streets.  This 
new  unit  will  contain  several  labora- 
tories in  addition  to  classrooms  and  of- 
fices. A  good  part  of  it  will  be  ready  for 
the  1949-50  school  year,  and  the  rest 
Nhould  be  completed  in  time  for  use  in 
the  fall  of  1950.  Of  special  interest  to 
all  mechanical  engineers  is  the  new  in- 
ternal combustion  engine  laboratory 
which  will  occupy  part  of  this  building. 

This  laboratory  will  be  of  approxi- 
mately the  same  size  as  the  present 
engines  laboratory,  about  100  feet  long 
and  40  feet  wide.  In  it  will  be  much 
new  equipment.  It  will  contain  five  new 
I  50  -  horsepower  dynamometers,  which 
can  be  run  at  speeds  up  to  6,000  r.p.m. 
I'ive  new  motors  are  on  order  which 
will  be  connected  to  these.  One  is  an 
International  Harvester  LT.D.-6  Diesel; 
another  a  General  Motors  two-cycle, 
three  -  cylinder  motor;  a  six  -  cylinder 
Chevrolet  motor;  a  Kettering  V-8  Olds- 
mobile  motor;  and  a  new  Plymouth 
motor.  All  of  these  are  1949  models, 
so  students  will  be  using  the  latest  eqm'p- 
ment  a\ailable. 

Two  15()-horsepower  motoring  dyna- 
mometers will  also  be  installed,  one  run- 
ning up  to  3,500  r.p.m.  and  having  a 
Walker-Shaw  test  engine  attached, 
while  the  other  will  be  used  for  testing 
centrifugal   superchargers. 

There  will  also  be  much  equipment 
for  testing  motor  accessories  and  parts. 
1  ests  will  be  made  on  magnetos  and 
generators,  on  water,  oil,  and  fuel 
pumps,  and  on  carburetors  and  car- 
buretor  flow. 

Two  other  large  installations  will 
also  be  in  the  main  laboratory.  One  is 
a  two-cylinder  Atlas  Imperial  engine 
equipped  with  a  Prony  brake.  This  was 
formerly  in  the  old  mechanical  engineer- 
ing laboratory,  but  will  be  moved.  The 
other  is  a  gas  turbine,  made  at  the 
L  niversity  from  a  turbosupercharger 
and  a  turbo-jet  unit.  Eventually  a  more 
conventional  turbine  may  be  bought 
which  will  replace  this. 

All  of  this  apparatus  is  located  in  the 
main  laboratory,  where  it  will  be  used 
by  undergraduate  students  taking 
courses  in  internal  combustion  engines. 
This  will  not  replace  the  present  engines 
laboratory,  which  contains  mostly  steam 
equipment,  but  will  serve  to  auginent 
it  and  to  make  more  facilities  available 
to  student  engineers. 

{  Continued  on  page  28 ) 


MAY,  1949 


13 


9n^luieo^ifi^..M^^  PIER 


St.  Pat  Visits  Navy  Pier 

By  Robert  Lessin,  M.E.  '51 

Oil  Maivh  IS,  l')4M,  m  the-  (iiaiul 
I?alli()om  ot  the  lulgcwater  Ik-ach  hotel, 
the  Chicago  branch  of  the  I'niversity 
held  its  first  ami\ial  St.  Pat's  Ball.  Spon- 
sored by  the  newly  formed  Engineering 
Council,  the  highlight  of  the  evening 
was  presentation  of  the  R.  P.  llmlsdnr 
Award.  The  award  is  given  to  the  en- 
gineering societv  that  contributes  the 
outstanding  achievement  of  the  \ear. 
This  year  the  award  went  to  the  I'eii- 
alears  through  the  efforts  of  Frank  Hoei- 
terhoff  for  designing  the  Co\incii  em- 
blem. 

The  original  dance  was  established  in 
lO.H  as  an  annual  affair  for  the  engi- 
neeers  at  the  L  rbana  campus.  This  dance 
is  patterned,  in  part,  after  the  annual 
affair  held   Downstate. 

Approximately  250  couples  danced 
till  one  o'clock  to  the  danceable  music  of 
Kddie  James  and  his  orchestra.  Some  of 
the  features  of  the  dance  were  the  (jrand 
March  iluring  the  latter  part  of  the  eve- 
ning and  the  introduction  of  the  heads 
of  the  various  engineering  societies.  The 
bids — a  shamrock  with  a  slide  rule  cen- 
ter— were  unusual  and  aroused  interest 
from  all  who  were  present. 

The  general  chairman  of  the  ball  was 
Roy  Peterson,  C.E.  '51.  M.  C.  for  the 
evening  was  Gordon  Knudson,  M.E.  '"il, 
who  had  much  to  do  with  the  original 
formation  of  the  council. 

It  is  hoped,  in  the  years  to  come,  that 
the  dance  will  be  presented  at  the  climax 
of  an  engineering  show  held  here  at 
Navv  Pier. 


Gordon  Knudson  presents  the  R. 
P.  Hoelscher  award  to  Richard 
Welden  of  the  Penalears. 


PIER  PERSONALITIES 

By  John  Fijoiek,  Eng.  Phys.  '51 

DEAN  R.  P.  HOELSCHER 

As  every  engineer  at  the  Pier  kncl\^^, 
Room  184  near  the  cast  end  is  one  of  the 
control  points  in  his  college  career. 
When  he  wishes  to  change  his  curricu- 
lum, to  alter  his  records  in  any  way  or 
to  explain  why  so  many  D's  slipped  in 
among  those  more  pleasing  first  three 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  he  knows  a  trip 
to  room  184  is  almost  inevitable.  But, 
besides  his  records,  he  knows  this  room 
houses  one  of  Navy  Pier's  leading  per- 
sonalities. Dean  Randolph  P.  Hoelscher, 
associate  dean  of  engineering  science  and 
professor   of   general    engineering   draw- 

Not  every  Pier  engineer  has  seen  or 
met  Dean  Hoelscher  but  they  have  all 
heard  of  him.  Due  to  his  many  duties 
and  the  great  number  of  engineering  stu- 
dents present  at  the  Pier,  only  the  last 
has  been  possible.  He  is  readily  access- 
ible to  all  who  lia\e  business  requiring 
his  personal  attention.  To  those,  who 
by  their  past  conduct  required  correcti\e 
advice,  certainh'  he  appeared  formidable: 
but  to  others  who  came  seeking  relief 
from  excessive  burdens  and  who  needed 
support  for  student  projects  and  activi- 
ties, he  has  been  an  able  and  willing 
counsellor.  His  efforts  have  enabled  the 
Pier  engineering  societies  to  grow  and 
function  more  efficiently. 

Before  he  achieved  his  present  position 
of  trust  and  responsibility,  however,  he 
h.id  origins  elsewhere.  Randolph  Philip 
Hoelscher  was  born  in  Evansville,  In- 
diana, on  December  12,  1890.  He  re- 
ceived his  B.S.  in  civil  engineering  at 
Purdue  in  1912,  his  M.S.  in  civil  engi- 
neering at  the  University  of  Illinois  in 
1927  and  his  civil  engineering  from 
Purdue  in  1929.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  the  faculty  since  1918  in  various  ca- 
pacities at  the  University  of  Illinois, 
where  he  came  after  two  years  as  an  in- 
structor of  physics  at  Baldwin  Wallace 
college  in  Berea,  Ohio.  Before  this,  he 
had  spent  four  years  with  George  L. 
Mesker  and  company  of  Evansville,  In- 
diana, as  a  structural  engineer. 

In  ad<lition  to  his  teaching  and  adniin- 
istrati\e  work,  he  has  become  well- 
known  in  engineering  and  educational 
circles  through  his  authorship  of  techni- 
cal textbooks,  notably  "Engineering 
Drawing,"  "Essentials  of  Engineer- 
ing Drafting,"  "Teaching  Mechanical 
Drawing,"  "(iraphic  Aids  in  Engineer- 
ing Computation"  and  "Industrial  Pro- 
ihiction   Illustration." 

He  lias  participated  acri\ely  in  various 


RANDOLPH   HOELSCHER 

organizations  through  membership  in  the 
Kiwanis,  ASCE,  ASME,  AIEE,  Tau 
Beta  Pi  and  Triangle.  He  has  been 
president  of  several  of  these  organiza- 
tions, is  now  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  commencement  at  the  U rbana  cam- 
pus as  well  as  secretary  of  the  Univer- 
sity Senate.  In  addition  to  being  a  mem- 
ber of  several  other  important  councils 
and  committees,  he  is  a  licensed  struc- 
tural engineer  in  the  state  of  Illinois. 
In  the  past  year,  the  Pier  branch  of  Phi 
Eta  Sigma,  recognizing  his  talents  and 
popularity  among  the  students,  elected 
him  to  honorary  membership  in  that 
organization. 

All  of  the  above  facts  added  to  the 
personal  information  that  he  married  in 
1914  and  has  two  children,  show  that 
the  head  of  the  engineering  college  at 
Navy  Pier  is  a  likeable,  approachable 
human  being  and  truly  an  outstanding 
Pier  personality. 


ENGINEERING  SOCIETIES 

By    Bob    King,    C.E.    '51 
A.S.C.E. 

riiere  were  1  SO  members  and  prospec- 
ti\c  members  present  at  tjie  chapter's 
meeting  on  February  21  .  The  topic 
of  the  meeting  was  "Summer  Survey 
Camp"  for  '49.  Dean  Hoelscher  was  the 
guest  speaker  and  movies  taken  at  the 
summer  camp  last  year  were  shown.  The 
Dean  discussed  the  camp  in  general  and 
announced  that  a  scholarship  was  to  be 
awarded  by  the  Civil  Engineering  society 
to  one  of  its  members  for  use  at  camp 
this  summer. 

(Contirnied  on  page  28) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^Hxlle/ioove/i  at .  .  . 

GALESBURG 


MR.  HOWARD  C.  NELSON 
By  Robert  D.  Giffrow,  E.E.  '52 

Oiu'  (it  tile  men  who  was  instrumental 
in  laimcliin^  a  sLiccessful  engineering  de- 
partment at  this  (n'llesburg  division  is 
our  drawint;  instruotoi'.  Air.  Howard  C 
Nelson. 

Since  the  initiation  of  the  division, 
Mr.  Nelson  has  become  a  familiar  fig- 
me  to  the  engineering  students,  most  of 
whom  met  him  either  in  the  descriptive 
geometry  or  mechanics  of  machinery 
classes. 

Mr.  Nelson's  position  as  a  competent 
instructor  is  fortified  by  several  extra 
years  of  schooling.  That  he  was  inter- 
ested in  obtaining  a  diversified  education 
was  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  he  at- 
tended se\eral  colleges  while  interniit- 
tently  teaching.  He  was  a  student  at 
Illinois  Wesleyan  university,  Illinois 
State  Normal,  and  finally  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin,  from  which  he  re- 
ceiv  his  H.S.  in  industrial  education.  His 
formal    education    did    not    stop    there, 


HOWARD  C.  NELSON 

howe\er,  for  he  then  attended  the  I  ni- 
versity  of  Illinois,  where  he  received  his 
M.S.  degree — also  in  industrial  educa- 
tion. 

As  a  residt  of  this  keen  interest  in  ed- 
ucation he  has  written  three  books  on 
woodworking  projects  and  mechanical 
diawing.  In  his  attempts  to  convey  his 
ideas  to  the  student  he  has  written  in- 
numerable articles  for  various  magazines. 

Hefore  arriving  here  in  the  fall  of 
104t),  .Mr.  Nelson  was  an  instructor  at 
the    LaSalle-Peru    and    .Monmouth   high 


schools  and  Monmouth  college  for  a  to- 
tal of  29  years.  These  years  of  experi- 
ence have  made  him  a  valuable  asset  to 
the  University,  for  they  have  enabled 
him  to  make  a  clear  presentation  of  en- 
gineering curricidum  to  the  student. 

Proof  that  Mr.  Nelson's  knowledge 
and  abilities  have  not  gone  unnoticed  is 
found  in  the  fact  that  he  is  listed  in 
H  lio's  If  ho  in  Aineriian  Educaliori.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  two  honorary  edu- 
cational societies — Phi  Delta  Kappa  and 
Kappa  Delta  Pi. 

His  earnest  ability  to  help  the  student, 
coupled  with  his  warm  personality,  has 
surely  made  Mr.  Nelson  a  man  that  ev- 
ery engineer  on  the  Galesburg  campus 
should  know. 

Curriculum  Planning 
Made  Easy 

By  Roger  Franzen,  G.E.  '52 

The  problem  of  planning  what  courses 
to  take  has  been  greatly  simplified  for 
engineering  students  here  by  the  devel- 
opment of  a  chart  called  the  flow  sheet. 
The  flow  sheet  is  a  blue  print  de- 
signed to  serve  as  a  guide  to  engineering 
stutlents  in  determining  what  courses  lie 
aheatl  and  what  the  prerequisites  to  these 
courses  are.  In  addition,  by  using  the 
legend  in  the  lower  left  hand  corner  of 
the  flow  sheet,  engineering  stLidents  are 
able  to  keep  a  record  of  the  com'ses  that 
they  have  completed  and  to  keep  an  ac- 
count of  their  grades  and  credit  hours. 
The  flow  sheet  was  formulated  at  the 
Cialesburg  campus  by  Professor  Fred 
Trezise,  chairman  of  engineering  sciences 
at  the  division.  They  have  been  placed 
m  the  [lossession  of  all  (galesburg  engi- 
neering students  and  their  advisers,  and 
are  expected  to  appear  on  the  Urbana 
campus  before   long. 

The  flow  sheet  has  a  imique  feature, 
in  that  it  consists  of  only  one  paper 
which  gives  any  desired  information  at  a 
glance,  thus  eliminating  the  bother  of 
thumbing  through  the  University  cata- 
log. A  series  of  evenly  distributed 
squares  along  with  arrows  and  dotted 
lines  conveys  the  information  contained 
in  the  sheet.  Each  square  is  labeled  to 
represent  a  specific  course. 

A  directed  arrow  from  one  square  to 
another  indicates  that  the  square  from 
which  the  arrow  originated  is  a  prere- 
quisite to  the  square  (course)  to  which 
the  arrow  is  pointing.  For  instance  the 
square  representing  Rhetoric  101   has  an 


arrow  leading  from  it  to  the  square  rep- 
resenting Rhetoric  102,  indicating  that 
Rhethoric  101  is  a  prerequisite  to  Rhet- 
oric 102. 

A  dash  line  connecting  two  squares 
indicates  that  a  prerequisite  can  be  taken 
concvurently  with  the  course.  For  ex- 
ample, the  dash  line  between  Math  1.12 
and  Physics  103  indicates  that  Math  1.32 
is  a  prerequisite  for  Physics  103  and  that 
it  can  be  taken  concurrently. 

Mr.  Trezise  has  adapted  a  flowsheet 
to  fit  the  needs  of  every  engineering  stu- 
dent at  Illinois,  regardless  of  the  type  of 
engineering  he  is  studying.  Each  curric- 
ulimi  has  been  divided  into  various  op- 
tions and  a  flow  sheet  has  been  prepared 
for  each  specific  option.  For  example, 
the  flow  sheet  for  "Mechanical  Engi- 
neering-Production Option"  would  dif- 
fer in  some  ways  from  the  "Mechanical 
Engineering-Design  Option"  sheet. 

Since  most  students  have  difficulty  in 
understanding  curriculum  requirements 
as  set  down  by  the  University  catalog, 
and  since  there  is  a  possibility  that  ad- 
visers may  mistakingly  encourage  stu- 
dents to  take  unrelated  courses,  it  seems 
that  the  flow  sheet  could  be  vakiable  as 
;i  guide  to  everyone  concerned. 

Its  graphic  illustration  of  prerequisites 
and  requirements  leaves  little  chance  for 
uncertaint\'. 


CAI.ESBCRG   STAFF 

n\vij;lit   R.    Heard EJilor 

Editorial  Associates 
Roger   Franzen  Ehvood  R.   Schmidt 

Robert  D.  Giffrow  James   S.    Shelton 
John   R.   Hiiher         Don   K.   Sherman 
Jacliie   Keefner         Delois   Smith 
Don  Renz  Paul  Z.ichan 

Warren  E.  Holland 

Jiie  Elemore  _ Pholo<nup]ii-r 

Omar    Estes, __ Vaiulty     Llvisrr 


"Lumber  Men  Go  to  School" 

By  Jack  Keefner,  E.E.  '52 

A  temporary  twist  has  been  added  to 
the  curricidum  at  the  (lalesburg  campus 
in  the  form  is  a  lumber  dealers'  short 
course,  sponsored  b\-  the  Illinois  Lumber 
and  Material  Dealers'  Association  in  co- 
operation with  the  extension  division, 
Uiu'versity  of  Illinois.  The  students  who 
attend  this  course  are  lumber  dealers,  or 
prospective  lumber  dealers  from  Illinois 
and  adjacent  states,  all  of  whom  have 
hail  experience  in  their  field. 

These  lumber  men  are  ideal  students. 
Lively  discu.ssions  follow  each  lecture, 
indicating  the  desire  of  the  men  to  learn 
exerything  the  course  has  to  offer.  Their 
dividends,  anything  that  will  make  their 
\ards  run  more  smoothly  or  make  the 
bo.ss  raise  an  eyebrow  of  approval,  will 
be  realized  more  quickly  than  those  of 
the  regular  college  student.  Also,  an 
honest  desire  to  help  ease  present  day 
conditions  is  a  major  factor. 

(Continued  on  page  38) 


MAY,  1949 


15 


The  l']iii)iiii'n'iiio  lloiiiirarics  anil  Sdcielips 


Itil  Hill  SiHltTHlruiii.  1't'r.K.  *.»Jf 


A.S.A.E. 

(  )ur  icpu'si-iitativc-s  on  the  farm  froiU 
u;i\c  a  most  amazing  financial  rt-poit. 
'V\w  balaiK-f  rcpoiTfil  at  the  Ft-biuarv 
_'S  ineetin>;  was  :!sS()ll.  A  large  part 
(it  this  canu'  from  tlif  l''arm  and  Ilomi' 
hmcli  stand  profit. 

At  the  February  meermg  rlic  members 
(if  A.S.A.E.  also  selected  committees  tor 
the  promotion  of  "(leorge  Mahoney  tor 
.St.  Pat."  If  you  have  been  keeping  up 
the  events  on  the  Kngineering  campus, 
\ou  shoidd  know  how  successful  tliat 
committee  was. 

At  their  March  28  meeting,  the  agri- 
culture engineers  listened  to  Mr.  Louis 
M.  Howard,  professor  of  food  technol- 
ogy. Mr.  Howard  addressed  the  group 
on  "What  is  Food  Engineering?" 

Officers  for  the  spring  semester  are 
William  Fletcher,  president;  Richard 
Sharp,  vice  president;  Warren  Hauls, 
secretary ;  and  Robert  Camp,  corre- 
sponding secretary. 

A.I.E.E.-I.R.E. 

Looking  lorward  to  that  job  after 
graduation,  the  electrical  engineers  re- 
ceived with  enthusiasm  the 
talk  given  by  Mr.  C.  M. 
Henderson,  member  of  the 
(Jeneral  .Motors  college  re- 
lations staff,  at  the  March 
of  A.LE.E.-LR.E. 
conducted  at  this  meeting 
included  the  election  of  Norton  Hell  as 
corresponding  secretary  for  LR.I'..  and 
Dick  Wurzburger  as  Engineering  Coun- 
cil   representative. 

During  the  month  of  ^Larch  the 
.'^.LE.E.  sponsored  a  student  opinion 
poll.  The  subject  of  the  poll  was  "too 
many  class  hours  for  the  amount  of 
credit  given."  Results  are  not  yet  avail- 
able. 

At  the  March  31  meeting,  Mr.  How- 
ard L.  Clark,  development  engineer  tor 
(icncral  Electric,  was  the  guest  speak- 
er. Mr.  Clark  spoke  on  the  type  of 
work  done  in  the  general  engineering 
and  consulting  laroratory  of  Cieneral 
Electric  in  Chicago. 

KERAMOS 

Keramos,  the  ceramic  engineering 
honorary  society,  elected  17  students  to 
membership.  C)f  the  17,  10  were  jun- 
iors, one  a  sophomore,  and  six  were 
graduate  students.  These  men  were  en- 
tertained at  a  smoker  held  on  April    17. 


Pledge  week  tor  the  iieoplivtes  was  ob- 
served trom  Ajuil  I  I  til  .April  14.  'Fhese 
pledges  were  finalK  initiated  on  April 
-'1. 

CHI  EPSILON 

The    new    ofticeis    have    been    chosen 
for  Chi   Fpsilon.    At  a  meeting  held  in 
I'.ngineering  Hall  on  \Larch  16, 
I ''40.  'Fhis  society  elected  Ron- 
ald D.  Collins,  president;  John 

D.  Goodell,     vice     president; 
Philip    Sikes,    treasurer;    Floyd 

E.  Brown,  secretary ;  and  Wil- 
liam   H.   Sands,   corresponding  secretary. 

At  this  time  Prof.  Ellis  Danner  gave 
a  talk  on  "Future  Highway  Develop- 
ment in  Illinois."  Petitions  were  also 
approved  at  this  time  for  establishing 
chapters  at  the  LJniversity  of  Connecti- 
cut, the  University  of  Virginia,  and  the 
I  niversity  of  Michigan.  Refreshments 
were  served  after  the  meeting. 

A  smoker,  held  on  March  28,  ac- 
quainted the  member.s  with  the  new 
pledges  and  \  ice  versa.  At  an  initiation 
banquet  held  in  the  early  part  of  April, 
tlie  acceptable  pledges  were  taken  into 
the  fiaternit). 

M.I.S. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Cleaves  addressed  some  75 
members  and  guests  of  the  Mineral  In- 
dustries Society  on  "Geological  Engi- 
neering on  the  Pennsylvania  Turnpike" 
at  the  February  16  meeting  of  M.I.S. 
Dr.  Cleaves  of  Washington  LTniversity 
wdrked  on  the  Pennsylvania  Turnpike 
,is  :'  geological  engineer.  He  is  also  a 
mining  engineer. 

At  the  March  0  meeting,  Mr.  Paul 
Wier  spoke  on  "The  Young  Engineer 
and  the  Coal  Industry."  Mr.  Weir  of 
Penn  State  has  his  own  coal  company 
in  Chicago.  The  highlight  of  this  meet- 
ing was  the  presentation  of  a  watch  to 
(jeorge  Eadie  b\  Mr.  Weir.  Mr.  Weir 
is  president  of  the  Old  Timers  club 
which  each  year  luesents  a  watch  to  the 
outstanding  gradu.ite  in  mining  engi- 
neering. 

The  meeting  for  this  month  will  be 
replaced  by  the  annual  Spring  Picnic. 

CLE. 

People  seem  to  be  the  same  all  over 
the  world.  The  Chinese  are  just  as 
much  influenced  by  a  pretty  girl  as  ain 
American.    Proof  of  this  lies  in  the  fact 


that  Miss  Sho(ik-Ma.\  V'oimg,  the  only 
woman  member  of  the  Chinese  Institute 
of  Engineers  at  I  rbana,  was  elected  its 
jiresident  for  the  spring  semester. 

The  election  was  held  at  a  meeting  in 
the  University  YMCA  on  February  19. 
Speakers  at  this  meeting  and  their  topics 
were  as  follows:  Mr.  M.  T.  Chang, 
"Railway  Yard";  Mr.  T.  S.  Yen,  "Ce- 
ranuc  Industry";  and  Mr.  H.  C.  Hu, 
"Vacuum  Tube."  Each  one  of  the 
speakers  is  working  for  his  doctor  of 
philosophy  degree  in  his  particular  field. 

Sixteen  of  the  80  members  received 
their  master  of  science  degrees  at  the 
end  of  last  semester.  Thev  are  Mr. 
Chang,  Chi-Shih;  Mr.  Pang,"  Dick-Noe  ; 
.Mr.  Chen,  Chia-Yung;  Mr.  Chai, 
Chang-Ba;  Mr.  Jean,  Jia-Hung;  Mr. 
Lee,  Dah-Hsuan,  Mr.  Li,  Kou-Jun; 
Mr.  Lee,  Zur-Kong;  !VIr.  Pan,  Sai- 
Liing;  Mr.  Sun,  King-Sang;  IVIr.  Liu, 
Chen-Hua;  Mr.  Mei,  Hsien-Hao;  Mr. 
Tu,  Yu-Ching;  Mr.  Chao,  Mein  ;  Mr. 
Wang,  Ronald  Hung-Chao;  and  Mr. 
C'hiii,  Te-Ning. 

I.E.S. 

Mr.  (I.  K.  Hardaiie,  manager  of 
commercial  sales  for  the  Public  Service 
Co.  of  Northern  Illinois,  was  the  guest 
speaker  at  a  joint  meeting  of  I.E.S., 
and  the  A.I.E.E.-I.R.E.  in  (Iregorv 
Hall  on  March  9. 

Mr.  Hardaire,  a  past  president  of 
I.E.S.,  spoke  on  "What  the  Young  En- 
gineer Should  Expect  After  Gradua- 
tion." He  also  presented  the  local  chap- 
ter a  charter  as  an  official  acceptance 
of  the  student  chapter  into  the  national 
I.E.S. 

At  the  meeting  of  March  .^0,  Mr. 
Knudstrup,  chief  commercial  engineer 
for  the  Electro  Manufacturing  Co.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  spoke  on  "Design 
and  Application  of  Fluorescent  Lighting 
Equipment."  Other  business  conducted 
during  this  past  semester  included  nomi- 
nation and  election  of  officers  for  next 
semester  and   the  annual  picnic. 

Most  of  the  I.E.S.  members  went  to 
Chicago  to  attend  the  third  Interna- 
tional Lighting  Exposition  and  Confer- 
ence  at   the   Stevens   Hotel   on   April    1. 


Greatness  stands  upon  a  precipice,  and 
if  prosperity  carries  a  man  ever  so  little 
beyond  his  poise,  it  overbears  and  dashes 
him  to  pieces. — Seneca. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Ol^i^UiOA^AZlnX^    .    •    • 


ny  Hfttrtf  Knhn.  0'h.K.  '.lO 

and  Alfreda  JiaUorvif,  3t.ii.  'S2 


Chalmers  W.  Sherwin 

Chalmers  W.  Sherwin,  now  associate 
professor  of  physics,  came  to  the  I  ni- 
versity  of  Illinois  two  and  a  half  \'ears 
ago  after  completing  graduate  work  at 
the  University  of  Chicago. 

During  the  war,  Mr.  Sherwin  vpent 
five  years  w  o  rk  i  n  g  with  r  a  d  a  r  at 
M.I.T..  devoting  most  of  his  attention 
to    radar    displays,    especially    the    ones 


CHALMERS  W.  SHERWIN 

used  to  conduct  blind  landings.  After 
leaving  M.I.T.,  he  spent  a  few  months 
working  at  Columbia  university  and  at 
the  present  time  he  can  be  found  work- 
ing in  his  office  on  the  top  floor  of  the 
Physics  building. 

Having  done  work  with  electronics 
and  radiation,  Mr.  Sherwin  became  in- 
terested in  a  new  particle,  the  neutrino, 
believed  to  be  present  in  the  nucleus  of 
the  atom.  When  asked  how  the  pres- 
ence of  the  neutrino  was  determined, 
he  explained,  "It  is  as  simple  to  under- 
stand as  the  sophomore  physics  problem, 
'what  happens  when  a  bullet  is  fired 
from  a  gun?'  "  The  bullet  is  hurled  into 
space  with  a  force  equal  and  opposite  to 
the  recoil  of  the  gun.  Now,  suppose 
there  was  a  second  bullet.  This  bullet 
would  represent  the  neutrino  and  u'ould 
be  fired  with  the  first.  It  woidd  disrupt 
the  forces  so  that  the  force  between  the 
gun  and  the  first  bullet  would  no  longer 
be  in  a  straight  line.  Mr.  Sherwin's  ex- 
tensive research  proved  that  the  pull 
between  an  atom  and  an  electron  is  not 
in  a  straight  line;  therefore  the  presence 


lit  ,1  thinl   force,  caused  by  the  neutrino, 
IS  necessai'N. 

When  not  working  at  his  office  or 
the  class  room,  one  can  find  him  at  home 
with  his  wife  and  four  daughters  read- 
iTig,  especially  books  on  philosophy  and 
religion;  experimenting  with  photogra- 
phy; or  studying  his  newest  semantics 
discovery. 

MRS.  M.  C.  BARBER 

"1  ha\e  the  best  job  at  the  L'ni\ersi- 
t\',"  Mrs.  Harber,  secretary  of  the  archi- 
tecture department,  remarked  ;  and  that 
is,  to  say  the  least,  unique. 

Mrs.  Barber  was  born  in  1906  at 
Nokomis,  Illinois.  In  1920  she  moved 
to  Urbana.  Soon  after  her  marriage  in 
1927,  she  started  her  career  in  the  archi- 
tecture department  as  a  clerk-stenogra- 
pher to  L.  H.  Province,  who  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  T.  C.  Bannister  as  head 
of  the  department  last  Stepteniber. 

The  connotation  of  secretary  of  the 
architectural  department  is  certainly  not 
comprehensive  enough  to  cover  all  the 
duties   of    Mrs.    Barber.      In    1932,    she 


started  a  system  of  graduate  records, 
which  are  used  for  the  placement  of  stu- 
dents. She  also  helps  in  the  publishing 
of  an  annual  newsletter  which  is  sent  to 
former  students,  among  whom  are  fa- 
mous men  like  Charles  Luckman.  presi- 
dent of  Lever  Brothers,  and  Max 
Abramovitz,  United  Nations  architect. 
In  addition  to  her  official  duties  Mrs. 
Barber  has  been  very  active  socially.  She 
has  served  on  the  clerical  council  and  the 
non-academic  social  committee.  She  is 
also  serving  as  treasurer  of  the  Civil 
Employees  Council  to  which  she  has 
been  elected  for  the  third  time.  Another 
one  of  her  interests  has  been  non-academ- 
ic ci\il  service  classification. 


MRS.  M.  C.  BARBER 


VOCABULARY  CLINIC 

Remember,  ymi  won't  be  able  to  use  iliese  ivcircis  uiilil  atler  >ciu  have  consulted  the  dic- 
tiiinary  for  their  pronouiiciation.  From  the  group  of  words  at  the  right,  select  one  whose 
meaning  closely  resembles  the  word  on  the  left.    Answers  will  be  found  on  page  38. 

1.  ASCETIC — (a)  austere,   (b)   ill  at  ease,   (c)   uncouthness,   (d)   sickly 

2.  PROLIXITY — (a)    ambition,    (b)    oxerabundance,    (c)    precise,    (d)    redun- 

danc\' 
i.   CLEMENCY — (a)  kindness,   (b)   rigor,   (c)  exoneration,   (il)  control 

4.  SUPERFLUITY— (a)    paucity,    (b)    freely   flowing,    (c)    excess,    (d)    indul- 

gence 

5.  PICAYUNE— (a)    Dixie,    (b)    type  of  candy,    (c)   of  little  value,    (d)    large 
().   IMP(^RTUNATE — (a)  unlucky,  (b)  chaste,  (c)  impotent,  (d)  troublesome 

7.  COMPLICITY — (a)   inspiration,    (b)   complexity,    (c)   tact,    (d)   silence 

8.  ABATOIR — (a)    slaughterhouse,    (b)    nionastery,    (c)    pigpen,    (d)    brewery 

9.  PROPENSITY— (a)   inclination,    (b)   hatred,    (c)   wealth,    (d)   coy 

1(1.    NOMENCLATURE — (a)   equipment,    (b)    type  of  architecture,    (e)   proba- 
bility,  (d)  classification  of  names 

11.  1)0(LMATIC — (a)   brazen,    (b)   meek,    (c)    dictatorial,    (d)   slow-moving 

12.  .ASSUAGE — (a)   to  seek,   (b)   to  satisfy,   (c)   to  open,   (d)   to  kill 

1,1.   TRANSCENDING— (a)    surpassing,    (b)    going  across,    (c)    flowing 
(d)   traveling 

14.  APPELLATION— (a)   star,    (b)    name,    (c)   beauty,   (d)    foil  fencing 

15.  ENNERVATE — (a)   to  unnerve,    (b)   to  dispose  of   (c)   to  invigorate 

(  d  )  to  enforce 


MAY,  1949 


17 


EDWIN   A.   WITORT 
Editor 


PHILLIP  B.  DOLL 
Assoc.   Editor 


ih 


B^-^ 


Fore  and  Aft . . . 


As  tlif  present  school  year  iiears  comple- 
tion, it  might  he  well  to  look  over  the  iiast 
eight  or  nine  months'  activities  of  tlie  "noith 
side  ot  the  campus."  While  reminiscing,  onr 
thoughts  will  naturally  strav  to  the  '4''-"^n 
term,  and  perhaps  by  applying  a  bit  of  "en- 
gineering analysis,"  we  will  arrive  at  some 
interesting  predictions  concerning  next  year's 
.ictivities. 

The  professional  an<l  honorary  societies  af- 
fect the  majority  of  engineering  students  and, 
as  a  result,  arc  responsible  for  consuming 
more  of  our  time  than  an\-  other  one  organi- 
zation on  the  cimpus.  PracticalK  e\ery  en- 
gineering .society  was  successful  in  their  under- 
t.ikings  this  year.  Membership  boomed,  and 
•  ittendance  at  meetings,  .smokers,  and  other 
events  was  well  above  average.  Several  soci- 
eties reached  the  highest  membership  in  their 
history.  This  succe.ss  was  probably  due  to 
the  members'  realization  of  the  benefits  re- 
ceived by  participation  and  to  the  .societies' 
success  in  setting  up  an  interesting  and  educa- 
cational  program  for  the  year. 

At  present,  an  investigation  is  underway  to 
determine  the  feasibility  of  having  the  dean's 
office  coordinate  the  meeting  dates  of  all  en- 
gineering societies.  If  this  plan  is  put  into 
effect  it  should  prove  to  be  very  beneficial. 
I'.ngineering  Council  business  will  be  able  to 
progress  at  a  rapid  pace  and  society  programs 
of  general  interest  will  not  contlict  with  meet- 
ings of  other  societies. 

St.  Pat's  l?,ill,  the  "lJtecti\e  Teaching 
Contest,"  and  the  ".All-ljigineering  Conx'o- 
cation"  were  among  the  e\ents  sponsored  b\ 
the  Engineering  Council,  the  latter  two 
events  in  cooperation   with   the  Technograph. 

The  attendance  at  St.  I'.it's  Hall,  although 
not  large  percentage-wise,  ijuiicates  that  Hutt 
(ivmnasium  will  again  be  used  for  the  affair 
next  \ear.  'l"he  society  displays,  bigger  and 
better  than  last  year's,  played  an  important 
part    in    attracting    the    engineers    and    their 


18 


dates.  Probably  a  little  more  emphasis  on 
the  (Jueen  Contest  and  displays  during  the 
time  of  ticket  sales  next  year  would  attract 
many  more  than  this  year. 

The  favorable  comments,  unsolicited,  con- 
cerning the  Effective  Teaching  Contest  and 
Convocation  indicate  clearly  that  both  exents 
will  be  continued  next  year.  A  larger  \-ote 
will  be  cast,  if  more  publicity  is  given  to  this 
worth-while  project. 

At  the  time  of  this  writing,  it  is  still  unile- 
cided  whether  the  "Electrical  Show"  or  "En- 
gineering Open  House"  will  be  presented  next 
spring.  The  Engineering  Council,  sponsors 
of  the  Open  House  in  past  years,  has  been 
gi\en  the  |iii\ilege  of  deciding  which  show 
will  be  presented.  Becau.se  the  Council  at- 
tempted to  arrange  for  the  Open  Hou.se  this 
year,  it  is  logical  to  assume  that  it  will  be 
jiresented  next  ye.ir.  if  the  "precedent"  of 
Electrical  Show  on  e\  en  luimbered  \eais — 
Open  House  on  odd  number  \cars — is  over- 
looked. 

At  any  rate,  with  all  the  above  mentioned 
events  taking  place,  and  possibly  a  few  extra 
events,  brought  about  b}'  energetic  students, 
the  '4*)-'5()  school  term  appears  to  be  one 
that  shouldn't  be  missed. 

All  this  brings  us  to  the  point  where  we 
realize  that  not  one  of  these  events  can  be 
a  success  without  the  whole-hearted  coopera- 
tion of  every  engineering  student.  It  is  the 
student's  duty,  to  himself  and  other  students, 
to  see  to  it  that  every  ounce  of  effort  is  ex- 
pended to  make  each  and  every  endeavor  of 
the  societies,  the  Engineering  Council,  and 
other  student  organizations  a  complete  suc- 
cess. We  should  all  strive  to  bring  about  an 
engineering  student  body  that  is  closely 
meshed.  So  close,  in  fact,  that  all  activities  of 
the  organizations  of  the  college  are  common 
knowledge  to  all  engineering  students.  Then 
we  will  be  certain  that  ours  is  a  "North  Cam- 
pus— second   to  none.  " 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Newsworthy     Notes     for     Engineers 

-^    Ingenuity  scores  with  'Ting  Pong  Balls 


// 


A  iKUfl  use  of  plastic  spheres,  limkint;  for  all  the 
NX'iirld  like  I'lni;  poiiir  balls,  has  been  made  by 
eni;iiieers  at  Western  Electric  —  manufacturing 
unit  of  the  Bell    Telephone  System. 

Formerly,  when  piece  parts  were  immersed  in 
this  45-foot  tank  to  receive  protective  coats  of 
chromium,  the  surface  of  the  liquid  foamed  up — 
i^asses  were  given  off — the  solution  was  dissipated. 
How  to  conserve  the  expensive  chromic  acid 
platin^j  solution  was  the  question. 

An  ingenious  answer  was  found  by  Western's 
engineers — special  ping  pong  balls"  made  of  an 
almost  non-iiiHammable  plastic.  With  some  10,000 
of  them  crowding  the  surface,  the  solution  gets 
little  chaiKT  to  weaken  itself  by  foaming  up. 


Voice  Lifter 


Important    among    recent    additions    to    Bell    telephone 
apparatus   is  the  X'-.-i   Repeater — a  combination   of  two 
amplifiers    used    to    give    weakened    voice    currents    a 
lift"  on  long  distance  telephone  circuits. 

When  the  dexelopment  of  an  improved  amplifier 
was  initiated  by  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories,  engineers 
at  Western  Electric  were  asked  to  help  perfect  the 
design  for  economical  production  in  large  quantities. 
They  contributed  much  to  simplified  design,  planned  a 
new  production  line,  new  tools  and  techniques,  new 
testing  equipment.  Result:  an  amplifier  1/6  the  size  of 
its  predecessor,  costing  considerably  less,  and  one  that  — 
in  case  of  failure — can  be  replaced  in  a  matter  of  seconds. 

Ibis  is  another  e.xample  of  how  Western  Electric 
engineers  help  make  Bell  telephone  service  the  world's 

best  at  low  cost. 


Itngineering  problems  are  many  and  varied  at  Western  Electric,  where  tnanufacturing  tele- 
phone and  radio  apparatus  for  the  Hell  System  is  the  primary  job.  Engineers  of  many  kinds — 
electrical,  mechanical,  industrial,  chemical,  metallurgical — are  constantly  working  to  devise  and 
improve  machines  and  processes  for  production  of  highest  quality  communications  equipment. 

Western  Electric 

9    9     V      A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882     X      X     ^ 

MAY,  1949  19 


THERMISTORS  .  .  . 

(  Cdntinucil  tiom  pajic  7  ) 
piopt-i  tio  i)t  tlic  latter.  A  scini-comluc- 
tor  may  be  defined  as  a  substance  whose 
electrical  coiidiictivit\'  near  or  at  room 
temperature  is  much  less  than  that  of 
typical  metals  hut  nnich  greater  than 
that  of  typical  insulators.  While  no 
sharp  boundaries  exist  between  tlusc 
classes  of  conductors,  one  might  sa\  that 
semi-cf)nductors  have  specific  resistalKl•^ 
at  room  temperature  from  0.1  to  Id' 
ohm-centimeters.  Semi-conductors  usu- 
ally have  high  negative  temperature  co- 
efficients of  resistance.  As  the  tempera- 
ture is  increased  from  0°  C,  to  300°  C, 
the  resistance  may  decrease  by  a  factor 
of  a  thousand.  Over  this  same  tempera- 
ture range  the  resistance  of  a  t\|iical 
metal  such  as  platinum  will  increase  h\ 
a  factor  of  two.  The  resistance  temper- 
ature curves  for  the  two  common  txpcs 
of  thermistor  materials  are  shown  in 
Figure  2.  Material  No.  1  is  produced 
by  the  powder  metallurgy  methods  and 
is  composed  of  manganese  and  nickel  ox- 
ides. The  specific  resistance  of  this  ma- 
terial is  approximately  ten  times  that  of 
the  No.  2  material  at  room  temperature. 
This  material  is  used  when  high  resist- 
ance and  stability  at  high  temperatures 
are  desired.  Material  No.  2  is  the  sanie 
as  the  No.  1  material  except  for  the  ad- 
dition of  cobalt  oxide.  The  No.  2  ma- 
terial is  used  in  applications  where  low 
resistance  and  limitations  on  physical  di- 


\ 

20.000 
IQDOO^ 

\ 

\\ 

\ 

-\ 

\ 

400& 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

2P00 

iooon 
90O-; 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

^ 

— \ 

Ixx/ 

li 

V 

200 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

70^ 

h=^ 

r 

^> 

20 

\ 

s 

\, 

S, 

\ 

,  NOI  MATERIAL 

'^\ 

v 

^: 

^ 

=^ 

i 

s 

s. 

2 

k 

\ 

\no 

2  MATER 

\ 

k=^ 

^'^— 

°05 
02 

\, 

Fig.  2  .  Resistance  -  temperature 
curves  for  No.  1  and  No.  2  G.-E. 
thermistors.  (Courtesy  of  General 
Electrical.) 


mensions  are  important.  Some  types  ot 
thermistors  ha\e  been  developed  \\hich 
ha\e  a  temperature  coefficient  of  electri- 
cal resistivity  as  great  as  1.5  per  cent 
per  degree  centigrade.  Since  the  spe- 
cific resistance  of  these  electronic  devices 
cover  a  wide  range,  considerable  flexi- 
bility of  design  is  possible. 

A  thermistor  will  pass  a  current  pro- 
portional to  the  applied  potential  differ- 
ence when  the  current  is  low  and  no 
iie,itin,<:  nt  the  element  is  effected.  How- 
e\cr,  when  the  current  is  of  sufficient 
magnitude  the  thermistor  will  heat  up 
internally.  There  is  a  corresponding  de- 
crease <n  resistance  allowing  more  cur- 
rent to  flow.  The  final  magnituile  of 
the  cmrent  must  he  limited  hy  the  re- 
sistance ot   the  exterior  circuit. 

The  chajige  in  resistance  does  not  oc- 
cur instantaneously  with  variations  in 
ambient  temperature.  Nor  does  it  vary 
simidtaneously  with  current  but  rather 
with  the  thermal  capacity  of  the  element. 
This  time  delay  characteristic  is  useful 
in  many  applications.  By  proper  design 
of  the  circuit  and  the  thermistor  it  is 
possible  to  vary  the  time  dela\'  from  a 
few  mdliseconds  to  sexeral   minutes. 

()  pcidtidH  ami  (ses  aj  1  licrniistars 

llie  operation  of  a  thermistor,  as  has 
been  indicated,  is  a  function  of  the 
change  in  resistance.  It  is  surprising 
that  the  versatility  of  the  device  can  re- 
sult from  a  temperature  dependent  re- 
sistance characteristic  alone.  However, 
this  effect  produces  a  very  useful  non- 
linear volt-ampere  relationship.  This  re- 
lationship and  the  great  flexibility  in 
shape  and  size  results  in  the  application 
in  diverse  fields.  The  variables  of  de- 
sign are  many  and  inter-related,  includ- 
ing electrical,  thermal  and  mechanical 
dniiensions. 

The  more  important  uses  of  thermis- 
tors as  indication,  control  and  circiut 
elements  will  be  discussed,  grouping  the 
uses  as  they  fall  under  the  primary  char- 
acteristics: resistance-temperature,  volt- 
ampere,  and  current-time,  or  dynamic 
relations. 

The  resistance-temper.iture  phase  has 
been  mentioned  but  the  variation  in  le- 
sistance  may  be  accomplished  by  three 
methods.  1.  External — by  changes  in 
the  temperature,  pressure,  conductivity, 
or  \elocity  of  the  matter  surrovuiding  the 
thermistor. 

2.  Direct — h\  uUern.d  resistance  heat- 
Hig  biought  about  by  p.assmg  a  current 
through   the   thernu'stoi'. 

3.  Indirect — by  controlled  heating  of 
the  thermistor  body  using  an  external 
source  of  heat,  such  as  resistance  coil,  to 
produce  the  desired  ambient  temperature. 

The  large  value  of  the  temperatvu'e 
coefficient  of  thermistors  permits  a  new 
order  of  sensitivity  to  be  obtained  when 
the  usual  principles  of  resistance  thermo- 
metr\    aie    followed.      Thermistor   ther- 


mometers ha\e  long  time  stability  which 
is  good  for  temperatures  up  to  iW  C 
and  excellent  for  more  moderate  temper- 
atures. A  well-aged  thermistor  used  in 
precision  measurements  was  found  to  be 
within  0.01"  C  of  its  calibration  after 
two  months  use  at  v.irious  temperatures 
up  to  100°  C  Conventional  bridge  or 
other  resistance  measuring  circuits  are 
commordy  emplo>ed  with  thermistors.  In 
the  application  shown  in  I'igure  .i  the 
current    passing    through    the   element    is 


Fig.  3.  Absolute  and  differential 
temperature  measurement  using 
thermistors.  (Courtesy  of  General 
Electric.) 

kept  low  so  th;it  no  appreciable  self-heat- 
ing occurs.  The  instrument  is  calibrat- 
ed and  read  as  a  thermometer  since  the 
resistance  of  the  thermistor  is  solely  de- 
pendent on  the  ambient  temperature. 

Since  thermistors  are  readily  designed 
for  higher  resistance  values  than  metallic 
resistance  thermometers  or  thermocou- 
ples, lead  resistances  are  not  ordinarily 
bothersome.  Hence  the  temperature 
sensitive  element  can  be  remotely  located 
from  its  associated  measuring  circuit. 
Variations  in  temperature  may  be  trans- 
mitted automatically  from  distant  loca- 
tions by  wire  lines  or  b\'  radio.  This  is 
especially  helpful  in  meteorological  stud- 
ies and  permits  the  study  of  several  dif- 
ferent temperatures  by  one  operator. 
Yar  the  temperature  of  objects  which  are 
inaccessible,  in  motion  or  too  hot  for 
contact,  thermometry  can  be  determined 
h\-  permitting  radiation  from  the  object 
to  be  focu.ssed  on  a  suitable  thermistor 
by  means  of  an  ellipitical  mirror. 

The  use  of  thermistors  for  tempera- 
ture control  purposes  is  closely  related  to 
their  application  as  temperature  measur- 
ing devices.  The  high  temperature  sen- 
sitivity previously  mentioned  makes  the 
thermistor  ideal  in  this  respect.  For  most 
applications  the  thermistor  is  inserted  in 
a  simple  relay  circuit  such  as  shown  in 
Figure  4.  As  the  temperature  increases, 
there  is  a  corresponding  increase  in  cur- 
rent throiLgh  the  element.  At  a  prede- 
termined current  \alue,  the  thermistor 
actuates  ;i  rela\'  which  in  turn  operates 
equipment  controlling  temper.ntures.  As 
before,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  permit 
(Continued  on  page  22) 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Anc/ tfie'Termites  c/ieer^c/ fgqf 


SMALL  WONDER!  W  (..nl  -tancU.  like  those 
abuvc  tliat  are  e.\[j(i.s«l  to  damp,  rainy 
weather  and  snow,  rate  high  on  the  termite 
menu.  In  fact,  it's  safe  to  assume,  all  wood 
is  considered  fair  game  by  termites. 

Dow  produces  PENTAchlorophenol  to  pro- 
tect wood  from  the  termite  menace,  as  well 
as  from  decay  due  to  excessive  moisture. 
Wood  protected  with  "penta"  lasts  years 
longer  than  unlreal<'d  wood!  "Wherever 
wood  is  used,  enn^ider  the  advantages  of 
PENTA-protected  lumber"  is  a  [ihrase  of  in- 


creasing significance  to  the  farmer,  home 
builder  and  industrialist.  The  chemical 
PENTAchlornphenol  is  also  used  in  the  pres- 
ervation of  hemp,  jute,  and  other  cellulosic 
products  that  are  often  exposed  to  severe 
climatic  conditions. 

'I'his  is  but  one  of  more  than  .i()()  essenlial 
chemicals  Dow  produces.  It  ha>.  hnuever. 
one  characteristic  coiiininn  In  (ill  Dnir 
products.  That  is  its  high,  uniform  quality  — 
a  characteristic  that  has  made  the  name 
Dow  a  standard  in  the  chemical  industrv. 


DO  VST 


CHEMICALS    INDISPENSABLE 
TO    INDUSTRY    AND    AGRICULTURE 


THE    DOW    CHEMICAL     COMPANY     •     MIDLAND,    MICHIGAN 

New  Tork   •   Boslon   •   Philadelphia   •   Washinglon   •   Cleveland   •   Oetioit   •   Chicago  •  SI.  Louis  •  Houslon  •  San  Fiancisco  •   Los  Angeles    •    Seallle   •   Dow  Chemical  ol  Canada,  limiled.  Toionlo.  Canada 


MAY,  1949 


21 


THERMISTORS  .  .  . 

(  C'liiitiiHifil  from  page  20) 
selt-lu'atint;  ni  rlu'  rhiTmistor.  This  ap- 
plication is  iisi-d  in  aircratt  cnfjiiies,  re- 
frigeration, chemical  and  food  processing, 
air  conditioning  systems,  and  heating 
systems. 

The  volt-ampere  and  allied  resist.incc 
power  characteristics  ha\e  resulted  in 
the  use  of  thermistors  as  sensitive  power 
measuring  devices  and  as  automatical! \ 
variable  resistances  for  output  amplitude 
controls  for  oscillators  and  amplifiers. 
To  pennit  their  use  in  these  applications 
for  d-c  as  well  as  a-c  circuits,  non-polar- 
izing semi-conductors  alone  are  em- 
ployed in  thermistors.  The  small  capaci- 
tive  effect  of  the  thermistor  and  its  abil- 
ity to  stand  severe  overloads  without 
change  in  calibration  and  its  ease  of  cali- 
bration with  d-c  or  low-frequency  power 
have  a  special  use  in  ultra-  and  very-higli 
frequency  ranges  as  power  measuring 
elements.  For  this  application  the  ther- 
mistor is  used  as  a  power  absorbing  ter- 
minating resistance  in  the  transmission 
line,  which  may  be  of  Lecher,  co-a\ial, 
or  wave-guide   form. 

In  previously  discussed  applications  of 
the  thermistor,  care  was  taken  to  limit 
the  current  passing  through  the  element 
to  avoid  self-heating.  However,  in  use 
as  a  vacuum  gage  the  heating  power  as 
generated  by  the  copper  loss  is  employed. 


The  temperature  of  tiie  element  will 
rise  until  it  reaches  a  state  of  equilibrium 
as  determined  b\-  the  rate  of  heat  trans- 
fer to  the  surrounding  niedium. 


Fig.  4.  Time  delay  relay  circuit 
employing  a  thermistor.  (Courtesy 
of  General   Electric.) 

The  inherent  thermal  inertia  of  the 
thermistor,  previously  described,  makes 
for  a  good  time  delay  device.  In  Figure 
4  a  typical  circuit  is  shown.  When  switch 
A  is  closed,  the  initial  current  is  limited 
b\  the  cold  resistance  of  the  thermistor. 
As  the  current  continues  to  flow  through 
the  element,  self-heating  takes  place  and 
resistance  is  lowered.  This  increases  with 
reduced  resistance,  and  at  a  predeter- 
mined value  of  current,  the  relay  is  act- 


uated. Time  dela\  characteristic.^  of  the 
thermistors  are  modified  by  changes  in 
ambient  temperature  and  self-heating  of 
the  element.  This  is  accomplished  by 
short  circuiting  the  element  as  soon  as 
the  relay  is  pulled  up.  This  permits  the 
clement  to  cool  immediatch  and  it  is 
soon   ready  for  rc-use. 

The  uses  of  the  thermistor  as  outlined 
•  lie  bur  a  few  of  the  many  applications 
nf  this  versatile  unit.  At  present  the 
thermally  sensitive  resistor  has  probably 
excited  more  interest  as  a  major  electric 
circuit  element  than  any  other  except  the 
vacuum  tube.  Laboratory  use  of  ther- 
mistors as  oscillators,  modulators,  and 
amplifiers  for  the  low  frequency  and 
audio  range  foretell  an  even  wider  circle 
of  activity  for  this  fairly  recent  dis- 
co\er\'. 


Man  must  be  disappointed  with  tlie 
lesser  things  of  life  before  he  can  com- 
prehend the  full  value  of  the  greater. 
— Bulwer. 

The  probability  that  we  ma\-  fail  in 
the  struggle  ought  not  to  deter  us  from 
the  support  of  a  cause  we  believe  to  be 
just. — Abraham   Lincoln. 

Car  speeds  on  main  rural  roads  last 
year  averaged  46.8  miles  an  hour,  as 
compared  to  the  prewar  average  of 
47.1  miles  an  hour. 


THE  SOURCE 
OF  A 
RIVER 
IS  THE 
SOURCE    OF 


QUALITY... 


From  the  headwaters  region  of  the 
Ama?on  comes  Up-River  "Fine  Para",  widely  acknowl- 
edt;ed  by  rubber  experts  as  the  highest  grade  of  natural 
rubber.  To  Okonite  researchers  and  independent  experts 
alike,  long  experience  has  shown  that  only  this  rubber 
provides  all  the  factors  needed  in  top  quality  insulation 
for  electrical  wires  and  cables. 

The  Okonite  Company  obtains  a  high  degree  of  uni- 
formity in  shipment  after  shipment  of  this  premium 
rubber  in  "biscuit"  form  .  .  .  has  found  that  Up-River 
Fine  Para  assures  a  long  service  life  .  .  .  uses  it  exclu- 
sively in  all  Okonite  rubber  insulated  wires  and  cables. 
The  Okonite  Company,  Passaic,  New  Jersey. 


OKONITE 

nsulated    wires    and    cables 


EASY  TO  READ  MARKINGS  THAT  ARE  DURABLE 

Lufkin     Chrome-Clad     "Super     Hi-Way" 
and  "Michigan'  arc  jSVu'  and  Belter  Chain  Tape 
Chrome    plating    over    rust    resistant    base    and 
multiple  coats  of  electroplating  gives  a  hard,  ^ 

smooth,   dull,   chrome-white   surface.   Wear  ^    '^^B      ^ 

and  corrosion  resistanc.  Jet  black  figures  I  ^BS^^TJ 

are    easy    to    locate    and    read.    Write    for  |  g/ 

illustrated     leaflet     giving     complete     details. 


TAPES  -  RULES 
The  LuFkin  Rule  Co. 


JUFKIN 


N^ 


PRECISION   TOOLS 

Sas'now,  Michigan 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


*"M.tdanK-  X"  \\ a^  the  code  name,  during  research  and  development,  lor  aa 
entirely  new  system  of  recorded  music  .  .  .  perfected  by  RCA. 


Now  the  identity  of  "Madame  X",  the 
unknown  in  a  lonR  search  for  tone  per- 
fection, has  been  revealed.  From  this 
quest  emerges  a  completely  integrated 
record-playing  system— the  first  to  be 
entirely  free  of  distortion  to  the  trained 
musical  ear  .  .  . 

The  research  began  H  years  ago  at  RCA 
Laboratories.  First,  basic  factors  were  de- 
termined —  niinimuni  diameters,  at  diflereni 
speeds,  of  the  groove  spiral  in  the  record  — 
beyond  which  distortion  would  occur;  size 
of  styhis  to  be  used;  desired  length  of  play- 
ing time.  From  these  came  the  mathematical 
answer  to  the  records  speed  —  -15  turns  a 
minute  — and  to  the  record's  size,  only  6^k 
inches  in  diameter. 


The  record  itself  is  non-breakable  \inyl 
plastic,  wafer-thin.  Yet  it  plays  as  long  as 
a  conxcntional  12-incb  record.  The  new 
RCA  \'ictor  automatic  record  changer  ac- 
commodates up  to  10  of  the  new  records 
—  1  hour  and  40  minutes  of  playing  time  — 
and  can  be  attached  to  almost  any  radio, 
phonograph,  or  television  combination. 
The  record  player  ends  faulty  operation, 
noise,  and  cumbersome  size.  Records  are 
quickly  changed  .  .  .  RC.\  N'ictor  will  still 
supply  78  rpm  instruments  and  records. 

This  advance  is  one  of  hundreds  nrow- 
in<j,  from  RCA  research.  Such  Icadersliip 
adds  vahie  lycijond  price  to  any  product 
or  service  of  RCA  and  RCA  Victor. 


Continue  your  education 
with  pay  — at  RCA 

Graduate  Electrical  Engineers:  RC.\ 
\'ictor— one  of  the  world's  foremost  maim- 
factvirers  of  radio  and  electronic  jiroducts 
—offers  you  opportunity  to  gain  v.iluable, 
well-rounded  training;  and  experience  at 
a  good  salan'  with  opportunities  for  ad- 
vancement. Here  are  only  fi\-e  of  the  many 
projects  which  offer  unusual  promise; 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  re- 
cci\ers  (including  broadcast,  short  wave 
and  FM  circuits,  television,  and  phono- 
graph combinations). 

•  Advanced  development  and  design  of 
AM  and  FM  broadcast  transmitters,  K-F 
induction  heating,  mobile  communications 
equipment,  relay  systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as 
coils,  loudspeakers,  capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  re- 
cording and  producing  metliods. 

•  Design  of  receiving,  power,  catliode 
ray,  gas  and  photo  tubes. 

Wrifc  tpdaij  to  Xational  Recruiting  Vivi- 
sioii,  RCA  Victor,  Camden,  New  /crsc./. 
Also  many  opportunities  for  Mechanical 
and   Chemical  Engineers  and  Physicists. 


MAY,  1949 


23 


CHEM  BUILDING  .  .  . 

{  C'diitmiicil  iKim  pai;c   \2  ) 

stage  compressor  liaTuiling  five  lubK'  tcct 
per  minute,  and  up  to  13,000  p>.i.  I  lie 
other,  a  hydraulic  pump,  \\-ill  ile\i-liip 
pressures  up  to  .^0,000  psi.  There  will 
also  be  a  high  pressure  gas  storage  slu-l- 
ter.  All  of  the  e(|in'pmeiu  which  is  now- 
located  in  tlie  high  pressure  laboratorv 
situated  near  tile  Physical  Plant  buihling 
will  be  moved  into  the  new  laboiator\. 

No  classes  will  be  scheduled  to  u^e 
this  laboratory,  as  it  will  be  used  to  con- 
tinue the  research  program  which  has 
been  conducted  at  the  I  ni\ersity  tor 
o\er  20  years.  Much  work  has  been 
done  on  the  behavior  of  gases  at  high 
pressures  and  near  the  critical  point,  and 
on  high  pressui'e  reactions  and  syntheses. 
This  has  already  resulted  in  the  disco\- 
ery  of  much  important  information,  and 
the  new  laboratory  should  prove  to  be 
an  aid  in  further  work. 

There  will  be  a  compressor  room,  for 
student  u.sc,  adjoining  the  unit  opeia- 
tions  laboratory.  The  main  compiessor 
unit  there  will  deliver  300  cubic  feet  of 
air  per  minute  at  125  pounds  gauge;  and 
there  will  also  be  other  smaller  unit^, 
two  fans,  and  a  cycloitlal  blower. 

Two  other  laboratories,  intended  |iri- 
marily  for  research,  are  the  new  electro- 
chemical and  electroplating  rooms.  How- 
ever, these  will  be  used  in  conjunction 


with  the  iHur  projects  lahorator\.  In 
them  will  be  the  complete  pilot  plant 
eipupment  for  electrolytic  operations. 
There  will  be  standard  tanks  up  to  35 
and  tO  gallon  capacities,  and  a  large 
trough  in  the  floor  to  facilitate  washing 
pl.itcd  parts  and  handling  solutions. 

Students  studying  unit  processes  will 
hencctorth  use  the  new  unit  process  l.ib- 
or.atiiiy  in  this  biulding.  It  will  be 
e(|uipped  with  a  distdl.ition  column  and 
pilot  plant  equipment.  There  will  be 
two  tloor  le\els  in  this  laboratory,  with 
two  working  mezzanines  of  iron  grill- 
work  located  in  one  part.  It  will  also 
contain  conventional  laboratory  benches, 
and  in  addition,  specially  designed  pipe 
fi.imeworks  on  which  the  students  will 
cvei'f  equipment   for  their  own  projects. 

The  process  and  development  labora- 
tor\  is  also  two  stories  high.  Direct 
connections  to  the  stacks  through  the 
walls  are  available.  Kquipmcnt  now  lo- 
cated in  a  laboratory  in  the  Abbott  pow- 
er plant  will  be  transferred  here. 

The  new  instrumentation  laboratory 
is  designed  completely  for  undei'gradu- 
■ates  in  chemical  engineering.  In  it  will 
he  10  benches,  each  equipped  with  com- 
liressed  air,  wacimm,  gas,  electricity,  and 
hot  and  cold  water  outlets.  AH  stu- 
dents taking  Ch.K.  267  will  use  this  lab- 
or.atory. 

A  new  feature  included  in  this  build- 
ing is  the  computing  rooms,  which  are 


situated  on  the  third  tloor.  Here,  small 
groups  of  students  will  be  able  to  work 
together  in  evaluating  data  and  calculat- 
ing results  of  laboratory  experiments. 
Eventually,  most  of  these  will  contain 
a  computing  machine. 

There  are  man\'  sni.illci'  Laboratories 
in  the  new  building  which  are  designed 
for  special  purposes.  A  boiler  water 
research  room  will  be  set  up  and  equip- 
ment from  the  present  frame  building 
on  North  campus  will  be  mo\ed  into  it. 
A  low  temperature  room  in  which  tem- 
peratures ;is  low  as  — K)  degrees  Fahren- 
heit can  be  maintained,  a  constant  tem- 
perature room,  and  a  constant  humidity 
room,  are  other  new  features. 

(^ther  new  facilities  for  chemical  en- 
gineering include  a  drafting  room  for 
the  equipment  design  coiu'.se,  Ch.E.  3S'l, 
a  blue  iiruitnig  rcjnm,  two  dark  rooms, 
machine  shops,  a  finaiace  room,  .and  a 
small   kitchen. 

There  are  also  about  2(1  research 
rooms,  ranging  in  size  from  8  .\  15  feet 
to  20  .\  30  feet.  They  will  have  no  spe- 
cial apparatus,  but  each  will  contain  a 
bench  .and  a  pipe  framework. 

Three  new  cla.ss  rooms,  about  1(1  of- 
fices, a  seminar  room,  and  a  lecture  hall 
accommodating  200  students  will  fur- 
nish additional  lecture  and  discussion 
space. 

The  building  is  tlesigned  for  the  cliem- 
( Continued  on  page  2b) 


The  Spot  to  Shop 


CONVENIENT  —  COMPLETE  —  COURTEOUS 


mini  Union  Book  Store 

715  S.  Wright  Street 
ON  CAMPUS 

10%   DIVIDEND   PAID   LAST  YEAR 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


There's  something  here 
no  photograph  could  show 


Pictures  could  convey  a  clear  idea  of  the 
buildings  ofStandard  Oil's  new  research 
laboratory  at  Whiting,  Indiana.  We 
could  also  photograph  the  many  new 
types  of  equipment  for  up-to-date  pe- 
troleum research  that  are  housed  in  the 
laboratory,  one  of  the  largest  projects 
of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

Or  we  could  photograph  the  men  who 
work  here,  many  of  whom  have  out- 
standing reputations  in  their  fields.  For 
many  years,  Standard  Oil  has  looked 
for  and  has  welcomed  researchers  and 


engineers  of  high  professional  compe- 
tence. We  have  created  an  intellectual 
climate  which  stimulates  these  men  to 
do  their  finest  work. 

But  no  photograph  could  show  the 
basic  idea  that  motivates  Standard  Oil 
research.  It  is  simply  this:  our  respon- 
sibility to  the  public  and  to  ourselves 
makes  it  imperative  that  we  keep  mov- 
ing steadily  forward.  The  new  Whiting 
laboratory  is  but  one  evidence  ofStand- 
ard Oil's  intention  to  remain  in  the  front 
rank  of  industrial  research. 


w 


Standard  Oil  Company  ^jsj^' 


910   S.   MICHIGAN   AVENUE,  CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


MAY,  1949 


25 


CHEM  BUILDING  .  .  . 

(  L'diitmiicil    iKiiii   \rdiH'  24) 

ical  ciigiiH't'ting  aiul  the  bioclu-mistry 
divisions.  The  latter  will  use  the  toiirtli 
and  fifth  floors,  and  will  have  a  labora- 
tory on  the  ground  floor.  A  room  will 
be  completely  equipped  for  riuiiunsj; 
Kjedahl  nitrogen  analyses,  and  there  will 
be  available  space  for  working  with  rars. 
There  will  be  quarters  for  keeping  and 
feeding  them,  an  operating  room,  a  nut 
abolism  room,  and  a  general  experinu-iit 
room.  The  offices  of  this  division  will 
also  be  mo\ed  to  the  new  building. 

This  building  should  inoxe  to  br  a 
iletinite  aid  to  uuich  ot  the  reseaich 
which  has  been  conducted  at  the  I  ni- 
versitN',  and  will  provide  better  labora- 
tory facilities  for  uinlergrailuates.  Stu- 
dents and  faculty  will  have  at  their  dis- 
posal a  variety  of  new  chemical  engi- 
neering equipmciif,  and  modern  quarters 
ill  which  to  use  it. 


If  we  achieve  by  hard  work  the  thing 
we  labor  for,  the  enjoyment  we  receive 
is   tenfold. — Ben   Temple. 


What  sunshine  is  to  tlow<is,  smiles 
are  to  humanit\.  The\  are  but  trifles, 
to  be  sure;  but,  scattered  along  life's 
pathway,  the  good  tlie\  do  is  incon- 
ceivable.— Addison. 


liusla's  In:  Crnam  I'hinis  — Ulil  and  IVew  — Both  Equipped  wilh 


r 


Twenty-thr^ 


years  ago,  Costa's  Ice  Cream  Co.  began  using  Frick 
Refrigeration  in  a  small  plant  ai 
Metuchen,  New  Jersey.  The  busi- 
ness prospered. 

Today  Frick  Equipment  carries 
the  entire  cooling  load  at  the 
Company's  magnificent  new  plant, 
one  of  the  finest  in  existence,  ad- 
ioining  U.  S.  Highway  No.  I  at 
Woodbridge,  New  Jersey. 

Frick  Refrigeration  is  helping 
thousands  of  businesses  to  grow. 
Perhaps  you,  too,  could  be  using 
it? 

T/ii  I'riil,  (graduate  Training  Count 
in  Rijngirauon  and  Air  Condition- 
ing.  o/nralud  our  JO  yiarj.  Offcn  a 
Car.xr  .n  a  Vraumg  hid;Mry. 


Fricit     Ammonia     Compr< 
Give  Dependable  Refrigeraric 


For  the 


BEST  SERVICE 


CAMPUS  BARBER 
SHOP 

812  S.  Sixth  St.,  Champaign 


The  Lois  Taylor  Music  Shop,  Inc. 

"At  the  Campus" 
514  East  John  Street,  Champaign,  III. 


Perfume  Set  to  Music 

RCA  Victor  P-231 

'Cocktail  Capers— The  Art 

Van  Damme  Quintette 

Capitol  CClO.'i 

'Kiss  Me  Kate — With  Original  Cast 

Columbia  C-200 


When  vou  think  of  fine  music — think  of  Lois  Tavlor 
Established  1926 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Modern  power  applications  call  for  leather,  too 


There  was  something  mighty 
impressive  about  those  old- 
time  woodshed  sessions  with 
Dad's  leather  razor  strop.  Dad 
had  a  very  effective  way  of  put- 
ting power  to  work  via  leather. 
Here's  the  modern  way  to 
transmit  power  by  leather  in 
industry.  The  tension-control 
motor  base  puts  the  inherent 
power -carrying  advantage  of 
leather  to  work  in  compact 
space.  The  base  plus  the  "sin- 
gle-pull" leather  belt  make  a 
drive  package  that  is  "right" 
for  many  vital  spots  in  today's  7 
industry. 


.^^^^I^i^^/t/ LEATHER  BELTING  ^miz^^ 

Headquarters  for  Authentic  Power  Transmission  Data 

41  PARK  ROW,  NEW  YORK  7,  NEW  YORK 


BOOKS  and   SUPPLIES 

For  Every  Engineering  Need 


THE  UNIVERSITY  BOOKSTORE 


(A  Student  Co-Operative  Store) 
ROOM  87 


NAVY  PIER 


CHICAGO 


MAY,  1949 


27 


M.  E.  LAB  .  .  . 

(dinriiuicd  troni  pa^c   I.?) 

Hcsides  the  main  room,  there-  will  hi- 
two  smaller  ones,  each  ahout  M)  feet  In 
M)  feet,  whicli  will  be  used  by  graduate 
students.  Each  will  contain  a  250- 
h  n  r  s  e  p  o  w  e  r  d\  iianiometer.  A  six- 
cylinder.  Continental,  145-horsepo\\  ei , 
air-cooled  engine  will  be  attached  to  oru- 
of  these  d\  nanKinieters.  Much  (-qui|v 
nient  will  be  available  tor  regulating 
the  conditions  under  which  the  motor  i^ 
ruiHiing.  Intake  and  exhaust  pres>ures 
can  be  regulated,  and  the  temperatiirc- 
of  the  intake  air  can  be  varied  from 
— K)°  to  150°  Farenheit.  The  quantit\ 
and  humidity  of  intake  air  can  .dso  be 
regulated,  so  that  conditions  from  be- 
low sea  le\el  to  aho\e  2l),0t)n  fct-t,  ;iiul 
from  the  tropics  to  the  pules  can  be 
simulated. 

Two  smaller  r<ionis,  one  a  tiilK 
equipped  sho|i  and  the  other  a  calcu- 
lating room,  will  adjoin  the  laboratories 
and  thus  increase  their  usefulness.  With 
all  this  equipment  available,  student  en- 
gineers may  look  forward  to  impro\ed 
combustion  engine  laboratory  courses, 
making  use  of  the  best  and  most  recent 
equipment. 


A    proverb    is   a   short   sentence   based 
on  long  experience. — Cervantes. 


NAVY  PIER  .  .  . 

(  C'nntinu(-d    tidm   page-    14) 

A.S.M.E. 

I)iiring  the  past  semester  this  organi/a- 
tujii  has  swelled  its  ranks  and  now-  has  a 
total  membership  of  169.  This  has  proh- 
abl\  been  one  of  the  busiest  semesteis 
that  the  organization  has  in  its  records. 
They  have  been  active  in  the  formation 
ol  the  Engineering  Council  and  have 
had  ;i  full  program.  Some  of  the  recent 
lectures  the  group  has  heard  were  by 
Mr.  Schiebel  of  the  Magnaflux  corpo- 
ration on  the  subject  of  "Non-destruc- 
ti\(-  tests  with  .Magnaflux  and  Zyglo," 
and  .Mrs.  J.  Pierce,  secretary-treasurer 
ot  the  Chicago  section  of  the  A.S.M.E., 
on  the  subject  of  "A  (iraduate  Engi- 
nei-i's  First  job."  Many  movies  and 
tichl  trips  have  also  highlighted  the  pro- 
gram, and  the  officers  of  this  organiza- 
tion would  like  to  thank  all  the  people 
that  helped  make  this  |iast  semester's  pid- 
gram  a  s\iccess. 

A.I.E.E. 

I'llection  of  officers  was  held  at  the 
meeting  of  February  22,  with  the  fol- 
lowing results:  Harry  Quinn,  president; 
John  Doering,  vice  president;  Don  Jack- 
son, secretary;  Steve  Cook,  treasurer; 
and  Dale  Hileman,  Council  representa- 
tive. Dr.  Harris  was  present  as  guest 
speaker  and  discussed,  in  his  inimitable 


fashion,  ".-\dventures  in   Research." 

.At  the  meeting  held  on  .April  Sth,  .Mr. 
I'"dward  J.  Wolff,  a  consultant  engineer, 
spoke  on  "Professional  Engineering  Li- 
cense Laws"  and  "Coordination  of  En- 
•.;iiu-i-i    .ind  .Architect  on  a   Proj(-ct." 


NAVY   PIER   STAFF 

RiilKinl    Cli.in.ii/v  l:Jil>^i 

l:d,lurml  Isuuiates 

Inhii  Ilj(.K-k  OleK  Tcrii-hcvv 

KnlH-rt  I.c-ssii,  n.inald   Hrntlierscin 

Mciiiti-    R.iss  .\iithoiiy    Si-ht-rt-r 

Jlusiiiiss  SlajJ 
Rolirrt    KiiiK - Hiisinrss  Mdiuu/n 

liiisiiirss    .Issnrialis 

Kcl.rri    Meier  Frank   lauliikv 

Rolicrt   MacLean 

Plintotjraphy 

Riilitrt    (iroemling  Dolnres    (.rant 

I.ouis    Krawczyk 

Mr.  Ofiilen  I.ivermore,  Faculty  .Uvisn 


A  young  woman  found  a  delightfully 
secluded,  beautiful,  ipiiet  pool.  Warm 
from  her  walk,  she  decided  to  take  a 
plunge. 

To  dr\'  herself  she  leaned  back  upon 
the  soft,  mossy  bank.  Suddenly  she 
heard  a  noise  and  thought  it  must  be 
one  (it  the  neighbor's  little  boys.  So  she 
calleil,  "How  old  are  you,  little  boy?" 

A  voice  replied,  "Ninety-six,  dammit!" 


Si«c6 19^5 

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manufactured  quality  wiring 
systems  and  fittings  for 
every  electrical  requirement. 


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electrical  roughing-in  materials 


National  Electric 

Products  Corporotion 

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28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


nUPONT 


For  Students  of   Science   and 


ngineering 


TEN   UNIVERSITIES  TO  BENEFIT  BY  GRANTS 
FOR  UNRESTRICTED  FUNDAMENTAL  RESEARCH 


With  a  view  to  stock-piling  basic 
knowledge,  the  Du  Pont  Company 
has  announced  a  program  of  grants- 
in-aid  for  the  college  year  1949-50  to 
10  universities  for  unrestricted 
use  in  the  field  of  fundamental  re- 
search in  chemistry. 

The  grants-in-aid  of  $10,000  each 
are  to  be  used  for  research  that  has 
no  immediate  commercial  goal.  The 
universities  themselves  are  to  select 
the  projects  in  which  the  grants  will 
be  employed,  and  results  of  the  re- 
search are  to  be  freely  available  for 
publication. 

Du  Font's  purpose  in  offering  tiie 
grants  is  to  help  insure  the  flow  of 
fundamental  knowledge  in  science 
upon  which  the  future  industrial  de- 
velopment of  our  country  is  so  de- 
pendent. It  is  intended  that  the  funds 


be  utilized  for  such  expenses  as  em- 
ploying additional  research  personnel 
or  lightening  the  teaching  load  of  a 
professor  who  is  eminently  capable 
of  research  of  a  high  order.  They 
may  also  be  expended  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  supplies,  appara- 
tus or  equipment. 

This  program  of  grants-in-aid  is 
largely  experimental.  However,  it  is 
Du  Font's  hope,  should  the  program 
work  out  satisfactorily,  to  continue 
each  grant  for  a  period  of  five  years. 

The  10  universities  to  which  grants- 
in-aid  are  being  offered  are  California 
Institute  of  Technology,  Cornell, 
Harvard,  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  Ohio  State,  Frinceton, 
Yale,  Illinois,  Minnesota  and  Wis- 
consin. Du  Font  fellowships  are  also 
offered  at  these  institutions. 


Four  of  fAany  Outstanding  Du  Pont  Fellowship  Winners 


^"~C) 


Dr.WendellM.  Stanley,  .It  University  of  California, 
is  Cliairnian  of  the  Dejiartment  of  Biochemistry 
in  Berkeley  and  in  the  Medical  .School  at  San  Fran- 
cisco; Director  of  the  Virus  Lahoratory.  Bachelor's 
deeree  at  Earlham  ColleKe.  Iil26;  M.S.  at  Illinois, 
ly27  and  F'h.D.  in  Organic  Chemistry.  1929.  Hon- 
orary Doctor's  degrees  from  five  prominent  Ameri- 
can universities  and  the  University  of  Paris.  Has 
received  more  (han  10  medals  and  awards  for  dis- 
tinguished work  in  chemistry  and  biochemistry;  co- 
reciriient  of  the  Nobel  Prize  in  Chemistry  in  l'J4(i. 
Du   Pont  fellow  at   Illinois  in  1928-29. 

Dr.  Carl  S.  Marvel,  Professor  of  Organic  Chemistry 
at  the  University  of  Illinois  since  1930.  received 
his  A.B.  at  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  in  1915; 
A.M.al  Illinois  191(;  and  Ph.D.  in  Organic  Chem- 
istry liiaj;  .Sc  1.1.  Ihunoiaryl  at  Illinois  Wesleyan. 
1946.  President  .''imerican  Chemical  .Society.  194,''>: 
Director  1944-46.  Has  received  numerous  honors 


such  as  the  Nichols  Meilal  and  memorial  lecture- 
ships at  outstanding  universities.  Du  Pont  fellow 
at  Illinois  in  1919-20.  Consultant  on  Organic  Chem- 
istry to  the  Du  Pont  Company  at  present. 
J.  Frederic  Walker  is  a  Research  Supervisor  ou 
formaldehyde  products  in  the  Electrochemicals 
Department.  Trained  nt  Massachusetts  Institute 
ofTechnology.Awanl.  .1  K  ..  Im  i  .r's  degree  in  Che 
!try,  1925;  Master   ..  .      . 


h.D. 
I     I  ni.ildehyde  Cheni- 
r%   "I  --.i.lium,"  "History 
t   fellow    in    1926-27. 


Chemistry.  1929 
istry,"  "Organic  t'hi  ii 
of  Chemistry."  Du  1 
Frank  S.  Fawcett  is  now  doing  synthetic  orgam 
research  with  Du  Pont's  Chemical  DepartmenI 
Receiveil  Bachelor's  degree  in  Chemistry,  Kurmai 
University.  1940;  Master's  degree  Pennsylvania 
1944;  Ph.D.  in  Organic  Chemistry.  Massachusctt 
Institute  ol  Technology.  1948.  Du  Pont  fellow  a 
M.I.T.  iu  academic  year  1947-48. 


77  DU  PONT  FELLOWSHIPS 

MADE  AVAILABLE 

TO  GRADUATE  STUDENTS 

Again  in  the  academic  year  1919-50, 
the  Du  Font  Company  is  awarding 
post-graduate  and  post-doctorate  fel- 
lowships to  universities  throughout 
the  country. 

This  is  a  continuation  of  the  com- 
pany's 30-year-old  plan  to  encourage 
advanced  studies  in  the  fields  of  chem- 
istry, physics,  metallurgy,  and  engi- 
neering. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  plan  will  con- 
tinue to  help  maintain  the  flow  of 
technically  trained  men  and  women 
who  will  go  into  teaching  and  research 
work  at  the  universities  and  into  tech- 
nical positions  in  industry.  Some  of 


What  Fellowships  Provide 

Each  post-graduate  fellowship 
provides  $1,200  for  a  single 
person  or  ,$1,800  for  a  married 
person,  together  with  an  award 
of  $1,000  to  the  university  to- 
wards tuition  and  fees.  Each 
post-doctoral  fellowship  pro- 
vides $3,000  for  the  recipient 
and  $1,500  to  the  university. 


them,  as  in  past  years,  may  come  to 
work  for  Du  Font  when  they  finish 
their  studies,  but  there  is  no  obligation 
to  do  so;  fellowship  holders  are  free  to 
enter  any  field  of  activity  they  choo.se. 
The  students  and  their  research 
subjects  will  be  .selected  by  authori- 
ties of  the  47  universities  participatin  g. 
In  this  year's  program,  45  of  the  post- 
graduate fellowships  are  in  chemistry, 
4  in  physics,  15  in  chemical  engineer- 
ing, 5  in  mechanical  engineering  and  2 
in  metallurgy.  There  will  be  6  post- 
doctoral fellowships  as  an  incentive  to 
those  who  would  prefer  to  remain  in 
academic  work  in  order  to  obtain  addi- 
tional advanced  training  in  chemistry. 


^POE 


BETTER     THINGS     FOR     BETTER     LIVING 
.  .  .  THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 


Entertaining,  informative  —  Listen  to  '^Cavalcade  of 
America"  Monday  Nighti,NBC  Coast  to  Coast 


MAY,  1949 


29 


SPECTROGRAPHS  .  .  . 

I  L"(intiniiC(l   ticMii  \rA'j.i.-   1  I  ) 

in  tlu-  laboratory.  To  iliiplicatt"  a  sound, 
one  refers  to  the  pattern  and  blends  tiie 
proper  frequencies  in  the  proper  propor- 
tions as  indicated  by  the  spectrogram. 
Kxperiniental  work  has  already  begun 
on  a  "playback"  unit  that  runs  the  spec- 
trogram through  a  device  and  delivers 
the  original  sound,  riie  objective  is 
not  to  compete  with  disc,  wire  or  tape 
recordings,  since  tlu-  expense  of  the  unit 
is  (|uite  high.  Rather,  tile  idea  is  to  make 
possible  a  phuback  of  hand  or  maciiine- 
drawn  patterns  to  produce  any  miuikI  ef- 
fect ilesirable — e\eii  that  of  >peech.  Ir 
is  not  imthinkable  that  music,  for  ex- 
ample, may  be  drawn  by  hand,  and  full 
orchestral  effects  achieved  .at  a  single 
stroke  of  the  pen. 

These  examples  tend  to  illustrate  im- 
portant aspects  of  permanent-pattern 
spectrograms,  but  theie  exists  another 
field  devoted  to  the  study  of  transient 
patterns,  a  field  that  has  drawn  the  in- 
terest of  many  investigators. 

Translator  Spectrograph 

In  order  to  realize  the  full  potentiali- 
ties of  visible  speech  for  the  deaf,  meth- 
ods of  instantaneous  presentation  of 
transient  patterns  were  devised.  The  ob- 
ject was  to  present  to  the  eye  the  ever- 
changing   patterns    of   .sound    analogous 


//'o^^rtQ    /^OAji'hof   £>e/t' 


Fig.  4.  A  translator  spectrograph  is  shown  in  the  block  diagram  above. 
The  pattern  is  made  visible  on  the  phosphorescent  belt  and  is  later  auto- 
matically "erased." 


to  the  sustained  conversations  of  normal 
life.  The  devices  constructed  were  to 
gi\e  a  visual  display  of  the  same  type 
of  spectrogram  that  has  been  discussed 
previously,  except  that  it  woidd  be  in- 
stantaneoiis  and  continuous. 

Two  basic  forms  of  instantaneous 
translators  are  m  use  t<iday.  C^ne  de- 
pends upon  the  patterns  produced  on 
a  rotating  screen  by  a  new  type  of  cath- 


Engineering   Students 

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your  needs  in  engineering  and  art  sup- 
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ON  THE  CORNER  OF  WRIGHT  AND  GREEN 


ode-ray  tube.  The  other,  which  has 
been  built  successfulh  in  the  form  of 
a  portable  imit,  presents  the  displa>'  on 
a  moving  belt  of  phosphorescent  ma- 
terial. Both  rely  upon  a  number  of  fixed 
filters  covering  the  frequency  bands  that 
were  normally  scanned  in  successive 
cycles  by  the  permanent-pattern  spectro- 
graph. The  detail  achieved  in  the  in- 
stantaneous patterns  is  necessarily  lim- 
ited by  the  number  of  filters  used.  For 
the  purpose  of  readability,  however,  as 
few  as  12  filters  (each  of  300  cycle 
band-pass)  may  be  used  to  cover  a  spec- 
trum of  .■i,^0()  cycles. 

In  Figure  4  is  shouii  a  block  sche- 
matic diagram  of  the  moving-belt  trans- 
lator. Speech  input  is  fed  to  12  fixed 
analyzing  filters  and  the  output  of  each 
filter  is  used  to  modulate  a  grain-of- 
wheat  incandescent  lamp.  As  the  moving 
|ihosphor  belt  pa.sses  beneath  the  row 
of  Iam|is,  traces  of  light  are  produced 
u|ion  the  dark  surface  of  the  belt.  This 
makes  an  instantaneous  spectrogram  of 
the  input  voice  signal.  Not  shown  on 
the  reverse  side  of  the  belt  arc  several 
infrared  lamps  which  erase  the  phos- 
phorescence that  has  passed  the  angle  of 
\  ision.  After  this  infra-red  quenching 
the  belt  is  ready  to  start  another  trip 
past  the  exciting  lamps.  Whereas  the 
permanent  recorder  produced  a  pattern 
of  gray  against  a  white  background  or 
a  photographic  transparency,  both  the 
cathode-ray  and  the  moving-belt  trans- 
lators give  pictmes  of  \arying  bright- 
ness against  a  dark  backgroiuul. 

I'ncouraging  results  in  visual  hearing 
has  led  to  de\elopment  of  large  console 
translators  that  are  suitable  for  group 
teaching  of  the  deaf.  These  more  recent 
devices  are  fundamentally  the  same  as 
the  belt  translator  just  de.scribed,  but 
make  use  of  larger  displays. 

(Continued  on  page  32) 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


How  to  keep  a  hold  cold 

Both  time  and  tuna  are  lost  if  the  refrigeration 
unit  breaks  down  while  a  fishing  boat  is  at  sea.  En- 
gineers insure  dependability  in  sea-going  ice  ma- 
chine compressors  by  specifying  Timken-  tapered 
roller  bearings  on  crankshafts.  Because  of  their 
tapered  design,  Timken  bearings  carry  any  combi- 
nation of  radial  and  thrust  loads.  With  Timken 
bearings  on  the  crankshafts,  friction  and  lateral 
play  are  minimized.  Shafts  are  held  in  rigid  align- 
ment. Wear  and  maintenance  are  reduced. 


Why  does  TIMKEN  lead  in 
bearing  design? 

The  tapered  roller  bearing  was  pioneered  by 
Timken  and  every  important  tapered  roller  bearing 
improvement  since  has  been  introduced  by  Timken. 
For  example,  Timken  developed  the  one-piece 
multiple  perforated  cage  to  insure  exact  spacing  of 
the  rollers.  And  to  provide  positive  roller  alignment, 
Timken  introduced  wide  area  contact  between  the 
roll  ends  and  the  ribs.  For  almost  fifty  years  this 
leadership  in  design  has  helped  make  Timken 
bearings  first  choice  with  engineers  in  every  field. 


TIMKEN 

TAPERED 
ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more 
about  TIMKEN  bearings? 

Some  of  the  important  engineering  problems 
you'll  face  after  graduation  will  involve  bearing 
applications.  If  you'd  like  to  learn  more  about  this 
phase  of  engineering,  we'll  be  glad  to  help.  For 
additional  information  about  Timken  bearings  and 
how  engineers  use  them,  write  today  to  The  Timken 
Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio.  And 
don't  forget  to  clip  this  page  for  future  reference. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  a=)  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  ar^ 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -®-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


MAY,  1949 


31 


SPECTROGRAPHS  .  .  . 

I  1,'iintliiiiril    lliriii   pam'  J(l) 
A'c.v«//.v    and   A  pplications 

RcsiMii'h  has  shown  tliat  tlic  icaiiins;: 
of  priiiti'd  material  is  accomplished  hy  a 
succession  of  fixations  in  which  tlie  e\es 
focus  briefly  on  a  region  ot  print  and 
then  move  abruptly  to  fix  attention 
upon  the  next  group  of  characters.  The 
results  of  reading  tests  show  that  the 
i\e  normally  reads  considerably  faster 
than  the  average  rate  of  speaking.  There 
is.  therefore,  little  time  lag  in  reading 
speech  with  a  visual  translator. 

The  learning  rate  for  the  new  "lan- 
guage" compares  favorably  with  that 
fur    lip-reading.    The    process   of    \isible 


speech,  iiowever,  would  permit  the  deaf 
to  carry  on  telephone  conversations 
where  no  amount  of  skill  at  lip-reading 
plays  a  part.  As  better  training  methods 
become  available,  there  is  little  doubt 
that  visual  hearing  instruction  can  be 
extended  to  cover  the  early  school  years 
of  deaf  children.  The  familiarity  with 
visual  patterns,  if  introduced  at  early 
ages,  will  lead  to  better  facilities  in 
reading  sound. 

Almost  as  important  as  reading  sound 
is  the  ability  for  the  deaf  to  speak  and 
enunciate  correctly.  This  has  been  one 
of  the  acute  considerations  for  the  total- 
is' deaf.  Only  in  rare  cases  have  the 
congenitally  deaf  been  able  to  use  their 


voices  properly.  Without  the  faculty  of 
healing  one's  own  voice,  there  is  a  ten- 
dency for  speech  to  degenerate  and  the 
voice  to  .sound  unnatural.  This  speech 
degeneration  process  has  been  observed 
to  a  marked  degree  in  those  whose  hear- 
ing was  lost  some  years  after  childhood. 
Conversation  with  such  persons  is  diffi- 
cult, and,  in  most  instances,  is  nearl\ 
unintelligible. 

The  translators  make  it  possible  to 
show  how  a  normal  voice  .should  sound  ; 
this  has  been  of  inestimable  value  in 
teaching  the  deaf  to  speak  for  the  first 
time.  In  tests  of  congenitally  deaf  per- 
sons great  progress  has  been  made.  Soiric 
(Continued  on  page  36) 


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227  ILLINI  UNION  BUILDING 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


'—The  real  essence  of  work  is  concentrated  energy"— walter  bagehot 


Why  construction  gets  better  all  the  time 


Where  roads  were  once  built  a  shovelful  at  a  lime  .  .  . 
today  mammoth  earth-movers  handle  a  ton  of  earth  at  a 
time.  Mobile  cranes  swing  20  tons  at  the  flick  of  a  switch. 
Giant  crushers  grind  1.50  tons  of  rock  an  hour.  Traveling 
concrete  mixers  place  entire  batches  as  thev  go. 

These  are  just  a  few  of  our  improved  powered  tools  of 
tddav  that  do  a  better  job  of  construction  faster  and  easier. 
They  help  provide  us  with  criticallv  needed  new  housing 
and  business  buildings  .  .  .  with  super-highwavs  and  air- 
fields for  safer,  smoother  travel.  And  these  tools  are  ours 
today  because  of  better  materials  .  .  .  and  continuing  re- 
search. 

Alloy  steels,  for  example,  give  them  greater  strength  to 
resist  shock  and  abrasive  action  .  .  .  stamina  to  overcome 
the  strain  of  day-by-day  speed-up  demands.  And  modern 
oxy-acetvlene  processes  for  welding  and  flame-cutting  speed 
production  of  these  better  products  of  better  steel. 

Carbon  is  in  the  picture,  too.  In  the  form  of  electrodes, 
it's  essential  both  to  the  production  of  alloy  steels  and  the 


making  of  calcium  cariiide  .  .  .  from  which  comes  acet\lene 
gas  for  welding.  Also,  a  cliemical  known  as  an  amine  pro- 
vides a  wetting  agent  for  asphalt  .  .  .  speeding  construction 
by  making  the  asphalt  stick  more  easily  and  firmlv  to  its 
crushed  rock  base. 

The  people  of  Union  Carbide  produce  these  and  /nany 
other  materials  essential  to  today's  belter  building  and  con- 
struction. They  also  produce  hundreds  of  other  tnaterials 
for  the  use  of  science  and  industry,  to  help  meet  the  needs 
of  mankind. 


FREE:  Vu,<  ar, 

Iraleil  huuklel. 


iu-il  lo  send  fur  llu- 


vs  in  ithicli  i«(///.s/M 
Vs,  Curbuns.iiases.i 


s."  nhic 

uses  t  <r: 

nd  I'luslic! 


Union  Carbide 


AJVJ?     CAHBOJV     COJ^JPOJRATIOJV 

30    EAST    42  ND     STREET         |||^^         NEW    YORK    17.    N .    Y. 


Trdde-marked  Products  of  Divisions  and  Units  include ' 

Electromet  Alloys  anil  Metals    •     HaVNES  SteLLITE  Alloys     •     PreST-0-LitE  Acetylene     •     I.IXDE  Oxypen 

Bakelite,  Krene.  Vinyon,  and  ViNVLiTE  Plastics    •    Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals    •    Pvrofax  Gas 

AcHESON  Electrodes    •    National  Carbons    •     Prestone  and  Trek  Antl-Freezes    •    EvEREADY  Flashlights  and  Batteries 


E-Day  —  May  26th 

Are   You    Prepared  ? 

Follett's  are  standing  by  to  assist  you  with  a  complete  stock  of 
outlines,  handbooks,  problems,  quizzers,  and  other  study  aids. 
Don't  be  caught  with  your  grades  down— come  in  today  and 
select  the  books  that  will  soften  up  the  tough  courses. 

•  •  • 

FOLLETT'S 

COLLEGE  BOOKSTORE 

Around  the  Corner  on  Green  Street 


partners  in  creating 


K  &  E  drafting  insfruments,  equipment  and  materials 
have  been  partners  of  leading  engineers  for  81  years 
in  shaping  the  modern  world.  So  extensively  are  these 
products  used  by  successful  men,  it  is  self  evident  that 
K  &   E  has  played  a   part  in  the  completion  of  nearly 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

NEW   YORK   •    HOBOKEN,   N.   J. 

Chicago    •    Si.    Louis    •    Detroit 
Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •   Montreal 


DR.  EVERITT 


led    iKim   |),-i-c  ')) 

lisliniciir  since  \')4(t.  He  is  a  tclli.u  and 
a  ilucctor  (il  tlic  Aincrican  Institiiti-  ot 
I  IcLtrical  Kiigineeis,  a  nnMiibtT  of  the 
Anieritaii  Society  for  Eiijiiiieeriiif;  F.dii- 
cation,  the  Acoustical  Society  of  Amer- 
ica, Illinois  Society  of  Professional  En- 
jiineers,  Tlieta  Chi,  Tau  Beta  Pi  (  Na- 
tional Executive  Council  1935-36), 
Si^ma  Xi,  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  Eta  Kappa 
Nu,  i'i  Mu  Epsilon,  Iota  Alpha,  (^ani- 
nia  Alpha,  and   Pi  Tau  Sigma. 

For  di\ersion  from  these  activities  he 
liuds  relaxation  in  his  photojiraphy,  and 
enjoys  swimming  and  tennis. 

This  fall  Dr.  Everitt  will  be  leaving 
what  has  grown,  in  recent  years,  to  be 
one  of  the  largest  departments  of  electri- 
cal engineering  in  the  country,  to  take 
o\er  the  leadership  of  the  University's 
second  largest  college — smpassed  in  size 
only  by  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  and 
Sciences. 

Horn  in  ]5altiniore,  Maryland,  on 
April  14,  10(11),  he  was  married  on 
August  20,  1923,  to  the  former  Dorothy- 
Wallace.  They  have  three  children, 
Barbara  Alice,  Hruce,  and  Pamela  Ann. 
Versatility  seems  to  run  in  the  family. 
Barbara  Alice  entered  Cornell  university 
and  became  woman's  editor  of  the  Cor- 
nell Sun.  Bruce  is  an  electrical  engi- 
neering student  at  this  University  and 
has  been  chairman  of  Homecoming  and 
iif  the  Spring  Carnival  this  year. 


CONVOCATION  .  .  . 

(Continued   from  page  8) 

such  a  poll  is  infallible,  but  is  only  an 
indication  of  the  students'  personal  \  iew- 
poinf.  Dr.  Stoddard  mentioned  that  the 
polls,  on  the  other  hand,  were  conducteil 
for  the  good  of  all  teachers,  not  to  de- 
ternu'ne  their  popularity  among  the  stu- 
dents, but  to  determine  how  effective 
their  methods  of  teaching  are.  The 
"best"  teacher  is  not  necessarily  the  most 
effective  teacher.  Dr.  Stoddard  contin- 
ued, .-uul  cited  numerous  examples  of 
this  condition. 

Members  of  the  conxocation  commit- 
tee were  Dale  S.  (Ilass,  chairman, 
Phillip  Doll,  Richard  Kanak  and  Allen 
Benson. 


When  .1  fool  has  made  up  his  mind 
the  market  has  gone  by. 

A  great  leader  ne\cr  sets  himself 
,ibo\c  his  followers  except  in  carr\'ing 
icspoiisibilifies. — Jules  (  )i-mont. 

It  does  seem  incredible  that  3,5()0,- 
niHI  laws  are  being  made  and  still  no 
improvement  to  the  simple  Ten  Com- 
mandments. 

»      *     » 

Think  wrongly,  if  you  please;  but  in 
all  cases  think  for  yourself. — Lessing. 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Fresh  Flowers  . . . 

with  Personal  Attention 

For  your  Senior  Ball  or  the  House  Dance  .  .  . 
every  order,  large  or  small  receives  extra  care 
in   handling. 


For   QUALITY,    FRESHNESS 
PACKING,  and  PROMPT  DELIVERY 


Flowers  by  Wire 


^SanAcA 


FLORI$T 

113  W.  UNIVERSITY  AVECHAMPAIGN 

NOTAFFtllATED  WITH  ANY  FLOWER  SHOP  IN  UKBMA 


-3£'.\ 


For  18  Years 


JERRY    ROESKE 

of  the 

L  G.  BALFOUR  CO. 

has  been  your 

Official  Fraternity  Jeweler 

MEDALS 
KEYS 
PINS 
AWARDS 


PROBLEM:  You  are  designing  a  valve  grinding 
machine.  You  have  to  provide  a  drive  for  the  chuck 
that  holds  the  valve  stem.  This  chuck  must  be  adjust- 
able in  three  different  directions.  Your  problem 
now  is  to  devise  a  method  of  driving  the  chuck  which 
permits  these  adjustments.    How  would  you  do  it? 

THE  SIMPLE  ANSWER:   Use  an  S.S.White  power 

drive  flexible  shaft  to  transmit  power  to  the  chuck. 
The  shaft  provides  a  positive,  dependable  drive 
that  permits  free  movement  of  the  chuck  in  any 
direction. 

•      •      • 

This  is  just  one  of  hundreds  of  remote  control  and 
power  drive  problems  to  which  S.S.White  flexible 
shafts  provide  a  simple  answer.  That's  why  every 
engineer  should  be  familiar  with  the  wide  range 
and  scope  of  these  useful  "Metal  Muscles"*  for 
mechanical  bodies. 


ne  large  monufoclurer  did  II. 

WRITE    FOR     BULLETIN    4501 


It  gives  essential  facts  and  engineer- 
ing data  about  flexible  shafts  and 
their  application.  A  copy  is  yours 
free  for  asking.  Write  today. 


nWHlTE 

i  OINTAl  MF< 


THE  S.S.WHITE  DENTAl  MFC.  CO.  *  I W  ■#  S^^  ■  imf  #«b       DIVISION 

DIPT.  C,    10   EAST    40ll>   ST..  NEW  TO>K    I*.  N.  T.  _ 


INDUiTRIAL 

10   EAST    40ll>   ST..  MEW  TO>K    I 


I  MAY,  1949 


35 


30  ^  tnic^nedA  o^  ijtcd/xa^ 


10,000  of  an   inch 

is   Everyday  Grinding  Accuracy 

MANY  thousands  of  the  products  which  serve  us  so  faithfully  in  our 
home  lives,  in  college  and  in  business  —  such  as  the  refrigerator, 
the  automobile,  the  airplane,  the  machines  in  office,  laboratory  and 
plant  — owe  their  dependability  and  long  life  to  the  accuracy  of 
grinding.  Many  have  parts  ground  to  limits  as  fine  as  a  len//i  of  o 
thousandth  of  an  inch  (one  thirtieth  the  thickness  of  this  magazine 
page)   by   Norton   grinding   machines  and   Norton   grinding   wheels. 

And  many  parts  are  still  further  refined,  both  for  accuracy  and 
surface  finish,  by  Norton  lapping  machines.  The  work  turned  out  on 
a  production  basis  by  these  unique  Norton  machines  is  measured  in 
millionths  of  an  inch  —  must  be  gauged  by  complicated  optical  instru- 
ments making   use  of  light  rays. 


when  indu$fry  has  a  produciion 
problem  which  involves  extreme 
accuracy  or  high  surface  finish, 
or  both,  it  turns  to  Norfon  .  .  .  for 
Norton  has  a  large  and  capob/e 
ilaff  of  engineers,  highly  trained 
eKperis  on  ai>rasives,  grinding 
wheels,  grinding  machines,  and 
lapping   machines. 


NORTON  COMPANY    •    WORCESTER  6,  MASS. 

(Behr-Manning,    Troy,    N.    Y.    is    a    Norton    Division) 


NORTON 


«I**SIVES  -  adNDING  WHEELS  -  GRINDING  «ND  LIPPING  M«CHINEI 
REFRICTOIIES  -  POROUS  MEDIUMS  -  NON-SLIP  FLOORS  -  NORIIDE  PRODUCTS 
lAIEUNG     MICNINES         (lEHR-MUNNING  DIVISION:  COITED  IRRKIVES  tND  SHARPENING  STONES) 


36 


SPECTROGRAPHS  .  .  . 

I  t  'niitiniic.l    liiini  pa;ii-  .L'  ) 
III    llu-    ili-al    u  ho    Iki\c    iiiulcrtaki-n    the 
spcci'li    rrainins;   with    visual    translators 
arc    now    able    to    speak    with    amazing 
ilistinctiie.ss  ami   clarit\. 

Another  point  of  iiucrcst  is  in  tlu- 
acoustic  study  ot  souiiils  other  than 
human  speech.  Supcrjonic  frequencies 
ami  ver\  low  frequency  phenomena  can 
he  studied  with  the  spectrograph  b\  se- 
lecting filters  to  correspond  to  the  de- 
sired frequency  ranj^e.  Of  special  inter- 
est ill  the  low  frequency  range  are  heart 
beat  oscillations.  Tests  of  niachiner\ 
noises  have  indicateil  definite  frequenc\ 
legions  of  greater  prominence  than 
others.  Hv  close  observation  of  the  sep- 
arate frequency  components  in  what 
usually  appears  to  be  a  i-amloni  noise 
region,  much  information  is  obtained  on 
particular  machine  parts  that  do  not 
tunction  as  smoothly  as  desired.  Music 
has  been  mentioned  in  connection  with 
hand-drawn  play-back  spectrograms,  but 
the  analysis  of  musical  sounds  is  an  im- 
portant consideration  in  itself.  New 
standards  of  harmonic  content  in  an 
instrumental  sound  are  within  reach, 
and  these  criteria  are  entirely  independ- 
ent of  the  ear. 

The  sound  spectrograph  grew  out  ot 
needs  for  more  information  on  speech 
distortion  in  communication  circuits, 
and  much  work  still  remains  to  be  done 
in  this  field.  The  research  to  date  has 
far  from  exhausted  the  pos.sibilities  for 
exploiting  the  study  of  speech  and  non- 
speech  forms.  The  recent  technique  of 
visible  sound  propo.ses  a  stimulating 
number  of  entirely  new  ideas  and  has 
offered  an  important  tool  for  further 
knowledge  and  discoxery. 
REFERENCIvS 

R.  K.  Potter:  \'isible  Speech,  11,11  Lahoni- 
Inri.s   Rr<orJ,    Vol.   24,    Jan.,    pp    7-11 

R.  K.  Potter:  Visible  Patterns  of  Soiiml, 
Srifinr,    \'ol.    102,    Nov.,    1945,    pp.    463-470. 

R.  K.  Potter:  Introduction  to  the  Techni- 
cal Discussions  of  Sound  Portrayal,  Journal, 
.lioiisliial  Society  of  .-1  merit  a,  Vol.  17,  Julv, 
1946 

I.  C.  Steinberg  and  X.  R.  French:  The 
Po'itraval  of  Visible  Speech,  .I.I.S.I..  jul>, 
1946 

W.  Koenig,  H.  K.  Ounn,  and  I..  \'.  Lac\  : 
The  Sound  Spectrograph,  .I..I.S..I.,  July,  1946 

II.  \V.  Dudley  and  O.  O.  CJrucnz,  Jr.:  Vis- 
ible Speech  Translators  with  External  Phos- 
phors,  J.rI.S.,I.,  July,    1946 

C;.  A.  Kopp  and  H.  C.  Green:  Basic  Pho- 
netic principles  of  \'isible  Speech,  .7.  /..V.  /., 
July,    1946 

R.  Reisley:  Sound  Spectrograph  for  Analy- 
sis of  Speech-Like  Sounds,  Appendix — 
llashins  Laboratories  Re/>orl  on  Readimj  Ma- 
e /lines  for  the  Blind,   1947 

F.  R.  Banks:  Playback  and  Recorder  for 
Sound    Spectrograph,    //.   L.   Report,    1947 

F.  S.  Cooper:  High  Fidelitv  Pattern  Play- 
back,  H.  L.  Report,   1947 

F.  S.  Cooper:  Modifications  of  Sound 
Spectrograph,   //.  /..  Report,  1947 

R.  K.  Potter:  The  Representation  of  Vowels 
and   Their  Movement,  J..I.S..I.,  July,   1948 

R.  K.  Potter,  G.  A.  Kopp,  and  II.  C. 
C.reen;  I'isihle  Speei/i,  D.  \'an  Xostrand 
(\)mpany,    Inc.,    1947 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Get  a  Close-Up 


OF  THE  BASIC  INDUSTRY 
OF  YOUR  CHOICE! 


by  R.S.  FLESHIEM 
Manager  Electrical  Department 

ALLIS-CHALMERS  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

(Grailiiate  Training  Course — 1904) 


WHEN  YOU  GET  into  daily  working 
contact  with  an  industry,  you  may 
find  it  oilers  specialized  opportunites  that 
you  hadn't  known 
about  before.  That's 
why  it's  not  always 
possible — or  wise — 
to  pick  vo»/- final  spot 
in  industry  until 
you've  had  some  all 
around  first-hand 
experience. 

I  want  to  suggest 
R.  s  FLtMiiEM        a  good  way  to  i^ct  a 
close-up  of  the   industries  that  appeal 
to  you. 

Naturally,  I  can  talk  with  most  assur- 
ance about  the  electric  power  industry. 
But  the  same  principles  apply  to  others. 

When  I  got  my  engineering  degree 
from  the  University  of  Michigan,  the 
electric  power  industry  was  a  fast-grow- 
ing youngster.  I  decided  to  go  to  AUis- 
C  halmers,  where  I  joined  the  company's 
first  Graduate  Training  Course  in  1904. 
1  was  sent  to  Cincinnati  and  started  in  the 
old  Bullock  Electric  Mfg.  Co.  plant  that 
Allis-Chalmers  had  purchased  that  same 
year.  Bullock,  incidentally,  started  in 
1884— one  of  the  real  old-timers  in  the 
electric  industry.  It  was  the  start  of  the 
present  Allis-Chalmers  Electrical 
Department. 

Opportunities  Are  Increasing 

The  industry  was  growing  fast  at  the  turn 
of  the  century,  but  it's  growing  even 
faster  now.  Opportunities  were  never 
greater— or  more  varied. 


Inside  View  of  a  hydrogen-cooled  steam-turbine  generator.  A-C  Graduate  Training  Course 
students  may  follow  important  electric  power  equipment  from  blueprint  to  installation. 


Today  we  have  Graduate  Training 
Course  engineers  applying  their  ability 
and  training  to  the  problems  of  machine 
design — research  and  development — 
manufacturing  and  production — sales — 
application  engineering.  Here  we're 
working  with  electric  power  generation, 
control  and  utilization — with  advanced 
industrial  uses  of  electronics — with  re- 
search in  D.  C.  transmission.  We're  in 
intimate  touch  with  the  electric  power 
industries — with  transportation — with 
steel,  metal  working  and  other  big  power 
users.  And  I  know  that  the  field  is  just  as 
broad  in  the  other  major  industry  depart- 
ments here  at  Allis-Chalmers. 

What  Industry  Interests  You? 

I  firmly  believe  that  Graduate  Training 
Course  engineers  have  a  unique  oppor- 
tunity at  Allis-Chalmers.  They  have  the 
opportunity  here  to  explore  thoroughly 
not  one,  but  many  basic  industries  if 
they  choose.  This  company  produces  the 
world's  widest  range  of  major  industrial 
equipment,  and  every  department  is  open 


to  the  graduate  engineer.  That  includes 
electric  power,  mining  and  ore  reduc- 
tion, cement  making,  public  works, 
steam  turbines,  pulp  and  wood  process- 
ing. It  also  includes  the  full  range  of 
activities  within  each  industry:  design, 
manufacturing,  sales,  research,  applica- 
tion, advertising. 

Graduate  students  help  plan  their  own 
courses  at  Allis-Chalmers,  and  they  move 
around  a  good  deal.  It's  possible  for  a 
man  to  come  here  with  the  idea  of  de- 
signing electrical  equipment — later  be- 
come interested  in  manufacturing — and 
finally  find  his  greatest  satisfaction  and 
success  in  sales  work.  Men  move  from 
department  to  department,  getting  a 
practical  working  knowledge  of  each. 
And— the  departments  get  to  know  the 
men.  Opportunities  present  themselves 
according  to  ability. 

At  the  completion  of  the  Graduate 
Training  Course,  you've  had  a  close-up 
of  many  industries.  You're  ready  to  take 
your  place  in  the  work  of  your  choice. 


Studying  power  and  capacity  factors  in 
ore  crushing,  m  Alhs-Chalmers'  complete 
basic  mdustnes  laboratory.  Camera-re- 
corded data  will  be  applied  to  commercial 
mining  operations. 


Write  for  details  of  the  Allis-Chalmers  Graduate  Training  Course — requirements, 

salary,  advantages.   Representatives  may  visit  your  school.   Watch   for  date. 

Allis-Chalmers  Manufacturing  Company,  Milwaukee  1,  Wisconsin 

ALLIS-CHALMERS 


MAY,  1949 


37 


GALESBURG  .  .  . 

I  C'(jiitiniK-il  troiii  pa^i'  15) 
riu'  aiuisc  is  covered  in  thirty  days, 
and  is  designed  to  promote,  through  lec- 
tures and  field  trips,  knowledge  that 
would  be  equi\  aleiit  to  two  yoais  ot  "on 
the  job"  experience. 

The  field  trips  are  made  to  ,i;i\e  tlie 
men  a  better  understanding  of  tin-  pr<i 
cesses  of  manufacturing.  These  dealers 
also  gain  common  pouits  ot  interest  with 
the  manufactiuer,  which  thex  can  use  in 
selling  their  products. 

(lenerally,  the  lectures  are  related  to 
the  field  of  engineering.  Such  courses 
:is  "blue  print  reading,"  "frame  con- 
struction," "wood  decay,"  "cement  ajid 
concrete,"  "insulation."  and  "steel  prod- 
ucts" are  offered.  The  lectures  are  giv- 
en by  men  reiiresenting  the  manufactm- 
ers  ot  the  material  being  discussed,  or  by 
professors,  both  of  whom  ha\e  years  of 
training  and  experience.  Thus  the  lec- 
turers are  able  to  hand  down  facts  about 
the  qviality  of  the  material,  maxinuini 
endurance  under  >ear-round  all-weather 
conditions,  and  what  is  in  the  m.iterial 
that  meets  specifications. 

The  lumber  man  who  knows  rlie-e 
facts  knows,  when  he  builds,  what  to 
specify.  He  learns  nvw  uses,  developed 
through  changing  trends,  of  old  standbys 
in  building  materials.  He  also  gains  in- 
formation on  new  materials.  This  is 
valuable  when  critical  material  shortages 


call    for  substitutes  tiiat  can   be  depend 
ed  upon. 

Considering  all,  this  course  will  help 
the  lundier  dealers  to  gain  the  wisdom 
to  combat  the  obstacles  presented  by 
present  day  building  conditions,  and  it 
will  help  prepare  them  for  a  future  of 
keen  competition. 


NEW  DEVELOPMENTS  .  .  . 

!  C'lintiiiuccl    Iruni  page  2  ) 

that  the  enudsion  "comes  \er\  close  to 
recording  ,in\  nuclear  particle,"  and 
compared  an  atomic  particle  in  the 
emuKion  to  a  "skipping  stone"  in  .1 
pouil. 

"Assunung  one  has  a  good,  round, 
disk-like  stone  and  throws  with  precis- 
ion," he  said,  "the  frequency  of  the 
skips  increases  toward  the  cnil  of  its 
path.  .  .  .The  faster  the  stone  is  travel- 
ling, the  less  the  frequencv  of  the  skips 
on  the  water.  This  is  paralleled  b>  the 
passage  ot  a  high  energy  particle  through 
a  nuclear  emulsion.  As  with  the  ski])- 
ping  stone,  the  rate  of  energy  loss  is 
reflected  in  the  number  of  grains  along 
the   tiack.   .   .   ." 

Thus  characteristics  of  a  nuclear  par- 
ticle, such  as  speed  and  energy,  can  be 
iletermined  from  the  length  and  curva- 
ture of  the  track  and  the  grain  spacing 
along  it. 


New  Insulation 

johns-.Manv  ille  has  announced  the 
development  of  Zerolitc,  a  low-temper- 
ature insulation  that  has  exceptional  re- 
sistance to  fire  and  chemicals.  According 
to  the  manufacturer,  this  material  com- 
bines high  fire  resistance,  immunity  to 
many  organic  solvents,  and  excellent 
moisture  resistance  with  low  heat  con- 
ductivitv'.  Zerolitc  was  especialh  de- 
siiined  iov  service  between  -4ll(rl''.  and 
JSdF. 


If  the  power  to  do  hard  woik  is  not 
talent,  it  is  the  best  possible  substitute 
tor  it.~j.  A.  (  iarfiehl. 

It  .Americans  can  give  an  an  ex.imple 
of  the  effectiveness  of  honest  reasoning 
and  spiritual  responsibility,  the  whole 
world     will     take     hope. — David     I,aw- 

I  ciue. 

.-\n  ideal  is  the  most  practical  thing 
111  the  \\orld.  for  it  is  a  force  behind 
action  that  must  be  reckoned  with  In 
frankest  materialist. — E.  H.  (Griggs. 

The  tiling  that  nourishes  the  root  de- 
termines   the    fruit,    be    it    tree   or    m;iii. 


Answers  to  Vocabulary 

1-a,  2-d,  3-a,  4-c,  5-c,  6-d,   7-b,  8-a, 
9-a,  Kl-d,  11-c,  12-b,  l.Va,  14-d,  15-a. 


7(/tcU  for  your  FREE  COPY! 


H^^^>*MI  COIL  WEIGHT 

^  Calculates,  in  a  jilfy.  exact  weight  of  coil 
of  steel.  Permits  selection  of  correct  size  of  Littell  Reel 
for  specific  group  of  coils.  Also  permits  double  checking 
of  coil  weights  on  hills  of  lading.  Detailed  directions  on 
Calculator,  i-tiines  faster  than  using  slide  rule  and  hand- 
book. Big  time,  hibor-saver! 

Send  for  it  TODAY/ 


F.    J.    LITTELL    MACHINE    CO. 

4133    RAVENSWOOD    AVENUE        •        CHICAGO     13,     IlllNOIS 


Special  Features! 

to  look  for  in  the 
October  Technograph 

Trusses  Across 
the  Rhine 

Engineering  in  the  E.  T.  O. 


YOUR   SLIPSTICK 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


for  many  years,  ADVERTISEMENTS  SUCH  AS 
THIS  ONE  have   appeared   regularly  In  leading 
business    magazines.     Their    primary    purpose    is 
to  build  acceptance  for  Square  D  Field  Engineers, 
practically    all    of    whom     come     to    us    from 
leading   engineering   schools    such   as    yours 


'«H> 


/FHE 
COUECTED  SAMPLES 

as  he  made  his  rounds 


A  sample  from  every  industry  served  by  Square  D 
Field  Engineers  would  make  quite  a  load,  indeed. 
For  these  men  serve  as  liaison  between  Square  D 
and  every  segment  of  industrial  America.  Their 
full-time  job  is  working  with  industries  of  every 
kind  and  size — helping  find  that  "better  way 
to  do  it." 

Through  these  Field  Engineers,  located  in  more 
than  50  offices  in  the  United  States,  Canada  and 
Mexico,  Square  D  does  its  three-fold  job:  Designs 
and  builds  electrical  distribution  and  control  equip- 
ment in  pace  with  present  needs — provides  sound 
counsel  in  the  selection  of  the  right  equipment  for 
any  given  application — anticipates  trends  and  new 
methods  and  speeds  their  development. 

If  you  have  a  problem  in  electrical  distribution 
or  control,  call  in  the  nearby  Field  Engineer.  He'll 
help  a  lot  in  finding  a  "better  woy  to  do  it." 


SQUARE  D  COAAPANY   CANADA   LTD.,  TORONTO  •  SQUARE  D  de  MEXICO,  5.A.,  MEXICO  CITY,  D.  F. 


MAY,  1949 


39 


CONCENTRATION 

I  sat  down  at  the  type —  no  wait. 
I  didn't  sit  down.  .  .  .  Tlu'ic  was  no 
chair.  ...  I  coiil(hrt  tiiul  it  -we  boi- 
rowcd  it  one  nifiht  tm  a  hiaw  1  at  Hid- 
w- — ,  I  mean — that  candy  they  sell  at 
Bidw — ,  skip  it ! 

I  sat  down  at  tlic  t\pfu' liter  and 
.  .  .  Huh?  .  .  .  IK),  1  don't  know.  .  .  . 
Sure,  it's  a  t\pe\\riter.  Look!  _'hjl.,-'*S 
763"&*?— it 'makes  words.  .  .  .  Hey, 
leave  him  alone  —  that's  a  thorou^iibred 
cutie — sure — }iot  beautiful  conforniation 
and  depth  throujih  the  heart — sire  was 
the  famous  Cootie-of-War — never  lost 
a  race  in  his  life — had  him  with  me 
since  he  was  knee-high  to  a  cockroach 
— I — r^on,  please  don't  hit  me  anymore. 
It  makes  my  head  ache.  .  .  .1 — . 

I  sat  down  at  the  tvpewriter  and 
proceeded  to — Ha!  Ha!  Fooled  you! 
Bet  you  didn't  think  I'd  get  this  far — 
got  a  wonderful  power  of  concentra- 
tion— like  my  old  man — he's  resident 
engineer  up  at  Kankakee  now — designs 
precast  concrctcless  concrete  bridges — 
good  job,  too — pays  ten  yen  and  twenty 
straight-jackets   a   month — he — I — . 

I  sat  down  at  the  typewriter  and 
proceeded  to  rack  my  brains — brains — 
brains — .  Saw  some  floating  down  the 
Boneyard  this  morning — some  poor 
chump  transferred — L.A.S.  to  engineer- 
ing— took  an  K.E.  48  quiz — poor  chap 
— brains  exploded  and  they  dumped  him 
in  the  Boneyard.  .  .  .  The  Bomyant 
must  be  cleaned!  Sure  I  read  (lene 
(Campus  Scout)  Shalit  last  year.  How- 
ever— as  a  veteran  engineer  I  can  also 
appreciate  the  more  subtle  and  intrinsic 
merits  of  the  Boneyard — after  four 
years  of  its  fragrance,  — I — for  I'ete's 
sake!  'Will  ya  stop  hitting  me  with  that 
steam  hammer?  .  .  .  which  reminds  me 
— steam  hammer,  I  mean,  — I  must  re- 
member to  mail  off  two  box  tops  and 
two-bits    for    my    steam    hammer — I — . 

I  sat  down  at  the  typewriter  and 
proceeded  to  rack  m\  brains  to  think 
— yes,    1    )i'i   think — \es.    .    .    .    no!   \  ou 


don't  sa\  !  VVell,  now  that's  ver\'  inter- 
esting— I  wouldn't  dream — which  re- 
minds me — dreams,  1  mean — dreamed 
rhat  St.  I'at  was  doing  a  T.A.M.  Id.i 
piiibleni  tor  me  and  he  couldn't  figure 
out  this  one  constant  so  he  got  mad  as 
anything  and  tore  my  K.  ^'  E.  log-log- 
wood-log dirty-trig  pohphase  duplex 
— and   I   loxed   it  so ! 

1  sat  down  at  the  t\pewriter  and 
proceeded  to  rack  my  brains  to  think 
of  something  that — that — that — that — 
"/hat",  pronoun.  (AS,  that,  neut.  nom. 
i^'  ace.  sing,  of  the  demonstrative  pron. 
and  ,idj.  also  used  as  a  relati\e  pro- 
noun). ICquivalent  to  who  or  which, 
either  sing,  or  pi. ; — (now  how  the 
de\il  did  Webster  get  in  here?).  .  .  . 
/■'.vfyoiii  iv/mts  to  yet  into  the  act! 
.  .  .  Kill  'cm!  .  .  .  Moider  da  bum! 
.  .  .  Put  'em  in  Rhet  0!  .  .  .  (Horrible 
fate) — heard  of  an  engineer  who  paid 
for  his  crimes  at  the  hands  of  fellow 
engineers — he  got  an  "A"  on  a  Rhet 
theme  the  other  day — the  funeral  will 
be  conducted   from   1522  W.  Green   St. 

I  sat  down  at  the  typewriter  and  pro- 
ceeded to  rack  my  brains  to  think  of 
something  that  I  could  write  to  meet 
the  oncoming  deadline.  The  above 
stupid  nonsense  occurred  to  me  and  I 
wrote  it  down,  for  I  wanted  to  conduct 
a  little  psychological  experiment  of  my 
own.  H  you  read  this  article  through 
its  entirity,  then  pat  your.self  on  the 
back  for  being  as  average  a  dope  as  the 
rest  of  us,  for  it  is  amazing  to  obser\e 
how  guiless  and  unwitting  some  people 
are  who  will  read  a  sill\'  article  like  this 
— through  to — the — \ery — \ery — bitter 
— end. 


Standing  at  the  corner  of  \Vriglu  and 
(ireen  were  two  engineers  whose  names 
were  Wood  and  Stone.  A  pretty  girl 
went  by.  Wood  turned  to  Stone  and 
Stone  turned  to  Wood.  Then  both 
turned   to  rubber. 

P.  S.  The  girl  turned  into  a  dr\ig 
store. 


A  hen,  hit  b\-  an  army  jeep,  got  up, 
straightened  out  her  feathers  aiul  said  : 
"Li\ely  little  cuss  .  .  .  but  he  didn't  get 
anywhere!" 

»     *     » 

He:  "Every  time  I  kiss  you  it  makes 
me  a  better  man  !" 

She:  "Well,  don't  tr\  to  get  to  heav- 
en  HI  one  night.  " 


Deciding  to  teach  her  drunken  hus- 
band a  lesson,  his  wife  dressed  up  in  a 
dexil's  costume.  That  night  when  he 
came  staggering  home,  all  lushed  up,  she 
met  him  at  the  front  door.  Through 
his  bleary,  bloodshot  eyes,  he  looked  her 
over  and  said:     "Who  are  \ou  ?" 

"I'm  the  de\il." 

"Well.  I'm  sure  glad  to  know  \ou.  1 
married  \our  sister." 


Tw<j  \er\-  cute  coeds,  slipping  in  late, 
met  a  couple  more  just  going  out.  "Sbhli. 
we're  coming  in  after  hours,"  said  one 
of  the  entrants.  Replied  one  of  the 
others,  "Think  nothing  of  it.  We're 
going  out  after  ours." 


"If  \ou  kiss  me  I'll  call  a  member  ol 
my  family,"   the  town  girl   warned. 
He  kissed  her. 
"Rro///pr.'"  she   whispered. 


A  dilapidated  car  wheezed  up  to  the 
toll  gate  of  the  Golden  Gate  bridge  in 
San  Francisco.  Its  last  drop  of  gas  was 
gone  and  its  wornout  tires  were  almost 
flopping  in  the  breeze. 

"Four-bits,"  demanilcd  the  bridge  at- 
tendant briskly. 

"Sold!"  exclaimed  the  two  wear\' 
.\I.  E.'s. 

A  true  music  lo\er  is  a  man  who, 
upon  he.iring  a  soprano  in  the  bathroom, 
p\its  his  ear  to  the  kc\hole. 


She:  "So  you  w,-mt  to  kiss  me!  1 
didn't  know  \iiu  were  that  kind!" 

He:  "Hab\-,  I'm  e\en  kinder  th.iii 
that!" 

And  puppy  lo\e  is  just  a  prelude  to  a 
dog's  lite. 

"Wife:  "John,  dear,  I'm  going  to 
appear  in  an  amateur  theatrical.  What 
do  \()u  think  folks  would  sav  if  I  wore 
tights?" 

John:  "That  I  married  \(iu  for  Nour 
money." 

A  Texan  entered  a  salon  with  his 
wife  and  three-year-old  child.  "Two 
straight  whiskeys,"  he  said. 

"Hey  Pa,"  the  kid  asked,  "ain't  .Ma 
drinkin'  ?" 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


nioto^raph/  can  make  ibis  pa^e 


ihls 


sma 


/T'S  DONE  IV/TH  MICROFILM  MAGIC 


TINY  AS  IT  IS,  the  little  rectangle  above  is 
this  page  in  black  and  white  — as  it  appears 
on  microfilm.  Everything  there,  condensed  to  a 
mere  spot,  but  readv  to  be  brought  back  full  size 
with  all  its  features  intact.  For  photography  can 
reduce  tremendously  without  losing  a  detail. 

As  a  business  or  professional  man,  t/ou  can  utilize 
pJiotography's  reducing  ability  in  any  of  many 
important  ways. 

You  can  utilize  it  to  save  space  ...  to  speed 
reference.  With  Recordak  microfilming,  you  can 
"debulk"  files  99%  .  . .  keep  the  records  at  hand  for 
quick  viewing,  full  size,  in  a  Recordak  Reader. 

You  can  utilize  photography  to  make  sales  pres- 
entations   more  complete,  more  resultful.  With 


motion  pictures,  you  can  "pack"  a  plow,  a  plant,  a 
whole  process  into  a  small  can  of  film  .  .  .  tra\el  it 
where  you  will,  show  it  off  "large  as  life"  and  much 
more  dramatically. 

Only  a  suggestion  .  .  .  this  ...  of  what  photog- 
raphy can  do  because  it  is  able  to  condense.  And 
because  it  has  many  other  unique  characteristics 
as  well,  photography  is  becoming  an  increasingly 
important  tool  all  through  science,  business,  and 
manufacturing. 

Whenever  you  want  to  improve  methods  of 
recording,  mea.siuing,  testing,  teaching,  or  count- 
less other  fimctions,  be  sure  to  consider  the  un- 
usual abilities  and  adxantages  of  photography. 

Eastman  Kodak  Co.,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Functional  Photography 

—  is  advancing  business  and  industrial  technics. 


JK._ 


.^e,    .ecj.      .      .      -nnlster 
o/o  J.   iienry 


'ikUiikl  :*aiP1!B    i    r*'    ■■■I  ••••-•,, 


NEW  LABORATORY  UNIT, 
part  of  G-E  Research  Laboratory, 
is  the  center  of  General  Electric 
research  into  such  lou-temperatiirf 
phenomena  as . .. 


SUPIiR-FLUIDITY  of  Inliiim  — 
meaning,  that  at  near-absolute  zero 
it  loses  its  viscosity,  can  spin  forever 
...and 


SUPER-CONDUCTIVITY— /Ae 

loss  of  all  electrical  resistance  by 
some  materials  below  abont  15" 
absolute. 


Near  absolute  zero,  matter  does  strange  things . . . 


AT  455  degrees  below  zero  Fahrenheit,  liquid 
jfV  helium  becomes  a  "superfluid."  That  is,  it  loses 
its  viscosity;  if  it  were  to  be  set  in  motion  like  stirred 
coffee  spinning  in  a  cup,  part  of  it  would  theoretically 
continue  to  spin  forever. 

It  also  becomes  a  "super-wetting"  agent,  meaning 
that  it  will  creep  up  the  sides  of  a  container  and  flow 
over  the  edge. 

Other  types  of  matter  develop  the  property  of 
"super-conductivity."  Columbium-nitride,  for  ex- 
ample, loses  all  electrical  resistance  below  15  degrees 
absolute.  If  an  electric  current  were  set  in  motion  in  a 
closed  loop  of  this  substance,  it  would  in  theory  flow 
indefinitely. 

These  are  some  of  the  facts  of  cryogenics — the  study 
of  low-temperature  phenomena — into  which  a  group 


of  young  General  Electric  scientists  are  directing  their 
investigations. 

So  far  their  studies  are  in  only  the  earliest  stages.  But 
already  the  facts  of  this  nether  world  of  temperature 
have  aroused  enough  interest  that  with  the  building 
of  a  new  Research  Laboratory  near  Schenectady,  a 
$2  50,000  laboratory  unit  has  been  especially  con- 
structed to  aid  and  amplify  their  work. 

Through  its  emphasis  on  research  and  creative 
thinking,  through  encouraging  fertile  minds  to  follow 
their  own  imaginative  bent  and  by  implementing  their 
work  with  the  best  available  facilities.  General  Elec- 
tric remains  "a  place  where  interesting  things  are 
happening,"  and  stays  in  the  forefront  of  scientific  and 
engineering  development. 


Y^//  C/ZMyf^^JtfO^t  CO/?/h^. 


GENERAL 


^e7fC€  p?t 


ELECTRIC