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The  person  charging  this  material  is  re- 
sponsible for  its  return  to  the  library  from 
which  it  was  withdrawn  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 

Theft,  mulMqtion,  and  underlining  of  books 
are  reasons  for  disciplinary  action  and  may 
result  in  dismissal  from  the  University. 

UNIVERSITY    OF     ILLINOIS    LIBRARY    AT    URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 


^^^D/NG  USE  ONC^ 


L161  — O.1096 


€^ober 


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ILLINOIS 
TECHNOGRAPH 


Only  STEEL  can  do  so  many  jobs  so  well 


Cuts  Steel  Like  Butter !  This  modem  flame-cutting  equipment,  in  use  at  U.  S.  Steel 
Supply  Division  warehouses,  can  follow  the  most  complicated  patterns  accurately  and  turn 
out  finished  shapes  of  steel  exactly  as  wanted.  Many  fabricators  of  steel  products  buy  their 
steel  from  U.  S.  Steel  Supply,  and  have  it  cut  to  shape  before  it  is  delivered  to  them. 


A  42-Foot  Car-Bottom  Furnace 

heats  big  steel  ingots  like  this 
up  to  forging  temperature  at 
U.S.  Steel's  Homestead  Works. 
But  proper  heating  involves  a 
great  deal  of  skill  and  experi- 
ence on  the  part  of  the  men  who 
supervise  the  process.  And  U.S. 
Steel  Forgings  Division  crafts- 
men are  second  to  none  in  ex- 
pertness  at  their  various  jobs. 
Many  of  them  learned  their 
skill  from  fathers  and  grand- 
fathers who  held  the  same  jobs 
before  them. 


SEE  The  United  St.itks  Steel  Hour.   It  s  a  full  hour  TV  program  presented  every 
other  week  by  United  States  Steel.  Consult  your  local  newspaper  for  time  and  station. 

UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


The  Spring's  Tlie  Tiling  that  gives  a  Trampo- 
line its  unique  place  in  the  world  of  exer- 
cise and  entertainment.  Around  the  edge  of 
the  resilient  "bouncing  "  surface,  more  than 
100  oil-tempered  springs,  carefully  designed 
and  precisely  manufactured  by  U.S.  Steel, 
quietly  go  about  their  jobs  of  supplying  the 
"motive"  power  that  enables  a  performer  to 
bounce  and  leap  as  high  as  26  feet. 


OPPORTUNITIES 
WITH  U.S.  STEEL 

If  you're  thinking  about  what  you're 
going  to  do  after  graduation  ...  if 
you're  interested  in  a  challenging,  re- 
warding position  with  a  progressive 
company  .  .  .  then  it  will  pay  you  to 
look  into  the  opportunities  with 
United  States  Steel.  Your  placement 
director  can  give  you  more  details, 
or  we'll  be  glad  to  send  you  the  in- 
formative booklet,  "Paths  of  Oppor- 
tunity." United  States  Steel  Corpo- 
ration, 525  William  Penn  Place, 
Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania. 


This  trade-mark  is  your  guide  to  quality  steel 


For   lurther    injormation   on   any   product    menlioned    in    this   aduertisement.    write  United  Slates  Steel.  525  William  Penn  Place.  Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 
AMERICAN  BRIDGE  .  .  AMERICAN  STEEL  X  WIRE  and  CYCLONE  FENCE  .  .  COLUMBIA-GENEVA  STEEL  .  .  CONSOLIDATED  WESTERN  STEEL  .  .  GERHARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  .  .  NATIONAL  TUBE 
OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  .  .  TENNESSEE  COAL  8  IRON  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY  . .  Divisiors  of  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  CORPORATION,  PITTSBURGH 
UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOMES,  INC.   •   UNION  SUPPLY  COMPANY    •    UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY    •    UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  4-1094 


Map  for  men 

going  places! 


EACH  dot  represents  a  city  or  town  where  at 
least  one  of  the  116  General  Motors  plants  is 
located. 

These  116  plants — representing  GM's  35  manufac- 
turing divisions — provide  a  wide  range  of  places  in 
which  you,  as  a  young  graduate  engineer,  might  be 
working. 

Each  of  these  widely  scattered  plants  offers  the  secu- 
rity and  prestige  of  the  CM  name. 

On  top  of  that,  each  division  has  available  to  it  die 
vast  research  facilities  for  which  CM  is  famous. 

In  addition,  we  offer  the  scope  of  an  organization 
which  produces  not  only  motorcars  and  their  acces- 
sories, but  also  jet  engines,  refrigerators,  electronic 
equipment,  Diesel  engines — just  to  name  a  few. 

And  most  important  is  GM's  deep-seated  respect 
for  engineering  and  engineers  —  the  recognition  of 


creative  thinking  that  means  "more  and  better  things 
for  more  people." 

You'll  find  plenty  of  wide-open  spaces  at  GM  if  you 
can  measure  up  to  the  chance  and  the  challenge  we 
offer.  Why  not  start  mapping  it  out  in  your  mind? 

Meanwhile,  send  for  the  booklet,  "The  College  Grad- 
uate and  General  Motors,"  which  goes  into  further 
detail  concerning  opportunities  at  GM. 


GM    POSITIONS    NOW   AVAILABLE 
IN    THESE    FIELDS: 

MECHANICAL     ENGINEERING 

ELECTRICAL     ENGINEERING 

METALLURGICAL     ENGINEERING 

INDUSTRIAL     ENGINEERING 

CHEMICAL     ENGINEERING 


General  Motors  Corporation 


Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan 


Lockheed  Missile  Systems  Division 

Lockheed  Aircraft  Corporation  :  Van  Nuys,  California 


An  Invitation  to 
Physicists  and  Engineers: 


Missile  systems  research  and  development   is  not 
confined  to  any  one  field  of  science  or  engineering. 
Broad  interests    and    exceptional  abilities   are    re- 
quired by  the  participants.      Typical  areas  include 
systems    analysis,     electronics,    aerodynamics, 
thermodynamics,    computers,    servomechanisms, 
propulsion,    materials   research,     design  and 
fabrication. 

Because  of  the  increasing  emphasis  on  the  missile 
systems  field,    there  is  opportunity  to  share  in 
technical  advances  which  have  broad  application 
to  science  and  industry. 

Those  v/ho  can  make  a  significant  contribution  to 
a  group  effort  of  utmost  importance  --as  well  as 
those  who  desire  to  associate  themselves  with  a 
nev/  creative  undertaking  --  are  invited  to  contact 
our  Research  and  Engineering  Staff. 


E.   R.   Quesada 
Vice  President  and 
General  Manager 


<^2_< 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Audio,  Video  and  Freedom 


]\liliious  of  eyes  are  watching  .  .  .  millions  uf  eais  li.>lciiiiii;.  1  licy 
are  seeing  the  significance  in  each  expression,  hearing  the  over- 
tiincs  in  every  word. 

The  American  people  are  sitting  in  judgment. 

AVhen  they  speak  their  decision,  it  will  be  spukt- u  with  a  sureuess 
that  can  come  only  from  seeing  for  themselves. 

Thus,  the  newest  miracle  of  mass  communication  matures  to  a 
mighty  force  for  freedom  and  understanding.  And  RCA,  long  ded- 
icated to  keep  America  pre-eminent  in  world  communications, 
])romises  Americans  constant  progress  toward  ultimate  perfection 
ill  all  phases  of  radio  and  television. 


Radio     Corporation     of     America 

Electronics  for  Living 


Continue  Your  Education  With  Pay— At  RCA 

Grailiiate  Elertrical  Engineers:  RCA  Victor — one 
of  the  world's  foremost  manufacturers  of  radio  and 
electronic  products — offers  you  opportunity  to 
gain  valuable  training  and  experience  at  a  good 
salary  with  opportunities  for  advancement,  .\mong 
many  projects  with  unusual  promise: 

•  Development  and  design  of  radio  receivers  tin- 
cluiling  broadcast,  short-wave  and  KM  circuits, 
television,  and  phonograph  combinations^. 

•  .\dvanced  development  and  design  of  .VM  and 
FM  broadcast  transmitters,  R-F  induction  heat- 
ing, mobile  communications  equipment,  relay 
systems. 

•  Design  of  component  parts  such  as  coils,  loud- 
speakers, capacitors. 

•  Development  and  design  of  new  recording  and 
producing  methods. 

•  Design  of  recei\-ing,  power,  cathode  ray,  gas 
and  photo  tubes. 

Write  today  to  College  Relations  DIv..  RC.\ 
Victor.  Camden,  N.  J.  .\lso  many  opportunities  for 
Mechanical  and  Chemical  Engineers  a  nd  Physicists. 


OCTOBER,    1954 


'itmmnmmmmmmmmmi 


-BASIC  TECHNIQUE- 

Wire  element  is  uniformly  and 
tightly  wound  on  an  insulated 
core.  Axial  leads  or  other  termi- 
nations are  secured  to  element 
by  automatic  machinery.  Insu- 
lated housing  may  be  used  or 
omitted. 

SPECIFIC  EXAMPLES 


to  L5 

IRC  Type  AW  Wife  Wound  Resistois 


-\ 


IRC  340         PW7-7W 
2000  XL         10% 


IRC  WINDING  SKILL  OFFERS 
REALISTIC  SAVINGS  TO   INDUSTRY 


. . .  another  reason  why  engineers  specify  IRC  Resistors 

Savings  in  the  initial  cost  and  assembly  of  component 
parts  are  an  increasingly  important  factor  to  electronic 
engineers.  That's  why  they  depend  upon  IRC  for  their 
resistor  requirements.  IRC's  mastery  of  winding  wire 
elements — dating  back  more  than  25  years — today  pro- 
vides a  wide  variety  of  unique  units  that  offer  realistic 
possibilities  for  savings. 


INTERNATIONAL 
RESISTANCE  CO. 

401  N.  Broad  St.,  Phila.  8,  Pa. 

In  Canada:  Internaiionai  Resistance  Co.,  Toron/o,  Licensee 


U/Ww,  "tli  Cwout  Sou*- 


-vw 


IRC  7  and  10  watt  Power  Wire  Wounds 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Vice  Versa 


Now  that  another  term  has  started  and  old  arguments  are  due  to  get 
their  perennial  renewal,  this  little  story  may  be  tossed  around  the  field  for 
what    it's    worth.     It   cost    ms    eighty    dollars. 

When  vacation  started  this  summer,  I,  like  a  true-blooded  lllini,  fastened 
my  little  brood  around  me  and  struck  out  for  the  hinterlands.  Behind  me, 
besides  dusty  books  and  momentarily  interrupted  "cherished  memories,"  was 
a  9  cu.  ft.  refrigerator.  This  along  with  the  other  furnishings  of  my  apartment, 
our  summer  tenants  swore  to  care  for  "as  their  own."  The  old  beast  (the 
refrig)  was  grumpy,  her  oil  seals  were  stiff,  and  sometimes  this  caused  her 
to  forget  to  turn  herself  off.  An  annoying  habit.  Realizing  this,  we  asked 
our  tenant  to  call  a  repairman  if  the  old  gal  put  on  a  marathon.  Our  tenant, 
possessor  of  a  Ph.D.  (anthropology,  I  think)  and  a  long  forehead,  swore  com- 
pliance. One  month  Iat3r  we  learned  old  Bertha  had  run  herself  to  death 
leaving  a  hospital  bill  of  80  Yankee  dollars  for  a  new  motor.  Requlescat  in  Pace. 

Now  the  moral  of  this  story  may  be  never  take  summer  tenants,  but  not 
altogether.  The  point  is  that  the  owner  of  that  nobly  prized  possession,  the 
Ph.D.,  would  let  a  machine  run  night  and  day  until  he  "smelled  something 
burning."     And    in    all   faith    he   was   treating    it  as    his   own! 

Soon  the  North  side  of  the  campus  will  be  getting  its  usual  barrage  — 
vv-hot  a  bunch  cf  nasty  ole  technicians  we're  making  here  and  how  v/e  can't 
even  quote  Omar  or  discuss  Spinoza.  Granted  there  is  a  slight  basis  of  truth 
here,  but  must  we  get  "the  word"  from  our  southern  neighbors  who  are  in 
turn  turning  out  students  who  hove  difficulty  changing  o  washer  on  a  leaky 
faucet?  Tales  hove  been  going  around  lately  that  this  is  a  world  of  machines. 
From  the  commerce  student  who  has  to  sell  them  to  the  Home  Ec  gal  who  has 
to  use  them,  ye  olde  LAS  student  is  going  to  see  a  lot  of  machinery.  Maybe 
a    well-rounded    education    works    both    ways. 

Anyone   for    Engineering    100? 

P.E.L. 


DCTOBER,   1954 


e   are  looking 
for  men 
who  can 

GROW 


To  a  young  man  looking  for  opportunities, 
perhaps  the  most  important  fact  about  a 
company  is  its  rate  of  growth,  present  and 
prospective.  In  a  company  which  has  become 
static,  advancement  is  largely  dependent  on 
vacancies  occurrintr  throutrh  death  or  retire- 
ment.  In  a  groiving  company,  new  openings 
for  able  men  are  being  created  constantly,  and 
advancement  is  restricted  only  by  ability. 

Since  1925  the  chemical  industry  has  grown 
at  an  average  rate  of  about  10%  a  year,  com- 
pared to  3%  for  all  industry.  Future  growth,  at 
a  more  rapid  rate  than  the  rest  of  industry,  is 
predicted  by  authoritative  studies. 

Columbia-Southern  is  growing  not  only  in 
response  to  increasing  demand  for  its  present 
products,  but  also  as  a  result  of  the  steady 
development  of  new  products.  The  company's 
management  firmly  believes  in  the  importance 
of  research  and  development  and  has  given 
evidence  of  that  belief  by  expanding  research 
facilities  and  increasing  research  and  develop- 
ment budgets. 

Columbia-Southern's  growth  is  an  open-end 
process;  as  goals  are  reached,  new  goals  are 
set.  Even  now  new  products  and  processes 
are  in  every  stage  of  evolution,  from  nebulous 


ideas  in  the  minds  of  research  chemists  to  pilot 
plant  operations  and  production  plant  designs. 
That's  why  Columbia-Southern  needs  men 
who  can  grow  with  it. 

For  further  information,  write  now,  Dept.  P 
at  our  Pittsburgh  address  or  any  of  the  plants. 


COLUMBIA-SOUTHERN'S  GROWTH 


Employment 


Capital 
Investment 


Research 
budget 


COLUMBIA-SOUTHEKN 
CHEMICAL  COKPOKATION 

SUIJSIDIAR.V   OF    PrTTSBUIVCH    PLATE    CLASS    COMPANY 
ONE    GATEWAY   CE  NTE  IV.  P1TTSBUR.CH    22.    PENNSYLVANJA 


PLANTS;  BARBERTON,  OHIO  •  BARTLETT,  CALIFORNIA  •  CORPUS  CHRISTt, 
TEXAS  •  LAKE  CHARLES,  LOUISIANA  •  NATRIUM,  WEST  VIRGINIA 
DISTRICT  OFFICES:  BOSTON  •  CHARLOTTE  •  CHICAGO  •  CINCINNATI 
CLEVELAND  •  DALLAS  •  HOUSTON  •  MINNEAPOLIS  •  NEW  ORLEANS 
NEW   YORK  •  PHILADELPHIA  •  PITTSBURGH  •  ST.  LOUIS  •  SAN   FRANCISCO 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  Tower  of  Opportunity 

.  .  .  for  America's  young  engineers  with  capacity 
for  continuing  achievements  in  radio  and  electronics 


Todav.  cnijiiieors  and  pliysicists  arc 
looking  at  tomorrow  from  the  lop  of  tliis 
tower  .  .  .  the  famed  Alicrowave  Tower 
of  Federal  Telecommunication  Labora- 
tories .  .  .  one  of  the  great  development 
units  of  the  world-wide,  American- 
owned  International  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  Corporation. 

Here,  too,  is  opportunity  for  tlie  young 
graduate  engineers  of  America  .  .  .  op- 
portunity to  he  associated  with  leaders 
in  the  electronic  field  ...  to  work  witli 


the  finest  facilities  ...  to  achieve  recog- 
nition and  advancement  commensurate 
with  cai)acity. 

Learn  more  ahout  tliis  noted  Tower 
of  Opportunity  ...  its  long-range  pro- 
gram, its  generous  employee  benefits . . . 
the  features  tliat  make  w^orking  at  FTL 
a  fascinating  and  rewarding  experience. 

Vi  rite  today  for  the  interesting  infor- 
mation contained  in  "Your  future  is 
nith  FTL".  .  .  the  Ijooklet  that  could  be 
the  most  important  you  ever  read. 


^^AIL  Tins   COUPON  TODAY  1^ 

Federal  Telecommunication 
Laboratories 


A  Division  of  International  Telephone 
and  Telegraph  Corporation 


Federal  Telccommunicalion  Laboratories 
500  Washington  Avenue,  Nutley,  N.J. 

Please  send  me  a  copy  of  your  descriptive 
Iioolvlet:  "Your  Jutiirc  I'i  nilli  FTL." 


ITIO 


A'oHie 


College- 


Address- 
City 


Stute- 


OCTOBER,   1954 


/ 


\ 


/ 


/ 


\ 


\ 


ENGINEERS 


\ 


w 


\ 


PHVSICS    GRADUATES 

To  those  interested  in  advanced  academic 

study  while  associated  with  important  research  and 

development  in  industry,  Hughes  offers 

ttvo  separate  practical  programs : 


\ 


\ 


\ 


/ 


/ 


/ 


/ 


HUGHES 

COOPERATIVE 

FELLOWSHIP 

PROGRAM 

for 

Master  of 

Science 

Degrees 

HOW   TO   APPLY 


A  program  to  assist  outstanding 
indi\iduals  in  stud\-ing  for  the 
Master  of  Science  Degree  while 
employed  in  industry  and  making 
contributions  to  important  mihtary 
work.  Open  to  students  who  will 
receive  the  B.S.  degree  in  Electrical 
Engineering,  Physics  or  Mechanical 
Engineering  during  the  coming 
year,  and  to  members  of  the  Armed 
SerWces  honorably  discharged  and 
holding  such  B.S.  degrees. 

Candidates  must  meet  entrance 
requirements  for  advanced  study 
at  the  University  of  California 
at  Los  Angeles  or  the  University 
of  Southern  California.  Participants 
■will  work  full  time  during  the 
summer  in  the  Hughes  Laboratories 
and  25  hours  per  week  while  pur- 
suing a  half-time  schedule  of 
graduate  study  at  the  universir\'. 

Salary  is  commensurate  \Mth  the 
individual's  ability^  and  experience. 
Tuition,  admission  fees  and  books 
for  university  attendance  are  pro- 
vided. Provision  is  made  to  assist  in 
p3\-ing  travel  and  moving  expenses 
from  outside  Southern  California. 


for  the  Hughes  Cooperative  Fellowship 
Program:  Address  all  correspondence 
to  the  Committee  for  Graduate  Study 


Uniwersiry  of  Sou:r.  =  rn  CJiiisrria      University  cf  C-i..'.rr.:j  ct  L;s  Arge  es 


/ 


THE 

HOWARD 

HUGHES 

FELLOWSHIPS 

in 

Science 

and 

Engineering 

HOW  TO   APPLY 


Eligible  for  these  Fellowships  are 
those  who  have  completed  one  year 
of  graduate  study  in  physics  or 
engineering.  Successful  candidates 
must  qualify*  fot  graduate  standing 
at  the  CaUfomia  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology for  study  toward  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  or  post- 
doctoral work.  Fellows  may  pursue 
graduate  research  in  the  fields  of 
physics  or  engineering.  During 
summers  they  will  work  fiill  time 
in  the  Hughes  Laboratories  in 
association  with  scientists  and  engi- 
neers in  their  fields. 

Each  appointment  is  for  twelve 
months  and  provides  a  cash  award 
of  not  less  than  $2,000,  a  salary  of 
not  less  than  $2,500,  and  $1,500  for 
tuition  and  research  expenses.  A 
suitable  adjustment  is  made  when 
financial  responsibihties  of  the  Fel- 
low might  otherwise  preclude  par- 
ticipation in  the  program.  For  those 
coming  from  outside  the  Southern 
California  area  pro\'ision  is  made 
for  moving  and  transportation 
expenses. 


for  the  Howard  Hughes  Fellowships  in 
Science  and  Engineering:  Address  all 
correspondence  to  the  Howard  Hughes 
Fellowship  Committee 


CalKcrnia  Institute  3f  Technology 


/  HUGHES  ^^ 

(      RESEARCH  AND  DEVELOPMENT      | 
\  LABORATORIES  / 

\  Culver  City,  Los  Angeles  County,  California  / 

\  / 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

Don  Kesler 

associair  editor 

Millard   Darnall 

assistant  iJilors 
Torn  Brcdv 
Donna  Rudig 

make-up  editor 

Craig  \V.  Soule 

illustrator 

Dave  Templeton 

assistants 

Donnie   Snedeker 
Paul    H.   Davis 
Peter  Wolf 
Fred   Horwitz 
Henry  Lowenthal 
Harvey  M.  Endler 
David  C.  Alexander 
David  L.  Komyathy 
Jack  A.   Siebert 
"William   Black 
Lowell  Nlize 
Roy  Gcern 
Tames  Piechocki 
"Wallace  B.  Riley 
John  G.  Freeburg 
Melvin  Green 
Rnhert  Walker 

business  staff 

business  manager 
James  E.  Smith 

circulation  director 
Larry  Kiefling 

assistants 

James  J.  Anderson 


navy  pier 

Al   Shiner,  editor 
Davida   Bobrow, 
business   manager 

faculty  advisers 

R.  W.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 


MEMBERS   OF    EXGIXEERIXG 
COLLEGE     MAGAZINES    ASSGCL^TEli 

Chairman;  Prof.  Thomas  FarreU.  Jr. 
State  University  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City,  low.i 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera 
tive  Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorad. 
Engineer.  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Eng; 
oeer.  Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tec'r: 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  Ei-. 
gineer,  Iowa  Transit.  Kansas  Engineer. 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer. 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Mar. 
hattan  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer,  Mich 
igan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog,  Mi> 
souri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint,  New 
York  L'niversity  Quadrangle,  North  Da- 
kota Engineer,  North  Dakota  State  Eng;- 
neer.  Northwestern  Engineer,  Notre  Dame 
Technical  Review.  Ohio  Stale  Engineer. 
Oklahoma  State  Engineer.  Oregon  Stalt 
Technical  Record.  Penn  State  Engineer. 
Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue  Engineer. 
RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  SC  En- 
gineer, Rose  Technic,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary,   March,   April   and    May  >    by   the    lUini 

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THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number   1 


confenfs: 

anyone  for  engineering   100? 5 

the  story  of  A  E  D  C 11 

why   study    moth? 15 

one, two,  three— infinity 22 

omar    khoyyom    24 

diffractions   gratings 32 

the   lighter  side— saltier  sailors 40 

atomic  electric  power 45 

which    sliderule 46 

skimming   industrial    headlines 48 

technocrocks     56 


our  cover 

The  lllini  Union  again  welcomes  freshmen  and  upperclass- 
men  as  well  on  their  return  to  campus.  Its  beautiful  Williamsburg 
architsctL're  is  ths  pride  of  the  campus  and  it  serves  as  the 
home  of  many  student  activities. 


our  frontispiece 

Transonic  ci'cuit  ducting  of  the  world's  largest  tunnel.  A 
test  section  1  6  by  40  feet  will  be  erected  approximately  where 
tlie  "lattice-work"  extends  to  the  top  and  bottom.  This  tunnel 
will  hold  engines  and  their  air  frames  at  airspeeds  at  Mach 
0.3  to  Moch  1.2. 


The  Story  of .  .  . 


A.  E.  D.  C. 


by  Paul  E.  LaViolette,  E.  E.  '56 


Sixty  miles  southeast  ot  Nashville,  in 
the  "Barrens"  of  middle  Tennessee, 
there  is  being  built  the  greatest  testing 
facilities  for  aviation  in  the  world.  The 
Arnold  Engineering  Development  Cen- 
ter, when  finished,  will  be  able  to  give 
air  frames  and  engines  of  future  aircraft 
rigid  examinations  while  simulating 
flight  conditions  of  almost  any  altitude, 
climate,  and  speed. 

The  story  of  AEDC  goes  back  to  the 
end  of  the  Second  World  War.  It  had 
become  apparent  at  that  time  that  Ger- 
man jet  research  was  far  in  advance  of 
that  of  the  Allies.  Earlier  in  the  war 
the  L  nited  States,  in  order  to  produce 
planes  of  quantity  as  well  as  quality,  had 
made  the  critical  decision  to  develop  ex- 
isting type-proven  planes.  This  decision 
undoubtedly  helped  win  the  war.  but 
with  the  consequence  that  fundamental 
aerodynamic  research  was  critically 
stunted.  In  November,  1944,  General 
H.  H.  "Hap"  Arnold,  then  Commander 
of  the  Army  Air  Force,  authorized  Dr. 
Theodore  von  Kamian  "to  investigate 
all  the  possibilities  and  desirabilities  for 
postwar  and  future  war's  development 
as  respects  the  Army  Air  Forces," 

The  results  of  Dr.  von  Kamian's  re- 
port indicated  the  need  for  a  super  air 
center,  the  ultimate  cost  of  which  would 
have  been  in  the  neighborhood  of  S336 
million.  Disagreement  against  spending 
this  amount  was  strong.  Although  the 
report  was  submitted  in  February,  1947, 
it  was  not  approved  until  May,  194S. 
and  then  with  an  appropriation  of  onl\ 
SI  70  million.  Construction  for  the  ap- 
propriated center  was  to  consist  of  an 
engine  test  facility,  a  gas  dynamics  facil- 
ity, a  propulsion  wind  tunnel  and  neces- 
sary suporting  facilities.  These,  including 
a  ram  jet  addition  to  the  engine  test 
facility,  now  comprise  AEDC. 

Although  divided  up  into  three  sec- 
tions, the  prime  idea  of  the  center  is  to 
put  plane  and  engine  in  windstreams  and 
pressures  with  varying  temperatures  and 
velocities   that  will   duplicate   actual   air 


flight.    Most  of  this  work  is  to  be  carried 
on  in  Mach  numbers  of  1  or  greater. 

Mach  1  —  For  an  explanation  of 
Mach  numbers,  perhaps  it  is  best  to  start 
with  the  well  known  statement  that 
Mach  1  is  the  speed  of  sound.  This 
speed  varies  proportionately  with  the 
square  root  of  the  absolute  temperature. 
( As  the  temperature  of  the  air  usually 
drops  as  altitude  is  increased,  it  is  a 
common  fallacy  to  confuse  altitude,  as 
is,  as  the  cause  of  sound  speed  change, ) 
At  60  degrees  F,  the  normal  temperature 
at  sea  level,  Mach  1  is  about  760  niph. 
The  difficulty  experienced  at  Mach  1  or 
faster  speeds  is  due  to  the  lack  of  air 
molecule  preparation  prior  to  the  moving 
surface.  Below  Mach  1  a  pressure  wave 
advances  before  the  surface  causing  the 


air  molecules  to  move  over,  leaving  room 
for  the  surface  to  enter  the  vacated  area. 
At  Mach  1  or  better  the  air  does  not 
get  this  initial  "brush  off"  and  collides 
with  the  moving  surface  setting  up  a 
condition  of  shock.  This  shock  is  the 
basis  of  most  sonic  and  supersonic 
troubles.  Mass  changes  occur  with  re- 
sultant changes  at  the  center  of  gravity. 
Drag  increases  and  lift  power  decreases. 
And  there  are  more  seemingly  endless 
complexities,  e.g.  flutter  of  control  sur- 
face, weight  change  due  to  fuel  con- 
sumption, and  of  course,  landing.  The 
aircraft  has  to  reduce  speed  below  Mach 
1  in  order  to  land,  but  now  its  wings, 
which  were  ideally  suited  for  supersonic 
flight,  provide  insufficient  lift  for  sub- 
sonic. 


Tunnel  of  gas  dynamics  facility  has  a  1 2  by  12-inch  test  section.  Does  test- 
ing in  the  supersonic  ror.ge  on  small-scale  models  of  missiles  and  air- 
frames. 


OCTOBER,   1954 


11 


The  so  called  'sound  barrier"  does 
not  occur  precisely  at  Mach  1  but  varies 
from  Mach  (1.7  to  1.3.  This  speed  range 
is  commonly  called  the  transonic  region. 
Speeds  from  Mach  1  to  5  are  called 
supersonic  and  those  above  Mach  5, 
hypersonic.  Those  below,  natiually,  are 
subsonic. 

Reynolds  Kiimhcrs  —  While  ^lach 
numbers  cause  difficulties  to  both  actual 
flight  in  air  and  simulated  flight  in  wind 
timnels,  another  number,  the  Reynolds 
Number,  gives  trouble  only  in  the  wind 
tunnels.  In  the  wind  tunnel,  instead  of 
the  obvious  impracticality  of  using  a  full 
size  B36,  scale  models  are  used.  Models, 
however,  if  put  in  the  same  conditions 
as  the  actual  plane,  do  not  respond  in 
the  same  manner,  hence  the  Reynolds 
Number.  The  Reynolds  Number  is  di- 
niensionless  and  evaluates  the  ratio  of 
the  pressure  force  to  the  viscous  forces 
for  any  flight  condition.  The  ratio  con- 
sists of : 

air  density  X  relative  speed  X 

length  of  the  object-^ 

viscosity  of  the  air 

By  applying  this  formula  the  diffi- 
culty encountered  by  the  model  mav  be 


pre\iously,  there  are  three  test  facilities 
at  the  center.  Of  these  three  ETF  is 
the  nearest  to  completion,  being  95 '^j 
constructed.  Much  of  the  equipment  and 
design  at  Y.TV  is  German.  An  engine 
test  facility  was  constructed  in  Germany 
during  the  war  at  Munich  called  the 
Bayerishe  Motoren  Werke  (  Bavarian 
Motor  Works).  It  was  completed  in 
1943  and  run  for  a  short  period  before 
the  surrender.  Thereafter  it  worked  for 
a  six  month  period  testing  British  and 
American  engines,  before  it  was  dis- 
mantled and  sent  to  the  States.  The 
total  value  of  the  equipment  was  $10 
million,  but  this  does  not  include  the  in- 
valuable  knowledge  and  experience 
gained  by  the  Cierman  attempt.  Many 
of  the  German  engineers  came  to  Amer- 
ica with  the  equipment,  not  only  to  work 
with  ETF  but  in  other  facilities  at 
AEDC  as  well.  They  have  become  in- 
dispensible  to  the  success  of  the  Center. 
The  original  German  plant  was  re- 
designed for  higher  altitudes  and  higher 
air  capacity,  and  the  original  single  test 
cell  was  ulcreased  to  three  and  one  test 


The   plant 


ded    into   three   sec- 


ETF  main  control  room.  Here  the  configuration  of  altitude,  temperature  and 
wind  speed  are  determined  for  the  various  cells. 


overcome.  Viscosity  is  dependent  on  heat 
(already  determined  by  the  Mach  num- 
ber desired)  and  can't  be  changed.  In- 
creased speed  neecssitates  larger  horse- 
power motors.  Changing  the  length  of 
the  model  would  defeat  the  initial  pur- 
pose. Therefore,  as  air  density  is  the 
only  factor  remaining,  many  air  tunnels 
are  pressurized.  All  the  tunnels  at 
AEDC  are  pressure  tunnels. 

Engine   Test  Facility — As  mentioned 


tions,  the  air  side,  test  area,  and  ex- 
haust side.  Air  side  contains  four  four- 
stage  5,000  hp  centrifugal  compressors 
which  go  through  a  heat  exchanger  to  a 
coole  rdrier.  The  air  is  cooled  down  to 
minus  11°  F  in  a  series  of  steps,  first 
using  lake  water,  then  chilled  water,  and 
trichlorethylene.  From  here  it  may  be 
rerouted  through  heat  exchangers  to  ob- 
tain exact  heat. 

The  test   area  contains   the  three  test 


cells  and  their  control  rooms.  Each  con- 
trol room  controls  the  engine  inside  its 
cell,  whereas  a  master  control  room  on 
the  extreme  end  of  the  building  controls 
the  cells  themselves.  T.V^.  cameras  mon- 
itor the  engine  in  the  cell  to  help  pre- 
\ent  fire  hazards  and  detect  the  start  of 
any  structural  failures. 

The  cells  themselves  are  installed  in 
units  so  that  the  whole  or  part  of  the 
cell  ma)'  be  removed  on  small  carts  to 
help  speed  the  installation  of  engines. 
The  carts  are  mounted  on  rails  and  can 
be  speedily  transported  to  various  sec- 
tions of  the   facilit)'. 

All  test  data  will  be  processed  by  an 
ERA  digital  computer,  that  will  enable 
a  test  crew  to  get  final  data  within  30 
seconds  after  the  material  is  received. 
This  is  accomplished  by  direct  connec- 
tion of  the  test  cells'  data  to  the  remote 
computer. 

Ram  Jit  Addition — The  RJA,  while 
mechanically  an  dadministratively  linked 
to  ETF,  is  developing  into  the  size  of 
an  independent  facility.  The  Addition, 
still  in  the  early  stages  of  construction, 
consists  of  a  test  cell,  two  additional 
compressors,  and  two  giant  heaters.  Air 
is  to  be  obtained  from  ETF  partially 
compressed.  The  RJA  requires  an  addi- 
tional 75,000  hp  for  its  compressor  and 
heaters  besides  the  20,000  hp  that  has 
been  spent  to  compress  the  air  at  ETF. 
The  return  air  is  to  be  run  through 
two  3(),5'''^  hp  exhausters  and  then  back 
through  ETF's  40,000  hp  exhausters. 

Two  additional  cells  slightly  larger 
than  the  present  cells  are  planned.  With 
new  appropriations,  it  is  hoped  construc- 
tion on  these  will  be  started  as  well. 

i!/ii  Dynamics  Facility — At  ETF  our 
problems  with  the  engine  were  well 
taken  care  of,  but  what  of  the  airframe 
itself?  As  stated  earlier,  we  want  as 
high  a  Reynolds  Number  as  can  possibly 
be  obtained,  but  imagine  the  size  of  the 
motors  necessary  to  cause  air  flow  of 
super  and  hypei^sonic  proportions.  To 
o\ercome  the  difficult)'  of  a  high  Rey- 
nolds Number  in  a  high  Mach  tunnel, 
an  intermittant  or  "Blow-down"  tunnel 
is  used.  This  consists  of  a  chamber  filled 
with  pressurized  air  of  approximately 
250  atmospheres  connected  to  a  test  cell 
whicli  in  turn  is  connected  to  another 
chamber  that  has  had  its  air  evacuated. 
If  two  connected  quick-opening  valves 
are  placed  at  the  test  cell  end  of  the 
chambers  we  will  have  our  desired  high 
Reynolds  and   Mach  numbers. 

This  idea,  by  the  way,  we  also  owe 
to  the  Germans.  Design  for  tunnels  of 
this  type  were  found  in  Germany  at  the 
end  of  the  war.  California  Institute 
of  Technology  luidertook  to  do  much 
research  in  this  type  tunnel,  and  the 
one  cell  at  present  in  operation  at  GDF 
is  a  direct  cop\  of  a  Cal  Tech  tunnel, 
but  modified  for  higher  Reynolds  Num- 
bers. 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ETF  test  cells.  In  the  foreground  can  be  seen  T-4,  Ducting  to  the  right  is  the 
upstream  end   leading  into  the  compressor  end  of  the  building. 


The  uniqueness  of  the  CjDF  tunnel 
lies  ill  its  two  chambers.  On  the  pres- 
sure side  instead  of  having  several  bottles 
in  tandem,  one  long  4  foot  diameter 
bottle  is  used.  "Long"  in  this  instance 
is  720  feet,  or  about  the  length  of  two 
and  a  half  football  fields.  The  reason 
for  the  use  of  a  single  bottle  is  its  pos- 
sible later  use  as  a  shock  tube.  Needless 
to  say,  it  will  be  the  longest  shock  tube 
in  the  world,  but  at  AEDC  such  ad- 
jectives are  everyday  occurrences.  On 
the  vacuum  side  the  chamber  is  in  the 
shape  of  a  12  foot  diameter  sphere  which 
can  be  evacuated  .1  atmospheres.  The 
two  together  might  represent  GDF  on  a 
heraldic  motif  of  AEDC  in  the  form  of 
a  golf  club  and  ball. 

At  present,  as  stated,  there  is  only  one 
tunnel  in  operation  in  (jDF,  E-1.  E-1 
is  a  12  inch  by  12  inch  supersonic  tunnel. 
There  is  planned  another  tunnel  of  sim- 
ilar size  to  E-1,  which  is  to  be  a  hyper- 
sonic tunnel.  These  two  tunnels  will  be 
just  starters  as  two  larger  40  inch  by 
40  inch  supersonic  and  hypersonic  tun- 
nels are  planned.  These  giants  at  pres- 
ent just  have  their  beds  constructed  and 
the  first  test  work  will  not  take  place 
until  early  next  year.  These  will  differ 
from  the  smaller  in  that  they  will  be  of 
continuous  flow  instead  of  intermittant. 
The  time  of  tests  run  with  the  bottle 
and  sphere  last  but  a  few  seconds  to  per- 
haps 15  minutes,  whereas  A  i^  H  will 
carry  on  contmuous  runs.  1  his  will  be 
accomplished  by  large  batteries  of  com- 
pressors and  exhausters  housed  in  a 
building  that  \\ould  do  credit  to  a 
medium  sized  factory.  Compressors  in 
series   stretch    for   an   eighth   of   a   mile. 


added  to  the  "fans"  or  the  test  cell 
area  reduced,  the  air  speed  will  not  go 
above  Mach  1.  All  energy  used  in  trying 
to  o\ercome  the  speed  of  sound  is  used 
up  in  shock  losses.  In  the  supersonic 
region  the  situation  is  the  reverse  of 
the  transonic  region.  Here  the  larger 
the  test  cell  in  ratio  to  the  rest  of  the 
tunnel  the  greater  the  air  speed  above 
Mach     1.     At     GDF     variable    throat 


nozzles  arc  put  in  the  upstream  section 
of  the  test  cell  ;  by  var\ing  the  angle 
of  opem'ng  into  the  cell,  the  Mach  num- 
ber can  be  controlled.  Variable  throat 
nozzle  research  is  a  big  item  at  AEDC, 
not  only  for  GDF  with  its  hyper — and 
supersonic  tunnels  but  at  FVVT  with 
its  transonic  tunnel,  (^nly  through  fine 
control  at  the  throat  openings  can  the 
.Mach  number  be  controlled. 

Prrjfiulsiiin  II  iiul  Funnel — The  big- 
gest thing  at  AEDC — which  is  a  way 
of  saying  a  giant  among  giants — is  the 
Propulsion  Wind  Tunnel.  This  facility 
will  consist  of  two  large  tunnels,  one 
and  .ire  capable  of  pressure  from  1  pounii 
absolute  to  2,500  pounds  absolute. 

Since  time  has  been  taken  to  go 
through  the  mysteries  of  Mach  and  Rey- 
nolds numbers,  a  few  more  words  on 
another  peculiarity  of  air  traveling  at 
sonic  speeds  in  a  wind  tunnel  might  be 
of  interest.  In  subsonic  tunnels  the  test 
cell  area  is  smaller  than  the  rest  of  the 
tunnel.  Air  running  from  a  larger  to  a 
smaller  orifice,  in  this  case  the  test  area, 
increases  in  speed.  Thus  by  either  in- 
creasing the  amount  of  air  going  through 
the  larger  portion  of  the  tunnel  or  de- 
creasing the  cross  section  of  the  smaller, 
the  speed  of  the  air  through  the  test  cell 
may  be  increased.  This  is  the  situation  up 
to  Mach  1.  Here  the  situation  changes. 
No  matter  how  much  horsepower  is 
transonic  and  the  other  supersonic.  To- 
gether they  form  quite  a  collection  of 
superlatives.    For  example: 

Largest  cross-sectional  area  of  any 
tunnel  in  existence. 

Electric  motors  will  turn  the  world's 


The  GDF  sphere  may  be  exhausted 
is  the  GDF  trench. 


to  0.1    atmospheres,   in  the  foreground 


OCTOBER,    1954 


13 


largest  rotating  machinery.  These  will 
be  assembled  on  the  site.  The  roof  is 
being  removed  to  allow  passage  of  some 
of  the  bigger  parts. 

Cooling  water  will  be  used  at  a  rate 
comparable  to  that  of  a  city  the  size  of 
Washington,  D.  C.  every  day. 

In  order  to  minimize  the  problems 
encountered  in  the  big  transonic  tunnel, 
a  smaller  tunnel,  one  sixteenth  the  size 
of  the  larger,  has  been  built,  and  dubbed 
Pee  Wee.  The  variable  throat  nozzles 
for  the  transonic  tunnel  designed  to  go 
through  the  tricky  zone  of  Mach  0.9  to 
1.6  have  been  proven  in  the  smaller 
tunnel.  Westinghouse  contracted  to  build 
the  rotary  machinery  for  the  tunnels, 
and  has  taken  advantage  of  the  smaller 
tunnel  to  insure  success  on  the  large 
machinery. 

The  name  Propulsion  Wind  Tunnel 
was  derived  from  the  unusual  fact  that 
airframes  tested  will  include  their  re- 
spective engines,  attached  and  in  full  op- 
eration!  So  here  are  the  efforts  of  both 
GDF  and  ETF  combined  so  as  to  see 
the  proven  component  parts  work  suc- 
cessfully as  a  unit. 

ETF  is  not  out  of  the  picture  yet, 
however.  Since  the  air  and  exhaust 
demands  of  PWT  are  so  great,  the  en- 
tire air  and  exhaust  section  of  ETF 
are  used.  Therefore,  to  prevent  interfer- 
ence with  ETF,  PWT  will  be  run  only 


at  night.  This  turns  out  to  be  ideal  as 
the  power  requirements  (power  is  from 
TVA)  are  so  large  as  to  be  scheduled 
for  off-peak  hours.  To  make  another 
comparison,  we  might  say  that  the  an- 
nual power  usage  will  about  duplicate 
the  yearly  use  of  a  city  the  size  of  Mem- 
phis, of  5  to  7  million  kwh. 

At  the  present  only  the  transonic 
tunnel  is  under  construction.  Money 
for  the  supersonic  tunnel  has  just  been 
approved  in  the  last  Congressional  appro- 
priation. The  supersonic  tunnel  is  sched- 
uled to  have  its  "Pee  Wee"  too.  The 
two  tunnels  will  use  the  same  set  of 
drive  motors.  These  motors  will  have  a 
capacity  of  216.000  horsepower. 

The  installation  of  the  test  units 
operates  similiarly  to  an  old  time  slide 
projector  in  the  model  assembly  shop. 
The  units  are  assembled  in  giant  indi- 
vidual stalls  on  300  ton,  40  foot  test 
section  carts.  When  ready  the  cart  is 
mounted  on  a  railway  car  (extra  large) 
and  rolled  up  to  the  tunnel.  Here  an- 
other unit  having  run  through  its  paces 
is  rolled  out  and  the  new  "slide"  is 
slipped  in. 

AuxHiiirics — In  order  to  supply  the 
facilitv's  gigantic  thirst  for  water,  a 
dam  has  been  built  across  the  Elk  River 
and  a  75-mile-shoreline  reservoir  made. 
The  reservoir  in  combination  with  a 
small   reservoir  on   the  site  can   deliver 


150,000  gpm.  Besides  cooling  water  for 
the  site,  the  reservoir  is  a  boon  to  the 
community,  offering  swimming,  motor- 
boating,  and  fishing  along  its  miles  of 
shoreline. 

An  airfield  is  planned  with  an  8,000 
foot  air  strip  and  hangars.  When  con- 
structed this  will  facilitate  handling  of 
test  items  and  industrial  personnel  direct 
with  the  Center. 


A  Key  to  K&E  Leadership 


Froiccts  created  by  engineers,  architect?,  designers,  |C'<-nti^ts 
start  with  drawings  ...  on  tracing  paper.  Modern  needs  offered 
a  difficult  challenge  ...  to  produce  a  tracing  paper  combining 
permanent  strength,  permanent  transparency  and  the  ideal  draw- 
in"  surface.  Albanene^.  the  acknowledged  leader  of  qualitv 
papers,  has  achieved  this.  Quality  is  one  of  the  keys  to  K&t  s 
eiohtv-seven  years  of  leadership  in  drafting,  reproduction, 
su'rveving  and  optical  tooling  equipment  and  materials,  in  sitae 
rules  and  measuring  tapes. 

KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

New  York       •        Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Chlcogo    .    Si.  louis    •    Detroil    •    San  ftoncisco    •    Los  Angeles    •    Monlrec' 


New  Polymer 

Rubbery  parts  with  properties  inter- 
mediate between  those  of  silicone  rub- 
ber and  organic  rubbers  can  now  be  pro 
duced  by  compoimding  with  a  new  sili- 
cone polymer  that  can  be  vulcanized 
with  sulfur  and  blended  in  any  propor- 
tion with  organic  rubbers. 

Identified  as  Dow  Corning  410  Gum 
and  available  now  in  commercial  quan- 
tities, this  new  polymer  can  be  blended 
with  or  applied  as  a  protective  coating 
to  extend  the  serviceable  temperature 
limits  and  the  weather  resistance  of  or- 
ganic rubbers.  Brittle  points  in  the  range 
of  — 70' F  and  usefulness  at  tempera- 
tures up  to  400°  F  can  be  realized  by 
proper  blending.  The  physical  proper- 
ties of  the  blend  will  fill  between  those 
of  high  strength  silicone  rubber  and  the 
organic  rubber  constituent. 

Dow  Corning  410  Gum  can  also  be 
blended  with  oil  resistant  rubbers  to  in- 
crease their  stability  in  contact  with  hot 
oil.  Such  blending  also  markedly  im- 
proves the  ozone  and  weather  resistance 
of  organic  rubber. 

Treated  in  an  atmosphere  created  by 
an  ozone  generator,  for  example,  a  Buna 
X  type  rubber,  compounded  for  test  pur- 
poses, showed  failure  cracks  in  less  than 
30  minutes.  Under  the  same  conditions, 
a  fifty-fifty  blend  of  the  same  organic 
elastomer  and  Dow  Corning  410  Gum, 
compounded  with  the  same  fillers  and 
\ulcanizer  showed  no  cracks  after  more 
than    S   hours. 


NEW  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Listing  a  bibliography  of  136  differ- 
ent reports  on  the  subjects  of  bearings, 
lubricants  and  lubrication,  The  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  in 
its  official  publication  Mechanical  En- 
gineering, published  a  digest  of  studies 
made  during  1953, 

The  comprehensive  summary  was  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  J.  C.  Geniesse  and  H.  A. 
Hartung,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
ASME  Research  Committee  on  Lubri- 
cation. Based  on  the  Engineering  Index 
references  on  bearings  and  lubrication, 
the  digest  correlates  the  various  studies 
under  specific  subject  groups  to  simpli- 
fv  reference  to  the  bibliography. 

Titled,  "A  Digest  of  1053  Literature 
— Bearings,  Lubricants  and  Lubrica- 
tion," the  summary  appeared  in  the  Sep- 
tember issue  of  Slechanical  Engineer- 
ing. 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


WHY  STUDY 
MATH? 

(Reprinted  (rom  General   Eledric  Review) 


Do  \ou  know  what's  going  to  become 
of  you  when  you  get  out  of  high  school  ? 

If  you  don't,  you'd  better  start  think- 
ing about  it.  Of  course,  maybe  you  hai'c 
thought  about  it.  Maybe  you're  planning 
to  go  to  college.  But  if  that's  the  case, 
it  only  changes  the  question  a  little:  Do 
you  know  what's  going  to  become  of 
you  when  you  get  out  of  college  ? 

By  this  time  you're  probably  think- 
ing: "So  what  ?  "  The  answer  to  that  is 
this:  No  matter  what  you  plan  to  do 
when  you  get  out  of  high  school  or 
college,  you're  probably  going  to  need 
more  mathematics. 

^  es,  let's  face  it.  L  nless  you're  an 
exception,  you  need  more  math.  No 
matter  whether  you  plan  to  go  on  to 
college  or  not,  no  matter  what  you  plan 
to  do  after  college,  chances  are  you 
won't  have  enough  math.  Many  of 
the  fellows  and  girls  who  went  through 
school  ahead  of  you  found  out  they 
didn't  have  enough  math.  So  they  had 
to  make  it  up  to  take  the  courses  they 
wanted  or  to  get  the  jobs  they  wanted. 

It's  a  lot  harder  to  catch  up  on  math- 
ematics later  on.  The  time  to  think 
about  it  is  now,  while  you're  still  in 
junior  or  senior  high  school.  If  you 
start  early  enough,  math  shouldn't  be 
much  trouble  at  all.  Trouble  is,  the 
fellows  and  girls  in  high  school  don't 
realize  how  important  it  is  to  get  a  good 
groundwork  in  math.  So  we're  going  to 
try  to  explain  it  to  you.  First  we're 
going  to  try  to  show  you  how  impor- 
tant math  is  and  why  you're  going  to 
need  it,  no  matter  what  you  do  after 
you  finish  school,  and  then  we're  going 
to  try  to  show  you  that  math  isn't  such 
a  tough  subject  after  all. 

Why  Math  Is  Important 

Mathematics  is  going  to  be  important 
to  you  no  matter  who  you  are  or  what 
you  expect  to  become  after  school. 
Some  people  don't  need  much  ;  they  can 
get  along  with  nothing  more  than 
arithmetic.  Others  need  more  math — 
maybe  algebra,  or  geometry,  or  both. 
Still  others  need  a  lot  of  math — things 
like  trigonometry  or  calculus.  Let's  take 
a  few  cases.    Let's  start  at  the  top  and 


work   back ;    let's   start   with    the   people 
who  need  a  lot  of  math. 

The  world  today  is  pretty  compli- 
cated. It's  changed  a  lot  in  the  past  40 
years.  Forty  years  ago  there  weren't 
very  many  scientists  and  engineers;  the 
world  was  only  just  beginning  to  realize 
how  important  science  and  engineering 
are.  The  automobile  was  just  getting 
started.  Airplanes  were  a  novelty.  Radio 
and  television  hadn't  been  born  yet. 
Most  homes  had  no  electricity;  they  got 
their  light  from  oil  or  gas,  they  cooked 
on  a  wood,  coal,  or  gas  stove,  they  kept 
their  food  in  an  icebox,  and  they  washed 
their  clothes  in  a  wash  tub  with  a  hand 
scrubbing  board. 

So  they'  didn't  need  \er\  many  tech- 
nical people  in  those  days.  Over  a  third 
of  all  the  people  who  worked  were 
imskilled ;  the\'  needed  very  little  edu- 
cation— they  worked  mostly  with  their 
muscles,  not  their  brains.  Today,  al- 
though there  are  still  more  unskilled 
workers  than  any  other  occupation,  their 
total  tiiinibcr  has  dropped  from  13.- 
400.000  to  11.500. 000.  u-hi/e  the  total 
number  of  people  uorkiiif;  has  increased 
from  37.300.000  to  55.800.000! 

Meanwhile  the  number  of  skilled  and 
semiskilled  workers  went  up  over  the 
same  period.  The  skilled  workers  jumped 
from  4,364,000  to  7,632,000,  and  the 
semiskilled  workers  doubled,  jumping 
from  5.500,000  to  11,000,000. 

B,ack  in  1910  there  were  only  60,000 
engineers  in  the  whole  L'nited  States. 
Only  one  out  of  e\ery  621  people  work- 
ing as  an  engineer.  That  wasn't  ver\ 
many.  But  by  1950  the  nimiber  of  engi- 
neers had  increased  to  400  000 — one  out 
of  every  139  persons  working  was  an 
engineer. 

We  Need  Trained  People 

\'es.  the  world  is  pretty  complicated 
today,  compared  to  what  it  was  40  years 
ago.  And  it's  getting  more  complicated 
all  the  time.  This  means  that  we  haxe 
to  have  more  and  more  specially  trained 
people.  [We  need  them  not  only  to  work 
out  the  really  tough  problems  of  science 
like  learning  how  to  harness  the  power 
locked  up  in  the  atom — we  need  them 
not  only  to  produce  the  new   and  won- 


derful materials  like  plastics,  to  find 
new  ways  to  conquer  disease,  to  design 
the  machines  of  industry  and  the  labor- 
saving  gadgets  of  the  home — we  need 
them  more  and  more  for  the  ordinary 
things  of  every  day  life.] 

It  takes  special  training  nowadays  to 
be  a  good  carpenter,  or  a  plumber,  or  an 
automobile  mechanic.  But  those  are 
simple  compared  to  electronics.  We  used 
to  think  a  radio  serviceman  had  to  have 
a  pretty  special  kind  of  training,  but  it's 
much  tougher  for  a  TV  ser\iceman  to- 
day. 

Right  now  some  of  you  who  read 
this  are  probably  thinking:  "That's  all 
right  for  technical  people,  but  I  want 
to  be  an  artist,  a  druggist,  or  a  nurse,  ' 
or  "I  want  to  go  into  business  for  my- 
self. What  on  earth  good  will  math  do 
me?"    All  right,  let's  see. 

Most  artists  today  go  in  for  what 
artists  call  applied  art.  They  want  to 
use  their  ability  to  draw  and  paint  in 
advertising,  or  interior  decorating,  or 
something  that  will  pay  them  good 
money.  But  the  people  in  business  who 
hire  the  artists  for  that  kind  of  work 
say  that  simple  artistic  ability  is  not 
enough  any  more.  There  are  lots  of 
fellows  and  girls  with  artistic  ability, 
but  not  enough  of  them  know  anything 
about  physics,  mechanical  things,  or 
mathematics. 

To  be  a  druggist  you  ha\e  to  be  a 
chemist.  This  means  you  have  to  study 
chemistry.  And  don't  let  anyone  tell 
you  that  you  can  learn  chemistry  with- 
out knowing  something   about    algebra. 

How  about  a  nurse?  One  of  the  re- 
quired subjects  in  a  course  of  nursing 
in  a  modern  hospital  is  known  as 
Materia  Medica,  and  one  of  the  things 
you'll  learn  in  Materia  Medica  is  how 
to  figure  out  doses  and  solutions  of  med- 
icines and  the  like.  Algebra  is  important 
in  doing  the  figuring.  Too  many  nurses 
flunk  out  of  the  course  nowadays  be- 
cause their  math  is  weak. 

It's  the  same  thing  with  a  trade. 
Whether  you  want  to  be  a  draftsman, 
a  machinist,  a  molder,  or  a  pattern- 
maker, you'll  find  out  that  \ou  need 
algebra  and  geometry,  plus  other  things 
like  trigono:iietry. 

Even  if  you  want  to  go  in  business 
for  yourself,  \ou'll  still  need  math.  For 
business  today,  whether  it's  running  the 
little  gas  station  at  the  corner  or  the  big 
factory  down  by  the  river,  it  takes  good 
management  and  gooil  management 
takes  mathematics. 

The  most  important  of  all  needs  for 
mathematics  are  the  needs  of  those  who 
are  going  to  keep  up  the  wonderful 
progress  we're  making  these  days  in  sci- 
ence and  engineering.  There's  a  great 
demand  for  such  technically  trained 
people.  They're  needed  in  the  offices  and 
factories  that  turn  out  the  things  we 
need  in  peacetime  and  develop  new  ones 


OCTOBER,   1954 


15 


for  tomorrow.    And  ovir  military  forces 
need  them,  too — badly. 

War  Is  Complicated 

For  war  is  a  very  complicated  busi- 
ness, also.  It  isn't  like  the  old  days, 
when  big  armies  met  in  battle  and 
slugged  it  out  hand-to-hand.  Nowadays 
a  war  is  fought  with  airplanes  and 
battleships  and  tanks  and  radar  and 
atom  bombs.  We  fight  our  wars  as  much 
with  machines  as  we  do  with  men,  and 
we  need  men  with  special  training  to 
run  the  machines.  We  need  them  to 
pilot  the  planes,  to  operate  the  radar, 
to  control  the  gun  turrets  on  bombers 
and  battleships  with  such  accuracy  that 
even  the  rotation  of  the  earth  is  some- 
times taken  into  account. 

The  people  who  run  our  business  and 
military  affairs  know  how  badly  we  need 
people  with  special  technical  training, 
and  they're  doing  e\erything  they  can 
to  persuade  more  people  to  get  that 
training.  For  there  just  aren't  enough 
trained  people  to  go  around.  The  jobs 
are  there,  waiting  for  them  when  they 
get  out  of  high  school  or  college,  but 
not  enough  fellows  and  girls  are  study- 
ing the   right   things. 

Trouble  is,  they  don't  start  early 
enough.  This  means  that,  if  you  want 
to  be  an  engineer  or  a  scientist  or  almost 
anything  at  all  these  days  out  of  the 
ordinary,  you've  got  to  start  thinking 
of  it  now,  while  there's  still  a  chance  to 
study  those  subjects  you  need  to  start 
with.  And  the  most  important  of  these 
rock-bottom  subjects  is  mathematics. 

But  the  fellows  and  girls  in  high 
school  aren't  getting  enough  math.  The 
United  States  Office  of  Education  says 
that  only  20  per  cent  of  all  high-school 
students  are  taking  math.    Why  so  few  ? 

There  are  probably  a  number  of 
reasons.  Maybe  you,  like  many  others, 
don't  think  you're  going  to  need  math 
in  the  work  you're  going  to  do.  And 
it's  true  that  there  are  plenty  of  jobs 
open  where  you  don't  need  anything 
but  just  plain  arithmetic.  An  athlete, 
for  example,  or  a  farmhand,  or  a  sales 
clerk,  or  the  operator  of  a  telephone 
switchboard.  There's  still  a  big  need 
for  people  who  are  skilled  with  their 
hands  or  who  have  strong  muscles. 

What  About  Computers? 

Maybe  you've  read  about  those  won- 
derful computers  or  calculating  machines 
that  are  being  built  today — machines 
that  work  by  electronics  to  do  all  sorts 
of  complicated  problems  in  mathematics 
at  terrific  speeds.  Maybe  you  think  we 
should  let  those  machines  do  our  math 
problems.  If  you  do,  you  haven't  got 
the  right  story  about  the  computers. 

The  point  is  that  a  computer  is  no 
better  than  the  human  mind  that  de- 
signed it  or  the  human  mind  that  runs 
it.    It  has  to  have  a  mathematician   to 


run  it.  The  only  difference  between  the 
man  and  the  computer  is  that  the 
machine  works  faster.  Somebody  has  to 
analyze  the  problem,  "set  it  up,"  and 
feed  it  into  the  machine  before  the 
machine  can  solve  it.  (We'll  tell  you 
more  about  this  business  of  analyzing 
later  on. )  Computers  are  a  big  help — 
but  don't  think  we  can  leave  it  to 
machines  to  do  all  our  math  for  us. 

There's  still  another  angle  you 
shouldn't  forget.  True,  you  can  get 
along  these  days  without  much  more 
than  simple  arithmetic  if  you're  not  par- 
ticularly ambitious,  but  there  are  lots  of 
times  that  more  math  would  be  a  big 
help  to  you  in  your  everyday  affairs. 

A  famous  British  mathematician  says 
that  we  live  suri'ounded  by  figures — 
cooking  recipes,  railway  timetables,  un- 
employment insurance,  fines,  taxes,  war 
debts,  schedules  of  working  hours,  speed 
limits,  bowling  averages,  betting  odds, 
calories,  automobile  and  truck  weights, 
temperatures,  rainfall,  hours  of  sunshine, 
miles  per  gallon,  electricity  and  gas 
meter  readings,  bank  interest,  parcel 
post  and  freight  rates,  radio  wave- 
lengths, automobile  and  bicycle  tire  pres- 
sures, and  many  more.  And  we  need  to 
know  how  to  use  our  figures.  Let's  take 
a  very  simple  example. 

Suppose  you  have  to  drive  somebody 
to  the  station  to  catch  a  train.  The 
station  is  two  miles  aw^ay,  and  you  have 
four  minutes  to  get  there  before  the 
train  leaves.  You  start  out  in  the  car, 
and  you  drive  the  first  mile  at  15  miles 
an  hour.  Then  all  of  a  sudden  you 
realize  you'd  better  speed  it  up  if  you 
want  to  make  it.  How  fast  do  you  have 
to  drive  that  second  mile  in  order  to 
get  there  before  the  train  leaves? 

Don't  spend  too  much  time  figuring 
it  out,  for  there's  a  catch  in  it.  No 
matter  how  fast  you  go,  you  can't  make 
it.  You  used  up  your  whole  four  minutes 
driving  that  first  mile.  But  the  point  is 
that  it  takes  algebra  to  solve  a  simple 
problem  like  this.  Anybody  who's  had 
elementary  algebra  should  know  right 
away  that  he  should  drive  faster  than 
15  miles  an  hour  to  make  the  train. 

There  are  lots  more  cases  in  every- 
day life  where  simple  arithmetic  is  not 
enough,  and  more  math  would  be  a 
great  help.  A  little  application  of  the 
principles  of  geometry,  for  example, 
would  help  you  in  parking  the  family 
car.  If  \ou  play  baseball  and  want  to 
hit  a  home  run,  you  might  wonder 
which  is  more  important,  a  heavier  bat 
or  hitting  the  ball  harder.  There's  a 
mathematical  formula  in  physics  which 
tells  you  that  it's  more  important  to  hit 
the  ball  harder. 

When  you  get  married  and  set  up 
housekeeping,  there  will  be  lots  of  times 
when  you  could  use  a  little  more  math 
to  help  you  solve  every  day  problems. 
You    mav   want   to    figure   out   whether 


it's  worth  while  to  turn  down  the 
thermostat  at  night  when  you  go  to  bed, 
so  the  furnace  won't  use  so  much  fuel. 
But  you'd  probably  have  to  use  some 
advanced  math  like  calculus  in  order  to 
find  out  whether  you'd  really  save  fuel 
or  not. 

Who  Sits  Where? 

Take  a  simple  little  thing  like  figur- 
ing out  who  sits  where  at  a  dinner 
party.  You're  going  to  have  six  people 
at  the  table.  Believe  it  or  not,  there 
are  720  different  seating  arrangements 
for  six  people!  Figuring  out  things  like 
that  is  easy — if  you  have  enough  math. 

Take  the  case  of  the  fellow  in  Mil- 
waukee not  so  long  ago  who  was  picked 
up  by  a  motorcycle  cop  for  speeding. 
The  cop  didn't  check  the  speed  on  his 
speedometer ;  he  was  stationed  at  a 
street  corner  and  he  guessed  the  speed. 
They  went  before  the  judge  in  police 
court  and  the  driver  of  the  car  got  the 
cop  to  admit  that  the  car  had  stopped 
for  a  traffic  light  just  before  the  arrest 
was  made.  The  driver  then  proved  to 
the  judge  by  mathematics  that  no  car 
in  existence  could  have  picked  up  speed 
fast  enough  to  be  exceeding  the  speed 
limit  where  the  cop  was  stationed.  And 
the  judge  let  him  off. 

But  there's  still  one  more  reason  why 
you  should  study  more  math  now,  while 
you  still  can  get  the  ground-work.  Even 
if  you  aren't  going  to  need  more  than 
arithmetic  in  your  job  when  you  get  out 
of  school,  even  if  you  decide  you  can 
get  along  with  just  arithmetic  in  solving 
your  everyday  problems,  you  still  may 
be  the  kind  of  person  who  needs  to 
know  something  about  advanced  math  to 
get  the  most  out  of  life. 

Now  some  people  are  satisfied  to  go 
on  living  from  day  to  day,  having  a 
good  time  but  not  caring  much  about 
anything  else.  But  there  are  lots  of 
people  who  aren't  content  to  live  that 
kind  of  life.  They're  interested  in  life, 
and  other  people,  and  what  makes  the 
wheels  go  around — what  makes  it  rain 
or  snow,  what  the  stars  are,  or  what 
makes  radio  and  TV^  work.  Such  people 
are  just  plain  curious  about  things.  They 
like  to  learn  as  much  as  they  can,  because 
they're  interested  in  e\erything  that  goes 
on. 

Trouble  is,  if  you're  that  kind  of  per- 
son, you  almost  have  to  learn  something 
about  the  more  advanced  branches  of 
math  if  you  want  to  understand  the 
things  you  get  curious  about.  Algebra 
and  geometry  are  so  important  to  an  all- 
round  education  that  it's  hard  to  get 
through  high  school  without  taking  those 
subjects.  And  many  colleges  make  you 
study  more  than  that  just  for  a  general 
all-round  education. 

If  you  want  to  learn  something  about 
astronomy  and  how  it's  possible  to 
measure  the  distances  to  the  sun  or  the 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  MESSAGE  TO 

COLLEGE  ENGINEERING 

STUDENTS 

from  J.  K.  Hocliicttc,  Vice-President  ;iiid 

General  Manager,  Ap|Kiratus  Pnxliicls, 

Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation 


To  the  young  man  with  a  vision  of  success 


Success  means  different  things  to  different  men.  It  can 
mean  professional  recognition,  or  great  achievement, 
or  exciting  work,  or  many  other  things.  Whatever  its 
special  meaning  to  you — keep  its  image  in  your  mind, 
for  you  are  already  well  on  the  way  to  achieving  it! 
If  you  are  determined  to  become  a  research  scientist, 
you  can  be.  If  you  have  a  burning  ambition  to  become 
a  sales  engineer,  you  can  be.  If  you  have  your  sights 
set  on  a  top  executive  spot,  you'll  be  there  someday. 
One  might  think  a  large  company  like  Westinghouse 
would  have  more  pressing  things  to  think  of  than  the 


you  CAN  BE  SUKE...IF  ITS 

westinghouse 


ambitions  of  its  young  engineers.  On  the  contrary, 
nothing  is  more  important  .  .  .  for  our  professional 
people  are  our  biggest  asset. 

Here  at  Westinghouse,  intensive  efforts  are  made  to 
help  our  professional  men  realize  their  indi\idual  goals 
—  through  extensive  training  programs,  study  programs 
leading  to  advanced  degrees,  leadership  programs,  and 
guidance  in  professional  development.  You  are  treated 
as  an  individual  at  Westinghouse. 

If  you  have  the  will,  and  are  prepared,  we  can  show 
you  the  way.  g-io271 


For  information  on  career  opportunities 
with  Westinghouse,  consult  Placement 
Officer  of  your  University,  or  send  for 
our  34-page  book,  Finding  Tour  Place 
in  Industry. 

Write:  Mr.  C.  W.  Mills,  Regional 
Educational  Co-ordinator,  Westinghouse 
Electric  Corporation,  Merchandise  Mart 
Plaza,  Chicago  54,  Illinois. 


OCTOBER,    1954 


17 


moon  or  the  stars,  you've  got  to  know 
something  about  trigonometry.  If  you 
want  to  understand  the  laws  which  go\- 
ern  the  working  of  the  universe  which 
includes  our  earth,  the  sun,  and  all  the 
stars,  you  have  to  understand  the  cal- 
culus. 

Suppose  you're  interested  in  econom- 
ics. That's  the  study  of  such  things  as 
inflation  and  banking,  whether  we're 
going  to  have  enough  food  or  gadgets  or 
machines  to  go  round,  and  what  we're 
going  to  use  for  money.  The  fellows 
who  study  economics  are  great  ones  to 
use  statistics,  and  in  order  to  make  their 
statistics  easy  to  understand,  they  make 
graphs  or  curves  of  them.  This  comes 
under  the  subject  of  analytical  geometry 
— a  handy  subject  to  know  if  you're  in- 
terested in  economics. 

A  Brick  Problem 

Before  we  finish  thinking  about  the 
importance  of  knowing  more  mathe- 
matics than  just  simple  arithmetic,  let's 
take  one  more  example  of  the  use  of 
math  to  solve  a  simple  problem.  The 
problem  is  the  sort  of  thing  that  might 
come  up  in  one  way  or  another  to  bother 
anybody  nowadays.  Although  it  might 
be  about  anything  from  shoes  to  auto- 
mobiles, let's  use  bricks  for  example. 
This  is  our  brick  problem: 

J  brick  iveiglis  10  pounds  plus  a  half 
a  brick.  I  Ion   much  do  tiio  bricks  ncighf 

Now  actually  there  are  three  ways 
to  solve  that  problem.  The  hardest  way 
is  the  way  a  fellow  would  do  it  if  he 
didn't  know  any  more  math  thon  simple 
arithmetic.  We  could  call  this  the 
guessing  method.  By  this  method,  you'd 
say  that  one  brick  must  weight  more 
than  10  pounds — perhaps  12  pounds. 
But  we  were  told  that  a  brick  weighs 
10  pounds  plus  a  half  a  brick,  and  if 
one  brick  weighs  twelve  pounds,  a  half 
a  brick  weighs  6  pounds,  and  10  pounds 
plus  6  pounds  is   16  pounds,  not  12. 

So  we  try  again.  If  we  try  15  pounds 
next,  we  find  it  still  doesn't  work,  for 
then  10  pounds  plus  a  half  a  brick 
(7/4  pounds)  would  be  l?^/!  pounds. 
Not  until  we  try  20  pounds  do  we  find 
that  it  works,  for  then  10  pounds  plus 
a  half  a  brick  equals  20  pounds.  This 
makes  two  bricks  weigh  40  pounds, 
which  is  the  right  answer. 

An  easier  way  to  solve  the  problem 
is  to  do  it  with  algebra.  If  we  let  x 
equal  the  weight  of  one  brick,  then  we 
can  set  up  a  simple  equation  and  solve 
it  out   like  this: 

x=  10  +  >^x 

X— >4x=10 

J4x=10 

x  =  20 

2x  =  40 

In  other  words,  two  bricks  weight  40 
pounds,  which  is  the  same  answer  we 
got  by  the  guessing  method. 

There's  still  a  third  wav  to  do  it.    It's 


the  easiest  one  of  all.  To  anyone  well 
grounded  in  math,  particularly  algebra, 
this  problem  is  so  simple  that  he  sees 
the  essentials  right  away ;  he  can  figure 
it  out  in  his  head.  He  may  be  un- 
consciously doing  it  by  algebra,  but  if 
\ou  were  to  ask  him  how  he  did  it, 
chances  are  he  wouldn't  say  he  used 
algebra  at  all  but  just  common  sense 
or  logic 

And  that's  the  beautiful  part  of  a 
good  groundwork  in  math.  It  helps  you 
to  think  things  out  logically.  For  mathe- 
matics is  just  an  application  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  logic. 

If  hat  Is  Math,  Anyway? 

And  this  brings  up  a  question  that 
ought  to  be  answered  right  now :  What 
is  mathematics,  an\'\vay?  A  lot  of  people 
have  a  completely  wrong  idea  of  math 
as  something  that's  terribly  hard  to 
learn,  something  mysterious,  something 
that  only  "brains"  and  genius"s  can  get 
good  marks  in.  Well,  if  that's  the  way 
yo'i  feel  about  math,  you're  wrong. 

When  you  came  right  down  to  it, 
all — or  nearly  all — of  mathematics,  no 
matter  how  advanced,  no  matter  how 
Strang;  it  may  seem,  is  just  the  four 
simple  parts  of  arithmetic:  addition,  sub- 
faction,  multiplication,  and  division. 
The  more  advanced  branches  of  mathe- 
matics teach  you  how  to  use  these  four 
narts  of  arithmetic  to  solve  harder  prob- 
lems, and  they  teach  you  how  to  do 
those  four  things  fast. 

For  we  use  the  simple  kinds  of  math 
as  stepping  stones  to  reach  the  more 
complicated  kinds.  Once  we  learn  addi- 
tion, subtraction,  multiplication,  and  di- 
vision, it's  easy  to  learn  algebra.  Once 
we  learn  algebra,  it's  easy  to  learn 
geometry.  Logarithms  are  just  a  kind  of 
short  cut  to  help  solve  problems  in 
arithm.etic.  Algebra's  another  short  cut. 

Geometry,  however,  isn't  really  math- 
ematics at  all.  It's  the  logical  study  of 
the  shapes  and  sizes  of  things.  We  just 
use  math  in  figuring  out  the  measure- 
ments and  capacities  of  geometrical  fig- 
ures— how  big  they  are  or  how  much 
you  can  put  into  them. 

Trigonometry  is  the  next  stepping 
stone  after  geometry.  It  uses  some  of 
the  things  we  learned  in  geometry  as 
too's  for  measuring  distances.  With  trig- 
onometry we  can  do  surveying — or  we 
can  measure  the  distance  from  the  earth 
to  the  moon,  the  sun.  or  even  some  of 
the  stars.  But  when  you  solve  a  problem 
in  trig,  you  still  use  arithmetic:  addition, 
subtraction,  multiplication  and  division. 

The  calculus  is  a  very  wonderful 
branch  of  math.  While  geometry  and 
trigonometry  are  used  to  figure  out  prob- 
lems about  things  that  are  standing  still, 
so  to  speak,  the  calculus  is  used  to  solvs 
problems  about  things  that  are  always 
changing,  like  the  speed  of  a  bomb 
dropping   out   of    an    airplane.     Yet   the 


calculus  is  just  a  more  elaborate  method 
of  using  addition,  subtraction,  multipli- 
cation, and  division. 

One  kind  of  math  that  often  scares 
those  who  don's  know  much  or  any- 
thing about  it  is  the  use  of  formulas 
and  symbols.  They  look  strange  to  us, 
and  because  we  don't  know  what  they 
mean,  they  may  scare  us  a  little.  But 
there's  really  nothing  to  be  scared  of, 
for  such  things  are  just  a  kind  of  short- 
hand which  mathematicians,  scientists, 
and  engineers  use.  They  use  them  as  a 
simple  way  of  writing  complicated  ideas 
or   methods   of    solving   problems. 

Serz'e  the  Pi 

Probabh'  the  best  known  of  these  is 
the  Greek  letter  pi.  If  you've  studied 
geometry,  you  know  it's  the  number  of 
times  that  the  diameter  of  a  circle  can 
be  divided  into  its  circumference — about 
3  1  7  times,  roughly  speaking.  The 
actual  figure  is  a  very  complicated  num- 
ber, for  when  you  divide  the  circumfer- 
ence of  a  circle  by  its  diameter  it  never 
comes  out  exactly;  the  answer  keeps 
running  on  and  on  to  more  and  more 
decimal  places.*  So,  because  it's  impos- 
sible to  write  it  down  exactly,  we  use  a 
symbol  for  it.  Although  this  symbol,  pi, 
has  many  other  uses  in  mathematics, 
most  people  know,  when  they  see  it,  that 
it  means  the  number  of  times  the  diam- 
eter of  a  circle  can  be  divided  into  its 
circumference. 

It's  the  same  way  with  other  symbols. 
Every'  one  of  them  is  just  a  kind  of 
shorthand  for  something  longer  and 
more  complicated.  When  you  get  a  mark 
of  A —  or  maybe  F — on  an  examination 
paper  or  your  report  card,  it  tells  you 
how  well  yo  udid.  If  it  weren't  for  the 
symbol,  somebody  might  have  to  write 
a  lot  of  words  like:  "This  is  a  very  good 
paper,  "   or   "This   student   didn't   pass.' 

That's  the  way  it  is  with  all  the  signs 
and  symbols  of  math.  Every  one  of 
them  means  something  long  or  compli- 
cated, and  it  saves  time  and  space  to  use 
the  symbol. 

Don't  think  that  the  mathematicians 
and  engineers  and  scientists  can  under- 
stand all  the  symbols.  Some  of  the  signs, 
of  course,  like  pi,  are  pretty  well  known. 
But  many  of  them  are  used  only  b\ 
people  in  special  kinds  of  work,  ami 
people  in  other  kinds  of  work  may  not 
known  any  more  about  what  the  signs 
mean  than  you  do. 

Formulas  are  used  in  the  same  way. 
People  who  study  physics  have  proved 
by  experiments  that,  if  you're  trying  to 
knock  a  home  run,  its  more  important 
to  hit  harder  than  it  is  to  use  a  heavier 
bat.  They'\e  figured  out  just  what  dif- 
ference it  makes  when  you  use  some- 
thing heavier  to  hit  with,  and  how  much 


"Here's  pi  to  ten  places:  3.1415926535.  Although 
mathematicians  have  figured  out  its  value  to  over 
1.000  decimal  places,  no  more  than  ten  decimal 
places  are  ever  needed   tor  the  most  precise  work. 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THE 


ALUMINUM  INDUSTRY 
WAS  BORN  ON 


SMALLMAN 

STREET 


V   In  1888,  the  aluminum  industry  consisted  of  one  company — 

located  in  an  unimpressive  little  building  on  the  east  side  of 

Pittsburgh.  It  was  called  The  Pittsburgh  Reduction  Company. 

The  men  of  this  company  had  real  engineering  abilities  and 

viewed  the  work  to  be  done  with  an  imagineering  eye.  But 

they  were  much  more  than  that.  They  were  pioneers  .  .  . 

leaders  .  .  .  men  of  vision. 

A  lot  has  happened  since  1888.  The  country  .  . .  the 
company  .  .  .  and  the  industry  have  grown  up.  Ten  new 
territories  have  become  states,  for  one  thing.  The  total 
industry  now  employs  more  than  1,000,000  people — 
and  the  little  outfit  on  Smallman  Street.-'  Well,  it's  a  lot 
bigger,  too — and  the  name  has  been  changed  to  Alcoa. 
Aluminum  Company  of  America  .  .  .  but  it's  still  the 
leader — still  the  place  for  engineering  "firsts". 

As  you  prepare  to  trade  textbooks  for  a  position  in 
industry,  consider  the  advantages  of  joining  a 
dynamic  company  like  Alcoa — for  real  job  stability 
and  pleasant  working  conditions — where  good 
sv^^o      men  move  up  fast  through  their  association  with 

the   recognized   leaders  in   the  aluminum  industry. 


Alcoa's  new 
oluminym  office 
building 


mm 

■  ITw  ^It  ^H 


have  fine  positions  for  college  graduate 
gineers — in  our  plants,  sales  offices  and 
research  laboratories  from  coast  to  coast. 
These  are  positions  of  responsibility  in 
production  supervision,  plant  and  design 
engineering,  industrial  research  or  sales 
engineering.  Right  now  it  mav  be 
quicker  than  you  think  from  a  seat  in 
the  classroom  to  your  career  with 
Alcoa.  Why  not  find  out? 


^'our  Placement  Director  will  be 
glad  to  make  an  appointment  for 
you  with  our  personnel  represent- 
ative. Or  just  send  us  an  applica- 
tion yourself.  Aluminum 
Company  of  America,  182  5 
Alcoa  Bldg.,  Pittsburgh   19,  Pa. 


ALUiWilNUiWI 


ALU  rvi  I  N  U  P 


CON1PANY    OF    AMERICA 


OCTOBER,   1954 


19 


difference  it  makes  when  you  hit  harder. 

When  you  hit  with  something  twice 
as  heavy,  it  does  twice  as  much  good. 
But  when  you  hit  twice  as  hard,  it  does 
four  times  as  much  good.  When  you  hit 
with  something  three  times  as  heavy,  it 
does  three  times  as  much  good.  But 
when  you  hit  three  times  as  hard,  it 
does  nine  times  as  much  good. 

It  wouldn't  be  easy  to  remember  how 
much  difference  it  makes,  depending  on 
whether  you  hit  harder  (increase  the 
velocity,  that  is)  or  use  something 
hea\ier,  it  it  weren't  for  this  simple 
little   formula : 

MV- 

E  = ■ 

2 

The  formula  may  look  strange  to  you, 
but  don't  let  it  scare  you  just  because 
of  that.  It's  just  a  combination  of  signs 
arranged  in  the  form  of  an  equation  in 
algebra.  Each  of  the  signs  has  a  pretty 
simple  meaning.  If  you  know  the  mean- 
ings, you  can  read  them  just  as  you  read 
a  sentence  in  English. 

Translated  into  English,  that  formula 
says : 

Energy  (E)  equals  half  the  product  of 
the  mass  (M )  times  the  square  of  the 
ve/oeity  (1). 

You  can  translate  it  still  more  if  you 
want  to.  But  the  point  is,  that  com- 
pact little  formula  is  a  very  quick  and 
convenient  way  of  saying  a  much  more 
complicated  thing.  And  if  it  weren't 
for  algebra,  we  wouldn't  be  able  to  say 
it  so  quickly  or  so  simply. 

So  it  amounts  to  this:  if  you  know 
what  the  signs  mean,  and  you  have 
studied  algebra,  you  can  understand 
what  most  of  those  strange  formulas 
mean.  And  when  you  understand  that. 
youl'Il  realize  all  of  a  sudden  that  most 
of  the  strangeness  of  higher  mathematics 
or  subjects  like  physics,  or  chemistry,  or 
electrical  engineering,  is  caused  by  the 
strange  symbols  and  formulas  that  are 
used.  If  you  learn  what  the  symbols 
and  formulas  mean,  those  things  won't 
seem  anywhere  near  so  strange.  \'ou'Il 
find  they  don't  scare  you  anywhere  near 
as  much. 

S(i  Far,  So  Good 

Now  that  we've  gotten  this  far,  let's 
stop  a  moment  and  get  our  bearings. 
If  you've  understood  what's  been  said. 
you  know  these  things: 

1.  The  world   today  is  complicated. 

2.  1  hat  means  we  need  lots  more 
people   with  special  training. 

3.  That  means  we'll  all  need  more 
math. 

4.  Mathematics  can  help  us  even  if 
we  don't  need   it  in  our  jobs. 

5.  All  math  is  based  on  simple 
arithmetic. 

6.  Most  all  math  is  just  special  ways 
of  using  arithmetic  or  of  doing 
arithmetic  fast. 


7.  Much  of  the  strangeness  of  math 
is  caused  by  the  symbols  and 
formulas,  and  they're  just  a  con- 
venient  sign   language. 

Before  we  fiiush  thinking  about  what 
math  is  and  how  we  use  it,  let's  think 
about  one  more  thing  that  we  learn 
when  we  learn  math :  analysis.  When 
we  have  a  problem,  or  something  hap- 
pens, and  we  have  to  figure  out  what 
to  do,  that's  called  analysis. 

Your  arithmetic,  your  algebra,  your 
geometry,  trigonometry,  calculus,  and 
other  branches  of  math  are  the  tools  you 
use  to  solve  problems.  But  you  can't 
use  the  tools  unless  you  analyze  your 
problem  first  to  see  what  you've  got, 
what  you  need  to  do,  and  how  you 
should  do  it.  Analysis  tells  you  which 
tools  to  use,  and  how  to  vise  them,  in 
solving  your  problem. 

Analvsis  is  the  most  important  part 
of  mathematics.  Anybody  can  learn  to 
use  the  tools,  but  unless  he  learns 
analysis,  he'll  never  be  able  to  solve 
problems,  even  the  simplest  ones. 

If  we  want  to  know  what  per  cent 
48  is  of  60.  it's  analysis  that  tells  us 
to  divide  48  b\-  60  to  get  the  answer 
(80';  ).  In  solving  that  problem  of  the 
brick  that  weighed  10  pounds  plus  a 
half  a  brick,  it  was  analysis  which  made 
us  decide  whether  to  use  the  guessing 
method  or  algebra.  And  if  we  were 
realh'  good  at  analysis,  we  solved  it 
while  we  were  analyzing  it. 

For  that's  where  analysis  gets  partic- 
ularly worth  while — when  ^^•e  have  such 
a  good  grounding  in  math  that  we  learn 
to  be  really  sharp  in  analyzing  our  prob- 
lems. And  when  vou  remember  that 
analysis  is  iust  intelligent,  logical  think- 
ing, why  then  you'll  begin  to  see  one  of 
the  most  important  things  about  learn- 
ing a  lot  of  math.  That  is:  the  more 
math  you  get,  the  better  you'll  be  able 
to  think. 

Professor  Bailey  of  the  University  of 
Michigan  said  something  about  that  in 
an  article  he  wrote  not  long  ago.  He 
^aid  that  education  is  mainly  along  three 
lines:  (1)  learning  facts;  (2)  learning 
to  get  along  with  other  peonle ;  and  (3) 
learning  to  think  better.  The  first  two 
are  not  very  hard — even  a  dog  can  do 
them.  A  dog,  for  example,  learns  such 
facts  as  where  his  home  is,  who  his 
master  is,  and  when  he  gets  fed.  He 
also  learns  to  get  along  with  people — 
if  he's  had  any  training,  that  is. 

Can  a  Dog  Think? 

But  when  it  comes  to  the  job  of  learn- 
ing to  think  better,  that's  too  much  to 
expect  of  a  dog.  Many  people  believe 
that  a  dog  can't  even  think  in  the  first 
place — that  thinking  is  something  that's 
done  only  by  human  beings.  All  human 
beings  think,  but  some  do  a  lot  more  of 
it,  or  do  it  better,  than  others. 

Professor    Bailev    wondered    what    it 


was  that  made  some  people  think  better 
than  others.  He  said  the  first  thing 
necessary  to  be  a  thinker  was  to  be  born 
that  way,  like  Benjamin  Franklin  or 
Thomas  A.  Edison.  They  didn't  have  to 
be  taught  to  think. 

But  that  doesn't  mean  people  can't 
be  taught  to  think — or  think  better. 
Professor  Bailey  gave  the  names  of  some 
great  examples  of  well-educated  people 
— Elihu  Thomson,  Steinmetz,  Lang- 
muir,  Coolidge.  Their  education,  far 
from  interfering  with  their  ability  to 
think  must  have  been  a  great  help  to 
their  thinking  ability. 

Then  Professor  Bailey  asks  what 
studies  in  school  help  most  to  develop 
the  habit  of  thinking.  And  the  first  of 
these,  he  says,  is  arithmetic.  In  the 
study  of  arithmetic  the  student  is  made 
to  think  logically  and  accurateh' —  prob- 
abl\-  for  the  first  time!  And  its  pretty 
well  agreed  that  the  more  math  you  get, 
the  more  logically  you  think. 

So  it's  to  your  advantage  to  study 
as  much  math  as  you  can,  while  you 
still  have  the  chance.  And  the  best  time 
to  get  a  good  groundwork  in  math  is 
while  you're  still  in  junior  and  senior 
high  school.  You'll  find  it  much  easier 
to  get  through  college  if  you  get  a  good 
grounding  in  math  now.  It  will  help 
you  to  get  a  better  job  afterwards,  too. 
Most  important  of  all,  it  will  help  you 
to  think  better  and  to  get  the  most  out 
of  life. 

Will  Yoti  Choose  One  of  These 
Occupations  for  a  Career? 

These  occupations  need  lots  of  math : 

Architect,  Aeronautical  Engineer,  Ag- 
ricultural Engineer,  Astronomer,  Cer- 
amic Engineer,  Chemical  Engineer, 
Chemist,  Civil  Engineer. 

Electrical  Engineer,  Geologist,  Ma- 
rine Engineer,  Mechanical  Engineer, 
Metallurgist,  Mining  Engineer,  Petro- 
leum   Engineer,    Physicist. 

Pidp  (^'  Paper  Engineer,  Research 
Scientist,  Sanitary  Engineer,  Surveyor, 
Textile  Engineer. 

These  occupations  need  quite  a  lot  of 
math  : 

Accountant,  Airplant  Pilot,  Artist, 
Auditor,  Carpenter,  Dentist,  Dietician, 
Doctor,  Draftsman,  Electrician,  House- 
wife,  Machinist,   Mechanic,  Merchant. 

Molder,  Musucian,  Nurse,  Painter, 
Plumber,  S  t  a  t  e  s  m  a  n.  Stonemason, 
Teacher,  Writer. 

These  occupations  need  arithmetic 
only : 

Athlete,  Athletic  Coach,  Baseball 
Player,  Farmer,  Fireman,  Football  Play- 
er, Gas  Station  Attendant. 

Photographer,  Policeman,  Sales  Clerk, 
Soda  Clerk,  Stenographer,  Telephone 
Operator. 


A  girl's  figure  is  her  fortune  provid- 
ing it  draws  interest. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


IN   RESEARCH 


HONEYWELL 

OFFERS 

CHALLENGES 

UNLIMITED 


THE  challenges  and  problems  for  the 
engineer  in  the  automatic  control 
field  are  unique  in  their  variety  and  in 
the  insight  provided  into  all  of  the 
industries  of  today's  modern  world. 

The  development  and  manufacture 
of  tiny  transistors  for  electronic  control 
.  .  .  the  design  and  construction  of 
giant  control  valves  for  oil  refineries 
.  .  .  the  challenge  of  finding  fish  with 
underwater  sonar  ...  of  providing  auto- 
matic flight  for  supersonic  jets  .  .  . 
temperature  controls  for  today's  modern 
home  ...  for  atomic  piles  .  .  . 

These  are  a  few  of  the  fields  in  which 
Honeywell's  several  divisions  are  en- 
gaged, providing  automatic  controls 
for  industry  and  the  home. 

These  controls  are  made  possible  by 
the  creative  imagination  of  highly 
trained  engineers  working  with  the 
very  latest  research  and  test  facilities. 

■With  nine  separate  divisions  located 
throughout  the  United  States  and  with 
factories  in  Canada,  England  and 
Europe,  Honeywell  offers  unlimited 
opportunities  in  a  variety  of  challeng- 
ing fields.  Based  on  diversification  and 
balance  between  normal  industry  and 
defense  activities,  Honeywell  will  con- 
tinue to  grow  and  expand  because 
automatic  control  is  so  important  to 
the  world's  progress.  And  automatic 
control  is  Honeywell's  business. 

That  is  why  we  are  always  looking 
for  men  with  ideas  and  imagination 
and  the  ambition  to  grow  with  us. 
In  addition  to  full  time  engineering 
and  research  employment  we  offer  a 
Cooperative  'Work  Study  program,  a 
Summer  Student  'Work  Study  program 
and  Graduate  Fellowships.  If  you  ate 
interested  in  a  career  in  a  vital,  varied 
and  diversified  industry,  send  the  cou- 
pon for  more  information. 


Honeyivell 

H 1    *-f^t7  wo  Q&^dJidy- 


Divisions:  Appliance,  Aeronautical.  Commercial,  Heating  Controls,  Industrial, 
Marine,  Micro  Switch,  Ordnance,  Valve. 


MiNNE.'iPOLIS-HONEYWELL 

Regulator  Co. 

Personnel  Dept., Minneapolis  S.Minn. 

Gentlemen:  Please  send  me  your 
booklet.  "  Emphasis  on  Research", 
which  tells  more  about  engineering 
opportunities  at  Honeywell. 


.■'iiJreiS- 

City 

Zone 


.  State.. 


OCTOBER,   1954 


21 


Book  Review  .  .  . 


One,  Two,  Three -Infinity 


Geortfe    Gamcu:; 
liking  Press  $4.75 

(Reviewed   by   Poul    E     LoVirbtto,    E,    E.   '55i 

"  'The  time  has  come.'  the  Walrus 
said,  "to  talk  of  many  things  ...  of 
atoms,  stars  and  nebulae,  of  entropy  and 
genes ;  and  whether  one  can  bend  space 
and  why  the  rocket  shrinks.'  "  With  this 
as  a  preface,  Gamow  starts  off  perhaps 
his  most  far  ranging  and  certainly  his 
most  popular  book.  Gamow  has  written 
this  book  for  the  layman,  and  in  doing 
so  encounters  some  difficulty,  for  he  tries 
to  guide  his  reader  through  the  bogey- 
land  of  science  much  like  a  scoutmaster 
leading  a  group  of  young  cub  scouts. 
Sometimes  he  remembers  his  readers  arc 
cubs  and  other  times  he  treats  them  as 
eagles.  Of  course  his  context  is  a  for- 
iridable  one  and  the  difficidty  of  explain 
ing  e\'en  halt  of  the  above  subjects  m 
simple  language  has  lain  waste  scores  of 
educators. 

If  "One,  Two,  Three — Infinity  "  is 
taken  for  what  it  was  meant  to  be,  an 
introductory   idea   to   a  wide   variety   of 


scientific  subjects  and  ideas,  the  reader  is 
in  for  some  exciting  reading.  He  jour- 
neys the  staggering  road  from  micro- 
cosmos  to  macrocosmos,  finds  infinity 
in  his  hand,  and  loses  himself  in  the 
space  inside  an  atom.  He  is  introduced 
to  speculations  on  the  beginning  and 
ending  of  :he  universe  and  made  *o 
stand  like  an  Atlas  in  space  to  view  the 
galaxy  spread  before  him. 

If,  after  the  book  is  laid  down,  the 
reader  feels  a  certain  amount  of  im- 
prisonment within  the  four  walls  of  his 
room  and  in  his  wonder  goes  to  look  and 
to  ask  for  more  of  the  same  fare,  "One, 
Two,  Three — Infinity  has  succeeded  in 
its  purpose. 

The  book  is  well  illustrated  by  draw- 
ings of  the  author  and  is  written  in  his 
usual  entertaining  style.  A  pocket  book 
edition  by  Mentor  is  printed. 


I  once  had  a  classmate  named  Jessar 

Whose  knowledge  grew  lesser  and  lesser. 

It  at  last  grew  so  small 

He  knew  nothing  at  all 

And   now   he's   a  Thermo   professor. 


Then  there  was  the  case  of  the  young 
army  doctor  in  the  South  Pacific,  who 
had  diagnosed  the  ailment  of  a  sergeant, 
but  knowing  he  could  do  little  with  his 
limited  facilities,  he  wired  the  base  hos- 
pital: "Have  a  case  of  beriberi.  What 
shall  I  do?" 

The  message  was  taken  by  a  young 
technician  at  the  base  who  wired  back: 
"Give  it  to  the  engineers.  They'll  drink 
anything.  " 

*        «        * 

One  of  our  present  troubles  seems  to 
be  that  too  many  adults,  and  not  enough 
children,  belie\e  in   Santa  Claus. 

Miriam  had  not  been  doing  very  well 
in  history,  although  her  marks  in  every 
other  course  were  high.  One  day  she 
was  called  into  the  professor's  office  for 
a  conference. 

"I  do  anything  if  I  could  pass.  Pro- 
fessor, anything  at  all.  " 

"Anything?  " 

"Yes,  anything.  " 

"Are  you  sure?  " 

"I  just  have  to  pass.  Professor,  yes, 
I'd  do  anything.  " 

"Hmmnim,  what  are  you  doing  Fri- 
day night,   Miriam?'" 

"Why.  nothing  at  all.  Professor." 

"Well,  Miriam.  I  think  you  might  do 
a  little  studying.  " 


It's  America's  lifeline,  really — the  power  line 
that  starts  with  steam  and  brings  heat,  hght, 
and  energy  to  the  nation's  factories,  farms, 
homes  and  stores.  Paralleling  that  line  is  the 
line  of  cost,  which  America's  UtiUties  have 
striven  mightily  to  reduce  over  the  years.  Even 
today,  with  vast  increases  in  the  cost  of  all 
the  things  America's  privately  owned  electric 
companies  must  buy,  the  cost  of  electricity 
has  not  increased  in  proportion. 
Since  1881,  when  Thomas  A.  Edison  opened 
the  nation's  first  electric  generating  station, 
B  &W,  who  supplied  his  boilers,  has  pursued 
a  fruitful,  continuing  search  for  better  and 
better  ways  to  generate  steam  and  to  harness 
more  and  more  usable  energy  from  fuel 
consumed. 

Economical,  dependable  service  is  the  watch- 
word of  America's  Electric  Companies.  The 
chart  reflects  how  well  their  all-Important  job 
is  being  done.  And  to  help  insure  that  elec- 
tricity will  remain  America's  best  bargain, 
B&W  Research  and  Engineering  dedicates 
men,  money  and  machines  to 
continuing   progress  in  steam 
and  fuel  technology. 


THE 


MOST 


l,^p©8^ 


taht 


G-4S1 


L„J 


wucox 


BOILER 
DIVISION 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Don  Sundstrom  asks: 

What  are  my 
chances  for 
advancement  in 
a  big  firm 
like  Du  Pont? 


Donald  W.  Sundstrom  received  his  B.S.  degree  in  Chemical  Engineering  from 
Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute  in  1953.  He's  currently  studying  for  an  M.S.  degree 
and  expects  to  receive  it  next  year.  Like  other  engineering  students,  he's  asking 
o  lot  of  searching  questions  before  deciding  on  a  permanent  employer. 


Jerry  Risser  answers: 


Gerald  J.  Risser,  B.S.  Chem.  Eng.,  Univ.  of 
Wisconsin  (1937),  is  now  assistant  man- 
ager of  the  Engineering  Service  Division 
in  Du  Font's  Engineering  Department,  Wil- 
mington, Delaware. 


1TH I N  K I  know  exactly  what's  behind  that  question , 
Don,  because  the  same  thing  crossed  my  mind 
when  I  first  graduated  and  looked  around  for  a  job. 
That  was  about  seventeen  years  ago,  when  the 
Du  Pont  Company  was  much  smaller  than  it  is  to- 
day. And  there's  a  large  factor  in  the  answer,  Don, 
right  there!  The  advancement  and  growth  of  any 
employee  depends  to  a  considerable  degree  on  the 
advancement  and  growth  of  his  employer.  Promo- 
tion possibilities  are  bound  to  be  good  in  an  expand- 
ing organization  like  Du  Pont. 

Right  now,  for  example,  construction  is  in  prog- 
ress or  planned  for  three  new  plants.  That  means 
many  new  opportunities  for  promotion  for  young 
engineers.  And,  in  my  experience,  I  have  found  it  is 
a  fundamental  principle  of  Du  Pont  to  promote 


from  within  the  organization — on  merit. 

My  own  field,  development  work,  is  a  natural  for 
a  young  graduate,  because  it's  one  of  the  fundamental 
branches  of  engineering  at  Du  Pont.  There  are  com- 
plete new  plants  to  design,  novel  equipment  prob- 
lems to  work  on,  new  processes  to  pioneer— all  sorts 
of  interesting  work  for  a  man  who  can  meet  a  chal- 
lenge. Many  of  the  problems  will  involve  cost  studies 
— some  will  require  evaluation  in  a  pilot  plant — but, 
in  every  case,  they'll  provide  the  satisfactions  which 
come  from  working  with  people  you  like  and  respect. 

All  in  all,  Don,  your  chances  of  advancement  on 
merit  are  mighty  good  at  Du  Pont! 


MPOK 


BETTER     THINGS     FOR     BETTER     LIVING 
...THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 

WATCH  "cavalcade  OF  AMERICA"  ON  TELEVISION 

OCTOBER,   1954 


Want  to  fcnow  more  about  working  with  Du  Pont? 
Send  for  a  free  copy  of  "Chemical  Engineers  at  Du  Pont," 
a  booklef  t  hat  tells  you  about  pioneering  work  being  done 
in  chemical  engineering  —  in  research,  process  develop- 
ment, production  and  sa.es. There's  a  step-by-step  outline 
of  the  leadership  opportunities  that  confront  a  young 
Du  Pont  engineer — how  he  can  advance — and  how  he  can 
obtain  help  from  experienced  members  of  the  team.  Write 
to  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co.  (lnc.)»  2521  Nemours 
Building,  Wilmington,  Delaware. 


23 


Biography 


Omar  Khayyam 


by  Jim  Piechochi,  Aero  E.  '56 


Perhaps  it  was  the  very  soul  of  the 
ill-fated  Hasan  Ben  Sabbah.  crying  out 
in  repentance  of  his  e\il  life,  or  the  vic- 
timized Oriental  known  as  Nizam-ul- 
Mulk  beseeching  the  Tartar  gods  for 
vengeance  that  have  raised  the  name  of 
Omar  Hhayyam  to  the  position  that  it 
occupies  today.  But  fate  can  never  be 
satisfied  if  the  true  credit  for  the  fame 
of  the  Sufistic  Khayyam  is  not  placed  in 
the  hands  of  one  minor  English  poet, 
who,  after  seven  centuries,  made  famous 
the  philosophies  of  the  astronomer-poet 
of    Persia.    This    Englishman,    Edward 


JIM     PIECHOCHI 

Jim  is  0  newcomer  to  The 
Technograph  staff  on  this 
campus-  Heretofore  he  has 
periodically  written  arti- 
cles for  us  from  Novy 
Pier.  We  are  hoping  for 
more  good  work  from  him 
before  he  graduates  in 
February    of    1956. 


Fitzgerald  by  name,  striving  to  seek  a 
connection  between  the  ancient  Persia 
and  the  Ireland  of  his  predecessors, 
stumbled  onto  the  e.xotic  depths  of  Per- 
sian thought  and  the  writings  of  Omar. 
So  lascinated  was  he  by  al-Khayyam's 
meditations  that  he  began  a  feverish 
study  of  the  works  of  the  somber  Sara- 
cen of  Xaishapur.  Si.\  years  later,  in 
1859,  he  published  at  his  own  expense 
a  thin  paper-bound  pamphlet  which  sold 
for  the  modest  price  of  five  shillings. 
The  printer  quickly  reduced  the  price 
and  one  year  later  a  copy  could  be 
picked  up  by  interested  Englishmen  for 
a  penny.  Many  copies  collected  dust  on 
bookshelves,  while  others  were  rapidly 
discarded,  literally  forced  into  obscurity 
by  a  flippant  toss  into  a  London  gutter. 
Fitzgerald  became  no  richer  or  poorer, 
nor  was  he  raised  one  notch  higher  into 
national  prominence.  He  simply  re- 
mained at  his  same  calm,  unnoticed  posi- 
tion on  those  broken  steps  that  lie  ever 
so  close  to  the  dark  chasms  of  obscurity. 
Then  one  day  a  copy  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  celebrated  Dante  Gabriel  Rosetti, 


and  so  surprised  was  he  by  those  shout- 
ing, hoping,  and  lilting  quatrains  that  he 
carried  the  book  with  him  where\er  he 
went  and  quoted  often  from  it.  Burton 
and  Swinburne  spread  Dante's  enthusi- 
asm and  soon  all  of  England  was  scour- 
ing those  same  dust-covered  bookshelves 
in  search  of  that  little  booklet  with  the 
now-famous  title — The  Rubaiyat  of 
t)mar  Khayyam.  This  movement  cre- 
ated one  of  the  biggest  revolutions  in 
literature  of  that  period.  In  1929,  a 
New  York  collector  bought  one  of  the 
original  copies  for  eight  thousand  dol- 
lars. But  to  speak  of  revolutions  is  to 
speak  of  thoughts,  and  in  speaking  of 
thoughts  it  is  very  often  that  the  thinker 
is  discarded  and  separated  from  that 
which  he  originates.  It  was  the  redis- 
co\ery  of  the  Rubaiyat  that  raised  into 
full  view  that  little  known  poet-astrono- 
mer-mathematician of  mysterious  Persia 
— Khayyam,  which  means  tentmaker. 

He  was  born  at  Xaishapur  in  1049 
A.  D.  and  died  there  in  1123.  He  was 
the  son  of  Abraham  the  Tentmaker,  and 
his  full  name  was  Omar  ibn  Ibrahim 
al-Khayyani.  Giyat  ed-din  Abul  Fath. 
In  his  youth  he  became  the  student  of 
the  aged  teacher  of  Xaishapur,  Iman- 
Muaffak  the  Sufi.  He  studied  with  two 
friends  who  were  destined  to  have  a 
great  effect  on  his  life,  and  they  were 
the  Xizam-ul-Mulk  and  the  evil  Hasan 
ben  Sabbah.  All  were  of  extraordinary 
intelligence  and  sharpness  of  wit,  and 
realizing  that  they  were  the  products 
of  the  \\ise  Inian  and  certainly  destined 
for  good  fortune,  they  mutually  vowed 
that  the  first  to  achieve  fame  would 
share  it  with  the  remaining  pair.  After 
vears  passed,  it  was  Xizam-ul-Mulk  who 
reached  the  goal  first,  as  he  was  ele- 
vated to  the  position  of  Grand  Yizir  to 
the  Selpukian  sultan.  Alp-Arslan  the 
Son,  and  his  successor  Malik  Shah  the 
Grandson.  Omar  and  Hasan  approached 
Xizani  and  the  goodly  Vizur,  remem- 
bering the  schoolday  agreement,  sealed 
his  part  in  the  bargain.  To  Hasan  he 
bequeathed  the  position  of  Hajib,  which 
means  chamberlain.  To  Omar  he  offered 
a  similar   loftv  title   which   the   former 


promptly  refused,  accepting  instead  a 
modest  annual  allowance  of  1200  mith- 
kals  to  pursue  a  comfortable  life  of  liter- 
aPi'  and  scientific  endeavor.  Soon  the  un- 
grateful Hasan,  seeking  to  replace  Xi- 
zam  in  the  Sultan's  favor,  was  banished 
from  the  court  screaming  oaths  of  venge- 
ance upon  his  old  schoolmate.  Xizam 
himself  was  banished  at  a  great  age  and 
left  at  the  mercy  of  the  Ismalite  Fidais, 
a  sect  of  the  Assasins,  who  attacked  ami 
stabbed  him  to  death.  Hasan  had  made 
good  his  revenge. 

Omar,  however,  accepted  his  fate  with 
more  reserve  than  did  Hasan.  L  pon  the 
death  of  the  Sultan  Alp-Arslan,  he  be- 
came the  royal  astronomer  of  the  court 
and  was  placed  in  charge  of  a  project 
to  revise  the  calendar.  His  mathemati- 
cal observations  continued  and  he  was 
contented  with  the  many  hours  of  medi- 
tation his  life  afforded.  His  literary  ef- 
forts were  no  doubt  the  outlet  for  his 
probing  mind  which  forever  busied  itself 
not  only  with  mathematical  investiga- 
tions, but  also  with  an  almost  frantic 
search  for  proof  of  the  existence  of  an 
after-life.  Finding  no  answer  to  the  lat- 
ter problem,  he  settled  down  to  an  earth- 
bound  e.xistence  which  he  reasoned  could 
only  be  promoted  by  a  dire  effort  to  sat- 
isfy the  senses.  ("Ah,  make  the  most  of 
what  we  yet  may  spend,  before  we  too 
into  the  Dust  descend.'  )  His  somewhat 
pantheistic  views  were  in  direct  contra- 
diction of  the  Sufi  religion,  which  he 
scorned  and  discarded  with  the  wave  of 
his  hand.  His  freedom  of  thought,  so 
vividly  reflected  upon  in  the  haunting 
strains  of  the  Rubaiyat.  was  always  a 
matter  of  discussion  in  the  court  and  a 
source  of  danger  to  his  life,  as  the  Sufi 
constantly  tried  to  entrap  him.  Hence, 
al-Khayyam  had  a  hard  life,  loved  and 
respected  as  a  scientist,  and  rejected  and 
scorned  as  a  philosopher  and  thinker. 
True  enough,  any  analysis  of  Khayyam's 
motives  will  create  skepticism  among 
most  men,  but  any  study  of  his  literary 
style  and  presentation  will  in\ariably 
result  in  his  being  called  an  expressive 
genius,  with,  of  course,  a  silent  nod  and 
proper  thanks  to  his  collaborator,  Ed- 
ward Fitzgerald.  But  like  most  great 
artists  his  literature  was  not  accepted 
by  tho.se  of  his  time.  "A  great  scientist, 
the  Iman  of  Khorasan.  "  they  shouted  in 
their  courts  of  Justice,  but  speak  of  phil- 
osophy and  they  called  him  fool.  He  died 
peacefully  in  the  town  of  his  birth  "sans 
wine,  sans  song,  sans  singer,  and — sans 
End!" 

Any  analysis  of  Omar's  mathematical 
achievements  cannot  proceed  without  a 
study  of  the  pre-Khayyam  mathematics 
of  the  Greeks  and  the  Egyptians.  The 
infant  study  of  algebra  was  said  to  have 
originated  with  the  term  al  gibr  w'al 
mukhaba,  a  title  occuring  on  every  Sar- 
acen work  on  the  subject  since  825  A.  D. 
The  Egyptians,  led  by  Ahmes   (c.  1600 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


fiej^jottdtonefs 


^^4^vi^ 


nuts 


Rollpins 


CLINCH  NUT 


GANG 
CHANNEL  NUTS 


1200°   F.  HIGH-TEMP.  NUT 
FLOATING  ANCHOR  NUT 


Every  major  aircraft  now  being  assembled  relies  on  the 
vibration-proof  holding  power  of  ELASTIC  STOP  nuts. 
Only  ESNA  manufactures  a  complete  line  of  all  types 
and  sizes  of  self-locking  nuts. 


dia.  from  1/16'  to  1/2" 


Rollpins  are  slottecl.  tubular  steel,  pressed-fit  pins 
with  chamfered  ends.  They  drive  easily  into  holes 
drilled  to  normal  tolerances,  compressing  as  driven. 
Extra  assembly  steps  like  hole  reaming  or  peening 
are  eliminated.  Rollpins  lock  in  place,  yet  are  read- 
ily removed  with  a  punch  and  may  be  reused. 

Cut  assembly  costs  by  using  Rollpins  as  set 
screws,  positioning  douels,  clevis  or  hinge  pins. 
Specify  them  in  place  of  straight,  serrated,  tapered 
or  cotter  type  pins. 


ELASTIC  STOP   NUT  CORPORATION 
OF  AMERICA 


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Elastic  Step  ;>iot  Ccrporation  of  America 

Dept.  N34-152,  2330  Vauxhall  Rood,  Union,  N.  J. 

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L.X 

Please  send  me  the  following  free  fastening  information: 

1    /e^ 

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\           n   Elastic  Stop  Nut  Bulletin                                         D   Here  is  a  drawing  of  our 
\       n   Rollpin  Bulletin                                                           product.  What  fastener  would 
)      D   AN-ESNA  Conversion  Chort                                    VO"  s"99est? 

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Street 

City                                                                                                         Zone          State 

_1 


OCTOBER,    1954 


25 


B.  C. )  solved  simple  linear  algebraic 
equations,  while  the  Greeks  and  Hippo- 
crates solved  algebraic  problems  of  great 
complexity.  Aristotle  (c.  340  B.C.)  ex- 
plained basic  mathematical  concepts  in 
his  many  treatises  on  logic.  Archimedes 
solved  various  word  problems,  including 
the  one  which  baffled  the  Egyptians, 
namely,  to  cut  a  sphere  by  a  plane  so 
that  the  two  segments  fomied  are  in  a 
given  volumetric  ratio.  The  Arabians 
contributed  heavily  to  early  mathemati- 
cal de\eIopnient.  Mohammed  ibn  el- 
Leit  interested  himself  with  the  cubic 
equations,  the  problem  of  trisection  of 
an  angle,  and  the  solution  of  fourth  de- 
gree equations  which  he  later  achieved 
by  the  method  of  intersection  of  conies. 
The  last  Arab  of  importance  before 
Khayyam  was  al-Karkhi    (c.   1020). 

A  vast  difference  is  noted  between 
Greek  and  Arab  mathematical  thought, 
the  Greeks,  with  their  great  strides  for- 
ward along  the  lines  of  abstract  phil- 
osophy and  all  their  thought  seeming- 
ly channeled  to  exhibit  their  skill  in 
deep  thinking,  and  the  Semitic  Arabs 
with  their  own  philosophy  effecting  a 
mathematics  which  mirrored  their  gen- 
eral pragmatic  outlook,  both  pa\ed  the 
way  for  the  algebra  of  Kha\\am. 

"By  the  help  of  tjod  and  his  precious 
assistance,   I  say  that  algebra  is  a  scien- 


tific art."  So  said  Omar  Khayyam  of  the 
study  in  which  he  excelled.  Biographers 
have  depicted  al-Khayyam  as  a  true 
mathematician,  exceeding  in  certain  as- 
pects the  thinking  of  Diophantus  and  Al 
Kwarizimi,  although  Omar  completely 
abandoned  the  use  of  symbols  or  word 
abbreviations  and  relied  on  word  or 
phrases  to  describe  his  unknowns.  For 
example,  he  termed  the  successive  pow- 
ers of  unknown  "roots"  or  "sides"  as 
"square,"  "square  -  square,"  "square- 
cube,"  "cube-cube,"  etc.,  and  negative 
"sides"  were  called  "part  of  root,"  "part 
of  square,"  etc.  Omar  solved  his  equa- 
tions, some  of  them  the  more  difficult 
non-linear  type,  by  the  method  of  inter- 
section of  conic  sections.  That  is  to  say, 
he  formed  a  typical  solution  of  the  form 
presented  and  applied  his  solution  to  the 
problem  at  hand.  He  believed  that  this 
was  the  only  method  that  could  be  ap- 
plied to  the  solution  of  the  cubic  equa- 
tion, which  he  called  unsolvable  by  cal- 
culation. B\'  far  his  greatest  contribu- 
tion to  the  science  was  his  thorough 
classification  of  the  cubic  equation,  often 
referred  to  by  some  of  the  later  mathe- 
maticians as  extremely  fine  pieces  of 
work.  But  Omar  wa.s  responsible  for 
some  classical  blunders.  He  belie\ed 
there  to  be  no  analytical  method  to  the 
solution  of  the  cubic  equation  he  so  sys- 


,-C32^ 


for  all  industries 


Agricultural  Equipmant 

Aircraft 

Air  Conditioning 

Automotive 

Construction  Machinery 

Electric  Motors 

Household  Appliances 

Instruments 

Machine  Tools 

Portable  Power  Toots 

Textile  Machinery 

Wood  Working  Machinery 


The  most  complete  line  of  ball  bearings  and  power 
transmission  units  in  America.  The  Fafnir  Bearing 
Company,  New  Britain,  Conn. 


•"r'rx 


;.;- „.„-•'- 


teniaticalK  organized,  and  that  biquad- 
ratic equations  were  unsolvable  by  geo- 
metric construction.  He  over-looked  the 
fact  that  the  cubic  equation  has  three 
solutions,  losing  roots  by  using  only  one 
side  of  the  hyperbola  employed  in  his 
geometric  construction.  One  bright 
feather  in  the  Persian's  hat  was  his  solu- 
tion to  the  age-old  problem  of  construct- 
ing an  equilaterial  trapezoid  whos;  base 
and  sides  are  of  some  given  length  and 
whose  area  is  given.  In  the  solution  of 
equations  higher  than  the  second  degree 
he  had  no  ri\al  before  or  in  his  time. 

Another  achievement  of  the  "big  si- 
lent" Saracen  which  cannot  be  over- 
looked is  his  reorganization  of  the  cal- 
endar. This  he  accomplished  by  order  of 
the  sultan  in  1079  A.  D.,  which  is. 
incidentally,  the  beginning  of  an  era  of 
man's  attempt  to  record  and  systematize 
the  universe  to  his  daily  life.  Omar 
grouped  the  years  into  cycles  of  thirty- 
three  years  each,  giving  the  year  365 
da\s,  and  making  every  fourth  year  a 
leap  year  of  365  days.  This  revision  gave 
every  cycle  eight  leap  years  with  an  in- 
terval of  five  years  between  the  last  leap 
\ear  of  each  cycle  with  the  oncoming 
one  in  the  next  cycle.  This  makes  Omar's 
average  year  365  days,  fi\e  hours,  forty- 
nine  minutes,  5.45  seconds.  Astronomi- 
cally speaking,  his  year  was  19.007  sec- 
onds too  long.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  the  (jregorian  year  is  25.557  sec- 
onds too  long,  necessitating  the  drop- 
ping of  a  leap  year  every  4545  years. 
If  Omar's  calendar  were  adopted  today, 
one  leap  year  would  have  to  be  omit- 
ted "only"  every  3381  years — a  one- 
third  step  toward  perfection! 

The  se\enty-four  \ears  of  Omar's 
life  were  filled  with  achievement.  But 
the  years  of  achievement  were  marked 
by  his  constant  soul-searching  mental 
attitude,  which,  if  not  resplendent  in 
his  mathematics,  certainly  comes  shining 
fatalistically  through  in  his  Sufistic  qua- 
trains, or  rubaiyat.  His  search  for  the  af- 
ter-life ended  in  his  complete  abandon- 
ment of  the  Tomorrow  in  exchange  for 
the  Today,  which,  after  all.  "has  outlast- 
ed so  many  Tomorrows."  He  constantly 
felt  revoked  by  his  dark  Muezzin  crying 
from  the  Tower  of  D  a  r  k  n  e  s  s, 
"FOOLS!  Your  reward  is  neither  here 
nor  there."  Perhaps  it  was  his  wisdom  or 
his  foresight  which  made  him  speak  out 
one  dav  to  his  pupils,  Kwajah  Nizam  of 
Samarcand,  "I  desire  that  my  tomb  shall 
be  in  a  spot  where  the  north  wind  scat- 
ter roses  upon  it."  This  shocked  Nizam 
for  it  was  an  intense  belief  that  no  man 
might  know  his  own  burial  grounds.  La- 
ter Lizam  visited  his  teacher's  resting 
place,  "and  lo!,  it  was  just  outside  a  gar- 
den, and  trees  laden  with  fruit  stretched 
their  boughs  over  the  garden  wall,  and 
dropped  their  flowers  upon  his  tomb  so 
that  the  stone  was  hidden  vmder  them.  ' 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


WAX  WORKS... 

Until  a  few  decades  ago,  the  principal  users  of  wax 
were  the  candlestick  makers.  Today's  diversified  de- 
mands for  wax  put  it  in  the  class  of  modem  industrial 
miracles. 

Go  into  a  super-market  .  .  .  see  how  wax  works  in 
the  packaging  and  protection  of  milk  and  dairy  prod- 
ucts, cereals,  bake  goods,  frozen  foods.  Think  of  its 
use  in  drug  and  cosmetic  products  .  .  .  cups,  crayons 
and  carbon  paper  .  .  .  polishes,  preservatives  and 
paper  matches  .  .  .  And  the  number  of  industrial  ap- 
pUcations  defies  accurate  calculation. 

TOO  BIG   FOR  BEES... 

The  ancients  knew  the  physical  properties  of  wax  .  .  . 
and  bees  supplied  the  raw  material.  What  then 
spurred  this  century's  growth  in  production  to  more 
than  a  half-miUion  tons  a  year? 

The  answer  lies  partly  in  the  petroleum  industry's 
desire  to  find  more  profitable  apphcations  for  one  of 
its  products  . . .  partlj'  in  the  desire  of  other  industries 
to  improve  their  processes  and  products. 

AMERICA  WORKS   LIKE  THAT... 

Here,  industry  is  paradoxical.  It  is  independent,  yet 


dep)endent . . .  cooperative,  yet  competitive.  It  strives 
to  make  more  money,  yet  is  always  seeking  ways  to 
keep  costs  and  prices  down. 

And,  to  further  these  aims,  management  relies  on 
the  constant  flow  of  information  available  through 
America's  all-seeing,  all-hearing  and  reporting  Inter- 
Commimications  System. 

THE  AMERICAN  INTER-COM  SYSTEM... 

Complete  communication  is  the  function,  the  imique 
contribution  of  the  American  business  press  ...  a 
great  group  of  specially  edited  magazines  devoted  to 
the  specialized  work  areas  of  men  who  want  to  mai- 
age  better,  research  better,  sell  better,  buy  better. 

COMMUNICATION  IS  OUR  BUSINESS  .  .  . 

Many  of  the  textbooks  in  which  you  are  now  studying 
the  fundamentals  of  your  specialty  bear  the  McGraw- 
Hill  imprint.  For  McGraw-Hill  is  the  world's  largest 
publisher  of  scientific  and  technical  works. 

After  you  leave  school,  you  will  want  to  keep 
abreast  of  developments  in  your  chosen  profession. 
Then  one  of  McGraw-Hill's  many  business  magazines 
will  provide  current  information  that  wiU.  help  you 
in  your  job. 


McGRAW-HILL    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,   INC. 


OCTOBER,    1954 


27 


Ol 


Electrical  conductors  for  wires  and  cabl 
are  generally  made  from  either  aluminu 
or  copper.  Except  as  noted  below  und 
annealing  and  metal  coating,  essentially  tl 
same  method  is  used  in  preparing  electric 
conductors  from  these  metals. 

Preparation 
of  Wires 

The  metal,  after  purification  at  the  refiner 
is  cast  into  billets  about  four  inches  squa 
and  about  four  feet  long.  For  use  in  electric 
conductors,  this  billet  is  reduced  in  cro; 
sectional  area  to  produce  the  flexibili 
required  in  the  finished  wire  or  cable.  F 
example,  weatherproof  wire  for  outsi( 
power  distribution,  where  little  flexibility 
required,  contains  conductors  that  are  sol 
or  made  of  relatively  few  wires.  For  heat 
cord  and  welding  cable,  where  excess! 
flexing  in  service  occurs,  the  conductors  a 
made  up  of  a  large  number  of  small  wire 
Between  these  two  extremes  there  is  a  wii 
variety  of  cable  constructions  requirii 
numerous  sizes  of  wires. 

The  reduction  in  area  of  the  billet 
begun  on  the  rolling  mill  where  the  billet 
reduced  to  rods,  the  commercial  sizes 
which  vary  from  about  one-quarter  to  thre 
quarters  inch  in  diameter.  Rods  are  reduci 
to  final  wire  sizes  by  drawing  through 
succession  of  dies  of  gradually  decreasii 
diameter,  the  reduction  in  area  per  die  i 
draft  being  about  30  per  cent. 

Dravs^ing 

The  drawing  of  wire  increases  its  hardne 
and  tensile  strength  and  decreases  its  elo 
gation  and  electrical  conductivity.  Sim 
elongation  determines  the  ability  of 
material  to  withstand  repeated  bending  i 
flexing,  it  follows  that  the  drawing  of  wi 
reduces  its  flexibility.  Except  where  streng' 
is  important,  as  in  weatherproof  wires  sui 
ported  aerially,  practically  all  electrical  coi 
ductors  should  have  greater  flexibility  ar 
electrical  conductivity  than  that  provide 
by  hard-drawn  wire.  Both  flexibility  ar 
conductivity  are  improved  by  annealir 
hard-drawn  wire. 

Annealing 

Annealing  consists  of  subjecting  the  wire 
coils  or  on  spools  to  a  temperature  of  aboi 
650°F  for  about  two  hours.  Large  coils  c 
spools  may  require  a  longer  time  and  high( 
temperature.  To  prevent  tarnishing  durir 
the  annealing  of  copper  wire,  it  is  nece 
sary  to  anneal  in  an  inert  (oxygen  free)  a 
mosphere.  This  precaution  is  not  necessai 
in  annealing  aluminum  wire.  Annealing  ( 
hard-drawn  wire  increases  its  ultimai 
elongation  about  2000  per  cent  and  elei 
trical  conductivity  about  3  per  cent. 


^rubberV 


Metal  Coating 

protected  copper  in  contact  with  rubber 
jlation  combines  with  sulphur  in  the  in- 
ition  to  form  copper  sulphide.  This  re- 
:es  the  conductivity  of  the  copper  and 
kes  it  brittle  and  difficult  to  solder. 
thermore,  copper  in  contact  with  rubber, 
elerates  the  combination  of  rubber  with 
■gen  and  hence  promotes  the  deteriora- 
"1  of  rubber  insulation.  To  prevent  this 
tually  harmful  action,  copper  for  use  in 
)ber-insulated  wires  and  cables  is  pro- 
ted  with  either  a  thin  continuous  coat- 

of  inert  metal,  such  as  tin.  lead,  or 
d-tin  alloy  on  the  individual  wires  or  a 
arator  consisting  of  a  wrap  of  threads  or 
e  over  the  uncoated  conductor. 
Metal  coaling  consists  of  passing  the  in- 
idual  copper  wires  successively  through 

dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  (b)  molten 
tal  or  alloy,  (c)  a  wiper,  (d)  a  cooling  bath 
i  finally  to  a  take-up  reel.  The  hydro- 
oric  acid  cleans  the  surface  of  the  copper 
uring  a  perfect  union  between  the  copper 
1  the  coating  metal  and  a  complete  cov- 
gt  of  the  copper  by  the  coating  metal, 
e  wiper  removes  the  excess  coating  ma- 
ial  and  produces  a  smooth  surface  on 
:  coated  wire. 


Metal  coating  or  a  separator  is  not  re- 
quired on  aluminum  conductors  for  rubber 
insulated  cables  since  aluminum  does  not 
combine  readily  with  sulphur  and  does  not 
accelerate  the  deterioration  of  rubber. 

Stranding  of 
Conductors 

As  pointed  out  above,  the  purpose  of  wire 
drawing  is  to  so  reduce  the  cross-sectional 
area  of  the  billet  or  rod  that  a  conductor  of 
the  required  flexibility  can  be  produced.  In 
addition  to  adequate  flexibility,  the  conduc- 
tor must  also  have  sufficient  cross-sectional 
area  to  provide  the  current  earn,  ing  capac- 
ity and  voltage  drop  required  for  a  par- 
ticular application.  In  general,  the  service 
conditions  and  current  carrying  capacity  of 
wires  and  cables  are  such  that  conductors 
of  greater  flexibility  than  is  obtained  with 
a  single  wire  (solid  conductors)  are  required. 
-Solid  conductors  are  used  generally  only  on 
sizes  6  Awg.  and  smaller  conductors  and 
then  only  for  fixed  (not  portable)  installa- 
tions. Most  conductors,  are,  therefore,  made 
up  of  more  than  one  wire. 

The  formation  of  a  conductor  by  bring- 
ing together  the  required  number  of  wires 
is  known  as  stranding,  and  the  conductor 


thus  formed  is  known  as  a  stranded  con- 
ductor. There  are  two  fundamentally  dif- 
ferent types  of  stranding,  namely,  bunched 
stranding  and  concentric  stranding.  These 
differ  in  the  manner  in  which  th,  wires  are 
assembled  to  form  a  conductor. 

Bunched   Stranding 

In  bunched  stranding,  the  required  number 
of  wires  are  simply  twisted  together  with 
no  attempt  being  made  to  control  their  rela- 
tive positions  within  the  group.  The  length 
of  the  group  requiring  a  complete  turn  of 
any  one  wire  is  known  as  length  of  lay  of 
the  strands.  The  length  of  lay  varies  widely 
with  the  number  and  size  of  the  wires  and 
the  flexibility  desired  in  the  conductor. 

Concentric  Stranding 

In  concentric  stranding  the  individual  wires 
are  laid  up  symmetrically  in  the  form  of  a 
geometrically  compact  group.  For  example, 
six  wires  will  lay  snugly  around  one  central 
wire,  twelve  wires  will  lay  around  a  group 
of  seven,  etc.  All  of  the  wires  are  laid  up 
around  the  same  or  a  common  center,  hence 
the  term  "concentric  stranding  ".  The  num- 
ber of  wires  in  the  outer  layer  increases  by 
six  and  the  total  number  of  wires  in  the 
assembly  becomes  1,  7,  19,  etc.  The  wires 
in  any  one  layer  are  cabled  or  twisted 
around  the  central  core  with  a  definite 
length  and  direction  of  lay.  The  direction  of 
lay  of  the  wires  is  reversed  in  alternate 
layers  to  equalize  the  torsional  forces  result- 
ing from  twisting  the  wires  about  the  cen- 
tral core.  The  length  of  lay  depends  on  the 
size  of  the  individual  wires  and  the  number 
of  layers  in  the  conductor. 

Rope  Stranding 

A  modification  of  concentric  stranding 
known  as  rope  stranding  is  used  chiefly  in 
the  preparation  of  large  flexible  conductors 
for  portable  and  welding  cables.  This  differs 
from  concentric  stranding  in  that  a  group  of 
wires,  known  as  ropes,  instead  of  individual 
wires,  are  laid  up  in  a  geometrically  com- 
pact form  of  six  around  one,  etc.  These 
groups  of  wires  may  be  either  concentric  or 
bunched  stranded.  This  type  of  stranding 
makes  possible  building  up  a  conductor  with 
a  greater  number  of  w  ires  than  can  be  pro- 
duced by  concentric  stranding  on  a  machine 
with  a  given  number  of  spools. 

Other  Strandings 

Other  types  of  conductor  strandings,  such 
as  "sector-shape",  "compact-strand"  and 
"segmental"  are  used  for  special  purposes  to 
reduce  conductor  diameters  and  conductor 
losses. 


I    N    I   T 


T  A  T   E   S 


UBBER       COMPANY 


.ECTRICAL    WIRE    &    CABLE    DEPARTMENT 


ROCKEFELLER    CENTER,    NEW    YORK    20,    N.  Y. 


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»«ir:«fc«»-.ji»p.«#SS» 


WHEN  FLOODS  COME,  tht-  llir.-.it  l.i  I..  mIiH  from  pullutecl  wal.i-  i-  iiiinimi/^tMl  |iy  u-iriL-  piiu-  .  ,:  :  -  -  !  nil-  in  clean-up  opi-i  :,:,-,  i  uif- 
oil  tii^iuiectanls  have  long  been  recognized  lor  their  high  germicidal  action  and  good  cleansing  qualities.  Economical  to  use,  and  possessing 
a  pleasant  fragrance,  disinfectants,  cleaning  compounds,  and  soaps  made  with  Hercules*  Pine  Oil  are  widely  used  in  industry  and  the  home. 

HOW  HERCULES  HELPS . . . 


^^1^  Most  businesses  are  helped 
Jt     today  by  Hercules'  business 

/  '  L  ...the production ofsynthetic 
resins,  cellulose  products,  chemical 
cotton,  terpene  chemicals,  rosin  and 
rosin  derivatives,  chlorinated  prod- 
ucts, and  many  other  chemical 
processing  materials — as  well  as  ex- 
plosives. Through  close  cooperative 
research  with  its  customers,  Hercules 
has  helped  improve  the  processing 
or  performance  of  many  industrial 
and  consumer  products. 


HERCULES 


'f^^:^^ 


THE  FLOTATION  PROCESS  is  used  extensively 
in  industry  to  separate  line  particles  of  valu- 
able minerals,  ranging  from  coal  to  gold,  from 
less  useful  materials  by  floating  to  the  sur- 
face and  removing  in  a  froth  formed  bv  air 
bubbles.  Hercules  flotation  agents,  \armor'^ 
Pine  Oil.  Rosin  Amine  D  Acetate,  and  others, 
serve  as  frothers  or  collectors  in  this  job. 


HERCULES   POWDER.  COMPANY 

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Sales  Offices  in  Principal  Cities 


DESIGNED  TO  PROTECT  industrial  equipment, 
from  the  time  it  leaves  the  factory,  lacquer 
is  outstanding.  \^  hen  necessary,  re-finishing 
can  be  done  quickly  and  economicallv  be- 
cause of  lacquer's  fast-drying,  fast-taping 
properties.  -As  a  major  supplier  of  nitrooellu- 
lose  to  lacquer  manufacturers.  Hercules  has 
available  a  wealth  of  technical  information 
on  lacquer  and  its  many  uses. 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


tlteA^  II I II C  4ciiii^M^ 


p 


toAi 


ICC 


FINE 


run 


T 


itCC^A  i 


We  know — because,  over  a  period  of 

years,  many  of  them  have  come  with  Square  D, 

direct  from  these  nine  schools.  The  vast  majority  are 

still  with  us — growing  and  prospering  in  the 

constantly  expanding  electrical  field. 

This  year  and  every  year  we'll  be  visiting  these 

same  nine  schools — looking  for  additional  electrical, 

mechanical,  industrial  and  general  engineering  talent. 

We'll  interview  hundreds  of  men  to  get  a  dozen. 

The  standards  are  high — the  opportunities  great. 

Why  not  let  us  tell  you  more  about  Square  D 

and  what  we  have  to  offer? 


9Kai(  tL  e 


Qunon 


We'd  like  to  send  you  a  12-page 

" Get- Acquainted"  brochure.  It  telh  a  lot  about  Square  D. 

its  products,  services,  markets  and  opportunities. 


r-a 


m 


tm.      ^ 

PENN  STATE 

4  l_ 

GEORGIA  TECH 


Square  D  Company,  Dept.  SA 

6060  Rivard  Street,  Detroit  11,  Michigan 

I'd  like  a  copy  of  Square  D's  "Get-Acquainted"  brochure 


School— 

C.ty 


_Zone Slate 


OCTOBER,    1954 


31 


A  large  finished  grating  in  position  at  end  of  ruling  cycle.  The  complex 
mechanism  of  the  diamond  carriage  is  shown.  (All  photos  courtesy  Bausch 
&  Lomb  Optical  Co.) 


Some  of  the  earliest  diffraction  gra- 
tings were  made  by  Joseph  Fraunhofer 
( 1787-1826).  They  were  constructed  of 
fine  wires  .04  to  .06  mm  in  diameter 
and  spaced  .0528  to  .6866  mm  apart. 
Modern  diffraction  gratings  are  made 
b\-  riding  lines  on  metal  or  glass  with  a 
diamond    point. 

The  problem  of  ruling  a  large  number 
of  straight,  equally  spaced,  parallel  lines 
is  a  difficult  one.  Fraunhofer  (1821). 
Nobert  (1846),  and  Rutherford  (  1870) 
were  among  the  first  to  rule  small  gra- 
tings. Rowland  at  Johns  Hopkins  L  ni- 
versity  was  the  first  to  rule  high  quali- 
ty gratings.  At  the  present  time  only 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  Mt.  Wilson 
Observatory,  and  Bausch  &  Lomb  Op- 
tical Co.  are  capable  of  producing  gra- 
tings   100mm  or  more  in  width. 

High  resolving  power  is  maintained 
by  holding  the  spacings  of  the  grooves 
to  within  .01  microns.  (A  micron  is 
.001  mm.)  Extreme  precautions  are  tak- 
en to  insure  this  accuracy.  The  gratings 
are  made  in  a  special  underground  lab- 


Another  Rainbow  .  .  . 


DEFRACTION 


GRATINGS 


by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


When  a  light  wa\"e  mo\es  past  a 
corner,  the  corner  acts  as  a  source  ot 
light  and  the  light  seems  to  bend  around 
the  corner.  This  phenomenon  can  be 
observed  only  when  the  dimensions  of 
the  corner  are  comparable  to  the  wave- 
length of  the  light  and  when  the  source 
of  light  is  small. 

If  a  large  number  of  edges  or  slit- 
are  placed  close  together,  the  light  from 
each  of  these  will  interfere  with  the 
light  from  the  others  and  form  an  in- 
terference pattern.  If  the  slits  are  equal- 
ly spaced,  the  interference  lines  for  a 
given  color  will  be  parrallel  to  each 
other  and  can  be  focused  by  a  lense  or 
mirror  to  form  an  image  of  the  slit.  This 
arrangement  of  many  equally  spaced 
slits  is  known  as  a  diffraction  grating. 
The  various  colors  of   light  will   inter- 


LARRY    KIEFLING 

Lorry  is  a  junior  in  Me- 
chanical Engineering  from 
Cowden,  III-  He  is  o  mem- 
ber of  ASME,  ond  Phi  Eta 
Sigma,    freshman    honorary. 


fere  at  different  angles  and  form  a  spec- 
trum. Diffraction  gratings  produce  a 
series  of  spectra  which  are  numbered  in 
their  order  from  the  center.  The  spec- 
tra produced  by  diffraction  gratings  are 
known  as  rational  spectra  because  the 
sin  of  the  displacement  angle  is  pro- 
portional to  the  wave  length  of  the  light. 


oratory  such  as  the  one  shown.  The 
temperature  of  this  laboratory  has  been 
held  within  .01  °C  for  periods  of  over 
two  weeks.  The  maximum  vibration  of 
the  ruling  engine  is  .025  microns. 

The  engine  shown  was  built  by 
Michelson,  rebuilt  by  Gale,  and  present- 
ed to  Bausch  ^-  Lomb  by  the  University 
of  Chicago.  The  engine  is  capable  of 
ruling  gratings  up  to  150  mm  in  length 
and  300  mm  wide.  However,  more  work 
must  be  done  on  the  machine  before  this 
full  area  can  be  used.  At  present  the 
largest  gratings  ruled  are  153  x  203  mm. 
Gratings  ranging  from  60  to  2,160 
grooves  per  mm  are  ruled !  The  pre- 
cision screw  has  been  studied  and  a 
brass  cam  cut  to  exactly  correct  the  er- 
ror. Engraving  is  done  with  a  carefully 
shaped    diamond    point.    The    diamond 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


QUARTZ  CRYSTALS 

Hoiv  a  VI4  hour  "gem-cutting"  operation 
became  an  8-mi)iute  fuecluniizeel  job 


PROBLEM:  Pi-eparing  quartz 
crystals  for  use  as  electronic 
frequency  controls  calls  for 
the  highest  degi-ee  of  preci- 
sion. So  much  so,  in  fact,  that  prior  to  World 
War  II  skilled  gem -cutters  were  employed 
to  do  the  job. 

But  during  the  war.  there  were  not  enough 
gem-cutters  to  keep  up  \\'ith  the  demand  for 
crystals  in  radar,  military  communications 
and  other  appUcations. 

Western  Electric  tackled  the  job  of  build- 
ing into  machines  the  skill  and  precision  that 
had  previously  called  for  the  most  liighly 
skilled  operatoi-s. 

SOLUTION:  Here  is  how  quartz  crj'stals  are 
made  now — by  semi-skiUed  labor  in  a  fraction 
of  the  time  formerly  reqtiired: 

A  quartz  stone  is  shced  into  wafers  on  a 
reciprocating  diamond-edged  saw,  after  de- 
tennination  of  optical  and  electrical  axes  by 
means  of  an  oil  bath  and  an  X-ray  machine. 
Hairline  accuracy  is  assm-ed  by  an  orienting 
fixture. 

The  wafers  are  cut  into  rectangles  on  ma- 
chines equipped  \nxh  diamond  saws.  The 
himian  element  is  practicaUj-  eliminated  by 
means  of  adjustable  stops  and  other  semi- 
automatic featvires. 

The  quartz  rectangles  are  lapped  automatic- 
ally to  a  thickness  tolerance  of  plus  or  minus 
.0001".  A  timer  prevents  overlapping.  Finally, 
edges  are  gi'ound  to  specific  length  and  width 


dimensions  on  machines  with  fully  automatic 
microfeed  systems. 

Most  of  these  machines  were  either  com- 
pletely' or  largely  designed  and  developed  by 
\\'estem  Electric  engineer. 

RESULTS:  With  skill  built  into  the  machines 

— with  costly  hand  operations  eliminated — 
this  Western  Electric  mechanization  program 
raised  production  of  quartz  crystals  from  a 
few  thousand  a  year  to  neai'ly  a  million  a 
month  dm-ing  the  war  yeai-s.  This  is  just  one 
of  the  many  unusual  jobs  undertaken  and 
solved  by  Western  Electric  engineers. 


Quartz  swnes  are  cut  into  ua/ers  on  this  ciiamvna-eagea  saw, 
with  orientation  to  optical  axis  controlled  by  fixture.  This  is 
Just  one  of  sei-eral  types  of  machines  designed  and  developed 
by  Western  Electric  engineers  to  mechanize  quartz  cutting. 


Western 


Electric 


A  UNIT  OF  THE   BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE   1882 


...   Kearny,   N.  J.;  Baltimore,  Md.;  Indianapolis,   Ind.;  Allenfown  and  taureldale.  Pa.;  Burllngfon, 

Greensboro    and    Winston-Salem,    N.    C;    Buffalo,    N.    Y.;    Haverhill  and  Lawrence 


Manufacturing    plants  in   Chicago, 


,    ...    _.,    ,    „.,„  ^w„,c,,ce,  Mass.;  Lincoln,  Neb.;  St.  Paul  and  Duluth,  Minn. 

Distributing    Centers   in    29   cities  and   Installation   headquarters  in   15  cities.  Company  headquarters,  195  Broadway,  New  York  City. 


OCTOBER,   1954 


33 


carriage  is  carefully  designed  and  built 
to  give  the  same  straight  line  motion 
with  each  stroke. 

Master  gratings  are  ruled  on  blanks 
of  borosilicate  crown  glass  coated  with 
a  heavy  layer  of  vacuum  evaporated 
aluminum.  The  actual  ruling  of  a  mas- 
ter grating  is  a  long  slow  process.  Ad- 
justment and  orientation  of  the  ruling 
diamond  may  take  more  than  a  day. 
Twenty  five  points  on  the  engine  must 
be  checked,  lubricated,  or  adjusted.  The 
engine  is  allowed  to  run  for  18  or  20 
hours  to  allow  it  to  come  to  its  final 
operating  temperature.  The  normal  rul- 
ing speed  is  10  strokes  per  minute  or 
600  per  hour.  On  a  grating  with  600 
grooves  per  mm,  the  rate  of  ruling  is 
1  mm  per  hour  or  about  1  inch  per  day. 
A  wide  variety  of  tests  are  run  on  the 
finished  gratings  to  s;e  that  they  meet 
all   specifications. 

Much  work  has  gone  into  the  devel- 
opment of  a  process  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  a  diffraction  grating  which  main- 
tains the  quality  of  the  master  grating. 
The  following  process  is  used  by  Bausch 
&  Lomb  for  making  their  "Certified 
Precision"  gratings.  The  grooves  are 
formed  in  a  thin  layer  of  plastic  which 
adheres  to  a  glass  backing  plate.  The 
plastic  is  not  subject  to  deterioration 
but  is  easily  damaged  by  wiping,  brush- 
ing, or  touching  the  surface.  Reflec- 
tance gratings  are  coated  with  alum- 
inum. This  coating  can  be  renewed  if 
the  aluminum  becomes  stained.  Trans- 
mission gratings  can  be  used  only  in  the 
regions  of  the  spectrum  where  glass  is 
transparent. 

The    number   of   grooves   per   mm    or 


CROSS  SECTION    DIAGRAM    OF    DIFFRACTION  GRATING 


S=  BLAZE   ANGLE 

o=  ANGLE  OF   INCIDENCE 

/8=  ANGLE  OF   DIFFRACTION 
FOR  BLAZED  WAVE- 
LENGTH 

0=  GRATING    SPACING 


Profile  view  of  a  reflectance  grating.  Transmission  gratings  hove  the  some 
shape. 


its  reciprocal,  the  grating  constant  is  of 
great  importance  in  determining  the 
properties  of  a  grating.  The  groove 
wiilth  must  not  be  less  than  the  longest 
wave  length  to  be  studied.  The  grating 
acts  chiefly  as  a  reflector  for  longer 
wavelengths.  This  property  is  useful 
where  it  is  desirable  to  separate  visible 
light  from  infrared  by  the  use  of  fine 
diffraction  gratings  for  the  infrared. 

The  first  order  angular  dispersio[i  of 
a  grating  is  directh'  proportional  to  the 
number  of  grooves  per  mm.  It  is  possible 


The   Michelson-Gale    ruling    engine 
mm.  can  be  made. 


Gratingswith    up    to    2,160    rulings    ps 


to  get  greater  dispersion  by  using  a 
grating  in  a  higher  order  or  by  using 
lenses  of  a  longer  focal  length  to  get  a 
larger  grating  to  spectrum  distance. 
There  is  an  upper  limit  of  about  900 
grooves  per  mm  for  practical  transmis- 
sion gratings.  This  is  because  that  light 
cannot  escape  from  the  groove  face  at 
an  angle  exceeding  that  of  the  groove 
face. 

Modern  diffraction  gratings  are 
blazed  by  controlling  the  groove  face 
angle  so  as  to  concentrate  the  spectral 
energy  in  the  desired  region  of  the  spec- 
trum. The  wanted  angle  is  found  by 
using  the  wavelength  at  the  center  of 
the  desired  region  and  calculating  the 
groove  face  angle  for  which  the  specu- 
larly reflected  light  will  have  the  same 
angle  as  the  diffracted  light.  Ciratings 
ruled  with  grooves  should  have  two  dif- 
ferent blazed  regions,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  zero  order.  The  gratings  are  us- 
ually designed  with  a  relatively  small 
angle  on  one  side  for  use  in  the  first  or 
second  order  spectra  and  a  steep  side 
which  can  be  used  for  high  order  work. 
This  makes  it  possible  to  use  the  same 
grating   for  a   wide  variety   of   work. 

The  blaze  angle  of  reflectance  grat- 
ings is  calculated  from  the  fact  that  the 
angle  of  reflectance  is  equal  to  the  angle 
of  incidence.  The  blaze  angle  in  trans- 
mission gratings  is  calculated  on  the 
assumption  that  the  angle  of  incidence 
is  mormal  to  the  ruled  surface  and  that 
the  ra\  passes  thru  the  glass  and  emerges 
troni  the  ruled  surface.  The  blaze  angle 
for  a  transmission  grating  is  the  groove 
face  angle  that  refracts  the  transmitted 
light  of  the  blazed  wavelength  at  the 
angle  of  diffraction  for  that  wavelength. 
Rowland  ghosts  are  caused  by  periodic 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1954  — America's  first  jet  transport,  the  Boeing  Stratoliner,  550  m.p.h. 


Two  trail-blazing  transports ...  both  Boeings 


America's  pioneer  transcontinental  air- 
line passenger  plane,  the  40A  of  1927, 
was  a  Boeing.  Today,  America's  first  jet 
transport  is  another  Boeing,  the  707. 
This  quarter-centun'  of  commercial  de- 
sign leadership  is  paralleled  bv  militar-/ 
design  leadership  ranging  from  the  old 
B-9  bomber  to  the  fiohter-fast  Bceing 
B-47  and  B-52  jet  bombers  of  todav. 

For  38  years  Boeing  engineers  have 
blazed  exciting  new  trails  in  design,  re- 
search and  production.  Thev  re  blazing 
them  todav  in  jet  aircraft,  guided  mis- 
siles, and  research  in  supersonic  flight 
and  the  application  of  nuclear  power 
to  aircraft. 

If  such  new-horizon  engineering  ap- 
peals  to   )ou,    Boeing   offers   a   reward- 


ing career,  whether  you  are  in  civil, 
mechanical,  electrical  or  aeronautical  en- 
gineering, or  a  related  field.  Boeing  is 
expanding  stcadilv,  and  employs  more 
engineers  todav  than  even  at  the  peak 
cf  ^^'orld  War  II.  Boeing  also  promotes 
from  within,  and  holds  regular  merit  re- 
views to  give  you  individual  recognition. 

.\t  Boeing  you'll  find  an  unusual  range 
cf  cpportunitv,  from  applied  research  to 
production  design,  from  work  with  new 
materials  and  techniques  to  contacts  with 
a  cross-section  of  industr\-  through  the 
company's  vast  subcontracting  program. 
Boeing  employs  draftsmen  and  engi- 
neering aides  to  handle  much  routine 
work,  thus  freeing  engineers  for  more 
stimulating  assignments. 


20 
15 
10*1 
5*1 


L 


lO-i 


40', 


50-; 


Boeing  engineers  enjoy  stable  careers 
— 469c  having  been  with  Boeing  for  5 
years  or  more;  25 Cc  for  10,and6'^  for  15. 
Many  engineers  have  been  here  25  years, 
and  7  ha\e  been  with  Boeing  for  30. 

Boeing  helps  engineers  continue  their 
graduate  studies,  and  reimburses  them 
for  tuition  c.\pcnses. 

For    further    Boeing    career    informoiion, 
consu!i    your    P'ocemenf    Office,   or    write: 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer-Personnel 
Coring  Airplsns  Compsny,  Ssattis  14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE.  WASHINGTON        WICHITA,  KANSAS 


OCTOBER,   1954 


35 


"IF  I  REMEMBER  CORRECTLY,  I   SAID  THERE 
WOULD  BE  AN  EXAM   TODAY" 


i^^v'^ 

^^^^^^^^K  *<<*^ 

^^^^^^^  ^ff     / 

(   S^ 

li  \7k  N 

"GET  AN  EDUCATION!  DON'T  WC 
ABOUT  MARKS -BY  THE  WA);  YO 
FINAL  EXAM  WILL  BE 

soioOFmumiy 


"NO  EXCUSES!  YOU  KNOW  I  DON'T  TOLERATE  TARDINESS/" 


THAT  LI'L  OL'  ALARM  CLOCK-HA!  HA/-GOES  BAD  SOMETIMES../' IS? fiS^^^^^^ 


9im7 


.fffKl 


S   NOTHING,  REALLY     JUST  A  NEW 
IRADING    CURVE  I'M  USING - 
EVERYBODY    FLUNKS! 


NSHAW,  LET'S  STICK    WITH  THE 
.AB    MANUAL,  HMMMM? 


"IT'S  SO  NICE  OF  YOU  BOYS   TO 

HELP   ME  TO  MY  OmCL  HOW 
FOOLISH  OF  ME  TO  FORGET  MY  GLASSES." 


THIS  GENERATION!  IRRf SPONSIBLE!  UNINTEllMNT! 
my  EVEN  YOUR  SLANG  HAS  REACWED  A  NEW  LOW! 


HEX  REF!  YOU  VACUUM  HEAD!  YOiJ  SHMOEi 
GOlGOl  YOU  CRAZr  TEAM/  CLOBBER  THEM/ 


Welded  Steel  Designs  Cost 
Less  Because: 

1.  Steel   is  3  times  stronger  than 
gray  iron. 

2.  Steel  is  2'/2  times  as  rigid. 

3.  Steel  costs  a  third  as  much  as  iron. 

Ultimate  savings  are  limited  only  by  the 
ingenuity  of  the  designer. 

IMPROVES  APPEARANCE 
SIMPLIFIES  PRODUCTION 
CUTS  COST 

YOL'R  success  as  a  designer  depends 
on  your  ability  lo  keep  costs  down 
on  products  you  design.  By  properly 
applying  the  principles  of  welded  steel 
construction,  cost  of  manufacture  can 
he  reduced  substantially  because  mate- 
rial costs  are  less,  actual  production  is 
simpler.  In  addition,  the  product  is 
stronger,  more  rugged,  has  modern 
appearance. 

The  examples  show  how  one  designer 
has  applied  the  principles  of  welded  steel 
to  a  machine  base.  The  sturdy  box-type 
construction  of  the  steel  design  elimi- 
nates weight  because  of  steel's  greater 
strength  and  rigidity.  Considerable  ma- 
chining, cleaning  and  finishing  of  form- 
er castings  has  been  eliminated.  .More 
modern  in  appearance,  nevertheless,  the 
steel  design  costs  15?o  less  to  produce. 


Fig.  1  —  Original 
Design  oj  u  ire 
i  !  ya  1  g  /}  /  e  It  ht  g 
machine.  Re- 
quired  consider- 
able machining, 
cleaning  and 
finishing  prior 
to  painting. 


Fig.  2  — Welded  De- 
sign io>/i  /5°S  less, 
lias  irnprored  ap- 
pearance .  .  .  better 
selling  appeal.  Tests 
show  base  has  great- 
er rigidity  than  in 
original  construc- 
tion. 


IDEAS  FOR  DESIGNERS 

Latest  data  on  designing  machinery  for 
welded  steel  construction  is  available  to 
engineering  students  in  the  form  of  bul- 
letins and  handbooks.  W  rite: 


THE  LINCOLN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 
Cleveland  17,  Ohio 

THE  WORLD'S  LARGEST  MANUFACTURER   OF 
ARC  WELDING  EQUIPMENT 


error  in  the  spacing  of  the  grooves.  Even 
the  best  precision  screw  ever  made  has 
a  small  amount  of  error  that  will  pro- 
duce ghosts.  The  error  may  result  from 
inaccuracies  in  the  screw  itself  or  from 
improper  operation  of  the  bearings.  Row- 
land ghosts  appear  as  pairs  of  lines  on 
each  side  of  the  parent  line.  Their  po- 
sition depends  on  the  wavelength  of  the 
parent  line  and  the  number  of  grooves 
in  each  period  of  error.  The  intensity 
of  the  ghosts  is  proportional  to  the 
equare  of  the  error  and  to  the  square 
of  the  order.  Thus,  the  third  order  ghost 
is  nine  times  as  intense  as  the  first  order 
ghost. 

Satillites  are  misplaced  lines  in  the 
spectrum  occuring  very  close  to  the  par- 
ent line.  They  are  caused  by  a  small 
number  of  misplaced  grooves  in  a  local- 
ized   part   of    the   grating.    If    there   are 


Shortly  before  the  invasion  started,  a 
general  and  his  staft  were  watching  a 
troop-carrying  glider  go  by.  From  it 
came  a  carrier  pigeon.  Powerful  field 
glasses  followed  the  bird  to  a  near-by 
field.  A  colonel  raced  over,  got  the  bird, 
took  the  message  from  his  leg,  raced 
back,  and  breathlessly  handed  it  to  the 
general.  He  opened  it  with  trembling 
hands,  read  it,  cursed,  and  threw  it  on 
the  ground.  Then  he  walked  away,  his 
face  a  bright  purple.  The  colonel 
waited  a  moment,  then  picked  up  the 
message.    It    read :    "I    have    been    sent 

down   for  being  naughty  in  my  cage." 

«        *        » 

Coed:  "What  wonderfully  developed 
arms  you  have!" 

Guard:  "Yeah,  I'm  on  the  squad.  By 
the  way,  were  you  ever  on  the  track 
team  ?" 


"S'WWWWW's'^s  s^^S 


w  g  -g-  ^  'g  ■#  's'  p'^'g  g  g"' 


Underground  laboratory  for  ruling  gratings.  Extreme  precautions 
to  ovoid  vibrations  and  to  assure  constant  temperature. 


are 


token 


only  one  or  two,  they  can  usually  be 
masked   off. 

The  resolving  power  of  a  grating  is 
a  measure  of  its  ability  to  separate  two 
lines  with  a  very  small  wa\elength  dif- 
ference between  them.  High  resolving 
power  is  achieved  by  freedom  from  satel- 
lites and  through  the  use  of  high  quali- 
ty blanks.  High  quality  lenses,  mirrors, 
slits,  and  prisms  must  be  used.  Thermal 
air  currents  and  vibration  of  the  ap- 
paratus must  be  controlled  to  get  high 
resolving   power. 

Usually,  diffraction  gratings  are  used 
in  parallel  light.  A  collimator  lense  or 
a  concave  mirror  is  used  ahead  of  the 
grating  while  a  similar  arrangement  is 
used  following  the  grating.  Mirrors  are 
used  to  advantage  when  the  system 
must  be  achromatic  and  when  the  work 
must  cover  a  large  spectral   range. 


Small  Son:  "Im  not  afraid  of  going 
to  the  hospital,  mother.  I'll  be  brave 
and  take  the  medicine,  and  do  every- 
thing they  ask  me  to — except  I'm  not 
going  to  let  them  palm  off  a  baby  on 
me,  like  you  did.  What  I  want  is  a 
pup." 


The  colonel  was  lecturing  a  class  of 
incipient  officers.  "A  forty-foot  Hag  pole 
has  fallen  down,"  he  said.  "\  ou  have  a 
sergeant  and  a  squad  of  men.  How  do 
you  erect  the  flagpole  again?" 

The  candidates  thought,  then  made 
suggestions  about  block  and  tackle,  der- 
ricks, and  so  on. 

"You're  all  \vrong,"  said  the  colonel. 
"You   say:    'Sergeant,    get   that   flagpole 

up.'  " 

»        »        * 

Prof:  "Why  aren't  you  taking  notes?" 

Student:    "I    don't   have   to.    I'xe   got 

my  grandfather's.  " 

*        *       s 

An  engineer  is  a  guy  who  is  educated 
in  the  art  of  developing  new  and  differ- 
ent ways  of  making  the  same  mistake. 
»       »       * 

A  young  man  whose  father  had  been 
hanged  «"as  filling  out  a  college  appli- 
cation. After  the  usual  hereditary  ques- 
tions there  was  one  asking  the  cause  of 
the  death  of  his  parents.  He  thought 
awhile  and  finally  put  down  this  ans- 
wer: "Mother  died  of  pneumonia. 
Father  was  taking  part  in  a  public  cere- 
mony when  the  platform  gave  way.  " 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  laboratory  assistant  above >  takes  a  fraction  from  one  of  the 
new  miniature  stills  at  Standard  Oil's  Whitinar  laboratories.  The 
small  charge  in  the  large  bottle  below  can  be  separated  into  60 
fractions  in  these  exact  stills. 


MINIATURE 
STILLS 

Valuable  Laboratory  Aids 


Some  stills  in  oil  refineries  are  gigantic 
devices  which  process  30,000  barrels  of 
petroleum  a  day.  Others  are  so  small — and 
so  exact  —  that  they  may  take  more  than  a 
week  to  distill  five  ounces  of  liquid. 

Scientists  at  Standard  Oil's  Whiting 
laboratories  now  are  working  with  eight 
new  miniature  stills  so  precise  they  are 
considered  the  finest  of  their  type  in  the 
world.  These  stills,  installed  last  year,  are 
used  to  study  liquids  produced  during  re- 
search on  such  things  as  aviation  gasoline, 
synthetic  lubricants  and  detergents,  plas- 
tics and  plasticizers,  and  petrochemicals. 

Laboratory  men  often  work  with  only  an 
ounce  of  liquid  which  may  be  made  up  of 
himdreds  of  different  chemical  compounds. 
Technicians  usually  wind  up  with  individ- 
ual "fractions"  of  about  1  50  of  an  ounce 
to  be  examined  with  mass  and  infra-red 
spectrometers,  chromatography  and  other 
aids. 

Another  new  research  still  at  Standard 
Oil's  WTiiting  laboratories  has  a  packed 
column  one  inch  in  diameter  and  16  feet 
high.  It  is  probably  the  most  efficient 
packed  column  ever  built. 

Such  precise  up-to-the-minute  labora- 
tory equipment  helps  Standard  Oil  scien- 
tists in  their  never-ending  search  for  new 
and  better  products.  And  it  offers  young 
technical  men  the  assurance  that  Standard 
Oil  is  a  sound,  progressive  place  to  build 
a  scientific  career. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  80,  Illinois 

STANDARD 


3CTOBER,    1954 


39 


the  lighter  side 


SALTIER 
SAILORS 


by  H.  V.  Krone 


On  Sundav  morning,  November  lb,  1947,  I  had  mv 
first  look  at  the  U.  S.  S.  Canisteo,  A.  O.  99,  a  25,000  ton 
navy  oil  tanker,  aboard  which  I  was  to  report  for  duty. 
The  Canisteo  was  tied  up  at  one  of  the  piers  in  Philadelphia 
Navy  Yard  where  she  had  just  spent  several  weeks  in  dry 
dock.  Although  the  ship  was  still  relatively  young,  having 
been  commissioned  late  in  1945,  she  was,  nevertheless,  con- 
sidered to  be  one  of  the  "saltier"  ships  of  the  navy,  due  to 
the  fact  that  she  had  been  a  part  of  the  last  big  Antarctic 
expedition.  I  was  to  find  out  later  that  the  crew  was  equally 
as  "salty,"  all  of  them  being  bonafide  "Shellbacks,"  a  status 
which  can  be  attained  only  by  sailing  across  the  equator.  Each 
carried  a  certificate  to  the  effect  that  he  was  qualified  for 
"spitting  into  the  wind,"  and  possessed  various  other  talents 
which  are  peculiar  to  the  "Shellback."  I  had  gotten  quite  a 
complete  story  on  the  Canisteo  from  an  ex-crew  member 
whom  I  had  met  on  the  train  ride  from  Norfolk  Naval  Re- 
ceiving Station  where  I  had  been  waiting  for  a  duty  assign- 
ment. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  No\ember  17,  the  Canisteo 
pulled  away  from  the  Philadelphia  pier  and  moved  down 
the  Delaware  River  heading  out  toward  the  Atlantic — my 
first  cruise!  It  was  rather  short,  however,  as  three  miles 
down  the  river  the  ship  tied  up  at  a  small  island  called  "Fort 
MifHin"  where  all  hands  worked  up  a  nice  sweat  loading 
amnuuution  for  the  4(lmm,  3  inch,  and  5  inch  guns. 

M)'  particular  job  aboard  the  Canisteo  was  maintenance 
of  the  electronic  equipment,  and  my  indoctrination  into  this 
job  was  not  long  in  coming.  About  two  hours  after  leaving 
Fort  Mifflin,  the  P.  A.  system  blared  out  my  name  request- 
ing, rather  forcefully,  that  I  report  to  the  bridge.  I  was 
shown  into  the  radar  room  where  I  saw,  for  the  first  time, 
an  S.  L  .  t\pe  surface  search  radar  set.  The  executive  officer, 
who  had  shown  me  in,  explained  that  the  set  wasn't  work- 
ing correctly  and  left  with  the  words  "fix  it."  The  next 
several  minutes  being  highly  unsuccessful  on  my  part,  the 
other  technician  aboard,  Charley  Hays,  who  like  myself  was 
just  out  of  the  navy's  one  year  training  course  in  electronics 
and  with  no  practical  experience,  was  invited  to  join  me  in 
the  effort.  It  was  soon  apparent  that  two  green  technicians 
were  no  better  than  one.  To  add  to  our  misery,  the  ship 
had  passed  out  of  the  Delaware  into  the  Atlantic,  and  the 
roll  of  the  ship  gave  us  anything  but  a  comfortable  feeling. 
Around  2200,  the  electrical  power  system  went  out,  includ- 
ing the  auxiliary  power  unit,  giving  us  a  much  needed  ex- 
cuse for  giving  up  on  the  radar  and  turning  into  our  bunks. 

At  reveille  the  following  morning  I  was  quite  surprised 
to  discover  that  we  were  tied  up  to  a  pier  again,  and  even 


more  surprised  when  I  learned  it  was  a  pier  at  Norfolk 
Naval  base,  where  I  had  left  not  too  many  hours  before  on  a 
long  train  ride  to  Philadelphia.  But  this  I  passed  off  as 
just  another  example  of  Navy  efficiency.  The  plan  of  the 
day  here  was  the  taking  aboard  of  food  supplies  with  an 
extra  item — the  repair  of  the  S.  U.  radar.  The  solution  to 
the  radar  troubles,  we  found  was  really  very  simple.  It 
took  only  a  Chief  Machinists  Mate,  who  had  observed  an 
S.  U.  being  repaired,  to  suggest  that  we  try  changing  the 
magnetron.  This  we  did  and  the  set  worked  perfectly.  We 
were  both  relieved  and  embarrassed. 

On  November  19,  the  Canisteo  left  Norfolk — destina- 
tion Bahrein,  Arabia.  This  was  what  I  had  been  looking 
forward  to  since  the  day  of  enlistment — travel,  adventure, 
romance,  etc.  I  soon  found  out,  however,  that  there  was  a 
a  great  deal  of  work  concerned  in  running  a  ship.  The  Can- 
isteo. like  most  of  the  Ser\ice  Force  ships,  was  badly  under- 
manned, and  so  Hays  and  I  were  forced  into  taking  our 
share  of  the  radar  watches  as  well  as  maintaining  it  and  all 
the  other  electronic  equipment  aboard.  In  the  first  few  days, 
we  became  very  well  acquainted  with  the  S.  L .  radar.  At 
times  the  maintenance  hours  were  almost  as  great  as  the 
operation  hours.  We  became  very  proficient  at  trouble  shoot- 
ing. We  were  having  more  difficulty,  however,  in  keeping 
control  of  our  stomachs.  The  Atlantic  was  keeping  it's  repu- 
tation of  being  a  rough  sea,  and  the  tanker,  being  empty, 
was  riding  the  swells  like  a  huge  cork.  I  was  advised  not 
to  miss  the  regular  meals,  if  I  was  to  avoid  sea-sickness,  so 
I  ate  heartily  each  time  although  generally  with  difficulty. 
Meanwhile  Hays  and  I  were  watching  each  other  to  see 
who  might  have  the  first  laugh.  An  incident  during  work 
on  the  radar  decided  that  point.  Hays  had  unwiselv  volun- 
teered to  go  for  a  spare  part  which  was  needed  at  the 
moment.  The  spare  parts  were  stored,  in  a  disorderly  fash- 
ion, many  boxes  deep  in  a  rather  small  compartment.  As  is 
usually  the  case,  the  part  needed  was  in  a  bo.x  near  the  bot- 
tom of  the  pile.  A  quick  shift  of  a  few  boxes  and  a  modified 
handstand,  was  the  quickest  way  to  the  part.  It  also  meant 
a  quick  trip  to  the  rail  for  Hays  where  he  lost  one  good 
navy  meal  and  a  little  blood.  I  felt  too  sorry  for  him  to 
laugh. 

On  November  24th,  the  ships  orders  were  changed  by 
radio.  We  were  to  go  to  Ras  Tenura  instead  of  Bahrein. 
The  change  was  minor  as  both  Bahrein  and  Ras  Teniua 
are  situated  on  the  Persian  gulf  on  the  east  side  of  Arabia. 
The  complete  trip  was  to  take  us  through  the  Mediterranean, 
down  through  the  Suez  canal,  the  Red  Sea,  around  the 
southern  tip  of  Arabia,  and  up  into  the  Persian  Gulf. 

On  November  28th,  Cape  Trafalgar,  near  Gibralter 
became  visable.  This,  according  to  Lt.  Charles,  a  reservist 
on  cruise  who  seemed  to  know  history  very  well,  was  where 
the  famous  Admiral  Nelson  beat  the  combined  French  and 
Spanish  fleets  in  18(15,  getting  himself  thoroughly  killed  in 
the  process.  Lt.  Charles,  I  might  add,  possessed  a  spark- 
ling wit  and  good  talent  for  writing.  These  he  put  to  use. 
to  the  enjoyment  of  the  whole  crew,  as  feature  writer  for 
the  "Oily  Rag,"  the  ship's  newspaper.  The  "Oily  Rag,  " 
whose  slogan  was  "covers  the  Canisteo  like  the  rust,"  fea- 
tured news  picked  up  by  the  radiomen,  weather,  occasional 
editorials  by  the  Captain,  "letters  to  the  editor,"  and  hu- 
morous articles  by  Charles,  written  mostly  about  the  "goings 
on"  around  the  ship.  The  "letters  to  the  editor  "  were  ob- 
viously also  a  product  of  the  Charles  wit.  A  typical  letter, 
with  answer,  would  read  like  this: 

Sir: 

I  have  suffered  a  nasty  sprain  of  the  wrist 
while  strumming  my  guitar  in  the  line  of  duty. 
How  much  convalescent  leave  may  I  expect 
when  we  reach  the  States? 

S — Purple  Heart. 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


oweba^^ 


•  College  Engineering  groups — large  or  small — are 
in\ited  to  \isit  the  Allison  Powerama  in  Indianap- 
olis, Indiana. 

\Miat  is  it?  The  Powerama  is  a  permanent  ex- 
hibit which  dramatically  presents  the  stor)-  of  pio- 
neering and  progress  in  power. 

You  can  spend  hours  in  the  big  display  room  and 
enjoy  every  minute  of  it.  For  instance  .  .  . 

You'll  see  a  model  test  stand  where  a  miniature 
turbo-prop  engine  and  .Aeroproducts  propeller  are 
put  through  simulated  tests. 

Or,  you  can  push  a  lever  and  start  a  model  jet 
plane  on  its  flight  and  see  how  much  fuel  is  required 
for  take-off'  and  flight. 


Too,  you  can  sit  in  a  bucket  seat  and  actually  put 
a  General  Patton  tank  through  its  paces  on  a  giant- 
sized  turntable. 

There  are  dozens  of  moving  and  "talking"  dis- 
plays .  .  .  displays  like  the  working  model  of  a 
portion  of  the  AUison  bearing  plant — the  world's 
only  fully  automatic  steel-backed  bronze  bearing 
foundrv. 

These  few  highlights  give  you  an  idea  of  the  scope 
of  the  Powerama.  Class  groups  or  technical  so- 
cieties especialh  are  in\ited  to  schedule  a  visit  to 
the  Po\vER.-\MA.  Requests  should  be  made  in  writing 
to:  Powerama,  Allison  Division,  General  Motors 
Corporation,  Indianapolis  6,  Indiana. 


Y^ 


DIVISION,    GENERAL    MOTORS    CORPORATION,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


Design,  development  and  production— high  power  TURBINE  ENGINES,  PROPELLERS  and  ACTUATORS  for  modern 
aircraft  .  .  .  heavy  duty  TORQMATIC  DRIVES  for  Ordnance  and  Commercial  vehicles  .  .  .  DIESEL  LOCOMOTIVE 
PARTS  .  .  .  PRECISION  BEARINGS  for  gasoline  end  Diesel  engines  and  special  application. 


OCTOBER,    1954 


41 


Ans. : 

Counting  brig  time  of  3  months,  1  would 
judge  about  90  days. 
Needless  to  say,  the  paper  was  heartily  enjoyed  by  the  crew. 

The  plans  were  for  a  two  day  stop  in  Gibraltar.  We  en- 
tered the  gulf  of  Algeceras  and  steamed  in  toward  the 
"Rock."  On  the  port  side  was  the  winter  resort  town  of 
Algeciras  and  off  to  the  starboard  the  "Rock"  which  has 
been  the  key  to  British  control  of  the  seaways  for  over  100 
years.  Two  sidewheel  tugs,  which  could  have  been  refu- 
gees from  the  days  of  Mark  Twain,  escorted  us  to  the  quay- 
side at  Gibraltar   Naval   Base. 

Since  liberty  for  the  crew  was  handed  out  on  a  two 
section  basis,  I  was  both  surprised  and  happy  to  see  my  name 
on  the  shore  patrol  list  for  the  first  night.  Here  was  an 
opportunity  to  go  ashore  two  evenings  instead  of  one.  Six 
enlisted  men  and  two  officers  made  up  the  S.  P.  force,  and 
our  job,  of  course,  was  to  keep  the  liberty  section  out  of 
tiouble.  In  order  to  accomplish  this,  it  was  necessary  to  go 
wherever  the  crew  went — not  at  all  a  dull  assignment. 
We,  of  course,  anticipated  no  trouble  from  our  own  crew. 
After  a  rather  brief  sightseeing  and  souvenir  buying  tour, 
most  of  the  crew  were  ready  for  the  more  interesting  pur- 
suits. I  had  been  9  days  without  so  much  as  a  cold  beer 
for  them.  (Gibraltar  featured  a  wide  variety  of  bars  and  nite 
clubs,  the  most  popular  spots  being  the  Arizona  bar  and  the 
"Wintergardens  '  dance  hall.  The  greater  part  of  the  crew 
settled  in  the  "Wintergardens"  which  featured  ten  lovely 
hostesses  who  danced  and  drank  with  the  guests.  The  crew, 
in  general,  was  behaving  in  a  gentlemaji-like  manner  and 
this  bvisiness  of  being  a  shore-patrolman  seemed  to  be  one 
of  just  watching  them  have  a  good  time.  This  I  found  to 
be  sadly  untrue  however,  as  on  a  routine  check  from  the 
"Arizona"  bar  to  the  "Wintergardens,"  we  stepped  inside 
just  in  time  to  see  "Flags,"  the  big  six  foot  signalman,  down 
on  all  fours,  peering  delightedly  up  at  one  of  the  hostesses, 
pointing,  and  yelling,  "Look!",  "No  skivvies!",  "No  skiv- 
vies!" Although  the  crew  was  enjoying  the  whole  situation, 
the  management  was  a  little  unhapp\'  and  insisted,  rather 
strongh',  that  "Flags"  leave.  So  we  led  him  outside,  con- 
vinced him  he  had  had  a  few  too  many,  and  obtained  a 
solemn  promise  from  him  that  he  would  go  back  to  the  ship. 
It  turned  out  that  we  were  a  bit  too  gullible  however,  en- 
trusting him  to  go  back,  as  approximately  twenty  minutes 
later  we  found  "Flags"  two  blocks  up  the  street  in  a  big 
ihubarb  with  two  husky  British  M.  P.'s.  It  seems  that 
"Flags"  had  been  violating  a  local  ordinance  which  forbids 
drinking  in  the  streets  and  when  the  M.  P.'s  intervened,  was 
loudh'  shouting  his  contempt  for  all  the  "dirty,  yellow, 
limies."  This  time  three  of  us  went  all  the  way  to  the 
ship  with  "Flags." 

Liberty  for  the  second  section  was  granted  after  a  stern 
lecture  from  the  "exec,"  and  passed  without  notable  inci- 
dent. On  November  30th,  we  moved  out  of  Ciibraltar  har- 
bor in  the  middle  of  a  roaring  westerly  gale.  The  rough 
weather  didn't  last,  however,  and  soon  it  was  smooth  sail- 
ing in  the  Mediterranean  with  the  crew  once  again  settled 
down  in  the  routine  work  of  running  the  ship.  Another  edi- 
tion of  the  "Oily  Rag"  was  published  and  among  the  "let- 
ters to  the  editor"  was  the  following: 

Sir: 

I  would  like  to  check  a  story  I  heard  dur- 
ing our  last  liberty — are  there  still  apes  on  the 
Rock  of  Gibraltar? 

S — Nature  Lover 
Ans. : 

According  to  the  MAA's  report,  all  hands 
returned  on  time  and  sailed  with  the  ship  as 
scheduled. 


Also  appearing  was  the  following  article: 

Are  we  Asiatic  or  is  this  a  sandstorm  160 

miles  at  sea?  First  point  not  settled  ;  but  it  is 

a  sandstorm  direct  from  the  Sahara. 

Radar  indicates  island  of  Malta  still  afloat 

to  southward   in  spite  of  tough   pasting   from 

Axis  bombers  throughout  World  War  II. 

On  December  7th,  we  ;nrived  at  Port  Said.  We  stopped 
long  enough  to  take  aboard  an  English  pilot,  and,  I  sup- 
pose, make  financial  arrangements  with  the  British.  I  was 
amazed  to  learn  that  there  was  a  "slight"  fee  of  $15,000 
for  passing  through  the  canal  empty  and  $75,000  for  a  ship 
with  full  cargo.  But  on  the  other  hand,  I  could  see  how 
the  digging  of  a  ditch  of  that  size  might  be  rather  expensive. 
There  were  plenty  of  interesting  sights  along  the  Suez 
and  cameras  were  kept  busy.  Huge  bomb  craters  along  the 
canal  were  reminders  that  there  had  recently  been  a  bitter 
war  fought  here.  Africa  Corps  prisoners  were  now  busy 
repairing  the  canal  banks.  Camels — not  really  camels,  but 
their  one-humped  cousins,  the  Dromedaries — were  niuner- 
ous.  Arabs  in  their  small  fishing  boats  along  the  canal 
were  quite  indignant  at  being  disturbed  and  one  stood  up 
shaking  his  fists  at  us  after  almost  being  capsized  by  the 
huge  wake  kicked  up  by  our  big  bulging  tanker.  Top  speed 
through  the  canal  was  supposedly  S  knots,  which  we  ob- 
served only  when  passing  the  British  check  stations  that  ap- 
peared periodically  along  the  "ditch."  We  passed  through 
several  small  lakes,  which  the  canal's  builder,  De  Lesseps, 
had  apparently  taken  advantage  of  to  lessen  the  task  of 
construction.  An  interesting  observation  of  the  design  of 
the  canal  is  the  numerous  bends  which  were  purposly  in- 
cluded to  keep  the  tides  from  rushing  through  and  wash- 
ing away  the  banks. 

After  approximately  14  hours  of  canal  travel,  we  en- 
tered the  Ciulf  of  Suez  at  the  southern  end  of  the  "ditch." 
Here  we  dropped  our  English  pilot  and  entered  the  Red 
Sea.  Shortly  we  were  sailing  over  the  part  of  the  Red  Sea 
where  the  Israelites,  of  biblical  history,  crossed  in  their 
flight  from  Egypt.  Visible  on  the  eastern  shore  was  Mt. 
Sinai,  where  Moses  went  up  and  came  down  with  the  Ten 
Commandments.  Soon  the  Red  Sea  widened  out  and  the 
(lulf  of  Akabah  joined  in.  And  here,  once  again  accord- 
ing to  Lt.  Charles,  is  where  King  Solomon's  Task  Force 
sailed  from  Elath  for  Ophir  when  he  was  in  quest  of  the 
Queen  of  Sheba.  On  December  10th,  we  passed  through 
the  straits  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Red  Sea.  The  straits 
are  known  as  "Bab-el-mandeb,"  which  is  Arabic  for  "(jate 
of  Tears."  Here  a  lot  of  small  craft  have  smashed  up  due 
to  rocks   and   tricky  currents. 

On  December  11th,  Aden  appeared  on  the  port  side. 
Aden,  the  historic  gateway  to  the  east,  is  situated  on  the 
edge  of  an  extinct  volcano.  From  Lt.  Charles  we  learned 
that  Aden  was  once  the  meeting  and  market  place  for  East 
and  West  when  overland  trade  routes  were  the  only  ones 
in  business.  Vasco  DaGama  put  them  out  of  business  by 
sailing  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  established  the 
all-water  route.  The  town  died  but  came  to  life  again  when 
the  Suez  canal  made  it  strategicalh    important. 

On  December  12th,  we  see  from  the  navigators  charts 
that  we  are  passing  the  Hejaz  mountains  which  are  11,000 
feet  high  and  the  highest  in  Arabia.  Three  days  more  sail- 
ing and  we  dropped  "the  hook"  at  Ras  Tenura  in  the  Per- 
sian (julf.  This  port  of  our  destination  was  anything  but 
impressive.  Other  than  the  numerous  oil  derricks  and  tanks, 
the  only  thing  visible  was  sand  and  more  sand.  Fortunate 
for  the  crew  however,  the  skipper  was  a  man  with  foresight 
and  a  great  concern  for  the  morale  of  his  men.  Almost  im- 
mediately upon  arrival,  motor  launches  were  put  over  the 
side,  and  a  goodly  quantity  of  beer  from  the  ships  refriger- 
ators lowered  into  the  boats.  Although  drinking  in  any  form 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


is  stricth'  forbidden  aboard  ship,  there  is  no  hiw  against  beer 
on  the  beach.  So,  joyously,  swimming  ami  fishing  parties 
from  the  first  liberty  section  were  off  in  the  motor  launches, 
well  supplied  with  beer.  When  the  fishing  parties  returned, 
a  few  hours  later,  among  their  catch  was  a  vicious  look- 
ing barracuda.  Liberty  section  number  two  gave  up  the 
idea  of  swimming. 

The  next  day,  we  pulled  alongside  the  pier  to  load 
116,000  barrels  of  cargo  oil  and  motor  gas.  Arabia  had  no 
trouble  in  sparing  it.  (jeologists  have  estimated  that  there 
is  2\(ll)(l,000,000  barrels  of  oil  within  a  50  mile  radius 
of  Ras  Tenura.  That  figure  is  2  billion  more  than  the 
United  States'  total  resources  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 
And  this  was  just  one  of  Arabia's  fields.  They  have  others 
just  as  large  in  other  parts  of  the  country. 

On  December  18th,  with  a  full  cargo  of  oil,  we  backed 
away  from  the  pier  and  began  the  long  trip  home.  Al- 
though the  80  degree  temperature  in  December  was  very 
much  enjoyed  by  most  of  the  crew,  none  were  particularly 
unhapp\  about  laving  Ras  Tenura — which  was  now  popu- 
larly known  as  "Horse-Manura.  "  Shore  leave,  even  had 
it  not  been  strictly  forbidden,  was  most  unattractive  here. 
The  trip  home,  though  over  a  route  now  familiar,  was  not 
of  necessity  a  dull  one.  Christmas  time  found  the  ship  in 
the  Red  Sea  again,  and  the  crew  organized  a  Christmas 
show.  Red  Cross  packages  with  turtle-neck  sweaters  were 
handed  out  as  gifts.  On  December  27th,  we  entered  the 
Suez  canal  again  and  by  this  time  the  turtle-neck  sweaters 
were  very  much  appreciated.  Once  into  the  Mediterannean 
we  were  reminded  that  it  was  still  winter  in  the  northern 
latitudes.  On  New  Years  day  the  Pillars  of  Hercules  (Straits 
of  Gibraltar)  again  came  into  view.  Aboard  the  Canisteo, 
it  was  pay  day — it's  always  pay  day  one  day  out  of  port 
and  on  January  2nd,  the  99  was  to  drop  the  "hook"  in 
Tangier  Bay  where  the  crew  was  to  ha\e  its  first  good 
liberty  in  five  weeks. 

Tangier  is  an  international  city  in  Spanish  Morocco. 
The  population  is  made  up  mostly  of  Arab,  African,  and 
Spanish,  although  almost  all  nationalities  seem  to  be  repre- 
sented. It  was  the  popular  opinion  among  the  crew  that 
the  skipper  had  picked  Tangier  as  the  liberty  port  since  it 
ivas  an  international  city  and  utterly  impossible  for  anyone 
to  get  into  trouble  there.  This  point,  howe\er.  was  ques- 
tionable and  I  was  very  relieved  when  I  checked  the  watch 
hst  and  found  that  I  did  not  have  shore  patrol  duty.  The 
liberty  was  what  it  might  have  been  expected  to  be  for 
3.  crew  which  had  been  at  sea  for  five  weeks. 

On  January  3rd,  we  began  the  last  leg  of  the  trip. 
Bad  weather  was  expected.  We  found  terrible  weather. 
We  were  caught  in  a  series  of  North  Atlantic  storms. 
Winds  of  56  knots  (62  m.p.h )  whipped  up  15  and  20 
ft.  waves.  The  Canisteo  groaned  and  lurched  through 
:hem.  Our  course  was  such  that  the  99  was  taking  an  ap- 
preciable roll  and  even  though  I  was  no  longer  bothered 
ivith  sea-sickness,  I  found  it  almost  impossible  to  sleep  in 
the  new  style  rigid  bunks  which  the  ship  had.  Now  I  could 
appreciate  the  use  of  hammocks  that  sway  with  the  ship 
rather  than  roll  you  over  in  bed.  On  the  third  day,  the 
ikipper  ordered  a  change  of  course  to  ease  the  situation. 
Tankers  are  known  to  break  in  half  in  heavy  seas  such  as 
this  and  it  was  the  general  opinion  that  for  this  reason 
the  skipper  ordered  the  change  in  course.  We  lost  15  miles 
that  da\'.  The  next  day  found  the  wind  subsiding  somewhat, 
md  so  the  Canisteo  went  back  "on  course.  "  On  January 
14th,  after  11  days  of  fighting  the  Atlantic,  the  99  tied  up 
It  Norfolk  Naval  base  again.  Statistics  for  the  complete 
trip  indicated  that  the  Canisteo  had  carried  us  over  20,555 
tniles  of  blue  water  in  50  days  of  sailing.  Ship  and  crew 
ivere  "saltier"  bv  one  two-month  Arabian  cruise. 


^/^  coHdimnme 


Frick  Company  recently  completed  the  engineering 
and  installation  of  a  year  'round  comfort  air  condition- 
ing system  for  the  new  office  annex  of  the  Fairchild  Air- 
craft plant  in  Hagerstown,  Md.,  where  they  manufacture 
their  famous  C-119  Flying  Boxcars. 

The  cooling  load  of  245  tons  of  refrigeration  is  carried 
by  two  Frick  "ECLIPSE"  9-cylinder  high-speed  com- 
pressors. 

For  the  latest  in  air  conditioning  and  refrigeration 
engineering  and  equipment,  look  to  Frick  Company,  now 
in  its  second  century  of  service  to  business  and  industry. 

The  Frick  Craduate  Training  Course  in  Refrigeration  anA  Air  Condition- 
ing, operated  oxer  30  years, offers  a  career  in  a  growing  induslrv. 


MATERIALS-HANDLING  EQUIPMENT 

THAT  SPEEDS  WORK,  SPARES  MEN,  SLASHES  COSTS 

No  other  Mobile  Crane  of  this  type  has  oil  the  features  of 
KRANE  KAR,  More  goes  into  KRANE  KAR  ...  you  get  more 
out  of  KRANE  KAR  .  .  .  more  speed,  more  work,  more  safety. 
Loads  and  Unloads  freight  cars,  trucks,  trailers  .  .  .  Stacks  and 
Stores  .  .  .  expedites  Plant  Maintenance. 

KRANE  KAR  handles  steel  stock  and  forms  of  any  shape  or 
size  within  capacity  (or  scrap  when  equipped  with  magnet); 
transmission  cases,  motors,  cronkcases,  transformers,  etc.  Works 
in  tight  quarters,  low  headroom,  up  and  down  romps  .  .  .any- 
where, in  plant  or  yard.  Often  cuts  handling  costs  to  8i^  a  ton.* 

Safest  Crane  in  its  class,  minimizing  injury  risks  to  men, 
materials,  machine.  Self-Stabiliiing:  dangerous  use  of  [acks 
or  stabilizers  eliminated.  Automatic  Power  Cut-Off  at  ex- 
treme positions  of  Boom-Swing  or  Topping.  Autotnatic 
Braking  of  Load  and  Boom  Lines.  No  Tail-Swing:  no  part 
of  Crone  passes  over  operator's  head. 


Gas  or  Diesel.  9  to  37  ft.  booms  or 
odiusloble  telescopic  booms;  Electric 
magnet,  clamshell  bucket,  and  othe. 
accessories  ovailoble.  Ask  for  illus- 
trated bulletin   ^79. 

USeRS:  Generol  Motors.  Bethlehem 
Steel,  Todd  Shipyards;  Boeing;  Generof 
Electric;  duPont;  Pvllman  Standard;  etc. 

*Wril«  tor  cose  studies. 


Pioneers  of  Heavy  Duty  Mafcrials-Hondling  Equipment  ond  Mfrs  of 
Heavy  Duty  Fork  LIFTRUKs;  Cranes,  Copstans,  and  Winches  for  Motor 
Trucirs     .     .     .     "SILENT    HOIST"    Cor   Pullers   ond    Barge   Movers. 


Silent  Hoist  6l  Crane  Co 


895    63RD    ST.,    BROOKLYN    20,    N.Y. 


DCTOBER,   1954 


43 


Richard  J.  Conway,  Lehigh  '51,  selects 
Manufacturing  Engineering  at  Worthington 


After  completing  his  general  training  which  brought  him  in 
contact  with  all  departments,  Richard  J.  Conway  decided  that 
manufacturing  engineering  was  his  field.  He  says,  "I  chose  the 
Manufacturing  Engineering  Department  after  completing  my 
general  training  at  Worthington  because  as  a  graduate  in  In- 
dustrial Engineering  I  can  learn  the  practical  aspects  of  my 
field  while  applying  theory  I  learned  in  college. 

"The  personnel  of  this  department  work  together  as  a  team 
toward  the  solution  of  the  numerous  problems  which  arise 
daily.  We  have  the  cooperation  of  all  other  departments  in  the 
corporation  in  getting  the  necessary  facts  pertinent  to  the  solu- 
tion of  these  problems.  In  the  course  of  our  day  it  may  be 
necessary  for  us  to  meet  the  Plant  Manager,  Chief  Engineer, 
Comptroller,  several  department  heads,  clerks,  foremen,  ma- 


FOR  ADDITIONAL  INFORMATION,  see  your  College 
Placement  Bureau  or  write  to  the  Personnel  and  Training 
Department,  Worthington  Corporation,  Harrison,  N.  J. 


chinists  and  many  others  throughout  the  company. 

"I  have  contributed  to  the  solution  of  many  problems  han- 
dled by  this  department  including  metal  spraying,  machining 
procedures,  purchasing  new  equipment  and  designating  proper 
dimensions  to  obtain  desired  fits  between  mating  parts. 

"I  enjoy  my  work  because  I'm  doing  the  work  I  want  and 
my  formal  education  is  being  supplemented  with  practical 
knowledge  gained  from  the  tremendous  wealth  of  knowledge 
available  to  me  at  Worthington.  I  know  from  personal  contact 
with  many  other  departments  in  the  Corporation  that  Wor- 
thington can  and  will  find  their  young  engineers  a  spot  which 
will  give  them  the  same  opportunities  as  have  been  afforded  me." 

When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job,  think  hig/i — think 
IVorthini'fo'i. 


WORTHINGTON 


The    Sign    of   Value 
Around    the    World 


-J 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Atomic  Electric  Power 


A  new  reactor  will  designed,  built, 
and  operated  by  North  American  Avia- 
tion, Inc.,  as  part  of  the  Atniocic  En- 
erg)'  Commission's  program  to  develop 
C()mpetiti\e  nuclear  power,  the  compan\' 
announced   today. 

This  new  reactor  work  will  be  joint- 
]\  financed  by  North  American  and  the 
Atomic  Energy  Commission.  The  entire 
project  will  cost  about  $10  million,  in- 
cluding research  and  development.  North 
American  will  assume  $2.5  million  of 
this  cost.  In  addition  the  company  will 
provide  land  for  the  reactor  site,  which 
is  to  be  located  near  the  company's  pres- 
ent rocket  engine  field  test  laboratory  in 
the  Santa  Susana  Mountains  just  north 
of  the  greater  Los  Angeles  area. 

The  reactor,  called  the  SRE  (Sodi- 
um Reactor  Experiment)  will  be  a  "so- 
dium-graphite" nuclear  reactor  generat- 
ing 2(1,00(1  kilowatts  of  energy  in  the 
form  of  heat.  This  type  reactor  will 
operate  at  higher  temperatures  than  do 
some  other  reactor  types.  This  is  ex- 
pected to  result  in  high  over-all  plant 
efficiency. 

Because  the  most  essential  develop- 
ment problems  are  in  the  reactor  and 
heat  exchanger  system  rather  than  in 
turbines  and  other  generating  equipment, 
no  electricity  will  be  produced  at  this 
time.  When  fission  occurs  in  the  re- 
actor, heat  will  be  produced.  This  heat 
will  be  transferred  to  liquid  sodium  cir- 
cidating  through  the  "core"  of  the  re- 
actor where  the  fission  takes  place.  The 
sodium  will  then  be  pumped  to  an  ex- 
changer where  the  heat  will  be  removed. 
If  electricity  were  to  be  produced,  the 
heat  would  be  used  to  make  steam,  which 
in   turn  would   drive  a  turbo-generator. 

While  it  is  not  difficult  to  produce 
electricity  from  atomic  energy,  a  large 
amount  of  technical  development  is 
necessary  to  reduce  the  costs  of  the 
process.  Economical  electrical  power 
from  atomic  enrgy  depends  upon  the 
production  of  useful  heat  in  a  reactor  at 
a  cost  comparable  with  the  present  meth- 
ods using  conventional  fuels  such  as  coal 
and  oil. 

Work  with  the  SRE  is  expected  to 
provide  some  of  the  detailed  engineer- 
ing experience  and  to  develop  some  of 
the  operational  equipment  needed  to  pro- 
duce economical  power.  Several  other 
avenues  of  study  are  being  followed  in 
the  AEC's  program  to  develop  nuclear 
power  technology. 

The  development  of  fuel  elements  and 
various  combinations  of  fissionable  ma- 
terials for  the  reactor  core  will  be  an 
important  part  of  the  program.  The  re- 
actor is  slated  to  use  uranium  slight!) 
enriched    in    L  ranium   235    in    the   core. 


Studies  can  a'so  be  made  with  Thoriiuii, 
and   L  ranium  233  in  the  core. 

Characteristics  of  sodium  which  made 
it  particuiarl)  suitable  as  reactor  coolant 
are  the  metal's  low  neutron  absorption 
qualities,  gooil  heat  transfer  properties, 
ii>\v  melting  point,  .-md  high  boiling 
point.  Use  of  sodium  permits  the  pro- 
duction of  the  high  temperature  witii- 
out  high  pressure. 

1  he  reactor,  including  the  core  and 
the  cooling  sodium,  will  be  encased  in 
a  steel  tank.  This  entire  unit  is  to  be 
installed  umlerground,  with  five  feet  of 
dense  concrete  between  the  reactor  and 
ground  level. 

Graphite,  used  to  moderate  or  slow 
liown  the  neutrons  which  cause  the 
L  ranium  235  to  fission,  will  surround 
the  fuel.  The  design  calls  for  10,000 
gallons  of  sodium  to  flow  through  the 
core,  and  absorb  the  heat  of  the  fission 
process. 

Boron-steel  control  rods  will  regu- 
late the  fission  rate  of  the  reactor,  and 
are  to  be  moved  by  electric  motors  in 
and  out  of  the  core.  Such  rods  control 
the  fission  process  by  absorbing  neu- 
trons. Safet\'  elements  will  ser\e  to  stop 
fission  and  shut  down  the  reactor  when 
required. 

The  sodium  will  be  heated  and 
pumped  to  a  primar\  heat  exchanger.  Be- 
cause the  sodium  coming  directly  from 
the  reactor  will  be  radioactive,  this 
metal  will  give  up  its  heat  through  a 
primary    exchanger    to    another    sodium 


circulation  s\stem.  The  .second  s\stem 
will  take  the  heat  via  uncontaminated 
sodium  to  a  second  exchanger  where  the 
heat  ca  nbe  provided  without  the  pres- 
ence of  ratiioactivit)'. 

No  fumes,  gases,  or  otlier  exhaust  ma- 
tcii.il  will  be  emitted  into  the  atmos- 
phere, as  the  reactor  will  operate  on  a 
closed  cycle  system. 

The  reactor  will  be  housed  in  a  build- 
ing about  100  feet  long  and  50  feet 
wide,  with  a  45  feet  high  bay  area  over- 
head. Including  the  connecting  build- 
ings, which  will  house  machine  shop, 
laboratory  and  office  facilities,  a  total 
of  about  20,000  square  feet  of  covered 
floor  area  will  be  used  for  the  SRE 
project.  Only  three  technicians  will  be 
required  to  operate  the  reactor.  Other 
engineers  and  scientists  at  the  site  will 
conduct  various  investigations  and  stu- 
dies for  the  industrial  power  develop- 
ment program.  Construction  of  the  re- 
actor is  slated  to  begin  shortly  with 
completion  expected  in  about  two  years. 

Shortly  after  the  end  of  World  War 
II,  North  American  began  research  and 
de\elopnient  work  in  the  atomic  energy 
field.  Since  1Q4S  the  company  has  been 
engaged  in  reactor  design  and  develop- 
ment work,  together  with  associated 
projects,  for  the  Atomic  Energy  Com- 
mission. 

Within  a  iew  short  years  cheap  elec- 
tricit)'  in  the  home  and  in  industry  will 
provide  cheaper  and  better  engineering 
materials. 


AUXILIARY  SODIUM 
AIR  EXCHANGER 


AUXILIARY  HEAT  EXCHANGER 


This    is    the    artist's    conception    of    the    "sodium-graphife"    nuclear    reactor, 
soon  to  be  built. 


OCTOBER,   1954 


45 


Which 
Sliderule? 


by  Don  F.  Kesler 
E.  E.  '56 


Do  you  jump  when  you  hear  the  name 
of  a  sh'de  rule?  What  does  all  that 
mumble  jumble  mean?  To  get  to  the 
log  log  duplex  decitrig  we  have  to  start 
from  the  bottom  and  build  up. 

Mcninheitn  Slide  Rule 

In  1859  a  young  lieutenant  in  the 
French  army  named  Amedee  Mannheim 
started  playing  with  logarithms.  He  in- 
vented the  slide  rule  that  hears  his  name 
today.  No  wonder  it  has  lasted  so  long. 
It  is  the  basis  and  most  used  part  of  the 
slide  rules  of  today.  The  front  of  the 
Mannheim  rule  has  four  scales,  marked 
A  and  B,  C  and  D,  because  that  is  their 
name.  C  and  D  are  both  simple  log- 
arithmic scales,  one  is  on  the  stationary 
part  and  the  other  is  on  the  slide  next 
to  it.  They  can  be  used  for  multiplying, 
dividing  percentage  ratio,  and  propor- 
tion problems. 

If  you  ever  forget  how  to  use  your 
slide  rule,  just  try  a  simple  problem 
like  two  times  two.  Slide  the  slide  until 
the  one  on  the  C  scale  is  over  the  two 
on  the  D  scale.  Now  all  the  numbers  on 
the  D  scale  are  multiplied  by  two.  Slide 
the  hairline  to  the  number  on  the  C 
scale  you  wish  to  multiply  by  two.  The 
answer  at  the  intersection  of  the  hair- 
line and  the  D  scale.  Now  \ou  can  tackle 
a  difficult  problem. 

The  A  and  B  scale  are  just  like  the 
C  and  D  scale  only  there  are  two  of  them 
half  as  long  placed  side  by  side.  Xow 
we  can  get  squares  and  square  roots 
easily.  Suppose  you  want  to  know  the 
square  of  two.  Set  the  indicator  at  two 
on  the  D  scale  and  read  where  the  hair- 
line crosses  scale  A.  On  my  slide  rule 
there  is  a  four,  the  square  of  two.  If  you 
want  the  square  root  instead  of  the 
square,  you  start  by  moving  the  hairline 
to  the  number  on  the  A  scale,  and  the 
square  root  will  be  on  the  D  scale. 

On  the  back  of  the  slide  are  the  S, 
T.  and  L  scales.  The  S  scale  refers  to 
the  A  and  B  scales.  It  gives  you  the 
sines  and  cosines.  T  refers  to  C  and  D 
and  is  the  tangent  and  cotangent  func- 
tions. The  L  scale  gives  you  logarithms 


— set  the  number  on  the  D  scale,  read 
its  logarithms  on  scale  L.  Except  for 
a  iew  tricks  and  short  cuts  that  is  all 
there  is  to  the  Mannheim  rule. 

Poly  Phase  Slide  Rule 

A  lot  of  things  have  been  added  to 
the  slide  rule  in  the  last  eighty  years. 
The  Polyphase  Slide  Rule  is  just  a 
Mannheim  rule  with  a  couple  of  e.xtra 
scales.  The  Polyphase  has  a  CI  and  a 
K  scale  that  the  other  one  doesn't.  CI 
stands  for  "C  inverted" — it  is  just 
started  from  the  other  end.  This  may 
not  sound  like  a  lot  of  difference,  but 
it  makes  a  lot  of  difference  in  some 
problems.  It  lets  us  do  multiplication  of 
three  factors  with  just  one  setting  of 
the  slide.  It  is  very  valuable  in  solving 
complex  equations  with  long  sequences 
of  multiplication  and   division. 

The  K  scale  does  the  same  thing  for 
cubes  and  cube  roots  that  A  and  B 
scales  do  for  square  figures.  This  is 
only  the  beginning  of  the  simple  prob- 
lems you  can  do  with  your  slide  rule. 

Polyphase   Duplex    Trig 

The  Polyphase  Duplex  Trig  has 
many  helpful  advantages  the  polyphase 
rule  does  not  ha\'e.  The  most  important 
is  multiplying  b\  pi.  Three  new  scales 
hn\e  been  added  and  three  old  ones  have 
be?n  reveampd.  The  new  scales  are 
called  CF.  DF,  and  CIF.  This  means 
"C  folded,"  "D  folded."  and  "C  in- 
verted and  folded."  Notice  that  CF  and 
DF  are  the  same  as  C  and  D  except 
that  they  are  folded  to  begin  and  end 
with  -  or  3.1416.  By  a  strange  coinci- 
dence, every  number  on  the  D  scale  is 
automatically  multiplied  by  -  on  scale 
DF.  And  oddly  enough,  every  number 
on  the  DF  scale  is  divided  by  r.  on  the 
D  scale. 

In  engineering  calculations,  -  keeps 
bobbing  up  all  the  time.  You'll  be  sur- 
prised to  find  out  how  convenient  it  is 
to  have  multiplications  and  divisions  re- 
duced to  such  child's  play.  Right  here 
the  CIF  comes  automatically.  Like  the 
CI  scale  it  performs  multiplication,  di- 
vision, or  both  with  one  setting  of  the 
slide. 

The  trig  scales  ha\e  been  revamped 
beautifully.  The  advantage  of  this  over 
the  Polyphase  and  Mannheim  rule  is 
the  lack  of  transferring  numerical  trig 
values.  This  is  accomplished  by  all  trig 
scales  referring  to  the  C  and  D  scales. 
No  more  changing  from  the  A  to  the 
D  scale. 

Polyphase  Duplex  Decitrig 

The  Polyphase  Duplex  Trig  rule  is 
made  with  a  companion  slide  rule — the 
Polyphase  Duplex  Decitrig.  The  only 
difference  being  that  the  decitrig  rule 
has  its  trig  functions  divided  into  de- 
grees and  fractions  of  a  degree,  instead 
of    degrees    and    minutes    and    seconds. 


The  main  thing  to  be  sure  of  is  that 
you  use  the  same  graduations  as  the  rest 
of  the  class. 

Whoa,  don't  go  out  and  buy  a  Poly- 
phase Duplex  Decitrig  slide  rule  yet. 
While  this  is  a  good  all  purpose  medium 
priced  slide  rule  it  is  not  the  one  for 
the  earnest  engineering  student. 

Log  Log  Duplex  Decitrig 

Just  how  would  you  go  about  getting 
the  answer  to  the  problem  3^'?  You 
could  look  in  the  log  tables  and  find  the 
log  of  five  and  multiply  it  by  4.5,  then 
trace  down  the  number  whose  log  it  is. 
\  ou  could  borrow  \our  roommate's  Log 
Log  Duplex  Decitrig  slide  rule  and  get 
out  the  instruction  book.  Then  set  the 
index  of  scale  C  over  5  on  the  LL3 
scale.  Slide  the  indicator  to  the  4.5  on 
scale  C  and  read  where  the  hairline 
crosses  the  LL3  scale.  The  answer  is 
1400.  and  it  still  did  not  take  as  long 
as  with  the  tables.  Think  how  short  it 
would  have  been  if  you  didn't  have  to 
borrow  the  slide  rule  and  use  the  instruc- 
tion book.  On  a  slide  rule,  165"-^*  is 
just  as  easy  to  calculate  as  2'-. 

Log  Lo^  Duplex   Trig 

As  you  can  guess  this  is  the  same  as 
the  Log  Log  Duplex  Decitrig.  except 
that  the  trigonometry  is  graduated  in 
degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds. 

An  engineering  student  will  be  bu\- 
ing  two  slide  rules  if  he  buys  one  with- 
out the  log  log  scales  or  if  he  buys  a 
smaller  slide  rule  than  standard  size.  It 
may  seem  like  a  large  initial  investment, 
but  it  will  save  on  your  electric  bill, 
scratch  paper  and  pencil  fund.  With  a 
slide  rule  you  have  a  fair  chance  of  fin- 
ishing an  hour  exam  in  fiftv  minutes. 


At  least  one  truck,  planned  as  a  pilot 
model  for  the  future,  will  be  equipped 
with  tubeless  tires  as  an  experiment,  ac- 
cording to  Fleet  Owner.  McGraw-Hill 
publication.  In  the  larger  sizes  there  still 
are  problems  to  be  solved,  but  increased 
production  on  passenger  car  tires  is  pro- 
viding an  incentive  for  satisfactory  tube- 
less  truck  tires,  too. 


A  certain  student's  interest  in  a  girl 
is  proportional  to  the  cube  of  her  chest 
expansion  and  inversely  proportional  to 
the  square  root  of  their  distance  apart. 
Find  the  approximate  per  cent  increase 
in  his  interest  if  he  moves  1 '~f  closer  and 
simultaneously  discovers  she  has  puffed 
herself  up  2'~( 


A  Scotchman  and  an  Irishman  were 
on  board  a  ship  bound  for  Scotland. 

Scotchman  (catching  sight  of  his 
fatherland):  "Hurrah  for  Scotland." 

Irishman    (riled):   "Hurrah,   hell." 

Scotchman:  "That's  right,  every  man 
for  his  own  countrv." 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Croesus'  cavalry  stampeding  at  the  si^lit  cf  Persian  camels 


Today  . . .  Facts  Are  What  Count 


Ask  your  placement  officer  for  a  copy  of 
"Opportunities  Unlimited — The  Engineer 
in  JBM  Laboratories." 


The  recent  great  strides  in  military  science,  pure  science,  com- 
merce, and  industry  have  resulted  from  modern  man's  abihty  to 
determine  the  facts  and  act  accordingly 

Tremendous  advances  have  been  made  in  the  past  few  years  in 
fact-finding  machines.  Through  electronics,  great  masses  of  data 
that  would  have  taken  a  lifetime  to  process  can  now  be  handled 
in  a  few  days.  Ordinary  volumes  of  work  can  be  done  in  mmutes. 
By    making   "mathematical    models"    of 
VBMtf  specific   processes,   products,  or  situations, 

*"~."^"  man  today  can  predetermine  probable  re- 

sults, minimize  risks  and  costs. 

Leading  manufacturers  of  electronic  digital  computers,  electronic  and 
electrical  business  machines,  lime  systems  and  electric  typewriters. 

INTERNATIONAL  BUSINESS  MACHINES,  590  Madison  Ave.,  N.  Y.  22,  N.  Y. 


DCTOBES,   1954 


47 


sipmivc 

HMDlIKil 


by  Henry  Lowenthal,  M.  E.  '58 


New  Portable  Radio-Phonograph 

Majestic  Radio  \'  Television  has  an- 
nounced the  introduction  of  a  truly  port- 
able radio-phonograph  which  will  oper- 
ate on  self-contained  batteries  or  house 
current. 

Officials  at  Majestic  explain  that  this 


is  the  first  portable  radio-phonograph 
made  which  incorporates  a  battery-oper- 
ated phonograph  motor  utilizing  a  small 
battery-  pack  containing  inexpensive  and 
easily  obtainable  standard  B  and  A  bat- 
teries. 

Extremely   lightweight   and   compact. 


The  newest  thing  in  portable  radio  phonographs. 


48 


the  new  unit  weighs  only  12  lbs.,  com- 
plete with  batteries,  measuring  only  14" 
wide.  10"  high,  and  5"  deep.  The  case 
itself  is  made  of  wood,  luggage  covered, 
and  available  in  a  choice  of  four  colors 
including  red.  light  tan.  green,  and 
brown.  All  of  the  plastic  and  metal  parts 
are  precision  machined  and  tooled  for 
extreme  dependability  and  beaut>-  of  de- 
sign. The  leather  luggage  carrying  han- 
dle makes  it  easy  to  carry  from  place  to 
place. 

The  basic  operations  are  controlled  by 
a  push-button  keyboard  with  separate 
keys  for  on-oft.  radio,  phonograph,  and 
a  current  economizing  adjustment  which 
serves  to  prolong  the  life  of  the  batteries. 
This  last  key  serves  a  dual  purpose  in 
that  it  also  provides  extra  volume. 

The  radio  has  a  built-in  ferrite  stick 
antenna  which  provides  excellent  recep- 
tion and  selectivity.  The  unit  also  m- 
cludes  a  relatively  large  radio  dial  whose 
inner  diameter  encompasses  the  ingenious 
rubber-rimmed  turntable.  The  volume 
control  can  be  used  for  radio  or  phono- 
graph. 

The  crystal  pickup  and  sapphire 
needle  in  the  minature  tone-arm  provide 
excellent  fidelity  in  connection  with  the 
large  elliptical  speaker.  The  drop-lid  of 
the  case  conveniently  holds  a  supply  of 
records  in  place  with  an  elastic  cord. 

New  Office-Styled 

Coffee  Vendor 

An  office-styled  cofiee  bar  vending  ma- 
chine that  promises  to  become  as  stand- 
ard as  the  water  cooler  has  been  intro- 
duced by  the  Bert  Mills  Corporation. 
St.  Charles.  111.  The  new  coin-operated, 
automatic  vendor,  easily  installed  close 
to  work,  serves  the  beverage  at  any  time 
according  to  the  user's  taste — with  or 
without  cream  or  sugar,  with  both,  or 
plain.  Use  of  the  vendor  by  small  firms 
will  chop  costly  coitee  break  overtime 
since  office  workers  no  longer  have  to 
go  outside  for  the  beverage. 

SUN-LOVING  DOLLS 

1  )m11>  that  will  sunburn  may  be  the 
next  toy  rage,  according  to  Chemical 
Week,  McGraw-Hill  publication.  A 
New  Jersey  laboraton"  has  de\eloped  a 
doll  that  will  tan  when  exposed  to  the 
sun  and  will  revert  to  its  original  color 
when   left  indoors  several   hours. 

TOO  FRESH  TO  EAT? 

in  Copenhagen,  live  trout  were  an- 
esthetized, shock-frozen  at  40  below, 
stored  for  four  months,  defrosted,  and 
placed  in  water,  whereupon  they  were 
found  to  be  alive  and  swimming.  Food 
Engineering.  McGraw-Hill  publication, 
reports.  Noting  that  the  British  ac- 
complished the  same  t>-pe  of  experiment 
with  warmblooded  animals   (hamsters), 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  metal  that  makes  time  stand  still 

Thanks  to  chromium,  steel  now  serves  you  with  strength  and  beauty  that  lasts  a  lifetime 


In  time,  one  of  man's  most  useful  materials — steel — 
is  often  the  victim  of  such  destructive  forces  as  rust, 
corrosion,  heat,  or  wear. 

THESE  NATURAL  ENEMIES  of  steel  now  are  mastered 

bv  tlic  metal  called  chromium.  \^lien  the  rii;ht  amount  of 
chromium  is  added  to  molten  steel,  the  result  is  strong, 
lustrous  stainless  steel  that  defies  the  ravages  of  time. 

IN  HOMES,  TODAY,  stainless  steel  is  a  shining  sym- 
bol of  modern  living.  It  brings  us  care-free  sinks,  gleam- 
ing tableware  and  kitchen  utensils — all  with  beauty  that 
lasts  a  lifetime. 

IN  INDUSTRY  —  Food  is  prepared  in  super-sanitary 
stainless  steel  equipment.  Streamlined  trains  and  buses 
are  made  of  this  wonder  metal.  \  ilal  parts  of  jet  planes 


that  must  withstand  both  blazing  heat  and  sub-zero  cold 
are  made  of  tough,  enduring  stainless  steel. 

SERVING  STEEL. ..AND  YOU— The  people  of  Union 
Carbide  produce  alloys  of  chrt)mium  for  America's  steel- 
makers. This  is  another  of  the  manv  wavs  in  which 
LCC  transforms  the  elements  of  nature  for  the  benelit 
of  everyone. 

STUDENTS  AND  STUDENT  ADVISERS:  Learn  more  about  career 
iipiwrtunitii's  uilli  L'liion  Carhulc  in  Au.OYS,  CarBOSS,  CHEMICALS, 
Gases,  and  Plastics.  Write  for  booklet  G-2. 

Union  Carbide 

A.VD     CARBOX    CORPORATION 

30    EAST    42. ND    STREET  ||||j^  .NEW    YOHK    17,    .N.Y. 

Ill  Canada:  I'.MON  Cahu:i)e  Canada  Limited 


—    I'CCs  Trade-marked  Products  include 


Electro:metA11o>>  and  Metals  National  Carlion*     Pyropax  Ga>     AciiKsoN  Eledrod.s  Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 

Haynes  SteLLITE  Allo\s  PrEST-O-LitE  Acetylene  Dynel  Testile  ^'iber^         IMoN  Carl)idc  PrestONE  Anti-Freeze 

LiNDE  Silicones  Eneready  Fla^lllight^  and  Batterie.-        liAKELITE,  \  INYLITE,  and  KuENE  Pla>tic»  Ll.NDE  Oxygen 


•CTOBER,   1954 


49 


the  publication  comments  that  it  is  fine 
tor  frozen  fish  and  meat  to  be  fresh — 
but  not  so  fresh  that  it  flops  off  the 
plate  or  walks  across   the  table. 

WELDING  SPURS  SHIPBUILDING 

Progress  in  welding  is  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  fact  that  the  few  ship- 
yards in  West  Germany  turned  out  ves- 
sels totalling  725,000  tons  in  1953  as 
against  an  average  production  of  250.- 
000  tons  b}-  German  yards  before  the 
war.  Welding  Engineer,  McGraw-Hill 
publication,  reports.  Among  exhibits  at 
the  recent  Cutting  and  Welding  Ex- 
hibition in  Essen  were  welded  high- 
pressure  steam  boilers,  seamless  welded 
parts  of  steel  bridges,  welded  gas  con- 
tainers and  ship  sections. 


one  or  more  of  the  dimensions  are  out 
of  tolerance,  the  master  light  turns  red 
and  the  signal  lights  indicate  the  faulty 
dimensions  by  turning  either  red  or 
green  indicating  respectively  undersize 
or  oversize.  The  lights  of  the  correct  di- 
mensions black  out. 

Electronics  Hobby  Kit 

The  how  s  and  why's  of  basic  elec- 
tronics are  unfolded  for  youngsters  in 
a  new  educational  hobby  kit  manufac- 
tured by  the  Radio  Corporation  of 
America. 

\  oungsters  can  actually  construct 
one  and  two-tube  radio  receivers  and 
transmitters,  chemical  batteries,  and  ex- 
periment with  sound  and  electricity  from 
materials  in  the  kit. 


^^^^Hp 

H 1 H '  1  >  1  •  L  p  H^^^l 

^^^■■H 

^^p^l 

^^^^^^^^^^^l^^a^^^^^^^^^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^■^  ^^B^^^BliL^^^^^^H 

^^^K^^^^l  ^^^H 

^^^^^^^L             /      TB£t-:^^^^B 

1^'  2? 

^^^H^       ^H 

l£f^ 

^^^Bl^  / 

I^M 

^^^^^m  ji  ' 

BHE1^^9R,^K 

^W4 

B^T* 

ffW^ 

^^^^Ife'      *^l 

•i^^ 

K^v^^SS^^^^^I 

k              ^ 

The  unskilled   operator  can  easily  use  this  flaw  catcher. 


Flaw  Catcher 

A  production  gaging  instrument  that 
inspects  four  dimensions  simultaneously 
on  the  carrier  body  of  an  automatic 
transmission  is  manufactured  by  The 
Sheffield  Corporation,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

In  one  quick  operation,  an  unskilled 
operator  can  check  the  seat  chamfer  on 
the  inside  of  the  body,  outside  body  di- 
ameter, over-all  body  length,  and  the 
dimensions  from  the  top  of  the  shank 
to  the  bottom  edge  of  the  upper  flange. 

Dimensional  quality  of  the  part  is  in- 
dicated by  a  master  light  and  four  in- 
dividual signal  lights  on  the  diagram 
panel.  When  all  of  the  dimensions  are 
within  tolerance,  the  master  light  re- 
mains white  and  the  four  signal  lights 
on   the    panel    black    out.    However,    if 


The  electronics   kit   is  the  first   in   a 
series  of  such  kits  by  RCA.  Future  kits 
«"ill   advance   in  detail    until   youngsters 
following   the   series   will    have    a    full- 
rounded  knowledge  of  electronics. 

A  profusely  illustrated  book  of  in- 
structions, prepared  under  the  guidance 
of  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  accompanies 
the  kit, 

\  oungsters  working  from  the  first  kit 
start  by  rubbing  t\vo  pieces  of  paper  to- 
gether, thus  inducing  a  flow  of  elec- 
trons. The  electrons  can  be  discovered 
and  measured  by  the  assembly  of  a  gal- 
vanometer or  current  detector  built  from 
the  contents  of  the  kit. 

Experiments  with  a  head  set  allow 
youngsters  to  hear  the  electrons  as  they 
are  produced. 

By  inserting  strips  of  copper  and  zinc 


from  the  kit  into  ordinary  lemon  or  salt 
water  solution,  the  youngster  then  makes 
a  chemical  battery.  He  can  use  the  bat- 
tery to  power  a  telegraph  and  can  listen 
to  the  message  with  the  earphone. 

Additional  experiments  lead  the 
youngster  to  the  stage  where  he  assem- 
bles and  operates  a  simple  low-powered 
radio  transmitter.  Finally,  he  can  build 
the  two-tube  radio  receiver  and  one-tube 
transmitter. 

Contents  of  the  kit  include  a  variable 
timing  condenser,  plate  coil,  antenna 
coil,  dial,  "B"  battery  clip,  ground 
clamp,  6-wire  lead,  coil  antenna  wire, 
screwdriver,  coil  magnet  wire,  steel  rod, 
zinc  strip,  copper  strip,  compass,  head- 
phone and  clamp,  timing  knob,  mount- 
ing bracket,  coil  ground  wire,  and  re- 
versible assembly  board. 

Also  included  are  two  resistors,  "A" 
battery  clips,  tube  sockets,  vacuum  tubes ; 
three  capacitors ;  and  one  assortment  of 
Fahnestock  clips,  screws,  nuts,  etc. 

TV  Set  of  1964 

General  Electric  scientists  here  en- 
vision the  TV  set  of  1964  with  a  picture 
screen  so  thin  that  the  complete  unit 
could  be  hung  like  a  painting  on  your 
living  room  wall.  The  circuitry  would 
be  built  into  the  picture  frame  and 
would  use  printed  wiring  and  miniatur- 
ized components.  Controls  \vould  be  lo- 
cated in  a  small  box  beside  your  easy 
chair. 

Or  for  those  who  might  prefer  a 
table  model,  the  thin  picture  screen 
would  be  mounted  like  a  vanity  mirror, 
attached  to  slender  arms  extending  up- 
right from  a  small  oblong  cabinet  which 
would  house  the  circuitry  and  controls. 

These  futuristic  models,  at  least  10 
\ears  oft,  would  receive  color  as  well 
as  monochrome  pictures. 

The  POW.  or  "picture  on  the  wall  " 
TV  receiver  is  just  a  glint  in  the  sci- 
entists' eyes  at  the  moment.  But  they 
are  convinced  such  a  unit  can  be  de- 
veloped and  have  designed  a  dummy  re- 
ceiver to  help  visualize  the  future  TV 
unit. 

As  explained  by  Dr.  Lloyd  T.  De- 
Vore.  manager  of  the  G.  E.  Electronics 
Laboratory,  the  POW  vision  of  the  fu- 
ture stems  from  de\'elopment  work 
being  done  here  on  new  minature  elec- 
tronic components,  and  from  a  complex 
project  underway  to  speed  the  plotting 
of  aircraft  in  military  filter  centers. 

At  present,  this  aircraft  plotting,  es- 
sential to  successful  interception  of 
enemy  planes,  is  done  manually.  The 
planes  are  followed  by  radar  operators 
and  information  fed  to  plotters  who  pin- 
point the  planes  with  crayon  on  the 
transparent  wall-size  plotting  board. 

The  plotting  would  be  done  auto- 
matically with  the  POW  type  of  board. 

Dr.  DeVore  says  the  radar  display 
system  under  development  will  use  elec- 


50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  to  design  a  freight  car 
one  man  can  push 

You  can  make  a  hig  5  5-ton  freight  car  roll  so  easily 
one  man  can  push  it.  How?  By  mounting  its  axles  on 
Timken'  tapered  roller  bearings.  Timken  bearings 
roll  the  load,  eliminate  the  metal-to-metal  sliding 
friction  that  makes  old-style  friction  bearings  start 
hard.  They  reduce  starting  resistance  88?o- And.  with 
Timken  bearings,  there's  no  danger  of  hot  boxes 
—  the  major  cause  of  freight  train  delays. 


TIMKEN  bearings  are 
designed  to  roll  the  load 

As  you  see  here,  all  lines  drawn  coincident  with  the 
working  surfaces  of  a  Timken  bearing  meet  at  a  com- 
mon point  on  the  bearing  axis.  This  means  Timken 
bearings  are  designed  to  give  true  rolling  motion. 
.\nd.  since  they're  tapered  they  can  take  radial  and 
thrust  loads  in  anv  combination. 


TIMKEN 


TAPERED  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more  about 
bearings  or  job  opportunities? 

Some  of  the  engineering  problems  you'll  face  after 
graduation  will  involve  bearing  applications.  For  help 
in  learning  more  about  bearings, 
write  for  the  270-page  General  In- 
formation Manual  on  Timken  bear- 
ings. And  for  information  about  the 
excellent  job  opportunities  at  the 
Timken  Company,  write  for  a  copy 
of  "This  Is  Timken".  The  Timken 
Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6, 
Ohio. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  ozd  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  (ed 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  HD-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^^ 


)CTOBER,   1954 


51 


getting  the 

Standards 


.  .  .  for  o 
precision-minded 
wor/cf 


aeqtr*  --« 


During  the  past  century  Brown  &  Sharpe  Machinists' 
Tools  have  raided  the  accurao-  of  production  standards  the  world  over  .  .  . 
made  them  increasingly  easier  to  maintain.  From  such  Brown  &  Sharpe 
"firsts"  as  the  micrometer,  vernier  caliper,  and  automatic  linear  division 
cf  precision  rules  have  come  a  complete  line  of  industrial  small  tools  .  .  . 
refined  and  developed  by  constant  research. 

In  addition,  this  fine  line  of  quality  products  includes 
Johansson  Gage  Blocks  and  Accessories,  Electronic  Measuring  Equipment, 
Cutters,  Permanent  Magnet  Chucks  and  other  shop  equipment.  Write  for 
catalog.  Brown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co..  Providence  1,  R.  I. 


Brown  g  Sharpe 


IBS 


■JSgi 


tronic  computer  circuitr>-  techniques  to 
convert  a  transmitted  signal  into  an 
image  on  the  plotting  board. 

The  plotting  board  screen  will  be 
composed  of  a  space  matrix  constituted 
by  closely  spaced  perpendicular  wire 
grids  luminescing  at  their  intersections 
to  reproduce  the  transmitted  picture. 

Development  of  speedier  switching 
techniques  and  new  fast-reacting  elec- 
troluminescent phosphors  are  needed  be- 
fore the  POW  system  could  be  applied 
to  television  receivers.  Dr.  DeVore  said. 

Fluorescent  Lamp  Life  Tester 

Scientists  now  almost  uistantly  can 
predict  approximately  how  long  a  par- 
ticular fluorescent  lamp  will  burn  — 
something  which  formerly  could  be 
found  out  only  by  burning  it  until  it 
blinked  out  after  an  average  period  of 
7500  hours. 

This  was  revealed  by  Richard  X. 
Thayer,  lamp  development  engineer  for 
General  Electric  at  Nela  Park.  Cleve- 
land, in  a  paper  on  "Determinants  of 
fluorescent  Lamp  Life,"  presented  at 
the  National  Technical  Conference  ot 
the  Illuminating  Engineering  Societv. 

Other  things  being  equal,  the  life  of 
a   fluorescent  lamp  is  proportional,   ac- 


cording to  Thayer,  to  the  amount  of  a 
chemical  called  "'emission  coating,"  held 
by  the  lamp's  cathode.  By  weighing  this 
emission  material,  which  serves  as  the 
source  of  electrons  to  carr^^  the  current 
through  the  lamp,  the  life  of  a  lamp 
can  be  estimated. 

The  development  engineer  said  his 
organization  had  developed  a  novel  elec- 
tronic method  which  permits  rapid  test- 
ing of  fluorescent  lamps  for  the  quantity 
of  chemical  on  their  cathodes,  but  with- 
out breaking  open  or  even  lighting  the 
tubes. 

In  this  method.  Thayer  explained, 
the  lamp  under  test  is  compared  in  an 
electronic  circuit  with  a  lamp  having  an 
uncoated  cathode.  When  the  current  is 
applied,  the  coated  cathode  is  slower  to 
increase  in  temperature.  This  difference 
in  resistance  to  heating  is  roughly  pro- 
portional to  the  weight  cf  the  emission 
coating,  and  can  be  read  on  a  meter. 

The  getting  of  the  desired  quantity 
of  chemical  on  the  cathode,  and  retain- 
ing it  there  through  all  lamp  processing 
and  handling  steps,  requires  close  con- 
trols, according  to  the  G-E  engineer.  He 
said  many  checks  are  made  to  insure 
high  quality.  The  new  electronic  tester 
IS  said  to  be  an  especially  useful  control 
tool  in  detecting  short-life  lamps. 


The  Rhino 

I  he  Rhino  amphibious  vehicle  is  the 
first  vehicle  which  successfully  traverses 
mud  Hats,  marshes,  rough  terrain  and 
also  cruises  in  water,  according  to  C. 
Alfred  Campbell,  vice  president  of  Mar- 
mon-Herrington,  builders  of  the  Rhino. 

"Everv'  other  amphibious  vehicle  we 
have  evaluated  over  our  many  years  of 
experience  has  trouble  when  it  leaves 
the  water  and  attempts  to  cross  soft  mud 
flats  at  the  water's  edge."  said  Mr. 
Campbell. 

An  idea  conceived  by  inventor  Elie  P. 
Aghnides.  the  Rhino  has  been  under 
construction  and  exhaustive  test  since 
1948  by  skilled  engineers  at  Marmon- 
Herrington. 

The  new  vehicle  can  negotiate 
swamps,  soft  mud,  sand,  climb  65  per 
cent  grades,  or  travel  down  the  highway 
at  45  m.p.h.  With  Hydrojet  propul- 
sion, the  Rhino  may  be  operated  and 
maneuvered   in   deep   water. 

The  first  basic  change  in  a  thousand 
years  in  that  great  invention,  the  wheel, 
is  responsible  for  the  success  of  this 
vehicle. 

The  Rhino  has  a  huge  pair  of  hemi- 
spheroidal  hollow  spun  aluminum  wheels 
in  front,  plus  a  smaller  pair  in  the  rear. 
For  highway  operation,  only  a  narrow 
rubber  tread  touches  the  road.  In  soft 
places,  the  traction  area  is  increased  with 
every  inch  of  sinkage  of  the  hemispheroi- 
dal  wheels. 

The  Rhino  is  floated  in  deep  water  by 
the  large  hemispheroidal  wheels  and  by 
its  watertight  body.  Power  and  steering 
in  the  water  are  provided  by  a  Hydro- 
jet,  making  the  Rhino  so  maneuverable 
in  water  that  it  turns  easily  in  its  own 
length. 

Track  laying  vehicles  usually  are 
heaxy  and  cumbersome,  slow  on  hard 
surfaces,  and  unable  to  ford  streams. 
The  Rhino,  even  the  present  prototype 
version,  will  traverse  paved  roads,  mud, 
swamp  and  water  as  required. 

ASME  SYMBOL  A.ND  MOTTO 

The  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  has  announced  the  names  of 
winners  in  its  contest  to  find  a  suitable 
STOibol  and  motto  for  its  75th  anniver- 
sary' celebration  in   1955. 

Andrew  T.  Lemmens,  design  engi- 
neer with  The  Gleason  Works,  Roches- 
ter, New  York,  will  receive  5250  for 
his  prize  winning  design.  David  H.  Ray. 
retired  mechanical  engineer  of  North 
Tarrytown.  New  York,  received  the  top 
award  of  S250  for  his  motto,  "By  Truth 
and  by  Service." 

Mr.  Lemmens'  design  combines  a 
representation  of  the  intersecting  orbits 
of  the  atom — traditional  s>Tnbol  for  nu- 
clear power — with  a  representation  of 
the  thermodynamic  cycle,  by  which  heat 
is  converted  into  energy  and  back  again. 


52 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1 


Carl  Vrooman,  icing  tunnel  group 
head,  studies  hot-air  cyclic  de-icing 
test  on  wing  section  of  C- 1 30 
transport.  The  tunnel  has  a 
temperature  range  of  —40°  F.  to 
-t-I50°  F.  and  maximum  air  speed 
of  more  than  270  mph. 


New  icing  tunnel 

speeds  thermodynamics 

research  at  Lockheed 


Designed  to  meet  a  constantly  increasing  volume  of  thermo- 
dynamics work,  Lockheed's  new  icing  research  tunnel  now 
provides  year  'round  testing  in  meteorological  environments 
normally  found  only  in  flight.  It  is  the  first  icing  research 
tunnel  in  private  industry. 

Lockheed  thermodynamics  scientists  were  formerly  limited  to 
testing  time  available  at  installations  such  as  Mt.  Washington. 
Now  they  are  able  to  study  in  greater  detail  problems  such  as: 
thermal  anti-icing;  cyclic  de-icing;  various  methods  of  ice 
removal;  distribution  of  ice;  rate  of  temperature  changes  in 
aircraft  components;  thermodynamic  correlation  between  lab- 
oratory and  flight  testing;  and  development  and  calibration  of 
special  instrumentation. 


Career  Opportunities  at  Lockheed 

Increasing  research  and  development  \s  ork  on  nuclear  energy,  turbo- 
prop and  jet  transports,  radar  search  planes,  supersonic  aircraft  and 
a  number  of  classified  projects  offers  engineers  outstanding 
opportunity  for  creative  work. 

This  is  true  not  only  for  men  in  thermodynamics  but  for  Aero- 
dynamicists  and  Aerodynamics  Engineers,  Structures  Research 
Engineers,  Airborne  Antenna  Designers,  Flight  Test  Analysis 
Engineers,  Physicists  in  fields  of  optics  and  acoustics.  Mathema- 
ticians, and  almost  every  other  type  of  engineer. 

You  are  invited  to  write  for  the  brochure,  "Your  Future  is  Now" 
which  describes  life  and  work  at  Lockheed.  Address  E.  W.  Des 
Lauriers. 


LOCKHEED    aircraft  corporation 
BURBANK    CALIFORNIA 


C.  H.  Fish,  design  engineer  assigned  to  the  tunnel, 
measures  impingement  limits  of  ice  on  C-130  wing 
section.  The  tunnel  has  refrigeration  capacity  of 
100  tons,  provides  icing  conditions  of  0  to  4  grams 
per  cubic  meter,  droplet  sizes  from  5  to  1000  microns. 

Thermodynamicist  Ed  Dean  monitors  main  control 

panel  in  picture  at  left.  Temperature,  air  speed, 
water  flow  rate,  air  pressure  and  other  variables 
can  be  regulated  independently. 


B.  L.  Messinger,  department  head,  analyzes  test 
results  with  Thermodynamics  Engineer  E.  F.  Versaw, 
right,  and  Thermodynamicist  Tom  Sedgwick,  left. 
The  report  was  in  their  hands  only  two  days  after  it 
was  decided  to  conduct  the  test. 


ti 


NEVIf   DEPARTURES"  IN    SCIENCE  &   INVENTION 


ARCHIMEDES 


DISCOVERS    THE 


I 
RU 


TUB! 


Apparently  no  one  told  Archimedes  he  had  filled  his  tub  too 
full.  The  results  were  damp  but — Eureka! — led  to  a  great 
discovery  .  .  .  the  Law  of  Specific  Gravity. 

Research  today  is  a  little  different.  At  New  Departure, 
for  example,  we  have  28,000  square  feet  of  floor  space  devoted 
to  product  engineering  laboratories.  Here,  we  determine 
fatigue  and  friction  characteristics  of  materials  .  .  .  test 
bearings  under  actual  operating  conditions  .  .  .  develop  new 
designs  .  .  .  study  bearing  lubrication  .  .  .  conduct  hundreds 
of  research  experiments  for  specific  customer  installations. 

Such  facilities  are  one  of  the  many  reasons  why  engineers 
and  designers  call  on  New  Departure  for  assistance  in  ball 
bearing  applications! 


Research    at    New 

Departure  has  been 
responsible  for  devel- 
opment of  such  devices 
as  the  Rockwell  hard- 
ness tester  and  many 
forms  of  p  recision 
grinding  and  gauging 
equipment  .  .  .  such 
advances  as  the  pre- 
loaded angular  con- 
tact double  row  ball 
bearing  and  the  self- 
sealed,  lubricated-for- 
life  ball  bearing. 


NEW  DEPARTURE  •  DIVISION  OF  GENERAL  MOTORS  •  BRISTOL,  CONNECTICUT 


54 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1 


says  GERALD  SMART 

Marquette  University,  BS — J94S 

and  now  Supervisor  of  Plant  Engineering, 

Allis-Chalmers,  Norwood,  Ohio,  Works 


\ 


"TV  Tost  men  graduating  from  college  don't  have  a 
IVX  '^'^2''  '"^sa  of  what  they  want  to  do.  These  indi- 
N  iduals  are  helped  bv  Allis-Chalmers  Graduate  Train- 
ing Course  to  find  the  right  job  whether  it  be  in  design, 
sales,  engineering,  research  or  manufacturing. 

"My  case  is  a  little  different,  however.  I  started  the 
course  w  ith  all  my  interest  centered  on  tool  design  and 
'in-plant"  service.  The  reason  is  that  I  started  getting 
vocational  guidance  from  some  very  helpful  Allis- 
Chalmers  men  back  in  1940." 

Served  Apprenticeship 

"At  their  suggestion  I  had  gone  to  school  part  time 
while  working  full  time.  This  not  only  gave  me  the 
chance  to  ser\e  an  apprenticeship  as  a  tool  and  die 
maker,  and  earn  monev,  but  I  learned  what  I  wanted 
to  do  after  graduation. 

"Then  came  the  war  and  service  in  the  Navy.  After 
the  war  I  finished  school.  Bv  the  time  I  started  on  the 


course  in  1948,  I  knew  what  I  liked  and  seemed  best 
fitted  to  do.  As  a  result,  my  entire  time  as  a  GTC  stu- 
dent was  spent  in  the  shops. 

"The  18  months  spent  in  the  foundry,  erection  floor 
and  machine  shop  have  all  proved  valuable  background 
for  my  present  job. 

"As  supervisor  of  plant  engineering  at  the  Norwood 
Works,  I  am  concerned  with  such  problems  as:  Plant 
layout,  material  handling  equipment  and  methods,  new 
construction,  new  production  methods  to  be  used  in 
building  motors,  centrifugal  pumps,  and  Texiope 
drives.  It's  an  extremely  interesting  job. 

"From  my  experience,  I'd  say,  whether  you're  a 
freshman  or  a  senior  it  will  pay  you  to  talk  to  an  Allis- 
Chalmers  representative  now.  You  can't  start  plan- 
ning your  future  too  soon.  And  you  can't  plan  starting 
at  a  better  place,  because  Allis-Chalmers  builds  so  many 
different  products  that  you'll  find  anv  tvpe  of  engi- 
neering activity  you  could  possibly  want  right  here." 


Facts  You  Should  Know  About  the  ALLIS-CHALMERS  Graduate  Training  Course 


1.  It's  well  established,  having  been 
started  in  1904.  A  large  percentage  of  the 
management  group  are  graduates  of  the 
course 

2.  The  course  offers  a  maximum  of  24 
months'  training.  Length  and  type  of 
training  is  individually  planned. 

3.  The  graduate  engineer  may  choose  the 
kind  of  work  he  wants  to  do;  design,  en- 
gineering, research,  production,  sales, 
erection,  service,  etc. 


4.  He  may  choose  the  kind  of  power, 
processing,  specialized  equipment  or  in- 
dustrial apparatus  with  which  he  will 
work,  such  as:  steam  or  hydraulic,  turbo- 
generators, circuit  breakers,  unit  substa- 
tions, transformers,  motors,  control 
pumps,  kilns,  coolers,  rod  and  ball  mills, 
crushers,  vibrating  screens,  rectitiers,  in- 
duction and  dielectric  heaters,  grain  mills, 
sifters,  etc. 

5.  He  will  have  individual  attention  and 
guidance  of  experienced,  helpful  superiors 


in  working  out  his  training  program. 

6.  The  program  has  as  its  objective  the 
right  job  for  the  right  man.  As  he  gets  ex- 
perience in  dilTerent  training  locations  he 
can  alter  his  course  of  training  to  match 
changing  interests. 

For  information  watch  for  the  Allis- 
Chalmers  representative  visiting  your 
campus,  or  call  an  Allis-Chalmers  district 
office,  or  write  Graduate  Training  Sec- 
tion, Allis-Chalmers,  Milwaukee  1,  Wise. 


r^gjLtors  are  built  for  electric  power  industry. 


'h€ 


Steam   turbines,  condensers,   translormers,  switchgear,         %,         ^jr  Motors,  control,    I exropc   V-bclt  drives  —  all    by   Alus- 

Chjlmcrs  arc  used  throughout  industry. 


C.5678 

TOBER,   1954 


ALLIS-CHALMERS 


Texrope  is  an 
Allib-Chalmers  tradenurk 


55 


# 


TECHNOCRACKS 


"How  did  you  get  so  completely  in- 
toxicated?" asked  the  judge. 

"I  got  in  the  wrong  company,  your 
Honor.  You  see,  there  were  four  of  us; 
I  had  a  fifth  of  bourbon — and  the  other 
three  didn't  touch  the  stuff!" 

Salesman:  "Is  your  mother  engaged?" 
Little  boy:  "I  think  she's  married." 

*  »        » 

Frosh :  "Would  you  please  repeat  the 
question  ?  ' 

Soph:  "Beg  pardon?" 

Jr:  "Huh?" 

Sr:   "Z-Z-Z-z-z-z." 

■»        *        * 

Dr.  Collins  was  lecturing:  "I  pre- 
dict the  end  of  the  world  in  fift\  mil- 
lion years." 

"How  many?'  cried  a  frightened 
voice  from  the  rear. 

"Fifty  million  years." 

"Oh,"  said  the  voice  with  a  sigh  of 
relief,  "I  thought  you  said  fifteen  mil- 
lion." 

*  »       « 

Engineer:  "This  new  book  on  health 
says  that  bathing  alone  won't  keep  you 
health)." 

Coed:    "Well,    I    don't   care   what   it 

says,  Fm  going  to  keep  right  on  bathing 

alone." 

»       »       » 

An  inmate  of  a  certain  insane  asylum, 
feeling  that  he  had  recovered  enough  to 
be  released,  appeared  before  the  desk 
of  the  superintendent.  After  he  was  par- 
tially examined  he  was  asked  the  fol- 
lowing question : 

Superintendent:  "If  we  discharge  you, 
will  you  promise  to  let  women  and 
liquor  alone?" 

Inmate:  "Yes,  sir." 

Superintendent  (beckoning  a  guard)  : 
"Lock  him  up;  he's  still  crazy." 


A  dog  and  a  cat  became  embroiled  in 
a  street  corner  fight,  and  a  big  crowd 
gathered  to  watch.  One  unruly  spec- 
tator suddenly  whipped  a  gun  out  of 
his  pocket  and  shot  the  dog.  A  police- 
man heard  the  report  and  came  run- 
ning on  the  double.  The  killer  threw 
his  gun  to  the  ground  and  appealed  to 
the  crowd.  "Don't  say  a  word  to  the 
cop.  He'll  think  the  cat  did  it." 
»       »       * 

College  boy  pouring  drinks,  "Say 
when.  " 

College  girl.  "Right  after  this  drink." 

*  *        *- 

Ken:  "What  did  the  usherette  say 
when  her  strap  broke?" 

Ray  (always  the  straight  man):  "I 
dunno." 

Ken:  "I  have  two  down  in  front." 
«        *        * 

Confuscius  says,  "Modern  woman 
putting  up  such  a  false  front,  man  never 
knows  what  he  is  up  against." 

*  »       * 

A  truck  driver,  hauling  clay  for  a 
fill,  backed  his  truck  too  far  over  the 
dump  grade.  The  weight  of  the  load 
being  dumped  lifted  the  front  end  of 
the  truck  several  feet  off  the  ground. 

"Now,  what  are  you  going  to  do?" 
an  associate  asked. 

The  driver  eased  out  of  the  cab  and 
said.  "I  think  I'll  grease  it — I'll  never 
get  a  better  chance." 

^        *        «- 

"This  model  has  a  top  speed  of  130 
miles  an  hour,  and  she'll  stop  on  a 
dime." 

"What  happens  after  that?" 
"A   little   putty  knife   comes  out   and 
scrapes  you  off  the  windshield." 

*  »        ♦ 

You  can  tell  that  Americans  trust  in 
God  bv  the  way  they  drive. 


Listen,     my    daughter,     and     you    shall 

hear 
The  fate  of  the  wife  of  an  engineer. 

Let  my  words  be  your  solemn  guide: 
His  slide  rule  is  always  by  his  side. 

He'll    stay    with    you.    through    sim    or 

rain  .  .  . 
Til  St.  Pat  calls,  and  he's  off'  again. 

An   electrical    clutters   your   living-room 

floor 
With   radio  carcasses  by  the  score; 

A  civil  may  buy  pearls  and  mink. 
But  he  can't  fix  the  kitchen  sink; 

Mechanicals  ha\e  grease  in  their  finger- 
nails ; 

A  chemical's  kind,  but  lord,  how  he 
smells! 

The  dweller  in  halls  with  the  sham- 
rock above 

May  look  attractive,  but  oh,  spurn  his 
lo\e. 

His  love  words  are  tender,  his  pres- 
ence is  fun, 

"Til  he  speaks  of  the  square  root  of 
minus   one. 

For  he  and  his  friends  speak  a  tongue 
that's  luiknown. 

And  the  company  you  keep  will  be  large- 
ly \our  own. 

*  «        * 

Social  Worker:  "Sir.  would  you  be  in- 
terested in  contributing  something  to  the 
old  ladies  home?  " 

Spendthrift:     "Sure,     I'll     send     my 
mother-in-law  over  tomorrow." 
s         »         * 

But  driver:  "How  old  are  vou,  little 
girl?" 

Little  girl:  "If  you  don't  mind.  Bus- 
ter, I'll  pay  full  fare  and  keep  the  sta- 
tistics to  myself." 

»       *       * 

^led.  Student:  "I  want  to  change 
the  death  certificate  I  gave  you  yester- 
day." 

Professor:  "Whats  wrong?" 
Student:  "I  signed  my  own  name  in 
the  space  marked  cause  of  death.  " 

*  *       * 

C.E. :  "I  have  here  the  one  and  only 
cure  for  dandruff." 

Date:  "Really,  how  does  it  work?" 

C.E.:  "Oh,  its  really  simple — it's  a 
mixture  of  alcohol   and  sand." 

Date:  "But,  how  does  it  cure  dan- 
druff?" 

C.E. :  "Well,  you  just  rub  the  mix- 
ture on  \oar  hair;  then  the  bugs  get 
drunk    and     kill     each    other    throwing 

rocks.  " 

*  *       « 

^Vhere'd  yawl  git  that  Southern  ac- 
cent ? 

Honey-chile,  I'se  been  drinking  outen 
a  Dixie  Cup. 


56 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


PHOTOGRAPHY  AT  WORK— No.  10  in  a  Kodak  Series 


Photograph)^ 
V  a  look  O 


tool 


■I*" 


and  a  harvester 
got  a  stronger 

set  of  teeth 


John  Deere  engineers,  building  a  new  beet  bar- 
vester,  wanted  spring-tooth  disposal  wheels  with 
long  life.  High-speed  movies  showed  the  way. 

llie  disposal  wheels  on  tlie  new  John  Deere  beet 
liar\ester  mo\ed  faster  than  the  eye  could  see. 

So  the  engineers  studied  them  in  action,  slowed 
dow  n  by  the  hi^h-speed  motion  picture  camera.  A 
small  difference  in  design  resulted  in  extra-long  life 
for  die  spring  teeth. 

Slow ing  down  fast  action  is  but  one  way  photog- 
raphy helps  product  design  and  manufacture.  With 
x-rays  it  searches  out  hidden  faults  in  castings,  welds, 
and  assemblies.  And  b\-  photographing  cathode  ray 
traces,  it  discloses  the  causes  of  improper  operation. 
These  are  but  a  few  of  the  ways  photography  sa\es 
time,  reduces  error,  cuts  costs  and  impro\es  pro- 
duction. 

Graduates  in  the ph\sical  sciences  and  in  engineer- 
ing find  photography  an  increasingly  valuable  tool 
in  their  new  occupations.  Its  expanding  use  has  also 
created  man\  challenging  opportunities  at  Kodak, 
cspecialh-  in  tlie  de\  elopment  of  large-scale  chemi- 
cal processes  and  the  design  of  complex  precision 
mechanical-electronic  equipment.  If  you  are  inter- 
ested in  these  opportunities,  write  to  Business  & 
Technical  Personnel  Dept.,  Eastman  Kodak  Com- 
pany, Rochester  4.  X.  Y. 

Eastman  Kodak  Company 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


."mi 


Wlt'i  (■  .    i  :,    -■■:  :  ■         ^.    • 

engineers  took  pictures  of  tlieir 
action  at  3000  a  second.  Projected 
16  frames  a  second,  the  motion  w; 

diiuii  to  alindsf  1/200  nf  its  .il'u.iI 


LOOKING  AHEAD  WITH  GENERAL  ELECTRIC 


In  the  next  10  years 

there  will   be  more  opportunity 

in  the  electrical   industry 

than   in   all  the  75  years 

since  Edison   invented   his  lamp 


THREE  quarters  of  a  centurj'^  after  the 
beginning  of  the  Age  of  Light,  you  might 
think  that  the  Age  of  Opportunity  in  elee- 
tricity  had  pretty  well  ended. 

Exactly  the  opposite  is  true. 

So  many  promising  new  ideas  are  now 
being  developed  that  at  General  Electric 
we  expect  to  produce  more  in  the  next  ten 
years  than  in  all  the  previous  75  years  of 
our  existence.  Electronics,  home  appli- 
ances, the  development  of  peacetime  uses 
for  atomic  energy — these  are  only  some  of 
the  fields  where  great  progress  will  be  made. 

We  know  you  will  share  in  this  progress 
whatever  your  career.  Perhaps  you  will 
contribute  to  it. 


Thomas  Edison  invented  his  electric  light  at  age  32. 


Tigress  Is  Our  Most  /mpot^snf  Product 


GENERAL 


ELECTRIC 


(vemoer 


ber 


25c 


ILLINOIS 
TECHNOGRAPH 


Only  STEEL  can  do  so  many  jobs  so  well 


Famous  Finger  of  Metal  and 

stone  pointing  1472  feet  into 
the  sky  is  The  Empire  State 
Building  in  New  York  City. 
This  mightiest  of  buildings 
makes  liberal  use  of  Stainless 
Steel  for  both  decorative  and 
utilitarian  purposes:  in  ver- 
tical strips  beside  the  win- 
dows, in  bands  around  the 
tower,  in  the  two  entrance 
corridors.  "Maintenance?" 
said  the  assistant  operating 
manager  when  asked  about 
the  exterior  Stainless  Steel. 
"What  maintenance?  We 
haven't  touched  the  stain- 
less steel  since  it  was  in- 
stalled. And  the  condition  of 
the  steel  is  as  good  as  ever." 
Not  a  bad  record  aiter  more 
than  20  years. 


Dragon's  Teeth  Sprouting?  No.  these  are  steel  bearmg  piles  in 
the  foundation  of  a  dam  spillway.  When  the  dam  is  finished, 
you'll  never  know  the  steel  piles  are  there.  But  they'll  be 
working  just  the  same,  for  strength  and  safety,  as  enduring 
steel  so  often  works  unseen  in  buildings,  highways,  pipelines 
and  power  plants. 


This  Baby  Sitter  is  Galvanized!  in  truth,  a  sturdy,  good-iooking 

Cyclone  Fence  is  a  dependable  baby  sitter.  For  it  makes  a 
safe  home  playground  out  of  your  yard.  It  keeps  youngsters, 
absorbed  in  play,  from  stepping  accidentally  into  the  path 
of  passing  traffic.  It  prevents  stray  dogs  from  molesting 
your  children  or  flowers.  Cyclone  Fence,  made  by  U.  S.  Steel, 
is  further  evidence  that  only  steel  can  do  so  many  jobs  so  well. 


OPPORTUNITIES  with   U.  S.  STEEL 


If  you're  thinking  about  what  you're 
going  to  do  after  graduation  ...  if 
you're  interested  in  a  challenging,  re- 
warding position  with  a  progressive 
company  .  .  .  then  it  will  pay  you  to 
look  into  the  opportunities  with  United 


States  Steel.  Your  placement  director 
can  give  y'ou  more  details,  or  we'll  be 
glad  to  send  you  the  informative  book- 
let, "Paths  of  Opportunity."  United 
States  Steel  Corporation,  525  WiUiam 
Penn  Place,  Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 


This  trade -mark  is  your  guide  to  quality  steel 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


For  further  information  on  any  product  mentioned  in  this  advertisement,  write  United  Stales  Steel,  525  William  Penn  Place,  Pittsburgh  30,  Pa, 

dMERICAN  BRIDGE  .  .  AMERICAN  STEEL  i  WIRE  ond  CYCLONE  FENCE  .  .  COLUMBIA-GENEVA  STEEL  .  .  CONSOLIDATED  WESTERN  STEEL  .  .  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  .  .  NATIONAL  TUBE 

OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  .  .  TENNESSEE  COAL  &  IRON  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY  .  .  D/vi-siort  o(  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  CORPORATION,  PinSBURBH 

UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOMES,  INC.    •    UNION  SUPPLY  COMPANY    •    UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY    •    UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CD.IENT  COMPANY  •>-'<>" 


E'S    STUDYING    A    GM    TEXTBOOK 


YES,  ever  since  our  first  issue— June- July  1953— 
tlic  General  Motors  Engineering  Journal  has 
been  welcomed  by  engineering  faculties  and  students 
alike  as  an  excellent  contemporary  source  book. 

And  we  suggest,  if  you  are  not  familiar  with  this 
latest  of  GM  pulilications,  that  you  check  your  col- 
lege library. 

But  — this  is  not  a  "circulation  advertisement"  for 
the  Journal. 

We  mention  it  here  —  because  we  think  a  glance 
through  any  issue  will  give  you  a  pretty  clear  pic- 
ture of  the  high  standards  and  advanced  viewpoints 
of  our  GM  engineers.  And  of  the  intellectual  climate 
they  find  in  which  to  think  and  to  work  at  GiM. 


Certainly  such  standards,  such  viewpoints— and  such 

a  cli 

GM  career. 


So,  again,  may  we  suggest  you  glance  at  the  Journal 
(copies  are  supplied  free  to  all  faculty  members 
and  school  librarians  who  request  them).  We  hope 
it  will  inspire  you  to  write  us  for  another  important 
GM  publication  —  "Tlie  College  Graduate  and 
General  Motors."  And  to  tliink  seriously  of  making 
yours  a  GM  career. 


a  climate  — must  be  weighed  among  the  assets  of  a 


GM   Positions   Now  Avaiiabit 
In  These  Fields: 

MECHANICAL     ENGINEERING 

METALLURGICAL     ENGINEERING 

ELECTRICAL     ENGINEERING 

INDUSTRIAL     ENGINEERING 

CHEMICAL     ENGINEERING 


GENERAL  MOTORS  CORPORATION 

Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan 


William  R.  Parlett,  Cornell  '48,  Sets  Sights 

on  Executive  Sales  Job 


"Within  tile  next  ten  years",  says  William  R.  Parlett,  \oung 
Worthington  Sales  Engineer,  "many  of  the  officers  of  the 
corporatioiL,  district  office  sales  managers  and  top  salesmen 
will  be  retired. 

"Appreciating  the  fact  that  someone  must  fill  these  jobs, 
our  management  is  striving  to  develop  capable  leadership 
among  the  younger  men  of  the  corporation. 

"As  a  prospective  Worthington  Sales  Engineer,  I  received 
se\'eral  months  of  classroom  instruction  by  works  managers, 
top  sales  personnel  and  application  engineers  at  all  of  the 
Worthington  plants.  The  background  I  obtained  was  a  sound 
basis  for  further  development  and  learning  gained  in  one  of 


FOR  ADDITIONAL  INFORMATION,  see  your  College 
Placement  Bureau  or  write  to  the  Personnel  and  Training 
Department,  Wonhington  Corporation,  Harrison,  N.  J. 


the  product  sales  divisions  and  then  in  a  district  sales  office. 
After  obtaining  sufficient  product  know  ledge  and  sales  training, 
1  was  ready  to  sell  directly  to  industry.  As  more  important 
sales  assignments  are  available,  I  feel  I  will  progress  in  propor- 
tion to  mv  own  development  and  sales  performance. 

"As  a  Worthington  salesman  I  contact  a  class  of  trade  with 
which  it  is  a  pleasure  to  do  business.  The  company's  reputation 
is  a  key  to  a  welcome  reception  by  my  customers. 

"I  have  found  that  with  Wonhington  you  have  job  satisfac- 
tion, adequate  compensation,  and  unlimited  opportunity." 

When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job,  think  high — think 
Worthington.  3^ 


1 


WORTHINGTON 


The    Sign    of    Value 
Around     the    World 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Pedestrians  are  Pedestrians 

Have  you  ever  driven  a  car  down  Wright  street  at  noon?  It  is  not 
safe  over  ien  miles  per  hour.  Pedestrians  are  walking  down  the  mid- 
dle of  the  street,  crossing  diagonally  at  the  corner,  and  have  absolute- 
ly no  respect  for  either  the  motorist  or  their  lives. 

Everyone  seems  to  be  complaining  about  the  cars  on  the  campus, 

either  for  or  against  them,  but  the  elimination  of  cars  on  the  campus 
would  not  solve  the  problem  of  the  pedestrian.  The  motorists  are  to  be 
congratulated  on  not  killing  a  pedestrian  on  Wright  street  between 
classes. 

It  seems  obvious  ihat  the  pedestrian  will  never  learn  until  some- 
thing drastic  has  happened.  Urbana  police  department  announced 
that  it  was  giving  tickets  to  pedestrians  who  walk  across  the  street 
against  the  traffic  light.  It  would  be  better  to  eliminate  jaywalking 
now  by  enforcement  than  wait  until  someone  is  killed  to  start  enforc- 
ing it.  Everyone  knov/s  jaywalking  is  dangerous  and  no  one  would 
object  to  crossing  at  the  intersection  if  everyone  else  did  also.  A  few 
signs  and  enforcement  at  the  beginning  of  every  year  would  solve 
the  problem  of  the  Wright  street  hazard. 

The  removal  of  the  traffic  light  at  the  corner  of  Mathews  and 
Green  streets  seems  to  have  caused  another  similar  problem.  Last  year 
the  student  hod  o  fair  chance  to  cross  the  street,  and  the  motorist  did 
not  hove  to  wolch  quite  as  closely.  A  traffic  light  is  still  needed  at  this 
corner.  Admittedly  the  street  is  narrow,  however,  it  is  wide  enough 
for  a  two-way  sireet.  Another  solution  would  be  to  moke  it  one  way 
going  south  oil  the  way.  The  preseni  system  is  not  at  all  suited  to  the 
pedestrian. 

We  urge  you  to  try  your  best  to  make  our  campus  as  safe  as 
possible.  This  can  not  be  atloined  until  we  eliminate  jaywalking. 
Please  don't  be  o  walking  accident. 

D.  F.  K. 


OVEMBER,  1954 


/ 


\ 


/ 


/ 


ENGINEERS 


\ 


or 


PHVSICS    GRADUATES 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


To  those  interested  in  advanced  academic 

study  while  associated  with  important  research  and 

development  in  industry,  Hughes  ojfers 

two  separate  practical  programs : 


/ 


/ 


y 


HUGHES 

COOPERATIVE 

FELLOWSHIP 

PROGRAM 

jor 

Master  of 

Science 

Degrees 


HOW  TO  APPLY 


A  program  to  assist  outstanding 
individuals  in  studN-ing  for  the 
Master  of  Science  Degree  while 
employed  in  industry  and  making 
contributions  to  important  military 
work.  Open  to  students  who  will 
receive  the  B.S.  degree  in  Electrical 
Engineering,  Physics  or  iVlechanical 
Engineering  during  the  coming 
year,  and  to  members  of  the  Armed 
Services  honorably  discharged  and 
holding  such  B.S.  degrees. 

Candidates  must  meet  entrance 
requirements  for  advanced  study 
at  the  University  of  California 
at  Los  Angeles  or  the  University 
of  Southern  Cahfomia.  Participants 
will  work  full  time  during  the 
summer  in  the  Hughes  Laboratories 
and  25  hours  per  week  while  pur- 
suing a  halt-time  schedule  of 
graduate  study  at  the  university. 

Salary  is  commensurate  with  the 
individual's  abiUty  and  experience. 
Tuition,  admission  fees  and  books 
for  university  attendance  are  pro- 
vided. Provision  is  made  to  assist  in 
paying  travel  and  moving  expenses 
from  outside  Southern  Cahtbrnia. 


for  the  Hughes  Cooperative  Fellowship 
Program:  Address  all  correspondence 
to  the  Committee  for  Graduate  Study 


THE 

HOWARD 

HUGHES 

FELLOWSHIPS 

in 

Science 

and 

Engineering 

HOW  TO  APPLY 


Eligible  for  these  Fellowships  are 
those  who  have  completed  one  year 
of  graduate  study  in  physics  or 
engineering.  Successful  candidates 
must  quahfy  for  graduate  standing 
at  the  Cahfomia  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology for  study  toward  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  or  post- 
doctoral work.  Fellows  may  pursue 
graduate  research  in  the  fields  of 
physics  or  engineering.  During 
summers  they  will  work  full  time 
in  the  Hughes  Laboratories  in 
association  with  scientists  and  engi- 
neers in  their  fields. 

Each  appointment  is  for  twelve 
months  and  provides  a  cash  award 
of  not  less  than  $2,000,  a  salary  of 
not  less  than  $2,500,  and  $i,$oo  for 
tuition  and  research  expenses.  A 
suitable  adjustment  is  made  when 
fmancial  responsibilities  of  the  Fel- 
low might  otherwise  preclude  par- 
ticipation in  the  program.  For  those 
coming  from  outside  the  Southern 
California  area  provision  is  made 
for  moving  and  transportation 
expenses. 


for  the  Howard  Hughes  Fellowships  in 
Science  and  Engineering:  Address  all 
correspondence  to  the  Howard  Hughes 
Fellowship  Committee 


California  Institute  of  Technology 


/          HUGHES  ^^ 

(  RESEARCH    AND    DEVELOPMENT  ) 

\                                      LABORATORIES  / 

\              Cuh'er  City,  Los  Angeles  Coimty,  California  / 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


S.  i.  Marine  Dow-Chcm,  lirst  ship  ever  built  siiecilically  for  the  transportation  of  hquld  cheniiruls. 

CHEMICALS  GO  TO  SEA . . . 

REDUCING  FREIGHT  COSTS  AND  BRINGING 
FASTER  SERVICE  TO  MANY  DOW  CUSTOMERS 


Newest  link  between  Dow's  important  Texas  Division  and 
eastern  terminals  is  the  18,000-ton  chemical  tanker, 
"Marine  Dow-Chem".  First  ship  ever  designed  and  built 
to  carry  chemicals,  this  huge  tanker  has  a  capacity  of 
3,500.000  gallons,  including  special  nickel-clad,  heated 
tanks  that  safely  carry  73'^,  caustic  soda  solution.  The 
"Marine  Dow-Chem"  made  her  maiden  voyage  in  April, 
completing  three  years  in  the  planning  and  building  of 
the  vessel. 

Transportation  of  Dow  chemicals  by  way  of  water  routes 
did  not  begin  with  this  new  ship.  Dow  has  pioneered  in 
this  technique  of  shipment.  On  any  given  day,  you  may 
see  a  tanker  steaming  out  of  Freeport,  Texas,  steering  for 
East  Coast  terminals;  a  powerful  tug  herding  its  charge  oi 
barges  up  the  Mississippi  to  Cincinnati;  and  a  freighter 


leaving  California,  heading  through  the  Panama  Canal 
toward  the  Atlantic  coast.  All  have  one  connnon  purjiose 
— delivering  Dow  chemicals  by  the  most  convenient,  most 
economical  routes  possible. 

Just  as  Dow's  research  and  production  arc  making  giant 
ste|)s  in  the  progress  of  the  chemical  industry,  so  Dow's 
distribution  keeps  pace  through  new  techniques  in  trans- 
portation and  service. 


Oi 


iftxylunlUw 


//  luilicr  yiin  clumse  rt'.icnnli.  iinnliiclimi  or  sidf<. 
you  can  find  a  chiillcnfsing  career  uitli  Dow.  IV rile 
to  Technical  Employment  Department,  Till-:  ixm 
cill.MlCAL  COMl'.lNY.  Midland.  Michijxan  or  Frecp  .rl. 
Texri.s  for  the  booklet,  "Upporliinilies  uith  'flic  Dmc 
Chemical  Company  —you  II  find  it  interesting. 


you  can  depend  on  DOW  CHEMICALS 


uow 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


it 


NEVIf   DEPARTURES"  IN    SCIENCE  &   INVENTION 


MORSE 
PUTS    HIS    INVENTION 
TO   PRACTICAL   USE 

Actually,  Morse's  first  message  over  his  electric 
telegraph  was,  "What  hath  God  wrought?"  Ever 
since,  it's  helped  solve  the  problem  of  getting 
money  from  home  .  .  .  and  a  good  many  other 
problems  as  well. 

Inventor  Morse  wouldn't  recognize  some  of  the 
latest  developments  in  his  field.  Automatic  coding 
and  decoding  machines.  Radar.  Electronic  com- 
puters. Such  devices  depend  on  ball  bearings  to 
maintain  moving  parts  in  accurate  alignment,  cut 
friction  to  the  minimum  and  reduce  wear. 

In  every  field  .  .  .  designers  and  engineers  call  on 
New  Departure  for  the  finest  in  ball  bearings. 
For  New  Departure  manufacturing  is  known  to 
employ  advanced  methods  of  automation,  integra- 
tion and  quality  control. 


IBM's  latest  brainchild,  the  702  Electronic 
Data    Processing    Machine,    is    an    outstanding 
example  of  New  Departure  ball   bearing 
application.  New  Departures  also  assure  accurate 
support  of  moving  parts  in  IBM's  now  famous 
701    Electronic   Computer, 


8ALI 


NEW  DEPAR 


EARINGS 


NEW  DEPARTURE  •  DIVISION  OF  GENERAL  MOTORS  •  BRISTOL,  CONNECTICUT 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

editor 

Don   Keslcr 

associati'  ediltir 

Millard   Darnall 

assist  mil  rditors 
Tom  Brody 
Donna  Rudig 

makc-u/>  editor 

Craig  \V.   Senile 

illustralor 

Dave  Templcton 

assistants 

Doiinie   Snedeker 
Paul    II.   Oavis 
Peter   Wolf 
Fred    Horwitz 
Henry  Lowenthal 
Harvey  M.  Endler 
David  C.  Alexander 
David   L.   Komyath\ 
Jack  A.   Sieliert 
William   Black 
Lowell   Mize 
Roy  CJoern 
James   Piechocki 
Wallace  B.  Riley 
John  G.  Freeburg 
Melvin  Green 
Robert  Walker 
John  \\Vnner 
Robert  I..  Lenz 

business  staff 

husiness  manager 
James  E.   Smith 

circulation   director 
Larry  Kiefling 

assistants 

James  J.  Anderson 
CJregg  Warmbier 

navy  pier 

Al   Shiner,  editor 
Davida    Bobrou, 
husmcss    tnanaijer 

faculty  advisers 

R.  W.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.   Livermore 


MEMBERS    OF   ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Prof.  Thomas  FarreH,  Jr. 
State  L'niversity  of  Iowa,  'Iowa  City,  Iowa 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  X'ector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer.  Illinois  Teclinograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer. Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kan-.as  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Lovnsiana  State  Cniversity  Engineer,  Man- 
hattan Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer,  Mich- 
igan Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog,  Mis- 
souri Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint,  New 
York  l'niversity  Quadrangle,  North  Da- 
kota Engineer,  North  Dakota  State  Engi- 
neer. Northwestern  Engineer,  Notre  Dame 
Tecluiical  Review,  Ohio  State  Engineer, 
Okhdmma  State  Engineer,  Oregon  State 
Technical  Record,  Penn  State  Engineer, 
Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue  Engineer, 
RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  SC  En- 
gineer, Rose  Technic,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
iry,    March,    April    and.  May)    by    the    Illini 

Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
■natter,  October  JO,  1920,  at  the  post 
)ffice  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
)f  .March  i,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
^all,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1,511 
»er  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
ights  reserved  by  The  Illinois  Tcchnotiraph. 
Publisher's  ,  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Jarnhill,  605  North  Michigan  .Avenue,  Chi- 
ago  11,  III.  101  Park  Avenue,  New  York 
7,    New    York. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number  2 


confenfs: 


editorial 3 


the  monarch  at  mandon 9 


thermosetting    laminates 13 


air   polution 16 


u-505    20 


dig  that  hole 24 


engineering   leadership 30 


filtration    plant    36 


introducing     39 


v/pgu 42 


skimming    industrial   headlines 44 


technocracks     56 


our  cover 

A  modern  oil  refinery.  The  picture  is  from  an  advertisement 
of  The  American  Blower  Company.  Reprinted  with  the  permis- 
sion of  The  American  Blower  Company  and  Armstrong  Cork 
Company. 


our  frontispiece 

Holding  one  of  the  23,000  blueprints  needed  in  the  design 
and  construction  of  the  Mandon  refinery,  an  inspector  surveys 
some  of  the  complex  facilities.  (Courtesy  of  Standard  Oil  Co.  of 
Indiana) 


\^w 


The  Monarch  at  Mandan 


by  Jim  Piechocki,  Aero  E.  '56 


Several  eons  ago,  a  huge  inland  sea 
occupied  the  regions  now  called  the  I)a- 
kotas,  Montana,  Saskatchewan,  and 
Manitoba.  As  the  ages  wore  on  and 
the  earth  shifted  and  shaped  its  crust 
into  wavy  geological  patterns,  a  huge 
underground  basin  was  formed  beneath 
layers  of  ever-moving  strata.  The  cave- 
man, the  Indian,  and  the  pioneer  plot- 
ted these  grassy  slopes  without  ever 
dreaming  that  beneath  their  feet  lay  a 
vast  area  of  approximately  one  hundred 
and  thirty  thousand  square  miles  of 
reservoir  stocked  with  what  we  call  to- 
day crude  oil.  In  1907,  a  well  drilled 
by   the   Great    Northern    Oil,    Gas    and 


JIM    PIECHOCKI 

Jim  is  o  newcomer  to  The 
Technogroph  staff  on  this 
campus.  Heretofore  he  has 
periodically  written  orticlcs 
for  us  from  Navy  Pier.  We 
are  hoping  for  more  good 
work  from  him  before  he 
graduates  in  February  of 
1936. 


Pipe  Line  Co.  struck  gas  at  178  feet. 
Another  well  in  1910  hit  crude  at  1,954 
feet.  In  1912,  two  government  geolo- 
gists began  intensive  field  work  in  the 
Dakota-Montana  region  and  concluded 
with  a  report  stating  that  the  basin 
should  hold  oil.  The\-  labeled  it  the 
Williston.  and  the  petroleum  magnates 
of  the  East  monientarih  looked  up  from 
their  prosperous  work  and  cast  a 
thoughtful  glance  at  those  rolling  plains 
of  the  West.  Spot  drilling  began,  but 
the  record  of  over  400  dry  holes  dis- 
couraged any  extensive  development.  It 
was  only  a  few  years  ago  that  things 
really  started  happening  oil-wise  at  Wil- 
liston. In  February,  19S1,  the  California 
Standard  Oil  Company  opened  the  Vir- 
den  field  with  a  discovery  well  in  south- 
western Manitoba.  On  April  4,  1951, 
an  Armeda  Petroleum  Corporation  well, 
Clarence  Iverson  \o.  1,  struck  oil 
at  1 1 ,630  feet.  The  rush  was  on.  There 
are  445  successful  wells  in  the  United 
States  section  of  the  basin  today.  The 
main  difficult)-  of  the  basin  is  one  of 
finding  a  market.  North  Dakota  wells, 
with  a  capacity  of  200  barrels  a  day, 
have  been  slowed  to  50  per  day  due  to 
a  lack  of  efficient,  economical  transpor- 
tation. The  answer  to  the  problem  lay 
ill  the  building  up  of  a  large  scale  inte- 

NOVEMBER,  1954 


grated  industry  within  the  state,  and  the 
construction  of  a  refinery  at  Mandan, 
North  Dakota,  was  one  gigantic  stride 
in  the  right  direction. 

Named  for  a  tribe  of  Indians,  the  lit- 
tle town  of  Mandan  was  born  in  I  SSI 
when  the  Northern  Pacific  Railwa\ 
crossed  the  Missouri  from  Kismark,  a 
somewhat  larger  settlement.  Toda\ 
Mandan  boasts  of  a  population  of  S,(H)0, 
the  largest  creamery  in  the  United 
States,  a  modern  foundry,  a  large  ce- 
ment-block factory,  and  a  600-barrel-a- 
day  flour  mill.  Citizens  are  inherently 
proud  of  Fort  Lincoln  State  Park  which 
lies  six  miles  to  the  south.  It  was  from 
this  fortress  that  a  small  band  of  troops 
under  Colonel  (jeorge  A.  Custer  on  Ma\ 
17,  1876,  rode  out  to  round  up  a  group 
of  hostiles,  never  to  return  again.  But 
engineers  of  Standard  Oil  did  not  con- 
sider the  poignant  historical  aspects  of 
Mandan  in  choosing  this  as  a  site  for  a 


refinery.  The\  saw  an  abundant  water 
supph  in  easy-to-reach  .Missouri  River, 
they  saw  excellent  transportation  facili- 
ties present,  and  after  considering  many 
other  aspects,  topographical  and  other- 
wise, put  their  stamp  of  approval  on 
Mamlan.  With  the  site  chosen,  the  real 
work  of  design  could  be  started.  Deso- 
late, grassy  slopes  were  cleared,  tractors 
chugged,  locomotives  hooted,  trucks 
hurried  about,  whistles  screamed  and 
bells  clanged — all  for  the  coming  of  the 
king — the  monarch  of  Mandan.  Work- 
ers in  distant  fields  paused  to  look  upon 
the  slowly  rising  and  fanastic  maze  of 
pipes  surrounding  long  and  high  towers 
that  reached  upwards,  the  sun  reflect- 
ing brilliantly  off  the  many  spires  that 
blazed  like  jewels  in  some  royal  head- 
dress. This  was  the  crown  of  the  mon- 
arch. 

The  design   of   any   refinery   is   keyed 
to  the   refining  process  itself,  that  is,   it 


Vapors  piped  off  from  di'^ferenl   levels  in  the  towering   stills  ore  cooled   in 
the  maze  of  heat  exchangers  seen  in  the  foreground. 


Tovvc-iing  fifteen  stones  higli,  this  cracking  unit  processes  175  tons  of  fine 
cloy  particles  in  one  gulp— enough  to  cover  half  the  surface  area  of  North 
Dakota.  (All  photos  courtesy  Standard  Oil) 


is  a  technique  which  go\eriis  location, 
layout,  size,  shape,  and  specific  function 
of  the  components.  The  technique  of 
refining,  as  any  oil  man  will  tell  you. 
is  extremely  interesting.  It  consists  bas- 
ically of  heating  the  raw  crude  to  a 
high  temperature  and  drawing  off  the 
vapors.  The  crude  is  a  rather  complex- 
substance,  and  the  components,  oblig- 
ing as  they  are,  vaporize  at  different 
temperatures  and  will  assume  different 
heights  when  confined  in  the  top  of  a 
disillation  tower.  Ceding  recovers  the 
vapors  and  they  can  now  be  piped  off 
for  further  treatment.  Early  refiners 
generally  produced  three  or  four  prod- 
ucts; gasoline  (naphtha),  which  was 
not  very  useful  in  the  1900's,  kerosene, 
for  which  there  was  a  very  great  de- 
mand, fuel  oil,  and  sometimes  coke.  The 
first  crude  to  be  refined  in  this  coun- 
try had  little  sulfur  content.  It  was 
called  "sweet"  crude  because  its  by- 
products, especialh'  kerosene,  were  pleas- 
ant enough  to  smell.  But  this  was  not 
the  case  with  the  oil  discovered  near 
Lima,  Ohio,  which  was  tagged  as  "skunk 
juice"  or  "polecat"  oil  because  of  the 
staggering,    over-riped    egg   odor   of    its 


sulfur  compounds.  Herman  Frasch,  the 
famous  (jerman  chemist,  and  William 
Burton  of  Standard  Oil  (Indiana)  sep- 
arately discovered  the  solution  by  pass- 
ing the  heated  crude  or  kerosene  over 
copper  oxide.  The  sulfur  in  the  oil  re- 
acted with  the  copper  to  form  an  insolu- 
able  copper  sulfide,  and  people  now 
bought  Lima  oil  without  fear  of  any 
dreaded  odors.  With  the  advent  of  auto- 
mobile and  the  internal  combustion  en- 
gine, gasoline  demands  rose  by  leaps 
and  bounds.  The  refinery  techniques  of 
the  day  did  not  produce  enough  naph- 
thas to  meet  the  needs.  But  along  came 
William  Burton  again,  this  time  with  a 
process  of  heating  the  crude  at  great 
pressures,  thereby  halting  rapid  evapor- 
ation and  "cracking"  the  larger  mole- 
cules into  the  lighter,  desperatly  need- 
ed naptha  particles.  Further  develop- 
ment resulted  in  the  use  of  a  catalyst  in 
the  cracking  process.  When  the  mole- 
cules formed  are  too  small,  they  must 
be  glued  together  again  in  another  pro- 
cess called  polymerization,  which  pro- 
duced compounds  which  are  not  ex- 
cessively volatile. 

All    these    considerations    play    a    dy- 


namic role  today  in  the  design  of  a  re- 
finery. For  example,  present  methods  of 
distillation  are  adapted  to  produce  a 
maximum  of  products.  The  reduced 
crude  or  remaining  heavy  residue  usual- 
ly requires  a  considerable  amount  of 
processing  if  it  is  not  to  be  lost  as  waste. 
The  Williston  crude  is  of  a  high  gravi- 
ty and  hence  the  reduced  material  needs 
no  further  purification  at  Mandan.  Af- 
ter primary  distillation,  the  reduced 
crude  is  introduced  directly  into  a 
catalytic  cracker,  completeh'  eliminating 
the  necessity  of  separated  units.  Man- 
dan  is  supplied  with  crude  from  a  156 
mile  pipeline  from  the  northwest  fields. 
The  crude  is  desalted  first  and  then 
piped  to  the  crude  distillation  section 
where  it  is  heated  under  pressure.  The 
\apors  separate  and  assume  different 
le\els  in  the  top  of  the  distillation  tower. 
Light  naphtha  goes  to  the  top,  with 
heavy  naptha  right  below.  Kerosene  and 
other  fuel  oils  occupy  the  middle  levels. 
From  the  lower  part  of  the  tower  comes 
a  gas-oil  suitable  for  use  in  furnace 
oil.  The  crude  residue  occupying  the 
bottom  moves  on  to  the  integrated 
catalytic  cracker  which  now  produces 
wet  gas  and  unstable  gasoline  in  the 
top  of  this  unit.  From  the  three  suc- 
ceeding levels  come  light  and  medium 
cycle  oils,  which  are  used  in  blending 
into  distillate  fuels,  and  heavy  cycle  oil, 
most  of  which  usually  goes  back  into 
the  cracker  again.  Light  naphtha  from 
the  original  distillation  along  with  wet 
gas  and  unstable  gasoline  move  to  the 
vapor-recovery  section.  Two  of  the 
products  at  this  stage  are:  a  stabilized 
naphtha  which  is  the  basis  for  the  gaso- 
lines, and  wet  gas  which  goes  to  the 
polymerization  section  which  bonds  the 
light  molecules  into  a  high-quality  heavy 
naphtha. 

At  the  Mandan  refinery,  these  four 
process  of  distillation,  catalytic  cracking, 
vajor  recovery,  and  polymerization,  al- 
thought  separated  by  about  300  feet 
for  safety  sake,  are  united  physically. 
The  crude  distiller  and  catalytic  crack- 
er sections  are  back  to  back,  with  the 
pumps  in  a  single  pump  house  han- 
dling the  high-temperature  stocks  be- 
tween the  two  units.  The  vapor-recovery 
and  polymerization  sections  are  similar- 
ly orientated. 

It  would  seem  that  this  arrangement 
would  require  a  minimum  of  storage 
tanks.  But  Standard  Oil's  engineers 
found  this  impractical  because  of  the 
variety  of  the  quality  of  products.  Prod- 
ucts of  various  qualities  made  to  varying 
specification  cannot  be  turned  out  unless 
there  are  tanks  in  which  the  constituents 
for  each  product  can  be  stored  for  later 
use.  However,  the  theoretical  minimum 
was  a  starting  point  which  brought  the 
number  of  tanks  to  a  practical  minimum 
of  53  with  a  total  capacity  of  2,770,000 
barrels.   One   very   interesting   fact   con- 


10 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


ccrniiig  retiiieiy  tanks  is  that  tlu'\'  arc 
gauged  directly  into  barrels  instead  of, 
as  is  usual,  feet  and  inches.  This  proce- 
dure eh'minates  the  time  consuming  use 
of  conversion  tables  and  reduces  gauging 
errors  to  a  niininiuni. 

The  1  .t6  mile  distance  to  Mandaii 
from  Tioga  to  the  northwest  is  spanned 
by  a  12  and  16  inch  crude  oil  pipe  line. 
Construction  on  the  pipeline  began  on 
June  15,  1953  and  by  Nov.  20,  the  line 
reached  Mandan.  At  present,  the  pipe- 
line handles  30,000  barrels  a  day  but 
it  was  designed  so  that  its  capacity  can 
be  increased  to  100,000  barrels  a  day 
by  the  addition  of  pumping  stations.  A 
relative!)'  small  amount  of  Mandan's 
products  move  by  rail  or  by  truck.  An 
18  spot  railroad  car  loading  rack  is 
located  near  the  southwest  corner  of  the 
refinery,  and  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road provides  a  switching  service.  But 
most  of  Mandan's  output  travels  in 
Standard's  own  pipeline  to  Moorehead, 
Minnesota.  This  200-mile  10-inch  line 
supplies  gasoline,  power  fuel,  kerosene, 
heater  oil,  furnace  oil,  and  diesel  fuel 
east  to  Minneapolis,  and  is  slated  to  be 
the  first  of  Standard's  lines  to  use  the 
new   microwave   comminiication   system. 

It  was  originally  planned  to  design 
the  Mandan  refinery  for  a  capacity  of 
15,000  barrels  a  day  with  provisions  for 
eventual  expansion  to  a  figure  of  30,000. 
Efficiency  of  operation  and  the  expand- 
ing source  of  crude,  however,  dictated 
a  revision  even  before  the  designs  were 
drawn.  Mandan  is  now  set  up  for  an 
initial  capacity  of  30,000  barrels  a  day, 
and  all  existing  facilities  are  adapted  for 
further  expansion. 


Three    of    Mcndan's    storage    tanks    frame    the    stately-looking    'cot    cracker' 
against  the  North  Dakota  sky. 


Mandan's  Standard  Oil  refinery  re- 
quires 15  million  gallons  of  water  a 
day  at  steady  production.  Actual  con- 
sumption will  be  lower  because  the 
water  within  the  refinery  will  be  circu- 
lated over  and  over  again.  The  refiner) 
utilizes    a    new    pumping    station    con- 


This   is   the   heart  of  the   integrated    units   of   distillation,   catalytic   cracking. 
vapor  recovery,  and  polymerization.  Intermediate  storage  is  eliminated. 


structed  adjacent  to  the  existing  water 
station  for  the  city  of  IVIandan.  Six 
vertical-shaft  submerged  type  turbine 
pumps  are  shared  equally  with  the  city. 
Raw  Missouri  River  water  is  pumped 
continuously  to  a  water  treating  plant 
within  the  refinery.  A  circular  clarifier 
coagulates  the  remaining  sediment.  Co- 
agulated ONcrflow  goes  directh'  into  the 
refinery's  cooling  tower.  Drinking  water 
is  obtained   from  the   Mandan  city  line. 

The  Mandan  refinery  is  rather  unique 
in  mail)'  respects.  There  were  25,000 
tons  of  steel  used  in  construction  of  the 
refinery.  Pipes  in  the  refinery  proper, 
if  laid  end  to  end,  would  stretch  56.8 
miles.  A  total  of  25,000,000  gallons  of 
water  circidate  daily  in  the  refinery. 
.'\bout  150  miles  of  electrical  wiring 
transmits  120,000  kilowatt  hours  of  elec- 
tricity daih'  outstripping  the  city  of 
.Mandan  itself.  Concrete  used  in  con- 
struction totaled  13,000  cubic  yards. 
There  were  20,000  blueprints  drawn 
up  for  the  design  and  construction  job. 
The  daily  gasoline  production  co\dd 
power  500  cars  around  the  world. 

The  dexelopment  of  the  Williston 
H.isin,  fiom  the  time  early  settlers 
jumped  on  saplings  to  stomp  tools  into 
the  groiuul  to  Standard  Oil's  .Mandan 
refiner)-  is  an  ideal  example  of  Ameri- 
can ingenuity,  creativeness,  and  devel- 
opment. The  biograph)'  of  Standard  Oil 
is  the  history  of  oil.  and  the  story  of 
oil    is  the  stor\-  of  America. 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


11 


ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERS 
MECHANICAL  ENGINEERS 

I  ai  alL  aocuHettUc  Jtetyiee.  le4telA. 


S    circuitry. 


electrical    and    mechanical    engineering    design    and    development, 
olysis,  airborne  structural   design,  electrical  and  electronic 
1    >.Mv.uitry,    systems    studies,    instrumentation,    telemetering,    electro- 
1    mectionical    test,    applied   physics   problems. 


tk  Sandia  Corporation,  a  subsidiary  of  the  Western  Electric  Company,  offers 
^^  outstanding  opportunities  to  graduates  with  Bachelor's  or  advanced  degrees,  with 
or  without   applicable  experience. 

tk     Sandia  Corporation  engineers  and  scientists  work  as  a  team  at  the  basic  task  of 
^P    applying     to     military     uses     certain  of  the  fundamental  proces?es  developed  by 
nuclear    physicists.    This    task    requires    original    research    as    well    as     straightforward 
development   and    production    engineering. 

tk     A    new    engineer's    place    on    the    Sandia    team    is    determined    initially    by    his 
^^     training,    experience,    and    talents    .    .    .    and,    in    a    field    where    ingenuity    and 
resourcefulness   are  paramount,    he   is  afforded   every  opportunity  for  professional 
growth    and    improvement. 

tk     Sandia    engineers    design    and    develop    complex    components    and    systems 

^^    that   must  function   properly  under  environmental   conditions  that  are  much 

more    severe    than    those    specified    for    industrial    purposes.    They    design    and 

develop    electronic    equipment    to    collect    and    analyze    test    data;    they    build 

instruments    to    measure    weapons    effects.    As    part    of    their    work,    they    are 

engaged    in    liaison    with    the    best    production    and    design    agencies    In    the 

country,    and    consult  with    many   of   the   best   minds    In    all   fields  of   science. 

Jl     Sandia    Laboratory,    operated    by    Sandia    Corporation    under    contract 
^P    with   the  Atomic  Energy  Commission,  is  located  In  Albuquerque  —  In 
the  heart  of  the  healthful  Southwest.  A  modern,  mile-high  city  of  150,000, 
Albuquerque   offers   a    unique   combination    of  metropolitan   facilities   plus 
scenic,    historic    and    recreational    attractions    —    and    a    climate    that    Is 
sunny,    mild,    and   dry   the  year  around.   New   residents    have   little   diffi- 
culty In  obtaining  adequate  housing. 

^K     Liberal   employee  benefits  include  paid  vacations,  sickness  bene- 
^r      fits,    group    life    insurance,    and    a    contributory    retirement    plan. 

Working    conditions    ore    excellent,    and    salaries    are    commensurate 

with    qualifications.  ^^^ 

A   limited   number  of  positions  for  Aeronautical   Engineers, 
Mathematicians,   and   Physicists  are  also  available. 


Make  ofi^fiUcaUtui  to:    PROFESSIONAL  EMPLOYMENT 


DIVISION  A  9 

Or    conloct    through    your    Plocement   Office   the   Sandia 

Corporation  representative  with  the  Bell  Telephone 

System    College    Recruiting    Team    for   an 

interview      on      your     campus. 


'Tl^ 


12 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Dielectric  Breakdown  Properties  of  . 


THERMOSETTING 
LAMINATES 


by  N.  A.  Skow 


A  bstract 

Thermosetting  laminated  plastics  are 
used  extensively  for  electrical  insulation 
because  of  their  unusual  combination  of 
electrical,  mechanical,  and  chemical  prop- 
erties. Excellent  electrical  insulators, 
these  materials  are  also  mechanically 
strong,  light  in  weight,  and  easy  to  fab- 
ricate. They  resist  chemical  corrosion, 
moisture,  aging,  heat  and  temperature 
deterioration.  To  establish  safe  operating 
loads,  tests  for  the  endurance  limits  of 
dielectric  strength  were  run  on  each  of 
several  grades  of  thermosetting  plastic 
laminates  plotting  voltages  against  time. 
The  data  thus  obtained  indicate  that 
for  a  given  thickness  and  atmospheric 
condition,  a  maximum  voltage  exists 
below  which  failure  will  not  occur. 
Tests  of  this  type  yield  results  which 
are  valuable  to  the  design  engineer  in 
determining  the  proper  grade  and  thick- 
ness of  material  for  use  as  insulating 
parts  in  electrical  equipment. 

Determining  Insulating  Properties 

In  selecting  an  electrical  insulating 
material,  the  designer  is  primarily  con- 
cerned with  insulation  resistance,  dielec- 
tric loss  and  dielectric  breakdown.  The 
relative  importance  of  these  various 
properties  depends  on  the  application  in- 
volved, but  dielectric  breakdown  is  al- 
most always  a  major  consideration. 

As  defined  by  ASTM,  the  dielectric 
strength  of  an  insulating  material  is  the 
maximum  potential  gradient  that  the  ma- 
terial can  withstand  without  rupture. 
It  is  difficult  to  evaluate  quantitivel\- 
because  its  magnitude  varies  with  tem- 
perature, thickness  of  material,  moisture 
content,  and  time  exposed  to  stress.  In 
general,  the  dielectric  strength  of  insul- 
ating materials  decreases  with  time  of 
exposure  to  the  electrical  stress. 

I*  or  a  quick  determination  of  dielec- 
tric strength,  the  short-time  test  has 
been  devised.  For  fairly  rapid  determin- 
ations, but  laymg  more  emphasis  on  the 
time  factor,  the  step-by-step  test  has 
been  arranged.  These  tests  invohing 
short   exposures   are   primarily   compara- 


tive and  are  not  indicative  of  the  break- 
down of  the  materials  under  prolonged 
exposure  to  lower  stresses.  The  limita- 
tions of  these  tests  already  have  been 
pointed  out  in  the  appendix  to  the 
ASTM  Standards  on  Electrical  Insul- 
ating Materials. 

Since  long  ser\ice  without  breakdown 
is  a  primary  requirement  of  electrical  in- 
sulating materials,  determination  of  the 
endurance  limit  is  most  essential.  This 
can  be  measured  by  stressing  the  lamin- 
ate with  voltages  less  than  the  short- 
time  \alue  and  recording  the  results  at 
each  voltage.  When  the  maximum  volt- 
age that  can  be  applied  for  an  indefinite 
time  without  breakdown  has  been  found, 
the  endurance  limit  of  dielectric  strength 
has  been  established. 

Dififerences  between  the  dielectric 
breakdown  properties  of  thermosetting 
laminates  stressed  parallel  to  laminations 
and  those  stressed  perpendicular  to  lam- 
inations are  sufficient  to  warrant  inves- 
tigation of  beha\ior  for  each  direction. 
The  same  dielectric  strength  and  en- 
durance characteristics  do  not  exist 
where  laminated  sheets  are  used  as  in- 
sulating spacers  (stressed  perpendicular 
to  lamination),  and  where  laminates  are 
used  as  terminal-board  insulators 
(stressed    parallel    to   lamination). 

Grades  of  Plastics  Tested 

1  o  obtain  the  results  presented  here, 
seven  standard  NEMA  grades  of  lanu'n- 
ated  thermosetting  plastics  were  tested : 
(trades  X.  XX,  XXXP,  LE,  A,  G-5 
and  X-1.  Any  other  NEMA  grade 
nught  be  used  in  similar  applications 
but  those  mentioned  were  selected  be- 
cause they  are  tvpical  of  the  entire 
group.  While  this  series  of  tests  was 
made  onl\-  upon  lanu'nates  in  the  sheet 
form,  the  dielectric  properties  of  tubes, 
rods,  and  molded  parts  are  quite  simi- 
lar. Briefly,  the  materials  tested  lan  be 
described  as  follows : 

Grades  X,  XX  and  XXXP  an- 
paper-base  lanu'nates  bonded  with  phe- 
nolic resin,  (irade  X  is  intended  pri- 
marily   for   mechanical    applications   and 


should  be  used  with  discretion  under 
high-humidity  conditions.  Grade  XX  is 
made  with  a  more  absorbent  paper  and 
has  a  higher  resin  content  than  (irade 
X.  (jrade  X.\  is  better  electricalh',  al- 
though slightly  weaker  mechanically, 
than  Grade  X.  (Jrade  XXXP,  which 
has  a  still  higher  resin  content,  is  one 
of  the  best  electrical  laminates  produced, 
(irade  LE  has  a  cotton-fabric  base  and 
is  bonded  with  phenolic  resin.  This 
grade  is  used  on  electrical  applications 
requiring  greater  toughness  than  is  pro- 
vided by  (irade  XX. 

Grade  A  is  an  asbestos  paper-ba.se 
laminate  bonded  with  phenolic  resin.  It 
is  more  flame  and  heat  resistant  than  the 
cellulosic  grades.  Bonded  with  mel amine 
resin,  (Jrade  G-3  is  a  glass-base  laminate 
with  very  high  mechanical  strength,  ex- 
cellent electrical  properties  under  dry 
conditions  and  good  heat,  Hame  and  arc 
resistance.  (Jrade  N-1  is  a  nylon-fabric 
base  laminate  bonded  with  phenolic 
resin.  It  has  excellent  electrical  and  me- 
chanical projierties  even  under  high  hu- 
midit\'  conditions. 

Program   of   Tests 

Fig.  1  indicates  the  sample  size  and 
test  arrangements  used  to  deternu'ne 
dielectric  strength  and  endurance  limit 
of  plastic  laminates  in  both  directions 
(perpendicular  and  parallel  to  lamina- 
tions). For  testing  perpendicular  to 
laminations,  6-x  6-in.  samples  were  se- 
lected at  random  from  standard  pro- 
duction sheets  (36x36x1/16  in.).  For 
the  tests  parallel  to  lanu'nations,  speci- 
mens 2\i\y2  in.  were  cut  from  stand- 
ard sheets  36x36xJ/.  in.  A  0.2-in-diam 
hole  was  drilled  along  the  2-in.  axi.s  of 
each  specimen  to  a  depth  of  1%-in.  The 
of  each  hole  was  counterbored  with  a 
flat  bottom  drill,  leaving  a  54-in.  thick- 
ness of  lanunate  between  the  bottom  of 
the  hole  and  the  edge  of  the  sample. 
While  this  is  not  a  standard  test  speci- 
men it  was  found  \er\  con\enient  in  this 
study  because  it  eliminated  the  prob- 
lem of  Hashover.  (To  have  used  a  speci- 
men 6x6  in.  would  have  meant  the  pro- 
duction of  a  6-in-thick  sheet  of  laminate 
for  each  grade  to  be  tested.) 

Short-time  dielectric  strength  measure- 
ments perpendicular  to  laminations  were 
made  on  the  6x6x1  '16-111.  specimens  in 
oil  as  specified  in  AST\I  Standard 
D 149-44.  The  samples  to  be  tested  were 
first  dried  in  an  oven  at  22()F  for  I  In- 
then  cooled  in  a  desiccator  for  16  hr  at 
73F.  After  conditioning,  tests  were 
made  using  li\e  specimens  of  each 
grade. 

Short-time  dielectric  strength  meas- 
urements parallel  to  lanu'nations  were 
made  on  the  2\i\],A-'w\.  specimens  in 
oil.  Becau.se  of  the  thickness  of  sam|ile, 
these  test  pieces  wvre  conditioned  at 
22()F    for    S    hr    followed    b\     Id    hr    of 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


13 


cooling   in    a   desciccator   at   73F.    Five 
specimens  of  each  grade  were  tested. 

Results  of  Tests 

Results  of  tests  in  both  directions  are 
given  for  Grades  XX,  XXP,  and 
N-1  at  temperatures  from  65F  to 
256F.  Breakdown  voltage  versus  tem- 
perature curves  arc  given  for  botli 
perpendicular  and  parallel  directions 
for  each  of  the  three  grades  test- 
ed. Two  significant  facts  are  readily  ap- 
parent :  ( 1  )  Short  -  time  dielectric 
strengths  parallel  to  laminations  are 
lower  than  those  perpendicidar  to  lam- 
inations (with  the  exception  of  Grade 
XX  at  temperatiues  abo\-e  ISOF;  and 
(2)  the  difference  in  dielectric  strength 
versus  temperature  characteristics  paral- 
lel to  laminations  are  comparatively 
small. 

Grade  XXXP  laminate  has  the  high- 
est dielectric  strength  perpendicular  to 
laminations  within  the  temperature 
range  covered  and  the  drop  in  break- 
down voltages  is  very  small  between 
90F  and  180F.  This  gradual  change  in 
breakdown  voltage  up  to  180F  is  of 
particular  advantage  when  laminated 
plastic  components  are  subjected  to  hot- 
spot  temperatures  in  electronic  equip- 
ment. It  is  evident  that  there  is  a  rapid 
decrease  in  the  breakdown  voltage  of 
even  Grade  XXXP  as  the  temperature 
is  increased  further.  The  breakdown 
characteristics  of  the  three  grades  paral- 
lel to  laminations  are  more  nearly 
equal.  This  indicates  that  it  makes  little 
difference  in  regard  to  short-time  dielec- 
tric strength  which  of  the  three  grades 
is  selected  for  operation  at  temperatures 
within  the  range  covered. 

The  data  indicate  that  parallel  to 
laminations  Grade  N-1,  nylon-base 
laminate,  has  the  most  rapid  decrease 
in  dielectric  strength  (short-time)  with 
temperature,  while  the  breakdown  volt- 
ages of  (jrade  XX  appear  between  these 
two  extremes  throughout  the  tempera- 
ture range. 

Data  are  presented  to  indicate  the 
effect  of  sample  thickness  on  the  short- 
time  dielectric  strength  measured  in 
both  directions.  The  dielectric  strength 
of  Grade  XX  plastics  laminate  meas- 
ured perpendicular  to  lamination  is 
515  vpm  at  a  J/^-in.  thickness  or  slight- 
ly more  than  half  the  magnitude  for  a 
1/22-in.  sample  thickness.  The  dielectric 
strengths  parallel  to  laminations,  meas- 
ured at  five  thicknesses  ranging  from 
1/16  in.  to  y^  in.,  are  very  close  for 
Grades  X  and  XX  with  sample  thick- 
nesses greater  than  Vg  in.  The  decrease 
in  dielectric  strength  may  be  compared 
to  the  law  of  diminishing  returns  in 
that  each  additional  thickness  of  lami- 
nate provides  a  smaller  increase  in  the 
total  dielectric  breakdown  voltage  of  the 
sample. 

This   shows    the    necessity    for    main- 


taining equal  sample  thicknesses  for  all 
tests  to  obtain  results  for  the  purpose 
of  comparison.  For  measurements  per- 
pendicular to  laminations  throughout 
this  testing  program  a  thickness  of  1/16 
in.  was  selected  because  it  is  representa- 
tive of  the  sheet  thicknesses  used  in 
many  electrical  applications.  A  ^-in. 
thickness  was  specified  for  testing  paral- 
lel to  laminations  because  thinner  sec- 
tions were  more  difficult  to  machine  to 
uniform  dielectric  gaps. 

Effects   of  Conditioning 

To  determine  the  effects  of  condition- 
ing, the  dielectric  strength  (short-time) 
of  Grade  XX  laminate  was  measured  in 
both  directions  for  various  combinations 
of  time,  temperature  and  moisture  treat- 
ment. The  results  of  these  tests  are 
given  for  each  specified  conditioning 
treatment.  Conditioning  for  a  maxi- 
mum of  4  days  for  measurements 
perpendicular  to  laminations  was  suf- 
ficient, but  21  days  were  necessary  to 
insure  uniform  moisture  absorption  for 
obtaining  breakdown  voltages  parallel 
to  laminations.  Because  dielectric 
strength  varies  widely  with  changes  in 
conditioning  treatment,  considerable  care 
was  taken  to  standardize  the  sample  con- 
ditioning prior  to  dielectric  strength 
tests.  One  hour  drying  at  220F  was  se- 
lected for  samples  to  be  tested  perpen- 
dicular to  laminations  because  it  pro- 
vided the  most  reproducible  results. 

These  samples  were  removed  from  the 
conditioning  chamber,  placed  between 
the  electrodes  of  the  testing  equipment 
and  immersed  in  an  oil  bath.  As  far  as 
possible,  the  samples  of  each  grade  of 
laminate  were  tested  at  85,  70,  60,  55, 
50,  and  45  per  cent  of  the  short-time 
breakdown  voltage  measured  previously. 
Voltage  was  applied  at  the  rate  of 
10  kv/sec  until  the  specified  magnitude 
was  reached  and  maintained  until  rup- 
ture occurred.  The  voltage  applied  and 
the  time  in  minutes  required  for  failure 
were  then  recorded. 

Measurements  parallel  to  laminations 
were  made  in  oil  with  a  metal  pin  and 
plate  as  electrodes.  All  samples  were 
conditioned  in  an  over  for  8  hr  at 
220F  and  five  specimens  of  each  grade 
were  tested  for  short-time  dielectric 
strength  in  accordance  with  ASTM 
D 149-44.  Because  of  the  54-i'i-  thickness 
of  the  electrode  gap,  a  longer  condition- 
ing period  was  necessary  to  insure  uni- 
form dryness. 

The  endurance  limit  of  the  dielectric 
strength  parallel  to  laminations  was  de- 
termined bv  applying  voltages  at  the 
rate  of  10  kv/sec 'until  85,  70,  60,  55, 
50  and  45  per  cent  of  the  short-time 
breakdown  value  was  reached.  After 
rupture  occurred,  the  voltage  and  time 
for  failure  were  recorded.  For  all  tests, 
the  samples  and  testing  procedure  were 
made  as  uniform  as  possible. 


Endurance  Limits 

The  endurance  limits,  perpendicular 
and  parallel  to  laminations,  for  the 
seven  grades  of  laminates  tested  are 
given.  The  dielectric  strength  of  all 
grades  in  both  directions  decreases  ra- 
pidly with  time  until  it  is  approximately 
60  to  70  per  cent  of  the  short-time 
dielectric  strength.  The  curves  show 
that  the  breakdown  voltage,  or  up- 
per limit  of  voltage  gradient  with- 
out rupture,  gradually  approaches  a 
magnitude  that  is  independent  of  time. 
The  endurance  limit  of  the  material  is 
considered  approximately  equal  to  the 
maximum  dielectric  strength  which  will 
not  rupture  after  a  100-min  exposure  to 
stress.  This  assumption  is  based  on  tests 
on  five  samples  which,  after  resisting 
breakdown  for  100  min,  continued  to 
withstand  the  applied  stresses  for  18 
hr. 

Short-time  dielectric  strengths  and 
endurance-limit  values  are  compared  in 
Table  4.  In  part  A,  where  the  seven 
grades  of  laminates  are  tested  dry  at 
7.5F,  the  ratios  (per  cent)  of  endurance 
limits  to  short-time  dielectric  strength 
are  tabulated  (data  from  curves  in  Fig. 
3)  to  indicate  the  relative  characteris- 
tics of  the  seven  grades,  (irade  A,  as- 
bestos-base plastic  laminate  has  the  low- 
est dielectric  strength  and  endurance 
limit  in  either  direction  but  is  recom- 
mended in  high-temperature  applications 
because  of  its  superior  heat  resistance. 
The  six  remaining  grades  tested  are 
suitable  for  high-voltage  applications, 
(irade  XXXP  having  the  highest  break- 
down voltages  perpendicular  to  lamina- 
tions and  (jrade  N-1,  the  highest  paral- 
lel to  laminations. 

Safety  Factor 

For  dry  specimens,  the  endurance 
limits  (in  either  direction)  of  the  seven 
standard  grades  of  laminates  tested  vary 
from  49  to  84  per  cent  of  the  corres- 
ponding short-time  dielectric  strength. 
Therefore  the  designer  can  consider  a 
safety  factor  of  3,  based  on  the  short- 
time  test,  to  be  sufficient.  For  Grades 
XX  and  XXXP  exposed  to  high  humid- 
ity and  elevated  temperatures,  the  per- 
centage ratio  of  endinance  limit  to  short- 
time  dielectric  strength  ranges  from  47 
to  86  per  cent  (including  both  direc- 
tions). Again,  a  safety  factor  of  3  should 
be  satisfactory.  In  actual  practice,  a  de- 
signer may  expect  to  use  equipment 
under  highly  hiniiid  conditions,  yet  avail- 
able data  on  the  laminates  may  be  limit- 
ed to  short-time  dielectric  strength  under 
dry  conditions.  In  these  cases,  a  safety 
factor  of  6,  as  recommended  by  NEMA'' 
may  be  necessary. 

Conclusions 

Conclusions  drawn  from  these  tests 
would  indicate  that  for  selecting  thermo- 
setting  plastic    laminates    to   be    used   as 


14 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


a  dielectric  mediimi,  it  is  important  to 
know  the  temperature  at  which  the 
equipment  is  to  be  operated,  the  atmos- 
pheric conditions  to  be  encountered,  the 
niechaiu'cal  strain  and  the  dielectric  stress 
to  be  applied.  If  the  equipment  is  used 
under  dr\  conditions  and  the  mechani- 
cal strength  requirements  are  not  severe, 
paper-base  laminates  are  very  satisfac- 
tor\-.  It  humid  conditions  are  factors  it 
would  be  advisable  to  use  the  more 
water-resistant  paper-base  grades  such  as 
Grade  XXXP.  Under  dry  conditions 
requiring  high  mechanical  strength  it 
may  be  necessary  to  use  a  fabric  grade 
such  as  LE  and  under  continuous  humid 
conditions  requiring  high  mechanical 
strength  it  may  be  necessary  to  use 
(irade  \-l.  If  arc  resistance  is  an  im- 
portant requirement  Cirade  (i-5  is  indi- 
cated. 

Acknoivledgiiient — The  tests  described 
herein  were  conducted  in  the  Research 
Laboratorv  of  S\nthance  Corporation, 
Oaks,  Pa. 


1  Published  bv  American  Society  for  Testing  Ma- 
terials,   1916    Race    Street,    Philadelphia.    Pa. 

-For  a  description  of  the  NEM.\  grades  not  in- 
cluded here  see  "Standards  for  Laminated  Thermo- 
setting   Products,"    publication    No.    LP1-195I. 

3XEMA  Standards  for  Laminated  Thermosetting 
Products  Publication  Xo.  40-118,  .\ugust,  194fi. 
paragraph    LP-64. 


During  a  sidewalk  interview  in  Ani- 
arillo,  Texas,  an  announcer  asked  a 
woman :  "What  did  your  husband  say 
when  he  proposed  ?  She  replied  that  he 
just  said  he  loved  her  and  wanted  to 
marry  her.  "Didn't  he  do  anything  to 
back  up  his  statement?"  "Oh,  yes,"  she 
replied   brightly.  "We  have  two  sons." 

*  ^        * 

A  divinity  student  named  Tweedle 
Refused  to  accept  his  degree. 

He  didn't  object  to  Tweedle, 

But  he  hated  to  be  Tweedle,  D.  D. 

*  »       * 

Little  Audrey,  mad  as  hell. 
Pushed  her  sister  in  the  well. 
Said  her  mother,  drawing  water, 
"(lee,    it's    hard    to    raise    a    daughter." 

*  *        * 

.A  lovely  co-ed  named  Loretta 

Loved  wearing  a  very  tight  sweater ; 

Three  reasons  she  had: 
Keeping  warm  wasn't  bad. 

Hut  the  other  reasons  were  better. 

Secretary:    But,    Professor,    isn't    this 
the  same  exam  you  gave  last  year? 
Professor:  Yes,  but  I've  changed  the 

answers. 

*  *        # 

1  hen  there  was  the  wolf  lounging  in 
a  New  York  hotel  lobby  as  an  attractive 
\oung  lad\-  passed  b\ .  When  his  stand- 
ard come-on  brought  onh'  a  frigid  glance 
lie  scarcasmed,  "Pardon  me.  I  thought 
.,Vou  were  my  mother." 

t"I    couldn't    be,  "    she    replied.    "I'm 
arried." 
OVEMBER,  1954 


A  minister,  preaching  on  the  danger 
of  compromi.se,  was  condemning  the  at- 
titude of  so  many  Christians  who  be- 
lieve certain  things'  concerning  theii- 
faith,  but  in  actual  practice  will  sa\ , 
"■Ves,  but  .  .  ."  At  the  climax  of  the 
sermon,  he  fairly  shouted,  "Yes,  there 
are  millions  of  Christians  who  are  slid- 
ing straight  to  hell  on  their  'huts'." 
*        *        * 

1  hree  deaf  gentlemen  were  on  a  train 
bound  for  London.  "What  station  is 
this?"  inquired  the  first  gentleman. 

"Wembley,"  answered  the  guard. 

"Heavens!"  said  the  second.  "1 
thought  it  was  Thursda.\  !" 

"So  am  I,"  exclaimed  the  third.  'Let', 
all  have  a  drink." 


"Doctor,  my  .son  has  cholera,  and  the 
worst  of  it  is,  he  admits  he  caught  it 
from   kissing  the  maid." 

"Well,  well.  Young  people  do 
thoughtless  things,  don't  they?" 

"But  doctor,  I've  been  kissing  the 
maid  myself." 

"Too  bad." 

"And  what's  more,  I've  been  kissing 
my  wife." 

'"What?  Oh.  my  gosh!  Now  we'll  all 
have  it." 


Our  heroine  bought  a  parrot  from  a 
pet  store  onl\  to  learn  that  it  cursed 
e\er\  time  it  opened  its  mouth.  She  put 
up  with  it  as  long  as  she  could,  but 
finally  one  day  she  lost  her  patience.  "If 
1  e\er  hear  you  swearing  again,  I'll 
wring  \oin-  neck,"  she  declared.  A  few 
minutes  later  she  remarked  rather  cas- 
ually that  it  was  a  nice  day.  Whereupon 
the  parrot  promptly  said,  "It's  a  hell 
of  a  fine  tiay."  The  lad\'  immediately 
seized  the  parrot  by  his  head  and  spun 
him  around  in  the  air  until  he  was  al- 
most dead.  "Now,  then,"  she  said.  "It's 
a  fine  day,  isn't  it?"  "Fine  day!"  ex- 
claimed the  parrot.  "Where  in  hell  were 
\ou   when   the  c\cIone  struck?" 

*  *        * 

Judge:  "I'm  sorr\-,  but  I  can't  give 
\ou  a  marriage  license  until  you  have  a 
properly  filled  out  form." 

Coed:  "Listen,  if  my  boy  friend  does 
not  care,  win   should  you?" 

*  »        -s- 

"Was  he  fresh?  Why,  I  had  to  slap 
him  three  times  before  I  gave  in!" 

*  *        * 

"When  the  e\es  are  closed  the  hear- 
ing becomes  more  acute,"  sa\s  a  medical 
authorit\'.  "We  have  noticed  several 
people  experimenting  in  church." 


DESIGNED 
for  the 
PLANT 
of 
TOMORROW 


Brown  &  Sharpe  "up-to-tlie-minute"  machines 
have  hcen  designed  and  built  for  just  such  plants.  They 
offer  improved  performance  and  greater  reliability  for 
the  mass  production  of  precision  parts  at  lower  operat- 
ing costs.  These  machines  on  the  production  line  will 
integrate  high  production  and  high  precision. 

For  full  particulars  on  tlie  complete  line  end)rac- 
ing  Milling,  Grinding  and  Screw  Machines  write 
Crown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co.,  Providence  1,  Rhode  Island. 


Brown  S  Sharpe 


15 


AIR  POLLUTION 


by  J.  H.   Houdry,  Vice  President  Oxy-Catalyst,   Inc. 


There  is  a  new  technique  in  engi- 
neering that  promises  to  remove  some- 
thing old  and  troublesome  from  the  air. 

The  something  old  in  the  air  is  pol- 
lution— tons  and  tons  of  contaminating 
particles,  vapors  and  gases  that  for 
years  have  been  pouring  from  our  in- 
dustrial plants,  our  power  stations,  our 
railroads,  our  incinerators,  and  above  all 
our  automobiles — noxious  elements  that 
threaten  public  health  and  impair  the 
cleanliness  of  cities  and  industrial  cen- 
ters. This  cumulative  contamination  of 
the  air  we  breathe  has  been  high-lighted 
recently  in  charges  made  by  Los  .An- 
geles scientists  that  hydrocarbon  con- 
taminants in  the  atmosphere  may  be  re- 
sponsible for  the  marked  increase  of 
lung  cancer  in  heavily  polluted  areas. 

The  new  technique — very  definitely 
an  engineering  approach  to  the  prob- 
lem— is  a  family  of  oxidizing  catalysts 
developed  by  Eugene  J.  Houdry,  pio- 
neer almost  twenty  years  ago  in  the 
catalytic  cracking  of  petroleum. 

To  assign  so  sweeping  a  role  to  any 
one  method  of  pollution  control  might 
seem  presumptuous.  But  various  types  of 
oxidizing  catalysts  perfected  by  Mr. 
Houdry  or  now  in  de\elopment  have 
indicated  that  they  can  burn  at  the 
source  any  gaseous  or  fine  particulate 
matter  that  is  combustible. 

One  type  of  oxidizing  catalyst,  called 
the  Oxycat.  is  already  offering  a  posi- 
tive and  economical  solution  to  indus- 
trial plant  pollution  problems.  The  cata- 
lytic agent  of  this  Oxycat  is  a  platinum 
and  alumina  alloy  that  is  coated  onto  a 
surface  of  porcelain   rods. 

After  two  years  of  study  in  various 
industrial  installations  the  Oxycat  has 
shown  that  it  can: 

1.  Remove  odors  and  visible  smoke 
resulting  from  hydrocarbon  exhausts — 
and  also  eliminate  carbon  monoxide. 

2.  In  many  cases  generate  usable  heat 
in  the  process — enough  to  cut  the  plant 
fuel  bill  of  one  user  by  9CKj — enough 
to  return  S27,500  yearly  on  a  $25,000 
investment  for  another  company. 

3.  Turn  waste  gases  into  usable  power 
— in  one  case  to  run  a  gas  turbine. 

4.  Indirectly  improve  production  pro- 
cesses and  products  in  some  applications 
and 

5.  Increase  safety  and  reduce  fire 
hazard  in  others. 

In  a  typical  case,  that  of  the  Radio 
Corporation  of  America  plant  in  Cam- 
den, N.  J.,  the  OxTcat  ended  a  localized 
but  intense  inplant  pollution  problem. 


Plagued  by  an  irritatuig  wax  smoke 
that  blew  into  its  office  building  from  a 
nearby  exhaust  stack,  RCA  installed  a 
bed  of  Oxycats  to  oxidize  the  smoke  at 
its  source — a  burn-off"  oven  in  the  com- 
pany's powdered  metals  division. 

In  making  powdered  metal  parts, 
RCA  uses  a  wax  binder  to  hold  the  parts 
together  before  final  pressing.  But  after 
pressure  molding  and  before  the  parts 
can  be  sintered,  the  wax  binder  must 
be  driven  off. 

In  doing  this  in  a  burn-off  oven,  RCA 
had  been  driving  out  to  the  air  a  mix- 
ture of  wax  particles  and  vapor — a 
smoke  with  an  odor  of  burnt  cork — 
very  annoying  to  breathe. 

The  company  first  considered  vari- 
ous methods  of  eliminating  the  wax 
smoke.  The  exhaust  could  be  collected, 
condensed,  filtered  or  burned.  It  was 
decided  that  some  method  of  burning 
would  give  the  most  positi\e  results  with 
a  minimum  of  maintenance  and  operat- 
ing headaches. 

Burning,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  di- 
rect ignition  of  the  fumes,  would  have 
been  costly.  A  large  volume  of  fume-air 
mixture  (1400  cubic  feet  per  minute) 
would  ha\e  to  be  brought  up  to  an  igni- 
tion temperature  of  2000  degrees  or 
more.  This  in  turn  would  require  a 
high  fuel  consumption,  a  large  com- 
bustion chamber  and  elaborate  insula- 
tion and  stack  construction  to  with- 
stand high  temperatures. 

RCA  turned  to  catalytic  oxidation — 
a  method  for  burning  the  wax  smoke  at 
temperatures  well  below  the  normal 
ignition  point.  The  company  installed  a 
bed  of  204  Oxycats  above  its  burn  off 
oven. 

Each  Oxycat  unit  is  a  cake-like  struc- 
ture of  73  porcelain  rods  held  together 
by  two  square  porcelain  end-plates  and 
a  porcelain  spacer  bar.  The  surfaces  of 
these  rods — tear-drop  shaped  to  mini- 
mize back  pressure — are  coated  with  the 
catahtic  agent — platinum  and  alumin- 
um alloy. 

The  Oxycats  are  stacked  side-by-side 
and  one  on  top  of  the  other  on  a  sim- 
ple grate  in  the  exhaust  stack  of  the 
Oven.  The  waste  gases  flow  across  the 
Oxycat  rods.  At  the  coated  surfaces  of 
these  rods  a  catalytic  reaction  takes 
place,  oxidizing  the  exhaust  to  a  harm- 
less effluent  of  carbon  dioxide  and  water 
vapor. 

(The  catalytic  agent  of  the  Oxycat 
here  acts  to  stimulate  tl^e  oxidation  re- 
action, to  permit  oxidation  at  tempera- 


tures far  below  the  normal  ignition 
point  of  the  combustibles.  Contrary  to 
classical  theory  on  catalysis  which  holds 
that  the  catalyst  takes  no  acti\e  part 
in  a  reaction,  Mr.  Houdry  has  found 
strong  evidence  to  corroborate  the  theory 
that  a  catalyst  definitely  does  take  part 
in  a  reaction,  repeatedly  entering  and 
leaving,  later  returning  to  its  original 
state  when  the  reaction  is  completed.) 

The  oxidizing  temperature  of  the 
Oxycat  is  about  500  degrees  F,  Since 
the  wax  fumes  leave  the  burn-off  oven 
at  about  300,  RCA  installed  a  preheat 
burner  to  raise  temperature  to  the  de- 
sired point.  The  catalyst  in  oxidizing 
the  preheated  fumes  raises  exhaust  tem- 
peratures another  50-100  degrees — a 
relatively  small  increase  in  this  case  due 
to  the  low  concentration  of  the  con- 
taminants. Operation  to  date  has  shown 
complete  elimination  of  the  wax  smoke. 

The  catal\st  also  eliminated  explosive 
pockets  of  fumes  that  previously  had  a 
tendency  to  collect  above  the  oven.  At 
the  same  time  the  slow  build-up  of  wax 
deposits  in  the  oven  stack  was  stopped. 
This  build-up  would  obstruct  air  move- 
ment through  the  oven,  gradualh'  chang- 
ing oven  conditions.  No\\'  RCA  can 
more  easily  obtain  uniform  operating 
conditions  and  maintain  consistently 
high  quality  production. 

RCA  has  mounted  both  the  preheat 
chamber  and  catalyst  housing  above  the 
burn-off  oven  on  a  steel  platform  nine 
feet  above  the  floor.  The  compact  in- 
stallation minimizes  the  travel  distance 
of  the  wax  fumes  and  prevents  the  ac- 
cumulation of  wax  in  the  ductwork. 

The  catalyst  units  sit  one  foot  deep 
in  an  insulated  chamber  42  inches 
square.  An  additional  18  inches  of  depth 
provides  inspection  area.  The  insulated 
combustion  chamber  is  90  inches  long, 
42  inches  wide,   and  42  inches  deep. 

Profitable  Heat  Recovery 

A  good  example  of  pollution  control 
that  really  pays  is  the  Oxycat  installa- 
tion at  the  enameling  plant  of  Enamel- 
strip  Corp.,  Allentown,  Pa,  Installed 
more  than  two  5ears  ago — in  fact  the 
very  first  installation  by  Oxy-Catalyst, 
Inc. — a  total  of  1200  Oxycats  have 
curbed  a  serious  community  problem  for 
Enamelstrip  and  in  the  bargain  have 
generated  enough  usable  heat  energy  to 
cut  plant  fuel  bills  by  90  per  cent, 

Enamelstrip  runs  four  metal  coating 
lines — processes  in  which  enamel  and 
lacquer  coatings  are  tolled  onto  continu- 
ous metal  coil,  then  baked  dry  in  an 
oven.  These  ovens  had  been  driving  oft 
as  many  as  30  drums  of  xylene  and  tolu- 
ol solvents  a  day  into  the  neighboring 
community.  The  compain  s  public  rela- 
tions problem  with  the  neighbors,  need- 
less to  say,  was  an  acute  one. 

Typical  catalyst  operation  at  Enamel- 
strip can  best  be  described  in  one  of  the 
company's    two     largest     coating    lines. 


16 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


James  B.  Walker  received  his  B.S.  in  mechanical  engineering  from 
North  CaroHna  State  College  in  June  1954,  and  he's  presently  working 
for  his  M.S.  at  the  same  college.  By  asking  pertinent  questions,  Jim  is 
making  sure  that  the  position  he  finally  accepts  will  be  the  right  one  for 
a  fellow  with  his  training. 


Jim  Walker  asks: 

Can  a  mechanical 
engineer  make 
real  progress  in 
a  chemical  firm? 


''Pick"  Pickering  answers: 


H.  M.  Pickering,  Jr.,  received  a  B.S.  in  M.E. 
and  E.E.  from  the  Univ.  of  Minn,  in  1940.  He 
gained  valuable  technical  experience  at  Han- 
ford  Works,  in  Richland,  Washington,  and  in 
Du  Font's  Fabrics  and  Finishes  Plant  at  Parlin, 
N.J.  Today  he  is  Works  Engineer  for  Du  Font's 
Seaford,  Del.,  plant,  where  nylon  comes  from. 


Well,  Jim,  that's  what  the  lawyers  call  a  leading 
question,  and  the  answer  leads  right  into  my  baih- 
wick.  I  came  to  Du  Pont  in  1940,  after  taking  a  com- 
bined mechanical  and  electrical  engineering  course. 
So  I  had  what  you  might  call  a  double  reason  for 
wondering  about  my  future  with  a  chemical  firm. 
I  soon  learned  that  the  success  of  a  large-scale 
chemical  process  is  vitally  dependent  upon  mechan- 
ical equipment.  And  the  success  of  this  mechanical 
equipment — especially  for  a  new  process— depends 
on  (1)  Research,  (2)  Development,  (3)  Plant  Engi- 
neering, and  (4)  close  Supervision.  The  net  result  is 
that  a  mechanical  engineer  at  Du  Pont  can  progress 


JOTOK 


BETTER     THINGS     FOR     BETTER     LIVING 
.  ..THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 

WATCH  "cavalcade  OF  AMERICA"  ON  TELEVISION 

NOVEMBER,  1954 


along  any  one  of  these  four  broad  highways  to  a  top- 
level  position. 

My  own  Du  Pont  experience  includes  mechanical 
engineering  work  in  fields  as  varied  as  atomic  energy, 
fabrics  and  finishes,  and  nylon  manufacture.  Every 
one  of  these  brought  with  it  a  new  set  of  challenging 
problems  in  construction,  instrumentation,  and 
power  supply;  and  every  one  provided  the  sort  of 
opportunities  a  man  gets  in  a  pioneering  industry. 

So,  to  answer  your  question,  Jim,  a  mechanical 
engineer  certainly  has  plenty  of  chances  to  get  some- 
where with  a  chemical  company  like  Du  Pont! 


Want  to  know  more  about  working  wilh  Du  Pont? 
Send  for  a  free  copy  of  "Mechanical  Engineers  at  DuPont." 
This  24-page  booklet  describes  in  detail  the  four  broad 
categories  of  jobs  mentioned  by  "Pick"  Pickering.  Typical 
pioneering  problems  in  each  of  these  four  categories  are 
outlined.  This  booklet  briefs  a  young  mechanical  engineer 
on  how  some  of  the  newest  and  most  challenging  problems 
in  his  field  were  solved.  Write  to  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours 
&  Co.  (Inc.),  2521  Nemours  Bldg.,  Wilmington,  Del. 


17 


Each  can  coat  up  to  50  tons  of  stock  a 
day  and  exhausts  6800  cubic  feet  per 
minute  of  aii"-so]\ent  mixture.  Temper- 
atures  range   from   300  to   600  degrees. 

Because  the  oven  exhaust  is  some- 
times below  500  degrees  (the  oxidizing 
temperature  of  the  Oxycat)  a  preheat 
burner  has  been  installed  to  raise  stream 
temperature  at  the  start  of  a  production 
run  if  necessary.  The  hot  solvent  fumes 
next  strike  the  catalyst  bed  (814  (^xy- 
cats  in  this  case)  and  are  immediately 
oxidized  to  a  harmless  vapor. 

Stack  temperatures  above  the  catalyst 
then  rise  to  as  high  as  1400  degrees  F. 
The  preheat  burner  is  automatically 
shut  off — since  there  are  enough  com- 
bustibles in  the  gases  to  make  the  cata- 
lyst bed  self-sustaining.  The  main  gas 
burners  are  also  shut  off  since  Enamel- 
strip  can  then  recirculate  catahst  heat 
to  run  its  ovens. 

The  plant  has  enough  heat  left  over 
to  supply  other  processes  and  when 
steam  coils  are  installed  over  the  cata- 
lyst bed  will  have  enough  energ\'  for 
general  plant  heating  needs.  Even  then 
the  company  will  be  throwing  most  of 
its  catalyst  heat  away. 

Enamelstrip  gets  another  cost-saving 
bomis  in  the  form  of  increased  produc- 
tion. The  company  had  been  operating 
its  ovens  to  the  full  capacity  of  the 
burners.  With  unlimited  catalyst  heat 
it  has  now  doubled  coating  speeds  and 
plans  to  double  them  again. 

Power   Generation,    Too 

Pollution  control  was  not  the  prob- 
lem when  the  Sun  C^il  Company  in- 
stalled $25,000  worth  of  catalysts  to 
consume  waste  cat  cracker  gases.  The 
objective  was  heat  recovery  and  power 
generation. 

Sun  uses  a  different  Houdry  catalyst 
— in  pellet  form — to  crack  crude  oil 
into  high-octane  gasoline  at  its  Marcus 
Hook,  Pa.,  refinery.  During  each  crack- 
ing cycle  the  catalyst  pellets  becme 
coated  with  tarry  hydrocarbons. 

In  regenerating  the  catalyst  (burn- 
ing these  hydrocarbons  off  with  hot  air) 
a  large  volume  of  waste  gases  (carbon 
monoxide  and  hydrocarbons)  is  genera- 
ted. Sun  now  riuis  these  gases  through 
a  catalytic  bed,  generates  7,5ni\()0()  Btu 
per  hour  of  usable  energy. 

Most  of  this  heat  is  picked  up  in 
molten  salt  pickup  tubes  in  the  catalyst 
chamber  and  is  used  to  generate  pro- 
cess steam.  The  remainder  of  the  energy 
in  the  gases  is  fed  to  a  gas  turbine  that 
powers  a  tiu'bo-compressor. 

With  the  Oxycat  installation  com- 
plete on  only  one-half  of  this  particular 
cracking  plant.  Sun  was  recovering  $27,- 
500  worth  of  previously  wasted  energy 
a  year. 

When  installation  is  completed  on  this 
iniit,  animal  savings  should  juiup  to 
$80,000. 


Refinery-wide  savings  when  all  Sun 
crackers  are  catalyst-equipped  are  ex- 
pected to  reach  $500,000  a  year.  And 
should  the  Oxycat  be  applied  to  all 
cracking  plants  throughout  the  country, 
the  potential  recovery  of  waste  heat  en- 
ergy would  be  the  equivalent  of  10,000,- 
000  barrels  of  fuel  oil  a  year. 

Coffee-Odors,  Engine  Smells 

Still  another  use  for  the  Oxycat  is 
the  removal  of  coffee  odors.  An  installa- 
toin  on  the  roof-top  of  the  coffee-roast- 
ing plant  of  Eppens,  Smith  Co..  New 
York  has  shown  that  the  Oxycat  can 
completely   end    the   odor   problem. 

This  catalyst  has  also  shown  that  it 
can  reform  smoky  incinerators — com- 
pletely removing  visible  smoke,  odors 
and  organic  particles. 

A  major  use  for  the  Houdry  catalyst 
— in  fact  its  first  use — is  in  a  catalytic 
muffler  for  control  of  industrial  truck 
exhausts. 

A  typical  user.  Land  o'  Lakes  Cream- 
eries, Inc.,  reports  that  it  uses  four 
such  uiu'ts  to  permit  mechaiu'zation  of 
handling  operations  in  its  basement  stor- 
age area — a  confined,  unventilated  room 
90  b>-  120  feet  with  a  lu'ne-foot  ceil- 
ing. 

When  Land  o'  Lakes  first  tried  to 
run  a  gas-powered  truck  in  this  area 
the  fumes  proved  too  much  for  the  oper- 
ator. The  company  now  operates  four 
catalyst-equipped  trucks  in  the  same 
area  with  no  harmful  effects.  As  in  in- 
dustrial installations,  the  catalytic  muf- 
fler burns  the  noxious  engine  fumes  to 
harmless  carbon  dioxide  and  water 
vapor. 

This  first  type  of  catalytic  exhaust 
was  applicable  only  to  engines  running 
on  unleaded  gasoline  or  on  LP  gas.  A 
modification  of  this  muffler  has  been  de- 
veloped for  4-cycle  diesel  engines  and 
is  now  being  adapted  to  2-cycle  diesels. 
Mr.  Houdry  has  also  developed  a  cata- 
lytic exhaust  for  leaded  gasoline — for 
automobile  use — but  this  unit  uses  an 
entirely  different  type  of  catalyst. 

A   Versatile  Instrument 

The  basic  chemistry  of  the  Oxycat  in- 
dicates a  wide  range  of  uses.  The  Oxy- 
cat will  burn  just  about  any  vapor  or 
gas  that  can  be  oxidized — and  do  it  at 
temperatures  that  are  lower  and  hence 
less  costly  than  direct  flame  incinera- 
tion. 

In  actual  practice,  the  Oxycat  seems 
to  do  its  best  job  on  fumes  that  can  be 
oxidized  to  either  CO.  or  H.O  or  both. 
That  includes  the  entire  family  of  hy- 
drocarbons, as  well  as  carbon  monoxide 
— prime  industrial  causes  of  air  contam- 
ination. 

The  Oxycat  will  function  successfully 
over  a  wide  range  of  inlet  temperatures 
and    concentrations — from    gas    streams 


near  the  explosive  limit  to  those  with 
concentrations  of  parts  per  million  of 
contaminants. 

Inlet  temperatures — the  temperature 
of  the  gases  entering  the  catalyst — can 
range  from  room  temperature  or  less  up 
to  1500  degrees  F.  or  more.  In  some 
cases  pre-heating  of  the  gases  may  be 
necessary — depending  on  the  actual  inlet 
temperature  and  the  concentration  of 
the  pollutants. 

If  the  gases  are  above  500  degrees 
(the  oxidizing  point  of  the  catalyst) 
and  are  rich  in  combustibles  probablv  no 
pre-heat  will  be  needed. 

If  the  gases  are  rich  in  combustibles 
but  below  500  degrees  some  pre-heat 
will  be  needed  at  start-up  only. 

If  concentration  of  combustibles  is 
not  high  enough  to  maintain  catalyst 
temperature  above  500  degrees,  continu- 
ous pre-heat  will  be  needed.  In  general, 
the  Oxycat  will  raise  stack  temperature 
55  degrees  F.  for  every  Btu  per  cubic 
foot  of  drv  exhaust  gas  passing  over  the 
bed. 

All  such  factors  of  design  must  be 
determined  by  competent  engineering 
analysis. 

Prospect  of  Unlimited  Life 

As  yet  no  definite  limit  has  been  set 
to  the  useful  life  of  the  Oxycat.  Under 
most  stack  conditions  it  is  expected  that 
the  catalyst  will  last  for  many  years 
without  appreciable  drop  in  activity. 

Basis  for  this  conclusion  is  a  test  con- 
ducted on  catalysts  initially  installed  at 
the  Sun  Oil  ^larcus  Hook  refinery  al- 
most two  years  ago.  Tests  showed  that 
after  8500  hours  of  continuous  opera- 
tion, these  catalysts  eliminated  99.2  per 
cent  of  the  combustible  material  in  the 
waste  gases — exactly  the  same  percent- 
age as  in  June,  1952,  when  the  cata- 
lytic heat  recovery  unit  first  went  on 
stream. 

These  results  were  most  significant 
since  all  previously  known  combustion 
catalysts  have  declined  steadily  in  ef- 
ficiency during  operation. 

Operating  conditions  at  Marcus  Hook 
were  severe.  In  addition  to  light  hydro- 
carbons, carbon  monoxide  and  sulphur, 
the  waste  gases  from  the  cat  cracker 
contained  abrasive  dust  (from  the  pe- 
troleum catalyst)  and  heavy  tarry  ma- 
terials. The  catalyst  was  also  subjected 
to  continued  thermal  shock.  The  tem- 
perature of  the  waste  gases  jumps  500 
degrees — from  800  to  1300 — and  back 
again  every  10  minutes. 

The  findings  at  the  Sun  Oil  Co., 
were  later  corroborated  by  the  Research 
Institute  of  Temple  University,  in  tests 
of  the  original  C^xycats  installed  at 
Enamelstrip  Corp.  Temple  scientists  re- 
ported that  after  18  months  of  opera- 
tion those  Oxycats  were  eliminating  99.6 
per  cent  or  more  of  sohent  pollutants. 


18 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


A  MESSAGE  TO 

COLLEGE  EXGLXEERING 

STUDENTS 

from  J.  M.  Wallace,  Manager,  Meter  Div., 

Westingliouse  Electric  Corporation 

University  of  Pittsburgh,  1935 


To  the  man  who  wants  more  than  a  job 


You  and  I  know  that  getting  a  job  is  not  a  problem 
these  days.  Industn,'  needs  thousands  of  young  engineers. 

But  the  man  who  wants  more  than  a  job  might  well 
pause  and  consider  just  how  he  is  going  to  find  his  special 
opportunity.  It  cannot  be  found  everywhere. 

The  man  I'm  talking  about  wants  interesting  work 
with  a  future,  yes— but  also  something  more.  He  is 
determined  to  help  make  the  world  a  better  place  in 


youcAN6ESURE...iF(rfe 

W^stin^house 

NOVEMBER,  1954 


which  to  live — and  wants  a  job  that  will  enaljle  him  to 
do  this.  He  is  co-operative  in  his  work,  but  demands  the 
dignity  of  being  treated  as  an  individual.  This  man  had 
high  purpose  when  he  elected  a  career  as  an  engineer. 

I  know  this  man.  He's  many  men  at  Westinghousc. 
He's  an  engineer's  engineer. 

You,  \vho  want  more  than  a  job,  are  this  man,  too. 
You  will  be  among  your  own  at  Westinghousc.       G-10273 


For  information  on  career  opportunities 
with  Westinghousc,  consult  Placement 
Officer  of  your  University,  or  send  for 
our  44-page  book,  Finding  Tour  Place 
in  Industry. 

Write:  Mr.  C.  W.  Mills,  Regional 
Educational  Co-ordinator,  Westinghousc 
Electric  Corporation,  Merchandise  Mart 
Plaza,  Chicago  54,  Illinois. 


19 


U-505 


by  Tom  Monnon,  M.  E.  '58 


Late  last  September  a  huge  Nazi  sub- 
marine eased  out  of  the  waters  of  Lake 
Michigan,  moved  slowly  across  a  beach, 
and  amid  crowds  of  excited  people,  made 
its  way  up  onto  Chicago's  busiest  drive 
headed  straight  for  the  Museum  of  Sci- 
ence and  Industr\\ 

Sound  fantastic?  It  really  happened! 
The  story  that  lies  behind  this  unusual 
event  begins  in  mid-June  of  1944.  when 
an  -American  destroyer.  The  Chatelain, 
cruising  off  the  coast  of  West  Africa, 
spotted  an  enemy  submarine.  Immedi- 
ately, the  Chatelain  made  preparations 
to  overtake  the  vessel.  A  nearby  aircraft 
carrier.  The  Guadacanal,  was  contacted, 
and  soon  several  planes  «ere  in  the  air, 
ready  to  assist  in  the  attack. 

Acting  on  directions  from  the  over- 
head planes  that  had  spotted  the  zig- 
zag course  of  the  submarine,  the  Chate- 
lain began  blasting  away  at  her  target 
with  depth  charges.  It  was  only  a  short 
while  after  the  attack  had  begun,  when 
the  sub.  a  German  L  -505.  wounded  and 
shaken  repeatedly  by  the  powerful  depth 
charges,  appeared  on  the  surface  of  the 
ocean.  The  intensity  of  the  blast  of  the 
charges  were  terrific,  for  as  soon  as  the 
sub  had  surfaced,  its  panic-stricken  crew 


poured  out  of  the  escape  hatch  and  into 
the  ocean.  A  boarding  party  was  quickly 
dispatched  from  the  Chatelain. 

The  men.  upon  reaching  the  L^-boat. 
plunged  down  the  sub's  hatch,  despite 
the  danger  of  hidden  booby-traps  and 
bombs  and  found  the  interior  of  the 
sub  deserted,  but  rapidly  filling  with 
water.  The  small  group  searched  quick- 
ly for  the  cover  to  fit  over  the  opening 
that  was  admitting  a  heavy  inpour  of 
seawater,  for  they  knew  that  within  a 
matter  of  minutes  the  sub  would  be  be- 
yond saving.  Finally  the  cover  was  found 
and  replaced — just  in  time  to  prevent 
loss  of  the  vessel. 

The  risk  encountered  in  capturing 
the  Nazi  L -boat  was  well  worth  while, 
for  upon  close  inspection  of  the  ship's 
papers,  a  very  important  document  was 
discovered.  The  German  crew,  in  their 
hasty  departure,  had  neglected  to  take 
with  them  a  code  that  was  of  great 
value.  In  the  words  of  Admiral  D.  V. 
Gallery,  who  directed  the  capture  oper- 
ations, "we  got  the  Nazi  naval  code 
from  the  L -505 — a  code  that  enabled 
the  L  nited  States  to  keep  track  of  the 
Germany  navy  and  U-boats  the  rest  of 
the  war." 


After  the  necessary  repairs  were  made 
on  the  sub.  it  was  hooked  up  to  the 
carrier  Guadacanal  and  towed  to  a  near- 
by port.  Thus,  the  first  step  of  the  most 
unusual  submarine  journey  was  com- 
pleted. 

The  capture  of  the  German  craft  was 
to  be  kept  in  utmost  secrecy,  and  so. 
after  several  stops  in  various  ports,  the 
large  war  prize  was  docked  in  the  naval 
shipyard  at  Portsmouth.   X.   H. 

After  the  war  was  over,  and  our  pos- 
session of  the  L-505  was  revealed,  pub- 
lic interest  began  to  rise.  Especially  was 
this  the  case  in  Chicago.  Papers  printed 
articles  and  letters  which  proposed  that 
Chicago's  Museum  of  Science  and  In- 
dustry as  a  fitting  resting  place  for  the 
submarine.  Finally,  because  many  citi- 
zens wanted  to  see  the  famous  craft 
brought  to  the  Windy  Cit^',  a  Chicago 
Citizens  Committee  was  formed.  This 
civic  committee,  with  the  help  of  Chi- 
cago's Mayor  Kennelly,  got  to  work  on 
the  project  of  bringing  the  L -boat  to 
their  city.  It  was  a  big  project,  a  proj- 
ect that  called  for  engineering  talent 
that  could  handle  1.000  tons  of  Ger- 
man seapower. 

It  was  decided  that  Seth  M.  Gooder, 
well-seasoned  engineer,  was  the  right 
man  for  the  job.  The  committee  then 
began  the  actual  planning.  Many  ideas 
and  possibilities  were  explored,  and  after 
fourteen  months  of  sur\-eying  and  blue 
printing,  a  final  plan  was  drawn  up. 
The  committee  had  decided  that  despite 
the  unpredictable  weather,  the  ship  had 
to  be  brought  to  the  Museum  by  way 
of  a  direct  approach  to  the  shoreline. 
The  sub  was  then  to  be  rolled  acros's 
the  outer  drive,  and  by  means  of  a 
winch,  pulled  up  to  the  front  of  the 
Museum. 


While  in  drydock  the  U-505  was  fitted  with  a  cradle 
Museum  of  Science  and   Industry) 


and     set    of    steel     rollers.     (Courtesy    of 


20 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


tonight 


This  man  could  almost  reach  the 
moon  tonight...  for  he  stands  at  the 
brink  of  a  new  age  in  the  conquest 
of  space,  and  he  knows  this: 

If  we  had  to,  we  could  get  him  there. 
Given  time  and  urgent  need,  we  could 
design,  build  and  deliver  the  total 
solution  to  that  problem. 

An  entirely  new  development  in  the 
aircraft  industry  now  makes  this 
possible.  It  is  a  science  and  a  method 
of  developing  aircraft,  guided  missiles 
and  electronic  systems  not  as  traditional 
flying  vehicles  but  as  fully  coordinated 
solutions  to  operations  problems. 

Today,  The  Glenn  L.  Martin 
Company's  creative  engineering 
resources  and  production  facilities  are 
among  the  finest  in  the  new  world  of 
weapons  systems  development. 

.Vnd  one  of  the  reasons  for  Martin's 
dvnamic  future  in  this  new  world  is 
basic  to  leadership  in  any  organization 

Tliere  is  always  an  opening  for 
outstanding  ability. 


BALTIMORE    ■   MARYLAND 


PRODUCTS  DESIGNED  FOR  STEEL 
COST  LESS  BECAUSE: 

1   Steel  is  3  times  stronger  than 
gray  iron. 

/   Steel  is  2V2  times  as  rigid. 

3  Steel  costs  a  third  as  much  per 
pound  as  cast  iron. 


CUTS  COSTS 
WITH  WELDED  STEEL 

PRODUCTION  costs  largely  de 
termine  whether  a  design  is  ac- 
ceptable for  manufacture.  The  suc- 
cessful designer  therefore,  seeks  out 
every  opportunity  to  eliminate  un- 
necessary expense  from  his  engi- 
neering recommendations. 

Because  steel  is  stronger,  more 
rigid  than  iron,  yet  costs  a  third  as 
much  per  pound,  costs  on  many 
products  such  as  the  two  shown  be- 
low can  be  cut  as  much  as  50%. 


COSTS  30%  LESS— Machine  bracket  is 
welded  from  10  gauge  metal.  Weighs  half 
of  original  cast  design.  Cut  is  stronger, 
more  rigid.  Costs  30'^  less  to  produce. 


COSTS  45%  LESS  — Feeder  roll  is  built 
from  standard  channel  welded  to  steel 
discs.  Steel  design  eliminates  breakage, 
weighs  half  of  former  casting.  Saves  45% 
on  cost  of  manufacture. 

Ideas  for  designing  in  welded  steel 

Bulletins  and  handbooks  on  latest  design  pro- 
cedures are  available  to  engineering  students. 
Write: 


THE  IINCOLN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

Cleveland  17,  Ohio 
THE  WORLD'S  LARGEST  MANUFACTURER  OF 
ARC  WELDING  EQUIPMENT 


The  famous  U-505's  first  entrance  into  the  Chicago  river.  Navy  Pier  can  be 

seen   in  the   background.  (Official  photograph   U.   S.   Navy) 


On  May  14,  1934.  the  huge  war 
memorial  began  her  journey  from  New 
Hampshire.  The  Moran  Company  vol- 
unteered to  tow  the  ship  from  Ports- 
mouth, through  the  St.  Lawrence,  to 
Port  Coulborne. 

The  Coast  Guard  took  over  from 
there.  They  towed  the  sub  down  to  Mil- 
waukee, where  it  was  put  on  exhibition 
for  a  week.  Incidentally,  it  might  be 
well  to  add  here  that  part  of  the  money 
used  to  finance  the  project  was  contri- 
buted by  the  citizens  of  Milwaukee, 
(the  rest  was  supplied  by  donations 
from  Chicagoans).  The  U-boat  was 
then  tov/ed  to  a  Chicago  port  by  the 
Great  Lakes  Dredge  and  Dock  Com- 
pany. While  in  port,  it  was  fitted  with 
a  cradle  and  set  of  steel  rollers  by  the 
American   Shipbuilding  Company. 

Once  the  cradle  was  completed,  the 
submarine  was  set  in  a  130  by  66  foot 
floating  drydock  and  towed  up  to  a 
special  sand-filled  pier,  that  had  been 
constructed  by  the  Lakes  States  Engi- 
neering Company.  Meanwhile,  the  Fitz- 
Siinons  Connell  Company  had  been 
hard  at  work  dredging  out  a  325  foot 
channel  in  Lake  Michigan  that  was  to 
make  it  possible  for  the  drydock  to  come 
ill  close  to  the  pier. 

After  the  Xazi  sub  had  navigated  the 
dredged  out  channel  it  was  ready  to  be 
transferred  from  the  drydock  to  the 
pier.  This  was  a  major  step.  The  sub, 
with  each  end  overhanging  the  drydock 
by  65  feet,  was  brought  up  to  the  pier, 
stern  first.  Ordinarily,  according  to  the 
laws  of  physics,  one  end  of  the  drydock 
would  tip  as  the  sub  was  rolled  off. 
This  would  mean  disaster.  The  tipping 
could  be  avoided,  however,  if  the  shift- 
ing weight  were  compensated  for.  In 
order  to  do  this,  mechanical  jacks,  equip- 
ped with  weight  gauges,  were  placed 
under    the   drvdock.   Then,    as    the   sub 


mo\ed  onto  the  pier,  the  drydock  was 
ballasted  with  water,  according  to  the 
gauges. 

The  result  was  that  the  entire  opera- 
tion was  completed  without  a  single  mis- 
hap. Seth  ^^I.  (jooder  and  K.  C.  Tliorn- 
ton,  the  men  who  directed  this  opera- 
tion, both  agreed  that  it  was  the  most 
challenging  aspect  of  the  entire  moving 
job. 

The  next  step,  a  tedious  one,  was  to 
move  the  sub  over  the  beach  and  at  the 
same  time  raise  the  rails  on  which  the 
sub  rolled,  to  a  height  equal  to  that  of 
the  drive.  This  was  accomplished  by 
means  of  a  truck-mounted  winch  which 
supplied  the  pulling  power,  and  heavy 
duty  jacks,  which  were  used  to  raise 
the  level  of  rails.  This  step,  though  it 
presented  no  unusual  problems  to  the 
moving  crew,  took  several  days,  as  the 
operation  had  to  be  done  in  stages. 

Then,  while  the  sub  was  being  readied 
to  cross  the  drive,  the  Chicago  Park 
District  closed  the  Outer  Drive  to  all 
traffic  from  7  p.  m.  that  evening  to 
7  a.  m.,  the  following  morning.  Finally, 
late  in  the  evening,  with  her  course 
clearly  illuminated  by  light  trucks  from 
the  fire  department,  the  252  foot  vessel 
inched  her  way  towards  the  Museum  at 
an  average  of  57  feet  per  hour.  Much 
later,  when  the  ship  had  reached  her 
destination,  (the  east  side  of  the  Muse- 
um), it  was  pivoted  into  its  final  rest- 
ing position.  The  (lerman  L'-505  was 
dedicated  on  September  25,  1954. 

Today  the  Nazi  submarine  stands, 
cradled  in  cement,  never  to  be  used 
again  by  the  evil  forces  that  designed 
it.  It  stands  as  a  permanent  memorial 
to  the  L'nited  States  Navy,  and  serves 
as  a  giant  symbol  to  the  prowess  of  our 
seapower,  and  the  engineering  ability  of 
our  citizens. 


22 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


EXCESS  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  is  put  to  work  in  this  catalyst  plant  of  the 
Morton  Salt  Company  at  Weeks  Island,  Louisiana.  The  acid  is  used  in  a 
process  developed  by  a  Standard  Oil  scientist  to  produce  a  top-quality  catalyst. 

What  the  scientist  saw  in  the  sandpile! 


This  story  starts  with  a  child's  sandpile  and  a 
scientist's  curiosity.  It  ends  eight  years  later 
with  a  new  top-quality  catalyst — the  result  of 
a  scientist's  ingenuity. 

One  day  a  Standard  Oil  chemist  took  home 
some  granular  blast  furnace  slag  from  a  neigh- 
boring steel  mill  for  his  children's  sandpile. 
Suspecting  that  it  had  properties  of  potential 
%-alue,  he  took  a  pailful  back  to  his  quarters 
in  the  Whiting  Laboratory  the  next  day. 

Treating  the  slag  with  hydrochloric  acid  and 
then  drying  it  in  an  oven  produced  30  cc's  of 
powder  that  proved  to  be  an  effective  and 
active  catalyst.  However,  commercial  produc- 
tion of  the  catalyst  was  uneconomic  because 
of  the  market  price  of  hydrochloric  acid.  To 
overcome  this  obstacle,  Standard  OU  contacted 


the  Bay  Chemical  Company,  a  salt  cake  pro- 
ducer which,  at  times,  had  difficulty  marketing 
hydrochloric  acid — a  co-product  of  salt  cake. 

The  Bay  Company,  of  Weeks  Island,  Louisi- 
ana, now  merged  with  Morton  Salt  Company, 
became  interested  in  the  new  catalyst  and 
built  a  plant  with  the  aid  of  Standard  OU  sci- 
entists. The  output  of  this  plant  is  a  top- 
quality  catalyst  with  unlimited  new  sources 
of  raw  materials. 

This  is  only  one  example  of  what  Standard 
Oil  scientists  accomplish  in  an  atmosphere  of 
independent  research.  In  our  constantly  ex- 
panding laboratories,  our  scientists  are  free  to 
investigate  and  pursue  ideas,  for  Standard  Oil 
knows  that  one  of  a  scientist's  greatest  assets 
is  his  curiosity. 


jt     mil 

Standard  Oil  Company     (standard; 


910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicogo  80,  Illinois 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


23 


DIG  THAT  HOLE 


by  Donna  Rudig,  E.  Phys.  '57 


Drilling  an  oil  well  and  the  corres- 
ponding erection  of  the  rig  is  not  a  sim- 
ple process.  The  site  of  the  well  and 
the  type  of  rigging  to  be  used  depends 
upon  the  geological  characteristics  of 
the  land  as  well  as  adequate  drainage 
and  water  supply,  accessibility  of  cheap 
transportation,  and  nearness  to  railroads. 
It  is  the  work  of  the  geologist  and  the 
oil  engineer  to  determine  this  site. 

General   Locution 

Petroleum  is  believed  to  have  been 
formed  by  decayed  organic  matter  which 
was  subjected  for  a  great  deal  of  tim.e 
to  the  action  of  pressure,  heat  and  gases. 
Gradually  the  oil  and  gas  have  mi- 
grated upward  into  the  oil  sands  ( por- 
ous formations)  and  have  collected  into 
oil  pools  where  the  ground  structure 
was  right.  The  main  geological  periods 
in  which  commercial  deposits  predomi- 
nate are  the  Tertiary,  Permo-Carbon- 
iferous.  Cretaceous,  and  Paleozoic.  In 
dry  rocks,  oil  is  generally  found  close 
to  the  trough  of  synclines,  and  in  wet, 
porous  rocks,  at  the  upper  limit  of  the 
anticlines.  In  general  an  oil  field  must 
consist  of  a  porous  reservoir,  an  impervi- 
ous cover  ,and  an  underlying  bed.  L  sual- 
ly,  if  the  top  of  an  anticline  is  pene- 
trated gas  will  be  produced  ;  the  limbs 
or  flanks  of  the  anticline  produce  o;l, 
and  the  trough  of  the  syncline  will  pro- 
duce water  (this  is  in  an  anticlinal 
area). 

Rigs 

Once  the  site  for  drilling  is  de- 
termined the  type  of  rig  must  be  chosen. 
Of  the  two  main  types,  rotary  and 
standard,  the  standard  is  the  oldest  and 
generally  is  used  in  hard  rock  forma- 
tions. This  type  is  sometimes  termed 
"percussion,"  since  its  drilling  value  de- 
pends upon  the  'force  with  which  the 
bit  and  stem  hit  the  ground.  The  rotary 
method,  as  it  sounds,  is  a  process  of 
boring  or  rotating,  accompanied  by  a 
continuous  mud  flow.  If  both  these  sys- 
tems are  modified  and  adapted  to  each 
other  the  method  is  termed  the  "hydrau- 
lic circulating  system."  The  "combina- 
tion" system  is  used  in  cases  where  it  is 


advisible  to  alternate  the  rotating  and 
standard  systems.  In  "core  drilling,"  the 
boring  is  done  within  the  annular  space 
between  the  walls  of  a  drill  hole,  the 
bit  forming  a  cylinder  of  the  material 
being  drilled  which  is  brought  to  the 
,,urface.  'If 

Drilling  Equipment 

The  drilling  equipment  includes  a 
derrick,  boiler,  engine  and  power  plant, 
necessary  actuating  machinery,  tools  ,and 
accessories.  The  main  functions  of  the 
derrick  are  to  support  drilling  equip- 
ment ;  suspend,  hoist,  and  lower  other 
tools ;  and  to  shelter  workers.  The  aver- 
age derrick  requires  a  ground  space  of 
from  20  to  24  feet  square  and  its  height 
is  84  feet,  but  the  heights  vary  between 
64  and  180  feet  while  base  areas  range 
between  20  to  30  feet  square.  Wooden 
derricks  are  often  preferred  to  steel  ones 
because  they  are  easier  to  repair  and  cost 
less,  have  greater  elasticity,  are  portable, 
and  are  not  as  "slippery"  to  work  on. 
The  steel  derricks  are  superior  in  their 
strength  and  their  ability  to  v.-ithstand 
rigorous  climatic  conditions. 

Preliminary  Work  and' Rigging  Up' 

Preliminar\-  work  is  started  as  soon 
as  the  derrick  has  been  erected.  First  a 
cellar  (8  to  10  feet  square  and  6  to 
20  feet  deep)  is  excavated  under  the 
derrick  floor.  This  cellar  facilitates 
handling  of  casing,  gives  the  temper 
screw  free  play  or  action,  and  affords 
safety  exits  in  case  of  gas  blowouts.  Next 
the  "sump"  is  excavated,  the  "dump 
box"  (to  convey  debris  from  the  bailer 
and  sand  pump  to  the  sump)  is  installed 
under  the  derrick  floor,  and  a  black- 
smith forge  is  placed  on  the  right  hand 
side  of  the  derrick  floor. 

The  process  of  "rigging  up"  is  next 
begun.  The  boiler  is  placed  between  50 
and  100  feet  from  the  engine  house  and 
connected.  Then  the  engine  is  mounted, 
the  belt  pulle\  lined  up  with  the  bull- 
wheels,  the  boiler  and  engine  connec- 
tion completed,  and  the  band  wheel 
spiked  in  place.  Next  the  engine  throttle 
is  connected  to  the  "headache  post"  by 
means   of    a   telegraph    wheel.    One   end 


of  the  sand  line  is  carried  to  the  sand 
reel  and  spooled  while  the  other  end  is 
fastened  to  the  bail  of  the  bailer.  After 
the  engine  has  been  started  and  the  drill 
cable  spooled,  the  Barrett  jack  circle  is 
fastened  to  the  derrick  floor.  The  water 
pipe  and  the  water  barrel  are  then  placed 
as  are  the  temper  screw  and  the  screw 
elevator.  After  the  pulleys,  sprocket 
chain,  casing  line,  and  sand  lever  are 
attached,  the  drilling  equipment  (drill, 
auger  stem,  sinker  bar,  and  two  jars) 
is  located. 

Drill  Hole  and  Casing 

The  size  of  the  drill  hole  to  be  dug 
depends  upon  the  type  of  soil  to  be 
drilled  and  the  depth  of  the  hole.  If 
the  ground  is  soft  a  larger  starting  dia- 
meter will  be  needed  than  in  hard  rock 
because  of  the  greater  possibility  of  slid- 
ing sediment  and  cave-ins.  This  hole 
must  be  large  enough  to  contain  room 
in  which  the  cleaning  tools,  bailers,  sand 
pumps,  and  pimip  tubing  can  be  manipu- 
lated. 

While  the  hole  is  being  drilled  it  is 
often  necessary  to  support  the  walls  so 
they  will  not  cave  in.  To  prevent  these 
cave-ins  steel  or  iron  pipe  known  as  cas- 
ing are  inserted  into  the  holes.  The 
pieces  of  casing  are  between  20  and  Z'l 
feet  long  and  at  each  end  the  joints  are 
threaded  so  that  the  pieces  will  couple 
together.  Each  piece  of  casing  which  is 
inserted  into  the  drill  hole  has  a  smaller 
diameter  than  that  of  the  preceding  one. 
The  spacing  left  between  the  two  sizes 
of  casing  are  filled  by  forcing  a  material 
such  as  packers  in  the  openings.  If  the 
casing  is  not  pulled  down  the  hole  by  its 
own  weight,  it  is  forced  down  by  hy- 
draulic jacks  or  drive-shoes.  Man\'  times 
a  hole  is  almost  completely  drilled  while 
full  of  water,  the  water  pressure  hold- 
ing in  place  the  sides  of  the  drill  hole, 
and  then  the  whole  string  of  casing  is 
put  in  at  once  and  the  water  pumped 
out.  This  water  is  removed  because  it 
is  generally  hard  to  make  a  good  pro- 
ducer of  a  well  in  which  the  oil  sand 
has  been  drilled  through  with  the  well 
full  of  water. 


24 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


^aSffC  QfOp  nuts 

Here  are  ten  typical  fastening  problem?.  One  device,  the 
ELASTIC  STOP  nut.  solves  them  all— witliout  additional  parts 
or  operations.  Deliberately  undersized  in  relation  to  bolt  diameter, 
the  red  elastic  collar  grips  the  bolt  with  a  perfect  fit.  exerting 
a  continuing  self-locking  pressure  against  the  threads,  and 
holding  the  nut  securely  in  place  at  any  point  on  the  bolt.  It  also 
provides  a  tight  seal  against  the  bolt  threads,  which  prevents 
seepage  and  wear-producing  axial  play.  And  because  the  bolt  threads 
are  protected  against  moisture  from  without,  the  nuts  are 
not  "frozen"  to  the  bolt  by  corrosion. 

EL.\STIC  STOP  nuts  stay  tight,  right  where  you  put  them,  in  spite  of 
vibration  and  stress  reversals.  Yet  they  are  not  jammed  in  place,  and  can  be 
removed  with  a  wrench  and  reused  many  times. 

For  further  information  on  ESN.\  self-locking  fasteners, 
mail  the  coupon  below. 


solve  all  ten 


types  of  problems 


s;A*&.'WS? 


TIGHTENED 

AGAINST 

THE  WORK 


'i 

'  j 

J 

Wherever  a  vibra- 
tion or  impact  proof 
bolted  connection  is 
desired. 


•^""•yr* 

e*s 

Tr, 

^■^ 

;-i 

lUl 

X 


On  oil  electrical  ter- 
minals subjected  to 
vibration  in  transit 
or  operation. 


For  uniform  and  precise  pre- 
stressing  of  multiple  boH  as- 
semblies .  .  .  adjusted  by  pre- 
determined wrench  torques. 


LOCATED 

ANYWHERE 

ON  THE 

BOLT 


N 


A 


n 


=a 


LiJJ  'S 

Spring -mounted  con- 
nections or  dynamic 
balancing,  where  nut 
must  stay  put  yet  be 
easily  adjusted. 


J 


On  moke-and-breok 
adjustment  studs 
where  accurate  con- 
tact gaps  ^j^  re- 
quired. 


^^ 


For  bolted  connections 
requiring  predetermined 
play. 


jQl 


TEXT 

For  rubber-insulated  and 
cushion  mountings  where 
the  nut  must  not  work  up 
or  down. 


APPLICATIONS 


FOR  1  "kc^^^^:^-  ]:  'r'  ^°'* 

\      x^.-l-^-    -  .-.-.threads    where 
MANY       \  ^^1~-    -'■      elimination    of 

p=^     M":'' )    leakage  past  stud 

SPECIAL  r\    tX^  threads    is    neces- 


sary. 


al 


-7" 


ITTT 


To      seal      bolt  _ 

threads    where  ^% 

it   is   necessary  to  — ^ 

protect  them  from  '-^ 

corroding    ele-  "^^ 
ments. 


^ 


^"^ 


To  obtain  delicate 

adjustments  for 
applications  such 
as  bearing  lock- 
nuts  where  pre- 
cise adjustment  is 
essential. 


ELASTIC  STOP  NUT  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 


Dept.  N40    ,  Elastic  Stop  Nut  Corporation  of  America 
2330  Vauxhall  Road,  Union,  New  Jersey 

Please  send  the  following  free  fastening  information 
n   Eloslic  Slop  nut  bulletin      D   Here  is  a  drawing  of  our  product.  What  self- 
□   Rollpin  bulletin  locking  fastener  would  you  suggest? 


Nome_ 
Firm 


.Title 


Street. 
City 


_Zone_ 


_Slofe_ 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


25 


Now  is  the  time   to   get  the 
L.I  F  E-LO  N  G 

cnsr£LL 

HABIT! 

Your  tools  of  tomorrow  should  i^ 

be  your  tools  of  today.  When  you  graduate  and  start 
upon  your  own  career  you  will  find  that  the  top 
engineers,  architects  and  designers  use  Castell — 
either  the  famous  wood  pencil  or  Locktite  Holder 
with  9030  lead. 

Castell  is  smoother,  stronger,  lays  down  greater 
depth  of  graphite  on  the  drawing.  It  is  uniformly 
excellent  in  all  20  degrees,  8B  to  lOH. 

You  study  in  a  fine  school,  taught  by  outstanding 
professors.  Does  it  make  sense  to  work  with  inferior 
tools?  Order  Castell,  world's  standard  of  quality, 
from  your  College  Store,  stationer  or  art  supply  store. 


c 


aw'\ng  pencil  * 


the  drowing  pen 
with  Ihe  Mosler   Degrees 


(jBlFflBER-CflSTElL 


RENGIl  CO..  INC.,  IJBWAKK  3,  H.  J. 


QttcogQ   • 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

New  York       •       Hoboken,  N.  J. 

St.  Louis   •   Detroit   •   Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles   •   Montreal 


Every  engineer  and  surveyor 
would  gladly  cut  his  leveling 
time  and  costs  in  half.  K&E 
now  offers  the  answer  with  the 
amazing  new  Ni2  Self-Leveling 
Level.  It  performs  any  kind  of 
leveling,  from  rough  cross  sec- 
tioning to  first  order  work. 
Rugged  yet  highly  accurate,  it 
is  set  up  in  a  moment,  because 
it  actually  levels  itself.  Such 
economy  is  a  key  to  K&E  s  87 
years  of  leadership  in  drafting. 
reproduction,  surveying  and 
optical  tooling  equipment  and 
materials,  in  slide  rules  and 
measuring  tapes. 


Who  is  the  Engineer? 

There  is  a  train  crew  consisting  of 
3  men.  an  engineer,  a  fireman,  and 
a  brakeman.  Their  names  in  alphabeti- 
cal order  are:  Jones,  Robinson,  and 
Smith. 

On  the  same  train  there  are  3  pas- 
sengers. Their  names  in  alphabetical 
order  are  Mr.  Jones.  Mr.  Robinson, 
and  Mr.  Smith. 

The  following  facts  are  known: 
Mr.   Robinson   lives  in  Detroit. 
The  brakeman   lives  half  way  between 

Chicago  and  Detroit. 
Mr.  Jones  earns  exactly  §10,000.  a  year. 
Smith  once  beat  the  fireman  at  billiards. 
The  brakeman's  next  door  neighbor,  one 
of  the  3  passengers  mentioned,  earns 
exactly  3  times  as  much  as  the  brake- 
man. 
The  passenger  living  in  Chicago  has  the 
same  last  name  as  the  brakeman. 
Who  is  the  engineer? 
Solution : 

The  brakeman's  name  cannot  be  Rob- 
inson. The  brakeman's  next  door  neigh- 
bor cannot  be  Jones  because  it  is  im- 
possible to  earn  exncily  one  third  of 
$10,000.  Therefore  Mr.  Jones  lives  in 
Chicago  and  the  brakeman's  name  is 
lones.  Smith  cannot  be  the  fireman  and 
"therefore  must  be  the  engineer. 


"Why  don't  you  like  girls?" 

"They're  too  biased." 

"Biased?" 

"Yes,   bias  this,   and   bias  that,   until 

I'm  broke." 

*       *       » 

"Every  been  to  the  city.  Jefif?" 

"Yep,  once." 

"How  was  it?" 

"Saw  a  lot  of  crazy  people?" 

"Well,  some  was  runnin'  to  work.' 
«        *       * 

Waiter:  (To  customer  eating  soup): 
"Mav  I  help  you,  sir?" 

Diner:  "W'hat  do  you  mean,  help 
me?  I  don't  need  any  help." 

W^aiter:  "Sorry,  sir.  From  the  sound 
I  thought  you  might  wish  to  be  drag- 
ged ashore." 

*       *       * 

The  reason  for  the  amber  light  on  the 
traffic  signal  has  finally  been  revealed: 
It  gives  the  Scotchmen  a  chance  to  start 
their  engines. 

»        »       -s 

An  old  gent  was  passing  a  busy  inter- 
section when  a  large  St.  Bernard  ran 
by,  knocked  him  down. 
'  A  moment  later,  Crosley  car  skidded 
around  the  corner  and  inflicted  further 
damage.  A  bystander  helped  him  to  his 
feet,  and  someone  asked  if  the  dog  had 
hurt  him.  , 

"Well.  "  he  answered,  "the  dog  didn  t 
hurt  so  much,  but  that  tin  can  tied  to 
his  tail  nearly  killed  me." 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


9A 


COMMAND   PERFORMANCE  .  .  . 

This  servo-motor  is  smaller  than  a  household  fuse — 
weighs  only  about  one  and  one-half  ounces.  Yet,  with- 
out such  powerful  compact  devices,  modern  industry 
could  not  function  efficiently. 

Servo-motors  are  the  slaves  that  carry  out  the 
commands  of  servo-mechanisms  .  .  .  the  workhorse 
and  watchdog  combination  of  today's  automatic  con- 
trol systems.  In  industry  they  provide  the  precision 
needed  for  machining  propellers  .  .  .  the  uniformity 
necessary  in  the  processing  of  food,  chemicals  and 
petroleum  .  .  .  the  phenomenal  speed  and  efficiency 
required  in  electronic  computing  systems  .  .  .  and 
the  control  requirements  of  hundreds  of  industrial 
and  military  applications. 

MIND-MADE  MIRACLE  .  .  . 

How  many  men  worked  out  this  miracle  of  preci-e 
control  of  power  and  movement?  Physicists  and  en- 
gineers supplied  theories  . .  .  technicians  and  designers 
developed  them  .  .  .  chemists,  metaOurgists,  m.achi"- 
ists  .  .  .  these  and  scores  of  others  worked  their 
splendid  best.  But  how  did  they  know  how?  Not  ji'st 
from  what  they  learned  in  school  ...  or  from  their 
immediate  associates.  For,  while  these  helped,  tliij 


whole  busmess  of  automatic  control  is  growing  so 
fast  and  changing  so  rapidly  that  basic  terminology 
and  concepts  have  not  yet  been  settled. 

So  these  men  of  science  and  industry  look  to 
America's  all-seeing,  all-hearing  and  reporting  Inter- 
Communications  System  for  news  of  the  needs  and  of 
the  new  in  their  field. 

THE   AMERICAN    INTER-COM   SYSTEM... 

Complete  communication  is  the  function,  the  unique 
contribution  of  the  American  business  press  ...  a 
great  group  of  specially  edited  magazines  devoted  to 
the  specialized  work  areas  of  men  who  want  to  man- 
age better,  reseeirch  better,  sell  better,  buy  better. 

COMMUNICATION    IS    OUR    BUSINESS  .  .  . 

Many  of  the  textbooks  in  which  you  are  now  studying 
the  fundamentals  of  your  specialty  bear  the  McGraw- 
Hill  imprint.  For  McGraw-Hill  is  the  world's  largest 
publisher  of  scientific  and  technical  works. 

After  you  leave  school,  you  will  want  to  keep 
abreast  of  developments  in  your  chosen  profession. 
Then  one  of  McGraw-Hill's  many  business  magazines 
will  provide  current  information  that  will  help  you 
in  your  job. 


McGRAW-HILL    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,   INC. 


KEtDQUDRTEIIS    FOR    TECHNICAL    AND    BUSINESS    INFORMATION 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


27 


mCT 

4 

4^ 

v 

^  > 

,„ 

ONLY  ONE  PAPER  TURNED  IN!     THE 
TROUBLE   WITH  YOU  IMBECILES   IS  THAT 
you're   TOO  BLASTED    LAZY!! 


I  THOUGHT  YOU  SAID  YOU  HAD   ONE 
PAPER  TO  GRADE   TWO  WEEKS  AGO! 
you're    too  BLASTED   LAZY! 


NOW  DEAR,    DON  T  BE    TOO    HARD 
WHEN  YOU    GRADE    THOSE 

EXAM    PAPERS  TONIGHT! 


THEY  RE  THE    ONLY    TWO   GUYS    ON 
CAMPUS    WHO    CONSISTENTLY  TRY 
TC  BEAT  THOSE  INFINITY  PROBLEMS 


BUT    I    THOUGHT   YOU    SAID  YOU   WERE 

IN  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING.    ARE    VOL 

SURE   YOU     CANY  CHANGE   FUSE 


HISS  FALSEBOTTOM!    WHATS   THIS  VICIOUS 
'UMOR  GO\NG  AROUND  CAMPUS  ABOUT 

f'Y  BEING  A  CANTANKEROUS    OLD 
i;iSFIT!! 


I 


2ENSHAW!     I    TOLD    YOU  NOT    TO     PICK 

li  YOUR  PAPER   UNTIL   AFTER 

CASS! 


NOW,  MISS  PENDLESTAFF,    WHERE   IS  THIS 
STUDENT  YOU  THINK    YOU  MIGHT  HAVE 
TROUBLE  WITHP 


SO  I  SAID   TO   HIM,  'LOOK,  PROFESSOR 
GRUFF,   CURVE    OR    NO   CURVE, 
THINK   VOUR  GRADES    ARE    LOUSY! ' 


Engineering 
Leadership 


by  T.  H.  Chilton 


Prepared  in  nsfionsc  to  invitation 
for  article  to  appear  in  member  mag- 
azines of  Engineering  College  Maga- 
zines Associated. 

Who  will  be  the  leaders  of  the  engi- 
neering profession  twenty  years  from 
now?  Forty  years  from  now? 

It  is  my  hope  that  these  destined  lead- 
ers will  be  among  the  readers  of  this 
brief  article.  Merely  to  pose  such  ques- 
t'ons  will  be  enough  to  fire  or  rekindle 
their  ambitions;  to  fortify  their  determ- 
ination to  excel,  each  in  his  chosen  line, 
and  to  merit  recognition  from  their  fel- 
lows. 

It  is  not  just  these,  howe\er,  that  I 
am  addressing.  It  is  the  whole  bod\-  of 
prospective  members  of  the  profession. 
It  is  their  choice  of  leadership  that  will 
determine  the  direction  in  which  the 
profession  will  move. 

We  celebrated  in  1932  the  Centen- 
nial of  Engineering,  signaling  the  lOOth 
anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
What  strides  America  has  made  in  that 
time?  The  spread  of  the  railways  across 
the  continent,  helped  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Bessemer  process  for  making 
steel  and  then  the  open-hearth  ;  the  elec- 
tric industry,  the  electric  light,  the  dyna- 
mo, and  the  electric  motor ;  the  auto- 
mobile, the  highway  system,  the  petrole- 
um industry;  the  airplane,  making  us 
neighbors  to  the  whole  v.-ide  world ; 
mass  production,  making  labor-saving  de- 
vices available  to  the  mass  market ;  new 
metals,  aluminum,  magnesium,  titani- 
um; the  chemical  industry,  bringing  us 
lu.xuries,  comforts,  and  aids  to  health 
and  prolongation  of  life;  the  telephone, 
and  now  electronics,  affording  instant 
communicat'on,  and  bringing  informa- 
tion and  entertainment  into  every  home 
at  any  hour  of  day  or  night ;  the  advent 
of  atomic  power,  promising  freedom 
from  dependence  on  fossil  fuels,  and  per- 
haps by  the  very  awesomeness  of  its 
force  making  large-scale  wars  less  prob- 
able. Every  branch  of  science  and  tech- 
nology, of  course,  has  had  its  part  in  the 
achievements  of  these  100  years,  but  it 
is  the  engineer  who  has  been  at  the 
focal  point  of  every  one  of  them.  It  is 


the  engineer  who  has  been  there  to 
make  them  work :  that  has  been  his  busi- 
ness. 

With  technology  advancing  at  that 
pace,  what  will  be  the  achievements  of 
the  next  hundred  years?  It  staggers  the 
imagination.  If  not  to  project  so  far, 
what  about  the  next  forty  years,  the 
period  which  your  career  v.'ill  have  a 
part  in  shaping?  Or  within  some  almost 
perceptible  horizon,  the  next  twenty 
years?  If  we  only  project  at  the  present 
pace,  without  taking  account  of  its  ac- 
celeration, any  of  you  can  foresee  the 
demands  on  technological  skills  that  will 
crowd  in  on  you  in  your  own  engineer- 
ing careers. 

Now  I  would  like  to  ask  you  to  think 
what  kind  of  engineers  these  were  that 
helped  bring  about  the  achievem.ents  of 
the  past  century.  With  such  accom- 
plishments to  their  credit,  you  can  be 
pretty  sure  that  they  were,  most  of 
them,  men  who  took  every  problem  for 
a  challenge,  every  difficulty  for  an  op- 
portunity. I  can't  believe  that  they  were 
clock-watchers — or,  "in  case  they  didn't 
like  inside  work,  whist]e-listeners."  By 
and  large,  they  must  have  been  men 
who  set  out,  not  just  to  earn  a  living, 
but  to  help  make  the  world  a  better 
place  to  live  in.  It  v.-as  thus  that  thev 
helped  to  establish  and  constitute  engi- 
neering as   a   profession   as  we   know   it. 

Now,  what  direction  will  the  pro- 
fession take  diu'ing  your  acti\e  practice 
of  it?  It  will  depend  on  the  leadership 
you  exert,  or  the  leadership  that  \ou 
elect  to  follow.  The  choice,  in  any  event, 
is  yours. 

The  kind  of  leadership  you  may  exert 
later  will  be  determined  in  large  meas- 
ure by  the  pro\en  leadership  you  choose 
to  follow  now.  Where  can  you  find 
such  leadership?  The  profession  is  not 
static:  the  leaders  in  the  rapid  pace  of 
today's  engineering  developments  are  ac- 
tive here  and  now.  Recognizing  their 
obligation  to  advance  the  profession  as 
well  as  to  make  their  individual  techno- 
logical contributions,  they  have  associat- 
ed themselves  with  the  societies  repre- 
senting their  branch  of  engineering,  and 
can  be  found  guiding  its  counsels,  work- 
ing for  its  advancement,  and  many  of 
them  working  toward  the  goal  of  a 
common  organization  that  will  represent 
the  profession  as  a  whole.  Read  the  bio- 
graphical accounts  of  recent  candidates 
for  high  office  in  the  society  represent- 
ing the  branch  for  which  you  are  pre- 
paring yourself,  as  given  in  the  society's 
magazine  every  year.  You'll  find  plent\' 
of  examples  among  such  men  that  you 
will  want  to  emulate. 

Nearer  at  hand,  you  will  find  out- 
standing engineers  in  every  branch  tak- 
ing part  in  activities  of  the  local  sections 
of  the  engineering  societies,  and  you 
can  by  direct  observation  decide  for 
yourself  their  fitness  for  leadership. 


It  is  at  this  point  that  I  want  to  draw 
attention  to  what  I  consider  a  danger 
that  confronts  the  profession  at  the 
present  time.  I  do  not  know  whether  it 
arises  out  of  a  herd  instinct  for  securi- 
ty ;  or  out  of  the  practice  of  some  un- 
enlightened managements  in  dealing 
with  members  of  their  engineering  staff 
en  masse  instead  of  treating  them  as  in- 
dividual members  of  a  creative  profes- 
sion ;  or  out  of  vague  feelings  that  engi- 
neers generally  have  not  participated  in 
the  increases  in  earnings  that  manual 
workers  have  been  gaining  (actually 
made  possible  by  technological  advances 
to  which  engineers  have  largely  con- 
tributed). For  whatever  cause,  some 
have  come  to  advocate  that  engineering 
employees  should  join  together  in  bar- 
gaining groups,  or  unions.  Such  unions 
would,  they  insist,  of  course  be  limited 
to  professional  personnel,  as  specifically 
provided  under  the  protective  safeguards 
of  the  present  L.  S.  statutes.  It  mav  b: 
true  that  one  can  find,  here  and  there, 
employers  of  engineers  who  conto'nd 
the  creative  contribution  made  by  pro- 
fessional engineers  on  their  staffs  with 
the  work  of  subprofessional  grades,  and 
fail  to  accord  engineers  appropriate  rec- 
ognition as  members  of  a  profession.  It 
has  also  been  one  of  the  marks  of  our 
times  that  the  income  of  intellectual 
workers  generally  has  not  incrers^d  as 
rapidly  as  that  of  skilled  or  semiskilled 
manual  wage-earners  in  the  inflationary 
era  of  the  past  twenty  years  or  so,  which 
is  all  that  most  of  us  have  experienced. 
But  there  are  other  avenues  available 
for  improvement.  Without  dependence 
on  "collective  bargaining,  "  the  less  en- 
lightened employers  can  be  brought  to 
understand  what  it  is  that  members  of 
the  engineering  and  scientific  profes- 
sions feel  they  need  in  the  way  of  recog- 
nition, in  such  simple  matters  as  privil- 
ege of  attending  society  meetings,  for 
example.  And  surveys  conducted  by  the 
professional  societies  will  show  both  em- 
ployers and  those  earning  salaries  how 
rates  compare  with   other   callings. 

This  is  a  serious  matter.  Several  of 
the  engineering  societies  have  felt  strong- 
ly enough  about  it  to  adopt  a  resolution, 
offered  through  the  Engineers  Joint 
Council,  as  presented  by  the  American 
Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers,  declar- 
ing that  "the  enhancement  of  the  status 
of  the  engineer  is  best  promoted  by  his 
reliance  upon  his  personal  professional 
growth  and  accomplishment,  and  that 
his  status  as  a  professional  man  is  en- 
dangered by  reliance  upon  group  efforts 
to  act  on  his  behalf  in  reaching  short- 
range  economic  objectives  ;  while  at  the 
same  time  the  corresponding  obligation 
is  laid  upon  the  employer  of  engineers 
to  give  each  professional  employee  his 
due  individual  recognition  as  a  member 
of  the  profession." 

The  important  fact  I   want  to  point 


30 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


w 


HO  ARE 


INDUSTRY'S 
TOP 
YOUNG 
SCIENTISTS  ? 


Ten  men  between  the  ages  of  26  and  40  were  featured 
in  a  recent  national  magazine  article  which  presented  a 
portrait  of  the  young  scientist  in  America  today.  These 
particular  men  are  a  sample  of  the  most  brilliant  young 
scientific  minds  in  industry. 

It's  interesting  to  note  that  three  of  the  ten  are 
with  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories,  three  with  General 
Electric  and  one  each  with  four  other  companies. 

The  variety  of  opportunity  in  research  and  other 
phases  of  telephone  work  has  always  attracted  an  un- 
usually high  percentage  of  the  nation's  best  young  men. 

Consult  your  Placement  Officer  about  opportunities 
with  Bell  Laboratories  .  .  .  also  with  the  Bell  Telephone 
Companies,  Western  Electric  and  Sandia  C'orporation. 
Your  Placement  Officer  will  be  glad  to  give  you  details. 


THREE   OF    THE   TEN    ARE   AT   BELL  TELEPHONE   LABORATORIES- 


Mathematicia^  .   -^on  Aon  fame 

for  his  Commu.-'.iGition  Theory 


Physical  Chemist  William  Baker  introduced  newcon- 
cepts  that  have  improved  synthetic  rubber  and  fibers 


BELL  TELEPHONE   SYSTEM 


Physicist  Conyers  Herring  is  known  for  his  under- 
standing of  the  quantum  mechanics  of  the  solid  state 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


31 


out,  ho\ve\er,  is  that  engineers  qualified 
to  exert  leadership  in  the  profession  al- 
most inevitably  are  called,  at  rome  stage 
in  their  careers,  from  the  ranks  to  some 
level  of  supervisions  of  engineers  or  man- 
agement of  an  enterprise.  Thus,  luider 
the  provisions  of  the  laws  that  protect 
labor  unions  from  domination  by  man- 
agement, they  become  disqualified  from 
membership  in  groups  made  up  of  em- 
ployees to  act  as  bargaining  agencies. 
Adherence  of  engineers  to  such  groups 
therefore  deprives  them  of  the  oppor- 
tunity to  associate  with  the  more  rapidly 
advancing  members  of  their  profession, 
on   which    I    have   placed   such   stress. 

It  is  no  more  true  than  with  most 
epigrams  that  "to  be  a  leader  of  men, 
one  must  turn  his  back  on  men."  The 
leader  with  the  most  devoted  following 
is  the  one  who  has  the  real  individual 
interest  of  his  men  at  heart.  The  engi- 
neer who  adxances  upward  into  the 
le\els  of  management  of  engineering 
forces  does  not  easily  forget  the  steps  b\ 
which  he  rose.  In  an  organization  in 
which  all  levels  are  joined  in  support 
of  the  profession,  he  can  maintain  such 
association  as  will  assure  his  appreciation 
of  the  aspirations  and  needs  of  the  rank 
and   file. 

I'inaliy,  I  cannot  belie\e  that  the  engi- 


neer entering  the  profession  today  wants 
to  limit  in  any  way  his  advancement,  in 
the  face  of  the  opportunities  awaiting 
him  in  this  challenging  world  of  com- 
plex technology.  I  believe  he  wants  to 
be  free  to  choose  what  leadership  he 
will  follow  in  setting  out  to  make  his 
own  mark  in  the  profession.  I  believe  he 
only  wants  to  be  assured  that  he  can 
earn  recognition  based  on  his  own  con- 
tribution in  his  technical  field,  whether 
as  an  individual  or  as  a  member  of  a 
team. 

What  kind  of  leadership  are  you  will- 
ing to  follow?  What  kind  of  leader- 
ship are  you  prepared  to  offer  when 
vour  chance  comes? 


A  faith  healer  ran  into  his  old  friend 
Max  and  asked  how  things  were  going. 

"Not  so  good,"  was  the  pained  reply. 
"My  brother  is  very  sick." 

"Your  brother  isn't  sick,"  contradict- 
ed the  faith  healer,  "he  only  thinks  he's 
sick.  Remember  that:  he  onlv  ihinks 
he's  sick." 

Two  months  later  the\'  met  again 
and  the  faith  healer  asked  Max,  "How's 
your  brother  now?" 

"W^orse,  "  groaned  Max,  "he  thinks 
he's  dead.  " 


Wings  that  flapped 


ivere  strictly 
for  the  birds 


A  generation  ago.  about  everyone  thought  that  airplane  wings 
should  be  rigid  to  be  safe.  Not  so  today.  Designers  of  today's  high 
speed  planes  have  found  that  safety  hinged  on  wing  deflection. 

To  insure  unrestricted  control  systems  on  wings  that  bend, 
Fafnir  developed  a  standard  series  of  Self-Aligning  Torque 
Tube  Type  Ball  Bearings  which  provide  friction-free  movement, 
reduce  cost  and  weight.  By  keeping  in  step  with  aircraft  progress, 
Fafnir  continues  to  lead  in  the  production  of  aircraft  bearings. 
The  Fafnir  Bearing  Company,  New  Britain,  Conn. 


FAFNIR 

BALL   BEARINGS 


MOST  COMPLETE 


LINE  IN  AMERICA 


Jack  and  Jill  went  up  the  hill. 
L  pon  a  moonlight  ride. 
When    Jack   came   back,   one  eye  was 
black. 

His  pal,  you  see,  had  lied. 
«        «        ■» 

Women's  best  asset  is  man's  imagina- 
tion. 

Lipstick  is  merely  something  to  give 
new  color  to  an  old  pastime. 

*  -*       -* 

Dedicated  to  the  Junior  class  at  Union 
Hospital. 

Student  Nurse:  "El very  time  I  bend 
over  to  listen  to  his  heart  his  pulse  rate 
goes  up  alarmingly.  What  should  I  do?" 

Instructor:  "Button  your  collar." 
»        *        * 

Liquor  Salesman:  "Y'know,  I  hate  to 
see  a  woman  drink  alone.  " 

Food  Salesman:  "I  hate  to  see  a 
women  eat  alone." 

Mattress  Salesman:  "Say,  what  do 
you  fellows  think  of  the  cold  weather 
we've  been  having?" 

*  *        * 

Customer:  "Have  you  a  book  called 
'Man,  the  Master  of  Woman'?" 

Salesgirl:  "The  fiction  counter  is  to 
your  left,  sir." 

i^  *  * 

Three  old  men  were  discussing  ways 
of  dying.  The  first,  75,  decided  he'd 
like  to  drive  over  a  5,000-foot  cliff.  The 
second,  85,  said  he'd  take  his  in  a  600- 
mph  jet.  "I've  got  a  much  better  idea," 
said  the  third,  aged  95.  "I'd  like  to  be 
shot  by  a  jealous  husband.  " 

Through    the    smoke    and    ozone    fumes 

the  student  slowh'  rises; 
His  hair  is  singed,  his  face  is  black,  his 

partner  he  despises  ; 
He  shakes  his  head  and  says  to  him,  with 

words  so  softly  spoken, 
"the  last  thing  that  you  said  to  me  was, 

'Sure,   the  switch   is  open.'  "  j| 

»        »        *  ^ 

Prof.  Pietenpol :  If,  in  going  down 
this  incline,  I  gain  four  feet  per  second, 
what  will  be  my  condition  after  25  sec- 
onds? 

Smart  sophomore:  You'll  be  a  centi- 
pede. M 
■»       *       *  H 

Little  girl  to  her  mother:  "Will  1 
walk  to  heaven  on  a  golden  bridge — 
The  minister  said  so." 

"He's  wrong,  dear,  there  are  no 
bridges  in  Heaven — it  takes  engineers 
to  build  bridges." 

*  »        * 

"Twin  beds  are  well  and  good,  "  said 
the  blushing  young  bride  to  the  sales- 
man in  the  furniture  store,  "but  there 
is  no  use  bu\ing  them  until  we  get 
twins.  " 


32 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


\i4i6c  ate 


Jliianiu  ciood 
Jlufiti 


OtOiMtib! 


•  •    '        Year  in  and  year  out,  we  limit 
our  search  for  electrical,  mechanical,  industrial  and 
general  engineers  to  these  nine  schools. 
Experience  has  taught  us  that  it's  unnecessary 
to  look  beyond  these  nine  in  our  search 
for  our  design,  production  and  sales  engineering  talent. 

Experience  also  has  shown  that  those  who  join  us 

find  Square  D  a  mighty  good  company  to  be  with. 

Most  of  these  men  are  still  with  us,  growing 

and  prospering  with  the  constantly 

expanding  electrical  industry. 

Why  not  let  us  tell  you  more  about  Square  D 
and  what  we  have  to  offer? 


♦JlCoii  tnc  y^QU 


loon 


We'd  like  to  send  you  a  brochure, 

'Your  Engineering  Career."  It  gives  the  simple  rules 

to  follow  in  selecting  an  engineering  career. 


Square  0  Company,  Dept.  5A 
6060  Rivard  Street,  Detroit  11,  Michigan 
I'd  UKl'  a  cop>-  ot'S(iuarf  O's  brochure, 
"Your  Engineering  Career" 

Nome 


Sctiool- 


Addreis_ 
City 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


33 


HOW  HERCULES  HELPS... 


Most  businesses  are  helped  today 
by  Hercules'  business  .  .  .  the 
production  of  synthetic  resins, 
cellulose  products,  chemical  cot- 
ton, terpene  chemicals,  rosin  and 
rosin  derivatives,  chlorinated 
products,  and  many  other  chemi- 
cal processing  materials — as  well 
as  explosives.  Through  close 
cooperative  research  with  its 
customers,  Hercules  has  helped 
improve  the  processing  or  per- 
formance of  many  industrial  and 
consumer  products. 


a 


% 


STYLIZE  KITCHEN  CUTLER 


MUSCLE  FOR 
MOUNTAIN  MOVERS- 

More  than  1.000,000  lbs.  of 
Hercules'^'  dynamite  were 
used  by  S.  A.  Healy  Co., 
Cbicaf!0,  to  hollow  out  a 
mountain  near  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  in  the  construc- 
tion of  an  alternate  global 
communications  center  for 
use  in  case  present  Army, 
Navy,  and  Air  Force  facili- 
ties are  knocked  out  by 
enemy  attack.  The  task  of 
carving  this  top-secret  head- 
ipiarters  out  of  solid  rock 
\\ouM  have  been  impossible 
\\ilhout  industrial  explosives 
and  excavating  know-how. 


SHORT  CIRCUITS 
STYMIED- 

Complicated  electrical  in- 
stallations give  longer,  more 
dcperulable  service  when 
vin\l  wire  insulation  is  made 
with  Hercules  Hercoflex® 
1.50.  Hercoflex  1.50  is  one 
ol  the  Hercules  family  of 
vinyl  plasticizers  that  are 
used  in  products  langing 
from  toys  to  garden    hose. 


EASY  TO  HANDLE  - 

These  kitchen  utensils  not 
only  make  a  woman's  job 
easier,  but  their  brightly 
colored  handles  add  a  dec- 
orative touch  as  well.  The 
bandies  are  molded  with 
Hercules  Hercocel*  cellu- 
lose acetate.  In  sales,  de- 
sign, and  production, 
Hercules'  services  to  the 
plastics  industry  keep  prod- 
ucts on  the  move. 


HERCULES   POWDER.   COMPANY    Wilmington  99,  Del. 
.,  ..IO..O—..  Sales  Offices  in  Principal  Cities 


HERCULES 


34 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Electronics  Research  Engineer  Irving  Alne  records 

radiation  antenna  patterns.  Twenty-two 

feet  plastic  tower  in  background  eliminates 

ground  reflections,  approximates  free  space. 

Tower  is  of  Lockheed  design,  as  are  pattern 

integrator,  high  gain  amplifier, 

square  root  amplifier,  logarithmic  amplifier. 


Antenna  development  program  at  Lockheed  expands 


Electronics  Research  Engineer  F.  R.  Zboril  measures 

input  impedance  of  a  scale  model  helical 

antenna  array  used  for  ground  tracking  of 

missiles.  Most  of  Lockheed's  other 

antenna  work  involves  advanced  research 

studies  on  flush  mounted  antennas. 


Lockheed's  diversified  development  program  presents  Electronics  Engineers 
qualified  for  airborne  antenna  design  with  a  wide  range  of  assignments 
in  communication,  navigation  and  microwaves.  Antenna  design 
is  one  of  the  fastest  growing  research  and  development  areas  at  Lockheed. 

Studies  embrace  virtually  all  types  of  aircraft,  including  the  Super 
Constellation  radar  search  plane  — a  type  of  aircraft  developed  and 
produced  exclusively  by  Lockheed. 

Career  Positions  at  Lockheed 

Lockheed's  expanding  development  program  has  created  a  number  of  positions  for 
Electronics  Engineers  and  Physicists  to  perform  advanced  work  in  antenna  design. 

In  addition  Lockheed  has  a  number  of  positions  open  for  engineers  in 
aerodynamics,  thermodynamics,  flight  test  analysis,  structures  and  design  to 
perform  advanced  studies  on  such  diverse  projects  as:  Applications  of  nuclear 
energy  to  aircraft,  turbo-prop  and  jet  transports,  bombers,  trainers,  supersonic  aircraft 
with  speeds  surpassing  Mach  2,  and  a  wide  range  of  classified  activities. 

Program  for  Advanced  Study— To  encourage  members  of  its  engineering  staff  in 
study  leading  to  advanced  degrees,  Lockheed  reimburses  50%  of  the  tuition  fee  upon 

successful  completion  of  each  course  relating  to  the  engineer's  field  at  the  University  of 
Southern  California  and  University  of  California  at  Los  Angeles.  Both  universities 
oflfer  a  wide  night  school  curriculum  in  science  and  engineering. 


E.  0.  Richter,  Electronics  Research  department 

manager  (seated),  W.  R.  Martin,  antenna 

laboratory  group  engineer  (standing), 

and  J.  L.  Rodgers,  electronics  research  engineer, 

discuss  design  of  corrugated  surface  antenna. 


LOCKHEED 


AIRCRAFT  CORPORATION 


BURBANK 


CALIFORNIA 


Chicago's  .  .  . 

FILTRATION 
PLANT 

by  Al  Shiner,  M.  E.  '56 


The  way  was  cleared  for  construc- 
tion of  the  new  Chicago  North  Side 
filtration  plant  (Illinois  Tech.  Jan.  '54) 
as  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  refused  to 
review   a   protest. 

The  high  court  reported  Oct.  19  that 
it  would  not  hear  the  appeal  by  a  group 
of  property  owners  fighting  the  placing 
of  the  plant  in  Lake  Michigan  north 
of    Navy   Pier. 

The  protest  questioned  whether  the 
secretary  of  the  Army  had  power  to 
authorize  the  70-acre  fill  in  Chicago's 
downtown  harbor  when  the  project  was 
not  to  improve  navigation  but  for  the 
benefit  of  the  city. 

The  property  owners  won  an  injunc- 
tion  in   Cook  County  Circuit  Court   in 


Derrick  No.  58,  a  30  ton,  eighty  foot  boom,  one  of  the   many  working  on 
the  construction  of  Chicago's   Filtration    Project   at  dock   next   to   Navy   Pier. 


During  the  digging  operations,  a  barge  is  tied  along  side  the  derrick.  Pic- 
tured is  a  load  of  clay  after  being  removed  from  the  lake.  The  barge  is 
then  towed  13  miles  out  and  dumped. 


August,  193.5,  which  halted  work  on 
the  $85  million  plant  after  $.^  million 
had   been   spent. 

The  work  was  resumed  after  the  Il- 
linois Supreme  Court  in  May  ordered 
the  injunction  dissolved.  The  appeal  to 
the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  was  taken 
from  the  state  coiut's  decision. 

George  DeMent,  commissioner  of 
public  works,  said  the  Cjreat  Lakes 
Dredge  &  Dock  Co.  e.xpects  to  com- 
plete a  coffer  dam  next  summer. 

By  then,  DeMent  said,  the  cit\  will 
be  ready  to  let  contracts  for  the  rest  of 
the  work. 

The  coffer  dam  consists  of  an  earth 
fill  supported  by  sheet  steel  piling. 
When  it  is  tight,  water  will  be  pumped 
out  and  construction  started  inside  the 
enclosure. 

Mayor  Kennelly  termed  the  coml's 
decision  "a  great  step  toward  providing 
filtered  water  for  all  Chicagoans." 

The  plant  will  filter  water  for  the 
two-thirds  of  the  city's  population  north 
of  Pershing  Rd.  South  of  there,  filtered 
water  is  alread\'  provided  by  the  South 
Side  filtration  plant. 

The  north  side  now  gets  chlorinated 
raw  water  from  Lake  Michigan. 

Property  owners  in  the  vicinity  fought 
the  site  in  the  harbor  as  an  improper 
one.  Other  sites,  both  on  land  and  in  the 
lake  had  been  proposed.  Navigation  in- 
terests also  objected  to  the  taking  of 
harbor  space  but  did   not  join   in  suit. 

Edward  R.  Johnson,  attorney  for  the 
petitioners,  was  out  of  the  city.  Mem- 
bers of  his  law  firm  said  he  and  his 
group  would  decide  whether  any  further 
action  is  to  be  taken. 


36 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


2 -=^50  Awards 


Two  cash  awards  of  $50  each  will  be  awarded  to 
the  author  of  the  best  TECHNOGRAPH  staff  article 
and  the  best  non-staff  aricle  submitted  to  the 
ILLINOIS  TECHNOGRAPH. 


Rules: 

1.  Articles  must  be  submitted  by  the  author  not  loter  than  March   1,   1955. 

2.  It  must  not  have  been  previously  publishecJ. 

3.  It  must  pertain  to  engineering  in  some  way. 

4.  All  articles  must  be  doublespaced  typewritten. 

5.  Technograph  staff  members  are  eligible  for  only  one  of  the  prizes. 

6.  Some  articles  will  be  prinied  in  the  TECHNOGRAPH. 

7.  None  will  be  returned,  but  they  v/ill  be  kept  on  file  and  may  be  printed 
later. 

8.  Please  include  pictures  and  permission  for  us  to  use  them. 

9.  Any  number  of  nrticles  may  be  submitted  by  'he  same  author. 

10.    The  Technograph  editorial  staff  will   be  judges  for  the  non-staff  articles. 

Notes: 

1.  Ten  typewritten  pages  v/ith  pictures  makes  three  pages  in  the  magazine. 

2.  Use  rhetoric  department  punctuation  and  capitalization. 

3.  Any   national   company   will    be  glad   to  send  you   photogrophs   and    in- 
formation. 

4.  Get    started    now    and    get    several    articles    written    and    submitted    by 
March    1,    1955. 


lOVEMBER,  1954  37 


ISO 


Engineers  Pioneer     w     I  %0 
Power  Plant  Development 


GEORGE  D.  KEMP,  who  received  his  B.S.  in  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing from  Colorado  A.  and  M.  lost  June,  is  shown  recording  data 
on  the  engineering  log  sheet  from  the  industrial  TV  screen  in  the  VTO  test 
cell.  George  —  now  in  the  Test  Operations  group  in  the  Experimentol  Test 
Section  at  Allison — is  working  on  the  T40  turbo-prop  engine  which  powers 
the  Convoir  XFY-I  and  the  Lockheed  XFV-1  vertical  take-off  aircraft. 


•  Early  in  '51,  Allison  undertook  the  power  plant  de- 
velopment for  vertical  take-off  airplanes  following  the 
Navy's  request  for  a  high-power,  low-weight  turbine 
engine  which  could  be  adapted  to  vertical  operation. 

With  modifications,  the  Allison  T40  turbo-prop 
engine — with  its  extremely  high  power-to-weight-ratio 
— was  selected  to  do  the  job.  The  vertical  operation 
necessitated  basic  design  changes,  such  as  changing 
the  oil  system  so  it  would  function  in  both  vertical  and 
horizontal  positions.  Too,  it  was  necessary  to  modify 
the  reduction  gear,  giving  a  higher  propeller  RPM 
and  increased  thrust.  And,  with  the  specially  designed 
propellers  required  by  the  VTOs,  the  control  system 
was  redesigned. 

Then,  to  test  the  engine,  a  radically  new  test  stand 
was  designed  and  built.  Allison  engineers  converted 
a  test  stand  previously  used  for  low  horsepower  re- 


ciprocating engines  to  one  (shown  above)  capable  of 
accommodating  VTO  engines  in  the  various  positions 
from  horizontal  to  vertical.  With  the  huge  72,000  pound 
tunnel  completely  enclosing  the  engine  and  propeller, 
a  television  was  installed  in  the  control  room  so  engine 
operation  could  be  observed  in  any  tunnel  position. 

The  VTO  power  plant  project  is  typical  of  the 
variety  of  challenging  problems  handled  by  the  Alli- 
son Engineering  staff.  And,  because  it  is  continually 
pioneering  in  advanced  engineering  developments, 
Allison  needs  additional  technically  trained  men,  espe- 
cially young  graduate  engineers.  Why  not  plan  now 
for  your  engineering  career  at  Allison.  Write  for  in- 
formation: 

R.  G.  Greenwood,  Engineering  College  Contact, 

ALLISON   DIVISION,  General  Motors  Corporation, 

Indianapolis  6,  Indiana. 


38 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


mmmmm^.mm 


by  Millard  Darnall,  Ag.  E.  '56,  and  Don  Kesler,  E.  E.  '56 


DON   KESLER 

Don  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Clare- 
mont,  Illinois  and  now  lives  in  L  rbana, 
where  he  has  lived  for  the  past  six  years. 
Previous  to  living  in  L  rbana,  he  ob- 
tained a  bit  of  the  South  while  living 
in   Nashville,   Tennessee. 

Last  \ear  Don  was  assistant  editor  on 
the  Technograph  and  also  make-up  edi- 


DON  KESLER 

tor  for  awhile.  He  is  always  around  the 
office  as  his  position  as  editor  requires 
an  awful  lot  of  time.  He  is  the  one  who 
is  continuoush'  striving  for  a  better  mag- 
azine. More  power  to  him  in  that  re- 
spect. 

He  is  a  junior  in  E.K.  and  his  pet 
hobby  is  sports  cars.  Last  summer  he 
built  a  sport  car  from  a  revamped  Cros- 


ley  frame  and  stock  engine.  1  o  this  he 
added  an  aluminum  body.  It  is  a  ver)' 
sleek  automobile  with  its  low  cut  lines. 
Although  it  is  not  yet  completed,  it  ap- 
pears to  be  a  very  nice  little  sports  car. 
You  can  recognize  Don  b\  his  little  \el- 
low  sports  car  which  will  probably  be 
seen  all  over  the  campus  the  rest  of  the 
time  he  is  here  in  school. 

Don  is  the  type  of  person  who  will 
be  a  verv  good  boss  in  rvinning  of  the 
magazine   this  year. 


"Darling,  you  look  beautiful  in  that 
dress." 

"Oh,  it's  just  something  I  threw  on." 
"Yes,  thought  so.  darned  near  missed, 

didn't  cha?" 

*  *        * 

You    ought    to   laugh    at    these   jokes, 
your  grandfather  did. 

*  *        * 

"The  Irish  aren't  so  tough." 
"How  come?" 

"Me   and    my   brother    and    the   two 
guys  across  the  alley  almost  licked  one 

last  night." 

*  *        « 

I've    decided    to    get    a    di\()rce.    M\' 
wife  hasn't  spoken  to  me  in  six  months. 

Hetter    think    again.    Wives    like    that 
are  hard  to  find. 

»        «        * 

Blue  eyes  gaze  at  mine — vexation. 
Soft  hands  clasped   in   mine — palpita- 
tion. 

Fair  hair  brushing  mine — expectation. 
Red   lips  close  to  mine — temptation. 
Footsteps — damnation. 

*  »        » 

Don't  worry  if  your  grades  arc  low. 
.■Xnd  your  rewards  are  few; 
Remember  that  the  mighty  oak 
Was  once  a  nut  like  you. 


DR.  E.  A.   REID 

Dr.  L.  A.  Reid  is  one  of  the  old  tim- 
ers on  campus  that  you  should  know. 
He  has  been  teaching  for  37  years.  He 
teaches  machinery  laboratory  to  K.K. 
students  as  well  as  being  in  charge  of 
m.icliiner\  laboratory  courses.  Dr.  Reid 
makes  all  the  teaching  assignments  in 
his  ilepartmcnt.  He  is  in  charge  of  equip- 


DR.  E.  A.  REID 

ment  inventory.  He  sees  that  all  th.e 
equipment  \alued  over  ten  dollars  gets 
a  State  of  Illinois  number  and  checks 
frequently  to  see  that  it  is  in  its  proper 
place  and  not  lost. 

Dr.  Reid  graduated  from  the  L  niver- 
sit\'  of  Illinois.  .'\t  that  time,  an  elec- 
trical engineering  degree  was  assumed 
to  be  in  machines.  There  was  little  else 
then. 

He  taught  at  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota before  coming  to  the  L'.  of  I. 
For  many  years  Dr.  Reid  spent  his  sum- 
mers working  for  industry.  He  worked 
for  a  lot  of  different  companies.  The 
experience  he  gained  was  as  valuable  to 
his  students  as  to  himself.  A  summer 
home  in  Minnesota  is  his  vacation  spot 
now.  For  several  years  he  has  quit  work- 
ing for  industry  in  the  summer  and  has 
been  vacationing  200  miles  north  of 
.Minneapolis. 

Aside  from  his  teaching.  Dr.  Reid  is 
the  counselor  for  the  student  branch  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  En- 
gineers. The  A.I.E.E.  is  a  very  prom- 
inate  student  organization. 

Only  a  man  who  enjoys  teaching  so 
well  could  sur\ive  37  years  of  teaching 
college  students. 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


39 


...4,000,000  answers  later 


few  figures  tell  the  story. 

7  years  of  painstaking  analysis,  research  and  design 
by  engineers  from  nearly  everj'  field  of  technology. 

14,200  hours  of  experimental  engine 

operation  in  test  cells  and  in  flight  test. 

4.000.000  individual,  complex  mathematical 
problems   solved   by   electronic   computers. 


As  a  result.  America  now  has  the  world's 

most  powerful  production  aircraft  engine 

—  the  J-57  turbojet.  Careful  engineering 
development  like  this  has  made 
Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft  the 

world's  foremost  designer  and 
builder  of  aircraft  engines. 


PRATT  &  WHITNEY 
AIRCRAFT 

DIVISION    OF    UNITED    AIRCRAFT    CORP. 

East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut 


40 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


This  is  a  Torrington  Needle  Bearing 

Designed  for  Today's  Needs  and  Tomorrow's  Trends- 
Needle  Bearings  Offer  A  Unique  Combination  of  Advantages 


The  Torrington  Needle  Bearing  has 
two  component  parts — the  full  com- 
plement of  relatively  small  diameter, 
thru-hardened,  precision-ground 
rollers  and  a  case  hardened  retain- 
ing shell  by  which  they  are  held. 

The  bearing  is  a  complete  unit  in 
itself,  and  is  easily  pressed  into  posi- 
tion in  a  bore  machined  to  proper 
dimensions.  The  advantages  of  this 
unit  construction  in  simplif>-ing  in- 
stallation and  speeding  assembly 
are  readily  apparent. 

High  Radial  Capacity 

Of  special  importance  is  the  high 
capacity  of  the  Torrington  Needle 
Bearing.  This  efficient  anti-friction 
unit  can  carry  a  greater  radial  load 
than  any  other  bearing  of  compar- 
able outside  diameter  due  to  the 
large  number  of  rollers.  The  small 
cross  section  of  the  bearing  allows  a 
large  shaft  which  permits  a  rigid  de- 
sign with  minimum  shaft  deflection. 

Efficient  Lubrication 

The  method  of  lubrication  is  an- 
other feature  of  the  Torrington 
Needle  Bearing.  The  retaining  shell 


with  its  tumed-in  lips  provides  a 
natural  resen,-oir  for  the  lubricant. 
Thus  the  needle  rollers  turn  in  an 
oil  or  grease  bath  and  continually 
bring  up  a  fresh  film  of  lubricant — 
insuring  rotation  of  all  moving 
members  on  a  fluid  film. 

Lov:  Cost 

The  size  of  the  Torrington  Needle 
Bearing,  coupled  v,-ith  the  simplicity 
of  its  construction,  makes  it  a  com- 
paratively inexpensive  anti-friction 
unit.  Its  compact  size  encourages 
simplified  design  which  requires  less 
material  in  surrounding  compon- 
ents. This  also  contributes  to  further 
cost  reductions. 

The  shaft  serves  as  the  inner  race 
in  the  majority  of  Needle  Bearing 
applications   and  therefore   should 


be  hardened  and  ground  to  proper 
dimensions.  However,  where  it  is  de- 
sirable to  use  an  unhardened  shaft, 
an  inner  race  can  be  supplied. 

For  Modern  Design 

Where  the  efficiency  of  anti-friction 
operation  is  desired,  and  where 
space,  weight  and  cost  are  vitally 
important  considerations,  Needle 
Bearings  provide  a  logical  answer. 
That's  why  you  will  find  them 
used  in  an  ever-growing  list  of 
applications. 

This  is  one  of  a  series  of  adver- 
tisements designed  to  give  you  the 
latest  engineering  information  on 
Needle  Bearings.  Should  you  have 
occasion  to  work  with  bearing  de- 
sign or  wish  more  information,  write 
our  engineering  department. 


THE   TORRINGTON    COMPANY 

Torrington,  Conn.        •        South  Bend  21,  Ind. 
District  Offices  and  Distributors  in  Principal  Cities  of  United  States  and  Canada 


TORRINGTOI^^^^^&EARINeS 


NEEDLE  •  SPHERICAL   ROUER  -TAPERED   ROLLER  •  STRAIGHT  ROLLER  •  BAU  •  NEEDLE   ROLLERS 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


41 


WPGU 


by  O.   Pat  Colvin,  Econ.  Graduate 


Klein,  liberal  arts  sophomore,  program 
director;  and  Anderson,  chief  engineer. 

Working  together  with  their  staff, 
these  L  niversity  students  hope  to  expand 
WPGL's  operations,  improve  the  qual- 
ity of  service,  and  increase  its  coverage. 

WPGU  represents  a  prime  example 
of  what  the  combination  of  student  in- 
genuity and  hard  work  can  produce. 


Radio  station  WPGU  will  observe 
its  first  anniversary  this  month  and  dur- 
ing its  first  years  of  operations  the  sta- 
tion has  made  great  strides  toward  high- 
caliber  service  for  its  listeners  on  the 
University  of  Illinois  campus. 

The  idea  for  the  radio  station  was 
spawned  early  in  October.  1953,  by  a 
dozen  electrical  engineering  students  liv- 
ing in  and  around  the  Parade  Ground 
Units.  Originally  the  group  planned  to 
use  a  simple  phonograph  oscillator  as 
their  broadcasting  instrument,  but  stand- 
ard broadcasting  equipment  was  ac- 
quired on  loan  from  the  University  sta- 
tion WILL  through  Professor  Frank 
Schooley,  WILL  station  manager  and  a 
member  of  the  School  of  Journalism  and 
Communications  faculty. 

After  two  months  of  preparation,  the 
first  program  was  broadcast  from 
WPGU  at  7  p.  m.  on  Dec.  6,  1953. 
Facilities  for  the  studio — first  located  at 
1340  Arbor  but  later  moved  to  its  pres- 
ent location  at  1241  Euclid  in  the  Pa- 
rade Ground  L  nits — were  donated  by 
the  L  niversity  housing  division. 

Technically,  WPGL  is  known  as  a 
carrier  current  station  since  the  output 
of  the  transmitter  is  fed  onto  local  power 
lines  and  the  signal  is  carried  through 
this  medium.  This  process,  which  is 
sometimes  referred  to  as  a  "wired-wire- 
less,"  needs  a  power  of  15  watts  to 
operate. 

Federal  Communications  Commission 
regulations  do  not  allow  WPGL  and 
other  similar  stations  to  use  antennae  to 
send  out  the  electromagnetic  radio 
waves.  FCC  regulations  also  limit  the 
field  strength  to  15  microvolts  per  meter 
at  approximately  300  feet  from  any- 
thing connected  to  the  transmitter  such 
as  the  previously  mentioned  power  lines. 

Through  the  medium  of  the  power 
lines,  WPGL  "s  signal  is  carried  through- 
out the  entire  Parade  Ground  Units' 
area,  the  Stadium  Terrace  housing  units, 
all  of  the  Men's  Residence  Halls,  and 
surrounding  fraternities,  sororities,  and 
independent  housing.  The  station's  cov- 
erage was  increased  last  March  when  a 
remote  control  transmitter  was  placed 
in  Lincoln  Avenue  Residence  Hall,  home 
of  over  500  coeds.  The  transmitter  in 
LAR  is  operated  via  leased  telephone 
company  lines. 


By  using  this  method  of  remote  con- 
tiol  transmitters.  Art  Anderson,  elec- 
trical engineering  junior  who  is  chief 
engineer  for  the  station,  hopes  to  in- 
crease WPGL 's  coverage  of  the  cam- 
pus area  during  the  next  few  months. 
At  present  the  station  has  an  estimated 
coverage  of  over  4,000  people  living  on 
the  L  niversity  campus. 

The  station's  staff  is  made  up  entirely 
of  University  students.  No  professional 
assistance  is  used  and  all  of  the  staff 
members  donate  their  time  as  a  campus 
activity. 

From  the  nucleus  of  the  original  12 
electrical  engineering  students  who  first 
began  operations  of  WPGL ,  the  staff 
has  grown  to  its  present  size  of  over 
60  members.  There  are  40  announcers 
and  20  engineers  working  for  the  sta- 
tion. The  announcers  do  all  of  the 
broadcasting  while  the  engineers  are  in 
charge  of  the  operation  and  maintenance 
of  equipment.  There  are  three  staff 
members  on  duty  every  day  from  7  p.  m. 
to  12:15  a.  m. — the  hours  the  station  is 
on  the  air. 

The  station  operates  as  part  of  the 
Parade  Ground  Residence  Association 
and  any  money  needed  for  regular  opera- 
tion of  the  station  is  provided  by  this 
group.  The  PGR-A  council  appoints  the 
station  manager  who  in  turn  picks  his 
own  administrative  staff. 

WPGL  operated  on  a  frequency  of 
640  kilocycles  throughout  its  Champaign 
coverage  and  on  a  frequency  of  610 
kilocycles  in  LAR.  The  640  kilocycle 
frequency  was  chosen  as  the  station's 
mai  noperating  spot  since  only  one  other 
radio  station  in  the  countr)'  operated  on 
the  same  frequency.  That  station  is 
KFI  in  San  Francisco.  California. 

The  station  is  a  member  of  the  Inter- 
collegiate Broadcasting  System,  a  na- 
tion-wide organization  of  similar  non- 
commercial carrier  current  stations.  It 
is  also  a  member  of  the  L  nited  Press 
Radio  Service,  which  provides  24-hour 
teletype  news'  summaries  for  WPGL's 
two  daily  15-minute  news  programs. 

Tom  Simpson,  electrical  engineering 
senior,  is  the  station  manager  of 
WPGL.  Other  administrative  officers 
are  Bill  Bailey,  political  science  junior, 
assistant    station    manager;     Mickey 


Have  you  heard  about  the  illegiti- 
mate Rice  Krispy  ?  Snap,  crackle  and  no 

pop! 

»       »       » 

Bars  are  something  which  if  you  go 
into,  you  are  apt  to  come  out  singing 
a  few  of,  and  maybe  get  tossed  behind. 

»       *        * 

Coed  to  fraternity  boy:  "Let's  walk 

home.   I'm  too  tired   to  get  into   a  cab 

with  you." 

»        *        » 

If  all  the  coeds  in  the  world  who 
didn  t  neck  gathered  in  one  room  what 
\vould  we  do  with  her? 

«        *        s 

Asked  how  he  achieved  such  natural, 
delicate  flesh  tints  on  his  nudes,  the 
painter  Renoir  is  said  to  have  replied: 

"I  just  keep  on  painting  and  painting 
until  I  feel  like  pinching — then  I  know 

it's  right." 

*  «        » 

Selectee:  "They  can't  make  me  fight. " 
Draft  Board:  "Maybe  not — but  they 
can  take  you  where  the  fighting  is  and 
let  you  use  your  own  judgment.  " 

*  *        * 

"They  tell  me  your  wife  is  out- 
spoken." 

"By  whom?" 

«       *        * 

A  good  speech  is  like  a  girl's  skirt, 
it  is  long  enough  to  cover  the  subject, 
and  yet  short  enough  to  be  interesting. 

*  «       » 

Mary  had  a  little  plane 
Thru  the  skies  she  frisked. 
Wasn't  she  a  sillv  fool. 
Her  little       *      ??? 

*  «       » 

Dear  Pop : 

Everything  fine  at  school.  I'm  getting 
lots  of  sleep  and  am  studying  hard.  In- 
cidentallv,  I'm  enclosing  mv  fraternity 
bill. 

Your  son.   Pudge. 
Dear  Pudge: 

Don't  buy  any  more  fraternities. 

Your  Pop. 

*  »        * 

Se\eral  weeks  ago.  coming  home  from 
work  on  a  crowded  bus.  I  stood  next  to 
a  woman  and  her  small  son.  I  asked  her 
if  she  wasn't  afraid  the  little  boy  would 
be  crushed. 

"Not  at  all,''  she  answered.  "He 
bites." 


42 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


IHOtic  testing  and  recording 
permits  accurote  evaluation  of  a 
Oreater  number  of  resistors. 


^ 


BASIC  REQUIREMENTS 

JAN  and  MIL  Specifications  are  basic 
guideposts  for  electronic  advance- 
ment, whether  used  as  engineering 
reference  points  or  as  procurement 
standards.  IRC's  dual  emphasis  on 
mass  production  and  exacting  testing 
ossures  highest  performance  standards 
ot  lowest  possible  cost. 

SPECIFIC  EXAMPLES 


JE] 


Type  BT  Insulated  Composition  Resistors 

MIL-R-llA  Specification 


IRC  Power  Wire  Wound  Resistors 
MIL-R-26B  Specificotion 


Type  BW  Low  Wattage  Wire  Wounds 
JAN-R-184  Specification 


Sealed  Precision  Voltmeter  Multipliers 
JAN-R-29  Specification 


ONLY  IRC  MAKES  SO  MANY 
JAN  AND  MIL  TYPE  RESISTORS 

.  .  .  another  reason  why  engineers  prefer  IRC  Resistors 

56  different  IRC  resistors  is  today's  figm-e — all  equiva- 
lent to  JAN  or  MIL  specifications.  Manufactm-ers  of 
militai'y  equipment  who  must  meet  these  specifications 
depend  on  IRC  for  all  their  resistor  requirements. 
Offering  the  widest  line  of  resistors  in  the  industry — 
138  different  types  in  all — IRC  is  the  logical  source  of 
JAN  and  MIL  type  units. 


^^^^^^^^^^^  401 

UAiAfl*V  "tit  (jACUii,  O***-  ^VW-       In  Canada:  Inlemalional  Resistance  Co.,  Toronto,  Ucensee 


INTERNATIONAL 
RESISTANCE  CO. 


vIOVEMBER,  1954 


43 


SIOMBUKG 


by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


New  Sabre 


dav. 


An   all-wi-ather   jet   fighter,   the   tiew 


A    s,xth    model  ^f^North    American      ^^^^^^  -  .^  ^^^^^^^^  ^  cannon-finng  ver 

'    F-86D,    the    nation's 
and    only    one-man    jet    interceptor    and 


Aviation's    famed    Sabre   Jet   series    the  -  ^^^    _^^^.^_^,^    ^^^^^ 

F-86K,  has  been   ordered   by   the    U.   b.      ^lo"    ui    u  c  ,  ^ 


Air  Force,  the  company  announced   to- 


■ir 


The  Air  Force  has  just  ordered  the  sixth  revised   model  of  the  all-v.eather 
Sabre  Jet  se-ies.  The  main  difference  v^as  increased  armament. 


twice  hohier  of  the  official  world  speed 
record.  I'he  new  Air  Force  contract 
calls  for  an  undisclosed  number  of  "K's." 
The  planes  are  being  procured  by  the 
Air  Force  with  Mutual  Defense  As- 
sistance Program  funds  for  delivery  to 
NATO   countries. 

The  new  fighter  is  almost  identical 
in  appearance  to  the  rocket  -  firing 
F-86D,  except  for  an  addition  of  eight 
inches  to  the  length  of  the  fuselage.  Its 
chief  difference  is  armament,  which  con- 
sists of  four  20-mm  cannon  instead  of 
the  24  "Mighty  Mouse"  rockets  car- 
ried   by   the    interceptor. 

The  additional  eight  inches  m  the 
fuselage  was  necessary  to  re-balance  the 
new  plane  due  to  the  shift  in  position 
of  the  armament. 

Along  with  its  new  firepower  the  F- 
86K  is  equipped  with  a  new  automatic 
fire  control  system  designed  to  enable 
the  pilot  to  shoot  down  enemy  planes 
even  at  night  or  in  murky  weather. 

The  first  flight  of  the  prototype  F- 
S6K  fighter  was  made  on  July  15  at 
Los  Angeles  International  Airport.  En- 
gineering Test  Pilot  Ray  Morris,  who 
stayed  aloft  for  30  minutes  on  the  ini- 
tial hop,  described  "a  perfect  flight" 
upon  landing.  ,, 

"This  is  unusual  for  a  new  airplane, 
the  veteran   test  pilot  said.   "We  usual- 
ly  find   a   couple   little   things,   but  not 

todav." 

When  asked  about  speed  Morris  re- 
ported, "It  goes  just  like  the  'D'!" 

Like  its  rocket-firing  cousin,  the  h- 
86K  is  powered  by  the  General  Elec- 
tric 1-47-33  turbo-jet  engine,  rated  at 
5,600  pounds  thrust  plus  afterburner. 
This  puts  the  new  fighter  in  the  "ov^r 
650  m.p.h."  speed  class,  as  is  the  F-86D. 
Its  combat  radius  is  listed  as  approxi- 
mately 500  miles. 

Also  incorcorporated  into  the  33  de- 
gree swept  wings  of  the  F-86K  are  the 
aerodynamicallv  actuated  wing  leading 
edge  slats  for  high  lift  and  improved 
low  speed  handling  characteristics.  Like 
all  later  models  of  the  Sabre  Jet  the 
new  fighter  is  equipped  with  the  famed 
"all-flying  tail,"  in  which  the  entire 
horizontal  stabilizer  is  moved  for  con- 
trol, and  hydraulic  power-operated  ir 
reversible  controls  with  artificial  "feel 
for  the  pilot. 

As  in  later  models  of  the  F-S6n,  th( 
F-S6ls.  is  equipped  with  a  parabrake  to 
aid  in  landing  on  short  or  slick  runways 

Electronic  Research 

Teamwork  in  electronic  research  aiv 
development  should  be  emphasized  whi 
the  electrical  engineer  is  still  in  col 
lege,  a  New  York  University  prote; 
sor  said  today  (Friday,  June  18)  £ 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  America 
Society  of   Engineering  Education. 

"Since  so  much   of   the   research   an 
development  work  in  electronics  today 

THE   TECHNOGRAP 


44 


Installing  cast  iron  mechanical  joint  pipe  across  river  at  Salina,  Kansas,  for  sewer  main. 

When  an  installation,  once  completed,  should  he 

as  trouhle-proof  as  planning  and  materials  can 

make  it  —  engineers  rely  on  cast  iron  pipe.  It 

has  high  beam-strength,  compressive-strength  and 

shock-strength.  Its  effective  resistance  to  corrosion 

ensures  long  life,  underground  or  underwater. 

These  are  reasons  why  cast  iron  pipe  is  so  widely 

used  for  water  lines  in  tough  terrain,  pressure  and 

outfall  sewers,  river  crossings,  and  encased  piping 

in  sewage  treatment  and  water  filtration  plants. 

Cast  Iron  Pipe  Research  Association,  Thos.  F. 

Wolfe.  Managing  Director,  122  So.  Michigan  Ave.,  This  123-year-old  cost  iron  water  main  is  still  in  use  in 

Chicago  3,  111.  ^  the  distribution  system  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


((lAST  IRON  PIPE  lllWWli) 


>IOVEMBER,  1954 


45 


MATERIALS-HANDLING  EQUIPMENT 

THAT  SPEEDS  WORK,  SPARES  MEN,  SLASHES  COSTS 

No  other  Mobile  Crane  of  this  type  has  all  the  features  of 
KRANE  KAR.  More  goes  into  KRANE  KAR  ...  you  get  more 
out  of  KRANE  KAR  .  .  .  more  speed,  more  work,  more  safety. 
Loads  and  Unloads  freight  cars,  trucks,  trailers  .  .  .  Stacks  and 
Stores  .  .  .  expedites  Plant  Maintenance. 

KRANE  KAR  handles  steel  stock  and  forms  of  any  shape  or 
size  within  capacity  (or  scrap  when  equipped  with  magnet); 
transmission  coses,  motors,  crankcases,  transformers, etc.  Works 
in  tight  quarters,  low  headroom,  up  and  down  romps  .  .  .  any- 
where, in  plant  or  yard.  Often  cuts  handling  costs  to  8}  a  ton.* 

Safest  Crane  in  its  class,  minimizing  injury  risks  to  men, 
materials,  machine.  Self-Stabilizing:  dangerous  use  of  jacks 
or  stabilizers  eliminated.  Automatic  Power  Cut-Off  at  ex- 
treme positions  of  Boom-Swing  or  Topping.  Automatic 
Braking  of  Load  and  Boom  Lines.  No  Tail-Swing:  no  part 
of  Crane  passes  over  operator's  head. 


Gas  or  Diesel,  9  1o  37  ft.  booms  or 
adjustoble  telescopic  booms;  Electric 
magnet,  clomshell  bucket,  ond  othc. 
occessories  available.  Ask  for  illus- 
trated bulletin   #79. 

USERS.  Genera/  Motors;  Bethlehem 
Steel;  Todd  Shipyards;  fioeing;  General 
Electric;  duPont:  Pullman   Standard;  etc. 

*V/rile  for  cose  sfydies. 


Pioneers  of  Heavy  Duty  Materials-Handling  Equipment  and  Mfrs.  of 
Heovy  Duty  Fork  LIFTRUKs;  Crones,  Capstons,  and  Winches  for  Motor 
Trucks     .     .     .     "SILENT    HOIST"   Cor    Pullers    end    Barge   Movers. 


Silent  Hoist  &  Crane  Co 


Below  (ilght:  Three  of  the  six  Frick  refrigerating  machines  in  service  at  Big  Spring,  Texas. 


New  Phillips  Product 

New  Application  of  ^Rlf^  Refrigeration 

Phillips  Ciiemiccl  Company's  new  plant  near  Big  Spring,  Texas,  is  the 
firsf  in  the  country  to  produce  98%  pure  para-xylene  (used  in  the 
manufacture  of  a  synthetic  fiber)  in  commercial  quantities. 
The  new,  revolutionary  process,  patented  by  Phillips,  involves  contin- 
uous fractional  crystallization.  The  heart  of  the  system  is  a  Frick 
"cascade"  low-temperature  refrigerating  plant  that  FREEZES  OUT 
para-xylene  crystals. 

Whether  your  process  is  in  the  idea,  development  or  production  stage— 
if  it  involves  refrigeration  or  air  conditioning,  get  in  touch  with  your 
nearest  Frick  representative,  or  write  directly  to 


DEPENDABLE    REFRIGERATION   SINCE 


tf  iCMi 


WAYNESBORO.    PENNA. 


895   63RD   ST..    BROOKLYN   20,    N.Y. 


The  Frick  Graduate  Training  Course  in  Hefngeraiinn  and  Air  Coridtlion- 
ing,  operated  over  30  yean, off ers  a  career  in  a  growing  industry. 


done  by  teams  of  men,  rather  than  on  a 
lone  wolf  basis,"  declared  Professor 
James  H.  Mulligan  Jr.,  "students  (sen- 
iors in  particular)  should  be  given  ex- 
perience in  working  together  for  extend- 
ed periods  of  time  on  involved  labora- 
tory exercises  or  student  projects."  Pro- 
fessor Mulligan  is  chairman  of  the  de- 
partment of  electrical  engineering  at 
NYU's  College  of   Engineering. 

"If  a  student's  efforts  can  be  guided 
in  such  a  way  that  he  learns  to  reason 
and  analyze  as  an  individual,  and  yet 
is  also  given  some  idea  of  the  strength 
and  effectiveness  of  a  cooperative  work 
group  whose  members  respect  one  an- 
other's contributions,  he  will  be  much 
better  prepared  to  progress  in  a  pro- 
fessional assignment  upon  graduation,  " 
the  educator  noted. 

Discussing  the  possibility  of  granting 
"special  designations"  to  schools  whose 
standards  in  electrical  engineering  are 
higher  than  the  minimum  set  by  the 
ASEE,  Professor  Mulligan  said  "the 
real  test  should  be  made  on  the  basis 
of  what  is  really  accomplished  with  the 
students,"  not  simply  on  the  stated 
course  of  study  and  the  qualifications 
and  abilities  of  the  faculty. 

He  suggested  that  if  "special  desig- 
nations" were  to  be  made,  a  national 
committee  of  recognized  scientific  lead- 
ers in  the  electronics  fields  from  indus- 
try,  government,   and   the   teaching  pro- 


fes.sion  would  be  the  appropriate  evalu- 
ating group.  He  said  the  best  test  of  an 
engineering  college's  performance  would 
be  an  examination  of  students  near  the 
end  of  the  senior  year,  which  would  in- 
clude comprehensive  personal  interviews 
and  a  study  of  final  examination  papers 
and  laboratory  reports.  Profes.sor  Mulli- 
gan proposed  five  standards: 

1.  Competence  in  the  oral  and  writ- 
ten expression  of  ideas. 

2.  Mastery  of  the  mathematics  pre- 
scribed for  the  professional-scien- 
tific   curriculum. 

3.  A  broad  understanding  of  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  various  areas  of 
electrical  engineering  combine  to 
form  the  whole. 

4.  A  detailed  knowledge  of  electronic 
circuit   analysis. 

5.  An  ability  to  analyze  and  solve 
problems  that  involve  the  appli- 
cation of  several  electrical  engi- 
neering and  physical  concepts  to 
obtain  a  single  result. 

If  the  mechanics  of  evaluation  render 
it  impractical  for  the  ASEE  to  grant 
special  designations,  the  review  would 
nevertheless  provide  an  institution  with 
"an  extremely  realistic  view  of  its  ef- 
fectiveness," Professor  Mulligan  de- 
clared. 

The  competent  teacher  of  electrical 
engineering.     Professor     Mulligan    said, 


should  have  a  combination  of  theoretical 
training  and  enough  industrial  experi- 
enace  to  have  developed  practical  judg- 
ment important  to  the  effective  practice 
of  the  profession.  The  NYU  educator 
recommended  that  the  following  criteria 
be  applied  to  members  of  faculties  that 
would  receive  special  designations:  qual- 
ification for  the  higher  grades  of  mem- 
bership in  the  American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers  and  the  Institute 
of  Radio  Engineers,  work  on  profession- 
al society  or  industry  committees,  and 
publication  of  technical  papers. 

Emphasis  should  be  on  quality  rather 
than  quantity  of  published  efforts,  he 
stated.  The  teacher  should  be  "well 
versed  in  transient  circuit  analysis;  in 
linear  network  theory,  both  feedback  and 
nonfeedback ;  and  in  some  of  the  graphi- 
cal and  mathematical  methods  used  in 
the  analysis  of  nonlinear  systems."  Fur- 
thermore, "he  should  have  achieved  what 
is  usually  called  'mathematical  maturi- 
ty', having  a  good  working  knowledge 
of  Fourier.  Laplace,  and  similar  trans- 
form methods,  functions  of  a  complex 
variable,   and   series   expansions." 

Professor  Mulligan  pointed  to  re- 
duced teaching  loads,  smaller  classes, 
outside  assignments  beginning  with  the 
freshman  year,  and  education  methods 
for  self-teaching  after  graduation  as  fur- 
ther means  of  improving  electrical  engi- 
neering education. 


46 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


after  one  year 


AT  RAMO-VlfOOLDRIDGE- 

a  good  start  has  been  made 


New 

construction 

started 

August  1954 


Progress  during  a  new  company's  first  year  can  be 
measured  in  terms  of  plant  and  equipment,  contract 
back-log,  or  quality  and  quantity  of  personnel. 

By  any  of  these  standards  the  first  year's  experience  of 
The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation  has  confirmed 
the  soundness  of  the  basic  theses  on  which  the  company 
was  established : 

1.  Competence  in  systems  analysis,  engineering  and 
development,  a  relatively  scarce  commodity,  is  one  of 
the  most  salable  articles  in  America  today. 

2.  Scientists  and  engineers  find  unusual  satisfaction  in 
participating  in  the  development  of  a  company  in  which, 
from  the  outset,  all  features  of  the  organization  and  of 
the  operational  procedures  are  designed  to  be  as 
appropriate  as  possible  to  their  special  needs. 

Today,  research  and  development  activities  are  being 
conducted  by  an  organization  of  approximately  two 
hundred  people,  which  will  more  than  double  within 


POSITIONS  ARE 

AVAILABLE   FOR   SCIENTISTS 

AND   ENGINEERS   IN 

THESE   FIELDS  OF 

CURRENT  ACTIVITY 


twelve  months.  Urgent  project  responsibilities  have  led 
to  the  temporary  use  of  such  quarters  as  the  former 
school  and  church  shown  in  the  photograph,  but  con- 
struction is  complete  on  20,000  and  well  along  on  an 
additional  80,000  square  feet  of  the  200,000  square 
foot  permanent  laboratory  building  program.  Orders 
have  been  placed  for  51,500,000  worth  of  digital  and 
analogue  computers  that  will  be  installed  the  end  of  this 
year  to  facilitate  the  extensive  analyses  required  by 
current  projects. 

In  the  light  of  the  first  year's  progress  The  Ramo- 
WooLDRiDCE  Corporation  anticipates  expanding 
opportunities  to  perform  major  research,  development 
and  — a  little  later— manufacture  in  the  fields  of  com- 
mercial and  military  electronic  systems,  and  in  guided 
missiles. 

The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 

8820  BELLANCA  AVE.,  LOS  ANGELES  45,  CALIF.  •  DEPT.  RW3 

Guided  Missile  Research  and  Development 
Digital  Computer  Research  and  Development 
Business  Data  Systems  Development 
Radar  and  Control  Systems  Development 
Communication  Systems  Development 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


47 


Pockmarked  Windshields 

Pitted  automobile  windshileds  are  the 
result  of  normal  wear,  not  the  work  of 
the  H-bomb,  cosmic  rays,  industrial  sedi- 
ment, or  Martians. 

That  is  the  view  of  scientists  who 
have  been  studying  recent  cases  of 
"pockmarked"  windshields  in  the  Chica- 
go area. 

Talk  about  H-bomb  effects  merely 
has  made  people  more  observant  abovit 
marks  on  their  windshields,  explained 
John  Krc  Ir.,  research  crystallographer, 
and  Dr.  Walter  C.  McCrone,  senior 
chemist,  both  of  Armour  Research  Foun- 
dation of  Illinois  Institute  of  Technolo- 
gy,  Chicago. 

The  scientists  based  their  observations 
on  the  examination  approximately  25 
samples  of  shattered  and  pitted  wind- 
shields submitted  for  analysis  by  Chicago 
area   motorists. 

"We  found  the  marks  in  nearly  every 
case  to  be  similar  and  several  months 
old,"  Krc  said.  "There  was  no  evidence 
that  the  damage  was  the  result  of  radio- 
activity, cosmic  rays,  air  rifles,  or  other 
such  causes." 

Gravel,  dirt,  or  stones  accounted  for 
every  particle  scraped  from  the  holes, 
they  said. 

McCrone  and  Krc  do  not  believe  new- 
curved  front  windshields  are  more  sus- 
ceptible to  flying  gravel  than  older 
types. 

"But  when  a  curved  rear  window  is 
hit,  it  may  disintigrate  more  completely 
than  a  flat  window,"  McCrone  said. 

The  "mysterious"  honeycombing  of 
some  of  the  glass  samples  apparently  was 
caused  by  the  same  thing  that  produced 
pitting — stones  thrown  up  by  cars,  ac- 
cording to  the  examinations. 

Rear  windows  showed  honeycombing, 
while  front  windows  were  pitted,  the 
scientists  explained. 

Rear  car  windows  usually  are  made 
of  tempered  glass  purposely  strained  in 
construction  to  give  structural  strength. 
When  the  surface  is  broken,  they  said, 
the  strain  is  released  and  the  window 
disintegrates  into  a  cobweb  pattern. 

Front  windows,  however,  are  laminat- 
ed with  plastic  as  a  safety  feature  to 
prevent  this.  When  these  are  hit  the 
glass  is  likely  to  show  pits  rather  than 
honeycombing,  they  added. 

Nike 

Consisting  of  more  than  1,500,000 
individual  parts,  the  dramatic  Nike,  with 
its  approximately  300  highly  complex 
electronic  "brain  cells,"  is  the  first  sur- 
face-to-air guided-missile  system  to  be 
put   into  service   around   U.   S.   cities. 

Nike  is  the  answer  to  Army  Ord- 
nance's call  for  a  new  defensive  weapon 
that  will  meet  an  aerial  target  in  its 
own  element  and  on  its  own  terms.  Such 
a  weapon  had  to  be  highly  maneuvera- 
ble  throughout  its  flight.  And  matching 


48 


The   Nike   is  the   Army's   new   super- 
sonic anti-aircraft  missile. 


speed  with  speed  would  not  be  sufficient, 
since  the  initiative  would  remain  with 
an  enemy  plane. 

The  end  product  of  eight  years'  guid- 
ed missile  research,  Nike  is  the  only 
supersonic  anti-aircraft  missile  thus  far 
annoiuiced  that  can  follow  and  destroy 
an  enemy  target  despite  its  evasive  ac- 
tion. Essentially  a  defensive  weapon, 
the  Nike  system  is  highly  mobile  and 
will  work  in  any  weather — even  when 
visibility  is  zero.  The  system  consists 
essentially  of  two  parts:  an  expendable 
aerodynamic,  liquid-fueled  missile  and 
the  highly  elaborate  million-and-a-half 
part    control    network. 


Named  after  the  goddess  of  victory 
of  Greek  mythology,  this  fantastic  new 
system  and  accompanying  radar  equip- 
ment is  currently  being  mass  produced. 

Several  large  vans  are  needed  to  house 
the  vast  array  of  electronic  equipment  in 
the  control  system.  Aside  from  the  20- 
foot  missile  and  its  booster  rocket  the 
other  principal  luiits  included  radars  and 
launching  equipment. 

Fatigue  Tester 

By  determining  the  load  that  can  be 
applied  repeatedly  to  steel  samples  with- 
out causing  failure,  detailed  informa- 
tion on  how  to  build  and  fabricate  great- 
er safet\-  into  steel  conveyances  and 
structures  will  be  available  from  the 
new  research  center  now  under  con- 
struction near  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania. 
Such  research  into  the  endurance  limits 
of  steels  makes  it  possible  for  engineers 
to  design  within  safe  limits  without  ex- 
cessive weight  or  waste. 

One  of  the  machines  now  being  used 
for  such  research  is  a  magnetic  fatigue 
tester.  Samples  of  steel  from  24  to  36 
inches  in  length  and  up  to  2  inches 
thick  and  5  inches  wide  can  be  subjected 
to  controlled  vibrations  at  the  natural 
frequency  of   the   test   piece. 

The  machine  consists  of  two  rubber- 
padded  supports  upon  which  the  test 
piece  is  placed,  an  electro-magnet  lo- 
cated at  each  end  of  the  tester,  pick-up 
coils  located  at  the  center  of  the  sample, 
a  power  unit  with  controls,  a  strobo- 
scopic  light,  and  a  micro-comparator  to 
measure  vibration   amplitudes. 

A  piece  of  steel,  which  must  be  long 
enough  to  extend  over  the  two  end  mag- 
nets, is  placed  on  the  rubber-padded 
supports  and  the  end  magnets  are  po- 
sitioned vmder  the  ends  of  the  sample. 
An  alternating  current  is  then  supplied 
to  the  end  magnets  to  set  the  steel  vi- 
brating, much  after  the  fashion  of  i 
tuning   fork. 

Each  experimental  section  has  a  natur 
al  frequency  at  which  it  will  vibrate 
the  natural  frequency  depending  on  th( 
dimensions  of  the  piece.  The  center  pick 
up  coils  translate  the  motion  into  elec 
trical  impulses  which  feed  back  to  th( 
power  unit  at  the  natural  frequency  o 
the  sample.  These  impulses  control  th 
pulsations  of  electricity  from  the  powe 
unit  to  the  end  magnets  so  they  matcl 
the  frequency  of  the  specimen  and  kee 
it   vibrating. 

The  amplitude  of  the  sample's  vibra 
tions  depends  on  the  intensity  of  th 
current  supplied   to  the  end   magnets. 

When  a  crack  develops  in  the  tes 
specimen,  its  natural  vibrational  frf 
quency  changes.  This  change  upsets  th 
rhythm  of  impulses  from  the  pick-u 
coils  to  the  power  unit  and  the  machui 
automatically    stops. 

By  use  of  the  micro-comparator,  tr 


THE   TECHNOGRAP 


Here's  the  booklet  that  shows  the  way 

to  successful  careers  in  radio  and  electronics 


"Your  future  is  with  FTL"  could  be  the  most  important  booklet  you  ever  readi  Briefly 
but  comprehensively,  it  tells  the  story  of  Federal  Telecommunication  Laboratories  . . . 
one  of  the  nation's  leaders  in  the  development  of  radio  and  electronic  equipments 
. . .  one  of  the  major  units  of  the  world-wide  group  of  laboratories,  factories  and 
communication  systems  operated  by  the  American-owned  International 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corporation. 

To  young  engineers  of  ability  and  initiative  "FTL"  offers  a  fertile  field 
for  achievement,  recognition  and  advancement .  .  .  for  a  stable, 
productive  future  in  long-range  activities.  ■ 

Send  today  ior "Your future  is  iiith  FTL". .  .containing 
illuminating  data  on  opportunities,  employee  benefits  and  other 
advantages  in  building  a  career  where  big  things  are 
happening  in  radio  and  electronics. 


300-foot  Microwave  Tower 
of  Federal  Telecommunication 
Laboratories — a  few 
minutes  from  the  heart 
of  New  York  City 


Federal  Telecommunication 


Laboratories 


MAIL  THIS  COUPON  TODAY 

Federal  Telecommunication  Laboratories 
500  Washington  Avenue,  Nutley,  N.  J. 
Please  send  me  a   copy   of  your  descriptiv 
"Your  future  is  with  FTL" 


Name- 


College— 


A  Division  of  International  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corporation      I 


Address- 
City 


-Zone- 


State- 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


49 


COLUMBIA-SOUTHERN-a  good  place  to  hang  your  hat 


Columbia-Southern  abounds  in  opportunity,  not  only  for 
graduates  in  many  engmeermg  fields  but  equally  as  well  for 
those  whose  interests  lie  in  procurement,  control,  traffic, 
purchasing,  accounting,  sales,  research,  and  other  fields. 

The  fundamental  activity  of  Columbia-Southern  is  the 
conversion  of  raw  materials  taken  from  nature  to  chemicals 
required  in  large  tonnages  by  other  industries,  either  as 
raw  materials  or  as  process  chemicals. 

The  company's  origin  dates  to  1899.  In  many  American 
industries  a  half-century  old  is  considered  a  newcomer;  but 
in  alkali  manufacture,  that  age  indicates  pioneering. 

Columbia-Southern  is  a  wholly-owned  subsidiary  of  the 
Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company,  but  its  operation — sales, 


research,  engineering  and  plant  administration — is  entirely 
separate.  Sales  to  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  represent  only  a 
minor  portion  of  the  company's  total  volume. 

Columbia-Southern  thus  combines  the  advantages  of 
independent  operation  as  a  corporation  of  moderate  size 
with  the  greater  stability  which  comes  from  being  a  part 
of  a  larger,  more  diversified  organization.  Individuals  are 
not  "lost  in  the  crowd"  at  Columbia-Southern.  Employment 
stability  is  high  and  the  company's  ability  to  grow  is 
virtually  unlimited. 

Columbia-Southern  is  looking  for  men  of  promise  in 
numerous  fields.  For  further  information,  write  now,  Dept. 
P  at  our  Pittsburgh  address  or  any  of  the  plants. 


COLUMBIA-SOUTHEPcN 
CHEMICAL  COKPOKATION 

SUBSIDlAflY  OF  PiTTSBUKCH  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY 

ONE    GATEWAY    CENTERPITTSBUR.CH    22       PENNSYLVANIA 


DISTRICT  OFFICES:  Cincinnati  •  Chorlotte 
Chicago  •  Cleveland  •  Boston  •  New  York 
St.  Louis  •  Minneapolis  •  New  Orleons 
Dallas  •  Houston  •  Pittsburgh  •  Phila- 
delphia  •   San  Francisco 

PLANTS:  Barberton,  Ohio  •  Bartlett,  Cali- 
fornia •  Corpus  Christi,  Texas  •  Lake 
Charles,  Louisionu  •  Natrium,  West  Virginia 


50 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Another  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  billet  mill  gets  extra 
bearing  capacity  in  same  space 

Engineers  who  designed  this  10-stand  billet  mill  speci- 
fied thatthe  roll  necks  be  mounted  on  Timken"  Balanced 
Proportion  bearings.  That's  because  Timken  Balanced 
Proportion  bearings  have  load  ratings  up  to  40% 
higher  than  same-size  bearings  of  older  designs.  And 
they  make  possible  a  50  to  60%  increase  in  roll  neck 
strength  which  means  greater  rigidity  and  higher  roll- 
ing precision. 


True  rolling  motion,  high  precision 
practically  eliminate  friction 

All  lines  drawn  coincident  with  the  working  surfaces  _ 
of  the  rollers  and  races  of  Timken  bearings  meet  at  a 
common  point  on  the  bearing  axis. This  meansTimken 
bearings  are  designed  to  give  true  rolling  motion.  And 
they  are  precision  manufactured  to  live  up  to  their 
design.  Result:  Timken  bearings  practically  eliminate 
friction,  save  power. 


TIMKEN 


TAPERED  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more  about 
bearings  or  job  opportunities? 

Many  of  the  engineering  problems  you'll  face  after 
graduation  will  involve  bearing  applications.  For  help 
in  learning  more  about  bearings, 
write  for  the  270-page  General  In- 
formation Manual  on  Timken  bear- 
ings. And  for  information  about  the 
excellent  job  opportunities  at  the 
Timken  Company,  write  for  a  copy 
of  "This  Is  Timken".  The  Timken 
Roller  Bearing  Company,  C.inton 
6.  Ohio. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  (ed  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  ^ 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -D-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^^ 


NiOVEMBER,  1954 


51 


for  size,  taper,  and  out-of-roundiiess. 

The  gage  consists  of  a  triangularly 
shaped  spindle  body  to  which  are  mount- 
ed a  Plunget  gaging  cartridge,  and  these 
interchangeable  components:  centering 
foot,  handle  connector,  length  exten- 
sions, and  adjustment  screw.  All  con- 
tact surfaces  are  of  tungstein  carbide. 
The  Plunget  gaging  cartridge,  connect- 
ed to  a  column  type  Precisionaire  pro- 
vides 1000  to   1   amplification. 

The  Adjustable  Airebore  gage  is  light 
in  weight,  quickly  adjusted,  and  easy 
to  use.  It  does  not  require  Master  Set- 
ting Rings,  as  it  is  set  to  the  diameter 
being  gaged  with  gage  blocks  and  a  0" 
to  12"  Calibrator.  The  gage  is  self-cen- 
tering and  needs  only  to  be  rocked  to 
ascertain  the  true  diameter  of  the  bore. 


The  operator  of  this  fatigue  tester  has   his   hands  on  the  stroboscopic   light 
which  determines  the  location  of  very  small  fatigue  cracks. 


research  scientist  can  easily  measure  the 
amplitude  of  the  vibration  or  the  amount 
of  bending. 

The  stroboscopic  light  is  used  to  es- 
tablish the  location  of  very  small  fatigue 
cracks.  This  is  done  by  adjusting  the 
light  from  the  stroboscope  to  a  frequen- 
cy slightly  higher  or  slightly  lower  than 
that  of  the  vibrating  sample.  In  this 
light,  the  test  piece  appears  to  be  bend- 
ing very  slowly  and  its  surfaces  can  be 
carefully  examined  for  very  small  cracks. 

A  test  sample  about  ^-inch  thick  by 
3  inches  wide  by  M)  inches  long  will 
vibrate  at  about  100  cycles  per  second. 
Middle  C  in  the  diatonic  scale  is  25(i 
cycles  per  second  and  C  below  middle  t' 
is  130  cycles  per  second  or  almost  8,00(1 
per  minute.  Past  experience  and  innum- 
erable tests  have  proven  that  if  a  speci- 
men can  endure  10,000,000  cycles  at  a 
certain  amplitude  without  failure,  it  will 
withstand  an  infinite  number  of  vibra- 
tions at  that  amplitude. 

If  a  structural  component  is  desired 
with  a  minimum  of  20,000  pounds  per 
square  inch  endurance  limit,  the  re- 
search scientist  can  very  quickly  deter- 
mine on  the  magnetic  fatigue  tester  what 
steels  will  meet  the  requirement.  Re- 
sistance to  fatigue  failure  is  important 
to  insure  a  safe  design. 

Through  the  application  of  the  re- 
sults from  such  tests  on  steels  for  air- 
craft, bridges,  and  other  applications 
in  which  cyclic  loading  occurs,  engi- 
neers can  design  lighter  and  safer  struc- 
tures. The  machine  also  makes  possible 
the  determination  of  the  fatigue  limits 
of  steels  with  various  surface  finishes  and 
with  welds,  rivets,  and  other  fastenings. 


Air  Gauge 


A  new  Adjustable  Airebore  Gage  Kit 
with  a  3"  to  12"  range  of  adjustment 
has  been  announced.  With  this  kit,  any 
size  hole  between  3"  to  12"  in  diameter 
can   be  quickly  and  accurately  inspected 


"Ah  wins." 
"What  yo'  got?" 
"Three  aces." 
"No  yo'  don't.  Ah  does." 
"What  yo'  got.  Bo?" 
"Two  eights  and  a  razor." 
"Yo'    sho'    do.       How    come    you'    so 
lucky?" 

iC-  *         ■* 

A  girl  and  an  engineer  were  listening 
to  a  chime  recital. 

"Beautiful,  aren't  they?"  said  she. 

"Pardon?"  he  inquired. 

"I  say,  they're  beautiful,  aren't  they?" 

"I'm  sorry,"  he  roared,  "but  I  can't 
hear  a  thing  except  those  lousy  bells." 


With  this  Adjustoble  Airebore  Gauge  Kit,  any  size  hole  between  3"  to   12" 
in  diameter  can  be  easily  inspected  for  size,  taper,  and  out-of-roundness. 


52 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


The  hotter... the  better 

Carbon  has  a  peculiar  quality — it's  at  its  best  when  "the  heat  is  on' 


In  the  roaring  heat  of  steelmakers'  furnaces,  molten 
metals  hoi!  and  hubble  like  water  in  a  teakettle. 

STANDING  FIRM  in  the  intense  heat  of  many  of  these 
furnaces  are  inner  walls  made  of  hlocks  of  carbon. 

Because  pure  carbon  laughs  at  heat — actually  grows 
stronger  as  it  gets  hotter — it  has  become  vitally  im- 
portant in  making  iron,  steel,  and  many  of  the  other 
things  all  of  us  use  every  day. 

IN  CHEMISTRY,  carbon  and  its  refined  cousin,  graphite, 
handle  hot  and  violent  chemicals  that  would  quickly 
destrov  metal  or  other  materials.  Today  there  are 
pumps,  pipes,  tank  linings,  even  entire  chemical-process- 
ing structures  —  all  made  of  carbon  or  graphite. 


UCC...AND  CARBON — For  over  60  voars  the  people 
of  Union  Carbide  have  pioneered  in  the  discoverv,  de- 
velopment, and  production  of  manv  carbon  and  graph- 
ite products  for  both  induslrv  and  the  home.  This  is 
one  more  way  in  which  UCC  transforms  the  elements 
of  nature  for  the  benefit  of  all. 

STUDENTS  AND  STUDENT  ADVISERS: /.(•nrn  more  ahniit  raroer 
uiJiiorliinitifs  uilli  iiniun  Carbide  in  Au.oys.Carboss. CHEMICALS, 
Gases,  ami  I'i.astics.  K'riie  jnr  Inwklvt  H-2. 

Union  Carbide 

A  AD     CARBON    CORPORATIO2Y 

3  0   EAST    4  :  .N  U    S  r  II  E  I;  T  |l|lj^  M.  «     VOKK.    XT,   N.Y. 

In  Canuila  :  UNION  CARBIDE  CANADA  LIMITED 


National  Cirbons 

ACHESON  Electrode: 

Karbate  Corrosion-Resistant  Equipment 


UCC's  Trade-marked  Products  include  

Ei.ECTROMET  Alloys  and  Metals  HayNES  Stellite  Alloys  Prestone  Anti-Freeze 

Prest-O-Lite  Acetylene  Pyrofax  Gas  EvEREADY  Flashlights  and  Batteries 


Bakelite,  Vinylite,  and  Krene  Plastics 


LlNDE  Oxygen 
Dynel  Textile  Fibers 

Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals 


NOVEMBER,  1954 


53 


GAEMMI/ 


AMI   IN-MOTORS 


Mm  o^/t  X^  (^jbo^am!^  mo  cmM&iJma.i 


f 


For  illustrated  brochure  describing  Deico 
Products  College  Graduate  Training  Program 

Write  to:    E.  J.  Bentley,  Supervisor 

College  Graduate  Training  Program 
DeIco  Products  Division  of  G.M. 
Dayton  1,  Ohio 


DeIco  Products  occupies  a  position  of  leadership  in  the  engineering 
and  manufacture  of  fractional  horsepower  motors,  industrial  motors, 
and  generators. 

To  be  associated  with  a  leader  is  the  first  step  in  establishing 
yourself  on  a  successful  engineering  career. 

If  you  want  to  be  part  of  a  hard-working  team — 
are  willing  to  learn  from  the  experience  of  others  and 
put  in  extra  effort  toward  building  a  better  job  for 
yourself  .  .  .  sign  up  on  the  General  Motors  interview 
schedule  on  your  campus  and  ask  for  referral  to  .  .  . 


DELCO 
PRODUCTS 

DAYTON    1,   OHIO 

D/V/S/ON     OF     GENFRAL     MOTORS    CORPORAT/ON 


54 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


1954  — Boeing  8-jet  B-52,  Amer.ca's  outstanding  heavy  jet  bomber 


Leadership  is  a  long-time  tradition  at  Boeing 


In  IQil,  Boeing  engineers  designed  the 
B-9.  n  rc\oluti()n;irv  low-wing  l)omber 
that  could  outdistance  any  contcnipo- 
ran'  pursuit  plane. 

Today,  thcy'\c  produced  the  free 
world's  outstanding  heavy  jet  bomber, 
the  3-52,  and  America's  first  jet  trans- 
port. Boeing  also  builds  the  record- 
breaking  B-47  medium  jet  bomber, 
conducts  a  major  guided  missile  pro- 
gram, and  research  ia  nuclear  power 
for  aircraft. 

These  growing  programs  mean  ex- 
panding opportunities  at  Boeing  for 
engineers  of  virtually  EVERY  t\pe, 
including   mechanical,   civil,   electrical 


and  aeronautical.  It  also  means  plenty 
of  room  for  ad\anecmcnt.  Boeing, 
which  now  employs  more  engineers 
than  even  at  the  peak  of  World  War  II, 
promotes  from  within,  and  holds  reg- 
ular merit  re\icws  to  give  you  individ- 
ual reeo"nition. 


SOS 


As  the  chart  shows,  46%  of  Boeing's 
engineers  ha\e  been  here  for  fi\c  years 
or  more;  25%  for  10  years;  and  6% 
for    15    years,   and   many    have   been 


funrf 

ipS 

20X 

M           K% 

20 1 

■ 

15+ 
10+ 
5+ 

"> 

^^ 

. 

with  the  company  25  years  or  longer. 

Boeing  offers  engineers  an  unusual 
\ariety  of  experience,  from  applied  re- 
search to  production  design,  from  work 
with  new  materials  and  techniques  to 
co-ordination  of  a  vast  subcontracting 
program  which  provides  contacts  with 
a  cross-section  cf  U.  S,  industry. 

Boeing  also  helps  engineers  continue 
their  graduate  studies,  and  reimburses 
them  for  tuition  expenses. 

For    further    Boeinj    career    iniormailon, 
consult    your    Placement   OfTice,    or    write: 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer- Personnel 
Boeing  Airplane  Compcny,  Seattle  14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE,   WASHINGTON        WICHITA,   KANSAS 


DVEMBER,  1954 


55 


TECHNOCRACKS 


A  traveling  man  on  a  business  trip 
to  the  city  boarded  the  sleeper  and 
pulled  back  the  curtains  to  his  berth. 
He  was  extremely  surprised  ...  to  find 
two  most  personable  blondes  ensconced 
there. 

After  checking  his  ticket  to  see  that 
he  wasn't  wrong,  he  said,  "I  deeply  re- 
gret this,  ladies,  but  I  am  a  married 
man  ...  a  man  of  respect  and  standing 
in  my  community.  I  couldn't  afford  to 
have  any  breath  of  scandal  touch  me, 
I'm  sorry — but  one  of  you  will  have  to 

leave." 

»       *        » 

Drunk — "Believe   it   or    not,    ofisher, 
I'm  looking  for  a  parking  placesh." 
Cop — "But  you  haven't  got  a  car." 
Drunk — "Yeah,   I   have.   Itsh   in   the 
parking  placesh  I'm  looking  for." 
»        *       « 

The  draft  board  doctor  was  examin- 
ing a  prospecti\e  recruit. 

"Read  that  chart,  "  he  commanded. 

"What  chart?"  asked  the  draftee. 

"That's  right,"  said  the  Doc,  "There 
is  no  chart,  you're  in,  bov!" 


ROTC  Sergeant:  "Does  your  uni- 
form fit  satisfactorily?" 

Frosh  :  "Well,  the  jacket  is  okay.  Sir, 

but  the  pants  are  a  bit  snug  under  the 

armpits." 

it        »        » 

The  bandaged  CE  who  lay  in  the 
hospital  bed  spoke  dazedly  to  his  visit- 
ing pal. 

"Wh-what  happened  ?" 

"You  absorbed  too  much  last  night, 
and  then  made  a  bet  that  you  could  fl> 
out  the  window  and  around  the  block.  " 

"Why  didn't  you  stop  me?"  screamed 
the  beat-up  student. 

"Stop  you  hell,"  said  the  other.  "I 
had  S25  on  vou !" 


Speaking  of  girls  .  .  . 

When  one  is  mentioned  here  are  some 
of  the  things  the  boys  want  to  know: 

Fine  Arts  student:  "What  play  has 
she  seen  ?" 

Business  student:  "Is  she  the  business 
type?" 

Journalism  student:  "What  did  she 
ever  write?" 

The  Engineer:  "Where  is  she?" 
-*       *       -"^ 

Dafiy  Definitions 
Bacteria:  Rear  of  a  cafeteria. 
Bore:  A  chap  with  flat  feats. 
Charlatan :  A  medical  quacktitioner. 
Father :  The  kin  you  love  to  touch. 
Garbage:  Eatables  smelled  backwards. 

*  *       * 

GEOMETRICAL  LCWE 
Given :  I  love  you. 
To  Prove :  You  love  me. 
Proof:  I  love  you    (given). 
Therefore.  I  am  a  lover. 
All  the  world  loves  a  lover.   (Axiom) 
You're   all    the   world   to   me.    (Con- 
stant) 

Therefore,  you  love  me. 
»       *       » 

The  big  day  was  here.  The  wonder- 
ful new  bridge  connecting  the  country's 
largest  cities  was  being  formally  opened. 
At  the  height  of  the  festivities,  when 
thousands  of  people  were  massed  at  the 
middle  of  the  bridge,  the  center  span 
gave  way,  and  it  fell  into  the  river  with 
a  thunderous  roar.  The  chief  engineer 
turned  to  his  assistant  and  asked, 
"Where  the  hell  did  you  put  that  deci- 
mal point?  " 

*  *        » 

During  the  observance  of  Animal 
Week,  the  fourth  graders  told  about 
their  kindnesses  to  pets.  Asked  what  he 
had  done,  one  little  boy  said:  "I  kicked 
a  boy  for  kicking  his  dog." 


There  is  a  great  difference  between 
the  right  word  and  one  that  is  similar 
but  all  wrong.  For  instance,  you  can 
call  a  woman  a  kitten,  but  not  a  cat ;  a 
mouse,  but  not  a  rat;  a  chicken,  but  not 
a  hen;  a  duck,  but  not  a  goojc ;  a  vision, 
but  not  a  sight. 

*  *       * 

Have  you  heard  about  the  M.  E.  whc 
walked  through  the  screen  door?  He 
strained  himself. 

*  *        * 

Man:  A  creature  who  buys  football 
tickets  three  months  in  advance  and 
waits  until  Christmas  Eve  to  do  his 
gift  shopping. 

*  *        * 

A  recession  is  a  period  in  which  you 
tighten  your  belt.  A  depression  is  a  time 
when  you  have  no  belt  to  tighten.  Wher 
you    have    no    pants    to   hold    up    it's   j 

panic. 

-*       i?        -s 

An  English  journalist  was  traveling 
in  a  small  South  American  country  wher 
one  of  their  frequent  revolutions  brokt 
out.  "Why  is  it,  "  he  asked  a  native 
"that  you  people  have  so  many  revolu- 
tions here?" 

"It's  perfectly  obvious,  "  was  the  re- 
pl\,  "it's  because  so  many  of  us  haven'l 
been  president  yet." 

»        *        * 

Papa  Robin  returned  to  his  nest  and 
proudly  announced  that  he  had  made  s 
deposit  on  a  new   Buick. 

s         »         » 

I  call  my  gal  a  discontinuous  function 
because  she  has  no  limits. 

*  *       * 

Anyone  who  thinks  he  is  indispensable 
should  stick  his  finger  in  a  bowl  ol 
water  and  notice  the  hole  it  makes  when 
he  pulls  it  out. 

*  »        « 

"If   a   drunk   is   Souse   of   the   Bordei 
in  Mexico,  what  is  he  in  France?" 
"Plaster  of  Paris." 

*  »       » 

Scotsman:  (at  riding  academy)  "I 
wish  to  rent  a  horse.  " 

Groom:  "How  long?" 

Scotsman:    "The    longest   you've   got. 
laddie.  There  are  five  of  us  going." 
«        *        » 

And  then  there  was  the  Arts  student 
who  let  his  M.  E.  roommate  fix  him  up 
for  a  date  with  Allis-Chalmers. 

*  *        » 

For  years  the  bum  slept  under  bridge* 
and  in  ditches.  Then  one  day  he  switched 
to  culverts  and  became  a  man  of  dis- 
tinction. 

»       *       * 

Mary  had  a  little  lamb.  Sad,  but 
that's  what  happened  to  a  girl  who  al- 
ways allows  her  black  sheep  to  pull  the 
wool  o\er  her  eves. 


56 


THE    TECHNOGRAPH 


Illustration  shows  test  of  aircraft  compass  at  United  States  Gauge, 
di\  ision  of  American  Machine  and  Metals,  Inc.  A  magnetic  force, 
de\el()ped  by  the  loops,  pulls  the  compass  card  30°  off  its  normal 
heading.  Then  the  force  is  released.  The  instant  of  release  and  the 
moment  the  compass  recovers  by  5°  are  both  recorded  on  the  film  — 
become  positive  evidence  of  proper  performance. 


Wanted: 
an  inspector  with  a  split- second  eye 

—photography  got  the  job 

A  difference  of  2/lOths  of  a  second  means  the  compass 

passes  or  fails.  So  the  maker  pits  it  against  a  stop  watch— 

gets  definite  proof  of  performance  with  movies. 


Uncle  Sam  .said  tlii.s  aircraft  compass  must  respond 
by  5  degrees  in  not  less  than  1  second  or  more  than 
1.2  seconds.  That's  only  2  lOths  of  a  second  leeway- 
far  too  little  for  human  hands  and  eyes  to  catch  the 
action  accurately. 

So,  side-by-side,  the  stop  watch  and  compass  act 
tlieir  parts  before  the  mo\ie  camera.  Then  individual 
frames  along  the  film  show  the  precise  instant  that 
tlie  5-degree  mark  is  reached. 

Product  testing  and  quality  control  are  naturals  for 
photography.  They  are  t>pical  examples  of  the  many 
wa\s  photography  works  for  businesses,  large  and 


small.  It  is  improving  production,  sa\ing  time,  reduc- 
ing error,  cutting  costs. 

Graduates  in  the  physical  sciences  and  in  engi- 
neering find  photography  an  increasin^lv  \aluable 
tool  in  their  new  occupations.  Its  expanding  use  has 
also  created  many  challenging  opportimities  at 
Kodak,  especially  in  the  development  of  large-scale 
chemical  processes  and  the  design  of  complex  pre- 
cision mechanical -electronic  equipment.  Whether 
>ou  are  a  recent  graduate  or  a  qualified  returning 
ser\ice  man,  if  you  are  interested  in  these  oppor- 
timities, write  to  Business  &  Technical  Personnel 
Dept.,  Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  X.  Y. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


45,000  G-E  pt-ople  uoiking  ou  jol>s  creatfd  by  uew  products  MUcf  U)ij  couM  almost  Kll  Priiaeton's  I'aliuer  Stadium. 

In  9  years,  new  products  created  G-E  jobs 
for  enough  people  to  fill  a  football  stadium 


Coming    years    promise    even    more    progress. 

One  out  of  every  five  people  at  General  Electric  owes 
his  job  to  products  G.E.  didn't  make  before  1945. 
And  the  future  looks  even  brighter. 

We  can  see  new  and  exciting  possibilities  in  manj' 
different  fields.  Atomic  energy,  jet  engines,  electronics, 
silicones — all  promise  to  create  new  products,  new 
processes  and  new  jobs. 


As  we  see  it  at  General  Electric,  America's  industrial 
progress  in  a  free  economy  is  not  only  continuing,  it's 
rapidly  accelerating. 

Tigress  Is  Our  Mosf  Imporfant  Product 

GENERAL  ^ELECTRIC 


i,ne.Tii3try   Library 
Koyes  Laboratory 
Jrbana,   III. 


ILLINOIS 
TECHNOGRAPH 


D 
E 
C 

E 
M 
B 

C 

R 

/ 
9 
5 
4 


25i 


Robert  L.  Schneider,  class  of  '49, 
speaks  from  experience  when  he  says  . . . 

''United  States  Steel 
offers  unlimited  opportunities  covering 
practically  all  engineering  fields" 


( 


IN  1949  Robert  L.  Schneider  gradu- 
ated from  college  with  degrees  in 
engineering  and  physics.  After  being 
interviewed  by  United  States  Steel,  he 
was  accepted  as  a  trainee.  Then  after 
a  year,  he  was  advanced  to  a  test  engi- 
neer in  the  Maintenance  Department: 
then  to  a  power  foreman  in  the  Power  & 
Fuel  Division.  By  1953,  he  had  been 
made  Power  Superintendent  in  the 
Power  &  Fuel  Division  at  the  Carrie 
Furnaces. 

As  superintendent,  he  is  responsible 
for  the  operation  and  maintenance  of 
power  producing  and  distributing  facili- 
ties for  the  plant  which  supplies  elec- 
trical power  to  several  of  our  largest 
steel  mills  around  Pittsburgh.  Such  ad- 
vancement is  not  unusual  at  U.S.  Steel. 

As  for  the  future,   Schneider  says. 


"Opportunities  are  unlimited.  U.S. 
Steel  is  such  a  large  and  diversified  or- 
ganization that  the  future  is  not  re- 
stricted to  your  current  department  or 
division.  Transfer  to  equal  or  better 
positions  in  numerous  other  divisions  is 
always  possible.  ' 

To  all  future  graduate  engineers  Mr. 
Schneider  says.  ""U.S.  Steel  offers  the 
best  opportunity  to  get  an  overall  pic- 
ture of  and  experience  in  industry  to- 
day. U.S.  Steel  is  big  enough  to  cover 
practically   all   engineering   fields   and 

SEE  THE  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOUR  It"s 
presented  every  other  week  by  United  States 
newspaper  for  time  and  station. 


permits   a   man  to   find   the   fields  he 
wants  to  pursue." 

If  you  are  interested  in  a  challenging 
and  rewarding  career  with  United 
States  Steel  and  feel  that  you  can 
qualify,  you  can  obtain  further  details 
from  your  college  placement  director. 
Or  we  will  gladly  send  you  our  informa- 
tive booklet.  "Paths  of  Opportunity," 
upon  request.  Just  write  to  United 
States  Steel  Corporation.  Personnel 
Division.  Room  1628.  5'25  William  Penn 
Place,  Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 


a  full-hour  TV  program 
Steel.  Consult  your  local 


® 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


SMERICHN  BRIDGE  .  .  AMERICAN  STEEL  S  WIRE  ond  CYCLONE  FENCE  .  .  COLUMBIA-GENEVA  STEEL  .  .  CONSOLIDATED  WESTERN  STEEL  .  .  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  .  .  NATIONAL  TUBE 

OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  .  .  TENNESSEE  COAL  S  IRON  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY   .  .   Division  of  UNITED  STATES   STEEL   CORPORATION,  PinSBURGH 

UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOMES,  INC.    •    UNION  SUPPLY  COMPANY    ■    UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY    •    UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  j.1892 


CATERPILLAR   iAL\CHI\ES    POWER   THE    WORLD  S 
GREAT   ENGINEERING   JOBS 


\^  hen  you  work  for  Caterpillar  Tractor  Co.  you're  in  a 
dynamic  industry  that  gets  big  things  done  in  a  big 
way.  Powerful  diesel  engines  and  huge  earthmoving 
equipment  built  by  Caterpillar  are  contributing  to  vital 
engineering  projects  all  over  the  world. 

Constantly  growing  and  advancing.  Caterpillar  neetis 
vigorous  young  men  with  training  and  vision.  It  needs 
Mechanical.  Metallurgical,  Agricultural,  Electrical.  Civil 
Engineers  and  others.  Their  work  will  be  important 
and  challenging— in  research  and  development,  design, 
manufacturing,  sales  and  many  other  fields.  They  will 
have  the  best  in  laboratory  facilities  and  interesting 


assignments  in  Caterpillar  plants  as  well  as  in  the  field. 

There  are  rewards  for  such  men,  above  and  beyond 
the  worth-while  jobs  they  do.  Promotions  at  Caterpillar 
come  when  they're  earned,  and  executive  positions  are 

filled  from  within  the  organization.    Starting  pav  and 
housing  conditions  are  good. 

Start  thinking  today  about  a  Caterpillar  job.  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  company  will  be  on  campus  for  inter- 
views with  interested  students.  Consult  your  placement 
office.  Meanwhile,  if  you  would  like  further  informa- 
tion, write  to  Caterpillar  Tractor  Co..  Employee  Rela- 
tions General  Office.  Box  IL.-l.  Peoria.  Illinois. 


CATERPILLAR 


DIESEL  ENGINES  •  MOTOR  GRADERS  ■  TRACTORS  •  EARTHMOVING  EQUIPMENT 


This  is  one  of  IBM's  four  laboratories,  each  providing 
the  most  advanced  facilities  for  engineering  achievement. 


In  every  field  of  human  endeavor  there  are 
individuals  whose  unique  abilities — whose 
important  contributions  to  progress  in  their 
own  professions  and  to  the  happiness,  wel- 
fare, and  prosperity  of  mankind  — have 
earned  them  the  high  esteem  of  their  fellow 
professionals. 

The  physician's  physician.  The  author's 
author.  The  engineer's  engineer. 

IBM  mechanical  and  electronic  engineers 
have  won  the  respect  of  their  fellow  pro- 
fessionals for  their  creative  thinking,  their 
concern  with  perfection,  their  daily  stand- 
ards of  performances. 

Equipment  from  the  minds  and  hands  of 
IBM  engineers  has  opened  doors  to  progress 
for  other  engineers  and  scientists.  IBM's 
giant  digital  computers,  for  example,  are 
helping  petroleum  engineers  speed  their 
search  for  oil  —  aeronautical  engineers  to 
conquer  time  and  space — nuclear  physicists 


to  harness  and  apply  the  atom's  power  for 
defense  and  peace. 

On  life's  broader  scene,  products  of  IBM 
engineering  make  significant  contributions 
to  wealth  and  well-being.  They  are  helping 
medical  science  in  its  fight  against  many 
diseases.  They  assist  our  law  enforcement 
agencies  in  providing  greater  protection  for 
life  and  property.  They  enable  business  and 
industry  to  produce  more  with  less  effort 
and  at  lower  cost  for  the  mutual  benefit  of 
maker  and  user. 

Whenever  IBM  equipment  is  used — elec- 
tronic digital  computers,  electronic  and 
electric  accounting  machines,  electric  type- 
writers or  time  equipment  —  the  sum  of 
human  progress  increases. 


IBM 


INTERNATIONAL  BUSINESS  MACHINES  •    590  MADISON  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK  22,  N.  Y. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Lockheed  Missile  Systems  Division 


announces  an  advanced  study  program  for 


MASTER    OF    SCIENCE    DEGREES 


University  of  Southern  California  •  University  of  California  at  Los  Angeles 


The  Lockheed  Graduate  Study  Council  offers  an 
Advanced  Study  Program  to  enable 
exceptionally  qualified  individuals  to 
obtain  Master  of  Science  degrees  in 
prescribed  fields.  Under  this  plan  the 
participants  are  employed  in  their 
chosen  fields  in  industry  and 
concurrently  pursue  graduate  study. 


Students  who  are  United  States  citizens  or 

members  of  the  Armed  Services  being 
honorably  separated  and  holding 
B.S.  Degrees  in  Physics,  Electrical 
Engineering,  Mechanical  Engineering, 
and  Aeronautical  Engineering   are 
eligible.  Candidates  must  qualify 
for  graduate  standing. 


I 


The  industrial  assignment  will  be  on  the 
Research  and  Engineering  Staff  of 
LockJieed  Missile  Systems  Division. 
The  Advanced  Study  Program  will  bt 
at  one  of  the  Universities  named 
alx)ve.  If  sufficient  number  of 
qualified  students  apply,  as  many 
as  100  awards  will  be  granted. 


During  the  regular  school  year  the  industrial 
assignment  will  be  coordinated 
with  the  Study  Program  to  permit  a 
half-time  Uni\ersity  schedule  of 
advanced  study.  During  the  school 
vacation  periods  participants  will 
be  employed  full-time  at  the 
Lockheed  Missile  Systems  Division. 


Salaries  will  be  determined  by  the 

indi\  iduaPs  qualifications  and 
experience  in  accordance  with 
accepted  current  standards. 
Participants  are  eligible  for  health, 
accident  and  life  insurance  as  well 
as  other  benefits  accorded  full-time 
staff  members. 


Tuition,  admission  fees  and  costs  of 

textbooks  covering  the  number  of 
units  required  by  the  University 
for  a  .Master  of  Science  Degree, 
will  be  borne  by  Lockheed.  A 
travel  and  moving  allowance  will  be 
provided  for  those  residing  outside 
the  Southern  California  area. 


GRADLATE  STUDY  COUNCIL 


^/ 


How  to  apply: 

Contact  your  placement  bureau  or  write 

The  Graduate  Study  Council  for  an  application  form 

and  brochure  giving  full  details  of  the  program. 


IISSILE     SYSTEMS     DIVISION 


.OCKHEED     AIRCRAFT    CORPORATION 


AN     NlYS    •   CALIFORNIA 


<< 


NEW   DEPARTURES"  IN    SCIENCE  &   INVENTION 


Naturally  Dr.  Diesel  was  proud  of  his  engine.  He 
was  delightedl  He'd  spent  the  best  years  of  his  life 
on  this  "new  departure."  So  many  experiments.  So 
many  failures.  He  finally  succeeded  in  1897.  and 
engineers  everywhere  acclaimed  the  Diesel  engine. 

Ever  since,  better  and  better  Diesels  have  been 
built.  Smoother-nmning.  more  compact,  more 
powerful,  more  dependable.  And  New  Departure 
has  helped.  For  example,  the  double-row  angular- 
contact  ball  bearing  which  supports  the  rotors  in 
the  GM  Diesel  Supercharger.  This  bearing  was 
designed  and  developed  by  New  Departure.  It  is 
just  one  of  many  reasons  for  New  Departtire's  wide 
reputation  for  ball  bearing  leadership. 


Two  double-row  angular- 
contact  ball  bearings 
provide  close  axial  and 
radial  location  of  rotors 
and  timing  gears  in  the 
GM  Diesel  Supercharger. 
This  bearing  type  is  one 
of  many  originated  at 
New   Departure. 


PARTURE 


BALL   BEARINGS 


NEW  DEPAtTURE  •  DIVISION  OF  SENERAL  MOTORS  •  BRISTOL.  CONNECTICUT 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

editor 

Don  Kesler 

associatf  editor 

Millard  Darnall 

aisistant  editors 
Donna  Rudig 

make-uf'  editor 

Craig  W.   Soule 

illustrator 

Dave  Templeton 

editorial  consultant 
Tom  Brody 

assistants 

Donnie   Snedeker 
Paul   H.  Davi? 
Henry  Lo«enthal 
Haney  M.  Endler 
Lowell  Mize 
Roy  Goern 
James  Piechocki 
John  Wenner 
Robert  L.  Lenz 
Ralph  G.  Fisk 

photography   staff 

photograph  editor 
Jack   Siebert 

photographer 

David  Komyathy 

business  staff 

business  manager 
James  E.  Smith 

circulation  director 
Larry  Kiefling 

assistants 

James  J.  Anderson 
Gregg  Warmbier 

navy  pier 

Al   Shiner,  editor 
Davida   Bobrow, 
^•uiinrss    manager 

faculty  advisers 

R.  \V.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.   Livermore 


MEMBERS   OF   EXGIXEERIXG 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Prof.  Thomas  Farrell,  Jr. 
State  University  of  Iowa.  Iowa  City,  Iowa 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer.  Cornell  Engineer.  Denver  Engi- 
aeer,  Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer.  Illinois  Teclinograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  L'niversity  Engineer,  Man- 
hattan Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer,  Mich- 
igan Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog,  Mis- 
souri Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint,  New 
York  University  Quadrangle,  North  Da- 
kota Engineer.  North  Dakota  State  Engi- 
neer, Northwestern  Engineer.  Notre  Dame 
Technical  Review,  Ohio  State  Engineer, 
Oklahoma  State  Engineer,  Oregon  State 
Technical  Record,  Penn  Stale  Engineer, 
Pennsylvania  Triangle.  Purdue  Engineer, 
RPI  Engineer.  Rochester  Indicator,  SC  En- 
gineer, Rose  Technic,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary,   March,   April   and    May)    by   the   lUini 

Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  j,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  SI. 50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reser%-ed  by  The  Illinois  Tcchnograph, 
Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Bamhill,  605  North  Michigan  Avenue.  Chi- 
1  cago  U.  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  New  York 
17,  New  York. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number  3 


conien^s: 


system    send    control    9 


automotive  gas  turbines 11 


the  use  of  slots  and  the  boundary  loyer  fence 14 


ini   rocket   inquiry 21 


the  bench  molding  process 24 


new  method  simplifies  welding 26 


recognized   minimum  standards 28 


recommen 


ded    minimum  standard 29 


introducing     33 


skimming    industrial    headlines 


34 


theory  versus  practice 43 


tech 


nocracks 


48 


our  cover 

The  entrance  of  Bevier  Hall.  Women's  physical  education 
courses,  mixed  dancing  classes  and  swimming  classes  are  taught 
here.  Home  Economics  headquarters  is  also  locatsd  in  Bevier 
Hall. 


our  frontispiece 

This  picture  of  a  cupola  was  taken  in  the  Foundry  Lab  at 
the  University  of  Illinois.  At  the  end  of  each  heat  the  bottom 
doors  on  the  cupola  are  opened  to  remove  the  remaining  con- 
tents of  the  cupola. 


1  chose 

Worthington 

for 
opportunities 

in  international 
trade" 


•  "Worthington  was  my  choice,"  Mr.  Berger  says,  "be- 
cause of  the  excellent  training  and  the  unusual  experiences 
that  are  possible  with  a  manufacturer  having  a  worldwide 
reputation,  and  worldwide  distribution.  Then,  when  a 
company  has  seventeen  divisions,  including  air  condition- 
ing, refrigeration,  turbines,  Diesel  engines,  compressors 
and  pumps  of  all  kinds,  construction  machinery,  and 
power  transmission  equipment,  a  graduate  engineer's 
chances  for  getting  into  his  chosen  field  are  even  better. 

"Supporting  these  divisions  are  research,  engineering, 
production,  purchasing,  and  sales,  domestic  and  export. 
The  real  opportunity,  however,  is  in  Worthington  itself 
This  is  a  company  that  is  growing,  just  as  it  has  for  more 
than  a  centurj'.  It  is  always  looking  for  new,  related 
products  and  good  men  to  engineer,  produce,  and  sell 


them — at  home  and  abroad. 

"I  began  my  career  with  Worthington's  training  pro- 
gram in  the  Research  and  Development  Laboratory,  where 
full-scale  equipment  is  designed,  tested  and  improved. 
This  experience  gave  me  an  understanding  of  the  tremen- 
dous part  the  company  plays  in  the  everyday  life  of  mil- 
lions of  people.  Within  fourteen  months  I  was  sent  to 
Mexico  to  inspect  the  facilities  of  our  distributors  there. 

"The  opportunities  for  first-hand  laboratory  experience, 
sales  training  and  contact,  travel  and  field  trips,  among 
many  others,  make  Worthington  a  first-rate  company  for 
the  young  engineer  with  a  desire  to  learn  and  progress  in 
his  work." 

When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job,  think  high — think 


Worthington. 


8.26 


FOR  ADDITIONAL  INFORMATION,  see  your  College  Placement 
Bureau,  or  write  to  the  Personnel  and  Training  Department,  Wor- 
thington Corporation,  Harrison,  N.  J. 


WORTHINGTON 


THE  SIGN  OF  VALUE  AROUND  THE  WORLD 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1923— first  aerial  refu- 


1954— Boeing  KC-97  tankers  completed  16,000  refuelings  last  year 


30  years  of  progress  in  aerial  refueling 


The  small  picture  shows  the  first  aerial 
refueling  by  the  Air  Force.  The  large 
picture  shows  a  Boeing  KC-97,  today's 
standard  Air  Force  tanker,  transferring 
600  gallons  of  fuel  a  minute  to  a  Boeing 
B-47  Stratojct  bomber. 

Boeing  pioneered  aerial  refueling 
tankers  and  equipment.  Further,  during 
its  5S  years,  it  has  constantly  pioneered 
trend-setting  designs  in  commercial  and 
military'  aircraft.  This  has  meant  such 
continuous  growth  that  Boeing  now 
employs  more  engineers  than  c\er  be- 
fore, including  the  ^^'orld  War  II  peak. 
Boeing  offers  stable  careers  to  engineers 


of  virtually  E\T;RY  type:  civil,  me- 
chanical, electrical  and  aeronautical. 
The  company  employs  draftsmen  and 
engineering  aides  for  routine  work,  thus 
freeing  engineers  for  more  creative 
assignments. 

SOS 


WW 

20 1 

1 

OS           2 

OS           3 

OS           4 

OS 

15 1 
10+ 
5+ 

^ 

^ 

Boeing  engineers  enjoy  long-range  ca- 
reers—46  %  of  them  have  been  at  Boeing 
5  or  more  years,  25%  have  been  here 
10  years,  and  6%  for  15  years. 


In  addition  to  stability,  Boeing  offers 
an  unusual  variety  of  research,  design 
and  production  opportunities,  includ- 
ing work  with  new  materials,  guided 
missiles,  jet  bombers  and  transports, 
and  research  in  nuclear-powered  air- 
craft and  supersonic  flight. 

Boeing  makes  it  possible  for  engi- 
neers to  take  graduate  studies  while 
working,  and  reimburses  them  for  all 
tuition  expenses. 

For    further    Boeing    career    Informationf 
consult  your  Placement  Office,  or  wrjfe: 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer- Personnel 
Boeing  Airplane  Company,  Seattle  14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE,   WASHINGTON        WICHITA,   KANSAS 


)ECEMBER,   1954 


'% 


If 


.¥* 


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SYSTEM 

SAND   CONTROL 


by  Norman  E.  Goelzer,  M.  E.  '56 


Sand  control  is  as  important  to  foun- 
dries as  proper  mechanization,  especialh 
to  the  Pacific  Cast  Iron  Pipe  and 
Fitting  Company  whose  location  ne- 
cessitates large  expenditures  for  Nevada 
sand.  Their  freight  costs  for  these  eas- 
tern silicon  sands  may  run  twice  the 
price  of  the  sand,  itself.  Along  with 
sand  control,  the  control  of  other  parts 
of  the  system  is  necessary.  Their  sys- 
tem for  complete  control  of  production 
is  based  on  the  control  of  the  compon- 
ent parts  of  the  system  and  consists  of 
core  sand  control,  molding  sand  control, 
and  equipment  control.  Also  an  exten- 
sive testing  program  and  an  inspection 
department  help  coordinate  the  compon- 
ent parts  of  the  system.  All  the  indi\  id- 
ual  control  processes  help  produce  an 
efficient  production  with  only  a  small 
per  cent   loss  of  castings. 

The  first  important  component  of 
control  starts  in  the  core  room.  Two 
reasons  for  core  room  control  are  the 
sand  from  the  cores  becomes  mixed  with 
the  molding  sand,  and  good  core  room 
practice  produces  a  high  quality  of  cast- 
ings. Therefore,  core  sand  which  will 
become  molding  sand  should  be  of  cor- 
rect A.F.S.  fineness  and  grain  distribu- 
tion to  properly  function  as  a  molding 
sand.  Actually,  the  sand  is  a  molding 
sand  that  will  work  as  a  synthetic  core 
sand.  Other  requirements  for  a  molding 
sand  to  work  successfully  as  a  core  sand 
are  workabilit\-,  sturdiness,  porosity,  and 
econonn.  The  necessity  for  having  the 
proper  amount  of  core  sand  is  impor- 
tant to  constant  control,  since  the  addi- 
tion of  sand  to  balance  the  loss  of  mold- 
ing sand  causes  irratic  control.  Still 
other  factors  that  enter  into  cores  arc 
factors  which  pretains  to  core  room  prac- 
tice. These  are  :^ 

1.  Screen  and  measure  (by  weight  or 
\olume)    all   sands. 

2.  Keep  core  room  equipment  accur- 
ate and  in  good  operating  condi- 
tion. 

DECEMBER,   1954 


.1.  Make  routine  screen  analysis  tests 
to  check  the  uniformity  of  the 
grain  fineness  and  distribution  of 
incoming  sand. 

4.  Lse  the  simplest  mixture  that  will 
develop  a  core  with  adequate  prop- 
erties under  controlled  mixing 
conditions. 

A  (30-50  A.F.S.  fineness)  screen  sand 
is  used  by  the  Pacific  Cast  Iron  Pipe 
and  Fitting  Company  as  a  compromise 
between  the  common  sand  used  for  cores 
and  molding  sand.  For  such  a  sand  con- 
tains the  desirable  properties  of  flowa- 
bility,  lower  oil  consumption,  and  ease 
of  venting. 

The   next   important   component   part 
is  control  of  the  molding  sand.  The  first 


important  item  is  to  ha\e  a  large  enough 
suppl\  of  sand  to  eliminate  using  hot 
sand  (temperature  above  110  degrees 
Fahrenheit)  which  will  cause  excessive 
moisture  loss,  stickine.ss,  and  poor  work- 
ability. This  requires  a  large  storage 
space  to  carry  on  high  production.  The 
Pacific  Cast  Iron  Pipe  and  Fitting  Com- 
pany have  two  fift\-ton  storage  bins  to 
take  care  of  the  l,40t)  lbs.  of  sand  that 
are  used  every  three  minutes.  The  sand 
from  the  shake-out  is  stored  in  the  bins 
where  it  is  allowed  to  cool  before  going 
to  the  niullers.  In  the  mullers  the  sand 
is  mixed  with  one  and  three  quarter 
pounds  of  western  bentonite,  one  and 
three  quarter  pounds  of  southern  ben- 
tonite, one  pound  of  proprietory  facing 
material,  and  the  proper  amount  of  wat- 


Excess  sand  is  struck  off  with  a  stroightedcje  called  a  strike-off.  The  mold  is 
then  rented  by  being  perforated  with  a  rent  wire.  (Photo  by  A!  Shiner) 


er.    These    additives    give    the    sand    the 
following  properties:' 


Mullen       Hoppers 


55-65 


69-70 


Permeability 

Green 

Compression,  psi  9.0-11.0  10.0-12.0 

Moisture,  %  4.2-4.5  3.9-4.1 

Hardness  82-86  85-90 

Dry  Shear,  psi  25.0-30.0  20.0-25.0 


These  ingredients  produce  jolting, 
squeezing,  raming,  peen  raming  ability. 
Also  the  ability  of  the  sand  to  retain  the 
desired  shape  during  handling,  molding 
and  moving.  The  sand  system  should  be 
designed  to  help  maintain  these  physi- 
cal properties  and  uniform  grain  distri- 
bution. For  an  economical  and  efficient 
production  the  system  should  also  be 
designed  with  simplicity,  adequacy,  and 
economy    in    mind. 

Control  of  machinery  and  economical 
planning  of  the  machinery  used  in  the 
foundry  are  necessary  for  efficient  pro- 
duction. Economical  planning  is  neces- 
sary to  eliminate  over-mechanization 
which  can  cause  financial  loss,  and  it 
consists  of  determining  whether  certain 
equipment  is  desirable.  This  should  be 
determined  by  first  considering  whether 
available  equipment  and  facilities  can  be 
used  with  various  modifications  to  elim- 
inate the  purchase  of  new  equipment. 
The  sand  to  metal  ratio  furnishes  in- 
formation to  the  efficiency  of  the  foun- 
dry system.  This  can  be  calculated  by 
dividing  the  weight  of  the  sand  by  the 
weight  of  the  metal  poured  minus  the 
spures,    gates,    and    the    feeders.    If    the 


available  equipment  will  not  function 
efficiently  then  new  equipment  should 
be  purchased. 

The  control  of  machinery  is  also  very 
important.  If  one  machine  doesn't  func- 
tion propertly  the  efficiency  of  the  whole 
system   is  impared   for  one  part  of  the 
system   will    affect   the    rest   of   the   sys- 
tem. Some  examples  of  improper  opera- 
tion of  the  system  are  the  following:  a 
conveyor    running    to    fast    causing    the 
molds  to  crack  or  to  drop  sand  into  the 
mold  cavity,  piping  of  the  sand  in  the 
storage  bin,   plugged   pipes  on  the  dust 
collectors,   missing  or   loose   buckets   on 
the    elevators,    to   light   or    to   severe    a 
shake-out,  muller  plows  set  to  high,  poor 
hopper  design,  and  slippage  in  the  belt 
conveyors.  To  eliminate  the  various  loss- 
es due  to  malfunctioning  machinery  rigid 
inspection    and    maintenance    should    be 
carried  on  at  regular  intervals.  For  ex- 
ample the   items  to  be  considered   for  a 
belt  conveyor  are:' 

1.  It  should  move  at  a  rate  that  is 
within  the  specified  range  recom- 
mended by  the  manufacturer  or  de- 
signer. 

2.  Within  the  framework  or  adequate 
molding  practice,  it  should  not 
hold  back  full  production. 

3.  The  conveyor  should  move  at  a 
rate  that  will  allow  adequate  pour- 
ing of  the  molds. 

4.  The  conveyor  starting,  stopping, 
and  movement  should  not  damage 
the  mold   cavity. 

5.  The  mold  travel  time  measured 
from   pouring  to  shake-out  should 


Sand  screening  provides  a  smooth  and  even  sand  surface  against  the  pat- 
tern surface.  Therefore,  a  smoother  casting  is  made. 


10 


be  long  enough  to  take  the  cooling 
castings    safely    below    the    critical 
range   of   temperature. 
6.   Proper  regard  should  be  given  to 
the    possibility    of    excessive     sand 
heating   especially   when    the   sand 
to  metal  ratio  is  low. 
After  an  efficient  system  is  set  up  it 
is   easier   to   fit   the   existing   conditions 
instead  of  changing  the  system.  For  ex- 
ample,   a   certain    casting   has    a    defect 
which  is  due  to  porosity.  This  might  be 
corrected  by  decreasing  the  ram  instead 
of  changing  the  amount  of  moisture  or 
bond   content  of  the  sand.   If  the  sand 
is  changed  to  cure  one  defect,  it  might 
cause  others  to   ruin   the  production  of 
many    more    castings.    To    change    ram 
might  necessitate  changing  the  setup  of 
several  molding  machines  or  other  items 
in  the  production  line  to  provide  more 
efficient  production.  Changes  in  pouring, 
molding,    and    gating    are    other    things 
which  will  save  making  changes  in  the 
sand  composition. 

To  keep  a  constant  sand  composition 
a  rigid  sand  inspection  is  needed.  A  good 
example  of  what  such  a  system  should 
consist  of  is  the  system  used  by  the 
Pacific  Cast  Iron  Pipe  and  Fitting  Com- 
pany. The  sand  testing  starts  when  the 
sand  enters  the  plant  in  railway  cars. 
Each  car  load  has  a  sample  taken  from 
it  and  tested.  The  sand  is  also  checked 
every  two  hours  for  permeability,  green 
compression,  moisture,  hardness,  density 
and  dry  shear.  Also  clay  content,  grair 
fineness  and  distribution,  and  total  com- 
bustables  are  checked  monthly.  As  soor 
as  trouble  appears  these  tests  an 
repeated  to  find  out  what  changes  an 
necessary.  For  example  if  the  sand  be 
comes  lumpy  or  shows  signs  of  difficul 
shakeout  the  dry  strength  should  bi 
tested  and  any  adjustments  made.  If  tb 
tests  indicate"  that  the  dry  strength  i 
within  the  proper  limits  then  other  test 
should  be  conducted. 

The  first  check  for  defects  is  a  visua 
check  at  the  shake-out  or  in  the  bucket 
carrying  the  castings  to  the  cleaning  sta 
tion.  Any  noticeable  defects  should  b 
reported  immediately  so  that  proper  ad 
justments  can  be  made.  The  smaller  an 
less  noticeable  defects  are  determine 
and  classified  by  the  inspection  depari 
ment.  These  defects  are  analyzed  fc 
the  cause  and  eliminated  by  making  tli 
proper  adjustments  to  either  the  equi[ 
ment  or  molding  and  pouring  proci 
dures. 

These  combinations  of  sand  contro 
equipment  control,  and  rigid  inspectio 
have  proven  very  successful  for  the  Pi 
cific  Cast  Iron  Pipe  and  Fitting  Con 
pany  in  providing  efficient  productioi 
These  or  similar  methods  could  be  u 
corporated  in  most  foundries  to  produi 
low  cost  production. 

'Morris  Gittllman,  "System  Sand  Control 
American  Foundryman,  Nov.  1954.  Page  5( 

THE  TECHNOGRAP 


Automotive 

GAS  TURBINES 


by  Siegmar  Gresch,  M.  E.  '58 


Last  June,  the  Chrysler  Corporation 
revealed  an  automobile  that  may  revolu- 
tionize the  car  of  tomorrow — a  Ply- 
mouth powered  by  gas  turbines.  Several 
countries  in  Europe  have  had  turbine 
powered  cars  for  three  or  four  years 
now.  But,  Chrysler  is  the  first  to  de- 
velop a  device  called  a  "heat  exchanger" 
or  "regenerator"  which  in  one  stroke 
wipes  out  two  major  barriers  of  the 
turbo  car ;  it  cools  the  exhaust  gases  to 
the  extent  that  people  behind  the  car 
will  not  be  burned,  and  it  enables  the 
turbine  car  to  get  the  same  mileage  as 
a  piston-powered  one.  The  basic  design 
is  still  secret,  but  former  cars  threw 
away  half  their  power  in  exhaust.  This 
heat  exchanger  permits  a  cooler  exhaust, 
and  therefore  attains  higher  efficiency. 
The  designer,  George  Huebner  Jr.,  a 
young  engineer  at  Chrysler,  has  found  a 
way  of  capturing  the  hot  exhaust  gase> 
and  piping  them  back  to  the  turbine  to 
heat  the  incoming  air.  This  serves  two 
purposes.  It  saves  fuel  and  cools  the  ex- 
haust gases. 

Let's  take  a  look  at  the  principles, 
advantages,  and  problems  of  the  gas  tur- 
bine. Up  to  a  point  the  gas  turbine  in 
the  automobile  is  like  a  jet  aircraft  en- 
gine. In  both  types,  the  rotary  compres- 
sor forces  air  into  the  combustion  cham- 
ber, where  it  is  mixed  with  kerosene  and 
ignited.  The  gas  then  expands,  and  on 
its  way  out  of  the  turbine,  gives  up  part 
of  its  energy  to  the  turbine  wheel.  Now 
the  resemblance  ends.  In  the  jet  plane, 
the  gases  continue  outward,  and  push 
the  plane  forward.  This  would  be  an 
impossibility  in  an  automobile,  since  the 
hot  gases  would  roast  anything  behind 
the  car.  A  second  turbine  wheel  is  there- 
fore placed  some  distance  behind  the 
first,  pennitting  the  gases  to  give  up  the 
rest  of  their  energy  to  the  second  wheel 
which  is  connected  to  an  automatic  trans- 
mission. 

Several    companies    have    been    work- 
ing on  building  gas  turbines  but  Boeing 


is  one  of  the  foremost.  They  have  built 
several  for  the  Armed  Forces.  The  first 
in  a  Navy  personnel  boat.  Others  have 
been  developed  for  use  in  helicopters, 
liason  airplanes,  engineers'  pipe  lines, 
pump  sets,  generator  sets,  portable  air 
compressors.  Army  ordnance  two  and 
one-half   ton   trucks,   switching   locomo- 


niany  parts  as  a  piston-engine  it  there- 
fore uses  only  one-fifth  as  much  oil. 
There  is  no  need  for  a  cooling  system 
and  the  cost  of  a  bulky  radiator  is  elim- 
inated. Its  light  weight,  small  size,  ideal 
torque  characteristics,  flexibility  of  con- 
trol and  ability  to  operate  on  almost  any 
type  of   fuel,   make   it  ideal   for  use   in 


The  Chrysler  Corporation  s  new  gas  turbine  engine,  mounted  in  a  late 
model  Plymouth.  This  engine  saves  fuel,  cools  exhaust,  and  attains  a  higher 
efficiency  than  the  present  day  gasoline  engines. 


tives.  and  Kentworth  motor  trucks  and 
trailers.  All  these  jobs  were  tione  with 
the  same  basic  turbine. 

The  advantages  of  turbines  are  many. 
It  does  not  have  reciprocating  parts  and 
is  much  .smoother  and  less  noisy  than  a 
piston-type   engine.    Having  one-fifth   as 


transportation.  No  ignition  system  is 
needed  except  one  spark  plug,  used  in 
starting  the  engine. 

Commercial  demand  for  the  gas  tur- 
bine, has  not  developed  because  of  the 
high  manufacturing  cost,  high  fuel  con- 
sumption,  and   uncertain   reliability  and 


DECEMBER,   1954 


n 


ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERS 


PHVSICS    GRADUATES 


tifith  experience  in 

RADAR  or  ELECTRONICS 

or  tliose  desiring  to  enter  these  areas... 


The  time  iras  never  more  opportune  than  now 

for  becoming  associated  with  the  field  of  advanced  electronics. 

Because  of  military  emphasis  this  is  the  most 

rapidly  growing  and  promising  sphere  of  endeavor  for  the  young 

electrical  engineer  or  physicist. 


Since  1948  Hughes  Research  and  Devel- 
opment Laboratories  have  been  engaged 
in  an  expanding  program  for  design,  de- 
velopment and  manufacture  ot  highly 
complex  radar  fire  control  systems  tor 
fighter  and  interceptor  aircraft.  This  re- 
quires Hughes  technical  advisors  in  the 
field  to  serve  companies  and  mihtary 
agencies  employing  the  equipment. 

As  one  of  these  field  engineers  you  will 
become  familiar  with  the  entire  systems  in- 


volved, including  the  most  advanced 
electronic  computers.  With  this  advan- 
tage you  will  be  ideally  situated  to 
broaden  )our  experience  and  learning 
more  quickly  for  future  appHcation  to 
advanced  electronics  activity  in  either  the 
military  or  the  commercial  field. 

Positions  are  available  in  the  continen- 
tal United  States  for  married  and  single 
men  under  35  years  of  age.  Overseas 
assignments  are  open  to  single  men  only. 


Scicntifc 
and 

Engineering 
Staff 

HUGHES 

RESEARCH 
AND 

DEVELOPMENT 
LABORATORIES 


life  expectancy.  The  chief  concern  for 
the  last  few  years  has  been  the  mechan- 
ical failures  of  turbine  blades,  turbine 
nozzles,  compressor  wheels,  burner  lin- 
ers, gas  seals,  spark  plugs,  and  shaft- 
bearings.  But  these  troubles  have  been 
overcome  by : 

1.  Developing  safety  factors  against 
the  wheel  burst. 

2.  Eliminating  wheel  rubs  from  blade 
stretch,  shrouding  ring  distortion  and 
end  movement  of  hot  parts. 

3.  Eliminating  blade  base  and  blade 
airfoil  failure  from  vibration  fatigue, 
thermal  shock  cracks,  and  stress  rup- 
ture. 

4.  Controlling  starting  and  accelera- 
tion overheating. 

5.  Controlling  unequal  distribution  of 
temperatiue  in  hot  gas  stream  in  order 
to  avoid  heat  streaks. 

6.  Preventing  blade  damage  from  for- 
eign objects  in  the  gas  stream. 

7.  Developing  manufacturing  and  in- 
spection techniques  to  assure  consistency 
of  quality  in  blades,  wheel  disks,  and 
their  assemblies. 

In  discussing  the  gas  turbine,  we  come 
to  the  most  difficult  part  to  manufacture 
— the  turbine  wheel.  Because  of  the 
high  temperature  and  rotative  stress  en- 
coimtered  by  this  part,  it  is  subject  to 
tremendous  strain  and  requires  the  ut- 
most precision. 

There  are  two  types  of  turbine  wheels, 
welded  and  machined.  In  the  fiist,  in- 
vestment cast  blades  are  welded  to  a 
disk  type  wheel.  In  the  other,  the  shape 
of  a  fir-tree  is  machined  into  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  turbine  wheel  casting, 
and  the  blade  is  put  into  the  segment 
cut  out.  This  type  of  turbine  wheel  is 
used  on  aircraft  engines  because  indi- 
vidual blades  can  be  replaced.  With 
small  turbines  this  type  is  not  very  prac- 
tical since  the  segment  of  rim  circum- 
ference allowed  for  the  blade  tang  is 
reduced  considerably.  It  is  possible  to 
make  wheels  by  welding  cast  blades  to  a 
forged  disk,  but  X-ray  inspection  is  dif- 
ficult and  rejects  are  apt  to  be  high  for 
a  small  defect  in  one  blade  rejects  the 
whole  wheel.  A  new  type  is  the  bi-metal 
cast  wheel,  there  the  hub  is  poured  as 
a  casting  aroimd  individual  pre-cast 
blades.  This  type  has  a  great  potential 
promise  due  to  the  low  cost  of  produc- 
tion and  that  individual  blades  can  be 
X-rayed  and  measured  before  casting. 

All  this  work  to  make  the  turbine 
wheel  as  reliable  as  the  current  piston 
engines  has  made  it  impossible  to  reduce 
the  manufacturing  cost  of  the  gas  tur- 
bine. As  a  result  of  the  pressure  for 
reliability,  there  has  resulted  highly  com- 
plex and  exacting  production  require- 
ments for  the  turbine  wheels  and  their 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


nozzle  assemblies,  making  their  cost 
quite  high.  In  testing  these  wheels, 
X-ray  and  Zygle  inspections  are  used, 
and  with  the  aid  of  these  inspection 
methods,  chronic  types  of  weld  defects 
can  be  controlled  to  a  low  occurence 
level.  Many  people  believe  that  the  ma- 
terial of  which  the  turbine  consists,  is 
what  brings  the  cost  up.  Actually,  in  a 
§1,000  turbine  wheel  only  S40  is  the 
cost  of  the  actual  material.  5960  is  the 
most  of  manufacturing. 

One  type  turbine  wheel,  starting  with 
the  cast  blade  and  ending  with  the  bal- 
anced rotor  assemble,  required  a  total 
of  144  steps  and  84  separate  operations, 
and  no  less  than  22  inspections  of  vari- 
ous types. 

Study  showed  that  handling  time  took 
84'~;  of  actual  flow  time,  as  compared 
to  iy^l.  machining  time.  This  shov.s 
that  the  two  major  steps  necessary  to 
lower  the  cost  of  the  turbine  are  reduc- 
tion of  number  of  operations,  and  re- 
duction of  chances  of  rejection.  Opera- 
tional welding  would  reduce  the  time 
considerably,  and  alqso  provide  better 
consistency.  Elimination  of  base  grind- 
ing to  obtain  a  close  fit  would  also  cut 
oflE  a  few  operations.  By  using  various 
techniques,  the  total  number  of  opera- 
tions   can    be    reduced    bv    almost    one- 


LOW  TEMPERATURE, 
LOW  PRESSURE 
EXHAUST  J 
GASES 


HIGH  PRESSURE  AIR 


■REGENERATOR 


LOW  PRESSURE 
HOT  GASES 


2"<^  STAGE   TURBINE 


I  DRIVES     CAR  ) 


SCHEMATIC    DIAGRAM   OF 
CHRYSLER  CORPORATION  GAS  TURBINE 


third  and  shop  hours  can  almost  be  cut 
in  half.  This  means  a  one-fourth  reduc- 
tion in  the  cost  of  producing  gas  tur- 
bines, and  with  mass  production  the 
cost  would  go  down  still  further.  With 


these  facts  in  mind,  engineers  believe 
that  a  practical  gas  turbine  is  on  the 
way.  and  that  some  da\'  everyone  will 
be  driving  a  turbine  powered  automo- 
bile. 


When  Thomas  A.  Edison  first  put  B&W 
Boilers  to  work  in  the  Pearl  Street  Station, 
he  launched  a  new  industry  of  electric 
power  which  made  possible  an  era  of  tre- 
mendous growth.  Electricity— cheap,  avail- 
able, abundant— is  the  bedrock  of  America's 
strength.  And  certainly,  this  great  pioneer 
envisioned  all  the  wonders  still  to  come,  in 
the  soft  glow  of  his  first  practical  lamp. 


BABCOCK 


DECEMBER,   1954 


13 


The  Use  of  Slots  and  the 
Boundary  Layer  Fence 


by  Harvey  Roth,  Aero  E.  '55 


ABSTRACT 

The  main  concern  of  this  report  is  to 
examine  what  is  being  done  today  in 
the  field  of  boundary  layer  control.  This 
examination  is  accomplished  by  studying 
the  two  principle  methods  employed  in 
this  field,  slots  and  the  boundary  layer 
fence. 

For  the  analysis  of  slots,  the  slot 
mechanism,  pumping  equipment,  disposal 
system,  and  porous  cover  ( when  em- 
ployed) are  first  discussed.  Each  differ- 
ent variety  of  slot  mechanism  is  then 
analyzed  from  test  data  obtained  through 
its  use.  The  test  equipment  and  pro- 
cedure is  also  presented  in  each  case. 

The  only  auxiliary  equipment  em- 
ployed with  the  boinidary  layer  fence  is 
spoilers.  The  use  of  the  fence,  with  and 
without  spoilers,  is  discussed.  The  meth- 
od of  analysis  is  exactly  the  same  as  is 
used  for  slots.  In  both  cases,  an  abund- 
ance of  visual  aids,  charts  and  diagrams, 
are  employed  in  order  to  provide  greater 
ease  of  analysis. 

The  results  of  the  various  tests  con- 
ducted with  either  slots  or  the  bound- 
ary layer  fence  are  then  weighed  against 
each  other  while  keeping  in  mind  the 
shortcomings  involved  and  the  idtimate 
gains  obtainable  for  each  system  used. 
Upon  the  basis  of  all  these  factors,  con- 
clusions are  drawn  as  to  the  probable 
future  of  slots  and  fences  and  upon  the 
future  of  boundary  layer  control  in 
general. 

INTRODUCTION 

The  idea  of  "controlling"  the  bound- 
ary layer,  as  well  as  the  foundation  of 
boundary  layer  theory,  was  introduced 
by  Prandtl  in  1904  when  he  spoke 
"Upon  Fluid  Motion  with  Very  Small 
Friction."^ 

Early  progress  in  the  field  of  bound- 
ary layer  control  was  slow.  This  was 
due  to  the  lack  of  suitable  equipment, 
the  difficulty  encountered  in  the  design 
of  a  duct  construction  capable  of  meet- 
ing weight  and  structural  requirements 
and  the  lack  of  a  sound  theoretical  back- 
ground, the  early  work  being  of  a  very 
empirical  nature.  Nevertheless,  by  the 
outbreak  of  World  War  II,  several  ex- 
periments had  been  conducted  in  "suck- 
ing" the  boundary  layer  through  slots 
cut  in  existing  airfoils.   Bv    1944,  wavs 


had  been  found  in  airfoil  design  to  pro- 
duce any  desired  pressure  distribution. 
This  development  caused  a  revival  of 
interest  in  boundary  layer  control." 

At  this  point  it  would  be  well  to  de- 
fine boundary  layer  control.  Some  au- 
thors classify  it  as  anything  tending  to 
improve  the  boundary  layer  and  even 
include  such  things  as  painting.  On  the 
other  extreme  it  is  defined  "as  a  method 
of  influencing  flow  with  a  source  and  or 


/soo 


sink."'  For  the  purpose  of  this  report, 
boundary  layer  control  will  be  defined 
as  any  method  of  adding  energ>'  to  the 
boundary  layer,  such  as  sucking  away 
the  low  energy  air,  mixing  air  at  higher 
energy  levels  into  the  boundary  layer, 
etc. 

The  two  main  techniques  of  bound- 
ary layer  control  in  use  today  are  suc- 
tion or  blowing  and  the  boundary  layer 
fence. 


1000 


500 


I  A. TO 

i'^pfh  (in.ul«l,ot,  SysCfky 


r.O.  Plit(*h(?    Vi.FufI  F/e^ 


G  houhJ  Rolf  P/itnM<  P 


T.A.r.o. 


■  Suffh    QlKul^llth  SyitfH 


5  10 

lk%.fucl      pPf.     ip<tihJl 
Figure    1' 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Use  of  Slots  to  Improve  Landing 
and  Takeoff  Characteristics 

Probably  the  most  important  advance 
to  date  in  the  field  of  boundary  layer 
control  is  the  use  of  slots.  Although  it 
is  conceivable  to  use  the  same  slots  and 
the  same  air  pump  to  increase  lift  as  well 
as  to  decrease  drag.'  these  two  phases 
have  for  the  main  part  been  attacked 
separately. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  between  25 
and  50''f  of  all  fatal  civilian  aircraft 
accidents  are  due  to  stalling,-  a  figure 
so  high  a.<  to  cause  accident  rates  to  be 
based  on  numbers  of  takeoffs  and  land- 
ings rather  than  on  passenger-miles,  it  is 
seen  that  the  more  urgent  aspect  of  prob- 
lem is  that  of  improving  low  speed  char- 
acteristics. The  wing  loadings  for  mili- 
tar>'  aircraft  have  more  than  doubled  in 
the  last  ten  years.  Meanwhile  the  cam- 
ber, and  therefore  the  maximum  lift  co- 
efficient, has  decreased.  From  the  equa- 
tion V5,aii  =  \'KW  SI  Cimai  it  is 
seen  that  with  our  present  day  high 
wing  loadings  and  thin  air  foils,  the 
stalling  speed  will  be  sufficiently  in- 
creased to  cause  trouble.  Certainly  the 
use  of  J.A.T.O.  units,  catapults  and 
stop  wires  along  the  ground  cannot  be 
considered   as  permanent  solutions. 

Experiments  uith  a  Cessna  170 

A  series  of  tests  have  been  run  with 
a  Cessna  17U  equipped  with  boundary 
layer  control  system.  The  model  em- 
plojing  the  boundary  layer  control 
equipment  was  designated  Cessna  309. 
The  lift  coefficient  of  Model  170  varied 
between  3.5  and  4.0. 

In  the  inboard  section  of  the  wing 
on  Model  309.  air  is  sucked  in  through 
a  slot.  This  disposes  of  the  low  energ>- 
air  in  the  boundary  layer  and  thus  re- 
tards turbulent  separation.  This  retard- 
ing of  separation  caused  an  increase  in 
lift  coefficient  of  as  much  as  1.9".  The 
sucked  in  air  is  then  sent  through  a 
blower  and  blown  out  through  a  slot 
on  the  outboard  section  of  the  wing. 
This  blowing  out  of  the  air  over  the 
upper  surface  of  the  flap  re-energizes 
the  boundary  layer  and  super-imposes 
additional  circulation  strength  on  the 
field  across  the  airfoil.  It  is  due  to  this 
increase  in  circulation  strength  that  this 
type  of  action  is  often  referred  to  as 
super-circulation." 

The  supercirculation  adds  an  incre- 
ment of  lift  comparable  to  that  added 
by  the  sucking  process  and  also  in- 
creases the  aileron  effectiveness  due  to 
the  rise  in  momentum." 

This  increase  in  lift  is  felt  by  a  de- 
crease in  stalling  speed.  In  the  case  of 
the  Cessna  this  amounted  to  a  decrease 
in  stalling  speed  of  15  m.p.h.  The  origi- 
nal stalling  speed  was  approximately  50 
m.p.h.  ■  Landing  distance  was  cut  in  half 


and  a  40^c  saving  in  take-off  ground 
run  was  also  realized. 

As  a  further  demonstration  of  the 
improved  stalling  conditions  acquired 
through  the  use  of  the  super  circulation 
system,  level  Hight  was  maintained  onh 
a  few  feet  above  the  ground  at  a  speed 
1 1  m.p.h.  less  than  the  normal  stalling 
speed.  One  unpredicted  feature  of  the 
super  circulation  system  was  the  abilit) 
of  Model  309  to  take-ofiF  at  a  lift  co- 
efficient of  3.0,  as  compared  to  the  lift 
coefficient  of  between  3.5  and  4.0  for 
Model  170.  An  improved  angle  of 
climb  was  also  obtained.  No  reason  has 
yet  been  found  for  this  occurrence.'' 

This  system  was  tested  on  an  F-86 
Sabrejet  where  it  also  showed  very  fav- 
orable results.  The  landing  speed  of  the 
Sabrepet  was  reduced  from  100  to  60 
kuots  and  take-ofl  distance  was  less 
than  that  needed  when  J.A.T.O.  was 
employed  ( see  Fig.  1 ) .  At  a  fuel  flow 
of  five  lbs.  per  second,  the  normal 
ground  run  distance  is  650  feet.  With 
J.A.T.O.  it  is  570  feet  and  with  the 
super  circulation  system  it  is  only  300 
feet.  This  system  holds  an  even  greater 
advantage  over  J.A.T.O.  for  naval  use 
than  for  ground  use  due  to  the  lack  of 
a  50  foot  obstacle  (see  Fig.  1  ).'' 

Boundary  Layer  Studies  on  a  Sailplane 

Considerable  study  has  been  done  on 
the  effects  of  boundar\  layer  control 
using  a  sailplane  as  the  test  model.  The 
sailplane  oilers  many  advantages  as  a 
research  tool  due  to  the  lack  of  mini- 
mumization  of  noise  which  tends  to 
cause  an  early  transition.  Another  trou- 
blesome boundary  layer  hazard  which  is 
not  present  in  this  case  is  engine  vibra- 
tion. By  having  a  low  original  level  of 
turbulence,  a  much  greater  turbulence 
range  may  be  explored.  Even  more  im- 
portant than  this  is  the  ability  to  add 
each  unfavorable  factor  separately  and 
thereby  observe  its  relative  efiect.' 

One  such  test  was  run  to  determine 
the  relative  merit  of  trailing  edge  suc- 
tion which  was  proposed  by  Regenscheit 
near  the  beginning  of  World  War  II. 
Regenscheit's  performance  figures  looked 
impressive  until  they  were  put  to  the 
test  by  Waltz,  who  claimed  that  the 
decreased  friction  loss  amounted  to  less 
than  10'~f  or  an  amount  less  than  or 
only  slightly  more  than  the  power  need- 
ed to  achieve  suction.  Waltz,  further- 
more, suggested  placing  the  suction  at 
a  point  10"^;   aft  of  the  leading  edge.' 

Thus,  arose  the  question,  was  Regen- 
scheit's theory  wrong  or  had  Waltz 
merely  used  a  poorly  designed  slot  ?  The 
plane  used  to  find  an  answer  to  this 
question  was  a  T(j-3A  war  surplus 
sailplane  in  which  the  rear  cockpit  was 
used  as  the  observer  post,  (^n  the  in- 
board .section  of  the  wing,  the  upper 
cover  was  cut  away  just  aft  of  the  lead- 
ing edge  and  was  replaced  by  a  canvas 


cover.  False  ribs  were  used  to  make  the 
transition  more  gradual  and  the  lead- 
ing edge  was  made  wave  free  within 
zt  0.002  inches.' 

A  traversing  wake  survey  pitot  was 
placed  on  the  trailing  edge  of  the  wing 
and  the  observer  was  equipped  with  a 
stethescope  attached  to  a  probe  with 
which  he  was  able  to  determine  an\ 
movement  in  and  the  location  of  the 
point  of  transition.  In  the  turbulent 
section  of  the  wing,  a  burbling  or  roar- 
ing sound  is  heard  ;  in  the  laminar  re- 
gion a  gentle  hissing  is  heard.  The  point 
of  transition  is  located  where  occasional 
bursts  of  turbulence  are  heard.  In  order 
to  test  Regenscheit's  method,  the  slot 
was  placed  between  96  per  cent  and  98 
per  cent  chord  from  the  leading  edge.' 

The  results  were  somewhat  surpris- 
ing and  quite  discouraging.  The  transi- 
tion not  only  failed  to  be  retarded  but 
was  even  moved  forward.  This  showed 
that  the  efTects  of  trailing  edge  suc- 
tion do  not  extend  far  enough  forward 
to  effect  the  laminar  boundary  layer. 
Therefore,  any  decrease  in  drag  experi- 
enced must  have  been  due  to  a  decrease 
in  pressure  drag.  The  main  effect  of  the 
trailing  edge  slot  is  to  swallow  the  low 
momentum  wake  thereby  decreasing  the 
profile  drag.' 

Waltz's  ten  per  cent  slot  showed  a 
considerably  greater  increase  in  lift. 
This  increase  must  be  weighed  against 
the  higher  power  requirements  at  this 
position  since  much  greater  suction  is 
needed  to  suck  air  in  against  the  high 
negative  pressure  on  the  wing  at  this 
forward  position.' 

In  T.M.  No.  11<S1 — Investigation  on 
Reduction  of  Friction  on  Wings,  in  Par- 
ticular by  Means  of  Boundary  Layer 
suction,  published  in  1947,  Pfenninger 
claims  that  no  amoinit  of  suction  ap- 
plied downstream  will  restore  a  laminar 
boundary  layer  once  turbulence  has  set 
in.  Whether  this  is  so  or  not,  it  is  well 
known  that  the  entire  boundary  layer 
would  have  to  be  removed.  This  re- 
moval, if  it  could  be  effected,  would 
require  considerable  suction,  far  in  ex- 
cess of  the  amounts  normalh'  employed 
for  purposes  of  boundary  layer  control.' 

Dr.  -A.  A.  Griffith,  on  the  basis  of 
the  fact  that  if  the  pressure  is  made  to 
decrea.se  in  the  direction  of  flow,  bound- 
ar\  layer  separation  will  be  retarded 
but  that  it  is  impossible  to  maintain  this 
ilrop  over  the  entire  airfoil,  suggested 
that  the  pressure  decrease  be  allowed  to 
continue  to  some  point  far  back  along 
the  airfoil  and  at  this  point  cause  a  sud- 
den discontinuous  rise  followed  by  a 
gradual  fall  off  of  pressure.  The  slot 
may  either  suck  away  or  re-energize  the 
boundar>'  layer  at  this  position.  Results 
obtained  on  an  airfoil  using  Griffith's 
suggestions  were  very  unsatisfactory. 
The  results  of  a  nose  slot  appear  some- 


DECEMBER,   1954 


15 


HOW 
HERCULES 

HELPS... 


Jt^  Most  businesses  are  helped 
^L  till  lav  hy  Hercules'  business 
/  L  ■  ■  ■  the  production  of  synthetic 
resins,  cellulose  products,  chemical 
cotton,  terpene  chemicals,  rosin  and 
rosin  derivatives,  chlorinated  prod- 
ucts, and  many  other  chemical  proc- 
essing materials — as  well  as  explosives. 
Through  close  cooperative  research 
with  its  customers,  Hercules  has  helped 
improve  the  processing  or  perform- 
ance of  many  industrial  and  consumer 
products. 


"make  TOYS  SALEABLE 


0NEPAINTINAHUNDRED-T.jroiuo"sncK.S50,000,0U0 
subway  is  modern  in  every  wav,  including  its  glisten- 
ing tile  walls  and  liriglitly  painted  ceilings.  For  the 
ceiling,  a  paint  was  needed  that  could  resist  high 
humidity.  Niore  than  100  were  tested  and  a  paint 
based  on  Hercules  Parlon®  (chlorinated  rubber) 
selected.  On  all  types  of  surfaces,  interior  and  ex- 
terior, Parlon  paints  are  providing  outstanding  service 
at  lower  long-term  cost. 


BEAUTIFUL  BUT  TOUGH  -.^aur)  W  alker"  greet.  •■Mary  llarlline -,  lamed  -tar  -1  fV. 
Both  doll?  are  members  ol  the  ever-popular  Ideal  Toy  family.  Molded  with  Hercules 
Hercocel "  Cellulose  acetate,  the  dolls  have  that  combination  of  beauty  and  durability 
that  spells  increased  sales  .  .  .  happy  children  .  .  .  satisfied  parents. 


...PRODUCE  BETTER  CASTINGS      ^ 

'4^ 

^M^^ 

FOR  A  WHITE  HOT  RECIPE— Pouring  molten  metal  to  produce  castings  weighing 
30  tons  or  more  places  a  heavy  demand  on  the  sand.  Molds  and  cores  for  steel  and 
cores  for  iron  ''stay  put"  when  bonded  with  Truline®  binder.  Yet  cores  are  easily 
removed  when  metal  has  set.  And  Truline  means  cores  can  be  baked  in  half  the  normal 
time,  preventing  foundry  oven  bottlenecks;  reducing  man  hours  per  ton. 


HERCULES 


HERCULES   POWDER   COMPANY 

II  ilminfcton  99.  Deianare 
Sales  Offices  in  Principal  Cities 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THE 


ALUMINUM  INDUSTRY 
WAS  BORN  ON 


SMALLMAN 

STREET 


V    In  1888,  the  aluminum  industry  consisted  of  one  company — 

located  in  an  unimpressive  little  building  on  the  east  side  of 

Pittsburgh.  It  was  called  The  Pittsburgh  Reduction  Company. 

The  men  of  this  company  had  real  engineering  abilities  and 

viewed  the  work  to  be  done  with  an  imagineering  eve.  But 

they  were  much  more  than  that.  They  were  pioneers  .  .  . 

leaders  .  .  .  men  of  vision. 

A  lot  has  happened  since  1888.  The  country  . .  .  the 
company  .  .  .  and  the  industry  have  grown  up.  Ten  new 
territories  have  become  states,  for  one  thing.  The  total 
industry  now  employs  more  than  1,000,000  people — 
and  the  little  outfit  on  Smallman  Street.'  Well,  it's  a  lot 
bigger,  too — and  the  name  has  been  changed  to  Alcoa. 
Aluminum  Company  of  America  .  .  .  but  it's  still  the 
leader — still  the  place  for  engineering  "firsts". 

As  you  prepare  to  trade  textbooks  for  a  position  in 
industry,  consider  the  advantages  of  joining  a 
dynamic  company  like  Alcoa— for  real  job  stability 
and  pleasant  working  conditions — where  good 
men  move  up  fast  through  their  association  with 
the   recognized   leaders   in   the   aluminum   industry. 


Alcoo's  new 
aluminum  office 
building 


y  ^  d>'i! 


We  have  fine  positions  for  college  graduate 
engineers — in  our  plants,  sales  offices  and 
research  laboratories  from  coast  to  coast. 
These  are  positions  of  responsibility  in 
production  supervision,  plant  and  design 
engineering,  industrial  research  or  sales 
engineering.  Right  now  it  mav  be 
quicker  than  you  think  from  a  seat  in 
the  classroom  to  your  career  with 
Alcoa.  Why  not  find  out? 

^'our  Placement  Director  will  be 
glad  to  make  an  appointment  for 
you  with  our  personnel  represent- 
ative. Or  just  send  us  an  applica- 
tion yourself.  Aluminum 
Company  of  America,  182  5 
;  Alcoa  Bldg.,  Pittsburgh   19,  Pa. 


ALUiVilNUiWI 


ALUrvilNUIVI     CONIPANY     Of    A^ 


I  C  R I CA 


DECEMBER,    1954 


17 


what  more  impressive  but  even  these  are 
not  really  satisfactory.'' 

The  Porous  Jna  Mctlio/1 

The  solution  for  slot  design  then 
seems  to  lie  elsewhere,  possibly  in  the 
use  of  a  porous  area  and  distributed 
suction.  An  air  inlet  placed  at  the  lead- 
ing edge  of  the  wing  carries  the  air  from 
the  pores  of  the  skin  to  a  blower  in 
the  cabin  below.  A  porous  leading  edge 
is  placed  over  this  inlet.  The  porous 
leading  edge  consists  of  a  nionel  metal 
filter  cloth  which  has  been  rolled  and 
hammered  to  reduce  porosity.  This  is 
backed  by  a  layer  of  bronze  window 
screen  and  a  thin  sheet  of  perforated 
brass  to  increase  the  stiffness.  The  holes 
in  this  porous  material  are  so  small  that 
light  can  hardly  penetrate  them.* 

The  Flight  Research  Division  of 
Langley  Laboratory  has  taken  a  conven- 
tional high  wing  personnel  plane  and 
substituted  a  porous  metal  skin  over  the 
leading  edge  of  each  wing.  Ducts  be- 
hind the  skin  are  connected  to  an  ex- 
haust system  which  sucks  air  in  through 
the  skin  and  either  blows  it  out  over 
the  aileron  to  increase  control  effective- 
ness or  dumps  it  out  of  the  fuselage, 
the  former  of  course  being  the  more 
satisfactory  as  was  shown  in  the  discus- 
sion of  the  super  circulation  system.  This 
system  smoothed  the  flow  over  the  skin, 
caused  an  increase  in  lift  and  delayed 
the  stall.' 

So/iif     diffit  iiltits     Encountered    in     tin- 
Use    of   Boundary    Layer    (Jontrol 

Thus,  apparent!),  lies  the  answer  to 
the  problem,  but  unfortunately  many 
difficulties  are  encountered  in  the  appli- 
cation of  any  of  the  systems  discussed 
so  far.  In  fact,  it  may  well  be  said  that 
there  are  many  "bugs"  in  the  systems. 

One  obvious  difficulty  encountered  is 
the  space,  weight  and  power  require- 
ments for  the  pump  or  blower.  A  wide 
variety  of  pumping  equipment  has  been 
used.^ 

The  first  satisfactory  application  of 
suction  was  by  the  use  of  the  Ardo  Sys- 
tem which  was  first  used  on  the  piston 
propelled  Ardo-232.  Decomposition  of 
hydrogen  peroxide  provided  high  pres- 
sure steam  which  was  used  to  run  a  jet 
pump.'  A  decrease  in  duct  size  is  real- 
ized by  this  method  when  used  for  super- 
circulation  since  the  same  volume  of  air 
is  utilized  for  both  suction  and  blow- 
ing.^ 

A  similar  system  was  built  by  Razak 
which  employed  a  unit  supplying  hot 
high  pressure  steam  instead  of  the  hy- 
drogen peroxide  jet  pump.  The  efficiency 
of  this  unit  was  considerably  lower  than 
tlie  Arado  System.  It  was  also  consider- 
ably heavier.  Its  advantage  was  its  abil- 
ity to  be  used  for  pumping  over  a  con- 
siderably longer  period  of  time.'' 

Two  rather  ingenious  methods  of  suc- 


120 


IOC 


^80 


3   (,0 


40 


iO 


R(l»tivf  Mtufi  (fuisfA  li it  u  «/(• 

vs. 
RfUt  ivf  it  ill  Alt-  RiKhof 


20      40    (,0 


SO      100    IZO    140    1(0 

Relative     Still     A  i, 
Figure  2' 


ISO  200  ilO  210  i(,0 


230 


tion  were  suggested  in  the  use  of  trail- 
ing edge  suction.  The  first  of  these  was 
to  have  an  opening  at  the  wing  tip 
where,  due  to  the  tip  vortex,  a  greater 
velocity  and  lower  pressure  exist.  By 
utilizing  the  large  pressure  difference 
between  the  wing  tips  and  trailing  edge, 
the  suction  could  be  accomplished.  The 
other  method  to  be  used  with  trailing 
edge  suction  was  to  cut  a  notch  in  the 
low  pressure  section  of  the  leading  edge 
through  which  air  sucked  from  the  trail- 
ing edge  by  pressure  difference  would 
also  produce  a  blowing  effect  at  the 
notch.''  Although  these  methods  seem 
quite  ingenious,  the  results  of  trailing 
edge  suction,  as  was  discussed  earlier, 
proved  unsatisfactory. 

A  suggested  method,  for  use  in  high 
speed  aircraft,  is  to  bleed  compressed  air 
from  the  turbine.  This  air  would  be 
used  to  drive  high  speed  axial-flow  fans 
to  produce  the  pumping  of  air  over  the 
wings.* 

A  very  critical  feature  in  the  use 
of  slots  is  the  slot  design  and  location. 
A  poorly  or  inefficiently  designed  or 
poorly  located  slot  will  tend  to  aggra- 
vate rather  than  alleviate  the  problem. 
This  difficulty  is  not  encountered  in  the 
use  of  a  porous  surface  but  the  problem 
of  clogging  due  to  insects,  dust,  rain, 
etc.,  is  much  more  critical  in  this  case.* 

Another  defect  encountered  in  the 
use  of  a  porous  surface  is  the  tendency 
of  the  surface  to  produce  a  destablizing 
effect  on  the  boundary  layer  when  power 
is  off.  This  is  due  to  the  increased  sur- 
face roughness  produced  by  the  holes. 
Therefore  if  something  should  go  wrong 
with  the  pumping  equipment  or  should 


clogging  occur,  dangerous  stalling  con- 
ditions would  be  produced.^ 

Probably  the  most  critical  problem  en- 
countered in  the  application  of  boundary 
layer  control  is  obtaining  the  proper 
amount  of  suction.  Rapid  forward  move- 
ment of  transition  occurs  at  a  suction 
pressure  below  some  critical  value.  This 
critical  value  was  found  to  be  p/q=1.28 
in  the  sailplane  experiment.'  This  ad- 
vancing of  transition  is  due  to  the  des- 
tabilizing of  the  boundary  layer  by  local 
regions  of  outflow.  Over  sucking  also 
tends  to  bring  about  an  early  transition 
due  to  roughness  effects.' 

Finally,  the  relative  merits  of  suction 
and  blowing  should  be  considered.  It  is 
cheaper  to  use  a  blower  but  the  quantity 
requirements  are  greater  than  those  for 
suction.  The  higher  quantity  require- 
ments would  necessitate  the  use  of  thick- 
er wings  due  to  capacity  linu'tations  as 
well  as  the  structural  difficulties  en- 
countered.^ Of  course,  the  supercircu- 
lation  system  which  utilizes  both  of 
these  methods  may  possibly  prove  the 
best  arrangement.  The  suction  could  be 
accomplished  either  by  a  slot  or  by  a 
porous  area  while  utilizing  this  system.'' 

Some  answers  have  been  given  to  the 
problem  of  clogging.  One  of  these  is  to 
place  the  slot  behind  the  furthest  point 
where  insects  collect  but,  due  to  quantity 
requirements,  as  little  behind  this  point 
as  possible.'  A  second  and  more  sat- 
isfactory answer  is  to  cover  the  front  of 
the  wing  with  an  expendable  cover  to 
be  ejected  at  an  insect  free  altitude.^ 
C)f  course,  with  this  method,  either 
cleaning  or  replacing  the  porous  cover 
would  be  necessary  due  to  the  dust  col- 
lecting in  the  pores  during  landing. 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Boundary  Layer  C.oiitrnI  for  Decreasing 
Drag 

Drag  decrease,  although  a  less  urgent 
problem  than  lift  increase,  promises  to 
be  the  more  noteworthy  contribution  due 
to  boundary  layer  control.  Not  as  much 
experimental  literature  has  been  pub- 
lished on  the  reduction  of  drag  through 
boundary  layer  control  although  much 
of  the  theoretical  development  has  been 
published.' 

From  this  literature,  it  is  evident  that 
the  ideal  situation  would  be  to  main- 
tain continuous  distributed  suction.  This 
fomi  of  suction  is,  nevertheless,  impos- 
sible, or  at  least,  extremely  difficult  to 
maintain." 

Due  to  the  complexity'  of  the  topic, 
the  theory  of  the  eftects  of  surface 
roughness  and  waviness  will  not  be  de- 
veloped. It  is  sufficient  to  say.  for  the 
purpose  of  this  article,  that  extreme 
care  must  be  exercised  in  limiting  the 
amount  of  waviness  and  the  size  of  an 
isolated  roughness." 

One  criterion  set  down  was  to  limit 
the  height  of  an  isolated  roughness  to 
no  greater  than  one  half  the  displace- 
ment thickness  and,  in  any  case,  to  keep 
it  less  than  the  height  of  the  boundary 
layer.'  The  waviness  too  must  not  be- 
come excessive.  In  the  sailplane  experi- 
ment, it  was  required  to  keep  the  lead- 
ing edge  wave  free  with  ±0.002  inches.' 
It  is  this  high  standard  of  required  sur- 
face finish  which  rejects  continuous  dis- 
tributed suction." 

Individual  sinks,  on  the  other  hand, 
do  not  offer  the  advantages  of  the  dis- 
tributed suction.  The  optium  condition 
probably  lies  between  these  two  solu- 
tions, or  in  the  use  of  many  closeh' 
spaced  spanwise  sinks.' 

At  0  incidence  and  a  wind  speed  of 
180  feet  per  second,  transition  on  the 
upper  surface  occurred  at  28';  chord 
with  a  drag  coefficient  of  0.00322  with- 
out suction.  With  suction  applied  transi- 
tion on  the  upper  surface  occurred  at 
93^;  chord  with  a  wake  drag  of  0.00078 
and  a  pump  drag  of  0.00037  or  a  total 
effective  drag  of  0.00115,  a  reduction 
of  64.3';   as  based  on  the  original  drag." 

Fig.  2  shows  the  variation  of  relative 
still  air  range  with  relative  mean  cruise 
altitude  for  various  degrees  of  laminar- 
ization.  An  increase  in  range  along  any 
curve  is  maintained  through  the  reduc- 
tion of  power  plant  size.  Points  repre- 
senting a  given  weight  and  size  of  power 
plant  are  connected  on  the  curves  repre- 
senting each  different  degree  of  laminar- 
ization.  The  cruising  speed  is  maintained 
constant." 

It  can  be  seen  from  the  diagram  that, 
by  using  the  same  power  plant,  laminar- 
ization  does  little  to  increase  either  the 
range  or  mean  cruising  altitude.  This 
is  somewhat  deceiving  though,  since  a 
corresponding    increase    in    altitude    for 


the  turbulent  plane  would  involve  a 
sizable  increase  in  power  plant  and  a 
large  decrease  in  range.  Thus  it  is  seen 
that  the  maximum  gain  in  range  due  to 
laminarization  would  be  obtained  with 
a  lighter  power  plant,  with  a  correspond- 
ing decrease  in  thrust  and  a  lower  cruis- 
ing altitude." 

The  gains  obtainable  through  laminar- 
ization by  boundary  layer  control  are, 
to  say  the  least,  impressive.  The  com- 
pletely laminar  aircraft  has  two  and  one 
half  times  the  range  of  the  turbulent 
one,  its  mean  cruising  altitude  being 
about  20',    less." 

Of  course,  a  completely  laminar  air- 
craft would  be  somewhat  impossible  to 
obtain  without  imposing  ridiculousl\ 
high  suction  requirements.  A  more  real- 
istic criterion  would  be  a  50  per  cent 
laminar  aircraft.  Even  this  degree  of 
laminarization  would  mean  an  increase 
in  range  of  45*^1^  as  compared  to  the 
turbulent  aircraft  with  a  corresponding 
decrease  in  thrust  of  509c  and  a  de- 
crease in  mean  cruising  altitude  of  H^c. 
The  "turbulent"  aircraft  referred  to  is 
a  four  jet  transport  for  which  the  need- 
ed performance  data  could  be  obtained." 

If  the  range  of  the  turbulent  aircraft 
is  satisfactory  a  decrease  in  fuel  con- 
sumption could  be  realized  instead.  This 
decrease  could  in  the  case  of  a  jet  trans- 
port be  con\erted  into  extra  passenger 
and  baggage  weight." 

Due  to  the  reduction  in  size  of  the 
power  plant,  an  unorthodox  arrange- 
ment could  be  utilized  such  as  placing 
the  power  plant  at  the  tail  end  of  the 
fuselage.  This  would  reduce  the  drag 
of  the  power  plant  to  a  minimum  and, 
in  the  case  of  passenger  aircraft,  would 
afford  the  additional  advantage  of  plac- 
ing the  passengers  in  front  of  the  noise 
cone.' 

The  fuel  saving  realized  due  to  lamin- 
arization would  mean  a  sizeable  increase 
in  re\enue  for  passenger  aircraft.  It  has 
been  estimated,  for  the  British  Comet, 
that  a  reduction  in  fuel  weight,  for  the 
trans-Atlantic  crossing  of  five  per  cent, 
converted  into  additional  passengers, 
would  cause  an  annual  revenue  increase 
per  aircraft  of  $560,000.  For  fighter 
aircraft,  the  decreased  drag  could  be 
utilized  for  increased  cruising  speed  and 
the  greater  maneuverabilit)'  which  ac- 
company a  lighter  air  craft. 

The  Boundary  Layer  fence 

As  was  mentioned  earlier,  it  is  pos- 
sible to  use  the  same  system  (slot  and 
pump)  to  both  increase  the  lift  and  de- 
crease the  drag.  It,  nevertheless,  would 
be  difficult  to  get  a  pumping  system  cap- 
able of  performing  both  of  these  func- 
tions. It  may  be  more  advantageous  to 
use  slots  and  the  systems  already  discus- 
sed to  decrease  drag  and  utilize  some 
other  method  to  increase  lift.  One  such 


possible  method,  showing  much  promise, 
is  the  boundary  layer  fence. 

Work   on    the    boundary   layer    fence 
began  in   1938  in  Germany.  The  Mes- 


'  ' ' ' 

1 

1 

^ 

1 

1 1 

\ 

[l\i  ' 

/ 

'/ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

~  1 1  1  / 

^ 

_ 

/ 

Figure  3" 

The  lines  shown  are  strings  taped 
to  the  airfoil  which  show  the  direc- 
tion of  the  air  flow. 


Figure  4- 


DECEMBER,   1954 


19 


serschmitt  ME  109  had  at  the  time 
been  using  slots  but  still  had  very  poor 
landing  characteristics  and  many  pilots 
were  being  killed  due  to  sudden  rolls  on 
landings.- 

Pieces  of  thread  were  taped  to  the 
wings  of  a  Messerschmitt  and  a  camera 
was  used  to  take  photographs  of  the 
flow  ever\-  0.5  seconds.  The  results, 
shown  in  Fig.  3.  indicate  a  decided 
cross  flow  which  occured  only  on  one 
side.  The  question  was  whether  the 
cross  flow  was  a  secondary  effect  or  the 
actual  cause  of  the  sideway  break  away 
of  flow.- 

It  was  assumed  that  the  cross  flow 
was  the  cause.  Thus  the  problem  was 
to  stop  the  cross  flow.  The  solution  was 
the  boundary'  layer  fence  which  is  noth- 
ing but  a  piece  of  metal  ten  centimeters 
high,  placed  perpendicular  to  the  wing 
surface.  Fig.  4  shows  the  flow  pattern 
o\er  the  same  airfoil  as  was  used  to  ob- 
tain the  flow  pattern  in  Fig.  3,  in  this 
case,  using  a  boundary"  layer  fence.  From 
Fig.  4,  it  is  seen  that  the  fence  stop- 
ped the  cross  flow,  retarding  the  break 
away  of  flow.- 

Flight  tests,  using  the  fence,  showed 
a  decided  reduction  in  roll  near  the  stall 
at  the  cost  of  a  negligible  reduction  in 
cruising  speed.  The  cross  flow  problem 
is  greater  for  a  swept  wing  and  the  use 
of  a  boundary'  laytr  fence  is  an  even 
greater  contribution  to  swept  wing  air- 


craft. The  structural  simplicity  of  the 
boundar)'  layer  fence  makes  possible  its 
addition  to  planes  not  designed  to  use 
it.- 

Cross  flow  is  caused  by  the  sucking 
up  of  the  inert  surface  air  by  the  low 
pressure  air  above  it.  This  creates  eddies 
and  piling  up  of  air  which  is  carried  out 
along  the  span  causing  cross  flow.  Cross 
flow  appears  to  be  most  critical  for  the 
verii'  airfoils  which  provide  the  best  per- 
formance. The  fence  stopped  the  flow 
of  the  inert  boundar\"  layer  air  outward 
causing  it  instead  to  be  sucked  upward 
into  the  higher  energy  air  above  and 
thereby  re-energize  the  boundan'  layer.- 

The  boundary"  layer  fence,  shown  in 
Fig.  4,  placed  at  mid  span,  %vas  not  the 
complete  solution  though,  since  the  flow 
was  still  disturbed  inboard  of  the  fence 
and  the  rolling  problem,  although  some- 
what alleviated,  was  not  really  solved. 
Moving  the  fence  inboard  only  caused  a 
mid  wing  break  away  of  the  flow  with- 
out cross  flow.- 

Thus,  the  problem  was  to  get  all  of 
the  disturbance  to  occur  over  a  ver\- 
small  inboard  section.  This  was  accom- 
plished by  using  spoilers  at  the  wing 
root  to  cause  the  break  away  to  occur 
at  the  root  section  coupled  with  a  bound- 
ary layer  fence  placed  next  to  the  spoil- 
ers to  stop  the  disturbance  from  spread- 
ing outward.  This  combination  almost 
completely  eliminated  cross  flow,  limit- 


I^liahilifi/... 

A  Key  to  K&E  Leadership 

Measurement? — by  the  mechanic  or  "Do-it-vourseir* 
man  working  to  sixteenths  of  an  inch,  or  the  engineer 
measuring  to  thousandths — must  be  reliable.  K&f  Steel 
Tapes  —  such  as  the  original  \^  yteface*.  the  doublv 
durable  Albadure*.  the  highly  precise  Optical  Tooling 
Tapes  —  assure  lasting  legibility,  sturdy  endurance, 
essential  precision.  Such  reliability  is  a  kev  to  K&E 
leadership  in  drafting,  reproduction,  surveying  and 
optical  tooling  equipment  and  materials,  in  slide  nJes 
and  measuring  tapes. 

KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

EST.  1867 
New  York       •        Hoboken,  N.  J. 
St.  Loub   •    Detroit    •    Son  Francisco   •    Lcs  Angeles   •    Montreol 


ing  it  to  an  almost  negligibly  small  sec- 
tion at  the  root. 

Tests  were  run  on  the  ME  109  to 
determine  the  variation  of  angle  of  at- 
tack, lift  coefficient,  and  bank  with  time, 
using  the  fence  and  spoilers  as  compared 
to  the  variation  on  the  same  airfoil  with- 
out fence  and  spoilers.  The  results  were 
that  the  reverse  roll  characteristics  for- 
merly possessed  by  the  ME  109  were 
almost  completely  eliminated  with  no 
sacrifice  in  lift." 

Some  of  the  planes  using  the  boundar\ 
layer  fence  today  are  ( 1 )  the  twin  en- 
gined  De  Haviland,  D,H.  110  jet  fight- 
ter,  (2)  the  De  Haviland,  D.H.  106 
"Comet,"  (3)  the  S.X.C.A.  du  Sud.- 
Est.  "Mistral"  jet  fighter,  (4)  the  Mi 
G-15  (four  fences)  jet  fighter  and  (5) 
the  Trojan  A-2  sports  two  seater.  The 
most  novel  use  of  boundary'  layer  fences 
is  that  employed  by  the  Trojan  A-2.  In 
this  plane,  the  wing  ribs  are  fitted  out- 
side the  stressed  skin.  The  ribs  there- 
fore act  as  boundarj-  layer  fences.- 

Conclunons 

This  completes  the  boundary-  layer 
picture.  From  the  point  of  view  of  sta- 
bilizing the  laminar  boundan,'  layer,  the 
theor\-  looks  promising  but  all  that  exists 
is  the  theor>'.  As  far  as  improving  land- 
ing and  take-off  characteristics,  much  has 
been  done  in  tesring  new  techniques  but 
nothing  really  satisfactor\'  has  been 
found. 

The  critical  design  and  location  of 
slots  seems  to  warrant  their  abandon- 
ment in  favor  of  distributed  suction. 
Distributed  suction,  on  the  other  hand, 
shows  many  pitfalls  and  much  work  i- 
still  needed  there.  The  use  of  "gadgets 
such  as  boundar>"  layer  fences  and  spoil- 
ers shows  some  promise  but  the  fact 
that  "gadgets"  have  to  be  resorted  to 
at  all  only  further  proves  the  inade- 
quacy of  the  work  done  so  far.  Certain- 
ly, the  gains  offered  by  boundary-  layer 
control  warrant  the  abandonment  of  our 
former  and  present  day  indifference.  A 
concerted  effort  in  boundary-  layer  re- 
search when  initiated,  promises  great 
dividends  for  the  labor  invested. 

BIBLIOGR.\PHV 

'Raspet.  A..  Boundary-Layer  Studies  on  a 
Sailplane,  .Aeronautical  Engineering  Review, 
Vol.   11,   No.   6,   pp,   52-60,  June,   1952, 

T^eibe,  \\'.,  The  Boundan.'  Layer  Fence, 
Interavia,  Vol.  7,  No.  4,  pp.  215-217.  .\pril 
1952. 

^Thomson,  A.  G.,  Boundary  Layer  Control. 
Flight  and  Aircraft  Engineering,  Vol.  LXl. 
pp.   19.  20,   Jan.  4,    1952. 

'Boundary  Layer  Control,  Aero  Digest,  Vol. 
65,   Xo.   5,   pp.   22-25,   Nov.,    1951. 

'.Antinello,  J.  S.,  Boundary-Layer  Control 
and  Supercirculation,  Aeronautical  Engineer- 
ing Review,  VoL  12,  No,  9,  pp.  24-30,  Sept., 
1953. 

'Life  Raiser,  .\viation  Week.  Vol.  58,  Xo.  3. 
p  22t,  Jan.   19,   1953. 

Lachmann,  G.  V.,  Laminarization  Through 
Boundary-Layer  Control,  .Aeronautical  Engi- 
neering Review,  Vol.  13,  Xo.  8,  pp.  37-51, 
.August,   1954. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Rocket  Inquiry 


by  Jim  Piechocki,  Aero.  E.  '56 


Maybe  we're  just  plain  immature. 
Lit  whenever  the  word  "rockets"  is 
lentioned.  we  engineering  students  tend 
)  prick  up  our  ears,  drop  our  slide  rules 
id  homework,  and  pay  strict  attention 
)  the  discussion  at  hand.  In  no  time 
:  all  we  are  an  integral  part  of  the 
jll-session,  tactfully  displaying  our  dex- 
rity   at   cracker-barrel    philosophy.    So 


JIM    PIECHOCKI 

Jim,  a  junior  in  his  second 
semester  on  this  campus, 
has  previously  written  arti- 
cles for  the  TECHNO- 
GRAPH  while  at  Navy  Pier. 
He  IS  now  busy  in  organiz- 
ing on  openhouse  program 
for  the  Aerodynamics  de- 
portment. 


hen  .someone  mentioned  the  other  day 
lat  the  Aeronautical  Engineering  De- 
irtiiient  was  inaugurating  a  rocket  re- 
■arch  program,  another  round  of  cof- 
■e  was  ordered,  and  bull-session  experts 
of  the  engineering  student  species )  took 
p  the  conversation  with  a  new  fer\or. 
iut  such  terms  as  "interplanetary  trav- 
,"  "space  stations."  "galactic  drives," 
tc.  filtered  into  the  confab  and  eventu- 
lly  clouded  the  sincerity  of  the  original 
urpose  of  this  elevated  discussion,  leav- 
ig  the  more  down-to-earth  type  of  stu- 
ent  at  a  loss  for  words.  Hence,  this 
^porter  decided  to  get  the  firsthand 
scoop"  from  the  man  behind  the  pro- 
ram.  Dr.  T.  P.  Torda,  of  the  Aeronau- 
cal  Engineering  Department.  Dr.  Tor- 
a,  despite  his  rigid  schedule,  very  cor- 
ially  granted  an  interview  to  the  Tech- 
ograph.  The  interview  was  eagerly  an- 
cipated  by  this  writer — and  with  good 
?ason:  Dr.  Torda,  besides  being  this 
bserver's  nomination  for  the  title  of 
the  busiest  man  on  campus,"  has  the 
lost  vivid  sense  of  humor  north  of 
ireen  Street.  So  when  the  time  arrived 
3r  the  inquiry,  with  pencil  in  ear,  paper 
1  hand,  and  a  few  leading  questions  in 
lind,  we  opened  the  door  to  the  office 
larked  Dr.  T.  P.  Torda  and  were  met 
•ith  the  remark,  "Well,  what  do  you 
rant  to  know  ?"  What  followed  went 
omething  like  this: 


Just  how  interested  is  the  Aeronauti- 
cal Engineering  Department  in  roeket 
reseaih  f 

I  would  sav  that  we  are  ver\-  interest- 
ed. 

Is  the  department  non-  eondueting 
researh   in   the  field  of  roeietry/ 

Yes.  We  have  alread\'  begim  reasearch 
o.n  two  analytical  problems  in  this  line, 
and  are  looking  forward  to  expansion  of 
the  entire  program,  I  have  prepared  a 
proposal  for  a  program  of  experimental 
sponsored  projects  dealing  with  basic 
combustion  and  combustion  chamber 
problems. 

Hoii'  extensive  is  the  program   noivf 

Ai  I  have  said,  work  has  already  be- 
gun on  two  analytical  problems.  One 
of  them  concerns  the  phenonemum  of 
high  frequency  oscillatory  combustion. 
The  other  deals  with  finding  an  opti- 
mum shape  of  the  combustion  chamber. 
Both   are   Air    Force   projects.   Our   fa- 


cilities at  present  arc  somewhat  limited. 
A  little  rocket  shack  out  at  the  Univer- 
sity airport  is  the  only  structure  we 
have  that  is  entirely  devoted  to  rocket 
study  alone.  Plans  are  being  drawn  up 
for  the  construction  of  a  special  test 
stand.  The  Illinois  Rocket  Society  is  also 
conducting  preliminary  studies  leading 
to  the  design  of  a  rocket  motor. 

IIou-  does  the  Illinois  Rocket  Society 
fit  into   the   pictured 

The  Illinois  Rocket  Society  was 
formed  by  students  early  in  1953  for  the 
purpose  of  promulgating  the  study  of 
rocketr)'  at  the  L.  of  I.  At  present  it 
consists  of  twenty-three  members,  most 
of  which  are  engineering  students.  Lib- 
eral arts  students  have  also  joined  the 
society.  I  would  like  to  stress  the  fact 
that  the  IRS  is  not  a  "club,"  but  an 
organization  which,  through  hard  work, 
hopes  to  eventually  become  recognized 
at  a  professional  level  and  on  a  national 
scale.  The  aims  of  the  societv  are  chief- 


Dr.  Torda,  head  of  rocket  research  at  Illinois  and  an  ouihority  in  the  field, 
feels  that  rocket  design  today  is  more  of  an  art  than  a  science.   (Photo  by 

David   Komyathy) 


)ECEMBER,   1954 


21 


ly  to  study  the  various  fields  of  rockets 
and  their  applications,  which  includes 
exterior  and  interior  ballistics  (viz., 
flight  and  combustion).  Their  immedi- 
ate aims  are  the  design  of  a  test  stand, 
instrumentation,  and  a  rocket  motor  for 
preliminary  tests.  We  hope  to  cover 
every  possible  field  of  rocketry.  (  Note : 
Dr.  Torda  is  the  facultv  advisor  to  the 
IRS.) 

The  IRS  provides  an  excellent  oppor- 
tunity for  interested  students  to  put 
their  ideas  to  work  on  practical  prob- 
lems. If  he  plans  to  continue  his  studies 
in  an  associated  field,  he  has  a  good 
start. 

Jf'hat  arc  the  advantngcs  of  having  a 
rocket  rcseach  /"-ogra/ii  on  this  cam- 
pus? 

There  are  very  few  fields  of  engi- 
neering science  which  require  more  re- 
search than  the  field  of  rocketry.  Right 
now  there  are  too  many  things  that  we 
know  too  little  or  nothing  about.  All 
too  often  phenomena  arise  which  baffle 
us.  Any  rocket  research  program  strives 
to  better  this  condition.  Since  industrial 
research  is  devoted  to  applied  problems, 
we  will  be  able  to  handle  problems 
which  industry  is  not  equipped  to  solve 
in  addition  to  questions  of  great  interest 
to  the  manufacturer. 


The  opportunities  afforded  to  senior 
and  graduate  students  are  numerous. 
Look  at  the  various  colleges  and  uni- 
versities with  rocket  research  facilities. 
Purdue  has  for  years  under  Dr.  M. 
Zucrow  maintained  a  rocket  research 
laboratory.  The  California  Institute  of 
Technology  maintains  a  rocket  research 
lab  at  Pasadena.  Princeton  and  the 
University  of  Michigan  maintain  sim- 
ilar facilities.  The  stimulating  effect  of 
the  facilities  has  been  impressive.  Stu- 
dent interest  in  rockets  on  this  campus 
is  high.  This  is  a  good  sign.  The  ef- 
forts of  the  Illinois  Rocket  Society  can 
cultivate  these  interests  and  put  them 
to  good   use. 

Jf'hat  about  rocket  courses  in  the 
regular  aero  curriculum  f 

Look  at  the  curriculum  now.  We  of- 
fer a  300-level  course  in  rocketry  for 
graduate  and  advanced  undergraduate 
students.  Through  it,  we  introduce  the 
student  to  rocket  design  and  present  to 
him  discussions  on  solid  and  liquid  roc- 
kets. Various  aspects  of  aerothermody- 
namics  and  chemical  kinetics  are  also 
discussed.  Our  plans  for  the  eventual 
design  of  a  rocket  motor  are  linked  to 
future  usage  of  the  unit  in  this  course. 
Then  too,  we  are  planning  a  gradtiate 
course    dealing    with    a    more    detailed 


SlarRrfcrmers 


ind*0NE100l!'W0RKSHOP 


The  spindle  of  a  popular  electric  power  tool 
for  hobbyists  literally  floats  on  four  Fafnir 
pre-lubricated  Mechani-Seal  Type  Ball  Bear- 
ings.   Since  the  power  tool  operates  in  both 
vertical  and  horizontal  positions  and  under 
varied  conditions  ...  as  a  circular  saw,  ver- 
tical drill,  wood  lathe,  disc  Sander  and  hori- 
zontal drill  press  .  .  .  the  bearings  are  e::- 
tremely  important  to  its  accuracy   and  life. 
With  saw  blade  at  full  speed,  coins  upended 
on  hobby  tool  table  will  not  fall  over  ...  a 
tribute  to  rigidity  gained  from  use  of  Fafnir 
Ball  Bearings.  Oppor- 
tunities   for    product 
improvement  through 
ball    bearing  applio 
tions  are  almost  limit- 
less. The  Fafnir  Bear- 
ing   Company,    New 
Britain,  Conn. 

rAFNIR 

BALL  BEARINGS 


study  of  actual  problems  in  rocket  mo- 
tor design,  such  as  structural,  combus- 
tion, and  feed  system  design.  Future 
plans  also  include  a  few  rocket  experi- 
ments per  semester  in  the  propulsion 
laboratory. 

Getting  a  little  more  general,  uhat 
are  some  of  the  big  problems  hindering 
rocket    development? 

A  very  big  problem  is  the  occurence 
of  low  and  high  frequency  oscillatory 
combustion  in  rocket  chambers.  This  is 
sometimes  called  combustion  instability. 
Rapid  pressure  variations  in  the  cham- 
ber are  coupled  to  feed  line  and  struc- 
tural vibratory  modes  which  are  in  turn 
governed  by  the  elasticity  of  the  struc- 
ture. High  frequency  oscillatory  com- 
bustion occurs  in  large-size  rockets  of 
both  the  liquid  and  solid  propellant 
type.  It  is  the  least  understood  rocket 
phenonemon.  A  tremendous  amount  of 
research  is  required  here.  Heat  transfer 
through  the  walls  from  the  combustion 
chamber  is  a  very  complicated  phennom- 
enon  of  great  interest.  By  far  the  big- 
gest problem  in  industrial  rocketry  is 
the  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  scale  ef- 
fect in  building  larger  motors.  The 
problem  of  constructing  a  large  rocket 
engine  incorporating  the  features  of  a 
smaller  successful  unit  is  an  art.  We 
would  like  to  make  it  a  science. 

Do  you  feel  that  since  most  of  the 
early  rocket  research  was  handled  by 
"enthusiasts" .  progress  has  been  ham- 
pered and  industry  icas  inclined  tn 
"sneeze"  at  early   efforts? 

It  is  true  that  early  efforts  were  ham- 
pered by  men  who  placed  emphasis  on 
sensationalism.  Opel  was  an  example. 
But  as  some  of  these  enthusiasts  did 
valuable  work,  I  don't  think  industry 
"sneezed'  very  hard  at  their  early  efforts. 
Take  von  Karman,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished men  in  the  aeronautical  world 
today.  He  and  his  students  founded 
Aerojet  and  huilt  the  first  useful  solid 
fuel  rocket.  And  von  Kitrmi'n  is  no 
sneezer.  Consider  that  Aerojet,  a  sub- 
sidiary of  General  Tire  and  Rubber 
Company,  has  been  doing  excellent  work 
in  the  field  of  rocketry. 

Hotc  do  you  feel  about  the  future 
of  rocketry? 

Chemical  and  atomic  rockets  will  be 
\ery  important  for  missile  work  and 
high-speed  planes.  But  there  is  still  a 
vast  amount  of  research  required,  es- 
pecially in  the  field  of  basic  combustion. 
The  formation  of  a  rocket  research  pro- 
gram here  at  the  University  is  a  step  in 
the  right  direction. 


MOST  COMPLETE  LINE   IN  AMERICA 


Lady  (to  porter)  :  Have  you  a  ladies' 
waiting  room  ? 

Porter  :Xo,  ma'am.  But  we  have  two 
rooms  for  ladies  who  can't  wait. 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Where 
do  you  go  from  here  i 


Year  after  year,  we  draw  on  these  nine  schools  for 
electrical,  mechanical,  industrial  and  general  engineers. 

If  you  are  looking  for  a  future  with  real  opportunities 

for  growth  and  advancement.  Square  D  has  a  lot  to  offer. 

The  potential  growth  and  development  of  the  electrical 

industry  is  tremendous  —  doubling  every  ten  years,  in  fact. 

And  Square  D  is  a  long  established,  top  ranking  name 

in  that  expanding  industry.  Equally  important.  Square  D 

offers  the  kind  of  personalized  training 

that  equips  you  to  go  far .  .  .  fast! 

Why  not  let  us  tell  you  more  about  Square  D 
and  what  we  have  to  offer? 


V\ 


PENN  STATE 


♦JlLail  the  Loupati 


We'd  like  to  send  you  a  brochure, 

'Your  Engineering  Career."  It  gives  the  simple  rules 

to  follow  in  selecting  an  engineering  career. 


5QURRE  nCOMPRNY 


Square  D  Company,  Dept.  SA 
6060  Rivard  Street,  Detroit  11,  Michigan 
Id  like  a  copy  of  Square  D's  brochure, 
"Your  Engineering  Career" 


School— 


Address- 

City 


_Zone $tafe_ 


DECEMBER,   1954 


23 


The  Bench  M 


by  Robeil 


The  molding  process  be- 
gins with  the  placement  of 
the  drag  half  of  the  flask 
on  a  molding  board  in  an 
inverted  position  with  the 
joint  side  resting  on  the 
board,  the  pattern  can  be 
seen  lying  on  the  molding 
board  inside  the  flask. 


The  flask  is  filled  to  the 
top  with  sand  and  peen 
rammed  firmly  around  the 
pattern  and  along  the  per- 
imeter of  the  flask.  The 
function  of  the  peen  or 
wedgeshaped  end  of  a 
bench  rammer  is  to  pack 
the  sand  uniformly  through- 
out the  depth  of  the  flask. 


Iding  Process 


I.  E.  '57 


The  drag  is  turned  over, 
so  that  the  patlern  is  facing 
up.  Sand  is  being  cleared 
away  from  the  pattern  to 
make  possible  the  with- 
drawal of  the  pattern  after 
the  cope  has  been  made. 
(Photographs  by  Al  Shiner) 


The  cope  half  of  the  flask 
is  placed  in  position  over 
the  drag,  and  the  sprue  pin 
is  located  near  the  pattern 
where  the  gate  will  be  con- 
structed. A  sprue  pin  is  us- 
ually a  slightly  tapered 
round  wood  pin,  used  to 
form  a  hole  through  the 
cope  for  the  purpose  of  ad- 
mitting molten  metal  to  the 
mold  cavity. 


NEW  METHOD 
SIMPLIFIES  WELDING 


A  new  method  of  welding  that  elim- 
inates skills  normally  required,  and 
claimed  to  be  as  easy  as  turning  on  a 
light  switch,  promises  to  make  it  possi- 
ble for  the  rapidly  growing  number  of 
home  fixit-yourself  and  hobby  craftsmen 
to  work  with  metals  as  readily  as  with 
wood.  It  is  expected  that  the  method 
vv'ill  also  be  useful  to  business  and  ser- 
vice establishments  such  as  bakeries,  ho- 
tels, bottling  plants,  hospitals,  body 
shops,  repair  shops  and  other  users  of 
metal  equipment  and  machinery  that  oc- 
casionalh'  need  a  quick,  easy  method  of 
repair   or   maintenance    fabrication. 

The  Lincoln  Electric  Company  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  has  developed  the  new 


method,  called  Selfweld,  to  creat  a 
quick,  fool-proof  method,  usable  by  ev- 
eryone, of  joining  metals  for  repairing 
and  making  such  things  as  metal  furni- 
ture, household  and  business  equipment, 
tools,  toys  and  automobiles.  Lincoln  has 
also  developed  a  new  100  ampere  weld- 
ing machine  for  use  with  Selfweld.  The 
machine,  complete  with  electrodes,  Self- 
weld holder  and  accessories,  costs  less 
than  $100. 

Selfwelding  is  said  to  eliminate  the 
difficulties  that  would  be  encountered 
normally  by  the  amateur  in  learning 
the  skill  of  manipulating  the  welding 
electrode  and  controlling  the  arc.  The 
new  method  employs  a  special  welding 


electrode  and  special  electrode  holder. 
To  make  a  weld,  the  tip  of  the  electrode 
is  simply  held  against  the  metals  to  be 
joined  at  the  point  where  the  weld  be- 
gins, a  switch  on  the  holder  is  pressed 
to  fire  the  electrode,  and  the  electrode, 
as  the  tip  is  held  against  the  metal,  au- 
tomatically makes  the  weld  itself.  The 
electrode  and  holder  normally  do  the 
work  required  of  the  person  welding. 
Locating  the  beginning  of  the  weld, 
starting  the  arc,  feeding  the  electrode, 
the  electrode  angle  and  the  travel  speed 
are  controlled  automatically  by  the  de- 
sign of  the  electrode  and  holder.  A  sup- 
porting leg  on  the  holder  can  be  used 
to  help  locate  and  steady  the  electrode 
on  the  joint  and  to  control  the  angle 
of  the  electrode.  The  coating  of  the 
electrode  touches  the  work  at  all  times 
so  that  the  arc  length  is  automatically 
determined.  The  melt-off  rate  auto- 
matically controls  welding  speed.  Excel- 
lent welds  are  made  on  the  first  try, 
it   is  claimed. 


This  Selfweld,   made  by  the  Lincoln   Electric  Company  of  Ohio,  reduces  the 
skill  required  in  welding  to  that  of  a  common  home  craftsman. 


26 


PROBLEM: 

How  Many  Cigarettes? 

Five  men  are  in  poker  game:  Brown, 
Perkins,  Turner,  Jones,  and  Reilly. 
Their  brands  of  cigarettes  are  Luckies, 
Camels,  Kools,  Old  Golds,  and  Chester- 
fields, but  not  necessarily  in  that  order. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  game,  the  num- 
ber of  cigarettes  possessed  by  each  of  the 
players  was  20,  15,  8,  6,  and  3,  but  not 
necessarily  in  that  order. 

At  a  certain  time  during  the  game, 
when  no  one  was  smoking,  the  following 
conditions  exist: 

( 1 )  Perkins  asked  for  three  cards. 

(2)  Reilly  had  smoked  half  of  his 
original  supply,  or  one  less  than  Turner 
smoked. 

(3)  The  Chesterfield  man  original- 
ly had  as  many  more,  plus  half  as 
many  more,  plus  2]/  more  cigarettes 
than  he  now  has. 

(4)  The  man  who  was  drawing  to  an 
inside  straight  had  absent-mindedly  lit 
the  tipped  end  of  his  fifth  cigarette,  the 
last  one  he  smoked. 

( 5 )  The  man  who  smokes  Luckies 
had  smoked  at  least  two  more  than 
an\one  else,    including   Perkins. 

(6)  Brown  drew  as  many  aces  as  he 
originally   had   cigarettes. 

(7)  No  one  had  smoked  all  his  cig- 
arettes. 

(8)  The  Camel  man  asks  Jones  to 
pass   Brown's  matches. 

How   many   cigarettes   did    each   man 
have  to  begin  with,  and  what  brand? 
(Answer  on  Page  44) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


QUARTZ  CRYSTALS 

How  a  Vk  hour  ^^ gem- cutting''  operation 
became  an  8 -minute  mechanized  job 


PROBLEM:  Preparing  quartz 
crystals  for  use  as  electronic 
frequency  controls  calls  for 
the  highest  degree  of  preci- 
sion. So  much  so,  in  fact,  that  prior  to  World 
War  II  skilled  gem -cutters  were  employed 
to  do  the  job. 

But  during  the  war,  there  were  not  enough 
gem-cutters  to  keep  up  with  the  demand  for 
crystals  in  radar,  military  commimications 
and  other  appUcations. 

Western  Electric  tackled  the  job  of  build- 
ing into  machines  the  skiU  and  precision  that 
had  previously  caUed  for  the  most  highly 
skilled  operators. 

SOLUTION:  Here  is  how  quartz  crystals  are 
made  now — by  semi-skilled  labor  in  a  fraction 
of  the  time  formerly  required: 

A  quartz  stone  is  sUced  into  wafers  on  a 
reciprocating  diamond-edged  saw,  after  de- 
termination of  optical  and  electrical  axes  by 
means  of  an  oil  bath  and  an  X-ray  machine. 
Hairline  accuracy  is  assured  by  an  orienting 
fixture. 

The  wafers  are  cut  into  rectangles  on  ma- 
chines equipped  with  diamond  saws.  The 
human  element  is  practically  eliminated  by 
means  of  adjustable  stops  and  other  semi- 
automatic features. 

The  quartz  rectangles  are  lapped  automatic- 
ally to  a  thickness  tolerance  of  plus  or  minus 
.0001".  A  timer  prevents  overlapping.  Finally, 
edges  are  ground  to  specific  length  and  width 


dimensions  on  machines  with  fully  automatic 
microfeed  systems. 

Most  of  these  machines  were  either  com- 
pletely or  largely  designed  and  developed  by 
Western  Electric  engineers. 

RESULTS:  With  skill  built  into  the  machines 
— with  costly  hand  operations  eliminated — 
this  Western  Electric  mechanization  program 
raised  production  of  quartz  crystals  from  a 
few  thousand  a  year  to  nearly  a  mUhon  a 
month  during  the  war  years.  This  is  just  one 
of  the  many  unusual  jobs  undertaken  and 
solved  by  Western  Electric  engineers. 


Quartz  stones  arc  cut  into  wafers  on  this  i/iuiiwnd-cilficd  saw, 
with  orientation  to  optical  axis  controlled  by  fixture.  This  is 
just  one  of  several  types  of  machines  designed  and  developed 
by  Western  Electric  engineers  to  mechanize  quartz  cutting. 


y/dsnrn 


Electric 


A  UNIT  OF  THE  BELL  SYSTEM  SINCE  1882 


Manufacturing  plants  in  Chicago,  III.;  Kearny,  N.  J.;  Baltimore,  Md.;  Indianapolis,  Ind.;  Allentown  and  Laureldole,  Pa.;  Burlington, 
Greensboro  and  Winston-Salem,  N.  C;  Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  Haverhill  and  Lawrence,  Mass.;  Lincoln,  Neb.;  St.  Paul  and  Duluth,  Minn. 
Distributing   Centers  in   29  cities  and   Installation   heodquarters  in  15  cities.  Company  headquarters,  195  Broadway,  New  York  City 


DECEMBER,   1954 


27 


Recognized  Minimum  Standards 


A  "Recommended  JMiniiinun  Stand- 
ard" for  commercial  carbon  steel  cast- 
ings, developed  by  the  Steel  Founders' 
Society  of  America,  is  ready  for  distri- 
bution to  users  and  producers  of  steel 
castings.  This  is  the  first  "Minimum 
Standard"  in  the  century  long  history  of 
the  Steel  Casting  Industry. 

This  "Standard"  is  the  outgrowth  of 
studies  made  by  the  S.F.S.A.  Product 
Development  Committee  and  subsequent 
recommendations  calling  for  its  prepara- 
tion. Succeeding  work  and  its  ultimate 
drafting  became  the  task  and  the  ac- 
complishment of  the  Specifications  Com- 
mittee. Thorough  discussion  in  each  of 
the  eight  society  divisions  throughout  the 
coLuitr\-  focused  the  practical  technology 
of  the  entire  Society's  membership  into 
its  final  composition. 

Acceptance  of  the  "Standard"  will 
be  voluntary  on  the  part  of  both  the 
customer  and  the  steel  foundry  source 
of  castings.  It  is  not  expected,  nor  is  it 
intended  that  it  displace  other  specifica- 
tions now  in  use.  It  does,  however,  estab- 
lish a  firm  basis  by  means  of  which  the 
purchaser  and  the  supplier  of  general 
commercial  cast  steel  components  can 
arrive  at  a  common  understanding.  It 
represents  a  common  sense  approach  to 
a  fuller  use  of  the  properties  inherent 
to  cast  carbon  steel.  With  this  "Stand- 
ard" the  Steel  Founders'  Society  of 
America  goes  on  record  as  advocating 
the  purchase  and  sale  of  carbon  steel 
castings  in  a  preferable  physical  and 
metallurgical  condition. 

The  "Standard"  emphasizes  that  its 
requirements  are  minimums  and  that 
they  are  not  designed  to  influence  in  any 
way  the  production  of  castings  which 
are  practical  improvements  on  such  mini- 
mums.  It  is  intended  that  all  clauses 
apply  unless  otherwise  agreed  upon  by 
producer  and  customer. 

Quality  control  procediues,  primarily 
in  regard  to  physical  and  chemical  prop- 
erties, will  govern  production  of  steel 
castings  under  conditions  set  forth  in 
the  "Recommended  Minimum  Stand- 
ard." Control  of  these  properties  im- 
plies a  need  for  similar  techniques  in 
the  selection  of  raw  materials  and  the 
processing  steps  through  the  melting  and 
heat  treating  cycles.  Quality  control  pro- 
cedures   are    a    growing    factor    in    steel 


casting  production.  Selection  and  control 
of  sand  properties,  selection  and  use  of 
scrap,  relationship  of  casting  size  and 
shape  to  metal  pouring  temperatures,  re- 
quired temperatures  and  treatment  for 
proper  alloying,  rate  of  heat  niput  in 
both  melting  and  heat  treating,  process 
inspection,  mold  cooling  cycles,  and  var- 
iations in  dimensional  shrinkage  are  a 
few  of  the  items  in  a  steel  foundry  that 
lend  themselves  to  such  techniques. 

Heat  treatment  of  steel  castings  is 
emphasized.  The  "Minimum  Standard" 
recommends  either  full  annealing,  single 
normalizing,  or  tempering  (stress  re- 
lieving) as  desirable  treatments.  Re- 
search reports  and  literature  issued  by 
the  Steel  Founders'  Society  have  identi- 
fied the  improved  design  properties 
achieved  by  heat  treatment.  A  machin- 
ability  research  shows  that  heat  treat- 
ment improves  the  machining  character- 
istics of  cast  steel,  an  important  factor  in 
the  cost  of  metal  components. 

Note  is  also  made  as  to  the  desirable 
practice  of  furnishing  a  casting  drawing 
along  with  pattern  equipment.  Under 
this  condition  the  foundry  assumes  the 
responsibility  for  checking  to  insure  ac- 
curate dimensions  in  the  finished  casting. 
Such  action  is  particularly  important 
when  attempting  to  use  equipment  orig- 
inally made  for  other  metals  or  when 
wood  patterns  are  stored  for  periods  of 
time.  The  growth  and  contraction  of 
wood  with  the  seasons  is  sufficient  to 
throw  long  dimensions  out  of  line  or 
warp  a  pattern  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
create  an  out-of-shape  casting.  This 
fault  is  particularly  true  of  the  so  called 
"inexpensive  patterns." 

Methods  for  maintaining  specified 
physical  and  chemical  properties  are  set 
forth  in  the  body  of  the  "Standard." 
Variations  in  the  chemical  content  are 
subject  to  cojistricting  totals  designed  to 
give  proper  metallurgical  balance.  In- 
spection requirements  as  to  external 
quality  are  at  the  visual  level  with  di- 
mensional limits  checked  by  gauges  and 
fixtures  where  required. 

During  the  development  of  the  "Rec- 
ommended Minimum  Standard  "  several 
foundries  adopted  the  practices  advo- 
cated as  a  basis  for  their  own  operation. 
There  will  be  applications  and  produc- 
tion,   however,    where    the   quality   level 


set  forth  in  this  Standard  is  not  required. 
It  must  be  emphasized  that  the  use  of 
this  Standard  is  a  matter  of  voluntary 
agreement  between  the  foundry  supply- 
ing the  steel  casting  and  the  buyer. 

The  creation  of  this  "Minimum 
Standard"  is  a  natural  and  logical  out- 
growth of  activities  within  the  Steel 
Founders'  Society.  Today,  some  thirty 
research  projects  sponsored  by  the  so- 
ciety are  published  and  available  to  its 
members.  Some  portions  of  these  are  sup- 
plied to  customer  industries  as  guides  in 
the  use  of  steel  castings.  Twelve  addi- 
tional projects  are  under  way  and  others 
are  contemplated.  All  of  these  are  di- 
rected toward  the  improvement  of  steel 
casting  production  methods  and  the 
metallurgical  and  physical  properties  of 
the  various  carbon  and  low  alloy  cast 
steels. 

Technical  and  operating  conferences 
in  each  of  the  eight  divisions  of  the  so- 
ciety are  continuously  developing  the 
use  of  information  coiuing  out  of  this 
research  program,  as  well  as  providing 
a  medium  of  free  exchange  for  operat- 
ing and  technical  ideas  among  the  steel 
foundries  in  a  given  area.  The  ninth 
National  Technical  (S:  (Operating  Con- 
ference was  held  this  fall  on  November 
3,  4,  and  3,  in  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Paralleling  these  activities  is  an  active 
product  development  program  designed 
to  discover  new  steel  casting  applications 
and  improve  the  design  of  cast  steel  com- 
ponents. Among  the  duties  of  the  Pro- 
duct Development  Committee  are  the 
promotion  of  casting  quality,  design,  and 
new  products. 

The  "Recommended  Minimum  Stand- 
ard" becomes  one  of  the  first  steps  in  a 
marketing  program  now  being  initiated 
by  the  Steel  Founders'  Society  of  Ameri- 
ca. Quality,  dependability,  and  reliability 
are  marketing  instruments  in  themselves. 
Improved  physical  and  chemical  proper- 
ties constitute  another  market  improv- 
ing device.  The  adopted  "Standard  "  pro- 
motes these  factors. 

Copies  of  the  "Recommended  Mini- 
mum Standard,  "  as  well  as  a  booklet 
entitled  "The  Machinability  of  Cast 
Steels"  are  available  free  upon  request 
to  the  Steel  Founders'  Society  of  Ameri- 
ca, 920  Midland  Building,  Cleveland 
13,  Ohio. 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Recommended  Minimum 


Standard  for  Commercial 


Carbon  Stee!  Castings 


adopted  by 


The  castings  are  now  on  the  way  to  the  grinding  room 


STEEL   FOUNDERS'   SOCIETY 

OF  AMERICA 


This  recommended  minimum  standard  is  applicable  to 
steel  castings  commonly  referred  to  as  "commercial  carbon 
steel  castings"   (readily  weldable  grade). 

This  minimum  standard  shall  apply  only  when  no  cus- 
tomer specification,  calling  for  another  order  of  quality,  is 
made  a  part  of  an  order. 

It  cannot  be  too  strongly  emphasized  that  the  require- 
ments of  this  standard  are  suggested  minimums,  and  that 
they  are  not  intended  to  influence  in  any  way  the  produc- 
tion of  castings  which  are  improvements  on  these  minimums. 

It  is  the  intent  of  this  recommended  minimum  standard 
that  all  clauses  apply  unless  otherwise  agreed  upon  by  pro- 
ducer and  customer. 

A — Material  and  Workmanship 

A-1.  The  castings  shall,  as  determined  by  visual  exam- 
ination, be  free  from  cracks,  shrinkage  cavities,  hot  tears, 
swells,  scabs,  blowholes  and  pinhole  porosity,  that  impair  the 
utility  of  the  castings. 

A-2.  Castings  shall  be  free  from  sand  and  scale  on  all 
surfaces  to  the  extent  that  normal  machining  operations  can 
be  performed  without  the  necessity  for  further  cleaning  by 
the  customer. 

B — Detail  Requirements 

B-1.  Castings  shall  have  gates  and  risers  removed  in  such 
a  manner  that  no  riser  or  gate  stub  projects  beyong  the  cast- 
ing design  contour  in  an  amount  that  would  exceed  the  fol- 
lowing values : 


Riser  or   Gate 

M; 

aximum  Projection 

Maximum   Dimension 

inches 

inches 

Up  to  4 

% 

4+  to  8 

Va 

8-f  to  20 

H 

20+  to  30 

% 

Over  30 

M 

B-2.  The  removal  of  gates  and  risers  shall  not  produce 
depressions  which  are  more  than  ^s"  below  the  casting  de- 
sign surface ;  except  that  for  castings  having  risers  greater 
than  20"  maximum  dimension  the  depression  shall  not  be 
more  than  '4"  below  the  casting  design  surface. 

H-3.  The  responsibility  for  furnishing  castings  that  can 
be  laid  out  and  machined  to  the  finished  dimensions,  within 
the  tolerances  given  and  without  further  straightening  by 
the  customer,  shall  rest  with  the  foundry  only  if  both  a  pat- 
tern and  drawings  are  furnished.  If  the  foundry  is  furnished 
a  pattern  without  accompanying  drawings,  the  foundry  ful- 
fills its  responsibility  as  to  casting  dimensions  by  furnishing 
castings  which  are  true  to  the  pattern. 

B-4.  Castings  shall  be  within  a  weight  limit  of  -p5  or 
—  3  per  cent. 

C — Heat  Treatment 

C-1.  P\  rometric  equipment  shall  be  used  to  enable  the 
heat-treating  procedures  given  in  C2  to  C4  to  be  satisfactor- 


DECEMBER,   1954 


29 


CAN  MAKE 
JUST  9  MEN  LUCKY  MEN 


This  year,  fflcsp-  needs  just  9  engineering  graduates  for 
good,  secure,  important  jobs. 

Here's  why  these  9  will  be  lucky  men . . . 

They'll  be  with  one  of  America's  best-known  and 
oldest  manufacturers  of  ball  and  roller  bearings  —  a 
medium-sized  company  where  their  work  will  be  im- 
portant to  top  management  right  from  the  start. 

They'll  be  engaged  in  activities  so  basic  they  will  be 
in  contact  with  practically  every  industry. 

They'll  have  a  chance  to  get  into  sales,  development 
or  production  engineering. 

They'll  have  unsurpassed  job  security  in  good, 
friendly  working  conditions. 

They'll  have  all  the  benefits  they  naturally  expect  — 
group  msurance,  retirement  plan,  paid  vacations,  good 
starting  pay,  frequent  and  fair  salary  reviews. 

If  you'd  like  to  talk  about  being  one  of  these  lucky  9, 
the  time  to  do  it  is  right  now.  Waiting  may  well  close 
the  door  to  work  so  diversified  you'll  never  tire  of  it,  so 
basically  important  it's  always  secure.  Why  not  fill  in 
and  mail  the  coupon  today  and  let  us  tell  you  more? 

7568 

SKF"  INDUSTRIES,  INC.,  PHILADELPHIA  32,  PA, 
—  manufacturers    of  SKF   and    HESS-BRIGHT^    bearings. 


Mr.  Ralph  Palmer,  Personnel  Dep't., 
SKF"  Industries,  Inc.,  Philadelphia  32,  Pa. 

YES,  I'd  like  to  know  more  about  a  good 
job  OS  on  £[;;?'  sales,  development  or  pro- 
duction engineer.  Send  your  literature  to 

Name 


Address. 

School 

City 


-State, 


My  degree  will  be 


ily  carried  out.  Pyrometric  equipment  shall  be  maintained  in 
accurate  condition  at  all  times.  Checks  for  accuracy  shall 
be  made  at  least  once  each  30  days. 

C-2.  Castings  shall  be  heat-treated  by  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing three  methods  at  the  option  of  the  manufacturer: 

(  a  )    Full  Annealing 

(b)  Normalizing 

(c)  Normalizing  and  tempering  (stress  relieving) 

C-3.  Heating.  Regardless  of  the  heat  treatment  employed, 
the  castings  shall  be  uniformly  heated  to  a  temperature  above 
the  transformation  temperature  and  shall  be  held  at  this 
temperature  for  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  refine  the  grain. 
The  temperature  difference  between  the  hottest  and  coolest 
part  of  the  charge  during  the  holding  period  shall  not  be 
greater  than  75°F.  (See  Note  A) 

C-4.  Cooling.  The  castings  shall  be  cooled  as  follows : 

(a)  Full  Annealing.  Castings  shall  be  cooled  slowly  in 
a  closed  furnace  from  the  annealing  temperature. 
When  the  temperature  of  the  furnace  has  fallen  to 
1000  degrees  the  castings  may  be  removed  and 
cooled  in  air. 

(b)  Normalizing.  The  castings  shall  be  removed  from 
the  furnace  and  cooled  in  air. 

(c)  Tempering  (stress  relieving).  Castings  shall  be 
heated  to  a  temperature  below  the  lower  critical  and 
held  at  this  temperature  for  not  less  than  one  hour. 
After  the  heating  period  the  castings  may  be  furnace 
cooled  or  removed  from  the  furnace  and  cooled  in 
air. 

D — Repair  of  Defects 

D-1.  The  welding  of  steel  castings,  whether  for  repair 
of  defects  or  addition  of  other  structures,  is  permitted  at 
any  point  in  their  processing  provided  the  following  condi- 
tions are  complied  with: 

(a)  The  defect  shall  be  thoroughly  and  completely  re- 
moved. 

(b)  The  area  to  be  welded  shall  be  clean  and  free  from 
sand  and  scale  or  other  extraneous  material. 

(c)  The  welding  shall  be  performed  in  accordance  with 
the  procedures  stipulated  in  the  SFSA  Recommend- 
ed Practice  for  the  Welding  of  Steel  Castings. 

NOTE  A:  For  information  on  the  transformation  temperature  for 
commercial  carbon  steel  castings  see  Fig.  283,  page  209  in  the  Steel 
Castings  Handbook,  1950  Edition. 

E — Methods  of  Sampling,  Inspection  and  Tests 

E-1.  All  castings  shall  be  surface  inspected  for  defects 
and  surface  appearance  after  final  cleaning  for  shipment. 

E-2.  Representative  castings  from  each  order  or  lot  shall 
be  inspected  for  adherence  to  tolerances. 

E-3.  It  is  recommended  that  for  castings  in  lots  of  50 
or  more  and,  if  practical,  castings  should  be  inspected  by 
destructive  or  non-destructive  tests  to  ascertain  whether  they 
are  as  sound  as  ASTM  Radiographic  Standards,  E-71,  Class 
4. 

E-4.  One  tension  test  shall  be  made  from  each  heat  in 
each  lot.  The  design  of  such  test  coupons  shall  be  the  Stand- 
ard ASTM  Test  Coupon  illustrated  in  ASTM  Tentative 
Methods  and  Definitions  A370-53T  (  Mechanical  Testing 
of  Steel  Products).  If  any  test  specimen  shows  defective 
machining  or  develops  flaws,  it  may  be  discarded  and  an- 
other specimen   substituted    from    the   same   lot.   The   term 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Marquelie  LnitersHy.  BS — 1948 

and  now  Supervisor  of  Plant  Engineering, 

Allis-Chalmers,  Norwood,  Ohio,  ff'orks 


MOST  MEN  graduating  from  college  don't  have  a 
clear  idea  of  what  they  want  to  do.  These  indi- 
viduals are  helped  by  Allis-Chalmers  Graduate  Train- 
ing Course  to  find  the  right  job  u  hether  it  be  in  design, 
sales,  engineering,  research  or  manufacturing. 

"My  case  is  a  little  different.  howe\er.  I  started  the 
course  with  all  mv  interest  centered  on  tool  design  and 
'in-plant"  sersice.  The  reason  is  that  I  started  getting 
vocational  guidance  from  some  very  helpful  Allis- 
Chalmers  men  back  in  1940." 

Served  Apprenticeship 

"At  their  suggestion  I  had  gone  to  school  part  time 
while  working  full  time.  This  not  onlv  gave  me  the 
chance  to  sen,e  an  apprenticeship  as  a  tool  and  die 
maker,  and  earn  monev,  but  I  learned  what  I  wanted 
to  do  after  graduation. 

"Then  came  the  war  and  service  in  the  Na\T.  .After 
the  war  I  finished  school.  Bv  the  time  I  staned  on  the 


course  in  1948,  I  knew  what  I  liked  and  seemed  best 
fitted  to  do.  .As  a  result,  my  entire  time  as  a  GTC  stu- 
dent was  spent  in  the  shops. 

"The  1 8  months  spent  in  the  foundry,  erection  floor 
and  machine  shop  have  all  proved  valuable  background 
for  my  present  job. 

"As  super\isor  of  plant  engineering  at  the  Norwood 
Works,  I  am  concerned  w  ith  such  problems  as :  Plant 
layout,  material  handling  equipment  and  methods,  new 
construction,  new  production  methods  to  be  used  in 
building  motors,  centrifugal  pumps,  and  Texrape 
drives.  It's  an  extremely  interesting  job. 

"From  my  experience,  I'd  say,  whether  you're  a 
freshman  or  a  senior  it  will  pay  you  to  talk  to  an  Allis- 
Chalmers  representative  now.  You  can't  start  plan- 
ning your  future  too  soon.  And  you  can't  plan  starting 
at  a  better  place,  because  .Allis-Chalmers  builds  so  many 
different  products  that  you'll  find  anv  tvpe  of  engi- 
neering activity  you  could  possibly  want  right  here." 


Facts  You  Should  Know  About  the  ALLIS-CHALMERS  Graduate  Training  Course 


1.  It's  well  established,  having  been 
staned  in  1904.  A  large  percentage  of  the 
management  group  are  graduates  of  the 
course 

3.  The  course  offers  a  ma.ximum  of  24 
months'  training.  Length  and  type  of 
training  is  individually  planned. 

3.  The  graduate  engineer  may  choose  the 
kind  of  work  he  w  ants  to  do :  design,  en- 
gineering, research,  production,  sales, 
erection,  serNice,  etc. 


4.  He  may  choose  the  kind  of  power, 
processing,  specialized  equipment  or  in- 
dustrial apparatus  with  which  he  will 
work,  such  as:  steam  or  hydraulic,  turbo- 
generators, circuit  breakers,  unit  substa- 
tions, transformers,  motors,  control 
pumps,  kilns,  coolers,  rod  and  ball  mills, 
crushers,  vibrating  screens,  rectifiers,  in- 
duction and  dielectric  heaters,  grain  mills, 
sifters,  etc. 

5.  He  will  have  individual  attention  and 
guidance  of  experienced,  helpful  superiors 


in  working  out  his  training  program. 

6.  The  program  has  as  its  objective  the 
right  job  for  the  right  man.  As  he  gets  ex- 
perience in  different  training  locations  he 
can  alter  his  course  of  training  to  match 
changing  interests. 

For  information  watch  for  the  Allis- 
Chalmers  representative  visiting  your 
campus,  or  call  an  Allis-Chalmers  district 
office,  or  write  Graduate  Training  Sec- 
tion, Allis-Chalmers,  Milwaukee  I,  Wise. 


Sleam   turbines,  condensers,    transl'ormers,  switchgear, 
regulitors  are  built  for  electric  power  industry. 


QmT 


,  iUdUUUUK jd 


Motors,  control,    Te.xrupe   V-belt  drives — all   by  Allis- 
Chalmers  are  used  throughout  industry. 


C-5«78 

DECEMBER,   1954 


ALLIS-CHALMERS 


Texrope  is  an 
Allis-Chalmers  trademaik- 


31 


"^^^^ REFRIGERA  TION  HELPS  MAINTAIN 
5,000  M.P.H.  SPEEDS  IN  WIND  TUNNELS 

For  testing  aircraft  at  speeds  up  to  5,000  m.p.h.,  tho 
National  Advisory  Comnnittee  for  Aeronautics  operates  sev- 
eral large  wind  tunnels  at  Ames  Aeronautical  Laboratory  near 
San   Francisco. 

The  energy  expended  in  compressing  the  air  to  over  72 
pounds  pressure  would  result  in  overheating  and  excessive 
water  content,  but  for  the  special  Frick  cooling  and  condition- 
ing system  illustrated. 

Whether  your  cooling  problem  Involves  special  equipment 
and  techniques,  or  standard  components,  FrIck  Company  is 
prepared  to  provide  the  finest.  Write  today  for  literature 
and  quotations. 


The  Frick  Graduate  Training  Course  in  Refrigeration  and 
Air  Conditioning,  offers  a  career  in  a  growing  industry. 


MATERIALS-HANDLING  EQUIPMENT 

THAT  SPEEDS  WORK,  SPARES  MEN,  SLASHES  COSTS 

No  other  Mobile  Crone  of  this  type  has  all  the  features  of 
KRANE  KAR.  More  goes  info  KRANE  KAR  ...  you  get  more 
out  of  KRANE  KAR  .  .  .  more  speed,  more  work,  more  safety. 
Loads  and  Unloads  freight  cars,  trucks,  trailers  .  .  .  Stacks  and 
Stores  .  .  .  expedites  Plant  Maintenance. 

KRANE  KAR  handles  steel  stock  and  forms  of  any  shape  or 
size  within  capacity  (or  scrap  when  equipped  with  magnet); 
transmission  cases,  motors,  crankcases,  transformers,  etc.  Works 
in  tight  quarters,  low  headroom,  up  and  down  ramps  .  .  .  any- 
where, in  plant  or  yard.  Often  cuts  handling  costs  to  8;^  a  ton.* 

Safest  Crone  in  its  class,  minimizing  injury  risks  to  men, 
materials,  machine.  Self-Stabilizing:  dangerous  use  of'iacks 
or  stabilizers  eliminated.  Automatic  Power  Cuf-Off  pt  ex- 
treme positions  of  Boom-Swing  or  Topping.  Automatic 
Braking  of  Load  and  Boom  Lines.  No  Tail-Swing:  no  port 
of  Crane  passes  over  operator's  head. 


Gas  or  Diesel-  9  to  37  ft.  booms  or 
adiustable  telescopic  booms;  Electric 
magnet,  clamshell  bucket,  onei  othc. 
accessories  ovailable.  Ask  for  illus- 
trated bulletin   i;79. 

USERS:  Genera/  Motors;  Bethlehem 
Steel;  Todd  Shipyords;  Boeing;  Generof 
Electric;  duPont;  Pullman   Stondord;  etc. 

•Write  for  cose  studies. 


Pioneers  of  Heavy  Duty  Materials-Handling  Equipment  and  Mfrs.  of 
Heavy  Duty  Fork  LIFTRUKs;  Crones,  Capstons,  and  Winches  for  Motor 
Trucks     .     .     .     "SILENT    HOIST"    Car    Pullers    and    Barge   Movers. 


JSiLENT  Hoist  &  Crane  Co 


895  S3RD   ST..   BROOKLYN   20,    N.Y. 


"lot  '  shall  be  considered  as  all  castings  in  a  heat  subjected 
to  the  same  heat-treating  procedure.  After  meeting  accept- 
ance tests  for  ten  consecutive  heats  used  for  making  castings 
of  any  one  grade,  the  manufacturer  may  assemble  the  cast- 
ings from  succeeding  melts  in  groups  of  five  heats  each.  The 
castings  in  each  group  shall  be  accepted  on  the  basis  of  one 
test  specimen  taken  from  every  fifth  heat,  provided  that  the 
chemical  anlysis  of  all  the  heats  in  the  group  falls  within 
the  range  established  by  the  first  ten  consecutive  acceptable 
heats  and  all  subsequent  heats  that  are  physically  tested  and 
found  acceptable.  If  this  test  fails,  the  heat  may  be  requali- 
fied  by  using  another  specimen,  and  the  four  other  heats  in 
the  group  shall  be  tested  individually.  The  same  heat-treat- 
ing procedure  used  for  the  first  ten  consecutive  heats  shall 
be  used  for  all  subsequent  heats.  This  procedure  shall  be 
established  for  each  grade  separately. 

E-5.  In  cases  where  more  than  one  heat  is  poured  into  a 
ladle  (teeming  of  several  heats),  the  heat  shall  be  deemed 
to  be  the  ladle  from  which  the  castings  are  finally  poured. 

E-6.  The  coupon,  for  mechanical  test  specimens,  shall  be 
poured  with  metal  which  has  received  deoxidation  treatment 
identical  to  that  metal  from  which  the  castings  are  poured. 

E-7.  One  tension-test  specimen  from  each  lot  (as  quali- 
fied in  paragraph  E-4)  shall  be  tested  and  shall  meet  the 
minimum  properties  noted  in  Table  I. 

E-8.  When  any  test  specimen  shows  defective  machin- 
ing or  obvious  lack  of  continuity  of  metal,  it  may  be  discard- 
ed and  replaced  by  another  specimen  from  the  same  lot. 

E-9.  In  the  event  two  test  specimens  from  any  lot  fail 
to  meet  the  minimum  requirement  noted  in  Table  1,  the 
castings  may  be  re-heat-treated  as  often  as  desired  with  a 
coupon  from  the  same  heat. 


E-10.  Chemical  analysis  of  each  heat  shall  be  made  to 
determine  acceptance  as  noted  in  Table  I.  Drillings  for 
chemical  analysis  may  be  taken  from  broken  test  specimens, 
castings  poured  in  the  heat  or  from  a  .separate  block  repre- 
senting the  melt.   (See  Note  B) 

NOTE  B:  The  alloying  elements  Mo,  Cu,  \i  and  Cr  need  not 
be  determined  b}"  anahsis  on  every  heat,  hut  it  is  recommended 
that  thev  be  determined  at  intervals. 


TABLE    I 

Chemical   and   Mechanical   Propern    Requirements 

Chemical   Composition — Maximum   percent 


C* 
J3 


Mn* 

.70 


SiT 

.80 


p 

.06 


s 
.06 


Mo»* 
.20 


Cu**     Ni** 

.50      .50 


Cr»» 

.25 


*For  each  reduction  of  .01  percent  carbon  under  the  maximum 
specified,  an  increase  of  .04  percent  manganese  above  the  maximum 
specified   will   he   permitted. 

tMinimum  silicon  permitted  is  .25  percent. 

**TotaI  content  of  these  unspecified  elements  shall  not  exceed 
1.00  percent. 


MECH.\NIC.'\L  PROPERTIES*** 

Elongation  Reduction 

Tensile    Strength      Minimum    psi       in  2  inches  9f  in  area  Vc 

.Minimum    psi           Yield   Point             Minimum  Minimum 


60,000 


30,000 


24 


35 


***Mechanical  properties  shall  be  determined  on  the  standard 
0.505  inch  diameter  tensile  test  bar,  either  with  or  without  threaded 
ends. 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


by  Harvey  Endler,  Eng.  Phy.  '56  and  Donnie  Snedeker,  E.  E.  '58 


DR.   E.  C.  JORDAN 

Dr.  Jordan,  the  recently  appointed 
head  of  the  Electrical  Engineering  De- 
partment here  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois, attributes  his  career  in  electrical 
engineering  to  a  boyhood  interest  in  ra- 
dio.  While   working   in   a   drugstore   in 


DR.   JORD.W 

Edmonton.  Alberta.  Canada  with  as- 
pirations of  becoming  a  pharmacist.  Dr. 
Jordan  heard  of  a  job  opening  at 
CKLA.  the  radio  station  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Alberta,  and  his  deep  interest 
in  his  hobby  led  him  to  forsake  phar- 
macy and  take  the  job  as  a  technician 
for  the  studio.  He  began  taking  selected 


courses  at  the  University  of  Alberta, 
and  soon  discovered  that  he  was  able 
to  take  a  full  engineering  program  in 
addition  to  working  as  a  control  opera- 
tor for  the  station. 

In  1933  he  built  for  CKUA  the  first 
studio  control  board  with  automatic  gain 
control,  which  was,  incidentally,  the 
topic  of  his  Master's  Thesis.  He  re- 
ceived his  B.Sc.  and  M.Sc.  in  1934  and 
1936  respective! v.  from  the  University 
of  Alberta.  He  then  taught  at  Worches- 
ter  Polytechnic  Institute  and  Ohio  State 
before  coming  to  Illinois  in  1945  as  an 
associate  professor  of  electrical  engineer- 
ing. In  1947  he  became  a  professor  and 
in  July  of  this  year  was  appointed  head 
of  the  department.  In  addition  to  head- 
ing the  department  Dr.  Jordan  teaches 
the  first  graduate  level  course  in  elec- 
tromagnetic theory,  using  his  own  book, 
"Electromagnetic  Waves  and  Radiating 
Systems." 

Dr.  Jordan  has  carried  on  extensive 
research  on  antennas,  a  subject  in  which 
he  first  became  interested  while  teaching 
at  Ohio  State.  A  great  deal  of  this  re- 
search was  carried  on  during  the  war 
under  contract  of  the  Office  of  Scien- 
tific Research  and  Development,  and 
dealt  mainly  with  antennas  for  high 
speed  aircraft. 

Dr.  Jordan  is  married  and  has  three 
boys,  ages  six,  nine,  and  ten  and  a  half, 
whose  only  interest  in  electrical  engi- 
neering thus  far  has  been  in  turning 
the  TV  set  on  and  off.  However,  to 
an\one  else  who  is  considering  entering 
the  profession.  Dr.  Jordan  recommends 
that  they  have  a  liking  for  mathematics 
and  physics.  To  those  already  in  engi- 
neering he  gives  the  words  of  advice  that 
"what  you  get  out  is  directlfy  propor- 
tional to  what  you  put  into  your  work," 
and    that   the   best  svstem   is   "to   work 


like  a  dog  but  have  fun  doing  it."  He 
is  a  firm  believer  in  the  importance  of 
extracurricular  activities  for  engineering 
students. 

JIM  SMITH 

Who  says  Agricultural  Engineers 
never  get  off  the  farm?  Here's  one 
who's  really  been  around  — 

A  native  of  Pennsylvania,  Jim  gradu- 
ated from  high  school  in  Elmira 
Heights,  \ew  York,  where  he  played 
football,  basketball,  and  served  as  presi- 
dent of  his  class.  Cornell  University 
came  next  for  three  semesters  before 
he  enlisted  in  the  Army.  After  deciding 
that  a  private's  life  was  not  for  him, 
Jim  took  and  passed  the  test  for  West 
Point  preparatory  school.  He  studied  for 
one  year  and  in  July,  1952,  entered 
West  Point.  Upon  completing  freshman 
year,  Jim  resigned  his  appointment  and 
came  here  to  the  Universitv  of  Illinois 


JIM  SMITH 

to  study  Agricultural  Engineering. 

One  of  those  pretty  Illinois  girls  had 
her  trap  laid  for  him  and  last  August, 
she  became  Mrs.  CaroKn  Snu'th.  Jim 
seems  to  like  being  trapped,   though! 

Resides  serving  as  Business  Manager 
of  the  Technograph  this  year,  Jim  is 
a  member  of  the  Engineering  Council 
and  president  of  the  Illinois  Student 
Branch  of  the  American  Society  of  Agri- 
cultural Engineers,  .All  this  and  studies, 
too,  but  he  still  tries  to  find  a  little 
time  for  hunting,  fishing,  and  plaving 
golf. 

After  receiving  his  sheepskin  in  1956, 
Jim  hopes  to  remain  on  at  the  Univer- 
sity for  graduate  work  or  go  into  tractor 
test  and  design. 


DECEMBER,   1954 


33 


immm 


edited  by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


Super  Sabre 

The  Air  Force  Tactical  Air  Com- 
mand today  received  its  first  F-lOU 
Super  Sabres  and  soon  will  have  squad- 
rons capable  of  fighting  at  speeds  faster 
than  sound. 

Ten  minutes  after  accepting  delivery 
of  his  unit's  first  F-lOO  at  North  Amer- 
ican  Aviation's  Los  Angeles  plant,   Lt. 


Colonel  Maurice  G.  Long,  commander 
of  the  436th  Day  Fighter  Squadron, 
oashed  across  George  AFB,  75  miles 
away. 

"I  barely  retracted  my  landing  gear 
before  it  was  time  to  let  down  at 
(leorge,"  the  dark-haired  veteran  fight- 
er pilot  declared.  "This  faster  than 
sound  flight  is  really  something." 

J.  S.  Smithson,  vice  president  of  man- 


Ready  for  delivery  to  the  Air  Force  are  these  F-lOO  Super  Sabre  Jets  at  a 
North  American  Aviation's  plant.  The  Air  Force  has  just  placed  a  $100 
million  order  for  more  of  these  planes. 

34 


ufacturing  at  North  American,  pointed 
out  that  the  F-lOO  has  been  on  or  ahead 
of  schedule  since  delivery  of  the  first 
supersonic  fighter  to  the  Air  Research 
and  Development  Command  last  Octo- 
ber. The  prototype  of  the  Super  Sabre 
was  first  flown  on  May  25,  1933.  Five 
months  later  it  roared  across  a  15  kilo- 
meter course  near  the  Salton  Sea  at  an 
average  speed  of  755.149  miles  an  hour 
to  set  a  new  world's  speed  record. 

The  Air  Force  recently  announced 
that  a  new  order  of  $100  million  has 
been  placed  for  a  second  source  of  pro- 
duction of  the  F-lOO  at  North  Ameri- 
can's Columbus,  Ohio,  plant. 

The  F-lOO  has  been  in  production  at 
Los  Angeles  since  mid-1953  and  will 
continue  to  come  off  assembly  lines  at 
the  West  Coast  plant. 

The  479th  Fighter  Wing  at  George 
will  be  the  first  operational  unit  to  be 
equipped  with  the  F-IOO.  The  new  su- 
personic fighter  will  replace  North 
American  F-86F  Sabre  Jets  which  won 
fame  in  Korea  by  shooting  down  Rus- 
sian-built MIGS  at  a  rate  of  13.8  to  1. 
The  F-lOO  can  be  modified  as  a  fighter 
bomber  and  the  Air  Force  has  an- 
nounced it  is  capable  of  carrying  an  A- 
bomb. 

An  extensive  flight  testing  program 
on  the  F-lOO  has  been  conducted  at  Ed- 
wards AFB  by  Air  Research  and  De- 
velopment Command  and  company  test 
pilots.  The  Air  Training  Command,  Air 
Proving  Command  and  Air  Materiel 
Command  also  have  test  flown  the  new 
fighter. 

The  F-lOO  incorporates  a  razor  thin, 
45  degree  sweptwing  and  tail  and  was 
especially  designed  for  high  speed  flight. 
The  new,  heat-resisting  metal,  titanium, 
is  used  extensively  throughout  the  plane. 
It  is  powered  by  the  powerful  Pratt  and 
Whitney  J-57  turbojet  with  afterburner 
rated  in  the  "10,000  pound  thrust" 
class. 

^Liintenance  crews  have  reported  the 
F-lOO  much  easier  to  work  on  because 
of  quick  access  to  radio,  radar,  electri- 
cal and  other  accessory  equipment. 

Heat-Sensing  Cell 

Little  slips  of  glass  coated  with  lead 
sulfide  that  can  give  10,000  times  as 
much  sensitivity  to  certain  infrared  rays 
as  previous  laboratory  instruments  have 
now  been  put  on  sale  to  science  and  in- 
dustry. 

Known  as  Kodak  Ektron  Detectors, 
the  new  photoconductive  cells  were  first 
unveiled  at  the  convention  of  the  Amer- 
ican Society  for  Testing  ^Literials.  The 
extreme  infrared  sensitivity  of  the  cells, 
coupled  with  their  simpilicity  and  adapt- 
ability to  manufacture  in  any  size  or 
shape,  opens  wide  new  possibilities  to 
engineers  in  developing  new  devices 
based  on  the  ability  to  detect  warm  ob- 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^O/i^. . .  a  leader  in  the  DESIGN  . . . 
DEVELOPMENT  and  PRODUCTION  of  TURBO-JET 

and  TURBO-PROP  ENGINES 


offers 

young  graduate  engineers 

unusual  OPPORTUNITIES  for  progress 

in  a  field  where  future  development 

is  unlimited.  That  field  is 

AIRCRAFT  TURBINE   ENGINES 


^ 


We'd  like  to  tell  you  more  about  our  expanding,  long-range  engineer- 
ing program.  And,  explain  how  you  can  build  YOUR  engineering 
career  with  Allison  in  Indianapolis.  Allison  offers  REAL  opportunity  for 
the  young  engineer  with  the  qualifications  and  potential  for  progress 
with  a  pace  setter  in  advanced  types  of  aircraft  power.  Write  for 
additional  information  and  application  blank:  R.  G.  GREENWOOD, 
Engineering  College  Contact,  ALLISON  DIVISION,  General  Motors 
Corporation,  Indianapolis  6,  Indiana. 


'tm 


DIVISION,    GENERAL    MOTORS    CORPORATION,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


Design,  development  and  production— high  power  TURBINE  ENGINES,  PROPELLERS  and  ACTUATORS  for  modern 
aircraft  .  .  .  heavy  duty  TORQMATIC  DRIVES  for  Ordnance  and  Commercial  vehicles  .  .  .  DIESEL  LOCOMOTIVE 
PARTS  .  .  .  PRECISION  BEARINGS  for  gasoline  and  Diesel  engines  and  special  application. 


DECEMBER,   1954 


35 


Delbert  N.  De  Young  receivtMl  a  B.S.  in  Cht- m.  Ent;-  from  the  University 
of  Wisconsin  last  June.  Now  he  is  working  for  an  M.S.  degree.  By  asking 
questions,  he's  learned  that  many  excellent  industrial  opportunities  are 
passed  over  because  they're  not  understood  by  the  average  undergraduate. 


Clarence  ''Ding" Bell  answers. 


Del  De  Young  wants  to  know. 

What  sort  of 
work  is 
involved  in 
technical  sales 
at  Du Pont? 


Clarence  D.  Bell,  B.S.,  Chem.  Eng.,  Univ.  of 
Pitts.  (1937),  joined  DuPont  as  a  chemical  engineer 
immediately  after  graduation.  He  began  in  the  re- 
search group  of  the  Ammonia  Department,  pro- 
gressed steadily  t  hrough  assignments  on  nylon  and  a 
number  of  other  products.  Today  he  is  an  Assistant 
Director  of  Sales  in  the  Poly  chemicals  Department. 


Well,  if  I  said  "All  sorts,"  it  might  sound  a  bit  vague  to 
you,  Del,  but  it  would  be  very  close  to  the  truth.  That's 
because  technical  sales  work  at  Du  Pont — bearing  in 
mind  the  great  diversity  of  products  we  have — is  broader 
in  scope  than  a  lot  of  other  technical  assignments,  and 
requires  additional  talents. 

Let's  suppose  that  one  of  Du  Font's  customers  is 
having  technical  difficulties — needs  help  in  adapting 
"Teflon"  to  a  specific  gasketing  apphcation,  for  exam- 
ple. When  our  sales  representative  calls,  he  naturally 
must  carry  with  him  the  engineering  knowledge  that's 
the  basis  for  sound  technical  advice — data  on  flexural 
fatigue,  chemical  passivity,  and  deformation  under  load. 
The  customer  is  receptive.  He  wants  to  make  a  better 
product,  increase  his  sales,  reduce  costs — or  do  all  three. 
Naturally,  he's  looking  for  reUable  technical  advice  and 
intelligent  actions  that  apply  to  his  specific  conditions. 
With  the  cooperation  of  the  customer  and  help  from 
our  own  research  people,  when  necessary,  the  problem 
will  sooner  or  later  be  "licked.'" 

We  have  found,  though,  that  if  a  technical  service 


mm 


BETTER     THINGS     FOR     BETTER     LIVING 
...THROUGH    CHEMISTRY 

WATCH  "cavalcade  OF  AMERICA"'  ON  TELEVISION 


man  is  going  to  be  truly  effective  in  such  a  situation,  he 
must  possess  certain  human  qualities  in  addition  to  his 
technical  abihty.  That  is,  he  must  really  like  people  and 
be  sincerely  interested  m  helping  them  solve  their  prob- 
lems. He  must — in  every  sense  of  the  word  —  be  an 
"ambassador"'  who  can  handle  human  relationships 
smoothly  and  effectively. 

Take  the  depth  suggested  by  this  simple  example, 
Del,  and  multiply  it  by  a  breadth  representing  all  the 
challenging  problems  you'll  run  into  with  Du  Font's 
diversity  of  products.  If  your  slide  rule  isn't  too  far  out 
of  aUgnment,  the  resulting  area  should  give  you  some 
idea  of  what  I  meant  by  "all  sorts"  of  work. 

Let  me  emphasize  one  more  point.  The  importance  of 
effective  sales  work  is  fully  understood  and  appreciated 
at  Du  Font!  In  the  past,  sales  work  has  been  one  of  the 
active  roads  to  top  management  jobs.  There  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  this  will  continue  in  the  future. 


Are  you  inclined  toward  sales  work?  There  are  four  main 
types  of  sales  activity  in  the  Du  Pont  Company — tech- 
nical sales  service,  sales  development,  market  research 
and  direct  selling.  Information  on  sales,  and  many  other 
facts  about  working  with  Du  Pont,  are  given  in  "The 
Du  Pont  Company  and  the  College  Graduate."  Write  for 
your  copy  of  this  free  36-page  booklet  to  E.  I.  du  Pont  de 
Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.),  2521  Nemours  Building,  Wilming- 
ton. Delaware. 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Kodak  engineers,  the  Ektioii  Detector 
permits  a  beam  of  light  to  eliminate  a 
moving  part.  The  "light,"  they  point 
out,  can  come  from  a  lamp  operated  so 
far  below  the  rated  current  that  the 
glow  is  invisible  and  lamp  life  is  there- 
fore unlimited.  Ektron  Detectors  were 
shown  at  the  convention  June  14  in  the 
fonii  of  multiple  arrays  of  as  many  as 
20  pinpoint  specks  of  lead  sulfide  on 
less  than  an  inch  of  glass.  These  are  in- 
tended to  operate  complex  combinations 
of  electrical  circuits  in  response  to  pro- 
jected patterns  of  light  or  heat  radia- 
tion. 


Cari 


loy 


Twenty  light-and-heat  sensitive  cells  are  contained  on  a  bit  of  gloss  ^j-inch 
long.  The  tiny  black  specks  lying  under  the  pencil  point  are  the  cells  them- 
selves. 


jects  without  physical  contact  and  over 
long  distances. 

Announcement  of  the  availability  of 
the  Ektron  Detectors  culminates  a  dec- 
ade of  research  by  a  team  of  scientists 
under  Dr.  G.  W.  Hammar.  Though  the 
cell  reaches  its  peak  of  sensitivity  in  the 
invisible  heat  rays  of  the  near-infrared, 
it  is  highly  sensitive  to  all  colors  of  vis- 
ible light  and  on  into  the  ultraviolet. 

As  a  demonstration  of  the  new  cell, 
Kodak  representatives  have  been  exhibit- 
ing a  small  box  that  emitted  squeals 
whenever  the  Ektron  Detector  on  it 
"saw"  the  bit  of  hot  ash  on  the  end  of 
a  cigarette.  It  also  squealed  loudly  when 
a  flashlight  was  pointed  at  it  with  bat- 
tery cells  so  weak  that  the  lamp  fila- 
ment scarcely  glowed. 

In  addition  to  its  possibilities  for  heat 
detection  devices  and  for  the  replace- 
ment of  present  types  of  "electric  eyes" 
in  rough-ser\ice  applications,  the  Kodak 
company  also  sees  a  strong  potential  for 
Ektron  Detectors  in  automatic  control 
of  chemical  processing  plant  operations 
and  in  complex  electrical  equipment 
where  mechanical  switching  devices  are 
too  bulky,  impractical,  or  insufficiently 
reliable. 

In  the  chemical  plant  applications,  the 
cells  could  automatically  monitor  the 
exact  composition  of  fluids  flowing 
through  pipes  and  process  vessels  on  the 
basis  of  the  characteristic  infrared 
"color"  of  the  various  components. 
Water   and   gasoline,    for   example,    are 


both  colorless  liquids  to  the  human  eye 
but  look  entirely  different  to  a  sensi- 
tive infrared  detector.  Very  fine  differ- 
ences between  chemicals  can  be  detected 
in  this  way. 

In    the    switch    applications,    say    the 


Coated  with  ice  at  45  degrees  below 
zero,  four  large  closed  pressure  tanks  of 
a  new  kind  of  steel  were  put  through 
dramatic  burst  and  impact  test  paces 
under  a  hot  summer  sun. 

The  vessels  were  made  of  a  new 
quenched  and  tempered  steel  known  as 
"Carilloy  T-1."  This  new  material  is 
the  product  of  United  States  Steel  Cor- 
poration's Research  Laboratory. 

The  tests  were  staged  in  an  open  area 
adjoining  the  plant  of  Chicago  Bridge 
and  Iron  Company.  Engineers  and  re- 
search experts  of  both  companies  took 
part  in  the  series  of  tests  before  an  audi- 
ence of  government  and  technical  code 
authorities,  representatives  of  the  Atomic 
Energy  Commission,  army  and  navy  of- 
ficers, as  well  as  the  heads  of  military 
and  civilian  aeronautical  groups. 

"Operation  T-1,"  as  the  test  series 
was  called,  ticked  off  with  the  precision 


Geyser  of  icy  calcium   chloride  brine 
degrees  below  zero,    is   burst  from    in 
square  inch. 


rises  as   big   steel    tank,   frozen    at  45 
ternal    pressure   of   2,850   pounds   per 


DECEMBER,   1954 


37 


NATURALLY,  the  reason  for  hiring  any  man  at 
Columbia-Southern®  is  that  we  believe  he  is 
qualified  for  one  of  a  variety  of  opportunities  the 
Corporation  offers.  We  want  men  for  whom  the 
first  job  is  merely  a  starting  point.  We  expect 
Columbia-Southern  to  continue  growing  and  we 
want  men  who  can  not  only  grow  with  the 
company,  but  who  can  eventually  contribute 
to  the  growth. 

Ultimate  advancement  at  Columbia-Southern 
does  not  depend  on  any  particular  type  of  tech- 
nical training.  Because  Columbia-Southern's 
operations  are  primarily  centered  around  chemical 
production  and  research,  more  chemists  and 
chemical  engineers  seek  employment  than  people 
with  other  kinds  of  training;  more  are  hired  and 
it  is  to  be  expected  that  more  hold  top  executive 
positions;  but  the  number  in  these  top  positions 
is  not  out  of  proportion  to  the  whole. 


Of  the  top  42  positions  in  the  Columbia-Southern 
organization,  for  example,  24  are  college  grad- 
uates uho  majored  in  chemical  engineering  or 
chemistry.  The  other  18  are  from  fields  as  varied 
as  civil  engineering,  forestry,  mechanical  en- 
gineering and  business  administration. 

We  believe  Columbia-Southern  is  a  good  place 
to  work  and  that  it  abounds  in  opportunity. 
Many  of  the  graduates  who  have  joined  Columbia- 
Southern  in  recent  years  said  they  did  so  only 
after  scouring  the  field.  And  their  feeling  is 
unanimous  today  that  they  made  a  wise  choice. 

If  you  have  the  urge  to  get  ahead,  we  want  you 
to  look  into  out  organization  because  one  thing 
is  certain:  Columbia-Southern  is  going  places. 
C'mon  along. 

For  further  information,  write  now,  Dept.  P 
at  our  Pittsburgh  address  or  any  of  the  plants. 


COLUMBIA-SOUTHEIVN 
CHEMICAL  COIVPOKATION 

SUBSIDIAR.Y  OF  PITTSBURGH  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY 

ONE    OATEWAY    CENTER.  ■  P1TTSBUR.CH   22  •  PENNSYLVANIA 


PLANTS:  Barberton,  Ohio  •  Bartlett,  California  •  Corpus  Christi,  Texas  •  lake  Charles,  Louisiana  •  Natrium,  West 
Virginia  •  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey  •  DISTRICT  OFFICES:  Boston  •  Charlotte  •  Chicago  •  Cincinnati  •  Cleveland 
Dallas  •  Houston  •  Minneapolis  •  New  Orleans  •  New  York  •  Philadelphia  •  Pittsburgh  •  St.  Louis  •  San  Francisco 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Jim  Hong,  Aerodynamics 
Division  head,  discusses 
results  of  high-speed  wind 
tunnel  research  on  drag 
of  straight  and  delta  Ming 
plan  forms  with  Richard 
Heppe,  Aerodynamics 
Department  head 
(standing),  and 
Aerodynamicist  Ronald 
Richmond  (seated  right). 


Lockheed  Expands 
Aerodynamics  Staff 


B  U  R  B  A  N  K 

DECEMBER,   1954 


LOCKHEED 

FT    CORPORATION 

CALIFORNIA 


AIRCRAFT    CORPORATION 


With  five  prototypes  already  in  or  near  flight  test,  Lockheed's 
Aerodynamics  Division  is  expanding  its  staff  to  handle 
greatly  increased  research  and  development  on  future  aircraft 
in  commercial  and  military  fields. 

The  five  prototypes,  which  show  the  breadth  and  versatility  of 
Lockheed  engineering,  are:  The  F-104  supersonic  superiority 
fighter;  XFV-1  vertical  rising  fighter;  C-130  U.S.A.F.  turbo-prop 
cargo  transport;  R7V-2  U.S.N,  turbo-prop  Super  Constellation 
transport;  and  an  advanced  jet  trainer  of  the  T-33  type. 

New  projects  now  in  motion  are  even  more  iliverslfied  and  offer  career-minded 

Aerodynamics  Engineers  and  .Aerodynamicists  unusual  opportunity  to: 

Create  supersonic  inlet  designs  for  flight  at  extremely  high  altitude;  match 

human  pilots  with  rapid  oscillations  of  supersonic  aircraft  at 

low  altitude;  develop  boundary  layer  control  systems  for  safe  take-off 

and  landing  of  fighters  and  transports;  remove  aileron  reversal 

and  tail  flutter  problems  incurred  in  high  speed  flight  through  analysis  and 

design;  participate  in  determining  configurations  of  turbo-prop 

and  jet  transports  and  advanced  fighters,  interceptors  and  bombers. 

Career  Positions  at  Lockheed 

Lockheed's  expanding  development  program  has  created  a  number 
of  positions  for  Aerodynamics  Engineers  and  Aerodynamicists 
to  perform  advanced  work. 

In  addition  Lockheed  has  positions  open  for  Electronics  Engineers, 
Thermodynamicists,  Flight  Test  Analysis  Engineers  and  Stress  and  Structures 
Engineers  to  perform  advanced  studies  on  such  diverse  projects  as: 
Applications  of  nuclear  energy  to  aircraft,  turbo-prop  and  jet  transports, 
bombers,  trainers,  supersonic  fighters  with  speeds  far  surpassing  those 
of  present-day  planes,  and  a  wide  range  of  classified  activities. 

Program  for  Advanced  Study  —  To  encourage  members  of  its  engineering 
staff  in  study  leading  to  advanced  degrees,  Lockheed  reimburses  50% 
of  the  tuition  fee  upon  successful  completion  of  each  course  relating  to 
the  engineer's  field  at  the  University  of  Southern  California  and 
University  of  California  at  Los  Angeles.  Both  universities  offer  a  wide 
night  school  curriculum  in  science  and  engineering. 


39 


of  a  military  maneuver,  but  behind  the 
scenes  long  hours  of  hard  work  were 
required  to  bring  the  steel  of  the  tanks 
down  to  the  low  temperature  required. 
They  were  cooled  by  pumping  into 
them  hundreds  of  gallons  of  calcium 
chloride  brine  chilled  by  dry  ice. 

Two  seperate  test  methods — burst 
tests  and  drop  impact  tests — were  used 
to  demonstrate  the  strength  and  tough- 
ness of  the  steel.  Two  burst  tests  were 
made  on  alternate  days  to  determine  how 
much  internal  pressure  the  tanks  could 
withstand  before  they  burst.  In  the  drop 
tests  a  new  method  of  testing  full-scale 
vessels  was  used.  A  26,700-pound  steel 
weight  was  let  fall  upon  the  tanks  from 
heights  of  52,  73  and  101  feet  to  show 
the  toughness  of  the  steel  at  low  tem- 
peratures. Internal  pressure  in  the  drop 
tests  was  1,875  pounds  were  square 
inch. 

Outwardly,  when  ready  for  the  tests 
the  four  tanks  appeared  identical — 20 
feet  long,  including  their  hemispherical 
ends,  and  48  inches  in  diameter,  made 
from  steel  plates  3/2-inch  thick,  crusted 
with  white  frost,  but  the  Uvo  tanks 
tested  the  first  day  were  not  "stress  re- 
lieved," that  is,  they  were  in  the  natural 
condition,  as  welded.  Those  of  the  sec- 
ond day's  tests  had  been  "stress  relieved" 
or  given  a  special  heat  treatment  follow- 
ing their  fabrication  so  that  internal 
stresses  caused  by  the  fabrication  and 
welding  were  minimized.  The  objective 
was  to  compare  how  both  kinds  of  tanks 
would  react  to  the  same  tests. 

Results  of  the  tests  performed  on  the 
four  tanks  were  as  follows : 

1.  Burst  test  non-stress  relieved  ves- 
sel at  45  degrees  below  zero,  2850 
pounds  per  square  inch  internal  pressure 
at  moment  of  burst. 

2.  Drop  test  non-stress  relieved  ves- 
sel at  45  degrees  below  zero,  26,700- 
pound  weight  dropped  from  101  feet 
caused  break. 

3.  First  test  on  stress  relieved  vessel 
at  45  degrees  below  zero,  2850  pounds 
per  square  inch  internal  pressure  at 
moment  of  burst. 

4.  Drop  test  on  stress  relieved  vessel 
at  45  degrees  below  zero,  26,700-pound 
weight  dropped  from  101  feet  caused 
break. 

At  intervals  throughout  the  test  pe- 
riods girth  measurements  of  the  tanks 
were  made  and  recorded  to  show  swell- 
ing and  deformation. 

Results  of  the  burst  and  drop  tests 
were  spectacular.  The  steel  showed  tre- 
mendous toughness  even  at  the  very  low 
test  temperature.  Yellow  calcium  chlor- 
ide brine  gushed  like  a  geyser  from  a 
hole  burst  in  the  tank. 

When  the  drop  tests  were  completed 
the  tanks  had  amply  demonstrated  their 
abilitv  to  withstand  tremendous  shock. 


This  model  of  an  automotive  cylinder  bore  gaging  and  classifying  machine 
is  the  latest  addition  to  the  automotive  industry  with  a  rated  capacity  of 
two  engine  blocks  per  minute. 


Bore  Gaging  Machine 

Two  engine  blocks  per  minute !  That's 
the  rated  capacity  at  lOO*";  efficiency  of 
the  latest  model  automotive  cylinder 
bore  gaging  and  classifying  machine  de- 
signed and  manufactured  by  the  Shef- 
field Corporation. 

This  unique  machine  is  used  to  simul- 
taneously measure  and  classify  bore  dia- 
meters in  a  six  cylinder  engine  block, 
to  inspect  out-of-roundness  and  taper, 
and  to  stamp  the  classification  of  each 
bore  on  the  block.  Bore  are  divided  into 
10  classes  with  a  .0003  difference  be- 
tween each  class.  Classifying  bore  dia- 
meters in  this  manner  permits  selective 
matching  of  pistons  to  bores  during  as 
sembly. 

Six  air  spindles,  each  having  two  dia- 
metrically opposed  air  jets  at  four  posi- 
tions along  its  length,  are  motorized  for 
rapid  travel  into  and  out  of  the  block. 
They  explore  the  bores  to  full  depth. 
Each  pair  of  air  jets  is  connected  to  a 
glass  column  in  the  24  column  Precision- 
aire.  The  positions  of  the  floats  in  the 
Precisionaire  instantly  indicates  any 
taper,  out-of-roundess,  or  deviation  in 
diameter.  A  semi-automatic  stamping  de- 
vice mounted  above  each  bore  marks 
the  bore  class  on  the  block  opposite  each 
bore. 

If,  on  occasion,  a  bore  may  taper  too 
much  or  contain  an  obstruction  restrict- 
ing the  upward  movement  of  the  air 
spindle,  the  cycle  is  stopped  automatical- 


ly  and   a   red    light   indicates   the   faulty 
bore. 

When  the  spindles  are  fully  extended 
into  the  bores,  a  manually  operated  lever 
may  be  used  to  rotate  them  simultane- 
ously 180  degrees  to  check  out-of-round- 
ness. Taper  is  indicated  by  comparison 
of  four  float  positions  for  each  of  the 
six  cvlinder  bores. 


God  made  a  machine,  the  machine 
made  men. 

Doctors,  lawyers,  priests,  and  then. 

The  devil  got  in  and  stripped  the 
gears 

An  turned  out  the  first  batch  of  en- 
gineers. 


The  difference  between  a  dress-tie 
and  a  noose  is  that  one  is  \x-orn  without 
a  collar. 


Clergyman — A    man    who    works    to 
beat  hell. 


Mary:  "Bo\-,  you  have  to  hand  it  to 
Bill  when  it  conies  to  petting.  " 
Betty:  "Why,  is  he  lazy?" 


Say  it  with  flowers,  say  it  with  sweets. 
Say  it  with  kisses,  say  it  with  eats. 

Say  it  with  jewelry,  say  it  with  drink. 
But  never,  oh  never,  say  it  with  ink. 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


yiuse 
this  simple 
fastener? 


No  threading,  peening  or  precision 
drilling  with  ROLLPIN 


Rollpin  is  driven  into  holes 

drilled  to  normal  production- 
line  tolerances. 


Rollpin  is  the  slotted  tubular  steel  pin  with  chamfered  ends  that  is 
cutting  production  and  maintenance  costs  in  every  class  of  industry. 
This  modern  fastener  drives  easily  into  standard  holes,  com- 
pressing as  driven.  Its  spring  action  locks  it  in  place— regardless  of 
impact  loading,  stress  reversals  or  severe  vibration.  Rollpin  is 
readily  removable  and  can  be  re-used  in  the  same  hole. 


If  you  use  locating  dowels,  hinge  pins,  rivets,  set  screws  — or 
straight,  knurled,  tapered  or  cotter  type  pins  — Rollpin  can  cut 
your  costs.  Mail  our  coupon  for  design  information. 


Rollpin  fits  flush  ...  is  vibration-proof. 


a  dowel 

DECEMBER,   1954 


Elastic  Stop  Nut  Corporation  of  America 

Dept.  R16-CM,  2330  Vauxhall  Road,  Unon,  N.  J. 

Please  send  me  the  following  free  fastening  information: 

□  Rollpin  bulletin  □   Here    is    a    drawing    of    our 

product.     What     fastener 
n   Elastic  Stop  Nut  bulletin  would   you   suggest? 


Name^ 
firm 


_Tit;e_ 


S(reel_ 
City 


_S(ofe_ 


41 


The  Senior  Staff  of  The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation, 

shown  above,  is  comprised  of  scientists,  engineers,  and  science 
administrators  with  outstanding  records  of  past  performance 
in  positions  of  responsibility.  By  means  of  meetings  of  the  entire 
group,  supplemented  by  frequent  smaller  sessions,  these  key 
men  participate  actively  in  the  establishment  of  company  plans 
and  policies. 

Existing  project  commitments  require  that  the  current  rapid 
rate  of  expansion  of  the  company  continue  throughout  the 
coming  year.  Unusual  opportunities,  encompassing  a  wide 
variety  of  challenging  research  and  development  problems, 
exist  for  additional  scientists  and  engineers  who  would  like  to 
participate  in  the  development  of  a  company  in  w  hich,  from  the 
outset,  all  features  of  the  organization  and  of  the  operational 
procedures  are  designed  to  be  as  appropriate  as  possible  to  their 
special  needs. 


1.  Dr.  Burton  F.  Miller 

2.  Dr.  James  C.  Fletcher 

3.  Robert  B.  Muchmore 

4.  Dr.  John  M.  Richardson 

5.  Dr.  Howard  S.  Siefert 

6.  Robert  J.  Barrett,  Jr. 

7.  Williom  B.  Hebenstreit 

8.  Dr.  Ralph  P.  Johnson 

9.  Jack  H.  Irving 

10.  Dr.  Louis  G.Dunn 

11.  Dr.  Eldred  C.  Nelson 

12.  A.  J.  F.  Clement 

13.  Dr.  Milton  U.  Clauser 

14.  V.  G.  Nielsen 

15.  Dr.  Eugene  M.  Grabbe 

16.  Marion  F.  Thorne 

17.  Dr.  Robert  R.  Bennett 

18.  Robert  J.  Might 

19.  Dr.  Andrew  Vazsonyi 

20.  Emory  Lokatos 

21.  Richard  A.  Hortley 

22.  Dr.  Howard  L.  Engel 

23.  Dr.  Donald  L.  Drukey 


The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 

8820  BELUNCA  AVENUE,  LOS  ANGELES  45,   CALIFORNIA, 


POSITIONS  ARE 

AVAILABLE  FOR 

SCIENTISTS  AND 

ENGINEERS  IN 

THESE  FIELDS  OF 

CURRENT  ACTIVITY 


Guided  Missile  Research  and  Development 
Digital  Computer  Research  and  Development 
Business  Date  Systems  Development 
Rodor  and  Control  Systems  Development 
Communication  Systems  Development 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Theory  Versus  Practice 


by  Loyal  Clarke 


It  has  long  been  known  that  theoreti- 
cal developments  lead  eventually  to  new 
practices  in  industry.  This  was  impressed 
on  me  in  my  college  training.  Experi- 
ence has  strengthened  this  conviction. 

Why  eventually?  Why  not  now? 
Why  should  there  so  often  be  such  a 
wide  gap  between  theoretical  progress 
and  its  practical  application? 

Shortly  after  graduation  I  made  a 
number  of  suggestions  to  a  stubborn 
practical  engineer.  Whether  the  sugges- 
tio[i  was  good,  bad,  or  indifferent,  his 
comment  was  always,  "That's  good  in 
theory  but  not  in  practice."  So  one  day 
I  replied,  "If  something  is  really  good 
in  theory,  it  is  good  in  practice;  if  the 
theory  is  right,  practice  is  wrong;  if 
practice  is  correct,  the  theory  is  wrong. 
A  theory  that  does  not  improve  practice 
is  useless.  '  He  replied.  "Then  there 
must  be  a  lot  of  rotten  theories."  There 
are  indeed  a  lot  of  incorrect  or  mislead- 
ing theories.  Even  a  good  theory  can 
fail  because  of  its  improper  usage.  A 
proper  application  cannot  be  made  un- 
less the  theory  applies  to  plant  condi- 
tions and  takes  economic  factors  into 
consideration. 

What  are  the  pitfalls  for  application 
of  theory?  Occasionally,  a  theory  may 
be  entirely  correct.  More  often  it  is  not 
sufficiently  complete.  The  ideal  condi- 
tions for  which  it  was  derived  may  dif- 
fer considerably  from  plant  conditions 
and  therefore  not  apply.  Still  more  often 
good  theories  are  manhandled,  i.e.,  im- 
properly used.  I'll  ha\e  more  to  say 
about  these  later.  First,  let's  talk  about 
the  most  common  pitfall  of  all. 

Failure  to  fully  consider  costs  has  led 
to  countless  disasters. 

A  classic  example  is  the  story  of  a 
tung  oil  pressing  plant  built  in  China 
back  in  the  "twenties."  For  centuries 
the  Chinese  coolies  had  been  pressing 
tung  oil  by  driving  wedges  into  logs, 
putting  seeds  into  the  split,  and  then  re- 
moving the  wedges.  A  young  chemical 
engineer  reasoned,  correctly,  that  this 
was  a  poor  method  of  pressing — high 
labor  and  low  yield.  So  he  built  a  mod- 
ern hydraulic  pressing  plant  and  went 
broke.  His  power,  maintenance,  and  cap- 
ital costs  far  exceeded  the  costs  of  Chi- 
nese coolie  labor. 

Yes,  this  was  a  freak  condition,  but 
the  same  type  of  thing  often  happens  in 
our  modern  industry.  The  large  Fisch- 
er-Tropsh  plant  was  recenth'  shut  down 


at  a  loss  of,  perhaps,  $75,()00,()1)().  Just 
a  few  years  ago  another  petro-ciienu'cal 
plant  failed  and  several  millions  of  dol- 
lars were  lost. 

What  is  efficiency?  Any  engineer  can 
define  the  mechanical  efficiency  of  a 
pump.  Is  a  pump  of  the  highest  mechan- 
ical efficiency  the  most  efficient  to  in- 
stall ?  Probably  not.  The  management  is 
interested  in  the  total  cost  of  the  opera- 
tion. This  total  cost  includes  operating 
labor,  maintenance,  interest  or  borrowed 
capital.  Thus,  in  some  instances  a  cheap 
pump  would  be  chosen.  In  others  an 
expensive  pump  would  be  chosen  with 
special  features  such  as  mechaiu'cal  seals 
or  corrosion-resistant  alloys.  In  any 
event  the  mechanical  efficienc\'  is  only 
one  of  many  factors. 

A  practical  plant  criterion  is  "the 
most  for  the  least.  "  This,  in  my  opinion, 
is  equally  sound  in  theory.  Acceptance 
of  this  philosophy  means  that  power  is 
frequently  sacrificed  to  lower  capital 
costs  or  to  reduce  maintenance.  A  par- 
ticular type  of  efficiency  is  sacrificed  to 
save  money.  What  does  this  saving  in 
money  represent?  It  means  less  steel, 
fabrication  labor  and  operating  labor: 
it  allows  better  utilization  of  available 
capital.  To  put  this  another  way,  the 
average  efficiency  in  the  use  of  all  our 
country's  resources  can  be  improved  by 
tempering  the  desire  for  particular 
forms  of  efficiencies  to  improve  others. 
Cost  factors,  properly  used,  afford  a 
reasonable  measuer  of  the  overal  effici- 
ency. 

A  theory  may  be  correct  but  not  suf- 
ficiently general  to  apply  as  we  might 
wish.  When  I  went  to  college  we  were 
given  a  formula  for  filtration  rates,  a 
useful  formula  that  gave  satisfactory  re- 
sults for  most  cases.  The  filtration  of 
some  solids  (such  as  those  removed  from 
vegetable  oils)  completely  ignored  the 
theory.  Wh>?  The  fornuila  was  b,-ised 
on  an  incompressible  cake  but  some  sol- 
ids form  compre.ssible  cakes.  Since  then, 
theory  has  been  extended  to  include  al- 
lowance for  the  missing  factor. 

Shortly  after  marriage  I  told  m\  wife 
not  to  boil  the  potatoes  so  fast.  Since 
water  boils  at  212°F  the  potatoes  wouKI 
cook  equally  fast  if  boiled  slo\\'ly.  She 
promptly  demonstrated  that  potatoes 
cook  faster  when  boiled  rapidly.  Agita- 
tion by  rapid  boiling  improves  the  heat 
transfer. 

It  is  common  practice  to  design  cool- 


ers and  heaters  from  theoretical  calcu- 
lations. This  acceptance  is  natural  be- 
cause the  calculated  rate  of  heat  transfer 
is  nearly  always  within  a  few  per  cent 
of  that  observed  for  new  equipment. 
After  a  limited  period  of  service,  the 
rate  may  drop  due  to  solid  forming  de- 
posits on  the  tubes,  shutting  <iown  an 
operation  befcjre  tiie  schedided  shutdown 
period.  This  would  increase  maintenance 
costs  and  upset  the  general  maintenance 
shop  schedules.  The  reduction  of  heat 
transfer  by  fouling  is  not  susceptible  to 
theoretical  treatment,  but  empirical  foul- 
ing factors  have  been  developed  from 
experience  and  acceptd  by  theoretically 
minded  people.  Many  such  factors  of 
safety  are  used  in  equipment  design  an<i 
specifications. 

Thus  before  an  application  of  theory 
is  attempted  careful  consideration  of  a 
number  of  factors  should  be  made.  Care 
should  be  taken  that  the  theory  is  ap- 
plicable to  the  actual  conditions.  Proper 
safety  factors  to  cover  any  uncertainties 
should  be  included.  Finally,  an  overall 
benefit  for  the  ultimate  objective  must 
be  shown.  A  better  product  at  low  co.>t 
is  the  most  common  objective. 

Modern  industry  is  complex  and  it  is 
seldom  that  one  person  can  evaluate  all 
the  ramifications  of  even  his  own  ideas. 
Rather,  a  new  idea  is  turned  over  to 
many  people.  One  should  welcome  this 
review  even  though  often  the  idea  may 
receive  unfair  treatment.  More  often, 
the  reviewers  will  reject  the  idea  be- 
cause it  has  disadvantages  that  were  not 
at  first  evident.  It  may  be  a  good  idea 
but  just  a  little  short  on  economic  ad- 
vantage and  therefore  be  sidetracked  for 
more  promising  developments. 

Lnfair  treatment  of  new  ideas  is  in- 
deed common — some  people  are  down- 
right prejudiced  against  new  ideas  other 
than  their  own.  Others  are  too  conserva- 
tive and  very  hesitant  in  approving  new 
projects  even  after  it  has  been  demon- 
strated that  the  project  looks  favorable 
and  is  a  good  "calculated  risk"  for  capi- 
tal investment. 

How  can  we  combat  this  prejudice 
and  inertia?  I  think  it  is  a  hazard  of 
our  trade,  something  that  we  nuist  live 
with.  At  least,  we  can  do  nuich  to  mini- 
mize it  and  can  make  much  progress, 
despite  the  inertia,  through  patience  and 
understanding. 

Consider  an  engineer  who  has  de- 
\elopeii  a  new  process  anil  had  the  pleas- 
ure of  seeing  it  operate  satisfactorily  and 
make  mone\-.  Of  this  he  should  be  proud. 
I  nless  he  is  unusually  broad  minded. 
this  pride  may  blind  him  to  the  possi- 
bilities for  improvement  and  to  the  weak- 
ness of  his  past  work.  During  the  course 
of  <le\elopment  he  probably  tried  many 
ideas  that  failed.  He  knows  that  a  new- 
idea  represents  a  new  gamble  and  unless 


DECEMBER,   1954 


43 


the  expected  benefits  are  very  high  in- 
deed, he  may  be  slow  to  take  the  gam- 
ble. When  the  plant  is  in  trouble  or  a 
new  process  is  to  be  installed,  then  the 
same  man  will  show  interest  in  new 
ideas.  At  those  times  of  dire  need,  the 
men  with  good  ideas  have  a  good  op- 
portunity to  secure  the  confidence  of 
the  hard-bitten  administrators.  At  times 
like  these  a  file  of  ideas  is  valuable. 
Then,  too,  there  are  very  few  so  com- 
pletely opposed  to  change  as  they  first 
appear.  Indeed  no  one  can  maintain  a 
reputation  by  rejecting  all  progressive 
ideas. 

So,  by  a  reasonable  balance  between 
patience  and  impatience  you,  who  are 
full  of  new  ideas,  can  look  forward  to 
seeing  many  of  them  put  into  practice. 
You  can  best  promote  an  idea  if  you  give 
careful  consideration  to  all  competing 
theories,  practical  aspects,  and  weak 
points  before  advancing  it  and  then 
listening  eagerly  to  the  comments.  Care- 
ful listening  may  permit  still  further 
improvement.  One  who  suggests  an  im- 
provement should  be  as  zealous  in  im- 
proving his  own  ideas  as  he  is  in  chang- 
ing another's.  Most  of  all,  keep  plug- 
ging and  don't  allow  any  kidder  or 
vicious  plant  engineer  to  destroy  your 
initiative.  All  too  often  young  engineers 
are  "beat  down"  during  their  training 
period.  They  too  follow  only  "the  book" 
of  standard  practice  and  become  just  the 
type  that  they  had  earlier  detested. 

Sure  I  know  that  it  is  discouraging 
to  see  good  ideas  shoved  unceremonious- 
ly into  the  waste  basket,  or  to  be  told 
that  your  idea  had  been  rejected  five 
years  earlier.  So  what?  You  have  many 
years  ahead,  and  many,  many  more  dis- 
appointments mixed  with  your  achieve- 


ments. 

As  a  further  example,  permit  me  to 
reminisce  over  an  old  friend  and  former 
boss  of  mine,  the  late  Mr.  J.  L.  Schlitt. 
He  once  said  in  jesting  "It  doesn't  make 
any  difference  whether  we  hire  a  chem- 
ist, a  chemical  engineer,  or  a  mechani- 
cal engineer,  it  still  taks  him  five  years 
to  learn  that  the  piping  costs  too  much." 
This  has  all  the  ring  of  a  remark  of  a 
hard-bitten  practical  man.  Yet,  he  was 
one  of  the  most  profoundly  theoretical 
men  that  I  have  known.  He  designed 
a  complete  ethylene  separation  unit  in- 
volving the  closely  interlocked  operation 
of  four  distillation  columns,  t^vo  refrig- 
eration systems,  many  heat  exchangers 
and  enough  instruments  to  fill  a  thirty- 
foot  panel.  This  was  a  paper  design 
based  on  somewhat  incomplete  data.  Yet, 
as  designed,  the  pilot  plant  made  99. 8*^; 
ethylene  at  85';  recovery,  meeting  de- 
sign conditions.  It  was  difficult  to  put 
the  plant  in  operation  and  its  control 
was  sensitive,  so  he  reached  into  his  file 
of  calcidations,  already  prepared  for  such 
contingencies.  From  about  twenty  pos- 
sible alternates,  he  chose  two  involving 
minor  alterations.  These  two  changes 
were  made  and  no  more  were  ever  need- 
ed. Yes,  Mr.  Schlitt  knew  his  theory. 
He  knew  it  so  well  that  he  appreciated 
all  its  limitations  and  uncertainties. 

During  my  lifetime  I  have  seen  many 
reconciliations  of  theory  and  practice 
and  many  failures.  I  believe  that  the 
competition  between  the  two  has  become 
less  bitter  and  more  friendly. 

Probably  the  competition  will  never 
end  ;  but  this  is  good,  for  the  reconcilia- 
tion of  theory  and  practice  affords  a 
continuing  challenge  to  engineers  of  all 
ages. 


SOLUTION: 

How  Many  Cigarettes? 

If  n  is  the  number  of  cigarettes  whicl 
the  Chesterfield  man  now  has,  thei 
2y2n  -\-  2j/2  is  the  number  he  original 
ly  had.  A  check  on  the  possible  value 
of  n  shows  that  there  must  originall 
have  been  either  15  or  20  Chesterfield; 
If  there  were  20  Chesterfields,  thei 
n  =  7  and  13  Chesterfields  are  smoked 
This  is  impossible  since  the  man  wh 
smokes  Luckies  smokes  2  more,  doesn' 
smoke  his  total  supply,  and  can  not  hav 
more  than  1 5.  Therefore,  there  are  1 
Chesterfields.  Ten  Chesterfields  ar 
smoked.  This  means  that  there  must  b 
more  than  12  Luckies.  The  only  pos 
sible  number  is  20. 

Reilly  must  have  either  6  or  8  cig 
arettes,  since  he  must  smoke  half  o 
them  and  more  than  half  of  the  20  ar 
smoked.  Five  Kools  (the  only  tippe 
cigarette  in  the  group)  are  smokec 
Therefore  Reilh'  must  smoke  4  of  th 
8  cigarettes  he  started  with.  Turnc 
starts  with  6  Kools. 

Brown  has  3  cigarettes  due  to  th 
limited  number  of  aces  in  the  deck.  Th 
man  who  has  20  Luckies  is  not  Perkin 
and  therefore  must  be  Jones.  Perkin 
will  have  15  Chesterfields.  Brown  doe 
not  cmoke  Camels  ( from  statement  8 
and  therefore  must  smoke  Old  Gold; 
Reilly  smokes  Camels. 

Xame  Xumbcr  Bran, 

Brown  3  Old  Gold 

Perkins  15  Chesterfield 

Turner  6  Kool 

[ones  20  Luckic 

Reillv  8  Camel 


HIistory 

^^^    WITH 

Standards 


HOW  A  COMMON  HOUSEHOLD  PROBLEM  INSPIRED 
A  19TH  CENTURY  TOOLMAKER 

The  candle  that  doesn't  fit  into  the  candle-holder  has  Ion 
been  an  annoyance  to  householders.  This  problem  was  taken  u 
early  in  his  career  by  Joseph  Whitworth  (1803-1887),  great  Man 
Chester  engineer  and  toolmaker — later,  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth — wh 
was  probably  the  first  British  engineer  to  preach  standardization  a 
a  means  of  obtaining  interchaneability.  Whitworth  illustrated  hi 
thesis  by  pointing  out  a  need  that  everyone  could  feel  and  undei 
stand — the  need  of  standard  sizes  for  candle-butts  and  candle 
sticks. 

Whitworth  later  developed  a  system  of  st.indard  gages  tha 
was  ividely  used  in  British  industry.  In  1841,  in  a  paper  read  he 
fore  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  he  urged  the  adoption  i 
Britain  of  a  uniform  system  of  screw  threads  in  place  of  the  variou 
different  pitches  and  dimensions  then  used.  His  thread  design  be 
came  known  as  the  Whitworth  Thread  and  was  adopted  both  i 
Britain    and   on    the   continent. 

In  19+8,  after  more  than  thirty  years  of  negotiation,  Americ: 
Britain,  and  Canada  agreed  to  merge  the  Whitworth  Thread  ani 
the  American  Standard  Thread  into  a  Unified  System  of  Scre\ 
Threads.  It  is  the  thread  now  used  in  virtually  all  military  e(|uip 
ment  and  in  most  of  the  civilian  goods  produced  by  the  thre 
countries. 

Candle-butts  and  candle-sticks  have  been  standardized  to  som 
degree,  but  time  and  technologv  have  made  this  problem  somewha 
less  acute  than  it  was  when  Whitworth  studied   it  in   1830. 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPl 


A  nothei'  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  to  increase  bevel 
gear  life 

The  shafts  that  hold  the  bevel  gears  in  this 
farm  machine  gear  box  carry  two  kinds  of 
loads.  Loads  from  the  bevel  gears  run  I ) 
along  the  shaft  and  2  )  at  right  angles  to  it. 
Timken-  bearings,  being  tapered,  carry  both 
loads  at  once,  hold  gears  rigidlv  in  place. 
Perfect  tooth-mesh  is  maintained;  gears  last 
longer. 


How  TIMKEN  bearings 
hold  shafts  rigid 

The  line  contact  between  rollers  and  races  of 
Timken  bearings  gives  shafts  rigid  support  over  a 
wide  area.  Shaft  deflection  is  minimized.  And  end- 
play  is  eliminated  because  the  tapered  design  of 
Timken  bearings  lets  them  take  radial  and  thrust 
loads  in  anv  combination. 


TIMKEN 


AOr  MAIK    l[. 


TAPERED  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more  about 
bearings  or  job  opportunities? 

Many  of  the  engineering  problems  vou'll  face  after 
graduation  will  involve  bearing  ap- 
plications. For  help  in  learning  more 
about  bearings,  write  for  the  2  70- 
page  General  Information  Manual 
on  Timken  bearings.  And  for  infor- 
mation about  the  excellent  job  op- 
portunities at  the  Timken  Company, 
write  for  a  copy  of  "This  Is  Timken". 
The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Com- 
pany, Canton  6,  Ohio. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  a=)  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  or:^ 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  (|)  AND  THRUST  --ID-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


DECEMBER,   1954 


45 


paved  invitation 

This  is  the  front  door  to  one  of  the  most  exciting 
developments  in  the  aircraft  industry  today... 
the  development  of  a  top  team  of  Martin  scientists, 
physicists  and  engineers  to  carry  on  a  planned, 
long-range,  top  secret  program. 

Never  before  has  there  been  such  an  opportunity 
— and  invitation— to  creative  engineers. 


BALTIMORE    ■    MARYLAND 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPI 


MOST   OF   THE    RESEARCH    WORK  that  led  to  the  development  of 

Ullraforming  —  a  more  efficient  and  econoinical  refining  process — took 
place  in  the  Whiting  research  laboratories  of  Standard  Oil,  above. 
Extensive  studies  in  seventeen  research-scale  units  demonstrated 
the  merits  of  cyclic  regeneration. 


Standard  Oil  scientists  develop  Ultrafforming-- 

the  latest  in  catalytic  reforming 


After  several  years  of  research.  Standard  Oil 
scientists  have  developed  a  new  and  important 
refining  process  —  Ultraforming. 

The  process  is  a  better  way  of  improving  the 
low-octane  straight-run  gasoline  found  in  crude 
oil.  To  make  such  gasoline  suitable  for  present 
day  cars,  refiners  must  change  it  into  an  en- 
tirely different  material,  which  gives  good  anti- 
knock p>erformance.  The  change  is  known  as 
reforming. 

Ultraforming  is  the  last  word  in  catalytic 
reforming.  It  gives  greater  yields  of  higher 
octane  gasoline  than  were  previously  possible 
and  gets  good  results  even  with  poor  feed 
stocks.  In  addition,  it  raises  the  yield  of 
hydrogen,  an  increasingly  valuable  by-product 
of  catalytic  reforming. 


Ultraforming  units  do  not  have  to  be  shut 
down  when  the  catalyst  begins  to  lose  activity 
through  use.  By  a  new  technique,  an  im- 
proved platinum  catalyst  is  regenerated  to 
maintain  peak  performance. 

T^e  advantages  of  Ultraforming  over  pre- 
vious methods  are  so  great  that  Standard  Oil 
and  its  subsidiary  companies  are  building  units 
at  four  refineries.  They  will  start  operating 
this  year.  The  new  process,  of  course,  is  avail- 
able to  the  petroleum  industry  through  licens- 
ing arrangements. 

At  Standard  Oil,  young  engineers  and  chem- 
ists work  with  the  stimulating  knowledge  that 
they  are  participating  in  important  and  last- 
ing contributions  to  the  oil  industry  and  to 
their  country. 


Standard  Oil  Company     (^dard) 


910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicogo  80,  Illinois 


DECEMBER,   1954 


47 


TECHNOCRACKS 


Any  person  who  claims  that  it  is  ini- 
po.jsible  to  attain  absolute  zero  hasn't 
taken  a  quiz  in  thermo  lately. 


In  golf,  it's  distance. 
In  a  cigarette,  it's  taste. 
In  a  Crosley,  it's  impossible. 

»        *        * 

Engineering  students  are  baffled  by 
the  fact  that  often  the  girls  with  the 
most  streamlined  sliapes  oli'er  the  most 
resistance. 

*       -»       * 

If  every  boy  in  the  U.  S.  could  read 
c\ery  girl's  mind,  the  gasoline  consump- 
tion would  drop  off  fifty  per  cent. 
»       *       -* 

We  heard  about  a  wedding  where  the 
bride  carried  Four  Roses — rather  well. 


THE  CHAMPION 

Three  small  boys  were  bragging  about 
the  prowess  of  their  dads.  The  first  boy 
said:  "My  dad  writes  out  a  few  short 
lines,  calls  it  poem,  sends  it  away  and 
gets  ten  dollars  for  it." 

"My  dad,"  spoke  up  the  second  lad," 
makes  some  dots  on  a  piece  of  paper, 
calls  it  a  song,  sends  it  away  and  gets 
twenty-five  dollars  for  it.  " 

That's  nothing,"  spoke  up  the  third, 
"my  father  writes  a  sermon  on  a  sheet 
of  paper,  gets  up  in  the  pulpit  and  reads 
it  and  it  takes  four  men  to  bring  in  the 
money." 

-*       *       *• 

In  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth  'tis 
said,  some  of  the  ladies  of  the  court  liked 
to  curl  up  with  a  good  book,  while 
others  preferred  individual  pages. 


Temperance  lecturer:  "And  in  con- 
clusion, my  dear  fellows,  I  will  give  you 
a  practical  demonstration  of  the  evils  of 
liquor. 

"I  have  here  on  the  table  two  glasses. 
One  is  filled  with  whiskey,  the  other  is 
filled  with  water.  I  will  now  place  an 
angle  worm  in  the  glass  of  water.  See 
how  it  lives,  squirms,  vibrates  with  the 
very  spark  of  life? 

"Now,  I  place  a  worm  in  a  glass  of 
whiskey.  See  how  it  curls  up,  writhes 
in  agony,  and  finally  dies.  Now  young 
man,"  pointing  to  a  student  in  the  front 
row,  "what  moral  do  you  get  from  this 
story?" 

McKenzie:  "If  you  don't  want 
worms,  drink  whiskey." 


Someone  remarked  the  other  day  that 
a  debutante  is  just  a  young  tomato  with 
lots  of  lettuce. 


Carl:  "What  is  the  most  beautiful 
thing  in  the  world  ?  " 

Tom:  "I  say  a  beautiful  woman  is 
the  most  beautiful  thing  in  the  world." 

Ben:  "I  claim  that  sleep  is  the  most 
beautiful  thing." 

Carl:  "Ah.  next  to  a  beautiful  woman 
sleep  is." 


She  was  a  secondhand-furniture  deal- 
er's daughter.  That's  why  she  wouldn't 
allow  much  on  the  davenport. 


Then  there's  the  little  farm  girl  who 
always  went  out  with  city  fellers  be- 
cause farm  hands  were  too  rough. 


Miss:  "I  told  him  that  I  worshipped 
my  figure,  and  he  tried  to  embrace  my 
religion.  " 


Teacher:  "Now,  Johnny,  if  I  lay  two 
eggs  here  and  three  over  there,  how 
many  will  there  be  all  together?" 

Johnny:  "Personally,  I  don't  think 
you  can  do  it.  " 


"Let's  make  a  date  for  Saturday." 
"I  have  a  date  for  Saturday." 
"Then  let's  make  it  Sunday." 
"I'm  going  out  of  town  Sunday.' 
"How  about   Monday?" 
"Oh,  hell,   I'll  go  Saturday." 


"Now  that  we're  engaged,  darling, 
you're  going  to  give  me  a  ring,  aren't 
you?" 

"Sure  kid,  what's  your  phone  num- 
ber?" 


Prof.  Yanosik:  "Give  me  an  example 
of  an  imaginary  spheroid." 
M.  E. :  "A  rooster's  egg." 


She:  "My  lawyer  told  me  to  say  No 
to  everything." 

He:  "Do  you  mind  if  I  hold  your 
hand?" 

She:  "No." 

He:  "Do  you  mind  if  I  pur  my  arm 
around  vou?" 

She:  "No." 

He:  "We're  really  going  to  have  fun 
if  you're  on  the  level  about  this." 


June  (a  bride)  was  showing  her 
uncle  over  their  new  home. 

"This  is  my  room.  Uncle.  You  see  we 
have  twin  beds:  they  are  so  much  more 
hygenic.  That  is  Harry's  and  this  is 
mine.  " 

Then  the  uncle  noticed  a  blue  china 
clock  on  the  mantel  and  remarked, 
"What  a  charming  clock." 

"Yes,"  replied  June,  "it's  a  wedding 
present  from  dear  Grandma." 

A  few  weeks  later  the  uncle  received 
a  note  from  Jime  telling  how  the  blue 
clock  had  disappeared  the  very  after- 
noon he  was  there.  Could  he  throw  any 
light  on  the  subject? 

The  uncle  answered  by  return  mail. 
"Dear  June,  look  in  Harry's  bed." 


A  fellow  we  know  has  a  broken  arm 
received  for  fighting  for  a  woman's 
honor.  It  seems  she  wanted  to  keep  it. 


Student:  "How  is  steel  wool  ob- 
tained?" 

Professor:  "By  shearing  hydraulic 
rams." 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


\Mien  photographx'  peered  inside... 
die  batten^  shrank  in  size... lasted  longer 

In  air-depolarized  hearing-aid  batteries,  anode  size  determines  battery 
life.  But  anodes  swell  in  use.  How  big  could  one  be  for  a  tin\  new  case? 
National  Carbon  Company  used  x-rays  and  photography  and  found  out. 


Radiograph  showing 
how  anode  grows  in 
use.  From  such  facts, 
Xational  Carbon  de\  el- 
oped a  batter\-  with  the 
largest  possible  anode 
in  a  small  case. 


NEW  electronic  developments  were  making 
hearing  aids  more  efFecti\e,  smaller,  more 
con\ enient.  \\liat  was  needed  was  a  power  suppK' 
equally  ad\antageous.  Could  this  be  had  without 
sacrifice  in  battery  life? 

Xational  Carbon  Company  thougiit  so— put  .\-ray 
photograph)-  to  work  —  and  came  up  with  a  mighty 
midget  "E\eready"  with  unusually  long  life. 

Checking  internal  conditions  like  this  — pro\ing 
the  soimdness  of  castings  and  welds  — inspecting 
the  inside  of  "sealed-in"  assemblies— are  all  in  the 
da\'s  work  for  photography. 


In  fact,  graduates  in  the  physical  sciences  and  in 
engineering  find  photograpin  an  increasingly  \  alu- 
able  tool  in  their  new  occupations.  Its  expanding 
use  has  also  created  many  challenging  opportuni- 
ties at  Kodak,  especially  in  the  de\elopment  of 
large-scale  chemical  processes  and  the  design  of 
complex  precision  mechanical-electronic  equip- 
ment. Whether  you  are  a  recent  graduate  or  a 
qualified  returning  serviceman,  if  you  are  inter- 
ested in  these  opportunities,  write  to  Business  & 
Technical  Personnel  Dept.,  Eastman  Kodak  Com- 
pan\ .  Rochester  4,  \.  Y. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Looking  ahead  with  General  Electric 


How  do  you  measure  up 
in  leadership  qualities? 


A  young  man  ^ho  can  lead  has  always  had  a  good 
chance  ol  success,  but  his  prospects  were  never  better 
than  now.  There's  a  steadily  growing  demand  in  industry 
lor  men  to  liU  top  professional  and  management  jobs  .  .  . 
fellows  with  a  special  ability  to  work  well  with  other  people 
and  inspire  their  best  work.  At  General  Electric,  we're 
constantly  on  the  lookout  for  them. 


Ten  traits  we  look  for,  above,  add  up  to  a  pretty  good 
indication  of  potential  success  iu  business.  Not  everyone 
has  them  all  to  a  top  degree,  but  the  basic  characteristics 
are  always  present  and  can  be  developed  in  the  men  we 
pick  to  help  lead  General  Electric.  We  hope  you  can  rate 


vourself  verv  high  on  the  list  and  find  it  helpful. 

EDUCATIONAL    RELATIONS.    GENERAL    ELECTRIC   CO.,    SCHENECTADY,    N.  Y. 


Thfg/ess  Is  Our  Most  Imporfant  T^oducf 

GENERAL^ELECTRIC 


^V/ 


inois  Technograph 


inuary,  1955 


^OTl. . .  a  leader  in  the  DESIGN  . . . 
DEVELOPMENT  and  PRODUCTION  of  TURBO-JET 

and  TURBO-PROP  ENGINES 


offers 

young  graduate  engineers 

unusual  OPPORTUNITIES  for  progress 

in  a  field  where  future  development 

is  unlimited.  That  field  is 

AIRCRAFT  TURBINE    ENGINES 


We'd  like  to  tell  you  more  about  our  expanding,  long-range  engineer- 
ing program.  And,  explain  how  you  can  build  YOUR  engineering 
career  with  Allison  in  Indianapolis.  Allison  offers  REAL  opportunity  for 
the  young  engineer  with  the  qualifications  and  potential  for  progress 
with  a  pace  setter  in  advanced  types  of  aircraft  power.  Write  for 
additional  information  and  application  blank:  R.  G.  GREENWOOD, 
Engineering  College  Contact,  ALLISON  DIVISION,  General  Motors 
Corporation,  Indianapolis  6,  Indiana. 


vn^ 


DIVISION,    GENERAL    MOTORS    CORPORATION,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 


Design,  development  and  production— high  power  TURBINE  ENGINES,  PROPELLERS  and  ACTUATORS  for  modern 
aircraft  .  .  .  heavy  duty  TORQMATIC  DRIVES  for  Ordnance  and  Commercial  vehicles  .  .  .  DIESEL  LOCOMOTIVE 
PARTS  .  .  .  PRECISION  BEARINGS  for  gasoline  and  Diesel  engines  and  special  application. 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Easy  Money  .  .  . 


I'd  like  to  give  you  a  few  hints  on  how  to  make  some  easy  money. 
The  Technogroph  is  sponsoring  a  contest  open  to  all  persons  not  on  the 
Technograph  staff.  To  win  you  must  submit  on  article  on  engineering 
to  our  office  before  March  1,  1955.  The  prize  is  fifty  dollars  and  your 
article  printed  in  the  Technograph.  If  you  don't  think  you  can  win,  you 
have  nothing  to  lose  and  everything  to  gain.  Even  if  you  don't  win, 
you  have  a  very  good  chance  of  having  your  article  printed  in  the  Tech- 
nograph. 

Have  you  just  written  a  seminar  report?  Are  you  planning  to 
write  one?  This  is  a  good  chance  to  kill  two  birds  with  one  stone.  A 
seminar  report  can  be  pretty  technical  and  is  directed  to  seniors  in  your 
field.  Please  be  very  explicit  and  try  to  keep  from  getting  to  deep  to  be 
of  interest  to  everyone.  It  is  easy  to  point  out  the  uses  of  a  discovery  to 
keep  a  paper  from  being  dry. 

When  writing,  remember  that  you  have  something  to  tell  your 
audience.  You  know  about  the  subject  but  the  reader  may  not.  He  must 
be  able  to  understand  what  you  have  to  say.  You  are  influencing  some 
high  school  student  as  to  what  career  to  choose. 

We  welcome  articles  or  suggestions  from  anyone,  high  school  stu- 
dents included,  as  to  what  kind  of  articles  you  want,  or  any  other  kind 
of  improvement. 

Ten  typewritten  pages  makes  about  three  pages  in  the  magazine. 
Be  sure  to  include  pictures  to  attract  interest.  Excessively  long  or  short 
articles  are  not  very  useful.  Any  number  of  articles  may  be  submitted 
by  one  author.  Remember,  you  are  not  competing  with  Technograph 
staff  writers.  They  have  a  contest  of  their  own. 

Any  national  company  will  be  glad  to  give  you  pictures  and  ma- 
terial about  their  industry.  It  will  probably  take  two  weeks  to  get  them 
so  start  now.  It  is  not  necessary  to  give  credit  for  the  material,  but  credit 
must  be  given  under  the  pictures.  Please  write  your  own  captions  for 
the  pictures. 

Good  luck  to  you  on  all  your  attempts.  Get  started  now  or  you 

will  forget. 

D.  F.  K. 


JANUARY,    1955 


..KEEP  THE  WHEELS  TURNING 


HOW 
HERCULES 
HELPS... 


•*■  CHEMICAL  BATH — Hercules  Dresinale®,  added  to  alkaline  cleaners,  increases  the 
efficiency  of  cleanini;  solutions  for  large  equipment  such  as  these  railroad  wheels.  In 
other  applications — as  an  emulsifier,  deterjrent.  dispersant.  foaming  and  flotation  agent — 
this  water-soluble  resinate  helps  increase  performance,  reduce  cost  of  other  compounds. 


^^  Most  businesses  are  helped  today  by  Hercules'  business  .  .  .  the 
^^K  production  of  synthetic  resins,  cellulose  products,  chemical  cotton, 
£j%  lerpene  chemicals,  rosin  and  rosin  derivatives,  chlorinated  products, 
and  many  other  chemical  processing  materials — as  well  as  explo- 
sives. Through  close  cooperative  research  yvith  its  customers,  Hercules 
has  helped  improve  the  processing  or  performance  of  many  industrial  and 
consumer  products. 


-*-  VERSATILE  RAW  MATERIAL— The  linters  U-ft  un 
cotton  seed  are  made  into  chemical  cotton  (bleached 
cotton  lintcrs)  by  Hercules'  Virginia  Cellulose 
Department.  In  high-grade  paper,  chemical  cotton 
replaces  rags,  eliminates  costly  rag  sorting.  And 
chemical  cotton  is  the  best  source  of  cellulose,  key 
to  ]iroducts  ranging  from  lacquers  to  plastics. 


HERCULES 


-*-  IMPOSSIBLE  WITHOUT  EXPLOSIVES— .Modern  highway  construction,  such  as  the 
8555-millinn,  42T-mile  New  York  State  Thruway,  would  be  impossible  without  ex- 
plosiyes.  Vi  hether  it  means  cutting  through  a  mountain,  spanning  a  gorge,  or  even 
moving  a  river — the  modern  highway  can  go  straight  and  level,  thanks  to  the  con- 
trolled energy  supplied  bv  Hercules*  explosives. 

HERCULES    POWDER   COMPANY 

WilminiHon  99.  Del. 
Sales  Offices  in  Principal  Cities  054-13 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


^.  ^.  ^Marine  Don-Chem,  lirst  ship  ever  built  specilically  for  the  transportation  of  liquiij  chemicals. 

CHEMICALS  GO  TO  SEA . . . 

REDUCING  FREIGHT  COSTS  AND  BRINGING 
FASTER  SERVICE  TO  MANY  DOW  CUSTOMERS 


Newest  link  between  Dow's  important  Texas  Division  and 
eastern  terminals  is  the  18.000-ton  chemical  tanker, 
"Marine  Dow-Chem".  First  ship  ever  designed  and  built 
to  carrv  chemicals,  this  huge  tanker  has  a  capacity  of 
3.500.000  gallons,  including  special  nickel-clad,  heated 
tanks  that  safely  carry  73"^  caustic  soda  solution.  The 
"Marine  Dow-Chem"  made  her  maiden  voyage  in  April, 
completing  three  years  in  the  planning  and  buUding  of 
the  vessel. 

Transportation  of  Dow  chemicals  by  way  of  water  routes 
did  not  begin  with  this  new  ship.  Dow  has  pioneered  in 
this  technique  of  shipment.  On  any  given  day,  you  may 
see  a  tanker  steaming  out  of  Freeport.  Texas,  steering  for 
East  Coast  terminals:  a  powerful  tug  herding  its  charge  of 
barges  up  the  Mississippi  to  Cincinnati;  and  a  freighter 


leaving  California,  heading  through  the  Panama  Canal 
toward  the  .\tlantic  coast.  .\11  have  one  common  purpose 
— delivering  Dow  chemicals  by  the  most  convenient,  most 
economical  routes  possible. 

Just  as  Dow's  research  and  production  are  making  giant 
steps  in  the  progress  of  the  chemical  industry,  so  Dow's 
distribution  keeps  pace  through  new  techniques  in  trans- 
portation and  service. 


Om 


If  Iwther  you  choose  research,  production  or  salet. 
you  can  find  a  challenging  career  uith  Dow.  Jf'rile 
to  Technical  Employment  Department,  THE  rioir 
cilE\tlC.4L  COMP.4NY.  .Midland.  .Michigan  or  Freeport, 
Texas  for  the  booklet,  "Opportunities  with  The  Don- 
Chemical  Company '—you  II  find  it  interesting. 


you  can  depend  on  DOW  CHEMICALS 


IDOVi 


JANUARY,    1955 


1955  STYLE 


Broad  assignments  in  atomic  energy  represent 
just  one  phase  of  the  widely  diversified  in- 
terests of  Phillips  Petroleum  Company. 

Whatever  your  specialty  in  engineering  or 
the  sciences,  you  may  be  sure  that  we  are 
interested  in  your  abilities  and  your  achieve- 
ments. Already,  well  over  2,800  technical 
graduates  are  found  among  our  23,000  em- 
ployees. 

Some  of  these  scientists  and  engineers  work 


to  produce  and  improve  our  automotive  fuels 
and  lubricants.  Others  develop  and  manufac- 
ture such  products  as  carbon  black,  synthetic 
rubbers,  chemical  fertilizers,  sulfur  com- 
pounds, and  chemicals  used  in  synthetic  fibers. 

If  you're  looking  for  a  career  with  a  future 
we  invite  you  to  write  to  our  Employee  Re- 
lations Department  for  further  information 
about  opportunities  with  Phillips  Petroleum 
Company  and  its  subsidiaries. 


PHILLIPS    PETROLEUM   COMPANY,    Bartlesville,   Oklahoma 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

cJitur 

Don  Kesler 

nssociatf  editor 

Millard   Darnall 

assistant  editors 
Donna  Rudig 

make-up  editor 

Craig  \V.   Soule 

illustrator 

Dave  Templeton 

editorial  consultant 
Tora  Brod> 

assistants 

Donnie   Snedcker 
Paul   H.   Davis 
Henry  Lowenthal 
Harvey  M.  Endler 
Lo«ell   Mize 
Roy  Goern 
James  Piechocki 
John  Wenner 
Robert  L.  Lenz 
Ralph  G.  Fisk 

photography  staff 

photograph  editor 
Jack   Siebert 

photographer 

David  Komvathv 


business  staff 

business  manager 
James  E.  Smith 

circulation  director 
Larry  Kiefling 


navy  pier 


Al   Shiner,  editor 
Davida   Bobrow, 
business   manager 


faculty  advisers 


R.  W.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.   Livermore 


MEMBERS   OF   ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Prof.  Thomas  FarreU,  Jr. 
State  University  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City,  Iowa 
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gineer, Rose  Technic,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
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Published  eight  times  during  the  year    (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  Januarv,  Febru- 
I     ary,    March,   April   and    May)    by   the   Illini 
'     Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
'     matter,     October     30,     1920,     at     the     post 
office    at    Urbana.    Illinois,    under    the    Act 
I     of   March   3,    18/9.   Office   213    Engineering 
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17,  New  York. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number  4 


confenfs: 


editorial 3 


from  Prandtl  to  Pogo 9 


telephoto    13 


titanium 18 


the  sanitary  engineering  department 26 


Crenshaw  on   campus 


28 


finger  tip  control 37 


introducing     42 


skimming    industrial   headlines 48 


technocrocks 


56 


our  cover 

On  the  broadwalk  between  classes  in  the  snow.  It's  win- 
ter even  though  we  haven't  had  much  snow.  If  is  a  reminder 
that   examinations    ore    near. 


our  frontispiece 

Convair's  new  vertical  take-off  plane.  This  plane  has  gone 
through  the  transformation  between  takeoff  and  level  flight.  To 
go  into  flight  from  the  takeoff,  it  just  arches  into  level  flight. 
To   land,    if  stalls   and    hangs    by    its   propeller. 


f  Tl^J 


FROM  PRANDTL 
TO  POGO 


by  Jim  Piechocki,  Aero  E.  '56 


The  basic  theories  of  aerodynamics, 
like  those  of  Langley  and  Prandtl,  have 
stood  the  test  of  time.  It  is  only  the 
results  of  their  applications  to  aircraft 
design  that  vary  from  decade  to  decade. 
If  they  were  alive,  these  two  geniuses 
would  be  greatly  shocked  if  they  were 
to  look  upon  the  aircraft  of  today  and 
see  the  results  of  their  studies  in  the 
past.  And  to  cushion  the  shock  of  their 
surprise,  we  would  show  them  the  Pogo 
plane  last. 

The  Pogo?  What  is  it?  One  way  to 
describe  this  craft  is  to  sav  that  it  is  an 


JIM    PIECHOCKI 

Jim,  a  junior  in  his  second 
semester  on  this  campus, 
hos  previously  written  arti- 
cles for  the  TECHNO- 
GRAPH  while  at  Navy  Pier, 
He  is  now  busy  in  organiz- 
ing an  cpenhouse  program 
for  the  Aerodynamics  ds 
pcrtment. 


airplane  which  sits  in  the  wrong  posi- 
tion, points  in  the  wrong  direction,  and 
flies  in  all  position  and  directions.  So 
speak  the  uninitiated.  But  those  con- 
nected with  the  design  and  construction 
will  tell  you  that  it  is  not  a  plane  in- 
spired by  the  well  known  pogostick,  but 
one  which  was  born  out  of  need.  A  few 
years  ago,  a  group  of  L .  S.  Navy  offi- 
cers came  up  with  a  startling  idea  for 
an  airplane  which  would  cut  down  run- 
way space  both  on  land  and  on  expen- 
sive aircraft  carriers.  Why  not  build  a 
plane  that  could  take  oft  vertically  from 
a  standing  position  like  a  helicopter,  and 
upon  becoming  airborne  make  a  transi- 
tion to  horizontal  flight?,  they  thought. 
After  a  few  hurried  sketches,  the  offi- 
cers approached  their  superiors  with  the 
plan.  Top  naval  brass  liked  the  idea 
and  decided  to  turn  the  problem  over 
to  the  engineers.  After  a  great  deal  of 
discussion  it  was  decided  that  the  con- 


struction of  such  a  plane  would  be  in 
the  best  interests  of  the  United  States 
Navy.  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corporation 
and  Convair  were  granted  contracts  and 
work  began  under  a  cloak  of  strict  se- 
crecy. This  is  how  the  XFY-1  of  Con- 
vair and  the  XFV-1  of  Lockheed,  the 
world's  first  vertical-take-oft  (VTO) 
planes  got  their  start. 

Many  new  and  challenging  problems 
faced  the  builders  of  the  VTO.  This 
new  type  represented  an  entirely  new 
concept  of  flying  from  that  of  the  heli- 
copter. Moreover,  no  precedents  had 
been  set  in  this  particular  phase  of  de- 
sign. What  type  of  powerplant  should 
be  used  ?  Engines  with  the  power  out- 
put required  were  few  and  far  between. 


Could  any  existing  engines  be  adapted  to 
meet  the  demands  the  VTO  was  mak- 
ing? A  wing  had  to  be  developed  which 
would  be  efficient  in  takeoff,  transition, 
and  high  speed  flight.  W^hich  airfoil  sec- 
tion would  provide  the  best  all-around 
characteristics  for  this  triple  demand  ? 
Since  the  plane  was  to  rise  vertically, 
standing  it  on  its  tail  seemed  to  be  the 
logical  takeoff  position.  What  type  of 
tail  would  provide  maximum  structural 
safety  and  yet  retain  desirable  aerody- 
namic characteristics?  And  how  was  the 
craft  to  be  tested  ?  Could  such  a  plane 
be  maintained  without  difficulty?  Could 
pilots  be  trained  to  make  the  conversion 
from  conventional  aircraft?  And  what 
about  flight  techniques  ?  These  and  other 


The  Navy's  new  XFY-1  Convair  vertical  take-off  plane  shown  in  a  horizontal 
position.  The  special  mobile  vehicle  v/hich  holds  the  plane  can  be  used  to 
raise  or  lower  it. 


JANUARY,    1955 


questions    faced    Coiivair   and    Lockheed 
engineers. 

Let's  see  how  some  of  these  questions 
were  answered.  The  powerpilant  is  a 
good  starting  point.  When  the  Navy  De- 
partment asked  for  a  high-power,  low- 
weight  engine  that  could  be  adapted  to 
vertical  flight,  Allison,  a  division  of  Gen- 
eral Motors  Corporation,  accepted  a 
bid.  It  just  happened  that  Allison,  was 
developing  their  T40  turboprop  engine 
for  installation  in  the  Navy's  Convair 
Tradewind.  Due  to  the  engine's  ex- 
tremely high-power-to-weight  ratio,  Alli- 
son proposed  adapting  the  T40  as  the 
powerplant  for  the  VTC^.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1951,  work  was  begun  on  a 
prototype  engine  for  vertical  installation. 
It  took  some  "fancy"  engineering  too. 
In  order  that  the  oil  system  would  oper- 
ate in  both  vertical  and  horizontal  posi- 
tions, oil  pumps,  lines,  and  breathers  had 
to  be  rearranged.  It  was  necessary  to 
modify  the  reduction  gear,  giving  a  high- 
er propeller  RP^I  and  thereby  increas- 
ing the  thrust. 


Due  to  the  specially  designed  propel- 
lers to  be  used  counterrotating  to  elim- 
inate high  torque),  the  control  system 
was  redesigned.  The  large  size  of  the 
propellers  also  necessitated  a  change  in 
the  procedures  for  starting  the  engine. 
To  evaluate  these  changes  to  design,  Al- 
lison engineers  converted  a  reciprocat- 
ing engine  test  stand  to  accommodate 
the  VTO  powerplant  in  either  horizon- 
tal or  vertical  positions,  or  any  position 
in-between.  The  test  rig  consists  of  a 
huge  72,(100  poiuid  tunnel  complet?ly 
enclosing  the  engine  and  propeller.  A 
television  camera  was  installed  in  the 
control  room  so  engine  operation  could 
be  observed  in  any  tunnel  position.  En- 
gineers in  an  isolated  test  cell  recorded 
data  from  an  industrial  TV  screen.  Des- 
ignated the  YTt)40-A-14,  the  turbojet 
with  side-by-side  turbines  passed  the  mil- 
itary qualifications  test  and  was  accept^'d 
by  both  Convair  and  Lockheed.  The 
problem  of  the  powerplant  was  solved. 

Let's  go  on  to  the  problem  of  choice 
of  a  wing  for  the  VTO.  A  primary  con- 


Lockheed's   XFV-1    is   shown   with  the   loading    platform, 
down  when  the  plane   is   in   this   position. 


The   pilot   must   lie 


sideration  in  the  development  of  a  wing 
layout  that  would  be  effective  in  transi- 
tion and  horizontal  flight  attitudes  was 
the  airfoil  section.  Wind  tunnel  tests 
provided  data  leading  to  the  choice  of  a 
proper  section.  The  choice  of  a  wing 
platform  was  a  problem  handled  in  dif- 
ferent ways  by  Lockheed  and  Convair. 
Lockheed  chose  the  more  conventional 
straight  stubby  wing  with  a  relatively 
small  taper  ratio  (ratio  of  tip  to  root 
chord,  where  the  chord  is  defined  as  the 
distance  from  wing  leading  edge  to  trail- 
ing edge).  However,  Convair  picked  the 
delta  or  triangular  configuration.  (Con- 
vair pioneered  the  delta  wing  in  this 
country  after  the  British  scored  great 
successes  with  it.  This  platform  is  be- 
coming Convair's  standby).  Convair  felt 
that  the  high  speed  performance  char- 
acteristics and  structural  considerations 
of  the  delta  more  than  compensated  for 
its  relatively  poor  characteristics  at  low 
speed. 

The  tail  configuration  did  produce 
some  structural  complications  owing  to 
the  fact  that  the  tail  surfaces  themselves 
were  called  upon  to  support  practically 
all  of  the  weight  of  the  plane.  Here  is  a 
good  example  of  the  case  of  there  being 
no  precedents  to  follow,  as  most  of  the 
conventional  craft  in  the  usual  horizon- 
tal ground  position  rarely  have  such 
large  loads  on  the  tail  surfaces.  That  the 
problem  was  solved  can  be  seen  from 
a  quick  glance  at  the  accompanying  pho- 
tos of  Lockheed's  ship  whose  entire 
weight  is  supported  at  four  points  of  the 
tail  surface.  Convair's  VTO  has  four 
over-sized  casters  (like  those  on  an  of- 
fice chair)  mounted  at  the  tips  of  the 
delta  wing  and  the  tail  assembly.  Nat- 
lually,  shock  absorbing  devices  are  in- 
cluded. Lockheed's  XFV-1  has  a  simi- 
lar arrangement,  the  only  difference 
being  that  here  all  of  the  four  cast:rs 
are  mounted  in  the  tail  surfaces. 

With  some  of  the  preliminary  des'gn 
problems  solved,  engineers  speculated  as 
to  how  the  VTO's  were  to  be  flight 
tested.  Here  again  Convair  and  Lock- 
heed adopted  different  methods.  D.  R. 
Suggs,  design  specialist  of  the  Convair 
VTO  project,  stated  the  manner  in 
which  early  testing  was  accomplished. 
"We  worked  out  a  tethering  rig  from 
a  scale  model  of  the  Moffet  Field  hang- 
ar, some  string,  a  few  pulleys,  and  a 
weight  that  represented  the  plane.  "The 
full  scale  rig,  built  into  the  hangar  at 
the  Moft"ett  Naval  Air  Station  from  de- 
tailed Convair  drawings  is  basically  a 
system  of  cables  strung  through  various 
parts  of  the  plane  anil  connected  with 
fixtures  which  controlled  the  tension  in 
the  cables.  Four  cables  were  attached  to 
the  wing  tips  and  tail  surfaces  of  the 
plane  while  additional  cables  hooked  up 
the  forward  part  of  the  fuselage  with  a 
large  drum  located  in  the  roof  of  the 
huge    100-foot    high    airship    hangar.    A 


10 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


special  device  had  to  be  added  to  al low- 
clearance  of  the  forward  cables  with 
the  propellers.  The  four  cables  attached 
to  the  rear  surfaces  also  were  provided 
with  tension-control.  As  the  pilot  lifted 
the  ship  from  the  hangar  floor,  the 
cables  were  right  there  to  halt  any  sud- 
den and  uncalled-for  niaiieu\er  of  the 
craft.  As  long  as  the  sh'p's  attitude  was 
normal,  all  drums  were  in  a  freewhe.^1- 
ing  state,  thereby  providing  a  minimum 
of  resistance  and  obstruction  to  actual 
performance.  If  the  ship  ros?  or  fell  sud- 
denly, the  cables  "caught"  the  entire 
weight  of  the  plane  until  the  pilot  re- 
gained control.  As  cumbersome  as  the 
rig  might  appear,  it  allowed  a  27()-de- 
gree  fre.-dom-of-turn,  and  while  in  the 
freewheeling  state  created  an  actual  drag 
of  only  100  pounds.  Over  2o0  "flights" 
were  made  in  the  test  rig,  mostly  in 
"freewheeling,"  before  ih?  plane  was 
taken  out  for  free  flights  on  August  2. 
Additional  testing  included  eleven  free 
liftoffs  and  landings,  all  vertical,  prior 
to  the  complete-flight-pattern  flight  on 
November  23. 

Lockheed  attacked  the  problem  of 
flight  testing  from  a  different  viewpoint. 
During  preliminary  tests,  their  VTO 
was  equipped  with  a  conventional  type 
landing  gear  which  peiniitted  runway 
takeoffs  and  landings.  This  feature  al- 
lowed the  Xavy  craft  to  be  thoroughly 
flight  tested,  including  I'.overing  motion- 
less in  the  sk\'  like  a  hummingbird,  he- 
fore  making  the  straight-up  takeofi  or 
back-down  landing.  At  this  writing  the 
XFV-1  has  not  yet  completed  the  pat- 
tern including  the  transition  from  \erti- 
cal   rise  to  horizontal   flight. 

Maintenance  techniques  of  both 
\  TO's  had  to  be  specially  adapted.  Just 
how  does  one  work  on  an  airplane  that 
rests  on  its  tail  ?  Lockheed  built  a 
ground  handling  cart  for  tilting  the 
plane  from  vertical  to  horizontal,  there- 
by facilitating  ground  work.  The  cart 
also  is  provided  with  a  ladder  which 
enables  the  pilot  to  climb  and  step  side- 
ways into  the  cockpit.  Convair's  ground 
cart,  although  appearing  to  be  some- 
what less  elaborate,  serves  the  purpose 
in  the  same  manner  as  their  competi- 
tor's. 

No  man  had  ever  flown  a  vertical- 
riser  until  Convair  Engineering  Test 
Pilot  J.  F.  "Skeets"  Coleman  lifted 
the  new  turboprop  plane  twenty  feet 
into  the  air  and  backed  it  slowly  down 
again  on  Simday  morning,  August  2, 
1954.  Prior  to  this  historic  flight,  he 
underwent  an  intensive  training  pro- 
gram to  get  acquainted  with  the  n^w 
and  unusual  position  he  found  himself 
in  at  takeoff.  Coleman  al.so  spent  a 
great  amoimt  of  time  in  the  ship  while 
it  was  in  the  tethering  rig  at  Moffctt 
Field.  Lockheed's  XFV-1  has  a  tilting 
cockpit  seat  to  keep  the  pilot  semi- 
upright  while  the  ship  is  in  a  vertical 
position. 


Ground     handling    cart    for    tilting     the    plane    from    vertical    to     horizontal 
positions   to   facilitate   ground    work. 


Flight  techniques,  to  say  the  least, 
are  quite  unconventional.  Both  VTO's 
when  operating  will  go  through  the  fol- 
lowing maneuvers: 

a.  Takeoff — a  relatively  simply  pro- 
cedure. ("When  a  plane  is  point- 
ing skvward,  resting  on  its  tail,  and 
its  engine  is  producing  a  thrust 
force  greater  than  the  weight  of 
the  plane,  there's  only  one  place 
for  it  to  go — straight  up,"  says 
one  Convair  engineer.) 

b.  Transition  to  horizontal. 

c.  Horizontal  flight — high  power  of 
the  VTO's  puts  them  in  the  abo\e 
—500    MPH    class. 

d.  Transition  to  stall  —  this  is  the 
tricky  step.  The  pilot  raises  the 
nose  of  the  ship  and  throttles  down 
until  at  this  high  angle  of  attack 
he  approaches  a  stall  condition, 
that  is,  no  lift  is  being  developed 
b\-  the  wings.  The  tail  swings 
down    like    a    pendulum    and    the 


plane  literalK'  hangs  on  its  pro- 
pellers, 
e.  Landing — backing  down  tail-first 
to  any  point  desired  by  the  pilot. 
Convair's  ship  has  already  mastered 
the  complete  flight  cycle.  It  made  its 
first  transition  to  horizontal  flight  on 
November  2,  1954.  Coleman  lifted  the 
plane  only  a  few  feet  off  its  50-foot 
concrete  square  and  arched  it  smoothh 
into  horizontal  flight  above  Brown 
Naval  Auxiliary  Air  Station  near  San 
Diego,  California.  The  plane  was  level 
before  it  had  reached  an  altitude  of  200 
feet.  After  twenty  minutes  in  the  air, 
the  plane  was  brought  in  at  less  than 
fifty  feet  of  altitude  and  gently  nosed 
upwards  until  it  hung  gracefully  on  its 
propellers.  Coleman  then  backed  it  down 
to  a  feather-light  landing  on  the  same 
50-foot  square  of  concrete.  The  Navy, 
Convair  engineers,  and  Coleman  were 
equal  1\  jubilant,  as  the  latter  remarked 
after  the  flight,  "It's  the  smoothest  plane 
I    ever   flew."    Meanwhile,   Lockheed    is 


JANUARY,    1955 


11 


The  design  engineer  trained  in 
welded  steel  construction  is  best 
able  to  meet  industry's  need  for 
low  cost  manufacture  because 


WELDED  DESIGNS 
CUT  COSTS  50% 


BY  using  steel  instead  of  cast  iron, 
design  engineers  today  make  their 
products  more  efScient  .  .  .  many  times  at 
half  the  cost.  Product  designs  are  strong- 
er, more  rigid,  take  less  material  to  build. 

Too  little  attention  is  usually  devoted  to 
simplification  of  product  designs  to  elim- 
inate costly  manufacturing  manhours 
once  a  basic  design  is  established.  Vi  here 
designers  reappraise  product  details  for 
welded  steel  construction,  production 
costs  are  being  cut  an  average  of  50?3  com- 
pared with  manufacture  using  castings. 

Manufacturing  operations  are  simpli- 
fied with  welded  steel  design.  Rejections 
due  to  inferior  metal  are  eliminated.  Less 
machining  and  finishing  are  required. 
Finished  machines  are  streamlined,  more 
modern  in  appearance. 

In  the  example  below,  an  economy- 
minded  design  engineer  lowered  manu- 
facturing cost  on  a  machine  arm  and  cut 
weight  of  the  arm. 

Before  conversion  to  steel,  the  machine 
arm  required  182  pounds  of  gray  iron 
and  cost  S38.2  5  to  cast  and  machine. 
Welded  steel  design  weighs  only  86.8 
pounds  .  .  .  costs  S20.06. 


Fig.  1.  Original 
cast  construction 

of  operating  ma- 
chine lever.  IV'eighs  182 
pounds  .  . .  Costs  S3S.25. 


Fig.  2.  Welded  steel 
design  is  stronger, 
sti/Je  r  yet  weighs 
only  86.8  pounds... 
Costs  $20.06. 


DESIGN  DATA  for  v/elded  construction  is  avail- 
able to  engineering  students  in  the  form  of  bulletins 
and  handbooks.  Write 

THE  IINCOIN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

Cleveland  17,  Ohio 

THE  WORLD'S  LARGEST  MANUFACTURER   OF 
ARC  WELDING  EQUIPMENT 


Still    working   feverishly   in    an    attempt 
to  perfect  their  design. 

What  does  all  this  mean?  Will  the 
Pogo  greatly  affect  future  war  tactic;? 
Will  naval  warships  undergo  a  com- 
plete renovation  in  design?  The  effect 
of  the  Pogo  design  on  military  proce- 
dures is  infinitesimally  .small  at  the 
moment.  Evidence :  Less  than  a  month 
ago,  the  Navy's  new  super-carrier,  the 
Forrestall,  slid  her  huge  59.600  ton  hulk 
into  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic.  Two 
Queen  Mary  ocean  liners  woidd  fit  side- 
by-side  on  this  giant's  deck — and  with 
room  to  spare.  No,  the  Pogo  is  not  yet 
very  influential,  but  only  the  passage  of 
time  will  tell  the  whole  story  of  the 
future  of  the  VTO. 


Student  Engineers  Receive 
Design  Awards 

Richard  Seikaly  of  Syracuse,  New 
York,  has  achieved  top  honors  among 
engineering  undergraduate  students  by 
winning  the  First  Grand  Award  in  a 
national  design  competition  sponsored 
by  The  James  F.  Lincoln  Arc  Welding 
Foundation  of  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The 
award,  which  was  accompanied  by  a 
check  for  $1,250,  was  made  for  a  pap.'r 
presenting  a  comparison  study  of  a  band 
saw  frame  to  demonstrate  the  ad\antage 
of  welded  design  over  cast  iron  design. 
The  Foundation  also  presented  Syracuse 
University,  where  Seikaly  made  the 
study,  $1,000  for  four  annual  scholar- 
ships honoring  Seikaly. 

The  award  was  one  of  46  made  by  the 
Foundation  to  62  engineering  students 
representing  25  different  engineering 
colleges.  The  Foundation  sponsors  a  de- 
sign competition  annually  among  engi- 
neering undergraduates  for  welded  de- 
signs of  machinery  or  machine  parts  and 
welded  structures  or  structural  parts.  In 
addition  to  the  national  recognition,  the 
competition  offers  S5,000  to  students 
and  $1,750  to  schools  in  scholarship 
funds. 

Seikaly's  paper  presented  his  analysis 
of  the  design  and  manufacturing  of  a 
band  saw  frame  both  for  cast  iron  and 
welded  steel.  The  welded  steel  design 
proved  to  be  2^  times  lighter  and  3'j 
times  less  expensive  than  the  cast  iron 
design. 

The  Second  Grand  Award  of  $1,000 
was  shared  by  Richard  Tannenbaum  and 
Jay  Gang,  students  at  New  York  Uni- 
versity. Their  school  received  $500  for 
scholarships  in  their  honor. 

The  Third  Grand  Award  of  $500 
went  to  David  Honnold  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oklahoma  which  received 
$250  in  his  honor. 

Papers  were  judged  by  a  Jury  of 
Award  composed  of  Dr.  E.  E.  Dreese, 
chairman.  Department  of  Electrical  En- 
gineering, Ohio  State  University;  De:ui 


The  Convair   just  after  takeoff 

James  H.  Sams,  School  of  Engineering, 
Clemson  Agricultural  College  and  Pro- 
fessor Sidney  Shore,  School  of  Civil  En- 
gineering, University  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  Foundation  is  sponsoring  the 
eighth  annual  competition  of  the  Award 
Program  for  1954-55.  All  engineering 
undergraduates  are  eligible,  and  *he 
rules  may  be  obtained  from  The  James 
F.  Lincoln  Arc  Welding  P'oundation, 
Cleveland    17.   Ohio. 


12 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


TELEPHOTO 


.  .  .  Sends  Pictures  by  Wires 


by  Allen  Shiner,  M.  E.  '56 


Man  has  been  involved  in  a  race  to 
speed  the  delivery  of  news  between  re- 
mote points  for  many  centuries,  but  ;is 
recently  as  fifty  years  ago  no  man  had 
dreamed  of  transmitting  pictures  by 
\\-ire,  now  a  common  process. 

The  earliest  visual  communication  un- 
doubtedly was  arm  waving,  which  lat-^r 
developed  into  the  semaphore  s\steni. 
\Vhen    distance    became    too    great    for 


ALLEN    SHINER 

Allen  Shiner  is  the  Chicago 
editor  of  the  Illinois  Tech- 
nogroph.  With  photography 
OS  his  hobby,  telephotog- 
raphy is  right  up  his  alley. 
Allen  plans  to  come  to  Ur- 
bana  next  semester  to 
complete    his   education. 


human  beings  to  see  each  other,  they  le- 
sorted  to  smoke  signals  or  the  reflection 
of  sunlight. 

After  the  invention  of  photography, 
however,  man  began  experimenting  with 
the  transmission  of  pictures  to  distant 
points.  In  this  process,  known  as  tele- 
photography, pictures  are  not  transmit- 
ted bodily  from  one  point  to  another, 
but  rather  are  electricalh'  interpreted, 
sent,  and  assembled  at  various  points  to 
become  exact  facsimilies  of  the  original. 

An  early  form  of  transmission  wa . 
done  by  placing  a  transparent  grid  over 
a  photograph.  In  a  distant  city,  an  iden- 
tical grid  was  placed  over  a  similar,  but 
white  sheet  of  paper.  The  latter  grid 
had  small  open  squares  permitting  writ- 
ings or  markings  through  them.  A  tele- 
phone connection  was  then  set  up  be- 
tween the  transmitting  and  receiving 
points  whereupon  the  operator  with  the 
original  picture  began  to  convey  b\ 
voice,  an  accurate  description  of  the 
photograph. 


Only  a  trained  eye  can  detect  the  original  from  the  transmitted  copy.  This 
is  a  transmitted  copy  of  President  Eisenhower.  (All  photos  courtesy  of  In- 
ternational News  Photos) 


JANUARY,    1955 


13 


He  would  start  in  the  upper  left-hand 
square  by  telling  the  receiving  operator 
that  this  square  had  a  tone  value  of 
medium  gray.  The  receiving  operator 
then  would  mark  in  pencil,  the  des- 
cribed square. 

In  rapid  sucecssion  he  would  relate 
the  succeeding  squares  uhitc  or  black 
and  so  on  until  all  the  squares  had  been 
described. 

When  the  intelligence  contained  in 
all  the  squares  has  been  passed  along  to 
the  receiving  point,  the  operator  at  this 
station  would  lift  the  grid  from  the 
white  paper  leaving  a  picture  or  reason- 
able facsimile  of  the  original. 

Pictures  transmitted  in  this  fashion 
were  crude,  but  with  a  certain  amount 
of  art  work,  they  normally  were  usable. 
Today,  electronic  and  mechanical  en- 
gineers iiave  developed  the  same  method 
with  automatic  equipment,  impro\ing  it 
to  a  point  where  only  the  trained  eye 
can  detect  the  original  from  the  trans- 
mitted copy. 

In  this  method  of  transmitting,  the 
photograph  is  wrapped  around  a  rotating 
cylinder.  A  beam  of  light  1  IdOO  of  an 
inch  square  illuminates  a  spot  of  tne 
same  dimension  on  the  photograph.  This 
pencil  of  light  comes  from  a  lamp  and 
a  lens  system  mounted  in  a  small  box 
which  travels  from  one  end  of  the  cylin- 
der to  the  other  parallel  to  the  surface 
of  the  picture.  By  rotation  of  the  cylin- 
der and  the  slow  lateral  movement  of 
the  pencil  of  light,  the  photograph  is 
illuminated  progressively  in  fine  spiral 
lines. 

This  all  important  pencil  of  light  is 
first  focused  on  a  light  valve  which  ui 
turn   chops   the   light   at   a   frequency  of 


The  pencil  of  light  is  turned  on  and 
off  rapidly,  illuminating  a  small 
adjacent  square  on  each  line  of  the 
photograph.  This  portion  of  Eisen- 
hower's face  has  been  blown  up 
5x  to  illustrate  the  above  example. 

2400-cycles  and  then  passing  a  pulsating 
beam  which  is  turned  through  90  de- 
grees to  focus  sharply  on  the  surface  of 
the  picture.  The  cylinder,  rotating  at 
100  rpm,  is  approximately  three  inches 
in  diameter,  thus  giving  a  scanning  area 
speed  of  about  eight  square  inches  per 
minute. 

This  mechanical  action  is  similar  to 
the  one  where  the  operator  followed  the 
vertical    columns    of    squares    down    one 


International's  latest  model  transmitfer  and   receiver,  the  700  series. 


14 


side  of  the  print  and  then  started  from 
the  top  of  the  adjacent  column  on  each 
line  of  the  photograph.  If  the  pencil  of 
light  is  turned  on  and  off  rapidly,  it 
will  illuminate  small  adjacent  squares 
on  each  line  of  the  photograph.  This 
action  is  carried  out  until  all  the  im- 
aginary squares  on  the  photograph  have 
been  illuminated. 

Viewing  an  object  is  only  possible 
with  reflected  light.  A  photo-electric 
eye  is  therefore  positioning  near  the  cyl- 
inder where  the  pencil  of  light  illum- 
inates the  picture.  Each  impulse  of  light, 
depending  on  the  tone  values  in  the  pho- 
tograph, causes  a  pulse  of  reflected  light 
to  be  picked  up  by  the  eye.  Hence  a 
small  white  square  causes  a  certain 
amount  of  reflected  light,  while  a  bl.ick 
square  on  the  picture  results  in  practical- 
h-  no  reflection  at  all. 

The  photo-electric  eye  then  converts 
the  light  values  into  corresponding 
amounts  of  electricity  which  are  trans- 
mitted over  a  specially  engineered  tele- 
phone circuit  to  the  receiving  points. 

Each  square  of  light  results  in  a 
pulse  of  electricity  and  comes  out  of  the 
machine  at  such  a  great  rate,  that  it  set;; 
up  a  whistle  on  the  phone  line.  When 
white  is  transmitted  the  whistle  is  loud. 
When  black  is  transmitted  the  whistle  is 
very  soft. 

At  the  receiving  end  of  the  station, 
the  pictures  arrives  in  the  form  of  an 
undulating  whistle.  The  electrical  im- 
pulses are  then  converted  into  corres- 
ponding light  variations,  which  are  m 
turn  exposed  on  a  film  or  photographic 
paper. 

When  power  to  an  electric  lamp  is 
increased,  the  light  shines  brighter,  and 
reversely  if  the  power  is  decreased. 

An  ordinary  filamentary  electric  lamp 
cannot  respond  rapidly  enough  to  the 
quickly  changing  electrical  signals  which 
are  generated  in  the  scanning  of  the 
picture.  However,  the  light  intensity  of 
certain  types  of  arc  lamps  can  be  varied 
permitting  use  in  these  machines.  One 
of  these  lamps  is  a  gaseous  discharge 
crater  lamp,  not  much  bigger  than  a 
radio  tube. 

The  incoming  electrical  sigml,  built 
up  through  the  use  of  an  amplifier  and 
varying  with  the  light's  intensity  can  bo 
converted  by  the  crater  lamp  to  create 
the  pencil  of  light,  thus  making  possible 
the  production  of  positive  prints  or  neg- 
ative  films. 

Positive  prints  are  made  by  igniting 
the  crater  lamp  to  full  brilliancy  with 
local  power.  The  incoming,  amplified 
signal  is  then  used  to  buck  the  local 
power  going  into  the  crater  lamp.  A 
loud  signal  (white)  with  lots  of  power 
causes  the  lamp  to  almost  extinguish 
and  a  soft  signal  (black)  with  no  power 
lets  the  lamp  expose  the  paper  to  full 
black. 

A    negative    film    is    made    by    barely 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


This  is  the  steam  drum  for  the  first  boiler 
in  Detroit  Edison's  new  River  Rouge 
Power  Plant.  The  drum  is  77  feet  long 
and  the  walls  are  6  inches  thick.  The 
boiler,  largest  yet  built,  will  produce 
1,700,000   pounds    of   steam    per   hour. 


Bright  Fiifiire ..  .yours? 


Today,  Detroit  Edison  is  installing  the  world's  largest  boiler. 

Soon  the  company  will  install  the  world's  largest  steam  turbine-generator. 

In  the  last  ten  years  Edison  has  doubled  its  capacity  to  produce 

electricity— but  it's  not  stopping  there. 

Opportvmity  comes  with  big  plans  like  these.  Big  plans— bright  futures 

for  those  engineers  who  create  and  carry  them  out. 

Can  this  be  your  bright  future?  See  our  representative  when 
he's  on  campus.  Stop  in  at  our  office,  or  write  .  .  . 

THE    DETROIT    EDISON    COMPANY 

2000  Second  Avenue,  Detroit  26,  Michigan 


JANUARY,    1955 


15 


igniting  tht'  crater  lamp  with  local 
power  and  letting  the  amplified  picture 
signal  build  up  its  brilliancy,  so  that  the 
loud  white  signal  causes  a  maximum  ex- 
posure in  the  film.  The  paper  or  the 
film  is  wrapped  around  a  receiving  cyl- 
inder similar  to  the  one  being  used  at 
the  transmitting  station  and  the  pencil 
of  light  travels  slowly  from  one  side 
to  the  other,  as  described  above.  Stand- 


the  motors  which  drive  the  rotating  cyl- 
inder and  the  moving  scanning  box. 

The  above  system  can  only  be  used  on 
the  continent.  Pictures  are  sent  from 
Europe  to  N.Y.  or  from  Asia  to  San 
Francisco  by  means  of  radio  waves. 

The  pictures  then  are  put  on  tele- 
photo  machines  and  transmitted  to  all 
points  by  the  former  process.  News  pic- 
tures     from      North      American      news 


This  picture  was  transmitted  and  received  in  a  matter  of  minutes.  The  trans- 
mitting  point,   Rome.    The  receiving   points,   New  York  and   all   points  west. 


ard  photographic  processing  technique  is 
then  applied  to  the  paper  or  the  film. 

A  tuning  fork  is  employed  to  main- 
tain synchronization  between  the  send- 
ing and  receiving  cylinders.  The  fork 
is  a  small,  highl\-  accurate  generator  of 
sound  or  vibrations.  These  mechani- 
cal vibrations  can  be  converted  into 
electricity  with  the  help  of  an  electro- 
magnet. The  electricity,  in  turn,  is  am- 
plified to  derive  sufficient  power  to  run 


sources  are  likewise  transmitted  to  New 
York  and   radioed   abroad. 

New  York  serves  as  the  nerve  center 
of  the  telephoto  operation.  From  there, 
pictures  are  scheduled  for  the  entire 
world. 

By  using  the  same  phone  wires  as  used 
for  transmission,  each  picture  is  des- 
cribed briefly,  and  in  a  matter  of  minutes 
New  York  is  informed  as  to  which  pic- 
tures are  available.  The  desk  then  com- 


pares these  descriptions,  and  in  a  mat- 
ter of  moments  the  main  network  sta- 
tions are  receiving  on-the-spot  news. 

In  addition  to  copy  of  general  ap- 
peal, there  are  many  pictures  of  purely 
sectional,  regional  interest.  At  certain 
network  stations,  the  wire  can  be  "split" 
making  possible  the  transmission  of  a 
niimber  of  regional  pictures  in  different 
areas  of  the  countr\'. 

Rarely  does  a  day  pass  but  that  a 
portable  unit  contributes  to  page-one  pic- 
ture news.  A  man  is  sent  with  a  machine 
to  some  normally  uneventful  scene  to 
transmit  to  the  network  from  there. 

Within  fifteen  minutes  of  President 
Truman's  appearance  on  the  platform  of 
the  1Q48  Democratic  National  Conven- 
tion, the  exposed  film  had  been  returned 
for  processing,  which  even  through  the 
fastest  possible  procedure  takes  thirty 
minutes,  a  picture  was  on  the  wire. 
When  a  Russian  schoolteacher  climaxed 
one  of  many  news  stories  of  1948,  by 
jumping  from  a  window  of  the  Soviet 
consulate,  photos  taken  at  the  scene 
were  being  transmitted  in  less  than 
thirty  minutes. 

Telephoto  is  commonly  compared  to 
a  delayed  television  transmission.  The 
final  result  is  slightly  different  also  in 
that  it  is  viewed  as  a  photograph  rather 
than  a  screen.  But  the  technical  meth- 
ods, however,  are  alike.  The  advent  of 
the  coaxial  cable  has  permitted  the  trans- 
mission of  many  more  picture  impulses 
per  given  time  unit  over  ordinary  tele- 
phone wires.  The  future  looks  very 
bright.  The  cost  will  be  considerably 
higher,  but  because  of  its  high  frequen- 
cy range,  it  offers  real  possibilities  in 
the    transmission    of   color. 


Teacher:  "How  do  you  suppose  Noah 
spent  his  time  in  the  ark?" 

There  being  no  response  from  the 
class,  she  added,  "I  suppose  he  did  a  lot 
of  fishing." 

"Fine  chance,"  jeered  little  Freddie. 
"With  onlv  two  worms." 

ii:-  iff  * 

Nothing  can  give  you  that  rundown 
feeling  like  jaywalking. 

^        *        * 

A  girl  finished  with  her  bath  and  was 
just  stepping  on  the  scales  to  weigh  her- 
self. Her  husband  returned  home  un- 
expectedly and  entered  through  the  back 
door.  Seeing  what  his  wife  was  doing 
as  he  passed  the  bathroom  door,  he  ex- 
claimed, "Well,  dear,  how  many  pounds 
today?"  Without  turning  her  head,  she 
replied,  "Fll  take  75  pounds  today,  and 
don't    \ou    dare    |iinch    me    with    those 

tongs.  " 

-*-        -*        * 

A  drunk  in  the  Empire  State  Building 
stepped  into  an  elevator  shaft  and 
dropped  thirty  stories  to  the  basement. 
When  he  landed,  he  shook  his  fist  and 
remarked,    I    shaid    up,   not   down." 


16 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


A  MESSAGE  TO 

COLLEGE  ENGINEERING 

STUDENTS 

from  C.  H.  Weaver.  Manager, 
Atomic  Power  Division, 
Westin^house  Electric  CorporatK 
of  PtniLsylvc 


To  you  who  want  to  help  create  the  atomic  age 


You're  looking  at  the  practical  beginning  of  an  atomic  age. 

This  is  a  model  of  the  land-based  prototype  for  the  first  atomic 
submarine  engine,  designed  and  built  by  Westinghouse — work- 
ing \vith  the  Atomic  Energ)-  Commission  and  the  U.  S.  Navy. 

And  now,  Westinghouse  is  developing  the  world's  first  atomic 
power  plant  to  harness  this  vast  power  for  peacetime  use.  Its 
output,  enough  for  a  city  of  100,000  people,  will  go  into  a 
utility's  power  system. 

Since  1948,  Westinghouse  has  had  an  .\tomic  Power  Division 
for  atomic  energy  development  .  .  .  and  it  now  has  an  Atomic 
Equipment  Department  to  develop  apparatus  for  atomic  power 
installations.  These  are  typical  of  the  steps  our  forward-looking 


Westinghouse  management  is  constandy  taking  in  leading  the 
way  toward  development  of  new  sources  of  energy  and  new 
products. 

Wouldn't  you  like  to  be  with  Westinghouse  .  .  .  helping  to 
create  this  new  era? 

We  at  Westinghouse  are  interested  in  you  as  an  individual  .  .  . 
interested  in  your  ambitions  as  well  as  your  technical  ability. 
For  your  professional  development,  there  is  a  Graduate  Study 
Program,  available  in  19  universities,  and  leading  to  your 
Master's  and  Ph.D.  degrees.  \nA  there  are  other  Westinghouse 
programs  to  fit  your  individual  needs  ...  all  aimed  at  helping 
you  reach  your  goal.  G-10281 


you  CAN  BE  5URE...IF  (T& 

westinghouse 


.•\sk  your  Placement  Officer  about  career 
opportunities  at  Westinghouse,  or  write 
for  these  two  booklets:  Continued  Educa- 
tion in  Westinghouse  (describing  our  Grad- 
uate Study  Program)  and  Finding  lour 
Place  in  Industry, 

To  get  these  booklets,  write:  Mr.  C.  W. 
Mills,  Regional  Educational  Co-ordina- 
tor,  Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation, 
Merchandise  Mart  Plaza,  Chicago  54,  111. 


JANUARY,    1955 


17 


Expensive  but  Strong 

TITANIUM 


by  Harvey  Endler,  E.  Phy.  '56 


Just  as  at  the  turn  of  the  century 
aluminum  was  being  proclaimed  the 
"wonder  metal"  of  the  age,  so  today's 
"wonder  metal"  is  titanium.  Although 
titanium  has  been  known  for  many  years, 
its  somewhat  extraordinary  properties 
have  just  recently  caused  it  to  come  into 
great  industrial  and  military  demand. 
The  four  qualities  which  cause  it  to  be 
so   greatly  suited    for   the   complex   and 


HARVEY    ENDLER 

Horvey  is  a  junior  in  Engi- 
neering Physics.  He  sent 
articles  to  the  Techno- 
graph  while  he  was  a 
student  at  Navy  Pier.  We 
ore  hoping  to  hove  many 
more  fine  articles  from 
this    Chicago    lad. 


fast  moving  devices  of  today  are  light- 
ness, strength,  corrosion  resistence,  and 
high  ductility.  Titanium  is  almost  three 
times  as  strong  as  aluminum,  although 
it  has  only  twice  the  density;  it  is  five 
times  as  strong  as  the  magnesium  al- 
loys; it  has  half  the  weight  of  steel,  but 
is  as  strong  as  many  of  the  steel  alloys ; 
in  salt  water  it  resist  corrosion  better 
than  aluminum,  stainless  steel,  chromi- 
um, magnesium  and  all  other  nietils 
and  alloys  of  general  engineering  sig- 
nificance; up  to  800  degrees  F  titanium 
alloys  have  greater  strength  for  their 
weight  than  any  common  metal  or  alloy. 
Titanium,  a  silver-white  metal  stands 
in  group  IV  A  of  the  periodic  table, 
along  with  the  elements  zirconium,  haf- 
nium, and  thorium.  These  elements,  m 
general,  tend  to  form  compounds  in 
which  their  oxidation  state  is  plus  four, 
although  being  among  the  so-called  tran- 
sition   elements,    other    oxidation    states 


are  frequently  encountered.  A  few  of 
the   physical   constants  of   titanium    are: 

atomic  number,  22 
atomic  weight,  47.9 
density,  4.5  gm,  cc 
melting    point,    1812°    C 
boiling  point,  3130°  C 

At  nomial  room  temperature,  the  t\pe 
of  crystal  lattice  is  hexagonal  clo.>e 
packed,  known  as  the  alpha  modification, 
but  at  about  1625=  F  it  changes  to  a 
body  centered  cubic,  the  beta  modifica- 
tion. Titanium  is  the  eighth  most  abun- 
dant metal  in  nature  and  the  fourth 
most  abundant  metallic  element,  being 
four  times  more  plentiful  in  the  earth's 
crust  than  manganese,  chromium,  nickel, 
copper,  zinc,  cobalt,  lead,  tin,  gold,  and 
silver  combined.  It  is  the  next  most  com- 
mon metal  after  iron,  and  its  percentage 
in  the  earth's  crust  has  been  estimated 
at  43.  The  principal  sources  of  titanium 
are  the  dioxide,  which  occurs  in  two 
crystal  forms,  tetragonal  (in  rutile  and 
anatase)  and  rhombic  (brookite),  ilmen- 
ite  (FeTiO, ),  and  numerous  titanosili- 
cates.  The  largest  domestic  source  of 
titanium  is  the  ilmenite  deposits  in  New 
York  State,  and  the  sands  of  certain 
beachs  in  India,  Australia,  and  Brazil 
are  the  principal  foreign  sources. 

Although  titanium  is  first  coming  into 
widespread  use,  it  has  been  known  for 
over  one  hundred  and  sixty  years:  in 
1789,  William  Gregor,  a  Cornish  cler- 
gyman found  that  the  sandy-black  iron 
ore  (ilmenite)  from  Menachan,  Corn- 
wall, was  the  oxide  of  a  new  element, 
which  he  appropriately  named  iiiena- 
chanite.  In  1775  an  Austrian  chemist 
named  Martin  Heinrich  Klaproth  found 
an  unfamiliar  element  in  rutile  and  sug- 
gested that  it  be  named  litnnium  in  al- 
lusion to  the  great  strength  of  the  Titans 
of    Greek    mythology.    Klaproth     later 


proved  that  menachanite  and  titanhun 
were  the  same  element  and  from  1797 
on  only  the  latter  name  was  used.  Al- 
though Rose  successfully  purified  the 
dioxide  in  1821,  attempts  to  isolate  the 
pure  metallic  element  itself  were  unsuc- 
cessful. In  1825.  the  year  in  which  alum- 
inum is  believed  to  have  been  isolated, 
the  famous  Swedish  chemist  Berzelius 
was  able  to  isolate  a  very  low  purity 
sample  of  titanium  metal.  By  1887  a 
95 9f  purity  had  been  obtained  by  the 
reduction  of  titanium  tethachloride  with 
sodium  and  in  1895  Moissan  was  able 
to  produce  a  98';  purity  by  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  tetrachloride  in  an  electric 
arc.  In  1912,  Mathew  A.  Hunter  of 
Rennsselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  was 
able  to  produce  titanium  pellets  of 
99.5';  purity  by  the  old  tetrachloride- 
sodium  reaction,  however  the  metal  pro- 
duced by  this  method  was  ductile  only 
when  hot,  and  brittle  in  the  cold  state. 
It  was  first  recognized  by  Arkel,  de 
Boer,  and  Fast  that  titanium  is  quite 
ductile  even  when  cold.  They  used  a 
new  method  of  extraction  which  con- 
sisted of  dissociating  titanium  tetraiodide 
on  a  hot  filament.  This  discovery  whet- 
ted interest  in  the  new  metal  because  of 
the  attractive  ductile  properties  disclosed, 
but  the  process  was  so  costly  and  tech- 
nologically difficult  that  it  was  pro- 
hibitive to  commercial   application. 

The  reason  for  this  slow  development 
of  purif\ing  processes  and  also  for  the 
fact  that  commercially  pure  titanium 
(99.5'^;  )  sells  for  the  exceedingly  high 
price  of  from  five  anywhere  to  fifteen 
dollars  a  pound  lies  in  one  annoying 
property  of  the  metal — its  great  affinity 
for  absorbing  gases.  When  the  metal  is 
molten,  or  for  that  matter  even  hot,  it 
combines  readily  with  almost  anything 
that  it  touches.  This  would  not  be  so 
bad  except  for  another  quality  of  the 
"wonder  metal  '  which  further  compli- 
cates matters ;  titanium  is  so  extremely 
sensitive  to  oxygen,  nitrogen,  and  carbon 
that  if  as  much  as  a  few  tenths  of  a  per 
cent  of  any  of  these  should  be  absorbed 
the  properties  are  drastically  altered  and 
the  metal  often  becomes  highly  brittle. 
Thus  the  main  pi'oblem  was  finding  a 
process  in  which  there  were  no  refrac- 
tories from  which  the  molten  titanium 
could  eat  up  the  oxygen  or  no  crucibles 
from  which  it  could  become  contamin- 
ated by  the  absorption  of  mere  traces  ot 
carbon. 

From  the  industrial  standpoint,  the 
greatest  milestone  in  the  development 
of  titanium  resulted  from  the  research 
of  Wilhelm  J.  Kroll,  a  Luxembourg 
metallurgist  who  was  working  as  con- 
sultant for  the  Bureau  of  Mines.  In 
1940  he  announced  a  reduction  tech- 
nique which  produces  a  quality  grade 
of  the  ductile  metal  on  a  commercial 
scale  and  at  a  reasonable  cost.  The  Kroll 
method    consists    basicallv    of    reduciiig 


18 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


high  pun't\'  titanium  tetrachloride  with 
niagnesium,  and  is  curreiith  being  \ised 
h\  the  Henderson,  Ne\ada  phmt  of  the 
Titanium  Metals  Corporation  of  Amer- 
ica (TMCA)  among  others.  Rutile  is 
used  as  a  plant  feed  rather  than  ilmenite 
because  of  the  difficulties  involved  in 
separating  iron  chlorides  prodiiced  dur- 
ing the  formation  of  the  tetrachloride. 
After  the  use  of  con\entional  separating 
procedures,  the  rutile  used  as  plant  feed 
is  about  95 '(  titanium  dioxide.  Ilmenite, 
containing  only  between  forty  and  sixty 
per  cent  titanium  dioxide,  is  much  more 
plentiful  domestically,  being  obtained 
from  very  large  deposits  in  New  York 
State,  and  therefore  would  be  preferred 
over  the  imported  rutile  if  some  efficient 
method  of  removing  the  iron  chlorides 
could    be    found. 

The  Kroll  process  as  it  is  performed 
industrially  today  begins  with  the  blend- 
ing of  the  rutile  with  ground  coke.  This 
mass  is  fed  into  a  moving  kiln  where 
the  volatiles  are  burned  off,  leaving  a 
porous  hard  mass  which  is  broken  into 
fragments  to  form  briquettes.  The  bri- 
quettes go  to  a  chlorinator  which  is 
maintained  at  a  temperature  of  800  de- 
grees C  or  higher,  in  which  chlorine  gas 
is  passed  upward  through  them.  The 
principal  reaction  of  this  process  can  be 
given   as 

TiO,  +  2C1,  ^  TiCl,  -f  O, 

although  some  carbon  monoxide,  carbon 
dioxide,  and  excess  chlorine  are  also 
e\ol\ed.  These  product  gases  pass 
through  dust  collectors  and  the  TiCl, 
condensing  towers.  Condensed  TiCl^  is 
pumped  to  a  settling  tank  where  insolu- 
ble matter  is  removed,  and  it  is  then 
ready  for  reduction. 

The  titanium  tetrachloride  is  fed  onto 
molten  magnesium  in  a  closed  vessel, 
the  reaction  temperature  being  about 
850  degrees  C.  The  interior  of  the  re- 
tort is  either  exacuated  or  filled  with 
some  inert  gas  under  pressure,  usually 
helium,  to  pre\ent  any  undesirable  reac- 
tions. An  excess  of  magnesium  is  pro- 
vided, and  during  the  reaction  titanium 
metal  and  magnesium  chloride  are 
formed.  This  reaction  is  given  as 

TiCl,  +  2Mg  ^  Ti  -f  2MgCL. 

After  the  reaction  is  complete,  the  retort 
is  immediately  cooled.  Either  a  special 
horizontal  boring  mill  or  a  lathe  is  used 
to  remove  the  solid  product  from  the 
reactor,  and  it  is  cut  into  small  chips 
during  the  removal.  All  of  the  boring 
operations  are  carried  out  in  a  dry  at- 
mosphere to  prevent  hydrolization  of 
the  magnesium  chloride.  The  chips  are 
slowly  fed  into  a  dilute  HCl  solution 
which  dissolves  the  remaining  magnesi- 
um chloride  but  does  not  appreciablv 
affect  the  titanium  metal.  MgCl.j  in  so- 
lution is  drained  from  the  crucible,  and 
by  means  of  electrolysis  magnesium  and 


Tetrachloride 
Recycle 


Sponge 


TITANIUM 

from 

RUTILE 


The   Processing  of  Titanium 


chlorine  can  be  obtained  fiom  it  for 
reuse  in  the  appropriate  steps  of  the 
process.  The  titaniinii  chips  are  again 
leached  and  then  are  in  the  form  known 
as  titanium  sponge — hard,  gre\',  porus 
lumps  which  have  the  consistency  of 
coke  but  howe\er  are  un\isable  until 
they  are  melted  down  into  ingots  and 
then    fabricated. 

Hatches  of  titanium  chips  are  consoli- 
dated into  ingots  in  large  arc  furnaces. 
These  batches  are  analyzed  before  being 


fed  to  the  furnaces,  and  they  may  be 
separated  according  to  tile  pinpose  for 
which  the  finished  metal  is  intended,  or 
according  to  which  alloying  elemeiits  are 
to  be  used.  At  the  Henderson  plant  of 
TMCA  the  melting  furnaces  are  of  a 
special  design  in  which  the  sponge  is 
melted  from  the  electrode  into  water 
cooled  crucibles.  Water  cooling  of  the 
walls  of  the  crucible  is  highly  effective, 
because  the  molten  titanium  freezes 
around  the  edges  to  form  a  skin  of  itself, 


JANUARY,    1955 


19 


and  the  picking  up  of  any  contaminating 
carbon  is  minimized.  Although  at  fust 
obstacles  to  the  production  of  large  size 
ingots  seemed  insurmountable,  ingots  of 
up  to  a  ton  in  weight  are  now  easily 
produced.  The  resulting  ingots  are 
turned  to  remove  surface  imperfections 
and  they  are  then  ready  for  conversion 
to  bar.  die  forgings,  wire,  tubing,  flat 
rolled  products,  or  to  whatever  use  the 
Ti  is  to  be  put. 

In  addition  to  TMCA  which  pro- 
duces about  3,600  tons  of  titanium  a 
year,  the  Kroll  process  described  above 
is  in  present  use  by  E.  I.  Du  Pont  and 
will  be  used  in  the  future  in  plants  now 
under  construction  by  the  Cramet  Co.  in 
Chattanooga,  Tennessee  and  Horizons 
Titanium  Inc.  of  Cleveland.  Other 
large  titanium  producers  in  this  coun- 
try are  the  Crane  Co.  of  Chicago,  the 
Aletal  Hvdrides  Co.  of  Beverly,  Califor- 
nia, and'  Rem-Cru  Titanium  Inc.  of 
Midland,  Pa.  Also,  the  Electro-Metal- 
lurgical Corp.  is  in  the  final  planning 
stages  of  a  plant  which  will  produce 
8,000  tons  a  year  by  a  process  based  on 
sodium  reduction,  one  of  the  pioneering 
extra-active  procedures  in  the  develop- 
ment of  titanium.  Although  the  govern- 
ment and  industry  seek  to  boost  titanium 
production  in  this  country  to  35,000 
tons  a  year  by  1957,  it  is  estimated  that 
the  production  capacity  will  be  only 
about  15,000  tons  by  1956.  This  is  a 
tremendous  figure  considering  that  onlv 
75  tons  of  titanium  were  produced  in 
the  U.  S.  in  1950. 

Once  titanium  has  been   produced   in 
ingot  form,   operations  such   as   rolling, 
drawing,   and   forging  may  be  executed 
with     essentially     standard     techniques. 
Machining  operations,  however,  such  as 
drilling,  spot-facing,  counterboring,  and 
tapping    presented    some   new    problenis 
which   had   not   been   encountered   with 
most   other   metals.    Although    titanium 
alloys  are  not  excessively  hard,  abrasive 
particles  of  titanium  carbide   frequently 
found  in  them  cause  very  rapid  wearing 
of  the  tools.  Also  a  contributing  factor 
in  tool  wear  is  the  smearing  tendency 
common    to    all    titanium    alloys   which 
causes  extreme  abrasion  of  the  tool  edge. 
New    machining    techniques    and     new 
methods  of  reducing  the  carbon  content 
of  titanium  alloys  have  now  been  found 
such  that  it  now  costs  no  more  to  ma- 
chine them  than  it  does  stainless  steels. 
These  techniques  include  the  use  of  su- 
per-hard grades  of  carbide  and  high-co- 
balt  edges    for    cutting   operations,    and 
the  use  of  carbon  dioxide  gas  as  a  cool- 
ant rather  than  the  conventional  liquid 
oils  or  emulsions.    By  directing   narrow 
streams  of  carbon  dioxide  directly  at  the 
tool-work    interface,    tool    breakdown    is 
reduced    because    of    the    elimination    of 
overheating  and  also  because  of  the  re- 
duction of  the  attrition  of  the  titanium. 
Because    of    the    economic    reasons    for 


20 


1  TITANIUM  ALLOY    RCIViB 

2  AiUMINUhJ  ALLOY      14ST6 

3  COMMERC/AL    PVRE  T\     RC  70 
+    STEfL,  TYPE   347  STAINLESS 
5    STEEL,  TYPE  4/0  $TA\ULE^S 


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(cajBTcsr  Of  vvtsrwcHOl/Sf  £W«N«£«) 

Titanium  is  much  stronger  per 
pound  than  any  other  metal,  espe- 
cially   at    high    temperatures. 


reclaiming  as  much  of  the  scrap  as  possi- 
ble, carbon  dioxide  has  another  great 
advantage ;  films  and  oxides  left  on 
titanium  by  ordinary  coolants  must  be 
removed  before  the  titanium  can  be  re- 
melted  (because  of  embrittlement) 
whereas  chips  produced  during  the  ma- 
chining with  carbon  dioxide  are  clean 
and  bright  and  an  excellent  material  for 
remelting. 

Forging  of  titanium   and  its  alloys  is 
accomplished    quite    readily    by    conven- 
tional   procedures,    and    these    materials 
flow   easily,    readily    fill    the    dies,    and 
give    good    sharp     impressions.     On     a 
weight  basis,  about  30';    more  force  is 
required    than    would    be    required    for 
steel,  and  it  has  been  found  that  better 
results   are   obtained   with   dies   that   are 
more  massive  than  those  used   for  stejl. 
An  upper  limit  of  temperature  is  neces- 
sary in  forging  because  the  rate  of  pene- 
tration of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  into  the 
metal     becomes    very    rapid     at    higher 
temperatures    and    the    resulting    scaling 
and    surface    hardening    can    become    a 
serious    problem.    Grinding    is    a    some- 
what more  difficult  problem  because  of 
the  extremely  high  rate  of  wear  of  the 
grinding    wheel.    Aluminum    oxide    and 
silicon  carbide  wheels  have  been   found 
best   for  the   purpose.  Wet  grinding   is 
usually  employed,  both  to  minimize  the 
chance  of  an  explosion  of  the  titanium 
dust    and    to    prevent    thermal    cracking 
which  can  result  from  the  localized  over- 
heating caused  by  the  very  low  thermal 
conductivity   of   titanium.   The   welding 
and  joining  properties  of  titanium  alloys 


have  been  investigated  carefully  by  the 
aircraft  industry,  and  although  it  has 
been  found  that  these  alloys  can  easily 
be  welded  to  themselves  by  inert-gas- 
shielded  arc  methods,  the  procedures  for 
joining  thse  materials  to  other  construc- 
tional metals  are  still  in  the  development 
stage. 

Titanium's  greatest   future  lies  in   its     ' 
alloys.  The  commercially  pure  titanium 
being  sold  at  present  is  in  fact  an  allov 
containing    about    99.5*^;     titanium.    It 
can  be  alloyed  with  iron,  oxygen,  chro- 
mium,  magnesium,   manganese,    alumin- 
um,  molybdenum,   and   tungsten.   Alloy- 
ing elements  are  used  for  stabilizing  the 
high  temperature  beta  modification,   for 
producing  alloys  which  are  hardened  by 
heat   treatment,    and    for   strengthening 
the  low  temperature  alpha  modification. 
An  allov  produced  by  the  Rem-Cru  Co. 
and    designated    as    RC-130A    contains 
the  largest  percentage  of  a  single  alloy- 
ing element — 7';;    manganese:  this   par- 
ticular  alloy  also  contains   a  maximum 
of   .2'f    carbon,   and   traces  of   oxygen, 
nitrogen,  and  iron.  Ti-150  B,  produced 
by    TMCA    contains    the    largest    total 
percentage    of    alloying    elements — 5*:^ 
each  of  chromium,  iron,  and  molybden- 
um, .02^f  of  carbon  and  tungsten,  and 
a    trace    of    oxygen.    Although    a    great 
many  alloy  combinations  have  been  iii- 
\estigated  in  the  laboratory,  only  a  few 
are    a\ailable    commercially    at    present, 
each  manufacturer  listing  his  own  alloys 
by  composition. 

There  are  many  promising  uses  for 
titanium  in  jet  and  gas  turbine  engines 
for  aircraft.  It  has  withstood  tests  in 
firewalls,  shrouds,  baffles,  complete  com- 
pressor sections,  afterburners  and  dia- 
phragms, where  its  big  advantage  oyer 
aluminum  is  great  strength  in  the  500 
degree  F  range,  and  its  advantage  over 
stainless  steel  is  in  weight  saving. 
Whereas  the  tensile  strength  of  alum- 
inum falls  off  sharply  beyond  300  deg 
F,  titanium  allo\s  have  good  tensile 
strength  up  to  about  800  deg  F.  A  .015 
inch  thick  sheet  of  stainless  steel  weighs 
.60  lbs  sq.  in.  whereas  a  titanium  sheet 
of  the  same  thickness  weighs  only  .35 
lbs.  sq.  in.  Using  titanium  instead  of 
stainless  steel  might  lighten  a  jet  en- 
gine by  three  hundred  pounds,  which 
is  equivalent  to  about  fifty  gallons  of 
fuel.  It  can  also  be  used  in  aircraft 
landing  gear,  propellers,  armor,  skin, 
and  internal  construction.  Titanium  is 
also  being  used  in  various  components 
of  rockets  and  guided  missiles. 

Titanium's  resistance  to  salt  water 
makes  it  extremely  useful  in  marine 
equipment.  It  can  stand  the  wear  which 
brine  has  been  known  to  inflict  upon 
even  stainless  steel.  A  few  parts  in  which 
the  Navy  would  like  to  make  use  of 
titanium  are:  snorkel  tubes  for  sub- 
marines, valve  seats,  heat  exchanges, 
condenser  piping  systems,   pump  shafts. 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Bill  Zartman  wants  to  know: 

What  effect 

would  an  advanced 

degree  have  on 

my  opportunities 

for  advancement 

at  Du  Pont? 


William  N.  Zartmon  i-  -  il,  iiv  for  a  B.S.  in  Chemical  Engineering  at  the 
Uaivcrsiiy  ^i  lllmuis.  Lasi  riuiiiiiier  he  worked  in  the  Technical  Laboratory  at 
Du  Font's  Chambers  Works  to  gain  industrial  experience.  He  has  not  yet 
selected  a  permanent  employer,  however;  and  right  now  he's  asking  the  kind 
of  questions  which  will  help  him  select  the  right  job  and  plan  a  successful  career. 


Sheldon  Isakoff  answers : 


Dr.  Sheldon  IsakoK  received  his  Ph.D.  degree  in 
Chemical  Engineering  from  Columbia  University 
in  1952,  doing  his  graduate  research  work  on  the 
problem  of  heat  transfer  in  liquid  metals.  Since 
graduation  he's  been  engaged  in  fundamental  re- 
search work  at  the  Du  Pont  Experimental  Station, 
Wilmington,  Delaware.  Dr.  Isakoff  is  now  a  Re- 
search Project  Engineer  in  the  Engineering  Re- 
search Laboratory. 


Are  you  interested  in  research  work? 

About  2000  Du  Pont  scientists  are  cur- 
rently engaged  in  research,  aided  by  some 
3500  other  employees.  Laborat  ory  facilit  ies 
of  the  highest  quality  are  available  at  the 
Du  Pont  Experimental  Station  near  Wil- 
mington, and  elsewhere  throughout  the 
country.  Full  information  about  research 
work  at  Du  Pont  is  given  in  "The  Story  of 
Research."  Write  for  your  copy  of  this  free 
28-page  booklet  to  E.  1.  du  Font  de  Ne- 
mours &  Co.  (Inc.),  2521  Nemours  Build- 
ing, Wilmington,  Delaware. 


t 


t 


"ES.U.S.PAT.OfE 


BETTER     THINGS     FOR     BETTER     LIVING 
...THROUGH     CHEMISTKY 

WATCH  "CWALC^DE  OF  AMERICA"  ON  TELEVISION 


An  advanced  degree  would  undoubtedly  have  a  favorable  effect 
in  technical  work,  Bill,  but  let  me  enlarge  on  that  just  a  little. 
In  my  own  field — chemical  engineering — a  doctorate  is  consid- 
ered to  be  evidence  of  demonstrated  ability  in  carrying  out 
original  research.  An  advanced  technical  degree  is  therefore 
helpful  in  obtaining  work  in  research  and  development,  where 
that  skUl  is  definitely  important.  You  might  say  it  gives  a  man 
a  head  start  in  proving  his  ability  in  those  areas. 

It's  less  important  in  some  other  areas,  though.  For  example, 
Ln  production  or  sales  work  a  manifest  abiUty  for  handling 
human  relationships  is  just  as  important  for  advancement  as 
technical  competence.  If  an  engineer  is  sold  on  production  work 
or  sales,  a  graduate  degree  in  marketing  or  business  adminis- 
tration might  be  more  helpful  to  him  than  advanced  technical 
training — in  getting  started. 

But  I've  noticed  this  at  Du  Pont.  Once  a  man  lands  a  job  in 
his  chosen  field  and  actually  begins  to  work,  his  subsequent 
advancement  depends  more  on  demonstrated  ability  than  on 
college  degrees.  That's  true  throughout  the  entire  company — 
Ln  scientific  work,  administration,  or  what  not. 

So  an  advanced  degree  is  not  a  royal  road  to  anything  at 
Du  Pont,  Bill.  But  when  coupled  with  proved  abilities,  an  ad- 
vanced technical  degree  is  unquestionably  helpful  to  a  man  in 
research  and  development  work.  It  often  gives  him  a  chance  to 
demonstrate  his  abilities  more  rapidly. 


JANUARY,    1955 


21 


ENGINEERING  WRITING 


Here  is  an  ideal  way 

for  the  engineer  or 

physicist  ii'ith  some 

aptitude  for  tt'riting  to 

enter  the  field  of  advanced 

electronics.  In  this 

relatively  new  and 

expanding  area  you  can 

make  immediate  and 

effective  use  of  your 

academic  training  while 

acquiring  additional 

experience. 


HUGHES 

RESEARCH  AND 
DEVELOPMENT 
LABORATORIES 


Hughes  Research  and  Development 
Laboratories  are  engaged  in  a  continu- 
ing program  for  design  and  manufac- 
ture of  integrated  radar  and  tire  con- 
trol systems  in  military  all-weather 
interceptor  aircraft.  Engineers  who 
produce  the  maintenance  and  opera- 
tional handbooks  for  this  equipment 
work  directly  with  engineers  and 
scientists  engaged  in  development  of 
radar  fire  control  systems,  electronic 
computers,  and  other  advanced  elec- 
tronic systems  and  devices. 

Your  effort  in  the  field  of  engineer- 
ing writing  through  these  publica- 
tions transmits  information  to  other 
engineers  and  technical  personnel  on 
operation,  maintenance  and  modifi- 
cation of  Hughes  equipment  in  the 
field. 

You  will  receive  additional  training 
in  the  Laboratories  at  full  pay  to  be- 
come fimihar  with  Hughes  equip- 
ment. Seminars  are  conducted  by 
pubUcations  specialists  to  orient  new 
writers.  After-hours  graduate  courses 
under  Company  sponsorship  are 
available  at  nearby  universities. 


SCIENTIFIC  AND 
ENGINEERING   STAFF 

Culver  City,  Los  Angeles  Coimty,  California 


Photograph  above;  Engineer-writer  John  Burnett  (left) 
worts  with  engineers  John  H.  Haughawout  (right)  and 
Donald  King  to  compile  handbook  information. 


22 


small  propellors  and  propeller  shafts, 
and  steam  turbine  blades.  There  also  is 
great  optimism  about  titanium's  use  in 
the  ordnance  field,  particularly  in  air- 
borne and  mobile  types  of  guns  where 
the  lighter  the  metal  is,  the  better. 

Industrial   use  will  be  curtailed   until 
the  high  price  drops  markedly.  Portable 
machine    tools,    fast     moving     spindles, 
spools,   warp   beams   and    other   moving 
parts  of  textile  machinery  are  represen- 
tative  of   the  many   places   in   industry 
where    a    strong    but    light    rnaterial    is 
advantageous.   It  may   also   find   use  in 
sporting    equipment    such    as    golf    clubs 
and    fishing    tackle,    and    miscellaneous 
pieces    such    as   orthopedic   braces.    The 
ability  of  titanium,  when  hot,  to  absorb 
large  quantities  of  oxygen,  nitrogen,  and 
hydrogen — a  direct  nuisance  in  the  re- 
fining of  titanium — is  put  to  good  use 
in   electron    tubes.   Titanium   is   used   to 
absorb  these  gases  as  they  are  boiled  out 
of  the  glass  and  other  tube  parts. 

Instructor:  "Before  we  start  this  final 

exam,  are  there  any  questions?' 

ME:     "What's     the     name    of    this 

course?" 

#        *       * 

"Faith,"  declared  Mike,  "  'tis  an  un- 
thankful country  that  is,  now.  Here  we 
Irish  have  done  so  much  for  the  United 
States  and  b' jabbers  they've  named  only 
state  after  an  Irishman!" 

His  faithful  friend  Pat  raised  his  red 
eyebrows.  "I  didn't  know  there  was 
such  a  state,  Mike!"  , 

"Sure    and    have    ye    niver    heard    o 

that  western  state,  O'Regon?' 
*       *       * 

Indian  Chief  Lotta  Bull  had  10  wives 
and  the  government  agent  had  just 
found  out  about  it. 

"Bull,"  he  said  firmly,  "We  must  all 
obey  the  laws.  Now  you  go  straight 
home  and  tell  all  those  wives  but  one 
that  they  must  go!" 

The  chief   reflected   a  bit.   "You  tell 

'em,"   he  said. 

iit        *        * 

Two  stewdents  were  discussing  life  in 
one  of  the  local  taverns.  One  said, 
"Y'know,  when  I  was  born,  I  only 
weighed    two    poundsh." 

"No  kidding.    Did  you  live?" 

"Did  I  live?    Shay,  you  ought  to  see 

me  now." 

*  *        * 

The  meek  little  gent  in  the  restaurant 
finally  sighed  and  decided  to  give  up  his 
steak."  le  was  tougher  than  sole  leather. 
He  called  the  waiter  and  pleaded  that 
it  be  taken  back  to  the  kitchen.  The 
waiter  dolefully  shook  his  head  and  said, 
"Sorry,   pal,   I   can't  take   it  back  now. 

You've  bent  it." 

*  *        * 

Professor:  "Ciive  the  most  important 
fact  about  nitrates." 

Student:  "They  are  cheaper  than  the 
day  rates." 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THE  PERCENTAGE  of  hydrogen  in 
liquid  hydrocarbons  can  be  determined 
by  making  two  simultaneous  measure- 
ments on  the  sample  to  give  (1)  density 
and  (2 1  the  absorption  rate  for  beta 
rays.  The  weight  percentage  of  hydro- 


gen in  the  sample  is  computed  from 
these  measurements  and  a  cahbration 
curve.  The  new  instrument  shown  here, 
a  Standard  Oil  development,  measures 
the  beta  ray  absorption  rate. 


BETA   RAY 


used  to  speed  hydrogen  measurement 


The  problem :  Ho  w  to  measure  the  percentage  of 
hydrogen  in  organic  compounds  in  a  short  time. 

The  established  process  was  combustion.  It 
took  about  four  hours,  and  so  discouraged  the 
use  of  hydrogen  determinations.  But  such 
analyses  are  increasingly  important.  Processes 
in  the  petroleum  and  chemical  industries  often 
involve  hydrogenation  or  dehydrogenation.  In 
addition,  the  percentage  of  hydrogen  is  an 
index  to  the  performance  of  critical  fuels  such 
as  those  used  in  jet  planes. 

A  rapid  method  for  measuring  hydrogen 
content  would  therefore  be  a  great  help  in 
both  research  work  and  plant  control.  Standard 


Oil's  Engineering  Research  Department,  spe- 
cialists in  solving  technical  problems,  took  on 
this  challenging  assignment. 

A  new  machine — a  beta  ray  hydrogen  ana- 
lyzer—was invented  and  constructed.  It  gives 
results  in  five  minutes,  and  is  twice  as  accu- 
rate as  the  old  combustion  method.  It  is  so 
easy  to  operate  that  a  laboratory  technician 
can  use  it. 

Problems  such  as  this  are  met  continually 
in  Standard  Oil  laboratories.  They  offer  an 
opportunity  for  young  men  with  training  in 
chemistry  and  engineering  to  test  their  knowl- 
edge, skill  and  ingenuity. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  80,  Illinois 


U 


(STANDARD) 


JANUARY,    1955 


23 


J^ 


BASIC  REQUIREMENTS 

JAN  and  MIL  Specifications  are  basic 
guidepost$  for  electronic  advance- 
ment, whether  used  as  engineering 
reference  points  or  os  procurement 
standards.  IPC's  dual  emphasis  on 
moss  production  and  exacting  testing 
assures  highest  performance  standards 
at  lowest  possible  cost. 

SPECIFIC  EXAMPLES 

CEm 


Type  BT  Insulated  Composition  Resistors 
MIL-R-llA  Specification 


ONLY  IRC  MAKES  SO  MANY 
JAN  AND  MIL  TYPE  RESISTORS 

.  .  .  another  reason  why  engineers  prefer  IRC  Resistors 

56  different  IRC  resistors  is  today's  figure — all  equiva- 
lent to  JAN  or  MIL  specifications.  Manufacturers  of 
military  equipment  who  must  meet  these  specifications 
depend  on  IRC  for  all  their  resistor  requirements. 
Offering  the  widest  line  of  resistors  in  the  industry — 
138  different  types  in  all— IRC  is  the  logical  source  of 
JAN  and  MIL  type  units. 


IRC  Power  Wire  Wound  Resistors 
MIL-R-26B  Specification 


Type  BW  Low  Wattage  Wire  Wounds 
JAN-R-184  Specification 


Seated  Precision  Voltmeter  Multipliers 
JAN-R-29  Speciflcotion    ■ 


^^^^^^^^^^         401        Broad 
WMimn/i  "tin  (mcmJL  Soij/^-  -'^Vv-       (n  Canada:  /nlernah'ona/  K«<i<fanc*  Co.,  Toronto,  licMtM 


INTERNATIONAL 
RESISTANCE  CO. 


J 


24 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


<<NEW   DEPARTURES"   IN    SCIENCE   &    INVENTION 


,c:^ 


6aa  of  uitiM 


COUNT  VON   ZEPPELIN  — MODESTY  PREVAILS 

If  Zeppelin  had  said  his  dirigible  was  "just  a  big  bag  of  wind,"  he'd  have  shown 
vision.  He  knew  that  its  record  of  60  miles  in  two  hours  was  only  a  beginning. 

And  so  it  was.  Now  the  sound  barrier  has  been  smashed  .  .  .  and  New  Departure 
has  helped.  With  boll  bearings  to  withstand  high  jet  engine  temperatures.  With 
ball  bearings  to  carry  heavy  propeller  loads.  With  ultra-precise  instrument  ball 
bearings  that  help  make  "blind  flight"  and  pinpoint  navigation  possible. 

Just  as  New  Departure  was  ready  for  today's  advances  in  aviation,  New  Departure 
will  be  ready  tomorrow,  too — with  the  finest  in  ball  bearings  .  .  .  firsf. 

NEW  DEPARTURE     «     DIVISION  OF  GENERAL  MOTORS     •     BRISTOL,  CONNECTICUT 


DEPARTURE 

BALL     BEARINGS 


NOTHING         ROILS        LIKE 


Navy's  new  vertical  take-off  fighter,  (he  "pogo 
ttick,"  has  some  80  New  Departure  boll  bearings  in 
its  Allison  T40  turbo-prop  engine.  New  Departures 
also  carry  heavy  Ihrusi  and  combinotion  loads  in 
the  Curliss-Wrighl  Turbolectric  propellers. 


JANUARY,    1955 


25 


The  Sanitary 
Engineering  Department 


by   Kieth   Yarborough,  Civ.   E.  '55 


Since  the  beginning  of  history,  man 
has  been  confronted  with  the  problem 
of  waste  disposal.  The  earliest  records 
of  his  action  on  such  problems  date  back 
to  the  thirty-seventh  century  B.  C.  In 
India  during  this  time,  sewers  \ve''e 
being  constructed  to  handle  sewage 
Hows.  Other  findings  by  archeological 
expeditions  indicate  the  existence  of 
many  such  drainage  systems  which 
served  the  civilization  centers  of  the 
near  East  and  Romance  countries  dur- 
ing the  pre-Christian  period. 

However,  our  predecessors  seemed  sat- 
isfied solely  with  the  collection  of  sew- 
age and  its  subsequent  most  convenient 
disposal ;  presumably  by  dilution  in 
bodies  of  water  or  by  absorption  into 
the  earth.  Thus,  it  was  not  initil  com- 
paratively recent  times  that  adequate 
consideration  has  been  given  to  the  prob- 


lems of  sewage  trcat/nent.  Nevertheless, 
from  the  beginnings  made  in  the  middle 
nineteenth  century,  tremendous  advances 
have  been  achieved,  especially  in  the  last 
fifty  years.  Workers  at  the  University 
of  Illinois,  as  at  other  experiment  sta- 
tions throughout  the  world,  have  been 
active  in  helping  to  achieve  this  prog- 
ress. However,  of  great  significance  in 
any  such  work  are  the  facilities  for 
carrying  on  the  proposed  projects  and 
research.  No  ideas,  no  matter  how 
promising,  can  be  thoroughly  studied 
without  adequate  equipment  and  con- 
venient working  space. 

However,  up  to  1942,  experiments 
were  still  being  performed  in  the  old 
Sewage  Research  Laboratory  under  ad- 
versities which  made  the  ease  of  testing 
and  exactness  of  control  much  more  dif- 
ficult. Despite  these  drawbacks,  the  con- 


University  of  Illinois  Sanitary  Engineering  Laboratory.  Built  in  1942,  it 
provides  facilities  for  teaching  and  research  serving  the  state  and  effecting 
the  entire  nation. 


26 


tributions  resulting  from  information  ob- 
tained in  this  lab  were  many  and  of  im- 
portance to  the  science  of  waste  dis- 
posal and  treatment. 

Finally,  in  1942,  the  "teniporary" 
structure,  located  near  the  Boneyard 
Creek,  which  housed  the  old  laboratory 
became  untenable  because  its  condition 
had  made  it  impossible  for  the  Physical 
Plant  to  maintain  properly.  As  we  all 
vividly  recall,  this  was  a  period  of  des- 
perate need  for  well-trained  technical 
personnel,  among  them  sanitary  engi- 
neers. To  facilitate  the  training  of  such 
men  to  aid  in  the  war  efiort.  funds 
were  appropriated  by  the  University 
from  existing  sources  which  at  that  time 
were  especially  adequate.  Because  of  the 
urgency  of  the  times,  priorities  for  the 
necessary  materials  were  readily  ob- 
tained, construction  carried  out  and 
teaching  and  research  soon  resumed  in 
the  new  surroundings. 

The  efforts  of  Professor  H.  E.  Bab- 
bitt, for  many  years  head  of  sanitary 
research  at  the  L  niversity  of  Illinois, 
and  Professor  W.  C.  Huntington,  head 
of  the  L  niversity  of  Illinois  Department 
of  Civil  Engineering,  were  instrumental 
in  obtaining  authorization,  funds,  and 
eventual  construction  of  the  present  lab. 
Completion  of  this  project  made  pos- 
sible the  realization  of  a  long  sought 
goal  for  Professor  Babbitt. 

Today  this  modern,  three-story,  brick 
building  provides  a  place  conducive  to 
the  pursuit  of  research  on  the  treatment 
of  water  and  sewage.  Its  five  thousand 
square  feet  of  floor  area  which  was  de- 
signed for  greatest  flexibility  in  use 
give  ample  space  for  laboratories,  class- 
rooms, offices  and  a  well-equipped  ma- 
chine shop.  These  facilities  and  the  me- 
chanical equipment  enable  one  to  carry 
on  studies  of  not  only  the  various  meth- 
ods of  sewage  and  water  treatment,  but 
also  biological,  bacteriological,  and  radi- 
ological examinations  to  measure  the  ef- 
fectiveness  of   such   methods.    There   is 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^f^lockihtf  -festenerg 


^la^^y^df? 


nuts 


Rollpins 


CLINCH   NUT 


1200°   F.  HIGH-TEMP.  NUT 


GANG 
CHANNEL  NUTS 


FLOATING  ANCHOR  NUT 


Every  major  aircraft  now  being  assembled  relies  on  the 
vibration-proof  holding  power  of  ELASTIC  STOP  nuts. 
Only  ESNA  manufactures  a  complete  line  of  all  types 
and  sizes  of  sclf-lockina;  nuts. 


dia.  from  1/16"  to  1/2" 


Rollpins  are  slotted,  tubular  steel,  pressed-fit  pins 
with  chamfered  ends.  They  drive  easily  into  holes 
drilled  to  normal  tolerances,  compressing  as  driven. 
Extra  assembly  steps  like  hole  reaming  or  peening 
are  eliminated.  Rollpins  lock  in  place,  yet  are  read- 
ily removed  with  a  punch  and  may  be  reused. 

Cut  assembly  costs  by  using  Rollpins  as  set 
screws,  positioning  doicels,  clevis  or  hinge  pins. 
Specify  them  in  place  of  straight,  serrated,  tapered 
or  cotter  type  pins. 


ELASTIC  STOP  NUT  CORPORATION 
OF  AMERICA 


■ 

■ 

Elastic  Stop  Nut  Corporation  o(  Acne 

rica 

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Dept.  N34-1S2,  2330  Vauxhall  Road, 

Un 

on,  N.  i. 

■ 

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\ 

Please  send  me  the  following  f 

ree 

fastening  information: 

1 

\           n   Elastic  Stop  Nut  Bulletin 
\        D    Rollpin  Bulletin 
y      D   AN-ESNA  Conversion  Chart 

/               Namn 

□   Here  is  a  drawing  of  our 
product.  What  fastener  would 
you  suggest? 

Till. 

1 

m 

'0'/'U 

(M' 

■ 

Slr«el 

Hmt 

„.-J 

■ 

Jm 

Clly 

Zann          Sl^f« 

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JANUARY,    1955 


27 


NOV^'  COACH,   IF  YOU  RE   THINKING   WHAT 
I  THINK  you're    thinking,  THEN  STOP 
THINKING   IT\ 


i 

i 

i 
m 


iiiWiii!i?^m^fSl^ii^W". 


m^&m. 


NOW  SEE  HERE^   CRENSjHAW,    WHEN   ONE 
GETS   PINNED,  \'\  DOESN  T    MEAN 
AGAINST  THE    WALL!! 


BUT  I  DON  T  SEE    HOW   DROPPING  ,  ^^^     r^Dc^,cu/^u/     /^/ ,     ,    mma,t    Tr^    no 

JUST    Ol^E    THING    OFF    Th^     EDG^    OF  ^^^K,    CRENSHAW,    ALL    /    WANT    TO   DO 

THIS   ROOF   WILL    PROVE    GALILEOS    LM!      'S  BORROW    ONE   BUCK    FOR  A   WEEKI 


n 


fieniplehii 


<^JOW  YOU  SAD   'FORMAL' - 
n   SWEATSHIRT,     DmT    I  ? 


CHANGED 


ITS    A  DEAL    I    MADE 
WITH    CRENSHm   LAST 
\SEMESTER    WHEN    HE 
JURNED    IN   A    LATE 
TERM    PAPER. 


CRENSHAW,   I  KNOW    WERE    ROOP^IMATES^ 

SHARING    "THINGS"  ENDS    HERE   AND 
NOWl 


HEY,    CRENSHAW,     ITS     THE    GUY 
FROM    NEXT    DOOR.       HE     WANTS 

TO    TELL     US    HOW    MUCH    HE 

LIKES     OUR    COMBO  I 


Battery  of  continuously  stirred  digesters.    Speeds  of  stirring  could  be  varied 
by  altering   the  gearing   arrangement. 


equipment  for  work  in  the  hydraulics  of 
sewage  and  sludge  flows,  as  well  as  a 
three-story  plumbing  installation  used 
for  demonstration  and  research  on 
plumbing  practices. 

Moreover,  not  only  is  the  Sanitar\' 
Engineering  Laboratory  well  equipped, 
but  its  location  is  also  most  advantage- 
ous to  the  effective  serving  of  its  func- 
tion. Some  two  hundred  feet  to  the 
north  is  a  thirty  inch  intercepter  sewer 
from  which  domestic  sewage  can  be 
pumped  to  the  lab  for  study  and  analysis. 
Running  two  hundred  feet  to  the  south 
Honeyard  Creek  provides  a  source  of  sur- 
face water  which  can  easily  be  pimiped 
to  the  lab  for  similar  purposes.  Storage 
facilities  within  the  laboratory  are  pro- 
vided by  two  ten-foot  diameter  wooden- 
stave  tanks,  each  having  at  present  a 
capacity  of  some  ten  thousand  gallons 
and  a  maximum  possible  capacity  of 
around  twenty  thousand  gallons.  Such 
storage  facilities  are  important  in  that 
not  only  is  an  abundant  supply  of  either 
water  or  sewage  constantly  available  but 
also  they  provide  for  the  primary  treat- 
ment of  sewage  in  the  preparation  of 
solids  for  further  studies.  These  solids 
can  be  furnished  either  fresh  or  well- 
digested  and  are  easily  collected.  Gas 
from  the  digestion  of  such  solids  can  also 
be  collected  for  anlysis  to  furnish  con- 
trol data. 

The  choice  of  location  is  also  conveni- 
ent in  that  septic  tanks  with  sampling 
wells  for  u.se  in  studies  of  the  type  of 
individual  home  sewage  disposal  systems 
prevalent  in  many  rural  or  subdivision 
areas  today  have  been  provided  without 
danger  of  nuisance. 

All  of  these  many  facilities  are  used 
for   graduate    research,    for   the   instruc- 


tion of  graduate  and  senior  sanitary  en- 
gineering courses,  and  for  work  on  con- 
tracted projects  sponsored  by  industry. 
Space  is  also  available  for  special  prob- 
lems as  may  be  elected  by  advanced  im- 
dergraduates  in  sanitary  engineering. 

Among  the  early  projects  conducted 
at  the  University  of  Illinois  (some  while 
the  old  sewage  lab  was  still  in  use)  were 
those  dealing  with  sludge  and  sewage 
flows  in  pipes  both  laminar  and  turbu- 
lent; some  of  the  first  studies  ever 
made  on  the  digestion  of  sewage  sludges 
as  a  means  of   treatment ;   tests   and   re- 


sultant comparisons  of  various  methods 
of  .sewage  treatment ;  and  research  on 
plumbing  techniques  based  on  funda- 
mental hydraulic  principles — another 
"first"  in  this  field  of  study.  The  present 
plumbing  arrangement  in  the  lab  ex- 
emplifies these  findings  and  demonstrates 
their  fundamental  principles  as  well  as 
showing  defective  plumbing  techniques 
for  demonstration  purposes. 

More  recent  work  includes  studies  on 
six  small  septic  tanks;  experimentation 
and  formulation  of  water  production 
principles  for  gravity  wells;  studies  of 
varied  flow  in  open  channels;  the  cor- 
rosion of  copper  tube  soil  stacks  ;  testing 
of  diatomaceous  earth  filter  equipment 
and  attached  coagidation  chambers  de- 
signed for  the  purification  of  water  by 
army  units  in  the  field,  research  on  the 
treatment  of  radioactive  sewage  sludges, 
and  others.  The  last  two  are  the  most 
recent  and  perhaps  the  most  interesting. 

The  studies  made  on  the  diatomite 
filter  units  were  carried  on  over  a  period 
of  seven  years.  This  project  was  con- 
tracted from  the  Engineering  Research 
and  Dexelopment  Laboratories  under  the 
auspices  of  the  War  Department  and 
the  Engineer  Center  at  Fort  Belvoir, 
Virginia.  The  work  was  divided  into 
several  phases  including  studies  of  the 
effects  of  coagulation  chemicals  on  the 
filtration  properties  of  a  "raw"  {i.e., 
untreated )  water  so  treated,  the  use  of 
various  parameters  in  controlling  the 
filtration  and  the  effect  of  adding  body 
feed  {i.e.,  small  amounts  of  diatomite 
added  continuously  to  lengthen  the  filter 
run  ). 

The  general  theory  of  operation  and 
treatment  by  the   unit  is  quite  straight- 


Viev^  showing  batch  digester  setup.  Digestion  was  carried  out  on  a  fill 
and  draw  basis.  Since  many  of  the  samples  used  in  this  project  were  radio- 
active, they  were   labeled   for  identification. 


) 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  Campus-to-Career  Case  History 


"Always  something  nevir' 


"Different  types  of  work  appeal  to  different 
men,"  says  Donald  O'Brian  ( A.B.,  Indiana,  '50 ) , 
in  the  Traffic  Department  with  Indiana  Bell  Tele- 
phone Company.  "For  me,  I'll  take  a  job  that 
keeps  me  hopping.  And  that's  just  the  kind  of 
job  I  have. 

''You'd  think  that  after  two  years  I'd  have  all 
the  variables  pinned  down.  But  it  doesn't  work 
that  way.  When  you  supervise  telephone  service 
for  thousands  of  different  customers  whose  needs 


are  always  changing,  there's  always  something 
new  coming  up. 

"I  started  with  Indiana  Bell  in  1952,  after 
two  years  in  the  Army.  My  training  program 
exposed  me  to  many  different  kinds  of  tele- 
phone work — customer  contact,  personnel,  ac- 
counting, operations.  I  saw  a  lot  of  jobs  which 
looked  as  interesting  as  mine.  As  much  as  I 
like  what  I'm  doing  now,  I  bet  I'll  like  my  next 
spot  even  better." 


Don's  enthusiasm  for  his  job  is  pretty  typical  of  how 
most  young  college  men  feel  about  their  telephone 
careers.  Perhaps  you'd  be  interested  in  a  similar  oppor- 
tunity with  a  Bell  Telephone  operating  company,  such 
as  Indiana  Bell  ...  or  with  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories, 
Western  Electric  or  Sandia  Corporation.  See  your  Place- 
ment OfScer  for  more  information. 


ELL      TELEPHONE      SYSTI 


JANUARY,    1955 


31 


forward.  The  raw  water  is  pumped  into 
the  lab  from  the  Boneyard  Creek  near- 
by. It  is  then  rapidly  mixed  with  ferric 
chloride  and  calcium  carbonate,  chemi- 
cals which  react  to  form  a  heavy  gela- 
tinous precipitate.  The  precipitate,  the 
particles  of  which  are  called  floe,  forms 
a  sludge  blanket  through  which  raw 
water  passes.  The  sludge  blanket  acts 
as  a  "screen"  which  allows  the  water 
to  pass  through  while  "filtering"  out 
particles  of  undesirable  organic  or  gritty 
matter.  Thus,  the  chemical  floe  serves 
as  a  primary  filtration  unit  similar  to 
coarse  screening  in  a  sewage  treatment 
plant.  This  series  of  operation  (i.e.,  the 
rapid  mixing,  reaction  of  chemicals  dur- 
ing the  continuously  stirred  flocculation 
period,  and  subsequent  coarse  filtration) 
was  performed  in  the  Erdlators.  Mixing 
of  chemicals  with  the  water,  and  then 
flocculation  occurs  in  the  central  cylin- 
der. 

The  resulting  sludge  blanket  forms  in 
the  outer  chamber  and  is  drawn  off  at  a 
constant  rate.  The  Erdlator  efRuent  is 
clear  and  sparkling  and  contains  only 
bacteria  and  micro-organisms.  H.T.H. 
(High  Test  Hypochlorite),  a  chemical 
containing  a  high  percentage  of  avail- 
able chlorine,  is  also  added  to  the  Erd- 
lators to  provide  a  sufficient  residue  in 
the  final  effluent.  The  Erdlator  effluent 
is  collected  in  fifty  gallon  drums  and 
pumped  to  the  diatomite  filter  units.  T'le 
water  is  then  forced  under  constantly 
maintained  pressure  through  the  septunis 
of  these  filters  upon  which  is  supported 
the  actual  filtering  agent  (;'.(..  the  dia- 
tomaceous  earth).  This  material  is  com- 
posed   of    the    skeletons    of    microscopic 


Closeup  of  an  erdlator.  1  —Ferric 
chloride  orifice  calibration  chart; 
2  —  Raw  water  inflow  calibration 
chart;  3  —  Raw  water  inflow  ma- 
noweter;  4  —  Ferric  chloride  feed- 
er; 5  —  Row  water  inflov/  control; 
6  —  Center  column  mixer  shaft;  7  — 
Speed  reducer  gear  and  motor; 
8  —  Central  mixing  chamber;  9  — 
Outer  filtering    chamber. 

plants  which  are  found  in  large  deposits 
at  the  sites  of  ancient  bodies  of  water  in 
certain  areas  of  the  world.  It  is  an  ideal 
filtering  material  in  that  by  virtue  of  its 
ven,-  fine  Hour-like  nature  it  effectually 
prohibits  the  passage  of  any  organisms 
(bacteria  included).  The  septums  are 
made  by  fusing  small  brass  spheres  into 


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close    up   of    Diatomite    Filter    Installation.     1    —    Drain;    2    —    Filter   Septum; 
3  —  Filter  Housing;  4  —  Rate-of-Flow  Control    Panels. 


porous  cylinders.  They  serve  only  to  sup- 
port the  diatomaceous  earth  filtering  ma- 
terial and  to  permit  the  passage  of  the 
final  effluent  which  is  forced  from  their 
outside  to  their  inside. 

The  length  of  filter  runs  varies  from 
one-half  an  hour  to  twenty-four  or  forty- 
eight  hours,  depending  on  the  condition 
of  the  raw  water,  the  efficiency  of  the 
sludge  blanket  formation  and  action,  and 
the  amount  of  diatomite  filtering  ma- 
terial used.  Filter  runs  can  be  lengthened 
by  adding  "body-feed."  This  is  a  care- 
fully controlled  slurry  of  diatomaceous 
earth  which  is  continuously  added  to  cir- 
cumvent the  clogging  of  the  filters  by 
the  layering  up  of  foreign  matter  which 
has  been  filtered  out. 

As  the  pictures  indicate,  these  units 
are  compact  and  therefore  quite  flexible 
and  easily  moved.  This  is  their  intended 
purpose  as  the  units  now  in  use  by  the 
army  for  water  purification  in  the  field 
are  truck-mounted.  These  army  units 
were  to  a  great  extent  designed  on  the 
information  collected  in  the  tests  run  in 
our  Sanitary  Engineering  Lab. 

While  these  filtration  studies  were 
being  made,  an  investigation  was  also 
being  pursued  in  the  lab  to  determine 
the  effect  of  radioactive  isotopes  on  an 
important  phase  in  the  present-day  treat- 
ment of  sewage  sludges,  namely  diges- 
tion. This  type  of  experimentation,  let 
under  a  two  year  contract  by  the  Atomic 
Energy  Commission,  is  of  great  import- 
ance to  our  security  in  the  atomic  age. 
It  is  important  to  learn  if  present  meth- 
ods of  sewage  treatment  can  cope  with 
the  treatment  of  the  radioactive  wastes 
which  are  now  present  in  some  domestic 
sewages  due  to  hospital  uses  and  especial- 
ly in  the  wastes  produced  by  nuclear  re- 
search centers.  Such  information  on  the 
effects  to  present  methods  will  give  us 
clues  to  new  methods  of  treatment  which 
will  render  these  wastes  safe. 

Today  sludge  digestion  is  a  widely 
used  method  of  treating  sewage  sludges. 
It  consists  of  placing  the  solids  collect- 
ed from  primary  settling  treatment  into 
a  container,  called  a  digester,  in  which 
the  biological  activity  of  the  anaerobes 
transforms  these  solids  into  a  material 
which  can  then  be  safely  disposed  of. 
These  anaerobes  are  that  group  of  or- 
ganisms which  digests  materials  in  their 
metabolism  without  requiring  an  oxygen 
supply. 

Not  only  was  it  important  to  learn 
the  effects  of  radioactive  materials  on  the 
digestion  processes,  but  also  to  determine 
the  possible  effects  of  that  digestion  on 
the  concentration  of  radio-active  iso- 
topes— an  occurrence  which  could  be 
dangerous  to  anyone  who  might  come  in 
contact  with  the  digester  material  or 
liquids  as  well   as  the  operators. 

Fresh  sewage  solids  pumped  from  the 
intercepter  sewer  nearby  and  concen- 
trated in  the  lab  were  digested  at  92  to 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1916— The  first  Boeing  plant,  Seattle 


1954— Boeing's  Seattle  plant  as  it  appears  today.  New  Engineering  Building  is  shown  in  foreground. 


Is  career  stability  important  to  you? 


Then  the  chart  below  will  be  of  interest. 
It  shows  that  46%  of  Bocino's  engineers 
have  been  with  this  company  for  five 
or  more  years;  25%  have  been  here  10 
or  more  years,  and  6%  for  1 5  years. 

50% 


Tun.1 

10%           20%           30%           40% 

20+ 

■ 

15+ 

10+ 
5+ 

^ 

' 

^ 

One  reason  for  this  stability  is  that 
Boeing  has  grown  steadily  for  38  years, 
providing  plenty  of  room  for  advance- 
ment. Another  reason  is  the  highly  in- 
teresting type  of  work  at  Boeing,  such 
as  designing  and  building  America's  first 
jet  transport  and  the  revolutionary  B-47 


and  B-52  jet  bombers,  as  well  as  work 
on  pilotless  aircraft,  supersonic  flight 
and  research  in  nuclear-powered  aircraft. 

Still  another  reason  is  this:  Boeing 
always  has  put  dominant  emphasis  on 
engineering  development.  Pioneering  in 
this  field  has  meant  that  Boeing  con- 
stantly has  increased  its  engineering  staff 
in  relation  to  total  employees.  Fifteen 
years  ago,  one  out  of  16  employees  was 
in  engineering.  Five  years  ago  the  pro- 
portion of  engineers  had  been  raised 
to  one  in  ten  and  today  it  has  climbed 
to  one  in  seven. 

Boeing  has  rewarding  openings  for 
engineers  of  EVERY  category— electri- 
cal, civil,  mechanical,  aeronautical  and 
related    fields,    as    well    as    for    applied 


physicists  and  mathematicians  with  ad- 
vanced degrees. 

Careers  at  Boeing  afford  a  wide  vari- 
ety of  experience  in  research,  design  and 
production,  as  well  as  work  with  new 
materials  and  techniques,  and  contacts 
with  a  cross  section  of  industry  through 
Boeing's  vast  subcontracting  program. 

Boeing  promotes  from  within  and 
holds  regular  merit  reviews  to  assure  in- 
dividual recognition.  Engineers  are  en- 
couraged to  take  graduate  studies  while 
working  and  are  reimbursed  for  all  tui- 
tion expense. 

For    further    Boeing    career   lnformatior% 
consul!    your   PLACEMENT    OFFICE,    or    write 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer- Personnel 
Boeing  Airplane   Company,  Seattle   14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE,  WAaHINUTON 


WICHITA,  KANSAS 


JANUARY,    1955 


33 


Closeup  of  Rear  of  Filter  Apparatus  showing  body-feed  units.  1—  Body- 
feed  Tanks;  2  —  Body-feed  Stirrers;  3  —  Manometer  lines;  4  —  Body-feed 
Surge  Tanks;   5   —  Manifold;  6  —   Filter   Housings;   7   —   Pressure    Regulator. 


102°F.  The  radioactive  materials  added 
were  P^-,  V,  S'\  and  Ca^\  The  di- 
gestion was  measured  hy  standard  para- 
meters,  namely  gas  production,   volatile 


acids,  pH,  and  solids  anahsis.  Micro- 
scopic studies  were  also  made  to  corre- 
late these  results  with  the  type  of  radio- 
activity of  the  isotopes  present. 


'naenuiti/... 

HV  Key  to  K&E  Leadership 

To  design  a  slide  rule  that  makes  even  the  most  comple.x 
calculations  simple  takes  ingenuity.  Years  of  ingenious 
developments  and  improvements  by  K&E,  first  to  make 
slide  rules  in  America,  produced  the  Log  Log  Duplex 
Decitrig®,  the  slide  rule  most  used  by  engineers  and 
students  alike.  Ingenflity— of  design,  of  manufacture— is 
one  of  the  keys  to  K&E's  eighty-seven  years  of  leader- 
ship in  drafting,  reproduction,  surveying  and  optical 
tooling  equipment  and  materials,  in  slide  rules  and 
measuring  tapes. 


Phases  of  testing  included  studies  of 
the  effects  of  radioactivity  on  batch  (/.(., 
fill  and  draw)  digesters,  coiitinuoush- 
fed  digesters,  and  digesters  stirred  at 
various  rates  of  speed.  The  results 
varied,  depending  upon  thj  isotopes 
used.  Most  of  these  radioactive  mater- 
ials had  little  effect  upon  the  processes 
of  digestion  except  when  present  in  ex- 
trL'iiiely  high  levels.  In  most  cases  the 
radioactive  materials  were  found  in  the 
sludge  portion  of  the  mixture,  except  in 
one  case  in  which  they  appeared  in  a 
greater  proportion  in  the  liquids  pro- 
duced. In  general,  little  effect  upon  the 
organisms  responsible  for  sludge  diges- 
tion occurred  because  of  the  radioactive 
materials  added. 

Such  work  is  valuable  in  pointing  the 
way  to  better  methods  of  treatment  of 
the  many  wastes,  some  quite  dangerous, 
that  are  encountered  today. 

However,  not  only  is  the  lab  the 
scene  of  research  but  also  it  provides 
facilities  for  the  teaching  of  sanitary  en- 
gineering courses.  Graduate  and  under- 
graduate laboratory  facilities  are  avail- 
able and  find  constant  use.  In  addition 
to  this,  the  Sanitary  Engineering  Lab 
serves  as  the  center  for  annual  short- 
courses  offered  to  plumbers,  sewage  plant 
operators,  and  water  works  operators. 
Attendance  at  these  meetings,  sponsored 
in  cooperation  with  the  University  of 
Illinois  Division  of  Extensions,  furnishes 
men  in  the  field  with  information  on 
the  most  recent  developments  with  prac- 
tice in  standard   testing  techniques. 

Because  of  its  many  facilities  for 
teaching  and  research,  the  Sanitary  En- 
gineering Laboratory  is  an  important 
part  of  the  educational  provisions  avail- 
able at  the  University  of  Illinois.  Few 
other  institutions  can  boast  of  such  ex- 
tensive facilities  or  of  the  achievements 
attained.  However,  there  is  no  signifi- 
cant place  for  clipping  scrapbooks  in 
scientific  progress,  and  therefore  the  lab 
is  constantly  proceeding  in  the  search 
for  better  methods  of  water  and  sewage 
purification. 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


Chicago 


New  York 

St.  Louis   •   Detroit 


•       Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Son  Francisco  •   Los  Angeles  •  Monfreol 


The  efficiency  expert  died  after  many 
years  of  faithful  service,  and  his  com- 
pany had  arranged  an  elaborate  funer- 
al. The  pallbearers  were  carrying  the 
casket  out  of  the  church  when,  suddenly 
the  coffin  lid  popped  open  and  the  ex- 
pertsat  up  and  said,  "If  you  put  this 
thing   on    rollers,    \'oil   can   lay   off   four 

men." 

*        *        * 

The  Sunday-school  teacher  had  asked 
her  class  where  God  lives.  One  small 
boy  replied  "He  lives  in  our  bathroom." 

"Why,  Jimmy,  what  makes  you  say 
that?" 

"Well,  every  morning  my  pop  stands 
in  front  of  the  bath  room  door  and 
says,  'God,  are  you  still  in  there?'" 


34 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Bali-and-socket  joint  cast  iron  pipe  for  water  main  crossing  river  at  Newark,  Ohio. 


Where  installations  are  planned  for  long-term 
service  to  assure  low  cost  per  service  \*ear,  engineers 
rely  on  cast  iron  pipe  as  a  dependable  and  adapt- 
able material.  Consequently,  it  is  specified  for  a 
wide  variety  of  applications,  both  utility  and  in- 
dustrial, including  water  supply,  sewerage,  fire 
protection,  process  industries  and  many  forms  of 
special  construction.  Long  life  and  low  maintenance 
cost  are  proved  results  of  the  high  beam-strength, 
comprcssive-strength,  shock-strength  and  effective 
resistance  to  corrosion  of  cast  iron  pipe.  Cast  Iron 
Pipe  Research  Association.  Thos.  F.  Wolfe.  Manag- 
ing Director,  122  So.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago  3,  111. 


(i 


Cast  iron  water  main  still  functioning  in  Philadelphia 
after  135  years  of  service. 


CAST  IllON  PIPE  lllWWll 


JANUARY,    1955 


35 


The  Senior  Staff  of  The  Ramo-VVooldridge  Corporation, 

shown  above,  is  comprised  of  scientists,  engineers,  and  science 
administrators  with  outstanding  records  of  past  performance 
in  positions  of  responsibility.  By  means  of  meetings  of  the  entire 
group,  supplemented  by  frequent  smaller  sessions,  these  key 
men  participate  actively  in  the  establishment  of  company  plans 
and  policies. 

Existing  project  commitments  require  that  the  current  rapid 
rate  of  expansion  of  the  company  continue  throughout  the 
coming  year.  Unusual  opportunities,  encompassing  a  wide 
variety  of  challenging  research  and  development  problems, 
exist  for  additional  scientists  and  engineers  who  would  like  to 
participate  in  the  development  of  a  company  in  which,  from  the 
outset,  all  features  of  the  organization  and  of  the  operational 
procedures  are  designed  to  be  as  appropriate  as  possible  to  their 
special  needs. 


1. 

Dr.  Burton  F.  Miller 

2. 

Dr.  James  C.  Fletcher 

3. 

Robert  B.  Muchmore 

4. 

Dr.  John  M.  Richardson 

5. 

Dr.  Howard  S.  Siefert 

6. 

Robert  J.  Barrett,  Jr. 

7. 

Williom  B.  Hebenstreit 

8. 

Dr.  Ralph  P.  Johnson 

9. 

Jock  H.  Irving 

10. 

Dr.  Louis  G.Dunn 

n. 

Dr.  Eldred  C.  Nelson 

12. 

A.  J.  F.  Clement 

13. 

Dr.  Milton  U.  Clauser 

14. 

V.  G.  Nielsen 

15. 

Dr.  Eugene  M.  Grabbe 

16. 

Morion  F.  Thorne 

17. 

Dr.  Robert  R.  Bennett 

18. 

Robert  J.  Right 

19. 

Dr.  Andrew  Vozsonyi 

20. 

Emory  Lakotos 

21. 

Richord  A.  Hartley 

22. 

Dr.  Howard  L.  Engel 

23. 

Dr.  Donald  L.  Drukey 

The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 

8820  BELUNCA  AVENUE,  LOS  ANGELES  45,  CALIFORNIA, 


POSITIONS  ARE 

AVAILABLE  FOR 

SCIENTISTS  AND 

ENGINEERS  IN 

THESE  FIELDS  OF 

CURRENT  ACTIVITY 


Guided  Missile  Research  and  Development 
Digita'  Computer  Research  and  Development 
Business  Data  Systems  Development 
Radar  and  Control  Systems  Development 
Communication  Systems  Development 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


FINGER  TIP 
CONTROL 


by  Orval  W.  Clausen,  M.  E.  '56 


More  and  more  in  the  recent  years, 
the  emphasis  in  the  automotive  industry 
has  been  on  driver  comfort.  This  em- 
phasis has  caused  the  introduction  of 
automatic  transmissions,  power  steering, 
and  finally  power  brakes,  and  is  now 
causing    their    development 

rapid 

lases  of  the  industry 

of  the  most  important  advances 

jis  lineJlH^^?^^!!  power  steer- 

ve^^loii^ago.  ^^^er  steering 

1\    ■  -^"^       ^^ 

Jim 

|oda' 

ker 


almost  1 


aiul  was 
ie'%iitomo- 
mak£   of 
9F 


ca 

tional  cost,  l^f 

making  it  stana^l^^m^*^nt.  What  has 

caused    this   trend,    and    just   how   does 

power  steering  work  ? 

In  order  to  give  cars  better  riding 
characteristics,  the  passenger  space  in  the 
present  day  automobile  has  been  placed 
farther  forward,  and  the  tires  now  used 
are  of  the  large  contact  area,  low  pres- 
sure type.  To  overcome  this  added  steer- 
ing resistance,  the  engineers  have  had  to 
increase  the  steering  ratio,  that  is.  the 
number  of  turns  of  the  steering  wheel 
to  the  angular  deflection  of  the  wheels. 
However,  the  steering  ratio  of  the  stand- 
ard mechanical  system  is  limited  by  sev- 
eral physical  factors,  among  which  is 
the  diameter  of  the  steering  wheel. 
Power  steering  overcomes  these  factors 
and  reduces  the  ratio  much  more  than 
is  conveniently  possible  with  mechanical 
means,  thus  eliminating  unnecessary 
"cranking"  of  the  wheel. 

Also  instrumental  in  the  development 
of  power  steering  are  considerations  of 
safety  as  well  as  comfort.  When  a  tire 
blows  out  unexpectedly  while  driving 
wnth  conventional  mechanical  steering, 
the  full  turning  force  is  transmitted  di- 
rectly to  the  steering  wheel.  However, 
with  power  steering,  as  much  as  80  per 
cent  of  the  force  is  cushioned  by  the 
power  unit.  This  means  that  the  driver 


doesn't  suddenly  find  the  wheel  jerked 
from  his  hand,  but  that  he  can  maintain 
control  with  a  niinmiim^nfeffort  on 
his  part.  ^jgapifff^mi^Uso 
80  per  a^^MHHHH^HM^^mps  thiis^ 

cuttiii^lown  driver  fatigue  trei^^lous- 
Ipng  trips. 

ivo  basic  types  of  power  sta 
ing  unit^^^^MlMMHi^^A^^^f^^he 
linkage  type.  The  integral  t\pe  has  the 
\alves  and  power  cylinder  incorporated 
with  the  steering  gear,  though  the  pump 
and  reservoir  are  separate.  The  linkage 
type  has  the  power  cylinder,  resembling 
a  shock  absorber,  down  beside  the  regu- 


The  linkage  type  power  unit,  used  in 
the  beginning  by  Chrysler  Corporation, 
proved  to  be  not  quite  as  good  as  the 
integral  type  unit.  Almost  all  leading 
car  manufacturers  today  use  the  inte- 
gral type  unit.  The  following  para- 
graphs discuss  the  differences  in  the  two 
major  t\pes  of  power  steering  used 
today. 

The  first  integral  type  power  unit, 
used  in  Chrysler  products,  has  two  main 
parts:  the  spool  valve  and  the  spool 
valve  body  or  piston.  The  relative  move- 
ment between  these  two  parts,  seldom 
exceeding  0.0025  inch,  completely  con- 
trols the  movement  of  the  wheels. 

When  this  integral  type  power  unit 
is  in  neutral  valve  position,  the  open- 
ings between  the  valve  and  the  piston 
are  open  and  oil  can  flow  through  the 
unit  quite  easily  at  low  pressure.  The 
oil  entering  is  divided  equally  on  each 
side  of  the  piston  causing  an  equilibrium 
condition  or  no  further  movement  of  the 
wheels. 

When  the  steering  wheel  is  turned, 
ro  very  important  things  take  place. 
•  ^^the  oil  pressure  is  built  up  be- 
cau^^W^mpenings  between  the  valve 
^^^fcf  been  restricted.  See- 
on  dlyTtneiiia^l^H^^'  the  steering 
wheel  causes  the  high[W^iuje  oil  to  be 


di 


thl 


il    U: 


ed  to  thJ  sector 


one  side  ot^be  piston, 
icted  at  points  oimhe  left 
res- 
on- 
the 


ton.  This  hig 
iston  \micn   is  ] 
r  to#nove  tl 


the 


in  the  cylinder  or  at  the  pitman  arm. 
Each  type  has  certain  advantages  and 
disadvantges  which  will  be  discussed 
more  fullv  later  in  this  article. 


steering 
held  fixed 


Inver    stops    turning    the 
the  valve  is  immediately 
but  the  piston  keeps  moving 


STEERING   SHAFT 
FLEXIBLE   COUPLING 


OIL   OUTLET 


SECTOR  GEAR 


RECIRCULATING 
BALL    WORM 


HYDRAULIC     REACTION     ASSEMBLt 


VALVE    OPERATING    ROD 


-HYDRAULIC     PISTON 
-LOWER    PISTON    ROD    AND    RACK 


i 


CHRYSLER     CORPORATION'S 
COAXIAL      POWER     STEERING 


The  new  type  of  power  steering  unit  uesd  by  Chrysler.    Note  the  hydraulic 
reaction  assembly  which  gives  the  driver  the  "feel"  of  the  road. 


JANUARY,    1955 


37 


FIGHT  POLIO! 


jH^     ^ 


? 


f 


r^ 


it 


prevention 


treatment 


'sy- 


'-7 


'O' 


A\ftU^ 


S^ 


The  National  Foundation  for  Infantile  Paralysis 


38 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


i. 


i^:- 


Carl  Vrooman,  icing  tunnel  group 
head,  studies  hot-air  cyclic  de-icing 
test  on  wing  section  of  C-130 
transport.  The  tunnel  has  a 
temperature  range  of  —40°  F.  to 
-I- 150°  F.  and  maximum  air  speed 
of  more  than  270  mph. 


New  icing  tunnel 

speeds  thermodynamics 

research  at  Lockheed 

Designed  to  meet  a  constantly  increasing  volume  of  thermo- 
dynamics work,  Lockheed's  new  icing  research  tunnel  now 
provides  year  'round  testing  in  meteorological  environments 
normally  found  only  in  flight.  It  is  the  first  icing  research 

tunnel  in  pri\ate  industry. 

Lockheed  thermodynamics  scientists  were  formerly  limited  to 
testing  time  available  at  installations  such  as  Mt.  Washington. 
Now  they  are  able  to  study  in  greater  detail  problems  such  as: 
thermal  anti-icing;  cyclic  de-icing;  various  methods  of  ice 
removal;  distribution  of  ice;  rate  of  temperature  changes  in 
aircraft  components;  thermodynamic  correlation  between  lab- 
oratory and  flight  testing;  and  development  and  calibration  of 
special  instrumentation. 


1 


, 


H 


Career  Opportunities  at  Lockheed 

Increasing  research  and  development  work  on  nuclear  energy,  turbo- 
prop and  jet  transports,  radar  search  planes,  supersonic  aircraft  and 
a  number  of  classified  projects  offers  engineers  outstanding 
opportunity  for  creative  work. 

This  is  true  not  only  for  men  in  thermod>'namics  but  for  Aero- 
dynamicists  and  Aerodynamics  Engineers,  Structures  Research 
Engineers,  Airborne  Antenna  Designers.  Flight  Test  Analysis 
Engineers,  Physicists  in  fields  of  optics  and  acoustics.  Mathema- 
ticians, and  almost  every  other  type  of  engineer. 

You  are  invited  to  write  for  the  brochure,  "Your  Future  is  Now" 
which  describes  life  and  work  at  Lockheed.  Address  E.  W.  Des 
Lauriers. 


LOCKHEED    aircraft  corporation 
BURBANK    CALIFORNIA 


C.  II.  Fish,  design  engineer  assigned  to  the  tunnel, 
measures  impingement  limits  of  ice  on  C-130  wing 
section.  The  tunnel  has  refrigeration  capacity  of 
100  tons,  provides  icing  conditions  of  0  to  4  grams 
per  cubic  meter,  droplet  sizes  from  5  to  1000  microns. 

Thermodynamicist  Ed  Dean  monitors  main  control 
panel  in  picture  at  left.  Temperature,  air  speed, 
water  flow  rate,  air  pressure  and  other  variables 
can  be  regulated  independently. 


B.  L.  Messinger,  department  head,  analyzes  test 
results  with  Thermod>  namics  Engineer  E.  F.  Versaw, 
right,  and  Thermodynamicist  Tom  Sedgwick,  left. 
The  report  was  in  their  hands  only  /no  days  after  it 
was  decided  to  conduct  the  test. 


under  the  pressure  of  the  oil.  However, 
this  additional  movement  causes  the  re- 
strictions to  open  up  again  and  equal- 
izes the  pressure  on  each  side  of  the 
piston.  The  piston  then  comes  to  a  stop 
with  no  further  turning  of  the  wheels. 
Although  this  operation  is  explained  in 
steps,  it  actually  occurs  almost  instan- 
taneously because  the  relative  movement 
between  the  piston  and  the  spool  valve 
is  so  slight. 

Another  feature  of  Chrysler  Corpor- 
ation's power  steering  is  the  hydraulic 
reaction  chamber.  This  chamber  is  de- 
signed to  give  the  driver  the  "feel"  of 
the  road,  small  enough  to  reduce  fatigue 
and  yet  large  enough  to  eliminate  the 
possibility  of  oversteering.  Oversteering 
is  an  acute  problem  to  the  driver  who 
has  never  before  driven  with  power 
steering. 

Two  important  facts  must  be  remem- 
bered when  considering  the  operation  of 
the  hydraulic  reaction  chamber.  First, 
the  spool  valve  in  the  power  unit  itself 
is  connected  mechanically  to  the  steer- 
ing wheel.  The  slightest  movement  of 
the  steering  wheel  is  transfered  through 
the  ball  nut  to  the  spool  valve.  Second- 
ly, the  ball  nut  is  connected  hydrauli- 
cally  to  the  upper  piston  rod.  This  con- 
nection is  called  the  hydraulic  reaction 
chamber. 

As  the  driver  turns  the  steering  wheel 
in  such  a  way  to  cause  the  ball  nut  to 
move  to  the  right,  the  ball  nut  pushes 
on  the  lower  reaction  ring  and  squeezes 
the  reaction  seal.  Oil  is  at  a  low  pres- 
sure because  it  is  supplied  from  the  main 
power  unit,  and  the  main  unit  is  in  neu- 
tral   valve    position.    However,    as    the 


pressure  builds  up  in  the  unit,  it  also 
builds  up  in  the  chamber.  This  reduces 
hvdraulically  any  forces  that  might  be 
transmitted  to  the  driver  when  turning. 
It  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  any 
slight  jar  puts  this  system  in  action  and 
that  all  the  steps  explained  here  occur, 
for  all  practical  purposes,  simultaneous- 
ly. 

The  second  integral  type  power  steer- 
ing, used  in  General  Motors'  products, 
acts  a  little  diii'erently  from  the  other 
type.  Instead  of  the  unit  helping  the 
driver  with  the  slightest  amount  of  pull 
on  the  steering  wheel.  General  Motors' 
power  steering  doesn't  take  effect  until 
a  pull  of  about  three  pounds  is  exerted. 
That  means  that  the  power  booster  does 
not  come  into  action  until  the  driver  is 
really  in  need  of  it.  It  also  means  that 
the  driver  has  the  "feel"  of  the  road  just 
as  he  would  with  conventional  steering, 
except  when  turning  or  in  an  emer- 
gency. 

When  the  unit  is  in  neutral  valve 
position,  the  vahe  plungers  hold  the 
valve  spool  in  a  central  position.  This 
position  allows  oil  to  flow  from  the 
pump  luirestrictedly  through  the  unit 
and  back  to  the  reservoir.  The  pressure 
on  each  side  of  the  piston  is  equal,  and 
there  is  no  movement  of  the  piston  or 
turning  of  the  wheels. 

However,  when  the  steering  wheel  is 
turned,  the  force  overcomes  the  valve 
plunger,  and  th  valve  spool  is  pulled  to 
one  side  or  the  other.  This  leaves  just 
one  path  open  to  the  oil  and  that  is  to 
one  side  of  the  piston  or  the  other.  The 
piston,  connected  mechanically  to  the 
sector  gear,  starts  moving,  thus  turning 


POWER   RACK- 


PISTON   ROD 


CYUNDER;^^  PrSTON 


VALVE  PLUNGER      SPRING    ^  VALVE  BODY 


the  wheels.  As  the  driver  stops  turning 
the  steering  wheel,  the  valve  plunger 
again  overcomes  the  force  and  returns 
the  mechanism  back  to  neutral  valve 
position. 

Power  steering  is  rapidly  becoming 
more  than  just  an  accessory.  People  are 
beginning  to  realize  the  hazard  of  driver 
fatigue  and  are  trying  to  remedy  it  as 
much  as  possible.  The  number  of  acci- 
dents caused  by  driver  fatigue  can't  be 
exactly  evaluated,  but  common  sense  in- 
dicates that  it  plays  an  important  part. 
Power  steering  definitely  is  not  in  the 
gadget  class — it  is  here  to  stay. 


The    power   steering    mechanism    used    by    Chevrolet.     Drawing    shows    unit 
in  neutral  valve  position. 


The  little  fellow  sat  up  in  his  nursery 
crib  and  called  to  the  baby  in  the  ad- 
joining crib:  "Did  you  throw  water 
into  my  crib?  " 

"Not  me.  " 

"Hmm  —  must  ha\e  been  an  inside 

job.  " 

*  »       » 

Of  all  the  "Give  me  a  sentence  with 
a  word  "  jokes  we've  heard,  we  give  the 
prize  to  the  lad  that  put  effervescent 
and  fiddlestick  in  one  sentence.  "Effer- 
vescent enough  covers  on  your  bed,  your 
fiddlestick  out." 

*  »        * 

The  battleship  was  in  port  and  visit- 
or was  being  shown  around.  The  guide 
was  explaining  a  bronze  tablet  on  the 
deck. 

Guide :  "This  is  where  our  gallant 
captain  fell." 

Visitor:  "Well,  no  wonder,  I  damned 
near  tripped  over  it  myself.  " 

*  *       « 

1st  farmer:  "Potato  bugs  ate  my 
whole  crop  in  ten  days.  " 

2nd  farmer:  'They  ate  mine  in  two 
days,  then  roosted  in  the  trees  to  wait 
until  I  planted  some  more." 

3rd    farmer:   "That's  nothing.    Right 
now  there's  a  potato  bug  going  through 
my   books   to   see   how   many   plantings 
I've  ordered  for  next  spring." 
«         a         * 

Sherlock  Holmes:  "Ah.  \Vatson,  I 
see  you  ha\e  on  your  winter  luider- 
wear." 

Watson:  "Mar\-elous,  Holmes,  mar- 
velous. How  did  you  ever  deduce  that? 

Sherlock  Holmes:  "You  forgot  to  put 
on  your  trousers.  ' 

»       *       * 

This  joke  is  dedicated  to  all  the  out- 
going seniors  and  to  all  the  juniors  who 
wish  the\"  were  outgoing  seniors  too. 

One  of  our  profs  returned  from  lunch 
just  recently  in  a  very  good  humor,  and 
he  called  the  whole  class  together  to 
hear  a  few  of  his  latest  finds.  Everyone 
but  one  of  the  students  laughed  uproar- 
iously. "What's  the  matter?"  grumbled 
the  prof.  "Haven't  you  any  sense  of 
humor?" 

"I  don't  have  to  laugh,"  said  the 
senior,    "I'm    leaving    Friday    anyhow." 


40 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


OBDOrtunife  for  a 


0^ca&9HaC 


STARCH    PRODUCTS   Inc 


research 
development 


process  development 
and  engineering 


production 


technicol  sales 
and  service 


ON  THE  MOVE... 

—American    Paint  Journal    November  1,  1954 

Nat'l.  Starch  To  Build 
Vinyl  Rpsin  Plant 

New    York,    Oct.    25.    -Frank    Green- 
wall,   president.  National  Starch  Prod- 
ucts,   Inc.,    announced    that    the    com- 
pany has  purchased  a  tract  of  land  at 
Meredosia,  111.,  for  the  construction  of 
a  second  vinyl  resin  plant.    This  plant 
will  supplement  the  production  of  their 
Plainfield,   (N.  J.)   resin  plant. 

The  company  plans   to   manufacture 
principally  vinyl  acetate  polymers  and 
copolymers  at  this  new  location.    This 
expansion   will   permit   National   to   be 
m    a    better   position    to    supply    these 
widely  used  lesins  in  the  western  mar- 
kets. 

H           CHEMISTRY(B.  S.  Degree)-Opportunities  In 
^H           applied  research,  analytical  work,  product  de- 
^H           velopment  and  customer  technical  service. 

H            CHEMICAL  ENGINEERING  (B.  S.  Degree)- 
^H           Opportunities  in  production,  process  develop- 
^H           ment  and  customer  technical  service. 

^H            SALES(A.  B.  or  B.  S.  Degree,  including  busi- 
^H           ness  administration)— Opportunities  in  the  field 
^H           of  industrial  sales. 

Above— Recent  news  of  National's  contin- 
uing expansion  in  the  production  of  resins, 
industrial  adhesives  and  starches. 

^1                  Dr.  W.  V.  Upton  will  interview 
H                            on  March  3,  1 955. 

ADHESIVES 


STARCHES  ,nla!f^(n€€ijC 

^^^       RESYNS® 

National  Starch  Products  inc.,  270  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  16,  N.  Y 


JANUARY,    1955 


41 


by  Donnie  Snedeker,  M.  E.  '58  and  Jim  Piechocki,  Aero  '56 


MILLARD    DARNALL 

IVIillard  Darnall,  associate  editor  !or 
the  Illinois  Tcchuograph.  was  born  and 
raised  in  Minier,  111.  l^eiiig  raised  on  a 
farm  he  became  interested  in  Agricul- 
tural Engineering,  and  is  now  a  second 
semester  jiuiior  in  that  curriculum  here 
at  the  U.  of  I. 

Millard  was  editor  of  the  Minier 
High  School  newspaper,  which  gives  him 
a  good  background  for  his  present  posi- 
tion on  the  Technograph.  He  is  a  meiii- 


and  code  practice  oscillator.  His  keen 
interest  in  electricity  was  developed  even 
further  in  high  school  where  he  took 
more  courses  in  radio  fundamentals.  At 
the  age  when  most  young  men  are  con- 
cerned chiefly  with  football  and  base- 
ball, Dick  was  spending  a  great  amount 
of  time  building  and  ser\icing  electronic 
devices.  All  this,  of  course,  done  in  ad- 
dition to  his  extra-curricular  activities 
which  even  included  a  successful  crack 
at  the  debating  team  along  with  a  part 
time  job  in  a  supermart.  After  becom- 
ing sold  on  the  idea  of  college,  he  de- 
cided to  do  it  the  Navy  way,  and  hrnce 
applied    for    and    received    a    four    year 


MILLARD  DARNALL 

ber  of  the  American  Society  of  Agricid- 
tural  Engineers,  and  has  worked  hard 
on  the  Engineering  open  house.  Starting 


as  a  freshman,  he  has  worked  on  the 
Technograph   staff   for   two   years. 

During  the  summer  Millard  likes  to 
experiment  with  farm  machinery  while 
helping  his  father  with  the  farm.  Next 
summer  he  is  planning  to  work  for  the 
John  Deere  Farm  Implement  Company 
at  Moline,  111. 

Millard  also  has  activities  other  than 
those  pertaining  to  engineering.  He  is 
interested  in  sports  and  while  in  high 
school  he  was  captain  of  the  basketball 
team  for  two  years.  He  now  is  very 
active  in  Intramural  sports.  In  his  spare 
time  ,which  he  hasn't  much  of,  he  likes 
to  listen  to  Dixie  land  music  or  play  :t 
on  his  saxaphone. 

In  addition  to  these  activities,  he  is 
president  of  Tau  chapter  of  Delta  I'hi 
fraternity.  This  position  requires  a  lot 
of  time  and  carries  a  great  deal  of  re- 
sponsibility. 

In  spite  of  these  many  activities.  Mil- 
lard has  maintained  a  four  point  grade 
average  in  his  first  five  semester  at  the 
University  of  Illinois. 

RICHARD  BEMIS 

There  is  nothing  more  distinctively 
eye-catching  than  a  blond  with  a  crew- 
cut.  But  this  is  only  one  minor  detail 
when  it  comes  to  evaluating  the  per- 
sonality of  Dick  Beniis,  EE  par  excel- 
lence. Born  in  Flint,  Michigan,  in 
February  28,  1933,  (".  .  .  Flint  is  the 
second  largest  auto  city  in  the  country," 
proudly  relates  Dick)  this  very  active 
electrical  engineering  student  started  his 
electronics  career  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
as  a  student  in  a  fundamentals-of-radio 
course  offered  by  the  local  radio  ser- 
\ice  man.  By  this  time  he  had  alread\' 
built    the    usual    beginner's    crystal    set 


RICHARD  BEMIS 

I'.  S.  Navy  scholarshiii.  From  here  on 
in  he  continued  to  advance.  As  a  junior 
he  was  invited  into  the  ranks  of  the 
EE  Honorary,  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  and  the 
engineering  honorary,  Sigma  Tau.  A 
short  time  later  he  became  a  member 
of  Tau  Beta  Pi. 

At  the  present,  this  blond  dynamo  is 
engaged  to  a  young  school  teacher  from 
the  Chicago  area,  who,  incidentally,  re- 
ceived her  degree  from  the  University 
of  Illinois.  Dick  also  occupies  himself 
with  such  tasks  chairman  of  the  student 
branch  of  the  AIEE  and  vice  president 
of  Eta  Kappa  Nu.  But  by  far  his  big- 
gest job  at  the  moment  is  the  general 
chairmanship  of  Elngineering  Open 
House  for  the  Spring  of  '55.  ".  .  .  .  the 
biggest  and  the  best,"  is  the  way  he  sums 
up  his  goal  for  the  annual  engineering 
extravaganza. 

Being  a  member  of  the  NROTC 
unit  at  the  U.  of  I.,  Dick's  summers 
ha\e  been  filled  with  enjoyable  cruises 
to  such  delightful  spots  as  Scotland, 
France,    Cuba,    England,    and    Ireland, 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


f- 


NORTH  AMERICAN   F-100  i. 


wqmi, 


CONVAIR   F-102 


DOUGLAS  A30  ) 


DOUGLAS  F4D 


hese  planes  are  some  of  America's 
newest,  biggest,  best  —  setting  new 
standards  for  speed,  maneuverability, 
reliability. 

Widely  separated  airframe  engineer- 
ing groups  developed  these  record 
makers.  Yet  each  plane  has  one  vital 
feature  in  common  — 

the  engines  ore  Pratt  &  Whitney 
Aircraft's  J -5  7  turbo  jets  —  the  most 
powerful  production  aircraft  engines 
in  the  world! 

Is  it  any  wonder  that  so  many  young 
engineering  graduates  want  to  work  for 
the  world's  foremost  designer  of  air- 
craft engines? 


PRATT    &    WHITNEY 
AIRCRAFT 

Division    of    United    Aircraft    Corporation 
East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut 


BOEING  707  > 


JANUARY,    1955 


43 


ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERS 
MECHANICAL  ENGINEERS 

I  at  all  actuletfuc  de^^iee  leoeU. 


-    I  I  electrical    and    mechanical    engineering    design    and    development, 

^^  T  y7  /  stress  analysis,   airborne  structural  design,  electrical  and  electronic 

^  \  circuitry,     systems     studies,     instrumentation,    telemetering,    electro- 

\  /  mechanical    test,   applied    physics   problems. 

a^  Sandia  Corporation,  a  subsidiary  of  the  Western  Electric  Company,  offers 
^P  outstanding  opportunities  to  graduates  with  Bachelor's  or  advanced  degrees,  with 
or  without  applicable  experience. 

Ai     Sandia  Corporation  engineers  and  scientists  work  as  a  team  at  the  basic  task  of 
^P    applying     to     military     uses     certain  of  the  fundamental  processes  developed  by 
nuclear    physicists.    This    task    requires    original    research    as    well    as     straightforward 
development   and    production   engineering. 

»k     A    new   engineer's    place    on    the    Sandia    team    is    determined    initially    by    his 
^P     training,    experience,   and    talents    .    .    .    and,    in    a    field    where    ingenuity   and 
resourcefulness  are  paramount,   he   is  afforded  every  opportunity  for  professional 
growth   and   Improvement. 

Mk     Sandia    engineers    design    and    develop    complex    components    and    systems 

^P    that  must  function  properly  under  environmental  conditions  that  are  much 

more    severe    than    those    specified    for    industrial    purposes.    They    design    and 

develop    electronic    equipment    to    collect    and    analyze    test    data;    they    build 

Instruments    to    measure    weapons    effects.    As    part    of    their    work,    they    are 

engaged    in    liaison    with    the    best    production    and    design    agencies    in    the 

country,    and   consult   with    many   of  the   best   minds   in   all   fields  of  science. 

tk     Sandia    Laboratory,    operated    by    Sandia    Corporation    under    contract 
^P    with   the  Atomic  Energy  Commission,  Is  located   in  Albuquerque  —  In 
the  heart  of  the  healthful  Southwest.  A  modern,  mile-high  city  of  150,000, 
Albuquerque   offers   a    unique   combination    of   metropolitan   facilities  plus 
scenic,    historic    and    recreational    attractions    —    and    a    climate    that    Is 
sunny,    mild,    and   dry   the  year  around.   New   residents   have   little  diffi- 
culty in  obtaining  adequate  housing. 

^&     Liberal   employee  benefits   Include  paid  vacations,  sickness  bene- 
^r      fits,    group    life    insurance,    and    a    contributory    retirement    plan. 

Working    conditions    are    excellent,    and    salaries    ore    commensurate 

with    qualifications.  ^^^ 

A  limited   number  of  positions  for  Aeronautical   Engineers, 
Mathematicians,  and  Physicists  are  also  available. 

MaAe  afifilicat*o*t  to-:    PROFESSIONAL  EMPLOYMENT 
DIVISION  A-9 

Or   conlact    through    your    Placement    OfRce    the    Sandia 

Corporotion  representative  with  the  Bell  Telephone 

System    College    Recruiting   Team    for   on 

interview      on     your     compus. 


44 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Here's  what 

happens  when 

you  take  a  job 

with 

D[[CO 


A   CAREER    WITH 
GENERAL  MOTORS 

/^^    Deico  Products 

IJf^^        ENTRANCE   ^ 


I  When  you  lake  a  job  with  Deico 
Products,  you  start  a  career  with 
General  Motors  — with  a  division 
known  throughout  the  world  as  a 
leading  manufacturer  of  electric 
motors,  hydraulic  shock  absorbers, 
and  many  other  products. 


^  You  enter  into  a  well-organized 
training  program— a  program  spe- 
cifically designed  to  take  full  ad- 
vantage of  your  particular  interests 
and  abilities.  You  don't  just  "go 
back  to  school."  Instead,  you  learn 
by  doing,  with  top-flight  supervision. 


SUPERVISOR 

MOTOR'""/ GENERATOR! 


o  As  a  trainee  you  get  into  every 
conceivable  phase  of  Delco's  engi- 
neering operations  —  engineering 
laboratory,  plant  engineering,  draft- 
ing, sales,  processing,  standards, 
quality  control.  Additional  assign- 
ments are  often  made  in  related 
departments  for  broader  experience. 


4  Training  completed,  you'll  be 
given  a  specific  departmental  as- 
signment. Progress  can  be  made  in 
product  development,  technical 
staff  operations,  sales,  or  in  manu- 
facturing supervision— according  to 
your  interests  and  capacity  for 
future  development. 


3  With  Delco's  policy  of  promo- 
tion from  within,  your  opportunities 
for  advancement  are  virtually  un- 
limited. Not  every  trainee  becomes 
a  supervisor,  but  some  go  much 
farther.  Many  General  Motors  top 
executives  today  are  "graduates"  of 
DeIco  Products  Division. 


If  this  opportunity  interests  you,  sign  up  for  the  GM  interview 
on  your  campus  and  ask  for  referral  to  DeIco  Products.  For 
booklet     detailing     Delco's     engineering     activities,     write     to: 

E.  J.  Bentley,  Supervisor,  Graduate  Training 
DeIco   Products   Division,   GMC 
Dayton  1,  Ohio 


r^^-^.. 


■^^.^ 


DELCO 
PRODUCTS 


Division 

General  Motors 

Corporatiort 

Doylon,  Ohio 


JANUARY,    1955 


45 


"^^^^ REFRIGERATION  HELPS  MAINTAIN 
5,000  M.P.H.  SPEEDS  IN  WIND  TUNNELS 

For  testing  aircraft  at  speeds  up  to  5,000  m.p.h.,  the 
National  Advisory  Committee  for  Aeronautics  operates  sev- 
eral large  wind  tunnels  at  Ames  Aeronautical  Laboratory  near 
San   Francisco. 

The  energy  expended  in  compressing  the  air  to  over  72 
pounds  pressure  would  result  in  overheating  and  excessive 
water  content,  but  for  the  special  Fricic  cooling  and  condition- 
ing system  illustrated. 

Whether  your  cooling  problem  involves  special  equipment 
and  techniques,  or  standard  components,  Frick  Company  is 
prepared  to  provide  the  finest.  Write  today  for  literature 
and  quotations. 


WAYNESBORO.    PEINNA 


The  Frick  Graduate  Training  Course  in  Refrigeration  and 
Air  Conditioning,  offers  a  career  in  a  growing  industry. 


2 

$50  Awards 


The  Illinois  Technograph  is  offering 
$50  prizes  for  the  best  staff  article  and 
the  best  non-staff  article.  Entries  must  be 
submitted   before  March    1,    1955. 

Articles  must  be  original,  must  per- 
tain to  engineering,  and  must  be  double 
spaced  typewritten. 


For  details  see  the 


NOVEMBER  TECHNOGRAPH 

or  call  Don  Kesler,  7-7085.  (After  5.) 


which  included  memorable  days  in  Paris 
and  London.  And  what  significant  con- 
clusions does  he  come  to  as  a  result  of 
these  foreign  excursions?  "The  best 
place  to  be  in  is  the  United  States  of 
America,"   he   flatly  states. 

It's  been  a  long  time  since  that  first 
crystal  set,  and  as  for  the  road  ahead, 
it  looks  promising  for  this  truly  all- 
around  individual.  The  Technograph 
salutes  engineer  extraordinary  —  Dick 
Bemis. 

AL   SHINER 

The  guy  with  a  camera  in  one  hand, 
a  slide  rule  in  the  other,  and  the  ambi- 
tion to  combine  the  two  into  a  career 
is  Al  Shiner. 

Al,  Chicago,  editor  of  the  Techno- 
graph, is  a  fifth  semester  ME.  And, 
when  he  isn't  busy  pounding  on  a  type- 
writer, he  finds  time  for  the  ASME, 
the  Engineering  Coimcil,  and  the  Ac- 
tivities Honorary  Society.  He  also  spent 
a  number  of  semesters  on  the  Pier  Illini 
staff,  acting  first  as  photo  editor  and 
later  as  managing  editor. 

With  Al,  photography  is  not  only  a 
hobby,  but  a  paying  profession  as  well. 
He  has  put  himself  through  school  with 
money  earned  in  outside  photography 
jobs.  He  spent  four  years  on  the  "Her- 
ald American"  as  a  copy  boy  and  finally 
as  a  dark  room  technician.  Last  summer 


Al  was  a  sound  operator  for  the  Inter- 
national  News   Service. 

His  journalistic  interests  won  him  the 
reputation  for  being  the  only  boy  to  get 
an  A  plus  in  journalism  at  the  Chicago 
Jewish  Academy  where  he  attended  high 


school.  It  was  here  that  Al  gained  a 
great  deal  of  his  newspaper  experience 
when  he  served  as  managing  editor, 
make-up,  photo,  and  sports  editor  on  the 
school  paper.  For  variety,  he  played 
first  base  on  the  school  baseball  team. 
When  asked  about  himself,  Al  grins 
and  gets  a  devilish  gleam  in  his  eye  and 
says,  "I  wore  braces  on  my  teeth  for 
five  years,  get  dirty  looks  from  the  bar- 
ber who  cuts  my  hair  (a  very  short 
crew  cut),  want  to  use  photography  in 
engineering,  and  would  like  to  earn 
$125   a  week." 


ALLEN  SHINER 


Demure    Young    Thing:    "0\\,    what 
kind   of  an  officer   are  you?" 
(Officer:  "I'm  a  naval  surgeon." 
Demure  Young  Thing:  "Dear,  dear, 
how  you  doctors  do  specialize!" 
*       *       * 

"I'll    never    forget    the    morning    we 

first    reached    Niagara    Falls,"    confided 

yoiuig  Mrs.  Jones.  "My  husband's  face 

dropped    about   a  mile."   "You   mean   to 

say    he    was    disappointed  ?"    asked    her 

close  friend  incredvdously.  "Not  at  all," 

Mrs.   Jones   assured   her.   "He   fell  over 

the   rim." 

*-       *       * 

Everybody  knows  what  a  WAC  is, 
but  only  the  favored  few  know  the 
meaning  of  a  woe.  It's  something  you 
thwow  at  a  wabbit. 


46 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Richard  J.  Conway,  Lehigh  '51,  selects 
Manufacturing  Engineering  at  Worthington 


After  completing  his  general  training  which  brought  him  in 
contact  with  all  departments,  Richard  J.  Conway  decided  that 
manufacturing  engineering  was  his  field.  He  says,  "I  chose  the 
Manufacturing  Engineering  Department  after  completing  my 
general  training  at  Worthington  because  as  a  graduate  in  In- 
dustrial Engineering  I  can  learn  the  practical  aspects  of  my 
field  while  applying  theory  I  learned  in  college. 

"The  personnel  of  this  department  work  together  as  a  team 
toward  the  solution  of  the  numerous  problems  which  arise 
daily.  We  have  the  cooperation  of  all  other  departments  in  the 
corporation  in  getting  the  necessary  facts  pertinent  to  the  solu- 
tion of  these  problems.  In  the  course  of  our  day  it  may  be 
necessary  for  us  to  meet  the  Plant  Manager,  Chief  Engineer, 
Comptroller,  several  department  heads,  clerks,  foremen,  ma- 


FOR  ADDITIONAL  INFORMATION^  see  your  College 
Placement  Bureau  or  write  to  the  Personnel  and  Training 
Department,   Worthington  Corporation,  Harrison,  N.  J. 


chinists  and  many  others  throughout  the  company. 

"I  have  contributed  to  the  solution  of  many  problems  han- 
dled by  this  department  including  metal  spraying,  machining 
procedures,  purchasing  new  equipment  and  designating  proper 
dimensions  to  obtain  desired  fits  between  mating  parts. 

"I  enjoy  my  work  because  I'm  doing  the  work  I  want  and 
my  formal  education  is  being  supplemented  with  practical 
knowledge  gained  from  the  tremendous  wealth  of  knowledge 
available  to  me  at  Worthington.  I  know  from  personal  contact 
with  many  other  departments  in  the  Corporation  that  Wor- 
thington can  and  will  find  their  young  engineers  a  spot  which 
will  give  them  the  same  opportunities  as  have  been  afforded  me." 

When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job,  think  hig/i — think 
IVorthim^ro'i. 


WORTHINGTOH 


The    Sign    of   Value 
Around    the    World 


JANUARY,    1955 


47 


SIpMIJVG 


by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


Tri-Sonic  Wind  Tunnel 

North  American  Aviation,  Inc.  began 
foundation  work  on  a  $5,000,000  wind 
tunnel  today  to  test  airplane  and  missile 
designs  for  the  future  at  speeds  up  to 
three  and  one-half  times  the  speed  of 
sound. 

Expected  to  be  one  of  the  nations 
largest,  privately  owned  wind  tunnels, 
the  facility  will  play  a  key  role  in  solv- 
ing increasingly  complex  design  prob- 
lems for  swifter,  more  efficient  airplanes 
and  missiles. 

Large  enough  to  test  models  up  to 
four  feet  wide  of  airplanes  and  their 
major  sections,  the  tunnel  will  provide 
basic  data  to  guide  North  American 
design  engineers  and  will  be  used  for 
laboratory  tests  to  new  airplanes  and 
missiles  before  they  fly. 

Significantly,  the  tunnel  is  designed 
for  rapid  conversion  to  speed  ranges 
below,  equal  and  above  the  speed  of 
sound.  Most  tunnels  now  in  use  are 
built  for  permanent  operation  in  one  of 
the  speed  ranges.  North  American  engi- 
neers believe  the  company's  three  speed 
trnnel  will  influence  future  design  time. 

The  facility's  test  chamber  will  be 
seven  feet  square  and  17  feet  long.  It 
will  be  the  nation's  largest  intermittent, 
blow-down  type  wind  tunnel,  with 
speeds  produced  by  compressed  air  rush- 
ing from  eight  steel  spheres.  Each 
sphere  will  be  38  feet  in  diameter. 


48 


The  tri-sonic  tunnel  will  be  the  new- 
search  facilities  in  the  Los  Angeles  area, 
est  of  North  American's  extensive  ve- 
in use  for  several  years  have  been  a  large 
sub-sonic  test  facility  for  exploratory 
work  at  low  speeds  and  a  supersonic 
wind  tunnel  with  a  small  test  chamber. 
Both  played  key  roles  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  F-86  Sabre  Jet  series  and 
the  supersonic  F-lOO  Super  Sabre. 

This  facilit\'  is  scheduled  for  com- 
pletion  in   March,    1Q56. 

Electrolytic  Cobalt 

As  a  result  of  improvements  in  re- 
fining techniques.  The  International 
Nickel  Company  of  Canada,  has  initiat- 
ed production  of  electrolytic  cobalt  at 
its  Port  Colborne  refinery.  This  is 
the  first  commercial  production  of  elec- 
trolytic cobalt  in   Canada. 

Heretofore  Inco's  entire  cobalt  output 
has  been  marketed  as  oxides  and  salts 
produced  at  its  Chdach,  Wales,  refin- 
ery. Through  its  new  process  the  com- 
pany makes  available  a  high  purity  co- 
balt which  is  a  fitting  companion  to 
its  electrolytic  nickel.  This  electrolytic 
ccbalt  will  be  particularly  valuable  in 
the  manufacture  of  alloys  where  high 
purity  is  advantageous. 

The  electrolytic  process  for  the  pro- 
duction of  cobalt  was  dexeloped  after 
extensive  research  and  pilot  plant  studies 
by  the  company. 


Cobalt  is  one  of  13  elements  recov- 
ered from  the  company's  Sudbury  Dis- 
trict, Ontario,  ores.  Nickel,  of  course, 
is  the  principal  product.  The  others  are 
copper,  platinum,  palladium,  ruthenium, 
iridium,  rhodium,  gold,  silver,  selenium 
and  tellurium.  In  addition,  Inco  fur- 
nishes high  quality  smelter  gas  for  con- 
version into  liquid  sulphur  dioxide  and 
normal  smelter  gas  for  sulphuric  acid 
production. 

Resistor  for  Computers 

Production  of  a  plug-in  decade  re- 
sistance unit  for  use  in  analog-computiiig 
equipment,  circuit  developments  and 
specialized  work  in  electrical  engineering 
laboratories  has  been  annoimced  by 
Telex,  Inc.,  national  manufacturers  of 
hearing  aids  and  electronic  components 
in   St.   Paul,   Minnesota. 

Trade-named  GEDA  and  designed 
by  the  Goodyear  Aircraft  Corporation 
and  Telex,  the  unit  was  miniaturized 
in  the  Telex  laboratories  through  the 
use  of  printed  circuitry.  Size  of  the 
original  unit  was  miniaturized  by  half. 
A  clear  plastic  band  has  been  substitut^'d 
for  the  GEDA  label  in  the  photo  to 
show  the  interior. 

L  nits  are  available  in  four  stock 
t\pes — with  maximum  resistance  value 
of  1  and  10  megohms  and  1  and  10 
kilohms — but  can  be  built  to  other  spe- 
cifications if  desired.  Set  resistance  value 
to  1  ^(  tolerance  is  shown  on  the  unit's 
three  dials,  with  the  top  dial  controlling 
a  potentiometer  which  permits  the  unit 


This  miniature  decade  resistance 
unit  was  designed  for  use  in  mod- 
ern analog  computing  equipment 
and  electrical  engineering  labora- 
tories.    It   is   no'w   in   production. 

to  be  set  to  within  0. 1'i  of  any  range 
value  using  a  suitable  resistance  bridge. 
Each  dial  has  raised  knurling  along  one 
edge  for  ease  in  setting. 

Housed  in  a  lightweight  plastic  cylin- 
der, the  unit  has  an  overall  length  of 
4"  and  a  diameter  of  Ij^".  The  unit 
is  equipped  with  a  jack  at  the  top  and 
two  banana  plugs  at  the  bottom  ;  plugs 
are  on  standard  ^"  centers.  Two  raised 
plastic  pads  on  the  shoulder  of  the  unit 
may  be  roughened  with  emery  cloth  for 
temporary  pencilled  recordings  of  the 
resistance  value. 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


I 


Choose  a  career  with 
COLUMBIA^  SOUTHERN 
and  grow  with  us! 


To  a  young  man  about  to  embark  on  a  career,  two  factors 
should  be  paramount  in  his  selection  of  a  company:  the 
company's  rate  of  growth  both  present  and  potential,  and 
the  attitude  ot  its  management. 

The  attitude  of  Columbia-Southern's  management  is 
extremely  progressive.  It  believes  in  constant  progress,  steady 
research,  high  quality,  streamlined  production  and  in  improving 
present  markets  and  creating  new  ones. 

Columbia-Southern  is  one  of  the  fastest  growing  chemical 
operations  in  the  fast  growing  chemical  industry.  In  the  past 
dozen  years  Columbia-Southern's  annual  sales  have  increased  over 
four  times  .  .  .  employment  has  doubled  .  .  .  capital  investment  has 
more  than  doubled  .  .  .  the  research  budget  is  five  times  greater. 

Columbia-Southern  is  alive.  It  is  expanding  and  growing.  It 
wants  trained  men  to  move  ahead  with  it.  And  in  addition  to 
finding  ever-present  challenges  and  opportunities  at  Columbia- 
Southern,  capable  men  who  prove  themselves  can  participate  in 
Columbia-Southern's  continuing  growth. 

For  further  information,  write  now,  Dept.  P  at  our  Pittsburgh 
address  or  any  of  the  plants. 


COLUMBIA-SOUTHEKN 
CHEMICAL  COKPOKATION 

SUBSIDIAKY  OF  PITTSBUKOH  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY 

ONE    GATEWAr    CENTER-   PITTS BUR.OH    2Z-   PENNSYLVANIA 


DISTRICT   OFFICES:  Cincinnati  •  Charlotte  •  Chicago  •  Cleveland  •  Boston 

New  York    •    St.  Louis   •    Minneapolis    •    New  Orleans   •    Dallas   •    Houston 

Pittsburgh  •   Philadelphia   •   San  Francisco 

PLANTS:   Barberton,  Ohio       •       Bartlett,  Calif.      •       Corpus  Christi,  Texas 
Lake  Charles,  La.  ■  Natrium,  W.Va.  •  Jersey  City,  N.J. 


JANUARY,    1955 


49 


NORTH     AMERICAN     HAS     BUILT     MORE     AIRPLANES    THAN     ANY     OTHER     COMPANY     IN     THE     WORLD 


rr      /^ 


Ii 


DIVERSITY  CREATES  OPPORTUNITY 


Although  best  known  for  design  and  production  of  world-famous 
aircraft  like  the  Korea-famed  F-86  Sahre  Jet  and  the  new,  record- 
smashing  F-lOO  Super  Sabre  . . .  North  American  Aviation  also 
offers  engineers  excellent  opportunities  in  other  technical  fields. 

North  American  needs  engineers  with  imagination  to  help 
design  and  build  the  aircraft  of  the  future.  Other  fascinating 
careers  are  created  daily  in  its  rapidly  developing  guided  missile,  jet, 
propulsion  systems,  electronic  and  atomic  energy  programs. 

When  you  are  ready  to  enter  the  engineering  profession,  consider 
the  well-paid  opportunities  at  North  American.  Meanwhile, 
write  for  information  on  your  future  in  the  aircraft  industry. 


Contact :  Your  College  placement  office  or  write  : 


Engineering:  Per.sonnel  Office 
5701  West  Imperial  Highway, 
Los  Angeles 


12214  South 
Lakewood  Blvd., 
Downey,  Calif. 


North  American 
Aviation,  Inc. 
Columbus  6,  Ohio 


ENGINEERING    AHEAD    FOR    A    BETTER    TOMORROW 


A 


ORTHi^MERICANi^VIATION,  INC 


A 


50 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


tfWdc  ll  I II E  Aeftool^ 


nixmucQ. 


I  1 11 E  eitalrte^^td ! 


^^1-:,i#i;  ■•,;■.. 


We  know — because,  over  a  period  of 

years,  many  of  them  have  come  with  Square  D, 

direct  from  these  nine  schools.  The  vast  majority  are 

still  with  us — growing  and  prospering  in  the 

constantly  expanding  electrical  field. 

This  year  and  every  year  we'll  be  visiting  these 

same  nine  schools— looking  for  additional  electrical, 

mechanical,  industrial  and  general  engineering  talent. 

We'll  interview  hundreds  of  men  to  get  a  dozen. 

The  standards  are  high — the  opportunities  great. 

Why  not  let  us  tell  you  more  about  Square  D 

and  what  we  have  to  offer? 


PENN  STATE 


We'd  like  to  send  you  a  brochure, 

"Your  Engineering  Career."  It  gives  the  simple  rules 

to  follow  in  selecting  an  engineering  career. 


Square  D  Company,  Dept.  SA 
6060  Rivord  Street,  Detroit  11,  Michigan 
I'd  like  a  copy  of  Square  U's  brochure, 
"Your  Engineering  Career" 


Sctiool— 


-Clou. 


Address- 
City 


_Zone Sfole— 


JANUARY,    1955 


51 


Industrial  Research  Reactor 

The  first  nuclear  reactor  for  indus- 
trial research  will  be  established  at  Ar- 
mour Research  Foundation  of  Illinois 
Institute  of  Technology,  Chicago,  it  was 
disclosed  today  by  Dr.  Haldon  A. 
Leedy,  Foundation  director. 

By  offering  direct  benefits  to  industry 
through  a  new  research  tool,  the  pro- 
posed reactor  promises  to  be  a  major 
advance  in  the  technology  of  the  Chica- 
go area.  Plans  for  the  reactor  —  or 
"atomic  pile"  —  are  being  submitted  to 
the  Atomic  Energy  Commission  for  con- 
sideration of  the  design,  building  plans, 
and  schedule  of  operation. 

Chicago  area  industries  will  join  the 
Foundation  in  financing  the  reactor  and 
associated  equipment,  which  will  cost 
approximately  $300,000.  The  reactor 
will  be  housed  in  a  new  8,000-square 
foot  building  on  the  Illinois  Tech  cam- 
pus. 

The  proposed  reactor,  designed  for 
50,000  watts,  is  specifically  a  highly 
flexible  neutron  and  gamma  source,  and 
is  not  intended  for  research  on  reactors 
themselves  or  for  the  generation  of  elec- 
trical power,  according  to  Dr.  Richard 
F.  Humphreys,  manager  of  the  physics 
research  department,  who  is  director  of 
the   project. 

The  reactor  will  permit  investiga- 
tions into  such  fields  are:  sterilization 
of  foods  and  drugs;  high  polymer  studies 
of  the  structure  of  plastics,  rubber  and 
similar  materials;  glass  and  ceramics; 
wear  and  friction  studies;  the  develop- 
ment of  metals  and  alloys,  and  medical 
techniques   for  diagnosis  and   therapy. 

At  present,  there  is  only  one  reactor 
not  devoted  to  AEC  work — a  10,000- 
watt  reactor  at  North  Carolina  State 
college.  At  least  three  more  are  being 
planned  for  educational  and  college  le- 
search,  but  the  Armour  Research  Foim- 
dation  reactor  is  the  first  directed 
toward    industrial    research. 

Surrounded  by  2,500  square  feet  of 
working  area  to  accommodate  experi- 
mental set-ups,  the  reactor  will  possess 
a  maximum  of  ports  and  a  large  thermal 
column  for  convenience  in  irradiation 
and  other  uses. 

The  reactor  room  will  be  a  gas-tight 
steel  tank,  approximately  60  feet  in  dia- 
meter, and  25  feet  high.  It  will  be  adja- 
cent to  laboratories  for  handling  and 
storing  radioactive  material  and  for 
conducting  nuclear   research. 

Sponsored  reasearch  will  be  subject 
to  no  security  classification,  no  compe- 
tition from  military  applications,  no  se- 
crecy of  any  kind  other  than  that  called 
for  in  the  protection  of  the  individual 
sponsor's   programs. 

Fuel  for  the  reactor  will  be  obtained 
from  the  Atomic  Energy  Commission 
on  "extended  loan,"  as  required  by  law. 
The  fuel  will  be  granted  only  after  care- 
ful  inspection   by  the  AEC. 


Armour  Research  Foundation  will  as- 
sume about  one-third  of  the  investment. 
Industries  in  the  Chicago  area  are  being 
invited  to  participate  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  facility  with  subscriptions  of 
$20,000,  for  which  the>  will  receive  a 
number  of  benefits. 

The  reactor  will  make  possible: 

1.  Production  of  short-lived  radioiso- 
topes that  would  be  impractical  to  pro- 
cure from  distant  government  labora- 
tories such  as  Oak   Ridge. 

2.  Neutron  activation,  a  new  and 
powerful  technique  used  for  the  most 
sensitive  chemical  analysis  known.  By 
this  method,  wear  studies,  nondestruc- 
tive testing,  and  other  difficult  studies 
now  become  possible. 

3.  Neutron  diffraction  for  use  in 
structure  analysis  that  exceeds  standard 
x-ray  techniques. 

4.  Radiation-induced  effects  in  plas- 
tics, glasses,  organic  systems,  and  cer- 
tain metallic  alloys. 

5.  Studies  on  the  effects  of  radiation 
on  biological  and  chemical  systems. 

An  extensive  research  program  will 
be  conducted  by  the  Foundation  on  prob- 
lems of  specific  interest  to  the  partici- 
pating industries.  Results  of  this  re- 
search, including  any  inventions  that 
may  arise,  will  be  made  available  to  tlie 
participators. 

Power  Transistor 

A  combination  of  mounting  and  physi- 
cal design  has  made  possible  the  one- 
watt  rating  of  this  new  germanium  pow- 
er transistor,  now  in  pilot  production 
by   the   Westinghouse    Electronic   Tube 


Division.  The  black,  ribbed  surface  pro- 
vides cooling  capacity  for  the  one-watt 
collector  dissipation  rating.  Additional 
cooling  is  accomplished  by  fastening  the 
unit  in  thermal  contact  with  the  chassis 
as  shown. 

The  new  pnp-type  transistor  (2N71) 
will  be  applicable  to  any  low-frequency 
circiMt,  such  as  class  A  amplifiers,  where 
output   power   is   desired. 


A  young  school  teacher  said  to  her 
best  student,  aged  seven,  "Tommy,  if 
I  lav  one  egg  on  the  table  and  two  on 
the  chair,  how  many  will  I  have  alto- 
gether?" "Personally,"  answered  Tom- 
my, "I  don't  think  you  can  do  it." 

^-  *-  -:^ 

"Miss  Jones,"  said  the  science  profes- 
sor, "would  you  care  to  tell  the  class 
what  happens  when  a  body  is  immersed 
in  water?"  "Sure,  "  said  Miss  Jones, 
"the  telephone   rings." 

A  bachelor  skunk  visited  a  newly  mar- 
ried pair  of  skunks  and  was  surprised 
to  find  an  extra  bed  in  their  room. 
When  questioned,  they  explained,  "We 
are    expecting    a    little    stinker    in    the 

spring." 

*       »       * 

The  English  barmaid  was  a  flirtatious 
piece,  and  the  tall,  sunburned  Texan 
private  was  right  down  her  alley.  The 
MP  had  left  the  bar  for  a  moment,  and 
the  barmaid  cuddled  up  to  the  Texan, 
and  murmurred,  "Here's  your  chance, 
big  boy."  "You  said  it,"  agreed  the 
private  enthusiasticallv — and  drank  the 
MP's  beer. 


New  one  watt  pnp  type  Germanium  power  transistor 


52 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


Search  is  exciting! 

Scientists  are  constantly  probing  deeper  into  the  secrets  of  nature 
—  bringing  new  and  better  things  to  you 


As  THE  PROSPECTOR  thrills  to  the  search  for  treasure, 
so  does  the  scientist  as  he  searches  out  the  secrets  of 
the  earth,  air,  and  water. 

THE  TREASURE  that  the  scientist  seeks  is  better  un- 
derstanding of  nature,  and  wavs  to  bring  better  living 
for  all  of  us.  To  find  them,  he  is  constantlv  probing, 
taking  the  elements  apart,  putting  them  back  together 
in  different  ways — always  looking  for  something  new 
and  promising. 

How  important  is  such  research?  Todav,  more  than 
one-third  of  the  work  of  the  people  of  Union  Carbide  is 
in  providing  products  and  processes  that  did  not  exist 
in  commercial  quantities  15  years  ago.  Each  new  prod- 
uct, each  new  process,  was  born  of  intensive  search. 

FROM  CHEMICALS  TO  METALS— The  results  of  these 
achievements  are  serving  all  of  us  today — chemicals 


for  life-saving  medicines  and  many  other  uses... a  wide 
range  of  carbon  and  graphite  products  .  . .  oxygen  for 
the  sickroom  and  industry  ...  a  variety  of  wonderful 
new  plastics  .  .  .  alloying  metals  for  stainless  and  other 
fine  steels. 

SEARCH  .  .  .  RESEARCH?  To  the  scientists  of  Union 
Carbide,  search  and  research  are  the  same — an  excit- 
ing kev  to  a  brighter  future  for  all. 

STUDENTS  AND  STUDENT  ADVISERS:  Learn  more  about  career 
opportunities  uith  Union  Carbide  in  ALLOYS, CarBONS,ChEMICALS, 
Gases  and  I'lastics.  Write  jor  booklet  M'2. 

Union  Carbide 

AA'D     CARBON    CORPORATION 

30    EAST    42ND    STRKET         \\\t^  NEW     YORK     17.     N.    Y. 

In  Canada:  Umon  Carbide  Canada  Limited 


VCCs  Trade-marked  Products  include - 


SvNTHETic  Organic  Chemicals       Electromet  Alloys  and  MetaU       Haynes  Stellite  Alloys       Union  Carbide       Linde  Oxygen 
EVEREADY  Flashlights  and  Batteries  LiNDE  Silicones  Dynel  Textile  Fibers  Prestone  Anti-Freeze  N.ATIONAL  Carbons 

Bakelite,  VlNYLITE,  and  Krene  Plastics  PrestO-LiTE  Acetylene  PyrOFAX  Gas  ACHESON  Electrodes 


JANUARY,    1955 


53 


19  chambers  of  hell 


You  are  looking  at  the  units  of  a  $2,000,000  Martin  test- 
ing laboratory  — part  of  a  man-made  hell  of  fire  and 
water,  shock  and  vibration,  explosion  and  corrosion, 
designed  to  tortine  electronics  cquipmenl! 

For  these  vital  components  of  today's  aircraft,  guided 
missiles  and  weapons  systems  must  carry  tremendous 
responsibilities.  Consider,  for  example,  the  electronic 
system  of  the  Martin  B-61  Matador: 

Incredibly  versatile,  it  comprises  the  entire  brain  and 
nervous  system  of  America's  first  successful  pilotless 
bomber.  Yet  this  sensitive  equipment  must  withstand 


the  shock  of  many  tons  of  thrust  in  the  first  second  of 
take-off —  violent  changes  in  temperature  and  pressure 
—  and  giound  conditions  ranging  from  sand  storms  to 
arctic  blizzards,  desert  dryness  to  tropical  downpour. 

loday,  Martin's  facilities  are  among  the  finest  in  the 
world  for  design,  production  and  proving  in  the  field 
of  avionics... one  of  the  major  developments  of  Martin 
Systems  Engineering  which  is  now  tailoring  airpower 
to  previously  impossible  requirements. 

Yoii  will  hear  7>wre  about  Martin! 


54 


BALTIMORE    ■    MARYLAND 

THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


A  nother  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  to  beat  shock  loads 
in  a  big  dragline 

Imagine  the  shock  loads  put  on  this  big  dragline's 
intermediate  swing  shaft  when  the  cab,  the  boom 
and  an  S-\  ard  load  of  dirt  being  swung  through  the 
air  are  suddenly  stopped  and  the  direction  reversed! 
Engineers  solved  this  problem  bv  specifying 
Timken-  tapered  roller  bearings.  Timken  bearings 
not  only  take  radial  and  thrust  loads  in  any  combi- 
nation, they  also  assure  long,  trouble-free  operation. 


■te-ji:/-^. .  t.  •f'^.t.  k 


Why  TIMKEN  bearings  have 
high  load  capacity 

This  cross  section  ol  a  Timken  tapered  roller  bearing 
illustrates  one  reason  why  Timken  bearings  do  such  a  good 
job  under  heavy  load  conditions.  Notice  that  there  is  full 
line  contact  betw  een  the  rollers  and  races.  It's  this  full  line 
contact  that  distributes  the  load  over  a  wider  area,  gives 
Timken  bearings  their  extra  load-carrying  capacity. 


TIMKEN 


Tffl2E-M*B^  B£i    U    S    ■ 


TAPERED  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more  about 
bearings  or  job  opportunities? 

Some  ol  the  engineering  problems  you'll  face  alter 
graduation  will  involve  bearing  ap- 
plications. For  help  in  learning  more 
about  bearings,  write  for  the  2^0- 
page  General  Information  Manual 
on  Timken  bearings.  And  for  infor- 
mation about  the  e.\cellent  job  op- 
portunities at  the  Timken  Company, 
write  for  a  copy  of  "This  Is  Timken". 
The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Com- 
pany, Canton  6,  Ohio. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  a=)  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  (rr) 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -^-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


ANUARY,    1955 


55 


TECHNOCRACKS 


"I  don't  get  it,"  said  one  pretty  giil 
as  she  divested  herself  of  her  under- 
garments. "I  tell  the  doctor  my  sinus 
is  bothering  me  and  he  asks  me  to  strip." 
A  naked  redhead  with  a  satchel  on  her 
lap  replied,  "My  case  is  even  more  puz- 
zling.  I'm   here  to  tune   the  piano." 

ifr  *  * 

Then  there  is  the  stor\'  of  moron 
answering  the  telephone.  "What  is  it?  " 
asked  the  moron.  "It's  a  Long  Distance 
from  New  York,"  replied  the  operator. 
"I  know  it  is,"  said  the  moron,  and  he 
hung  up. 

*•        *        * 

A  chemistry  professor  chalked  a  for- 
mula HNO3,  on  the  blackboard.  Then 
he  wheeled  about  and  pointed  a  finger 
at  the  sleepiest  member  of  the  class. 
"Identify    that    formula,"    he    demanded 

"Er,  ah,"  stalled  the  unhappy  stu- 
dent, "I've  got  it  right  on  the  tip  of 
my  tongue,  sir." 

"In  that  case,"  said  the  professor 
softly,  "you'd  better  spit  it  out  my  boy. 
It's  nitric  acid." 

*  *        * 

Then  there  is  the  story  about  when 
Calvin  Coolidge  was  in  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature,  another  member  asked 
him  whether  the  people  where  he  came 
from   said,   A   hen   lays,   or  a  hen    lies." 

"The  people  where  I  come  from," 
replied    Mr.    Coolidge,    "lift   her    up    to 

see." 

*  *       *• 

A  Scotsman  leaned  against  a  mid- 
town  bar  holding  his  stomach  and  moan- 
ing piteously.  "Sick?"  asked  the  sym- 
pathetic stranger  who  stood  next  to  him. 

"Verra,  verra  sick,"  said  the  Scots- 
man. "I  am  afraid  I've  got  yoors." 

"What's  'yoors'?"  asked  the  stranger. 

The  Scotsman  brightened  immediate- 
ly. "Make  it  a  scotch  and  soda,"  he  said. 


Two  veterans  of  World  War  One 
met  in  Baltimore.  "Remember  that  salt- 
peter they  used  to  pi.it  into  our  food  in 
Camp  Lee  in  1918?"  asked  one.  "I  sure 
do,"  said  the  other.  "It's  starting  to 
take  effect  now,"  mourned  the  first. 

*  5J  * 

There  once  was  a  \'oiuig  lady  named 

Maude 
A  sort  of  society  fraud. 
In  the  parlor,  tis  told 
She  was  distant  and  cold 
Hut  on  the  veranda,  my  (jiwd. 

or 
Little  Willie  wrote  a   book 
Woman  was  the  theme  he  took. 
Woman   was   his  only   text. 
Aint  he  cute?  He's  oversexed. 

or 
Said   an   ape  as  he  swung  by  his   tail 
to  his  children,  both  female  and  male. 
"From  your  offspring,  my  dears. 
In  a  couple  of  years. 
May  evolve  a  professor  at  Yale." 
*       -*       •* 

Billy  (the  college  man):  What  are 
you  doing  wearing  that  I  sweater?  Don't 
you  know  that  you  wear  it  onh'  when 
you  have  made  the  team. 

Millv    (soft    spoken    college    girl): — 

Well?' 

-*        s        » 

That  reminds  me  of  the  story  of  the 
little  boy  who  had  just  gotten  a  pen 
friend  from  Holland.  He  was  so  happy 
about  it,  that  when  he  came  home  that 
night  he  said  cheerfully,  "Guess  what 
Mom?   I    got   a   girl   in   Dutch." 

-:i^  -:):-  -:;:- 

A  sign  in  front  of  a  shoe  repair  shop 
pictured  styles  of  rubber  heels  and  a 
beautifid  girl  who  was  saying.  "I'm  in 
love  with  America's  number  one  heel." 
Underneath  in  small  feminine  headwrit- 
ing  someone  had  added,  "Too  bad  sister, 
I  married  him  first." 


A  bouncer  in  a  Bowery  saloon  threw 
a  free-lunch  moocher  out  on  his  ear  four 
times  running,  but  the  undaunted  victim 
kept  staggering  back  for  more.  A  cus- 
tomer watched  the  performance  with 
unflagging  interest,  and  finally  tapped 
the  bouncer  on  the  shoulder:  "Know 
why  that  bum  keeps  coming  back  in?" 
he  observed.  "You're  putting  too  much 
back  spin  0:1  him." 

*        -^        ^ 

She:  I  saw  a  Texas  Ranger  carrying 
two    rifles. 

He:  That's  nothing.  I  saw  a  cowgirl 
packing  a  pair  of  38s. 

V  V-  » 

Here  is  one  aboLit  a  venerable  ps\cho- 
tic  patient  on  Welfare  Island  who 
spends  her  entire  time  reading  the  Bi- 
ble. She  explains,  "I'm  cramming  for 
the  finals." 

A  young  engineer  was  out  teaching 
his  younger  wife  to  drive,  when  sud- 
denly the  brakes  failed.  "What  shall  I 
do?"  screamed  his  wife.  "Brace  your- 
self," he  said,  "and  try  to  hit  something 
cheap." 

Two  young  coeds  met  for  lunch  dur- 
ing the  last  vacation:  They  hashed  over 
clothes  for  a  while  until  the  topic  came 
around  to  marriage.  "I  hear  that  your 
boyfriend  graduates  from  law  school  this 
June.  I  guess  you  will  get  married  then." 
"Oil  no,"  replied  her  friend,  "I  want 
him  to  practice  for  about  a  year  first." 
-^        *        * 

A  dog  and  a  cat  became  embroiled  in 
a  street  corner  fight,  and  a  big  crowd 
gathered  to  watch.  One  unruly  spectator 
suddenly  whipped  a  gun  out  of  his  poc- 
ket and  shot  the  dog.  A  policeman  heard 
the  report  and  came  running  on  the 
double.  The  killer  threw  his  gun  to  the 
ground  and  appealed  to  the  crowd. 
"Don't  say  a  word  to  the  cop.  He'll 
think  the  cat  did  it. 

She :  I  nearly  fainted  when  the  fel- 
low I  was  out  with  last  night  asked 
me  for  a  kiss. 

He:    Baby,   you   are   gonna   die   whe:i 

you  hear  what  I  have  to  say. 

-t-        ^        * 

"Mow,  boys,"  said  the  Sunday  School 
teacher,  "if  we  are  good  while  on  earth, 
when  we  die  we  will  go  to  a  place  of 
everlasting  bliss.  But  suppose  we  are  bad 
what  will  become  of  us?" 

"We'll  go  to  the  place  of  e\erlasting 
blisters,"    answered    a   small    boy   at   the 

bottom  of  the  class. 

»        *        * 

Once  a  young  college  femme  wrote 
the  editor  of  a  correspondence  column, 
"I  am  only  19  and  I  stayed  out  till  two 
the  other  night.  \ly  mother  objects.  Did 
I    do  wrong?" 

The  answer  published  in  the  paper 
next  day:   "Try  to   remember." 


56 


THE   TECHNOGRAPH 


PHOTOGRAPHY  AT  WORK— No.  13  in  a  Kodak  MriM 


s4S®dlal]s 


TKAOe-MARK 


Westbound  Rio  Grande  freight  in  Huby  Can>'on  of  Colorado  River. 


The  freight  rolls  away  an  hour  sooner 

because  photography  cuts  yard  bookkeeping 


The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Western 

Railroad  microfilms  its  waybills  in 

minutes,  cuts  running  schedules, 

saves  costs  in  train  idling  time. 

1  ou  don't  find  a  Rio  Grande  freight  idling  at  the 
terminal  while  waybills  are  copied  by  hand.  In- 
stead, Recordak  Microfilming  copies  them.  Then 
they're  put  aboard  and  the  train  is  oft  in  just 
about  one-fifth  the  time  it  used  to  take,  thus  sav- 
ing hours  of  \aluable  crew  and  train  time.  Then 
the  wheel  reports  are  made  up  from  the  films  and 
teletyped  ahead. 

Railroading  is  but  one  of  over  a  hundred  t\'pes  of 
businesses  now  saving  mone\',  time  and  space  with 


microfibning.  It  is  one  of  the  fast  growing  and  widely 
used  wa\'s  photography  works  for  industr\-. 

Small  businesses  and  large  are  finding  that  photog- 
raph)- lielps  in  simplifying  routine  procedures,  in 
product  design,  in  personnel  relations.  It  improves 
production,  saves  time  and  cuts  costs. 

Graduates  in  the  physical  sciences  and  in  engi- 
neering find  pliotograpln'  an  increasingly  valualile 
tool  in  their  new  occupations.  Its  expanding  use  has 
also  created  many  challenging  opportunities  at 
Kodak,  especially  in  the  development  of  large-scale 
chemical  processes  and  the  design  of  complex  pre- 
cision mechanical-electi'onic  equipment.  Whether 
you  are  a  recent  graduate  or  a  qualified  returning 
service  man,  if  you  are  interested  in  these  opportuni- 
ties, vvTite  to  Business  &  Technical  Personnel  Dept., 
Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


CHARLES    SNYDER,    R.P.I.,    (center)    odjusting     5250    Iriple-unit    d-c 
mill  motor  for  use  in  a  steel  mill. 


Engineers  RICHARD  RENK,  IOWA  STATE,  (left)  and  ALLEN  FRINK, 
CATHOLIC  UNIV.,  moke  lost-minute  check  on  1600-hp  diesel-eleclric 
switcher  before  it  is  moved  to  test  track. 


THEY'RE   ''GOING  PLACES'' 
AT  GENERAL  ELECTRIC 


Like  these  young  men  pictured  here,  hundreds  of  scien- 
tists, engineers,  chemists,  physicists  and  other  college 
graduates  are  getting  ahead  "  fast  at  General  Electric  .... 
and  they  are  working  on  projects  with  the  assurance  that 
their  contributions  cire  meaningful  and  important. 

They  are  moving  up  rapidly  because  at  General  Electric 
a  world  of  opportunity  awaits  the  college  man  of  today — a 
world  limited  onlv  bv  his  own  ability  and  interest.  The 
variety  of  General  Electric  products  and  the  diversity  of 
the  Company's  operations  pro\'ide  \irtually  unlimited 
fields  of  opportunity  and  corresponding  rewards,  both 
materially  and  in  terms  of  personal  satisfaction  to  young 
men  who  begin  a  G-E  career. 

New  developments — in  silicones,  electronics,  semi-con- 
ductors, gas  turbines,  atomic  power,  and  others — spring- 
ing   from    G-E    research    and    engineering,    are    creating 


exciting  new  opportunities,  and  are  gi\'ing  college  gradu- 
ates the  chance  of  finding  satisfying,  rewarding  work. 

And  by  placing  prime  importance  on  the  development  of 
talent  and  skill,  developed  through  G-E  training  pro- 
grams and  broadened  through  rotational  job  programs, 
and  by  pro\"iding  incentives  for  creative  minds.  General 
Electric  is  hurrying  voung  men  into  success  in  an  in- 
dustry that  is  devoted  to  ser^^ng  all  men  through  the 
ever-increasing  and  ever-widening  uses  for  electricity, 
mans  greatest  servant. 

If  you  are  inferested  in  building  a  career  with  General  Elec- 
fric  see  your  college  placement  director  for  the  date  of  the 
next  visit  of  the  General  Electric  representative  on  your  cam- 
pus. Meanwhile,  for  further  information  on  opportunities  with 
General  Electric  write  to  College  Editor,  Dept.  2-123,  Gen- 
eral Electric  Company,  Schenectady  5,  New  York. 


Test  engineers  E.  K.  VON  FANGE,  U.  OF 
NEB.,  (left)  and  R.  E.  LOVE,  U.  OF  TEXAS, 
work  on  slacker  and  stapler  built  by  them  for 
homework  project. 


Physicist  ROGER  DEWES,  BROOKLYN  POLY., 
working  with  scintillation  counter  in  G.E.'s 
Engineering  Laboratory. 


ANTHONY  TERZANO,  PRATT  INSTITUTE, 
checks  connections  on  direct. current  rectifier 
which  charges  7,500,000-volt  impulse  genera- 
tor  in   G.E.'s    new    High-voltage    Laboratory. 


GENERAL 


ELECTRIC 


•Til    'Bucqjn 
/Jo^rjcq^l   £3/ojj 


ebruary,  1955 


ILLINOIS 
TECHNOGRAPH 


Sanford  W.  Wilson,  class  of  '48 
speaks  from  experience  when  he  says  ... 

"U.  S.  Steel  offers  a  great  combination- 
opportunity,  security  and  an  interesting  job" 


MR.  Wilson  was  interviewed  by  U.S.  Steel 
representatives  in  March  of  1948.  After 
receiving  his  B.S.  in  Chemical  Engineering 
in  June,  he  chose  his  U.S.  Steel  offer  over 
several  other  job  offers  and  began  working 
at  the  huge  Gary  Works  as  a  Foreman 
Relief  Trainee.  He  gained  experience  in 
the  Blast  Furnace  Department  and  in  the 
front  office  learning  the  business  end  as 
well.  In  November  of  1954  Mr.  Wilson  was 
made  assistant  to  the  superintendent  of 
blast  furnaces  at  Gary.  His  duties  now  in- 
clude developing  data  for  control  of  pro- 
duction. qualit>'  of  materials,  costs,  and 
making  technical  reports.  In  addition,  he 
directs  the  activities  of  Technological  Co- 
ordinators and  part  of  the  training  of 
management  trainees. 

Mr.  Wilson  is  naturally  pleased  with  his 
progress  at  U.S.  Steel  and  he  feels  that 
U.S.  Steel  offers  qualified  and  ambitious 
engineers  the  very  best  in  three  important 


areas— opportunity,  security  and  an  inter- 
esting job. 

He  says,  "Opportunity  is  unlimited  at 
U.S.  Steel  and  openings  for  advancement 
are  frequent."  In  addition,  Mr,  Wilson 
feels  that  U.S.  Steel  affords  a  secure  future 
because  of  the  basic  nature  of  the  steel  in- 
dustry and  the  constant  need  for  engineering 
talent.  But  most  important.  Mr.  Wilson  is 
deeply  interested  in  his  job  because  he 
knows  he  is  really  playing  a  vital  role  in  a 
vital  business.  .And  he  says.  "The  steel  in- 
dustry has  many  facets  and  is  constantly 

SEE  THE  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOUR.  It's 
presented  every  other  week  by  United  States 
newspaper  for  time  and  station. 


changing.  Talk  to  anyone  who  has  been  in 
the  steel  industry  for  any  time  and  he  will 
tell  you  that  steel  has  gotten  into  his  blood.'* 
If  you  are  interested  in  a  challenging  and 
rewarding  career  with  United  States  Steel 
and  feel  that  you  can  qualify,  you  can  ob- 
tain further  information  from  your  college 
placement  director.  Or  we  will  gladly  send 
you  our  informative  booklet.  "Paths  of 
Opportunity."  upon  request.  Just  WTite  to 
United  States  Steel  Corporation.  Personnel 
Division.  Room  1622,  525  William  Penn 
Place.  Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 


a  full-hour  TV  program 
Steel.  Consult  your  local 


m 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  ,  ,  AMERICAN  STEEL  &  WIRE  and  CYCLONE  FENCE  .  .  COLUMBIA-GENEVA  STEEL  .  .  CONSOLIDATED  WESTERN  STEEL  .  .  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  .  .  NATIONAL  TUBE 

OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  .  .  TENNESSEE  COAL  S  IRON  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY    .  .  DiviiioiM   cl  UNITED   STATES   STEEL   CORPORATION.    PinSBURBH 

UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOMES,  INC,   •   UNION  SUPPLY  COMPANY   •   UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY    •   UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY 


CATERPILLAR    AL4CHI>ES   POWER  THE   WORLDS 
GREAT  ENGINEERING  JOBS 


You're  helping  witli  vital  jobs  wiien  you  work  at 
( .aterpillar.  At  atomic  energy  plants,  guided  missile 
tracking  stations,  air  bases,  municipal  power  plants, 
hospitals  — where  reliable  standby  power  is  a  must, 
you"ll  find  big  yellow  Caterpillar  Diesel  Engines  and 
Electric  Sets. 

Caterpillar  Tractor  Co.  is  growing.  There's  a  need 
for  young  men  with  training  and  vision:  Mechanical. 
Metallurgical.  Agricultural.  Electrical.  Civil  Engineers 
and  others.  \ou"ll  be  doing  an  important  and  challeng- 
ing job  at  Caterpillar:  in  research  and  development. 
design,  manufacturing,  sales,  or  your  choice  of  many 
ether  fields.   You'll  have  the  best  in  laboratory  facilities 


and  really  interesting  assignments  at  Caterpillar  plants 
and  in  the  field. 

And  youll  be  able  to  groh' —  solidly  and  steadily, 
along  with  us.  Promotions  at  Caterpillar  come  when 
they  "re  earned,  and  executive  positions  are  fiUeil  from 
within  the  organization.  You'll  find  good  starting  pay 
and  good  housing  conditions. 

There's  a  place  for  you  on  the  "Big  bellow  Team." 
Representatives  of  Caterpillar  Tractor  Co.  will  be  on 
campus  for  interviews.  Consult  your  placement  oflice. 
Meanwhile,  if  you  would  like  more  information,  write 
to  Caterpillar  Tractor  Co..  Emidoyee  Relations  General 
Ofiice.  Box  IL-.S,  Peoria.  Illinois. 


CATERPILLAR 


S      P*I      3FF 


DIESEL  ENSINES  •  TRACTORS  •  MOTOR  GRADERS  •  EARTHMOVING  EQUIPMENT 


NEW     MISSILE      SYSTEMS 

RESEARCH  LABORATORY 

The  technoIog\-  of  guided  missiles  poses  increasingly  complex 
problems  in  \TrUially  every  field  of  science. 

To  provide  physicists  and  engineers  widi  the  most  modem 
fecilities  for  meeting  those  problems,  Lockheed 
Missile  Svstems  Division  has  begun  construction  on  a 
laborator\-  for  advanced  research — first  step 
in  a  $10,000,000  research  laboratory  program. 

Scheduled  for  occupation  in  early  fall  of  1955,  it  will  augment 
existing  Missile  Systems  Dnision  facihties. 


Individuals  able  to  make  significant  contributions  to  the  technology 

of  guided  missiles  are  invited  to  contact  their  placement  officer  or  write  as. 


Wd      MI 


SSILE    SYSTEMS    DIVISION 


reseaTch  and  engineering  staff 


LOCS.HEED    AIRCRAFT    CORPORATION   •    VAN    >  L' Y  S  •CALIFORMA 


THE  TECHNOGRAP- 


«  •     «  •    •  • 

1   ...        *    -  « 

I  ^K        *  *  •  « 


Looking  ahead  yl  with  Detroit  Edison 


Important  new  addition  to  the  engi- 
neering facilities  of  Detroit  Edison  is 
this  huge  System  Analog  and  Net- 
work Computer,  bringing  new  speed, 
accuracy  and  convenience  to  solving 
the  problems  of  providing  better 
power  systems,  both  for  today  and 
for  tomorrow. 

Designed  and  built  by  Detroit 
Edison  engineers,  this  unique  four- 
ton  machine  reproduces  in  miniature 
the  cf)mpanv's  power  svstem.  and  can 
be  varied  to  simulate  other  power 
systems  as  well.  The  effect  of  any 


combination  of  generators,  trans- 
formers, Unes.  cables  and  other  equip- 
ment, and  of  any  variations  in  com- 
ponents within  the  system,  can  be 
determined  in  a  fraction  of  the  time 
required    by    conventional    methods. 

The  Svstem  Analog  and  Network 
Computer,  along  with  other  ad\  anccd 
electronic  equipment,  such  as  the  digi- 
tal computer,  serves  Detroit  EdLs*>n 
engineers  in  a  variety  of  fields,  in- 
cluding reM-anh.  sy-lem  operation, 
and  production,  planning,  project  and 
design    engineering.    .    .    .    Such    ad- 


THE  DETROIT  EDISON  COMPANY 


2000  Second   Avenue 
Detroit  26,  Michigan 


vanced  facilities,  combined  with  the 
steadilv  rising  demands  for  electrical 
power  In  Detroit  and  Southeastern 
Michigan,  enable  Detroit  Edison  to 
offer  voung  engineers  an  outstanding 
opportunity  and  challenge  to  build 
for  their  own  futures. 


For  the  ftdl  tlorY  of 
carfer  opportunities  at 
Ihrtroit  Edison,  t imply 
call  or  write  ftir  a  free 
copy  of  thi%  new 
booklet.  "l>rtroil 
Editon  Engineering.'^ 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


A  Giant 


There's  little  doubt  about  the  fact  that  rubbing  shoulders  with  success,  early  in  your  career,  is 
one  of  the  best  ways  to  assure  your  own  long-range  success. 

You'll  find  this  especially  true  at  Sylvania,  where,  in  one  company,  so  many  of  the  positive  factors 
essential  to  engineering  achiei^ement  are  combined  in  full  measure: 


DIVERSITY — Sylvonia's  9  divisions  developing 
and  manufacturing  products  ranging  from  tele- 
vision sets  to  fluorescent  lamps,  from  electronic 
devices  to  fuel  elements  for  nuclear  reactors,  pro- 
vide the  breadth  of  experience  to  help  direct  you 
into  the  work  you  most  prefer  in  our  organization. 

GROWTH  AND  EXPANSION— In   the 

post  6  years  atone,  our  sales  have  tripled,  our 
engineering  staff  has  doubled  to  keep  pace  with 
the   demand   for  Sylvania   products.   And,  we   are 


expanding  our  activities  In  the  field  of  otomic 
energy  and  new  areas  of  electronics. 

STABILITY —  Founded  in  1901,  Sylvania  has 
grown  into  on  organization  of  45  plants  and  11 
laboratories  in  1  1  states.  In  addition  to  the  develop- 
ment and  manufacture  of  our  own  Sylvania  con- 
sumer products,  we  ore  also  privileged  to  provide 
elements  and  ports  that  are  the  heart  of  hundreds 
of  industrial  and  consumer  products  of  other  manu- 
facturers, which  odds  to  our  characteristic  stobility. 


An  aggressive,  forward-looking  company  with  all  the  drive  and  vigor  of  youth  .  .  ,  whose  average 
executive  age  is  only  45  .  .  .  Sylvania  can  provide  the  environment  of  success  and  encouragement 
that  will  help  you  build  a  highly  satisfying  professional  future. 

For  detailed  information,  see  your  College  Placement  Office,  or  send  for  our  comprehensive  bro- 
chure, "Today  and  Tomorrow  with  Sylvania,"  by  writing  to  Supervisor  of  Technical  Employment. 


SYLVANIA 


Sylvania  Electric  Products  Inc.  JSSS^      1740  Broadway,  New  York  19,  N.  Y. 

LIGHTING     •     RADIO    •    ELECTRONICS    •    TELEVISION     •    ATOMIC     ENERGY 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  Guide  to  Job  Seekers . . . 


In  these  years  of  great  demand  for  engineers,  the  student  has  a 
great  advantage  when  the  interviewers  come  to  the  campus.  This, 
naturally,  should  not  give  him  the  feeling  that  he  deserves  it  or  can 
abuse  it.  He  should  be  courteous,  considerate,  and  business  like  in  his 
approach  to  the  representatives  of  the  company  he  wishes  to  sell  his 
services  to. 

In  a  recent  bulletin  issued  by  the  N.E.M.A.  a  code  of  ethics  for 
interviewing  procedures  was  presented.  The  following  were  consid- 
ered responsibilities  of  the  student  being  interviewed: 

1 .  In  anticipation  of  an  interview  with  an  organization,  it  must  be 
the  responsibility  of  the  student  to  prepare  himself  properly  by  read- 
ing literature,  attend  meetings  at  which  the  story  of  that  industry  is 
being  presented,  organizing  his  own  thoughts  in  order  to  ask  and 
answer  questions,  and  being  as  fully  informed  as  possible  on  the 
type  of  business  conducted  by  that  organization. 

2.  He  should  be  prompt  in  meeting  interviewers  and  in  handling 
his  correspondence. 

3.  He  should  not  accept  interviews  after  he  has  signed  up  with 
a  company. 

4.  After  accepting  an  offer,  he  should  promptly  notify  those  com- 
panies whose  offers  are  to  be  rejected. 

5.  He  should  use  core  in  filling  out  various  necessary  forms. 

6.  He  should  recognize  that  failure  to  answer  offers  of  employ- 
ment is  detrimental  to  his  classmates,  and  therefore,  he  should  be  pre- 
pared to  make  his  decision  far  enough  in  advance  of  his  graduation 
so  that  industry  can  make  ils  plans. 

7.  He  should  keep  the  placement  office  or  faculty  members  inti- 
mately advised  concerning   his  negotiations. 

8.  He  should  recognize  that  regardless  of  the  number  of  inter- 
views he  takes  he  should  conduct  himself  in  a  business  like  manner 
and  not  expect  individual  or  unusual  consideration  or  entertainment. 

9.  He  must  recognize  that  he  must  sell  himself  and  that  industry 
can  advance  him  only  on  the  basis  of  his  performance. 

D.F.K. 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


n 


NEVtf   DEPARTURES"   IN    SCIENCE   &    INVENTION 


^f^if^fiM'-'fiel^i'SiSzi^fiS'''-**^'*-' 


VlfHAT    HATH 
MARCONI    WROUGHT 


Of  course,  it  was  years  before  Mr.  Marconi's  wireless 
developed  into  radio  as  we  know  it.  Then  such  wonders 
as  the  give-away  program,  the  comedy  show  and  the 
soap   opera    blossomed   full-blown. 

True  wonders,  too,  have  sprung  from  Mr.  Marconi's  "new 
departure"  of  1897.  And  New  Departure  ball  bearings 
have  played  a  vital  role  ...  in  electronic  brains  for 
business  ...  in  automation  for  industry  ...  in  radar  for 
defense.  In  fact.  New  Departure  was  a  pioneer  in  devel- 
oping methods  that  could  turn  out  boll  bearings  of 
ultra-high  precision  in  the  mass  quantities  needed  for 
today's  electronic  marvels. 

Such  leadership  is  one  of  many  reasons  why  engineers 
look  to  New   Departure   for  the  finesf   in   ball   bearings! 


NEW  DEPARTURE-DIVISION  OF  GENERAL  MOTORS- BRISTOL,  CONN. 


The  amazing  Skysweeper  —  which  sights,  tracks  and  shoots 
cJown  air  targets  with  fantastic  accuracy  —  cjepends  on  New 
Departure   instrument   boll    bearings  for  its   internal    accuracy. 


B/VLL     BE4VRINGS 


NOTHING        ROllS        lIKt        A        SAll 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Engineering  graduates   being   interviewed   at   Westinghouse 
. . .IN   1896  ...  IN    1955 


I 


Now. . .  as  in  1896  .  . . 

there's  always  room  for  ambition  at  Westinghouse 


George  Westinghouse  was  the  first  recruiter  of  engineering 
college  graduates  .  .  .  first  to  realize  that  ambitious  young 
men,  with  the  vision,  drive  and  spontaneous  enthusiasm 
of  youth  were  the  backbone  of  American  industry. 

Going  further  than  recruiting,  Westinghouse  has  led  in 
developing  programs  for  training  and  helping  young 
engineers  to  reach  their  goals.  Its  famous  Graduate 
Student  Program  first  shows  them  the  many  opportunities 
open  to  them  at  Westinghouse,  and  then  helps  them  take 
advantage  of  the  one  they  choose.  Its  million-dollar  Edu- 
cational Center  is  the  most  advanced  in  industry. 

Is  it  any  wonder  that  much  of  the  success  of  Westinghouse 
has  been  due  to  engineers  who  came  as  graduate  stu- 


you  CAN  BE  SURE. ..IF  IT^ 

A^^stinghouse 


dents  and  later  directed  the  Company's  efforts. 

Here's  an  example  of  Westinghouse  leadership.  The 
)oung  engineer  at  the  right  is  looking  at  the  land-based 
prototN'pe  for  our  countr>'sy?;j/  atomic  submarine  engine 
.  .  .  designed  and  built  by  Westinghouse  .  .  .  working  with 
the  Atomic  Energy  Commission  and  the  U.  S.  Navy. 

There  can  be  a  great  future  for  you  at  Westinghouse.  For 
professional  deselopment,  \\'cstins;house  offers  its  Gradu- 
ate Study  Program,  a\ailable  at  19  uni\ersities  from  coast 
to  coast,  and  leading  to  Master's  and  Ph.D.  degrees  .  .  . 
plus  other  programs  tailored  to  fit  your  needs  and  desires. 

Yes,  there's  (iltrars  room  for  ambitious  men  at  West- 
inghouse .  .  .  and  wc  help  them  reach  their  goals.   G-10284 


Ask  your  Placement  Officer  about  career  oppor- 
tunities at  Westinghouse,  or  write  for  these  two 
booklets:  Conlimieil  Ethicalion  in  It'esling/iouse 
(describing  our  Graduate  Study  Program) 
and  Finding  lour  Ptiice  in  Industry. 

Write:  Mr.  C.  W.  Mills.  Regional  I'.dueational 
Co-ordinator,  Westinghouse  Klectric  Corpora- 
tion, Merchandise  Mart  Plaza,  Chicago  54,  111. 


FEBRUARY,    1955 


ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERS 
MECHANICAL  ENGINEERS 

I  <U  all  academic  dei^/iee.  Uoell 


L.Ti^l       (  electrical    and    mechanical    engineering    design    and    development, 

^^  "T  )i      7  stress  analysis,  airborne  structural  design,  electrical  and  electronic 

\  circuitry,     systems    studies,     instrumentation,    telemetering,    electro- 

1  /  mechanical    test,    applied   physics   problems. 

^  Sandia  Corporation,  a  subsidiary  of  the  Western  Electric  Company,  ofFers 
^P  outstanding  opportunities  to  graduates  with  Bachelor's  or  advanced  degrees,  with 
or  without  applicable  experience. 

a4     Sandia  Corporation  engineers  and   scientists  work  as  a  team  at  the  basic  task  of 
^^    applying     to     military     uses     certain  of  the  fundamental  processes  developed  by 
nuclear    physicists.    This    task    requires   original    research    as    well    as     straightforward 
development  and   production   engineering. 

»k     A    new    engineer's    place    on    the    Sandia    team    is    determined    initially    by    his 
^P     training,    experience,    and    talents    .    .    .    and,    in    a    field    where    ingenuity    and 
resourcefulness   are  paramount,   he  is  afforded   every  opportunity  for  professional 
growth    and    improvement. 

Mi     Sandia    engineers    design    and    develop    complex    components    and    systems 

^P    that  must  function   properly  under  environmental  conditions  that  are  much 

more    severe    than    those    specified    for    industrial    purposes.    They    design    and 

develop    electronic    equipment    to    collect    and    analyze    test    data;    they    build 

instruments    to    measure    weapons    effects.    As    part    of    their    work,    they    are 

engaged    in    liaison    with    the    best    production    and    design    agencies    in    the 

country,   and   consult  with    many   of  the   best   minds   in   all   fields  of  science. 

mL     Sandia    Laboratory,    operated    by    Sandia    Corporation    under    contract 
^P    with   the  Atomic  Energy  Commission,  is  located   in  Albuquerque  —  in 
the  heart  of  the  healthful  Southwest.  A  modern,  mile-high  city  of  150,000, 
Albuquerque   offers   a    unique   combination    of  metropolitan   facilities  plus 
scenic,    historic    and    recreational    attractions    —    and    a    climate    that    is 
sunny,    mild,    and    dry   the   year  around.   New  residents   have   little   diffi- 
culty in  obtaining  adequate  housing. 

Jt     Liberal   employee  benefits  include  paid  vacations,  sickness  bene- 
^^    fits,    group    life    insurance,    and    a    contributory    retirement    plan. 
Working    conditions    are    excellent,    and    salaries    are    commensurate 
with    qualifications.  )^^ 

A   limited   number  of  positions  for  Aeronautical   Engineers, 
Mathematicians,   and   Physicists  are  also  available. 

MoAe  apfdicatio*t  ^;    PROFESSIONAL  EMPLOYMENT 
DIVISION  A  9 

Or   contact    through    your    Placement   Office    the    Sandia 

Corporotlon  representative  with  the  Bell  Telephone 

System    College    Recruiting    Team    for    on 

interview     on      your     campus. 


SANDIA  BASE  jT ALBUQUERQUE,  NEW   MEXICO 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

editor 

Don  Kesler 

associatr  i-Jitor 

Millard  Darnall 

assistant  editors 
Donna  Rudig 
James  Piechocki 

illustrator 

Dave  Templeton 

assistants 

Donnie   Snedeker 
Paul   H.  Davis 
Harvey  M.  Endler 
Lowell  Mize 
Roy  Goern 
John    Freeberg 
Craig  \V.   Soule 


photography   staff 

photograph  editor 
Jack   Siebert 

photographer 

David  Komvathv 


business  staff 

business  manager 
James  E.   Smith 

circulation  director 
Larrv  Kiefling 


navy  pier 

AI   Shiner,  editor 
Davida   Bobrow, 
business   manager 

faculty  advisers 

R.  W.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 


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THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number  5 


contents: 

editorial      5 

a   look   at  the  sun 11 

aluminum     15 

arc  welding 20 

engineering    needs    24 

synthetic    gems    28 

Crenshaw  on  campus 32 

der  delta 34 

sand   casting    40 

shot   peening 42 

on   engineer  goes  thru 44 

techno-cutie  of  the  month 45 

south  of  the   boneyord 46 

the  facts  of  life 48 

skimming    industrial   headlines 56 

technocrocks     64 


our  cover 

Even  in  the  remotest  part  of  the  world,  man  cannot  help  but 
feel  the  influence  of  modern  engineering.  The  man  who  said 
"There  is  nothing  left  to  invent,"  didn't  realize  that  there  is  a 
challenge  in  everything,  even  in  shipping  these  logs  to  the  mill. 
(Cover  courtesy   Hamilton  Standard) 


our  frontispiece 

The  McMath  Hulbert  Observatory  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan. The  smallest  dome,  in  the  foreground,  houses  a  24  inch 
Cassegroin  reflector.  The  tower  and  dome  in  the  middle  ground 
holds  instruments  which  photograph  solar  features.  Solar  spec- 
tographs  are  housed  in  the  remaining  structures. 


L*"^ 


A  Look  at  the  Sun 


by  Jim  Piechocki,  Aero  E.  '56 


(This  pnper  h  icritten  chiifly  to 
hriiif;  to  light  iiiitl  clarify  the  t'tirioiis 
asficits  of  solar  activities  and  effects, 
lihich  see/n  to  he  so  vaguely  under- 
stood by  everyday  man.  I  ery  few  peo- 
ple realize  the  great  effect  that  the 
sun  has  on  our  lives.  If  the  reader 
(an  he  led  to  appreciate  the  vast 
amount  of  unheralded  study  that  this 
huge  glob  of  atomic  incandescence  has 
prompted,  he  ivill  perhaps  alted  his 
dim  vieic  of  that  fiery  object  ichich 
does  more  than  merely  brighten  our 
days  and  "make  things  groiv." ) 

Next  to  the  moon  and  birds,  the  niO!>t 
accepted  object  in  the  sky  is  the  sun. 
And  why  not?  After  all,  we  generally 
do  see  or  feel  the  presence  of  the  sun 
for  more  than  eight  hours  a  day,  and 
such  things  as  clothing  on  the  lines, 
green  grass,  and  suntans  are  common- 
place. But  only  the  inquisitive  mind  dis- 
covers the  marvellous  significance  of  the 
sun.  It  will  be  a  searching  mind  which 
will  discover  new  ways  to  utilize  the 
sun's  power. 

What  did  ancient  man  think  of  the 
sun?  He  worshipped  it  as  a  god  long 
before  the  history  of  his  religion  began. 
As  the  days  grew  colder  and  the  sun 
spent  a  shorter  period  of  time  in  the 
sky,  who  could  say  that  warmth  would 
return  and  shadows  would  grow  shorter 
again?  Primitive  man  fell  to  his  knees 
and  pleadetl  for  the  return  of  warmth. 
Perhaps  prayer  and  sacrifice  would  make 
the  sun  god  merciful,  they  thought.  This 
idea  of  a  solar  diety  was  shared  by  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  Persians,  and  West- 
ern Hemisphere  tribes,  to  mention  a 
few.  However,  as  early  as  1450  B.  C. 
men  began  to  rebel  at  this  form  of  wor- 
ship. The  first  known  rebel  was  the 
young  F2gyptian,  Amenhotep  IV,  a  re- 
markable individual  with  powers  of  ab- 
stract reasoning  taht  were  thousands  of 
years  ahead  of  his  time.  He  became  a 
tolerant  king,  but  all  memory  of  him, 
even  three  thousand  years  after  his  death 
was  evil.  He  was  called  a  fanatic  and  a 
persecutor  because  he  dared  to  change  a 
time-honored  form  of  devotion. 

Sunworship  seems  to  have  made  an 
important  contribution  to  astronomy. 
While   looking   upon   the  sun    for  hours 


at  a  time,  men  were  led  to  certain  ques- 
tions. Where  did  the  sun  god  come 
from?  How  does  he  furnish  his  burning 
light  and  heat?  And  how  far  is  he  from 
this  world?  The  Greeks,  who  loved 
knowledge  for  the  sake  of  knowledge, 
began  looking  their  noses  into  the  ques- 
tion of  the  distance  that  stretcheil  be- 
tween the  sun  and  th  emoon.  From  ob- 
servation they  knew  that  both  bodies 
appeared  to  be  of  equal  diameter.  Rut 
during  eclipses  of  the  sun,  the  moon  al- 
ways passed  in  front  of  the  former. 
Hence  the  sun  had  to  be  the  farther 
body.  About  270  R.C,  Aristarchus  made 
an  ingenious  approach  to  the  problem. 
He  reasoned  that  at  first  and  last  quar- 
ter lunar  phases,  the  angle  at  the  moon 
between  the  earth  and  the  sun  was  a 
right  angle.  H  he  could  measure  the 
angle  subtended  at  the  earth  at  that 
same  time,  he  could  calculate  not  onl\ 
their  relative  distances,  but  also  their 
relative  sizes.  Because  of  his  observa- 
tional   techniques,   a   slight  error  on   his 


pait  (he  had  picked  a  dillicult  tiu'ng  to 
measure)  resulted  in  a  gigantic  error  in 
the  final  answer.  His  figures  placed  the 
sun  twenty  times  farther  from  the  earth 
than  the  moon — an  error  of  2l)0()  per 
cejit.  Hut  as  time  passed  and  concepts 
of  the  universe  changed,  more  accurate 
measuiements  were  demanded.  In  1672. 
a  reasonably  accurate  measurement  of 
this  distance  was  made  by  triangulatioti 
with  Mars  in  opposition  with  the  sun, 
while  the  best  measurements  were  made 
in  the  eighteenth  and  nineteentii  century 
Here  the  planet  V'enus'  transit  across 
the  face  of  the  sun  was  utilized  along 
with  a  few  nu'nor  bodies,  including 
Eros,  a  nn'mite  planetoid  that  comes 
closer  to  the  earth  than  any  body  except 
the  moon.  Thus,  the  mean  value  of  9.3,- 
000, 000  miles  was  arrived  at  and  has 
become  a  standard  distance  to  astrono- 
mers— one  astronomical  unit,  or  one 
a.u.  Hence  it  can  be  .seen  that  the  an- 
cient scientists,  as  wrong  as  the\'  were, 
laid  the  foundation  for  later  techniques. 


Convair's    120  inch   solar  furnace,   which  focuses  the  sun's   rays  to  a   dime- 
sized  point.  Temperatures  up  to  8500     F  have  been  reached. 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


n 


But  before  getting  into  a  detailed  dis- 
cussion of  solar  measurements  and  tech- 
niques, let's  look  at  a  problem  which 
baffled  early  astronomers — the  origin  of 
the  sun. 

The  question  of  the  origin  of  the  sun 
brings  us  to  a  problem  which  caused  a 
great  deal  of  scientific  stimulation  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  namely,  that  of  the 
origin  of  the  solar  system.  An  early 
theory  envisioned  a  huge  ball  of  swirling 
hot  gases  struck  by  another  great  body 
which  carried  away  a  torrent  of  mat- 
ter. This  material  eventually  coalesced 
far  ofi  into  globes  of  different  magni- 
tudes and  at  different  distances  from  the 
original  mass.  ( Some  astronomers  even 
went  so  far  as  to  name  the  wayward 
star  as  46  Tauri,  a  faint  body  in  the 
constellation  of  the  Bull.)  The  newly 
formed  bodies  cooled,  solidified,  and  as- 
sumed spherical  shapes.  They  were  then 
held  in  their  orbits  by  the  now  smaller 
and  battered  sun.  This  is  the  essence 
of  the  so-called  planetesimal  theory. 

The  great  French  mathematician,  La- 
place, also  proposed  a  theory  concerning 
the  origin  of  the  solar  system.  In  his 
nebular  hypothesis,  he  proposed  that  a 
huge  gaseous  nebula  began  a  gradual 
shrinking  and  swift  rotation.  Contrac- 
tion of  the  central  part  formed  a  sun 
and  fast  rotation  of  the  outer  portions, 
eventually  solidfying  into  planets,  kept 
them  from  being  drawn  into  the  center. 
The  lack  of  evidence  of  any  circular  mo- 
tion of  gaseous  nebulae  as  observed  today 
tends  to  weaken  this  theory. 

The  latest  attempt  at  an  explanation 
of  the  sun's  origin  is  embodied  in  the 
accretion  theory.  The  theory  proposes 
that  stray  atoms  floating  about  in  the 
interstellar  void  collided  with  cosmic 
dust  particles  to  form  a  new  and  larger 
mass.  Since  the  atom  is  much  smaller 
than  the  cosmic  particle  it  strikes — the 
former  are  approximately  1  30,000  ot 
a  centimeter  in  diameter — it  adheres  to 
the  latter,  actually  "freezing"  in  place. 
This  process  continued  for  ages,  and 
with  the  mass  increasing  in  size,  pres- 
sures and  temperatures  of  decomposition 
increased.  A  sun  was  then  formed. 

The  three  theories  mentioned  are  the 
fundamental  ones.  There  are  many 
more.  Today,  the  best  theory  for  the 
origin  of  the  solar  system  is  a  recent 
modification  of  Laplace's  nebular  hy- 
pothesis. 

We  are  now  ready  to  consider  a  few 
basic  physical  characteristics  of  our  sun. 
First  of  all,  it  is  merely  an  ordinary 
star,  that  is,  it  produces  its  own  light. 
It  is  average-sized  as  stars  go.  and  we 
can  be  downright  proud  of  it  in  rela- 
tion to  the  faintest  stars,  as  it  would 
take  500.000  of  the  universe's  weakest 
to  give  the  same  amount  of  light  as  our 
own.  Yet  there  is  one  observed  star  in 
the  Large  Magellanic  Cloud  which 
emits  light  of  intensities  500.000  times 


that  of  our  sun.  The  origin  and  extent 
of  our  sun's  heat  and  power  will  be 
discussed  later.  The  diameter  of  the 
sun  is  864.000  miles,  or  about  110  times 
that  of  the  earth.  Its  mass  is  2.2  X  10'' 
tons,  or  333,400  times  the  earth's  mass. 
If  the  earth  and  its  moon  were  placed 


The  birth  of  an  eruptive  promin- 
ence, with  hot  gases  traveling  at 
600   miles   per  second. 

inside  the  sun  and  at  the  latter's  center, 
the  moon  while  revolving  in  its  orbit 
would  still  have  about  200,000  miles 
clearance  from  the  surface  of  the  sun. 
The  mean  density  of  the  sun  is  1.4  times 
that  of  water,  and  yet  it  is  entirely  gase- 
ous. This  fact  suggests  that  the  mass 
of  the  sun  is  being  subjected  to  unimag- 
inably high  pressures.  Structurally 
speaking,  the  sun  has  been  divided  into 
separate  layers  for  practical  reasons.  The 
visible  surface,  called  the  photosphere, 
or  light  sphere,  is  the  source  of  the 
light  and  heat.  When  viewed  through 
special  telescopes  it  has  a  granular  ap- 
pearance and  is  constantly  shifting  and 


changing.  Sunspots  are  observed  here 
also.  Flares  or  bright  gases  associated 
with  spots,  and  irregular  clouds,  called 
faculae,  occur  on  the  photosphere.  Gases 
near  the  top  of  faculae  are  less  dense 
than  the  surroundings,  hence  they  per- 
mit an  observer  to  peer  farther  down 
into  the  hot  surface  than  under  normal 
conditions.  By  means  of  a  special  de- 
vice known  as  a  spectrohelioscope.  which 
permits  the  use  of  light  of  only  one  com- 
mon element  at  a  time,  other  clouds,  both 
bright  and  dark,  can  be  seen.  Distinct 
bright  regions  observed  in  this  manner 
are  called  flocculi.  Gigantic  clouds  of 
calcium  and  hydrogen  are  common. 

The  photosphere  is  surrounded  by  the 
solar    atmosphere   which    is   also   broken 
up  into  separate  layers  for  purposes  of 
study.   First  comes  the   reversing  layer, 
a   relatively  thing  region  directly  above 
the  light  sphere.   It  is  the  densest  part 
of  the  sun's  atmosphere.  Due  to  the  in- 
tense   light    from    the    photosphere,    the 
re\ersing   layer   is   invisible   and    can   be 
seen  only  with  the  aid  of  a  special  de- 
vice   which    blots    out    the    photosphere. 
This   instrument   is   called    the   spectro- 
heliograph   and  when   used   permits  the 
reversing  layer  to  be  photographed  as  a 
bright   red   ring.   This  color  is  due   pri- 
marily  to   radiation   from   hot   hydrogen 
vapors.  The  spectroheliograph  also  per- 
mits the  study  of  solar  prominences,  fan- 
tastic   eruptions    from    the    photosphere 
which  shoot  up  thousands  of  miles  above 
the  sun's  surface.  The   region   immedi- 
ately above  the  reversing  layer  is  called 
the    corona    and    is    somewhat    brighter 
and  hotter  than  the  former.  The  reason 
for  this  heat  difference  is  still  a  mystery 
and    many    theories    hoping    to    explain 
the  temperature  rise  in  the  corona  have 
been  presented  and  discarded.  The  cor- 
ona cannot  be  observed  under  ordinary 
conditions.      L'ntil    certain    instruments 
were  perfected,  astronomers  had  to  wait 
for  a  total   solar  eclipse   to  cut  oft'  all 
direct  sunlight  and  thus  allow  the  cor- 
ona to  be  photographed.  It  has  been  esti- 
mated that  the  chances  of  a  total  solar 
eclipse  to  occur  in  any  one  place  on  the 
earth   are  one   in   360  years.   But  with 
the  perfection  of  the  coronagraph.  a  de- 
vice   which    artificially    blots    out    the 
main  disk,  the  corona  could  be  seen  in 
all  its  pearly-white  glory  on  any  clear 
day.  When  seen   from  the  earth,   it  ap- 
pears as  a  flaming  haze  spreading  out  a 
distance    of    about    one    solar    diameter 
from  the  sun's  surface.  It  is  even  more 
spectacular   when   viewed   at   a  time  of 
sunspot  maximum  activity.  At  such  times 
streamers  are  seen  extending  a  distance 
of   10.000  miles  into  space  in  a  fanwise 
array.   Such   a  display  was  seen  during 
the  total  solar  eclipse  of  May  28,  1900. 
and  January   14,   1926.  The  nature  of 
the  corona  is  not  fully  understood.  Its 
density  must  be  quite  low,  for  stars  are 
visible  through  it.  At  least  two  comets 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


have  grazed  the  sun.  plowing  through 
almost  a  million  miles  of  the  coronal 
material  without  being  in  the  least  re- 
tarded. It  is  not  known  whether  the 
corona  is  being  forced  outward  from 
the  sun,  or  whether  it  is  held  in  posi- 
tion by  some  other  outside  attracting 
force. 

Of  what  is  the  sun  composed  ?  By 
spectroscopic  analysis,  the  atmosphere  of 
the  sun  is  known  to  contain  mostly  hy- 
drogen and  helium.  These  r\vo  elements 
make  up  99.9*7  of  the  volume  of  the 
sun's  "air".  The  remaining  elements  or 
"imurities"  are  carbon,  oxygen,  nitro- 
gen, neon,  iron,  silicon,  magnesium,  and 
calcium — elemtnts  found  in  meteorites. 
(3)  Most  of  them  are  in  the  ionized 
state,  although  a  number  of  molecular 
compounds  have  been  detected  in  the 
solar  atmosphere.  As  for  the  main  disk, 
determination  of  the  composition  of  the 
interior  is  somewhat  more  difficult.  It  is 
known  that  hydrogen  and  helium  also 
exist  here  in  great  quantities.  Accurate 
knowledge  of  internal  temperatures 
plays  an  importr.nt  role  in  determining 
just  how  much  of  these  two  elements 
lie  deep  down  in  the  hot  globe. 

So  much  for  structure  and  composi- 
tion. We  will  look  at  another  amazing 
aspect  of  our  bright  neighbor,  nan:ely. 
its  power.  Just  how  vast  is  the  .strength 
of  this  body  which  bakes  the  planet 
Mercun',  sears  the  surface  of  Venrs. 
comfortably  heats  our  earth,  and  is  still 
strong  enough  to  melt  the  i'"ed  polar 
caps  of  Mars?  To  get  a  beginning  of  an 
idea,  lets  consider  a  iew  interesting  sup- 
positions. James  Sayre  Pickering  state- 
that  the  energy  output  of  the  sun  pro- 
duced from  a  solar  area  the  size  of  a 
pinhead  would,  at  a  distance  of  3000 
miles,  be  sufficient  to  blast  the  city  of 
New  York  out  of  existence  in  an  instant. 
Fourteen  of  the  world's  most  powerful 
steam  engines,  operating  at  full  capacity 
and  each  drawing  a  train  of  loaded  car- 
a  mile  long  require  just  about  the  same 
amount  of  energy  that  is  emitted  froir, 
a  square  yard  of  the  sun's  surface  each 
second !  This  great  amount  of  energ\ 
originates  as  radiation  in  the  interior 
and  works  its  way  to  the  solar  surface, 
changing  to  lower  wave  lengths  along 
the  way.  Some  waves  of  lengths  injuri- 
ous to  human  existence  do  reach  the 
earth,  but  the  amount  is  trifling  after 
the  rigorous  screening  afforded  by  93.- 
000,000  miles  of  space  and  our  protec- 
tive atmosphere.  The  visible  band  of 
light  is  short,  and  below  it  lie  the  in- 
fared  and  radio  waves.  Sensitive  radio 
receiving  devices  have  discovered  that 
the  sun  actually  hums.  ( The  science  of 
radio  astronomy,  still  in  its  infancy  stage 
has  not  only  provided  valuable  data  on 
the  sun,  but  has  also  assisted  in  the 
mapping  of  the  galactic  empire  and  the 
garnering  of  information  on  a  new  con- 
cept— the  supergalaxy.  The  Milky  Way. 


peaceful  to  the  eye,  sets  up  quite  a  rack- 
et on  radio  telescopes. ) 

Now  we  shall  consider  the  possible 
cources  of  the  sun's  power.  How  does 
the  sun  generate  the  power  to  supply 
the  earth  with  a  constant  1.94  calories 
per  square  centimeter  per  minute  of  ter- 
restial  soil  ?  We  marvel  when  we  con- 
sider that  this  process  has  continued  for 
millions  of  years,  with  no  detectable 
change  in  this  constant  in  all  recorded 
history.  Helmholz.  the  world's  last  true 
natural  scientist,  studied  the  problem  of 
the  source  of  the  sun's  radiation  and 
proposed  a  theor\-  of  gravitational  con- 
traction, but  not  after  first  ruling  out 
a  few  older  ideas.  He  first  questioned 
whether  the  heat  could  have  been  gen- 
erated b\'  a  process  of  chemical  combus- 
tion. His  ecalculations  quickly  forced 
abandonment  of  this  theory.  If  the  sun 
were  composed  entirely  of  the  finest 
grade  of  coal,  the  entire  volume  would 
have  been  consumed  by  combustion  in 
less  than  10  000  years.  Helmholz  then 
attacked  a  theory  presented  by  Mayer  in 
which  the  latter  proposed  that  the  heat 
was  generated  by  a  constant  bombard- 
ment of  meteoritic  bodies  onto  the  solar 
surface.  If  Mayer  were  right,  thought 
Helmholz.  would  not  the  sun's  mass 
have  been  greatly  increased  and  would 
not  the  planets  be  subsequently  drawn  in 
closed  to  the  sun  with  a  corresponding 
increase  in  their  orbital  velocities?  But 
the  speeds  of  the  planets  around  the 
sun  is  a  long-standing  constant.  Mayer 


A  solar  flare  in  action.  The  hot 
gases  may  be  the  real  cause  of 
northern    lights. 

had  to  be  wrong.  Helmholz  proposed 
that  the  sun  was  originally  "spread  out " 
in  space  and  that  by  a  continuous  pro- 
cess of  contraction  and  incomplete  con- 
densation heat  was  generated.  Lord  Kel- 
vin and  others  supported  this  theory. 

Einstein   actually   presented   the  most 
plausible  explanation  of  the  sun's  source 


of  energy  when  he  made  the  connection 
between  mass  and  energy.  He  reasoned 
that  mass  could  be  converted  into  en- 
ergy and  that  the  connection  lay  in  the 
relationship.  E=MC-,  where  E  is  the 
energy,  M  the  ma.<s.  and  C  the  velocity 
of  light,  Prof.  Hans  .A.  Bethe  of  Cornell 
worked  out  a  carbon  cycle  which  today 
remains  as  a  very  effective  explanation 
of  this  conversion  in  hot  red  stars. 
The  cycle  is  actually  the  equivalent  of 
the  ancient  alchemist's  dream,  the  trans- 
mutation of  elements.  Bethe  proposed 
that  hydrogen  is  converted  to  helium  re- 
sulting in  an  energy  relea.se.  with  a  star's 
carbon  acting  as  a  catalyst  which  would 
be  unaffected  by  the  conversion  and 
would  renew  itself  to  be  used  over  and 
over  again.  It  is  estimated  that  564- 
000,000  tons  of  solar  hvdrogen  are  con- 
verted to  560,000,000 '  tons  of  helium 
each  second,  the  remaining  4.000,0(K) 
tons  being  radiated  as  energy.  This  radi- 
ation represents  a  loss  of  .solar  mass,  but 
not  a  tragic  one,  because  at  this  rate 
0.1  per  cent  of  the  sun's  mass  will  be 
diminished  in  1 5  billion  years !  Were 
this  energy  not  effectively  filtered,  the 
earth  would  be  annihilated  in  a  short 
time.  As  it  is.  we  receive  only  a  tiny 
fraction  of  this  energ\'.  in  fact,  onlv 
about  1   2.2(10'-')/Aof  it. 

Another  feature  of  the  sun's  power 
lies  in  its  "hold"  on  the  earth.  Sir  Isaac 
Xewton  stated  in  a  theor>'  that  the  gra- 
\itational  attraction  between  two  bodies 
is  directly  proportional  to  the  product 
of  their  masses.  Due  to  the  large  mass 
of  the  sun.  its  grip  on  us  must  be  enor- 
mous. Actually,  it  is  equivalent  to  the 
strength  of  a  steel  rod  3. 000  miles  in 
diameter,  extending  between  the  two 
bodies,  and  stretched  to  the  breaking 
point. 

Temperatures  on  the  sun  are  fantas- 
tic. The  calculation  of  interior  tempera- 
tures is  a  point  of  great  interest.  The 
temperature  at  the  solar  surface  can  be 
easily  calculated.  Starting  with  this 
quantity,  and  knowing  the  mass  of  the 
sun,  inner  temperature  can  be  deter- 
mined. Each  layer  of  the  sun's  mass 
must  support  the  one  above  it.  Pressures 
then,  and  temperatures,  increase  as  one 
goes  down  deeper  into  the  solar  sphere. 
Using  this  method,  the  amazing  esti- 
mated value  for  the  central  temperature 
has  been  found  to  be  about  25.000,000 
degrees  Fahrenheit.  Since  heat  "flows  " 
only  from  hotter  to  cooler  regions,  the 
surface  of  the  sun  should  be  the  coolest. 
The  temperature  of  the  photosphere  has 
been  calculated  to  be  about  10.000  de- 
grees P'ahrenheit.  But  as  was  mentioned 
before,  a  mysterious  situation  arises.  As 
we  go  on  out  still  farther  till  we  reach 
the  corona,  the  temperature  suddenly 
shoots  up  to  1, 800,000 -~  F— a  fact  which 
still  faffles  astronomers  and  sccn)s  to  out- 
rageously defy  the  second  law  of  thermo- 
dvnamics. 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


13 


We  are  now  ready  to  turn  to  some 
very  interesting  solar  occurrences.  L  n- 
like  our  moon  which  is  a  h'teless  hulk 
with  no  visible  changes  taking  place  on 
its  surface,  the  sun  is  a  storehouse  ot 
activity.  We  have  already  seen  that  the 
photosphere  has  a  granular  appearance 
which  is  constantly  shifting  and  chang- 
ing each  minute.  Then  too,  we  have 
spoken  of  dark  and  bright  clouds  seen 
on  the  photosphere.  \  et  the  most  talked 
about  of  the  solar  cavortings  are  sun- 
spots. 

Sunspots  appear  as  dark  blotches 
against  the  bright  face  of  the  sun's  disk. 
Closer  examination  reveals  that  a  spot 
consists  of  a  central  dark  region,  or  um- 
bra, and  a  surrounding  lighter  shaded 
area  called  the  penumbra.  The  spots  are 
actually  solar  storms  of  fantastic  propor- 
tions. (One  spot  observed  in  1947  cov- 
ered an  area  of  five  billion  square  miles. ) 
They  consist  of  a  swirling  vortex  of 
gases  which  has  originated  in  the  inter- 
ior and  worked  its  way  up  to  the  photo- 
sphere. They  appear  darker  than  the 
surroundings  because  their  gases  arc 
comparatively  cooler  than  that  of  the 
neighboring  regions.  If  isolated  in  space, 
one  sunspot  would  appear  as  a  tiny  but 
brilliant  speck  of  light.  These  solar 
"tornadoes"  are  probably  nature's  most 
effective  refrigerators,  for  they  reduce 
surface  temperatures  by  more  than 
jOOtr  F. 

Sunspots  are  extremely  peculiar  in- 
dividuals. Probably  for  reasons  of  their 
own,  they  choose  to  appear  only  around 
north  and  south  (solar)  latitude  30. 
They  then  make  a  pilgrimage  about  the 
solar  disk,  moving  toward  their  equator 
in  the  process.  Their  journeys  enable 
astronomers  to  determine  the  rotational 
period  of  the  sun.  ( Here  again  was 
where  another  amazing  discovery  crept 
int.  It  was  noted  that  the  sun  rotated 
faster  at  the  equator  than  near  the  poles 
— a  remarkable  proof,  indeed,  that  the 
sun  is  not  a  solid. )  A  German  apothe- 
cary', Heinrich  Schwabe  (1789-1875), 
noted  that  the  spots  undergo  a  varying 
but  consistent  period  of  appearance.  He 
found  that  on  certain  years  a  great  num- 
ber put  in  an  appearance.  With  the 
passing  of  time,  fewer  and  fewer  were 
born  until  complete  inactivity  was 
reached.  Then  rebirth  started  anew  and 
a  maximum  of  activity  was  again 
reached.  Schwabe  timed  the  entire  cycle 
and  found  it  to  be  11 .3  years.  The  fig- 
ure has  undergone  little  revision  and 
stands  today  as  the  symbol  of  Schwabe's 
persistence.  The  reasons  for  these  pe- 
riods are  unknown. 

Another  luiusual  feature  of  our  no- 
madic friends  is  the  magnetic  field  as- 
sociated with  them.  Spots  appearing 
north  of  the  solar  equator  and  in  the 
east  were  observed  to  be  of  opposite 
polarity  with  those  to  the  west.  South 
of   the   equator   conditions   are   reversed. 


There  appears  to  be  some  relationship 
between  the  direction  of  rotation  of  the 
swirling  vortices  and  their  polarity. 

Prominences,  or  solar  eruptions,  are 
by  far  the  most  spectacular  happenings 
on  the  sun.  These  flaming  protuberances 
stretch  out  great  distances  from  the 
chromosphere  at  irregular  intervals. 
They  generally  reach  heights  as  as  500,- 
000  miles,  and  some  travel  at  recorded 
speeds  of  700,000  miles  per  hour.  In  one 
kind  of  prominence  each  successive  \e- 
locity  is  a  multiple  of  those  preceding. 
These    types    are     known     as     eruptive 


A  pair  of  sunspots,  with  fheir  um- 
bras showing,  move  across  the 
face  of  the  sun. 

prominences,  and  they  travel  in  straight 
lines  from  the  photosphere.  Another  type 
is  the  active  prominence,  which  moves  in 
a  curved  path  with  much  of  the  mater- 
ial returning  to  the  sun. 

Recent  newspaper  disclosures  have  put 
the  sun  in  the  headlines.  A  University 
of  Oklahoma  geography  professor  stir- 
red dispute  when  he  proposed  that  tides 
on  the  surface  of  the  sun  ( caused  by 
gravitational  effects  of  planets  may  cause 
extreme  weather  conditions  on  earth. 
The  geographer  maintains  that  if  sun- 
spots  come  in  cycles,  so  too,  may  there 
be  regular  tides  which  disturb  the  sun's 
surface  and  create  cycles  of  weather  on 
our  planet.  Many  scientists  refute  the 
theory  of  long  term  weather  cycles. 
Others  assert  that  if  tides  do  exist  on 
the  sun,  they  would  be  mere  ripples,  as 
t'le  sun  is  so  many  times  more  massive 
than  the  planets  which  are  providing  the 
gravitational  force  of  attraction.  The 
'northern  lights,"  or  aurora  borealis,  has 
also  been  a  subject  handled  recently  by 
the  dailies.  These  displays,  according  to 
the  ancient  belief,  were  reflections  from 
the  golden  shields  of  the  Valkyries, 
blond  warrior  maidens  believed  to  es- 
cort the  souls  of  dead  heroes  to  Valhal- 
la. But  as  we  know  today,  they  are  shim- 
mering particles  lying  60  to  600  m-'les 
above  the  earth.  It  was  obrerved  that 
the  auroral  displays  always  appeared 
about  twenty  hours  after  the  occurrence 
of  solar  flares.  Because  of  the  length  of 
this  time  interval,  the  aurora  could  not 


be  direct  light  from  the  sun,  but  some 
solar  matter  being  ejected  out  toward 
the  earth  at  the  "slow"  speed  of  a  thous- 
and miles  per  second.  It  was  subsequent- 
ly proved  that  the  material  was  hydro- 
gen atoms,  and  that  these  atoms  have 
broken  through  the  earth's  magnetic 
"shield"  and  collided  with  nitrogen  and 
oxygen  atoms  of  our  atmosphere.  The 
energy  of  collision  produces  the  light. 
But  even  as  the  newspapers  will  have 
us  believe,  there  is  a  special  reason  for 
studying  the  aurora  today.  It  has  been 
tound  that  they  produce  a  serious  dis- 
turbance of  signals  on  radarscopes.  An 
enemy  plane  could  penetrate  undetected 
deep  into  Canada  from  the  Arctic  dur- 
ing the  confusion.  To  study  the  matter 
further,  a  thirty-nation  group  is  prepar- 
ing an  auroral  net  for  the  1937-58  sun- 
spot  maximum  period.  Present  plans 
call  for  twenty-five  Aerobee  rockets  with 
instruments  to  be  sent  up  into  the  au- 
rora borealis  from  Churchill,  Canada, 
and  eleven  more  from  Alamogordo, 
New  Mexico.  Thirt\-seven  "rockoons" 
— rocket-carrying  balloons — will  also  be 
released.  Radio  telescopes  will  be  aimed 
through  the  aurora  at  distant  stars  in 
an  effort  to  detect  any  radio  waves 
which  can  penetrate  this  screen.  Waves 
of  this  frequency  could  be  utilized  for 
arctic  communication  and  other  defense 
purposes. 

And  that  is  the  story  of  the  sun.  It  is 
not  the  complete  story,  however,  for 
every  day  in  many  observatories  through- 
out the  world  men  are  discovering  nian\ 
new  and  fascinating  things  about  our 
bright  neighbor.  Typical  of  man's  efJort 
to  know  more  about  the  sun  is  the  Mc- 
Math-ulbert  Observatory  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan.  Here  a  group  of  tow- 
ers house  telescopes,  solar  spectographs, 
and  other  instruments  with  which  mo- 
tion pictures  of  solar  features  are  made. 
Information  gathered  by  these  astronom- 
ical lookouts  will  provide  valuable  data 
that  will  make  life  more  comfortable  in 
the  future.  A  solar  battery  has  been  de- 
veloped already.  In  an  effort  to  produce 
high  temperatures  so  that  metals  for  fu- 
ture aircraft  ma\  be  tested.  Convair  has 
perfected  a  solar  furnace  which  utilizes 
the  sun's  rays  in  producing  amazingly 
high  temperatines.  The  next  step  seems 
to  be  solar  heating  for  homes.  After 
that,  who  can  tell  ?  And  the  sun,  un- 
mindful of  all  this,  continues  to  make 
its  daily  appearance  in  the  sky — one 
blazing  tribute  to  the  men  who  study  it 
and  The  Master  Designer  who  placed 
it  there.  Perhaps  the  poet  Blake  was 
proposing  a  theory  on  the  origin  of  the 
sun  when  he  said. 

"  ,  ,  .  f!  hrn  the  stars  thrcii  douii 
their  spears. 

And  uatered  heai'en  nith  their  tears 

Did  He  smile  His  uork  to  see? 

Did  He  lihrj  niiide  the  Lainh  make 
thee?" 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Al 


uminum 


by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


One  hundred  years  ago,  aluminum 
was  a  precious  metal  worth  5543  a 
pound.  The  most  honored  guests  of  Na- 
poleon used  forks  and  spoons  of  alum- 
inum while  lesser  guests  used  gold  ser\- 
ice.  Today  aluminum  ingot  sells  for  22 
cents  a  pound  and  is  finding  more  uses 
every  day.  The  story  of  aluminum  is 
a  story  of  constant  expansion  and  new 
products.  Aluminum  is  now  a\ailable 
from  three  independent,  competitive 
sources.  The  Aluminum  Company  of 
America,  Reynolds  Metals  Co.,  and 
Kaiser  Aluminum  Co.,  which  produce 
about  50.  30,  and  20  per  cent  of  the 
L  .  S.  supply  respectively. 

Aluminum  sheet  is  available  in  vari- 
ous thicknesses.  Sheets  are  hot  rolled  to 
a  thickness  of  about  '  g  inch  and  cold 
rolled  when  they  are  below  '  ^  inch. 
Annealing  is  used  to  relieve  work-hard- 


ening of  the  metal.  Rolled  rods  and 
various  shaped  bars  are  made  in  sizes 
down  to  about  ^  inch  rod  through  a 
set  of  dies.  Very  fine  wire  may  be 
drawn  through  holes  in  a  diamond. 

Channels,  angles,  I-beams  and  other 
structural  shapes  are  formed  on  special- 
ly cut  rolls  which  squeeze  the  hot  metal 
into  the  desired  shape.  Odd  shapes  are 
formed  by  extrusion,  the  squeezing  of 
hot  (but  solid)  metal  through  a  die.  It 
is  possible  to  make  dies  for  almost  any 
shape  which  may  be  desired. 

Aluminum  foil  is  a  very  thin  sheet 
of  metal.  Foil  can  be  rolled  to  only 
.00017  inches  thick.  A  pound  of  this 
foil  would  make  a  sheet  5  feet  wide  and 
almost  100  feet  long.  Aluminum  pow- 
wer  can  be  made  by  several  methods, 
depending  on  the  intended  uses  of  the 
powder.   If  the  molten  metal  is  sprayed 


These   cable   stranders   wrap   aluminum    wires   around    the   steel   core   wire. 

This  cable  is  fifty  per  cent  stronger  and  twenty  per  cent  lighter  than  copper 
conductor  of  the  same  current  carrying  capacity.  (Photos  courtesy  Rey- 
nolds Metals  Co.) 


into  a  stream  of  cold  air  which  is  mov- 
ing rapidly  upward,  a  powder  composed 
of  small  spherical  particles  is  formed. 
This  atomized  powder  may  be  put  into 
a  ball  mill  if  Hat  particles  are  wanted. 
Powder  may  also  be  made  by  putting 
pieces  of  foil  into  a  special  hammer 
mill.  This  powder  is  especially  preferred 
for  paint  where  the  Hat  particles  Hoat 
to  the  surface  and  form  an  almost  con- 
tinuous layer. 

-Aluminum  forgings  are  made  b\ 
pressing  or  hammering  the  metal  to  the 
desired  shape  after  it  has  been  softened 
by  heating.  Cold  forging  can  also  be 
done  by  using  enough  force  to  work  the 
metal.  While  pure  aluminum  does  not 
make  good  castings,  alloys  can  be  readily 
cast.  Sand  castings  are  easil\-  produced. 
Die  casting  is  becoming  increasingK 
popular  due  to  the  better  surface  finish, 
better  tolerances,  higher  density,  and 
cheaper  production  for  a  large  number 
of  parts. 

Aluminum  can  be  easily  machined  by 
most  of  the  common  metal  working 
methods  such  as  turning,  milling,  blank- 
ing, sawing,  stamping,  drilling,  bending, 
and  spinning.  It  can  either  be  arc  weld- 
ed by  the  Heliarc  method  under  an 
atmosphere  of  an  inert  gas  such  as  argon 
or  spot  welded.  It  can  be  joined  by  all 
of  the  common  metal  joining  methods. 

The  metal  that  is  called  alumnium 
today  is  actually  a  family  of  aluminum 
alloys.  Pure  aluminum  is  relativeh  soft 
and  weak.  A  tensile  stress  of  5000  psi 
will  give  the  pure  metal  a  permanent 
set.  Small  amounts  of  alloying  metals 
can  increase  this  strength  about  14 
times.  These  alloys  have  a  strength  com- 
parable to  that  of  some  steels. 

I  SIS   of  .-I I II mi II tan  in    1^46   ( pir  cent) 

Building    Products I S 

Transportation    1 4 

Cooking  Utensils  11 

Machinery     6 

Household  Appliances  6 

Power   Transmission    5 

The  diversified  uses  of  aluminum  are 
shown  by  the  fact  that  nnl\  60';  of  the 
total  aluminum  consumption  is  account- 
ed for  in  the  table.  The  rest  of  the 
metal  is  used  in  .so  many  different  and 
varied  products  that  they  cannot  be 
listed  in  the  table. 

Aluminum  is  an  ideal  building  ma- 
terial. Its  bright,  clean  surface  needs  no 
paint  and  little  maintenance.  It  is  used 
for  roofing.  si<ling,  windows,  flashings, 
gutters,  and  downspouts.  Kntirc  sky- 
scrapers are  covered  with  panels  of 
aluminum.  Extruded  shapes  are  used  for 
window  frames,  railings,  moldings,  door 
sills,  and  copings.  Heating  and  ventilat- 
ing ducts  and  foil  insulation  also  use 
large  quantities  of  the  metal.  The  low 
emisivity  and  high  heat  reflecting  power 
of    aluminum    make    it    ideal    for    these 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


15 


This  four  high    reversing   hot   mill    reduces   the   stock   when    rolling    in   either 
direction.  Runout  tables  on  each  end  may  be  up  to  500  feet  long. 


around.  The  tub  of  one  make  of  wash- 
ing machine  is  an  ahmiinum  casting. 

The  electrical  conductivity  of  alum- 
inum is  only  61  '^V  of  that  of  copper  on 
a  cross  section  area  basis,  but  is 
greater  than  copper  on  a  weight 
basis.  Aluminum  Cable  Steel  Reinforced 
(ACSR)  is  now  being  widely  used.  It 
cuts  line  costs  because  it  requires  only 
about  .7  as  many  poles  as  copper  wire. 

Many  products  either  form  too  small 
a  group  to  be  listed  in  the  table  or 
have  come  into  more  widespread  use 
since  the  table  was  made.  Portable  ir- 
rigation pipe  made  of  aluminum  is  being 
more  widely  used.  These  pipes  must 
be  light  and  strong  because  they  must 
be  moved  often.  Aluminum  foil  is  an 
ideal  packaging  material.  Its  use  has 
been  greath  expanded  in  recent  years. 
It  forms  a  metallic  layer  which  is  im- 
pervious to  liquids  and  which  can  be 
shaper  to  surround  the  object  which  it 
protects.  Labels  and  covers  may  be 
printed  on  foil  to  give  an  attractive  ap- 


i 


uses.  Less  heat  is  lost  from  aluniinuni 
ducts  than  from  sheet  steel  ducts.  Alum- 
inum paint  not  only  brightens  up  man\ 
surfaces  but  gives  them  the  double  pro- 
tection of  a  layer  of  aluminum  flakes 
and  a  coat  of  paint.  Large  numbers  of 
aluminum  grain  bins  have  been  erected 
in  the  past  few  years  for  the  storage  ot 
surplus  grain. 

Aircraft  designers  were  among  the 
first  to  use  ahnninum  extensively.  The 
low  ratio  of  weight  to  strength  made 
it  an  ideal  material  for  use  in  aircraft. 
Today's  aircraft  contain  large  amounts 
of  aluminum  alloys  in  both  the  surface 
and  the  structural  members. 

Railroads  are  using  more  aluminum 
in  both  their  freight  and  passenger  cars. 
The  decrease  in  weight  allows  either  a 
larger  pay  load  or  a  reduced  total  weight 
which  permits  higher  running  speeds. 
Aluminum  is  being  widely  used  for 
trailer  bodies.  Since  the  total  weight  of 
trucks  is  limited  by  state  laws,  a  reduc- 
tion in  weight  means  an  equal  addition 
to  the  pay  load.  Aluminum  is  used  for 
certain  reciprocating  parts  such  as  pis- 
tons where  each  weight  reduction  helps 
to  eliminate  inertia  forces  and  vibra- 
tions. 

Aluminum  is  a  popular  material  for 
cooking  utensils.  The  tough,  thin  film 
of  oxide  always  formed  on  the  surface  of 
aluminum  is  insoluble  and  impervious  to 
food  acids.  Pots  and  pans  need  less 
scouring  and  cleaning.  Quicker  cooking 
is  possible  in  alimiinum  ware.  The  light- 
er utensils  are  easier  to  handle. 

Many  household  appliances  have 
aluminum  parts.  Aluminum  trays  and 
shelves  are  used  in  refrigerators.  Light 
weight  is  desired  in  appliances  such  as 
vacuum  cleaners  which  must  be  moved 


Bending    an    I-beam    to   form    an    arch    for    a    self-supporting    type    building. 
The  top  roll  can  be  moved  up  or  down  to  control  the  amount  of  curvature. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


pearance  to  a  product. 

Television  is  a  good  example  of  a 
new  product  which  uses  large  quantities 
of  aluminum.  Light,  strong,  attractive 
antenna  are  made  from  the  metal.  So  is 
the  chassis  and  structure  of  many  sets. 
Foil  is  used  in  making  condensers  for 
radio  and  television. 

New  developments  such  as  color  ano- 
deized  surfaces  continually  create  new 
uses  for  aluminum.  Innumerable  small 
uses  such  as  a  part  of  a  pencil,  a  new 
toy,  a  cigarette  lighter,  signs,  license 
plates,  motors,  nails,  furniture,  tools, 
and  beer  barrels  add  up  to  use  an  enor- 
mous amount  of  the  metal. 

While  aluminum  has  properties  such 
as  easy  machinability,  high  ductility, 
good  heat  conduction,  good  electrical 
conduction,  high  heat  and  light  reflec- 
tion, no  magnetism,  high  corrosion  re- 
sistance .good  surface  finish,  and  high 
flexibility  which  make  it  useful  for  cer- 
tain applications,  many  of  these  proper- 
ties also  make  aluminum  unsuitable  for 
other  uses.  The  flexibiltiy  of  aluminum 
makes  it  a  poor  material  where  great 
stiffness  is  required.  It  cannot  be  used 
for  springs  where  a  high  degree  of  elas- 
ticity is  needed.  It  cannot  be  used  where 
hardness  is  needed. 

The  price  of  aluminum  compares  fav- 
orably with  the  other  non-ferrous  met- 
als, but  it  is  still  high  when  compared  to 


Alumnium  parts  for  a  well  known  coffee  maker  are  being  f 
automatic  polishing  machine.  The  attractive  natural  finish 
crease  sales. 


inished  on   an 
helps    to    in- 


iron  and  steel.  .Aluminum  will  ne\er 
replace  steel  for  many  uses  which  re- 
quire large  amounts  of  a  tough  elastic 


metal  unless  the  cost  of 
duced  and  completeh  ne 
covered. 


alununum  is  re- 
\v  allovs  are  dis- 


SO 

FROM    SO    LITTLE 


You're  looking  at  a  kilowatt-hour*  of  electricity  in  its 
raw  state — coal.  This  lump  of  coal  weighs  only  12 
ounces.  Not  too  long  ago,  the  amount  of  coal  required 
to  produce  a  single  kilowatt-hour  of  electricity  was  con- 
siderably larger  and  weighed  5  pounds.  The  ditlerence 
between  yesterday's  5  pounds  and  today's  12  ounces  lies 
in  improved  steam  technology,  in  better  boilers — operat- 
ing at  higher  pressures  and  temperatures — to  make  the 
steam  that  spms  the  turbines  to  make  electric  power. 

Impressive  as  this  progress  appears,  it  represents  only 
the  current  level  of  accomplishment  in  the  quest  for  more 
and  still  more  efficiency.  Thanks  to  America's  power  en- 


gineers, continuing  advances  in  the  fields  of  metallurgy, 
combustion  and  design  will  make  it  possible  to  squeeze 
even  more  energy  from  a  lump  of  coal. 

•A  kilowatt-hour  will  give  you  the  power  for,  among  other  things.  10 
solid  hours  of  radio  and  recorded  music.  14  hours  of  fan-cooling, 
belter  than  4'/i  hours  of  refrigeration  operation. 


BOIIER 
DIVISION 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


17 


PRE-PASTED  WALLPAPER,  such  as  that  manufactured  by  The  Birge  Company, 
uses  Hercules  -  CMC  to  provide  a  non-staining  tvpe  paste  with  adequate  slip, 
permitting  ample  time  for  aligning  patterns.  And  to  retain  its  strength  when 
wet,  pre-pasted  wallpaper  relies  on  Kymene®  resin. 


HOW 
HERCULES 
HELPS... 


M  Most  businesses  are  helped  today  by  Hercules' 
/ '  I  business  .  . .  the  production  of  synthetic  resins, 
cellulose  products,  chemical  cotton,  terpene 
chemicals,  rosin  and  rosin  derivatives,  chlori- 
nated products,  and  manv  other  chemical  proc- 
essing materials — as  well  as  explosives.  Through 
close  cooperative  research  with  its  customers, 
Hercules  has  helped  improve  the  processing  or 
performance  of  many  products. 


TO  MAKEMiiMP 


200  MILLION  COPIES  of  porket-i/ed,  paperliuun.i  bouk;  are  luid  in  the  nation 
every  year.  Hercules  resins  go  into  the  overprint  varnishes  that  brighten  up 
their  covers  and  encourage  impulse  sales.  Other  Hercules  chemical  materials 
are  used  to  improve  the  quality  of  the  paper  and  printing  ink. 


BETTER  DRIVING  is  in  store  for  vacationists  on  highways  and 
bndtics  protected  during  winter  against  ice  or  snow  with 
Vinsul^^,  a  Hercules-pioneered  air-entraining  agent  in  the 
cement.  Also,  Parlon^-based  paints  find  wide  use  for  road 
and  crosswalk  markings,  and  other  traffic  safety  devices. 


HERCULES 


HERCULES   POWDER   COMPANY 

Wilmington  99,  Delaware 

G5*  e 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


put 

yourself  in 
his  place  , . 


A  \ear  ago  he  was  knec-dccp  in  textbooks, 
pliisigin?  for  his  B.S.  Tonight  he's  on  his 
way  to  \'ancouver,  or  Miami,  or  Portland, 
Maine.  Tomorrow  he'll  help  an  Alcoa  cus- 
tomer make  a  faster  ship,  a  stronger  sho\el, 
a  lighter  highway  trailer. 

In  Alcoa  laboratories,  plants  and  sales 
offices  from  coast-to-coast,  ambitious  young 
Sales  De\elopment  Engineers  are  helping 
to  make  aluminum  more  useful,  in  more 
wa\-s,  to  more  people.  We  need  more  men 
just  like  them  to  help  us  meet  ever-growing 
demands  for  .Alcoa  .\luminum  .  .  .  Alcoa 
'"know-how". 

NIaybe  you  are  already  thinking  about 
trading  your  textbooks  for  a  position  in 
production  super\ision,  industrial  research 
or  sales  engineering.  Tell  us  about  it,  give 
us  an  idea  of  your  background  in  Chemical, 
Electrical,  Mechanical,  Metallurgical  or 
Industrial  Engineering. 

Good  men  go  places  fast  with  Alcoa,  in 
their  daily  associations  with  leaders  in  the 
aluminum  industry.  Right  now  it  may  be 
quicker  than  you  think  from  a  seat  in  the 
cla.ssroom  to  your  career  with  .\lcoa.  Why 
not  find  out? 

Your  Placement  Director  will  be  glad  to 
make  an  appointment  for  you  with  our 
Personnel  Representative.  Or  just  send  us 
an  application,  yourself. 

Aluminum  Comp.anv  of  America,  1825 
Alcoa    Building,    Pittsburgh     19,    Pcnna. 


r*  9 


.L.ui^ii^uiyt 


ALUMINUM     COM  PA  NY    OF    AMERICA 


AiCOA  ON  TV  brings  the  world  to  your  armchair  with  "SEE  IT  NOW  featuring  Edward  R.  Murrow.  Tuesday  evenings  on  most  CBS-TV  static 


FEBRUARY,    1955 


19 


ARC 
Welding 


by  Don  F.  Kesler 
E.   E.   '56 


Do  you  often  wish  \"ou  could  weld  ? 
It  doesn't  take  much  welding  to  add  up 
to  a  large  bill.  Think  of  the  things  you 
would  build  if  you  had  a  welder  that 
you  couldn't  possibly  do  without  one. 

For  a  good  dependable  arc  welder. 
you  will  have  to  pay  from  forty  to  sixty 
dollars  for  a  sixt\-  to  eighty  amp  welder. 
Sixty  amps  will  weld  one-eighth  inch 
iron  in  all  shapes.  This  compares  to 
seventy  to  a  hundred  dollars  for  the  gas 
torches  and  regulators  alone  plus  the 
cost  of  the  gas  and  after  thirty  days, 
you  would  have  to  pay  three  cents  a 
day  per  tank  and  demurrage  costs.  The 
ox-\gen  and  acetylene  gas  costs  a  total  of 
about  nvelve  dollars  for  two  hundred 
and  forty  cubic  foot  tanks.  Welding 
rods  for  the  two  tvpes  of  welding  are 
similar  in  cost. 

An  arc  welder  is  an  excellent  tool  for 


The  carbon  arc  torch  is  one  of  the  added   attachments  for   the   arc  welder 
that  can  be  used  for  heating  or  brazing.  (Photos  courtesy  Lincoln  Electric  Co.) 


the  amateur  craftsman.  It  requires  a 
modest  amount  of  skill  to  operate  and 
takes  little  time  to  learn.  In  two  hours, 
you  can  weld  things  together.  It  takes 
eight  to  ten  more  hours  of  practice  to 
make  solid  joints.  After  a  month  of 
welding  a  couple  hours  a  day,  you  can 
weld  with  the  skill  of  a  commercial 
welder. 

No  one  can  tell  you  how  to  weld,  but 
you  can  read  how  to  learn  to  weld. 
First  of   all.   vou   need   an   arc  welder. 


The  different  mistakes  and  their  causes:  A.  a  good  weld;  B.  too  little  cur- 
rent; C.  too  much  current;  D.  too  little  voltage;  E.  too  much  voltage;  F.  mov- 
ing too  slow;  G.  moving  too  fast.  D.  and  E.  are  not  controllable  in  A.  C. 
welders. 


several  pounds  of  one-eighth  or  three- 
thirty-second  inch  welding  rods,  a  weld- 
ing helmet  and  a  supply  of  one-eighth 
inch  scrap  iron.  The  importance  of  own- 
ing and  Hearing  the  helmet  cannot  be 
overemphasized.  Many  people  have  been 
blinded  and  lots  of  others  temporarily 
blinded  by  welding  or  watching  others 
weld  without  protective  helmets  with 
the  proper  dark  glass.  Caution,  sun 
glasses  are  not  sufficient  protection.  Be 
very  careful  not  to  let  others  watch 
while  you  are  welding.  The  light  given 
off  by  the  arc  is  very  bright  and  con- 
tains lost  of  infrared  and  ultraviolet 
light.  Consequently  it  is  advised  that 
long  sleeved  shirts  be  worn  while  vreld- 
ing.  A  sunburn  from  an  arc  welder  can 
be  attained  within  twenty  minutes  aid 
\i  very  painful.  A  good  book  or  pam- 
phlet showing  the  differences  between 
good  and  bad  welds  and  what  cause'- 
them  is  helpful  in  analyzing  your  welds. 
Study  it  and  be  able  to  recognize  whnt 
you  need  to  improve  your  welds. 

With  the  current  set  between  sixty 
and  eighty  amps,  the  ground  clamp  at- 
tached to  the  iron  and  the  shield  in  its 
proper  position,  start  out  by  laying  a 
bead.  To  strike  the  arc,  hold  the  elec- 
trode with  the  holder  at  a  seventy-five 
degree  angle  from  the  work  and  scratch 
the  iron  in  a  circular  motion.  Then  raise 
it  up  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  from 
the  work.  Since  you  failed  to  hold  the 
arc,  try  it  again.  When  you  succeed  you 
will  notice  the  arc  gets  longer  and  goes 
out.  This  is  because  the  metal  melts  off 
the  tip  of  the  electrode  and  deposits  on 
the  work,  thus  the  distance  from  the  tip 
of  the  rod  to  the  work  increases  to  the 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^^^^^5 


HERE'S 

where  we  Look 


-vrrw  r  "     «*f 


TEXAS  A&M 


...AND 


HERE'S 

where  we  Find 


FINE  ENGINEERS 

Over  a  period  of  many  years  we've  fovind 

scores  of  fine  engineers  in  these  nine  schools. 

Most  of  them  are  still  with  us, 

prospering  in  the  ever-expanding  electrical  field. 

Again  this  year  we're  looking  to  these  same 

nine  schools  for  electrical,  mechanical,  industrial  and 

general  engineering  talent.  If  you're  looking  forward  to  an 

active  engineering  career  in  one  of  the  world's  most 

vital  industries,  why  not  get  acquainted  with  Square  D 

and  its  excellent  opportunities? 


'ffU'inikwHu 


ILLINOIS 


nM 


PENN  STATE 


c/ltali  th«  K^a 


unan 


We'd  like  to  send  you  a  brochure, 

"Your  Engineering  Career."  It  gives  the  simple  rules 

to  follow  in  selecting  an  engineering  career. 


Square  0  Company,   Depl.  SA 

6060  Rivard  Street,  Detroit  11,  Michigan 

I'd  like  a  copy  of  Square  D's  brocluirt', 
"Your  Engineering  Career" 


School— 


Addresi- 


_Zone Slale_ 


Ad  No.  4464 
FEBRUARY,   1955 


21 


point  where  the  arc  goes  out.  To  cor- 
rect for  this,  keep  moving  the  rod  down 
at  a  rate  that  keeps  the  arc  length  con- 
stant. 

When  vou  finish  the  rod  or  the  bead, 
knock  the  slag  off  with  a  hanimar.  Un- 
less you  had  very  good  luck,  the  arc 
went  out  and  you  had  several  restarts. 
Run  several  more  until  you  can  go  on 
a  considerable  distance  without  breaking 
the  arc.  Here  you  must  analyze  your 
welds.  With  the  slag  removed,  compare 
your  welds  to  those  pictured.  Correct 
one  fault  at  a  time  until  you  consistent- 
ly lay  good  beads. 

Now  you  are  prepared  to  jom  two 
pieces  together.  Take  two  pieces  of 
eighth-inch  iron  and  lay  them  down  Hat 
with  their  edges  together.  Connect  th? 
ground  clamp  to  one  of  them.  Lay  a 
bead  down  the  joint  covering  both  sides. 
If  you  are  average,  you  laid  two  beads — 
one  on  each  piece  with  slag  between 
them.  Two  mistakes — you  didn't  wait 
for  the  molten  metal  from  both  sides  to 
flow  together,  then  you  went  too  fast. 
Watch  the  pool  of  metal,  for  just  below 
the  arc  lies  molten  metal.  The  ring  just 
beyond  that  is  slag.  When  two  pools 
are  building  up  close  to  each  other,  they 
look  like  they  are  one  to  the  untrained 
eye.  However,  if  you  look  closely,  there 
are  two  bright  spots  on  each  side  with 
a  ring  between  them.  Just  pour  on  the 
coal  until  they  pop  together.  The  new 
weld  will  follow  the  whole  width  as 
you  move  on  to  continue  the  weld. 

When  the  work  is  cooling,  you  can 
see  with  the  helmet  removed  two  shades 
of  red.  The  bright  red  is  hot  slag,  while 
the  reddish  brown  is  cool  metal  or  cool 


slag.  When  you  see  two  dark  spots  with 
a  bright  one  between,  a  slag  hole  is  pres- 
ent. The  hole  full  of  slag  cools  slower 
than  the  thin  layer  of  slag  on  the  bead, 
thus  a  bright  red  spot  can  be  seen. 
Knock  off  the  slag  and  hold  the  arc  on 
the  spot  until  the  two  pools  become  one. 

Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  join  metal 
of  two  thicknesses  by  welding.  The  first 
question  is  how  much  current  should  I 
use?  If  you  use  the  lower  current,  it 
won't  penetrate  the  larger  piece.  Using 
the  higher  current  will  burn  up  the 
smaller  piece  of  metal.  The  solution  is 
to  cut  the  current  down  a  little  from 
the  larger  current  and  point  the  tip  to 
the  hea\ier  metal.  Try  to  distribute  the 
heat  in  the  same  wa\'  that  the  thicknesses 
are  distributed.  Experiment  until  you 
have  a  good  weld. 

A  good  weld  depends  upon  penetra- 
tion. The  arc  must  melt  some  of  the 
metal  in  the  pieces  to  be  joined  and 
mix  with  it  more  metal  from  the  rod  to 
fill  the  gap  and  make  one  solid  piece 
out  of  the  two  original  pieces.  Without 
this  penetration  the  bead  will  project 
up  high  and  will  not  stick.  Watch  the 
metal  melt  just  in  front  of  the  pool 
under  the  arc.  If  it  does  not  melt,  you 
ne;?d  more  current  and  you  may  also  be 
going  too  fast.  Just  keep  practicing  and 
foon  you  will  become  an  expert. 

There  are  many  things  a  hom.e  crafts- 
man can  do  with  an  arc  welder.  Power 
tool  stands  can  be  built  by  welding 
angle  iron  for  the  framework.  Shop 
tables  and  benches  can  be  built  in  the 
same  way.  Outdoor  barbecue  grille 
ironwork  can  be  welded  with  an  arc. 
The  list  could   never  reach  the  end   be- 


cause of  the  ever  increasing  uses  for  the 
arc  welder. 

An  arc  welder  is  just  the  same  for 
the  guy  who  wants  to  build  a  sports  car 
or  hot  rod.  The  author  did  all  the  weld- 
ing on  his  sports  car  with  a  small  Lin- 
coln arc  welder.  There  are  many  places 
the  arc  is  better  than  the  torch.  Some 
hard  to  get  to  places  can  be  reached 
easier  with  an  arc  welder.  The  arc  is  a 
must  if  only  a  small  area  can  be  heated. 

Welding  rods  are  not  just  welding 
rods,  for  they  are  designed  to  do  a  cer- 
tain job  well.  Some  rods  are  for  mild 
steel.  Others  are  for  high  carbon  steel, 
cast  iron,  or  aluminum.  Still  others  give 
some  materials  special  properties.  Plow 
shears  are  rebuilt  with  special  rods  that 
make  them  abrasive  resistant.  Another 
produces  a  hard  tool  like  edge  for  re- 
surfacing cutters.  Both  impact  and  wead 
resistance  are  combined  in  one  to  be 
used  for  earth  moving  blades.  Machin- 
ability  is  a  piopert.\  of  a  special  purpose 
arc  welding  rod. 

Attachments  broaden  the  uses  of  an 
arc  welder  tremendously.  A  carbon  arc 
torch  extends  the  uses  to  brazing,  sol- 
dering and  heating.  Cutting  can  be 
done  with  only  a  copper  covered  carbon 
rod.  A  rectifier  can  be  added  for  charg- 
ing a  car  battery. 

The  arc  welder  is  the  ideal  tool  for 
the  craftsman  as  well  as  the  well  equip- 
per  machine  shop.  A  welder  will  pay 
for  itself  in  a  short  time.  An  arc  welder 
has  a  low  initial  cost  as  well  as  low  op- 
erating costs  and  furthermore  it  is  easy 
to  learn  to  us;. 


A  C-clamp  is  a  common  and  useful  tool  that  has  been  welded  together  from 
a  horseshoe  and  a  bolt. 


ST.ATEMENT  OF  THE  OWNEK.SHII'. 
MAX.MiEMENT,  .AND  CIRCULATIO.N 
i.'EdllRED     BY     THE     .\CT     OF     CON- 

(;;ess    of    ALcrsT    24.    1912,    as 

AMENDED  BV  THE  ACTS  OF  MARCH 
;.  iv.i,!,  .WD  JULY  2,  1946  (Title  39, 
I'liiled    States    Code,    Section   233) 

Of  The  Illinois  Technograph  published 
lanua-y,  February,  March,  April,  May, 
( >ctob2r,  November,  December,  at  L'rbana, 
ir.ino-s   for   October    1.    1954. 

1-  The  names  and  addresses  of  the  pub- 
lisher, editor,  managing  editor,  and  business 
managers   are: 

Publisher,  Illini  Publishing  Company. 
(  hamnaign,     Hlinois: 

Editor,    Don    F.    Kesler,    Urbana,    Illinois; 

Business  manager,  James  E.  Smith, 
1 'hamnaign    Illinois. 

2.  The  owner  is:  the  Illini  Publishing 
<  'ompany,  a   non  proJit  corporation. 

.1.  The  known  bondholders,  mortgagees, 
;ind  other  security  holders  owning  or  hold- 
ing 1  per  cent  or  more  of  total  amount  of 
bonds,  mortgages,  or  other  securities  are; 
none. 

4,  Paragraphs  2  and  3  include,  in  cases 
where  the  stockholder  or  security  holder  ap- 
l>ears  upon  tlie  books  of  the  company  as 
trustee  or  in  any  other  fiduciary  relation, 
the  name  of  the  person  or  corporation  for 
whom  such  trustee  is  acting;  also  the  statc- 
ine:its  in  the  two  paragraphs  show  the  affi- 
:in:"s  full  knowledge  and  belief  as  to  the 
circumstances  and  conditions  under  which 
.-tockholders  and  security  holders  who  do 
not  appear  upon  the  books  of  the  company 
as  trustees,  hold  stock  and  securities  in  a 
capacity  other  than  that  of  a  bona  fide 
iiwner. 

James    E.    Smith,    Business    Manager. 

Sworn    to   and    subscribed    before    me    this 
J7th    day    of    January,    1955. 
iSE.-M,)  -Mice    S.    Hurt 

iMy    conmiission    expires    July    24.     1955.) 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1D55  — B-47  Stratojet  assembly,  Boeing  Wichita  Division 


Boeing  offers  engineers  long-range  careers 


I  hrouyhuut  its  38-year  history,  Boeing 
has  Lonsistcntlv  pioneered  advanced  new 
types  of  military  and  commercial  aircraft, 
and  new  methods  of  production.  This 
histor\'  of  leadership  has  meant  con- 
tinued growth  for  the  company.  It  means 
continued  opportunities  for  Boeing 
engineers  to  move  ahead  according  to 
their  ability  in  Research,  Design  and 
Production. 

Today  Boeing  is  producing  the  jet 
age's  outstanding  bombers,  the  B-52  and 
the  B-47.  Other  Boeing  projects  that 
mean  continued  growth  and  stability  in- 
clude: .America's  first  jet  transport  ,  the 
Boeing  707).  Research  in  nuclear- 
powered  and  supersonic  flight.  And  one 
of  the  nation's  major  guided  missile  pro- 
grams. These  and  other  new-horizon 


projects  are  expanding  at  such  a  rate  that 
Boeing  now  employs  more  engineers  than 
even  at  the  peak  of  World  \\'ar  II. 

The  high   inherent  interest  of  these 
proorams,  together  with  the  stimulation 

loo 

of  expanding  opportunities,  add  to  the 

stability  of  careers  at  Boeing.  One  meas- 
ure of  stability  is  gi\en  in  this  chart. 


2D«I 
I5t| 
10+ I 
5+1 


m 


20  S 


30  S 


40X 


SOS 


It  shows  that  46%  of  Boeing  engineers 
have  been  with  the  company  for  five 
or  more  years;  25%  have  been  here  10  or 
more  years,  and  6%  for  1 5  or  more  years. 
.Another  measure  is  the  increasing  pro- 


portion ot  engineers  to  total  employees. 
Fifteen  years  ago  the  figure  was  one  to 
16.  Today  one  out  of  each  seven  em- 
ployees is  an  engineer. 

Boeing  promotes  from  within  and  holds 
regular  merit  re\iews  to  assure  individual 
recognition.  Engineers  are  encouraged  to 
take  graduate  studies  while  working  and 
are  reimbursed  for  all  tuition  expenses. 

Boeing  has  openings  for  virtually  all 
types  of  engineers— electrical,  civil,  me- 
chanical, aeronautical  and  related  fields, 
and  for  applied  physicists  and  mathema- 
ticians with  advanced  degrees. 

For  further  Boeing  career  information 
consult   your  Ftacement   Office,   or  write: 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer  -  Personnel 
Boeing  Airplane  Company,  Seattle   14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON        WICHITA,   KANSAS 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


23 


Engineering 
Needs 


by   C.    H.   Shumaker 


As  the  chief  beneficiary  of  engineer- 
ing training,  American  industry  must  as- 
sume a  great  share  of  responsibility  for 
the  solution  of  many  problems  now  fa- 
cing engineering  schools.  And,  unless 
industry  takes  measures  to  eleminate  in- 
equities in  compensation,  the  movement 
to  organize  engineers  and  engineering 
students  into  labor  unions  cannot  be 
arrested. 

These  conclusions  are  reached  in  an 
article  in  the  October  issue  of  "Mechan- 
ical Engineering,"  official  publication  of 
The  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers. 

The  author,  C.  H.  Shumaker,  pro- 
fessor of  management'  engineering  at 
Southern  Methodist  University,  cites  the 
growth  of  technological  knowledge  in 
the  past  fifteen  years  as  one  such  prob- 
lem. The  traditional  four  year  curricu- 
lum, he  states,  is  now  inadequate  for  a 
comprehensive  presentation  of  basic  in- 
struction   to   students. 

Mr.  Shumaker  outlines  steps  now  be- 
ing taken  in  many  schools  to  meet  this 
problem.  He  points  out,  however,  that 
none  of  these  steps  can  be  effective  with- 
out the  co-operation  of  industry.  He 
lists  two  basic  questions  industry  must 
keep   in   mind    in   expressing   itself: 

1.  What  type  and  how  much  training 
should  the  colleges  pro\ide  in  meeting 
industrial  needs? 

2.  What  effect  will  their  recommen- 
dations have  upon  the  cost  of  education, 
both  to  the  student  and  to  the  college, 
and  the  ultimate  effect  upon  the  supply 
and  quality  of  engineers? 

Direct  financial  subsidization  by  in- 
dustry of  both  engineering  schools  and 
employee  engineers  returning  to  school 
for  advanced  study  is  called  for  by  Mr. 
Shumaker  as  a  vital  first  step  in  the 
program. 

The  young  engineer  should  also  be 
encouraged  by  his  employer  to  seek  rec- 
ognition through  "licensing,  membership 
in  professional  societies,  and  the  attain- 
ment of  official  positions  in  such  so- 
cieties," according  to  the  author.  He 
states  further  that  engineering  facul- 
ties everywhere  regard  these  activities 
as  vital  to  the  maintenance  of  profes- 
sional standards. 


"Unless  industry  fosters  a  desire  on 
the  part  of  younger  engineers  to  avail 
themselves  of  these  privileges,"  he  con- 
tinues, "there  is  little  point  in  stressing 
them   in   college." 

Compensation  for  engineers  offers  an- 
other field  for  reform  according  to  Mr. 
Shumaker.  Caught  in  the  inflationar>' 
spiral  in  which  the  rising  cost  of  living 
outdistances  salary  advances,  engineers 
are  a  "so-called  white  collar  class  caught 
in   a   squeeze." 

He  also  points  out  that  the  present 
practice  of  starting  out  graduating  en- 
gineers at  salaries  above  those  paid  to 
previously-hired  engineers,  in  order  to 
win  them  as  employees,  is  further  com- 
plicating the  inequitable  wage  situation. 
Such  discrimination,  Mr.  Shumaker 
states,  encourages  the  present  movement 
in  both  industry  and  in  engineering 
schools  to  organize  engineers  for  col- 
lective  bargaining   purposes. 

Mr.  Shumaker  concludes  his  article 
by  listing  a  ten-point  program  which,  if 
adopted  by  industry,  would  aid  colleges 
and  universities  in  fulfilling  their  mis- 
sion. The  program  calls  for  industry  to: 

1.  Inform  the  colleges  of  changing 
needs  requiring  additional  or  im- 
proved engineering  education. 

2.  Offer  ad\ice  and  counsel  relative 
to  the  extent  and  type  of  engi- 
neering curricida  best  suited  to  in- 
dustrial   needs. 

3.  Give  adequate  recognition  to  the 
value  of  advanced  degrees  to  those 
who  acquire  them  before  seeking 
employment. 

4.  Co-operate  with  engineering  em- 
plo\ees  by  making  possible  further 
education  at  least  by  giving  them 
the  time  needed  and  preferably  in- 
cluding financial  assistance  when 
required. 

5.  Give  serious  consideration  to  aid- 
ing recognized  engineering  colleges 
to  meet  rising  costs,  thereby  insur- 
ing the  company's  own  future. 

6.  Utilize  engineering  manpower  to 
better  advantage  and  recognize  in- 
di\idual  initiative  and  ability. 

7.  Eliminate  discrimination  and  com- 
pensate engineers  on  the  basis  of 
their  true  worth. 

8.  Aid  the  maintenance  of  profession- 
al standards  through  a  proper  rec- 
ognition of  professional  licensing 
and   technical   society   activities. 

9.  Assist  the  colleges  to  combat  the 
growing  menace  of  unionization  by 
furnishing  concrete  evidence  that 
it  is  not  necessary. 

10.   Stand    ready   at   all   times   to   offer 
the  services  of  engineers  and  man- 
agers when  they  can   be  of  assist- 
ance to  the  colleges. 
Mr.  Shumaker  was  recently  nominat- 
ed  to  serve   as  vice  president   in   charge 
of  ASME's  Region  VHI. 


MORE  STRENGTH  FOR  PAPER 
A  new  impregnation  method  produces 
a  paper  which  retains  90  per  cent  of  its 
tensile  strength  after  soaking  in  water. 
The  impregnated  paper  also  has  more 
than  ten  times  the  abrasion  resistance 
provided  by  ordinary  impregnation  tech- 
niques. 


Soviet  forces  in  Austria  have  added 
a  new  link  to  the  chain  of  radar  stations 
stretching  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Black 
Sea.  Although  most  Soviet  radar  units 
in  Austria  are  small  and  mobile,  the 
latest  bases  in  the  Soviet  zone  are  equip- 
ped with  permanent  radar  installations. 


BASEBALL  IN  THE  AIR 
The  World  Series  was  telecast  live 
in  Cuba  through  use  of  a  DC-3.  The 
plane,  flying  at  8,000  feet,  picked  up 
the  signal  from  Miami  and  relayed  it 
via  microwave  to  the  Cuban  national 
network. 


RADIOACTIVE  COWS 
A  number  of  questions  concerning 
milk  are  being  investigated  at  Oak 
Ridge,  Tenn.,  through  research  with 
radioactive  tracers.  Studies  are  aimed  at 
reasons  for  the  amount  of  calcium  in 
milk  (as  compared  to  that  in  blood), 
how  the  cow's  mammary  gland  can  use 
blood  constituents  in  synthesis  of  new 
substances  common  to  milk  but  not 
found  in  blood ;  and  what  regulates 
the  process  whereby  the  cow  uses  miner- 
als from  her  own  skeleton  when  de- 
mands are  in  excess  of  the  amoimt  fur- 
nished by  her  diet. 


FOR  FISHERMEN  ONLY 

The  Soviet  Fishing  Authority  has 
placed  a  substantial  radio  order  with  a 
British  firm  for  transmitters,  all-wave 
receivers,  combined  medium  and  short- 
wave direction  finders  and  associated 
units.  The  units  will  be  used  on  20 
deep-sea  fishing  vessels,  now  under  con- 
struction in  Russia. 


CURB  ON  CHEWING 
Pills  now  can  be  made  with  an  outer 
coating  so  hard  that  they  can't  be 
chewed.  The  coating,  recently  invented 
by  a  pharmaceutical  firm,  is  intended 
to  protect  the  mouth  from  discoloring 
dyes  used  for  diagnosis  and  from  un- 
pleasant-tasting medicines. 


AUTOS  FOR  SPAIN 
A  Spanish  automobile  firm,  Soeiedad 
Espanola  de  Automovilcs  de  Turismo, 
plans  to  produce  10,000  cars  a  year 
"within  a  \ery  short  time."  Ultimately, 
when  the  market  can  absorb  them,  the 
firm  plans  to  produce  200,000  cars  an- 
nualh. 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


''Dress"  Pruett 
wants  to  know: 

What  type 

of  training 

program  does 

DuPont  have? 


DRESSLAR  M.  PRUETT  expects  to  receive  his  B.S.  in  Industrial  Engi- 
neering this  summer  from  Oklahoma  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege at  Stillwater,  Okla.  He  is  president  of  the  local  student  branch  of 
A. I. I.E.  Naturally,  he  is  interested  in  selecting  the  best  job  opportunity 
for  a  successful  career  based  on  his  technical  training. 


Don  Miller  answers: 


DONALD  C.  MILLER  received  his  B.S.  in  Chemi- 
cal Engineering  from  Ohio  State  University  in  June 
1937.  During  the  following  month  he  started  work 
with  the  Organic  Chemicals  Department  of  Du  Pont 
at  Deepwater  Point.  N.  J.  Since  then  he  has  received 
and  given  many  kinds  of  technical  training.  Today 
Don  Miller  is  a  general  superintendent  at  Du  Pont's 
Chambers  Works  — well  qualified  to  answer  questions 
about  training  programs  for  college  men. 


NOW  AVAILABLE  for  student  ASME 
chapters  and  other  college  groups,  a  16-mm. 
sound-color  movie — "Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing at  Du  Pont."  For  further  information 
write  to  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co. 
(Inc.),  2521  Nemours  Bldg.,  Wilmington  98. 
Delaware. 


U,  S    PAT  OFf 

BETTER  THINGS  FOR  BETTER  LIVING  .  .  .  THROUGH  CHeMISTRY 
WATCH  "cavalcade  OF  AMERICA"  ON  TELEVISION 


Training  has  many  facets  in  a  big  firm  like  Du  Pont,  Dress, 
and  a  great  deal  of  thought  has  been  given  to  make  it  truly 
effective.  We  look  upon  training  as  a  very  important  factor 
in  a  man's  career.  We  think  that  the  best  way  to  train  a  col- 
lege graduate  is  to  give  him  a  ma.ximum  of  on-the-job  re- 
sponsibility in  a  minimum  bngth  of  time.  That's  the  general 
guiding  jxjlicy  at  Du  Font,  Dress. 

Of  course,  each  department  varies  this  general  policy  to 
cuit  its  special  needs.  A  new  man  being  trained  for  produc- 
tion supervision  may  first  spend  a  year  or  so  in  laboratory 
or  plant  development  work.  Or  he  may  spend  his  training 
period  as  a  plant  operator.  Thus  a  man  obtains  firsthand 
knowledge  of  his  process,  and  establishes  a  bond  of  mutual 
respect  with  the  men  he'll  bo  v/orking  with  on  his  first  major 
assignment. 

A  young  man  interested  in  sales  is  often  first  assigned  to  a 
plant  or  laboratory  deahng  with  the  products  he  will  later 
sell;  or  he  may  join  a  group  of  trainees  to  learn  selUng  tech- 
niques right  from  the  start. 

An  engineer,  chemist,  or  other  technical  graduate  is  usual- 
ly chosen  for  a  specific  job  within  his  major  field  of  study. 
Such  a  man  brings  specialized  knowledge  and  skill  to  his 
job,  and  he  is  encouraged  to  put  them  to  use  promptly.  But 
at  Du  Pont  his  experiences  on  the  job  are  supplemented 
with  lectiu-es,  conferences  and  discussion  groups.  In  a  very 
real  sense,  new  technical  employees  continue  training  in 
their  specialties  after  joining  the  Company. 

To  sum  it  all  up.  Dress,  Du  Pont's  training  program  is 
individualized  to  provide  a  new  man  with  specific  oppor- 
tunities to  learn  from  contacts  with  more  experienced  men. 
The  prime  objective  of  Du  Pont  training  is  always  kept 
clearly  in  mind — to  develop  men  for  future  advancement 
and  effectiveness  in  the  organization. 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


25 


a^LL  L  M  J  J  J  J  J„  LLl  _U1- 

DESIGN    DRIVE  FOR    MAGNETIC  TAPE 

IBM_^705  ELECTRONIC  COMPUTER.  SPECIFICATIONS:! 


•MEMORY"  OF 


— jlTTape  speed:  75  in. /sec. 

2.  Dead  stop  to  operating  speed 
in  .005  ^ec  or  less. 


3.  Complete    interchangeability  ,of  j 
tapes  and  recording  heads. 


4^ Tape  loading:  semi-automatic.  (No  - 
►breading  through  guides  or  heads.)! 


This  is  the  kind  of  problern  that  constantly  chal- 
lenges IBM  engineers. 

It  challenges  their  knowledge,  their  skill,  and 
their  ingenuity.  It  challenges  tliem  to  "tlirow 
away  the  book"  and,  starting  from  scratch,  come 
up  with  solutions  that  are  unorthodox— both  in 
concept  and  e.xecution. 

In  this  stimulating  atmosphere,  the  young  engi- 
neer quickly  discovers  that  fresh  new  ideas  are 
not  only  in  demand,  but  are  gi\en  the  chance  to 
pay  off  in  practical  application. 

No  doubt  about  it:  The  man  with  imagination, 
\'ersatility,  and  enthusiasm  can  look  for\vard  to  a 
bright  and  virtually  unlimited  future— at  IBM! 


M.E.'s,  E.E.'s,  and  Engineering  Physicists! 

\\'hate\er  interests  you  most  — research,  de\el(ip- 
ment,  product  design,  or  manufacturing  — IBM 
offers  )0u  a  challenging  and  rewarding  career ! 

For  a  picture  of  IBM's  Engineering  Laboratories 
in  action,  ask  )-our  placement  officer  for  the  new 
32-page  booklet,  "Opportunities  Unlimited."  Or 
write  Mr.  W.  M.  Hovt,  Engineering  Recruitment 
Office,  IBM,  590  Madison  Ave.,  New  York  22,  N.Y. 


IBM 


TRADE-MA 


INTERNATIONAL     BUS 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


GM  Positions  Now  Available 
in  These  Fields: 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING 

METALLURGICAL  ENGINEERING 

ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING 

INDUSTRIAL  ENGINEERING 

CHEMICAL  ENGINEERING 


ENGINEERS 


i\ow  more  than  ever,  our  nation  needs  engineers  in 
top  policy-making  positions. 

That's  what  Alfred  E  Sloan,  Jr.  recently  told  the 
American  Institute  of  Consulting  Engineers. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  General  Motors  said, 
"We  need  the  respect  that  the  engineer  has  for  basic 
facts.  We  need  his  analytical  frame  of  mind.  We 
need  his  imagination.  We  need  his  contact  with  inter- 
pretation and  control  of  the  physical  forces. 

'"Such  is  the  type  of  discipline,  as  I  see  it,  that  is 
sure  to  contribute  to  a  maximum  degree  of  order 
and  sense  in  our  complicated  economy  —  and  pro- 
mote tlie  best  and  most  efficient  use  of  our  national 
resources,  both  human  and  material." 

Of  course,  these  words  —  so  typical  of  GM's  entire 
outlook  —  foretell  great  things  for  engineers  in  the 
country  at  large.  But  even  more,  they  explain  why 
career  opportunities  for  good  men  are  so  exceptional 
here  at  General  Motors. 

We  invite  you  to  write  for  "The  College  Graduate 
and  General  Motors,"  a  booklet  that  should 
encourage  you  to  see  the  GM  College  Representative 

when  he  ^  isits  your  campus. 


GENERAL     MOTORS     CORPORATION 


Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


27 


Synthetic  Gems 


by  Jack  Kerr,  Cer.  E.  '56 


Of  the  myriad  precious  ami  semi- 
precious stones  present  in  nature,  onh' 
a  few  can  be  duplicated  s\nthetically. 
LLickily,  the  few  that  can  be  produced 
synthetically  are  the  ones  most  important 
commercially;  with  the  exception  of  dia- 
monds. These  fall  basically  into  two 
groups.  One  group  is  composed  of  alum- 
inum oxide  and  modifications  of  this 
compound.  This  basic  substance  is  called 
corundum  or  spinel,  according  to  com- 
position. The  second  basic  group  uses 
rutile  as  a  base. 

In  the  corundum  group  there  are  such 
synthetic  stones  as  ruby,  sapphire,  zir- 
con, garnet,  topaz,  amethyst,  aquama- 
rine, and  alexandrite.  In  the  spinel  com- 
pound such  synthetic  stones  as  emerald 
and  the  emerald  variety  of  beryl  can 
be  produced.  In  the  individual  groups 
the  various  stones  are  produced  by  add- 
ing tiny  amounts  of  metal  oxides  to  add 
the  correct  color. 

The  commercial  method  of  producing 
corundum  is  the  same  as  the  one  de- 
veloped in  the  laboratory  of  Verneuil,  a 
French  chemist  of  the  early  nineteen 
hundreds.  The  boule,  as  the  formation 
of  the  substance  is  called,  is  formed  on 
a  slowly  revolving  ceramic  rod  by  drop- 
ping aluminum  oxide  (Al./lj)  through 
an  oxy-hydrogen  flame.  The  alumina  is 
melted  before  it  hits  the  rod  and  there 
it  slowly  cools  and  solidifies  into  an 
elongated  ellipse.  This  cooled  mass  has 
assumed  the  crystalline  structure  of  the 
various  gems  contained  in  this  group. 
This  boule  may  weigh  hundreds  of 
carats. 

The  synthetic  stone  titania  is  a  true 
synthetic  gem  in  that  there  is  no  stone 
like  it  found  in  nature.  It  is  called  a 
night  stone  because  of  the  fact  it  spark- 
les brighter  under  electric  light  than  in 
daylight.  It  has  the  play  of  colors  equal 
to  opal  and  the  brilliancy  of  a  diamond. 
The  reason  for  its  brilliancy  and  colors 
being  that  it  has  a  small  crystalline 
structure  and  refracts  light  much  better 
than  other  stones.  These  stones  were  de- 
veloped as  a  result  of  research  in  the 
field  of  paint  pigments.  The  basic  ele- 
ment for  the  titania  gem  is  a  sub- 
stance  called   rutile.    It   is   made   up   of 


titanium  oxide.  The  boule  is  formed  by 
the  same  process  as  corundum  but  in  a 
more  intense  flame.  In  paint  pigments 
the  rutile  is  ground  up  into  a  very  fine 
powder  and  added  to  give  brightness 
to  the  paint.  It  was  the  experimentation 
with  crystals  of  rutile  that  led  to  the 
discovery  of  titania  gems.  The  gems  can 
be  made  in  colors  ranging  from  yellow 
to  deep  blue  and  their  beauty  rivals  that 
of  natural  stones. 

There  are  several  methods  of  detect- 
ing synthetic  emeralds  but  no  one  meth- 
od alone  is  positive.  Most  natural  stones 
have  three  phase  inclusions  and  synthetic 
stones  never  do.  A  three  phase  inclusion 
is  one  in  which  there  are  all  three  states 
of  matter,  liquid,  gas,  and  solid,  com- 
bined in  the  same  inclusion.  Another 
method  to  detect  a  synthetic  emerald  is 
to  put  the  stone  in  question  under  strong 
ultra  violet  radiation.  The  synthetic 
stone  fluoresces  strongly  while  the  nat- 
ural stone  does  not. 

Natural  emeralds  from  different  parts 
of  the  world  have  different  shaped  in- 
clusions. The  emeralds  from  Russia  have 
diamond  shaped  inclusions  while  those 
from  Colombia  have  square  crystal  in- 
clusions. 

The  chemical  composition  of  synthetic 
sapphire  is  the  same  as  that  of  corun- 
dum. It  is  merely  aluminum  oxide  with 
a  tiny  amount  of  magnetic  iron  oxide 
or  titanic  oxide  or  chromium  to  give  it 
the  desired  color.  In  making  the  star 
sapphire  synthetically  there  is  some  trou- 
ble encountered.  The  star  shape  in  a 
sapphire  is  caused  by  the  reflection  of 
light  from  elongated  bubbles  of  air  in 
the  stone.  These  bubbles,  or  inclusions, 
are  in  the  form  of  a  six  pointed  star 
and  it  shows  brilliantly  in  the  jewel. 
There  is  a  known  process  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  star  sapphire  but  the  mak- 
ers have  kept  it  a  closely  guarded  secret. 
These  synthetic  star  sapphires  can  be 
produced  in  red,  blue,  violet,  soft  grey, 
and  pink. 

The  detection  of  the  s\nthetic  stone 
is  relatively  simple  and  generally  a  siue- 
fire  one.  Natural  sapphire  will  sink  in 
a  dilute  solution  of  methylene  iodide 
(CHoIj)    but    the    synthetic    ones    will 


float.  There  are  several  other  tests  which 
are  not  as  sure  but  are  very  effective 
when  used  together.  In  synthetic  sap- 
phire the  inclusions  are  usually  perfectly 
round  while  in  natural  sapphire  the  in- 
clusions are  irregular  or  resemble  the 
shape  of  the  crystal.  If  included  particles 
are  to  be  seen,  they  are  arranged  in 
curves  in  synthetic  and  are  irregularly 
distributed  in  natural  sapphire. 

In  natural  sapphire  the  striae  are 
straight  while  in  synthetic  the  striae, 
or  lines  of  stress,  are  curved.  The  color- 
ation in  synthetic  sapphire  is  often  wrong 
in  that  it  appears  glassy  and  too  evenly 
distributed.  In  natural  sapphire  the 
color  is  often  not  uniform  and  when  it 
occurs  in  bands,  the  bands  are  either 
parallel  or  irregular.  There  are  also 
tests  using  specific  gravity  and  index  of 
refraction  but  most  synthetic  stones  are 
so  close  to  natural  ones  in  these  two  re- 
spects that  the  tests  are  often  not  valid. 

In  the  synthesis  of  rubies  the  basic 
material  is  coriuidum,  the  same  as  syn- 
thetic sapphire.  The  coloring  agent  used 
is  bichromate  of  potash. 

The  methods  of  detecting  the  syn- 
thetic ruby  are  similar,  with  the 
exception  of  the  flotation  in  dilute 
methylene  iodide,  as  those  used  for  the 
detection  of  synthetic  sapphire. 

The  diamond  has  been  produced  in 
the  laboratory  of  a  French  chemist 
named  Moisson.  His  process  is  a  very 
unsatisfactory  one  in  that  it  doesn't  al- 
ways produce  the  synthetic  stone  and 
when  it  does,  there  are  only  a  few  very 
small  stones  produced.  Moissons'  process 
is  to  mix  iron  and  carbon  and  heat  the 
mass  to  fusion  in  an  electric  furnace.  It 
is  kept  in  a  4000°C.  temperature  for  a 
short  time  and  then  pkmged  into  cold 
water.  The  iron  on  the  outside  forms  a 
crust  and  the  rapidly  expanding  interior 
is  confined.  This  creates  enormous  pres- 
sm-e  and  some  of  the  carbon  is  crystal- 
lized into  diamond. 

As  one  can  see,  this  is  not  a  commer- 
cial method  for  producing  diamonds  syn- 
thetically and  is  a  very  haphazard  meth- 
od at  best.  It  is  the  only  way  to  pro- 
duce diamonds  at  all. 

There  are  several  general  methods  of 
detecting  synthetic  gem  stones.  Certain 
tests  that  are  good  in  some  cases  are 
worthless  in  others,  however.  The  test 
for  specific  gravity  in  all  stones  manu- 
factured from  corundum  is  of  no  value 
because  stones  in  this  class  are  within 
.003  of  the  specific  gravity  of  natural 
stones.  The  refractive  indices  of  these 
same  stones  are  the  same  in  both  natural 
and  synthetic.  There  are,  however,  cer- 
tain things  that  are  indicative  of  syn- 
thetic gems.  Synthetic  corundum  has 
circidar  inclusions  that  are  usually  sym- 
metrical while  natural  corundum  has 
angular  inclusions.  These  inclusions  in 
natural  corundum  may  assume  needle- 
like shapes  and  if  they  do,  they  make  an 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


These    synthetic    gems    if    mounted    in    rings    would    cost   only    one-twentieth    the 
amount  of  real  stones.  (Photo  courtesy  Science  Service) 


angle  of  sixty  degrees  with  each  other 
in  sets  of  three  parallel  lines.  Synthetic 
corundum  also  may  ha\e  small  crystals 
of  zircon  as  inclusions  in  it.  These  can 
be  detected  by  strong  magnification  or 
refractive  index.  The  striae,  or  growth 
lines,  of  the  natural  stone  are  always 
parallel  or  irregular  while  those  of  the 
synthetic  stone  are  always  curved.  These 
growth  lines  are  visible  when  the  stone 
is  viewed  perpendicular  to  the  long 
axis  of  the  boule. 

The  purpose  for  the  manufacture  of 
synthetic  gems  is  not  to  provide  cheap 
gems  for  jewelry.  The  widest  market 
for  gems,  both  synthetic  and  natural,  is 
the  commercial  market.  Here  the  gems 
are  used  as  bearings  in  watches,  gauges, 
meters,  and  other  places  where  friction 
is  present  and  must  be  cut  down.  The 
gem's  suitability  for  this  role  is  the  fact 
it  is  very  hard.  Most  of  the  gems  men- 
tioned in  this  paper  are  harder  than 
metal  and  herein  lies  their  value. 

In  the  modern  small  airplane  there 
are  over  a  hundred  jewels  in  the  instru- 


ment panel.  Wristwatches  are  adver- 
tised as  having  so  main  jewels  in  the 
movement.  Generally,  the  more  jewels, 
the  better  the  wristwatch. 

Switching  to  a  different  use,  diamond 
impregnated  copper  saws  are  used  to  cut 
extremely  hard  substances  such  as  gran- 
ite. These  saws  utilize  the  fact  that  dia- 
mond is  very  hard  and  the  friction  of 
the  saw  wears  through  the  rock  before 
it  wears  through  the  saw.  In  the  same 
line,  diamond  dust  or  finely  powdered 
diamond   is   used    as   a   polishing   agent. 

The  one  wa\-  most  people  see  gems 
is  as  jewelry.  There  are  a  variety  of 
ways  gems  are  used  in  jewelry,  some 
of  which  are  as  rings,  broaches,  ear 
rings,  pendants,  lockets,  tie  clasps,  and 
many  others.  Synthetic  gems  fit  right  in 
this  picture  because  of  their  similar 
physical  and  chemical  characteristics  and 
also  because  of  their  much  lower  price. 
To  the  ordinary  person  there  is  no  visi- 
ble difference  between  a  natural  stone 
and  a  synthetic  stone  and  since  the  price 
is   much    lower,    they   buy   the   synthetic 


stone.  The  manufacturers  guard  very 
carefully  against  flooding  the  market 
with  s\iithetic  stones  and  thus  bringing 
the   price  liown. 

The  synthetic  gem  is  one  of  the  most 
important  synthesized  materials  in  pro- 
duction today.  It  is  also  one  of  the  least 
publicized  and  most  unknown  article  on 
production.  For  the  most  part,  the  pro- 
cesses are  do.sely  guarded  secrets  and 
most  people  never  know  how  much  of 
the  jewelry  and  precision  machine  bear- 
ings are  made  of  synthetic  gems.  Their 
discovery  has  helped  make  .America  less 
dependent  on  foreign  sources  of  the  nat- 
ural   gems. 

bibi.U)(;r.\piiv 

Wfinstein,  M.,  Pririous  and  S,-mi-Prii inus 
Sinnis,   Xew   ^■ork,   C'hicaK",    1 ''■*'' 

Liddicoat,  R.  T.,  llanJhonk  nj  Cifin  IJi-n- 
lififalion,    I.os    .^iiKclfs,    1948 

"Sapphires  For  Everybody,"  Timr,  Oct.  6, 
1947    S0:62 

"New  Svnthetic  Gems  Made,"  Scifnce 
Snus   Lellrr.  Oct.    18,    1947    17:243 

"Home-CJrown    Emeralds,"    Siirnir    DiffrsI, 
July    1951.   pp.    34   and    94 
kerr,   D.,   "jewels  Made  To  Order,"  Scifnee 
Divnl,   Nov.    1951.    30:45-47 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


29 


To  the  graduating  engineer 

who  wants  his 
first  job  to  be  the  right  one 

The  temptation  is  great  to  take  the  first  job  that  comes 
along.  Especially  when  the  salary  looks  so  big  after 
scrimping  to  make  ends  meet  through  4  or  more  years  of 
college.  But,  it's  a  mistake  not  to  weigh  that  "first  job" 
decision  carefully.  Because,  like  in  most  everytliing  else, 
getting  the  right  start  is  mighty  important. 

We  believe  you  will  do  well  to  consider  taking  your 
first  job  with  Collins  Radio  Company,  and  we'll  tell  you 
why.   First  of  all,  Collins  is  a  large  company  that  is 
continuing  to  grow  and  expand  rapidly.   Because  it  is 
a  big  company,  and  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  field 
of  electronics,  with  research  and  manufactmnng  plants 
in  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  Dallas,  Te.xas,  and  Burbank, 
California,  present  opportunities  are  great.  And,  because 
Collins  is  a  company  that  is  expanding  rapidly, 
future  opportunities  are  unlimited. 

Collins  can  offer  you  that  salary  that  looks  so  big 
plus  the  kind  of  a  job  that  is  stimulating  and  satisfying 
and  prepares  )'ou  well  for  a  future  limited  onh'  by  your 
own  abilities.  Your  engineering  career  at  Collins 
\\i\\  put  you  in  the  forefront  of  advanced  research 
in  the  field  of  electronics  for  the  aviation  broadcasting 
and  telecasting  industries. 

For  example,  Collins  new  engineering  and  research 
building  in  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  co\'ers  more  than 
100,000  square  feet  of  floor  space.   One  of  the  finest, 
most  completely  equipped  engineering-research 
laboratories  in  the  country.   Other  research  and 
engineering  plants  are  located  in  Dallas  and  Burbank. 

If  you  are  graduating  in  Mechanical  or  Electrical 
engineering,  contact  the  engineering  placement  office 
for  an  interview  with  Collins. 

(Interviews  will  be  held  on  campus  on  Monday  and 
Tuesday,  March and .) 


COLLINS  RADIO  CO. 

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa 

261  Madison  Ave.,  NEW  YORK  16 
2700  W.  Olive  Ave.,  BURBANK 
1V30  Hi-Line  Drive,  DALLAS  2 


COLLINS  RADIO  COMPANY  OF  CANADA,  LTD., 
74  Sparks  St.,  OTTAWA.  ONTARIO 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


FROM  COW-PATHS  TO  CLOVERLEAFS ... 

The  narrow,  twisting,  rut-ridden  roads  of  yesteryear 
are  being  replaced  by  new  multi-lane,  high-speed 
highways.  Crossroads  have  been  bridged  and  clover- 
leafed  •. . .  hills  have  been  leveled  . . .  curves  lengthened. 
These  changes  have  happened  in  the  half  century 
since  the  advent  of  the  automobile.  For  more  and 
better  cars  and  trucks  dememd  feister,  Sctfer  roads 
and  turnpikes. 

SPACE   FOR   SPEED... 

The  traffic  that  flows  over  America's  three-million 
mile  network  of  roads  repre.sents  the  very  life  stream 
of  our  progress.  Nowhere  else  in  the  world  do  people 
travel  so  far  and  so  freely  .  .  .  nor  do  so  many  trucks 
deliver  such  a  wide  and  plentiful  supply  of  merchan- 
dise so  fast  and  to  so  many  places. 

AMERICA  WORKS   LIKE  THAT... 

Here  in  America  we  have  men  who  dare  to  dream  and 
buUd  for  future  needs  .  .  .  machines  to  move  moun- 
tains .  . .  materials  to  make  roads  . . .  and  an  all-seeing, 
all-hearing,  and  reporting  Inter-Communications 
System  that  acquaints  every  branch  of  science  and 
engineering  .  .  .  every  technical  skill  .  .  .  with  the 
needs  and  the  accomplishments  of  every  other  field 
of  endeavor. 

THE   AMERICAN   INTiR-COM  SYSTEM... 

Complete  communication  is  the  function,  the  unique 

FEBRUARY,   1955 


contribution  of  the  American  business  press  ...  a 
great  group  of  specially  edited  magazines  devoted  to 
the  specialized  work  areas  of  men  who  want  to 
manage  better,  research  better,  sell  better,  buy  better. 

COMMUNICATION  IS  OUR  BUSINESS... 

Many  of  the  textbooks  in  which  you  are  now  study- 
ing the  fundamentals  of  your  specialty  bear  the 
McGraw-Hill  imprint.  For  McGraw-Hill  is  the 
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works. 

After  you  leave  school,  j'ou  will  wart  to  keep 
abreast  of  developments  in  your  chosen  profession. 
Then  one  of  McGraw-Hill's  many  business  magazines 
will  provide  current  information  that  will  help  you 
in  your  job. 

McGRAW-HILL 

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Ujl/  NEW   VORK    36,  N.  Y.  ^jlii^ 


-"-jEasaasr 


HEADQUARTERS     FOR    TECHNICAL    AND     BUSINESS     INFORMATION 


31 


9^.§^  ' 


Materiali  and  their  preparation 


Preparation  off  Rubber  Insulation 


and  «lacket  Compounds 


MATERIALS  AND  THEIR  PREPARATION.  The  materials  used  in  the 
preparation  of  rubber  insulation  and  jacket  compounds  may  consist 
of  natural  or  synthetic  rubber  along  with  mineral  rubber  and  re- 
claimed rubber  and  the  necessary  compounding  ingredients  con- 
sisting of  anti-oxidants,  fillers,  pigments,  plasticizers  and  vulcanizing 
agents.  The  rubber  or  rubber-like  materials  are  given  a  preliminary 
mastication  or  break-down  on  rubber  mills  or  internal  mixers  to 
facilitate  subsequent  compounding  operations.  They  are  stored  in 
a  suitable  form  until  required  for  compounding. 

The  required  compounding  ingredients,  except  the  vulcanizing 
agents,  used  in  insulating  compounds,  are  carefully  weighed  into  a 
suitable  container.  The  plasticized  rubber  or  rubber-like  materials 
are  weighed  last.  The  vulcanizing  agents  are  weighed  in  a  separate 
container, 

COMPOUND  MIXING.  Rubber  insulation  and  jacket  compounds 
may  be  mixed  on  rubber  mills  or  in  internal  mixers. 

The  rubber  mill  consists  of  two  driven  rolls  about  28  inches  in 

No.  7  in  a  series 


diameter  and  from  60  to  84  inches  in  length.  The  axes  of  the  rolls 
ere  held  in  a  single  horizontal  plane  by  the  mill  frame  above  a  suit- 
able pan.  Adjustments  arc  provided  to  control  the  spacing  between 
the  rolls.  Each  roll  is  equipped— for  water  circulation  — for  cooling. 
The  rolls  rotate  in  opposite  directions  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
surfaces  approach  each  other  at  the  top.  The  su.'face  speed  of  the 
back  roll  is  about  1.2  times  that  of  the  front  roll.  This  difference  in 
surface  speed  assists  greatly  in  break-down  of  the  rubber  and  in- 
corporation of  the  compounding  materials. 

The  rubber-like  materials,  and  mineral  rubber,  when  used,  are 
placed  between  the  rolls  first  and  masticated  until  so  plasticized  that 
they  form  a  continuous  sheet  on  the  front  roll.  The  solid  ingredients, 
except  the  vulcanizing  agents  for  insulating  compounds,  are  then 
placed  on  the  mill  and  incorporated  in  the  rubbers.  Any  solids  which 
drop  between  the  rolls  are  retained  in  the  mill  pan  and  then  returned 
to  the  mill. 

After  the  solid  materials  have  been  incorporated,  the  batch  is 
thoroughly  blended  by  cutting  the  rubber  sheet  about  half  way 


IRUBBER] 


UNITED 

ELECTRICAL   WIRE 


T  A  T    E    S 

&   CABLE    DEPARTMENT 


across  the  roll  from  alternate  ends  and  folding  it  back  over  the  uncut 
portion.  This  blending  may  require  about  fifteen  minutes  and  the 
entire  mixing  cycle  approximately  a  half  hour.  After  blending,  the 
compound  is  removed  from  the  mill  in  rolls  suitable  for  feeding  to 
the  strainer. 

The  internal  mixing  unit  consists  of  a  mixer  located  above  a 
rubber  mill.  The  mixer  consists  of  essentially  two  rotors  with 
spiraled  blades  rotating  in  opposite  directions  at  different  speeds  in 
a  closed  chamber.  The  direction  of  the  spiral  of  the  blades  changes 
at  the  middle  of  the  rolls.  An  air-controlled  ram  forces  the  mate- 
rials into  the  mixing  chamber.  The  mixed  batch  is  discharged  from 
the  bottom  through  a  hydraulically  operated  gate. 

The  efTectiveness  of  the  internal  mixer  as  compared  with  the  mill 
for  breaking  down  and  compounding  rubber  is  evident  from  a  con- 
sideration of  its  method  of  operation.  In  addition  to  the  difference  in 
the  rate  of  rotation  of  the  rotors,  the  interrupted  spiral  of  the  blades 
produces  a  continuous  and  uniform  movement  of  the  compound 


Compound    mixing 


from  the  middle  to  the  ends  of  the  rotors.  The  walls  of  the  chamber 
are  stationary  and  hence  the  difference  in  rate  of  movement  of 
material  adjacent  to  the  rotors  and  the  walls  is  great.  These  con- 
ditions insure  that  every  part  of  the  batch  being  mixed  will  come  in 
contact  with  every  other  part  in  a  relatively  short  time.  Mixing 
requires  about  fifteen  minutes.  After  mixing,  the  compound  is  dis- 
charged to  the  mill  below  from  which  it  is  removed  in  a  form  suit- 
able for  feeding  to  the  strainer. 

STRAINING.  The  strainer  consists  essentially  of  a  mechanically 
driven  screw  located  in  a  c)  lindrical  cast  iron  housing.  The  housing 
is  provided  with  an  opening  for  feeding  the  screw  and  supports  the 
head  of  the  strainer.  The  head  at  the  outlet  end  of  the  screw  pro- 
vides a  suitable  support  for  a  thirty-six  mesh  screen  through  which 
the  rubber  insulating  compounds  are  forced  by  the  screw.  The 
^trainer  operates  on  the  same  general  principle  as  the  ordinary 
household  food  chopper. 

j  The  mixed  compound  is  fed  into  the  strainer  and  forced  through 
the  screen.  Large  particles  of  foreign  or  undispersed  materials  are 
retained  on  the  screen.  The  strained  rubber  compound  is  returned 
to  a  mixing  mill  or  internal  mixer  where  the  vulcanizing  agents  are 
idded.  The  complete  insulating  compound  is  then  removed  from  the 
mill  in  sheets  for  immediate  application  to  wire  or  for  storage. 


Jacket  compounds  arc  prepared  in  the  same  general  way  as 
insulating  compounds  except  that  the  vulcanizing  agents  are  incor- 
porated along  with  the  other  solid  fillers  in  mill  mixing  or  on  the 
sheeting  mill  of  the  internal  mixing  unit.  Jacket  compounds  are 
not  strained. 

LATEX  COMPOUNDING.  Compounding  rubber  in  the  form  of  latex 
involves  the  handling  of  rubber  in  the  form  of  a  liquid  and,  there- 
fore, requires  lighter  and  less  costly  equipment  than  that  just 
described  for  the  compounding  of  plastic  rubber.  In  addition  to  the 
actual  preparation  of  the  compound,  it  involves,  for  latex  insulation, 
the  purification  of  the  rubber  in  latex  form. 

Latex  rubber  is  purified  by  diluting  a  known  quantity  of  latex  to 
approximately  33  per  cent  solids  and  heating  to  a  temperature  of 
150°F.  in  a  steel  tank  provided  with  a  stirrer.  The  required  amount 
of  creaming  agent,  dissolved  in  water,  is  then  added  and  the  mixture 
stirred.  The  stirring  is  discontinued  and  the  warm  latex  allowed  to 
stand  for  about  48  hours.  The  rubber,  being  lighter  than  water,  rises 
to  the  top  in  much  the  same  way  that  cream  separates  from  milk. 
The  bottom  layer,  the  serum  containing  the  major  portion  of  the 
impurities,  is  discarded  leaving  the  purified  rubber  in  the  form  of  a 
cream  in  the  tank.  This  process  is  repeated  until  rubber  of  the 
desired  purity  is  obtained. 

For  use  in  latex  compounds,  ordinary  rubber  compounding  in- 
gredients are  ground  more  finely,  thoroughly  protected,  and  wet 
with  water.  This  is  accomplished  in  a  ball  mill.  A  ball  mill  consists 
of  a  porcelain  lined  steel  drum,  provided  with  a  suitable  opening  and 
supported  with  its  axis  horizontal  in  such  a  manner  that  it  can  be 
rotated.  The  cylinder  is  about  half-filled  with  flint  pebbles. 

Definite  amounts  of  the  various  compounding  ingredients,  to- 
gether with  the  required  amounts  of  protective  agents  and  water, 
are  then  placed  in  the  ball  mill  and  suitably  ground.  Sulfur,  being 
the  most  difficult  material  to  grind,  wet  and  protect,  is  milled  for 
about  three  weeks.  All  the  other  ingredients  require  about  one  week. 

The  required  amounts  of  these  properly  protected  and  wet  in- 
gredients are  then  carefully  weighed  and  added,  along  with  the 
stabilizers  and  water,  to  a  known  amount  of  purified  rubber,  in  the 
form  of  latex.  The  mixture  is  stirred  for  about  two  hours  to  insure 
thorough  mixing.  It  is  then  transferred  through  a  100  mesh  strainer 
to  a  storage  tank  until  applied  to  wire. 

Lotex  compounding 


R    U    B    B 


COMPANY. 


ROCKEFELLER   CENTER,    NEW  YORK   20,    N.  Y. 


Der   Delta 


by  Robert  Shanahan,  Aero  E.  '56 


During  World  War  II  it  became  in- 
creasingly e\ident  to  men  of  the  Aero- 
nautical Sciences  that  with  their  tre- 
mendous increase  in  knowledge  of  aero- 
nautics there  remained  but  few  ob- 
stacles to  deter  them  from  reaching  their 
long  dreamed  of  goal,  the  airmen's  four 
minute  mile,  the  breaking  of  the  sound 
barrier,  the  achievement  of  Mach  1 
plus. 

The  German  aircraft  industries,  the 
industries  that  produced  the  world's 
first  flyable  rocket  plane,  the  Messer- 
schmitt  ME  163,  and  the  world's  first 
rocket  propelled  pilotless  aircraft,  the 
FZG  76  { V2 )  flying  bomb,  were  again 
striving  hard  to  scoop  the  world.  This 
time  they  were  working  on  prototypes 
of  aircraft  to  operate  in  the  range  of 
Mach  1. 

One  of  these  prototypes  was  the  mod- 
ern proposal  of  a  delta-wing  planform. 
It  was  originated  by  the  German  sci- 
entist Dr.  Alexander  Lippisch.  He  was 
long  associated  with  Deutches  Forshimg- 
sanstitut  fur  Segelflug  in  the  develop- 
ment of  tailless  gliders  during  the  pe- 
riod of  the  honored  armistice  with  (Ger- 
many which  forbid  powered  aircraft. 

Dining  World  War  II  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  Professor  William  Messer- 
schmitt  in  the  development  of  the  afore- 
mentioned ME  163  Schwalbe.  Thi^ 
Schwalbe  featured  sharply  swept  back 
wings,  something  radical  at  that  time. 
Shortly  after  completing  consulting 
work  on  this  project  he  was  appointed 
president  of  Luftfahrtforshung  Wren, 
an  aeronautical  research  laboratory  near 
Vienna.  It  was  at  this  lab  that  he  de- 
veloped his  ideas  concerning  supersonic 
aircraft  design. 

His  studies  on  supersonic  airframes 
came  about  due  to  his  interest  in  the 
Lorin  propulsive  duct  or  the  ramjet  en- 
gine. When  his  investigation  of  the  pro- 
pulsive duct  had  passed  the  wind-tunnel 
and  flying  model  stage.  Dr.  Lippisch 
began  design  of  a  supersonic  airframe  to 
further  test  his  power  plant. 

34 


This  airframe  project  of  Dr.  Lip- 
pisch's  was  designated  the  L  13  a.  It 
had  a  delta  wing  planform  and  the 
wings  were  swept  back  at  an  angle  of 
sixty  degrees.  (The  sweepback  of  sixty 
degrees  is  the  true  delta  wing  aircraft, 
the  name  being  taken  from  the  (jreek 
letter  "delta  "  whose  symbol  is  an  equi- 
lateral triangle.) 

Dr.  Lippisch's  ramjet  engine  was 
built  integralh  with  the  center  section 
of  the  wing. 

The  LI 3a  was  to  weigh  5,060  pounds 
and  its  speed  was  estimated  at  1,020 
miles  per  hour.  Dr.  Lippisch  had  in- 
corporated several  interesting  features 
into  his  design.  They  included  an  ellipti- 
cal airfoil  section  which  he  predicted 
would  minimize  transonic  stability  prob- 
lems,   a    gap    of    about    three    per    cent 


chord,  between  wing  trailing  edge  and 
control  surfaces  to  permit  large  control 
surface  movement  to  minimize  the  dan- 
ger of  reversal  due  to  the  formation  of 
shock  waves  on  the  leading  edge.  He 
also  planned  to  have  cooling  air  ducts 
between  the  center  section  and  the  outer 
wing  panels  to  isolate  the  heat  of  the 
engine. 

A  model  of  the  LI 3a  was  tested  in  the 
C^ottingen  highspeed  wind  tunnel  up  to 
Mach  2.6.  These  tests  showed  the  de- 
sign to  ha\e  marginal  stability  at  high 
speed  and  wholly  insufficient  stability  at 
low  speeds. 

For  stability  investigation  purposes  a 
glider  version  of  the  Ll3a  was  built  by 
the  Flugtechnische  Fachgruppe  Darm- 
stadt. The  glider  was  made  of  wood  and 
plastic  and  carried  a  pilot  in  the  center 


The  XF-92A  is  an  interesting  experiment  in  delta  wing  aircraft. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


AUTOMATION  at  work 


One  of  Western  Electric's  automatic  produc- 
tion lines  used  in  making  the  revolutionary 
new  wire  spring  relay. 


How  a  revolutionary  new  design  was 
translated    into    a    oroduction    reality 


1.  SUFPIY   MAGAZINE 

2.  CLIP  WIRE   ENDS 

3.  CONTACT   TAPE   SUPPLY 
i.   WELD  CONTACTS 

5.  CONTACT  TAPE   SUPPLY 

6.  DRIVE   UNIT 


SIZE   CONTACTS 

SCRATCH   BRUSH   TERMINAIS 
9.    FORM   TERMINALS 
10.   TENSION    BEND 
n.    FLUX   &   TIN   TERMINALS 
12.    FINISHED   PARTS 


So  great  was  the  departure  in  design  of  the  new  Bell  System 
wire  spring  relay  as  compared  uith  conventional  relays  that 
it  posed  a  major  undertaking  for  development  engineers  at 
Western  Electric,  the  manufacturing  and  supply  unit  of  the 
Bell  System.  Indeed,  it  was  an  undertaking  that  called  for 
new  machines  and  new  methods  because  none  was  available 
to  do  the  job. 

Longer  life,  higher  operating  speed,  lower  power  con- 
sumption, and  lower  manufacturing  cost  were  some  of  the 
advantages  promised  by  the  new  relay  design.  Engineers 
reasoned  that  a  lower  manufacturing  cost  could  be  achieved 
through  greater  precision  in  manufacture  ( which  would  cut 
adjustments)  and  through  extensive  use  of  automatic 
processes. 

One  of  the  products  of  this  reasoning  is  pictured  at  the 
top  of  this  page.  This  battery  of  equipment,  developed  by 
Western  Electric  product  engineers,  constitutes  one  phase 
of  wire  spring  relay  manufacture,  which  automatically  per- 
forms several  separate  operations.  Its  function  begins  after 
one  of  the  fundamental  elements  of  the  new  relay  has  been 
fabricated.  This  element,  known  as  a  "comb,"  consists  of  a 
multiplicity  of  small  diameter  wires  in  parallel  array  im- 
bedded for  part  of  their  length  in  molded  phenol  plastic. 

These  molded  elements,  of  uhich  there  are  two  types  used 
in  the  new  relay,  are  delivered  to  this  line  of  machine  units 
in  magazines.  By  fully  automatic  means  they  are  removed 
from  the  magazine,  carried  by  a  reciprocating  conveyor 
through  each  of  the  se\eral  processes  and.  when  completed, 
placed  into  another  magazine  to  await  further  assembly. 

Between  the  first  and  final  magazine  the  automatic  bat- 
ter\-  of  equipment  does  the  following  operations:  clips  wire 
ends,  attaches  palladium  contacts  to  wire  ends  by  means  of 
percussion  welding,  sizes  contacts,  forms  terminal,  tension 
bends  wires,  fluxes  and  tins  terminals. 

Most  remarkable  of  all  is  the  fact  that  this  is  a  precision 
operation  throughout.  For  example,  the  small  block  con- 


PXENOL   PUISTC 
CONTACT    BLOCKS- 


WlBESi        ^TCWSCK    BENO 


cup»o-wc«rt 


Single  Wire  Comb  with  Percussion  Welded  Contacts, 
Wire  Spring  Relay  Designed  by  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories 

One  type  of  "comh"  element  is  shown  at  top  while  a  com- 
pleted wire  spring  relay  is  below.  The  small  blocks  of  metal 
on  the  ends  of  the  wires  are  cut  from  a  composite  tape  dur- 
ing the  automatic  multiple  percussion  welding  operation. 
"Contact  conditions"  are  deltrmined  by  the  code  of  relay 
''!/'/'..'  maniifactiired  and  may  vary  greatly. 


tacts,  which  are  percussion  welded  to  the  tips  of  wires  of 
one  type  of  "comb."  must  be  located  on  the  same  plane 
across  the  twelve  contact  positions  to  within  a  tolerance 
of  -  .002'. 


MASUFACTVRIHC    AND    SU^ 


NIT   OF   THl   atlt    irSTiM 


Manufacturing  plants  In  Chicago,  III.;  Kearny,  N.  J.,  Baltimore,  Md.;  Indianapolis,  Ind.;  Allentown  and  Laureldale,  Pa.;  Burlington, 
Greensboro  and  Winston-Salem,  N.  C;  Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  Haverhill  and  Lawrence,  Mass.,  Lincoln,  Neb.;  St.  Paul  and  Duluth,  Minn. 
Distributing  Centers  in   29  cities  and   Installation  headquarters  in  15  cities.  Company  headquorters,  195  Broodway,  New  York  Gty. 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


35 


section.   His  cockpit  comprising  the   fin 
leading  edge. 

The  glider  was  to  be  carried  aloft 
and  launched  from  the  back  of  a  Siebel 
Si  204  light  transport  at  25,000  feet. 
It  was  to  carry  water  tanks  to  provide 
trim  changes  and  a  rocket  motor  to  be 
used  for  high  speed  diving.  The  Nazis, 
however,  did  not  have  time  prior  to  the 
close  of  the  war  to  make  tests  with  the 
glider.  The  captured  design  so  inter- 
ested the  United  States,  though,  that 
the  glider  was  ordered  completed  and 
brought    stateside.    Immediate    develop- 


0.7  0  8 

MACH  NO 

EFFECT  CF  ASPECT  RATIO  OF    ViJINO  ON 
DRAG    AT   HIGH   S^ACH    NQS 

meiit  of  delta-winger  aircraft  was  begun 
by  several  United  States  manufacturers 
in  conjunction  with  the  associated  gov- 
ernment agencies. 

Dr.  Lippisch's  experiments,  upon  cap- 
ture, were  not  the  only  German  research 
projects  that  aided  the  Allies  in  the  de- 
velopment of  supersonic  aircraft.  The 
German's  had  deduced  that  the  major 
problems  involved  in  the  attainment  of 
Mach  1  were  drag  reduction  and  pro- 
vision of  lift.  But  since  dynamic  pres- 
sures at  supersonic  speeds  are  so  great, 
lift  coefficients  need  not  be  large.  This 
phase  was  laid  aside  in  favor  of  the 
more  serious  difficulty  of  drag  reduction. 

The  Germans  provided  two  answers 
to  this  problem,  wing  sweep  and  low 
aspect  ratio.  Both  of  these  pointed  the 
way  to  the  delta. 

When  an  airplane  is  designed  it  is 
designed  to  carry  the  greatest  payload 
(bombs,  missiles,  passengers,  cargo)  for 
the  greatest  distance  at  highest  speed 
for  the  least  expenditure  of  fuel.  This 


EfFECT  OF  SWEEP  WIVG    OH 
M/iCH  WO.  fOR  NO  DK.AO  RISE 


fuel  problem  is  quite  intricate  when  you 
look  below  the  surface.  The  less  fuel 
vou  burn  the  less  you  have  to  carry.  In 
this  consideration  you  achieve  an  equi- 
librium between  "less  fuel"  and  "more 
payload."  Also  the  less  fuel  you  are 
pushing  through  your  engines  the  longer 
your  engine  life.  If  in  flight  you  run 
across  a  barrier  where  you  must  really 
cannonball  your  engines  you  ( 1 )  lose 
engine  efficiency;  (2)  eat  up  fuel;  (3) 
place  a  strain  on  your  engines  and:  (4) 
place  a  strain  on  your  airframe.  Such 
a  barrier  is  the  sound  barrier,  (^nly  the 
cannonballing  doesn't  begin  at  Mach 
0.9Q.  It  may  begin  at  Mach  0.6  or  0.7. 
This  depends  on  the  type  aircraft  and 
the  drag  induced  by  it. 

At  present  the  theory  of  design  is  not 
to  build  an  aircraft  that  will  strain  up 
to  and  then  smash  through  the  sound 
barrier  but  to  build  one  that  will  main- 
tain normal  flight  as  close  up  to  the 
sound  barrier  as  it  can  and  then  push 
through  it. 

Following  this  thinking  and  the 
theories  of  the  Germans.  .1.  R.  Evans, 
chief  aerodynamicist  of  Britain's  A.  V. 
Roe  and  Co.  Ltd.  of  Manchester,  be- 
lieves that  it  is  possible  to  hold  the 
drag  rise  till  the  region  of  Mach  O.Q. 
According  to  him  this  is  likely  to  be  the 
.Mach  number  for  transport  aircraft  of 
all  types  for  sometime  to  come. 

Following  are  four  wa\s  to  improve 
the  high  Mach  number  of  behavior  of 
the  wing. 

/.  Wing  Sweep: 

As  an  aircraft  flies  fast  it  encounters 
a  shock  wave  that  forms  a  narrowing 
cone.  According  to  Dr.  von  Karman, 
director  of  the  Daniel  Guggenheim 
school  of  Aeronautics  at  the  California 
Institute  of  Technology,  all  action  is 
restricted  to  the  interior  of  this  cone. 
The  Delta,  because  its  wings  can  be  set 
back  considerably,  fits  into  this  zone  of 
action  much  like  a  finger  in  a  glove. 

//.   Thinness: 

By  keeping  the  wing  thin  the  amount 
of  air  that  must  be  pushed  out  of  the 
way  of  the  airfoil  is  reduced  easing  its 
passage  through  the  medium.  The  delta- 
wing  planform  leads  to  a  very  stiff  struc- 
ture without  the  use  of  thick  wing 
skins,  strength  becoming  the  determin- 
ing factor  rather  than  structural  stiff- 
ness, thus  avoiding  the  inefficiency  of 
conventional  swept  surfaces  which  have 
to  be  excessively  strong  and  thereby 
thick  in  order  to  obtain  necessan'  tor- 
sional stiffness  and  diminishing  aer-elas- 
tic  distortion  at  high  speeds  and  their 
effect  on  stability  or  control  power. 

Thickness-to-chord  ratio  in  the  past 
has  ranged  from  211^  to  12*^ ,  now 
delta  ratios  are  common  at  10% -7% 
and  less. 


/s%  1         /o£i      stl 

«; 

y          j 

y 

mCHNESS    TO  CHoao 

J I       . L                       1                       1 

0.6  0.7  0^ 

MACH     NO. 

III.  Low  Wing  Loading: 

Mach  drag  effects  are  delayed  by 
keeping  wing  loading  as  low  as  possible 
b\'  supporting  the  aircraft  weight  with 
a  large  wing  area.  This  is  particularh 
important  for  high  altitude  flight,  \\here 
the  low  air  density  puts  a  premium  on 
keeping  wing  loading  low, 

/I  .  Low  Aspect  Rutin: 

For  moderate  speeds,  a  high  aspect 
ratio  ( large  span  relative  to  the  chord ) 
gives  greatest  efficiency.  This  considera- 
tion, however,  is  no  longer  important  at 
high  Mach  numbers.  Some  alle\iation 
of  compressibility  effects,  it  is  held,  is 
obtained  by  reducing  aspect  ratio. 

One  of  the  disad\  antages  of  wing 
sweep  is  that  flying  characteristics  at 
low  speed  become  poor.  A  typical  symp- 
tom is  that  the  tip  of  the  sweptback 
wing  stalls,  giving  violent  behavior  if 
the  speed  falls  too  low. 


Q  5 

K  • 

tC  r-. 

s;  ■»- 


BAD 


GOOD 


IC"  20°  30'  40'  5 

ANGLE   OF   SWEEP 

ASPECT  HATIO     V5     StV£EPB4CK 
FOH    STABILITY  AT    THE    STALL 


Howe\er,  research  has  shown  that 
this  bad  characteristic  can  be  overcome 
easily  by  using  a  correct  aspect  ratio. 

Extensive  wind  tunnel  and  flght  tests 
have  shown  that  the  low  aspect  ratio 
delta  wing  gives  minimum  change  in 
stability  and  control  characteristics  at 
speeds  near  sound. 

Reviewing  the  four  points  for  dis- 
placement of  drag  rise  there  comes  to 
mind  just  one  type  of  airframe  that  in- 
corporates these  features  in  its  basic  de- 
sign, the  delta  wing.  The  delta  is  high- 
ly sweptback,  can  be  made  very  thin 
and  wing  loading  and  aspect  ratio  are 
naturally  low. 

A    further   point    in    the    lowering   of 


35 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


We  Hit  the  Jackpot 


^/lamcH^ 


say  N.  W.  MORELLI 

Oregon  Stale  College,  B.S.,M.E.—19S0 

and 
E.  R.  PERRY 

Texas  A.  &  A/.,  B.S.,E.E.—1950 

WHILE  taking  the  course,   two  engi- 
neers de\eloped  a  revolutionar)'  new 
circuit  breaiver  mechanism. 

'"Our  experience  shows  what  can  happen 
if  you  work  with  people  open  to  sugges- 
tion. We  found  men  of  this  kind  at  Allis- 
Chalmers,  and  it  has  given  us  a  special 
pleasure  in  our  job. 

"We  started  out  like  most  other  graduates 
with  a  hazy  idea  of  what  we  wanted  to  do. 
After  working  in  se\eral  departments,  we 
requested  that  part  of  our  training  be  at 
the  Boston  Works  of  AUis-Chalmers, 
where  circuit  breakers  are  made." 

New  Design  Principle 

"Circuit  breakers  soon  became  an  obses- 
sion with  us,  and  we  got  the  idea  of  de- 
signing a  hydraulic  operator  and  trigger- 
ing mechanism  for  these  breakers.  Most 
operators  for  big  breakers  are  pneumatic. 

"Unsuccessful  attempts  had  been  made 
in  the  past  by  all  circuit  breaker  manu- 
facturers to  build   hydraulic  operators. 


Low-pressure  spindle  for  a  120,000  kw 
steam  turbine  generator.  Said  to  be  one 
of  the  largest  eser  built  in  the  United 
States,  this  spindle  is  nearing  completion 
in  the  Allis-Chalmers  West  .'Mlis  shops. 


The  important  thing  is  that  no  one  at 
Allis-Chalmers  said,  "Don't  try  it — it  won't 
work."  " 

Start  New  Era 

"To  make  a  long  story  short,  our  study  of 
the  problem  led  us  to  the  hydraulic  accu- 
mulator and  high  speed  vaKes  being  used 
by  the  aircraft  industry.  These  had  not 
been  available  when  earlier  attempts  were 
made  to  build  a  hydraulic  operator.  With 
these  highly  developed  devices  to  work 
with,  we  were  able  to  build  an  operator 


that  combined  the  best  features  of  pneu- 
matic and  hydraulic  operation.  We  call  it 
the  Pneu-draidic  operator.  Engineers  are 
saying  it  starts  a  new  era  in  circuit  breaker 
actuation. 

'"This  fact  is  important  to  us,  but  it  is 
even  more  important  to  know  that  Allis- 
Chalmers  Graduate  Training  Course  is 
full  of  opportunity  .  .  .  and  as  we  found 
out,  there's  opportunity  right  from  the 
start." 

Pneu-draulU-  is  an  Allis-Chalmers  Trademark. 


Facts  You  Should  Know  About  the 
Allis-Chalmers  Graduate  Training  Course 


1.  It's  well  established,  having  been 
started  in  1904.  A  large  percentage  of 
the  management  group  are  graduates 
of  the  course. 

2.  The  course  offers  a  maximum  of  24 
months'  training.  Length  and  type  of 
training  is  individually  planned. 

3.  The  graduate  engineer  may  choose 
the  kind  of  work  he  wants  to  do:  design, 
engineering,  research,  production,  sales, 
erection,  service,  etc. 

4.  He  may  choose  the  kind  of  power, 
processing,  specialized  equipment  or 
industrial  apparatus  with  which  he  will 
work,  such  as:  steam  or  hydraulic, 
turbo-generators,  circuit  breakers,  unit 
substaUons,  transformers,  motors,  con- 
trol pumps,  kilns,  coolers,  rod  and  ball 


mills,  crushers,  vibrating  screens,  recti- 
fiers, induction  and  dielectric  heaters, 
grain  mills,  sifters,  etc. 

5.  He  will  have  individual  attention 
and  guidance  in  working  out  his  train- 
ing program. 

6.  The  program  has  ;is  its  objective  the 
right  job  for  the  right  man.  As  he  gets 
experience  in  different  training  loca- 
tions he  can  alter  his  course  of  training 
to  match  changing  interests. 

For  information  watch  for  the  Allis- 
Chalmers  representative  visiting  your 
campus,  or  call  an  Allis-Chalmers  dis- 
trict office,  or  write  Graduate  Training 
Section,  Allis-Chalmers,  Milwaukee  I, 
Wisconsin. 


ALLIS-CHALMERS  <AC' 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


37 


W^' 


;si^ 


r""  i[i  iiiffl>i|jT~~r~ 


^■:J--'^;^JH!iii' 


"^^^ 


Convair   has   taken    the    leading    role    in    the   development   of    delta    winged 
aircraft  in  this  country. 


Wings  thai  flapped 


ivere  strictly 
for  the  birds 


XP-BS  Beorinj 


A  generation  ago,  about  everyone  thought  that  airplane  wings 
should  be  rigid  to  be  safe.  Not  so  today.  Designers  of  today's  high 
speed  planes  have  found  that  safety  hinged  on  wing  deflection. 

To  insure  unrestricted  control  systems  on  wings  that  bend, 
Fafnir  developed  a  standard  series  of  Self-Aligning  Torque 
Tube  Type  Ball  Bearings  which  provide  friction-free  movement, 
reduce  cost  and  weight.  By  keeping  in  step  with  aircraft  progress, 
Fafnir  continues  to  lead  in  the  production  of  aircraft  bearings. 
The  Fafnir  Bearing  Company,  New  Britain,  Conn. 


FAFNIR 

BALL   BEARINGS 


MOST  COMPLETE 


LINE   IN  AMERICA 


drag  is  the  fact  that  even  though  thin 
the  delta's  internal  volume  is  large.  This 
means  that  engines,  landing  gear,  fuel 
and  other  necessary  equipment  can  be 
contained  within  the  wing  and  a  rudi- 
mentary fuselage. 

In  addition  to  these  low  drag  fea- 
tures the  delta  wing  exhibits  the  unique 
characteristic  of  immunity  to  lift  co- 
efficient changes  with  changing  Mach 
numbers. 

The  rectangular  wing  experiences  a 
20'^',  increase  in  lift  coefficients  as  Mach 
1  is  approached,  an  80'^  increase  as 
supersonic  flow  is  established  and  a  rap- 
id deterioration  of  this  lift  with  in- 
creasing Mach  number  until  it  has  drop- 
ped 3(K;  below  its  subsonic  value  at 
Mach   3. 

In  contrast  the  delta  wing  of  low 
aspect  ratio  produces  the  same  lift 
throughout  this  entire  range  from  low 
sub-sonic  to  high  supersonic  speeds. 

Mentioned  before  was  the  fact  that 
the  increased  area  of  the  delta  wing 
would  give  a  lower  unit  wing  loading. 
This  increase  in  area  would  seem  to 
contradict  itself  as  far  as  drag  reduc- 
tion is  concerned.  The  drag  induced  by 
a  wing  is  directly  proportional  to  the 
surface  area.  The  wing  area  itself  does 
increase  in  the  delta  form  but  the  hori- 
zontal surface  area  does  not  increase 
as  much  as  it  might  seem.  This  is  ac- 
counted for  by  the  fact  that  the  delta 
wing  is  inherently  an  aircraft  with  no 
horizontal  tail  surface.  The  horizontal 
stabilizer's  job,  that  of  preventing  pitch 
in  level  flight,  is  done  by  the  wing  of 
the  delta  itself.  The  job  of  the  elevators 
that  of  controlling  pitch,  is  coupled  with 
the  job  of  the  ailerons,  controlling  roll, 
and  both  jobs  are  done  by  control  sur- 
faces called  elevens.  The  conventional 
vertical  stabilizer  and  rudder  are  still 
used  in  the  delta  to  control   yaw. 

AH  considered,  the  delta  wing  or 
some  fomi  of  it  appears  to  be  the  plane 
of  the  future  for  some  time  to  come.  Its 
flight  stability,  one  of  its  many  virtues, 
points  out  a  better  gun  platform.  Its 
outstanding  speed  and  maneuverability 
point  out  a  tremendous  destructive 
power.  Its  all  around  ease  of  handling 
through  and  in  supersonic  speeds  cou- 
pled with  all  its  other  fine  points  sug- 
gest that  if  not  commercially  adaptable, 
the  delta  will  at  least  be  the  guardian 
angel  or  the  devil  of  many,  if  not  all, 
world  air  forces. 


"To  me,"  said  one,  "he's  a  pain  in 
the   neck." 

"FLinin,"  said  the  other,  "I  had  a 
much  lower  opinion  of  him." 

s         »         * 

Then  there  were  the  two  little  ink 
drops  who  were  very  blue  because  their 
pappy  was  still  in  the  pen  finishing  out 
a  sentence. 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


SLIDING  DOWN  THE  WAYS  at  Grolon.  Conn.,  goes  the  USS  Nautilus, 
newest  and  fastest  member  of  our  underseas  fleet.  During  welding, 
VVorthington  heavy-dut\  turning  rolls  rotated  the  hull  sections. 


How  the  world's  first  atomic  sub  was  welded 


Welding  the  hull  of  the  USS  Nautilus,  world's  first 
atomic  submarine,  presented  a  tough  problem. 

Submerged-arc  automatic  welding  seemed  to  be  ideal 
for  the  job.  Question  was — could  you  rotate  the  hull 
sections  of  the  Nautilus  to  take  advantage  of  this  fast, 
high-quality  welding  method? 

Worthington"s  answer  to  General  Dynamics  Corpo- 
ration's Electric  Boat  Division,  builder  of  the  Nautilus, 
was  the  largest  turning  roll  ever  built. 

The  result?  Welding  of  the  Nautilus  hull  was  accom- 
plished in  record-breaking  time  —  and  cost  less  than 
originally  estimated.  Unchanged,  the  Worthington  roll 


set-up  is  also  being  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
nation's  second  atomic  sub,  the  USS  Sea  Wolf. 

Turning  rolls  for  submarines  aren't  all  that  Worth- 
ington makes.  The  long  list  of  Worthington-designed, 
Worthington-built  equipment  includes  air  conditioning 
units,  construction  machinery,  compressors,  Diesel  en- 
gines, steam  power  equipment  and,  of  course,  pumps 
of  all  kinds.  For  the  complete  story  of  how  you  can  fit 
into  the  Worthington  picture,  write  F.  F.  Thompson, 
.Manager,  Personnel  and  Training,  Worthington  Cor- 
poration, Harrison,  New  Jersey.  You  may  be  glad 
you  did. 

4.25  B 


See  the  Worthington  representative  when  he  visits  your  campus 

WORTHINGTON 


See  the  Worthington 
Corporation  exhibit  in 
New  York  City.  A  lively, 
informative  display  of 
product  developments 
for  industry,  business  and 
the  home.  Park  Avenue 
and  40th  Street. 

When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job— think  high— think  Worthington 

AIR   CONDITIONING   AND   REFRIGERATION   •   COMPRESSORS  •   CONSTRUCTION    EQUIPMENT   •    ENGINES   •    DEAERATORS   •    INDUSTRIAl   MIXERS 
LIQUID  METERS  •   MECHANICAL   POWER   TRANSMISSION   •   PUMPS   •   STEAM   CONDENSERS   •   STEAM-JET   EJECTORS   •   STEAM   TURBINES   •  WELDING   POSITIONERS 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


39 


Sand   Castings 


by  Paul  Davis,  I.  E.  '56 


Much  ado  is  given  to  the  study  of 
various  meanings  of  words  in  the  classi- 
cal study  of  logic.  An  example  of  the 
ambiguity  of  words  is  found  in  the 
phrase  "sand  casting."  To  one  not  fa- 
miliar with  technical  terms  this  phrase 
might  mean  the  action  of  throwing  the 
common  grains  of  sand  that  one  might 
ordinarily  find  on  a  beach. 

Assuming  that  your  knowledge  of 
throwing  sand  is  sufficiently  complete, 
let  us  give  you  some  ideas  about  the 
technical  meaning  of  sand  casting  here 
in  our  country. 

Generally  speaking,  sand  casting  is 
the  process  of  forming  patterns  or  molds 
of  sand  and  pouring  molten  metal  into 
these  forms.  This  allows  the  liquid  met- 
al to  assume  the  predetermined  shape 
i.e.  that  of  the  mold ;  when  the  metal 
has  hardened  the  sand  readily  can  be 
removed,  leaving  the  desired  form.  It 
can  be  seen  that  a  great  number  of 
things  can  and  are  being  made  by  the 
process. 

In  a  manner  of  speaking,  foundries 
had  their  beginning  in  blacksmith  shops 
of  old.  The  art  of  forging  with  tongs, 
bellows  and  hammer  goes  back  to  Lgyp- 
tian  times.  And  perhaps  the  greatest 
discovery  of  the  transition  from  the 
stone  to  the  iron  age  was  that  of  Da- 
mascus steel.  Iron  and  steel  then  moved 
onward  towards  the  goals  of  that  age. 
If  forms  of  armor,  arms  and  so  forth 
spread  through  the  Middle  East  and  up 
through  France  and  across  the  channel 
to  England. 

It  was  in  England  that  the  idea  of 
foundries  took  permanent  growing  roots. 
By  this  time  America  was  a  young  coun- 
try and  eager  to  accept  any  methods  to 
help  develop  her  resources  fully. 

For  a  long  time  the  foundry  was  a 
dirty,  smelly  and  hot  place  to  work.  But 
with  the  development  of  America  the 
foundry  developed  into  the  mode  r  n 
plants  and  factories  that  General  Mo- 
tors, U.  S.  Steel  and  other  large  com- 
panies are  proud  of.  This  is  not  to  say 
that  small  jobbing  or  custom  foundries 
yet   are   undeveloped,   for   in   fact,   auto- 


motion  has  made  it  possible  for  any  shop 
regardless  of  size  to  be  a  pleasant  :md 
efficient   place   to   work. 

Automotion  is  the  term  used  to  de- 
scribe the  type  of  production  that  maxi- 
mizes the  resource  fullness  of  men,  their 
minds  and  their  machines.  That  is  to 
say  that  automotion  brings  into  pla\'  tlie 
most  possible  productive  power  per  dol- 
lar of  cost.  This  calls  for  machines  that 
can  almost  think  and  men  who  are  cap- 
able of  designing  and  operating  these 
machines  to  their  maximum  efficiency. 
In  the  description  of  sand  casting  that 
follows,  automation  will  be  assured. 
Sand  and  metal.  These  are  the  main 


constituents  of  the  casting  industry. 
Here  again  rises  a  question  similar  to 
the  age  old  problem  of  the  chicken  or 
the  egg.  As  to  which  is  more  important, 
sand  or  metal,  it's  hard  to  say.  Let  us 
assume  that  the  beginning  of  our  cycle 
is  sand. 

The  type  of  sand  depends  entirely 
upon  its  use.  It  is  used  as  backing  or 
facing  sand  i.e.  the  body  or  skin  respec- 
tively of  the  mold.  It  can  be  used  as 
either  the  mold  itself  or  as  cones  inside 
the  mold  which  cause  openings  of  de- 
sired shape  in  the  castings.  Naturally, 
the  type  of  metal  to  be  poured  has  a 
great  deal  to  do  with  the  t\  pe  of  sand. 
That  it  to  say,  when  pouring  high  tem- 
perature metals  such  as  steels  and  alloys, 
we  need  a  stronger  mold  than  when 
pouring  metals  that  melt  at  much  lower 
temperatures.  In  general,  the  sand  used 
is  one  of  the  various  combinations  of 
sand,  binder  and  water.  The  binder  may 
be  of  a  clay,  oil  or  cereal  type.  Each 
particular  characteristic  sand  type  for  a 
specific    purpose. 

The  sand  is  received  into  the  plant 
by  boxcar  or  truck.  The  binder  arrives 
in  smaller  amounts  and  the  water  comes 
via  plant  facilities.  After  receiving,  the 
sand  and  its  components  are  combined 
according  to  the  properties  desired.  This 
is  done  in  a  muller,  a  huge  mixing 
machine. 

The  sand,  with  a  constant  water 
content,  then  is  moved  by  conveyers  up 


These  hot  castings  are  going   into  the  furnace  to   be  annealed. 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


to  a  temperature  controlled  room.  From 
the  storage  room  the  sand  is  taken  bv 
conveyers  to  the  various  overhead  hop- 
pers which  are  directly  above  each 
molding  station. 

The  two  main  parts  ot  a  molding 
station  are  a  man  and  a  machine.  The 
man's  qualities  may  range  from  semi- 
skilled to  skilled  laborer,  depending 
upon   the  complexity-  of   the  machine. 

Automation  machines  are  able  to  do 
a  great  number  of  complicated  tasks. 
In  general,  the  operator  reaches  up  and 
releases  the  mechanism  that  allows  the 
proper  amount  of  sand  to  fall  into  the 
flask  which  fits  on  the  machine.  The 
flask  is  no  more  than  a  wooden  or  metal 
fonn,  generally  rectangular,  into  which 
sand  is  packed  around  the  pattern  of 
the  desired  casting.  The  machine  then 
packs  the  sand  to  the  right  strength 
around  the  pattern.  Xow  some  machines, 
just  like  people,  do  a  better  job  than 
others.  They  may  pack  the  sand,  re- 
move the  pattern,  roll  the  whole  flask 
over  to  remove  intricate  patterns  and 
other  things  that  were  heretofore  done 
by  hand.  The  Hask  with  finished  mold 
then  is  remo\ed  from  the  machine  and 
the   process   repeats   itself. 

The  completed  mold  must  have  the 
following  characteristics  in  order  to  pro- 
duce good  castings:  strength,  porosity, 
collapsibility.  Strength  to  withstand  the 
force  of  the  running  hot  metal.  Porosity 
in  order  to  allow  gases  formed  to  escape. 
Collapsibility  to  facilitate  the  easy  re- 
moval of  sand  after  the  casting  has 
The  sand  is  capable  of  doing  its  par- 
ticular job  due  to  its  combinations  in 
various  percentages  with  water  and 
binder.  After  the  sand  has  performed 
its  important  functions,  the  rest  of  the 
over-all  operation  is  up  to  the  metal 
itself. 

The  importance  to  the  various  jobs 
that  metal  can  perform  is  so  obvious 
and  so  lengthy  that  we  refrain  from 
reproducing  it  here.  Let  is  suffice  to 
say  that  our  very  lives  as  we  know 
them  today  depend  upon  metal  in  some 
form.  Just  how  well  metal  performs 
its  \arious  jobs  is  important  to  you  as 
an    individual. 

A  closer  inspection  will  clearly  re- 
veal, however,  that  no  one  metal  can 
do  all  the  jobs  that  metals  are  expected 
and  depended  upon  to  do.  This  leads 
to  the  question :  what  metals  do  we 
have  at  our  disposal  generally  to  do 
the  various  distinct  jobs  that  must  be 
done? 

The  great  \ariet>'  of  metals  roughl\ 
is  divided  into  two  main  divisions.  Fer- 
rous and  nonferrous  substances.  These 
are  the  types  of  metals  and  their  alIo\s 
that  are  used  in  foundries  throughout 
the  world.  The  name  ferrous  comes 
from    Latin   and   it  is  symbolic  of   iron. 

The  first  of  the  divisions  in  the 
ferrous  group.  Due  to  its  size  and  var- 


iety this  class  is  divided  itself;  even 
these  divisions  are  large  enough  to  allow 
further  subdi\ision. 

When  a  product  is  designed  to  do 
or  perform  a  certain  function,  the  de- 
signer always  u.ses  the  metal  that  will 
give  the  maximum  service.  Along  with 
service,  cost  of  materials  is  an  impor- 
tant consideration.  Sometimes  the  cost 
and  service  are  fairly  well  taken  care 
of  but  the  practibility  of  operation  is 
out  of  phase  with  the  situation.  So 
there  are  three  things  that  govern  what 
metal  should  be  used  in  a  particular 
case:  ser\ice  of  usefulness,  cost,  and 
practicability  of  manufacture. 

After  the  type  of  metal  is  decided 
upon  and  the  sand  is  ready,  the  process 
of  casting  actually  begins.  The  metal 
is  charged  into  the  furnace  of  the  t\pe 
most  suitable  for  the  metal  being  use;!. 
Some  furnaces  in  use  are  carbon  arc 
(electricalh  operated)  and  the  cuola, 
a  coke  oven.  The  metal  is  heated  to 
the  pouring  temperature  in  the  furnace. 
When  it  is  ready  the  furnace  is  tapped 
into  a  waiting  vehicle  capable  of  trans- 
porting the  molten  metal  to  the  spot 
where  the  metal  is  poured  into  the 
molds. 

W'hen  the  metal  arri\es  it  quickly 
is  poured  into  the  molds  to  form  the 
desired   shape. 

After  the  metal  has  hardened  the 
sand  is  removed  and  the  casting  is 
cleaned.  The  casting  is  removed  at  the 
shake  out  station.  The  sand  goes  to  be 
prepared  again  or  discarded.  The  cast- 
ing is  cooled  and  the  adhesive  sand  re- 
moved by  sand  or  air  blasting.  The 
casting  then  is  taken  to  have  its  rough 
edges  removed.  After  the  final  cleaning 
the  casting  is  given  its  final  inspection 
and  prepared  for  shipment  to  the  cus- 
tomer. 


How  Far  Does  the  Dog  Go? 

Two  pedestrians  walk  along  the 
same  road  in  the  same  direction.  The 
first,  walking  at  4  miles  an  hour,  starts 
out  8  miles  in  advance  of  the  second, 
who  walks  at  6  miles  an  hour.  As  they 
start,  the  dog  of  one  of  them  leaves 
his  master  and  sets  ofif  for  the  other 
man  at  15  miles  an  hour.  As  soon  as 
he  reaches  the  second  man,  the  dog 
returns  at  once  to  his  master,  ami  .-o 
he  continues  to  run  back  and  forth  un- 
til  the  second   man  overtakes  the   first. 

How   far   did    the   dog   travel? 

Solution: 

It  will  take  the  second  man  4  hours 
to  overtake  the  first.  The  dog,  running 
at  15  miles  per  hour  for  this  time,  will 
travel    60    miles. 


TRANSISTOR  & 


DIGITAL  COMPUTER 


TECHNIQUES 


applied  to  the  design,  development 
and  application  of 


AUTOMATIC  RADAR  DATA 
PROCESSING,  TRANSMISSION 

AND  CORRELATION  IN 
LARGE  GROUND  NETWORKS 


Digital  computers  similar  to  the  successful 
Hughes  airborne  fire  control  computers 
are  being  apphed  by  the  Ground  Systems 
Department  to  the  information  processing 
and  computing  functions  of  large  ground 
radar  weapons  control  systems. 

The  application  of  digital  and  transistor 
techniques  to  the  problems  of  large  ground 
radar  networks  has  created  new  positions 
at  all  levels  in  the  Ground  Systems  Depart- 
ment. Engineers  and  physicists  with  experi- 
ence in  the  fields  listed,  or  with  e.xccptional 
ability,  are  invited  to  consider  joining  us. 


Jields  include 


ENGINEERS 

& 

PHYSICISTS 

TRANSISTOR   CIRCUITS 

DIGITAL  COMPUTING    NETS 

MAGNETIC  DRUM   AND  CORE    MEMORY 

LOGICAL   DESIGN 

PROGRAMMING 

VERY    HIGH   POWER    MODULATORS 
AND  TRANSMITTERS 

INPUT  AND  OUTPUT   DEVICES 

SPECIAL  DISPLAYS 

MICROWAVE  CIRCUITS 


YOu  are  a  dear,  sweet  girl 
God   bless  you  and   keep  \t>\\. 
I   wish  I   could  afford  to. 


Scienlijic  and  Engineering  Staff 


HUGHES 


RESEARCH  AND 
DEVELOPMENT  LABORATORIES 


Culver  Ctty,  Loi  Angtki  County,  California 

Relocation  of  applicant  must  not  cause 
disruption  of  an  urgent  nnilltary  project. 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


41 


Shot 
Peening 


by    Millard    K.    Darnall 


Ag.  E.  '56 


Although  shot  peeiiing  now  has  out- 
grown the  experimental  stage  and  is 
being  used  extensively  on  many  types 
of  parts  and  structures,  it  is  a  relative 
new  process  of  lengthening  the  life  of 
metal.  This  method  is  approximateh 
seventeen  years  old.  The  Theoretical 
and  Applied  Mechanics  Department 
here  at  Illinois  was  one  of  the  first  to 
do   any  experimenting  with  it. 

Shot  peening  is  the  name  tor  the 
process  of  striking  the  surface  of  struc- 
tural metals  and  metal  machine  parts 
with  small  metallic  shot  by  an  air  blast 
or  rotating  blade.  The  shot  causes  a 
deformation  in  the  crystalline  structure 
of  a  shallow  layer  of  the  metal.  The 
crystalline  structure  of  the  shallow  lay- 
er on  the  surface  is  cold-worked  and 
the  metal  in  this  zone  is  strengthened. 

The  shot  also  creates  a  series  of 
shallow  spherical  indentations  which  act 
as  very  mild  "stress  raiser."  Shot  peen- 
ing sets  up  longitudinal  and  transverse 
compressive  residual  stresses  in  the  sur- 
face layer  also.  These  residual  stresses 
add  resistance  to  tensile  stresses  set  up 
by  direct   loads   and   bending  moments. 

The  shot  used  in  this  process  is 
made  of  chilled  iron  and  is  spherical 
in  shape.  The  shot  is  made  by  allowing 
drops  of  molten  iron  to  fall  into  water. 
Then  the  shot  is  screened  according  to 
size.  The  diameter  of  the  shot  com- 
monly ranges  from  0.016  inch  to  0.066 
inch.  The  sizes  of  the  short  are  desig- 
nated by  numbers.  No.  28,  for  exam- 
ple,  is   smaller  than   No.    19. 

Fatigue  strength  of  metals  may  be 
measured  from  S-N  diagrams  in  which 
results  of  a  series  of  tests  of  specimens 
of  structural  or  machine  parts  are  plot- 
ted with  values  of  stress  (S)  as  ordi- 
nates  and  number  of  cycles  of  stress 
required  to  cause  cracking  or  fracture 
(N)    as    abscissas.     N    is   plotted    to   a 


logarithmic  scale.  Figure  A  shows  typ- 
ical S-N  diagram  of  reversed  bending 
tests  of  ( 1 )  a  hot-rolled  low-carbon 
steel,  and  (2)  an  alloy  steel  heat  treat- 
ed and  then  carburized.  The  specimens 
were  approximately  0.300  inch  in  di- 
ameter. The  strengthening  effect  of 
shot  peening  was  greatest  for  long  en- 
durance, while  for  less  than  about  10.- 
000  cycles  of  reversed  bending  there 
was  very  little  gain  in  fatigue  strength 
due  either  to  polishing  or  shot  peening. 
This  may  be  partially  explained  by  the 
fact  that  the  yield  strength  was  ap- 
proached and  the  residual  compressive 
stresses  set  up  by  shot  peening  were 
removed  by  repeated  c\"cles  of  stress. 
Shot  peening  is  not  very  effective  in 
increasing  the  fatigue  strength  of  a 
specimen  or  a  part  under  direct  axial 
stress. 

Shot  peening  is  done  by  two  types 
of  machines:  air  blast  machines  and 
centrifugal  blast  machines.  They  both 
ha\e  essentially  the  same  parts  and  the 
only  difference  is  in  the  manner  of 
which  the  shot  is  applied.  Below  is 
a  schematic  drawing  of  an  air  blast 
machine.  The  part  w  h  i  c  h  is  to  be 
peened  is  drawn  slowly  through  the 
machine  or  slowly  turned  so  the  shot 
is   applied    evenly. 

Many  of  the  shot  may  break  and 
these  have  to  be  separated.  If  the  base 
of  the  minute  holes  formed  by  the  shot 
is  pointed  instead  of  very  smooth,  the 
effectiveness  of  the  peening  is  lost  as 
the    ultimate    strength    will    be    reduced 


in  that  area.  Broken  shot  will  cause 
these  uneven  bases. 

Shot  peening  cannot  be  used  effec- 
tively to  help  increase  the  resistance  to 
fatigue  of  materials  with  every  kind  of 
stress  applied  to  them.  Where  the  dam- 
age is  due  to  elastic  deformation,  shot 
peening  is  not  used  because  it  does  not 
change  the  modulus  of  elasticity  of  the 
metal  by  a  great  amount.  Stiffness  in 
metal  is  measured  by  the  modulus  of 
elasticity,  therefore  the  stiffness  of  a 
member  would  not  be  increased  enough 
to  make  it  worth  while  to  shot  peen  the 
member. 

Shot  peening  would  not  help  pre- 
vent elastic  buckling  of  posts  or  large 
columns  because  the  buckling  occurs 
within  the  elastic  range.  When  a  mem- 
ber buckles  after  it  has  exceeded  its 
elastic  range  it  is  called  plastic  defor- 
mation. Shot  peening  increases  the  re- 
sistance to  plastic  deformation  (yield 
surface  of  the  metal  is  made  harder. 
The  case  of  plastic  deformation  occurs 
in  bolts  which  become  loose  after  they 
have  been  loaded  beyond  the  elastic 
limit.  This  load  stretches  the  bolts  more 
than  they  can  contract.  The  machine 
parts  do  not  expand  as  the  bolts  do. 
therefore  the  bolts  are  loosened. 

Fracture  is  another  form  of  fatigue 
in  metals  for  which  shot  peening  is 
used  very  satisfactorily.  Fracture  of 
metals  is  a  continuous  process  which 
starts  with  a  very  minute  crack.  This 
crack  is  due  to  the  exhaustion  of  the 
ductility   of   material.   The   stre;s   at   a 


STORAGE  BIN 


CABINET 


AIR  SUPPLY 


SHOT  SEPARATOR 


EXHAUST  VENTILATION 


SHOT  ElEVATOR 


SHOT  RECLAIMER 


BLAST  GUN 


DOOR 
WORK 

ROTATIVE  WORK  TABLE 


GRAVITY  HOPPER 


TYPICAL  GRAVITY  -  INDUCTION  PEENING  MACHINE 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


brand 

new 

^orld 

As  a  major  step  in  its  pace-setting  program  of 
advance  planning.  The  Glenn  L.  Martin  Company 
has  expanded  its  operaiioub  into  the  tield  of 
nuclear  po^^•er. 

This  means  that  a  top  team  of  scientists,  physi- 
cists and  engineers  is  being  integrated  under  the 
Martin  method  to  carry  on  a  planned,  long-range 
program  in  this  tremendous  new  science. 

There  are  exceptional  opportunities  for  creative 
engineers. 


B  A  LT I  M  O  Fl  E    ■    MARYLAND 


FEBRUARY,    1955 


43 


sharp  edge  of  an  object  or  the  critical 
point,  is  larger  than  at  any  other  point 
of  the  piece  of  metal.  The  concentrated 
stress  causes  the  crack  to  increase  which 
in  turn  increases  the  stress.  The  shot 
peened  metal  is  covered  with  a  com- 
pressed layer  which  prevents  the  forma- 
tion of  tensile  cracks.  Cracks  cannot 
start  in  or  propogate  into  a  compressed 
layer. 

Now  that  shot  peening  has  outgrown 
its  experimental  stage,  the  list  of  parts 
which  are  being  successfully  shot  peened 
is    endless    and    constantly    expanding. 


Cycles     of     reversed     bending     for 
fracture. 

Probably  the  best  k  n  o  w  n  and  most 
widely  used  shot  peened  part  is  a  com- 
pression coil  spring.  Springs  made  of 
wire  sizes  ranging  from  one-sixteenth 
to  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter 
have  been  successfully  shot  peened.  Shot 
peening  has  been  found  useful  in  torsion 
bar  springs,  especially  if  they  are  preset 
to  increase  their  ability  to  carry  a  load 
without  taking  a  set.  It  has  been  found 
that  shot  peening  should  be  accomplished 
before  the  presetting. 

When  an  even  longer  fatigue  life 
of  springs  is  required  than  can  be  ob- 
tained by  conventional  shot  peening, 
stress  peening  can  be  applied.  The 
spring  then  is  shot  peened  in  a  par- 
tially loaded  condition.  This  produces 
an  even  higher  residual  compressive 
stress  than  can  be  obtained  normally. 
Stress  peening  also  is  frequently  ap- 
plied  to  coil   springs. 

Other  parts  which  now  are  shot 
peened  are:  leaf  springs  (usually  just 
on  tension  side),  oil  well  drill  pipes 
(can  be  done  on  the  inside  or  on  the 
outside  or  on  both  sides),  axles  (the 
spleened  end),  gears  (fillets  on  the  root 
of  the  gear),  connecting  rods,  crank- 
shafts,   and   e.xhaust   stacks. 


An  Engineer 
Goes  Thru  .  .  . 


HELL 


Three  men — a  lawyer,  a  doctor,  and 
an  engineer — appeared  before  St.  Peter 
as  he  stood  guarding  the  pearly  gates. 

The  lawyer  stepped  forward — with 
confidence  and  assurance  he  proceeded 
to  deliver  an  eloquent  address  which 
left  St.  Peter  dazed  and  bewildered. 
Before  the  venerable  Saint  could  re- 
cover, the  lawyer  quickly  handed  him 
a  writ  of  mandamus,  pushed  him  aside 
and  strode  through  the  open  portals. 

Next  came  the  doctor.  With  impres- 
sive dignified  bearing,  he  introduced 
himself:  "I  am  Dr.  Brown."'  St.  Peter 
received  him  cordially.  "I  feel  I  know 
vou.  Dr.  Brown.  Many  who  preceded 
you  said  you  sent  them  here  before  their 
tim?.  Welcome  to  our  city!  " 

The  engineer,  modest  and  diffident, 
had  been  standing  in  the  background. 
He  now  stepped  for\vard.  "I  am  looking 
for  a  job,"  he  said.  St.  Peter  wearily 
shook  his  head.  "I  am  sorry,"  he  replied. 
"we  have  no  work  here  for  you.  If  you 
want  a  job  you  can  go  to  Hell. 

This  response  sounded  familiar  to  the 
engineer  and  made  him  feel  at  home. 
"Very  well,"  he  said,  "I  have  had  hell 
all  my  life  and  I  guess  I  can  stand  it 
better  than  the  others." 

St.  Peter  was  puzzled.  "Look  here, 
voung  man,  what  are  you?"  "I  am  an 
engineer."  was  the  reply.  "Oh,  yes." 
said  St.  Peter.  "Do  you  belong  to  the' 
Locomotive  Brotherhood?"  "No,  I  am 
sorrv,"  the  engineer  responded  apolo- 
getically, "I  am  a  different  kind  of  en- 
gineer." "I  do  not  understand,"  said 
St.  Peter,  "what  on  earth  do  you  do?" 

The  engineer  recalled  a  definition 
and  calmly  replied:  "I  apply  mathe- 
matical principles  to  the  control  of  nat- 
ural forces."  This  sounded  meaningless 
to  St.  Peter  and  his  temper  got  the  best 
of  him.  "Young  man."  he  said,  "you  can 
go  to  Hell  with  your  mathematical  prin- 
ciples and  try  your  hand  on  some  of  the 
natural  forces  there!" 

And  it  came  to  pass  that  strange  re- 
ports began  to  reach  St.  Peter.  The  ce- 
lestial denizens,  who  had  amused  them- 
selves in  the  past  by  looking  down  upon 
the  less  fortunate  creatures  in  the  In- 
ferno, commenced  asking  for  transfers  to 
that  other  domain. 

The  sounds  of  agony  and  suffering 
were  stilled.  Many  new  arrivals,  after 
seeing  both  places,  selected  the  nether 
regions  for  their  permanent  abode.  Puz- 
zled.  St.   Peter  sent  messengers   to  visit 


Hell  and  report  back  to  him.  They  re- 
turned, all  excited,  and  reported  to  St. 
Peter : 

"That  engineer  you  sent  down  there.  ' 
said  the  messengers,  "has  completeh 
transfonned  the  place  so  that  you  would 
not  know  it  now.  He  has  harnessed  the 
fiery  furnaces  for  light  and  power.  He 
has  cooled  the  entire  place  with  artificial 
refrigeration." 

"He  has  drained  the  lakes  of  brim- 
stone and  has  filled  the  air  with  cool 
perfumed  breezes.  He  has  flung  bridges 
across  the  bottomless  abyss  and  has 
bored  tunnels  through  obsidian  cliffs. 
He  has  created  paved  streets,  gardens, 
parks  and  playgrounds,  lakes,  rivers  and 
beautiful  waterfalls, 

"That  engineer  has  gone  through 
Hell  and  has  made  of  it  a  realm  of 
happiness,  peace  and  industry." 

Rcfirinted  from  'Sens  Letter  of  Asso- 
ciation of  Professional  Engineers  of  the 
Proinnre  of  Ontario.  Canada. 


MACHINES  IN  MOTHBALLS 
The  Air  Force  will  mothball  110.000 
of  its  present  120,000  production  ma- 
chines at  termination  of  present  con- 
tracts. Tools  will  be  stored  either  near 
present  users'  plants  or  in  government 
warehouses. 


SHIPS  IN  SECTIONS 
According  to  a  publication  in  the  So- 
viet shipping  industry,  the  Russians  have 
developed  an  entirely  new  method  in 
general  ship  overhauling.  After  the  ship 
is  checked  for  needed  repairs,  it  is  "sec- 
tionalized,"  or  cut  into  two  and  three- 
dimensional  sections,  then  hoisted  to  ma- 
chine shops  on  the  shore  where  special- 
ists cut  out  the  parts  to  make  repairs. 


HOT  WATER 
Radioactive  water  is  being  used  in 
paint  research  to  measure  moisture  pene- 
tration of  protective  coatings.  Paint  con- 
cerns believe  it  might  aid  in  the  devel- 
opment of  house  paints. 


BIG  BUSINESS 
One  of  the  nation's  largest  steel  firms 
expects   to    furnish    about    600    tons    of 
steel    for   each   million   dollars  spent 
toll  roads. 


on 


A  voung  hopeful  wrote  his  first  novel 
and  submitted  it  to  a  great  publishing 
house.  He  called  it  "Why  Am  I  Liv- 
ing?" In  a  few  days  he  received  the  fol- 
lowing message  from  the  publisher: 
"Under  separate  cover  I  am  returning 
your  novel  "Why  Am  I  Living?"  The 
answer  to  that  is  simple.  Because  you 
didn't  bring  it  in  personally." 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Techno-ciitie  of  the  Month . . . 


Dee    KcT,cth, 


February's  Techno-cutie  is  Miss  Jo  Bellmar.  Among  Jo's  many  campus 
activities  are  the  University  Choir,  Oratorical  Society,  and  Sigma  Alpha  Iota 
(professional  music  fraternity).  As  a  music  education  major,  Miss  Bellmar  finds 
time  for  sports,  hobbies,  and  science  fiction.  She  enjoys  league  bowling, 
swimming    and    is    a    faithful    football    and    basketball    fan. 

In  the  Homecoming  Queen's  court,  Jo  represented  Miss  Purdue.  Among 
her  qualifications   are   the  following: 


Age:   20 

Height:    152    xqs   units 


Weight:   55   xqs   units 

Tope   Dimensions:    83  —  57.5  —  83   xqs   units 


This    luscious    brown    hoir,    brown    eyed    girl    is    not    officially    attached    at 

presstime. 


FEBRUARY,    1955 


45 


A  Preview  of  1955  .  .  . 


Engineering  Open  Honse 


by  Dick  Chester,  Met.  E.  '54,  and  Don  Kesler,  E.  E.  '56 


For  363  days  out  of  the  year  the 
campus  north  of  Green  Street  is  quiet 
and  inhabited  only  by  the  engineering 
students.  During  the  other  two  days  of 
the  year  the  engineering  campus  is  filled 
with  milling  crowds  of  people,  the  purr 
of  machinery,  and  the  Bickering  of  elec- 
trical apparatus.  These  two  days  repre- 
sent the  annual  Engineering  Open 
House. 

It  is  during  these  two  days  that  each 
engineering  school  and  society  opens  its 
doors  to  the  public.  Each  school  tries 
to  out  do  the  others  with  displays  of 
complicated  apparatus  that  awe  the 
crowds  of  spectators.  The  Open  House 
offers  displays  in  every  type  of  engi- 
neering taught  at  Illinois.  At  this  time 
the  public  may  spend  an  educational 
day  or  two,  wandering  from  one  build- 
ing to  the  other  seeing  hundreds  of  dis- 
plays, which  include  everything  from 
the  making  of  delicate  pottery  in  the 
Ceramic  Building  to  the  breaking  of 
concrete  cylinders  in  the  Talbot  Labora- 
tory. 

The  Open  House  of  1955  will  be 
held  on  Friday  and  Saturday,  March 
11  and  12.  To  the  outsider  only  the 
surface  of  the  Open  House  is  visible. 
They  do  not  see  the  hours  of  work 
which  went  into  the  planning  and  run- 
ning of  the  t)pen  House.  Work  on  the 
Open  House  was  started  during  the 
first  semester  by  a  small  group  of  stu- 
dents and  faculty.  This  working  force 
has  been  growing  in  number  constantly. 
Hy  the  time  the  Open  House  is  in  prog- 
ress, this  force  will  include  almost  every 
student  and  faculty  member  in  the  En- 
gineering College. 

Work  on  the  Open  House  was  started 
by  the  general  chairman,  Dick  Bemis, 
in  September  1954.  Dick  appointed  a 
group  of  students,  each  a  chairman  in  a 
certain  phase  of  the  arrangements.  Those 
appointed:  Bruce  Burgess,  secretary- 
treasurer;  Ken  Padgett,  program  com- 
mittee; Stan  Freiberg,  publicity;  James 
McMahon,  St.  Pat's  Ball;'  Robert 
Walker,  physical  arrangements. 

46 


These  men  worked  together  making 
the  primary  arrangements  and  laying 
the  foundation  for  the  vast  amount  of 
planning  and  co-ordination  which  went 
into  the  Open  House.  A  number  of 
students  were  appointed  to  each  com- 
mittee to  assist  the  chairman  in  his  num- 
erous tasks.  Right  before  Christmas  a 
representative  from  each  department 
joined     the     above     mentioned     group. 


tion.  These  productions  were  quite  suc- 
cessful, and  they  were  staged  every 
year  up  into  the  thirties. 

The  first  all  -  Engineering  Open 
House  was  held  in  the  spring  of  1920. 
Another  was  iield  the  following  year, 
and  they  became  a  standard  on  the  cam- 
pus. They  were  held  every  two  or  four 
years  until  they  were  interrupted  by 
World  War  II.  The  first  Open   House 


A  vievy  of  the  tractor  laboratory  showing  a  tractor  ready  to  be  tested  on  the 
dynamometer  with  other  tractors  and  equipment  in  the  background. 


These  representatives  worked  together 
to  co-ordinate  the  actual  displa\s  of  each 
department  into  what  the  spectators  will 
s;e  as  a  well  knit  Open  House. 

The  history  of  the  Engineering 
Open  House  is  a  long  and  colorful  one. 
The  idea  was  first  conceived  by  the 
Physics  Department  in  1906  when  they 
held  an  exhibit.  In  1907  the  E.  E.  de- 
partment picked  up  the  idea,  and  in 
order  to  make  money  for  a  memorial 
to  Robert  Fulton,  they  staged  a  produc- 


after  the  war  was  held  on  March  31- 
April  1  of  1950.  The  second  one  after 
the  war  was  held  on  the  week  end  of 
March  14,  1952.  It  was  such  a  large 
success  that  it  was  decided  to  hold  one 
every  year.  So  now  the  Open  House 
has  become  an  annual  affair  on  the  cam- 
pus. 

The   route   for  the   Open   House  hasf 
been  set  up  in  the  form  of  a  circle.  The^ 
spectators  may  start  in  any  building,  and 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


hv  tOllowiiig  the  route  will  be  able  to 
sei-  all  the  exhibits  without  any  repiti- 
tiou.  The  route  and  a  list  ot  the  dis- 
plays to  be  found  in  each  building  will 
he   toun<l   in   the  C^pen    House  program. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  spectators, 
information  desks  will  be  set  up  at  the 
entrance  of  every  building.  Lunch 
stands  will  also  be  operated  for  those 
attending  the  Open  House  who  are  not 
on  diets.  Man\  other  services  have  been 
arranged  for  the  benefit  of  the  public. 

Some  of  the  outstanding  exhibits  to 
be  found  in  each  of  the  buildings  are 
as  follows: 

Metallurgy  Laborator\  —  Here  you 
will  be  able  to  see  the  fabrication  of 
metals  into  useful  forms.  Films  will  be 
shown  which  carry  the  metal  from  the 
ore  stage  to  the  forms  used  by  every- 
one. They  will  show  the  many  processes 
used  in  the  extraction  of  the  metal  from 
the  ore,  and  the  fabrication  of  these 
metals  into  useful  forms. 

In  the  furnace  room,  metals  will  be 
melted  and  cast  into  ingots.  Also  the 
effects  of  heat  treating  these  metals  will 
be  demonstrated.  Many  devices  used  in 
the  inspection  of  metals  for  impurities. 
Haws,  and  their  constituents  will  be  dem- 
onstrated. 

Mining  Laboratory  —  Scale  models 
of  various  mining  methods  will  be  ex- 
hibited. Demonstrations  will  illustrate 
\'arious  ways  in  which  ores  are  concen- 
trated and  separated  from  gangue  ma- 
terial. There  will  also  be  a  display  of 
the  important  minerals  found  in  this 
country.  A  tour  will  take  you  through 
some  of  the  most  modern  mine  ventila- 
tion equipment  used  in  this  country. 
This  department  has  one  of  the  noisest 
exhibits  found  in  the  Open  House.  It 
is  the  test  for  the  explosibility  of  coal 
dust,  flour,  and  sulfur. 

Ceramic  Engineering  —  A  demon- 
stration will  show  the  steps  used  in  the 
making  of  bricks.  There  will  also  be 
an  exhibit  depicting  the  values  of  porce- 
lain enamels  and  demonstrations  of 
enamel  applicability.  Steps  in  the  mak- 
ing of  dinnerware  and  some  of  the  prop- 
erties of  ceramic  whiteware  will  be 
shown.  One  exhibit  will  show  the  de- 
\elopment  of  glass  through  research  and 
engineering  into  \erstaile  material. 

Railway  Wheel  Laboratory  —  Here 
you  will  see  some  of  the  tests  made  on 
railroad  wheels  in  order  to  provide  bet- 
ter service  in  the  future. 

Foundry — There  will  be  demonstra- 
tions showing  the  making  of  sand  molds, 
and  the  methods  used  in  casting  vari- 
ous metals.  Cast  iron  will  be  poured 
iiiain  times  throughout  the  day.  There 
will  also  be  samples  of  the  castings  dis- 
tributed. 

Talbot  Laboratory  —  This  is  one  of 
the  most  fascinating  exhibits  in  the 
Open  House.  Many  different  types  of 
materials    will    be    tested    as    to    their 


stresses  and  strains.  The  testing  ma- 
chine used  is  one  of  a  capacity  of  3,000,- 
11(11 1  lbs.  You  will  be  able  to  see  many 
different  types  of  interesting  demonstra- 
tions and  experiments  pertaining  to  the 
riow  of  liquids. 

Transportation  M  u  i  1  il  i  n  g — This 
building  will  contain  exhibits  showing 
the  methods  used  in  making  engineering 
drawing.  One  exhibit  will  contain  over 


ing.  The  exhibit  will  include  displays 
of  farm  mechanization,  rural  electrifi- 
cation, and  soil  conservation.  The  tool 
design  laboratory  will  have  a  display 
of  tools  and  production  plant  layouts. 

.Aeronautical  F.ngineering  Laborator- 
ies—  I  he  wind  tunnel  will  be  in  opera- 
tion during  the  Open  House  to  demon- 
strate lift,  drag,  and  air  tfow.  There  will 
be  cutaway  models  of  various  types  of 


This  power   unit   is  for  one  of  the   testing    machines   located   in   Talbot   Lab- 
oratory. The  stresses  are  supplied  to  the  specimen  through  jack  screws. 


fifty  different  types  of  slide  rules,  and 
another  display  the  nineteen  patent 
drawings  which  "have  changed  civiliza- 
tion." 

Physics  Laborator\  —  This  exhibit 
will  be  highlighted  by  a  half-hour  lec- 
ture and  demonstration  of  some  of  the 
primary  principles  of  physics.  Two  ex- 
tensive displays  will  (leal  with  polarized 
light  and  the  modern  physics  of  atomic 
and  nuclear  energies. 

Chemical  Engineering  Building 
— There  will  be  exhibits  which  deal 
with  almost  every  branch  of  modern 
chemistry.  One  will  show  the  diffusion- 
al  properties  of  various  elements  by  the 
use  of  radioacti\e  tracers.  An  absorp- 
tion tower  will  be  operated  to  illustrate 
the  principle  of  separation  of  two  gases. 
Movies  will  be  shown  throughout  the 
day. 

.Mechanical  Engineering  Laboratory 
— The  mechanical  laboratory,  will  fea- 
ture a  cutawa\  model  of  a  jet  aircraft 
engine,  apparatus  for  testing  air  condi- 
tioning systems,  and  a  high  altitude 
chamber.  The  .Agricultural  Engineer- 
ing displav    will   be  held   in   this  build- 


airplane  engines. 

Electrical  Engineering — This  build- 
ing will  be  filled  with  many  interesting 
devices.  There  will  be  a  real  flying 
saucer,  the  simplest  motor  in  the  world, 
man-made  lightning,  and  a  TV  camera 
and  receiver  .setup.  You  will  have  a 
chance  to  match  your  wits  against  an 
electrical  brain,  anil  trv  your  luck  on 
the  kissometer. 

Civil  Engineering — Here  you  will 
be  able  to  see  the  part  the  civil  engi- 
neer plays  in  the  construction  of  the 
man\  buildings,  roads,  and  bridges 
which  we  all  use.  There  will  be  models 
and  pictures  of  some  of  the  famous  feats 
of  construction.  The  basic  principles  of 
surveying  will  be  explained  to  you. 

The  Open  House  of  I'^SS  will  be 
a  treat  for  everyone  regardless  of  age. 
The  displays  will  awe  and  please  you. 
This  will  be  a  very  enjoyable  wa\'  to 
learn  a  little  more  about  the  great  part 
that  engineers  play  in  our  everxday  life. 
There  is  no  reason  why  everyone  should 
not  be  able  to  spend  an  enjoyable  and 
educational  day  at  the  Engineering 
( )pen  House  of  lOSS. 


FEBRUARY,    1955 


47 


THE   FACTS  OF   LIFE 

FOR  YOUNG   ENGINEERS 


by  W.  T.  Nichols,  Monsanto  Chemical  Company 


When  Coninicncement  is  over,  engi- 
neering graduates  report  for  duty  with 
a  new  employer  with  very  little  real 
understanding  of  what  opportunities  are 
open  to  them,  what  will  be  required  of 
them  and  how  they  will  have  to  be- 
have in  order  to  succeed  in  accordance 
with  their  ambitions.  Too  much  is  left 
to  chance  and  circumstance.  In  most 
cases,  a  man  has  incurred  obligations  and 
responsibilities  of  a  rather  serious  sort 
by  the  time  he  wakes  up  to  the  facts 
and  is  no  longer  very  free  to  exercise 
discretion  in  choosing  a  path  of  personal 
development.  Almost  all  engineering 
graduates  work  for  a  salary  in  commer- 
cial, industrial  or  government  organiza- 
tions. It  is  with  this  group  that  I  shall 
deal  in  the  remarks  which  follow  and 
more  particularly  with  the  segment  that 
works  in  industr\-. 

Most  of  us  never  are  entirely  free, 
all  our  lives,  to  make  just  those  choices 
that  might  suit  us  best  at  the  time.  We 
have  to  compromise  all  through  life  and 
since  this  is  so,  it  is  good  to  learn  how  to 
compromise  constructively.  The  import- 
ant thing,  it  seems  to  me,  is  to  compro- 
mise consciously  and  in  the  light  of  the 
facts  rather  than  blindly,  being  pushed 
around  by  circumstances.  In  the  case  of 
engineering  graduates,  this  is  especially 
important  for  the  fact  is  that  there  is 
infinite  variety  in  the  kinds  of  oppor- 
tunity open  to  men  trained  in  the  engi- 
neering discipline.  In  our  very  complex 
American  economy,  technical  aspects 
have  become  so  important  that  men  with 
engineering  training  have  invaded  every 
area  of  corporate  activity  and  have 
reached  every  echelon  of  corporate  man- 
agement, including  the  very  top. 

How  should  a  young  man  go  about 
the  job  of  succeeding?  This  brings  up, 
at  once,  the  question — What  is  success? 
To  different  people  it  means  different 
things.  I  have  pointed  out  at  some 
length,  elsewhere,  ( 1 )  that  it  is  of  para- 
mount importance  to  know  what  you 
want  out  of  life.  Your  idea  of  success 


may  e\entuall\'  mean  more  prestige  than 
mone\',  more  comfort  than  position.  Us- 
ually, a  young  man  just  embarking  on 
a  career  thinks  of  success  in  terms  of 
progress  in  his  profession,  advancement 
in  a  business  organization,  gaining  a 
good  reputation  and  the  respect  and  ad- 
miration of  his  fellows.  One  of  the  most 
articulate  engineers  of  all  time  was  the 
late  Wilyliam  E.  Wickenden.  Some  of 
his  writings  have  been  collected  under 
the  title  "A  Professional  Cjuide  for  Jun- 
ior Engineers"  (2).  These  make  fas- 
cinating reading  for  men  just  about  to 
embark  on  a  career.  Says  Dr.  Wicken- 
den, ".  .  .  the  young  engineer  must 
have  as  he  enters  upon  his  career,  and 
certainh'  must  develop  consciously  and 
progressively  as  he  pursues  his  career, 
some  very  specific  qualities.  Some  of 
these  qualities  are  quite  homely,  some 
are  quite  rigorous.  They  include:  Cour- 
age and  integrity,  a  strong  purpose  and 
determination,  a  thirst  for  knowledge, 
imagination,  sound  judgment,  accuracy 
of  thought,  instinct  for  economy,  the 
habit  of  thinking  back  from  effect  to 
cause,  aptitude  for  leadership,  ingeni- 
ousness,  and  the  capacity  for  hard 
work."  As  he  discusses  these  qualities 
more  fully  it  becomes  very  apparent  that 
success  by  any  definition  is  not  really  a 
matter  of  luck,  though  chance  may  some- 
times be  quite  influential.  Ciood  manage- 
ment of  your  career  is  certainly  a  safer 
bet. 

Engineering  is  an  art  and  therefore 
must  be  learned  by  practice.  A  neo- 
phyte Bachelor  of  Science  in  Engineer- 
ing is  not  an  engineer,  may  his  grades 
be  ever  so  high.  Actually,  comparatively 
few  engineering  graduates  spend  their 
careers  in  professional  engineering. 
Large  numbers  of  graduates  start  out 
in  assignments  where  there  is  little 
chance  to  learn  the  engineering  art  but 
where  engineering  training  is  useful  and 
necessary.  A  great  many  such  jobs  are 
in  production  supervision  and  sales  and 
there    are    many    fine    opportunities    for 


men  well  adapted  to  these  sorts  of  ac- 
tivities. For  those  most  interested  in  the 
theoretical  aspects  of  engineering,  all 
kinds  of  splendid  research  opportunities 
are  available.  Where  a  man  has  strong 
leanings  toward  the  application  of 
theory  to  practice,  engineering  groups 
of  several  kinds  offer  all  manner  of 
chances  to  learn  and  practice  the  art  of 
engineering.  For  those  who  feel  deeply 
that  they  wish  to  learn  the  art  of  engi- 
neering, even  though  they  may  not  ex- 
pect to  make  a  lifelong  career  in  pro- 
fessional engineering,  it  is  obviously 
wrong  to  start  out  in  an  assignment  such 
that  engineering  knowledge  quickly 
slips  away  and   is  forgotten. 

It  is  important  to  realize  that  no  one 
else  is  going  to  do  your  thinking  for 
you.  Your  new  employer  knows  no  more 
about  you  than  you  know  about  him.  He 
has  probably  chussified  you  on  the  basis 
of  a  relatively  brief  interview.  If  he 
needs  a  man  for  production  supervision 
or  sales  or  research  or  engineering  and 
you  seem  to  fit,  you  may  get  the  job, 
but  such  an  assignment  may  not  lead 
you  in  the  direction  you  want  to  go. 
While  an  employer  is  naturally  anxious 
to  have  you  in  a  job  you  like  and  where 
you  will  be  happy,  he  cannot  read  your 
mind.  The  primar\'  responsibility  for 
your  progress  will  always  be  yours.  If 
you  wind  up  as  a  routine  draftsman  or 
a  clerk  when  you  could  have  handled 
much  greater  responsibilities,  the  blame 
cannot  be  placed  on  your  employers. 
Even  in  big  companies  that  have  elabor- 
ate personnel  organizations  and  plenti- 
ful training  programs,  the  burden  is  on 
the  man  himself  to  find  his  kind  of  suc- 
cess and  right  path  to  his  chosen  goal. 

Job  satisfaction  is  important.  No  one 
can  be  truly  happy  or  even  fairly  effec- 
tive iniless  his  job  gives  real  satisfaction. 
There  are  two  primary  approaches.  One 
is  to  find  a  worthwhile  course  of  devel- 
opment that  fits  your  characteristics. 
The  other  is  to  alter  your  characteristics 
to  fit  some  worthwhile  course  of  devel- 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


opinent.  In  most  cases,  some  of  each  is 
required.  Early  training  and  family  en- 
vironment are  influential  factors  in  de- 
termining personal  characteristics.  A  hoy 
brought  up  under  certain  circumstances 
may  largeh  lack  the  ability  to  maintain 
warm  personal  relations  with  other  peo- 
ple. Such  a  person  might  be  most  com- 
fortable, if  left  to  his  own  devices,  if 
he  works  at  a  job  in  which  he  has  little 
or  no  contact  with  others  and  in  which 
he  can  succeed  without  the  cooperation 
of  others.  It  is  important  to  realize  that, 
increasing!) ,  technical  work  involves 
team  work.  "Lone-wolf"  assignments 
are  rare.  This  means  that,  increasingly, 
engineers  must  develop  skill  in  human 
relations. 

There  are  people  who  are  happiest 
and  most  satisfied  when  they  have  tech- 
nical responsibilit\'  and  authorit\',  rather 
than  supervisory  responsibility  and  au- 
thority. Such  a  person  might  by  choice 
or  by  accident  devote  his  career  to  a 
relatively  narrow  field  of  engineering 
activity.  For  example,  a  man  might  be- 
come a  top  authority  on  a  subject  such 
as  steam  boilers  or  steam  turbines  or 
switch  gear  or  underground  water  re- 
sources or  fractional  distillation  or  mine 
safety  or  soil  structure  or  corrosion.  It 
is  not  difficult  to  imagine  the  intense 
satisfaction  and  sense  of  accomplishment 
which  a  certain  type  of  mind  would  de- 
rive from  such  high  attainment.  Great 
technical  authority  can  be  wielded  by 
these  technical  experts  and  great  techni- 
cal responsibility  assumed.  Many  men 
enjoy  such  a  life  almost  without  regard 
to  the  income  aspects  or  organization 
position.  As  our  economy  increases  in 
technical  complexity,  the  more  progres- 
sive companies  are  realizing  how  very 
valuable  great  technical  expcrtness  is 
and  are  much  more  inclined  than  they 
once  were  to  reward  it  in  terms  of  both 
money  and  organization  stature.  Thus, 
a  young  engineering  graduate  might  well 
consider  the  advantages  of  this  path  of 
development.  It  is  not  easy  to  get  started 
on  such  a  career.  Few  men  just  out  of 
school  have  any  strong  devotion  to  a 
relatively  narrow  field  of  engineering. 
They  are  much  more  likelv  to  be  curi- 
ous about  all  phases  and  their  eventual 
preference  is  strongly  influenced  by  earh 
experiences  that  are  largely  unplanned 
and  uncontrolled.  Opportunities  to  spe- 
cialize generally  come  along  later,  if  at 
all.  There  does  seem  to  be  a  tendency 
for  employers  to  work  a  man  into  a 
specialized  field  if  the  employee  is  tech- 
nically competent  and  at  the  same  time 
not  strongh  inclined  toward  managing 
the  activities  of  others.  As  in  many 
phases  of  business  life,  natural  processes 
sometimes  bring  about  happy  arrange- 
ments but  too  much  is  usually  left  to 
accident. 

At  the  other  end   of   the  scale   is  tiic 
kind   of  person   whose   tastes   and   inter- 


Thowii(lhness.., 

A  Key  to  K  &  E  Leadership 

Thorough  knowledge  and  care  of  minutest  detail 
were  essential  to  the  designing  of  the  sturdy,  ac- 
curate Paragon*  Drafting  Machine.  Draftsmen 
prefer  the  Paragon,  because  it  is  time-saving, 
work-sparin",  rehable,  easy  to  operate,  and  be- 
cause they  don't  have  to  treat  it  with  kid  gloves. 
Thoroughness  is  one  of  the  keys  to  K&E  leader- 
ship in  drafting,  reproduction,  surveying  and 
optical  tooling  equipment  and  materials,  in  slide 
rules  and  measuring  tapes. 

KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 

New  York  •  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Chicago    •    St.  Louii    •    Detroit 
Son  Froncisco    •    Los  Angeles    •    Montreal 


f   ■  t 


1  ■  ■' 


yJ-Vil 


■Til 


Now  is  the   time   to   get  the 
LIFE-LONG 

CJiSTELL 

HABIT! 

Your  tools  of  tomorrow  should 
be  your  tools  of  today.  When  you  graduate  and  start 
upon  your  own  career  you  will  find  that  the  top 
engineers,  architects  and  designers  use  Castell — 
either  the  famous  wood  pencil  or  Locktite  Holder 
with  9030  lead. 

Castell  is  smoother,  stronger,  lays  down  greater 
depth  of  graphite  on  the  drawing.  It  is  uniformly 
excellent  in  all  20  degrees,  8B  to  lOH. 

You  study  in  a  fine  school,  taught  by  outstanding 
professors.  Does  it  make  sense  to  work  with  inferior 
tools?  Order  Castell,  world's  standard  of  quality, 
from  your  College  Store,  stationer  or  art  supply  store. 


the   drawing    pencil 
with   the   Mosler   Desrets 


#Ffl6ER-CI]STELL 

^^^^^    Brum    m     mr      ucufADV  •»     u     i 


PENCIl  CO..  INC.,  NEWARK  3.  N.  J. 


FEBRUARY,    1955 


49 


A  Tower  of 
Opportunity 


for  America's  young 
engineers  witli  capacity  for 
continuing  achievements  in 

radio  and  electronics 

Today,  engineers  and  physicists 
are  looking  at  tomorrow  from  the 
top  of  this  tower  .  .  .  the  famed 
Microwave  Tower  of  Federal 
Telecommunication  Laboratories 
...  a  great  development  unit  of 
the  world-wide,  American-owned 
International  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  Corporation. 

Here,  too,  is  opportunity  for 
the  young  graduate  engineers  of 
America  .  .  .  opportunity  to  be 
associated  with  leaders  in  the 
electronic  field  ...  to  work  with 
the  finest  facilities  ...  to  win  rec- 
ognition ...  to  achieve  advance- 
ment commensurate  with 
capacity. 

Learn  more  about  this  noted 
Tower  of  Opportunity... its  long- 
range  program  and  generous  em- 
ployee benefits.  See  your  Place- 
ment Officer  today  for  further  in- 
formation about  FTL. 

INTERESTING 
ASSIGNMENTS   IN  — 

Radio  Communication  Systems 

Electron  Tubes 

Microwove  Components 

Electronic  Countermeasures 

Air  Navigation  Systems 

Missile  Guidance 

Transistors  and  other 

Semiconductor  Devices 

Rectifiers  •  Computers  •  Antennas 

Telephone  and 

Wire  Transmission  Systems 

Federal 
Wecommunication 
labomtories/^ 

A  Division  of  International 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corporation 
500  Washington  Avenue,  Nutley,  N.J. 


ests  are  catholic  and  who  takes  readih 
to  the  task  of  managing  people  and  pro- 
jects. Wen  who  have  real  talent  along 
these  lines  are  eagerly  sought  by  em- 
ployers since  the  need  is  so  great  and 
because  the  financial  consequences  of 
good  or  inept  management  are  so  im- 
mediately and  so  strikingly  apparent.  It 
seems  to  be  the  case  that  only  a  ver\' 
few  men  have  well-developed  manage- 
ment abilities  in  their  early  years  and 
comparatively  few  ever  develop  these 
abilities  of  their  own  accord.  There  is 
great  and  rapidly  increasing  interest  on 
the  part  of  employers  in  methods  for  de- 
\eloping  management  talent.  Generally 
speaking,  the  men  who  have  been  suc- 
cessful in  the  management  line  have  at- 
tained very  much  higher  remuneration 
and  organization  stature  than  those  who 
have  developed  only  along  technical 
lines. 

The  great  majority  of  engineering 
graduates  have  grown  up  in  environ- 
ments that  produce  neither  the  man 
■■.trongly  oriented  toward  lone-wolf, 
highly  teciinical  activity  nor  the  born 
manager.  IVIost  engineering  graduates 
fall  in-between  the  extremes.  A  great 
leal  depends  upon  how  soon  a  man 
works  under  someone  capable  of  devel- 
oping his  abilities  and  correcting  his 
faults.  Employers  are  showing  evidence 
of  much  improved  understanding  and 
handling  of  these  matters  and  opportiui- 
ities  for  planned,  on-the-job  develop- 
ment of  men  to  meet  industry's  needs 
are  increasing  rapidly  for  engineering 
graduates  as  for  others. 

While  there  is  room  for  more  and 
better  engineering  technical  experts  and 
always  a  great  demand  for  engineer- 
ing-trained management  experts,  the 
•^reat  ma'ority  of  engineering  graduates 
must  find  their  careers  in  the  area  be- 
tween these  extremes.  The  reasons  for 
any  particular  individual  spending  his 
working  career  exactly  as  he  happens  to 
do  are  usually  pretty  complex.  Almost 
all  men  are  naturally  indolent.  Only  the 
exceptional  men  are  willing  to  work 
really  hard  without  any  special  prodding 
from  outside.  Consequently,  it  is  easy 
to  stand  out  from  the  great  mass  of  em- 
ployees if  you  are  less  indolent  than  the 
average.  If  you  have  average  ability  and 
work  really  hard,  you  can  progress  rap- 
idly. A  question  of  habit,  rather  than 
any  deep-seated  aversion  from  work,  is 
involved.  Any  yovmg  engineering  grad- 
uate who  puts  work  ahead  of  everything 
else  will  move  along  much  faster  than 
those  who  do  not.  Social  pressures  are 
against  this.  Generally,  it  is  much  like 
school-days.  The  devoted  student  some- 
times fears  ridicule.  The  fact  is  that 
there  is  a  kind  of  enioynient  to  be  had 
from  intensive  application  to  your  work 
that  must  be  experienced  to  be  appre- 
ciated. It  beats  athletics  or  spectator 
sports  or  purely  social  events,  although 


these  arc  fine  in  their  place.  The  rank 
assigned  to  work  will  usually  determine 
your  fate  more  than  any  other  single 
decision.  Distractions  are  plentiful  in 
the  form  of  recreational  actisities,  at- 
tractive young  ladies  and  the  like.  While 
these  have  their  own  importance  in  the 
scheme  of  things,  improper  emphasis  may 
prevent  or  fatalh'  delay  ad\ancement 
opportunities. 

Engineering  training  is  a  great  asset 
but  certain  characteristics  that  .seem 
highly  desirable  in  the  engineering  stu- 
dent can  become  obstacles  to  progress. 
Seldom  do  engineers  have  all  the  facts 
before  it  is  necessary  to  make  important 
decisions.  The  born  engineer's  strong 
desire  is  to  be  "logical"  and  factually 
correct  at  all  times.  He  fears  getting 
the  "wrong  answer"  if  not  in  possession 
of  all  the  facts.  Engineers  in  industry 
have  to  take  intelligent  risks  or  get  left 
behind.  Furthermore,  our  activities  in- 
volve human  relationships  in  which  the 
factual  or  coldly  "logical"  approach  is 
useless.  Engineering  training,  per  se,  can 
furnish  us  with  a  basic  understanding 
of  physical  science  and  its  application  to 
the  work-a-day  world  but  to  make  good 
use  of  engineering  training  to  get  things 
done  we  must  learn  those  things  which 
were  called  "The  Unwritten  Laws  of 
Engineering"  by  General  Electric's 
W.  J.  King  (,■!).  In  that  entertaining 
and  enlightening  dissertation  the  author 
states  that  in  any  engineering  organiza- 
tion it  could  be  observed  that,  "the 
chief  obstacles  to  success  of  indivdual 
engineers  or  of  the  group  comprising  a 
unit  were  of  a  personal  and  administra- 
tive rather  than  a  technical  nature.  It 
was  apparent  tht  both  the  author  and 
his  associates  were  getting  into  much 
more  trouble  by  violating  the  luiwritten 
laws  of  professional  conduct  than  by 
committing  technical  sins  against  the 
well-documented    laws  of  science." 

Exercise  in  higher  mathematics  is  of 
unquestionable  value  in  training  the 
mind  and  in  developing  understanding 
of  the  evolution  of  engineering  theory 
but  the  language  of  practical  engineer- 
ing is  simple  arithmetic.  We  are  indebt- 
ed to  the  theorists  that  this  is  so  and 
engineering  practice  as  we  know  it 
would  be  impossible  if  this  were  not 
true.  Engineering  graduates,  with  \ery 
few  exceptions,  deal  with  matters  that 
require  more  or  less  technical  knowl- 
edge but  which  in\ariabl\',  for  best  re- 
sults, involve  the  application  of  "horse- 
sense."  This  means  that  they  frequently 
must  develop  alternate  courses  of  action 
and  make  a  choice  that  is  reasonable  in 
the  light  of  the  kno\vii  facts  and  the 
probabilities  of  the  situation.  The  most 
successful  people  seem  to  be  those  who 
can  make  the  best  use  of  engineering 
knowledge  rather  than  those  who  know 
most  about  theory.  Independence  nt 
thought  is  an  oustanding  attribute  of  a 


50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ent  really 


In  production  control"?  PayroUMccounting? 
Customer  billing?  T    *     "^ 

Factory  automation  f%^ 


f-^^^'' 


What  make  of  equipment  is  best? 
What  changes  in  company  methods  and 
procedures  would  be  required? 


The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 


To  assist  managements  in  answering  such 
questions,  The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corptoration 
through  its  Computer  Systems  Division,  offers 
to  business  and  industry  the  consulting  services 
of  a  team  of  scientists,  engineers  and  business 
methods  and  procedure  analysts  experienced 
in  the  application  of  modern  analytical  and 
machine  methods.  With  no  equipment  of  their 
own  to  sell  to  non-military  customers,  but  with 
understanding  of  available  machines  and 
techniques,  this  group  is  in  a  position  to  be 
objective  in  its  recommendations. 

Other  activities  of  the  Computer  Systems  Divi- 
sion include  a  program  of  development  of  an 
advanced  type  of  digital  computer  for  military 
applications  and  operation  of  the  company's 
own  computing  center,  consisting  of  extensive, 
general-purpose  computing  equipment. 


program  whereby  The  Ramo-Wooldridge 
Corporation  seeks  to  maintain  broad  coverage 
of  the  important  field  of  automation,  computa- 
tion and  cohti:c>l. 


8820     BEllANCA      AVENUE,      LOS     ANGEIES     45,     CALIFORNIA 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


51 


PITTSBURGH  PLATE  HAS  MANY  IRONS  IN  THE  FIRE 

. . .  maybe  you  should  have  a  grip  on  one  of  them! 


Although  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company  is  the  best 
known  name  in  glass,  it  is  also  one  of  the  nation's  leading 
producers  of  paints  and  brushes,  of  alkalies  and  related 
chemicals,  of  plastics  and  fiber  glass. 

These  multi-industry  operations  offer  the  college  grad- 
uate many  and  varied  types  of  careers  in  manufacturing, 
research,  marketing,  sales  and  administration. 

PPG's  record  is  one  of  continual  growth  throughout 
its  more  than  70  year  history.  Its  operations  are  nation- 


wide and  in  many  foreign  countries.  Progressive  policies 
assure  unlimited  opportunities  for  alert  men  who  are 
looking  ahead  to  more  than  "just  a  job." 

PPG  is  seeking  good  men  with  college  training.  If  you 
think  you'd  like  to  try  your  "grip"  on  one  of  the  many 
PP(j  "irons."  you're  invited  to  write  today  for  more 
information.  Just  address:  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company, 
General  Personnel  Director,  One  Gateway  Center,  Pitts- 
burgh 22,  Pennsylvania. 


PAINTS 


GLASS     •     CHEMICALS     •     BRUSHES     ■     PLASTICS     •     FIBER  GLASS 


PIT  TSBURGH        PLATE 


GLASS        COMPANY 


019   PLANTS,   MERCHANDISING   BRANCHES,   AND   SALES   OFFICES   LOCATED   IN   250   CITIES 


52 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


high-type  engineer.  Carried  to  unwise 
extremes,  however,  "independent  think- 
ing" may  put  a  man  so  out  of  step  with 
his  organization  that  his  efforts  are  fruit- 
less. What  seems  to  be  independence  of 
intellect  may  actually  be  merel\  inabil- 
ity to  see  and  emplo\  the  viewpoints  of 
others.  So  much  industrial  thinking  and 
decision  making  depends  upon  group  ef- 
fort that  it  is  necessary  to  make  one's 
own  thoughts  fit  in  with  those  of  others 
to  get  complex  problems  solved.  For 
success  and  advancement  in  even  the 
i:iost  highly  professional  branches  of  en- 
gineering emplovnient  de\elopment  of 
leadership  characteristics  is  necessary. 

The  graduating  class  in  an  engineer- 
ing .school  comprises  the  survivors  of  a 
pretty  selective  process.  Many  have  fal- 
len by  the  wayside.  Even  so,  the  class 
will  cover  the  entire  gamut  of  academic 
accomplishment,  from  those  whose 
grade-point  average  is  near  perfection 
to  those  who  just  squeak  by.  American 
industry  is  so  complex  that  there  are 
needs  for  all  kinds  of  people  who  have 
the  engineering  background.  In  almost 
nil  jobs  the  man  who  learns  how  to  be 
a  good  subordinate  and  a  good  team- 
worker,  and  how  to  make  good  deci- 
sions even  though  all  the  detailed  facts 
are  not  available  will  get  along  much 
fa.ster  than  the  one  who  bogs  down  in 
detail    because    he   is    afraid    of   getting 


the  wrong  engineering  answer  in  the 
absence  of  fully  documented,  preci.se 
data.  .Academic  accomplishment  is  not 
the  whole  story  behind  success  in  engi- 
neering life.  Comprehensive  knowledge 
of  engineering  theory  is  a  tremendous 
advantage  and  forms  a  firm  foundation 
on  which  to  build.  Hard  work  leads  to 
success  and  enjoyment.  Identifying  your 
goals  and  consciously  working  toward 
them  is  the  best  prescription  for  a  happ\ 
life. 

Recommended  reading: 

(  1  )  Illusion  of  Success.  \V.  ']".  .Nich- 
ols. Chemical  Engineering  Progre.ss. 
March  1947.  (Reprint,  15c  from  E.C.- 
P.D.) 

(2)  A  Professional  Guide  for  Junior 
Engineers.  W.  E.  Wickenden.  Engi- 
neers Council  for  Professional  I)e\elop- 
ment.  64  pages,  SI. 00. 

(J)  The  L  nwritten  Laws  of  Engi- 
neering. W.  J.  King.  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering, Ma\-,  June,  Juh    1'144. 


Pat  went  to  pay  his  respects  to  his 
friend  Mike,  who  had  passed  away  sud- 
denly. Standing  at  the  head  of  the  cas- 
ket, with  Mike's  widow  alongside,  Pat 
remarked,  "Doesn't  he  look  wonder- 
ful?" "Why  not?"  said  the  widow  with 
a  shrug,  "he  was  in  Miami  all  winter!  " 


An  engineering  prof  was  lecturing  his 
8:00  class  on  the  virtues  of  being  wide 
awake. 

"I've  found  that  the  best  way  to  start 
a  day  is  to  exercise  for  five  nu'nutes 
aftc  rrising,  breathe  deeply,  arul  finish 
with  a  cold  shower.  Then  I  feel  rosy 
all  over." 

Just  then  a  sleep\  \oicc  was  heard  to 
mutter  from  the  back  of  the  room,  "Tell 
us  more  about  Ros\." 

«        •        • 

Hotel  clerk  to  prospective  guest:  "I'm 
sorry,  but  we  don't  have  room  service." 

(nie.st:  "Oh,  that's  all  right," 

Clerk:  "You'll  have  to  make  your 
own  bed." 

(juest:  "That  all   right." 

Clerk:    "You'll     find    hammer,    saw, 
lumber,  and  nails  in  the  back   room." 
«        «        • 

I  he  ministry  is  the  only  profe.ssion 
we  know  of  where  men  really  work  to 
beat  hell. 

♦        »        • 

Plagiarism:  Stealing  from  an  author. 

Re.search:  Stealing  from  many  auth- 
ors. 

"I  just  bought  a  skunk." 

"Where  are  you  going  to  keep  him?  " 

"Under  the   bed." 

"What  about  the  awful  smell?" 

"He'll  have  to  get  used  to  it  just  like 
I   did." 


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Apply  at: 
THE  TECHNOGRAPH  OFFICE 
213   Civil    Engineering    Hall 


Below:       SIm       o(      tlie       (ourtten       Frlek 

"ECLIPSE"       compretsort       initatled       in 

Sperry     Engineering    teit     Depertment. 


Sperry  Gyroscope  Co.        \  y 
Operates  12  Test  Boxes  ._: 


Af  the  Great  Neck,  Long 
Island,  plant  of  Sperry  Co.,  a 
dozen  environmental  test  cham- 
bers have  been  equipped  with 
cooling  and  humidity  control, 
operated  by  an  elaborate  low 
temperature  refrigerating  system. 
This  was  designed  and  Installed  by 
Tenney  Engineering,  Inc.,  Union, 
N.  J.,  using  14  Friclc  "ECLIPSE" 
compressors.  Temperatures  range 
from  1 00  below  zero  to  200 
above. 

Whatever  your  special  cooling 
needs,  there's  a  Friclc  air  condi- 
tioning or  refrigerating  system  to 
meet  them  with  dependability. 
Let  us  submit  an  estimate;  write, 
wire  or  phone — 


For  a  position  with  a 
jiititrv  inquirr  about  th** 
trick  (fniduatr'  Tritittm^ 
('oursr  in  Hrfrififnititm  tnui 
.  iir  ('itndtttoninu-  Ofurntfti 
tnrr  M)  yrars,  intfffrs  a  car- 
err  in  a  firoiiiufi    itulustry. 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


53 


OHJ  SEE   YOU'VE   MET    OUR     HOUSE 
MOTHER. 


CRENSHAW,  COULDN'T      YOU    HAVE 
THOUGHT   OF    A   QUIETER  WAY  OF  GETTING 
ME   IN  AFTER    HOURS? 


CRENSHAW,    SOMEHOW    YOU  VE    JUST 
NEVER    LOOKED    THE    SAME   SINCE   YOU 
TURNED   IN    THAT  75   PAGE    TERM  PAPER. 


ONE    DEMERIT!     DIRT    ON    THE    BOTTOM 
OF  HIS    SHOE! 


'cu    bout  ready  to  go  eat, 
f:nshaw? 


:)R    MISS    FALSEBOTTOM... SHE'S   BEEN 

J  THE   MAIN   REFERENCE     ROOM    FOR 

HRTY    YEARS- COULDN'T    TAKE    THE 
IL:NCE  ANY    LONGER. 


WHY   I     HAVE     COMPLETE     CONFIDENCE 


IN  THE     INTEGRETY    OF    MY   STUDENTS 
DURING    AN    EXAM! 


SHPOATG 

immm 

nmmm 


by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


Giant  Transformers  quire  only  one-tenth  the  power  of  pres- 

These     bushing-tvpe     current     trans-      ent-day  machines, 
formers  are  for  a  Westinghouse  330-kv  The  work  is  supported   by  the  Office 

breaker  having  an  interrupting  rating  of  oi  Naval  Research  and  an  RCA  Fel- 
25  million  kva.  As  many  as  15  of  these  lowship. 
transformers  will  be  mounted  on  a 
three-pole  breaker.  Never  before  has  a 
three-pole  breaker  had  to  carry  more 
than  12,  nine  being  more  common.  Fur- 
thermore, three  of  these  are  used  for 
revenue  metering,  and  are  unusually 
large  to  provide  adequate  cross-section 
of  the  case  to  insure  the  necessary  ac- 
curacy. Each  transformer  is  encased  in 
Fosterite  and  contained  in  its  own 
aluminum  housing  which  protects  it 
from  damage  during  assembly  as  well  as 
in  service. 


Transistors  at  Illinois 

Transistors — the  mighty  mites  of  elec- 
tronics— are  moving  into  a  new  and 
complicated  field  which  so  far  has  been 
handled  entirely  by  vacuum  tubes  of  the 
ordinary  radio  receiver  so-called  "elec- 
tronic brains." 

Circuits  to  use  transistors  in  the.se  ma- 
chines now  are  being  studied  at  the 
University  of  Illinois  by  Robert  A.  Kud- 
lich,  graduate  electrical  engineering  stu- 
dent. 

The  advantage  of  transistors  over  or- 
dinary radio  tubes  is  in  their  small 
size  and  low  power  consumption.  Fu- 
ture computers  using  transistors  may  re- 


56 


Circuits  being  studied  by  Kudlich  are 
of  the  direct-coupled  type  suitable  for 
asynchronous — self  -  timing — computing 
machines,  of  which  the  Illiac  at  Illinois 
is  an  advanced  example.  While  most 
commercial  machines  today  are  of  the 
synchronous  type,  many  technical  peo- 
ple feel  that  the  asynchronous  comput- 
ers will  be  more  important  in  the  fu- 
ture. 

Transistors,  Magamps 

Transistojs  are  available  only  in  watt 
sizes  and  admittedly  are  in  the  baby 
stage  of  development.  Yet  research  en- 
gineers are  doing  things  with  them  now, 
mostly  in  conjunction  with  magnetic  am- 
plifiers, that  are  hard  for  electronic  or 
power  engineers  to  believe.  Many 
of  these  come  from  a  fairly  recently 
acquired  concept.  The  concept  that 
while  the  transistor  alone  is  remarkable 
and  is  (with  the  magnetic  amplifier) 
the  key  to  it  all,  the  things  achieved  by 
the  new  circuitry  it  makes  possible  are 
fantastic,  particularly  as  larger  capacity 
crystals  become  available. 

Transistors,  in  proper  circuits,  are 
being  used  as  switches  or  relays.  They 
make  possible  switches,  completely  static 
and  with  indefinite  life,  having  an  effi- 
cienc\'  better  than  90  per  cent  compared 
to  the  50  per  cent  of  a  class-A  ampli- 
fier stage. 

A  combination  of  transistors  and  Ma- 
gamps can  be  used  to  create  a  time  delay 
of  any  given  length.  And  always  the 
accuracy  is  to  one  cycle  of  the  basic  fre- 
quency used.  For  example,  a  delay,  even 
of  days  or  weeks,  could  be  provided  ac- 


Fifteen   of   these   transformers   are    used   on    a   25,000,000    kilovolt-ampere 
circuit  breaker.  The  transformers  can  also  be  used  for  metering. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Torrington  Needle  Bearing 

is  designed  for  high  radial  loads 


The  many  lineal  inches  of  contact 
provided  by  the  larger  number  of 
small  diameter  rollers  give  the 
Torrington  Needle  Bearing  an 
unusually  high  load  rating.  In 
fact,  a  Needle  Bearing  has  greater 
radial  capacity  in  relation  to  its 
outside  diameter  than  any  other 
type  of  anti-friction  bearing. 

Precision  Manufacture 
and  Unique  Design 

The  exceptional  load  capacity  of 
the  Needle  Bearing  is  the  result 
of  proper  selection  of  steels,  pre- 
cision workmanship  to  close  tol- 
erances, and  the  application  of 
modern  anti-friction  principles. 
The  one-piece  shell,  which 
serves  as  the  outer  raceway  and 
retains  the  rollers,  is  accurately 
drawn  from  carefully  selected 
strip  steel.  After  forming,  it  is 
carburized  and  hardened.  There 
is  no  further  grinding  or  other 


Illustrates  the  fact  that  for  a  ^iven  housing 
■'    bore    size,    a    larger    and,     therefore,    stiffer 
shaft  can  be  used  with  Needle  Bearings  than 
with  a  roller  or  ball  bearing. 


^GqOO^ 


►       Shovi's  the  greater  number  of  lines  of  con- 

'*     tact   in    the   load  zone  of  a   Needle  Bearing 

compared  with  a  ball  or  roller  bearing. 


operation  that  might  destroy  the 
wear-resistant  raceway  surfaces. 
The  full  complement  of  thru- 
hardened,  precision-ground 
rollers  is  retained  by  the  turned- 
in  lips  of  the  one-piece  shell. 


The  small  cross  section  of  the 
Needle  Bearing  allows  a  large 
shaft  which  permits  a  rigid  design 
with  minimum  shaft  deflection,  a 
factor  of  utmost  importance  to 
good  bearing  design. 


THE    TORRINGTON    COMPANY 

Torrington,  Conn.       •       South  Bend  21,  Ind. 
District  Offices  and  Distributors  in  Principal  Cities  of  United  States  and  Canada 


TORRINGTOIf  /i/ffOlf  BEARINGS 


NEEDLE  •  SPHERICAL  ROLLER  •  TAPERED  ROLLER  •  CYLINDRICAL  ROLLER  •  BALL  •  NEEDLE  ROLLERS 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


57 


curate  to  1  '60  of  a  second,  if  60-cycle 
power  is  used.  This  same  circuit  can  be 
used  as  a  counter  of  events,  as  repre- 
sented  by  pulses. 

The  old  dream  of  a  high-frequency 
d-c  transformer  becomes  a  reality.  Tran- 
sistors, in  a  relatively  simple  circuit,  can 
convert  direct  current  to  a  square  wave. 
This,  being  alternating,  can  be  changed 
in  voltage  and,  by  full-wave  rectifica- 
tion, returned  to  direct  current.  Overall 
efficiencies  for  circuits  delivering  a  few 
watts  are  about  9(1  per  cent. 

Indicating  Mike 

All  indicating  mici'ometer  providing 
"visible  feel"  to  the  user  and  having  a 
range  from  0-1,"  reading  in  .0001"  is 
announced  by  the  George  Scherr  Com- 
pany, Inc. 

"Tenths"  are  easih'  and  unmistak- 
ingly  read  from  an  extra  large  dial. 
The  indicating  mechanism  controls  the 
measuring  pressure  so  that  all  uncer- 
tainties due  to  differences  in  "feel"  of 
individuals  are  eliminated.  The  "Mas- 
ter Compar"  indicating  micrometer  real- 
ly offers  what  its  name  implies,  namely 
a  master-micrometer  and  a  comparator 
combined  in  one  instrument.  In  addi- 
tion, this  tool  provides  the  user,  due  to 
its  ingenious  design,  with  a  complete 
set  of  go  and  no  go  gages  of  one  inch 
range,  reading  in  .0001".  A  most  im- 
portant feature  is  that  it  detects  out-of- 
roundness,  ovalness  and  taper.  The  fact 
that  the  release  button  for  the  movable 
anvil  is  on  the  right  hand  side  makes 
it  a  right  hand  tool,  enabling  the  oper- 
ator to  hold   it  the  coinentional  waw 


Radically  new  is  the  resetting  to  zero 
which  is  accomplished  by  means  of  a 
screw  on  the  bottom  of  the  housing 
and  can  be  done  accurately  in  less  than 
5  seconds.  Heavy  tungsten  carbide  an- 
vils and  finished  hardwood  case  are 
standard  equipment.  Larger  sizes  up  to 
4"  are  furnished  with  removable  indica- 
tor. The  price  for  the  1"  size  is  $95.00. 

Giant  Searchlight 

One  of  the  world's  largest  and  bright- 
est searchlights,  capable  of  throwing  its 
beam  approximately  120  miles,  has  been 
shipped  to  Dallas,  Texas. 

The  huge  light,  containing  a  2500- 
watt  short-arc  mercury-\apor  discharge 
lamp,  will  develop  275,000,000  candle- 
power.  It  has  a  reflector  five  feet  in 
diameter,  stands  more  than  1 1  feet  high, 
and  weighs  1200  pounds. 

The  unit  was  ordered  by  the  F"ederal 
Sign  Co.  of  Texas.  It  will  be  installed 
as  an  attention-drawing  beacon  atop  the 
new  150-foot-high  ornamental  tower  of 
the  Republica  National  Bank  Building 
in  Dallas.  When  in  place,  the  search- 
light will  be  598  feet  above  the  street 
level. 

Originalh'  a  carbon  arc  light  used  as 
an  antiaircraft  search  light  during 
World  War  II,  the  light  was  modified 
by  the  addition  of  a  Westinghouse-de- 
veloped  mercury  lamp  and  a  rotating 
base  constructed  of  aircraft  steel  and 
aluminum  capable  of  withstanding  100- 
mile-an-hour  gales.  A  small,  one-sixth 
horsepower  Westinghouse  motor  will 
drive   the   light  as  it   revolves   at   a   rate 


The  indicating  mechanism  of  this  micrometer  eliminates  error  due  to  differ- 
ences in  feel  of  individuals.  Tenths  of  thousandths  of  an  inch  can  be  read 
on  the  dial.  (Photo  courtesy  George  Scherr  Co.) 


This  five  foot  diameter  searchlight 
is  used  for  advertising.  It  throws 
its    beam    for   about    120    miles. 

of  12  revolutions  per  nu'iuite  from  dusk 
to  dawn. 

Attached  to  the  top  of  the  search- 
light is  a  red  aircraft  warning  beacon, 
lighted  by  two  500-watt  incandescent 
lamps. 

Gas  Turbine  Helicopters 

(las  turbine  engines  will  give  heli- 
copters twice  the  power  of  piston  en- 
gines of  comparable  weight,  Harold  T. 
Hokanson  of  the  General  Electric  Com- 
pany told  the  American  Helicopter  So- 
ciety recently. 

Mr.  Hokanson,  who  is  directing  devel- 
opment of  a  Navy  helicopter  gas  tur- 
bine engine  at  his  company's  small  air- 
craft engine  department,  said  weight  to 
horsepower  improvement  is  just  one  of 
the  many  reasons  why  gas  turbines  are 
"tailored  to  helicopter  requirements." 

Included  in  Hokanson's  list  of  ad- 
vantages were  fuel  economy,  low  noise 
level,  durability,  and  reliability. 

In  discussing  fuel  consumption,  he 
said  that  while  the  specific  fuel  con- 
sumption (pounds  of  fuel  per  horse- 
power hour)  of  a  piston  engine  is  rough- 
ly equivalent  to  a  gas  turbine  engine  in 
the  major  area  of  helicopter  operation, 
the  premium  gasoline  required  by  a  pis- 
ton engine  cost  two  and  half  times  as 
much  as  the  gas  turbine  fuel.  He  pointed 
out  that  the  reason  why  a  piston  en- 
gine does  not  show  a  great  specific  fuel 
consumption  advantage  is  that  a  heli- 
copter is  unique  among  aircraft  since 
most  of  its  normal  operation  is  at  full 
or  nearly  full  power.  The  S.F.C.  of  a 
piston  engine  increases  at  high  pouer 
le\els,  while  the  S.F.C.  of  the  gas  tur- 
bine decreases  as  power  increases  and  is 


58 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


To  help  develop  Sta-Clean  for  Standard  F'urnace  Oil,  the  testing  apparatus 
shown  here  was  constructed.  Running  an  experiment  on  the  improved  oil 
is  Dr.  Jack  A.  Williams,  a  chemist  at  Standard  Oil's  Whiting  laboratories. 


HOW  TO  SOLVE  A  BURNING  PROBLEM! 


Scientists  in  Standard  Oil  laboratories  work  with 
the  stimulating  knowledge  that  practical  and  val- 
uable results  will  be  obtained  from  their  discoveries. 
A  recent  achievement  of  Standard  Oil  scientists  is 
now  benefiting  hundreds  of  thousands  of  Standard 
Furnace  Oil  users  throughout  the  Midwest. 

In  1952  our  research  people  undertook  the  prob- 
lem of  finding  a  method  to  eliminate  oil  burner  fail- 
ure or  inefficiency  arising  from  clogged  filters  and 
burner  nozzles. 

After  months  of  painstaking  laboratory  work  and 
many  more  months  of  thorough  field  testing  through- 


out an  entire  heating  season,  Standard  Oil  scientists 
perfected  a  new,  efficient  additive— Sta-Clean. 
Blended  into  our  furnace  oil,  the  new  additive  acts 
as  a  detergent,  sludge  inhibitor  and  rust  stopper  — 
all  in  one.  Sta-Clean  assures  clean  oil  filters  and 
nozzles — a  dramatic  contribution  to  efficient  and 
economical  heating. 

The  development  of  this  remarkable  new  additive 
is  further  proof  of  the  progress  possible  when  scien- 
tists are  given  time  and  equipment  to  explore  and 
develop  thoroughly  their  ideas.  Young  scientists 
find  such  an  atmosphere  inspiring. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicogo  80,  Illinois 


(standard) 


FEBRUARY,   1955 


59 


at  its  best  at  full  power,  he  explained. 

Because  the  turbine  wheel  attempts 
to  extract  every  last  bit  of  energy  from 
the  gas  stream  and  convert  it  to  shaft 
horsepower  it  has  the  effect  of  being  a 
mufFier.  For  this  reason,  Hokanson  feels 
that  a  gas  turbine  engine  will  be  less 
noisy  than   an  equivalent  piston   engine. 

He  predicted  that  helicopter  gas  tur- 
bine engines  would  be  reliable  and  dur- 
able. This  prediction,  he  said,  is  based 
on  General  Electric's  previous  experi- 
ence with  jet  engines,  notabh  J47  en- 
gines. J47's  in  Korea  averaged  less  than 
one  engine  removal,  due  to  foreign  ob- 
ject damage,  for  every  one  thousand 
hours  of  operation. 

Again  citing  combat  experience  of  the 
J47  gas  turbine,  Mr.  Hokanson  said 
that  a  gas  turbine  engine  is  a  rugged 
and  reliable  piece  of  machinery.  He  said 
that  J47's  have  accumulated  operating 
time  equivalent  to  lOU.UOO  times  around 
the  world  with  an  average  of  ten  times 
around  the  world  per  major  overhaid. 
"This  kind  of  reliability  can  and  shoidd 
show  equally  startling  residts  when  gas 
turbine  engines  are  powering  helicop- 
ters," Mr.   Hokanson  explained. 

The  T-58  is  a  gas  turbine  engine  for 

helicopters  which  is  being  developed  for 

the  Navy's  Bureau  of  Aeronautics.   It 

will  be  about  the  size  of  an  automobile 

engine  but  many  times  as  powerful. 

Mr.  Hokanson  explained  that  gas  tur- 
bines for  helicopters  are  similar  to  jet 
engines.  Replace  the  tailcone  on  a  jet 
engine  with  turbine  wheel  that  can  ex- 
tract energy  from  the  hot  gas  stream  and 
you  have  a  gas  turbine  that  could  power 
a  helicopter,  he  said. 

Primarily  an  air  breathing  engine, 
a  hypothetical  gas  turbine  rated  at  12S() 
horsepower  would  breathe  approximate- 
ly 14  pounds  of  air  per  second  or  U),- 
400  cubic  feet  per  minute.  An  average 
man  in  an  average  day  breathes  approxi- 
mately one  cubic  foot  of  air  per  minute 
so  it  would  take  at  least  10,001)  people 
to  blow  the  reqinred  hot  air  through 
the  little  one  and  one-half  foot  diameter 
turbine  \\'heel  of  this  engine  for  one 
minute  of  operation. 

Typical  compressor  blade  for  such 
an  engine  would  weigh  about  one-fifth 
of  an  ounce  but  it  spins  so  fast  during 
engine  operation  that  it  would  feel  as 
if  it  weighed  one-half  of  a  ton.  The 
merry-go-round  ride  that  it  gets  on  a 
compressor  wheel  multiplies  its  weight 
about  75,000  times. 

Largest  Compressor  Rotor 

This  18-foot-diameter  compressor  now 
undergoing  final  tests,  is  the  largest  of 
its  type  ever  built.  It  will  be  installed 
in  the  U.  S.  Air  Force's  new  propulsion 
wind  tunnel,  Tullahoma,  Tenn.  Built 
at  the  Pacific  Coast  Manufacturing 
Plant    of    Westinghouse    Electric    Cor- 


This   compressor   rotor  and   its    bindes   will   weigh    180  tons.    It   is   used    in   a 
wind  tunnel  at  Arnold  Engineering   Development  Center. 


poration.  their  compressor,  plus  four  su- 
personic compressors,  will  be  powered 
b\'  a  216,000-hp  single-shaft  drive.  The 
giant  130-ton  rotor  is  made  up  of  three 
giant  discs  separated  by  spacers.  When 
the  1200-lb.  blades  are  added  to  the 
discs,  the  rotor  will  weigh  ISO  tons  and 
be  30  feet  in  diameter. 

Superpowered  Radar 

A  powerful  new  radar  height-finder 
being  made  for  the  U.  S.  Air  Force  is 
helping  to  strengthen  defense  networks 
of  the  United  States  and  its  allies. 

General  Electric  engineers  say  the 
radar's  energy,  concentrated  in  a  nar- 
row beam  like  that  of  a  searchlight,  de- 
tects planes  three  times  as  far  as  previ- 
ous units  of  this  type.  Exact  range  is 
classified. 

( Interesting  sidelight.  The  radio  en- 
ergy transmitted  by  the  radar  is  so  pow- 
erful that  it  can  light  fluorescent  lamps 
over  a  hundred  feet  awa\ ,  and  can  ig- 
nite flashbulbs  tossed  into  the  air  im- 
mediately in  front  of  the  antenna. ) 

The  radar  height-finder  is  being  used 
together  with  search  radar  to  detect 
high-flying  aircraft  and  to  provide  in- 
formation on  distance,  altitude  and 
flight  diiection. 

The  new  radar  is  made  in  both  mo- 
bile and  fixed  versions  and  has  already 
been  supplied  in  a  large  quantity  for 
use  in  strengthening  the  radar  fences 
guaiding  the  North  American  continent, 
and  for  defense  posts  in  countries  re- 
ceiving aid  from  the  United  States 
under    the    Mutual    Defense    Assistance 


Pact.    Additional    units    are    being    pro- 
duced for  similar  use. 

In  Arctic  climates  the  radar  is  housed 
in  a  dome-shaped  circular  structure  with 
a  balloon-like  radome  made  of  woven 
glass  fabric  impregnated  with  a  rubber 
compound.  The  radome  is  supported  by 
air  pressure,  about  a  half  pound  per 
square  inch,  and  can  withstand  winds 
up  to  125  miles  per  hour.  The  railonie 
protects  the  radar  antenna  from  Arctic 
gales,  snow  and  ice. 


INTEROCEANIC  CANAL 
Colombia  has  announced  plans  to 
build  a  350-mile  waterway  from  the 
Caribbean  Sea  at  Darien  Gulf  to  the 
Pacific  (^cean  near  Buenaventura.  The 
$20-million  waterway,  using  the  Atrato 
and  San  Juan  Rivers,  is  expected  to  be 
a  shorter  ocean-to-ocean  route  than  the 
Panama  Canal  for  Colombian  coastal 
shipping. 


SWITCH  TC)  SOLUBLES 
A  growing  trend  toward  soluble  cof- 
fee in  the  U.  S.  is  indicated  by  the  sig- 
nificant increase  in  its  consumption  dur- 
ing the  past  ten  years.  From  six  per  cent 
(on  a  cup-for-cup  basis)  of  all  coffee 
sold  in  1945,  soluble  coffee  has  increased 
its  share  to  an  estimated  30  per  cent 
in   1954. 


WHAT  AB(U'T  SHEETS? 
The  Arm\'s  "Honest  John"  artillerx 
missiles  are  protected  with  electric 
blankets  prior  to  firing.  The  blankets 
keep  the  missiles'  explosixe  charge  at 
proper  temperature. 


60 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Electronics  Research  Engineer  trving  AIne  records  radiation 
antenna  patterns  on  Lockheed's  Radar  Range. 
Twenty-two  foot  plastic  tower  in  background 
minimizes  ground  reflections,  approximates  free  space. 
Pattern  integrator,  higti  gain  amplifier,  square  root 
amplifier  and  logarithmic  amplifier  shown  in  picture 
are  of  Lockheed  design. 


Jim  Hong,  Aerodynamics  Division  head,  discusses  results 
of  high  speed  wind  tunnel  research  on  drag  of 
straight  and  delta  wing  plan  forms  with  Richard 
Heppe,  Aerodynamics  Department  head  (standing), 
and  Aerodynamicist  Ronald  Richmond  (seated 
right) .  In  addition  to  its  own  tunnel,  Lockheed  is 
one  of  the  principal  shareholders  in  the  Southern 
California  Cooperative  Wind  Tunnel.  It  is  now  being 
modified  for  operation  at  supersonic  Mach  numbers. 


Research  Engineer  Russell  Lowe  measures  dynamic 
strain  applied  by  Lockheed's  500.000  lb. 
Force  Fatigue  Machine  on  test  specimen  of 
integrally-stiffened  Super  Constellation  skin. 
The  Fatigue  Machine  gives  Structures 
Department  engineers  a  significant  advantage 
in  simulating  effect  of  flight  loads  on  a 
structure.  Among  other  Lockheed  structures 
facilities  are  the  only  shimmy  tower  in 
private  industry  and  largest  drop  test 
tower  in  the  nation. 


C.  H.  Fish,  design  engineer  assigned 
to  Lockheed's  Icing  Research 
Tunnel,  measures  impingement 
limits  of  ice  on  C-130  wing  section. 
The  tunnel  has  a  temperature 
range  of  -40°F.  to  +150*F.  and 
maximum  speed  of  more  than 
270  mph.  It  is  the  only  icing 
research  tunnel  in  private  industry. 


Advanced  facilities  speed 
Locldieed  engineering  progress 


Lockheed's  unmatched  research  and  production  facilities  help  make 

possible  diversified  activities  in  virtually  all  phases  of  aviation, 

military  and  commercial. 

They  enable  engineers  to  test  advanced  ideas  which  would  remain 

only  a  conversation  topic  in  firms  lacking  Lockheed's  facilities. 

They  help  give  designers  full  rein  to  their  imagination.  They  make 

better  planes  —  and  better  careers. 

Engineering  students  interested  in  more  information  on  Lockheed's 

advanced  facilities  are  invited  to  write  E.  W.  Des  Lauriers, 

Lockheed  Student  Information  Service,  Burbank,  California. 


Lockheed 


AIRCRAFT     CORPORATION 


BURBANK 


California 


We  don't  believe  in  "blinders"  at  Columbia-Southern 


The  management  of  Columbia-Southern  knows  that  college 
men  often  do  not  know  exactly  what  type  of  work  will 
eventually  interest  them  most.  For  that  reason,  new  em- 
ployees are  not  rigidly  assigned  to  a  specific  duty. 

Columbia-Southern  believes  that  employees  who  are 
interested  in  their  jobs  do  better  work,  and  Columbia- 
Southern  tries  to  fit  every  individual  into  the  job  in  which 
he  will  be  most  satisfied  and  therefore  most  useful  to 
the  company. 

The  variety  of  possible  assignments  provides  challenge 
for  almost  any  technical  graduate  whether  it  be  procure- 
ment and  control  of  raw  materials,  plant  design  and 
construction,  plant  operation,  traffic,  purchasing,  account- 


ing, sales  and  technical  service,  research  and  development. 

Columbia-Southern  believes  in  looking  ahead  to  broad 
horizons.  It  believes  in  giving  its  employees  the  opportunity 
to  move  ahead  and  to  do  constructive  thinking.  It  does  not 
believe  in  narrow,  restricted  vision.  In  short,  it  does  not 
believe  in  "blinders." 

Columbia-Southern  is  one  of  the  fastest  growing  com- 
panies in  the  fast-growing  chemical  industry.  Its  progress 
is  steady  and  solid.  It  is  looking  for  men  to  grow  with  it. 

If  you'd  like  to  be  part  of  the  progressive  Columbia- 
Southern  organization,  write  for  further  information.  Ad- 
dress your  letter  to  Department  P  at  our  Pittsburgh  address 
or  any  of  the  plants. 


COLUMBIA- SOUTHERN 
CHEMICAL  COKPOKATION 

SUBSID1AR.Y  OF  PITTSBUKGH  PLATE  CLASS  COMPANY 

ONE   GATEWAY    CENTER.     PITTSBURGH  22  ■  PENNSYLVANIA 


DISTRICT  OFFICES:  Cincinnati  •  Charlotte 
Chicago  •  Cleveland  •  Boston  •  New  York 
St.  Louis  •  Minneapolis  •  New  Orleans 
Dallas    •    Houston    •    Pittsburgh    •    Philadelphia 

San  Francisco 

PLANTS:      Borberton,  Ohio     •      Bartlett,  Calif. 

Corpus  Christi,  Texas         •         Lake  Charles,  La. 

Natrium,  W.Vc.  •  Jersey  City,  NJ. 


62 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  nother  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


Kow  to  machine  with  high 
precision  at  high  speeds 

This  lathe  is  designed  to  machine  the  races  of 
bearings  from  4"  to  8"  in  diameter.  And  it  must 
deliver  high  precision  at  speeds  and  feeds  as 
fast  as  carbide  tools  can  handle.  To  keep  the 
spindle  rigid  under  heavy  combination  loads, 
it's  mounted  on  Timken '  tapered  roller  bearings. 


How  TIMKEN^  bearings  maintain 
spindle  rigidity 

Because  Timken  bearings  take  radial  and  thrust  loads  in  any 
combination,  they  hold  spindles  in  rigid  alignment,  insure 
precision.  And  full  line  contact  between  the  rollers  and  races 
of  Timken  bearings  provides  extra  load- carrying  capacity, 
prevents  breakdowns. 


TIMKEN 


(  RIG.  U.  S.  PAT.  C-F 


TAPERED  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


Want  to  learn  more  about 
bearings  or  job  opportunities? 

Many  of  the  engineering  problems  you'll  face  after 
graduation  will  involve  bearing  applications.  For 
help  in  learning  more  about  bear- 
ings write  for  the  270-page  Gen- 
eral Information  Manual  on  Timken 
bearings.  And  for  information 
about  the  excellent  job  opportuni- 
ties at  the  Timken  Company,  write 
for  a  copy  of  "This  Is  Timken". 
The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Com- 
pany, Canton  6,  Ohio. 


NOT  JUST  A  BALL  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  oid  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  ROLLER  (i=^ 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -D-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^- 


BRUARY,   1955 


63 


At  a  dinner  in  Washington  a  noted 
man  of  letters  was  seated  next  to  th? 
young  daughter  of  a  naval  officer.  Her 
vocabulary  was  rather  limited,  but  the 
turnover  was  amazing.  "I'm  awfully 
stucky  on  this  guy  Shakespeare,  "  she  con- 
fided. "I  think  he's  tops.  He's  a  wonder 
boy  don't  you  think?" 

"Yes,"  agreed  the  scholar  solemnly. 
"I  do  think  he's  interesting;  in  fact,  I 
think  Shakespeare  is  just  simply  too  cute 
for   anything." 

■»:-  ^  *■ 

"Henry,  dear,"  complained  the  little 
woman,  "I've  noticed  lately  that  your 
kisses  are  getting  colder." 

"Nonsense,  darling,"  rejoined  the 
wily  Henry.  "You're  simply  been  get- 
ting   your   cosmetics   on    a    bit    thicker." 


TECHNOCRACKS 


Letters   to    the    Editor   Dept. 
Dear  Ed  : 

As  Chief  E.E.  at  State  Pen  I  am 
supposed  to  sit  in  the  electric  chair  to 
test  it.  If  it  doesn't  work  I  lose  mv  job. 
What  should  I  do? 

Frantic 

-s-        «        » 

She  was  only  a  janitor's  daughter, 
but  she  knew  how  to  turn  on  the  heat. 

There's  something  feminine  about  a 
tree.  It  does  a  strip  tease  in  fall,  goes 
with  bare  limbs  all  winter,  gets  a  new 
outfit    every    spring,    and    lives    off    the 

sap   all  summer. 

^        *-        ^ 

Sign  in  a  local  shoji:  "Our  Lingerie 
is  the  Finest.  Smart  Women  Wear 
Nothing   Else." 

*  *        s 

On  one  occasion  an  unusually  large 
crowd  gathered  to  listen  to  the  long 
list  of  candidates.  As  e\ening  approached 
the  crowd  began  drifting  away  until 
one  man  remained  in  the  audience.  1  he 
speaker  waxed  eloquent  and  when  he 
finished,  rushed  down,  shook  his  hand 
and  thanked  him  for  his  support.  "You 
don't  have  to  thank  me,  friend,  I'm  the 
next  speaker  on  this  program." 

*  *        5fe 

A  fellow  was  trying  to  start  a  con- 
versation with  the  young  lady  who  sat 
next  to  him  at  the  table.  "Do  you  like 
Kipling?"   he   asked. 

The  young  lady  giggled  and  then  re- 
plied, "I  don't  know.  How  do  you 
kipple?" 

Composing  a  letter  to  the  president  of 
the  firm,  which  he  felt  he  so  ably  rep- 
resented, the  egotistical  young  salesman 
dictated  to  a  stenographer : 

"I  fell  that  you  should  know,  sir, 
that  in  order  to  obtain  the  above-men- 


tioned contract,  I  found  it  necessary  to 
employ  e\ery  ounce  of  my  personal 
charm  and  magnetism,  my  diplomacy 
and  flawless  tact.  However,  I  am  now 
pleased  to  report  that  my  untiring  ef- 
forts were  crowned  with  success.  ' 

Gently  the  steno  asked,  "Crowtation 
marks  on   that  last  paragraph?" 

*  ^       * 

A  woman  phoned  her  bank  to  arrange 
for  the  disposal  of  a  thousand  dollar 
bond. 

"Is  the  bond  for  redemption  or  con- 
version?"  a  clerk   inquired. 

There  was  a  long  pause,  then  the 
woman  asked:  "Am  I  talking  to  the 
First  National  Bank  or  the  First  Bap- 
tist Church?" 

The  thing  that  keeps  a  lot  of  men 
broke  isn't  the  wolf  at  the  door,  but 
the  silver  fox  in  the  window. 

»       »       « 

"How  far  were  you  from  the  scene 
of  the  crime  when  the  robbery  oc- 
curred?" the  lawyer  asked  the  witness. 

"Twenty-three  feet  and  seven  inches," 
the   witness   replied. 

"How  do  you  know  so  excath  ?  "  the 
surprised    lawyer    inqiured. 

"Why,  I  thought  some  darn  fool 
would  ask  me  that  question,  so  I  meas- 
ured it.  " 

*  *        * 

The  3th  grade  was  having  a  geogra- 
phy les.son,  and  the  teacher  asked  Bobby 
a  question  about  the  English  Channel. 
"I  wouldn't  know  about  that  one,"  the 
little  boy  shook  his  head  doubtfulh. 
"We  only  get  one  channel  on  our  T\' 
set." 

-;;-  ijt  ^; 

If  a  lot  of  other  people  who  haven't 
been  worrying  about  things  in  general 
don't  start  pretty  soon,  we're  going  to 
quit,    too. 


The  Negro  woman  stated  she  had 
four  children,  and  the  Florida  census 
taker   asked    for  their   ages. 

Violet:  "Ah  don't  zackly  remembah, 
but  ah's  got  one  lap  chile,  one  floor 
creeper,  one  porch  chile,  and  one  yard 
youngun.  " 

"STOP  SINNER!  Do  you  think 
that  a  glass  of  that  vile  brew  will 
queiuh    your   thirst?" 

•:S  *  S 

Two  drLuiks  at  Sweet  Briar  blun- 
dered into  a  girls'  dorm  coming  home 
one  night.  C^ne  lost  his  head  and  ran  ; 
the  other   remained  calm   and   collected. 

*  *  -Si 

And  then  there  was  the  mechanical 
engineer  who  took  his  nose  apart  to 
see  what  made  it  run. 

*  -:S  » 

Little  Bo\ — Teacher,  may  I  lea\e 
the  room  ? 

Teacher — No,  Henry,  you  stay  right 
here   and   fill   the  ink  wells. 

»        »        * 

She:  My  mother  told  me  to  say 
"No!  "   to  everything  you   asked. 

He:  Realh  ?  Well,  do  you  mind  if 
I  kiss  you  ? 

*  *       * 

"Alfiy  I  take  yon  hoiin?  I  like  to  tiilci 

experienced  girls   home." 

"But   I'm    not   experienced." 

"Xo       find     you're      not     home     yet, 

either.  " 

The  quiet  little  freshman  coed  from 
the  country  was  on  her  first  college 
date,  and  thrilled  beyond  words.  She 
didn't  want  to  appear  countryfied.  She 
had  put  on  her  prettiest  dress,  got  a 
sophisticated  hair-do,  and  was  all  pre- 
pared to  talk  luiderstandingly  about 
music,  art,  or  politics. 

Her  hero  took  her  to  a  nio\ie,  aiul 
then   to  the   favorite  college  cafe. 

"Two  beers,"  he  told  the  waiter. 

She,  not  to  be  outdone,  murmured: 
"The  same  for  me.  " 


64 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


TCADE  MAIK 


Alemite  sets  up  scale  models  of  their 
service  station  equipment  on  the  customer's  own  floor  plan — photographs  them- 
and  portrays  the  new  custom-built  station  ready  for  action 


SALESMEN  don't  just  pull  lube  racks,  grease  pumps 
and  other  service  station  equipment  out  of  a  sam- 
ple case.  They're  far  too  big— far  too  bulky.  Besides, 
final  location  and  anangement  count  heavily  in  how 
well  they  are  going  to  work  out. 

The  Alemite  Division  of  Stewart- Warner  solves  the 
pro'olem  with  photography.  Prospects  see  new  service 
stationec]uipmcnt\iitually  right  in  their  own  premises. 

It  works  this  way.  The  salesman  sends  in  a  rough 
sketch  of  the  space  available,  with  windows  and 
columns  marked.  Experts  fit  exact  replicas  of  racks, 
lifts,  and  other  equipment  to  the  plan,  then  put  the 
camera  to  work.  The  customer  pictures  his  new  sta- 
tion—modern, efficient,  handsome— and  the  sale  is 
well  on  its  way.  It's  an  idea  for  any  company  with 


bulky  products  to  sell.  Photography  is  a  great  sales- 
man for  any  business,  large  or  small.  And  it's  very 
much  more.  It  works  in  all  kinds  of  ways  to  save  time, 
cut  costs,  reduce  error  and  improve  production. 

Graduates  in  the  physical  sciences  and  in  engi- 
neering find  photograph)'  an  increasingly  valuable 
tool  in  their  new  occupations.  Its  expanding  use 
has  also  created  many  challenging  opportunities  at 
Kodak,  especially  in  the  development  of  large-scale 
chemical  processes  and  the  design  of  complex  pre- 
cision mechanical-electronic  eqiu'pment.  Whether 
you  are  a  recent  graduate  or  a  qualified  returning 
service  man,  if  you  are  interested  in  these  opportimi- 
ties,  write  to  Business  &  Technical  Personnel  Dept., 
Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


JOHN  B.  NOLTE,  Purdue  University  '54,  asks: 


''What  is  G.E:s 
Manufacturing 


Training  Program?^ ^ 


"?%-, 


The  Manufacturing  Training  Program  at  General  Electric 
is  a  program  of  basic  training  for  manufacturing  leader- 
ship, including  planned  rotational  work  assignments  and 
related  classro(jm  study  for  outstanding  young  men  who 
are  interested  in  a  career  in  manufacturing.  It  was  or- 
ganized to  meet  the  increased  demand  for  effective  manu- 
facturing leadership  and  technical  "know  how,"  in  line 
with  the  expansion  and  development  of  the  Company's 
operations  by  developing  trained  men  to  fill  future  key 
positions  in  the  organization. 

Who  is  eligible  for  this  program? 

In  general,  the  Program  is  open  to  college  graduates  wth 
degrees  in  engineering  and  science,  and  a  limited  number 
of  business  administration  and  liberal  arts  graduates.  We 
are  looking  for  outstanding  young  men  with  sound 
educational  backgrounds,  well-balanced  personalities, 
demonstrated  thinking  abilities,  and  having  the  potential 
to  develop  toward  top  level  responsibility  in  key  assign- 
ments. 

How  long  is  the  program? 

The  normal  length  of  the  Program  is  three  years.  Assign- 
ments are  normally  6  months  in  duration  and  provide 
experience  opportunities  in  diversified  manufacturing 
operations.  Czeograpliical  moves  occur  at  annual  intervals. 

What  type  of  work  assignments  are  made? 

Work  assignments  are  provided  in  all  phases  of  manu- 
facturing and  related  functions  so  that  each  man  will 
acquire  knowledge  of  manufacturing  engineering,  in- 
cluding manufacturing  methods  and  techniques,  shop 
operation,  production  control,  personnel  administration, 
labor  relations,  engineering  activities,  sales  and  manu- 
facturing co-ordination,  and  general  business  administra- 
tion. 
In  addition  to  job  assignments,  related  study  courses 


cover  such  subjects  as  Company  organization,  manufac- 
turing operations,  labor  and  personnel  relations,  business 
administration,  law  and  relationships  between  manu- 
facturing and  other  functions  of  the  business.  Progress 
on  the  job  and  in  classroom  work  is  carefully  observed 
and  reviewed  periodically  with  each  man  to  assist  him 
in  his  career. 

What  happens  after  training  is  completed? 

After  completing  the  training  program,  graduates  are 
placed  in  operating  departments  and  divisions  throughout 
the  Companv  in  positions  where  leadership  and  initiative 
are  needed.  All  placements  are  made  in  relation  to  the 
aptitudes,  abilities,  and  interests  of  the  graduates. 

At  General  Electric,  manufacturing  operations  involve 
the  administration  and  supervision  of  activities  of  more 
than  100,000  men  and  women  in  more  than  100  plants, 
who  are  involved  in  the  making  of  some  200,000  dift'erent 
products. 

The  ^^nde  scope  of  these  activities,  the  great  variety  of 
products,  and  the  diversity  of  manufacturing  activities 
offer  limitless  opportunities  and  exciting  challenges  to 
college  graduates  today. 

Manufacturing  training  is  a  foundation  for  leadership — 
and  an  opportunity  to  build  a  satisfying,  rewarding 
career  in   one   of  America's  most   important   industries. 


If  you  are  a  graduate  engineer,  or  a  graduate  with  definite 
technical  inclinations  that  include  an  interest  in  the  career 
possibilities  in  manufacturing,  see  your  college  placement 
director  for  the  date  of  the  next  visit  of  the  General  Electric 
representative  on  your  campus.  Meanwhile,  for  further  informa- 
tion on  opportunities  with  General  Electric  write  to  Manufacturing 
Training  Services  Section,  BIdg.  36,  General  Electric  Company, 
Schenectady   5,  New   York. 


'ou  ca^ 


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root  coTzr^^ence  2^71 


G  E  N  E  R  A  L 


ELECTRIC 


•1X1    «EUBqJn 


ILLINOIS 


Che-Tilstry  Library 
Koyea  Laboratory 
Urbana,   III. 


TECHNOGRAPH 


PREVIEW  OF  YOUR  ENGINEERING  FUTURE 

FLUORIDATION  .  .  . 
GERMANY'S  GREATEST  ACE  .  . 


MARCH,  195S 


Robert  L.  Land,  Jr.,  Class  of  '51, 
speaks  from  experience  when  he  says, 


U.S.  Steel  offers  thorough  training  . . . 
exposes  the  graduate  engineer  to  many 
interesting  phases  of  the  steel  industry 


■poBERT  L.  Laxd.  Jr..  graduated  vnth  a 
B.S.  in  Chemical  Engineering  in  Febru- 
ary 1951.  He  had  preWously  been  inter- 
viewed by  U.S.  Steel  college  recruitment 
representatives  and  had  been  offered  a  job. 
He  began  working  in  the  Coke  Plant  at  the 
Gary.  Indiana  Works  of  U.S.  Steel  immedi- 
ately after  graduation. 

After  extensive  training  and  several  pro- 
motions. Bob  was  made  General  Heater 
Foreman  on  November  1,  1954.  This  ex- 
ceedingly important  job  makes  him  re- 
sponsible for  the  proper  heating  and  the 
quality  of  all  coke  produced  at  the  Gary 
Works— the  second  largest  coke  plant  in 
the  world— with  16  batteries  of  coke  ovens 
producing  15.000  tons  daily.  He  has  a  crew 
of  60  and  8  foremen  working  under  him. 

Bob  feels  that  U.S.  Steel  really  gets  the 
young  graduate  engineer  oS  to  a  good  start 


with  a  well-planned  and  complete  training 
program.  He  says,  "U.S.  Steel  offers  the 
graduate  engineer  an  excellent  chance  to 
work  in  a  number  of  different  fields." 

This  enables  the  graduate  who  has  not 
decided  on  his  exact  field  to  look  around 
the  big  steel  industry  from  within  and  to 
find  the  tj-pe  of  work  that  suits  him  best. 
After  a  man  is  given  the  chance  to  really 
find  himself  and  has  been  adequately 
trained.  "U.S.  Steel  offers  security  and  an 
unlimited  possibility  of  advancement  pro- 

SEE  THE  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOUR.  It's 
presented  every  other  week  by  United  States 
newspaper  for  time  and  station. 


viding  the   engineer  shows   initiative   and 
the  willingness  to  work." 

If  you  are  interested  in  a  challenging 
and  rewarding  career  with  United  States 
Steel  and  feel  that  you  can  qualify,  you 
can  obtain  further  information  from  your 
college  placement  director.  Or  we  will 
gladly  send  you  our  informative  booklet, 
"Paths  of  Opportunity."  upon  request.  Just 
WTite  to  United  States  Steel  Corporation, 
Personnel  Division.  Room  1622.  525  Wil- 
liam Penn  Place.  Pittsburgh  30.  Pa. 


a  full-hour  TV  program 
Steel.  Consult  vour  local 


m 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  .  .  AMERICAH  STEEL  i  WIRE  and  CYCLONE  FENCE  .  .  COIUHBIA.GENEVA  STEEL  .  .  CONSOLIDATED  WESTERN  STEEL  .  .  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  .  .  NATIONAL  TUBE 

OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  .  .  TENNESSEE  COAL  S  IRON  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY   .  .  D.V.Vom   o/  UNITED   STATES   STEEL   CORPORATION.    PinSBURBH 

UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOMES,  INC.   •   UNION  SUPPLY  COMPANY   •   UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY    •    UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY 


i 


CATERPILLAR  MACHINES  POWER  THE  WORLD  8 


GREAT  ENGINEERING  JOBS 


The  young  engineer  who  works  for  Caterpillar  Tractor 
Co.  has  a  part  in  great  achievements.  All  over  the  world 
new  construction  is  going  forward  at  an  unprecedented 
pace.  And  the  powerful  diesel  engines  and  earthnioving 
machines  built  by  Caterpillar  are  leading  the  way. 

This  is  a  dynamic  industry— an  industry  of  growth. 
In  the  next  few  years  engineering  striiles  made  by 
Caterpillar  will  surpass  all  that  have  gone  before.  To 
share  in  this  advance  the  company  needs  young  men 
of  vision,  trained  as  Mechanical.  Metallurgical,  Agricul- 
tural. Electrical.  Civil  Engineers  and  others.  They  will 
do  challenging  work  in  research  and  development,  de- 


sign, manufacturing,  sales  and  many  other  lipids.  They 
will  have  tiie  best  in  laboratory  facilities  and  interesting 
assignments  in  Caterpillar  plants  as  well  as  in  the  field. 

Such  men  can  expect  permanency  and  promotion. 
Starting  pay  is  good.  In  addition,  executive  positions 
at  Caterpillar  are  filled  from  within  the  organization. 

It's  time  now  to  start  thinking  about  a  Cater|)illar 
job.  Representatives  of  the  company  will  be  on  campus 
for  interviews.  Consult  your  placement  office.  .Mean- 
while, if  you  would  like  further  information,  write  to 
\^\  C.  van  Dyck.  Emjiloyee  Uelations  (iencral  Office, 
Caterpillar  Tractor  Co..  Box  IL-4,  Peoria.  Illinois. 


CATERPILLAR 


DIESEL  ENGINES  •  TRACTORS  •  MOTOR  GRADERS  •  EARTHMOVING  EQUIPMENT 


NEW  MISSILE  SYSTEMS 


RESEARCH  LABORATORY 


RISES  AT  LOCKHEED 


Scheduled  for  occupation  this  fall,  Lockheed's 
new  Missile  Systems  Research  Laboratory  is 
now  well  along  in  construction.  First  step  in  a 
$10,000,000  research  laboratory  program,  it  is 
especially  designed  to  provide  the  most  modern 
facilities  for  meeting  the  complex  problems 
of  missile  systems  research  and  development. 

Scientists  and  engineers  able  to  contribute 
importantly  to  the  technology  of  guided 
missiles  are  invited  to  write. 


Dr.  E.  II.  Krausc,  Rest-arch  Laboratory 
head  (left),  examines  blueprints  of  the 
new  laboratory  with  E.  R.  (Juesada, 
Missile  Systems  Diyision  vice  president 
and  general  manager  (center),  and 
W.  M.  Hawkins,  chief  engineer,  during 
ground-breaking  ceremonies. 


MISSILE    SYSTEMS     DIVISION 


research  and  engineering  staff 


LOCKHEED     AIRCR.AFT    CORPOR.\TION     •     VAN     NUYS    •     CALIIOR.NIA 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  MESSAGE  TO 

COLLEGE  EXGLNEERLNG 

STUDENTS 

from  Donald  C.  Bumhara,  Vice-President 

Manufacturing, 

Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation 

Purdue  Vniversih,  1936 


To  the  vouno;  eno;ineer  with  a  creative  mind 


America  is  on  the  threshold  of  the  auto/nation  era. 

Xew  automatic  machines  with  their  electronic  brains  are 
opening  the  way  to  a  tremendous  industrial  development  in 
which  machines  will  largely  replace  man's  roudne  brainwork 
and  handwork. 

Westinghouse  is  taking  a  leading  part  in  developing  equif}- 
ment  for  the  automatic  factory.  At  our  new  Columbus,  Ohio 
plant,  refrigerators  move  along  27mi/£f  of  automatic  conveyors, 
with  many  parts  being  installed  by  automatic  assembling 
machines... refrigerator  controls  are  automatically  calibrated... 
automatic  testing de\-ices  maintain  qualit>- control . . .  and  the  crat- 
ed refrigerator  is  automatically  conveyed  to  warehouse  storage. 


YOU  CAN  SB  SURE...  IF  It's 

Westinghouse 


At  Westinghouse,  young  engineers  like  you  are  playing  an 
increasingly  important  role  in  such  new  developments  for  all 
kinds  of  industry.  Here,  there  is  plenty  of  room  for  your  creative 
talents  to  expand  —  in  designing  new  products  .  .  .  and  in 
developing  new  improvements  for  existing  products.  It's  a 
fascinating  job  that  offers  you  real  opportunities  for  growth. 

.•\nd  at  \Vestinghouse,  we  recognize  individual  ambition  as  well 
as  technical  ability.  There  will  always  be  a  place  for  the  young 
engineer  who  wants  to  forge  ahead.  For  professional  develop- 
ment you  can  do  graduate  work  toward  Master's  and  Ph.D. 
degrees  in  1 9  universities.  You  will  be  treated  as  an  individual  and 
Westinghouse  will  do  all  in  its  power  to  help  you  reach  your  goal. 

G-I0282 


.\sk  your  Placement  Officer  about  career 
opportunities  at  Westinghouse,  or  wTite 
for  these  two  booklets:  Continued  Educa- 
tion in  Westinghouse  (describing  our  Grad- 
uate Study  Program)  and  Finding  I'our 
Place  in  Industry. 

To  get  these  booklets,  WTitc:  Mr.  C.  \V. 
Mills,  Regional  Educational  Co-ordina- 
tor,  Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation, 
Merchandise  Mart  Plaza,  Chicago  S4,  lU. 


AARCH,   1955 


"POWER  OFF!"  Test  operations  are  directed  from  this  central  control  room,  where 
special  measuring  instruments  greatly  speed  up  the  collection  of  pump  performance 
data.  That's  one  way  Worthington  products  are  made  more  reliable  by  using  .  .  . 

...the  world's  most  versatile  hydraulic  proving  ground 

When  you  make  pumping  equipment  that  has  to  stand  up  and 
deliver  year  after  year  anywhere  in  the  world,  you've  got  to  be  sure 
it  will  perform  as  specified. 

That's  why  we  built  one  of  the  world's  largest  hydraulic  test 
stands  at  our  plant  in  Harrison,  New  Jersey.  Here,  over  a  half- 
acre  "lake,"  we  can  check  the  performance  of  anything  from  a 
fractional  horsepower  unit  to  pumps  handling  over  100.000  gallons 
a  minute.  When  you  realize  there  are  thousands  of  sizes  and  types 
of  centrifugal  pumps  alone,  you  get  an  idea  of  the  versatility  we 
had  to  build  into  our  proving-ground. 

Naturally,  our  new  test  equipment  is  a  big  help  to  our  research 
engineers,  as  well  as  our  customers.  Now  they  get  performance 
data  on  products  quickly  and  accurately.  Using  it,  we  can  save 
months,  even  years,  in  developing  new  Worthington  fluid  and  air- 
handling  devices  —  equipment  for  which  this  company  has  been 
famous  for  over  a  century.  For  the  complete  storv  of  how  you  can 
fit  into  the  Worthington  picture,  write  F.  F.  Thompson,  Mgr., 
Personnel  &  Training,  Worthington  Corporation,  Harrison,  N.  J. 

4.:5A 


COMPREHENSIVE  TESTS  are  run  on  a  Worthington  centrifugal 
refrigeration  unit  (lov\er  left)  now  in  service  as  one  of  the  Ara- 
bian American  Oil  Company's  central  air  conditioning  units  in 
Dhahran,  Saudi  Arabia. 


See  the  Worthington  representative  when  he  visits  your  campus 

WORTHINGTON 


See  the  Worthington 
Corporation  exhibit  in 
New  York  City.  A  lively, 
informative  display  of 
product  developments 
for  industry,  business  and 
the  home.  Park  Avenue 
and  40th  Street. 

When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job— think  high— think  Worthington 

AIR   CONDITIOi^lNG   AND    REFRIGERATION    •   COMPRESSORS    •   CONSTRUCTION    EQUIPMENT   •    ENGINES   -    DEAERATORS   •    INDUSTRIAL   MIXERS 
LIQUID  METERS  •   MECHANICAL  POWER  TRANSMISSION   -   PUMPS  •   STEAM   CONDENSERS  •   STEAM-JET  EJECTORS  •  STEAM  TURBINES   •   WELDING   POSITIONERS 


It's  Never  a  Waste  . 


Soon  you  will  be  faced  with  the  problem  of  what  elective  to  take. 
While  preregistering,  don't  be  afraid  to  take  that  step  across  Green 
street. 

While  it  is  the  traditional  sport  to  poke  fun  at  the  commerce  stu- 
dents, it  is  wise  to  take  some  commerce  courses.  Even  though  salaries 
are  good  for  engineers,  they  may  be  increased  tremendously  by  get- 
ting into  management  work  with  your  engineering  background.  Ad- 
vancements in  this  classification  are  not  limited,  while  a  straight  engi- 
neer must  stop  at  chief  engineer.  An  engineer  has  a  big  advantage 
when  going  inio  production  control  work.  He  has  complete  knowledge 
of  the  processes  to  be  done  as  well  as  the  management  side  of  the 
work.  An  increasing  number  of  companies  are  getting  presidents  with 
engineering  background.  Don't  wait  and  say  "I  could  have  been  the 
president  of  the  company  had  I  gone  into  management  with  my  engi- 
neering background." 

Markeling  is  another  good  field  that  will  help  an  engineer.  As 
an  engineer,  you  will  know  something  of  the  kind  of  consumer  your 
product  must  satisfy.  You  must  know  his  tastes,  quantitative  needs 
and  budget.  Only  then  can  you  best  satisfy  your  customer. 

Have  you  ever  considered  working  in  a  foreign  country?  You 
could  lake  a  foreign  language  while  in  school.  While  the  foreign  lan- 
guage is  not  always  a  requirement,  it  is  always  helpful,  and  some- 
times raises  your  pay. 

Speech  and  rhetoric  courses  (I  know  I  said  a  dirty  word,  but  I 
must)  give  you  confidence  in  expressing  yourself.  It  is  a  fad  that  for 
each  engineering  problem,  the  answer  is  accompanied  by  a  complete 
written  report.  If  you  don't  like  rhetoric  courses,  there  is  another  solu- 
tion. The  TECHNOGRAPH  offers  excellent  opportunities  in  technical 
writing. 

Psychology,  hislory,  and  literature  courses  are  far  from  waste  if 
you  expect  to  take  part  in  conversation  with  anyone.  Employers,  con- 
sciously or  otherwise,  look  for  an  employee  that  is  well  versed  in  hap- 
penings and  has  a  good  vocabulary. 

Take  on  intelligent  look  at  courses  offered  as  non-technical  elec- 
tives  and  get  something  out  of  ihe  work  you  put  into  them. 

D.  F.  K. 


MARCH,   1955 


WHAT 

SYLVANIA'S 


Supplying  vital  components  and  parts  that  are  the 
"heart"'  of  hundreds  of  industrial  and  consumer 
products  of  other  manufacturers... that's  Sylvania's 
"heart"'  business. 

It's  an  extra  stability  factor  that  safeguards  your 
long-range  career  plans! 

When  you  combine  this  fact  with  the  company's 
leading  position  as  a  manufacturer  of  such  Sylvania 
consumer  products  as;  television  sets,  radios,  fluo- 
rescent, incandescent  and  photoflash  lamps,  you 
can  readily  see  that  Sylvania  is  a  company  with 
exceptional  diversity.  That's  why  Sylvania  can  offer 
you  the  security  you  need  for  professional  success. 

In  the  brief  53  years  since  its  founding,  Sylvacia's 
dedication  to  young,  aggressive  management  (the 
average  top  executive  age  is  only  45),  has  m>.ant 
expansion  into  an  organization  of  45  plants,   12 


MEANS 


TO  YOU 


THE  ENGINEER 


laboratories  in  11  states,  with  over  24,000 
employees. 

To  keep  pace  with  the  demand  for  Sylvania's  prod- 
ucts, our  engineering  staff  has  more  than  doubled 
in  the  past  6  years.  1954  saw  the  addition  of  2  new 
laboratories,  the  completion  of  a  new  television 
manufacturing  plant,  a  TV  picture  tube  plant,  and 
the  start  of  a  new  incandescent  lamp  plant. 

Diversity  .  .  .  stability  .  .  .  growth  —  these  are  the 
foundations  that  make  Sylvania  an  excellent  place 
to  build  your  career  in  engineering. 

For  detailed  information  on  Sylvania's  program  for 
graduating  engineers,  see  your  College  Placement 
Office.  Or  send  for  our  comprehensive  booklet, 
"Today  and  Tomorrow  With  Sylvania"  by  writing 
to  Supervisor  of  Technical  Employment. 


SYLVANIA 


Sylvania  Electric  Products  Inc.   „^SSk    1740  Broadway,  New  York  19,  N.  Y. 

LIGHTING    •    RADIO    •    ELECTRONICS    •    TELEVISION    •    ATOMIC     ENERGY 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

Ciiitor 

Don   Kesler 

associatr   t'ditor 

Millard   Dariiall 

assistant  editor 

Craig  \V.   Suule 

illustrator 

Dave  Templctnn 

assistants 

Dnnnie   Siiedeker 
Paul   H.  Davis 
Harvey  M.  Eruller 
Lowell  Mize 
Roy  Goern 
John    Freeberg 
James  Picchocki 
Ralph   C;.    Fisk 
Thomas    V.  WMlsoii 
\\'illiam    Ciriihe 

photography   staff 

plwtograpli  editor 
Jack   Siebert 

photographer 

David  Komyathj' 

business  staff 

business  manaijer 
James  E.  Smith 

eirculation  director 
Larry  Kicfiing 


navy  pier 

Joel  Wells,  editor 
Davida   Bobrow, 
business   manager 

faculty  advisers 

R.  \V.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.   Livermorc 


MEMBERS   OF   ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman;  Prof.  Thomas  Farrell.  Jr. 
State  University  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City,  Iowa 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer.  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Dre.\el  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Man- 
hattan Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer,  Mich- 
igan Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog,  Mis- 
souri Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint,  New 
York  Lfniversity  Quadrangle,  North  Da- 
kota Engineer,  North  Dakota  State  Engi- 
neer, Northwestern  Engineer,  Notre  Dame 
Technic.'d  Review,  Ohio  State  Engineer, 
OklahoMia  State  Engineer.  Oregon  State 
Techni'.-al  Record,  Penn  State  Engineer, 
Pennsylvania  Triangle,  Purdue  Engineer, 
RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  SC  En- 
gineer, Rose  Technic,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary. March,  April  and  May)  by  the  lUini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana.  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  3,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  lUinois  Techuograph. 
Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Barnhill,  fi05  North  Michigan  Avenue,  Chi- 
cago II,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  New  York 
17,   New  York. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number  6 


confenfs: 

editorial      5 

the  engineering  open  house 9 

sanitary  engineering 12 

the  midwestern  university's  research  association 16 

will  you  become  a  good  engineer 19 

germany's  greatest  ace 24 

meet  mr.  bunche 28 

selecting    your    employer    30 

fluorldaiion     36 

techno-cutie    45 

Introducing     48 

skimming    industrial    headlines 52 

technic  teasers 58 

technocracks     64 

skimming    Industrial   headlines 56 

technocracks     64 


our  cover 

A  preview  of  your  engineering  future  would  envision  the 
design  and  supervision  of  construction  of  numerous  structures, 
machines  and  devices,  some  yet  unheard  of.  Engineering  as  o 
science  has  utilized  the  forces  and  material  of  nature  and  has 
applied  them  to  the  needs  of  man.  (Cover  courtesy  of  Kaiser 
Aiumnium  and  Chemical  Sales) 

our  frontispiece 

In  each  of  these  phases  of  engineering  there  lies  vast 
fields  of  unexplored  phenomenon.  Any  of  which  should  present 
a  challenge  to  you.  While  the  ultimate  choice  of  fields  Is  up  to 
you.  It  may  be  helpful  to  talk  over  the  problem  with  your  ad- 
visor. (Drawing  courtesy  General  Motors  Corp.) 


CHeM/CAL 


METALLURGICAL 


The  Engineering 

Open  House 


by  Keith  A.  Yarborough,  San.  E.  '55 


Perhaps  it  is  a  bit  hackneyed  to  start 
an  article  with  a  question — but  to  ask 
"What  is  the  Engineering  Open 
House?"  is  to  ask  many  questions.  Since 
1920  the  doors  of  the  Engineering  Cam- 
pus at  the  University  of  Illinois  have 
been  thrown  open  to  visitors  from  all 
over  the  state.  People  from  industry,  ob- 
servers from  other  universities,  high 
school  students  and  teachers,  and  hosts 
of  others  who  perhaps  have  no  direct  re- 
lationship with  engineering  but  just  like 
to  learn  "what  makes  the  wheels  go 
'round"  have  attended  these  exhibitions. 
Yet  to  say  that  the  Open  House  is  sim- 
ply an  exhibition  is  to  do  a  great  in- 
justice to  those  faculty  and  students 
whose  year-round  efforts  have  made  the 
event  so  successful.  A  glance  at  the  rec- 
ord shows  that  it  is  much  more  than  an 
exhibition. 

The  Open  House  is  the  result  of  some 
43  years  of  evolution.  Beginning  in  the 
early  years  of  the  century,  it  became  the 
policy  of  various  departments  to  spon- 
sor "shows"  and  "open  houses"  at  which 
times  the  students  and  faculty  collabor- 
ated in  demonstrations  and  lectures. 
Thus,  in  1906  when  the  Department  of 
Physics  held  its  first  annual  Open 
House,  the  precedent  and  inspiration  for 
the  present  -  day  Engineering  Open 
House  was  established.  This  1906  show- 
ing of  departmental  equipment  was  held 
in  the  laboratories  of  Engineering  Hall, 
where  Physics  was  then  located.  The  ex- 
hibits consisted  of  displays  of  apparatus 
in  the  fields  of  light,  sound,  wireless 
telegraphy,  and  other  electrical  opera- 
tions, accompanied  by  lectures  on  the 
principles  involved.  These  basic  physical 
concepts  have  been  enlarged  upon  so 
that  demonstrations  of  many  principles 
appear  today  which  were  relatively  un- 
known in  1906,  including  those  on  mod- 
ern electronics  as  well  as  atomic  and 
nuclear  physics. 

The  next  spring,  in  1907.  the  Depart- 
ment of  Electrical  Engineering  organ- 
ized  the   Electrical    Engineering   Show. 


The  purpose  was  to  raise  fimds  in  order 
to  contribute  to  the  construction  of  a 
memorial  in  honor  of  steamboat  builder 
Robert  Fulton  which  was  to  be  erected 
in  New  York  City.  The  show  was  a 
modest  affair  which  required  only  a 
week's  preparation  at  \irtually  no  ex- 
pense and  for  which  a  small  adnu'ssion 
fee  was  charged.  The  results  took  the 
originators  by  surprise,  as  the  1600  who 
attended  enabled  $250  to  be  donated  to 
the  memorial  fund. 

Encouraged  by  this  success,  the  origi- 
nators held  subsequent  shows,  each  a 
little  more  elaborate  than  the  preceding. 
The  proceeds  were  at  first  used  to  im- 
prove the  furnishings  of  the  Electrical 
Engineering  Societ\'  reading  room  in  the 
E.  E.  Laboratory.  By  1913  the  attend- 
ance had  grown  to  about  3600,  a  ca- 
pacity crowd  which  taxed  the  facilities 
of  that  lab  to  its  limit. 


In  1913  an  important  precedent  of 
dual  significance  was  established  by  the 
use  of  conunercial  exhibits  donated  by 
outside  companies  as  a  distinct  feature 
of  the  Show.  Because  this  addition  re- 
quired much  additional  space  for  equip- 
ment, the  show  was  extended  over  three 
days  and  several  buildings  were  useil  be- 
sides the  E.  E.  Lab.  Subsequent  shows 
up  to  1922  followed  this  same  plan.  By 
this  time  the  show  had  become  so  en- 
larged that  430  student  workers  and 
demonstrators  operating  on  a  $4,000 
budget  were  required.  The  show  con- 
tinued to  be  successful  and  to  return  a 
profit,  which  was  being  used  to  aid  the 
Tcchnograph  and  other  I  niversit\'  in- 
terests. 

In  1924  such  national  recognition  had 
been  gained  that  commercial  organiza- 
tions and  utility  companies  were  eager 
to    exhibit    their    products.    Thus,    the 


M.E.  students  are  pouring   hot  metal  for  sand  castings.  Samples  are  given 
away  at  the  Open  House  with  the  demonstrations. 


MARCH,   1955 


Shows  from  1*524  until  the  war  necessi- 
tated terniiiiatioii  of  the  event  in  1942 
were  ahle  to  present  many  unusual  and 
spectacular  demonstrations.  A  m  o  n  g 
these,  some  worthy  of  note  were  auto- 
matic dial  telephone  systems,  model 
hydroelectric  plants  and  power  trans- 
mission lines,  radio  broadcasting  and  re- 
ceiving equipment,  television,  talking 
movies,  and  a  list  of  others  too  long  to 
enumerate.  The  proceeds  of  these  Shows 
were  placed  in  an  E.  E.  student  loan 
fund  which  is  still  in  existence. 

Also  worthy  of  mention  is  the  inter- 
est which  the  Shows  had  created  among 
the  people  of  the  entire  state.  Started 
on  a  campus-wide  scale,  by  1936  and 
193S  they  were  attracting  crowds  that 
ranged  from  4t)00  to  6000  people,  who 
came  to  the  Show  in  everything  from 
private  cars  and  school  or  chartered 
buses  to  trucks.  A  large  percentage  of 
the  guests  were  high  school  students  and 
teachers,  a  fact  which  enabled  the  Show's 
directors  to  obtain  reduced  rates  on  the 
Illinois  Central  and  Big  Four  railroads 
in  1936.  Such  groups  were  also  assigned 
student  guides  who  conducted  them  on 
tours  of  the  University's  campus  before 
taking  them  through  the  Show. 

In  the  later  vears,  from  1938  to  1942, 


Student  Branch  of  the  American  Society 
of  Mechanical  Engineers  acted  as  hosts 
at  the  first  annual  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing Open  House.  Some  2000  people  rep- 
resenting all  departments  of  the  Univer- 
sity passed  through  the  displays  of  stu- 
dent work  and  demonstrations  of  ma- 
chines in  operation,  and  heard  talks  on 
subjects  concerning  the  popular  mechan- 
ics of  the  day. 

Exhibitions  held  in  the  following 
years  proved  to  be  even  more  success- 
ful. The  attendance  reached  nearly 
5000  persons  by  the  fourth  and  last 
M.  E.  Open  House,  held  in  the  spring 
of  1919.  During  these  events,  the  prac- 
tice of  distributing  ashtrays,  paper 
weights  and  other  small  mementos  as 
well  as  the  showing  of  movies  had  been 
adopted.  Last  year  nearly  20,000  peo- 
ple viewed  displays  demonstrating  sub- 
jects ranging  from  arc  welding  to  Huid 
How  studies.  Here  again,  the  fundamen- 
tal engineering  principles  have  been  ex- 
panded, and  reapplied  b\'  some  35  grad- 
uating mechamcal  engineering  classes,  to 
give  spectators  a  view  of  the  latest  model 
automobile  and  punch  press. 

Inspired  by  the  success  which  these 
several  shows  had  enjoyed,  the  first  reg- 
ular   all-engineering    Open    House    was 


Horsepower  tests  are  made  in  the  internal  combustion  laboratory.  Dodge 
V-8,  Chevrolet,  G.  M.  C,  and  other  engines  are  tested  for  horsepower  out- 
put, fuel  economy  and  other  things. 


the  tendency  was  to  demonstrate  more 
of  the  University's  equipment  and  stu- 
dent work  and  thus  to  diminish  the 
commercial  flavor.  In  so  doing,  students 
devised  many  interesting  exhibits.  Most 
had  a  serious  purpose,  seeking  to  illus- 
trate some  of  the  latest  advances  in  elec- 
trical engineering  { though  a  few  were 
purely  for  a  showmanship  purpose). 

In  the  fall  of  1914,  a  few  years  after 
the   first   E.    E.    Show,    members   of    the 


held  in  the  spring  of  1920,  commemorat- 
ing the  centenary  of  the  birth  of  James 
Watt.  The  Physics  and  M.  E.  Open 
Houses  were  discontinued  at  this  time 
to  give  greater  chance  for  success  to  the 
all-college  venture.  The  public  was  in- 
vited to  inspect  the  facilities  of  the  En- 
gineering College  and  to  see  the  displays 
which  had  been  set  up  in  the  labora- 
tories, drafting  rooms,  and  shops.  The 
first  (^pen   House   Progr;im   appeared   at 


this  time  in  the  form  of  a  20-page  pam- 
phlet. It  briefly  described  sixty-odd  ex- 
hibits and  contained  a  map  of  the  en- 
gineering campus  with  a  suggested  itin- 
erary. This  general  form  has  been  main- 
tained and  is  essentially  the  same  layout 
used  today. 

Other  Open  Houses,  later  called  Illi- 
nois Student  Engineering  Exhibitions, 
were  held  throughout  the  years.  Stu- 
dents in  all  departments  participated  and 
were  guided  in  their  efforts  by  the  En- 
gineering Council.  In  1928,  the  Open 
House  was  so  scheduled  as  not  to  con- 
flict (in  year)  with  the  E.  E.  Shows. 
Also,  the  policy  was  adopted  of  inviting 
groups  from  the  high  schools  of  the 
state,  interested  persons  from  out-of- 
state  or  other  nearby  colleges,  and  other 
such  groups. 

As  was  true  of  the  E.  E.  Show,  the 
all-engineering  show  was  dicontinued 
during  the  war  years.  During  the  im- 
mediate post-war  period  the  E.  E.  Show 
was  reorganized  and  became  a  definite 
part  of  the  newly  named  Engineering 
Open  House.  Starting  in  1948  and  car- 
rying through  1952,  the  Open  House 
was  held  biennially.  However,  following 
the  1950  show,  it  was  suggested  that 
the  Open  House  be  planned  as  an  an- 
nual afiair.  This  proposal  was  accepted 
by  both  the  Engineering  Council  and 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  College 
of  Engineering  as  an  experiment  in  1952 
and  1953.  Hence,  the  1955  Open  House 
represents  the  fourth  time  that  the  an- 
nual event  has  been  successfully  plan- 
ned. It  is  therefore  well  beyond  the  ex- 
perimental stage. 

Since  its  beginning  in  the  departmen- 
tal exhibition,  the  Engineering  Open 
House  has  never  been  planned  or  exe- 
cuted as  a  "stunt  show"  (though  some 
of  its  exhibits  are  indeed  quite  amazing 
and  spectacidar ).  One  major  pvn'pose 
has  always  been  to  give  benefit  to  the 
students  participating,  and  it  is  there- 
fore primarily  educational.  The  long 
standing  goal  has  been  to  better  acquaint 
the  students  and  faculty  of  the  College 
of  Engineering  and  of  the  other  colleges 
on  the  campus,  ;is  well  as  the  public  in 
general,  with  the  facilities  and  work  of 
the  college.  The  exhibits  are  intended  to 
readily  demonstrate  to  the  public  some 
of  the  fundamental  principles  upon 
which  the  science  of  engineering  is  based 
and  to  point  out  how  the  student  is 
equipped  to  utilize  these  principles  dur- 
ing and  after  his  course  of  study. 

Following  the  lead  of  the  E.  E.  Show, 
ovitside  exhibits  such  as  those  from  com- 
mercial organizations  are  sought  only 
when  they  demonstrate  the  desired  con- 
cepts more  clearly  than  can  student-pre- 
pared displays.  Never  has  admission 
been  charged  to  finance  any  of  the  Open 
Hou.se  exhibitions. 

During  the  discussion  of  the  evolu- 
tion   of    the    Engineering    Open    House, 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


reference  was  made  to  the  progress  in 
the  science  of  engineering  which  can 
be  traced  by  the  student  exhibits  held 
over  the  years.  This  is  another  import- 
ant objecti\e  which  the  Open  House 
seeks  to  realize.  Thus,  the  Engineering 
Open  House  is  valuable  as  a  means  of 
aiding  progress.  The  exhibits  and  dem- 
onstrations each  year  attract  people  from 
three  general  groups.  The  largest  group 


to  the  kinds  of  ability  needed  in  each 
office  that  is  to  be  filled,  as  well  as  an 
analysis  of  the  abilities  of  the  men  who 
are  eligible  to  (ill  these  offices.  Such  a 
project  also  requires  that  thought  be 
given  to  financial  and  business  matters 
and  to  the  problems  of  setting  up  the 
proper  machinery  for  operation.  In  addi- 
tion the  exhibits  must  be  selected  on 
the  basis  of  their  educational  value  and 


Rockwell     hardness    testers     measure     fhe     hardness    of     materials    without 

damaging   it.  The  test  leaves  a  small  indentation   in  the  specimen. 


consists  of  those  who  ha\e  a  general  in- 
terest as  citizens  of  the  State.  The  sec- 
ond group  consists  of  those  who  are  in- 
terested in  the  Engineering  College  as 
a  center  of  research  and  training  for 
future  engineers — i.e.,  industry.  The 
third  group  is  composed  mainly  of  high 
school  students  who  have  scientific  in- 
terests and  wish  to  learn  whether  en- 
gineering should  become  their  life's 
work.  The  Open  House  attempts  to 
answer  the  questions  of  these  groups  by 
annually  placing  the  entire  facilities  of 
the  College  on  display. 

To  the  general  observer  this  is  im- 
pressive and  imparts  the  feeling  that  he. 
as  a  citizen  and  taxpayer  of  the  State, 
has  had  a  hand  in  making  this  center  of 
technical  education  and  reserch  possible. 
The  industrial  person  sees  students,  the 
engineers  of  the  future,  organizing  and 
conducting  a  large-scale  enterprise.  He 
observes  that  the  men  in\olved  have  had 
to  take  into  consideration  practically  all 
of  the  factors  involved  in  any  industrial 
and  engineering  project.  Realization  of 
these  factors  requires  organizational 
abilities  and  gives  the  students  many  op- 
portunities to  test  their  judgment  and 
ingenuity. 

First  of  all.  the  proper  setup  of  stu- 
dent officers  who  will  be  in  charge  must 
be  established.  This  selection  of  student 
leaders  requires  careful  consideration  as 


public  appeal.  .Ad\ertising  and  publicity, 
in  the  form  of  printed  programs,  radio 
and  TV^  shows,  automobile  stickers, 
newspaper  articles,  speeches  and  posters, 
must  be  carried  out.  Thus  the  Open 
House  is  an  undertaking  requiring  the 
time  and  efiforts  of  many  students  work- 
ing together  toward  a  common  goal. 

All  of  these  things  are  readily  ob- 
servable to  tho.se  who  care  to  look  "be- 
hind the  scenes."  Here  another  great 
educational  value  is  again  observed — 
the  fact  that  some  men  discover  and 
perfect  abilities  of  leadership  which  will 
serve  them  well  in  later  work  whereas 
others,  though  lacking  in  leadership  per- 
haps, find  that  the\  are  qualified  to  han- 
dle practical  problems  as  these  are  en- 
countered. Perhaps  most  important  is 
the  in\aluable  experience  which  team- 
work provides  and  the  sense  of  com- 
radeship which  it  instills  in  all. 

Thus  the  third  interested  viewer,  the 
high  sch(X)l  student,  soon  realizes  that 
this  is  indeed  a  student  enterprise.  In 
the  \  arious  exhibits  he  not  only  sees 
iihdt  the  practicing  engineer  does  in  arn 
particular  field  but  he  is  made  aware  of 
hoii-  the  student  engineer  is  trained  to 
think  and  act  in  such  situations.  Proof 
of  the  value  of  such  training  is  furnished 
by  the  show  itself.  Indeed,  no  one  man 
could  conceive  of  and  execute  the  many 
duties  and   tasks  required   for  a  success- 


ful Open  House;  but  a  group  of  men, 
using  what  they  ha\e  learned  to  attack 
new  problems,  can  achieve  this  goal. 
This  is  that  part  of  the  engineering 
education  which  is  learned  not  so  much 
in  the  classroom  as  outside  it  in  the 
meeting  rooms  and  around  the  confer- 
ence tables. 

And  what  about  this?  Indeed,  answer- 
ing this  "what"  will  aid  iji  telling  what 
the  Open  House  is.  The  students  and 
faculty  have  plans  for  this  year  which 
are  designed  to  demonstrate  to  every- 
one the  potential  for  teaching  and  re- 
search that  the  College  of  Engineering 
of  the  University  of  Illinois  possesses. 
The  exhibits  will  be  so  arranged  and 
talks  on  them  so  presented  as  to  best 
point  out  what  the  engineering  student 
is  taught  in  his  stu<l\  program  and  how 
this  training  is  directly  applicable  to  the 
problems  encountered  "in  the  field."  In 
so  doing  the  exhibits  themselves  will  be 
selected  and  utilized  in  such  ways  as  to 
demonstrate  the  fact  that  they  are  not 
primarih-  teaching  devices  upon  which 
examination  questions  are  based  but  arc 
functional  units  designed,  built,  and  ap- 
plied to  satisf\  specific  needs  and  fidlill 
delinite  purposes.  Every  attempt  will  be 
made  to  answer  questions  not  only  on 
//o^;■  they  work  but  also  uliy.  .Also,  this 
year,  particular  emphasis  is  being  placed 
on  the  \alues  of  the  engineering  profes- 
sion in  modern  society  and  how  young 
men  are  prepared  to  meet  the  challeng- 
ing problems  of  the  science  by  study 
here  at  the  I  niversity. 

As  to  the  actual  exhibits — they  are 
too  numerous  to  name  (  requiring  some 
20  pages  of  Program  each  year  to  des- 
cribe). While  .some  groups  are  running 
miniature  ram-jet  engines,  others  will  be 
distilling  alcohol  and  still  others  will 
be  breaking  concrete  cylinders.  One  or- 
ganization even  hopes  to  furnish  thirsty 
visitors  with  glasses  of  purified  Honeyard 
water.  Yet  all  these  displa\s  will  be 
showing  the  same  thing,  basically;  that 
the  fundamental  principles  of  engineer- 
ing are  being  applied  daily  in  solving  the 
problems  which  enable  us  to  be  a  />;c/- 
gnsiive  societ\'. 

We've  talked  a  good  deal  about  the 
Open  House — its  history,  its  purposes 
and  its  achievements.  It  should  be  appar- 
ent that  the  "what"  of  the  Engineering 
Open  House  is  not  easily  answered,  for 
the  real  answer  lies  in  the  work  which 
the  participating  students  carry  on.  The 
success  of  the  venture  lies  with  them 
and  challenges  their  ingenuity  and 
"stick-to-it-iveness."  W'hat  is  considered 
and  applied  here  is  no  diiierent  from 
the  planning  and  execution  of  any  engi- 
neering urulertaking.  Thus,  when  all  the 
problems  have  been  surmounted  and  the 
visitors  arrive  on  March  II,  I'JS.S,  the 
Engineering  Open  House  again  serves  a.s 
a  symbol  of  the  promise  and  attainment 
of  the  engineering  profession. 


MARCH,   1955 


11 


SANITARY 
ENGINEERING 


by  Frank  L.  Flood 


It  will  be  the  purpose  of  this  paper 
to  concentrate  on  what  the  young  sani- 
tary engineer  should  learn  through  col- 
lege training  and  during  the  first  few 
years  thereafter. 

First,  I  would  like  to  summarize  cer- 
tain general  beliefs  with  which  I  am  in 
accord. 

1.  The  sanitary  engineer  must  be 
thoroughly  grounded  in  the  fundamental 
principles  of  the  natural  sciences:  mathe- 
matics, physics,  chemistry,  geology,  and 
biology. 

2.  The  arrangement  of  courses  in 
these  subjects  should  be  in  accordance 
with  the  scope  of  the  problems  which 
generally  arise  in  the  practice  of  sani- 
tary engineering. 

3.  The  elements  of  mechanics,  struc- 
tural design,  materials  of  construction, 
hydraulics,  design  of  waterworks  and 
sewage  works,  principles  of  public  health 
and  sanitation  and  elements  of  electrical 
and  mechanical  engineering  should  be 
among  the  subjects  studied. 

4.  The  young  engineer  should  be  able 
to  handle  surveying  instruments  with 
reasonable  skill,  keep  notes  in  the  field, 
and  plot  the  work  in  the  office. 

3.  He  should  be  able  to  draw  reason- 
ably well  and  needs  to  have  an  appreci- 
ation of  the  value  of  well-made  plans 
and  the  value  of  clear  graphical  pre- 
sentation of  the  facts  by  the  use  of  plans, 
charts,  and  diagrams.  The  technical 
graduate  should  realize  that  drafting  is 
not  too  menial  a  task  for  him  to  per- 
form. 

6.  He  should  be  able  to  perform  the 
routine  sanitary  analyses  of  water  and 
sewage. 

7.  The  sanitary  engineer  needs  to  have 
a  reasonably  broad  cultural  background 
and  to  this  end  subjects  such  as  English, 
history,  and  literature  should  be  includ- 
ed in  his  education. 

8.  Some  degree  of  training  in  the 
principles  of  economics  and  in  business 
and  public  health  law  should  be 
acquired. 

9.  A  young  engineer  should  learn  the 
need  for  economy  in  the  engineering  ex- 
pense put  into  the  study  and  solution  of 


a  problem.  He  should  have  judgment  as 
to  the  reasonable  amount  of  time  needed 
to  perform  a  task. 

10.  The  technical  training  should  give 
a  man  sufficient  instruction  in  report 
writing  to  enable  him  to  recognize  the 
facts  to  be  set  forth  and  their  relative 
importance  and  should  train  him  to  pre- 
sent facts  clearly  and  in  logical  arrange- 
ment. 

11.  The  young  engineer  should  be- 
come informed  of  the  ordinary  political 
practices  and  the  normal  operations  of 
municipal,  state  and  federal  agencies, 
particularly  as  the\-  affect  public  sani- 
tary engineering  works.  Service  in  an 
appointive  or  elective  capacity,  particu- 
larly in  miuiicipal  government,  is  of  con- 
siderable value  in  learning  to  deal  with 
municipal  authorities  in  public  works 
matters. 

For  the  most  part,  the  above  conclu- 
sions relate  to  education  up  to  the  stage 
of  postgraduate  work.  Some  elaboration 
as  to  the  training  of  the  graduate  engi- 
neer may  be  of  value.  While  sanitary 
engineering  covers  a  broad  field  of  en- 
gineering relating  to  the  betterment  and 
control  of  environmental  factors  affect- 
ing the  public  health,  the  more  specific 
work  of  the  sanitary  engineer  in  a  pri- 
vate engineering  organization  offers  suf- 
ficient scope  for  this  discussion. 

The  engineering  work  of  an  organi- 
zation such  as  the  one  of  which  I  am  a 
partner  has  to  do  primarily  with  investi- 
gations and  reports,  plans  and  specifica- 
tions, supervision  of  construction,  and 
operation  of  waterworks,  sewage  works, 
industrial  waste  disposal,  drainage,  gar- 
bage, and  refuse  disposal.  Each  individ- 
ual project  is  administered  by  a  partner 
with  a  project  engineer  in  responsible 
charge.  Usually  the  project  engineer  is 
a  professional  sanitary  engineer. 

For  investigations  and  reports,  the 
field  work  may  involve  surveys,  gaging, 
sampling,  testing,  and  design  and  opera- 
tion of  pilot  plants.  The  field  men  may 
include  rodmen,  transitmen,  party  chiefs, 
assistant  engineers  and  chemists.  The  re- 
ports are  compiled  by  the  project  engi- 
neer   with    the    help    of    assistant    engi- 


neers. The  young  sanitary  engineer 
should  be  capable  of  handling  the  job 
of  party  chief,  assistant  engineer,  or 
chemist,  the  latter  operating  under  the 
supervision  of  a  chief  chemist. 

The  preparations  of  plans  and  speci- 
fications on  a  project  proceed  under  the 
direction  of  the  project  engineer.  Func- 
tional drawings  are  made  by  the  engi- 
neers and  assistant  engineers  who  are 
normalh'  young  sanitary  engineers.  Most 
modern  sanitar\'  engineering  works  are 
so  complex  that  the  design  then  pro- 
ceeds through  office  departments  which 
include  structural,  architectural,  me- 
chanical, and  electrical.  Each  depart- 
ment is  headed  by  a  senior  engineer  or 
architect  and  includes  the  designers,  de- 
tailers,  draftsmen,  and  tracers.  No  one 
in  these  categories  needs  to  be  a  sani- 
tary engineer,  but  drafting  ability  will 
be  helpful  to  a  young  sanitar\  engineer 
both  in  securing  a  job  and  to  retain 
steady  employment. 

A  detailed  quantity  estimate  is  usually 
required  as  a  basis  for  estimates  of  cost 
and  the  young  sanitary  engineer  can  be 
usefid  and  at  the  same  time  learn  much 
about  the  functional  details  of  the  design 
while  on  such  work. 

Specifications  and  contract  documents 
are  normally  prepared  by  the  specifica- 
tions engineer  assisted  by  the  senior  engi- 
neers and  project  engineers.  The  yoiuig 
sanitary  engineer  must  learn  require- 
ments for  preparation  of  specifications 
and  contract  documents  and  usually 
learns  by  assisting  either  the  project  or 
the  specifications  engineer. 

In  the  construction  of  a  project,  the 
professional  sanitary  engineer  may  fur- 
nish field  parties  to  supply  lines  and 
grades,  inspectors  and  resident  engineers. 
It  is  very  worthwhile  for  a  graduate 
sanitary  engineer  to  spend  some  time  in 
the  field  as  an  inspector  or  resident  en- 
gineer. 

Frequently,  the  professional  sanitary 
engineer  has  the  responsibility  for  opera- 
tion of  a  sewage  treatment  plant  or 
water  purification  plant  during  the  first 
year  or  two  of  operation.  The  young 
graduate  sanitary  engineer  would  be 
very  forunate  to  secure  the  experience 
of  operating  either  type  of  plant  under 
the  supervision  of  the  professional  engi- 
neer. 

A  combination  of  experience  during 
the  early  years  following  the  gradua- 
tion of  a  sanitary  engineer  from  col- 
lege which  includes  investigations  and 
reports,  preparation  of  functional  draw- 
ings, detailed  estimates  of  cost,  prepara- 
tion of  specifications  and  contract  docu- 
ments, inspection  of  construction  and  op- 
eration of  plants  should  be  ideal  back- 
ground toward  the  ultimate  develop- 
ment of  a  professional  sanitary  engi- 
neer. 

Continued  employment  and  advance- 
ment of  the  young  sanitary  engineer  de- 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


pi-ii(l  upon  character,  ability,  and  op- 
pnrtunit\". 

The  samtar\  engineering  profession  is 
still  rapidly  growing  and  de\eIoping. 
At  no  time  are  there  complete  up-to- 
date  textbooks.  In  order  to  be  properly 
informed,  it  is  essential  to  a  sanitary 
engineer  to  read  the  technical  literature 
in  his  field,  attend  society  meetings, 
study  the  data  furnished  by  manufactur- 
ers, and  inspect  works  that  have  been 
huilt. 

Bound  volumes  of  magazines  arc 
available  in  most  large  engineering  of- 
fices and  in  other  engineering  libraries 
maintained  by  the  universities  and  so- 
cieties. However,  the  writer  has  found 
it  extremely  \aluable  to  maintain  a  ref- 
erence file  of  material  relating  to  the 
particular  field  in  which  he  is  engaged, 
to  clip  most  of  his  personal  technical 
magazines,  and  file  the  articles  accord- 
ing to  subject  matter.  Since  the  writer 
has  specialized  in  the  field  of  sewage 
disposal,  his  personal  file  is  predomi- 
nantly on  this  subject. 

The  professional  sanitary  engineer 
should  take  an  active  part  in  engineer- 
ing societies.  The  ASCE  and  a  number 
of  regional  engineering  societies,  such 
as  the  BSCE  have  active  sanitary  engi- 
n?ering  divisions.  The  water,  fewage, 
and  industrial  wastes  associations  are 
supported  to  a  considerable  degree  b\ 
sanitary  engineers  and  the  meetings  and 
journals  present  much  material  of  fact- 
ual interest  to  them.  The  young  sani- 
tary engineer  should  himself  contribute 
to  the  professional  meetings  and  techni- 
cal pre.ss  by  means  of  articles  and  dis- 
cussions. 

Much  of  the  work  of  the  sanitary  en- 
gineer must  be  done  with  public  funds. 
The  sanitary  engineer  is  required  to 
meet  the  public  and  deal  with  public 
officials.  He  should  become  well  ac 
quainted  with  the  operations  of  munici- 
pal, state,  and  federal  agencies  and  in- 
form himself  as  to  the  laws,  codes,  rules, 
and  regulations  under  which  his  work 
must  be  performed. 

The  professional  sanitary  engineer  en- 
gaged in  public  work  must  work  with 
politicians  but  apart  from  politics.  It  is 
generally  recognized  by  those  holding 
either  elective  or  appointive  offices  that 
the  sanitary  engineer  provides  profes- 
sional services  essential  to  the  public 
welfare  and  usually  his  work  is  carried 
on  without  the  interference  of  politics 
or  politicians.  Occasionally  a  sanitary 
engineer  who  has  served  professionallv 
under  one  administration  finds  himself 
person-non-grata  when  a  new  adminis- 
tration takes  over.  This  may  be  regard- 
less of  whether  a  change  in  political  par- 
ties is  involved  and  whether  or  not  his 
services  have   been   entirely  satisfactory. 

Activities  in  the  sanitary  engineering 
profession  have  been  greatly  speeded  up 
during    recent    years,    primarily    because 


of  the  water  pollution  abatement  pro- 
gram which  has  advanced  on  a  nation- 
witle  scale.  A  secondary  reason  for  in- 
creased activities  in  recent  years  is  the 
large  backlog  of  work  to  be  done  which 
had  been  delayed  by  depression  and  war 
conditions.  ^Vhile  a  large  amount  of 
work  has  been  done  in  the  abatement  of 
pollution  by  provision  for  treatment  of 
sewage  and  industrial  wastes,  the  work 
yet  to  be  done  will  require  a  constantly 
expanding  force  of  workers  in  the  sani- 
tary engineering  field. 

A  particular  problem  in  pollution 
abatement  is  practically  never  complete- 
ly and  finally  solved.  Most  municipal 
and  industrial  treatment  works  are  de- 
signed for  partial  treatment  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  wastes  and  for  a  limited  ca- 
pacity not  greatly  in  excess  of  that  re- 
quired at  the  time  of  the  design.  Works 
become  obsolete,  uneconomical  to  oper- 
ate, unable  to  provide  the  required  de- 
gree of  treatment,  overloaded,  or  run 
down  to  an  extent  that  major  changes 
and  additions  are  required  periodically. 

There  is  still  a  tremendous  problem 
in  the  treatment  of  industrial  wastes  so 
as  to  abate  pollution  of  receiving  waters. 

To  the  writer,  one  of  the  most  attrac- 
ti\e  features  of  the  sanitary  engineering 
profession  is  the  variety  and  scope  of 
the  work  involved.  Practical!)  ever\ 
problem  that  arises  has  some  phase  that 
is  new  and  dirfercnt  from  previous  prob- 
lems. It  is  rarely  practical  to  copy  di- 
recth'  or  follow  previous  work. 

In  addition  to  the  technical  educa- 
tion, there  are  other  more  general  quali- 
fications which  are  of  great  importance 
if  the  young  sanitary  engineer  is  to  de- 
velop into  a  leader  in  the  profession. 
These  qualifications  may  include  the  fol- 
lowing :  The  development  of  strong 
moral  and  ethical  sense ;  a  due  sense  of 
responsibilitv  ;  broad  social,  political,  and 
economic  understanding;  a  liking  for 
and  a  willingness  to  work  with  people, 
regardless  of  race,  creed,  or  color;  an 
appreciation  of  the  importance  of  the 
work  engaged  upon ;  and  a  certain 
amount  of  drive  and  ambition,  tempered 
by  a  proper  regard  for  the  rights  and 
feelings  of  others. 

Vice-Admiral  John  J.  Manru'ng,  in 
an  address  to  the  Student  Chapter  Con- 
ference of  the  ASCE  in  Washington  in 
the  spring  of  1950,  advised  the  young 
engineer  to  enter  into  the  field  of  use- 
fulness and  influence  in  his  community, 
to  recognize  that  his  fellow  men  can 
ofifer  him  as  much  as  he  can  offer  them, 
and  suggested  that  humilitv  offers  a 
faster  road  to  success  than  pride  and  in- 
tolerance. 

The  fullest  possible  development  of 
the  professional  sanitary  engineer  and 
the  depth  of  satisfaction  he  will  get  out 
of  life  will  depend  as  much  upon  his 
broad  development  as  upon  his  techni- 
al  advancement. 


ANTIQUE  PRESERVER 

.An  acrylic  coating  for  Nigerian  pot- 
terv'  is  the  new  preservative  system  being 
tried  at  a  Philadelphia  museum.  A  clear, 
quick-drying  plastic,  it  is  claimed  to  pro- 
tect surfaces  from  moisture,  rot,  fungus 
and  rust.  It's  also  in  use,  or  being  tried, 
as  the  final  preservative  in  the  Eisen- 
hower .Museum  (.Abilene,  Kan.),  on 
i(M)()-year-old  Viking  ships  in  .Norway, 
and  on  the  recently  discovered  47(K)- 
year-old  wooden  solar  ships  of  Egypt's 
I'baraoh  Cheops. 


MORE  FOOD  FOR  LESS  WORK 

.An  hour's  work  today  gets  the  worker 
about  twice  as  much  milk,  lamb  and 
ham  as  in   1929. 


TOOLS  OF  THE  TRADE 

Although  several  plumbers'  umons 
sent  Dr.  Albert  Einstein  membership 
cards  following  his  assertion  that  he'd 
be  a  plumber  if  he  were  starting  all 
over,  a  Toledo,  Ohio,  company  did  them 
one  better.  The  firm  sent  him  a  kit  of 
four  tools — hand  threader,  pipe  cutter, 
pipe  wrench  and  vise. 


TELEVISED  PARKING  SPACE 

Industrial  television  is  now  being 
used  to  spot  empty  spaces  in  car  park- 
ing lots  and  as  a  classroom  aid  in  teach- 
ing dental  surgery. 


AUTOMATIC  FLIGHT  AHEAD 

I  luleivvav  i>  a  one-miilion-dollar 
project  to  design  comprehensive  digital- 
computer  control  for  high-speed  military 
aircraft  and  guided  missiles.  Rapid  ad- 
vances in  digital  computing  make  pos- 
sible new  plans  for  miniature  digital  air- 
borne computers  that  will  make  com- 
pletely automatic  all  flight  and  tactical 
operations.  As  compact  light-weight 
packages,  these  will  automatically  con- 
trol simultaneous  functions  such  as 
flight,  navigation,  engine  and  fire  con- 
trol. 


INDUSTRY  BRIEFING 

A  new  industrial  program  at  a  major 
university  is  expected  to  open  up  direct 
chaiuiels  of  communication  between  in- 
dustry and  academic  research  programs. 
Subscribing  companies  will  receive  in- 
formation on  the  college's  latest  engi- 
neering and  scientific  advances  at  a  nom- 
inal cost;  universitv  and  industrial  ex- 
perts will  meet  periodically  to  review 
fields  of  mutual  interest.  The  program 
is  the  first  to  be  made  available  to  in- 
dustrv. 


ABUNDANCE  OF  ENERGY 

World  resources  of  uranium  and 
thorium  promise  22  times  as  much  heat 
energy  as  those  of  gas,  petroleum  and 
coal  combined. 


MARCH,   1955 


13 


water  works  even  when  youVe  asleep! 

This  particular  need  for  water  isn't  acute. 

But  if  ...  as  so  many  students  have  .  .  .  you  elect  the  challenging:  field  of 
Sanitary  Engineering  for  your  future,  you'll  come  up  against  many  more 
prohlems  of  supplying,  distributing,  maintaining  an  adequate  supply  of 
water  for  homes  and  industries  in  a  tliirsty  world. 

Here,  you  can  count  on  the  help  of  one  valuable  ally  .  .  .  cast  iron  pipe. 
Practically  every  city  in  America— large  or  small— uses  it  for  water  and  gas 
mains  .  .  .  and  over  60  of  them  have  been  served  by  cast  iron  pipe  for  a 
century  or  more. 

On  its  record,  cast  iron  pipe  is  Man"s  most  dependable  carrier  of  water. 
CAST    IRON    PIPE    RESEARCH    ASSOCIATION 

Thos.   F.   Wolfe,   Managing   Director,    122   So.  Michigan   Avenue,  Chicago  3,   III. 


(oast  iron  pipe  llVrWMi) 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


I«5i 


JTliether  you're  in  engineering,  sci- 
ence, commerce  or  liberal  arts,  the 
DOW  sales  organization  may  offer 
just  the  future  you're  looking  for 


What  About  Your  Future  ? 


Your  opportunities  for  advancement  are  excellent  because 
Dow  is  izrowinp — continuallv  building  new  plants,  develop- 
ing new  production  operations — adding  new  products, 
opening  new  markets. 

Dow  fits  you  for  the  job  with  a  comprehensive  training 
course  which  explains  company  organization,  policy, 
finance,  research,  production,  technical  service  and  sales 
methods. 

You'll  find  that  Dow  is  a  friendly  company.  You'll  discover 
that  promotions  are  usually  from  within,  from  Dow's  own 
staff".  Seldom  is  an  outsider  considered  lor  a  top  job  at  Dow. 
Moreover,  you'll  find  a  highly  developed  spirit  of  coopera- 
tion between  men  and  departments. 

At  Dow,  your  future  can  be  more  secure  because  of  Dow's 
diversification  of  products  serving  many  different  markets 


— a  real  advantage  if  business  slows — and  certain  to 
multiply  opportunities  as  business  expands.  Also  at  Dow 
— group  insurance,  pension  plans  and  employee  stock 
purchase  plans  have  been  a  tradition. 

If  you  or  any  of  your  friends  majoring  in  other  fields  of 
study  who  have  had  pre-engineering  or  one  vear  or  more 
of  college  chemistry  are  interested  in  finding  out  more 
about  a  future  at  DOW.  write  to  Dow's  Technical  Employ- 
ment Dt'turtment  today. 


Doit's  Rdoklcl.  "Opporliinities  iiilh  The  Dow 
Chemical  Company,"  especially  urillcn  for 
those  alxiitl  to  enter  the  chemical  profession,  is 
axailalile  free,  upon  request.  W  rite  THE  DOff^ 
CllKMICAl.  COMPA.W.  Technical  Employ: 
ment.  Miilliuul.  Michiiion.  or  Frecport.  Texas. 


you  can  depend  on  DOIT  CHEMICALS 


uovsr 


MARCH,   1955 


15 


The  Midwestern  Universities 

Research  Issodation 


edited  by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


On  September  27,  1954,  the  Mid- 
western Universities  Research  Associa- 
tion (MURA)  became  a  corporation 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 
The  present  members  are  the  Univer- 
sities of  Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan.  Min- 
nesota, and  Wisconsin,  Purdue  Univer- 
sit\,  Indiana  Uni\ersity,  and  Iowa  State 
College.  The  board  of  directors  of  the 
corporation  includes  one  scientist  and 
one  administrative  officer  from  each  of 
the  member  universities.  At  the  first  reg- 
ular annual  meeting  of  the  board  of 
directors,  a  statement  of  the  origin,  ob- 
jectives, and  accomplishments  of  the  cor- 
poration was  formulated. 

During  the  past  decade  the  frontier 
of  nuclear  physics  has  moved  into  a  new- 
area,  where  experiments  are  performed 
not  on  the  atomic  nuclei  as  a  whole  but 
on  the  individual  constituent  particles  of 
which  they  are  composed,  and  on  par- 
ticles which  are  created  through  high- 
energy  collisions  of  subnuclear  particles. 
This  new  field,  which  has  come  to  be 
called  high-energy  physics,  i':,  and  sureh' 
will  continue  to  be  for  a  long  time  to 
come,  the  major  land  of  the  unknown  in 
physics.  But  as  one  horizon  after  an- 
other has  appeared  in  high-energy 
physics,  the  investment,  both  in  eqiu'p- 
ment  and  in  scientific  manpower,  re- 
quired for  effective  work  in  the  field, 
has  come  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
individual  university. 

The  problem  of  the  great  expense,  in 
money  and  manpower,  of  high-energy 
physics  can  be  solved  if  groups  of  uni- 
versities will  organize  and  combine 
forces  for  the  creation  of  cooperative 
laboratories.  The  effectiveness  of  this 
solution  has  been  well  demonstrated  on 
the  East  Coast  by  the  Associated  Uni- 
versities, Inc..  in  the  creation  and  oper-' 
ation  of  the  Brookhaven  National  Lab- 
oratory. There  the  control  of  the  lab- 
oratory is  vested  in  a  board  of  directors 
elected  by  the  member  universities,  and 
the  financial  support  is  proxided  by  the 
Atomic  Energy  Commission.  The  AUl 
arrangement  represents  a  pioneer  exper- 
iment, and  a  successful  one,  toward  the 
solution  of  the  many  problems  which  at- 
tend the  support,  by  the  Government, 
of  large  scale  university  research,  par- 
ticularly  cooperative    research    involving 


several  universities.  A  notable  degree  of 
success  has  been  achieved  toward  ex- 
tending into  the  laboratory  many  of  the 
elements  of  a  free  university  atmosphere, 
toward  making  the  laboratory  attractive 
to  many  scientists  from  all  over  the 
world,  and  toward  preserving  the  valu- 
able interplay  between  senior  scientists 
and  graduate  students. 

Until  very  recently,  there  has  been 
no  similar  movement  on  the  part  of  the 
universities  of  the  Midwest  to  combine 
their  forces  to  create  a  cooperative  lab- 
ortary  for  high-energy  physics.  As  a  re- 
sult the  Midwest  has  lagged  seriously, 
relative  to  both  the  East  Coast  and  the 
West  Coast,  in  high-energy  physics.  The 
need  for  such  a  laboratory  in  the  Mid- 
west is  very  clear  and  urgent.  There 
are,  in  this  region  of  the  country,  a 
large  number  of  young  physicists  who 
are  intensely  interested  in  the  field  of 
high-energy  physics  and  who  do  not 
have  ready  access  to  the  necessary  fa- 
cilities. 

The  first  really  strong  movement  in 
the  Midwest  toward  finding  an  answer 
to  this  need  began  early  in  1953  when 
some  of  the  nuclear  physicists  of  Mid- 
western universities  constituted  them- 
selves an  informal  committee  for  the 
purpose  of  promoting  a  cooperative  high- 
energy  laboratory  and  began  an  inten- 
sive series  of  meetings.  From  that  be- 
gimu'ng  has  grown  the  present  full- 
fledged  Corporation,  which  has  the  ac- 
tice  participation  not  only  of  the  scien- 
tists of  the  member  universities  but  of 
the  administrative  officers  as  well.  The 
task  to  which  the  committee,  and  later 
the  Corporation,  addressed  itself  was 
fourfold  : 

(a)  to  determine,  with  the  help  of 
what  little  experience  existed  on  the  sub- 
ject, the  form  of  organization  that 
would  be  the  most  advantageous  for  the 
operation  of  a  cooperative  laboratory 
and  to  bring  such  an  organization  into 
existence ; 

(b)  to  determine  what  environmental 
and  geographical  conditions  would  be 
the  best ; 

(c)  to  gather  together,  immediately, 
a  group  from  among  those  yoimg  physi- 
cists who  would  be  most  directly  con- 
cerned   with    using    a    high-energy    lab- 


oratory, and  to  set  this  group  to  work 
studying  high-energv-  machines  and  de- 
signing one  for  the  Midwest; 

(d)  to  take  immediate  steps  to  raise 
funds  both  for  the  study  program  and 
for  the  eventual  construction  of  a  high- 
energy  machine. 

The  fourfold  task  described  is  a 
heavy  one,  but  the  committee  has  worked 
for  more  than  a  year  with  the  greatest 
of  enthusiasm  and  vigor.  The  adminis- 
trative officers  of  the  universities  con- 
cerned have  not  only  given  their  full 
support  at  all  times,  but  have  actually 
worked  alongside  the  physicists  in 
thrashing  out  the  main'  complicated 
problems  of  organization.  A  cooperative 
laboratory  is  not  yet  on  the  way,  but 
the  committee  can  point  to  many  ac- 
complishments which  represent  real  pro- 
gress. These  accomplishments  are  des- 
cribed in  some  detail  in  the  following 
paragraphs. 

A  thought  foremost  in  the  minds  of 
the  members  of  the  committee  was  that 
the  responsibility  for  the  kind  of  re- 
search envisioned  rests,  and  must  rest, 
upon  the  shoulders  of  the  universities. 
The  research  is  of  a  kind  that  reaches 
out  very  far  in  advance  of  the  practi- 
cal applications  of  today.  It  cannot, 
therefore,  derive  its  stimulus  from  the 
practical  problems  or  needs  and  emer- 
gencies of  the  moment,  as  is  true  of  the 
type  of  research  done  in  many  industrial 
and  government  laboratories.  The  uni- 
versities alone  have  shown  thf  ability, 
over  long  periods,  to  keep  alive  and 
flourishing  those  lines  of  research  which 
are  truly  described  as  basic,  i.e.,  very 
far  in  advance  of  application.  It  is 
therefore  the  unanimous  belief  of  the 
committee  that  in  the  organization  for 
the  projected  laboratory,  the  primary  re- 
sponsibility and  also  a  large  measure  of 
the  control  should  be  vested  in  the  uni- 
versities, quite  aside  from  the  question  of 
the  source  of  funds.  Responsibility  and 
control,  it  is  firmly  believed,  must  go 
together:  neither  will  be  effectively 
maintained  over  a  long  period  of  time 
without  the  other. 

The  organizational  scheme  of  the 
AUI  was  used  as  a  starting  point  and 
model,  and,  as  it  turned  out,  only  minor 
departures  from  that  scheme  were  made. 
An  organization  very  similar  to  the  AUI 
was  completed  and  it  was  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  Illinois  on  Septem- 
ber 27,  1954.  Each  member  university 
either  paid  or  pledged  $10,000  to  be 
used  as  an  operating  fund.  Considering 
the  fact  that  all  of  the  universities  in- 
volved are  tax-supported  institutions, 
and  that  in  several  cases  their  joining 
a  corporation  outside  their  own  states 
required  an  act  of  the  legislature,  the 
successful  formation  of  a  corporation  at- 
tests to  the  seriousness  of  purpose  of  the 
committee. 

It  was   fully   realized   that   the   ques- 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


tioii  of  the  location  ot  a  Midwest  lab- 
oratory would  be  a  complex  one,  for  the 
reason,  among  other  considerations,  tl'.at 
one  laboratory  alread\  exists  in  the  Mid- 
west which  is  authorized  to  enter  into 
cooperative  work  with  the  universities, 
i.e.,  the  Argonne  National  Laboratory. 
Nevertheless  the  committee  tried  to  ap- 
proach the  question  on  a  new  basis  and 
to  at  least  attempt  to  define  the  most 
advantageous  set  of  conditions.  The  im- 
portance of  proceeding  in  this  manner 
is  pointed  up  when  one  recalls  that  the 
choice  of  the  location  of  Rrookhaven, 
which  was  influenced  to  a  large  extent 
by  the  availability  of  a  piece  of  gov- 
ernment-owned real  estate,  proved  to  be 
a  serious  deterrent  to  the  laboratory's 
development  during  the  early  years.  The 
location  has  only  recently  been  reduced 
to  secondary  importance  by  the  unique- 
ness of  the  research  tools  which  ha\e 
become  available.  The  committee  there- 
fore takes  a  strong  stand,  and  will  tr\ 
to  maintain  it,  that  a  cooperative  uni- 
versity laboratory,  which  is  to  be  built 
for  many  decades  of  use,  should  not  start 
life  with  a  handicap  in  location  or  en- 
vironment. 

The  most  important  requirement  i:i 
respect  to  location  is.  in  the  opinion  of 
the  MLRA  group,  that  the  laborator\ 
be  in  a  place  which  is  attractive  to  uni- 
versity scientists.  A  laboratory  is  onl\ 
as  good  as  the  scientists  who  use  it. 
Since  a  cooperative  laboratory  would 
rely  heavily  upon  university  scientists 
going  to  it  for  a  summer,  a  semester,  or 
a  year  at  a  time,  the  willingness  of  uni- 
versity people,  and  in  particular  their 
families,  to  move  to  it  for  these  periods 
is  of  vital  importance.  Much  would  be 
contributed  to  the  success  and  value  of 
the  laboratory  if  it  could  be  located  in, 
or  close  to,  an  established  community  of 
scholars  ha\ing  a  \ariet\  of  fields  of 
interest. 

Another  important  requirement, 
which  is  connected  with  location  as  well 
as  with  organization,  is  that  security  re- 
strictions be  held  at  an  absolute  mini- 
mum, making  the  interchange  of  scien- 
tists and  of  information  with  other  lab- 
oratories and  with  friendly  nations  as 
free  as  possible. 

A  study  and  machine  design  group, 
sponsored  by  the  committee  and  now  by 
the  Corporation,  and  under  the  chair- 
manship of  Professor  Donald  W.  Kerst 
from  the  University  of  Illinois,  has  been 
active  since  the  very  beginning  in  the 
summer  of  1953.  With  a  membership 
ranging  from  10  to  20  from  the  mem- 
ber institutions  as  well  as  from  Argoime 
I  National  Laboratory,  the  University  of 
Chicago,  and  Wayne  L  niversity,  it  has 
met  for  a  three-week  and  an  eight-week 
session  at  Madison,  and  for  sessions  of 
two  or  more  days  at  monthly  intervals 
at  the  various  universities.  For  the  pres- 
ent school   \ear   it  will   continue,   meet- 

MARCH,   1955 


ing   for   two   days   of   every   week,   with 
a  center  of  activity  at  Ann  .Arbor. 

In  addition  to  group  meetings,  experi- 
mental projects  on  specific  problems  re- 
lating to  machine  design  are  being  car- 
ried on  at  a  number  of  the  member 
universities.  An  intensive  program  using 
the  Illiac  (electronic  computer)  has 
been  under  way  at  Illinois  for  the  past 
year.  Kxperiments  on  the  design  of  the 
radio-frequency  accelerator  s>stem  for  a 
large   machine   are   under   wav   at    Iowa 


ploration  of  a  lixed-fiehl.  alternating- 
gradient  (FF,A(i)  accelerator.  Hrietly, 
it  was  found  that  narrow  ring  magnets 
can  he  made  which  can  simultaneously 
contain  a  high-energ\  orbit,  for  example 
a  Jll  15e\  (billion  electronic  volts)  orbit, 
and  a  low-energy  orbit  of  about  I  Mev. 
This  means  that  the  magnet  can  be  op- 
erated continuously  on  direct  current 
thus  a\oiding  the  complex  power  equip- 
ment needed  to  pulse  a  magnet.  It  also 
simplifies    the    radio-frequenc\     modula- 


Professor  Ralph  E.  Meagher  examines  one  of  the  cathode-ray  tubes  which 
composes  the  memory  of  the  ILLIAC.  The  ILLIAC  is  being  used  extensively 
on  computations  of  orbit  stability. 


State  College.  Magnet  design  studies 
are  beginning  at  Purdue,  and  electro- 
mechanical analot  work  has  been  in 
progress  at  Michigan  for  the  past  year. 
At  Minnesota  work  is  being  done  on  the 
problem  )f  injecting  protons  into  an  A(^i 
machine  by  means  of  a  linear  accelerator. 
The  amount  of  experimental  work  spe- 
cifically aimed  at  the  design  of  a  ma- 
chine is  steadily  increasing.  Scientific 
contributions  by  the  Midwest  study 
group  have  already  been  significant  and 
of  value  to  other  laboratories  plaiming 
high-energy  machines.  The  work  is  des- 
cribed in  detail  in  numerous  technical 
memos  which  have  been  written  and  dis- 
tributed o\cr  the  past  year  and  a  half. 
In  addition,  the  most  recent  work  will 
be  presented  in  several  talks  scheduled 
for  the  New  York  meeting  of  the  Amer- 
ican Physical  Society  in  January,  l')SS. 
Among  the  specific  accomplishments 
of  the  Midwest  study  group,  the  one 
which  has  attracted  the  greatest  inter- 
est is  the   invention   and    theoretical   ex- 


tion,  which  in  the  case  of  the  more  con- 
ventional pul.sed  magnets  must  be  very 
precisely  controlled  to  track  with  the 
magnetic  field.  With  the  new  FFA(i 
magnets  an  arbitrary  frequencv  modula- 
tion program  may  be  used.  Since  the 
magtu't  is  alwa\s  able  to  receive  parti- 
cles, a  pulse  of  particles  can  be  injected 
as  frequeiuK  as  the  radio-frequency 
modulation  c.\cle  can  be  repeated.  Thus 
the  average  beam  current  can  be  much 
higher  than  that  from  a  conventional 
machine,  whose  magnet  is  pulsed. 

.About  six  different  t\pes  of  FFAG 
accelerators  have  been  worked  out.  Some 
invoke  reverse  field  sectors  and  some 
in\c)lve  ridges  on  poles  or  prismatic 
edges  on  magnet  sectors.  A  unified 
theory  which  describes  all  the  types  so 
far  imagined  and  suggests  other  types 
has  been  developed,  so  it  may  soon  be 
possible  to  determine  the  optimum  physi- 
cal design  for  an  ultra-high-energy  ma- 
chine. 

It  will  require  more  theoretical  anal\- 


17 


-•■  LEARN  BY  DOING  —  Each  year  thousands  of  boys  and  pirls  learn  how  Id  licmme  better  farmers  and  better  citizens  thronf;h 
4-H  Awards  Programs,  such  as  the  Entomology  Program  sponsored  by  Hercules.  Top  awards  are  college  scholarships.  Hercules' 
interest  in  improved  farming  methods  stems  from  its  development  of  agricultural  chemicals,  notably  toxaphene  for  insecticides. 

HOW  HERCULES  HELPS... 


Most  businesses  are  helped  today  by  Hercules'  business  .  .  .  the 
production  of  synthetic  resins,  cellulose  products,  chemical  cot- 
ton, terpene  chemicals,  rosin  and  rosin  derivatives,  chlorinated 
products,  and  many  other  chemical  processing  materials — as  well 
as  explosives.  Through  close  cooperative  research  with  its  cus- 
tomers, Hercules  has  helped  improve  the  processing  or  perform- 
ance of  many  industrial  and  consumer  products. 


STANDARD  MODELS  and  plastic-bodied 
sports  cars  alike  rely  on  nitrocellulose 
lacquers  for  durability  and  beauty.  In 
the  manufacture  of  these  polyester  lam- 
inates, such  as  this  car  door,  Hercules 
hydroperoxides  act  as  the  catalyst  in 
their  polymerization.  j^ 


\ 


...MAKE  WASHDAY  EASIER 

mm     1 

n 

''•IBL 

1 

^oii 

•r    T^  C^H 

pi 

^B 

-*■  WHITER,  BRIGHTER  CLOTHES— Hercules®   CMC  is  a 

key  ingredient  in  detergents  .  .  .  suspends  soil,  prevents 
its  redeposition  on  clothes.  This  excellent  property  of 
suspension  enables  Hercules  CMC  to  serve  in  a  variety  of 
consumer  and  industrial  products. 


HERCULES 


18 


HERCULES   POWDER,   COMPANY 


Wilmington  99,  Delaware.        Sales  Offices  in  Prindpal  Citie 


G55-1 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


sis  ill  order  to  determine  whether  or  not 
the  FFA(i  magnet  will  have  an  o\erall 
advantage  o\er  existing  designs  in  the 
id  Bev  range;  however,  it  has  alread\ 
become  clear  that  there  will  be  import- 
ant applications  of  the  FFACI  principle 
ri)  tile  better-known  accelerators  at 
lower  energies.  For  example,  betatron 
acceleration  with  an  FFAG  ring  mag- 
net used  for  the  guide  field  will  make 
possible  an  intensity  increase  of  several 
orders  of  magnitude,  and  existing  FM 
cyclotrons  can  be  changeii  to  give  higher 
current  by  the  application  of  the  spiral 
ridge  form  of  FFAG  poles.  An  early 
experimental  test  of  the  FFAG  princi- 
ple will  therefore  be  of  great  import- 
ance to  several  branches  of  nuclear 
|ihysics.  The  MURA  group  is  laying 
plans  for  such  a  test  in  the  very  near 
future  at  the  University  of  Illinois, 
using  one  of  the  betatrons. 

Another  activity  of  the  stud\'  group 
which  deserves  special  comment  is  the 
development  of  new  computational 
methods,  which  make  possible  rapid  ex- 
periments on  oibit  stability,  using  the 
Illiac  electronic  computer.  Transforma- 
tion have  been  discovered  v\hich  have 
not  only  greath'  accelerated  the  iligital 
computer  work,  but  which  have  made 
it  possible  to  explore  the  more  general 
nonlinear  cases  which  are  practically  in- 
accessible anah'tically.  Orbits  can  now 
be  run  through  so  quickly  that  the  re- 
sults can  actually  lead,  rather  than  fol- 
low, the  conjectures  and  speculations  on 
modifications  of  design.  Analytical  work 
supporting,  and  feeding  into,  the  digi- 
tal computer  program  is  carried  out  at 
the  L'nixersities  of  Iowa,  Illinois,  Wis- 
consin, Indiana,  and  Wayne  University. 
This  theoretical  work  is  putting  MURA 


in  a  position  to  answer  some  of  the  dif- 
ficult questions  about  general  (noidin- 
ear)  forces  which  arise  in  the  conven- 
tional Ai]  machines  as  well  as  in  some 
of  the  especialh'  interesting  machines  re- 
cently devised  b\  the  members  of  the 
MURA  group. 

Ihe  matter  of  financial  support  for 
the  MURA  objectives  has  hein  pur- 
sued continuousK'.  So  far  no  supiiort 
for  the  construction  of  a  laboratorv  has 
been  obtained,  but  adequate  support  for 
the  study  group  has  been  made  avail- 
able from  several  sources.  In  the  early 
months  of  the  study  program,  support 
was  provided  by  the  Atomic  lOnergv' 
Commi.ssion  through  its  contracts  at  Ar- 
gonne  and  Hrookhaven,  and  by  both  the 
Atomic  Energy  Commission  ami  the  Of- 
fice of  Naval  Research  through  their 
contracts  at  some  of  the  universities. 
Since  the  spring  of  1954  the  outside 
financial  aid  has  been  iirovided  entirelv 
b)'  the  National  Science  Foundation. 

The  member  universities  have  con- 
tributed substantially  from  the  time  of 
the  early  stage  of  the  organization.  Fac- 
ulty members'  time  has  been  released 
freely  and  in  man\  instances  travel  ex- 
penses have  been  paid  by  the  univer- 
sities. The  University  of  Illinois  lias  pio- 
vided  services  of  its  electroiuc  digital 
computer  "Illiac,"  which  has  by  now 
has  amounted  a  very  large  number  of 
hours.  The  University  of  Michigan, 
through  its  Phoenix  Project,  has  pro- 
vided a  special  fund  to  cover  the  ex- 
penses of  its  scientific  participants  and 
for  experimental  work  at  Michigan.  To 
provide  for  business  expenses  of  the  Cor- 
poration each  of  the  eight  member  uni- 
versities has  contributed  ^55,000  and  has 
pledged  another  $5,000. 


Will  You 
Become  a 
Good 
Engineer? 

by  D.  B.  Keyes 


Professor  Donald  W.   Kerst  with  the  original  betatron  which   he  constructed 
at  the  University  of  Illinois  in   1940  and  the  300  MEV  betatron. 


You  young  men  will  be  given  much 
sound,  practical  and  concrete  advice 
about  how  to  look  for  and  how  to  se- 
cure a  job.  I  am  going  to  take  the  cal- 
culated risk  of  telling  \ou  bluntly  what 
is  on  the  minds  of  many  of  us  when 
we  evaluate  you  as  potential  employees. 
We  disguise  this  interest  with  carefully 
worded  sociological  and  psychological 
questions,  but  what  we  want  to  know, 
what  we  nuist  learn,  is:  Do  you  really 
want  to  be  an  engineer? 

There  are  many  opportunities  today 
for  the  young  man  who  sincerely  loves 
his  profession  and  can  demonstrate  his 
abilities.  There  alwavs  are.  The  men 
1  know  who  graduated  during  the  early 
thirties  in  the  midst  of  the  <lepression 
thought  they  had  a  pretty  tough  time, 
but  90' ,'  of  them  were  located  in  posi- 
tions within  six  months  after  gradua- 
tion. Many  of  them  now  hold  very  re- 
sponsible positions  in  industrv'  and  in  the 
technical  world.  Their  chief  character- 
istic then,  as  now,  was  that  they  reallv 
loved  their  profession. 

Tod.iv,  however,  there  seems  to  be 
generated  in  the  minds  of  our  college 
graduates,  especially  our  engineers,  a 
philosophv'  peculiar  to  the  times.  Per- 
Nomiel  directors  interviewing  men  in 
our  colleges  tell  me  that  you  are  in- 
clined to  inquire  first  of  all.  not  about 
the  character  of  the  job,  but  about  pen- 
sion plans  and  fringe  benefits. 

Even  if  you  have  a  pension  in  vour 
old  age,  it  will  probablv  appear  inade- 
quate from  your  viewpoint.  A  research 
engineer  who  recently  retired  as  the  exe- 
cutive of  a  large  corporation  told  me 
that  now,  although  his  retirement  allow- 
ance is  >45,(l(tO  a  year,  he  is  forced  to 
continue  to  work  for  a  living.  Over  the 
years  he  has  acquired  some  rather  ex- 
pensive tastes  and ;  because  of  the  ta.\ 
situation  and  inflation,  he  cannot  main- 
tain his  standard  of  living  on  his  pres- 
ent pension,  even  though  the  size  of  his 
pension  may  look  large  to  most  of  us. 

Financial   security  must   not  be  vour 


MARCH,  1955 


19 


primary  objective.  A  rewarding  career 
is  dependent  upon  this  fundamental  con- 
sideration:  Will  the  type  of  engineer- 
ing you  have  elected  offer  you  the  in- 
centive, the  curiosity  and  the  urge  to 
work  hard  and  "go  places.  " 

It  has  been  my  privilege  to  know 
quite  a  few  distinguished  engineers. 
Looking  back  over  the  years,  I  know  of 
only  one  of  my  acquaintances  who 
seems  to  have  acquired  real  financial  sc- 
curit\'.  The  state  takes  care  of  him  and 
will  do  so  as  long  as  he  lives.  He  paid 
a  very  high  price  lor  this  security,  but 
in  fairness  to  this  individual,  I  must  say 
that  he  did  not  wish  it  this  way. 

On  the  other  hand,  taking  a  typical 
example  of  one  of  my  friends  who  has 
been  very  successful  in  the  engineering 
field,  I  know  of  no  time  when  he  was 
actualh'  financialh'  secure.  After  work- 
ing up  as  general  manager  of  a  com- 
pany, he  decided  that  the  future  of  this 
company  was  not  too  good  ;  it  was  in  a 
very  specialized  field.  He  then  became 
a  college  professor. 

It  was  quite  obvious  to  me  that,  al- 
though he  was  one  of  the  finest  pro- 
fessors I  had  ever  had  the  pleasure  of 
listening  to  in  the  engineering  field,  he 
would  be  unhappy  if  he  stayed  in  that 
position  too  long.  Evidently,  his  thoughts 
were  along  similar  lines,  for  during 
World  War  I  he  became  the  president 
of  a  war  company.  With  the  aid  of  a 
very  competent  staff  of  young  people, 
he  developed  this  company  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  became  one  of  the  greatest 
chemical  companies  of  its  day.  The 
financial  backers  of  this  company,  how- 
ever, did  not  appreciate  the  vision  of 
my  friend.  When  he  discovered  that  he 
could  develop  the  company  no  further, 
he  promptly  lost  interest,  resigned,  and 
became  a  conscdting  engineer. 

It  wasn't  long  before  another  con- 
cern, wishing  to  develop  the  chemical 
end  of  their  business,  hired  my  friend. 
For  many  years  he  gave  all  that  he  had 
to  the  development  of  this  group.  His 
success  was  phenomenal,  and  today  this 
company  is  one  of  the  truly  great  chem- 
ical concerns  in  the  world.  He  remained 
active,  upon  request,  long  after  his  re- 
tirement age.  When  he  finally  retired, 
he  still  retained  an  active  interest.  Today 
he  is  still  active  and  still  very  happy. 

At  no  time  in  his  career,  as  far  as 
I  know,  has  he  ever  sought  to  work  for 
his  own  financial  security,  but  has  given 
his  all  to  the  development  of  every  or- 
ganization with  which  he  has  been  con- 
nected. It  should  be  remembered,  too, 
that  he  liked  what  he  was  doing,  and 
when  he  didn't,  he  changed  to  a  new 
job  that  he  did  enjoy. 

Shortly  after  World  War  II,  another 
friend  of  mine,  prominent  in  war  work 
as  an  engineer,  joined  one  of  the  small- 
er research  units  of  a  large  companv. 
Aftc'r   three   months   he   quit.    He   could 


not  stand  the  "atmosphere.  "  He  foimd 
men  in  their  early  twenties  who  were 
not  interested  in  creating  anything. 
Merely  interested  in  their  pay,  their 
fringe  benefits,  and  their  old-age  secur- 
ity, they  were  actually  looking  forward 
to  the  time  when  they  could  retire  and 
quit  working  for  a  living.  He  told  me 
that  this  atmosphere  just  got  on  his 
nerves,  so  much  so  that,  although  he 
was  older  than  his  colleagues  and  liked 
his  particular  job,  he  could  not  work 
there  any  longer. 

One  of  the  best  examples  of  a  suc- 
cessfid  industrialist,  an  engineer  whom 
I  knew  in  the  old  days,  was  Herbert 
Dow,  the  founder  of  the  Dow  Chemical 
Company.  If  one  reads  the  histor\-  of 
this  company,  one  is  impressed  with  the 
fact  that  its  founder  not  only  was  seem- 
ingly uninterested  in  personal  profit,  but 
in  the  profits  for  the  company.  He  took 
the  attitude  that  a  company's  growth  de- 
pended on  its  ability  to  produce  new 
products  useful  to  the  public  at  a  price 
the  public  could  afford  to  pay.  He  ap- 
parently reasoned  that  if  one  was  suc- 
cessful in  creating  these  new  products 
at  a  price,  the  profits  would  come  auto- 
niaticallv — which  they  did.  Today,  the 
Dow  Chemical  Company  stands  out  as 
one  of  the  truly  great  creative  and  prof- 
itable enterprises.  I  doubt  whether  the 
late  Herbert  Dow  ever  en\isioned  the 
enormous  growth  that  has  taken  place 
as  a  result  of  his  simple  and  practical 
principle. 

The  same  principle  was  applied  by 
another  friend  of  mine,  who  started  his 
first  co!iipany  with  $243  when  he  was 
seventeen  years  of  age,  and  developed 
an  "empire"  worth,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  over  :?25  million.  This  man  told 
me  on  several  occasions  that  the  love 
of  creation,  and  not  of  money,  was  his 
guiding  principle.  He  told  me  that  large 
profits  obtained  in  a  single  year  through 
the  sudden  development  of  a  new  pro- 
duct were  always  embarrassing  to  him, 
as  his  stockholders  expected  him  to  re- 
invest this  sum  immediately  to  make  an 
equal  percentage  profit — something  that 
usually  cannot  be  done. 

Permit  me  to  point  out  that  the  phil- 
osophy of  these  two  men,  so  dissimilar 
in  background  and  education,  was  a  de- 
sire to  seize  every  opportunity  to  create 
for  the  benefit  of  the  public.  They  ob- 
tained their  enjoyment  in  hard  work 
and  during  their  working  hours.  If 
either  one  of  them  at  any  time  had 
fringe  benefits  of  any  description,  I  cer- 
tainly do  not  know  what  they  were. 

The  enormous  amount  of  energy  Edi- 
son spent  not  only  in  creating  but  in 
promoting  electrical  engineering  de\el- 
opments  in  order  to  satisfy  the  public  is 
still  appreciated.  Many  years  ago  the 
courts  decided  that  the  Edison  patents 
on  the  moving  picture  machine  were 
the   basic  ones,   although   three  satisfac- 


tory moving  picture  machines  had  al- 
ready been  invented  and  developed  by/ 
other  persons  prior  to  Edison's.  Hut 
these  three  had  been  "abandoned."  The 
court  pointed  out  that  Edison  had  not 
abandoned  his  invention  but  had  spent 
an  enormous  amount  of  time,  energy, 
and  money  in  seeing  to  it  that  the  pub- 
lic received  the  benefits.  It  was  no  more 
than  human  for  the  court  to  agree  to 
give  credit  to  Edison  rather  than  the 
prior  inventors.  Creation  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  public  is  what  the  public 
wants  and  incidental!) ,  what  t!ie\'  are 
willing  to  pay  for. 

One  must  not  only  love  engineering, 
but  use  one's  knowledge  and  energy  for 
the  creation  of  something  that  is  direct- 
ly or  indirectly  of  benefit  to  all. 

My  suggestion  to  you  who  are  gradu- 
ating from  our  engineering  colleges  is 
to  h?  certain  when  you  discuss  a  posi- 
tion in  industry  to  find  out  just  what 
it  is  you  are  supposed  to  do  on  the  job 
and  then  determine  for  yourself  whether 
or  not  you  would  enjo\'  doing  that  par- 
ticular type  of  work. 

If  by  chance  you  know  what  vou 
would  like  to  do,  be  sure  to  tell  the 
personnel  man  \our  thoughts.  He  is 
eager  to  place  you  in  the  position  in 
which  you  will  do  well,  for  his  success 
as  a  procurer  of  young  engineers  de- 
pends on  his  ability  to  discover  your 
basic  interests  and  to  place  you  in  the 
position  which  will  give  you  the  oppor- 
tunity you  desire. 

The  capable  young  man  witli  a  sound 
educational  background,  with  t!ie  de- 
sire to  augment  his  knowledge  through-j 
out  his  lifetime,  with  a  love  for  hi4 
work,  and  with  an  ardent  desire  to  ere-' 
ate  for  the  benefit  of  mankind,  should 
find  unlimited  opportunities  in  the  en- 
gineering fields. 

Do   vou    realh    want    to    be    an    engi- 


"May  I  have  this  dance?"  asked  the 
freshman. 

"I'm  sorr\',  but  I  never  dance  with  a 
child,"   she   said    with    a   superior   sneer. 

"(^h,    a    thousand    pardons,  "    he    said, 
"I    didn't   know   your   condition.  " 
-«        *        -* 

Patient:  "I'm  in  a  terrible  mess:  tliet 
doetor  said  the  only  ivay  to  cure  rheu- 
matism is  to  stay  auay  from  dampness." 

Friend:  "If  hat's  so  tough  about] 
that:'" 

Patient:  "You  don't  Jtnoir  hou-  silly\ 
I  feel  iihen  I  sit  in  an  empty  tub  and\ 
go  over  myself  uith  a  vacuum  cleaner.'  \ 

^-  -Sr  * 

The  editor  of  this  column  points  with 

pride  to  the  clean,  white  spaces  between] 

these  jokes. 

0        *        -*- 

An  extreme  optimist  is  a  man  who  I 
sits  in  the  back  of  a  burlesque  house] 
and  winks  at  the  chorus. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


NEW 


GUIDANCE 
MANUAL 


.  t  •  • 


"Must''  Reading  for  Young  Engineers 


It's  handsome,  hefty  and  helpful-and  you  can  probably  borrow  a 
copy  at  your  school  library  or  placement  office. 

Just  ask  for  "Job  Opportunities  in  General  Motors." 

YouU  find  page  after  page  of  down-to-earth  information  about 
General  Motors,  the  way  we  operate,  the  kind  of  young  engineers 
we  seek,  and  why  so  many  of  them  enjoy  rewarding  careers  with  us. 
Each  GM  division  describes  its  products,  the  locations  of  its  plants, 
the  opportunities  that  are  open,  and  llie  training  programs  offered 
to  college  graduates. 

It's  136  pages,  S'/i"  x  11".  in  color.  In  fact,  it's  the  next  best 
thing  to  actually  paying  us  a  personal  \  isit-and  we  have  a  strong 
suspicion  you'll  want  to  find  out  more  about  careers  with  GM  after 
reading  this  handbook. 

If  so,  we  suggest  you  arrange  an  interview  with  our  GM  College 
Representative,  or  write  us  directly. 

GM   POSITIONS   NOW   AVAILABLE   IN   THESE   FIELDS: 

ACCOLNTING  •  F1.NA.NCI-:  •  >  \LES  •    I'KODLCTIUN  Ml'EKVIMON 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING     •     EI.ECTRICAI.  ENGI.NEERING 

METALLURGICAL  ENGINEERING  •  INDUSTRIAL  ENGINEERING 

CHEMICAL  ENGINEERl.NG 

GENERAL      MOTORS 

Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan 


MARCH,   1955 


21 


AMONG  THE  THINGS  THAT  INTEREST  R-W  PEOPLE: 


Would  modern  electronic  equipment  really 
improve  a  company's  operations...  J 
I  decrease  its  costs? 


If  so -where?. 

In  production  control?  Payroll  accounting? 
Customer  hilling? 

Factory  automation?    - 

What  make  of  equipment  is  best?^ 
What  changes  in  company  methods  and 
procedures  would  he  required? 


To  assist  managements  in  answering  such 
questions,  The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 
through  its  Computer  Systems  Division,  offers 
to  business  and  industry  the  consulting  services 
of  a  team  of  scientists,  engineers  and  business 
methods  and  procedure  analysts  experienced 
in  the  application  of  modern  analytical  and 
machine  methods.  With  no  equipment  of  their 
own  to  sell  to  non-military  customers,  but  with 
understanding  of  available  machines  and 
techniques,  this  group  is  in  a  position  to  be 
objective  in  its  recommendations. 


Positions  are  available  at  The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporotion  for  scientists 
and  engineers  in  these  fields  of  current  activity: 

Guided  Missile  Research  and  Development 
Radar  and  Control  Systems  Development        Digital  Computer  Research  and  Development 
Communication  Systems  Development  Business  Data  Systems  Development 


22 


The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 

8820      BEILANCA      AVENUE,      LOS     ANGEIES     45,     CALIFORNIA 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


f\ 


Momic  Globe  Circling 


.    .    will   become   a   reality   during   your 
cnpineering  career. 

When  that  clay  comes,  you  may  be  certain 
our  engineers  will  have  played  a  major 
role  in  developing  the  nuclear  engines 
that  will  make  such  flights  possible. 

Solving  tough  problems  like  this  has 

made  Pi-att  &  Whitney  Aircraft  the 

world's  foremost  designer  and 

builder  of  aircraft  engines.  This 

is  the  reason  why   it   is  first-choice  of  so 

many  forward-looking  technical  graduates. 


PRATT     &     WHITNEY     AIRCRAFT 

DIVISION    OF    UNITED    AIRCRAFT    CORPORATION 

EAST    HARTFORD    8,    CONNECTICUT 


Gernianfs  Greatest  Ice 


by  Jim  Piechocki,  Aero  E.  '56 


His  name  was  Richtofen.  The  Baron 
Manfred  von  Richtofen.  Most  people 
have  never  heard  of  him  of  his  exploits, 
but  in  his  day  he  was  the  greatest  pdot 
ever  to  slide  into  a  clockpit  and  snap 
on  a  kepi.  More  than  that,  he  was  the 
most  feared  man  in  the  skies  during  the 
courageous  days  of  flying,  the  World 
War  I  era.  The  eighty  planes  he  claimed 


JIM    PIECHOCKI 

Jim,  a  junior  in  his  second 
semester  on  this  campus, 
has  previously  written  arti- 
cles for  the  TECHNO- 
GRAPH  while  at  Novy  Pier. 
He  is  now  busy  in  organiz- 
ing an  openhousc  program 
for  the  Aerodynamics  de- 
partment. 


in  battle  still  is  a  record.  I'hink  of  it. 
Eighty  British  and  French  planes  shot 
down  by  one  man  ! 

His  day  was  the  day  of  dancing  bi- 
planes, struts  and  wire  braces.  Happing 
fabric,  and  open  cockpits.  His  secret  was 
to  attack  by  surprise.  "Just  let  me  get 
above  and  to  the  rear  of  them  and  they 
are  mine,"  he  once  said  to  his  fellow  of- 
ficers of  the  German  Imperial  Air  Serv- 
ice. Richtofen  fought  because  he  loved 
to  hunt.  The  hunting  instinct  and  a 
great  love  for  horses  was  instilled  in 
him  by  his  father,  a  major  in  the  re- 
serves with  a  great  military  past  of  his 
own.  The  little  village  of  Schweidnitz, 
Germany,  in  the  shadow  of  the  mighty 
Uhls,  the  birthplace  of  the  Baron,  was 
the  scene  of  many  of  his  youthful  hunt- 
ing victories.  His  home  later  became  a 
shrine  filled  with  many  trophies,  which 
included  everything  from  the  head  of  a 
wild  bull  to  the  battered  pieces  of  Brit- 
ish aircraft. 

He  was  not  always  a  H\er.  His  great 
lo\e   for  horses  prompted  his  enlistment 


24 


in  the  German  cavalry.  When  the  great 
war  began,  the  Baron  participated  in 
the  siege  of  Kielce,  one  of  the  earliest 
attacks  of  1914.  But  he  soon  became  dis- 
gusted with  cavalry  life,  for  he  foiuid 
that  all  glory  of  the  charging  horde  was 
submerged  in  the  trivial  administrati\e 
duties  of  policing  a  town  of  illiterate 
peasants.  Weeks  later,  he  was  transfer- 
red to  the  trenches,  where  he  won  his 
first  decoration,  the  Iron  Cross.  Still 
dissatisfied,  he  applied  for  flight  trai[i- 
ing.  It  was  rumored  that  adventure  was 
to  be  founil  in  the  air  and  this  was  what 
the  Baron  wanted.  He  got  his  transfer, 
and  by  December,  1914,  he  was  fl\ing 
as  an  observer  in  the  old  "applebarges" 
or  reconnaissance  bombers  over  the  Bel- 
gian front.  His  duties  were  that  of 
watching  the  instruments,  checking 
maps,  and  doing  everything  possible  to 
lighten  the  burden  of  his  pilot,  Zumer, 
who  literally  had  his  hands  full  in  keep- 
ing their  clums\    Albatross  aloft. 

Thes?  were  truly  the  chivalrous  days 
of  flying,  for  enemy  planes  usually  cir- 
cled battle  zones  alongside  each  other 
for  hours  without  any  idea  of  attacking. 
Then  someone  got  the  urge  to  take  a 
carbine  aloft  and  try  their  luck  with  a 
few  pot  shots.  Richtofen  tried  it  too. 
While  flying  one  day  over  the  Cham- 
pagne front,  his  pilot  pulled  their  two- 
seater  alongside  a  large  French  Farman 
reconaissance  ship.  When  the  French 
observer  saw  the  Germans'  intention,  he 
produced  a  carbine  of  his  own  and  soon 
both  ships  were  exchanging  broadsides 
like  two  galleons  of  old.  Suddenly  the 
Farman  dropped  into  a  spiral  dive,  pan- 
caked on  the  rugged  terrain  below,  and 
rolled  into  a  shellhole,  finally  coming 
to  rest  with  tail  pointing  sk\-ward.  For 
the  Baron  it  was  a  thrill  be>ond  des- 
cription, a  new  hunting  victory.  What 
a  story  this  would  make  back  at  the  air- 
drome tonight!  It  was  more  than  a 
story,  however,  for  it  raised  secret  hopes 
in   the   Baron   for  another  transfer,   this 


time  for  pilot  training,  and  the  smaller, 
faster    eindeckcr   scouts.      Zumer    began  j 
readying  Richtofen  for  his  first  solo. 

It  was  a  cold,  cloudy  day  in  October] 
191, S,  when  Manfred  stepped  alone  into] 
the  cockpit  of  a  plane  for  the  first  time. 
A  few  officers  stood  at  a  distance  and 
watched  the  plane  roll  slowh'  along  the 
runway  and  lift  itself  into  the  air.  After 
the  required  number  of  passes,  Rich- 
tofen brought  the  ship  in  for  the  crucial 
test,  the  landing.  The  craft  glided  in  at 
a  steep  angle,  slapped  the  runway,  and 
bounced  crazih'  along  until  a  wingtip 
scraped  the  turf.  The  son  of  nobility,  the 
man  who  was  to  become  Germany's 
greatest  ace,  the  Flying  Uhlan,  the  Cir- 
cusmaster,  the  Red  Knight,  had  crash- 
landed.  It  was  only  through  the  patience 
of  his  superiors  that  Manfred  achieved 
pilot's  rating  on  Christmas  day,  1913. 

By  March,  1916,  Richtofen  was  back 
at  the  front.  Almost  immediately  he  got 
above  and  to  the  rear  of  a  speedy  little 
French  Nieuport  and  brought  it  to  th? 
earth  in  flames.  He  accomplished  his 
first  kill  under  the  watchful  eyes  of 
Boelcke,  the  German  god  of  the  skies 
with  over  a  score  of  victories  to  his 
credit.  Richtofen  secretly  wished  he 
could  fly  on  the  very  active  eastern 
front,  where  it  was  rumored  that  the 
British  were  inflicting  heavy  casualties 
in  the  air.  Onl\  a  few  German  pilots, 
Boelcke  being  one  of  them,  were  having 
an\-  luck  against  the  superior  forces  of 
the  British.  But  this  was  soon  to  change, 
because  Boelcke  himself  was  organizing 
a  squadron  of  crack  pilots  whose  main 
purpose  was  to  smash  enemy  air  super- 
iority to  the  East.  The  great  Boelcke 
himself  visited  Richtofen  in  his  quar- 
ters and  invited  him  to  fl\-  in  the  new 
squadron.  With  a  heart\  laugh  and  a 
sudden  clasp  of  hands,  Richtofen  be- 
came a  member  of  the  most  feared  group 
of  fighter  pilots  ever  known — Jagstatfil 
\o.  2. 

Under  the  watchful  e>es  of   Boelcke, 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


-4.^.--'A(»<-*' 


On  September  27,    1917,  Richtofen  ran  for  the  first  time  to  his   new  ship- 
the  all-red,  triple  decked   Fokker  tripe. 


Manfred,  a  good  pilot,  became  a  great 
one.  He  listened  carefully  to  the  wise 
suggestions  of  Boclcke.  whom  he  deeply 
admired.  Boelcke  had  a  quality  of  per- 
sonal magnetism  which  made  him  well 
liked  by  both  enemy  and  ally.  He  spent 
many  hours  visiting  the  hospitals  which 
held  man\'  of  his  crippled  victims.  And 
he  and  the  Baron  began  a  reign  of  ter- 
ror from  the  very  first  day  that  his 
stariel  Hew  into  the  Somme  basin  in  late 
September,  1916.  On  their  first  sortie, 
Manfred  bagged  an  old  British  F.  E. 
He  landed  afterwards  and  reached  the 
battered  craft  in  time  to  see  the  observ- 
er die.  The  pilot  was  mortally  wound- 
ed. Back  at  the  airdrome  and  amidst  a 
wild  celebration.  Richtofen  slipped  awa\ 
and  went  to  a  small  hospital  in  Cam- 
brai.  Behind  the  building  he  paused  be- 
fore two  fresh  graves  and  bowed  his 
head  in  admiration.  Two  years  later 
Englishmen  would  bow  their  heads  in 
his  honor. 

I  he  war  was  gouig  m  favor  of  the 
Allies.  By  late  October.  1916,  the  Brit- 
ish had  attacked  Albert  and  were  victor- 
ious on  the  Commercourt  salient.  With 
a  new  frenzy  they  hurled  their  forces 
into  battle  at  Bazentine,  Pozieres  Ridge, 
and  Delville  Wood.  Like  thousands  of 
ants  they  swarmed  into  Thiep\al  and 
the  Translay  Ridges,  and  Richtofen 
sent  his  sixth  victim  hurtling  to  (lerman 
soil.  On  October  28,  tragedy  struck  the 
staffel.  The  great  Boelcke  was  killed  in 
an  aerial  mishap  when  he  collided  in 
mid-air    with    a    plane    from    his    own 


squadron.  The  country  mourned  th;- 
death  of  their  hero  who  had  forty  enenn 
planes  to  his  credit,  and  had  flown  b\ 
the  side  of  and  was  decorated  with  the 
famous  Immelman.  Boelcke  was  burieil 
with  his  highest  decoration,  the  Pour  If 
Mcnlt.  High  over  Cambrai  Britisii 
planes  dropped  wreaths  in  his  honor. 

The  Baron  s  eleventh  victor)  cami' 
November  23,  and  with  it  he  avenged 
the  death  of  Boelcke,  for  his  victim  was 
Hawker,  Britain's  greatest  fighter-pilot. 
It  was  a  gruelling,  circling  skirmish  that 
started  at  11,000  feet  and  ended  onl\  a 
few  feet  above  (jerman  territory.  Man- 
fred landed  near  the  battered  V'ickers 
scout.  He  removed  Hawker's  guns  and 
had  them  placed  in  his  home  at  Schweid- 
nitz.  He  commemorated  each  of  his  vic- 
tories with  a  tiny  silver  cup  inscribed 
with  the  type  of  craft  downed  and  the 
date  of  the  encounters.  At  this  point, 
Manfred's  brother,  Lothar,  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Air  Service  and  began 
living  with  the  Baron,  who  \\as  now 
the  proud  wearer  of  that  blue-pointed 
cross  with  the  golden  eagles —  the  Pour 
le  Alerite. 

Richtofen 's  aerial  success  now  came 
rapidlx.  He  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  squadron,  which  was  renamed  J/ix'Is- 
IdlJcl  Borlrkc.  By  December,  2.\  he  ha<l 
accounted  for  sixteen  enenn  plane>. 
Now  the  color  rage  began.  Pilots  had 
been  experimenting  with  \arious  color 
schemes  in  an  effort  to  camouflage  their 
craft.  But  here  the  Baron  made  a  bold 
stoke   on    the   side   of   individuality.    He 


(irdereil  his  Dili  .Albatross  scout  paint- 
ed a  brilliant  red.  Every  strut,  brace, 
and  hidden  corner  was  covered  with  the 
flaming  hue.  .Now  those  plucky  sons  of 
]',ngland  would  know  whom  they  were 
fighting.  Others  followed  suit.  ( lerman 
pilots  had  their  planes  painte<l  with  shin- 
ing blues,  yellows,  ;iiid  whites.  Condiina- 
tions  of  red  with  green  or  blue  noses, 
black  and  white  checks,  yellow  and  black 
zebra  stripes,  and  multi-colored  spang- 
les were  used.  But  the  all-red  scheme 
was  reserved  for  the  Baron,  and  it 
earned  him  the  title  of  the  Red  Knight 
of  Germany. 

.Now  badly  outda.ssed  in  the  air.  the 
British  came  on  in  every  conceivable 
type  of  ship  that  thev  could  get  in  the 
air.  They  used  the  slow  and  clumsy 
F.  E.'s  and  the  venerable  R.  E.  8's, 
which  they  nicknamed  the  "Harry 
Tate."  "We  were  cold  meat,"  cited  one 
British  pilot,  "and  the  worst  part  of  it 
was  that  we  knew  it."  (lerman  pilots, 
with  their  fast,  single-seater  bipes,  capi- 
talized easily.  Early  in  1917,  Richtofen 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  newly  organ- 
ized Jasta  II .  a  collection  of  battle-wise 
old  hawks  who  roared  into  the  air  for 
t!ie  first  time  on  January  2?i.  Within  a 
month  he  had  increased  his  magic  total 
to  twenty-five,  interrupted  only  once  by 
a  British  bidlet  in  his  engine  behind  his 
own  lines.  By  March  22.  he  had  downed 
his  thirtieth. 

And  still  the  British  came  on.  In  the 
battle  of  the  Ancre  salient,  the  (ler- 
mans  lost  heavily.  They  were  in  a  gen- 
eral retreat  along  the  Ancre,  and  the 
British  were  approaching  before  Bau- 
pame.  Continuing  their  drive,  German 
retreat  was  forceil  along  the  100-mile 
line  of  the  Noyon  salient  from  north  of 
Arras  to  near  Reims,  to  the  prepared 
Hindenburg  line.  The  plucky  sons  of 
England,  still  hopelessly  outclassed  in 
the  air,  continued  to  carry  the  war  to 
their  foes,  but  just  as  coming  events 
cast  their  shadows,  so  too  was  Richtofen 
beginning  to  detect  the  end  of  German 
air  power.  .New  British  planes  were  on 
the  way.  His  thirtieth  victim  was  a 
new  Spad  claimed  after  a  long  circling 
battle.  Yes,  the  planes  of  John  Bull 
were  improving. 

The  famous  men  of  Jasta  II — Wolff, 
.Allmenroder,  Lubbert,  Schaefer,  and  the 
two  Richtofens — seemed  unmindful  of 
the  improvement  in  enemy  craft.  During 
the  month  of  April,  120  British  planes 
were  shot  down,  as  compared  to  thirty 
for  the  Ciermans.  By  April  8,  .Manfred's 
total  had  run  up  to  forty.  He  had  equal- 
le<l  the  record  of  Boclcke,  and  the  whole 
nation  awaited  his  next  victory.  His  su- 
periors were  pressing  him  to  take  a  va- 
cation after  his  forty-first  success.  It  was 
in  almost  complete  diliance  of  "the  rec- 
ords" that  .Manfred  flew  oft'  and  re- 
turned on  April  11,  modestly  announc- 
ing  that   he   had   scored    a   "triple."    He 


MARCH,   1955 


25 


had  effectively  evaded  his  superiors'  de- 
mand that  he  rest.  That  evening  at  the 
airdrome,  his  staff  el  toasted  him  a  count- 
less number  of  times,  and  the  Baron  re- 
taliated with  a  toast  to  Wolff,  who  had 
gotten  four  English  planes  that  same 
day.  And  far  behind  the  lines,  a  Berlin 
jeweller  put  the  finishing  touches  on 
Manfred's  forty-third  little  siKer  vic- 
tory cup. 

Now  the  tide  of  battle  suddenh 
changed  in  the  air.  With  "bloddy  April" 
over  and  the  Baron  personally  account- 
ing for  twenty-one  in  that  period,  a  de- 
cided change  came  about.  The  spring 
line  of  British  planes  reached  the  front. 
These  included  the  Sopwiths  and  re- 
modelled Nieuports,  very  fast  little 
scouts  which  made  the  Baron's  battles 
just  a  little  longer.  Faster  turns,  a  few 
more  tricky  twists,  and  victories  now 
came  only  after  great  effort.  The  Baron, 
however,  still  managed  to  catch  up  with 
the  Sops,  and  when  he  downed  four  in 
one  day  at  the  beginning  of  May,  the 
Kaiser  himself  telephoned  and  offered 
his  personal  congratulations. 

On  May  1,  Richtofen  took  the  vaca- 
tion demanded  of  him.  Far  behind  the 
lines  word  came  of  his  arrival  and  when 
he  reached  Cologne  he  was  met  by  hun- 
dreds of  officers  who  smartly  saluted 
him  and  offered  their  congratulations. 
l'rett\  frauleins  presented  him  with 
wreaths  of  flowers  and  were  delighted 
with  this  shy  young  man  who  blushed 
furiously  in  their  presence.  The  Baron 
was  then  whisked  off  to  see  the  Kaiser, 
who  congratulated  him  on  his  twent\- 
fjfth  birthda\-.  He  then  met  with  von 
Hindenburg,  von  Ludendorf,  (leneral 
Heppner,  Balin,  and  Helfferich — when 
who  were  shaping  the  fate  of  (jermany 
in  the  war.  At  her  own  request,  the 
Baron  visited  the  Kaiserin.  The  empress 
was  very  curious  as  to  how  his  plane 
worked,  and  the  Baron  took  great  de- 
light in  explaining  the  intricacies  of 
flight  to  her  majesty.  N'ext  he  flew  to 
Freiburg  where  he  hmited  pheasant  and 
red  elk.  It  was  here  that  he  learned  that 
Lothar  had  fallen  into  a  British  aerial 
trap  and  was  shot  down  seriously 
wounded.  Lothar,  an  ace  in  his  own 
right  with  twenty  planes  to  his  credit, 
was  secretly  admonished  by  the  Baron 
for  his  stupidit)'. 

When  the  Baron  returned  to  the 
front,  he  found  the  scene  changed.  Fa- 
miliar faces  were  missing.  The  news  of 
Lt.  Schaefer's  death  shocked  him.  Wolff 
was  dead.  On  June  17,  Zumer,  the 
man  who  taught  Richtofen  to  fly,  died 
in  a  fall  from  his  plane.  Young  and  in- 
experienced men  were  filling  the  spaces 
vacated  by  his  old  friends.  Tactics  were 
changing  also.  The  (jerman  government 
claimed  that  individual  combat  was 
proving  too  costly,  hence  they  formed 
the  Jagdsgeschnaders.  or  massed  flights 
which   roamed   the   front  like   a  pack  of 


hungry  vidtures.  These  fl\ing  circuses, 
as  the  British  called  them,  created  naw 
aerial  combat  techniques.  Any  poor  souls 
who  happened  to  run  into  one  unescort- 
ed usually  encountered  a  dizzy  blur  of 
biplanes  circling  madly  around  with  his 
own  tail  as  the  prized  object.  These  cir- 
cling battles  received  the  name  of  "dog- 
fights." Richtofen  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  a  newly  formed  massed  squad- 
ron, and  he  immediately  resumed  his 
winning  ways  at  his  new  post  of  "Cir- 
cusmaster." 

(^n  July  6,  Richtofen's  circus  spot- 
ted a  Hight  of  six  F.  E.  2's  which  had 
strayed  beyond  their  own  lines.  The 
Baron   led   the  attack  with  forty  Alba- 


Manfred   von    Richtofen,  Germany's 
greatest   ace. 

tross  bipes  following.  He  turned  head-on 
into  one  stray  with  his  twin  Spandaus 
guns  chattering  away.  He  saw  fabric 
fly  up  around  the  enemy  observer.  Then 
it  happened.  A  burst  from  the  F.  E.  ex- 
ploded in  his  face  and  all  went  black. 
With  his  engine  dead  and  his  sight  prac- 
tically gone,  the  Baron  glided  his  plane 
earthward.  The  mighty  Circusmaster, 
conqueror  of  fifty-seven  planes,  hit  the 
ground  sharply.  He  awoke  several  hours 
later  in  a  hospital  to  find  that  his  skull 
had  been  creased  by  a  British  bullet.  It 
was  his  first  and  only  serious  wound  of 
the  war.  After  three  weeks  of  conval- 
escence, he  was  back  at  the  front,  a 
changed  man.  His  confident  attitude  was 
replaced  b)  an  air  of  grim  caution  and 
the  horror  of  defeat,  previously  un- 
known to  him,  tugged  at  his  mind.  A 
white  bandage  could  be  seen  beneath  his 
kepi. 

And  still  the  Allies  came  on.  The 
English  had  captured  Wytschaete,  and 
activity  was  renewed  in  the  Ypres  sec- 
tor. The  battle  in  the  mud  of  P'landers 
raged  on.  And  the  Baron  claimed  num- 
ber fifty-nine  on  August  26. 

At  this  time,  young  Tony  Fokker, 
Germany's  brilliant  designer,  presented 
Manfred  with  his  latest  model,  the  fam- 


ous triplane.  After  testing  the  triple- 
winged  ship,  the  Baron  said  he  liked  it 
and  would  use  it.  It  was  a  marvelous 
craft,  highly  maneuverable,  and  was  nat- 
urally painted  a  brilliant  red.  It  was  on 
September  2,  1917,  that  Manfred  eager- 
1\'  ran  to  the  ship  where  a  mechanic  had 
finished  preliminary  preparations.  He 
took  his  new  tripe  up  and  headed 
with  staffcl  toward  Zomiebeke.  There 
they  spotted  a  lone  "Harry  Tate"  and 
the  Baron  dropped  down  ver\'  close  and 
to  the  rear  of  it.  The  British  observer, 
never  having  seen  an  enemy  triplane, 
thought  it  was  a  Royal  Navy  craft  and 
waved  a  salute.  Richtofen  pressed  the 
trigger  of  his  twin  Spandaus  and  raked 
the  British  plane  with  bullets.  His 
sixtieth  victim  fell  in  a  familiar  spiral 
dive.  The  Berlin  jeweller  made  another 
little  siher  cup,  the  last  one  for  the 
Baron  in  the  face  of  Germany's  rapidly 
dwindling  silver  supply. 

Now  the  British  made  a  daring  move. 
The  Royal  Flying  Service  was  combined 
with  the  Royal  Naval  Air  Service  into 
one  air  arm  and  called  the  Royal  Air 
Force.  The  R.  A.  F.  was  placed  under 
the  control  of  a  special  secretary  of 
state  whose  status  was  equal  to  that  of 
the  head  of  the  army  or  nav\'.  Women 
were  placed  in  mechanics'  positions  in 
an  effort  to  release  more  men  for  air 
service.  Investigations  pried  into  mili- 
tary affairs,  and  inquiries  were  held  con- 
cerning the  worthiness  of  certain  Brit- 
ish craft.  Aeronautical  research  was  di- 
rected toward  the  improvement  of  the 
scout  plane.  Sopwith  Camels  and  S.  E. 
5's  were  developed.  The  Sop  was  then 
improved  into  a  t\pe  called  the  Dolphin, 
and  later  into  the  English  pride  of  the 
air,  the  Snipe. 

Russia  surrendered  to  Germain,  and 
on  March  18,  1917,  the  Baron  bagged 
number  sixty-six,  a  speedy  Sop  Camel, 
By  \Iarch  21,  (lermany's  big  push  was 
on.  They  overpowered  British  forces  at 
St.  Quentin  and  roared  down  the  road 
to  Ciuiscard.  They  swept  past  Ham  and 
Perone.  They  battled  their  way  through 
Bapaume,  through  Boyelle,  and  on  to 
the  river  Cojeul.  The  air  war  over  Pic- 
ardy  was  savage,  and  the  Baron,  back 
to  his  old  tricks  in  familiar  territor\ 
again,  was  showing  particular  interest 
in  the  new  Sops.  His  black  list  now  con- 
tained  se\enty-three  markers. 

A  running  account  of  Richtofen's  next 
spurt  of  successes  reads  like  this:  March 
28,  number  seventy-four;  April  2,  seven- 
ty-five ;  April  6,  seventy-six ;  April  7, 
numbers  seventy-seven  and  seventy-eight. 
Just  thirty-five  minutes  after  his  last 
victory  of  that  day,  he  turned  on  a  Sop- 
with Camel  piloted  by  an  eighteen-year- 
old  Englishman  and  destroyed  it.  It  was 
his  eightieth  and  last  victim.  The  reign 
of  the  Red  Knight  was  at  an  end.  The 
next  Camel  would  get  him. 

Captain  Roy  Brown  R.  A.  F.  Squad- 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Donald  C,  Pote  asks: 

What  bearing 

would  my  field 

of  training  have 

on  my  assignments 

at  Du  Pont? 


DONALD  C.  POTE  will  receive  his  B.S.  dt-nrtu  in  Mechanical 
Engineering  from  Princeton  University  this  June.  He's  been 
quite  active  in  interclub  athletics — football,  basketball  and 
baseball — and  served  a  term  as  CAuh  Athletic  Director.  He's 
also  found  time  to  work  on  "The  Princeton  Engineer"  as  Asso- 
ciate Editor.  Right  now,  Don  is  making  thorough  plans  for  his 
employment  after  graduation. 


''Chuck  "  Noren  answers : 


CHARLES  H.  NOREN  received  his  B.S.  in  Min- 
ing Engineering  from  the  University  of  North 
Dakota  before  he  entered  the  U.  S.  Air  Force. 
Later  he  returned  to  school  for  an  M.S.  from  the 
Missouri  School  of  Mines,  received  in  1948.  Dur- 
ing thecourseof  his  Du  Pont  employment.  Chuck 
Noren  has  had  a  wide  variety  of  job  assign- 
ments. At  present  he  is  engaged  in  a  fundamen- 
tal research  project  concerned  with  commercial 
explosives  at  Du  Font's  Eastern  Laboratory  in 
Gibbstown,  N.  J. 


NOW  AVAILABLE  for  student  ASMK 
chapters  and  other  college  groups,  a  16-mtn. 
sound-color  movie — "Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing at  Du  Pont."  For  further  information 
write  to  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co. 
(Inc.),  2521  Nemours  Bldg.,  Wilmington  9a, 
Delaware. 


REG.U.S.PATOff" 

BETTER  THINGS  FOR  BETTER  LIVING  .  .  .  THROUGH  CHeMISmy 
WATCH  "cavalcade  OF  AMERICA"  ON  TELEVISION 


The  answer  to  that  is  easy,  Don,  if  you  mean  initial  assign- 
ments. Generally  speaking,  a  graduate's  first  assignment  is 
influenced  by  his  previous  training  and  his  expressed  interest 
in  a  particular  type  of  work.  Whenever  possible,  Du  Pont 
assigns  a  man  to  the  type  of  work  he  is  trained  for  and  wants 
— he'll  do  better  in  any  field  if  he's  highly  interested.  For 
example,  my  master's  thesis  was  on  the  use  of  explosives, 
and  my  first  Du  Pont  assignment  was  a  study  of  the  effi- 
ciency of  explosives. 

But  experience  on  the  job  really  constitutes  new  training. 
You  learn  about  other  branches  of  science  and  engineering — 
you  broaden  your  horizons  through  daily  contacts  with 
men  having  other  skills.  The  result  is  that  arbitrary  divi- 
sions between  technical  branches  gradually  dissolve,  and 
you  become  ready  for  new  assignments  and  new  responsi- 
bilities— even  outside  your  original  field.  In  my  own  case,  I 
developed  quite  a  bit  of  skill  in  mechanical  and  civil  engi- 
neering techniques  when  I  w^ls  called  upon  to  supervise  the 
"shooting"  of  an  experimental  tunnel  for  the  evaluation  of 
new  explosives — even  though  my  original  training  was  in 
mining  engineering. 

Of  course,  specialization  in  a  definite"  field  may  be  con- 
tinued if  the  man  specifically  wants  it  and  reveals  a  talent 
for  it.  The  best  opportunities  for  tliat  are  in  research  and 
development.  Naturally,  the  value  of  this  kind  of  work  is 
also  recognized  at  Du  Pont. 

So,  no  matter  what  your  initial  a.ssignment  may  he,  Don, 
Du  Pont  is  anxious  to  bring  out  your  best.  A  good  rule  to 
remember  is  this.  A  graduate's  first  assignment  is  often  nec- 
essarily based  on  his  field  of  training  and  his  degree,  but  his 
subsequent  progress  at  Du  Pont  is  cUways  based  on  his  dem- 
onstrated ability. 


MARCH,   1955 


27 


roll  209  was  a  very  sick  man.  The  rigors 
of  two  daily  flights  against  the  circuses 
had  shattered  his  nerves.  But  his  trou- 
bles were  momentarily  forgotten  when 
he  saw  "Wop"  May,  and  old  budd\' 
from  his  training  days,  walk  into  his 
room.  They  laughed  together  and  Brown 
soon  discovered  that  May  had  been 
transferred  to  his  squadron  but  was 
grounded  for  failure  to  report  to  duty 
on  time.  Ma\'  begged  his  friend  to  use 
his  influence  and  talk  the  "old  man"  into 
letting  him  fly  the  next  day.  On  April 
21,  1917,  at  10:30  a.  m.,  fifteen  cherry- 
nosed  Camels  darted  across  the  runway 
at  Bertangles  and  headed  east.  Brown 
was  in  the  pack  and  on  his  right  was  a 
voung  lieutenant  named  Wilfrid  "Wop" 
May. 

In  a  matter  of  minutes  they  spotted 
trouble.  Flying  at  13,000  feet,  they  saw 
a  group  of  "Harry  Tates"  being  merci- 
lessly attacked  by  four  Fokkers  tv\'o 
miles  below.  Should  they  drop  down  to 
help  out  or  were  their  more  Fokkers 
about?  It  was  Brown's  decision.  He 
wagged  his  wings,  kicked  over  the  rud- 
der, and  nosed  his  ship  down.  When  the 
fifteen  Camels  were  1,000  feet  above 
the  melee,  another  swarm  of  Fokkers, 
twenty-two  of  them,  swooped  from  out 
of  nowhere  and  joined  the  scrap.  The 
dogfight  was  on.  May,  warned  to  stay 
off  at  a  distance  if  serious  trouble  was 
encountered,  singled  out  a  stray,  got  on 
its  tail,  and  finally  sent  it  down  in 
flames.  Brown,  in  the  meantime,  found 
himself  in  the  middle  of  a  mess  looking 
for  a  way  out.  But  the  strong  east  wind 
had  already  pushed  the  huge,  circling 
battle  to  the  west  ami  the  German  ships 
were  beginning  to  turn  and  head  for 
the  safety  of  their  own  lines.  But  one 
Fokker,  a  bright  red  triplane,  stayed  be- 
hind. Brown  spotted  the  red  ship  on 
the  tail  of  poor  ]VIay,  who  just  wouldn't 
stay  away  from  trouble.  By  the  time 
Brown  caught  up  with  the  speeding  pair 
they  were  deep  in  British  territor\'.  The 
trio  were  travelling  at  an  incredible 
speed  and  very  low  over  the  terrain 
when  Brown  opened  fire  on  the  tri- 
plane. The  red  ship  veered  off  sudden- 
ly and  went  sprawling  to  the  earth  in 
a  grinding  crash.  This  was  the  way  the 
Baron  died  near  the  village  of  Sailly  le 
Sac,  in  the  valley  of  the  Sonime. 

That  same  afternoon  a  small  group 
of  soldiers  carried  Richtofen's  body  to  a 
small  cemetery  near  Bertangles.  A  fresh- 
ly dug  grave  awaited.  Shells  boomed  in 
the  distance  as  an  English  chaplain 
spoke  a  few  prayers.  An  officer  barked 
a  command  and  the  assembly  of  soldiers 
snapped  to  attention.  Rifles  were  raised. 
Three  vollies  rang  out  from  the  guns  of 
the  men  the  Baron  fought  so  admirably. 
In  a  few  months  the  war  was  over  and 
the  man  who  once  was  the  toast  of  Ger- 
main  became  just  another  casualty. 


Meet  Mr.  Bunche 


by  Frank  Krbec 


Ralph  Johnson  Bunche  was  born  in 
Detroit,  Michigan,  on  August  7,  1904. 
His  mother  was  a  musician  and  his 
father,  a  barber.  The  untimely  death 
of  his  mother  sent  Ralph  to  live  with 
his  aunt  in  New  Mexico.  His  devoted 
love  for  learning  inspired  him  to  enroll 
in  college  and  his  choice  was  the  L  ni- 
versity  of  California  at  Los  Angeles. 
With  him  he  carried  an  outstanding  rec- 
orti  from  his  Detroit  high  school  and 
soon  it  became  evident  he  would  do  just 
as  well  in  his  unw  location.  You  can't 
keep  a  man  like  Ralph  Bunche  down. 
No  task  became  difficult  when  he 
assigned  himself  to  the  job.  Whether  he 
was  doing  outstanding  scholastic  work 
or  out  on  the  field  distinguishing  him- 
self in  sports,  he  was  an  example  to 
watch.  He  got  through  college  holding 
several  jobs  as  a  janitor,  part-time  car- 
pet layer,  and  assistant  in  political  sci- 
ence along  with  a  few  scholarships.  He 
graduated  "summa  cum  laude  "  from  the 
University  with  a  Master's  degree  and 
was   a  member  of    Phi    Beta   Kappa. 

His  career  was  a  brilliant  one.  For 
his  doctor's  thesis  he  went  to  Africa 
to  write  a  prize  winning  paper  on  the 
governmental  aspects  of  several  of  the 
mandated  countries.  He  accepted  the  op- 
portunity to  teach  after  receiving  his 
Ph.D.  from  Harvard  in  1934.  Turning 
from  the  academic  world  he  accepted  the 
post  of  the  secretarial  of  the  L  nited 
Nations  Palestine  Commission  regarded 
as  the  most  important  and  critical  as- 
signments in  L .  N.  history.  Before  this 
appointment  came,  Bunche  served  with 
the  U.  S.  Army  supplying  much  needed 
information  concerning  the  people  en- 
countered within  the  continent  of  Africa. 
He  was  an  authorit\'  on  non-self-govern- 
ing territories.  Bunche  came  to  the  State 
Department  where  he  had  held  several 
offices,  including  that  of  associate  chief  of 
the  Division  of  Dependent  Area  Affairs. 
He  was  the  first  negro  to  hold  an  im- 
portant "desk  job"  in  the  State  Depart- 
ment. He  was  the  director  of  United 
Nations  Trusteeship  Division  and  a 
L  niversity  professor.  In  the  former  posi- 
tion he  served  with  the  U.  N.  special 
committee  on  Palestine,  which  investi- 
gated, ill  the  summer  of  1947  the  Hol\' 
Arab-Jewish  problem  and  recommended 
partition  in  its  majority  report.  In  194S 
he    was    named    acting    mediator   of    the 


commission  to  succeed  the  late  Count 
Folke  Bernadotte.  Mr.  Bunche  is  a  born 
administrator  and  highly  respected  gov- 
ernment head.  Throughout  his  career  he 
has  used  his  tremendous  knowledge  and 
skills  of  government  to  promote  better 
relations  between  the  U.  S.  and  rest  of 
the  worKl.  It  takes  a  highly  trained  man 
to  sit  down  at  the  conference  table  and 
iron  out  difficulties  which  could  lead  to 
war.  In  this  spot,  one  must  have  all  the 
qualities  of  a  diplomat  plus  the  uncanny 
ability  to  know  and  understand  the  other 
man's  exact  feelings  on  the  subject.  It 
is  in  this  capacit)'  that  Mr.  Bunche  has 
served  with  such  an  outstanding  record. 

Ralph  Bunche  had  no  doubt  great  ob- 
stacles to  overcome  on  his  way  to  fame. 
He  has  made  a  name  for  himself  in  gov- 
ernment as  Fermi  has  in  atomic 
physics  or  Hemingway  in  literature.  He 
is  a  striking  example  of  American  op- 
portunity put  to  good  use.  America  is 
certainly  proud  of  Mr.  Bunche.  In  his 
own  circle,  he  has  a  wife  and  three  chil- 
dren. He  spends  most  of  his  time  with 
them  and  watching  [ackie  Robinson  play 
ball. 

Last  year,  Mr.  Bunche  was  on  our 
campus  delivering  the  keynote  speech  of 
the  human  relations  conference  spon- 
sored by  the  Hillel  Foundation  and  co- 
ordinately  organized  by  Mirian  Shel- 
don, Dean  of  Women.  He  is  probably 
the  one  man  who  knows  more  about 
human  relations  than  anyone  else.  We 
salute  citizen  of  the  world,  Ralph 
Bunche. 


DIAMOND  NEEDLE  BOOM 

Diamond  phonograph  needle  sales 
have  jumped  more  than  tenfold  in  the 
last  six  years.  In  addition,  about  70,000 
diamond  needles  are  sold  each  year  for 
use  in  disk  and  belt-type  office  dictating 
machines.  An  estimated  40,000  needles 
per  year  are  sold  for  original  equipment 
and  replacements  in  juke  boxes. 


GETTING  COLDER 

Manufacturers'  shipments  of  room 
air  conilitioners  for  19S4  were  about 
1,230,000  units.  This  compares  with 
1,044,691  shipped  in  1953,  or  an  in- 
crease of  18  per  cent.  Although  room 
air  conditioners  have  been  sold  for  over 
20  years,  90  per  cent  of  all  units  have 
been  sold  in  the  last  five  vears. 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


IN  AVIATION 


HONEYWELL 

OFFERS 

DIVERSIFIED 

OPPORTUNITIES 


THE  opportunities  for  engineers  in 
the  automatic  control  field  are 
unique  in  their  variety  and  in  the  in- 
sight provided  into  all  of  the  industries 
of  today's  modern  world. 

The  development  and  manufacture 
of  tiny  transistors  for  electronic  control 
.  .  .  the  design  and  manufacture  of 
quality  electronic  photo  flash  units 
.  .  .  the  challenge  of  finding  fish  with 
underwater  sonar .  .  .  of  providing  auto- 
matic flight  for  supersonic  jets  .  .  . 
temperature  controls  for  today's  modern 
home  ...  for  atomic  piles  .  .  . 

These  are  a  few  of  the  fields  in  which 
Honeywell's  several  divisions  are  en- 
gaged, providing  automatic  controls 
for  industry  and  the  home. 

These  controls  are  made  possible  by 
the  creative  imagination  of  highly 
trained  engineers  working  with  the 
very  latest  research  and  test  facilities. 

With  twelve  separate  divisions 
located  throughout  the  United  States 
and  with  factories  in  Canada,  England 
and  Europe,  Honeywell  offers  un- 
limited opportunities  in  a  variety  of 
challenging  fields.  Based  on  diversi- 
fication and  balance  between  normal 
industry  and  defense  activities,  Honey- 
well will  continue  to  grow  and  expand 
because  automatic  control  and  instru- 
mentation are  so  important  to  the 
world's  progress. 

That  is  why  we  are  always  looking 
for  men  with  ideas  and  imagination 
and  the  ambition  to  grow  with  us 
In  addition  to  full  time  engineering 
and  research  employment  we  offer  a 
Cooperative  Work  Study  program,  a 
Summer  Student  Work  Study  program 
and  Graduate  Fellowships.  If  you  are 
interested  in  a  career  in  a  vital,  varied 
and  diversified  industry,  send  the  cou- 
pon for  more  information. 


NilNNEAPOLIS 


H]    "^[Mt  u^  C&iitAm- 


Division ;  Appliance,  Aeronautical,  Commercial,  Doclcam,  Heating  Controls,  Hciland, 
Industrial,  Marine,  Micro  Switch,  Ordnance,  Transistor,  Valve. 


Minneapolis- Honeywell 

Regulator  Co. 

Personnel  Dcpt.,  Minneapolis  8,  Minn. 

Gentlemen :  Please  send  me  your 
booklet,  "Emphiisis  on  Research", 
which  tells  more  .ibout  engineering 
opportunities  at  Honeywell. 


Stime 


Addrtsi 


City 

7.om  ...     ..Slate 


MARCH,   1955 


29 


E.  E.  or 

GK..A.3DXJA.TES 

vfith  experience  in 

K,A.ID.A.R.  or 

ELECTK,OISriCS 

or  those  desiring  to  enter 
these  areas... 


Since  1948  Hughes  Research  and  Develop- 
ment Laboratories  have  been  engaged  in 
an  expanding  program  for  design,  devel- 
opment and  manufacture  of  highly  com- 
plex radar  fire  control  systems  for  fighter 
and  interceptor  aircraft.  This  requires 
Hughes  technical  advisors  in  the  held  to 
ser\'e  companies  and  military  agencies  em- 
plo\ing  the  equipment. 

As  one  of  these  field  engineers  you  will 
become  familiar  with  the  entire  systems  in- 
volved, including  the  most  advanced  elec- 
tronic computers.  With  this  advantage  you 
will  be  ideally  situated  to  broaden  \'our 
experience  and  learning  more  quickh'  for 
future  application  to  advanced  electronics 
activity  in  either  the  mihtary  or  tlie  com- 
mercial field. 

Positions  are  available  in  the  continental 
United  States  for  married  and  single  men 
under  35  \'ears  of  age.  Overseas  assign- 
ments are  open  to  single  men  only. 


The  time  was  never 
more  opportune  than  now 
for  becomino  associated 
with  the  field  of 
advanced  electronics. 
Because  of  tnilitary 
emphasis  this 
is  the  most  rapidly 
growing  and  promising 
sphere  of  endeavor 
for  the  young  electrical 
engineer  or  physicist. 


SCIENTIFIC  AND 

E-NGI.VEERING  STAT? 

KXJOKES 

RESEARCH  AND 
DEVEI-OPMENT 
LABOR  AT  O  R  I  E  S 

Cuiver  City, 

Los  Angeles  County, 

California 


Relocation  of  applicant  must 
not  cause  disruption  of 
an  urgent  military  proiecl. 


Selecting 

Your 

Employer 

by  R.  H.  Earle 


The  engineering  student  who  is  about 
to  graduate  and  start  on  his  working 
career  often  is  confronted  by  so  many 
job  openings  that  he  has  difficulty  in  se- 
lecting the  best  one.  Obviously,  he 
wants  to  choose  the  position  which  of- 
fers him  the  best  opportunity  to  develop 
his  talents  to  the  utmost,  contribute  the 
most  to  the  organization  he  selects,  and 
receive  in  return  the  greatest  compen- 
sation in  the  form  of  recognition,  per- 
sonal enjoyment  in  his  work,  and  his 
salary. 

The  young  engineer's  problem  bears  a 
striking  similarity  to  that  of  a  man  who 
has  some  money  to  invest  on  a  long- 
term  basis  and  wishes  to  purcha.se  com- 
mon stock  in  the  business  concern  which 
will  give  him  the  greatest  return  over 
the  long  pull. 

Investment  counsellors  ha\e  some 
guides  that  they  follow  in  advising  pros- 
pective investors.  The  counsellors  point 
out,  as  good  investment  possibilities, 
companies  that  are  In  a  growing  and  an 
essential  industry,  have  financial  stabil- 
ity, and  are  operated  by  a  seasoned  man- 
agement. It  is  interesting  to  see  if  these 
same  guides  could  not  be  followed  by 
the  young  engineer  selecting  a  job. 

One  of  the  first  things  the  young  en- 
gineer and  the  investor  have  to  decide  is 
to  what  degree  they  wish  to  speculate  be- 
cause there  is  no  such  thing  in  the  busi- 
ness world  as  absolute  security,  either 
for  the  mone\  invested  in  a  business  or 
for  the  men  that  make  up  the  organiza- 
tion. 

The  investor  who  is  young,  healthy, 
and  financially  independent,  even  during 
emergencies,  can  afford  to  take  greater 
risks  with  his  common  stock  fund  than 
could,  for  example,  an  older  man  with 
family  responsibilities,  limited  resources, 
and  few  years  to  recover  from  any  finan- 
cial losses  he  might  experience.  Like- 
wise, the  young  engineer  who  is  healthy 
and  financially  independent  can  afford 
to  take  a  greater  risk  in  the  selection 
of  a  job  than  a  young  man  who  is  mar- 
ried, has  a  family,  and  is  solely  depend- 
ent upon  his  monthh   salary. 


I 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


I  bclit'\c  rliar  most  >(iuiig  eiigmeers 
and  most  loiiji  term  irnestors  in  com- 
mon stocks  can  take  a  so-called  "busi- 
nessman's risk,  "  because  they  are  both 
looking  for  a  moderate  amount  of  se- 
curity. Engineers  and  investors  seek  an 
opportunity  for  progress  through  growth 
of  the  company  with  which  they  are  as- 
sociated. 

At  tills  point  it  might  be  interesting 
to  trace  the  history  of  a  t\  pical  com- 
pany or  typical  industry  in  our  economic 
system  toda\'. 

The  usual  pattern  is  for  the  early 
stages  of  an  industry  to  be  quite  hazard- 
ous from  a  financial  standpoint  and  very 
speculative  for  both  the  investors  and 
the  employees.  For  example,  the  ver\ 
earliest  railroads  that  were  built  short- 
ly after  the  steam  locomotive  was  in- 
vented were  very  hazardous  ventures 
and,  luidoubtedly,  much  money  and 
man\  jobs  were  lost  in  the  early  stages. 
\'er\  often  in  these  early  stages  there 
is  not  a  market  yet  for  the  product  being 
sold.  Further  there  has  not  been  engi- 
neering design  data  accunudated  to  the 
point  that  a  thoroughly  satisfactory  pro- 
duct can  be  designed  and  produced.  The 
result  is  likely  to  be  frequent  customers' 
complaints  and  consequent  losses  from 
replacing  defective  products.  As  the  in- 
d\istry  and  the  companies  in  it  gain 
more  experience,  establish  a  market  for 
the  product,  and  accumulate  know-how 
and  facilities,  a  reasonable  measure  of 
stability  gradually  evolves.  The  industry 
then  enters  a  so-called  "growth"  period. 
If  the  product  or  service  has  a  wide  ap- 
peal, the  market  develops  rapidh,  and 
for  some  \ears  shows  no  sign  of  satura- 
tion. During  this  period  the  industry  and 
the  companies  in  it  are  likeh  to  grow 
at  a  more  rapid  rate  than  business  in 
general. 

(Gradually  as  enough  companies  get 
into  the  business  to  siipph  the  market 
adequately,  the  market  approaches  a 
ceiling  and  is  ultimateh  made  up  of  t\\o 
parts:  first  in  the  replacement  of  pro- 
ducts that  have  alread\'  been  fold  and 
ha\e  been  worn  out  in  service;  second 
in  supplying  new  buyers  who  have  never 
owned  the  product  before.  This  latter 
part  of  the  market  is  pretty  well  geared 
to  the  increase  in  population.  As  condi- 
tions change  and  new  products  gradual- 
ly supersede  the  existing  product,  the 
market  levels  off  and  then  begins  to  de- 
cline. The  classic  example  is  the  buggy 
whip  business  which  was  undoubtedly 
thriving  lUO  years  ago  but  ha,s  now  prac- 
tically disappeared  because  of  the  auto- 
mobile superseding  the  horse  and  buggy. 
The  foregoing  liistory  is  quite  typical 
of  most  industries  and  the  companies 
that  form  it. 

Sometimes  as  an  industry  starts  to 
decline,  alert  manufacturers  recognize 
trends  away  from  their  original  field  of 
endeavor  and  branch  out  into  new  fields. 


but  main  do  not  aiui  ultimateK  become 
casualties  in  the  business  world.  This, 
of  course,  results  in  loss  to  the  holders 
of  common  stocks  and  the  emplovees 
who  have  made  up  the  organization. 
This  typical  industry  pattern  having  a 
speculative  start,  then  a  period  of 
growth,  the  reaching  of  the  zenith,  and 
ultimate  decline,  is  recognized  by  invest- 
ment counsellors  and  could  well  be  kept 
in  mind  by  the  \(iung  engineer  selecting 
his  first  job. 

In  general,  not  very  nian\  investius 
nor  very  many  voung  engineers  can  af- 
ford to  take  the  chances  of  the  extreme- 
ly \oung  industries  and  companies.  It  is 
true  that  our  great  companies  of  today 
were  at  one  time  e\treiiiel\  small,  and 
those  investors  and  emplovees  who  stayed 
with  them  have  made  fabulous  profits 
or  have  advanced  into  high  positions 
through  the  growth  of  the  comparn. 

The  risk  of  such  situations  is  well 
illustrated  by  the  dozens  of  automobile 
companies  which  were  formed  and  went 
bankrupt  in  the  early  da\s  of  that  in- 
dustry. Out  of  tho.se  earl\'  troubled  times 
have  grown  the  great  automobile  com- 
panies of  today,  some  of  which  rank 
among  our  most  stable  enterprises.  Man- 
ufacturing automobiles  is  no  longer  a 
particularly  speculative  line  of  business; 
investments  and  jobs  with  these  com- 
panies compare  favorabh  in  securitv 
with  our  other  leading  lines  of  business. 
If  a  person  has  the  emotional  make- 
up to  be  happy  in  very  speculative  situa- 
tions, he  can  consider  joining  an  organ- 
ization in  the  very  early  speculative 
stage.  However,  he  should  be  sure  that 
he  really  has  this  make-up  and  can  be 
happ\  and  retain  his  health  under  pro- 
longed conditions  of  extreme  uncertain- 
t\'.  A  man  who  is  somewhat  more  con- 
servative, but  does  not  demand  a  maxi- 
mum of  security,  can  well  consider  one 
of  the  smaller  companies  in  a  growing 
well-establishing  industry. 

The  compain  should  have  a  successful 
record  which  means  the  management 
should  have  proven  itself  over  a  period 
of  years  not  onlv  to  be  able  to  manage 
well,  but  also  to  be  progressive,  and  the 
company  should  be  in  good  linancial 
shape.  It  should  have  a  historv  of  more 
than  average  growth  which  frequently 
means  that  in  its  own  industry,  its  line 
of  products  does  not  completely  cover 
the  field.  Therefore,  the  companv  can 
grow  not  only  as  its  industrv  grows,  but 
also  as  it  adds  new  products  progressive- 
ly to  round  out  its  line.  These  smaller 
companies  are  apt  to  grow  faster  per- 
centage-wi.se  than  their  very  large  com- 
petitors who  have  been  in  business  so 
long  that  their  line  of  products  is  vir- 
tually complete.  These  large  companies 
are  likely  to  offer  a  little  more  .securitv, 
particularlv  in  the  early  years  of  em- 
ploviiient,  but  probablv  not  quite  the 
opportunities    for    advancement    for    the 


average  voung  engineer. 

The  man  who  needs  still  mf)re  secur- 
ity to  remain  happv  and  whose  inclina- 
tions are  perhaps  not  very  competitive, 
will  probablv  be  better  satisfied  in  otic 
of  the  largest  companies  in  the  most 
stable  industries  whose  products  or  serv- 
ices find  a  market  both  in  g(H)d  times 
and  bad.  .As  a  general  rule,  these  very 
secure  positions  do  not  pay  as  much 
salary  as  the  more  speculative  ones,  but 
there  are  frequently  other  forms  of  com- 
pensation such  as  more  favorable  insur- 
ance, pension  or  medical  treatment  plans, 
company  activities,  and,  above  all,  peace 
of  mind  of  the  employee. 

Now  suppose  that  the  young  engineer 
or  iiiv  estor  has  sized  up  the  situation  and 
has  boiled  his  choice  down  to  a  few  com- 
panies which  appear  to  offer  about  eipial 
prospects  in  the  future,  there  is  not 
much  more  that  can  be  done.  The  final 
choice  becomes  largely  a  matter  of 
chance  and  is  relatively  unimportant  as 
far  as  the  odds  are  concerned. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  guides 
ot  the  investment  counsellor  in  choosing 
attractive  common  stocks  for  his  client 
can  be  u.seful  to  the  young  engineering 
graduate  confronted  with  a  great  many 
opportunities  for  employment.  Hoth  the 
investor  and  the  voung  engineer  are  like- 
ly to  do  well  with  a  growing  company 
in  a  growing  industry,  and  both  will 
find  it  impossible  to  predict  much  ahead 
of  time  their  exact  rate  of  progress  with 
extreme  accuracy.  Hoth  the  young  engi- 
neer and  the  investor  who  are  willing  to 
t.ike  a  rea.sonable  amount  of  risk  will 
tiiid  the  odds  in  their  favor  if  they 
choose  an  aggressive  growing  company 
in  a  growing  industry  that  is  well  estab- 
lisheil  in  our  economic  pattern. 


UNIFORMS  ARE  POPULAR 

Truck  liriveis  like  to  wear  umtorms, 
a  publication  reports  as  the  result  of  a 
survey  of  618  operators  who  control 
'><S,I)2J  vehicles.  Heconiing  an  import- 
ant item  in  fleet  operation,  uniforms  are 
now  worn  by  drivers  of  nearly  half  the 
fleets  surveyed.  Providing  uniforms  as 
a  bonus  or  award  for  meritorious  serv- 
ice is  a  growing  practice.  Main  conclu- 
sion is  drivers  like,  in  this  wav,  to  be 
identified  wth  their  employers,  with  a 
substantial  number  paying  some  part  of 
the  uniform  cost,  (iray  is  the  favorite 
color,  with  green  as  runner-up. 


TO  DE-SALT  THE  SEA? 

A  piiiit  pi. lilt  tor  de-salting  sugar 
juices  through  ion  exchange  membranes 
with  the  aid  of  electric  current  will  he 
installeii  on  .Maui,  Hawaiian  Island.  .As 
applied  here,  the  de-mineralizing  in- 
volves partial  removal  of  salts  such  as 
potassium  chloride,  thus  enabling  in- 
creased recoverv  of  sugar.  The  technique 
further  is  seen  as  a  possible  means  of 
ile-salting  sea  water. 


MARCH,  1955 


31 


Actual  storm  ahead  as  pilot  sees  it  on  radar  scope.  \ 
It  indicates  that,  by  changing  course  very  slightly,  | 
he  will  find  a  smooth,  safe  route.  | 


AIRBORNE  RADAR 


Bendix*  Airborne  Radar,  a  device  carried  right  in  the 
airplane  to  spot  storms  miles  ahead,  has  been  used  by 
the  military  for  several  years.  Now  Bendix  is  supplying 
it  to  airline  and  company-owned  aircraft. 

This  new  device  does  what  human  eyes  cannot  do. 
It  not  only  sees  up  to  150  miles  ahead,  even  in  the 
blackest  night,  but  also  looks  right  through  storms  and 
shows  their  size  and  intensity. 

In  the  small  photo  above,  for  example,  you  can  see 
white  areas  which  are  a  line  of  storms.  Those  with  black 
centers  represent  great  turbulence.  With  only  a  slight 
change  in  course  the  pilot  avoided  these  storms. 


Airlines  are  buying  Bendix  Airborne  Radar  becau 
it  makes  possible  a  more  comfortable,  swifter  ride  on 
more  direct  course.  Without  airborne  radar  it  has  oft' 
been  necessary  to  fly  many  extra  miles  to  avoid  ston 
whose  areas  and  intensities  were  not  definitely  know 

Pilots  hail  it  as  one  of  aviation's  most  importa 
developments,  not  only  because  of  its  storm-warnii 
accuracy,  but  because  it  also  acts  as  a  navigational  ai 
Even  in  heavy  overcasts  it  can  see  rivers,  mountai 
and  the  outline  of  the  terrain  below.  Write  Bendix  Rad 
Division  in  Baltimore  for  further  information. 

This  is  one  of  the  hundreds  of  products  Bendix  h 


tjgsMfciyJ. 


inds  a  smooth  corridor 
through  stormy  skies! 

eveloped  and  manufactured  for  the  aviation  industry.  We 
Iso  make  hundreds  of  other  automotive,  electronic,  nuclear 
nd  chemical  components  and  devices  for  those  and  scores  of 
ther  industries.  A  request  on  your  company  letterhead  will 
ring  you  "Bendix  and  Your  Business" 
-the  complete  Bendix  story  on  how 
e  can  contribute  to  your  business.  For 
igineers  interested  in  a  career  with  us, 
e  have  another  booklet  "Bendix  and 
our  Future." 

BENDIX  AVIATION   CORPORATION 
isher  Building       •       Detroit  2,  Michigan 


PRINCIPAL  DIVISIONS  AND  BASIC  PRODUCTS 
Bendix  Radio,  Towson,  Md. 

radar:  auto,  railroad,  mobi'/e 
and  aviation  radio:  television. 

Eclipse  Machine,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

bicycle  coaster  brakes,   Stromberg  carburetors, 
electric  fuel  pumps,  starter  drives. 

Scintilla,  Sidney,  N.  Y. 

aviation  ignition  systems:  industrial  engine 

magnetos:  diesel  fuel  injections:  electrical 

connectors:  ignition  analyzers. 

Zenith  Carburetor,  Detroit,  Mich. 

automotive,  marine  and  small  engine  carburetors. 

Bendix-Skinner,  Detroit,  Mich. 

micronic  filters. 

Pacific,  North  Hollywood,  Calif. 

telemetering  equipment:  hydraulic  and  electric 
actuators:  depth  recorders:  boat   steerers. 

Bendix  Friez,  Towson,  Md. 

meteorological  instruments,  precision  instruments 
and  recorders. 

Bendix  Products.  South  Bend.  Ind. 

automotive  brakes,  carburetors,  power  steering; 
aviation  brakes,  landing  gear,  fuel  metering. 

Eclipse-Pioneer,  Teterboro,  N.  J. 

aviation  instruments  and  components:  foundry, 

Marshall-Eclipse,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

brake  blocks,  brake  lining,  synthetic  resins. 

Red  Bank,  Eatontown,  N.  J. 

electronic  tubes:  dynamotors.  inverters, 

Cincinnati,  Cincinnati.  Ohio 

automatic  viscosity  regulators,  nuclear  products. 

Bendix  Computer,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

digital  computers. 

Hamilton,  Hamilton,  Ohio 

jet  engine  controls  and  aircraft  pumps. 

Lakeshore,  St.  Joseph,  Mich. 

power  steering  and  automotive  devices, 

Utica,  Utica,  N.  Y. 
aviation  components. 

Montrose,  South  Montrose,  Pa. 

aviation  components. 

Pioneer-Central,  Davenport,  Iowa 

aviation  instruments  and  components. 

York,  York,  Pa. 

'^  electronic  devices:  test  equipment. 

.%        Bendix-Eclipse  of  Canada,  Ltd. 

Windsor.  Onl. 

Bendix  International 

New   York  City 


YOU    FURNISH    THE    PRINT,    WE'LL    FURNISH    THE    PART 


16  MM.   FILM^SPOOL  OF^SYNTHANE 


ZILAMINATED  PLASTIC  RESISTS  PHOTOGRAPHIC^ 


CHEMICALS'  HOLDSiSH APE,  DOESN'T  FOG  FILM' 


The  film  spool  we're  talking  about  is  one  used  in  the 
processing  of  movie  film.  The  material  for  this  spool  has 
to  be  light  in  weight,  strong  and  easily  machined.  Since 
it  is  always  in  contact  with  film  and  photo  solutions,  it 
must  also  be  chemically-resistant  and — most  important — 
not  fog  the  film  by  chemical  contamination. 

This  isn't  an  easy  assignment  for  any  material,  but 
Synlhane  fills  the  bill. 


SYNTHASE  COkPORATION,  M  Riv.r  Rood,  Oaki.  fa. 

Please  rush  me  more  information  obout  Syntbane  laminated 
plastics. 


Name_ 
Title 


Company. 

Address 

City 


.Zone- 


-State. 


\\'henever  you  want  parts  requiring  many  properties, 
consider  how  Synthane's  combined  benefits  may  help  you 
improve  your  product. 

Synthane  produces  finished  parts  from  many  diff'erent 
grades  of  Synthane  laminated  sheets,  rods,  tubes  and 
molded-laminated  and  moldcd-macerated  parts.  Service 
and  quality  characterize  Synthane  fabrication. 

^Vc  can  handle  the  whole  iob  for  you  from  your  print 
to  the  finished  part — eliminating  your  tooling-up,  reject 
and  machining  problems — and  producing  parts  of  ex- 
cellent quality  at   a  saving  of  your  time  and   money. 

For  more  information  about  Synthane  grades,  properties 
and  faljrication  facilities,  send  in  the  coupon. 

[synthane] 


34 


LAMINATED  \^^  PLASTICS 

SYNTHANE  CORPORATION     •     OAKS,  PENNSYLVANIA 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


of  the  basic  industries  in  which 
Bendix  products  play  a  vital  role 


ELECTRONICS 


GUIDED  MISSILES 


ATOMIC  ENERGY 


AUTOMOTIVE 


4J 


AVIATION 


MARINE 


*^^>^   J 


RAILROAD 


PETROLEUM 


CONSTRUCTION 


AGRICULTURE 


A  SOUND  REASON  WHY    Oeni/J^  OFFERS  TODAY'S 

ENGINEERING  GRADUATE  AN  UNLIMITED  FUTURE! 


Diversification  is  an  inipoitani  asset  in  liusiness. 

Kspeeiallv  so  from  llie  vie«|)oiiit  of  tlii'  en;;ineer 
because: 

it  encourages  and  promotes  freedom  of  ideas,  keejis 
eiipineerinf;  ingenuity  flexible  and  adaptidil<-.  In  short, 
gives  full  vent  to  an  engineers  ereati\e  abilil\   .  .  . 

\\  bile  at  tbe  same  time  it  |)rovides  a  lieallby.  stable, 
secure  foundation  for  botb  tin-  eoinpauy  and  ibe 
indiviibial  to  build  and  expand. 

If  di\ersi(ication  in  business  appeals  to  you  as  a 
graduate  engineer,  vou'll  be  greatly  interested  in  tbe 
Bendix   \viation  Corporation. 

For  Hendix  is  unlike  anv  other  company  in  Xuu'rica 
in  its  \  ersatilitv.  facilities,  experienci-.  range  ol  products 
and  different   fields  of  engineering  endeavor.    Nearly    a 


thousauil    dilfcrenl    products   are    prochiced    b\    our   21 
manidai'lurlug  di\  isions. 

.■\s  a  result,  we  not  oulv  offer  a  « idi'  clioici-  of 
locations  coast  to  coa^l  but  also  career-biiildinL'  oppor- 
tunitii's  as  broa<l  as  >our  audiilion  ami  aliility  in 
meciianicai  cnginei'riug  .  .  .  Indraidic  meclianisms  .  .  . 
electronics  .  .  .  magnetics  .  .  .  computers  .  .  .  serv<i- 
mi-cbauisms  .  .  .  radar  research  .  .  .  melaiiurgv  .  .  . 
solid-state  pin  sies  .  .  .  instrumentalion  .  .  .  radiation 
deteition  .  .  .  nuclear  plnsics  .  .  .  guidance  and  con- 
trol >\  stems  jihis  inan\  more  i-ngiueering  fields  of 
challi'ugc. 

Write  for  vour  i-op\   ol      liendiv  and    \  our  liiture. 
It  gives  ibe  full  storv  al)out    iiendix.  its  products  and 
<Mn|)io\  mint  oppiiitunitie>. 


BENDIX    AVIATION    CORPORATION 


y0^^. 


Fisher  Building     •     Detroit  7,  Michigan 


A  ik-ndix  representative  will  be  at  your  canipiis  suoii.  Make  a  note  now 
to  talk   with   him.   Check  your  placement  bureau    for   li ami    dale. 


*J9{ 


L  _-        AV/A  TION 


MARCH,   1955 


35 


Fluoridation . . . 


HELPFUL  or  HARMFUL 


by  Philip  Voegtie,  San.  E.  '55 


Some  fift\'  years  ago  in  a  small  Color- 
ado town,  a  new  idea  was  born  which 
grew  to  be  a  major  public  health  prob- 
lem and  which  is  now  in  the  process 
of  being  tossed  back  and  forth  between 
the  pros  and  the  cons.  To  the  pros  it 
isn't  so  much  a  problem  as  it  is  a  solu- 
tion to  a  problem ;  and  to  the  cons  it  is 
felt  detrimental,  not  only  to  their  own 
health,  but  to  the  health  of  the  public 
confronted  with  this  new  idea.  The  ex- 
change or  arguments  between  the  pros 
and  cons  brought  about  a  great  deal  of 
research  on  the  subject. 

In  1906  Frederick  S.  McKay,  a  prac- 
ticing dentist  in  Colorado  Springs,  Col- 
orado, found  brown  and  yellow  stains 
in  the  enamel  of  human  teeth.  He  be- 
lieved these  stains  were  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  some  unknown  chemical  in  the 
water  supply. 

This  was  verified  some  years  later  in 
1929  when  the  Huoride  ion  was  accused 
of  being  the  caustic  agent  responsible 
for  the  mottled  enamel. 

In  the  year  inimediatel>  following, 
through  the  work  of  two  men,  H.  T. 
Dean  and  E.  Elvove,  who  were  associ- 
ated with  the  National  Institute  of  Den- 
tal Research,  the  non  injurious  amount 
of  fluoride  in  a  domestic  water  supply 
was  determined  to  be  one  part  per  mil- 
lion,   (  1   p. p.m. ). 

With  the  publication  of  this  fact,  peo- 
ple living  in  areas  where  the  Huoride 
ion  concentration  in  their  water  supply 
was  in  excess  of  Ip.p.m.  became  greatly 
concerned.  Public  Health  authorities 
were  aroused  because  there  were  631 
communities  in  thirty-eight  states  which 
included  some  one  million  five-hundred 
thousand  people  that  were  served  by 
water  supplies  containing  naturally  oc- 
curing  fluoride  ion  in  concentrations 
greater  than  1.5  p. p.m. 


Rc.earch  was  begun  immcdiateh  on 
th:-  problem  of  removing  excessive 
a  rnunts  of  fluoride  ion  from  domestic 
v,-at?r  supplies,  but  nothing  de\eloped 
e\cept  a  few  makeshift  ideas,  which 
were  colored   by  local  conditions. 

In  1938  a  new  view  on  the  presenc? 
of  the  fluoride  ion  in  a  public  water 
supply  was  presented  b\'  H.  T.  Dean. 
His  studies  revealed  that  a  low  concen- 
tration of  fluoride  in  a  water  supply  was 
beneficial  in  the  prevention  of  tooth  de- 
cay. He  also  revealed  that  the  optimal 
effect  was  obtained  in  the  range  of  1.0 
to  1.5  p. p.m. 

This  was  the  proverbial  spark  that  set 
off  the  explosion  dividing  the  public 
into  the  pros  and  the  cons. 

After  years  of  preparation,  large  re- 
search projects  were  set  up  in  such  cities 
as  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan ;  Newburgh, 
New  York ;  Sheboygan,  Wisconsin ; 
Evanston,  Illinois.  The  water  supplies 
in  these  cities  were  treated  with  a  fluor- 
ide compound,  such  as  sodium  Huoride, 
while  a  town  nearby  where  fluoridation 
was  not  practiced  was  used  as  a  control. 
Some  of  these  cities  began  to  report  re- 
ductions in  tooth  decay  a  few  years  after 
fluoridation  was  begun.  Reports  stated 
the  success  of  fluoridat:on  in  the  experi- 
mental cities  listed. 

Today  there  are  about  twenty  mil- 
lion people  in  the  United  States,  and 
two  hundred  thousand  in  Canada  that 
are  served  fluoridated  water.  The  wide 
spread  usage,  however,  is  no  indication 
that  fluoridation  is  safe  and  beneficial. 
C^nly  careful  experimentation  can  pro\e 
this.  Health  authorities  have  much  to 
say  about  the  results  obtained  from  var- 
ious experimental  cities. 

Before  1938  it  was  conclusixely 
proven  that  high  concentrations  of  fluor- 
ides  in    a   domestic   water   supply    abovit 


2  p. p.m.  would  cause  r.'.ottled  enamel  of 
th?  teeth  of  the  users  of  this  water. 

In  1938,  H.  T.  Dean  demonstrated 
that  there  was  an  inverse  ratio  between 
fluoride  ion  concentration  and  dental 
caries.  He  stated  that  optimal  effect  was 
obtained  in  the  range  1.0  to  1.5  p. p.m. 
He  based  this  on  extensive  studies  made 
in  twenty-one  cities  in  four  states.  They 
were  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Col- 
orado. The  studies  were  on  7257  chil- 
dren between  the  ages  of  twelve  to  four- 
teen. These  studies  were  made  on  influ- 
ential variabls  sucli  as,  environment, 
diet,  public  water  supply  constituents, 
etc.  The  final  reuilts  revealed  that  the 
only  factors  that  showed  remarkable 
correlation  were  the  dental  caries'  rates 
and  fluoride  ion  concentration. 

The  prevalence  of  dental  caries  was 
reduced  fifty  to  sixty-five  per  cent  in 
1953.  Literature  published  by  dental 
and  public  health  associations  is  over 
stocked  with  further  proof  of  the  ef- 
fectiveness of  fluorides  in  reducing  den- 
tal decay.  There  are  about  eight  major 
research  programs  in  progress  today  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada  which 
have  been  active  for  as  many  as  two  to 
eight  years,  which  have  been  proving 
again  and  again  that  children  who  use 
fluoride-free  water  have  two  or  more 
times  as  many  dental  caries  as  chil- 
dren drinknig   fluoridated  water. 

The  following  are  some  statistics 
from  the  eight  major  research  programs. 

Brantford,  Ontario,  Canada:  The 
permanent  teeth  of  ?.ix-year-old  children 
felt  a  reduction  in  dental  decay  of  fifty- 
yix   per  cent. 

Evanston,  Illinois:  The  number  of 
twelve  to  fourteen-\ear-olds  \vhose  teeth 
were  unsusceptible  to  decay  increased  to 
seventy-three   per  cent. 

Grand  Rapids,  Michigan:  Six-year- 
old  children  presented  a  sixty-six  percent 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  Campus-to-Career  Case   History 


I 

I 
I 


Jim  O'lltiiu  (tejl)  iinr/.s  nut  a  prnhlfm  ui/Ii  a  member  nl  his  r 

His  territory: 

TWO    CITY 

James  O'Hara,  Stevens  Institute  of  Tcilmology 
(M.E.  '51),  is  an  installation  foreman  for  the  New 
York  Telephone  Company.  His  present  assignment 
is  two  city  blocks  between  4.5tli  and  47th  Streets  in 
the  middle  of  Manhattan. 

•        •        • 

"It  doesn't  measure  very  big  horizontally."  Jim 
says.  "But  vertically  it  makes  up  a  lot  of  tele|)h()ne 
business  — 7500  telephones  to  be  exact.  My  eight- 
man  crew  does  everything  from  installing  a  single 
telephone  to  working  on  complete  dial  intercom  sys- 
tems for  some  of  the  nation's  biggest  businesses. 


"Ive  got  to  know  about  cm  li  of  these  jolis  tliat 
my  men  do.  My  training  with  the  telephone  com- 
])any  look  me  through  the  installation,  repair  and 
testing  of  the  various  tvi)es  of  Iclepiione  eipiipment 
and  service  for  which  1  am  rcsponsildc.  I  even 
had  a  chance  to  do  a  little  experimenting  of  my 
own  and  developed  a  new  wav  of  preventing  oil 
seepage  on  automatic  switching  equipment.  1 
understand  it's  being  written  up  for  use  throughout 
the  Bell  System. 

"That's  what  I  like  alioul  teleplioni'  uork.  Even 
two  city   bioi'ks  are  full  of  o|)pcprlunity." 


You'll  find  that  most  other  i-ollege  men  >»ith  the  tele- 
phone company  are  just  a.s  enlhusia^tie  ahout  their 
johs.  If  you'd  be  interested  in  a  similar  opportunity 
villi  a  Bell  System  telephone  company— or  with  Sundia 
Corporation,  Western  Kleetrie  or  Hell  IVIephone  Lab- 
oratories, see  your  Placement  Officer  for  full  details. 


m 


BELL    TELEPHONE 
SYSTEM 


MARCH,   1955 


37 


reduction  in  dental  decay,  and  nine-year- 
old  children  smiled  with  a  thirty-nine 
per  cent    reduction. 

Le\visto\vn,  Idaho:  Six-year-old  chil- 
dren again  hut  this  time  they  boasted  of 
a  seventy-seven  per  cent  reduction  in 
decay  rate  in  comparison  with  a  forty- 
seven  per  cent  reduction  for  their  nine- 
yar-old   class   mates. 

Madison,  Wisconsin:  The  primary 
teeth  of  the  kindergarten  class  saw  a 
fort>'-eight  per  cent  reduction  in  dental 
rot. 

Marshall,  Texas:  The  six-year-old 
group  appears  again,  hut  not  too  happy. 
Why.'  They  only  have  a  forty-seven  per 
cent   reduction   in  tooth  decay. 

Newburgh,  New  York:  W^orn  out  but 
still  leading  the  pack  the  six-year-olds, 
carrying  a  seventy-eight  per  cent  tooth 
decay  reduction.  The  twel\'e-\ear-olds 
aren't  doing  hadl\  cither  xvith  a  twenty- 
six  per  cent  dental  decay  reduction. 

Sheboygan,  Wisconsin:  The  twelve  to 
fourteen-year-olds  are  happy  with  a  re- 
duction in  dental  decay  of  thirty  per 
cent. 

While  Dean's  studies  were  made  on 
cities  having  varying  amounts  of  natur- 
ally occuring  Huoride  in  the  water  sup- 
ply, the  eight  cities  previoush  men- 
tioned were  artificially  fluoridated.  The 
hypothesis  was  that  water  treated  with 
fluoride  would  produce  the  same  ef- 
fects on  dental  decay  as  water  naturally 
containing  fluoride. 

L  nder  the  direction  of  specialized 
technical  personnel  and  with  the  super- 
vision of  the  State  Department  of 
Health,  annual  dental  and  medical  stu- 
dies were  made  on  the  children  in  the 
eight  experimental  cities.  By  chemical 
and  biological  research,  by  laboratory 
experimentation,  and  by  epidemiological 
studies,  the  hypothesis  was  proven  valid. 

According  to  recent  studies,  the  pro- 
tection from  tooth  decay  with  the  use 
of  fluorides  in  the  water  supply  de- 
creases with  the  increase  of  age.  This 
means  that  at  the  age  of  twenty  or 
older,  people  do  not  benefit  from  drink- 
ing fluoridated  water.  The  reason  for 
the  diminishing  rate  of  dental  protec- 
tion is  that  people  have  not  been  in  con- 
tact with  fluoridated  water  soon  enough. 
Authorities  say  that  in  order  to  get  max- 
imum reduction  in  tooth  decay,  people 
must  start  drinking  fluoridated  water 
at  a  very  early  age.  The  older  the  peo- 
ple, the  less  is  the  reduction  of  tooth 
decay. 

The    effects    of    fluoridation    on    the 


teeth  of  people  between  the  ages  of 
twenty  to  forty-four  who  have  been  in 
contact  with  a  naturally  occining  fluor- 
ide bearing  water  supply  throughout 
their  lifetime  is  demonstrated  by  the 
studies  made  on  the  people  living  in 
Colorado  Springs,  Colorado.  Clinical 
dental  examinations  were  given  to  the 
people  who  have  been  exposed  to  Color- 
ado Springs'  water  supply,  which  con- 
tains about  2.5  p. p.m.  ol  fluorides,  for 
a  long  period  of  time.  These  examina- 
tions were  also  given  to  the  people  in 
the  same  age  group  living  in  a  nearby 
town,  Boulder,  Colorado.  The  people 
from  Boulder  were  used  as  a  control 
because  the  fluoride  ion  is  nonexistant 
in  Boulder's  water  supply.  The  preva- 
lence of  fluorosis  was  constant  through- 
out all  age  groups  in  Colorado  Springs 
because  of  the  high  concentration  of 
fluorides  in  their  water  supply,  while 
the  people  in  Boulder  exhibited  no  e\  i- 
dence  of  the  disease.  On  the  other  hand 
Boulder  had  sixty  per  cent  higher  de- 
cayed, missing  and  filled  teeth 
(D.M.F. )  than  Colorado  Springs  for 
each  age  group. 

Fluoridation  of  water  supplies,  just 
as  pasteurization  of  milk,  innoculation 
against  smallpox,  and  chlorination  of 
water  supplies,  has  been  met  with  or- 
ganized opposition,  although  it  is  prob- 
ably the  most  important  development  in 
the  history  of  preventive  dentistry. 

Innoculation  against  smallpox  caused 
such  an  uprisal  that  people  who  were 
innoculated  were  considered  a  public 
menace.  Imioculations  were  made  se- 
creth'.  A  hospital  was  burned  for  fear 
that  it  might  be  turned  into  an  in- 
nocidation  center.  Fluoridation  has  not 
met  with  violence,  as  has  innocidatif)n 
against  smallpox;  but  it  has  met  with 
the  poison  pen.  It  has  been  the  victim  of 
"name  calling  "  in  all  the  media  of  com- 
munication. 

There  are  many  accusations  against 
fluoridation.  One  of  the  first  was  prob- 
ably that  fluoridation  was  a  cause  or  an 
accelerator  of  cancer.  This  statement 
probably  originated  from  the  article  in 
the  Texas  Dental  Journal  of  Septem- 
ber, 1051.  It  concerned  a  mouse  cancer 
experiment  which  was  conducted  at  the 
L  niversity  of  Texas.  Almost  all  the 
mice  died  of  cancer.  However,  they  did 
not  die  because  of  the  0.44  p. p.m.  fluor- 
ides that  they  were  fed.  They  died  be- 
cause they  were  a  special  strain  which 
was  highly  susceptible  to  mammory 
tumors. 

Another  interesting  fact  is  that  in  a 
few  towns  in  Texas  where  the  fluoride 
concentration  exceeds  3.0  p. p.m.,  the 
mortality  rate  of  cancer  is  eighty-one 
per  hundred-thousand.  However,  in  Cal- 
ifornia where  the  concentration  of  fluor- 
ide in  a  water  supply  is  little  or  none, 
the  mortality  rate  is  one  hundred-forty- 
nine  per  hundred-thousand. 


These  Towns  Add  Fluoride 


Another  accusation  against  fluorida- 
tion is  that  it  causes  imsightly  staining 
of  the  teeth.  This  is  true  but  only  when 
the  fluorides  are  in  a  high  concentration, 
(2  p. p.m.  or  more).  This  also  depends 
upon  the  individual  differences.  At  the 
concentration  recommended  by  health 
authorities  which  is  1  p. p.m.  mild  cases 
of  dental  fluorosis  still  occur  in  less  than 
ten  per  cent  of  the  children  using  this 
water.  These  mild  cases  of  fluorosis  can 
be  detected  only  by  the  trained  e\e.  A 
major  portion  of  them  will  be  found 
only  on  the  back  teeth.  Many  dentists 
believe  that  the  amount  of  mottling  as- 
sociated with  1  p. p.m.  fluorine  in  drink- 
ing water  in  most  parts  of  the  United 
States  actually  enhances  the  beauty  of 
the  teeth. 

Fluoridated  water  cannot  be  accused 
of  being  poisonous  just  because  fluorides 
are  used  in  rat  poisons.  There  are  many 
minerals  which  we  consume  today  that 
are  deadh'  at  high  concentrations.  Sodi- 
um chloride,  ordinary  table  salt,  is  just 
one  example  of  them. 

Fluorides  in  water  do  not  cause  bones 
to  become  brittle.  Detailed  studies  on 
1,45(S'  high  school  boys  in  seven  cities 
with  varying  concentrations  of  fluorides 
in  the  public  water  supplies  showed  no 
effect  on  bone  fracture  experience. 
Where  water  contains  from  1.2  to  3 
p.p.m  fluorine,  x-ray  examinations  of 
persons  living  in  the  area  revealeil  no 
evidence  of  bone  fluorosis. 

The  assertion  that  inorganic  fluor- 
ides inhibit  essential  enzyme  functions 
in  humans  is  a  half  truth  frequently 
employed  by  opponents  of  fluoridation. 
The  critical  consideration  of  this  as- 
sertion is  the  fact  that  the  amount  or 
concentration  of  fluoride  is  not  specified. 
With  a  high  concentration  of  fluorides, 
enzyine  functions  may  be  inhibited. 
There  has,  however,  been  no  evidence 
that  fluoride  ions  at  a  concentration  of 
1  p.p.m.  in  water  will  adverseh  affect 
an\'  enzyme  of  the  body. 

The  State  of  Illinois,  Department  of 
Public  Health  made  studies  on  the  death 
rates  in  twenty-two  cities  in  Illinois. 
They  concluded  the  following: 

"Mortality  statistics  show  that  there 
is  no  significant  difference  in  the  general 
death    rates    between    areas    where    fluor- 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Electronics  Research  Engineer  Irving  Alne  records  radiation 
antenna  patterns  on  Lockheed's  Radar  Range. 
Twenty-two  foot  plastic  tower  in  background 
minimizes  ground  reflections,  approximates  free  space 
Pattern  integrator,  high  gain  amplifier,  square  root 
amplifier  and  logarithmic  amplifier  shown  in  picture 
are  of  Lockheed  design. 


Jim  Hong,  Aerodynamics  Division  head,  discusses  results 
of  high  speed  wind  tunnel  research  on  drag  of 
straight  and  delta  wing  plan  forms  with  Richard 
Heppe.  Aerodynamics  Department  head  islanding), 
and  Aerodynamlcist  Ronald  Richmond  I  seated 
right).  In  addition  to  its  own  tunnel.  Lockheed  Is 
one  of  the  principal  shareholders  in  the  Southern 
California  Cooperative  Wind  Tunnel.  It  Is  now  t>elns 
modified  for  operation  at  supersonic  Mach  numbers. 


Research  Engineer  Russell  lowe  measures  dynamic 
strain  applied  by  Locldieed's  500.000  lb. 
Force  Fatigue  Machine  on  test  specimen  of 
integrally-stiftened  Super  Constellation  skin. 
The  Fatigue  Machine  gives  Structures 
Department  engineers  a  significant  advantage 
in  simulating  effect  of  flight  loads  on  a 
structure.  Among  other  Lockheed  structures 
facilities  are  the  only  shimmy  tower  in 
private  industry  and  largest  drop  tect 
tower  in  the  nation. 


C.  H.  Fish,  design  englnotr  assigned 
to  Lockheed's  Icing  Research 
Tunnel,  measures  impingement 
limits  of  ice  on  C-130  wing  section. 
The  tunnel  has  a  temperature 
range  of  -40*F.  to  +150*F.  and 
nia.ximum  speed  of  more  than 
270  mph.  It  is  the  only  icing 
research  tunnel  in  private  industry. 


Advanced  facilities  speed 
Lockheed  engineering  progress 


Lockheed's  unmatched  research  and  production  facilities  help  make 

possible  diversified  activities  in  virtually  all  phases  of  aviation, 

military  and  commercial. 

They  enable  engineers  to  test  advanced  ideas  which  would  remain 

only  a  conversation  topic  in  firms  lacking  Lockheed's  faciUties. 

They  help  give  designers  full  rein  to  their  imagination.  They  make 

better  planes  —  and  better  careers. 

Engineering  students  interested  in  more  information  on  Lockheed's 

advanced  facilities  are  invited  to  write  E.  W.  Des  Lauriers, 

Lockheed  Student  Information  Service,  Burbank,  California. 


Lockheed 


AIRCRAFT     CORPORATION 


BURBANK 


California 


ide  is  present  and  those  where  it  is  ab- 
sent. Similarly  there  is  no  significant  dif- 
ference in  the  risk  of  death  from  specific 
diseases  such  as  heart,  cancer,  nephritis, 
and   diabetes." 

Through  the  research  done  on  the 
effects  of  fluorides  on  \east  fermenta- 
tion, the  Pabst  laboratories  reported  that 
the  concentrations  of  fluorides  up  to  3 
p. p.m.  had  little  or  no  effect  on  yeast 
fermentation.  The  concentration  of 
fluorides  reached  6,000  p. p.m.  before  its 
killing  power  on  yeast  cells  was  com- 
parable to  that  of  a  one  per  cent  solu- 
tion of  phenol. 

Pabst  brewers  weren't  the  only  ones 
to  report  that  fluoridation  didn't  af- 
fect their  industry'.  Nine  breweries  in 
Wisconsin  alone  reported  no  effects 
found  on  the  fermentation  process  when 
fluoridated  water  was  used. 

From  the  laboratories  of  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Baking  echoed  the  same 
results.  This  time,  however,  no  effects 
were  obtained  until  the  concentration 
of  fluorides   reached    10  p. p.m. 

The  American  Bottlers  of  Carbon- 
ated Beverages  concluded  that  no  ef- 
fects resulted  from  using  fluoridated 
water  from  the  fact  that  several  com- 
panies were  operating  in  cities  where 
fluoridation  was  practiced  with  no  ill  ef- 
fects. 

The  canners  primary  concern  was  the 
effects  of  fluoridated  water  on  flavor, 
color,  or  texture  of  their  product  and 
the  corrosive  effect  on  the  can.  There 
were  no  reports  of  ill  effects  on  the 
food  process.  Therefore,  it  is  safe  to 
assume  that  there  were  none. 

The  only  industrial  complaint  of 
fluoridated  water  came  from  Charlotte, 
North  Carolina,  where  an  ice  manufac- 
turing plant  reported  a  fifty  per  cent 
increase  in  the  cracking  of  ice  blocks 
when  1.0  p.p.m.  fluoride  was  added  to 
the  water  supply.  This  was  remedied 
by  adding  twenty  p.p.m.  of  ammonium 
chloride  to  the  water  at  the  ice  plant. 
No  other  such  happening  has  been  re- 
ported, and  it  is  believed  that  the  ex- 
cessive cracking  was  due  to  the  low 
alkalinity  of  the  water  supply. 

An  interesting  effect  was  that  of  fluor- 
idated water  on  plants.  Studies  were 
made  in  1953  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois fluoricultural   greenhouses  on  seven 


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2^-29  30-3*  i^'40 

AGH    GROUPS 


different  types  of  flowers — Calhopsis, 
Chrysanthemum,  Cynoglossum,  Mari- 
gold. Mar\el  of  Peru,  Nicotina,  and 
Zinnia.  They  were  watered  for  two 
months  with  fluoridated  water  varying 
in  concentration  from  0.0  to  100.0 
p.p.m.  Up  to  30  p.p.m.  the  difference 
in  the  weight  of  the  flowers  was  not 
significantly  changed,  but  in  height  the 
\IarigoIds  when  water  with  1  p.p.m. 
and  3  p.p.m.  were  about  1.3  inches 
taller  than  those  watered  with  tap 
water,  which  were  used  as  a  control. 

Fluoridation  is  not  mass  medication. 
Medication  in  the  pure  sense  of  the 
word  means  to  cure  or  treat  an  exist- 
ing disease  or  condition.  Fluoridation 
does  not  cure  tooth  decav ;  it  prevents 
it.  Fluorides  are  natural  consitutients 
of  water,  as  they  are  in  teeth  and  bones. 
Fluorides  are  added  to  increase  their 
concentration  in  the  water  to  a  more 
beneficial  range.  The  addition  of  fluor- 
ides to  the  water  is  like  enriching  bread 
with  vitamins  to  make  the  bread  more 
healthful.  It  is  like  adding  table  salt 
or  other  materials  to  food  to  make  it 
more  healthftil  and  palatable.  Certainh' 
the  enrichment  of  bread  with  \itamins 
and  the  addition  of  table  salt  to  food 
are  not  considered  mass  medfication. 
Why  then  should  the  enrichment  of 
water  with  fluorides  be  considered  thus? 

Fluoridation  does  not  constitute  so- 
cialized medicine.  Fluoridation  is  not 
medication  or  an\'  form  of  medicine. 
Fluoridation  is  no  different  from  chlor- 
ination  or  any  other  measures  used  to 
prevent  disease.  Fluoridation  is  a  pre- 
\entive  measure  not  a  cure. 

Fluoridation  is  not  a  restriction  of 
religious  freedom.  This  is  based  on  the 
assumption  that  fluoridation  is  medi- 
cated water.  Even  if  it  were,  the  F'irst 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  states  that  the  right  of  a 
special  group  to  engage  in  the  prac- 
tice of  its  religion  must  not  unreason- 
ably interfere  with  the  right  of  a  com- 
munity as  a  whole  to  enjoy  what  it  de- 
termines is  beneficial   for  its  well  being. 

1,000  p.p.m.  sodium  fluoride  is  neces- 
sary to  cause  acute  diseases.  The  amount 
of  sodium  fluoride  necessary  to  produce 
this  degree  of  concentration  would  be 
eight  thousand  pounds  per  one  million 
gallons.  According  to  the  program  set 
up  by  public  health  authorities,  such  an 
amount  of  fluoride  ion  could  not  enter 
the  water  system  unless  gross  negligence 
occured.  As  for  sabotage  occuring,  why 
should  a  saboteur  depend  on  tons  of 
sodium  fluoride  to  do  the  job  when  only 
one  ounce  of  other  poisons,  as  botulinus 
toxin,  in  a  reservoir  woidd  perform  a 
more  complete  job. 

Fluoridation  will  not  present  many 
difficult  engineering  problems.  The  me- 
chanics of  fluoridation  are  no  more  in- 
volved than  those  of  water  piuification. 
The  machinery  and  equipmejit  common- 


ly used  in  water  plants  are  easily  adapt- 
ed. On  the  whole  fluoridation  is  prac- 
tical  from  an   engineering  standpoint. 

Climate  is  an  important  factor  which 
must  be  considered  in  fluoridating  a  pub- 
lic water  supply.  When  the  mean  annual 
temperature  is  approximately  30° F.,  the 
fluoride  ion  concentration  greater  than 
1.6  p.p.m.  will  produce  objectionable 
fluorosis.  Whereas,  when  the  mean  an- 
nual temperattire  is  approximately 
70'  F.,  the  fluoride  ion  concentration 
greater  than  0.8  p.p.m.  will  be  sufficient 
to  produce  the  same  results.  This  is 
probably  because  people  living  in  warm- 
er areas  tend  to  drink  more  water  and, 
consequenth',  consume  a  greater  quan- 
tit\'  of  fluoride  ions. 

Temperature  is  not  the  onh'  climatic 
factor  to  be  considered.  However,  stu- 
dies made  indicate  that  relative  humid- 
it\'  and  mean  annual  temperature  com- 
bined provide  adequate  indexes  for  de- 
termining the  fluoride  ion  concentration 
to  be  added.  For  a  more  complete  study 
of  the  optimal  amount  to  be  added,  the 
evaporation  point,  which  depends  upon 
wind  movement  and  barometric  pressure, 
should  also  be  taken  into  accomit. 

Fluoridation  is  said  to  be  a  preventa- 
tive of  tooth  decay ;  but  what  is  tootli 
decay  and  when  did  it  originate?  Tooth 
decay  probably  originated  with  Adam 
and  Eve  in  the  beginning  of  mankind. 
Of  course,  there  are  no  records  of  this 
medical  development;  but  there  are  rec- 
ords of  tooth  decay  occuring  thirty- 
seven  centuries  before  Christ. 

After  fifty  years  of  research  support- 
ed with  recent  studies,  the  American 
Dental  Association  gives  this  definition 
of  tooth  deca\  : 

"Dental  caries  are  caused  by  acids 
resulting  from  the  action  of  micro-organ- 
isms on  carbohydrates,  are  characterized 
by  a  decalcification  of  the  inorganic  por- 
tion and  are  accompanied  or  followed  by 
a  disintegration  of  the  organic  substance 
of  the  tooth." 

The  micro-organism  which  produces 
the  acid  that  catises  tooth  deca>'  is  Lacto- 
bacillus acidophilus.  Therefore,  to  re- 
duce tooth  decay  we  must  either  reduce 
the  production  of  this  acid  or  decrease 
the  solubility  of  the  tooth  enamel  in  the 
acid.  The  fluoride  ion  accomplishes  both. 

During  the  experiments  on  New- 
burgh,  New  York,  counts  were  made  on 
the  number  of  bacteria  per  cubic  centi- 
meter in  the  saliva  of  children.  Using 
two  criterion,  a  negative  count  ( under 
100  bacteria  per  c.c. )  and  a  high  count 
(over  20,000  bacteria  per  c.c),  samples 
were  taken  prior  to  fluoridation  and 
then  annually  afterwards.  At  the  end 
of  one  year  the  negative  count  went 
from  II. Q';  to  13.4';,  and  the  high 
count  dropped  from  63.3' t  to  35.2' i . 
After  two  years  the  negative  count  was 
twenty  per  cent  and  the  high  count  was 
forty-seven  per  cent. 

A  quantitative  analysis  made  on  sound 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


years 

of  weapons 

engineering 

experience 

If  vou're  looking  for  an  opportunity  to  work  with  the  finest  niinSpower 
and  facilities  in  the  whole  new  world  of  aircraft  development... if  you 
want  to  harness  the  power  of  great  knowledge  to  your  own  technical 
training.. .  then  you  should  know  this: 

Martin's  engineering  staff  represents  an  aggregate  of  10,000  man  years 
of  engineering  experience,  covering  every  branch  of  the  aeronautical 
sciences. 

And  there  is  — and  always  will  be  — a  need  for  outstanding  "new  blood" 
in  this  organization. 


BA  LT I  M  O  R  e    ■    MARYLAND 


i^^ 

O 


MARCH,   1955 


41 


Vulcanizing  Chamlxr 


Application  of  Insulation 

and  JIacket  Connpoundis 


Unvulcanized  mill-mixed  rubber  insulating  compounds  may  be 
applied  to  conductors  and  cables  by  either  the  strip  insulating  or 
extrusion  processes.  There  are  two  modifications  of  the  extrusion 
process  depending  on  the  method  used  for  vulcanizing  the  rubber 
after  its  application  to  the  conductor,  namely,  the  pan  cure  process 
and  the  continuous  cure  process.  Laytex  insulating  compounds  are 
applied  to  conductors  by  the  repeated  or  continuous  dipping  process. 

STRIP  INSULATION  — In  the  strip  insulating  process,  the  compound  is 
calendered  to  the  desired  thickness  and  backed  with  talc  or  a  paper, 
cloth,  or  metallic  tape  to  prevent  adhesion  of  successive  layers  dur- 
ing processing.  The  rubber  sheet  and  tape  are  cut  into  strips  of  a 
width  slightly  greater  than  the  circumference  of  the  conductor  to  be 
insulated,  and  each  strip  is  taken  up  in  a  separate  roll.  A  strip  and  the 
conductor  are  then  fed  into  the  circular  opening  formed  by  aligning 
semi-circular  grooves  in  the  outer  surfaces  of  two  rolls  whose  circum- 

Uo.  8  in  a  series 


ferences  contact.  The  rolls  are  driven  in  opposite  directions,  thus 
folding  the  strip  longitudinally  about  the  conductor  and  pressing 
its  edges  in  firm  contact.  The  tape  is  left  on  the  wire  during  vulcani- 
zation. If  made  of  a  suitable  weatherproof  material  it  may  be  per- 
manent, but  if  made  of  metal  it  must  be  removed  after  vulcanization. 
The  strip-insulated,  taped  conductor  is  generally  taken  up  on  reels 
for  vulcanization. 

EXTRUSION— In  the  extrusion  process  the  rubber  insulating  com- 
pound is  applied  to  the  conductor  in  an  extrusion  machine  similar 
to  the  strainer  described  under  the  preparation  of  rubber  compounds. 
The  head  of  the  machine  supports  a  guide  and  die  and  provides  a 
passage  for  the  compound  from  the  screw  through  the  guide  and  die 
assembly  to  its  point  of  application  to  the  conductor.  The  guide  holds 
the  conductor  centered  with  the  respect  to  the  die.  The  die  contains  an 
opening  appro.ximately  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  insulation  and 


I  T   E    D 


T  A  T  E   S 


ELECTRICAL    WIRE     &.     CABLE     DEPARTMENT! 


w\.iii\.i  iiii;    udll 


be  obtained.  The  guide  and  die  are  so  located  that  there  is  an  an- 
nular space  between  them  through  which  the  rubber  compound 
reaches  the  conductor. 

The  driven  screw  of  the  extruder  forces  the  unvulcanized  com- 
pound through  the  guide  and  die  assembly  around  the  conductor. 
The  equipment  is  provided  with  a  driven  take-up  capstan  which 
pulls  the  conductor  through  the  machine  and  a  revolving  pan  in 
which  the  rubber-covered  conductor  is  laid.  Successive  layers  of  the 
covered  conductor  are  separated  with  finely  divided  talc  to  prevent 
adhesion  of  successive  layers  during  vulcanization.  A  tape  may  be 
applied  over  the  insulation  on  larger  conductors  before  vulcaniza- 
tion to  assist  in  maintaining  concentricity  of  the  insulation  with 
the  conductor. 

Rubber  or  rubber-like  jackets  are  applied  to  rubber  insulated 
single  conductor  cables  or  over  the  assembly  of  multiple  conductor 
insulated  cables  by  the  extrusion  process.  Such  jacketed  cables  are 

Continuous  Cure  Protest 


neaa.  i  nis  provides  centering  ot  the  msulation  or  jacket  compound 
at  all  limes  without  adjustment  by  the  operator.  The  compound  space 
in  the  head  is  reduced  to  prevent  premature  vulcanizing  of  the 
highly  accelerated  compounds  used  in  this  process.  Automatic  con- 
trol of  the  temperature  of  the  cylinder,  screw  and  head  is  required 
for  sucoDssful  extrusion  of  such  compounds. 

The  vulcanizer  attached  to  the  tubing  machine  consists  of  a  2- 
inch  steel  pipe  jacketed  with  a  properly  insulated  3-inch  pipe  and  is 
approximately  125  feet  in  length.  Vulcanizing  steam  pressure  is 
maintained  in  the  annular  space  between  the  vulcanizing  tube  and 
jacket  to  insure  immediate  attamment  of  the  vulcanizing  tempera- 
ture when  steam  is  admitted  to  the  vulcanizer  tube.  The  vulcanizer  is 
provided  with  a  splice  box  adjacent  to  the  tubing  machine  and  a 
suitable  seal  at  the  opposite  end. 

The  driven  screw  of  the  extruder  forces  the  unvulcanized  com- 
pound through  the  guide  and  die  assembly  around  the  conductor 
or  cable  and  directly  into  vulcanizer  containing  steam  at  225  pound 
pressure.  Highly  accelerated  compounds  capable  of  vulcanizing  in 
a  few  seconds  are  used  so  that  the  process  can  be  operated  at  eco- 
nomical speeds.  The  speed  of  travel  of  a  covered  conductor  or  cable 
and  the  acceleration  of  the  compound  are  so  adjusted  that  the  in- 
sulation or  jacket  is  properly  vulcanized  while  traveling  the  length 
of  the  vulcanizer.  The  vulcanized  insulated  conductor  or  jacketed 
cable  is  taken  up  on  a  suitable  reel  directly  from  the  vulcanizer. 
The  term  "Continuous  cure  process"  follows  from  the  fact  that  the 
insulation  or  jacket  is  applied  and  vulcanized  in  one  operation. 

APPLICATION  OF  lATEX— The  application  of  latex  insulation  consists 
of  passing  the  coated  conductor  beneath  the  surface  of  a  latex  com- 
pound from  which  it  is  brought  vertically  into  a  suitable  drying 
chamber.  It  continues  to  travel  vertically  in  the  chamber  until  the  film 
is  dry.  It  is  then  returned  for  the  application  of  a  second  layer  of 
compound.  This  alternate  dipping  and  drying  is  continued  until  a 
wall  of  the  required  thickness  is  applied  and  dried.  The  amount  of 
insulation  deposited  per  application  depends  on  the  conductor  size, 
the  viscosity  and  temperature  of  the  latex  compound  and  the  speed 
to  which  the  conductor  travels. 

The  conductor,  covered  with  the  required  thickness  of  dried 
unvulcanized  latex  compound  then  passes  through  a  vulcanizing 
chamber  where  the  insulation  is  vulcanized  and  continues  through 
a  talc  applicator  to  the  take-up  reel.  This  process  is  thus  a  continuous 
one  in  that  the  application  of  the  insulation  to  the  conductor  and 
its  vulcanization  arc  accomplished  in  one  operation. 


taken  up  in  pans  of  talc  as  described  for  insulated  conductors.  A 
continuous  lead  sheath  is  applied  over  the  unvulcanized  jacket  com- 
pound and  the  lead  covered  cable  taken  up  on  reels  for  vulcanization. 

VULCANIZATION —The  pans  or  reels  containing  the  unvulcanized 
rubber  insulated  conductor  or  jacketed  cable  are  then  placed  in  a 
vulcanizing  chamber  where  they  are  subjected  to  steam  at  the  re- 
quired pressure  and  for  the  required  time  to  suitably  vulcanize  the 
rubber.  The  pressure  is  then  slowly  reduced  to  atmospheric  pressure 
and  the  pans  or  reels  removed  from  the  vulcanizer  and  allowed  to 
cool.  The  insulated  conductors  are  then  removed  from  the  pans. 
This  handling  of  the  insulated  conductor  in  pans  through  the  extru- 
sion and  vulcanizing  processes  accounts  for  the  term  "pan  cure 
process".  Non-permanent  tapes  are  then  removed  from  strip  insu- 
lated conductors  and  the  lead  tube  from  the  jacketed  cables. 

CONTINUOUS  CURE  PROCESS— The  continuous  cure  process  employs 
a  standard  extrusion  machine  similar  to  that  used  in  the  pan  cure 
process,  but  equipped  with  a  modified  head  to  which  a  vulcanizing 
tube  is  attached  and  provided  with  means  for  automatically  control- 
ling the  temperature  of  the  cylinder,  screw  and  head. 

The  head  differs  from  that  used  in  the  pan  cure  process  in  that 
the  guide  and  die  are  mechanically  centered  with  respect  to  each  other 
and  the  compound  space  surrounding  them  is  smaller.  Centering  of 
the  guide  and  die  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  accurately  machined 
holders  which  fit  snugly  into  perfectly  centered  openings  in  the 


ApplicoMon  of  Lotex 


R   U    B   B   E 


C   O 


P  A   N  Y 


ROCKEFELLER    CENTER,    NEW    YORK    20,   N.Y. 


Equipment  necessary  to  fluoridate  a  public  water  supply  using  a  liquid 
feeder  system,  proportioners  included.  (Photo  by  Stale  Department  of  Public 
Health) 


teeth  and  carious  teeth  from  the  same 
mouth  by  Armstrong  and  Brekhus 
showed  that  the  sound  teeth  contained 
110  p.p.m.  of  fluorine  while  carious 
teeth  contained  only  69  p.p.m.  of  fluor- 
ine. As  the  other  constituents  remained 
approximately  equal,  it  was  proven,  ni- 
di rectly,  that  fluorine  decreases  the  solu- 
bility of  teeth. 

Even  this  conclusive  evidence  reveals 
that  the  fluoride  ion  is  still  not  the  ideal 
inhibitor.  Concentrations  too  toxic  are 
necessary  to  inhibit  the  production  of 
all  destructive  acids.  However,  if  the 
amount  of  acids  is  reduced  ten  per  cent, 
this  will  still  ensure  a  reduction  in  decay 
rates  of  from  sixty  to  ninety  per  cent. 

The  cost  of  fluoridation  varies  de- 
pending upon  the  amount  and  type  of 
fluoride  used.  It  averages  yearly  about 
nine  cents  per  person.  The  cost  of  an 
average  filling  will  provide  a  person 
with  enough  fluoride  ion  for  thirty  years. 
Fluoridation  will  reduce  future  dental 
bills  for  extractions,  fillings  and  other 
dental  work.  More  than  nine  hundred 
communities  in  the  United  States  have 
demonstrated  that  fluoridation  is  mex- 
pensive. 

Fluoridation  has  been  endorsed  by  nn- 
portant  national  associations  as  the 
American  Dental  Association,  the  Amer- 
ican Water  Works  Association,  the 
American  Public  Health  Association, 
the  American  Medical  Association,  and 
the  American  Association  of  Public 
Health  Dentists. 

The  history  of  fluoridation  began  as 
earlv  as   1906  when   Frederick   S.    Mc- 


44 


Kay,  a  practicing  dentist  in  Colorado 
Springs,  Colorado,  accused  a  caustic 
agent  in  the  drinking  water,  later  found 
to  be  the  fluoride  ion,  for  the  mottled 
teeth  of  his  patients.  Later  men  like 
H.  T.  Dean  and  E.  Elvove  did  research 
on  the  fluoride  ion  and  found  that  1.0 
to  1.5  p.p.m.  fluorides  was  beneficial  in 
the  reduction  of  tooth  decay,  but  that 
a  great  concentration  of  the  fluorides 
was  responsible  for  the  staining  of  teeth. 
Much  research  is  and  was  done  on  fluor- 
idation. 

Many  claims  were  made  against  fluor- 
idation. It  was  claimed  poisonous,  too 
expensive,  the  cause  of  disease,  and  detri- 
mental to  industry.  Research  has  proven 
each  claim  wrong  in  its  turn.  Research 
has  proven  that  fluorides  added  to  the 
water  improve  the  appearance  of  teeth 
and  reduce  dental  decay  in  children 
about  forty-five  per  cent.  It  has  proven 
that  fluoride  does  not  change  the  physi- 
cal character  of  water — taste,  color, 
odor,  or  hardness  ;  that  fluorides  do  not 
produce  ill  effects  in  industrial  plants; 
and  that  the  yearly  cost  of  fluoridating 
water  per  person  is  only  9c  per  year. 

On  the  basis  of  the  evidence  revealed 
in  the  preceding  material,  it  is  safe  to 
conclude  that  fluoridation  is  beneficial 
and  should  be  practiced  universalh',  ex- 
cept, of  course,  in  places  where  the 
fluoride  ion  is  already  in  sufficient 
amount.  Truly  to  delay  the  fluoridation 
of  public  water  means  to  deprive  chil- 
dren of  the  proper  health  benefits.  This 
is  especialh  true  since  these  benefits  can 
be  obtained   at  very  little  cost. 


Miss  March 

Our  Technocutie  this  month  is 
Anne     Barretta,     a     twenty-year 
old    miss   from   Meodville,    Penn- 
sylvania. Here  on  campus  she  is 
employed   as   a   stenographer   in 
the   Electrical   Engineering    Build- 
ing. Anne's  hobby   is  art  and  at 
present    time    she    is    taking    an 
art  course  at  the  University.  For 
those    of    you    v/hose    hobby    isj 
collecting  stalistics,  the  follov/ingi 
information    might    be    up    your^ 
line.    Anne    is    5'2"    tall,    weighs 
123  pounds,  and  tapes  34-24-34. 
She  has  brown  eyes  and  brown 
hair,  and   for  those  who  are   in- 
terested   she    isn't    attached.    By 
the  way,  she  mentioned  that  she 
is   overrun   with    work   at   the   EE 
Building    and    would    appreciate 
any  help  volunteered. 

DAVID   L.   KOMYATHY 
Fliot'j^riiplu  > 


She:    What's    the    difference    between 
dancing  and  marching?  J 

He:  I  don't  know."  ^ 

She:  I  didn't  think  \ou  did.  Let's  sit 

down. 

-*       *       * 

Pledge  (at  dinner  table):  "Must  1 
eat  this  egg?" 

Brother:  "Yer  darn   right!" 

Silence. 

Pledge:  "The  beak,  too?" 

Lawver:  "What  if  a  man  IS  on  his 
hands  and  knees  in  the  middle  of  the 
road?  That  doesn't  prove  he's  drunk. 

Policeman:  "No,  it  doesn't.  But  this 
one    was    trying    to    roll    up    the    white 

line." 

s-        *        * 

Hudson  House  Supervisor — How  do 
\ou  like  this  room  as  a  whole? 

Incoming  Student— As  a  _  hole,  it's 
fine;  as  a  room,  not  so  good. 

^;;  -^r  ^■ 

Omc  a  young  college  fr/iirilc  ivrotc 
ihi  editor  of  a  eorrcst'ondcnii  loltiiiin, 
"/  am  only  19  and  I  stayed  out  till  tuo 
the  other  night.  My  mother  ohjeets. 
Did  I  do  urong'" 

The  ansurr  puhlished  in  the  paper 
the    next   day:   "Try    to    remember. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Techno ' ciitie  of  the  month  .  . . 


/' 


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^'A-. 


<^^ 


;fvi 


i^' 


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a 


NEVIf    DEPARTURES"   IN    SCIENCE   &   INVENTION 


LUCKILY, 

EUCLID   VlfAS 

A   GREEK 


From  the  drawing  boards  ot  New  Departure  have  come  mony  of  the 
world's  boll  bearing  advancements.  Such  leadership  is  one  reason 
why  engineers  everywhere  specify  New  Departure  boll  bearings. 


If  Euclid  had  lived  2,300  years  longer,  he  would  have  made 
Tau  Bete.  That's  why  he's  pictured  here  wearing  the 
Tau  Beta   Pi  key. 

After  all,  every  engineer  owes  Euclid  a  big  debt.  At  New 
Departure,  for  example,  we  work  with  circles  and  spheres. 
Without  Euclid,  we  might  still  be  getting  started. 

As  it  is,  though.  New  Departure  has  gone  further  with  spheres 
and  circles  in  relation  to  moving  parts  than  anyone  else  in 
the  world.  From  this  knowledge  have  come  such  advances 
as  the  Sealed-for-Life  and  the  double-row  angular-contact 
ball  bearings.  And  it's  advances  like  these  that  make  New 
Departure  the  world   leader  in   ball   bearings. 

NEW  DEPARTURE   •   DIVISION  OF  GENERAL   MOTORS-  BRISTOL,  CONN. 


URE 

BALL     BEARINGS 


NOTHING        ROLLS        LIKI        A       CALL 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1955— Solving  complex  engineering  problems  with  Boeing  computer 


The  best  research  facilities  are  behind  Boeing  engineers 


TTie  Boeing-designed  electronic  comput- 
ers shouTi  above  solve  in  seconds  prob- 
lems that  once  required  weeks  — t)-pical 
of  the  ad\anced  "tools"  that  help  Boeing 
engineers  stav  at  the  head  of  their  field. 

Boeing  engineers  enjoy  such  other  ad- 
vantages as  the  world's  fastest,  most 
versatile  privatelv  owned  wind  tunnel, 
and  the  new  Flight  Test  Center— the 
largest  installation  of  its  kind  in  the  coun- 
trv.  This  new  Boeing  Center  includes 
the  latest  electronic  data  reduction  equip 
ment,  instrumentation  laboratories,  and 
a  chamber  that  simulates  altitudes  up  to 
100,000  feet.  Structural  and  metallurgi- 
cal research  at  Boeing  deals  with  the  heat 
and  strain  problems  of  supersonic  flight. 
Boeing  electrical  and  electronics  lalwra- 
tories  are  engaged  in  the  development  of 


automatic  control  systems  for  both 
manned  and  pilotless  aircraft.  Other 
facilities  include  hydraulic,  mechanical, 
radiation,  acoustics,  and  rocket  and  ram- 
jet power  laboratories. 

Out  of  this  exceptional  research  back- 
ground engineers  ha\e  de\eloped  such 
trend-setting  aircraft  as  .America's  first  jet 
transport,  and  the  jet  age's  outstanding 
bombers,  the  B-47  and  B-52.  Research 
means  growth— and  career  progress.  To- 
day Boeing  cmplovs  more  engineers  than 
even  at  the  peak  of  World  War  II.  As 
the  chart  shows,  46'~c  of  them  have  been 
here  5  or  more  years;  25%  for  10,  and 
6%  for  15. 

Boeing  promotes  from  within  and 
holds  regular  merit  rc\icws  to  assure 
individual    recognition.     Engineers   are 


taitf 

lOK         2pX         MX         tux 

20  • 

■ 

15- 
10« 
5» 

^ 

^ 

SOX 


encouraged  to  take  graduate  studies 
while  working  and  are  reimbursed  for  all 
tuition  expense. 

There  are  openings  at  Boeing  for 
virtually  all  types  of  engineers— elec- 
trical, civil,  mechanical,  aeronautical 
and  related  fields,  as  well  as  for  applied 
physicists  and  mathematicians  with 
ad\'3nced  degrees. 

For  furihtr  Boeing  career  information 

consult  your  Placement  Office,  or  write: 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer- Personqel 
Boeing  Airplane  Company,  Seattle   14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON         WICHITA,  KANSAS 


MARCH,   1955 


47 


laiiiliiifv  1 

by  Donna  Rudig,  Jim  Piechocki,  and  Millard  Darnall 


KEITH   A.    YARBOROUGH 

One  of  the  best-known  faces  down 
around  the  Boneyard  these  days  is  none 
other  than  Keith  Yarborough.  president 
of  Engineering  Council,  Mu  San,  and 
Chi  Epsilon.  He  is  from  La  Grange, 
where  he  debeated  on  his  high  school 
team. 

A  staunch  supporter  of  Engineering 
activities,  Keith  has  worked  on  Engi- 
neering Open  House  each  year  and 
helped   with   St.    Pat's   Ball.   As  if  these 


KEITH  A.  VARBOROUGH 

activities  and  his  presiding  duties  are 
not  enough,  he  also  belongs  to  Phi  Eta 
Sigma,  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  Pi  Mu  Epsi- 
lon, and  Tau  Beta  Pi,  plus  winning  a 
scholarship  bauble  last  year.  He  firmly 
believes   that   the   purpose  of   Engineer- 


ing Open  House  is  threefold :  (  1  )  to 
demonstrate  to  the  people  of  this  state 
the  potential  of  training  and  research 
which  this  university  oilers,  not  only  in 
the  line  of  defense  but  also  in  that  im- 
portant project — raising  the  standard  of 
living,  (2)  to  help  potential  engineers 
become  interested  in  the  various  fields  of 
engineering  and  to  familiarize  them  with 
the  type  and  qualit\-  of  training  which 
can  be  obtained;  (3)  to  let  industrial- 
ists and  producers  know  that  our  engi- 
neers are  adept  in  the  art  of  working 
with  people,  supplementing  their  techni- 
cal  knowledge. 

Keith  is  also  an  enthusiast  of  travel- 
ing, especially  that  which  includes  fish- 
ing and  camping.  Because  of  his  inter- 
est in  historical  reading  he  would  par- 
ticularly like  to  visit  (jermany,  France, 
and   England. 

After  graduation  Keith  intends  to 
continue  here  at  Illinois  until  comple- 
tion of  his  M.  S. ;  he  is  alread\'  taking 
some  graduate  courses.  EventualK  he 
would  like  to  teach  Sanitary  Engineer- 
ing or  related  courses  to  college  stu- 
dents. 

LARRY  KIEFLING 

If  you  e\er  walk  into  the  TECHXO- 
(jRAPH  office  one  afternoon  and  find 
someone  wading  through  the  files,  you 
can  bet  your  best  slide  rule  that  it's 
Larry  Kiefiing  at  his  job  of  circulation 
manager  again.  This  Cowden,  Illinois, 
(pop.  6(1(1)  lad  not  only  handles  circu- 
lation, but  also  turns  out  a  mighty  fine 
news  article  each  month.  And  almost  as 
a  sideline,  he  maintains  a  4.4  average 
to  boot ! 

Larry  made  Phi  Eta  Sigma,  the  fresh- 
man honorary,  in  his  first  year  at  the 
University   of    Illinois,    and    he    humblv 


tells  us  that  there  are  other  invitations 
to  honorary  fraternities  resting  on  his 
desk  at  home. 

When  asked  what  particular  aspect  of 
engineering  interests  him,  Larry  leaves 
the  impression  that  he's  interested  in 
them  all.   His  Tech  articles  prove  this. 


LARRY   KIEFLING 

for  he  has  co\ered  subjects  from  dif- 
fraction gratings  to  Super  Sabres.  Thi'n, 
too,  if  you're  in  the  mood  for  a  dis- 
cussion about  the  relative  merits  Oi" 
rural  and  urban  living,  Larr\'s  the  man 
to  .see. 

And  what's  the  word  around  the 
Tech  office  when  the  deadline  ogre  rears 
its  urgly  head?  Why,  "Copy  from  Kief- 
ling,"  of  course. 

HOWARD    L.    WAEELAND 

Howard  Wakeland  graduated  with 
a  B.S.  in  Agricultural  Engineering  in 
1950  and  with  a  M.S.  in  the  same  field 
in  195.  Howard  worked  on  the  Illinois 
State  Water  Survey  for  a  year  after  he 
received  his  B.S.  degree,  and  the  past 
three  years  he  has  been  an  instructor  in 
the  Agricultural  Engineering  Depart- 
ment. Howard  is  now  teaching  half- 
time  and  working  half-time  in  the  En- 
gineering college  office  as  an  assistant 
associate  dean. 

Mr.  Wakeland's  hobbies  all  seem  to 
have  some  connection  with  sports.  He 
referees  high  school  football  and  basket- 
ball in  the  Champaign  area.  Baseball 
and  golf  are  also  his  hobbies. 

Mr.  Wakeland  remarked  that  he  is 
surprised  at  the  number  of  freshmen 
that  he  has  already  met  in  his  olSciating 
of  high  school  sports.  He  said  he  has 
recognized  many  men  who  he  had  put 
out  of  a  basketball  game  with  five  per- 
sonal   fouls.      ( (Unitinucd   an   Page   60) 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


New  RCA  Radar  "Weather  Eye 
Sees  Through  Storms 


f  f 


In  our  time,  Man  has  won  round  after  round  in  a  contest 
against  the  elements  that  started  thousands  of  years  ago. 

The  most  recent  scientific  victory  is  something  new  in 
Radar— an  electronic  "Weather  Eye"  developed  by  RCA. 

In  airplanes,  this  supersensitive  instrument  peers  miles 
ahead.  It  gives  advance  warning  of  weather  disturbances.  The 
signals  on  its  radar  screen  point  the  way  to  a  safe  course 
around  storm  areas,  or  even  through  them. 

The  leadership  in  electronic  research  that  made  the 
"Weather  Eye"  possible  is  inherent  in  all  RCA  products  and 
services.  And  at  the  David  Sarnoff  Research  Center  of  RCA, 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  scientists  are  continually  at  work  to  extend 
the  frontiers  of  "Electronics  for  Living." 


New  RCA  Weather  Mop- 
ping   Radar  weighs  under 
125  poundj,  takes  little 
space  in  a  plane. 


For  information  regarding  design  and 
development  engineering  positions  on 
such  projects  as  "Weather  Eye"  Radar 
and  military  electronic  equipment — write 
to  Mr.  Robert  Hakii.scli,  Manager  College 
Relations,  Radio  Corporation  of  America, 
Camden  2,  N.  J. 


RADIO   CORPORATION   OF  AMERICA 

ELECTRONICS   FOR   LIVING 


MARCH,   1955 


49 


r 


UNLIM 


BPPORTUIilTY... 


JOIN  THE  TEAM  THAT  BUILDS  THE  F-lOO 

North  American's  new  F-lOO  Super  Sabre  is  the  supersonic  result  of  engineering  minds 
designing  where  opportunity  is  unUmited.  The  same  opportunity  exists  for  you  .  .  .  because 
North  American  knows  your  future  is  important  to  aviation's  future  .  .  .  that  your  talent 
and  training  are  vitally  needed  to  help  design  tomorrow's  aircraft. 

North  Am.erican  needs  m.en  with  vision  and  a  thorough  technical  background 
to  help  create  and  shape  the  new  ideas  which  will  build  the  advanced  aircraft  and 
aircraft  components  needed  to  assure  America's  future  in  the  air. 

Engineers  at  North  American  also  find  opportunities  in  the  expanded  programs  in  atomic 
energy,  rocket  engines,  advanced  electro-mechanical  equipment  and  guided  missiles.  When 
the  time  comes  for  you  to  enter  the  engineering  profession,  consider  the  well-paid  careers 
at  North  American.  Write  for  information  concerning  your  future  in  the  aircraft  industry. 

Contact:  Your  college  placement  office  or  write:  Employment  Director, 

5701  West  Imperial  Highway       12214  South  Lakewood  Blvd.      North  American  Aviation,  Inc. 
Los  Angeles,  Calif.  Downey,  Calif.  Columbus  16,  Ohio 

ENGINEERING    AHEAD    FOR    A     BETTER    TOMORROW 


m 


orthMmericanMviation,  inc. 


50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  analogue  computer,  a  pioneer  in  this  age  of  "think- 
ing machines",  was  developed  by  Standard  Oil  scientists. 


Nevs^  Electronic  ''Engineer'* 
Solves  Tough   Refinery  Problem 


The  men  who  design  modem  oil  refineries 
need  specific  information  about  temperature 
distributions  in  different  parts  of  pressure 
vessels.  Such  information,  essential  to  safety 
and  efficient  operation,  is  often  extremely 
difficult  to  obtain  by  conventional  mathemat- 
ical methods. 

Scientists  at  Standard  Oil's  Whiting  lab- 
oratories recently  developed  and  built  an 
electrical  analogue  capable  of  simulating  spe- 
cific conditions  within  a  refinery  unit  still  in 


the  design  stage.  Using  this  device,  they  could 
determine  in  advance  the  temperature  dis- 
tribution in  the  joint  between  two  pressure 
vessels  having  a  common  head.  Thus  they 
were  able  to  duplicate  in  20  seconds  the  heat 
stress  picture  within  the  unit  diu-ing  an  8  hour 
start-up  to  shut-down  period. 

Creative  scientific  thinking  made  possible 
this  constructive  achievement  by  engineers 
who  have  chosen  to  build  their  careers  at 
Standard  Oil. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicogo  80,  lllinoii 


m  ^ 

(STANDARD) 


MARCH,   1955 


51 


by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


Fighter  Planes  Launched 

Piloted  jet  fighter  planes  are  being 
lavinched  like  guided  missiles.  L  sing 
platforms  mounted  on  trucks  to  explore 
the  possibility  of  eliminating  runways 
under  certain  combat  conditions  the 
world's  first  flights  of  con\entional  jet 
fighters  without  preliminary  take-off 
runs  were  hailed  as  ushering  in  a  new 
era  in  aerial  warfare. 

The  launching  technique  was  devel- 
oped by  the  Air  Research  and  Develop- 
ment Command  of  the  Air  Force  and 
the  Cilenn  L.  Martin  Company.  Em- 
ploying the  same  principles  and  equip- 
ment used  in  launching  the  Martin 
Matador  and  Air  Force  guided  missiles, 
engineers  conducted  experiments  at  Ed- 
wards Air  Force  Base,  California.  War- 
weary  F-84-(i  Thunder  Jets  made  the 
historic  flights.  Standard  production  Re- 
public Thunder  Jets  were  modified  so 
booster  bottles  could  be  attached  be- 
neath their  tails.  The  boosters  are  the 
same  type  and  size  used  on  the  Matador. 

Highly  mobile  trucks  with  arms, 
raised  the  fighter  planes  to  the  launching 
angle  and  became  the  world's  smallest 
airports  with  the  plane's  turbo  jet  en- 
gine running  at  full  speed.  The  thrust 
of  the  boi'ster  bottles  kicked  the  fighters 
ofif  so  swiftly  they  were  immediateh  air- 
borne.   Martin    test    pilot    Bob    Turner 


52 


said  the  shock  of  the  unconventional 
take-off  was  less  than  what  pilots  ex- 
perience during  catapult  take-ofi'.  The 
planes  were  always  under  the  pilot's 
control  and  a  peak  acceleration  of  four 
"Ci's"  was  reached  (one  "G  "  is  pull  of 
gravity ). 

Because  launchers  are  so  mobile,  they 
can  be  moved  quickly  from  one  place  to 
another.  No  permanent  installations  are 
necessary — no  runways,  hangars  or 
other  construction. 

The  developers  of  the  launching  sys- 
tem en\isinned  jets  operating  close  to 
the  front  line  and  preventing  minimum 
targets  to  the  enemy.  Conventional  land- 
ings could  be  made  at  forward  bases  and 
the  aircraft  immediately  dispersed  for 
maximum  protection  while  readying  for 
the  next  flight. 

"This  is  a  new  concept  of  fighter 
plane  dispersal,''  on  Air  Force  spokes- 
man commented.  "It  is  especially  im- 
portant in  the  age  of  the  atomic  warfare 
when  a  single  enemy  plane  might  wipe 
out  a  single  airport  and  make  its  entire 
area  indefinitely  untenable.  " 

Zero  length  launching,  while  not  a 
new  development,  has  been  proven  by 
nearly  200  Matador  launchings.  The 
Thunder  Jets,  considerably  larger  than 
the  guided  missiles,  have  demonstrated 
that  the  technique  is  practical  and  adapt- 
able for  fighters. 


Windshield  Research 

Safer,  icre-free  aircraft  windshields 
now  are  being  built  as  the  result  of  a 
4^2-year  research  program  concluded  re- 
centh  at  Armour  Research  Foundation 
of  Illinois  Institute  of  Technology,  Chi- 
cago. The  project  was  sponsored  by  the 
Wright  Air  Development  center,  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  so  designers  could  specifv 
failure-proof  windshields  that  would 
never  shatter,  but  only  crack  under  the 
worst  military  and  climatic  conditions. 

Two  of  several  important  develop- 
ments resulting  from  the  project  were 
released  by  William  T.  Savage,  super- 
\isor  of  the  materials  engineering  sec- 
tion, and  Joseph  S.  Islinger,  associate 
research  engineer,  both  at  the  Founda- 
tion : 

1 .  A  system  was  developed  for  meas- 
uring over-all  optical  quality  of  wind- 
shields as  they  were  affected  by  imposed 
laboratory  conditions.  The  system  em- 
ployes a  rectifying  plate  that  corrects  for 
distortion  directly,  thus  alleviating  the 
necessity  of  mathematical  corrective  cal- 
culation after  test  photographs  are 
made. 

2.  A  windshield  mounting  employing 
a  synthetic  fiber  cloth  was  developed. 
The  fiber,  replacing  aluminum  in  some 
applications,  impro\ed  stress  isolation  of 
the  windshield,  necessary  in  conditions 
of  intense  airframe  distortion  and  vi- 
bration. 

Most  of  the  research  was  imdertaken 
to  find  a  pressure-proof,  distortion-free, 
anti-icing  windshield  that  would  be  sat- 
isfactory for  global  operation.  Savage 
and  Islinger  said,  (^ne  experiment  sought 
to  keep  the  temperature  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  windshield  at  about  40 
degrees  F.  to  prevent  ice  from  forming. 

In  others,  scientists  had  to  consider 
air  friction,  evaporation,  thermostatic 
arrangements  for  controlling  the  heat, 
stresses,  and  other  complex  factors. 

Safety  also  entered  the  picture  in  the 
case  of  pressurized  cabins  or  cockpits. 
In  order  to  establish  design  limits  for 
concepts  determined  throughout  the  pro- 
gram, engineers  sinudated  flight  condi- 
tions, putting  their  windshields  through 
vigorous  tests.  Experimental  models 
were  subjected  to  low  temperatures, 
thermal  shocks  such  as  might  be  encoun- 
tered in  flying  into  a  super-cooled  cloud, 
stresses  caused  by  the  heat  input  in  de- 
icing,  more  stresses  induced  by  cabin 
pressurization — still  others  due  to  air- 
frame distortion,  speed,  or  air  gusts. 

To  perform  many  of  the  tests,  special 
heat  transfer  and  stress  equipment  had 
to  be  devised.  Often,  water  was  used 
as  the  heat  transfer  medium  instead  of 
air  because  it  is  easier  to  control  and 
regulate.  The  stress  analysis  studies  were 
similar  to  those  used  by  industry  to 
achieve  stronger,   lighter  machine  parts. 

In  one  test,  alcohol,  cooled  to  90  de- 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


We'd  Like  to  Send  You 
a  Copy  of  this  Brochure 

Who  knows,  sending  for  this  brochure 

may  be  the  beginning  of  a  very  gratifying  career. 

That's  how  it  has  worked  out  for  scores  of  men 

from  these  nine  schools.  And  we  think 

it's  rather  significant  that  the  vast  majority  of  those 

who  have  joined  Square  D  during  the  past  years 

are  still  with  us — growing  and  prospering 

in  the  ever-expanding  electrical  industry. 

If  you  are  looking  forward  to  a  career  in  electrical, 

mechanical,  industrial  or  general  engineering, 

we'd  Uke  to  tell  you  what  SquEire  D  has  to  oflFer. 


Why  not  mail  the  coupon  today  ? 

Your  copy  will  be  mailed. .  .pronto! 


■Mm  4. 


PENN  STATE 


Square  0  Company,  Dept.  SA 

6060  Rivard  Street,  Detroit  11,  Mictiigan 

I'd  like  a  copy  of  Square  D's  brochure, 
*'Your  Engineering  Career" 


School— 


Address- 

Ciir- — 


MARCH,   1955 


53 


I 


A  Tower  of 
Opportunity 


for  America's  young 
engineers  with  capacity  for 
continuing  achievements  in 

radio  and  electronics 

Today,  engineers  and  physicists 
are  looking  at  tomorrow  from  the 
top  of  this  tower  .  .  .  the  famed 
Microwave  Tower  of  Federal 
Telecommunication  Laboratories 
...  a  great  development  unit  of 
the  world-wide,  American-owned 
International  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  Corporation. 

Here,  too,  is  opportunity  for 
the  young  graduate  engineers  of 
America  .  .  .  opportunity  to  be 
associated  with  leaders  in  the 
electronic  field  ...  to  work  with 
the  finest  facilities  ...  to  win  rec- 
ognition ...  to  achieve  advance- 
ment commensurate  with 
capacity. 

Learn  more  about  this  noted 
Tower  of  Opportunity... its  long- 
range  program  and  generous  em- 
ployee benefits.  See  your  Place- 
ment Officer  today  for  fiirther  in- 
formation about  FTL. 

INTERESTING 
ASSIGNMENTS  IN  — 

Radio  Communication  Systems 

Electron  Tubes 

Microwove  Components 

Electronic  Countermeosures 

Air  Novigation  Systems 

Missile  Guidance 

Transistors  and  other 

Semiconductor  Devices 

Rectifiers  •  Computers  •  Antennas 

Telephone  and 

Wire  Transmission  Systems 

Federal 
T^communication 
Laboratories/^^ 

A  Divi%ion  of  International 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corporation 
500  Washington  Avenue,  Nutley,  N.J. 


grees  below  zero  F.,  passes  across  one 
side  of  a  pane  of  glass.  Heat,  supplied 
electrically,  is  stepped  up  slowly  on  the 
other  side  until  the  temperature  rises  to 
about  500  degrees  F.  and  the  glass 
cracks — like  a  milk  bottle  breaking  when 
filled  with  boiling  water. 

Although  windshields  never  nia\  meet 
these  extreme  temperatures  in  use,  in- 
formation on  temperature  differences 
and  resultant  failure  is  valuable  to  de- 
signers and  engineers.  Benefits  of  the 
windshield  research  are  expected  to  be 
made  available  to  civilians  early  next 
\ear  b\  the  Wright  Air  Development 
center. 

Overload  Protector  Coupling 

A  new  overload  protective  coupling, 
whose  use  safeguards  against  costly 
breakdowns  of  machines  and  machinery 
with  loss  of  production  time  and  ex- 
pensive material  damage,  is  announced 
by  the  manufacturer.  This  device  is 
used    between    anv    drive    shaft    and    a 


This    device    limits    the    load    v\?hich 
can    be   transmitted    to   a    shaft. 

driven  shaft,  giving  positive  low  cost 
instant  protection  against  overloads  and 
sudden  jams. 

When  the  torque  rating  of  the  Tork- 
t)-Stat  is  exceeded,  internal  parts  are 
disengaged  and  a  complete  disconnect 
results.  When  the  overload  or  cause  of 
jamming  is  removed,  the  unit  will  re- 
engage and  normal  drive  is  resumed  au- 
tomatically. Being  a  low  cost  self-con- 
tained unit,  it  can  be  close-coupled,  easi- 
ly installed,  is  small  in  size  (only  4^4" 
d'ia.  by  1  5  T6"  thick  overall),  light 
weight  (^  pound),  needs  no  lubrica- 
tion, is  tamperproof,  needs  no  safety 
guard  and  is  pleasing  in  appearance  for 
external  design  uses. 

Models  are  now  available  with  torque 
ratings  of  10,  20,  40  and  60  inch 
pounds,  with  their  equivalent  horsepow- 
er ratings  dependent  entirely  upon  the 
speeds  used.  Although  it  can  be  used 
on  all  machines  and  machinery,  it  is 
particularly  essential  on  packaging  equip- 
ment, conveyors,  screw-feeds,  mixers  and 
other  units  vulnerable  to  jamming  and 
overloading.  List  prices  start  at  $7.95 


Gyro  Motor 

A  d  !  m  e  -  s  i  z  e  d  gyroscope  motor, 
probably  the  world's  smallest,  has  been 
designed  for  application  where  space  is 
really  at  a  premium — on  the  moving  an 
tenna  of  aircraft  fire-control  radar.  The 
"inside-out"  synchronous  motor  has  a 
tiny  wound  stator ;  the  rotor  is  also  the 
inertia  wheel  of  the  gyroscope.  This  in- 
side-out design,  common  to  gyroscope 
motors,  permits  an  element  with  a  large 
polar  moment  of  inertia  to  be  built  into 
a  small  space.  The  2-phase,  400-cycle 
motor  operates  on  less  than  a  volt  per 
phase,  and  revolves  at  8000  rpm.  The 
gyroscope  measures  the  angular  move- 
ment of  the  antenna,  enabling  comput- 
ers to  calculate  firing  information. 

Ultra  Flat  Surfaces  Help  in 
Electron  Studies 

Although  the  multi-billion  dollar  elec- 
trical industr\-  is  based  on  the  movement 
of  electrons  through  metals,  there  are 
many,  large  gaping  voids  in  our  under- 
standing of  the  mechanism  of  that  pass- 
age. One  of  the  problems  on  which  re- 
search scientists  are  vigorously  working 
is  how  conduction  electrons  (i.e.,  outer 
orbital  electrons  that  can  be  freed  to 
make  amperes)  absorb  energy  from  im- 
pinging light,  and  how  much.  The  end 
product  of  such  research  still  in  its  early 
stages,  is  data  for  curves  from  which  a 
theory  can  be  drawn.  These  results,  even 
these  early  ones,  are  of  unquestioned 
value — but  not  exciting  to  the  average 
engineer.  However,  some  of  the  prob- 
lems and  the  numbers  dealt  with  in  pm- 
suing  this  data  engender  high  respect 
for  the  investigators. 

For  example,  the  metal  specimens 
must  be  polished  to  a  degree  that  make 
the  surface  of  even  a  high-grade  tele- 
scope mirror  look  like  an  array  of  hills 
and  valleys.  The  highest  "hill"  allowed 
on  the  surface  is  about  five  Angstroms 
high  or  0.000011(102  inch.  A  wave- 
length of  green  light  is  1000  times 
greater. 

Such  super  -  smooth  surfaces  are 
achieved  by  electro-polishing.  This  is 
a  relatively  old  technique  by  which  in- 
dividual projecting  atoms  are  gently  re- 
moved. Variations  in  surface  can  be 
reduced  almost  to  the  distance  between 
individual  atoms. 

Giant  Condenser 

This  giant  condenser,  shown  under 
construction,  serves  not  only  its  normal 
function  but  also  as  the  foundation  for 
the  125-mw  turbine  above  it.  It  thereby 
saves  several  feet  of  headroom,  some 
foundation  construction,  and  consider- 
able concerete.  The  80,000-square-foot 
condenser  is  60  feet  long,  24-J/  wide, 
and  14  high.  With  its  super-structure  it 
weighs    1,, 565, 000   pounds.   The    turbine 


54 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Opportunity  and  Security  go  arm  in  arm  at  Columbia-Southern 


Columbia-Southern  ranks  high  as  a  company  in 
which  to  make  a  career. 

Columbia-Southern  has  been  happy,  too,  with  its 
good  fortune  in  adding  so  many  fine  men  to  its 
organization  over  the  past  years. 

Columbia-Southern  has  many  inviting  advantages. 
It  is  rich  in  opportunity.  Columbia-Southern  be- 
lieves in  allowing  maximum  fle.xibility  and  personal 
contact  between  the  individual  and  his  supervisors. 
The  corporation  wants  each  member  to  progress  as 
rapidly  as  he  can.  Responsibilities  are  increased  as 
rapidly  as  the  individual  demonstrates  his  ability 
to  handle  them. 

Columbia-Southern  has  appeal  in  its  security,  too. 
In  the  nation's  complex  modern  economy,  no  in- 
dustry or  company  can  expect  to  remain  unaffected 
by  general  business  conditions.  Because  Columbia- 
Southern's  products  have  diversified  applications  in 


many  essential  industries,  Columbia-Southern  is  less 
likely  than  most  companies  to  be  seriously  affected 
by  a  general  decline  in  business  activity. 

Columbia-Soutliern  is  a  sound  progressive  com- 
pany that  abounds  in  opportunity.  We  are  looking 
for  technical  graduates  in  many  fields.  If  you  would 
like  to  become  a  part  of  the  growing  Columbia- 
Southern  organization,  write  Dept.  P  at  our  Pitts- 
burgh address  or  any  of  the  plants. 

COLUMBIA-SOUTHEHN 
CHEMICAL  COKPOKATION 

SUBSIDIAKY  Of  PITTSBUHOH  PLATE  CLASS  COMPANY 

ONE    GATEWAY    CENTER.      PITTSBURGH   22-   PENNSYLVANIA 


DISTRICT  OFFICES:  Cincinnati  •  Chiilottt  •  ChiU|o  •  Cliviland 
Boston  •  New  York  •  St.  Louis  •  Minneapolis  •  New  Oilcans 
[).illjs  •  Houston  •  Pittsbuigh  •  Ptiiiadelphia  •  San  Francisco 
PLANTS:  Baiberlon.  Ohio  •  Bartletl.  Calil.  •  Coipus  Chiisti.  leias 
Lalie  Charles,  la.  •  Natrium.  W  Va.  •  Jersey  City.  N.J. 


MARCH,  1955 


55 


support  is  80  feet  long  and  an  addi- 
tional 11  feet  high.  It  contains  5113 
sixty-foot-long  one-inch  tubes — having  a 
total  length  of  neatly  60  miles.  It  has 
been  installed  in  the  Raritan  River  Plant 
of  the  lersev  Central  Power  &  Light 
Co. 

Miniature  Lamp  for  'Hot' 
Appliances 

Development  of  a  revolutionary  new 
type  of  miniature  lamp  to  be  used  for 
indicating  purposes  on  "hot"  appliances 
was  announced  today.  The  lamp  con- 
sists of  a  small  glass  bubble  sealed 
around  a  coiled  filament,  with  two  rigid 
pins  protruding  at  the  base. 

Because  it  will  stand  temperatures 
nearly  twice  as  high  as  conventional 
miniature  lamps,  (600"F  versus  350  F) 
it  is  expected  to  find  wide  use  on  such 
appliances  as  wafHe  irons,  electric  cas- 
seroles, broilers,  fryers,  flat  irons,  toast- 
ers, and  others  where  indicator  lamps 
have  been  impractical  or  costly  before. 
Indicator  lamps  are  used  to  show 
whether  an  electrical  appliance  is  turned 
off  or  on. 

C^f  radicalh'  new  design,  the  lamp 
differs  from  conventional  miniature 
lamps  in  that  it  has  no  base  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  the  word.  Rather  than 
a  screw  base  or  bayonet  base,  with  their 
heat-sensitive  basing  cement  and  soldered 


This  tiny  indicator  lamp  can  be 
used  at  temperatures  250  high- 
er than    previous   models. 

connections,  the  new  construction  em- 
ploys the  two  bare  wire  pins  for  elec- 
trical contacts.  The  lamp's  terminals,  or 
pins,  will  plug  into  appliance  sockets  in 
much  the  same  manner  that  an  elec- 
tronic tube  is  inserted  in  a  radio  re- 
ceiver. For  the  convenience  of  socket 
manufacturers,  the  pins  are  the  same 
size  as  those  on  miniature  electronic 
tubes. 


iversity... 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


New  York 

Chicago 
San  Francisco 


Hoboken,  N.  J. 

St.  Louis    •    Detroit 

Los  Angeles    •    Montreal 


A  Key  to  K  &  E  Leadership 

Diversity  of  alphabets,  numerals,  symbols, 
designs,  trademarks  available  from  stock 
or  made  to  your  special  order,  is  almost 
unlimited  with  Lieroy®  Lettering  Equip- 
ment. You  can  have  practically  anything 
you  want.  Yet,  unlike  freehand,  the  work 
will  always  be  neat  and  uniform.  Diversity 
of  products  for  engineers'  and  draftsmen's 
needs  is  one  of  the  keys  to  K&E  leadership 
in  drafting,  reproduction,  surveying  and 
optical  tooling  equipment  and  materials, 
in  slide  rules  and  measuring  tapes. 


Because  of  its  resistance  to  heat,  the 
new  lamp  can  be  used  on  appliances 
where  lamps  were  impractical  before, 
and  will  give  manufacturers  greater  lat- 
itude as  to  location  on  other  appliances. 

Of  more  rugged  construction  than 
conventional  miniature  lamps,  the  new 
bulb  will  have  greater  resistance  to  shock 
and  vibration.  Another  advantage  of 
the  lamp  in  some  applications  is  that  it 
will  permit  the  exact  positioning  and 
orientation  of  the  filament.  Although 
the  new  construction  is  expected  to  be 
adapted  eventually  to  a  wide  range  of 
miniature  lamp  types  and  sizes,  it  is 
being  made  available  at  first  in  a  2.5 
volt,  half-ampere,  300-hour  life  lamp. 
The  tiny  bulb  is  only  seven-sixteenths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  has  a  maxi- 
mum overall  length  of  1 5-sixteenths  of 
an   inch. 

Portable  Geiger  Counter 

A  portable,  lightweight  (leiger  coun- 
ter that  permits  field  assay  of  radioac- 
tive substance  and  gives  an  accurate, 
timed  count  is  being  introduced. 

The  counter,  called  the  Coiintmaster, 
weighs  just  IW  pounds,  including  probe 


This  new  lightweight  Geiger  count- 
er has  an  accurate  counting  range 
of  up  to  12,000  counts  per  minute. 

and  shield.  An  accurate  counting  range 
is  claimed  up  to  12,000  counts  per  min- 
ute. The  "find"  is  flashed  upon  four 
rows  of  tin\  neon  lights,  where  it  re- 
mains until  erased  by  the  operator. 

Introduction  of  the  new  instrument, 
first  in  a  series  in  the  field  of  radio- 
activity detection  marks  the  first  com- 
mercial product  of  Hoffman  Labs,  which 
heretofore  has  been  entirely  concerned 
with  advanced  research  and  development 
and  production  of  electronic  gear  for  the 
nulitary  services.  More  than  a  year  of 
rugged  en\ironmental  and  type  tests 
preceded  the  introduction. 

The  Countmaster  is  to  be  distributed 
through  major  mining  supply  companies 
and  through  television  distributors.  Price 
is  :/;250.0(l. 


56 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ALLISON 


Engineers  Break  Ground  for  New 
Turbine    Engine  Test    Facilities 


E.  B.  NEWILL,  Georgia  Tech,  '15,  now  Gen- 
eral Manager,  Allison  Division  and  Vice 
President  of  General  Motors  Corporation, 
breaks  ground  on  another  addition  to  our 
turbine  engine  test  facilities.* 


ifnsT  PLANT 
Gin     jn  wi>«     li'y 


.fn<rm»«Wi^ 


Allison  Jet  engine  designers  soon  will  have  even 
larger  and  improved  test  facilities  to  use  in  developing 
turbo-jet  engines. 

Performance  requirements  for  future  military  and 
commercial  aircraft  make  necessary  the  development 
of  new  turbo-jet  engines  far  more  complex  and  power- 
ful than  present  types.  New  and  specially-designed  test 
equipment  is   required   to  accuratelv  determine  per- 


^  Left  to  right  —  Dimitrius  Gerdan,  Chief  Engineer,  Turbo-Jets, 
U.  of  Michigan,  1932,  BS  in  Mechanical  Engineering  an6  Industrial 
Engineering;  T.  W.  Meeder,  Chief  Test  Engineer,  U.  of  Michigan, 
1932,  MS  in  Aeronautical  Engineering;  R.  E.  Settle,  Assistant  Director 
of  Engineering,  Purdue  University  and  Indiana  Central  College,  BS 
in  Mathematics;  Paul  Hunt,  representing  Huber,  Hunt  &  Nichols,  Inc., 
contractor;  E.  B.  Newill,  Georgia  Institute  of  Technology,  degrees  in 
Mechanical  and  Electrical  Engineering;  Harold  H.  Dice,  U.  of  Illinois, 
1929,  BS  Business  Administration;  Col.  S.  A.  Dallas,  USAF  Plant 
Representative;  R.  M.  Hozen,  U.  of  North  Dakota,  U.  of  Michigan, 
1922,  BS  in  Mechanical  Engineering  and  attended  graduate  school, 
U.  of  Minnesota,  majoring  in  Metallurgy. 


formance  of  the  principal  engine  components— com- 
pressors, turbines,  and  combustors— before  the  com- 
plete engine  is  tested. 

For  instance,  capacity  for  75,000  horsepower  is  be- 
ing established  to  pump  air  at  the  rate  of  300  pounds 
per  second.  This  air  must  be  compressed  and  heated 
to  1000  degrees,  or  cooled  to  a  minus  67  degrees,  en- 
abling Allison  to  test  combustors  at  simulated  altitudes 
up  to  65,000  feet. 

With  our  expanding  and  long-range  engineering 
program,  we  need  additional  young  engineers.  Alli- 
son, a  leader  in  the  design,  development  and  produc- 
tion of  turbo-jet  and  turbo-prop  engines.  NOW  offers 
young  graduate  engineers  unusual  opportunities  for 
progress  where  future  development  is  unlimited. 

Write  for  information: 

R.  G.  Greenwood,  Engineering  College  Contact 
ALLISON  DIVISION,  General  Motors  Corporation 
Indianapolis  6,  Indiana 


MARCH,   1955 


57 


Technic  Teasers 


There  was  recently  a  sale  of  various 
articles  of  ladies'  apparel  on  the  second 
floor  of  a  downtown  department  store. 
A  young  woman  and  her  grandmother 
were  rushing  to  get  to  the  sale  before 
the  best  bargains  were  all  gone.  They 
reached  the  foot  of  the  escalator  going 
from  the  first  floor  to  the  second  floor 
at  the  same  time  and  stepped  on  the 
first  step  together.  Since  they  were  both 
in  a  hurry  to  get  to  the  sale,  they  did 
not  stand  still  and  ride  the  escalator  up, 
but  walked  up,  both  at  a  constant  rate, 
until  they  reached  the  top.  The  young 
lady  forgot  that  her  grandmother  could 
not  keep  up  with  her,  and  walked  as 
fast  as  she  could.  The  older  women  was 
only  able  to  take  one  step  for  every  three 
that  her  younger  companion  took.  Of 
course,  when  the  young  woman  reached 
the  top,  she  had  to  wait  for  her  grand- 
mother, so  she  didn't  gain  anything  by 
her  rushing.  The  granddaughter  took 
36  steps,  her  grandmother  took  24 
steps.  How  many  steps  were  in  sight  at 
one  time  on  the  moving  staircase? 


A  church  hymn  board  has  four 
grooved  rows  on  which  the  numbers  of 
four  hymns  chosen  for  the  service  are 
placed  :  The  hymn  book  in  use  contains 
700  hymns.  What  is  the  smallest  num- 
ber of  numbler  plates,  each  carrying  one 
digit,  which  must  be  kept  in  stock  so 
that  the  numbers  of  any  four  different 
h>Tiins  selected  can  be  displayed ;  and 
how  will  the  result  be  affected  if  an 
inverted  6  can  be  used  for  a  9  ? 


A  man  is  going  to  make  a  trip  of 
27,000  miles.  His  tires  are  guaranteed 
for  12,000  miles  each.  What  is  the  least 
number  of  tires  that  he  must  take  ( in- 
cluding the  four  tires  on  the  car)  in 
order  to  make  the  trip?  Explain, 


Once  upon  a  time,  there  lived  a  rich 
farmer  who  had  30  children,  15  by  his 
first  wife,  who  was  dead,  and  15  by  his 
second  wife.  The  latter  woman  was 
eager  that  her  eldest  son  should  inherit 
the  property.  Accordingly  one  day,  she 
said  to  him,  "Dear  Husband,  you  are 
getting  too  old.  We  ought  to  settle  who 
shall  be  heir.  Let  us  arrange  our  30 
children  in  a  circle,  and  counting  from 
one  of  them,  remove  every  tenth  child 
until  there  remains  but  one,  who  shall 
succeed  to  your  estate." 

Quite  astonished  was  the  old  man,  as 
the    first    fourteen    children    eliminated 


were  by  his  first  wife.  Noticing  this  he 
realized  that  the  odds  were  15  to  1  that 
the  latter  wife's  children  would  be 
chosen.  "From  this  point  on"  the  man 
suggested  that  they  count  backward 
from  the  lone  remaining  child  from  de- 
ceased wife.  Which  became  heir?  What 
order  did  thev  start? 


There  are  four  kegs,  all  having  small 
leaks.  One  fills  a  mug  in  hours;  another 
fills  the  same  mug  in  3  hours ;  another  in 
4  hours ;  and  the  remaining  keg  fills  the 
mug  in  3^  hour.  If  the  liquid  being  lost 
from  each  keg  is  all  funneled  into  the 
same  mug,  ho\v  long  will  it  take  to  fill 
the  mug? 


The  Problem  of  the  Three  Philosof>hers 
Worried  about  their  disputations  and 
oppressed  by  the  summer  heat,  three 
Grek  philosophers  lay  down  to  take  a 
little  nap  under  a  tree  at  the  Academy. 
As  they  slept,  a  practical  joker  smeared 
their  faces  with  black  paint.  Presently 
they  all  woke  up  at  once  and  began  to 
laugh  at  each  other.  Suddenly,  one  of 
them  stopped  laughing,  for  he  realized 
that  his  own  face  was  painted.  What 
was  his  reasoning? 


I  have  no  watch,  but  I  have  an  excel- 
lent clock,  which  I  occasionally  forget  to 
wind.  Once  when  this  happened  I  went 
to  the  house  of  a  friend,  passed  the  eve- 
ning in  listening  to  the  radio  concert 
program,  and  went  back  and  set  my 
clock.  How  could  I  do  this  without 
knowing  beforehand  the  length  of  the 
trip? 


I  had  12  bottles  of  rare  old  booze  in 
my  cellar  (aged  over-night)  and  my 
wife  told  me  to  empty  them  down  the 
sink,  or  else :  this  is  what  happened : 

I  pulled  the  cork  from  the  first  bottle 
and  poured  the  contents  down  the  sink, 
with  the  exception  of  one  glass  which  I 
drank. 

I  extracted  the  cork  from  the  second 
bottle  and  did  likewise,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  glass  which  I  drank. 

I  then  withdrew  the  cork  from  the 
third  bottle  and  emptied  the  good  old 
booze  down  the  sink,  except  for  one 
glass  which  I  drank. 

I  pulled  the  cork  from  the  fourth 
sink,  and  poured  the  bottle  down  the 
glass,  which  I  drank.  I  pulled  one  bot- 
tle from  the  cork  of  the  next  drink  and 
drank  one  sink   out  of   it,   and   poured 


the  rest  down  the  glass. 

I  pulled  the  sink  out  of  the  next 
glass,  and  poured  the  cork  down  the 
bottle. 

I  pulled  the  next  cork  out  of  my 
throat  and  poured  the  sink  down  the 
bottle  and  drank  the  glass. 

Then  I  corked  the  sink  with  the  glass, 
bottled  the  drink  and  drank  the  pour. 

When  I  had  everything  emptied,  I 
steadied  the  house  with  one  hand,  count- 
ed the  bottles  and  corks  which  added  up 
to  twenty-nine. 

To  be  sure,  I  counted  them  again  as 
they  came  by,  and  this  time  I  had  74. 

And  as  the  house  came  by,  I  count- 
ed them  the  third  time,  and  finally  I 
had  all  the  houses,  bottles,  corks,  and 
glasses,  except  one  house  and  one  bottle 
which  I  drank. 

It  wall  all  my  wife's  fault. 
«       *^       * 

Solve  the  division  problems  below  by 
finding  the  correct  digits  to  replace  each 
of  the  letters. 

EFM 


AQG  FXNQG 

XJM 


GXQ 
QAE 

AETG 
ASGG 

AQS 


(Solutions  on  Page  64) 


IHMIKS  VERY  KUCH.   BUT  I   TdlXi  I   CAN  KASAOK! 


58 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Torrington  Needle  Bearing 

proper  housing  design  is  essential  to  proper  performance 


The  Torrington  Needle  Bearing 
offers  many  design  and  opera- 
tional advantages  for  a  great 
variety  of  products  and  equip- 
ment. For  example,  a  Needle 
Bearing  has  greater  rated  radial 
load  capacity  in  relation  to  its 
outside  diameter  than  any  other 
type  of  anti-friction  bearing.  It  is 
extremely  light  in  weight.  And  it 
is  easy  to  install  and  lubricate. 

Housing  Maintains 
Bearing  Roundness 

The  housing  is  an  essential  part 
of  the  Needle  Bearing  assembly. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  provide 
a  straight,  round  housing  bore  to 
the  recommended  tolerances. 

The  thin,  surface-hardened 
outer  shell  of  the  Needle  Bearing 
acts  as  the  outer  race  surface  as 
well  as  a  retainer  for  the  rolls. 
This  shell  assumes  the  shape  of 
the  housing  into  which  it  is 
pressed.  Consequently,  the  hous- 
ing bore  should  be  round,  and  the 
housing  so  designed  that  it  will 
carry  the  radial  load  imposed  on 
the  bearing  without  distortion. 

Housing  Material 
Determines  Bore  Size 

The  specified  housing  bore  dimen- 
sions for  any  given  material 
should  be  maintained  in  order  to 
give  the  proper  running  clearance 

MARCH,   1955 


Needle  Bearings  require  simple 
housings.  If  the  housing  bores  are 
held  to  proper  size,  accurate  oper- 
ation and  high  radial  capacity  are 
assured. 


HYDRAULIC  PUMP 


STEERING  GEAR 


between  the  needle  rollers  and 
the  shaft,  and  to  assure  sufficient 
press  fit  to  locate  the  bearing 
firmly. 

When  designing  housings  of 
materials  that  are  soft  or  of  low 
tensile  strength,  allowance  should 
be  made  for  the  plastic  flow  of  the 
material  when  the  bearing  is 


pressed  into  place.  Bore  dimen- 
sions in  such  cases  should  be  less 
than  standard.  Needle  Bearings 
can  be  pressed  directly  into  phe- 
nolic or  rubber  compounds,  al- 
though metal  inserts  are  recom- 
mended. 

The  new  Needle  Bearing  cata- 
log will  be  sent  on  request. 


THE    TORRINGTON    COMPANY 

Torrington,  Conn.       •      South  Bend  21,  Ind. 
District  Offices  and  Distributors  in  Principal  Cities  of  United  States  and  Canada 


TORRINGTOI^^^^/T^CARINGS 

NEEDLE   •  SPHERICAL   ROLLER   •  TAPERED  ROLLER  •  STRAIGHT   ROLLER  •  BALL  •   NEEDLE  ROLLERS 


59 


Howard  L.  Wakeland  is  an  assistant  dean  in  the  College  of  Engineering 


((^ontinui  d  jrdin  Page  48) 
Besides  his  teaching,  working  in  the 
dean's  office,  and  officiating.  Mr.  Wake- 
land  is  ver\^  active  in  the  High  School 
Relations  Committee  which  hold  Ca- 
reer   Days    at    high    schools    during    the 


\ear.  After  haxing  a  very  pleasant  inter- 
\iew  with  Mr.  Wakeland  I  can  see 
where  he  would  be  very  adept  for  such 
a  committee. 

Mr.    Wakeland    is   a   member   of    the 
American  Societ\   of  Agricultural  Engi- 


neers and  American  Society  of  Engineer- 
ing Education.  He  was  advisor  to  the 
student  branch  of  the  ASAE,  and  at 
the  present  he  is  an  advisor  to  the  En- 
gineering Council. 

Besides  these  organizations  he  started 
an  Agricultural  Engineering  Depart- 
ment "Stag  Party"  several  years  ago, 
and  this  party  has  been  a  success  each 
xear.  The  main  purpose  of  the  party  is 
for  the  students  and  faculty  to  meet 
each  other  in  an  atmosphere  other  than 
the  classroom. 


STOP-EATER 

To  tell  the  rotund  eater  when  to 
stop.  Control  Engineering  suggests  a 
preset  strain-gage  circuit,  mounted  neat- 
ly underneath  the  shirt,  to  register  ab- 
dominal tautness  and  start  a  warning 
buzzer  in  the  pocket. 


and 


ECONOMICAL  HINTS 

A  prominent  display  of  tool 
equipment  costs,  in  the  form  of  "price 
tags  '  hung  or  painted  on  walls  or  equip- 
ment, is  contributing  significantly  to  re- 
ductions in  breakage  of  machines  and 
tools  in  several  plants.  In  one  Michigan 
plant,  tool  breakage  has  been  cut  by  2(1 
per  cent  and  there  has  been  substantial- 
Iv  less  machine  downtime. 


Believe   It   or   Not:   Adam   and 
invented  the  loose-leaf  svstem. 


Belo»:       Si.       of       the       (ourfeer,       frlcl 

"ECLIPSE*         compressors        tnsfdHed         in 

Sperry    Engineering    Test    Department. 


Sperry  Gyroscope  Co. 
Operates  12  Test  Boxes  ^\a 


At  the  Grea+  Necit,  Long 
Island,  planf  of  Sperry  Co.,  a 
dozen  environmenfal  tesf  cham- 
bers have  been  equipped  with 
cooling  and  humidity  control, 
operated  by  an  elaborate  low- 
temperature  refrigerating  system. 
This  was  designed  and  installed  by 
Tenney  Engineering,  Inc.,  Union, 
N.  J.,  using  14  Frick  "ECLIPSE" 
compressors.  Temperatures  range 
from  1 00  beiow  zero  to  200 ' 
above. 

Whatever  your  special  cooling 
needs,  there's  a  Friclc  air  condi- 
tioning or  refrigerating  system  to 
meet  them  with  dependability. 
Let  us  submit  an  estimate:  write, 
wire  or  phone — 


For  a  position  uith  a 
future  inquire  about  the 
Frirk  Graduate  Training 
Course  tn  Rofri^rration  and 
Air  Conditioning.  Operated 
over  30  years,  it  offers  a  car- 
eer in  a  growing    industry. 


Help  Wanted ! 

The  Technograph  needs  men  and 
women  interested  in  gaining  experi- 
ence in: 

•  BUSINESS   PROCEDURES 

•  WRITING 

•  MAKE-UP 

•  ILLUSTRATIONS 

•  ADVERTISING 

•  PROMOTION 

Apply   at: 
THE  TECHNOGRAPH  OFFICE 
213   Civil    Engineering    Hall 


60 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Farm- fresh  to  you,,. 

How  a  remarkable  plastic  helps  bring  fresher  food  to  your  table 


A  WONDERFULLY  useful  plastic  called  polyethylene*  is 
now  giving  a  new  kind  of  protection  to  food  that  is  on 
its  way  to  your  kitchen. 

WHEN  FOOD  IS  PACKED  in  thin,  strong  bags  of 
polyethylene,  it  is  able  to  "breathe,"  and  yet  not  dry 
out.  Because  polyethylene  has  this  peculiar  advantage, 
apples,  carrots,  and  other  fruits  and  vegetables— as  well 
as  poultry  and  meat  products— can  reach  your  table 
more  nearly  farm-fresh  than  ever. 

POLYETHYLENE  IS  ONLY  ONE  of  a  number  of  plas- 
tics produced  by  the  people  of  Union  Carbide  to  help 
bring  foods  to  you  in  prime  condition.  Some  of  these 
plastics  coat  cardboard  for  milk  cartons  and  frozen 
food  packages,  while  others  line  the  tins  for  canned 
foods  and  beverages. 


SCIENCE  "SETS  A  GOOD  TABLE"  These  and  other 
materials  produced  by  LLC  lielp  protect  food  while 
growing,  in  storage,  during  preparation,  when  pack- 
aged for  your  use,  and  when  stored  in  your  pantry  or 
refrigerator.  This  protection  helps  provide  a  more 
healthful  diet  for  all  Americans. 

STUDENTS  AND  STUDENT  ADVISERS:  Learn  more  about  career 

uiiimrluiiilies  uilh  I  niun  CarhiJf  in  .•(;.;,0>S,C/««BO.VS,  C//r.w;r^t5, 
(iASES,  and  PLASTICS.  Write  for  booklet  A-2. 

♦  Pronounced  piil'v-otli'T-Ien 

Umox  Carbide 

AXZ?     CARBOX    CORPORATION 

30    EAST    42ND    STREET         |im         NEW     YORK     17.     N.     Y. 

In  Canada:  Union  Carbide  Canada  Limited 


-^ VCCs  Trade-marked  Products  include ■ 

Bakeiite   Vinyiite   and  Krene  Plastics  Dvnel  Textile  Fibers  PyrOFAX  Gas  Ar.HESON  Electrodes  LiNDE  Oxygen 

Eveready  Flaailights  and  Batteries  UNION  Carbide  LiNDE  Silicones  Prestone  Anti-Freeze  National  Carbons 

Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals  Electromet  Alloys  and  Metals  Haynes  Stellite  Alloys  Phest-OLite  Acetylene 


MARCH,   1955 


61 


PPG  gives  you  the  chance  to  "blossom  out" 


Your  job  with  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  can  be  in  one  of  many 
fields  because  of  the  company's  diversified  operations. 

As  well  as  being  the  leading  name  in  glass,  it  is  also  a 
prominent  producer  of  paint,  plastics,  chemicals,  brushes, 
and  fiber  glass. 

In  any  one  of  "PPG's"  several  divisions  you  will  find  a 
challenge  and  an  oppoaunity.  A  challenge  to  you  to  help 
create  and  produce  new  and  better  products.  An  oppor- 
tunity' to  have  your  training  and  talents  recognized  and 
rewarded. 

In  addition,  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  oflFers  unusual  security 
and  strength  by  virtue  of  being,  as  a  whole,  one  of  the 
nation's  leading  "blue-chip"  industries. 


Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  gives  you  the  chance  to  blossom 
out.  It  believes  in  stimulating  constructive  thinking  and 
action.  It  wants  its  men  to  do  the  type  of  work  for  which  they 
are  best  suited,  in  which  they  are  happiest,  and  in  which  they 
can  advance  to  bigger  and  more  responsible  jobs  in  the 
PPG  organization. 

With  an  impressive  record  of  sound  growth  and  an  even 
greater  potential  ahead,  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  offers  many 
opportunities  in  varied  fields.  Good  men  are  needed.  If 
you  would  like  to  learn  more  about  these  opportunities, 
write  today  to  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company,  General 
Personnel  Director,  One  Gateway  Center,  Pittsburgh  22, 
Pennsylvania. 


1 


PAINTS     •     GLASS     ■     CHEMICALS     •     BRUSHES     •     PLASTICS     •     FIBER  GLASS 


PITTSBURGH        PLATE        GLASS        COMPANY 


319  PLANTS,  MERCHANDISING   BRANCHES,   AND   SALES  OFFICES   LOCAHD   IN   250  CITIES 


62 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Q  A  nother  page  for 


YOUR  STEEL  NOTEBOOK^ 


How  to  make  a  boring  job  go  faster 


With  teeth  cut  into  it,  this  f^car  hiank  becomes 
an  engine  part.  One  manufacturer  thought 
these  blanks  were  costing  him  too  much  to 
make.  The  center  hole  had  to  be  bored  out  of 
solid  bar  stock.  It  took  one  hour  to  make  29 
blanks.  A  lot  of  steel  was  wasted  in  the  proc- 
ess. He  took  his  problem  to  Timken  Company 
metallurgists.  After  study,  they  recommended 
a  change  in  production  methods  together 
with  the  use  of  Timken'  seamless  steel  tubing. 


How  TIMKEN  seamless  tubing  helped 
quadruple  production 


o 


Because  the  hole's  already  there  in  Timken 
seamless  tubing,  it  doesn't  have  to  be  bored 
out.  No  steel  is  wasted.  Finish  boring  is  now 
the  manufacturer's  first  step.  He  can  turn  out 
120  to  130  gear  blanks  p2r  hour  with  a  50% 
cut  in  machining  costs.  This  is  another  one 
of  the  hundreds  of  problems  that  have  been 
solved  by  Timken  fine  alloy  steel. 


Want  to  learn  more  about  steel 

or  iob  opportunities? 


Some  of  the  engineering  problems 
you'll  face  after  graduation  will 
involve  steel  applications.  For  help 
in  learning  more  about  steel,  write 
for  your  free  copy  of  "The  Story 
of  Timken   Alloy   Steel   Quality". 


And  for  more  information  about 
the  excellent  job  opportunities  at 
the  Timken  Company,  send  for  a 
copy  of  "This  Is  Timken".  Ad- 
dress: The  Timken  Roller  Bearing 
Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio. 


TEARS  AHEAD— THROUGH  EXPERIENCE  AND  RESEARCH 


o 


irns^mM 


Fine  Alloy 


SPECIALISTS    IN    FINE    ALLOY    STEELS,    GRAPHITIC    TOOL    STEELS    AND    SEAMLESS    TUBING 


MARCH,   1955 


63 


TECHNOCRACKS 

Solutions  for  Technic-teasers  Found  on  Page  58 


By  logic  and  trial  and  error  you  will 
find  the  correct  substitutions  of  digits  tor 
letters  to  be  as  follows: 
246 


178  43928 
356 


837 
712 


1258 
1088 


170 

»   »   * 

Clock  problem : 

Before  leaving  my  house,  I  started  the 
clock,  without  bothering  to  set  it,  and  I 
noted  the  exact  moment  A  of  my  depar- 
ture according  to  its  reading.  At  my 
friend's  house  I  noted  the  exact  times, 
//  and  k.  of  my  arri\al  and  departure  by 
his  clock.  On  returning  I  noted  the  time 
B  of  my  arrival  according  to  my  clock. 
The  length  of  my  absence  was  B-A.  Of 
that  time  k-li  minutes  were  spent  with 
my  friend,  so  that  the  time  spent  in 
traveling.  /.  in  each  direction,  was  2/  ± 
(B-A)  —  (k-h).  Thus  the  correct  time 
when  I  got  home  was  k  -\-  t. 
*       *       * 

Tire  problem: 

By  alternating  one  tire  every  3.000 
miles  the  trip  will  require  nine  tires,  all 
of  which  will  have  their  full  life  used 
up. 

»        s        * 

Keg  problem : 

Let  m  equal  mug's  capacity;  t  equal 
time.  Then  the  rates  of  flow  from  each 
keg  are  m/2,  m/3,  m/4,  and  2m  respec- 
tively. The  total  plus  m  4  plus  2m 
equals    37ni    12.    Then    37mt    12    equals 


m.  It  follows  that  t  equals   12   37  hour. 

*  *        * 

The  Three  Philosophers: 

A,  H,  and  C  are  the  three  philoso- 
phers. A  thought:  "Since  B  laughs  \\; 
thinks  his  face  is  clean.  Since  he  believts 
that,  if  he  saw  my  face  was  clean  also, 
he  would  be  astonished  at  C's  laughter, 
for  C  would  have  nothing  to  laugh  at. 
Since  B  is  not  astonished  he  must  think 
that   C   is   laughing   at  me.    Hence   ni> 

face  is  black.  " 

-*       -*       * 

Inheritance  problem: 

The  second  wife's  eldest  son  inherited 
the  property.  They  started  in  an\-  order 
as  long  as  the  second  wife's  eldest  son  is 
29th  man  from  original  starting  posi- 
tion. 

*  »       * 

Hymn  problem : 

The  smallest  number  of  plates  which 
must  be  kept  in  stock  is  86;  if  an  in- 
verted 6  can  be  used  for  an  9,  81   are 

needed. 

*  *       ■» 

Escalator  problem : 

There  are  48  steps  in  sight  at  one 
time  on  the  moving  staircase. 


It's  tough  to  find 
For  love  or  money 
A  joke  that's  clean 
And   also  funn}'. 

*-  ?:  * 

Prof.:  "When  the  room  settles  down 
I'll  begin  m\-  lecture." 

Student:  "Why  don't  you  go  home 
and  sleep  it  off?" 

Two  mosquitoes  were  resting  on 
Robinson  Crusoe's  arm.  "I'm  leaving 
now,"  said  one.  "I'll  meet  you  on 
Fridav.  " 


ROTC  Student:  "I  haven't  pencil  or 
paper  for  the  examination.  " 

Sergeant:  "What  would  you  think  of 
a  soldier  who  went  into  battle  without 
his  gun  or  ammunition  ?" 

ROTC   Student:    "I'd    think   he   was 

an  officer." 

*  *        * 

A  farmer  brought  some  produce  to 
town  and  sold  it.  He  thought,  "I  will 
surprise  my  wife."  He  bought  a  suit  of 
clothes,  a  hat,  a  pair  of  shoes,  and  put 
them  under  the  seat  of  his  buggy.  On 
the  way  home,  he  stopped  at  the  river, 
where  he  took  off  his  old  clothes  and 
threw  them  in.  Then  he  looked  under 
the  seat,  and  found  his  new  clothes  gone. 
Shrugging  his  shoulders,  he  got  into  the 
buggy  and  said,  "(jit  up  Maud,  we'll 
surprise  her  an\wa\." 

-:;;-  r>  !t 

Confucius  say,  "Modern  woman  put- 
ting up  such  a  false  front,  man  never 
knows  what  he  is  up  against.  " 

*  »        * 

A  window  washer  related  this  ex- 
perience to  his  friends:  "One  day  I  was 
cleaning  a  w  i  n  d  o  w  when  a  young 
woman  entered  and  started  to  undress 
She  took  off  her  shoes  and  stockings  and 
then  her  dress  when  suddenly  the  ladder 
broke." 

"What  a  calamitv  at  a  time  like  that," 
remarked  one  of  the  listeners. 

"It  sure  was,"  answered  the  window 
washer,  "but  what  could  you  expect 
with    twenty   guys   on    the    ladder?" 

^  ^  ;i 

OHM   ON   THE   RANGE 
Opus  314 — In    Three  Phase   Time 
(^h  give  me  an  ohm 
Where  the  impedances   roam 
Where  the   fields  are  not   fluxing  all 

da\'. 
Where  you'll   never  see 
A  field  without  phi, 
And  the  flux  is  not  leaking  away. 
Ohm,  ohm  on  the  range. 
Where   the   flux   is   not  charging   all 

day;  _ 

Where  never  is  seen  f 

A  shunt  field  machine 
With  its  armature  riuming  away. 

*  *       * 

"Cheer  up,  old  man.  Why  don't  you 
drown   your  sorrow? 

"She's  stronger  than  I  am.  and  be- 
sides,  it'd  be  murder." 

%       s-       «  f 

A  woman  got  into  a  cab  and  told 
the  driver,  "Quick,  get  me  to  the  fra- 
ternity ward  !" 

"Don't  you  mean  a  maternity  ward?" 
"Oh  yes,  I  guess  I  do.  But  hurry,  I 
have  to  see  an  upturn." 

"Upturn?   Don't  you  mean  intern?" 
"Fraternity,     maternity,     uptern,     in- 
tern, just  step  on  it.  I   think  I'm  stag- 
nent.  " 


64 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


PHOTOGRAPHY  AT  WORK-No.  9  in  a  Kodak  Saria* 


Richmond  Station  of  the  Philadelphia  Electric  Co. 


Weeks  of  work  shrink  to  clays  as 

photography  weighs  mountains  of  coal 


Aero  Service  Corporation  takes  stereo  pictures 

of  the  coal  piles  at  a  utility's  10  storage  sites— reports 

the  fuel  reserves  on  a  single  inventory  date  at 

25%  lower  cost  than  with  other  methods 

It  used  to  take  a  surveying  crew  weeks  to  measure  and 
figure  the  contents  of  the  Philadelpliia  Electric  Co.'s  hig 
coal  piles.  Now  a  camera  and  an  airplane  work  togetlicr 
to  cut  the  time  to  days.  Overlapping  pictures  are  taken 
from  the  air.  Then  with  stereo  plotting  ei[uipment  the 
volume  of  the  heap  is  calculated. 

Streamlining  the  inventory  joh  is  a  natural  for  pho- 
tograph).  It's  being  used  to  count  metal  rods,  automoti\e 
parts,  telephone  calls  as  well  as  tons  of  coal.  But  pho- 
tography works  for  business  in  many  other  wa\s  as  well 
—saving  time,  reducing  error,  cutting  costs,  improving 
production. 


Graduates  in  the  physical  sciences  and  in  engineering 
find  photography  an  increasingly  \aluable  tool  in  their 
new  occupations.  Its  expanding  usi'  has  also  created 
many  challenging  opporttmities  at  Kodak,  especially  in 
the  development  of  large-scale  chemical  processes  and 
the  design  of  complex  precision  mechanical-electronic 
equijiment.  Whether  \ on  are  a  recent  graduate  or  a  ([ual- 
ificd  returning  ser\  ice  man,  if  you  are  interested  in  these 
opportunities,  write  to  Business  &  Technical  Personnel 
Dept.,  Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4.  N.  Y. 

Aero  Service  Corpuralidii  takes  its  stirei)  iiliotn^raplis  and 
translates  tin  in  into  a  eontuur  map  of   l-foot 
intervals.  Eaeli  1-foot  stralnni  of  tlie  coal  jiile 
can  then  i)e  measured  w  illi  a  iilanimeter 
and  its  solnine  eompnted. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y 


^:\ 


"^i-^r 


-f?-«-$.'5| 


WHERE  PROGRESS  IS  UP  TO  YOU 


/ 


What  will  you  add  to 
jet  engine  progress? 


New,  dramatic  advances  being  made  at 
General  Electric's  aircraft  gas  turbine 
operations  bring  into  clear  focus  the 
vital  role  recent  college  engineering 
graduates  play  throughout  the  com- 
pany. Typifying  such  responsibility  are 
R.  W.  Bradshaw,  ME,  Lehigh,  '48,  re- 
sponsible for  design  of  development 
engine  controls  and  accessories,  and 
B.  C.  Hope,  EE,  UCLA,  '49,  supervisor 
of  test  programs  for  development  of 
aerodynamic  and  mechanical  compo- 
nents. 

In  every  field  from  electrical,  me- 
chanical, metallurgical  and  aeronauti- 
cal engineering  to  physics  and  chemis- 
try, young  men  like  these  broaden  their 


lege  program  of  practical  engineering 
assignments.  In  this  program,  as  in  his 
ultimate  career,  the  engineer  chooses 
the  field  and  location— from  the  entire 
range  of  G-E  activities  including  plas- 
tics, large  electrical  apparatus,  elec- 
tronics, jet  propulsion,  automation  com- 
ponents and  atomic  power. 

Working  with  world-renowned  G-E 
engineers,  you  — like  Bradshaw  and 
Hope  — can  make  important  contribu- 
tions early  in  your  engineering  career. 
For  full  details  on  the  G-E  career  suited 
to  your  talents  and  interests,  see  your 
college  placement  director,  or  write 
General  Electric  Company,  Engineer- 
ing Personnel  Section,  Schenectady  5, 
New  York.  TRiA 


technical  background  in  GE's  after-col 

Thgress  Is  Our  Mosf  Imporfanf  Produd- 


CTRIC 


'^V 


ILLINOIS 


Chealotry  Library 
Noyes  Laboratory 
Urbana,  III. 


TECHNOGRAPH 


m:  \ 


John  F.  Holt,  class  of  '47 


speaks  from  experience  when  he  says  .  .  .  JiXpQ.IlCllIl^    rCSC3.rCll 

and  product  development  at  U.  S.  Steel  mean 
more  opportunities  for  qualified  engineers" 


SINCE  1952,  John  F.  Holt  has  been 
Assistant  Superintendent  of  the  Coke 
and  Coal  Chemicals  Department  at 
United  States  Steel's  new  Fairless 
Works  in  Morrisville,  Pa.  He  started 
working  at  U.S.  Steel— as  a  trainee— in 
1947.  That's  a  lot  of  progress  in  just  five 
years.  For  in  his  present  position,  John 
is  responsible  for  both  the  quality  and 
the  quantity  of  all  coal  chemicals  pro- 
duced at  the  Fairless  Works  —  about 
3,500,000  gallons  of  light  oils  per  year. 
190  hourly  employees  and  25  super- 
visory personnel  report  to  him. 

But  John's  case  of  rapid  advance- 
ment is  not  unusual.  U.S.  Steel  has 
always  placed  great  emphasis  upon  its 
management  training  programs  and 
has  provided  the  kind  of  training  that 
enables  ambitious  young  engineers  to 


take  over  responsible  positions  within  a 
comparatively  short  time. 

As  one  example,  John  feels  that  the 
opportunities  in  his  own  department 
are  very  promising  at  this  time.  He 
says,  "Many  important  new  concepts  of 
modernization  and  expansion  in  such 
fields  as  the  carbonization  of  coal  and 
synthetic  products  are  coming  up  every 
day  pointing  the  way  to  extensive  fu- 
ture developments.  Well -trained  engi- 
neers will  be  in  a  position  to  lead  the 

SEE  THE  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOUR.    It's 

presented  every  other  week  hy  United  States 
newspaper  for  time  and  station. 


way  into  these  new  areas  of  industry," 
If  you  are  interested  in  a  challenging 
and  rewarding  career  with  United 
States  Steel  and  feel  that  you  can  qual- 
ify, you  can  obtain  further  information 
from  your  college  placement  director. 
Or  we  will  gladly  send  you  our  in- 
formative booklet.  "Paths  of  Opportun- 
ity, "  upon  request.  Just  write  to  United 
States  Steel  Corporation,  Personnel 
Division,  Room  1622,  525  William  Penn 
Place,  Pittsburgh  30,  Pa. 


a  full  hour  TV  program 
Steel.  Consult  vour  local 


® 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE  .  ,  AMERICAN  STEEL  i  WIRE  and  CYCLONE  FENCE  .  .  COLUMBIA-GENEVA  STEEL  .  .  CONSOLIDATED  WESTERN  STEEL  .  .  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  .  .  NATIONAL  TUBE 

OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  .  .  TENNESSEE  COAL  S  IRON  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS  .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY    .  .  D/viuoM   ol  UNITED   STATES   STEEL   CORPORATION.    PinSBURGH 

UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOMES,  INC.    ■    UNION  SUPPLY  COMPANY    •    UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY    •    UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY 


CATERPILLAR   MACHINES    POWER   THE    WORLDS 
GREAT   ENGINEERING   JOBS 


W  hen  you  work  for  Cater|)illar  Tractor  Co.  you"re  in  a 
dynamic  industry  that  gets  big  tilings  done  in  a  big 
way.  Powerful  diesel  engines  and  huge  earthmoving 
equipment  built  by  Caterpillar  are  contributing  to  vital 
engineering  projects  all  over  the  world. 

Constantly  growing  and  advancing.  Caterpillar  needs 
vigorous  young  men  with  training  and  vision.  It  needs 
Mechanical,  Metallurgical,  Agricultural,  Electrical,  Civil 
Engineers  and  others.  Their  work  will  be  important 
and  challenging — in  research  and  development,  design, 
manufacturing,  sales  and  many  other  fields.  They  will 
have  the  best  in  laboratory  facilities  and  interesting 


assignments  in  Caterpillar  plants  as  well  as  in  the  field. 

There  are  rewards  for  such  men,  above  and  beyond 
the  worth-while  jobs  they  do.  Promotions  at  Caterpillar 
come  when  they're  earned,  and  executive  positions  are 
filled  from  within  the  organization.  Starting  jiav  and 
housing  conilitioiis  are  good. 

Start  thinking  today  about  a  Caterpillar  job.  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  company  will  be  on  campus  for  inter- 
views with  interested  students.  Consult  your  placement 
office.  Meanwhile,  if  you  would  like  further  informa- 
tion, write  to  Caterpillar  Tractor  Co..  Employee  Rela- 
tions General  Office.  Box  IL.-l.  Peoria.  Illinois. 


CATERPILLAR 


DIESEL  ENGINES  •  MOTOR  GRADERS  ■  TRACTORS  ■  EARTHMOVING  EpUIPMENT 


HOW 
HERCULES 
HELPS... 


"CHEMICAL  COBBLERS"-Hercules  materials 
helfp  tilt'  slinf  itniiistry  in  many  wavs  in 
their  annua!  manufacture  of  more  than 
500,000.000  pairs  of  shoes.  Hercules"  ni- 
trocellulose, ethyl  cellulose,  and  resins  go 
into  adhesives,  coatings,  and  stiffening 
compounds.  Other  Hercules  products  im- 
proye  the  processing  of  insoles,  soles,  and 
heels,  give  hulk  and  shine  to  polishes,  help 
treat  leather,  appear  in  molded  plastic 
heels,  and  in  hox  toes,  laces,  and  tips. 


I 
I 


TODAY'S  PHONOGRAPH  RECORDS  arc  truly  plas- 
tic coniposiliiiiis.  IliTculcs  \  insul*  resin,  a  low- 
cost  thermoplastic,  seryes  as  a  modifier  for  film 
forming  resins,  such  as  Hercules'®  ethyl  cellu- 
lose, in  many  formulations.  Either  product  may 
also  be  used,  independently,  in  conjunction 
«illi  nlher  materials. 


A  CAREER  MORE  THAN  A  JOB  is  the  philosophy  behind  Hercules'  personnel  policies.  To 
assist  employees  in  their  efforts  to  attain  security  for  themselves  and  their  families, 
Hercules'  personnel  program  includes  a  liberal  vacation  plan,  a  disability  benefit  plan, 
accident  and  sickness  insurance,  a  hospital-surgical  plan,  group  life  insurance,  and  other 
benefits.  A  comprehensive  personnel  program  is  only  one  of  several  good  reasons  why 
many  turn  to  Hercules  for  positions  with  a  future. 


1 


% 


HERCULES   POWDER.  COMPANY 

963  Market  St.,  Wilmington  99,  Delauare.  Sales  Offices  in  Principal  Cities 

SYNTHETIC   RESINS,   CELLULOSE   PRODUCTS,   CHEMICAL   COTTON,   TERRENE 
CHEMICALS,    ROSIN    AND    ROSIN    DERIVATIVES,   CHLORINATED   PRODUCTS, 
EXPLOSIVES,  AND  OTHER  CHEMICAL  PROCESSING  MATERIALS 


HERCULES 


CHEMICAL    MATERIALS    FOR    INDUSTRY 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


They're  having  r/ GRADUATION 

CO  N  FAB  U  LATIO 


i^ 


It's  not  much  more  than  a  hop,  skip 
and  jump  to  Commencement.  And 
engineering  seniors  are  getting  together 
for  lor-'g  talks  on  what  they're  going  to 
do  alter  graduation. 

Frankly,  we  wish  we  could  be  present 
at  such  sessions.  We'd  register  a  few 
enthusiastic  opinions  of  our  own— on 
the  subject  of  career  opportunities  at 
General  Motors. 

For  a  starter,  we'd  point  out  that  young 
engineers  have  an  admirable  chance  to 
follow  their  natural  bent  in  a  company 
like  GM— which  manufactures  products 
ranging  from  cars  and  locomotives  and 
earth-movers  all  the  way  to  household 
electrical  appliances. 

On  top  of  that,  GM's  extensive  decen- 
tralization into  121  plants  gives  our 
young  engineers  an  unusually  fine 
opportunity  to  work  in  locations  of 
their  choice.  Besides,  this  policy  pro- 


vides the  chance  to  learn  and  win  recog- 
nition while  working  with  a  close-knit 

engineering  team. 

And  for  the  record,  we'd  like  to  make 
mention  of  GM's  incomparable  re- 
sources and  facilities.  While  each  of 
GM's  .^5  manufacturing  divisions  has 
its  own,  they  can  all  draw  on  vast 
central  research  facilities. 
Hut  most  important,  remember  that 
GM  thrives  on  engineering  achieve- 
ments —  constantly  seeks  to  produce 
more  and  better  things  for  more  people. 
Hence,  there's  a  really  stimulating 
creative  climate  that's  ideal  for  men 
with  enthusiasm  and  imagination. 
So  if  you'd  like  to  toss  your  mortar- 
board in  the  ring,  why  not  ask  your 
Placement  Ollice  to  arrange  an  inter- 
view with  our  College  Representative. 
Meanwhile,  write  us  for  the  informative 
booklet.  "The  College  Gradtuite  and 
Cciural  Motors." 


GM  Positions  Now  Available  in  These  Fields: 

MECHANICAL    ENGINEERING      •      METALLURGICAL    ENGINEERING 

ELECTRICAL     ENGINEERING        •        INDUSTRIAL     ENGINEERING 

CHEMICAL  ENGINEERING 

MOTORS  CORPORATION 

Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan 


APRIL,   1955 


A  WHIRLPOOL  SPIRALS  into  the  inlet  of  a  model  pump.  This  unique  picture  shows 
how  air,  a  common  cause  of  pumping  trouble,  was  carried  into  the  pump  in  .  .  . 


The  Case  of  the  Baffled  Whirlpool 


Some  time  ago,  the  report  reached  us  that  two 
Worthington  vertical  turbine  pumps  installed  by  one 
of  our  customers  weren't  working  right.  They  deliv- 
ered plenty  of  water,  but  vibrated  badly  and  burned 
out  bearings. 

The  customer  asked  us  to  find  the  trouble  fast. 
After  checking  we  knew  the  pumps  were  okay,  so 
Worthington  Research  had  to  answer  him. 

First  thing  we  did  was  build  a  one-tenth  scale 
model  of  the  customer's  installation.  The  photo 
shows  what  happened  when  we  started  pumping. 

A  whirlpool  immediately  formed  between  the  water 
surface  and  the  pump  inlet.  Air,  trapped  in  the  whirl- 
pool and  carried  into  the  pump,  was  the  villain  in 
the  case. 


The  solution  came  with  experimentation.  A  simple 
baffle  arrangement  in  a  side  channel  eliminated  the 
whirlpool — and  the  trouble-making  air. 

Chasing  the  gremlins  from  pump  installations  like 
this,  boosting  the  efliciency  of  heat  transfer  in  air 
conditioners,  developing  better  seals  for  pumps  and 
compressors  —  these  are  all  in  the  day's  work  for 
Worthington's  busy  research  engineers.  At  Worth- 
ington, research  ranks  right  alongside  engineering, 
production,  and  sales  to  develop  better  products  for 
all  industry. 

For  the  complete  story  of  how  you  can  fit  into  the 
Worthington  picture,  write  F.  F.  Thompson,  Mgr., 
Personnel  &  Training,  Worthington  Corporation, 
Harrison,  New  Jersey.  4  25c 


See  the  Worthington  representative  when  he  visits  your  campus 

WORTHINGTON 


See  the  Worthington 
Corporation  exhibit  in 
New  York  City.  A  lively, 
informative  display  of 
product  developments 
for  industry,  business  and 
the  home.  Park  Avenue 
and  40th  Street. 

When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job— think  high— think  Worthington 

AIR   CONDITIONING   AND   REFRIGERATION   •    COMPRESSORS   •   CONSTRUCTION    EQUIPMENT   •    ENGINES   •    DEAERATORS   •    INDUSTRIAL   MIXERS 
LIQUID  METERS  •  MECHANICAL  POWER  TRANSMISSION  •  PUMPS  •   STEAM  CONDENSERS  •  STEAM-JET  EJECTORS  •  STEAM  TURBINES  •  WELDING  POSITIONERS 


Your  Greatest  Security  .  .  . 

All  of  you,  no  doubt,  ask  obout  security  when  you  seek  o  job. 
How  much  you  wont  to  pay  for  security  is  a  matter  for  your  own 
choice.  It  is  wise  to  consider  the  fact  that  you  have  already  paid  for  a 
great  amount  of  security.  Your  education  and  good  sense  are  your 
greatest  security.  This  is  something  you  can't  buy,  but  you  already 
have  it.  Nothing  pays  off  in  security  like  competent  work  and  the  abil- 
ity to  get  along  with  people. 

With  an  engineer's  education,  the  price  of  security  is  very  cheap. 
Employers  are  more  anxious  to  keep  you  than  you  ore  to  work  for 
them.  Employers  recognize  the  high  cost  of  training  new  personnel. 

Security  can  be  costly.  Civil  service  and  armed  services  offer  a 
lot  of  security,  but  it  cuts  down  lake  home  pay.  Security  has  to  be  cost- 
ly because  it  is  a  guarantee  that  you  won't  be  fired  if  you  don't  make 
the  grade.  Therefore  your  talents  are  underestimated  and  you  are  paid 
accordingly.  If  you  have  confidence  in  your  engineering  ability,  you 
need  less  security  than  one  who  has  less  confidence  in  himself. 

The  chances  for  advances  are  worth  much  more  than  security. 
Advancement  is  a  company  policy  and  should  not  reflect  starting 
salary.  Since  the  company  loses  nothing,  they  don't  lake  it  out  on  your 
pay.  The  thing  to  be  sure  of  is  that  the  company  has  a  policy  of  pro- 
motion from  within  its  ranks.  When  a  company  has  this  policy,  they 
are  more  careful  to  watch  for  those  who  ore  qualified  for  advance- 
ment. In  this  company  you  hove  a  lot  better  chance  of  being  recog- 
nized than  in  one  which  hires  an  outsider  to  fill  a  position. 

In  all  you  do,  your  efforts  will  be  recognized  and  they  will  tell 
whether  you  have  confidence  in  yourself,  or  loaf  or  do  careless  work. 
Your  greatest  asset  is  your  initiative.  Use  it  to  your  fullest  extent. 

D.  F.  K. 


APRIL,  1955 


There  are  no  ^^hlind  alleys''  at  Pittsburgh  Plate 


When  you  join  the  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  organization, 
your  opportunities  are  highly  unusual. 

You  have  the  choice  of  aligning  yourself  with  paint, 
brushes,  chemicals,  glass,  plastics,  or  fiber  glass.  Each  of 
these  industries  represents  a  wide  range  of  products  that  are 
used  in  volume  throughout  the  world.  The  divisions  of 
PPG  that  produce  them  are  much  like  sound,  growing, 
vibrant  companies  in  themselves  .  .  .  the  kind  that  offer  far 
reaching  opportunities. 

Each  of  these  divisions  has  its  full  complement  of  per- 
sonnel from  top  management  to  its  specialists  in  many 
fields  .  .  .  from  technical  men  in  production,  engineering, 


power,  maintenance  and  transportation  to  a  first  class  team 
in  business  management,  marketing,  development,  sales, 
advertising  and  promotion. 

Your  opportunities  therefore  can  extend  not  in  just  one, 
but  in  several  directions.  There  are  no  blind  alleys  at  PPG. 

PPG  wants  good  men  in  varied  fields.  It  has  much  to 
offer  you  from  the  very  beginning  and  all  during  the  time 
you  are  building  your  future. 

If  you  would  like  to  become  part  of  the  progressive  PPG 
organization,  write  today  for  more  information.  Just  address 
Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company,  General  Personnel  Di- 
rector, One  Gateway  Center,  Pittsburgh  22,  Pennsylvania. 


PAINTS    •    GLASS    •    CHEMICALS    •    BRUSHES    •    PLASTICS    •    FIBER    GLASS 


PITTSBURGH        PLATE        GLASS       COMPANY 


319   PLANTS,   MERCHANDISING   BRANCHES,   AND   SALES   OFFICES   LOCATED   IN   250   CITIES 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


MISSILE  SYSTEMS 

Research  and  Deiwlopmenf 

Physicists  and  engineers  at  LoiLlieeil  Missile  Systems 
Division  are  engaged  in  a  group  efiort 
covering  virtually  every  field  of  science. 


Missile  Systems  Divisiun  sciciilists  and  engineers  liiscuss  ,i  new  missile 
systems  concept  in  light  ol  tactical  retjuirements.  Leil  Id  riglit: 
Dr.  H.  U.  Hall,  nuclear  physicist;  I.  H.  Culver,  systems  dcvelopmeiit 
division  engineer;  Dr.  R.  J.  Havens,  research  scientist;  \\  .  .\1.  Hawkins, 
chief  engineer;  Dr.  Ernst  H.  Krause,  nuclear  physicist  and  director  of 
research  laboratories;  S.  W.  Burriss,  experimental  operations  division 
engineer;  Ralph  H.  .Miner,  stalT  enguieering  division  engineer;  and 
Dr.  Eric  Duraiid,  nuclear  physicist. 

Continuing  developments  are  creating  new 

positions  for  those  capable  of  significant  contributions 

to  the  technology  of  guided  missiles. 


MISSILE    SYSTEMS    DIVISIO.N 

research  and  engineering  staff 

LOCKHEED    AIRCRAFT    CORPORATION    •    VAN    NLYS,   CALIFORNIA 


Vital   link   between   thought 
paces   all   military   and   industrial   activity 


RADIO  COMMUNICATION,  oldest  of  the  electronic  sciences,  has 
long  played  an  important  role  in  the  thought-action  process;  yet 
today  it  is  being  called  upon  for  capabilities  and  performance  char- 
acteristics far  beyond  those  afforded  by  the  present  state  of  the  art. 

Such  demands  stem  from  the  basic  importance  of  advanced  com- 
munication systems  in  maintaining  American  military  superiority. 

Recognizing  this,  The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation  is  today 
engaged  in  research  and  development  activities  leading  to  the  pro- 
duction of  radio  communications  systems  capable  of  providing  the 
information  capacity,  versatility,  range,  and  reliability  necessary  to 
insure  maximum  performance  of  our  weapons  systems. 

And  yet  the  challenge  is  not  all  military.  It  is  inevitable  that  the 
application  at  Ramo-Wooldridge  of  these  advanced  modern  theories 
and  new  techniques  will  lead  to  significant  accomplishments  in  the 
field  of  commercial  communications  as  well. 


The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 

8820    BELLANCA    AVENUE;    LOS    ANGELES    4  5,    CALIFORNIA 


and  action 


Engineers  and  physicists 
qualified  to  undertake  ad- 
vanced work  in  systems 
analysis  and  engineering, 
circuit  development,  trans- 
mitter and  receiver  engi- 
neering, modulator  devel- 
opment, and  propagation 
studies  are  invited  to  in- 
vestigate the  opportunities 
existing  in  HF  and  micro- 
wave communications,  data 
transmission,  facsimile,  and 
allied  fields,  awaiting  them 
at   Ramo-Wooldridge. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

editor 

Don  Kesler 

assodatr  ijilor 

Millard  Darnall 

assistant  editor 

Craig  \V.   Soule 

makr-uf'  editor 

William  CIrube 

illustrator 

Dave  Templcton 

assistants 

Donnie   Sncdeker 
Har\ey  M.  Endler 
Lowell  Mize 
Roy  Goern 
John    Freeherg 
James  Piechocki 
Ralph  G.  Fisk 
Thomas  T.  Wilson 


photogrophy   staff 

photograph  editor 
Jack  Siebert 

photographer 

David  Komvathv 


business  staff 

business  manager 
James  E.   Smilb 

circulation  director 
Larry  Kiefling 


navy  pier 


Joel  Wells,  editor 
Davida   Bobrow, 

business   manager 
Gerald  Xicheles. 

circulation   manager 


faculty  advisers 


R.  W.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 


MEMBERS   OF   EXGINEERIXG 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Prof.  Thomas  Farrell,  Jr. 
State  L'niversitj-  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City,  Iowa 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Toumal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer.  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  Slate  Engineer,  Kentuck->-  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Man- 
hattan Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer,  Mich- 
igan Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog,  Mis- 
souri Shamrock,  Xebraska  Blueprint,  Xew 
Vork  University  Quadrangle,  Xonh  Da- 
kota Engineer.  Xorth  Dakota  State  Engi- 
neer, Xorthwestem  Engineer,  Xotre  Dame 
Technic.nl  Review,  Ohio  Slate  Engineer, 
Oklaho'ua  State  Engineer.  Oregon  Slate 
Technical  Record,  Penn  State  Engineer, 
Pennsyl\-ania  Triangle,  Purdue  Engineer, 
RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  SC  En- 
gineer, Rose  Technic,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin    Engineer. 

Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, Xovemher.  December.  January,  Febru- 
ary. March.  April  and  May)  by  the  lUini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter.  October  30.  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana.  Illinois,  under  the  .\cl 
of  March  3,  1879.  Office  2!3  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana.  Illinois.  Subscriptions  Sl-50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  Thi  Illinois  TechnogTapb. 
Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Bamhill,  605  Xorth  Michigan  .Avenue.  Chi- 
cago 11,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  Xew  York 
17,  Xew   York. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number  7 


confenfs: 


2ditorial 


lore   than    just  transportation 11 


go  daddy  go 18 


from  a  tee-pee  to  a   two  o'clock 


analyze  your  cake  and  keep  it  too— with  X-ray 


26 


30 


techno-cutie  of  the  month 33 


a  dream  come  true 34 


the   automobile   of  tomorrow 


40 


dual   exhaust  systems 44 


skimming    industrial    headlines 50 


technocracks     56 


our  cover 

The  Pontiac  Stratostreak  V-8  engine  is  a  typical  example 
of  the  great  strides  that  have  been  mode  in  the  field  of  auto- 
motive engine  design.  This  180  horsepower  package  is  more 
than  just  an  outstanding  engineering  achievement.  From  hy- 
draulic valve  lifters  to  quad-  galley  lubrication;  from  ball-pivot 
rocker  arms  to  reverse  flow  gusher  valve  cooling  —  all  repre- 
sent man's  effort  to  better  himself.  (Color  cover-plates  courtesy 
of  Pontiac  Motors  Division,  General  Motors  Corporation,) 

our  frontispiece 

The  1955  Jaguar  convertible  was  shown  at  the  Champaign- 
Urbono  Optimist  Club  sports  car  show.  This  XK-140-M  is  slight- 
ly modified  in  the  engine  compartment  and  has  four  seats. 


m 


jcrjli,  J 


More  than  Just  Transportation 


by  Don  F.  Kesler,  E.  E.  '56 


The  main  difference  between  hot  rods 
and  sports  cars  is  the  method  ot  attain- 
ing the  common  goal.  The  goal  is  per- 
formance and  safety. 

The  approach  of  the  hot  rodder  is  to 
take  big  American  cars  and  do  as  much 
for  them  as  possible,  (ireat  improve- 
ments are  made  on  the  existing  cars, 
however,  the  limiting  factor  is  the  start- 
ing point  of  the  basic  car. 

The  sports  car  fan  attacks  the  prob- 
lem from  the  foundation.  The  basic  car 
is  designed  with  competition  and  road 
work  in  mind.  Since  a  car  is  of  little 
use  unless  it  can  be  driven  on  the  street, 
all  street  equipment  is  necessary.  It  must 
have  complete  headlights,  tail  lights  and 
a  horn.  Also  it  must  be  equipped  with  a 
spare  tire  and  fenders.  If  the  fenders 
are  the  cycle  type,  they  must  cover  at 
least  an  arc  of  120  degrees  along  the 
wheel. 

Sports  cars  must  be  built  to  be  driven 
on  service  station  gasoline,  since  this  is 
what  is  allowed  in  sponsored  sports  car 
races.  The  only  gasoline  that  may  be 
used  is  furnished  by  the  officials,  so  that 
rules  out  all  alcohol  and  nitro  mixtures. 
It  also  keeps  sports  car  racing  from  get- 
ting out  of  reach  of  many  would  be  en- 
thusiasts. Any  carburetor,  cam,  or  mani- 
fold modifications  are  legal  in  all  except 
strictly  stock  classes. 

The  job  of  a  sports  car  in  competi- 
tion is  to  get  the  driver  from  one  point 
to  another  point  in  the  shortest  time  for 
a  given  engine  size.  To  do  this  job.  it 
is  essential  that  the  car  corners  well  and 
accelerates  well. 

There  are  many  factors  concerning 
cornering.  A  firm  suspension  is  one  of 
the  first.  It  takes  a  firm  suspension  to 
counteract  the  roll  caused  by  the 
moment  of  the  center  of  gravity  acting 
about  the  roll  center.  Obviously  there 
are  two  ways  to  cut  down  roll — lower 
the  center  of  gravity  or  raise  the  roll 
center.  So  the  job  is  to  do  both.  Lower- 
ing the  center  of  gravity  is  merely  get- 
ting the  weight  as  low  as  possible,  how- 
ever there  are  more  variables  in  raising 
the  roll  center.  The  variation  in  roll 
center    comes    from    different    txpes    of 


suspension.  In  general,  the  SFA  (solid 
front  axle)  has  a  higher  roll  center  than 
an.\  IFS  (independent  front  suspen- 
sion). The  roll  center  on  the  SFA  is 
at  the  spring  perch.  The  roll  center  on 
the  IFS  ranges  from  below  the  ground 
to  a  few  inches  above  the  ground  de- 
pending on  the  individual  design.  One 
exception  to  this  is  the  Allard  front  sus- 
pension, which  has  a  high  roll  center. 
This  is  essentially  a  solid  axle  that  has 
been  cut  in  the  middle  and  pivoted  at 
both  ends  at  the  center  of  the  frame. 
It  also  has  radius  rods.  Even  though 
it  has  a  high  roll  center,  very  little  can 
be  said  for  the  Allard  handling  quali- 
ties. 

The  Porsche  has  a  very  good  suspen- 
sion that  is  different.  It  has  four  wheel 
independent  suspension  with  about  lu'ne 
inches  wheel  travel.  The  employment  of 
trailing   link   suspension   makes   possible 


the  soft  ride  with  horizontal  stability. 
Torsion  bars  parallel  to  the  axle  pro- 
duce the  .spring  action.  The  wheels  fol- 
low the  torsion  bars  like  swivel  castors 
without  the  swivel.  The  action  of  the 
wheel  is  vertical  with  a  little  action  for- 
ward and  backwar<l  due  to  the  arc  about 
the  radius  of  the  offset  between  the  tor- 
sion bar  and  the  axle.  This  takes  out 
most  of  the  roll  tendencies  of  the  con- 
ventional '".A"  arms  that  are  used  on 
most  American  cars.  It  is  impossible  to 
imagine  such  a  soft  ride,  yet  such  ex- 
cellent cornering  qualities.  There  is  no 
thrust  on  the  steering  wheel  over  rough 
roads  at  speeds  of  o\er  11(1  nu'les  an 
hour.  The  V'olkswageti,  which  sells  for 
under  lu'ne  hvmdred  dollars  in  (Jermany, 
or  about  sixteen  hundred  dollars  here, 
also  uses  this  type  of  suspension.  An 
American  manufacturer  cannot  imagine 
a  car  with  four  wheel  independent  sus- 


Benjamin  F.  Harris  Ill's  custom  built  special.  The  cor  utilizes  two  four  cylin- 
der Austin  engines  mounted  on  a  single  crankshaft  in  the  form  of  a  V-8. 


APRIL,   1955 


11 


pension  being  produced  for  under  nine 
hundred  dollars.  It  is  a  fact  that  the 
Volkswagen  ranks  fourth  in  car  sales  in 
the  world.  This  puts  it  just  after  Ford, 
Chevrolet,  and  Buick. 

Roadholding  as  well  as  riding  quali- 
ties come  from  a  high  sprung  to  un- 
sprung weight  ratio.  That  is  done  by 
having  the  lowest  possible  weight  of  the 
axles,  wheels,  and  springs.  Torsion  bar 
suspension  removes  the  weight  of  the 
spring  from  the  unsprung  weight.  Inde- 
pendent suspension  removes  the  weight 
of  the  axles  and  more  important,  the 
differential  and  driveshaft.  A  low  un- 
sprung weight  reduces  the  inertia  the 
body  must  stop  when  the  wheels  go 
over  a  bump.  Thus  a  reduction  in  un- 
sprung weight  reduces  bumps  in  direct 
proportion  to  the  decrease  in  unspriuig 
weight.  This  improvement  in  ride  in  no 
way  hampers  roatl  holding  qualities.  In 
fact  it  improves  them  by  reducing  the 
amount    of    time    the    wheel    is    off    the 


can  be  varied  to  a  certain  extent  by  the 
area  of  contact  of  the  tires  and  tire  pres- 
sure. The  center  of  gravity  is  highly 
important  in  the  amount  of  drift.  If  the 
center  of  gravity  is  high  it  will  take 
a  large  amount  of  torque  to  make  a 
given  car  drift.  With  a  lower  center  of 
gravity,  the  car  will  drift  with  a  lesser 
amount  of  torque  or  will  slide  more 
for  the  same  amount  of  torque.  Ordinar- 
ily, there  is  little  concern  in  getting  the 
center  of  gravity  too  low.  This  is  im- 
usual,  but  can  easily  be  done  with  small 
cars  with  a  solid  axle. 

It  is  generally  recognized  that  the 
rear  spring  rate  should  be  about  sixty 
per  cent  of  the  front  spring  rate.  This 
means  the  rear  springs  are  softer  and 
allow  most  of  the  roll  to  be  counter- 
acted by  the  front  wheels.  Thus  there  is 
less  rear  wheel  pickup,  and  less  wheel 
spin  on  the  corners.  In  turn,  there  is 
more  torque,  and  better  cornering.  This 
also    helps    the    ride   since    the    driver    is 


William  Doty  won  a  ribbon  and  a  silver  plate  with  his  Triump  TR-2  at 
the  sports  car  show.  (Photo  courtesy  Joe  Stocks,  Champaign-Urbona  Op- 
timists Club) 


ground  after  the  car  goes  over  a  bump. 
IVIore  torque  is  transmitted  to  the  road 
and  the  cornering  is  improved. 

The  ability  to  go  into  a  controlled 
drift  is  a  very  important  factor  in  cor- 
nering. Drifting  is  a  mild  slide  by  all 
four  wheels  that  enables  power  to  be 
applied  and  cut  do\\n  the  amount  of 
body  roll.  The  amount  of  drift  is  very 
easily  controlled  by  the  amount  of  power 
applied  to  the  rear  wheels.  The  size  of 
tires,  tire  pressure,  spring  rate,  avail- 
able torque,  and  type  of  suspension  are 
all  important  factors  in  controlled  drift. 
The  inherent  ability  comes  from  the  type 
of  suspension   and   spring  rate,   but  this 


sitting  \ery  close  to  the  rear  wheels  in 
a  sports  car.  The  leverage  of  the  front 
wheels  on  the  driver  is  small  compared 
to  that  of  the  rear  wheels.  The  shock 
transmitted  to  the  driver  is  proportional 
to  the  leverage  and  the  stiffness  of  the 
springs.  Therefore  the  springs  may  be 
much  stiffer  in  front  than  the  rear  and 
still  not  make  the  ride  appreciabh' 
worse. 

Acceleration  is  almost  completely  de- 
pendent upon  weight,  horsepower,  and 
gear  ratio.  Aside  from  the  drag,  ac- 
celeration is  proportional  to  torque  di- 
vided by  the  weight.  A  cut  in  weight  re- 
flects an  equal  per  cent  gain  in  acceler- 


ation. A  good,  or  fat,  horsepower  curve 
is  just  as  important  as  high  peak  horse- 
power. Horsepower  is  in  the  lower 
RPM  ranges  is  used  much  more  than 
in  the  peak  range. 

.Since  sports  car  competition  is  based 
on  engine  size,  boring  and  stroking 
should  not  be  carried  out  so  as  to  put 
you  in  the  bottom  of  the  next  highest 
displacement  class.  The  RPM  of  peak 
horsepower  is  not  of  importance  if  no 
more  horsepower  can  be  attained  at 
more  RPM's.  Where  a  high  RPM  en- 
gine is  used,  a  lower  gear  ratio  is  used 
so  the  final  torque  is  only  dependent  on 
horsepower  and  not  on  engine  speed. 

American  cars  violate  almost  all  rules 
of  good  performance.  The  cars  are 
heavy,  have  poor  aerodynamics,  are  too 
large  to  handle  good,  and  have  poor 
weight  distribution.  The  steering  ratio 
is  too  high,  the  tires  are  low  pressure, 
the  center  of  gravity  is  high,  and  the 
roll  center  is  low.  Most  of  the  trans- 
missions are  automatic,  which  cause 
poor  control  of  gearing  and  power 
curves.  The  one  thing  that  can  be  said 
for  American  cars  is  the  high  horse- 
power engines,  however,  the  displace- 
ment is  so  large  that  they  cannot  be 
called  high  output  engined  by  any 
stretch  of  the  imagination. 

The  hot  rodders  are  to  be  congratu- 
lated for  what  they  have  done  for  their 
cars,  however  they  must  be  compared  to 
a  Ferrari  of  comparable  engine  size.  The 
largest  Ferrari  is  under  300  cubic 
inches.  Even  with  the  difference,  the 
Ferrari  went  ISO  miles  an  hour  in  the 
Mexican  road  race.  The  Monza  and 
Mondial  F'errari  (ISJ  cubic)  can  top 
the  4.0  on  short  comses.  The  hot  rods 
cannot  come  close  to  these  cars  of  only 
a  half  their  engine  size. 

A  sports  car  is  fun  to  drive  because  it 
is  responsive  to  your  command.  The 
easy  steering  comes  from  good  weight 
distribution  and  light  weight.  Fast  steer- 
ing means  quick  response,  because  the 
driver  does  not  have  to  turn  the  wheel 
so  far.  Brakes  that  never  fade  are  essen- 
tial on  a  competition  car.  Light  weight, 
large  lining  area,  and  large  diameter 
brakes  reduce  the  strain  in  long  races. 
Disc  or  spot  brakes  are  very  effective 
in  combatting  fade.  Aluminum  alloy 
with  steel  liners  make  brakes  run  cooler 
than  cast  iron  brake  drums.  Braking 
from  150  to  30  miles  per  hour  takes  the 
toll  of  cars  with  good  brakes.  The 
Jaguar  has  three  spots  per  wheel  spot 
brakes  on  Its  competition  models.  The 
patent  is  licensed  from  a  U.  S.  com- 
pany. Why  can't  U.  S.  car  manufactur- 
ers make  use  of  these  superior  brakes. 
These  are  but  a  few  of  the  engineering 
advances  of  the  European  cars. 

A  few  weeks  ago,  several  enthusiasts 
from  the  local  area  went  on  a  rally  to 
Starved  Rock,  Illinois.  A  rally  is  not  a 
race   in   any  way.   shape  or   form.   The 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  little  class  H  car  was  built  by  Don  F.  Kesler  last  summer.  The  cor  has 
on  aluminum  body  and  modified  Crosley  frame  and  suspension.  The  en- 
gine is  a  modified  Crosley. 


object  of  a  rally  is  to  maintain  an  aver- 
age speed  over  a  route  that  is  unknown 
to  \ou.  This  is  no  easy  thing  to  do. 
^'our  navigator  is  madly  making  cal- 
culations while  you  worry  about  whether 
you  are  early  or  late.  Now  you  shout 
more  things  for  your  navigator  to  cal- 
culate. You  are  watching  unmarked 
roads  and  hope  you  hit  the  right  one. 
Always  on  the  lookout  for  secret  check 
points,  you  ask  about  your  time.  The 
secret  check  points  dictate  that  you  al- 
ways maintain  the  average  and  don't 
speed  up  and  wait  until  the  right  time 
to  get  to  the  check  point. 

At  the  finish,  the  times  and  distances 
are  compared  to  determine  the  winner. 
The  person  with  the  least  deviation 
from  the  predetermined  average  wins. 
Phil  Raeder,  the  winner  of  the  Starved 
Rock  rally,  was  only  twelve  seconds  oft 
after  the  first  check  point  at  thirtv-two 
miles.  Phil  drove  an  M(}-TF  1500. 
Don  Westerberg  took  second  in  his  \1G 
special.  Third  place  went  to  Bob  Ka\ 
in  a  Jaguar. 

Events  would  be  a  lot  easier  to  plan 
if  there  was  a  sports  car  club  in  the 
Champaign-L  rbana  area.  Regular  meet- 
ings would  draw  more  interest  and 
would  make  it  easier  to  delegate  jobs 
necessary  to  stage  an  event.  Other  ad- 
vantages of  organization  are  discounts, 
movies  of  Sebring.  Ci.  P.,  and  other 
races.  These  movies  are  available  to 
clubs  and  are  ver\-  good.  A  club  keeps 
the  group  closer  together  by  getting 
everyone  together  at  once  and  saves 
time  by  not  having  everyone  stop  to  find 
out  about  a  coming  event.  News  would 
circulate  faster,  and  get  to  everyone. 

The  first  job  in  organizing  a  sports 
car   club    is   to    advertise    a    meeting    by 


placing  notices  on  all  sports  cars  and  by 
word  of  mouth.  Then  bring  some  ideas 
about  your  club  rules  ai\d  requirements 
to  the  first  meeting.  Set  up  your  consti- 
tution the  first  meeting  so  as  to  have  a 
vote  the  second  meeting.  (Jet  a  commit- 
tee started  to  stage  a  rally  before  a 
month.  It  is  important  to  stage  an  e\ent 
shortly  after  the  start  of  the  organiza- 
tion so  that  interest  will  not  be  lost. 

Rallies  can  be  staged  to  sports  car 
races,  state  or  national  parks,  or  other 
interesting  places.  A  small  club  is  hold- 
ing races  on  and  surrounding  a  quarter 
mile  track  near  Macomb,  Illinois.  A 
similar  thing  could  be  done  near  any 
quarter  mile  track,  or  abandoned  air- 
port. The  Champaign  County  Fair 
(jrounds  has  been  used  for  a  sports  car 
field  day. 

The  next  thing  to  do  is  to  keep  the 
organization  running  smoothly.  One  of 
the  best  ways  to  do  this  is  to  show 
movies  at  the  meetings  and  to  bring  a 
well  known  driver  or  organizer  to  the 
meeting  in  order  to  discuss  secrets  of 
staging  events. 

A  sports  car  club  is  a  good  way  to 
spread  good  publicity  and  to  strengthen 
the  field  of  sports  cars.  Kvery  effort 
should  be  taken  to  further  the  accept- 
ance and  widespread  use  of  sports  cars. 
So  far  Detroit  has  made  very  little  use 
of  the  latest  developments  found  on 
sports  cars.  Perhaps  with  the  growth  of 
sports  cars  in  America  we  will  have 
some  requirements  such  as  four  wheel 
independent  suspension,  overhead  cams, 
and  close  ratio  gears  on  American  cars. 
When  that  day  comes  hot  rodders  will 
have  good  equipment  to  work  with.  Hut 
until  that  day,  sports  cars  have  the  su- 
preme advantage  over  hot  rods. 


Walking  with  a  friend  one  da\.  a 
professor  passed  a  large  fish  shop  where 
a  fine  catch  of  codfish  with  mouths  (»pen 
and  eyes  staring  were  arranged  in  a  row. 
The  professor  suddenly  stopped,  looked 
at  them  and(  clutching  his  friend  b\ 
the  arms,  exclaimed:  "Heavens!  That 
reminds  me  I  ha\e  a  class  in  CE  this 
hour." 

•  •        • 

An  engineer  is  a  guy  who  is  educated 
in  the  art  of  developing  new  and  differ- 
ent ways  of  making  the  same  mistake. 

•  •        • 

A  small  boy  was  seated  on  the  curb 
with  a  pint  of  whiske\  in  his  hand  read- 
ing a  racing  form  and  smoking  a  big 
cigar. 

An  old  lady  passed  and  asked,  "Little 
boy,  why  aren't  you  in  school  ?" 

The  child  replied:  "(Jeez  lady  1  ain't 
but  four. 

•  •        • 

Teacher:  David,  what  does  F-E-E-T 
spell  ? 

David:   I   don't  think   I   know. 

Teacher:  WVll,  what  is  it  that  a  cow 
has  four  of  and  I  have  onl\'  two? 

The  cla.ss  was  dismissed. 

•  •       • 

Leroy  Brooks  was  a.ssigned  the  job  of 
writing  up  his  sem'or  class  play  in  the 
high  sch(K)l  paper.  He  came  in  for  his 
share  of  literary  fame  when  this  write- 
up  was  published : 

"The  auditorium  was  filled  with  ex- 
pectant   mothers    eagerly    awaiting    the 
appearance  of  their  offspring." 
»       *       » 

Take  for  example  rags.  Rags  make 
paper.  Paper  makes  money.  Mone\ 
makes  banks.  Banks  make  loans.  Loans 
make  poverty,   and   poverty  makes   rags. 

«-        »       • 

Mose  was  brought  up  for  the  fourth 
speeding  offense.  He  muttered  some- 
thing under  his  breath  that  sounded  like 
an  oath. 

"Repeat  that,"  snapped  the  judge. 

"Oh,  I  says,  'God  am  de  judge,  (^od 
am  de  judge.'  " 

»        »       • 

OH.M  ON  THE  RANGE 

OPUS  314— IN  THREE  PHASE 

TI.ME 

Oh  give  me  an  ohm. 

Where  the  impedances  roam. 

Where  the   field   are  not   fluxing  all 

day. 
Where  never  you'll  see, 
A  field  without  phi. 
And  the  flux  is  not  leaking  away. 
( )hm,  ohm  on  the  range. 
Wlieer   the   flux   is   not  tharging   all 

day. 
Where  never  is  seen 
A  shunt  field  machine 
With  its  armature  runniiil;  awav. 


APRIL,  1955 


13 


THE 


ALUMINUM  INDUSTRY 


WAS  BORN  ON 
SMALLMAN 

STREET 


Alcoa's  new 
aluminum  office 
building 


y  In  1888,  the  aluminum  industry  consisted  of  one  company — 

located  in  an  unimpressive  little  building  on  the  east  side  of 

Pittsburgh.  It  was  called  The  Pittsburgh  Reduction  Company. 

The  men  of  this  company  had  real  engineering  abilities  and 

viewed  the  work  to  be  done  with  an  imagineering  eye.  But 

they  were  much  more  than  that.  They  were  pioneers  .  .  , 

leaders  .  .  .  men  of  vision. 

A  lot  has  happened  since  1 888.  The  country  .  .  .  the 
company  .  .  .  and  the  industry  have  grown  up.  Ten  new 
territories  have  become  states,  for  one  thing.  The  total 
industry  now  employs  more  than  1,000,000  people — 
and  the  little  outfit  on  Smallman  Street?  Well,  it's  a  lot 
bigger,  too — and  the  name  has  been  changed  to  Alcoa. 
Aluminum  Company  of  America  .  .  .  but  it's  still  the 
leader — still  the  place  for  engineering  "firsts". 

As  you  prepare  to  trade  textbooks  for  a  position  in 
industry,  consider  the  advantages  of  joining  a 
^v  dynamic  company  like  Alcoa — for  real  job  stability 

^yv        and  pleasant  working  conditions — where  good 
\^^^^      men  move  up  fast  through  their  association  with 

the   recognized   leaders   in   the   aluminum  industry. 


as  ^^>' 


We  have  fine  positions  for  college  graduate 
engineers — in  our  plants,  sales  offices  and 
research  laboratories  from  coast  to  coast. 
These  are  positions  of  responsibility  in 
production  supervision,  plant  and  design 
engineering,  industrial  research  or  sales 
engineering.  Right  now  it  may  be 
quicker  than  you  think  from  a  seat  in 
the  classroom  to  your  career  with 
Alcoa.  Why  not  find  out.' 


^'our  Placement  Director  will  be 
glad  to  make  an  appointment  for 
you  with  our  personnel  represent- 
ative. Or  just  send  us  an  applica- 
tion yourself.  Aluminum 
Company  of  America,  1825 
Alcoa  Bldg.,  Pittsburgh   19,  Pa. 


1 


♦f 


ALUJMINUWl 


^         — .  ALUNIlNUrvi     CON1PANV    OF    AN1ERICA 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Hard  Rock  Shores  of  Lake 
Superior  are  Blasted  for 
New  Taconite  Harbor 

A  new  harbor  tor  the  transportation 
of  taconite  ore  is  being  blasted  out  of 
the  hard  rock  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
75  miles  north  of  Duluth,  Minn.  The 
operation  is  part  of  a  S.ilKI-million  proj- 
ect which  will  start  feeding  taconite  to 
the  nation's  steel  industry  by  1957. 

Construction  of  the  30-foot-deep  har- 
bor and  its  2.444"foot-long  concerte 
wharf  requires  the  removal  of  approx- 
imately 1,000.000  cubic  yards  of  rock 
over  a  35-acre  area,  much  of  it  under 
water.  Three  L  nited  States  companies 
and  one  Canadian  company  own  the 
Erie  Mining  Company  which  is  respon- 
sible for  the  project. 

The  harbor  is  approximate))  4,900 
feet  long  and  1 ,500  feet  wide.  Two 
small  islands  joined  by  a  rock  break- 
water will  form  the  outer  protection, 
and  other  rock  breakwaters  extending 
outward  from  the  shoreline  will  safe- 
guard the  sides.  Ships  will  enter  one 
end  of  the  harbor  between  the  break- 
waters and  lea\e  through  the  other  end. 

Contracting  work  began  on  the  harbor 
in  May,  1954  and  is  expected  to  be  com- 
pleted sometime  in  1956.  The  harbor 
probably  will  go  into  operation  late  in 
1957  when  the  Erie  Mining  Company's 
processing  plant  for  taconite,  73  miles 
inland,  is  completed. 

A  new  railroad  will  deliver  taconite 
ore  pellets,  processed  at  the  plant,  to  the 
harbor  for  loading  into  lake  carriers. 
Ore  cars  will  travel  on  a  railroad  trestle 
above  the  bins  to  discharge  their  con- 
tents. Lake  freighters  will  be  unloaded 
directly  from  the  bins  by  means  of  con- 
veyors. 

To  facilitate  blasting  and  rock  re- 
moval for  the  harbor,  two  cellular  steel 
sheet  pile  cofferdams  (watertight  en- 
closures from  which  water  is  pumped  to 
expose  lake  bottom)  are  being  built 
around  the  excavation  areas.  The  first 
cofferdam  was  divided  into  two  parts 
so  e\ca\  ation  could  be  carried  on  in  one 
area  while  the  second  part  of  the  coffer- 
dam was  being  constructed.  After  the 
first  portion  of  the  main  cofferdam  was 
completed,  water  was  pumped  out  and 
blasting  began. 

The  harbor  will  be  excavated  to  leave 
a  vertical  wall  of  rock  which  will  be 
faced  with  concrete  to  form  a  solid  dock. 
The  ore-loading  wharf  is  1,200  feet 
long,  (^n  it  will  be  mounted  25  concrete 
bins  for  loading  taconite.  Thirteen  addi- 
tional bins  can  be  built  on  a  624-foot 
extension  of  the  dock  later  on. 


And  then  there  was  the  E.E.  who 
[Called  his  girl  "Carbon"  because  her 
Iresistance  went  down  when  she  got 
kvarmed  up. 


ENGINEERS 

AND 

SC I ENTISTS 


You'll  find  at 
C     O     N     V    A     I      R 

A     DIVISION     OF      GENERAL      DYNAMICS      CORPORATION 

ENGINEERING  FOR 
THE  FUTURE 

CAREER  OPPORTUNITIES  EXIST  IN: 


AERODYNAMICS 
Aero-Analysis 
Pertorni:nce 

AEROPHYSICS 

Stability  and  Automatic  Control 
Aero-Electronics 


Theoretical  Aerodynamics 
Experimental  Aerodynamics 


Armament  Analysis 
Electronic  Computing 


PROPULSION 

Propulsion  Research  Propulsion  Development 

Environmental  Controls  Systems  Development 

NUCLEAR  PHYSICS 

Theoretical  Nuclear  Physics 
Experimental  Nuclear  Physics 

STRUCTURES  ENGINEERING  FOR  AIRCRAFT 

Stress  Analysis  Flutter  and  Dynamics 


Structural  Research 


Structural  Loads 


DESIGN  for  AIRCRAFT  and  NUCLEAR  APPLICATION 
Airframe  Structures  Electrical 

Thermodynamics  Electronics 

Mechanisms  Equipment  Design 

Power  Plant  Installations 

ENGINEERING  TEST 

Flight  Test  Instrumentation  Data  Reduction 

Fluid  Dynamics— Electronic,  Electrical— Structural 

It  is  required  that  applicants  for  these  positions  have 
formal  education  in  Aeronautical,  Mechanical,  Civil  or 
Electrical  Engineering,  Physics  or  Mathematics— or  pro- 
fessional experience  in  one  of  the  fields  above. 

At  CONVAIR  you  have  an  excellent  opportunity  to  do 
graduate  work— in  plant  or  in  evening  college.  CONVAIR 
offers  liberal  travel  allowances,  paid  vacations,  excel- 
lent  insurance    and    retirement    programs. 

Send  Resume  to  M.  L.  TAYLOR 

CONVAIR,  Engineering  Personnel  Dept.   C-10 

FORT   WORTH,    TEXAS 

C    O     N     V    A     I     R 

A      DIVISION      OF       GENERAL       DYNAMICS       CORPORATION 

FORT  WORTH, TEXAS 


APRIL,  1955 


15 


FOR  UHLIMIT 


D  O 


P©RTUIilTY. 


Bnii 


JOIN  THE  TEAM  THAT  BUILDS  THE  F-lOO 


North  American's  new  F-lOO  Super  Sabre  is  the  supersonic  result  of  engineering  minds 
designing  where  opportunity  is  unlimited.  The  same  opportunity  exists  for  you  .  .  .  because 
North  American  knows  your  future  is  important  to  aviation's  future  .  .  .  that  your  talent 
and  training  are  vitally  needed  to  help  design  tomorrow's  aircraft. 

North  American  needs  men  with  vision  and  a  thorough  technical  background 
to  help  create  and  shape  the  new  ideas  which  will  build  the  advanced  aircraft  and 
aircraft  components  needed  to  assure  America's  future  in  the  air. 

Engineers  at  North  American  also  find  opportunities  in  the  expanded  programs  in  atomic 
energy,  rocket  engines,  advanced  electro-mechanical  equipment  and  guided  missiles.  When 
the  time  comes  for  you  to  enter  the  engineering  profession,  consider  the  well-paid  careers 
at  North  American.  Write  for  information  concerning  your  future  in  the  aircraft  industry. 

Contact:  Your  college  placement  office  or  write:  Employment  Director, 

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Los  Angeles,  Calif.  Downey,  Calif.  Columbus  16,  Ohio 

ENGINEERING     AHEAD    FOR    A    BETTER    TOMORROW 


H 


ORTHi^MERICANiMiVIATION,  INC. 


A 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


STORY  TELLER... 

Finding  the  origin  of  gages  is  as  difficult  as  enumer- 
ating the  types  of  service  for  which  they  are  used.  But 
all  types  of  gages  have  one  thing  in  common  .  .  .  they 
tell  a  story.  They  indicate  what's  going  on  in  inacces- 
sible areas  ...  or  measure  things  you  cannot  see. 
Whether  actuated  by  physical  force,  electrical  im- 
pulse or  mechanical  means  .  .  .  whether  fixed  or  port- 
able .  .  .  gages  are  indispensable  to  modern  civiliza- 
tion. They  measure  the  potential  of  power  or  pressure 
.  .  .  the  degree  of  heat  .  .  .  the  force,  flow  or  level  of 
liquids  or  gases  .  .  .  the  strength  of  solids. 

MASTER   OF   MYSTERY... 

In  industry,  gages  have  replaced  guesses.  Physicists, 
designers,  chemists,  metallurgists,  mechanical  and 
electrical  engineers,  and  a  host  of  technicians  and 
craftsmen  have  sired  this  scientific  servant  ...  to 
work  in  power  and  processing  plants,  in  mines  and 
mills,  on  highways  and  skyways,  on  and  under  water. 
A  gage  never  works  alone.  Only  when  it  has  a  point 
of  contact  can  it  function.  And  minds,  too,  must  have 
a  point  of  contact  that  will  render  the  behind-the- 
scene  reports  of  industry's  status.  Here,  in  America, 
that  function  is  fulfilled  in  our  all-seeing,  all-hearing 
and  reporting  Inter-Communications  System. 

THE    AMERICAN    INTER-COM    SYSTEM... 

Complete  communication  is  the  function,  the  unique 
contribution  of  the  American  business  press  ...  a 


great  group  of  specially  edited  magazines  devoted  to 
the  specialized  work  areas  of  men  who  want  to  man- 
age better,  research  better,  sell  better,  buy  better. 

COMMUNICATION   IS   OUR    BUSINESS... 

Many  of  the  textbooks  in  which  you  are  now  studying 
the  fundamentals  of  your  specialty  bear  the  McGraw- 
Hill  imprint.  For  McGraw-Hill  is  the  world's  largest 
publisher  of  scientific  and  technical  works. 

After  you  leave  school,  you  will  want  to  keep 
abreast  of  developments  in  your  chosen  profession. 
Then  one  of  McGraw-Hill's  many  business  magazines 
will  provide  current  information  that  will  help  you 
in  your  job. 


M.GRAW-HILL 

PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  INC. 


|]jV        330  WEST   42nd   STREET 
*  NEW   YORK   36,  N.  Y. 


.^^^ 


SSF 


HEADQUARTERS     FOR    TECHNICAL    AND     BUSINESS     INFORMATION 


APRIL,   1955 


17 


Go  -  Daddy  Go! 


by  Donnie  Snedeker,  E.  E.  '58 


"Drag,  Buddy?"  This  simple  often- 
heard  phrase  seems  to  exemplify  the  en- 
thusiasm for  a  sport  and  a  hobby  that 
has  taken  hold  of  30' 7  of  today's  young 
men.  More  and  more  teen-agers  are  fly- 
ing along  this  hopped-up  highway  to 
speed  and  power.  They  aren't  content 
driving  a  Detroit  wagon  that  will  meet 
its  Waterloo  at  every  stoplight.  They 
want  a  car  with  super  looks  and  super 
go-go-go. 

Often  times  the  beginner  who  sets  out 
to  soup  up  his  car  becomes  lost  in  a 
maze  of  fact,  formvilas,  and  fantasies. 
He  doesn't  know  where  to  begin  to  get 
the  most  for  his  dollar.  As  little  or  as 
much  can  be  done  as  the  individual 
wants,  with  prices  ranging  from  a  few 
dollars  to  have  the  heads  milled  to 
hundreds  for  the  complete  treatment. 
Hasically  there  are  five  simple  wa\s  to 
power  and  speed  which  I  shall  attempt 
to  elaborate  here. 

The  first  thing  that  invariably  pops 
into  the  head  of  the  newly-converted 
speed  merchant  is  to  either  mill  the 
heads,  or  replace  them  with  a  set  of  high 
compression  heads.  The  increase  in  com- 
pression ratio  shows  a  gain  of  111  horse- 
power immediately.  The  performance 
becomes  improved  and  the  engine  should 
operate  more  economically.  All  this  is 
brought  about  because  the  gas  is  being 
compressed  more,  giving  it  a  greater 
punch  when  it  is  ignited.  As  I  mentioned 
before  this  increase  in  compression  can 
be  accomplished  b\'  installing  a  set  of 
special  high  compression  heads.  The  cost 
would  probably  run  nearly  $75.  For  less 
than  one-third  this  price  the  heads  can 
be  milled  (  part  of  the  underside  of  the 
head  is  machined  off  to  reduce  the  vol- 
ume of  the  combustion  chamber),  and 
for  all  practical  purposes  on  a  street  job 
this  gives  almost  as  much  increase  in 
power   as   a   set    of    aluminum     racing 


heads.  The  average  late  model  car  has 
a  compression  ratio  of  about  6.8  to  1 . 
Milling  0.120  in.  off  the  head  will  in- 
crease this  compression  ratio  to  about 
8 J/  to  1.  Although  you  can  go  as  high 
as  14  to  1  with  special  domed  high  com- 
pression heads,  8  ■'2  to  1  is  about  the 
best  for  general  use  on  a  street  job 
burning  pump  gas.  Any  higher  ratio 
would  tend  to  give  very  poor  low  speed 
performance. 

Second  on  our  agenda  to  speed  and 
power  comes  the  cam  shaft.  No  other 
single  souping  operation  can  add  as 
much  moxie  to  an  engine  as  the  instal- 
lation of  a  high-performance,  regroinid 
cam  shaft.  Many  types  of  high-perform- 
ance cams  and  regrinding  operations  are 
offered  to  the  public,  but  for  best  per- 
formance the  cam  shaft  should  be  re- 
ground  to  suit  the  individual  engine. 
The  semi  or  j^-VRce  grind  is  about  the 
best-suited  for  passenger  car  use.  It  will 
work  hand  in  hand  with  the  high-com- 
pression heads  to  give  increased  power, 
performance,  and  acceleration  while 
maintaining  good  low  speed  and  idling 
characteristics.  The  function  of  the  re- 
ground  cam  is  to  give  the  valves  high- 
er lift,  longer  opening,  and  more  oxer- 
lap.  This  produces  greater  volumetric 
efficiency  which  in  turn  nets  up  to  10 
additional  horsepower.  The  cost  of  the 
regrinding  operation  runs  around  $30 
to  $40  with  very  little  means  of  cutting 
down  on  costs  here.  However,  Chewy 
owners  can  get  around  grinding  the  cam 
by  using  special  high-lift  rocker  arms, 
instead.  These  perform  the  same  fiuic- 
tion  of  holding  the  valves  open  a  little 
longer,  as  does  the  racing  cam,  and  they 
only  cost  $12.75  a  set.  V-8  owners 
should  install  a  set  of  adjustable  tap- 
pets with  their  reground  cam  to  com- 
pensate for  the  amount  of  metal  ground 
off  the  cam  lobes. 


The  next  thing  that  needs  looking 
into  is  seeing  that  each  cylinder  gets  as 
much  fuel  and  air  packed  in  with  each 
intake  stroke  as  possible.  Most  simply 
this  is  achieved  by  multiple  carburetion. 
Aside  from  changing  to  smaller  jet 
sizes,  the  stock  automobile  carburetor 
is  very  well-suited  to  this  purpose. 
Whether  dual  or  triple  carburetion  is 
used,  the  carburetors  should  all  be  of 
the  same  make  and  size.  For  proper  dis- 
tribution of  the  fuel  to  each  cylinder 
these  carburetors  should  be  set  on  a 
special  dual  or  triple  manifold,  which- 
ever the  case  may  be,  that  will  have  no 
constricting  passageways  for  the  fuel. 
The  manifold  must  be  large  enough  to 
handle  the  capacity  of  fuel  needed  by 
the  engine.  The  cost  of  a  dual  mani- 
fold is  in  the  neighborhood  of  $40  to 
$60.  If  this  seems  a  little  hea\y  on  the 
green  stuff  there  are  "Y"  adapters  on 
the  market  for  only  $12.50.  The  "Y" 
adaptor  allows  the  use  of  dual  carbur- 
etion on  a  stock  manifold  with  only 
about  10%  loss  in  engine  efficiency  over 
the  costlier  manifolds. 

The  addition  of  the  dual  carburetors 
can  add  another  10  horsepower,  in- 
crease top  speeds,  give  better  pick-up, 
and  greater  pulling  power  when  they 
are  bonneted  with  race-type  air  clean- 
ers. These  will  allow  the  maximum  in 
air  volume  and  filtering  with  the  mini- 
mum of  dirt,  dust,  and  engine  chok- 
ing. This  addition  of  several  carbs  does 
not  necessarily'  mean  twice  as  much  fuel 
consumption  and  lower  mileage  to  the 
gallon;  rather  there  will  be  better  mile- 
age in  store  because  the  engine  will  be 
getting  full  power  from  the  fuel  it  biuns 
and  therefore  go  farther. 

Another  method  of  getting  more  fuel 
and  air  into  the  engine  on  the  intake 
stroke  is  the  use  of  a  super  charger,  or 
blower    as    it's    commonlv    called.    The 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


uiperchargcd  mounts  on  the  engine  be- 
tween the  carbuetoi-  and  the  motor.  It 
sucks  fuel  and  air  through  the  car- 
buretor and  distributes  the  mixture 
under  pressure  to  each  of  the  cyh'nders. 
In  efifect,  this  greatly  increases  the 
amount  of  air  and  fuel  in  the  mixture 
charge  which  in  turn  increases  the 
punch,  upon  being  ignited.  In  actual 
tests  the  addition  of  a  supercharged  in- 
creased the  horsepower  of  a  stock  Ford 
V-8  as  much  as  ,i()  per  cent.  In  the  past 
the  cost  of  a  supercharger  has  been  too 
great,  but  recently  McCuIloch  Motors 
of  Los  Angeles  has  come  out  with  a 
noiseless,  centrifugal  type  blower  that  is 
well  within  the  grasp  of  the  average  en- 
thusiast. And  surprisingly  enough  it  can 
be  used  throughout  the  range  of  modern 
automobile  engines ! 

Now  tliat  we  ha\e  pa\ed  the  wa\  for 
the  greatest  fuel  mixture  we  must  pro- 
vide a  quick,  easy  exit  for  the  exhaust 
gases.  The  stock  exhaust  system  has 
been  \ery  well  termed  by  one  writer 
as  "an  abortion  fit  only  for  the  junk 
pile."  Nothing  constipates  the  engine 
more  than  the  sharp  bends  and  bafHe 
plate  mufflers  that  Detroit  puts  out.  The 
back  pressure  holds  back  much  of  the 
exhaust  gases  which  dilutes  the  fuel 
mixture  charge  and  cuts  down  efficiency. 
This  problem  is  easily  solved.  Even  De- 
troit is  beginning  to  realize  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  dual  exhaust  system.  Cad- 
illac has  had  them  for  several  years  and 
now  they  may  be  had  on  nearly  all  cars 
as  an  extra  in  their  power  kits.  There 
are  many  makes  of  dual  exhaust  set- 
ups which  when  combined  with  low 
pressure  straight-thru  mufflers  give  ver\' 
little  back  pressure  and  produce  a  deep, 
mellow  tone.  Engineers  show  there  is  a 
gain  of  about  one  horsepower  for  each 
half-inch  reduction  of  back  pressure  on 
the  motor  which  gives  us  an  additional 
4  to  8  horsepower. 

Our  final  step  is  one  that  will  not 
necessarily  add  any  horsepower  but  it 
can  certainly  steal  the  power  if  it  is 
not  kept  up.  This  is  the  engine's  spark 
of  life — the  ignition  system.  It's  func- 
tion seems  to  be  the  fairly  simple  task 
of  igniting  the  fuel  mixture  in  the  com- 
bustion chambers.  There's  a  little  more 
to  it  than  that.  The  batter\-  provides 
the  current  but  it  doesn't  have  the 
oomph  to  jump  such  a  spark  on  its 
own  ;  so  it  is  hooked  up  to  a  coil  which 
steps  the  b  volts  up  to  as  many  as  30.01)1) 
volts.  Of  cour.se,  the  spark  has  to  be  at 
the  right  cylinder  at  the  right  time.  For 
this  purpose  we  have  a  distributor  con- 
sisting of  breaker  points,  a  condenser, 
and  a  rotor,  which  rotates  to  make  con- 
tact with  each  plug  in  firing  order.  E^ach 
time  the  breaker  points  close  a  surge  of 
juice  from  the  batterx  builds  up  a  mag- 
netic field.  When  the  jioints  open  the 
field  collapses  and   a  high   tension   surge 


produced  in  tile  coil  travels  to  the  rotor 
from  which  it  jumps  to  the  spark  plugs 
in  proper  firing  order.  Each  time  the 
points  open  and  close,  the  rotor  ro- 
tates to  make  contact  with  a  different 
plug.  This  process  occ\u-s  about  10,000 
times  iH-r  nule. 

Especially  on  a  .souped  engine  the  ig- 
nition svstem  must  be  at  peak  efficiency 
all  the  time.  With  the  greater  compres- 
sion increasing  the  density  of  the  gas 
mixture  it  takes  a  stronger  spark  to 
bridge  the  gap  between  the  spark  plug 
electrodes.  Here,  the  best  solution  is  a 
dual  ignition  svstem — two  coils  and  two 
sets  of  breaker  points.  This  would  di- 
vide the  8-cylinder  engine  into  two  sys- 
tems of  four  cylinders  each,  which 
would  double  the  time  allowed  to  build 
up  the  \oltage  for  each  spark  and  great- 
ly reduce  the  wear  on  the  individual 
parts.  Also  the  spark  plugs  must  not  be 
forgotten.  L'nder  the  extreme  pressures 
in  the  combustion  chamber  the  spark 
plug's  center  electrode  tends  to  heat  up 
resulting  in  premature  detonation  of  the 
fuel  mixture.  To  prevent  this  loss  in 
power,  spark  plugs  of  the  proper  heat 
range  must  be  selected  according  to  the 
dictates  of  the  individual  engine.  Gen- 
erally speaking,  a  slightly  colder  plug 
is  usually  u.sed  pn  hot  engines. 

Although  the  five  steps  just  men- 
tioned are,  I  think,  the  basic  steps  in 
soup-up  operations,  there  are  still  main 
things  that  may  be  done  to  the  engine. 
We  can  gain  about  3  horsepower  bv 
porting  and  relieving,  which  consists  of 
enlarging  the  diameter  of  the  intake 
ports  and  grinding  away  some  of  the 
block  between  the  valve  ports  and  the 
cvlindcrs,  allowing  the  engine  to 
breathe  better.  The  cylinders  them- 
selves can  be  overbored  up  to  0.120 
inches,  giving  more  cubic  inches  of  fuel 
to  the  cylinder  which,  in  turn,  produces 
approximately  20  more  horsepower. 
Naturally,  overboring  means  we  must 
switch  to  oversize  racing  pistons  which 
are  designed  to  operate  at  the  higher 
compression  ratios.  We  may  now  add 
more  cubic  inches  and  an  additional 
10  horsepower  by  stroking,  which  mere- 
ly means  increasing  the  length  of  travel 
of  the  piston  within  the  cvlinder. 

If  we  have  come  this  far  we  should 
now  balance  the  engine.  In  a  hopped- 
up  motoi'  with  its  extra  horses  and 
higher  rpm,  everv'  ounce  of  weight  that 
is  off-balance  becomes  pounds  of  fur\- 
with  but  one  thought — to  tear  the  en- 
gine apart.  By  grinding  off  superflnus 
metal  from  the  pistons  and  cam  rods 
we  can  balance  the  engine,  which  would 
remove  all  vibration  and  double  the  en- 
gine's life. 

Now  that  we've  gone  all  out  on  the 
engine  there  still  remains  the  transmis- 
sion and  rear  end  gears.  With  a  more 
powerful  engine  we  mav   use  higher  gear 


a 


for  America's  young 
engineers  with  capacity  for 
continuing  achievements  in 

radio  and  electronics 

Today,  engineers  and  physicists 
are  looking  at  tomorrow  from  the 
top  of  this  tower  .  .  .  the  famed 
Microwave  Tower  of  Federal 
Telecommunication  Laboratories 
...  a  great  development  unit  of 
the  world-wide,  American-owned 
International  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  Corporation. 

Here,  too,  is  opportunity  for 
the  young  graduate  engineers  of 
America  .  .  .  opportunity  to  be 
associated  with  leaders  in  the 
electronic  field  ...  to  work  with 
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ognition ...  to  achieve  advance- 
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capacity. 

Learn  more  about  this  noted 
Tower  of  Opportunity... its  long- 
range  program  and  generous  em- 
ployee benefits.  See  your  Place- 
ment Officer  today  for  further  in- 
formation about  FTL. 

INTERESTING 
ASSIGNMENTS   IN  — 

Radio  Communication  Systems 

Electron  Tubes 

Microwove  Components 

Electronic  Countermeosures 

Air  Navigation  Systems 

Missile  Guidance 

Transistors  and  other 

Semiconductor  Devices 

Rectifiers  •  Computers  •  Antennas 

Telephone  and 

Wire  Transmission  Systems 

Federal 
Tdecommunication 
labomtories/^ 

4  DfVfsion  of  International 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corporation  | 

500  Washington  Avenue,  Nutley,  N.  J.  \ 


i 


APRIL,  1955 


19 


Training  is  never  ''cut  and  dried"  at  Columbia-Soutliern 


Columbia-Southern  is  vitally  interested  in  the  professional 
growth  of  each  of  its  employees.  Its  management  knows 
that  both  the  company  and  the  individual  benefit  when 
each  man  is  given  the  freedom  to  make  full  use  of  his 
education  and  his  capabilities. 

That's  why  there  are  two  major  emphases  in  the  program 
designed  for  fitting  new  technical  employees  into  the 
Columbia-Southern  organization.  The  first  is  "on-the-job" 
training  which  lets  the  employee  learn  about  his  job  and 
his  company  through  actually  carrying  out  assignments  of 
gradually  increasing  responsibility. 

The  second  is  individuality:  there  is  no  standard  program, 
nor  is  the  trainee  treated  as  just  one  of  a  crowd.  Nothmg  is 
"cut  and  dried."  The  specific  program  for  any  individual 
will  depend  upon  his  background  and  his  interests. 

Frequent  meetings  with  management  people  give  each 
trainee  an  opportunity  to  have  any  questions  cleared  up 
promptly.  They  also  enable  the  management  representative 
to  evaluate  the  new  employee's  progress,  to  recommend 
additional  training,  and  to  determine  how  rapidly  the  new 
man  can  be  moved  into  positions  of  greater  responsibility. 


We  want  men  who  can  grow  with  the  fast-growing 
Columbia-Southern  organization.  If  you  have  an  aversion 
to  the  "cut  and  dried,"  we  believe  you  may  find  it  highly 
advantageous  to  look  into  Columbia-Southern. 

For  further  information,  write  now  to  Dept.  P  at  our 
Pittsburgh  address  or  any  of  the  plants. 

COLUMBIA-SOUTHERN 
CHEMICAL  COIVPOIIATION 

SUBSIDIAHYOF  PITTSBUR.OH  PLATE  CLASS  COMPANY 

ONE    GATEWAY    CENTER.  •  PITTSBURGH    22-   PENNSYLVANIA 


DISTRICT  OFFICES:  Cincinnati  •  Charlotte  •  Chicago 
Cleveland  •  Boston  •  New  York  •  St.  Louis 
Minneapolis     •     New  Orleans     •     Dallas     •     Houston 

Pittsburgh    •    Philadelphia    •    San  Francisco 
PLANTS:    Barberton,  Ohio    •    Bortlett,  Calif.    •    Corpus 
Christi,  Texas    •    Lake  Charles,  La.    •    Natrium,  W.Va. 

Jersey  City,  N.J. 

IN     CANADA:     Standard     Chemical     Limited     and     its 

Commercial  Chemicals  Division 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1954  — Roll-out  of  America's  first  jet  transport,  the  Boeinfl  707 


Progress  is  a  Boeing-career  hallmark 


From  the  earliest  days  of  aviation,  Boeing 

engineers  have  produced  an  impressive 
number  of  trend-creating  "firsts"— includ- 
ing the  707,  America's  first  jet  transport, 
shown  above. 

Boeing's  38-year  history  of  Research, 
Design  and  Production  progress  has  con- 
tinuously opened  up  new  career  oppor- 
tunities for  engineers.  Today  Boeing 
emplovs  more  engineers  than  even  at  the 
peak  of  World  War  If. 

At  Boeing  you'd  work  with  engineers 
who  de\eloped:  The  world's  first  all- 
metal,  3-milc-a-minute  commercial  trans- 
port. The  first  pressurized  airliner.  The 
first  effective  four-engine  bomber  (the 
B-17).  Today's  fastest  operational 
bomber  (the  six-jet  B-47).  The  even 
more    advanced    B-52    eight-jet    global 


bomber,  and  the  707,  America's  first  jet 
transport.  Boeing  engineers  continue  to 
design  "years  ahead, "  doino  research  on 
nuclear-powered  aircraft.  They  are  also 
developing  a  new  Air  Force  defense 
weapons  system,  based  on  the  Boeing 
F-99  Bomarc  pilotless  interceptor.  These 
long-range  programs  project  Boeing  prog- 
ress far  into  the  future. 

One  measure  of  the  satisfaction  of 
Boeing  careers  is  given  in  the  chart 
below.  It  shows  that  46%  of  Boeing 
engineers  have  been  with  the  company 


20+ 
15+ 
10+ 
5+ 


M 


20X 


M 


WH 


50% 


for  fiye  or  more  years;  25%  for   10  or 
more  years,  and  6%  for  1 5  or  more  years. 

Here  are  other  advantages:  Boeing 
promotes  from  within  and  holds  regu- 
lar merit  reviews  to  assure  indi\idual 
recognition.  Engineers  are  encouraged 
to  take  graduate  studies  while  working 
and  are  reimbursed  for  all  tuition 
expense. 

Of  technical  graduates  at  Boeing,  28% 
hold  Mechanical  Engineering  degrees, 
24%  Electrical,  19%  Aeronautical,  and 
9%  Civil.  The  remainder  is  comprised  of 
other  engineering  graduates,  physicists 
and  mathematicians. 

for  further  Boeing  career  information 
consult   your  Placement   Office,  or  write: 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer- Personnel 
Boeing  Airplane   Company,  Seattle   14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON       WICHITA,  KANSAS 


APRIL,  1955 


21 


ratios.  Generally  speaking,  higher  rear 
end  ratio  gives  higher  top  speeds,  and 
higher  transmi.ssion  ratios  produce  faster 
acceleration.  Both  changes  will  give 
greater  economy  because  the  car  goes 
farther  on  one  engine  revolution.  A  set 
of  Lincoln  Zephyr  gears  in  the  trans- 
mission will  give  better  jump  at  the 
stoplight,  and  if  we  switch  to  larger 
gears  in  the  rear  end  we'll  have  more 
go  at  the  top  end.  In  fact,  the  engine 
will  be  winding  itself  out  with  gears 
that  are  holding  it  back  if  the  stock 
rear  end  isn't  replaced  with  a  higher 
ratio.  About  the  best  choice  for  cit\ 
driving  would  be  4.11  1  or  3.78  1 
gears  with  best  gas  mileage  around  town. 
A  cheaper  and  very  common  practice  is 
to  replace  the  rear  tires  with  larger 
ones.  Just  switching  from  6.50x16  to  a 
7.00x16  tire  will  produce  a  gain  of  about 
4  to  3  mph. 

Well,  the  rod  goes  now  but  will  it 
go  safel\'  and  stop  safely?  No  one  wants 
to  be  flying  along  in  the  101)  mph-plus 
range  and  suddenh'  have  a  threadbare 
tire  gi\e  out.  The  tires  must  be  in  top 
condition  with  plenty  of  rubber  at  rec- 
ommended pressure  because  if  the  baby's 
shoes  wear  out,  what's  she  going  to 
walk  on. 

Even  with  the  best  shoes  they  have 
to  have  shocks  that  will  keep  them  plant- 
ed firmly  on  the  ground.  Poor  shocks 
will  bounce  the  car  up  and  down  like 
crazy,  making  control  very  hard  to 
keep.  The  best  type  shocks  are  prob- 
ably the  tubular  hydraulics  with  dou- 
ble-acting action.  This  means  the\  will 
dampen  the  spring  action  on  the  way 
up  as  well  as  on  the  way  down.  After 
the  shocks  are  mounted  in  a  slightly- 
angled  vertical  position  they  should  be 
checked  regularly  for  leaks,  worn  mount- 
ings, etc.  The  shocks  may  be  checked 
by  bouncing  up  and  down  on  each  cor- 
ner of  the  car.  If  the  car  continues  to 
bounce  after  the  pressure's  taken  off, 
there's  something  wrong  with  the  shock 
on  that  corner  and  it  should  be  looked 
into. 

Although  we  have  good  tires  proper- 
ly suspended,  we  want  to  be  sure  we 
can  stop  on  a  dime  if  the  need  arises. 
Bugatti,  maker  of  the  world  famous 
sports  car  of  the  same  name,  once  said. 
"We  make  our  cars  to  go,  not  to  stop." 
That  sounds  like  a  pretty  good  policv 
until  we  suddenly  see  that  bridge  ahead 
is  washed  out.  Not  being  able  to  swim, 
we  want  to  stop!  This  is  best  accom- 
plished with  well-adjusted  hydraulic 
brakes.  Hydraulic  brakes,  which  work 
on  the  Pascal  principle  (confined  liquids 
transmit  pressure  equally  in  all  direc- 
tions without  loss),  should  be  used  to 
replace  the  mechanical  brakes  on  all  pre- 
\9^8  cars.  Hydraulic  brakes  eliminate 
the  constant  adjustment  needed  bv  the 
obsolete  mechanical  ones.  But  the  flex- 
ible  hose   coiuiections   should    alwavs   be 


kept  in  good  shape,  the  fluid  kept  at 
the  proper  level,  and  the  brake  linings 
adjusted.  As  the  brake  linings  wear 
down,  they  must  be  adjusted  nearer  to 
the  drums  to  compensate  for  the  wear. 

Possibly  there  are  a  couple  of  other 
safety  features  that  should  be  mentioned 
here.  Safety  belts  are  becoming  increas- 
ingly popular  through  articles  telling 
how  statistics  pro\e  that  is  safer  to  ride 
an  accident  out  with  the  car.  Flying 
through  the  windshield  or  being  plas- 
tered against  the  dash  is  definitely  not 
recommended.  For  approximately  $10.00 
this  can  be  virtually  eliminated  with  the 
installation  of  aircraft-type  safety  belts. 
To  be  safe  safety  belts  the\'  should  be 
bolted  to  the  frame  and  have  a  simple 
release  buckle.  The  belts  can  even  be 
purchased  in  colors  that  will  harmoiu'ze 
with  the  car's  interior. 

The  other  safety  feature  is  localizing 
and  extinguishing  a  fire,  should  one 
o:cur.  Undoubtedly,  one  of  the  hottest 
spots  to  be  caught  in.  is  in  a  rod  that 
is  on  fire.  This  usually  occurs  from  a 
defect  or  sudden  break  in  the  fuel  sys- 
tem. The  best  protection  is  to  have  a 
metal  firewall  between  the  driver  com- 
partment and  the  engine.  The  fuel  for 
the  fire  can  be  cut  off  by  a  shut-off 
vahe  on  the  dash.  This  shuts  oft"  the 
flow  of  fuel  to  the  engine  and  all  that's 
needed  then  is  a  good  fire  extinguisher 
to  put  the  fire  out.  The  fire  extinguisher, 
itself,  ma\'  be  mounted  beneath  the  dash 
for  easy  access.  As  the  old  and  true 
safety  slogan  goes,  "The  life  you  save 
may  be  your  own."  So  why  not? 

Now  that  we  have  a  car  that  goes 
and  stops  faster  and  safer,  let's  see  if 
we  can't  improve  upon  the  exterior  ap- 
pearance. Lowering  the  body  gives  us 
better  driving  and  handling  character- 
istics as  well  as  that  long,  low,  ground- 
hugging  look.  The  main  thing  to  guard 
against  is  excessive  lowering  which  clear- 
ly invites  bumper  dragging  and  banged- 
up  exhausts  while  driving  over  rough 
roads  or  up  inclined  driveways.  Also 
if  the  back  end  is  lowered  the  front  end 
should  also  be  lowered  to  prevent  a  tail 
heavy  appearance  which  actually  harms 
handling  characteristics. 

There  are  three  basic  ways  to  attack 
the  lowering  problem — altering  the  sus- 
pension, lowering  the  chassis,  channel- 
ing the  body.  Altering  the  suspension, 
though  not  the  best  method,  is  probably 
the  most  practiced  and  certainly  the 
cheapest.  Fords,  from  '32  to  '48.  have 
transverse  leaf  springs  which  are  easih' 
lowered  by  installing  long  spring 
shackles.  The  shackles  come  in  lengths 
up  to  6  inches  which,  when  used,  lower 
the  body  the  same  amount.  When  the 
shackles  are  used  there  is  a  tendency  for 
the  car  to  sway  from  side  to  side.  This 
is  prevented  by  the  installation  of  anti- 
sway  bars  which  may  be  obtained  at  most 
speed  shops.  The  anti-swav  bar  is  stock 


on   post-war   Fords. 

Later  model  Fords  and  other  makes 
of  cars  ha\e  their  springs  mounted  paral- 
lel to  the  frame.  Here  the  problem  of 
lowering  is  solved  with  the  use  of  low- 
ering blocks.  The  springs  are  attached 
to  small  pads  under  the  axle  by  use  of 
L  -bolts.  By  replacing  these  pads  with 
larger  ones  and  longer  U-bolts  we  can 
lower  the  car  a  subsequent  amount.  t)n 
late  model  cars  this  takes  care  of  the 
rear  end,  but  the  coil  springs  on  the 
front  end  pose  a  different  problem.  Some 
enthusiasts  torch  their  springs  to  bend 
and  shorten  them.  But  the  best  method 
is  probabh'  to  add  an  extension  to  the 
outer  end  of  the  lower  A-arm  and  rais- 
ing the  inner  end  of  the  upper  A-arm. 
The  two  A-arms  will  have  the  same 
relationship  to  each  other  and  the  car 
will  be  lowered  by  about  3  inches  in  the 
front.  The  necessary  equipment  for  this 
lowering  job  may  be  purchased  in  kit 
form  for  $37.50.  The  lowering  blocks 
for  the  rear  would  run  about  $3  to  $4. 

Probably  the  best  method  is  to  lower 
the  chassis.  And  the  best  method  of 
lowering  the  chassis  is  to  "Z"  the 
frame.  This  may  be  done  by  increasing 
the  curve  of  the  frame  rails  over  the 
rear  axle  (cutting  notches  out  of  the 
frame,  then  bending  up  and  over  the 
notched  points),  or  by  cutting  through 
the  frame  at  90^  back  near  the  axle, 
then  lowering  the  front  part  of  the 
rails  the  amount  wanted  and  welding  in 
reinforcing  plates  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom to  make  the  joint  a  single  unit. 
These  processes  can  lower  the  car  about 
5  inches  in  the  rear;  and  then  a  drop- 
ped, or  "dago,"  axle  may  be  purchased 
for  the  front  end  from  most  speed  shops, 
or  the  previously  described  method  of 
lowering  the  front  end  may  be  used. 

Channeling  is  slightly  more  expen- 
sive and  more  complicated.  The  cost  is 
around  S600  and  it  invokes  removing 
the  entire  floor  section ;  then  the  body 
is  dropped  down  around  the  frame;  and 
the  floor  section  is  rewelded  in  a  higher 
position  and  possibly  the  fenders  will 
have  to  be  raised  to  allow  proper  turn- 
ing of  the  wheels.  New  supporting 
brackets  usually  have  to  be  welded  to 
the  frame  to  properly  secure  the  body. 
This  method  reduces  the  height  of  the 
body  without  lowering  the  chassis, 
thereby  maintaining  good  ground  clear- 
ance. 

If  the  car  has  been  lowered  and  the 
overall  height  still  seems  too  great,  as 
is  often  the  case  with  older  model  cars, 
the  thing  to  do  is  chop  the  top.  This 
consists  of  cutting  a  section  out  of  the 
top  all  around  the  window  line,  drop- 
ping the  top,  and  rejoining  it  to  the 
body.  It  sounds  pretty  simple  but  it  is 
really  a  more  complicated  job  than 
should  be  handled  by  the  novice.  The 
top  doesn't  always  fit  just  right  and 
visually    requires   some    tricky    patching. 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


liamiiifring,  ami  WTliling  to  gft  a  de- 
cent lookin<;  job.  It's  almost  like  taking 
a  section  out  of  a  cone  and  trying  to 
get  the  top  to  lit  pioperly  onto  the  bot- 
tom part.  Therefore,  a  price  of  S400 
for  a  late  model  car  top  chopping  should 
not  appear  too  surprising. 

-Another  method  ot  lowering  the  o\er- 
all  height  is  to  section  the  body.  It  is 
similar  to  top  chopping  but  much  more 
complicated  and  consequently  twice  as 
expensive.  A  strip  is  cut  from  arovuid 
the  middle  of  the  car  body,  and  then 
the  top  half  is  lowered  to  be  welded 
to  the  bottom  half.  It  is  easil\'  seen  that 
this  is  extremely  more  intricate  because 
ot  the  mans  boil\-  contours  you  have  to 
place  your  cut  around.  Because  of  the 
great  expense  this  is  a  practice  seen  only 
on  the  most  radical  customs. 

And  now  to  de-chrome  our  car.  De- 
chroming  is  probabh  the  most  seen  cus- 
tomizing trick  because  it  is  rather  in- 
e\pensi\e,  and  does  change  the  appear- 
ance of  the  car  considerably  while  re- 
taining its  basic  good  lines.  The  hood 
is  the  first  thing  we  see,  so  naturally  it 
would  be  the  iirst  item  to  de-garbage. 
The  emblem,  hood  ornament,  and 
chrome  stripping  is  removed  and  the 
holes  are  brazed  in,  smoothed,  and 
primed  for  about  $20.  If  it  is  something 
such  as  a  late  model  Ford  with  a  center 
molding,  the  hood  will  probably  have 
to  be  peaked  which  would  make  the 
price  :;'^5l)  more. 

However,  these  piocesses  are  fairly 
simple  and  most  enthusiasts  who  can 
use  a  welding  torch  may  accomplisli 
these  tasks  themsehes.  The  holes  that 
would  remaui  when  the  side  chrome 
strips  are  removed  are  easily  filled  in 
and  the  price  of  about  75c  per  hole  is 
saved.  Likewise  the  removal  of  all  ex- 
terior chrome  from  the  rear  deck  may 
be  done  by  the  individual.  This  involves 
the  removal  of  the  trunk  handle  and 
possibly  license  plate  light  and  bracket. 

When  this  shaving  operation  is  com- 
pleted we  must  find  a  way  of  opening 
the  deck.  Oi  the  various  possibilities  the 
cable  catch  (like  the  hood  release)  is 
the  least  expensive.  When  the  driver 
pulls  a  cable  the  trunk  catch  is  released. 
SlightU'  more  expensive  is  the  electric 
solenoid  catch.  A  solenoid  is  connected 
by  a  cable  to  the  trunk  latch  and  wired 
to  a  button  on  the  dash.  The  dash  but- 
ton trips  the  electric  solenoid  which 
opens  the  trunk  latch.  Installation  costs 
about  $25. 

An  electric  solenoid  can  be  used  to 
open  the  doors  and  roll  the  windows  if 
the  handles  are  removed.  This  opera- 
tion works  in  the  same  way  as  the  trunk 
solenoid  catch.  The  buttons  may  be 
placed  on  the  dash  inside  or  on  the  in- 
side of  the  door,  itself.  The  outside  but- 
tons may  be  concealed  in  the  chrome 
stripping  and  are  of  the  t\pe  that  ma\ 
be   made    inoperati\e    with    a    door    ke\. 


Or  tliev  might  he  placed  beneath  the 
door  and  actuated  by  pressing  with  tin- 
foot.  The  price  of  these  installations 
would  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  $75  for 
either  the  dtxjrs  or  the  windows  and 
they  may  be  purchased  in  kit  form  from 
most  speed  shops. 

After  these  major  operations  there  re- 
mains but  a  few  steps  to  complete  be- 
fore painting  the  car.  The  headlights 
may  be  frenched  to  enhance  the  picture 
of  the  front  enil.  Whether  the  flush  rim 
style  or  the  recessed  style  is  used  de- 
pends upon  whether  the  car  is  wanted  to 
appear  longer  or  shorter.  The  chrome 
rims  on  the  headlights  are  brazed  to  the 
fenders.  These  are  smoothed  to  appear 
as  one  continuous  line  and  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  light  is  then  controlled  from 
beneath  the  fender.  Frenching  ser\es  to 
make  the  fender  line  longer,  higher  ,ind 
more  rac\'. 

Much  the  same  effect  may  be  achieved 
in  the  rear  by  frenching  the  tail-lights 
or  replacing  them  with  different  tail 
light  lenses  or  units.  A  popular  tail 
light  unit  that  can  be  fitted  into  many 
panels  without  too  much  alteration  is 
the  late  model  Pontiac.  Many  enthusi- 
asts have  molded  Cadillac  fins  on  the 
rear.  This  operation  costs  $100  a  side 
complete  and  is  \ery  effecti\e  on  cars 
whose  natural  fender  line  is  much  the 
same  as  the  Cadillac's.  On  cars  whose 
natural  fender  line  does  not  conform  to 
Cadillac's  the  price  would  be  slightly 
higher. 

Fhe  front  end  treatment  can  be  com- 
pleted by  installing  a  different  grille. 
Sometimes  a  complete  strock  grille  as- 
sembly from  another  make  car  can  be 
fitted  \erv  easily.  If  this  is  not  the  case 
or  not  what  is  desired,  straight  grille 
bar  kits  may  be  purchased  from  most 
speed  shops  for  about  $.^0.  Even  a  spe- 
cially designed  grille  is  not  too  expen- 
sive. A  oneof-a-kind  custom  grille  ma\ 
be  designed  and  constructed  by  the  in- 
dividual. Tubing  or  bar  stock  can  be 
shaped  and  bent  into  the  chosen  design 
and   then  chromed  before  installation. 

If  we  have  all  the  body  work  com- 
pleted we  are  now  ready  for  the  finish- 
ing touch  to  the  exterior.  A  cheap  paint 
job  should  not  even  be  considered  be- 
cause it  is  the  paint  job  that  most  re- 
flects on  the  ownei'.  The  only  choice 
lies  between  enamel  or  lacquer.  An 
enamel  job  costs  about  $75.  Lacquer 
runs  about  twice  as  much  but  involves 
much  more  work.  Lacquer  is  the  choice 
of  most  custom  owners  because  of  its 
greater  depth  and  luminosity.  A  good 
lacquer  paint  job  consists  of  about  ]2 
coats  with  each  coat  being  rubbed  to  a 
.smooth  surface  before  the  application 
of  the  next.  Another  reason  for  the 
choice  of  lacquer  over  enamel  is  that 
lacquer  may  be  chosen  in  either  clear 
or  metallic  surfaces  while  enamel  ma\ 
be  chosen  onl\   foi'  texture. 


I  he  final  aspect  of  customizing  that 
will  be  covered  is  the  interior!  Much  of 
the  interior  treatment  is  done  to  the 
dash.  The  simplest  change  is  to  paint 
the    dash    to    match    the    exterior    finish. 

rhe\  ma\  be  painted  in  one  compli- 
mentary color  or  tlie\  ma\  be  two-toned. 

Iwo  tones  should  defmitely  be  consid- 
ered if  there  is  a  natural  division  in  the 
dash.  The  possibility  is  even  there  for 
half  color  and  half  chrome.  Chrome 
should  only  be  considered  for  the  bot- 
tom half,  however,  because  a  heavily 
polished  top  section  would  reflect  the 
sun's  ra\s  like  a  mirror  and  could  be 
\er\    annoying. 

Another  change  that  might  be  in- 
cluded in  the  dash  treatment  is  replac- 
ing the  stock  instruments  with  different 
or  newer  ones.  Many  accessory  gauges 
might  be  added  like  a  tachometer  and  a 
I'erfometer  (a  meter  which  registers 
performance  in  such  ways  as  accelera- 
tion, pulling  power,  hill  climbing  abil- 
ity). The  knobs  on  the  dash,  the  door 
knobs,  and  the  gear  shift  knob  may  be 
painted,  chromed,  or,  many  enthusiasts 
are  doing  now,  the  knobs  nught  be  made 
of  Incite  plastic.  The\'  may  be  one  color 
or  the\'  may  be  composed  of  3  or  4 
slabs  of  different  colored  plastic.  The 
effect  is  \'er\'  striking! 

And  now  for  the  final  task — custom 
upholstery.  The  most  popular  is  the 
pleat  and  roll,  but  there  is  no  limit  to 
the  design  one  may  choose.  The  up- 
holstery should  be  chosen  to  complime'it 
the  exterior  finish  of  the  car  and  is 
usually  of  two  contrasting  or  compli- 
mentary colors,  itself.  The  expense  of 
leather  usualh  leads  to  the  choice  of 
Naugahyde  as  the  material  to  be  used. 
.After  the  seats  are  carefully  inspected 
the  upholster)-  is  fitted  in  the  chosen 
design  over  generous  lavers  of  foam  rub- 
ber. 

Sooner  or  later  we'll  be  waiting  to 
upholster  the  rest  of  the  interior,  so  we 
may  as  well  do  it  now.  We  (lo  the  door 
panels,  kick  panels,  and  side  panels  in 
.1  design  matching  that  of  the  seats.  The 
headlining  is  usually  done  in  a  solid  tone 
with  contrasting  beading  running  across 
evei\  so  often.  Custom  floor  mats  arc 
of  a  heavy  duty,  finst  quality  rug  ma- 
terial. It  should  be  of  a  darker  color 
that  will  not  show  the  dirt  too  easily. 
Small  9x9  colored  rubber  mats  may  be 
placed  on  each  side  to  protect  the  rug, 
especially  on  a  muddy  day. 

At  last  the  car's  finished!  All  that  re- 
mains is  to  fill  the  gas  tank,  turn  flu- 
key in  the  ignition,  and  sink  back  into 
the  foam  rubber  as  the  little  jewel  bites 
into  the  pavement  and  blasts  oft,  the 
duals  enutting  their  mellow  warning  to 
all  would-be  challengers. 

i'lianks  to: 

1.  Fawiett  Pirhlic.itions. 

2.  OuiTMi  Fulilicatioiis. 

3.  Trciid    Hcioks,    Inc. 


APRIL,   1955 


23 


Allison  Engineers  Pioneer  Tnrbo-Prop  Development 


YC-131C 


William  J.  Layne  received  his  B.5.  in  Aeronautical  Engineering  from  Purdue 
University  in  1950.  Before  joining  the  Allison  engineering  staff,  he  served 
OS  a  captain  in  the  Air  Force  1942-46  and  1951-53.  Bill,  now  o  Flight  Test 
Engineer,  is  shown  taking  gas  turbine  compressor  readings  from  the  equip- 
ment used  to  start  turbo-prop  engines  at  the  Allison  Test  Facility  in 
Indianapolis. 


A.. 


LLISON  is  out  in  front,  leading  all  U.  S.  aircraft 
engine  manufacturers  with  more  turbo-prop  flight 
experience  than  has  been  accumulated  by  all  of  the 
nation's  other  engine  manufacturers  combined. 

That's  because  Allison  —  working  closely  with  the 
military — was  a  pioneer  in  the  design,  development 
and  production  of  both  engines  and  propellers  for 
turbo-prop  aircraft.  First  flight  with  an  Allison 
turbo-prop  engine  was  made  in  a  Boeing  B-1''G  at 
Indianapolis  in  1949.  Today,  eight  different  types 
of  military  aircraft — including  the  N'TO's — are  mak- 
ing history  with  the  Allison  Turbo-Prop. 

The  Allison  Turbo-Liner,  shown  aboye,  was 
America's  first  turbine-powered,  commercial-type 
transport.  This  flying  test  bed,  which  is  a  Conyair 
240  converted  to  Allison  Turbo-Prop  engines  and 
Aeroproducts  propellers,  was  the  forerunner  of 
modern  military  transports  such  as  the  Lockheed 
C-130  and  the  Convair  YC-131C.  After  its  first 
flight  in  1950,  the  Turbo-Liner  was  used  primarily 
as  an  engineering  flight  test  aircraft,  checking  out 
problems  for  military  application.  More  recently, 


the  Turbo-Liner  has  been  used  on  demonstration 
flights  to  show  the  many  advantages  of  a  turbo-prop 
powered  transport.  To  date,  the  Turbo-Liner  has 
made  nearly  "00  flights  and  has  accumulated  nearly 
500  hours  of  flight  time. 

Now  available  for  commercial  application,  Alli- 
son Turbo-Prop  engines  and  their  matching  Aero- 
products propellers  today  are  setting  new  standards 
for  transport  aircraft  in  speed,  load-carrying  ability, 
and  economical  operations. 

Looking  ahead,  with  our  extensive  development 
and  expansion  program,  we  need  more  engineers 
to  carry  on  in  a  field  where  you'll  find  unlimited 
opportunity,  ^^"e  have  immediate  openings  for  the 
well-qualified,  technically-trained,  young  graduate 
who  is  interested  in  starting  his  engineering  career 
with  a  recognized  leader  in  the  industry.  Allison 
representatives  are  interviewing  prospective  June 
graduates  now.  Write  for  further  information:  R.  G. 
Greenwood,  Engineering  College  Contact,  Allison 
Division  of  General  Motors,  Indianapolis  6, 
Indiana. 


V7l 


DIVISION,    GENERAL    MOTORS    CORPORATION,    Indianapolis,    Ind, 


Design,  development  ond  production— high  power  TURBINE  ENGINES,  PROPELLERS  and  ACTUATORS  for  modern 
aircraft  .  .  .  heavy  duty  TORQMATIC  DRIVES  for  Ordnance  and  Commercial  vehicles  .  .  .  DIESEL  LOCOMOTIVE 
PARTS  .  .  .  PRECISION  BEARINGS  for  gasoline  and  Diesel  engines  and  special  application. 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Jerry  Loucks  asks: 

What  sort  of 

work  would  I  do 

on  my  first 

assignment 

with  Du  Pont? 


R.  GERALD  LOUCKS  is  currently  working  toward  his  M.S.  in 
Chemical  Engineering  at  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology.  Jerry 
has  served  as  president  of  his  student  chapter  of  A.  I.  Ch.  E.  and 
participated  in  intramural  sports — besides  finding  time  to  play 
the  trumpet  in  the  R.O.T.C.  and  Kiltie  bands.  Right  now,  Jerry 
is  giving  a  lot  of  thought  to  the  selection  of  an  employer. 


Charlie  Lounshury  answers: 


CHARLES    W.  LOUNSBURY,   Jr.,    worked  at 

Du  Font's  Chambers  Works  for  three  summers 
before  he  received  his  B.S.  in  Chemical  Engi- 
neering from  Rensselaer  Poly.  Inst,  in  1940. 
Since  then  he  has  taken  an  M.S.  from  Carnegie 
Tech..  and  has  been  continuously  employed  on 
interesting  assignments  at  various  Du  Pont 
plants.  Today  Charlie  Lounsbury  is  Technical 
Superintendent  of  the  Grasselli,  N.  J.,  plant  of 
Du  Font's  Grasselli  Chemicals  Department. 


WANT  TO  KNOW  MORE  about  working  with 
Du  Pont?  Send  for  a  free  copy  of  "Chemical 
Engineers  at  Du  Pont,"  a  booklet  that  tells 
.vou  about  pioneering  work  being  done  in 
chemical  engineering  — in  research,  process 
development,  production  and  sales.  Write 
to  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.), 
2521  Nemours  Building,  Wilmington,  Del. 


^EG    U.S    PAT  Off" 


BETTER  THINGS  FOR  BETTER  LIVING  .  .  .  THROUGH  CH£«JST»y 
WATCH  "CAVALCADE  OF  AMERICA"  ON  TELEVISION 


There  is  a  great  variety  of  first  assignments  at  Du  Pont, 
Jerry,  de|)ending  on  a  man's  field  of  training  and  the  gen- 
eral area  of  work  he  has  selected.  For  example,  I  under- 
stand you're  interested  in  plastics,  and  you  might  start  in 
development  work  on  plastics,  as  I  did.  I  worked  with  a  team 
of  more  experienced  engineers  to  increase  the  capacity  of 
equipment  used  in  producing  "Lucite"  acrylic  molding 
IX)wder.  This  was  a  natural  prelude  to  my  next  major 
assignment,  where  I  acted  as  a  liaison  between  Du  Font's 
Design  Division  and  the  plant  group — on  the  design  of  a 
new  plant  for  making  another  form  of  "Lucite"  plastic. 

Or  take  research  work.  Here  a  new  man  is  generally 
assigned  to  minor  research  problems  until  he  becomes  fa- 
miliar with  the  general  features  and  requirements  of  an 
industrial  research  program. 

A  young  man  interested  in  sales  may  start  in  a  plant  or 
laboratory  dealing  with  the  products  he  will  later  sell;  or 
he  may  join  a  group  of  trainees  to  learn  selUng  techniques 
right  from  the  start. 

A  man  aiming  for  production  supervision  may  first  spend  a 
year  or  so  in  laboratory  or  plant  development  work.  Or  he 
may  start  as  an  oj)erator— in  a  plant  producing  nylon  or 
"Dacron"  polyester  fiber,  for  example.  In  this  way  he  ob- 
tains firsthand  knowledge  of  his  jjrocess,  and  establishes  a 
bond  of  mutual  respect  with  the  men  he'll  be  working  with 
on  his  major  assignments  later. 

In  general,  Jerry,  a  man  is  chosen  for  a  si^ecific  job  within 
the  scope  of  his  major  field  of  study.  His  first  assignment  is 
intended  to  help  him  make  the  best  use  of  his  abilities  as 
promptly  as  possible. 


APRIL,  1955 


25 


From  a  Tee  -  Pee  to  a 
a  Two  o'clock 


by  Dave  Templeton,  '56 


Note  to  Reader :  This  story  is  en- 
tirely fictitious.  Anyone  who  knows  the 
author  knows  he  would  have  to  work 
hard  to  even  swing  a  deal  for  a  pair  of 
second  hand  roller  skates,  much  less  a 
Mercedes. 

The  weather  was  fine  that  day.  It 
was  Spring  and  I  still  had  a  iew  hours 
before  I  had  to  get  to  my  two  o'clock 
class.  So,  I  packed  a  few  sandwiches 
and  jumped  into  my  Mercedes  and 
zoomed  out  of  Champaign-L  rbana.  I'm 
used  to  driving  the  highways  around 
here,  so  I  decided  to  try  the  first  dirt 
road  I  came  to.  Throwing  my  little 
baby  into  second,  I  made  a  right  turn, 
up  over  a  rise  and  down  into  a  gully 
and  then  over  a  bridge.  { I  suspected 
the  little  river  was  feeding  into  the 
mighty  Bone  Yard  Creek.)  I'm  not  a 
wild  nature  lover,  but  I  had  to  adnut 
that  the  day  was  great.  Riding  along 
under  the  trees  and  along  side  the  bushes 
was  putting  me  into  a  class  cutting 
mood  when  a  little  figure  jumped  out 
into  the  road.  When  I  was  almost  on 
top  of  him,  I  realized  it  was  that  little 
Indian  I  had  met  last  \ear.  Chief  Tech- 
i-engi-graph.  (Chief  Tech  will  have  to 
suffice  since  it  gave  the  printer  trouble 
fitting  such  a  long  name  onto  the  page. ) 
Lven  though  I  had  met  him  before,  I 
still  found  it  hard  to  believe  that  this 
was  a  genuine  Indian  talking. 

"Hi  there,  Dave.  Say,  that's  a  cool 
crate  you  got  there,  man."  See  what  I 
mean.  .And  he's  an  Illini  Indian,  at 
that. 

"Yeah,"  I  smilingly  answered.  "It's 
a  little  something  I  picked  up  on  a  wild 
spur  of  the  moment."  I  hoped  he  didn't 
notice  my  right  wrist  where  the  auto 
dealer  had  cut,  extracting  my  last  pay- 
ment. "Hop  in.  (live  you  a  buzz  in  it." 
I  had  come  to  like  this  little  character 
and  I  knew  that  a  ride  in  a  sports  car 
would   really  give  him   a  thrill. 

"Swell,"  he  said,  opening  the  door. 
"I  was  just  about  to  ask  you  if  you 
could  give  me  a  lift  to  town.  Dad." 

Well,  to  say  the  least,  this  little  guy 
had  really  gotten  jazzed  up  in  his  lingo. 
I  figured  it  must  have  been  the  influ- 
ence of  being  in  a  sports  car.  He  was 
obviously  getting  a  big  charge  out  of 
the    whole    thing:    sitting    in    the    seat. 


fejling  the  upholster),  smiling  to  him- 
self and  his  feather  flapping  in  the 
breeze. 

"How  nuich  this  cost  you,  Dave.  " 

"The  down-payment  wasn't  bad. 
Why?  You  interested  in  getting  one?" 
I  tried  to  hide  my  pity  for  this  poor 
little  fellow. 

"Xo,  no,  I  just  wondered.  It's  real 
cool,  man  ;  there  should  be  one  in  every 
tee-pee  I  always  say." 

"Definiteh,  "  I  said  with  as  much 
con\iction  as  I  could.  "Are  you  a  sports 
car  fan?"  Being  a  fan  myself,  this  was 
a  subject  dear  to  my  heart.  My  only 
fear  was  that  it  wasn't  a  topic  my  little 
Illini  friend  didn't  dehe  in.  Just  by 
looking  at  him  .  .  .  his  little  buckskin 
pants,  the  loin  cloth  over  it,  and  his 
little  feather  which  must  have  been 
won  HI  combat  with  some  ladv's  Shap- 
arelli  hat  a  football  game  in  Memorial 
Stadium,  I  assumed  he  wasn't  too  well 
off.  He  was  a  brave  little  fellow,  in- 
deed. 

"(^h,  I  look  them  over  now  and 
then,  "  he  answered  casually. 

"How  do  you  get  around  in  these 
sticks?  Do  you  have  a  pinto?" 

He  threw  me  a  look  that  cracked  the 
left  lens  of  my  glasses.  "Come  off  it. 
Dad.  The  era  of  horses  for  Indians  has 
passed.  Haven't  you  seen  me  arovuid 
campus  in  my  .  .  ." 

"Say,  there's  the  highway,"  I  hastily 
cut  him  off.  I  didn't  want  him  to  feel 
ashamed  telling  me  how  he  got  around. 
He  was  undoubtedly  going  to  tell  me 
about  his  wagon  or  something  along 
those  lines. 

"(jreat!  When  we  hit  that  pa\emcnt 
and  if  there  aren't  any  cars  on  the  road, 
open  it  up  a  little  bit."  I  looked  at  him. 
He  had  sense.  He  would  make  a  good 
driver  some  day.  He  had  the  makings 
of  one  .  .  .  saying,  "open  it  up  a  little," 
and  "if  there  aren't  any  cars  on  the 
road."  Those  two  statements  make  the 
difference  between  a  crazy,  mixed  up 
dri\er  and  a  good  one.  I  got  onto  the 
highwa\'  and  we  were  driving  along 
when  another  sports  car  was  approach- 
ing. "Low  there's  a  .  .  ." 

".  .  .  Lancia,"  he  interrupted. 

"Hev.  That's  right.  How  did  \ou 
know?" 


"Don't  be  so  nai\e.  I  think  \ou'\-e 
got  us  still  pegged  for  tee-pees,  horses, 
and   totum   poles.  " 

"You  mean  you  don't  have  those  any- 
more ?  " 

'Only  when  the  tourists  come  around. 
But  the  tee-pees  are  prefabs  even  then." 

"Oh,"  I  answered  in  my  most  world' 
ly  manner.  I  always  liked  uttering  pro- 
fundities such  as  that. 

"Ciad !  You  must  have  a  real  good 
group  on  the  campus.  That  was  an  A\- 
lard  and  a  Gutbrod  that  just  went  b\ 
weren't  they?" 

"Yes"  I  gulped.  I  had  hoped  my  sur- 
prise o\er  his  knowledge  of  foreign  cars 
was  not  too  noticeable.  After  rolling  m\' 
tongue  up  (which  had  fallen  into  my 
lap)  and  neath  placing  back  into  my 
mouth,  I  contiiuied  nn'  sparkling  con- 
\ersation. 

"Yes."  (I  was  picking  up  where  I 
had  left  off).  "Say,  vou  .seem  to  know 
\()ur  cars,   don't  you?" 

"Oh,  I  get  around,  "  he  said  easilv, 
putting  his  nioccas'ned  foot  up  on  the 
dashboard.  We  had  just  passed  the  out- 
skirts of  Champaign-L  rbana  and  were 
moving  toward  Green  Street. 

"An\'  place  in  particular  \ou'd  like 
to  go?" 

"Yeah,  make  a  left  turn  two  blocks 
down  and  go  over  about  three.  This  I 
did,  being  careful  not  to  ruin  the  crease 
in  the  pants  of  the  policeman  who  I 
ran  over  at  the  intersection. 

The  place  where  he  wanted  me  to 
stop  was  coming  nearer.  I  felt  a  pang 
of  sympathy  for  this  little  Chief  Tech. 
"Well,"  I  said  trying  to  hide  my  emo- 
tion and  turning  on  the  defroster  to  m\ 
glasses,  drying  the  tears  which  were 
starting  to  trickle  down  my  cheek.  "I 
guess  this  just  about  ends  your  ride  in 
my  car.  I  hope  you'll  get  another  chance 
to  ride  in  one  .someday  .  .  .  whether  it's 
mine  or  someone  else's." 

"Oh.  don't  take  it  too  hard,  Dave. 
Here.  This  is  where  I  want  to  get  out.  " 
We  stopped  in  front  of  a  gas  station." 

"This  is  where  you  want  to  go?"  I 
asked. 

"Yeah.  Well,  thanks  a  lot.  Dad.  It's 
been  a  real  pleasure  riding  in  a  Mer- 
cedes for  a  change." 

"For  a  change?"  I  asked.  But  he 
didn't  hear  me.  He  had  gone  inside. 
Just  as  I  was  about  to  pull  away,  the 
door  to  the  garage  part  of  the  service 
station  rolled  up.  A  Jaguar  roared  out 
and  pulled  up  alongside  of  me. 

"Well,  here's  hoping  we  run  into  each 
other  again,  Dave.  Figurati\ely,  of 
course."  With  that  little  Chief  Tech 
zoomed  off. 

It  took  a  little  while  to  get  my  com- 
posure back  again.  Not  that  I  was 
amazed  by  all  this,  but  I  didn't  take 
my  car  out  of  first  all  the  wa\  to  my 
two  o'clock  tee-pee  .  .  .  er  class. 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


One  day  in  November,  the  wife  of  a 
factory  efficiency  expert  asked  her  young 
fon  what  he  wanted  for  a  Christmas 
present. 

"A  little  baby  brother."  he  said. 

The  mother  stammered  a  bit,  then 
managed  to  protest.  "There's  too  little 
time." 

To  which  the  boy  asked  innocently. 
"Couldn't   vou    put   more   men    on    the 

job?" 

»       »      » 

A  father  and  his  young  son.  who  care- 
fully held  in  his  lap  a  shoe  box  punctured 
with  air  holes,  were  seated  in  a  bus. 
When  the  bus  stopped  for  a  red  light, 
the  lad  was  heard  to  ask.  "Daddy,  is  my 
kitten  a  man  kitten  or  a  lady  kitten?" 

"A  man  kitten,"  said  the  father 
promptly. 

"How  do  you  know."  the  boy  con- 
tinued. 

Every  passenger  within  earshot  waited 
expectantly  for  the  reply. 

"Well.  "    explained    the    father,    "he's 
got  whiskers,  hasn't  he?" 
«       s-       * 

The  professor  signed  his  name  on  the 
blackboard  and  followed  it  with  B.S.. 
M.S..  and  Ph.D. 

A  freshman  leaned  over  to  his  neigh- 
bor and  asked  him  the  meaning  of  the 
letters. 

"Well,  you  know  what  B.S.  means, 
don't  you  ?" 

"Sure.  " 

"Then.  M.S.  means  more  of  the  same 
and  Ph.D.  means  piled  higher  and  deep' 

er." 

s         *         * 

Did  you  ever  note  how  often  a  nar- 
row mind  and  a  wide  mouth  go  to- 
gether? 

»       *       » 

We  understand  that  manufacturers  of 
certain  feminine  gannents  are  currently 
making  only  three  kinds:  The  Russian 
type,  the  Salvation  Army  type  and  the 
American  type. 

The  function  of  the  Russian  type  is 
to  uplift  the  ma.sses. 

The  function  of  the  Sahation  Arm\ 
type  is  to  raise  the  fallen. 

The  function  of  the  American  type 
is  to  make  mountains  out  of  mole  hills. 
»       »       » 

One  reason  the  football  season  is  such 
a  popular  time  of  the  year  is  because  it 
is  the  only  time  a  man  can  walk  down 
the  street  with  a  blonde  on  one  ann  and 
a  blanket  over  the  other  and  not  en- 
counter raised  eyebrows. 
»       »       » 

Salesman:  "Sir.  I  have  soniethnig 
here  that's  guaranteed  to  make  you  the 
life  of  the  part\ ,  allow  you  to  win 
friends  and  influence  people,  help  you 
forge  ahead  in  the  business  world,  and 
in  general  make  life  a  more  pleasant 
place    and     invigorating    experience.  " 

Engineer:  "I'll  take  a  quart." 


ENGeNEERING   WRITING 


Here  is  ait  ideal  way 

for  the  engineer  or 

physicist  with  some 

aptitude  for  writing  to 

enter  the  f  eld  oj  advanced 

electronics.  In  this 

relatively  new  and 

expanding  area  you  can 

make  immediate  and 

effective  use  of  your 

academic  training  while 

acquiring  additional 

experience. 


HUGHES 

RESEARCH  AND 
DEVELOPMENT 
LABORATORIES 


Hughes  Research  and  Development 
Laboratories  are  engaged  in  a  continu- 
ing program  for  design  and  manufac- 
ture of  integrated  radar  and  tire  con- 
trol systems  in  military  all-weather 
interceptor  aircraft.  Engineers  who 
produce  the  maintenance  and  opera- 
tional handbooks  for  this  equipment 
work  directly  with  engineers  and 
scientists  engaged  in  development  ot 
radar  fire  control  systems,  electronic 
computers,  and  other  advanced  elec- 
tronic systems  and  devices. 

Your  effort  in  the  field  of  engineer- 
ing writing  through  these  publica- 
tions transmits  infonnation  to  other 
engineers  and  technical  personnel  on 
operation,  maintenance  and  modifi- 
cation of  Hughes  equipment  in  the 
field. 

You  will  receive  additional  training 
in  the  Laboratories  at  full  pay  to  be- 
come familiar  with  Hughes  equip- 
ment. Seminars  arc  conducted  by 
publications  specialists  to  orient  new 
writers.  After-hours  graduate  courses 
under  Company  sponsorship  arc 
available  at  nearby  universities. 


SCIENTIFIC  A\D 
ESGINEERING  STAFF 

Culver  Ciiy,  Los  .Angeles  Coimly,  California 


Photograph  Ibove;  Engineer-wfiter  John  Bumett  (left) 
wofKS  with  engineers  John  H.  Haughawout  ("ghl)  and 
Donald  King  to  compile  handbook  informs ^ : 


APRIL,  1955 


27 


5«a^JET  IGNITION 


THE  tough  job  of  lighting  a  match  in  a  tornado  will 
give  you  some  idea  of  the  problem  of  firing  a  jet 
engine  on  the  ground.  Even  more  difficult  is  refiring  the 
engine  in  flight  should  a  flame-out  occur — especially  at 
high  altitude. 

Up  there  you  not  only  have  to  reckon  with  low- 
volatility  fuel  but  with  rarefied  air  rushing  through 
your  engine  at  super-hurricane  speed.  Here,  you  can  be 
certain,  is  a  mixture  that  violently  resists  igniting! 

Our  Scintilla  division  at  Sidney,  N.Y.,  developed  a 
special  ignition  system  with  the  answer:  a  super-spark 
hot  enough  to  fry  a  rock  and  of  sufficient  duration  to 
fire  and  refire  jet  engines  quickly.  It  has  worked  so 
successfully  that,  today,  Bendix-Scintillat  Jet  Ignition 
Systems  have  been  selected  as  standard  equipment  by 
most  of  the  leading  jet  engine  manufacturers. 


Nation's  Foremost  Source 

Bendix-Scintilla  is  known  to  engine  people  everywhen 
as  the  nation's  top  source  of  supply  for  ignition  equip 
ment.  Most  military  planes  rely  on  our  ignition,  and  wi 
doubt  if  you  can  ride  on  a  commercial  airliner  that  isn'' 
sparked  by  Bendix-Scintilla.  Your  power  lawn  mower 
farm  or  garden  tractor  or  outboard  motor  may  havi 
one  of  our  many  types  of  magnetos  developed  for  sucl 
applications.  Leading  automotive  manufacturers  experi 
menting  with  turbojet  engines  in  passenger  cars,  trucks 
and  buses  are  using  Bendix-Scintilla  Jet  Ignition. 

Continual  research  and  years  of  practical  field  oper 
ation  have  fitted  us  to  anticipate  and  solve  ignitior 
problems;  and  that's  why  engine  manufacturers,  seeking 
advice,  talk  to  Bendix-Scintilla  people. 


ights  matches  in 

man-made  tornadoes! 


This  chapter  is  part  of  the  over-all  story  of  Bendix 
viation  Corporation,  a  story  of  successful  work  in  develop- 
ig  and  making  nearly  a  thousand  different  products  for 
:ores  of  basic  industries.  No  doubt  some  of  our  products  can 
sntribute  to  your  business  by  improv- 
ig  your  operation  and  cutting  costs, 
/hy  not  write  on  your  company  letter- 
ead  for  the  interesting  digest  "Bendix 
nd  Your  Business." 
ngineers:  Bendix  diversity  offers 
nlimited  opportunity  to  both  experi- 
iced  men  and  undergraduates.  Write 
)r  the  brochure  "Bendix  and  Your 
uture." 

BENDIX  AVIATION  CORPORATION 
Isher  Building      •      Detroit  2,  Michigan 


PRINCIPAL  DIVISIONS  AND  BASIC  PRODUCTS 
Scintilla,  Sidney,  N.  Y. 

aviation  ignition  systems:  industrial  engine 

magnetos;  diesel  fuel  injection:  electrical 

connectors,  ignition  analyzers. 

Red  Bank,  Eatontown,  N.  J. 

electron  tubes:  dynaniotors:  inverters; 

AC-DC  generators. 

Bendix  Radio,  Towson,  Md. 

radar:  auto,  railroad,  mobile 

and  aviation  radio:  television. 

Eclipse  Machine,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

bicycle  coaster  brakes.  Stromber^*   carburetors, 
electric  fuel  pumps,  starter  drives. 

Zenith  Carburetor,  Detroit,  Mich. 

automotive,  marine  and  small  engine  carburetors. 

Bendix-Skinner,  Detroit,  Mich. 

micronic  filters. 

Pacific,  North  Hollywood,  Calif. 

telemetering  equipment:  hydraulic  and  electric 
actuators:  depth  recorders:  boat  steerers. 

Bendix  Friez,  Towson,  Md. 

meteorological  instrunwnts.  precision  instruments 

and  recorders. 

Bendix  Products,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

automotive  brakes,  carburetors,  power  steering: 
aviation  brakes,  landing  gear,  fuel  metering, 

Eclipse-Pioneer,  Teterboro,  N.  J. 

aviation  instruments  and  components;  foundry, 

Marshall-Eclipse,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

brake  blocks,  brake  lining,  synthetic  resins. 

Cincinnati,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

automatic  viscosity  regulators,  nuclear  products, 

Bendix  Computer,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

digital  computers. 

Hamilton,  Hamilton,  Ohio 

jet  engine  controls  and  aircraft  pumps, 

Lakeshore,  St.  Joseph,  Mich. 
power  steering  and  automotive  devices, 

Utica,  Utica,  N.  Y. 
aviation  components. 

Montrose,  South  Montrose,  Pa. 

aviation  components. 

Pioneer-Central,  Davenport,  Iowa 

aviation  instrunwnts  and  coniponents; 
ultrasonic  cleaners. 

York,  York,  Pa. 

electronic  devices:   test  equipment. 

Bendix-Eclipse  of  Canada,  Ltd. 

Windsor,  Ont, 
Bendix  International 

;Veu'   York  City 

*ICC.  U.S.  f  AT.  OFF. 
triADE-HAU 


ANALYZE  YOUR 

CAKE  AND   KEEP 

IT  TOO -WITH   X-RAY 

by  Vern  W.  Palen 
Research  &  Control  Instruments  Division  North  American  Philips  Co.,  Inc. 


In  these  da\s  of  tough  competition 
when  manufacturers  are  striving  to  turn 
out  new  and  improved  products,  it  be- 
comes increasingly  important  to  know 
as  much  as  possible  about  materials. 

Undoubtedly,  there  are  vexing  prob- 
lems in  your  laboratory  and  shop  that 
defy  solution  or  are  costly  by  ordinary 
methods.  You  may  have  questions  which 
involve  identification  and  measurement 
of  elements  and  constitutents  of  com- 
pounds that  should  be  answered.  Per- 
haps there  are  some  unsolved  myster- 
ies in  your  plant  processes  that  need 
clarification. 

X-rays  can  do  these  jobs  for  \ou  with- 
out harm  to  your  specimens.  If  your 
laboratory  studies  and  production  con- 
trol problems  are  chiefi\'  concerned  with 
compounds  and  the  atomic  structure  of 
materials,  you  need  the  X-Rtiy  Diffrtu- 
toineter.  When  your  investigations 
merely  deal  with  eleinents  present  in  a 
substance,  then  get  yourself  an  X-rny 
Speetograph. 

Specimen  preparation  is  relatively 
easy.  The  usual  precautions  must  be 
taken,  of  course,  to  be  sine  that  is  truly 
representative  of  the  lot  from  which  it 
is  selected.  In  some  cases,  the  specimen 
will  be  powdered  and  seived.  In  other 
instances,  it  need  only  have  its  surface 
polished.  Most  important,  it  will  come 
back  to  you  unharmed  after  the  analy- 
sis, a  point  of  extreme  importance  when 
dealing  with  rare  or  costly  materials. 

Once  the  specimen  is  ready  and  is  in- 
serted in  the  X-ray  Diffractometer  or 
the  X-ra\'  Speetograph,  the  instrument 
takes  over  in  semi-automatic  fashion. 
The  operator  merely  sets  the  controls  to 
obtain  the  desired  results,  then  waits 
for  the  answer,  usually  in  the  form  of 
a  strip-chart  on  which  a  hill-and-valle\ 
curve  is  recorded. 

For  production  control  the  chart  ma\ 
not  be  needed.  For  example,  where  one 
wishes  only  to  check  presence  or  absence 
of  specific  elements  or  other  constituents, 
the  instruments  can  be  set  up  to  give 
rapid  visual  answers.  In  such  cases,  pre- 
liminary laboratory  chart  investigations 
are  the  basis  for  later  shop  procedures. 

Fig.   1  shows  the  essential  components 


of  the  X-ray  Diffratometer  and  X-ray 
Speetograph.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
two  instruments  are  very  much  alike,  ex- 
cept that  the  Speetograph  has  an  analyz- 
ing erystal. 

Whereas  the  Diffractometer  detects 
and  records  all  ra\s  diffracted  from  the 
specimen,  the  Speetograph  "screens" 
some  of  the  ra\s  before  they  reach  the 
(leiger  counter.  The  erystal  acts  as  a 
diffraction  grating,  resolving  and  dis- 
persing the  various  wavelengths  like  an 
optical  grating  handles  visible  and  ultra 
\iolet  radiation  in  the  optical  speeto- 
graph. 

Long  wavelengths  of  X-radiation  are 
dispersed  to  higher  angles  and  the  short- 
er wavelengths  to  lower  angles.  The 
crystal  separates  the  various  wavelengths 
sufficiently  that  each  may  be  individual- 
ly detected  and  intensity  can  be  meas- 
ured. 


Since  the  intensity  of  the  characteristic 
radiation  from  a  given  element  is  pro- 
portional to  the  percentage  of  the  ele- 
ment present  in  the  specimen,  the  in- 
tensity as  measured  by  the  Geiger  coiuit- 
er  may  be  used  in  quantitative  analysis. 

Fig.  2  shows  a  complete  Diffrac- 
tometer and  Speetograph  installation. 
The  wide-range  goniometer  is  shown 
(left)  in  operating  position  on  the  table 
top  of  the  X-ray  generator.  These  two 
units  plus  the  electronic  circuit  panel 
(right)  are  components  of  the  Diffrac- 
tometer. 

The  Speetograph  uses  the  same  X-ray 
generator  and  electronic  circuit  panel  in 
conjunction  with  the  special  X-ray  tube 
and  goniometer  assembly  shown  on  the 
center  cabinet.  Unitized  design  mini- 
mizes equipment  investment  since  it  per- 
mits double  usage  of  the  major  com- 
ponents. 

When  an  analysis  is  completed  on 
either  of  the  two  X-ray  instruments,  the 
result  is  a  strip-chart  showing  a  hill- 
and-valle\  curve.  Fig.  3  shows  a  typical 
Diffractometer  chart. 

To  convert  this  information  into  use- 
ful terms,  certain  reference  data  must 
be  available.  Books  and  card  file  sys- 
tems can  be  obtained  which  list  angular 
locations  and  intensities  of  X-ray  lines 
for  thousands  of  chemical  and  metallic 
substances. 

The  chart  of  Fig.  3  is  for  quartz  and 
the  three  highest  peaks  occur  at  26.58°, 
20.90-,  and  50.10°  (two  theta).  From 
a  handbook,  these  angles  are  interpreted 
to  mean   equivalent   atomic   lattice  spac- 


Complete  installation  of  X-ray  Diffractometer  and  X-ray  Speetograph.  On 
left,  X-roy  generator  and  wide  range  goniometer.  At  center,  special  hori- 
zontal X-ray  tube  and  goniometer  assembly  for  X-ray  Speetograph.  On 
right,  electronic  circuit  panel  and  strip-chart  recorder. 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


of  the  basic  industries  in  which 
Bendix  products  play  a  vital  role 


ATOMIC  ENERGY 


AUTOMOTIVE 


,^:M^'^ 


AVIATION 


GUIDED  MISSILES 


MARINE 


i.JlL 


RAILROAD 


PETROLEUM 


CONSTRUCTION 


AGRICULTURE 


A  SOUND  REASON  WHY    Oent/,)^  OFFERS  TODAY'S 

ENGINEERING  GRADUATE  AN  UNLIMITED  FUTURE! 


Diversification  is  an  important  asset  in  business. 

Esjieciallv  so  from  the  vie^vpoint  of  the  engineer 
because: 

1 1  encourages  and  promotes  freedom  of  ideas.  Keeps 
engineering  ingenuity  flexible  and  adaptable.  In  short, 
gives  full  vent  to  an  engineer's  creative  ability  .  .  . 

While  at  the  same  time  it  provides  a  healthv.  stable, 
secure  foimdatiim  for  both  the  company  and  the 
individual  to  Iniild  and  expand. 

If  diversification  in  business  appeals  to  you  as  a 
graduate  engineer,  voull  be  greatly  interested  in  the 
Bendix  Aviation  (corporation. 

For  Hendix  is  unlike  anv  otiier  company  in  \mrrica 
in  its  \  ersatilitv.  facilities.  ex|icriiMicc.  range  of  products 
and  dilTcrcnl  fii-lds  of  engineering  ciulcavor.   Si'arlv   a 


tliousand   different   products  are  produced  bv   our  2 
manufacturing  divisions. 

As  a  result.  «e  not  onlv  offer  a  wide  choice  o 
locations  coast  to  coast  but  also  careerdiuildini:  oppor 
tunities  as  broad  as  your  andiilion  and  abililv  in 
nu-chanical  I'Ugini'ering  .  .  .  In draulic  mi'chanisms  . 
electronics  .  .  .  magnetics  .  .  .  computers  .  .  .  servO' 
mechanisms  .  .  .  radar  research  .  .  .  melallurgv  .  . 
solid-state  ]ih\sics  .  .  .  instrumentation  .  .  .  radiation 
dctcclion  .  .  .  uucK-ar  iili\>ii-s  .  .  .  guidance  and  con 
trol  systems  plus  many  more  engineering  fields  o 
challenge. 

Write  for  \our  co|)V  of  "!?endix  and  Your  Fuluri-." 
Il  gi^es  lln-  fidl  slorv  about  licndix.  its  products  anc 
cmplovnicMt  I ippur tunities. 


BENDIX    AVIATION    CORPORATION 


Fisher  Building     •     Detroit  2,  Michigan 


A  Bendix  representative  will  be  at  your  campus  soon.  Make  a  note  now 
to  talk  with  him.  Check  your  placement  bureau  for  time   and   date. 


APRIL,   1955 


31 


G-- 


x-RAr 

FILM 

DIFFRACTION 


' •/>. 


DIFFRACTOMirin 


SPECTROGRAPH 

Component;  and  geometrical  ar- 
rangement of  the  X-ray  diffracto- 
meter  and   Spectograph. 

ing:.  (d)  o  f3.33,  4.24  and  1.81  respect- 
ively. 

For  quantative  work,  with  the  X-ray 
instruments,  it  is  necessary  to  have 
standard  specimens  for  comparison  with 
the  unknown.  If  standard  specimens  hav- 
ing known  quantities  of  these  elements 
are  analyzed  on  the  Spectograph,  then 
peak  heights  on  the  charts  can  be  re- 
lated and  calculations  can  be  made  for 
the  imknown.  Since  most  production  line 
problems  are  concerned  with  variations 
in  well-known  specimens,  the  analysis 
procedure  is  frequently  quite  simple. 

One  recent  new  field  in  which  X-ray 
analysis  has  been  applied  effectively  deals 
with  thin  films.  Coatings  of  six  micro- 
grams per  square  centimeter  of  stainless 


steel  were  readily  identified  on  plastic 
base  materials.  In  other  words,  the  new 
technique  easih'  and  quickly  determines 
percentages  of  chromium  and  nickel 
present  in  a  specimen  of  18-8  stainless 
steel  where  one  square  centimeter  of  the 
film  actually  contains  about  one  micro- 
gram of  chromium  and  less  than  one- 
half  microgram  of  nickel. 

Micro  X-ray  spectography  techniques 
ha\e  distinct  potentialities  for  evapora- 
tion control  through  rapid  analysis  of 
rates  of  deposits  from  solvents  or 
through  checking  tiny  quantities  of  con- 
densate. Flash  coatings,  used  for  pro- 
tective and  decorative  purposes,  can 
readily  be  controlled  as  to  thickness — a 
process  heretofore  extremely  tedious  and 
difficult,  as  well  as  inaccurate. 

Air  contamination  and  industrial 
plant  flue  recovery  are  important  fields 
in  reducing  outputs  of  hazardous  smokes, 
and  in  recovery  of  \aluable  by-products. 
.Machine  friction,  a  subject  of  great  in- 
terest in  aircraft,  automoti\e  and  sta- 
tionary engine  design,  is  now  susceptible 
to  more  efficient  attack  by  analysis  of 
thin  films.  This  technique  gives  clues  to 
the  transfer  of  metals  in  the  formation 
of  superstrata  alloys  luider  heat  and 
pressure.  It  will  also  reveal  the  degen- 
eration o  fbearing  surfaces  due  to  chem- 
ical interaction  with  constituents  of  lu- 
bricants. 

In  many  fields  of  metallurgy,  micro 
X-ray  spectograph\  will  be  useful  in 
studies  of  molecular  or  atomic  migration 
at  interfaces,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
laminated  metals. 

In  criminal  investigations,  where 
quantities  of  materials  are  often  in  the 
microscopic  realm,  stains,  smears,  inks, 
friction  pick-ups  and  ingested  poisons  in 
small  amounts  are  potential  problems  for 
the  new  thin-film  method. 


ANGLE  IN  DEGREES  (20) 


X-ray  Spectograph  chart  for  specimen  containing  silver,  copper,  nickel, 
and  chromium.  Accurate  quantitative  data  is  obtained  by  comparing  height 
of  peaks  for  unknown  with  known  samples. 


Techno  -  Ciitie 

PEGGY  ANN  HOOVER  is  the 
pretty  miss  who  adorns  the 
pages  as  TECHNO-CUTIE  this 
month.  Peggy,  who  is  20  years 
old,  is  5  feet,  3V'2  inches  tall  and 
she  weighs  104  pounds.  She  has 
blonde  hair,  blue  eyes,  and  for 
statistical  minded  engineers,  the 
dimensions  from  top  to  bottom 
are:  34-22-34.  Peggy  has  a  host 
of  activities  on  campus  which 
leave  her  no  spare  time,  the 
main  one  being  the  female  lead 
in  the  spring  musical,  "Good 
News".  As  a  resident  of  Cham- 
paign, Peggy  is  "Miss  Cham- 
paign-Urbana",  the  queen  of  the 
Twin  Cities.  She  appeared  on  the 
Horace  Heidt  talent  show  and 
last  summer  she  was  the  lead  in 
an  opera  at  Tanglewood,  the  na- 
tionally known  summer  camp. 
Peggy  resides  at  Alpha  Omicron 
Pi,  and  she  is  a  member  of  Sig- 
ma Alpha  Iota,  the  professional 
music  fraternity.  At  last  word, 
Peggy  tells  us  she  isn't  pinned, 
engaged,  or  married,  so  if  you 
can  find  her  some  spare  time 
the  field    is   open. 


According  to  a  certain  E.E.,  the  boys 
over  in  E.E.  lab  have  developed  a  new 
whiskey  test,  which  runs  like  this: 

Connect  20,000  volts  D.C.  across  a 
pint  of  fluid.  If  the  current  jumps  it, 
the  product  is  poor. 

If  the  current  causes  a  precipitation 
of  lye,  tin,  arsenic,  iron  slag,  and  alum, 
the   whiske>'   is    fair.  J 

If  the  liquor  chases  the  current  back    " 
into  the  generator,  it's  darn  good  stuff. 

The  old  engineer  pulled  his  fa\orite  I 
steam  engine  up  to  the  water  tank  and  ■ 
briefed  the  new  fireman.  The  fireman  ' 
got  up  on  the  tender  and  brought  the 
spout  down  all  right,  but  somehow  his  , 
foot  caught  in  the  chain  and  he  stepped  ■ 
into  the  tank. 

As  he  floundered  in  the  water,  the 
engineer  watched  him  with  a  jaiuidiced 
eye. 

"Just  fill  the  tank  with  water.  Son- 
ny," he  drawled.  "No  need  to  stamp 
the  stuff  down." 

s         *        * 

Class  Reunion:  Mixing  of  old  grad 
with  Old   Cirandad. 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


»«** 


■V-aKi«5- 


^     if 


.^>?: 


A  DREAM  COME 
TRUE 


by  Roberi  J.  Marks,  Aero.  E.  '58 


One  of  the  most  fantastic  and  ex- 
pensive cars  in  the  world  today  comes 
from  one  of  the  relatively  poorer  coun- 
tries in  the  world.  The  country  is 
Spain,  and  the  car  is  the  Pegaso. 

The  Pegaso  is  a  combination  of  the 
best  engineering  principles  tiiat  are 
known  today.  It  is  truly  an  idealistic 
creation  for  which  no  expense  has  been 
too  great  to  materialize  this  dream  car. 

The  engineer  responsible  for  this  mag- 
nificent piece  of  machinery  is  D.  Wil- 
fredo  Ricart,  formerly  associated  with 
Alfa  Romeo.  He  is  now  working  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Empresa  Nacional  de 
Autocamiones  of  Madrid,  a  company 
that  was  formed  in  1946  to  manufacture 
trucks  and  buses.  The  Pegaso  is  its  first 
attempt  at  producing  a  passenger  car.  It 
is  manufactured  in  Barcelona  in  what 
was  formerly  the  old  Hispano  Suiza 
factory.  The  Hispano-Suiza  is  consid- 
ered by  many  people  to  be  the  finest 
car  produced  in  the  post  World  War 
I  era.  The  first  new  car  that  was 
turned  out  of  there  was  the  Pegaso 
Z-102,  in  1953. 

Since  then,  the  Z-l()2  has  been  modi' 
fied,  and  at  the  present  time  there  are 
three  versions  offered  by  the  factory, 
ranging  in  price  from  $15, 000  to  $35,- 
000. 

Although  none  of  the  ideas  in  the 
Pegaso  represent  any  revolutionary  de- 
parture from  familiar  principles,  the 
fusion  of  so  many  delicate  and  expen- 
sive features  is  quite  rare.  The  idea  of 
quadruple  camshafts  in  itself  is  quite 
staggering  to  the  imagination.  When  you 
couple  this  with  the  fact  that  power 
output  would  increase  steadily  up  to  a 
theoretical,  though  unattainable,  9,000 
revolutions  per  minute,  you  may  have 
some  idea  of  just  how  fine  a  piece  of 
machinery  this  car  is. 

Like  any  other  new  car,  the  Pegaso 
has  had  some  "bugs"  in  it  and  has  not 
done  anything  spectacular  in  competi- 
tion, to  date.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that 
when  all  the  "bugs"  have  been  elimin- 
ated,   this   one-ton,    150-horsepower   car 


will  eventually  turn  the  tide  in  racing 
history. 

Because  of  the  quality  of  the  car  in 
conception  and  manufacture,  the  cost  is 
understandably  quite  high.  Although,  if 
a  car  of  this  calibre  were  to  be  con- 
structed in  America,  it  would  only  be 
feasible  as  a  million  dollar  experimental 
model,  made  by  some  Detroit  manu- 
facturer. 

The  three  models  now  in  production 
are  a  2.8  liter  (171  cubic  inches) 
model,  a  supercharged  2.8  liter  model, 
and  a  i.2  liter  (  195  cubic  inches)  model 
that  is  also  supercharged.  The  different 
models  are  so  designated  by  their  piston 
displacement.  Body  styles  at  the  pres- 
ent time  are  five  in  number.  They  are 
an  aerodynamically  designed  sports  Ber- 
lineta  designed  by  Pegaso's  own  styling 
department,  a  Berlineta  two-to-three 
seater  sports  coupe  by  Touring,  a  two- 
seater    hardtop    convertible    and    a    two- 


seater  sports  coupe  by  Saoutchik,  and  a 
radically  designed  semi  glass- roofed  three 
seater  by  Touring  that  looks  like  some- 
thing straight  from  a  Buck  Rogers  ad- 
venture. The  car  has  ver\'  appropriately 
been  named  "Thrill." 

The  engine  design  is  a  composite  of 
all  the  accepted  best  features  of  today's 
reciprocating  internal  combustion  en- 
gines. It  is  a  90-degree  V-8  with  an 
over-square  bore  and  stroke,  with  hemi- 
spherical combustion  chambers  and  in- 
clined valves  that  are  actuateil  by  a  pair 
of  overhead  camshafts  for  each  bank. 

In  plain  and  simple  everyday  lan- 
guage this  merely  means  that  the  two 
rows  of  four  cylinders  each  are  at  an 
angle  of  90  degrees  with  each  other. 
An  over-square  bore  and  stroke  is  so 
called  when  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder 
bore  is  larger  than  the  distance  that  the 
piston  travels  on  one  stroke.  Some  of 
the  many  advantages  of  this  type  of 
set-up  are  that  the  distance  that  the  pis- 
ton travels  at  a  given  R.P.M.  is  re- 
duced producing  longer  piston  life  and 
less  friction. 

Hemispherical  combustion  chambers 
are  just  what  they  are  implied  to  be — 
hemispheres.  The  advantage  of  this  is 
to  produce  even  burning  without  pre- 
ignition  developing  from  "hot  spots"  in 
the  combustion  chamber.  The  best  valve 
arrangement  is  generally  conceded  to  be 
the  set-up  in  which  the  vaKe  actuating 
mechanism  is  coupled  as  directly  as  pos- 
sible with  the  fewest  moving  parts. 
What  could  be  more  direct  or  positive 
than  the  actuating  of  each  set  of  valves 
by  its  own  camshaft! 

The  four  camshafts,  each  of  which 
runs  in  five  bearings,  are  driven  either 
by  triple  roller  chains  or  by  a  gear  train, 


The   new    Pegaso  demonstrating    its 
150  horsepower  and  weighs  approx 


unique   lop-side  entrance.   The   car   has 
imately  one  ton. 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


More  jobs— through  science 

From  the  earth,  air,  and  water  come  new  things  for  all  of  us — and  new  jobs 


The  elements  of  nature  are  a  limitless  frontier,  a  con- 
tinuing challenge  to  science.  Out  of  them,  scientists  are 
developing  new  materials  that  benefit  us  all  in  many  ways. 

A  CHEMICAL  A  MONTH -The  scientists  of  Union 
Carbide,  for  example,  have  introduced  an  average  of 
one  new  chemical  per  month  Jor  over  liienty-Jive  years. 
Some  of  these  have  led  to  the  growth  of  important 
industries,  such  as  plastics  and  man-made  textiles.  This, 
in  turn,  has  meant  more  opportunities,  more  jobs  — in 
construction,  manufacturing,  engineering  and  sales,  as 
well  as  in  research. 

IN  OTHER  FIELDS,  TOO,  the  people  of  Union  Carbide 

have  iiclped  open  new  areas  of  benefit  and  opjiorlunitv. 
Their  alloy  metals  make  possible  stainless  and  other  line 
steels;  the  oxygen  they  produce  helps  the  sick  and  is 


essential  to  the  metalworker;  their  carbon  products  serve 
the  steelmakers  and  j)ower  \()ur  flashlight. 

PROGRESS  THROUGH  RESEARCH-Union  Carbide  has 
23  research  antl  development  laboratories  constantly 
working  in  major  fields  of  science  to  continue  this  record 
of  product  development— anil  more  jobs  through  science. 

FREE:  Learn  how  Ai.LUis,  CARBO^'s,  Gases,  Chemicals, 
anil  Plastics  inijirove  many  things  that  you  use.  Ask  for 
the  1955  edition  of  "Proiliirls  end  Processes"  booklet  E-2. 

Union  Carbide 

AND     CAR  BOX    CORPORATION 

30    EAST    42ND    S  T  R  E  t  T  \\\A^         NKW     YORK     17.     N.     Y. 

In  Canada:  Union  Cakbide  Canada  Limited 


LCCs  Tradc-mnrhed  Products  include 


Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals    Electromet  Alloy>  ami  M.-ials 
EVEREADY  Flashlights  and  Batteries  Prestone  Anli-Froeze 

Bakelite,  Vinylite,  and  Krene  Plastics  Prest-O. 


Haynes  Stei.i.ite  Alloys      l)>ni-l  Ti-xlik-  Fibers      LlNDE  Oxygen 

Pyrofax  Gas  Union  Carbide  National  Carbons 

•Lite  Acetylene  ACHESON  Electrodes 


APRIL,   1955 


35 


WHAT  A  DIFFERENCE 

a  Few  Years  Make  at  MARTIN! 


IN  1941,  EDWARD  E.  CLARK  WAS  A  JUN- 
IOR AERODYNAMICIST.  SINCE  1951,  HE 
HAS  BEEN  MANAGER  OF  THE  AERODY- 
NAMICS DEPARTMENT.  Opportunity  awaits 
YOU  dui'ing  the  next  decade  at  Martin. 


IN  1940,  HERMAN  PUSIN  WAS  A  STRESS 
ANALYST.  SINCE  1950,  HE  HAS  BEEN 
MANAGER  OF  THE  STRUCTURES  DE- 
PARTMENT. Opportunity  awaits  YOU  dui'ing 
the  next  decade  at  Mai'tin. 


ENGINEER 

YOUR  OWX 

CAREER 


...  at  Martin,  where  progress  toward  responsibility  is  con- 
sidered as  important  as  development  of  speciaHzed  skills. 
You'U  be  assigned  challenging  work  from  the  beginning — 
and  encouraged  to  build  your  own  career  in  an  accelerated 
dual  progi'am  for  technical  and  administrative  gi'owth.  At 
Martin,  each  engineer  is  an  individual  with  a  recognized 
personal  goal. 


35 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


IN  1943,  JAMES  H.  BENNETT,  JR.  WAS  A 
JUNIOR  ENGINEER.  SINCE  1953,  HE  HAS 
BEEN  MANAGER  OF  THE  ELECTRO- 
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT.  Opportu- 
nity awaits  YOU  dui-ing  the  next  decade  at 
Mai-tin. 


IN  1942,  WELCOME  W.  BENDER  WAS  A 
VIBRATION  ANALYST.  SINCE  1952,  HE 
HAS  BEEN  MANAGER  OF  THE  ELEC- 
TRONICS DEPARTMENT.  Opportunity 
awaits  YOU  diu-ing  the  next  decade  at  Martin. 


Current    posiiion 

vocancies 

in    Engineering    cf 

1 

The   Glenn  L  Martin 

Co.  inc 

ude  the  listings  be- 

1 

low.  This  year's 

con 

didates 

far  AE,  ME,  EE  and 

CE  degrees  are  especially  in 
Aerodynamics 

vited  to  apply. 
Propulsion 

WRITE 
AT  OXCE 

Airframes  and  Structures 

Electronics 

to 

Control  Systems 

Mechanical  Design 

JOHN   M.  HOLLYDAY 

Armament 

Thermodynamics 

P.O.  BOX  988 

Nuclear 

Instrumentation 

K%n.^KFfirM  tSM 

Hydrodynamics 

Dynamics 

BALTIMORE    ■    MARYLAND 

Servo  Mechanisms 

Electrical 

APRIL,  1955 


37 


depending  on  the  model  engine.  Hard 
liners  arc  set  in  the  cylinder-block,  which 
is  cast  as  an  integral  unit  with  the 
crankcase  in  a  very  light  but  rugged 
alloy.  The  pistons  are  connected  with 
twin  connecting  rods.  A  dry-sump  lubri 
eating  system  with  an  oil  radiator  is 
used.  This,  in  other  words,  means  that 
the  lubricating  oil  is  in  a  sealed  system 
that  does  not  drain  into  the  crankcase 
but  instead  flows  through  the  engine 
and  then  back  to  the  oil  radiator  where 
it  is  cooled  and  recirculated. 

The  advantage  of  this  system  is  that 


the  crankcase  can  be  removed  tor  inspec- 
tion of  the  bottom  of  the  engine  with- 
out having  to  drain  and  refill  the  crank- 
case with  oil.  Carburetion  set  ups  vary 
from  the  using  of  one  to  four  Weber 
dual  down-draft  carburetors. 

On  the  unsupercharged  2.S  liter 
models,  there  are  three  choices  of  com- 
pression ratios.  They  are  7.8  to  1.  8.2 
to  1 ,  and  8.8  to  1  compression  ratio, 
this  engine  develops  130  horsepower  at 
6300  revolutions  per  minute.  This  is 
comparable  to  the  Stiidebaker  Champion 
six-cylinder  engine  developing  as  much 
horsepower  as  a  Ford  V-8  truck  engine 
that  has  239  cubic  inches  of  displace- 
ment. 

The  standard  transmission  for  this  en- 
gine has  five  forward  speeds  ranging  in 
gear  ratios  from  13.09  to  1  to  3.78  to  1. 
plus  an  overdrive.  This  certainly  would 
be  a  transmission-shifters  dream  come 
true.  This  gearbox  is  mounted  in  a  rear 
extension  of  the  differential  housing. 

There  is  also  a  variety  of  optional 
equipment  available  for  this  engine,  such 
as  a  special  Bosch  magneto  ignition  sys- 
tem to  replace  the  standard  coil  and 
distributor  type. 

The  story  on  the  supercharged  models 
is  entirely  different.  The  compression 
ratios  on  the  supercharged  2.8  litter  en- 
gine range  from  6.5  to  1  to  7.5  to  1 
with  a  6.0  to  1  ratio  on  the  3.2  liter 
engine,  which  is  only  available  in  the 
supercharged  models. 

There  are  many  advantages  in  super- 
charging an  engin?.  When  dealing  with 
an  engine  of  small  displacement,  some 
method  is  needed  to  boost  the  torque  out- 
put. Siipercharing  is  the  answer.  The 
fancy  engineering  terminology  for  it  is 
"pressure    induction."    Since    the    power 


output  of  an  internal  combustion  en- 
gine depends  basically  on  the  weight 
of  the  fuel  air  mixture  it  can  burn  per 
minute,  one  of  the  best  ways  to  raise 
the  output  of  any  engine  to  its  maxi- 
mum structural  capacity  is  to  "blow  it," 
as  supercharging  is  sometimes  referred 
to.  Supercharging  is  nothing  more  than 
pumping  the  fuel  air  mixture  into  the 
cylinders  instead  of  relying  on  suction. 

The  supercharged  2.8  liter  engine, 
using  a  compression  ratio  of  6.5  to  1 
develops  190  horsepower  (a  6500  revo' 
lutions  per  minute.  The  3.2  liter  engine, 
raving  a  bore  of  3.35  inches  and  a 
stroke  of  2.76  inches,  develops  260 
horsepower  (??  6500  R.P.M.'.s.  Again 
comparing  it  to  stock  American  cars, 
it  is  the  same  as  the  Rambler  engine 
de\  eloping  as  much  power  as  the  new 
Packard  V-8  engine  that  has  552  inches 
of  displacement. 

^Vith  a  wheelbase  of  92  inches  and 
the  tallest  model  standing  a  mere  51.34 
inches,  it  can  well  be  called  a  small  car. 
The  Pegaso  s  chassis  design  is  just  as 
unique  and  perfect  as  its  engine.  Front 
suspension  consists  of  torsion  bars  in 
front  and  behind  the  unequal-length 
wishbones,  while  transverse  torsion  bars 
are  mounted  across  the  rugged  but  light 
tubular  frame  in  the  rear.  This  type  of 
suspension — torsion  bars —  has  just  been 
adopted  by  one  of  the  American  auto- 
motive manufacturers,  Packard,  al- 
though their  method  of  moiuiting  them 
differs  from  the  Pegaso's.  With  a  tread 
of  52  inches,  a  17  inch-diameter  steering 
wheel  and  a  special  worm  screw  steer- 
ing gear  requiring  only   1.7   turns   from 


lock  to  lock,  handling  characteristics  of 
the  car  are  phenomenal. 

The  Pegaso  has  a  turning  diameter 
of  only  30.1  feet,  which  is  a  little  over 
two  American  passenger-car  lengths. 
The  turning  diameter  is  the  diameter  of 
the  circle  the  right  front  wheel  would 
make  when  making  a  left  turn  with 
the  wheel  all  the  way  over.  Again  this 
ma\  be  compared  to  the  smallest  turning 
radius  of  American  cars  by  making  a 
contrast  to  the  Rambler's  36  foot  turn- 
ing diameter.  Ground  clearance  of  the 
Pegaso  ranges  from  5  inches  to  6.3 
inches,  depending  on  the  model.  This  is 
a  little  bit  le.ss  than  the  American  aver- 
age ground  clearance  but  is  still  enough 
to  avoid  hitting  the  dri\eshaft  or  parts 
of  the  chassis  on  a  rough  road. 

To  stop  this  wildcat,  there  are  large 
Lockheed  hydraulic  brakes  on  all  four 
wheels.  The  rear  brakes  are  mounted  in- 
board on  the  split  deDion  rear  axle. 
The  mounting  of  the  brakes  in  this 
manner,  plus  the  rear  mounting  of  the 
transmission  and  its  own  oil  pump,  plus 
the  deDion  rear-end  assures  a  minimum 
of  unsprung  weight  and  the  best  pos- 
sible traction  under  all  road  and  weather 
condtions.  Total  braking  surface  is  190 
square  inches,  which  gives  an  unusually 
high  braking  area — between  132  and 
136  square  inches  per  ton.  This  is  wel- 
come knowledge  when  fast  and  positive 
stopping  is   required. 

Another  unique  feature  of  this  brak- 
ing system  is  that  the  brakes  function 
by  two  independent  hydraulic  circuits — 
something  that  American  manufacturer^ 


Dr.  Urbas,  the  owner  of  this  new  Mercedes  300  SL  sports  coupe,  recently  took 
fifth  place  in  a  550  Porche  in  the  twelve  hour  Sebring  race.  This  car  with  183 
cu.  in  overhead  cams  can  do  160  m.p.h.  {Photo  courtesy  Joe  Stocks) 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


fteA^o/ic 


4Jllujntii  ocod 


.jaaB"eJ*fe"~ 


TEXAS  AftM 

"""■-'jk.' 

P^^amST'Sn 

li'l 

1   111 

ILLINOIS 

KiKly 


:  •'      ■•,••. .'     Year  in  and  year  out,  we  look  to 

these  nine  schools  for  electrical,  mechanical, 

industrial  and  general  engineering  talent. 

Experience  has  taught  us  they  provide  consistently 

high  calibre  men  for  our  design,  production 

and  sales  engineering  assignments. 

Experience  also  has  shown  that  those  who  join  us 

find  Square  D  a  mighty  good  company  to  be  with. 

Most  of  these  men  are  still  with  us,  growing 

and  prospering  with  the  constantly 

expanding  electrical  industry. 

Why  not  let  us  tell  you  more  about  Square  D 
and  what  we  have  to  offer? 


I^:--T-Jfc.. 


'■■■\\  %■, 


PENN  STATE 


9Kad  tL  e 


4jun^n 


We'd  like  to  send  you  a  brochure, 

''Your  Engineering  Career.''  It  gives  the  simple  rules 

to  follow  in  selecting  an  engineering  career. 


Square  D  Company,   Dept.  SA 

6060  Rivard  Street,  Detroit  11,  Michigan 

I'd  like  a  copy  dI"  Stjuart-  D"s  brochure, 
"Your  Engineering  Carcvr" 


School— 


-C'on 


Address  - 

City 


_2one Stcf 


APRIL,   1955 


39 


would  do  well  to  copy,  merely  as  an 
added  safety  de\ice. 

With  a  dry  weight  ranging  from 
2200  pounds  on  the  unsupercharged  2.8 
lit?r  model  to  2350  pounds  on  the  3.2 
liter  model,  the  cars  are  capable  of  top 
speeds  of  115  M.P.H.  to  144  M.P.H., 
respectively.  However,  the  new  3.2  liter 
model  has  been  unofficially  clocked  at 
170  M.P.H.  The  Pegaso  also  has  a 
pounds  per  horsepower  ratio  of  9.04  to 
1.  in  the  largest  model.  This  is  one  of 
the  lowest  ratios  in  the  world. 

With  all  of  these  marvelous  feats  of 
engineering  combined  into  one  car,  it 
might  be  thought  that  the  Pega;o  would 
skimp  when  it  comes  to  comfort.  Such 
is  not  the  case.  Comfort  has  been  looked 
after  with  as  much  fastidious  care  as 
went  into  the  engineering. 

Every  luxury  item  has  been  included 
from  push-button  windows  to  built-in 
traveling  accessories.  Most  models  also 
come  equipped  with  thigh-style  crash 
belts  and  shoulder  harness  as  standard 
equipment — another  hint  that  Detroit 
could  do  well  to  follow. 

Among  the  companx'  of  outstanding 
racing  and  sports  cars,  the  Pegaeo  is 
suer  to  hold  its  own,  but  one  point 
should  be  brought  up  in  connection  with 
the  car's  records  of  the  future.  Who  is 
going  to  take  a  chance  on  ruining  such 
an  expensive  piece  of  machinery  by  rac" 
ing  it  just  for  a  trophy  or  a  record? 


The  little  tot  was  sitting  demurel\  on 
the  couch,  watching  her  mother  smoking 
a  cigarette.  Her  nose  was  wrinkled,  and 
in  her  pale  blue  eyes  was  an  expression 
of  child  disillusionment.  Finally,  unable 
to  stand  it  any  longer,  she  blurted  out 
in  her  quivering  voice,  "Mother,  when 
in  the  hell  are  you  going  to  learn  to 
inhale?" 

Pants  are  made  for  men  and  not  for 
women.  Women  are  made  for  men  and 
not  for  pants.  When  a  man  pants  for  a 
woman  and  a  woman  pants  for  a  man, 
they  are  a  pair  of  pants.  Such  pants  do 
not  always  last  and  then  they  are  called 
breeches  of  promise.  This  often  turns 
into  a  suit.  When  two  couples  are  mixed 
up  in  a  suit,  all  panting,  it  is  a  suit  with 
two  pair  of  pants. 

"I'm  going  to  have  a  little  one," 
Said  the  girl  friend,  gay  and  frisky; 
But  the  boy  friend  up  and  fainted 
Not  knowing  she  meant  whiskey ! 

♦       *       * 

Poetry   .    .   . 
Both  women   and   pianos 
Are  similar  in  brand  .  .  . 
Some  of   them   are   upright 
And  some  of  them  are  grand  .  .  . 

Lectures  are  like  steer  horns — a  point 
her,  a  point  there,  and  a  lot  of  bull  in 
between. 


THE  AUTOMOBILE  OF 
TOMORROW 

by  Siegmar  Gresch,  M.  E.  '59 


\V^hat  will  the  car  of  tomorrow  be 
like?  Will  it  be  a  heavy  car  with  a 
big  engine  or  a  light  car  with  a  small 
engine?  In  order  to  get  a  broad  view 
of  the  possible  futm'e  of  automobiles 
we  must  not  only  look  at  engine  and 
transmission  design,  but  at  the  char- 
acteristics of  the  fuels  and  the  total  re- 
sources. The  present  trend  in  the  auto- 
motive industry  is  toward  higher  and 
higher  performance  with  little  atten- 
tion paid  to  economy.  True,  we  talk 
about  economy.  But  are  we  really  seri- 
ously interested  in  economy  ?  There  are 
several  factors  coming  into  prominence 
now  which  will  greath  affect  the  car 
of  the  future. 

I.  Increased  taxes  and  cost  of  living 
tend  to  encourage  more  economical  cars 

and  lower  first  cost. 

II.  Future  available  supply  of  petrole- 


M.P.H.  What  good  are  such  high  top 
speeds?  In  most  places  the  legal  speed 
limit  is  far  below  such  high  speeds,  and 
the  only  place  where  one  can  "open  up" 
is  on  a  trunpike.  E\en  then,  the  average 
driver  doesn't  have  the  skill  to  drive  a 
car  at  70  M.P.H.  Furthermore  the 
horsepower  required  goes  up  closely  as 
the  square  of  the  speed,  so  one  can  see 
that  considerable  horsepower  increase 
will  not  affect  the  top  speed  very  much. 
The  only  instance  the  foreign  car  is 
not  quite  as  fast  as  the  American  car  is 
in  acceleration.  But,  the  only  time  that 
acceleration  is  useful  is  when  we  mis- 
judge passing  someone  on  the  highway 
or  when  we  race  the  other  fellow  at 
the  stoplight. 

Comparing  values  of  the  average  for- 
eign car  against  the  typical  American 
car  we  ha\e  the  following  table: 


H.P. 

Weight 

Lb.  per  hp 

Hp   per  sq   ft. 

American  car 

Foreign    car 

125 
65 

3,400  lb. 
2,300  lb. 

29  lb. 
411  lb. 

4.3 
2.7 

um  might  enforce  gasoline  economy. 

III.  Crowded  roads  and  existing 
parking  conditions  encourage  smaller 
cars. 

In  comparing  the  performance  of  a 
big  car  against  that  of  a  small  car,  we 
shall  compare  the  average  American  car 
with  the  average  European  car,  keeping 
in  mind  that  the  acceleration  is  depend- 
ent on  lb  per  hp,  while  top  speed  is 
dependent  on  hp  per  squ.  ft.  frontal 
area.  Acceleration  varies  with  the  type 
of  transmission.  For  example,  a  fom" 
speed  transmission  in  the  same  car.  Tor- 
que conxerters  wasted  power  (10  to 
12'~f  )  imtil  newer  models  were  devel- 
oped that  clvitch  out  in  high  gear.  The 
steady  impro\ements  of  automatic  trans- 
missions points  to  more  efficient  auto- 
mobiles. 

What  about  top  speeds?  In  compar- 
ing top  speeds  of  cars  of  a  few  years  ago, 
we  find  that  the  top  speed  of  the  ex- 
pensive American  car  was  about  100 
M.P.H.;  the  top  speed  of  the  low  priced 
American  car  was  about  85  M.P.H., 
and    that    of    the    foreign    car    was    75 


Comparing  these  figures,  wc  see  that 
the  Europeans  put  30*";  less  material  in 
their  cars  and  use  motors  almost  half 
the  size  of  ours.  Because  the  cars  are 
smaller  and  have  less  air  resistance  their 
top  speed  is  almost  equal  to  ours.  Why 
do  we  need  such  big  cars?  Surveys  re- 
cently taken  show  that  the  average  pass- 
enger load  is  1.3  people.  Why  should 
we  buy  a  heavy  American  car  wherein 
it  takes  one  ton  of  iron  and  a  few 
hundred  pounds  of  other  material  to 
lug  around  200  lbs  of  flesh  when  we 
can  do  the  same  job  with  a  ton  of  iron? 
In  comparing  cost,  we  find  that  the 
initial  cost  of  the  American  car  is  25  to 
35' f  more  than  the  popular  foreign 
car.  This  is  not  all,  let  us  examine  the 
cost  per  mile  with  cars  driven  10,0011 
miles  a  year. 

Comparing  figures  one  can  see  that 
the  foreign  car  which  is  smaller  and 
lighter  is  much  cheaper  to  operate  than 
the  popular  American  car. 

Another  component  of  the  automobile 
which  is  of  considerable  interest  now 
days    is   the   suspension    system.    Typical 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


o 


A  nother  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  to  carry  35-fon  loads  in 
a  roll-neck  lathe 


The  engineers  who  designed  this  roll-neck 
luthc  were  faced  with  three  problems.  I) 
To  build  a  lathe  that  would  cut  finishing 
time  as  much  as  15%;  2)  To  build  a  lathe 
that  would  give  great  accuracy  and  3)  To 
provide  great  load -carrying  capacity  as 
well.  Their  answer  was  this  electronically- 
controlled  mill  roll  lathe.  To  carry  the  35- 
ton  loads  with  a  maximum  runout  of  .0003 
and  still  do  the  job  quickly,  they  specified 
Timken"'  tapered  roller  bearings. 


o 


Why  TIMKEN"  bearings  have 
high  load  capacity 

This  cross-section  of  a  Timken  tapered  roller  bearing 
illustrates  one  reason  why  Timken  bearings  do  such  a 
good  job  under  heavy  load  conditions.  Notice  that  there 
is  full  line  contact  between  the  rollers  and  races.  It's  this 
full  line  contact  that  distributes  the  load  over  a  wider 
area,  gives  Timken  bearings  their  extra  load -carrying 
capacity. 


Want  to  learn  more  about  bearings 

or  iob  opportunities? 


Some  of  the  engineering  problems 
you'll  face  after  graduation  will 
involve  bearing  applications. 
For  help  in  learning  more  about 
bearings,  write  for  the  270-page 
General  Information  Manual  on 


Timken  bearings.  And  for  infor- 
mation about  the  e.\cellent  job 
opportunities  at  the  Timken 
Company,  write  for  a  copy  of  "This 
Is  Timken".  The  Timken  Roller 
Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  O. 


o  TIMKEN 

TRADE-MARK   REG.  U.  S.  PAT.  OFF. 

TAPERED  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


NOT  )UST  >  BAU  O  NOT  JUST  A  ROLLER  (td  THE  TIMKEN  TAPERED  flOLUR  ii=> 
BEARINO  TAKES  RADIAL  ^  AND  THRUST  -€)-  LOADS  OR  ANY  COMBINATION  ^ 


APRIL,  1955 


41 


present  day  suspension  systems  employ 
coil  springs  for  the  front  wheels  and 
leaf  springs  for  the  back  wheels.  This 
system  has  several  disadvantages.  In 
order  to  get  a  soft,  smooth  ride,  soft 
springs  are  used  ;  and  as  a  result,  the  car 
sinks  a  few  inches  closer  to  the  ground 
when  fully  loaded ;  and  hitting  a  hard 
bump  results  in  scraping  the  rear  bumper 
on  the  road.  At  high  speeds  the  car  tends 
to  sway  on  the  slightest  bend  of  the  road. 


car  takes  care  of  the  suspension  of  the 
front  and  back  wheels.  Levers  are  con- 
jiected  to  each  end  of  the  bar  at  180  de- 
grees to  each  other,  so  that  when  the 
right  front  wheel  hits  a  bump  and  goes 
up,  the  bar  is  twisted  in  such  a  way  as 
to  wind  up  the  torsion  bar,  putting  force 
on  the  rear  wheels.  Because  the  torsion 
bar  is  not  connected  to  the  frame  of  the 
car  in  any  way  this  action  has  no  effect 
on  the  body  or  chassis,  and  the  result  is 


Cadillac 


Ford   or  Chev.        Average  Foreign 


Gasoline   .0205 

Lubrication  A)02ti 

Tires  .00b9 

Repairs  .0086 

Miscellaneous  .1)018 

Total  operating  cost....  .0403 

License  registration .0013 

Insurance   .0109 

Depreciation  .0407 

Fixed  charges .0529 

Total  cost  per  mile .0932 


.0164 

.0020 
.0035 
.0040 
.0018 
.0277 
.0010 
.0060 
.0204 
.0274 
.0551 


.0100 
.0015 
.0028 
.0035 
.0011 
.0189 
.0008 
.0055 
.0155 
.0218 
.0407 


Because  the  springs  are  so  soft,  the  bulk 
of  the  work  of  providing  a  comfortable 
ride  falls  on  the  shock  absorbers  which 
slow  down  the  action  of  the  recoil  of  the 
springs.  As  soon  as  they  are  worn,  the 
car  acts  like  a  rubber  ball  bouncing  half 
a  dozen  times  everytime  it  hits  a  hard 
bump.  A  different  type  of  suspension 
used  exclusively  by  racers  and  expensi\e 
foreign  cars  in  the  past  has  now  been 
adapted  to  the  production  automobile. 
Packard  has  just  unveiled  their  19SS 
models  which  use  a  torsion-bar  suspen- 
sion.   A  single  bar  on  each  side  of  the 


a  perfectly  smooth  and  level  ride  at  all 
times.  Torsion  bar  suspension  is  one  of 
the  most  important  recent  improvements 
in  passenger  car  suspension,  and  unless 
something  better  comes  along  it  will  be 
adopted  by  other  automobile  manufac- 
turers in  time  to  come. 

Certain  facts  pertaining  to  gasoline, 
which  have  come  out  into  the  open  may 
also  force  the  automoti\e  industry  to  im- 
pro\e  their  engine  designs.  In  a  report 
given  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines  and  Amer 
ican  Petroleum  Institute,  the  fact  was 
brought   out   that   the   octane   rating  of 


The  Volkswagen,  commonly  called  VW,  is  fourth  in  sales  in  the  world.  The 
car  is  perhaps  the  best  engineered  passenger  car  in  automotive  history. 


gasoline  has  reached  a  limit  under  the 
present  system  of  catalytic  cracking.  This 
is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  the  rating 
of  all  the  major  oil  companies  does  not 
vary  more  than  2.0.  Fuel  injection, 
which  would  do  away  with  the  need  for 
high  octane  gasoline,  may  be  a  possible 
solution  to  the  increasing  demand  for 
high  octane  gasoline.  As  in  the  diesel 
engine,  the  fuel  would  be  injected  di- 
rectly into  the  c\linders,  eliminating  the 
need  for  an  intake  manifold,  making  pos- 
sible a  tremendous  increase  in  fuel  econ- 
omy. But  because  the  tolerances  have 
been  even  closer  on  a  gasoline  fuel  in- 
jection unit  than  on  a  diesel  fuel  injec- 
tion unit  (since  gasoline  is  less  dense 
than  diesel  fuel )  the  high  manufactur- 
ing cost  would  make  the  gasoline  fuel 
injection  unit  impractical.  In  time  new 
production  methods  may  reduce  the  cost 
so  that  gasoline  fuel  injection  luiits 
would  be  feasible.  Whenever  the  ques- 
tion of  fuel  injection  arises  there  is  al- 
ways some  talk  of  putting  diesel  engines 
in  automobiles.  The  only  reason  diesel 
engines  are  not  used  in  automobiles  is 
that  they  are  too  heavy.  The  great  pres- 
sures encountered  make  it  necessary  to 
have  very  thick  cylinder  walls.  In  time, 
metals  may  be  developed  which  are  light- 
er and  have  greater  strength  than  those 
of  today  and  the  diesel  engine  in  the 
automobile  may  become  a  reality. 

The  only  type  of  propulsion  which 
may  replace  the  reciprocating  engine  in 
the  very  near  future  would  be  the  gas 
turbine.  L'sing  advanced  production 
methods  and  a  generator,  a  gas  turbine 
could  be  produced  that  would  compare 
in  cost  to  the  reciprocating  engine.  Fuel 
would  be  no  problem  since  the  need 
for  octane  rating  would  disappear.  But 
because  of  the  high  temperature  en- 
countered in  the  gas  turbine,  alloys  have 
yet  to  be  developed  so  that  the  gas  tur- 
bine can  compete  successfully  with  the 
reciprocating  engine  as  a  form  of  pro- 
pulsion for  the  automobile.  ( See  Decem- 
ber  1954   Tt'ihtKJgrdfth.) 

Safety  features  of  future  cars  will 
play  an  important  part  in  the  crusade 
for  safety  on  the  highways.  Power 
brakes  together  with  power  steering,  will 
become  standard  equipment.  Air  condi- 
tioning, with  its  year-around  tempera' 
ture  control,  will  be  part  of  the  standard 
equipment.  In  addition,  padded  dash- 
boards and  safet\  belts  will  increase  the 
chances  for  sur\i\al  in  serious  accidents. 

After  examining  all  the  facts,  the 
future  points  to  smaller,  smoother  riding, 
more  efficient  automobiles.  After  all,  it 
has  been  known  for  some  time  that 
engines  of  advanced  design  having  10:1 
compression  ratios  have  been  run  on  80 
octane  gasoline.  Isn't  it  logical  that  some 
of  these  engine  designs  could  be  u.sed 
in  a  modified  form  on  present  day 
engines? 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Superimposed  over  this  man's  head  is  the  matrix  (or  heart)  of  RCA  Electronic  "Memory."  See  description  below. 

New  RCA  Magnetic  "Memory"  recalls 
thousands  of  facts  in  a  fraction  of  a  second 


Each  dot  you  see  in  the  squares  above 
is  actually  a  magnetic  "doughnut" 
so  tiny  that  it  barely  slides  over  a 
needle  point.  Despite  its  size,  how- 
ever, each  "doughnut"  stores  away 
one  bit  of  information  for  future  ref- 
erence. And  10,000  of  them  fit  on  a 
framework  smaller  than  the  size  of 
this  page! 

Here  are  the  cells  of  the  RCA  mag- 
netic "memory"  that  is  the  key  ele- 
ment in  virtually  all  high-speed  elec- 
tronic computers.  The  greatest  signif- 
icance of  this  "memory"  is  its  ability 
to  deliver,  in  a  few  millionths  of  a  sec- 


ond, any  information  it  holds. 

Almost  instantly,  an  insurance 
company  can  process  a  claim.  Just 
as  fast,  a  manufacturer  with  inven- 
tories spread  around  the  country  can 
determine  what  products  are  making 
money — and  where. 

With  such  "memories,"  electronic 
computers  predict  accurately  the 
next  day's  weather  for  the  nation, 
using  data  on  atmospheric  pressure, 
temperature,  and  wind  velocity  from 
every  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  leadership  in  electronics  that 
created  this  man-made  RCA  "mem- 


ory" is  responsible  for  one  achieve- 
ment after  another  in  television, 
radio,  radar  and  other  RCA  products. 


>VHERE   TO. 


IR.    ENGINEER? 


RCA  offers  careers  in  research, 
development,  design,  and  manu- 
facturing for  engineers  with 
Bachelor  or  advanced  degrees  in 
E.E.,  M.E.  or  Physics.  For  full 
information,  write  to:  Mr.  Robert 
Hakli.sch,  Manager,  College  Re- 
lations, Radio  Corporation  of 
America,  Camden  2.  N.  J. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 

ELECTRONICS   FOR   LIVING 


APRIL,   1955 


43 


DUAL 

EXHAUST 

SYSTEMS 

by  Maurice  H.  Garnholz 
Aero.  E.  '56 


Although  among  true  automotive  tans 
and  car  bugs,  there  is  ahnost  unanimous 
agreinient  on  the  merits  of  a  dual  ex- 
haust system  tor  the  present-day  auto- 
mobile, many  others  who  merely  drive 
their  cars  with  only  the  exterior  ap- 
pearance of  the  automobile  and  its  parts 
in  mind  scofif  at  such  seemingly  "ju- 
venile hot-rodders."  This  article  was 
primarily  written  for  those  who  are 
more  concerned  with  the  interior  work- 
ings of  their  car   and,   as  almost  every 


f:^taM.vMS.^-^.i- 


MAURICE  H  GARNHOLIZ 
Moury,  last  year's  feature 
editor,  has  been  o  contri- 
butor off  and  on  to  the 
TECH  since  his  freshman 
year.  As  secretary  of  the 
Society  of  Automotive  En 
gineers,  secretory-treasurer 
of  the  Illinois  Rocket  So- 
ciety, ond  member  of  the 
Institute  0  f  Aeronautical 
Sciences,  ho  is  kept  quite 
busy. 


driver  is,  with  the  possibilities  of  high- 
er performance  and  better  economy. 

By  the  end  of  1953,  the  total  regis- 
tration of  passenger  cars,  trucks,  and 
buses  in  the  United  States  had  climbed 
to  over  55,600,000.  As  is  probably  evi- 
dent to  almost  everyone  with  a  driver's 
license,  highway  building  has  failed  by 
a  dangerously  wide  margin  to  keep  pace 
with  the  increase  in  vehicle  population. 
Unless  one  picks  the  alternative  of  hope- 
lessly bogged-down  traffic  jams,  vehicles 
must  have  the  ability  to  pass  slower 
moving  traflfic  quickly  and  safely.  Great- 
er flexibility  in  traffic,  more  po^ver  on 
hills,  and  more  instant  acceleration  are 
almost  a  necessary  requisite  for  ease  of 
driving  and  consequent  safety  reasons. 
Even  if  the  power  isn't  always  used,  it 
should  be  available.  Improved  perform- 
ance which  car  manufacturers  have  built 
into  their  latest  offerings  has  made  it 
almost  imperative  for  those  who  can- 
not afford  the  new  models  to  do  some- 
thing with  their  current  models  in  order 
to  make  them  more  responsive,  if  they 
wish    to    continue    to    enjoy    driving    on 


highways  side  by  side  with  the  better- 
performing  later-model  cars.  This,  per- 
haps, is  the  basic  reason  for  hopping  up; 
i.e.,  increasing  the  performance  of  cars 
tod  ay.  ^ 

One  of  the  first  considerations  ( in 
fact,  almost  the  first)  in  increasing  en- 
gine efficiency  and  power  must  be  the 
release  of  exhaust  gases  from  the  en- 
gine as  quickly  and  smoothly  as  pos- 
sible. 

Just  as  holding  one's  hand  on  the 
front  of  one's  face  stifles  breathing,  so 
do  many  of  the  stock  exhaust  systems 
bother  the  breathing  of  present-day  cars. 
By  improving  the  intake  and  or  exhaust 
portions  of  the  breathing  cycle,  the  per- 
formance of  the  car  will  also  be  altered 
toward  a  higher  degree  of  performance 
capabilities.  Additional  performance  in 
the  intake  part  of  the  cycle  is  accomp- 
lished by  more  efficient  carburetion,  in- 
take manifold  design,  superchargers,  air 
cleaning,  etc.  But  these  improvements 
at  the  intake  portion  of  the  engine's  op- 
eration can  only  attain  a  point  anywhere 
near  their  highest  possible  efficiency,  if 
the  best  obtainable  exhausting  of  the 
burnt  gases  is  accomplished.  For  even 
if  a  better  and  faster  means  of  getting 
the  air  and  fuel  mixture  to  the  combus- 
tion chamber  is  accomplished,  burnt 
gases  will  not  be  scavenged  and  re- 
moved rapidly  enough  without  a  corres- 
pondingly rapid  and  efficient  expulsion 
of  these  burnt  gases.  Hence,  it  is  almost 
mandator\'  that  any  improvement  made 
at  the  intake  end  of  the  engine  should 
be  accompanied  by  a  similar  improve- 
ment at  the  exhaust  end.  This  article  is 
primarily  concerned  with  the  expelling 
of  the  gases  from  the  running  engine. 

If  one  was  running  down  the  street 
and  put  his  hand  over  his  nose  and 
mouth  each  time  he  attempted  to  exhale, 
he  would  not  run  very  well,  and  obvi- 
ously not  at  his  maximum  speed  nor  ef- 
ficiency. The  same  is  true  of  most  ex- 
haust manifolds,  exhaust  pipes,  mufflers, 
and  tail  pipes.  They  create  restrictions, 
like  the  fingers  of  the  hand,  resulting  in 
excessive  back  pressure.  Back  pressure 
is  a  positive  restrictive  pressure  in  the 
exhaust  system  and  is  created  by  several 
contributing  factors.  The  three  most  im- 
portant ones  in  the  form  of  restrictions 
can  be  attributed  to  ( 1  )  mufflers  de- 
signed for  silencing  only  in  which  the 
direction  of  flow  of  the  exhaust  gases  is 
reversed  several  times,  thus  eliminating 
a  smooth  flow  of  these  gases,  e.g..  baffles 
in  the  muffler;  (2)  exhaust  systems  that 
are  unable  to  handle  the  volume  of  ex- 
haust gases  created  by  the  engine,  thus 
making  it  impossible  to  vent  these  gases 
as  fast  as  the  engine  creates  them  (This 
often  comes  about  due  to  curling  pipes 
and  sharp  corners  in  the  bends.);  and 
(3)  an  angular,  rough  manifold  con- 
struction which  prevents  smooth,  fast 
flow  of  exhaust  gases. 


The  installation  of  just  one  straight- 
through  t\pe  muffler,  which  absorbs  the 
noise  by  material  surrounding  a  no-bend 
core,  will  give  an  average  increase  of 
about  5  per  cent  both  in  horsepower  and 
economy  ( fuel  consumption ) .  This 
varies  with  car  makes  and  often  among 
the  same  models.  With  a  dual  exhaust 
system,  the  increase  is  more  than  twice 
this  figure.  It  should  be  mentioned  at 
this  point  that  the  carburetor  must  be 
adjusted  with  the  installation  of  duals, 
as  it  was  probably  set  for  a  single  ex- 
haust system  previously.  Hence,  with- 
out a  new  carburetor  setting,  too  rich 
a  mixture  of  gasoline  and  air  is  obtained, 
which  means  a  waste  of  gasoline  occurs. 
This  is  because  the  dual  exhaust  svs- 
teni  allows  the  car  to  run  faster  with- 
out burning  as  much  fuel.  Therefore, 
unused  gasoline  is  just  thrown  out  and 
wasted.  But  with  a  minor  carburetor 
adjustment,  the  fuel  consumption  will 
drop. 

These  straight-through  mufflers  are 
usually  packed  with  either  steel  shavings 
or  fiber— glass,  with  the  latter  often 
capable  of  withstanding  a  temperature 
of  over  1000  degrees  Fahrenheit.  Even 
on  a  stock  system  (one  muffler),  such 
a  muffler  often  reduces  back-pressure  up 
to  50  per  cent  of  its  former  value.  They 
are  usually  blow-out  proof  and  will 
often  outlast  three  or  four  stock  mufflers 
at  a  fraction  of  the  cost,  depending  of 
course  on  the  brand  and  the  conditions 
they  are  subjected  to. 

From  Car  Life's  "Economy  Driving" 
is  obtained  the  following  discussion  on 
exhausting  the  dollars.  "Back-pressure 
in  the  exhaust  system  is  a  phenomenon 
of  combustion  that  is  becoming  of  in- 
creasing importance.  In  older  autos  it 
was  a  simple  matter  to  carry  away  ex- 
haust gases  with  relative  efficiency 
through  a  single  pipe.  As  engines  have 
gained  in  compression,  however,  with- 
out correspoiith'ng  additions  in  size  and 
weight,  the  exhaust  system  has  tended  to 
resist  the  efforts  of  the  engine  to  swallow 
more  air  on  each  cycle  and  expel  it  more 
rapidly  (high  compression).  This  re- 
sistance is  known  as  back-pressure,  and 
at  full  throttle  may  be  as  much  as  five 
pounds  per  square  inch."- 

By  a  dual  exhaust  system  with  non- 
restrictive  mufflers,  one  can  aid  the  en- 
gine in  its  labors  by  achieving  a  greater 
volumetric  efficiency  in  the  cylinders, 
which  in  turn  will  give  a  marked  in- 
crease in  acceleration  and  mileage  as 
well  as  a  cooler-running  car. 

Restricting  our  discussion  to  V-typc 
engines  although  all  improvements  in 
performance  apply  almost  equally  well 
to  in-line  engines),  the  merits  and  whys 
of  a  dual  exhaust  system  is  further  dis- 
cussed. The  conventional  arrangement 
of  the  flow  of  exhaust  ga.ses  in  the 
V-type  engines  require  that  the  gases 
leaving  the  left  bank   (or  right)   of  cyl- 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


FORMULA  FOR  BETTER  FARMING 


The  petroleum  industry  seeks  constantly 
to  extract  the  ultimate  in  valuable  and  useful 
products  from  every  barrel  of  crude  oil.  And 
progress  along  this  line  in  one  area  frequently 
brings  with  it  advances  in  other  related  areas. 
For  instance,  improved  catalytic  reforming 
methods  developed  by  Standard  Oil  have 
increased  high  octane  gasoline  yields.  This 
improvement  is  accompanied  by  substantial 
increases  in  available  by-product  hydrogen, 
which  can  be  combined  with  nitrogen  from  the 


air  to  produce  ammonia.  Standard  has  there- 
fore completed  plans  to  enter  this  important 
chemical  manxifacturing  field. 

Anhydrous  ammonia  and  nitrogen  solutions 
are  increasingly  favored  by  midwestem  farmers 
and  fertilizer  processors  as  sources  of  nitrogen. 
This  nitrogenous  soil  enrichment  raises  crop 
yields  and  farm  profits. 

Young  scientists  and  engineers  enjoy  work- 
ing where  such  constructive  projects  are 
constantly  discussed,  planned,  and  developed. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  80,  Illinois 


(standard) 


APRIL,  1955 


45 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


New  York 

Chicago 
San  Francisco 


Hoboken,  N.  J. 

St.  Loyij    •    Delroif 

Los  Angeles    •    Montreal 


Completeness... 

A  Key  to  K  &  E  Leadership 

Graphs  and  charts  to  analyze  and  illustrate  an 
endless  variety  of  facts  or  trends  are  vital  to  busi- 
ness men,  manufacturers,  engineers,  architects, 
surveyors,  mathematicians,  scientists.  K&E  make 
a  complete  range  of  graph  forms  essential  for 
these  many  differing  needs.  (Write  Keuffel  & 
Esser,  Dept.  1254,  Hoboken,  N.J.,  for  a  free  book- 
let "Graph  Sheets".)  Completeness  is  one  of  the 
keys  to  K&E  leadership  in  drafting,  reproduction, 
surveying  and  optical  tooling  equipment  and 
materials,  in  shde  rules  and  measuring  tapes. 


Ball  Bearing 


TalK  about  a  "quiz  whiz"... here's  the  ball 
bearing  torque  tester  that's  in  a  class  by  Itself 


By  simplifying  inspection,  this  Falnir-developed,  slow 
running  ball  bearing  torque  tester  shrinks  the  chances  of 
error.  Unlike  some  torque  testers  which  require  scores  of 
readings  to  produce  similar  information,  the  Fafnir  Torque 
Tester  requires  only  one  revolution  of  the  bearing  outer 
ring  to  record  such  characteristics  as  running  torque  in 
gram-centimeters,  bearing  defects  (if  any),  where  located 
(inner  or  outer  ring),  and  the  presence  of  dirt  or  exces- 
sive eccentricities. 

The  development  of  a  better  means  of  measuring  instru- 
ment bearing  torque  is  but  one  of  many  Fafnir  contribu- 
tions to  the  ball  bearing  industry.  The  Fafnir  Bearing 
Company,  New  Britain,  Conn. 


FA  F"  N  I  R   ^^^^  BEARINGS 

^^  ^^^    "^      "^     ■     Bm       MOST    COMPUTE    LINE    IN    AMERICA 


iiiders  imist  tra\el  thrnvigh  the  nianifoid 
and  cross-over  (or  cross-under)  pipe  to 
join  the  gases  leaving  the  riglit  hank  (or 
left)  of  cylinders  via  the  manifold  and 
tailpipe  on  the  right-hand  (or  left-hand) 
side  of  the  engine.  By  the  installation 
of  a  dual  exhaust  system,  the  efficiency 
of  operation  is  increased  due  to  the  fact 
that  each  bank  of  cylinders  has  its  own 
individual  exhaust  system,  and  exhaust 
gases  are  carried  away  independently. 
With  the  installation  of  headers,  which 
will  be  further  discussed  later,  this 
technique  is  carried  even  further,  as 
each  combustion  chamber  has  essential- 
ly its  own  exhaust  system  independent 
of  the  others.  It  is  apparent  that  by  the 
installation  of  a  dual  exhaust  system  the 
capacity  of  the  system  is  doubled,  mak- 
ing it  possible  for  the  exhaust  system 
to  handle  a  larger  volume  of  exhaust 
gases  in  a  given  time,  thereby  minimiz- 
ing back  pressure. 

When  installing  an  exhaust  system  tj 
give  the  best  efficiency  possible,  atten- 
tion should  be  paid  to  the  exhaust  mani- 
fold construction.  The  internal  rough- 
ness of  cast  iron  and  the  sharp  angled 
design  of  conventional  manifolds  resist 
the  smooth  flow  of  exhaust  gases,  and 
the  heat  is  not  dissipated  as  the  exhaust 
gases  leave  the  cylinders. 

By  replacing  this  conventional  mani- 
fold with  a  streamlined  "header"  sys- 
tem, constructed  either  of  cast  iron,  cast 
steel,  or  tubular  steel,  which  permits  a 
smooth  flow  of  exhaust  gases  to  leave 
the  engine,  there  is  a  decided  improve- 
ment in  the  rate  at  which  the  exhaust 
gases  are  taken  from  the  engine.  This 
results  in  faster  heat  dissipation  (cooler 
running  engine),  increased  efficienc) , 
greater  horsepower,  and  more  fuel  eco- 
nomy. The  V-S  engine  lends  itself  par- 
ticularly well  to  the  header  and  dual 
exhaust  system  due  to  the  divided  cyl- 
inder construction  (two  banks  of  c\'l- 
inders).  But  on  the  bad  side  of  the 
case  for  headers  is  the  fact  that  thf'y 
usually  add  to  the  vibration  noise  in  tlie 
car.  This  is  alle\iated  somewhat  by  the 
use  of  cast  iron  headers  which  absorb 
much  of  the  noise. 

Different  sovures  show  different 
amoinits  of  increase  in  horsepower  due 
to  a  dual  exhaust  system.  This  \ariance 
is  due  to  different  makes  and  different 
conditions  and  equipment  in  the  same 
models.  For  such  a  system  without  head- 
ers, tests  on  the  road  and  on  dynamom- 
eters show  a  horsepower  increase  from 
7  per  cent  to  15  per  cent.  With  diuJ 
exhaust  header  systems  the  horsepower 
increase  goes  up  to  30  per  cent  in  some 
cases.  Back  pressure  is  decreased  around 
70  per  cent  in  both  cases.  Obtained  from 
several  sources,  these  figures  agree  wirh 
those  from  the  two  well-known  auto- 
moti\e  engineering  firms — Almquist  En- 
gineering Co.,  Inc.  and  Newhouse  Auto- 
motive Industries.  '^^  Roger  Huntington, 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


it 


NEW   DEPARTURES"   IN    SCIENCE   &    INVENTION 


LEONARDO    DA  VINCI'S    PEDESTRIAN    IDEA 


Each  time  the  wheels  turned,  a  bean  dropped  to  a  container  below  the  axle. 
Then  Leonardo  counted  the  beans  and  multiplied  by  the  wheel  circumference 
to  learn  how  far  he'd  walked. 

Even  New  Departure  ball  bearings  couldn't  do  much  for  Leonardo's  simple 
pedometer.  But  if  Leonardo  were  designing  one  of  today's  complex  instru- 
ments, he'd  call  on  New  Departure  for  ball  bearings.  That's  because  New 
Departures  bring  about  such  advantages  as  low  starting  torque  and  even 
lower  running  friction,  precise  location  of  moving  parts  at  all  speeds,  compact 
design,  long  life  with  almost  no  upkeep.  Besides,  New  Departure's  research 
end  manufacturing  facilities  are  unmatched. 

No  wonder  engineers  everywhere  call  on  New  Departure  for  the  finest  in 
instrument  boll  bearings. 


NEW  DEPARTURE 


NEVIf 


DIVISION  OF  GENERAL  MOTORS     •     BRISTOL   CONNECTICUT 


DEPARTURE 

B^KLL     BEARINGS 

NOTHING    ROILS    IIKI    A   BAIL 


Automatic  grom- centimeter  torque  tester  mea  turei  storting 
torque  chorocleristics  of  New  Deporture  instrument  ball 
bearings.  Like  many  of  ttie  ultra-precise  devices  used  in  bearing 
manufoclure,  this  torque  tester  was  largely  developed  by 
New  Deporture. 


APRIL,  1955 


47 


!i;; 


Now  is  the   time   to   get  the 
LIFE-LONG 

CnSTELL 
HABIT! 

Your  tools  of  tomorrow  should 
be  your  tools  of  todaj".  When  you  graduate  and  start 
upon  your  own  career  you  will  find  that  the  top 
engineers,  architects  and  designers  use  Castell — 
either  the  famous  wood  pencil  or  Locktite  Holder 
with  9030  lead. 

Castell  is  smoother,  stronger,  lays  down  greater 
depth  of  graphite  on  the  drawing.  It  is  uniformly 
excellent  in  all  20  degrees,  8B  to  lOH. 

You  study  in  a  fine  school,  taught  by  outstanding 
professors.  Does  it  make  sense  to  work  with  inferior 
tools?  Order  Castell,  world's  standard  of  quality, 
from  your  College  Store,  stationer  or  art  supply  store. 


^STf 


the  drawing  pencil 
■vilh   the  Master   Degrees 


®Fi[R-COEll 
jrurii   rt\    lur     uc-uiADV  o    £l>  J 


u 


BENCH  CO..  INC.,  NEWARK  3,  R.  *. 


of  the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineeis 
(SAE),  states  in  his  book  on  increasing 
engine  performance  that  a  dual  exhaust 
header  system  will  add  at  least  10  horse- 
power to  the  engine. ' 

One  interesting  thing  to  be  noted  in 
connection  with  a  dual  exhaust  header 
system,  with  or  without  straight-through 
mufflers,  is  that  there  is  a  continuous 
increase  in  horsepower  with  increase  in 
miles  per  hour  of  the  automobile.  With 
the  standard  one-muffler  car,  a  maxi- 
mum in  horsepower  is  reached  at  a 
speed  of  approximately  75  to  80  miles 
per  hour.  This  is,  of  course,  variable 
with  the  cars  used.  As  higher  speeds  are 
obtained,  the  horsepower  then  decreases 
with  this  system.  This  means  there  is 
more  labor  for  the  engine  when  one  is 
driving  at  high  speeds  with  a  standard 
exhaust  system. 

The  total  cost  of  a  header  dual  ex- 
haust system  runs  in  the  neighborhood 
of  S50,  with  the  headers  costing  approxi- 
mately S30  and  the  exhaust  system  about 
S20.  The  latter  is  composed  of  two  muf- 
flers, exhaust  pipe,  tail  pipe,  and  fit- 
tings. 

In  conclusion,  the  case  for  a  dual 
exhaust  system  can  be  summarized  as 
the  following.  A  dual  exhaust  system 
provides: 

1.  Increased  gas  mileage. 

2.  Increased  maximum  speed. 

3.  Faster  acceleration. 


4.  Faster  heat  dissipation. 

5.  Cooler  running  engine. 
b.  Better  idling. 

7.  Smoother  running  engine. 

8.  Greater  horsepower. 

9.  Less  labor  on  the  engine. 
10.  Increased  engine  efficiency. 


'"How  to  Hop  Up  Your  Chewy,  Ford,  or 
Plvmouth,"  //oic-  To-Mat/azine,  XIII  (Fall, 
1954),  4-7. 

""Don't  Exhaust  Your  Dollars."  Eionomy 
Drivin/i,  A  Car  Lift-  Annual,  No.  101  (1955). 
52. 

'Almquisi  Engineerinij  Pov;er  Catalog  No. 
500    (195+),  +-5. 

*\e<u:house  Automolive  Industries  Speed 
Pozcrr  Economy  Catalog  No.  258  (195+), 
40-43. 

'^Roger  Huntington,  //o«.-  to  "Hop  Up" 
For  J  an  J  Mercury  IS  Engines.  Los  Angele.s: 
Floyd  Clyraer,   1951.  pp.   104-105. 


Jet  Engine  Lubricant 

A  new  silicone  lubricant  with  out- 
standing thermal  and  load  bearing  prop 
erties  is  being  vigorously  tested. 

The  silicone  fluid  has  satisfactorily 
passed  themial  stability  and  viscometric 
tests  ranging  from  — 65  degrees  F  to 
500  degrees  F.  Steel-to-steel  bearing 
load  tests  have  shown  the  fluid  to  have 
excellent  lubricating  qualities  up  to 
107.000  pounds  per  square  inch  bearing 
area. 

Present  commercial  silicone  oils  are 
well    known    for    their   high    degree    of 


thermal  stability  combined  with  a  favor- 
able viscosity-temperature  relationship. 
These  oils  also  possess  desirable  proper- 
ties such  as  high  flash  temperature  and 
low  pour  and  freezing  temperatures.  In 
spite  of  this  array  of  good  qualities,  how- 
ever, they  have  always  been  poor  lubri- 
cants for  ferrous  metal  surfaces  under 
boundary  lubricating  conditions  where 
the  film  of  lubricant  between  surfaces 
approaches  the  thickness  of  two  or  three 
layers  of  molecides. 

The  new  lubricating  silicone  fluid  was 
developed  by  Dr.  Gordon  C.  Gainer, 
who  supervises  chemical  department  ac- 
tivities of  the  Westinghouse  Materials 
Engineering  Department. 

"The  problem  of  developing  good  lub- 
ricating properties  for  steel  versus  steel," 
Dr.  Gainer  said,  "was  approached 
through  the  modification  of  the  silicone 
oil  molecule.  '  It  was  assumed  that  the 
conventional  silicone  molecule  is  not  ab- 
sorbed strongly  enough  on  the  steel  sur- 
faces to  form  a  close-packed  film  or 
protecting  layer  or  layers.  As  a  result 
metal  to  metal  contact  is  not  prevented 
on  parts  that  continually  rub  together. 
Research  studies  were  thus  concentrated 
en  the  alteration  of  the  silicone  oil  mole- 
cide  to  produce  a  material  capable  of 
forcing  a  surface  chemical  reaction  at  the 
metal  oil  boundary. 

The  new  lubricant  has  been  tested 
under  the  most  severe  laboratory  induced 
conditions.  C^ne  such  device  is  the  Shell 
Four-Ball  testing  machine.  Here  a  steel 
ball  is  rotated  while  held  against  three 
steel  balls.  The  entire  Four-Ball  assem- 
bly is  immersed  in  a  container  filled  with 
the  fluid  to  be  tested.  While  one  ball  is 
turned  at  a  constant  speed,  the  other 
three  stationary  balls  can  be  accurateh 
pressed  against  the  rotating  steel  ball, 
the  system  acting  as  a  fineh  controlled 
"nutcracker."  Metal  to  metal  pressures 
can  be  built  up  until  the  parts  actually 
"seize"  or  weld  in  the  terminology  of 
lubrication  engineers.  It  is  in  this  piece 
of  testing  equipment  that  bearing  pres- 
sures of  107.000  pounds  per  square  inch 
have  been  attained.  Presently  available 
jet  engine  lubricants  will  cause  "seizure" 
of  the  metal  parts  between  14.000  to 
27.000  pounds  per  square  inch  bearing 
area. 

"The  new  lubricant  has  also  been 
tested  in  a  Westinghouse  turbojet  en- 
gine," Dr.  Gainer  said.  At  the  comple- 
tion of  this  test,  the  engine  was  com- 
pletely torn  down  and  examined.  NO 
evidence  of  wear  v."as  found  by  engineer^ 
and  the  system  was  entirely  free  of  an> 
sludge  derived  from  the  new  lubricating 
silicone  oil. 

This  type  of  lubricant  is  being  manu- 
factured by  Dow  Corning  Corporation 
of  Midland,  Michigan.  The  latter  com- 
pany is  now  supplying  the  lubricant  to 
the  military  services  for  further  testing. 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


.4,000,000  answers  later 


few  figures  tell   the  story. 

7  years  of  painstaking  analysis,  research  and  design 
hy  engineers  from  nearly  every  field  of  teclmolog)-. 

14,200  hours  of  experimental  engine 

operation  in  test  cells  and  in  fliglit  test. 

4.000,000   individual,  complex  matheniatical 
problems   solved  by  electronic   computers. 


As  a  result.  America  now  has  the  world's 

most  powerful  production  aircraft  engine 

—  the  J-57  turbojet.  Careful  engineering 
development  like  this  has  made 
Pratt  &   Whitney  Aircraft   the 

world's   foremost   designer  and 
builder  of  aircraft  engines. 


PRATT  &  WHITNEY 
AIRCRAFT 

DIVISION    OF    UNITED    AIRCRAFT    CORP. 
East   Hartford   8,   Connecticut 


APRIL,   1955 


49 


mmmm 

mmm$ 


by  Larr/  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


Instruments  First 

Fledgling  pilots  may  leani  to  fly  by 
looking  at  instruments  before  they  learn 
by  watching  the  ground — completely  the 
reverse  of  usual  procedm'es — if  the  new- 
est idea  being  tested  at  the  University 
of  Illinois  works  out. 

While  they  will  not  become  instru- 
ment pilots,  they  will  be  able  to  handle 
themselves  in  an  emergency  when  sight 
of  the  ground  is  blotted  out.  The  proj- 
ect is  being  carried  out  by  the  Institute 
of  Aviation  and  the  Aviation  Psycholog\' 
Laboratory  at  Illinois  under  a  grant 
from  The  Link  Foundation. 

Instrument  instruction  is  being  in- 
cluded in  training  for  a  private  pilot 
license  being  given  18  students  including 
one  co-ed.  Results  of  the  project  are 
expected  in  July. 

The  purpose,  says  Prof.  Alex  C.  Wil- 
liams Jr.,  head  of  the  Aviation  Psy- 
chology Laboratory,  is  "to  demonstrate 
whether  it  is  possible  to  give  basic  in- 
strument and  contact  training  so  that  in 
the  same  amount  of  flight  time  a  student 
will  be  able  both  to  pass  the  private  pilot 
test  and  have  some  knowledge  and  pro- 
ficiency in  instrument  flying." 

If  successful,  this  may  become  a  part 
of  the  Illinois  Flight  Plan,  developed 
at  the  L'niversity  of  Illinois  several  years 
ago  which — without  increasing  their 
training  flight  time — gives  students 
training  and  experience  in  use  of  an  air 


50 


craft  as  well  as  knowing  how  to  get  the 
plane  safely  off  the  groiuid  and  back 
down  again. 

That  plan  utilized  an  open-cockpit 
Link  t  r  a  i  n  e  r  known  as  the  "School 
Link."  In  it  are  the  basic  instruments 
of  every  aircraft — oil  and  fuel  gages, 
engine  speed  indicator,  altimeter,  turn 
indicators,  and  compass — plus  the  gyro 
compass  and  the  artificial  horizon. 

Pilots  who  know  how  to  use  these  can 
keep  their  craft  level  without  sight  of 
ground,  and  in  time  of  trouble  turn 
back,  come  down,  go  above  the  overcast, 
or  as  a  final  resort,   fly  through. 

The  project  has  been  named  "COIN" 
— Contact-Instrument  System  of  Flight 
Instruction.  Prof.  Williams  explains 
that  the  idea  of  teaching  both  instrument 
and  contact  flying  simultaneously  has 
been  discussed  for  20  years,  but  only  re- 
cently has  it  been  proved  that  there  is 
a  much  larger  transference  of  training 
from  instrument  flying  to  contact  flying 
than  bv  the  reverse. 


Friction  Testing  Machine 

The  design  and  development  of  a  new 
machine  for  friction  testing  of  materials 
under  load,  such  as  brake  linings,  that 
embodies  several  new  concepts  in  testing 
and  machine  design  has  been  announced. 

The  design  of  the  machine  is  based  on 
the  fact  that  if  a  loaded  sample  of  the 
material  to  be  tested  is  held  and  made  to 


ride  on  the  rim  of  a  revolving  drum,  at 
a  point  on  the  vertical  center  line,  a  hori- 
zontal friction  force  tangent  to  the  drum 
surface  will  result. 

Because  this  horizontal  frictional  force 
is  approximately  the  same  at  all  speeds, 
a  variable  speed-constant  torque  power 
unit  must  be  used  to  power  the  drum 
through  all  speeds  and  loading  conditions 
desirable  to  test  the  material.  The  re- 
vohing  drum  is  moimted  on  the  end  of 
a  shaft  that  is  moimted  in  self-aligning 
ball  bearings.  Hetween  these  bearings  is 
a  fhwheel  driven  by  two  'V  belts.  Max- 
imum fidl  speed  of  the  shaft  is  a  little 
more  than  900  R.P.M. 

One  of  the  important  features  of  the 
new  machine  is  a  restraining  device  that 
has  the  ability  to  maintain  position  of 
the  test  sample  on  the  vertical  center- 
line  of  the  drum  regardless  of  any  vari- 
ation of  the  frictional  force.  This  re- 
straining device,  pressure  sensitive,  mea.s- 
ures  and  makes  a  continuous  record  of 
the  characteristics  of  the  material  when 
subjected  to  any  desired  condition  of  op- 
eration. 

Another  important  feature  of  this  new 
method  of  applying  load  and  transmit- 
ting friction  force  to  a  measuring  device, 
is  that  the  position  of  the  loading  unit  is 
entirely  controlled  in  the  friction  force 


Pressures  up  to  200  lbs.  can  be- 
erted  against  surfaces  by  this  fric- 
tion testing   machine. 

line  of  action  by  the  recording  unit  it- 
self. The  loading  unit  is  kept  within  the 
plane  of  rotation  of  the  force  by  two 
small  ball  end  links  which  are  perpen- 
dicular to  the  line  of  force.  This  ar- 
rangement insures  that  there  are  no 
losses  to  be  considered  that  would  affect 
the  recorded  friction  force. 

In  operation  a  test  sample  one  inch 
square  is  held  in  a  specially  designed 
block  which  is  hinged  at  the  center  of 
the  test  piece  in  the  re\oI\ing  drum's 
plane  ;  this  hinged  block  insures  uniform 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


matic  testing   and    recording 
lits  accurate  evaluation  of  a 
greater  number  of  resistors. 


^^^ 


BASIC  REQUIREMENTS 

JAN  and  MIL  Specifications  are  basic 
guidepQsts  for  electronic  advance- 
ment, whether  used  as  engineering 
reference  points  or  as  procurement 
standards.  IRC's  dual  emphasis  on 
moss  production  ond  exacting  testing 
assures  highest  performonce  standards 
at  lowest  possible  cost. 

SPECIFIC  EXAMPLES 


Type  BT  Insulated  Composition  Resistors 
.MIL-R-llA  Specification 


IRC  Power  Wire  Wound  Resistors 
MIL-R-26B  Specification 


Type  BW  Low  Wottoge  Wire  Wounds 
JAN-R-184  Specification 


ii- 


■    Sealed  Precision  Voltmeter  Multipliers 
JAN-R-29  Specification    ■ 


ONLY  IRC  MAKES  SO  MANY 
JAN  AND  MIL  TYPE  RESISTORS 

.  .  .  another  reason  why  engineers  prefer  IRC  Resistors 

56  different  IRC  resistors  is  today's  figure— all  equiva- 
lent to  JAN  or  MIL  specifications.  Manufacturers  of 
military  equipment  who  must  meet  these  specifications 
depend  on  IRC  for  all  their  resistor  requii'ements. 
Offering  the  widest  line  of  resistors  in  the  industry — 
138  different  types  in  all— IRC  is  the  logical  som-ce  of 
JAN  and  MIL  type  units. 


^^^^^^^^^^^  401 

UAw/Wl  "tJ<t  t/iUMti.  S<4*-  ^VV-       In  Canada:  International  Resiitance  Co.,  Toronto,  Lictntt* 


INTERNATIONAL 
RESISTANCE  CO. 


-J 


APRIL,   1955 


51 


transverse  distribution  of  pressure  and 
also  permits  regular  examination  of  the 
test  sample  and  easy  replacement. 

Samples  under  test  can  be  loaded  in 
25  pound  increments  \ip  to  200  pounds. 
For  cycling  the  application  and  release 
of  the  load  an  air  cylinder  with  a  sole- 
noid-operated air  valve  is  provided.  Con- 
trol of  the  cycling  is  handled  electrically 
and  is  adjustable  from  intervals  of  ten 
seconds  up  to  two  minutes. 

Since  the  heat  resulting  from  the  work 
done  by  such  a  small  test  piece  of  fric- 
tion material  is  not  always  sufficient  to 
raise  the  temperature  of  the  drum  to 
that  comparable  in  brake  service,  electric 
heating  elements  with  a  capacity  suf- 
ficient to  raise  the  drum  temperature 
well  above  most  friction  materials'  criti- 
cal temperatures  have  been  installed  in 
a  housing  surrounding  the  drum.  Ther- 
mocouples are  installed  in  the  drum  and 
lining  with  current  collector  rings  made 
of  thermocouple  materials  on  the  drum 
hub  to  provide  for  indication  of  the  oper- 
ating temperatures  of  drvmi  and  lining. 
Records  of  these  temperatures  arc  kept 
automatically. 

Metal  Bellows,  Device 
of  1,000  Uses 

The  metal  bellows,  an  invention  that 
ranks  with  the  rivet  and  the  gear  as  a 
useful  industrial  device,  has  just  begun 
its  second  half  century  in  American  in- 
dustry. 

For  half  a  century,  metal  bellows  have 
proved  themselves  versatile  performers 
in  hundreds  of  different  ways.  They  are 
found  in  office  buildings,  railroad  cars, 
diesel  engines,  the  family  auto,  in  new- 
est jet  aircraft  and  atom  plants  through- 
out the  countr\'.  In  heavy  industry  the\ 
control  the  flow  of  liquids  at  just  the 
right  temperatures.  In  contrast,  they  are 
found  in  greenhouses  guarding  the 
growth  of  delicate  plants. 

Made  from  many  different  metals,  bel- 
lows are  precision-made  cylinders  whose 
thin  walls  have  been  deeply  pleated  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  an  accordion  or  folding 
camera.  Once  the  metal  tubes  have  been 
corrugated  and  formed  into  bellows,  the\' 
can  be  expanded  and  contracted  within 
limits  governed  by  the  number  of  cor- 
rugations used.  For  various  uses,  bellows 
are  made  in  diameters  ranging  from  a 
fraction  of  an  inch  to  12"  and  larger. 

Bellows  were  invented  by  a  Knoxville 
(Tenn.)  weatherman  named  Weston 
M.  Fulton  who  was  seeking  a  simple 
way  to  measure  atmospheric  pressure.  A 
local  plumber  gave  him  the  idea  of  ap- 
plying his  invention  to  the  development 
of  an  automatic  damper  for  steam  boilers 
used  in  home  heating. 

The  first  metal  bellows  was  a  soldered 
brass  affair,  independable  at  best,  the 
soldered  seams  woidd  burst  under  any 
great  stress.  Young  Fulton  experimented 
with  devices  for  drawing  tubes  from  flat 


sheets  of  sterling.  Designing  intricate 
dies,  Fulton  perfected  a  method  of  pro- 
ducing seamless  metal  bellows  that  were 
durable  and  inexpensive  to  manufacture. 

More  useful  today  than  ever  before, 
metal  bellows  are  finding  new  important 
places  in  this  jet  and  nuclear  fission  age. 
They  are  being  used  for  oxygen  regu- 
lators in  high  altitude  aircraft.  In  these 
aircraft,  bellows  assure  correct  fuel  and 
air  mixtures  by  counteracting  changing 
air  pressures.  As  integral  parts  of  many 
bombsights,  metal  bellows  help  bombar- 
diers lay  their  explosives  "on  target." 

Bellows  assemblies,  many  fabricated 
from  special  steel  alloys,  are  used  in 
regulators  and  as  the  packless  feature  of 


Small  metal  bellows  used  in  oxy- 
gen regulating  apparatus  because 
of  its  sensitivity  to  pressure. 

valves  at  the  Oak  Ridge  atom  plants. 

First  designed  as  automatic  damper 
regulators  for  household  furnaces,  they 
are  now  used  to  make  home  appliances 
more  automatic,  easier  to  build,  and 
easier  to  operate ;  and  they've  given 
added  safety  and  efficiency  to  hundreds 
of  types  of  machines,  buildings  and  car- 
riers. 

At  the  Knoxville  plant,  metal  bellows 
are  turned  out  in  a  smooth  and  uninter- 
rupted flow  from  metal  stock  that  is 
received  in  strips  or  coils  of  specified 
physical  characteristics.  In  one  automatic 
operation,  circles  of  metal  are  punched 
out  and  formed  into  deep  cups.  The  cup 
then  goes  through  a  series  of  drawing 
and  annealing  operations,  establishing 
the  diameter  and  wall  thickness  of  the 
tube.  The  tube  is  then  trimmed  to  cor' 
rect  size. 

Most  bellows  under  4^  inches  out- 
side diameter  are  fomied  hydraulically ; 
larger  units  are  formed  mechanically 
with  roll  dies.  To  produce  the  former, 
the  tube  is  placed  in  a  hydraulic  machine 
and  pressure  is  applied  inside  the  tube, 
forcing  it  to  take  the  shape  of  the  cor- 
rugated die.    The  inside  diameter  of  the 


hydraulically  formed  bellows  is  substan- 
tially the  same  as  that  of  the  tube  and, 
conseguently,  "cold-work  "  is  imparted 
chiefly  to  the  outer  bends. 

The  other  process  used  to  make  bel- 
lows, consists  of  forming  a  number  of 
broad  corrugations  in  the  tube  wall  and 
successively  deepening  and  narrowing 
these  broad  corrugations  with  suitable 
rolls.  The  diameter  of  the  tube  used 
making  the  rolled  bellows  is  less  than 
the  outside  and  greater  than  the  inside 
diameter  of  the  finished  bellows.  "Cold- 
work"  is,  therefore,  imparted  to  both 
inner  and  outer  bends,  resulting  in  bel- 
lows that  have  elastic  characteristics 
especially   suited    for  many   applications. 

The  final  number  of  uses  for  metallic 
bellows  will  probably  never  be  deter- 
mined. So  varied  are  its  properties  that 
even  veteran  bellows  experts  avoid  haz- 
arding a  guess.  But  their  usefulness 
continues  to  grow  as  each  year  hundreds 
of  new  commercial  applications  for  bel- 
lows are  foimd. 


DENTAL  SERVICE 

An  unusual  plan  in  free  plant  med- 
ical examinations  is  a  dental  clinic  at  a 
Long  Island  aircraft  plant  where  stu- 
dent dental  hygienists  from  a  local  col- 
lege give  professional  tooth  cleaning  plus 
free  dental  advice.  In  addition  to  clean- 
ing teeth,  the  student  technicians  exam- 
ine them  for  cavities  and,  where  treat- 
ment is  indicated,  refer  employees  to 
their  famil\  dentists.  It's  good  practice 
for  the  trainees,  free  dental  service  for 
the  workers  and  smart  employee  rela- 
tions fo  rthe  company,  the  magazine 
points  out. 

MAGNETOSTRICTION 

The  fact  that  nickel  changes  in  length 
when  it  is  magnetized  has  brought  about 
a  growing  industrial  application  of  the 
principles  of  magnetistriction.  This  prop- 
erty of  nickel  is  applied  in  high-frequency 
industrial  cutting  tools,  burglar  alarms, 
sonic  depth-finding  equipment  and  sub- 
marine detection  apparatus  and  related 
devices  for  locating  schools  of  fish. 
*       *       * 

PSYCHOLOGY  TO  THE  RESCUE 

Ps\chi)Iogists  for  the  National  Ad- 
vi.sory  Committee  for  Aeronautics  had 
an  important  role  in  solving  some  very 
tricky  problems  that  had  the  group's 
mathematicians  stumped.  Statistical  tech- 
niques used  by  psychologists  are  able  to 
handle  problems  that  usual  mathematics 
can't  touch. 

MECHANICAL  MATH 

A  $135,000  electronic  digital  com- 
puter, recently  installed  at  one  oil  com- 
pany's research  center,  will  handle  a 
problem  in  about  15  minutes  which  ord- 
inarily would  take  an  experienced  re- 
finerv  engineer  about  two  weeks  to  solve. 


52 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


EYE-EXAM 
for  a 
BATTLESHIP 


Western  Electric  field  engineers  supervise  installation 
of  complex  electronic  equipment  made  for  Armed  Forces 


Marco  Polo  had  nothing  on  Western  Electric's 
field  engineers.  They  travel  the  world  to  advise  on 
use,  installation  and  maintenance  of  the  electronic 
equipment  we  produce  for  the  Armed  Forces  .  .  . 
like  radar  bombing  systems,  anti-aircraft  fire  con- 
trol systems,  and  the  Nike  guided  missile  control 
system. 

Western  Electric  is  called  upon  to  make  these 
things  because  of  its  vast  experience  with  highly 
complex  electronic  equipment  as  the  manufactur- 
ing unit  of  the  Bell  System.  Ifs  a  job  that  presents 
an  unending  challenge  to  our  engineering  staff. 


MAHUfACrURINC  AND  SUPPLY  V.    l     J  UNIT  Of  T«£  BILL  SYSTCM 


Western  product  and  development  engineers  are  respon- 
sible for  turning  out  some  oO.OOO  different  items  annually 
for  the  Bell  System  —  everything  from  tiny  transistors  to 
giant  bays  of  electronic  switching  equipment.  Shown  is 
one  stage  of  transistor  manufacture. 


APRIL,   1955 


53 


J 


^i'i 


news 

FOR  ENGINEERING  STUDENTS 


J 


"IBM's  a  r}Teat  place 
to  work,"  says 
engineer  now  in 
his  8th  year  with 
the  company 

"Every  year  with  IBM  is 
more  challenging;  than  the 
last,"  says  Max  E.  Femnier, 
Development  Engineer  at  Poughkeepsie.  "It  was  a  tre- 
mendous satisfaction  in  1952  to  help  develop  IBM's 
outstanding  701  Electronic  Computer.  Today,  our 
projects  and  our  work  are  even  more  interesting.  Both 
my  wife  and  I  think  IBM  is  a  wonderful  company." 
Mr.  Fcmmcr  is  Technical  Administrator  of  the  entire  Elec- 
tronic Data  Processing  Macliinc  Development  Program. 

IBM  Introduces 
12  New  Products  in  Year 

The  12  new  products  introduced  in  the  past  12  months 
dramatize  IBM's  continuing  diversification. 

Ranging  from  the  versatile  "Cardatype"— a  major 
step  forward  in  the  simplification  of  office  work— to  the 
gigantic  NORC,  the  most  powerful  electronic  digital 
computer  ever  built,  IBM's  products  serve  all  indus- 
tries plus  government  and  education. 


IBM  building  5  new  labs 

By  early  ne.\t  year,  1500  members  of  IBM's  engineer- 
ing staff  will  be  working  in  fi\e  new  buildings  now 
under  construction  (t%vo  sketched  above).  They  will 
be  built  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  and  at  Glendale,  N.  Y. 
overlooking  the  Endicott  \'alley. 

Ability  is  quickly  recognized 
—and  rewarded 

At  IBM,  lack  of  years  is  no  handicap.  Frequently,  the 
soundest  creative  thinking  comes  from  young  minds. 
For  example,  average  age  of  the  engineering  team 
that  developed  the  701,  first  of  IBM's  great  electronic 
computers,  was  28  years. 


WHAT  A   YOUNG    ENGINEER 

SHOULD   KNOW  ABOUT  IBM 

IBM  is  a  company  on  the  move!  New  ideas,  new  ex- 
pansion create  exciting  opportunities. 

•  IBM  has  a  41-year  record  of  steady  growth.  Sales 
have  doubled  on  an  average  of  every  5  years  during 
the  past  25. 

•  IBM  serves  all  industries,  plus  government  and 
education— diversified,  non-seasonal  markets  free  of 
the  fluctuations  of  war  and  peace  .  .  .  your  best 
assurance  of  stability  and  growth. 

•  Salaries  are  excellent— with  advancement  based  on 
merit.  Benefits  include  company-paid  hospitaliza- 
tion, life  insurance  and  retirement  plans. 


?% 


NEW   IBM   MACHINE  AUTOMATICALLY 

TRANSMITS  DATA 

OVER  TELEPHONE  CIRCUITS 

Instantaneous  and  accurate  transmission  of  engineer- 
ing and  research  data  between  widely  separated 
computer  centers  is  now  a  reality,  through 
development  of  the  IBM  Transceiver.  Using 
telephone  and  telegraph  networks,  the 
Transceiver  duplicates  sets  of 
punched  cards  at  remote  points— 
can  be  used  to  link 
plants  or  branches 
thousands  of  miles 
apart. 


FOR  INFORMATION  ON   IBM  CAREER 
OPPORTUNITIES 

Ask  at  your  College  Placement  Office  for  a  copy  of  IBM's 
new  booklet  "Opportxmities  Unlimited"  or  write,  giving 
details  of  your  education  and  experience  to: 

W.  M.  Hoyt,  Dept.  334 
International  Business  Machines  Corp. 
590  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  22,  N.  V. 


TRADE-MARK 

OFFERS 

YOU 

A    REAL 

FUTURE 

54 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Electronics  Research  Engineer  Irving  AIne  records  radiation 
antenna  patterns  on  Lockheed's  Radar  Range. 
Twenty-two  foot  plastic  tower  in  background 
minimizes  ground  reflections,  approximates  free  space- 
Pattern  integrator,  high  gain  amplifier,  square  root 
amplifier  and  logarithmic  amplifier  shown  in  picture 
are  of  Lockheed  design. 


Jim  Hong,  Aerodynamics  Division  head,  discusses  results 
of  high  speed  wind  tunnel  research  on  drag  of 
straight  and  delta  wing  plan  forms  with  Richard 
Heppe.  Aerodynamics  Department  head  (standing), 
and  Aerodynamicist  Ronald  Richmond  (seated 
right) .  In  addition  to  its  own  tunnel.  Lockheed  is 
one  of  the  principal  shareholders  in  the  Southern 
California  Cooperative  Wind  Tunnel.  It  is  now  being 
modified  tor  operation  at  supersonic  Mach  numbers. 


Research  Engineer  Russell  Lowe  measures  dynamic 
strain  applied  by  Lockheed's  500.000  lb. 
Force  Fatigue  Machine  on  test  specimen  of 
integrally-stiffened  Super  Constellation  skin. 
The  Fatigue  Machine  gives  Structures 
Department  engineers  a  significant  advantage 
in  simulating  effect  of  flight  loads  on  a 
structure.  Among  other  Lockheed  structures 
facilities  are  the  only  shimmy  tower  in 
private  industry  and  largest  drop  tec*. 
tower  in  '-ho  nation. 


C.  H.  Fish,  design  engineer  assigned 
to  Lockheed's  Icing  Research 
Tunnel,  measures  impingement 
limits  of  ice  on  C-130  wing  section. 
The  turmel  has  a  temperature 
range  of  -40°F.  to  +150°F.  and 
maximum  speed  of  more  than 
270  niph.  It  is  the  only  icing 
research  tuimel  in  private  industry. 


Advanced  facilities  speed 
Locldieed  engineering  progress 


Lockheed's  unmatched  research  and  production  facilities  help  make 

possible  diversified  activities  in  virtually  all  phases  of  aviation, 

military  and  commercial. 

They  enable  engineers  to  test  advanced  ideas  which  would  remain 

only  a  conversation  topic  in  firms  lacking  Lockheed's  facilities. 

They  help  give  designers  full  rein  to  their  imagination.  They  make 

better  planes  —  and  better  careers. 

Engineering  students  interested  in  more  information  on  Lockheed's 

advanced  facilities  are  invited  to  write  E.  W.  Des  Lauricrs, 

Lockheed  Student  Information  Service,  Burbank,  California. 


Lockheed 


AIRCRAFT     CORPORATION 


B  U  R  D  A  t^l  K 


California 


Technocracies 


Scene:  A  lonely  corner  on  ;i  dark 
night. 

A  voice  :Would  the  gentleman  be  so 
kind  as  to  assist  a  poor  hungry  fellow 
who  is  out  of  work?  Besides  this  re- 
volver, I  haven't  a  thing  in  the  world." 

-:i'  -:!:  -* 

A  CE  approached  a  cigar  counter  and 
said,  "I  usually  smoke  that  brand  in  the 
can.  " 

"And  that's  the  best  place  to  smoke 
them,"    replied    the   sweet   young    thing 

behind   the  counter. 

»        »        •» 

Litt/c  Audrey  nailed  the  beifhroorii 
door  shut  and  then  laughed  and 
laughed,  heeause  she  ineic  her  big  bro- 
ther and  his  college  friends  were  having 
a  beer  party  that  night. 

First  Dog:  "Do  you  have  a  family 
tree?" 

Second  Dog:  "No,  we're  not  par- 
ticular." 

*        *        * 

Dean  of  Women :  "Are  you  writing 
that  letter  to  a  man.   Miss   Bagle?" 

Miss  B. :  "It's  to  a  former  room- 
mate of   mine." 

D.C).W. :   "Answer  my  question." 


"Did  you  get  home  from  the  party 
all    right   last   night?" 

"Fine,  thanks,  except  that  as  I  was 
turning  into  my  street  some  idiot 
stepped   on   my  fingers." 

As  he  felt  his  way  around  the  lamp 
post,  the  overloaded  engineer  muttered, 
"S'no  use,  Fm  walled  in." 

"I  knew  them  danged  scientists  would 
keep  a-foolin'  aroiuid  until  they  did 
something  they  hadn't  oughter,"  stormed 
the  old  man  of  the  hills.  "Now  look 
what    they've   gone    and    did." 

"What's  that,  Pa,"  asked  his  wife, 
"\'ou   mean   the   atom   bomb?" 

"Heck  no,"  exploded  the  old  man, 
"they've  discovered  something  besides 
likker  to  cure  a  cold.  " 

^j       *        •*- 

"Is  it  a  modern   farm  house?" 
"No.  Five  rooms  and  a  path." 

»        «        * 

ENGINEER'S  LAMENT 
Somehow  it  seems  I  cannot  think. 

Until  I've  had  a  little  drink. 
And  when  I've  had  a  little  drink. 

Somehow  it  seems  I  canot  think. 


He:  Do  you  like  nuts? 
She:  Are  you  proposing? 

■3-  *  » 

First     Comnuuiist : 
we're   having." 

Second    Communist: 


'Nice     weather 
'Yeah,    but   the 


Ich  are  having  it  too! 


Breathes  there  a  man  so  far  abnormal 
He   can't   be  stirred   by   a   low-cut 
formal. 

-:^  ip  ir 

.Mrs.  Bunk  was  going  to  visit  her 
husband's    relatives   on    H    Street. 

She  forgot  the  nvmiber  so  she  wired 
him  from  the  depot.  "Where  shall  I 
go  to?" 

He  wired  back:  "773H." 

Mrs.  Bunk  read  it  upside  down  and 
now  she's  suing  for  a  divorce. 


CHANGE  OF  COVER 
Due  to  technical  difficulties,  the 
originally  scheduled  cover  des- 
cribed on  the  contents  page  could 
not  appear.  Instead  is  shown  Lin- 
coln hall,  one  of  the  busiest  class 
buildings  on  campus.  It  houses, 
among  other  offices,  those  of  the 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences and  several  of  its  depart- 
ments. Two  museums  and  a  theatre 
also  are  located  in  this  building. 


AiR  CONDiTiONiNO 


Frick  Company  recently  completed  the  engineering 
and  installation  of  a  year  'round  comfort  air  condition- 
ing system  for  the  new  office  annex  of  the  Fairchild  Air- 
craft plant  in  Hagerstown,  Md.,  where  they  manufacture 
their  famous  C-1 19  Flying  Boxcars. 

The  cooling  load  of  245  tons  of  refrigeration  is  carried 
by  two  Frick  "ECLIPSE"  9-cylinder  high-speed  com- 
pressors. 

For  the  latest  in  air  conditioning  and  refrigeration 
engineering  and  equipment,  look  to  Frick  Company,  now 
In  its  second  century  of  service  to  business  and  industry. 

The  Frick  Graduate  Training  Course  in  Refrigeration  and  Air  Condition. 
ing,  operated  over  30  years.offers  a  career  in  a  grouitng  industry. 


Help  Wanted ! 

The  Technograph  needs  men  and 
women  interested  in  gaining  experi- 
ence in: 

•  BUSINESS  PROCEDURES 

•  WRITING 

•  MAKE-UP 

•  ILLUSTRATIONS 

•  ADVERTISING 

•  PROMOTION 


Apply  at: 
THE  TECHNOGRAPH  OFFICE 
213   Civil    Engineering   Hall 


56 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Necklace  of  Linde  Star  Kubies  and  Uiamouds  worn  at  tlic  Curonatum  vl  11.  M.  (Jueen  Elizabetli  II. 


Man-macle  gems  perfect  as 
nature's  finest - 

created  with  the  aid  of  photography  s  keen  eye 


Linde  Air  Products  Company  measures  rare 

elements  as  close  as  2  parts  in  a  million 

with  the  spectrograph  to  produce 

star  sapphires  and  star  rubies  more  nearly 

perfect  than  natural  gems. 

Wartime  instruments  called  for  millions  of  synthetic 
jewel  bearings.  But  supplies  from  Europe  were  shut  off. 
So  at  Uncle  Sam's  request,  Linde,  a  di\ision  of  Union 
Carbide  and  Carbon  Corporation,  imdertotik  to  create 
sapphires  and  rubies— with  photography  filling  a  role 
in  the  intricate  technology'. 

Postwar,  Linde  went  even  further.  Using  the  spectro- 
graph, a  photographic  instrument  .so  sensitive  it  can 
measure  the  chemical  content  of  celestial  bodies,  they 
found  just  the  right  trace  of  rare  element  to  create  a 
deep  silky  star  within  the  stone  and  thus  achie\cd  the 


fabulous  Linde  "Stars"— man-made  counterparts  of  one 
of  nature's  rarest  gems. 

This  is  the  way  photography  is  working  in  small 
companies  and  large,  in  laboratories,  on  production 
lines,  in  offices  and  drafting  rooms.  It  is  sasing  time, 
reducing  error,  cutting  costs,  improving  production  for 
all  kinds  of  business  and  industiy. 

Graduates  in  the  physical  sciences  and  in  engineer- 
ing find  photography  an  increasingly  valuable  tool  in 
their  new  occupations.  Its  expanding  use  has  created 
many  challenging  opportunities  at  Kodak,  especially  in 
the  development  of  chemical  processes  and  the  design 
of  precision  mechanical-electronic  equipment.  If  you 
are  a  recent  graduate  or  a  ([ualified  returning  service- 
man, and  are  interested  in  these  opportunities,  write 
to  Business  &  Technical  Personnel  Dept.,  Eastman 
Kodak  Company.  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  \.  Y. 


!       i 


How  will  you  help  to 
sharpen  radar's  "eyes"? 


Exact  range  and  accuracy  of  the  radar 
antennas  shown  here  are  classified.  But 
this  can  be  told  — the  radio  energy  trans- 
mitted can  light  fluorescent  lamps  100 
feet  away. 

Progress  in  radar,  as  in  the  entire  field 
of  electronics,  has  been  rapid.  At 
General  Electric  much  credit  for  these 
advances  belongs  to  engineers  who  are 
recent  college  graduates.  Take,  for  ex- 
ample, E.  B.  Carrillo,  EE,  Pratt  Insti- 
tute, '49,  responsible  for  manufacture 
of  servo-  and  time-sharing  systems,  and 
G.  G.  Wilson,  EE,  N.  Y.  U.,  '48,  in  charge 
of  design  and  development  of  remote 
control  equipment. 

The  work  of  these  young  men  typi- 
fies GE's  emphasis  on  young,  creative 
engineers  from  such  fields  as  electrical, 
mechanical,  metallurgical  and  aeronau- 


tical engineering, and  from  the  scientific 
fields  of  physics  and  chemistry.  Like 
other  graduates,  Carrillo  and  Wilson 
were  able  to  increase  their  engineering 
awareness  in  the  after-graduation  G-E 
program  of  technical  assignments.  In 
this  program,  the  engineer  selects  the 
fields,  the  locations  himself.  And  at 
G.E.  you  will  be  able  to  make  real  con- 
tributions early  in  your  career  in  ac- 
tivities ranging  from  plastics  to  large 
electrical  apparatus,  electronics  to  jet 
propulsion,  automation  components  to 
atomic  power. 

For  full  information  on  the  job  at 
G.E.  suited  to  you,  consult  your  college 
placement  director,  or  write  General 
Electric  Company,  Engineering  Person- 
nel Section,  1  River  Road,  Schenectady 
5,  New  York.  TR  2A 


Tigress  Is  Our  Mosf  Important  Producf 

GENERAL^ELECTRIC 


1^  -" 

'pA.ay,  1955 


Che^Utr/  Library 
Koyes  Laboratory 
Urbana,  III. 


W 


inois  lechnograph 


-'5( 


\ 


l\    l{/' 


James  Chisholm,  class  of  '41, 
speaks  from  experience  when  he  says, 

"Men  with  ability  and  ambition  really  have 
a  chance  to  get  ahead  at  U.  S.  Steel" 


•  A  responsible  position  can  come 
quickly  to  those  graduate  engineers  at 
U.S.  Steel  who  show  ability  and  ambi- 
tion. Management  training  programs 
are  designed  to  stimulate  and  develop 
these  qualities  as  the  trainee  "learns  by 
doing."  His  training  is  always  a  fascin- 
ating challenge  and  he  works  with  the 
best  equipment  and  the  finest  people  in 
the  business. 

James  Chisholm  is  typical  of  the 
young  men  who  rapidly  rise  to  an  im- 
portant position  at  U.S.  Steel.  Jim 
came  to  U.S.  Steel  as  a  trainee  in  1941 
after  graduating  as  an  M.E.  Shortly 
thereafter  he  entered  military  .service 
for  four  years.  Upon  his  return  to  U.S. 
Steel  in  1946,  he  advanced  steadily  un- 
til, in  1951,  he  was  appointed  to  his 
present  position  as  Assistant  Superin- 
tendent of  Blast  Furnaces  at  the  new 
Fairless  Works  at  Morrisville.  Pa. 

Jim  is  now  in  charge  of  the  unload- 


ing of  all  ore  ships  and  the  operation  of 
the  plant's  two  big  blast  furnaces— each 
with  a  rated  output  of  1500  tons  per  day. 
Jim  feels  that  the  opportunities  for 
graduate  engineers  are  exceptional  at 
U.S.  Steel.  He  remarked  that  in  his  own 
department  alone,  six  college  trainees 
have  been  put  into  management  posi- 
tions within  the  last  couple  of  years.  He 
says  that  chances  for  advancement  are 
even  better  now  with  the  current  expan- 
sion of  facilities  and  the  development 
of  new  |>roducts  and  markets. 


If  you  are  interested  in  a  challenging 
and  rewarding  career  with  United 
States  Steel,  and  feel  that  you  can 
qualify,  you  can  get  details  from  your 
college  placement  director.  And  we  will 
gladly  send  you  a  copy  of  our  informa- 
tive booklet,  "Paths  of  Opportunity," 
which  describes  U.S.  Steel  and  the 
openings  in  various  scientific  fields. 
Just  write  to  United  States  Steel  Cor- 
poration. Personnel  Division,  Room 
1622,  525  William  Penn  Place,  Pitts- 
burgh 30.  Pennsylvania. 


SEE  THE  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOUR.  It'.s  a  full-hour  TV  program 
presented  every  other  week  by  United  States  Steel.  Consult  your  local 
newspaper  for  time  and  station. 


® 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL 


AMERICAN  BRIDGE . .  AMERICAN  STEEL  S  WIRE  ond  CYCLONE  FENCE  . .  COLUMBIA-GENEVA  STEEL  .  .  CONSOLIDATED  WESTERN  STEEL  . .  GERRARD  STEEL  STRAPPING  .    NATIONAL  TUBE 

OIL  WELL  SUPPLY  .  .  TENNESSEE  COAL  S  IRON     .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  PRODUCTS   .  .  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  SUPPLY   .  .  DiVi.ioiw  of  UNITED  STATES  STEEL  CORPORATION,  PITTSBURGH 

UNITED  STATES  STEEL  HOMES,  INC.    •    UNION  SUPPLY  COMPANY    •    UNITED  STATES  STEEL  EXPORT  COMPANY    ■    UNIVERSAL  ATLAS  CEMENT  COMPANY  5-690 


CATERPILLAR  3IACHINES  POWER  THE  WORLD  S 


GREAT  ENGINEERING  JOBS 


The  young  engineer  who  works  for  Caterpillar  Tractor 
Co.  has  a  part  in  great  achievements.  All  over  the  world 
new  construction  is  going  forward  at  an  unprecedented 
pace.  And  the  powerful  diesel  engines  and  earthmoving 
machines  built  by  Caterpillar  are  leading  the  way. 

This  is  a  dynamic  industry— an  industry  of  growth. 
In  the  next  few  years  engineering  strides  made  by 
Caterpillar  will  surpass  all  that  have  gone  before.  To 
share  in  this  advance  the  comijany  needs  young  men 
of  vision,  trained  as  Mechanical.  Metallurgical,  .Agricul- 
tural, Electrical,  Civil  Engineers  and  others.  They  will 
do  challenging  work  in  research  and  development,  de- 


sign, manufacturing,  sales  and  many  other  fields.  They 
will  have  the  best  in  laboratory  facilities  anil  interesting 
assignments  in  Caterpillar  plants  as  well  as  in  the  field. 

Such  men  can  expect  permanency  and  promotion. 
Starting  pay  is  good.  In  addition,  executive  positions 
at  Caterpillar  are  filled  from  within  the  organization. 

It"s  time  now  to  start  thinking  about  a  Caterpillar 
jol).  Representatives  of  the  company  will  be  on  campus 
for  interviews.  Consult  your  placement  oflice.  Mean- 
while, if  you  would  like  further  information,  write  to 
W.  C.  van  Dyck.  Employee  Relations  General  Office, 
Caterpillar  Tractor  Co..  Box  1L4,  Peoria,  Illinois. 


CATERPILLAR 

REG      U      S      PIT      Off 

DIESEL  ENGINES  •  TRACTORS  •  MOTOR  GRADERS  •  EARTHMOVING  EQUIPMENT 


NEW  PRODUCT  in  the  air  conditioning  field  is  Worthington's 
ultra-modern  winter  and  summer  home  air  conditioner.  It's  a 
compact  package  that  heats,  cools,  circulates,  filters,  and  con- 


trols humidity.  Like  every  Worthington  product,  this  good- 
looking  unit  is  designed  and  built  for  a  lifetime  of  quiet,  effi- 
cient service. 


Making  today's  BIG  news  in  air  conditioning 


NEW  BUILDING  in  New  York  is  the  glass- 
shealhcd  Manufacturer's  Trust  Building.  It's 
cooled  by  a  Worthington  central  station  sys- 
tem— so  big  it  docs  the  same  job  as  melting 
300  tons  of  ice  daily. 


NEW  LIFE  FOR  OLD  STORES.  Shoppers  stay 
longer,  buy  more  in  stores  cooled  by  Worth- 
ington units  with  the  new  "Million  Dollar" 
compressor.  New  3-D  circulation  aims  com- 
fort right  where  you  want  it. 


Worthington's  new  residential  air 
conditioners,  packaged  units,  liii^  cen- 
tral station  systems  —  all  are  making 
/leadlines  in  the  air  conditioning  field. 
And  the  same  research  and  engineering 
skills  responsible  for  their  development 
are  applied  to  all  Worthington  prod- 
ucts—  engines,  turbines,  compressors, 
construction  machinery,  as  well  as 
pumps. 

For  the  complete  story  of  how  you 
can  fit  into  the  Worthington  picture, 
write  F.  F.  Thompson.  Mgr.,  Personnel 
&  Training,  Worthington  Corporation, 
Harrison,  New  Jersey.  4.250 


See  the  Worthington 
Corporation  exhibit  in 
New  York  City.  A  lively, 
informative  display  of 
product  developments 
for  industry,  business  and 
the  home.  Park  Avenue 
and  40th  Street. 


See  the  Worthington  representative  when  he  visits  your  campus 

WORTHINGTON 


When  you're  thinking  of  a  good  job— thinit  high-think  Worthington 


AIR   CONDITIONING   AND   REFRIGERATION   •    COMPRESSORS   •    CONSTRUCTION    EQUIPMENT   •    ENGINES   •    DEAERATORS   •    INDUSTRIAl   MIXERS 
LIQUID  METERS  •  MECHANICAL  POWER  TRANSMISSION  •  PUMPS  •  STEAM  CONDENSERS  •  STEAM-JET  EJECTORS  •  STEAM  TURBINES  •  WELDING  POSITIONERS 


JVlore  and  better 

jobs 

for  more  people 


GENERAL  MOTORS  President  Harlow  H. 
Curtice  speaking; 

"Just  as  an  example  of  how  job  opportunities 
in  General  Motors  have  grown,  here  is  w  hat 
has  happened  since  1940. 

"In  1940,  \\'e  had  233  thousand  emploj'es  on 
our  payrolls  in  the  I'nited  States  and  Canada. 
In  1955,  our  employment  totals  52U  thousand 
—  an  increase  of  287  thousand  good  jobs  in 
only  15  years." 

It  stands  to  reason  that  a  climate  where  job 
opportunities  expand  with  such  rapidity  must 
be  especially  fruitful  of  career  opportunities  for 
3'oung  men  holding  engineering  degrees. 

For,  in  the  final  analysis,  the  very  life's  blood 
of  our  organization  is  the  never-ending  pro- 
duction of  "more  and  better  things  for  more 
people"— and  that,  very  definitely,  requires  the 
engineering  mind  at  its  best. 
In    point    of    fact,    although    engineering 


graduates  comprise  a  mere  two  per  cent  of  total 
GM  employment,  they  will  eventually  fill 
about  forty  per  cent  of  executive  posts  if  the 
established  pattern  continues. 

Why  not,  then,  look  into  the  possibility  of 
enjoying  a  rewarding  career  as  a  GM  engineer? 
You'll  be  interested  in  a  big  new  136-pagc  hand- 
book entitled,  "Job  Opportunities  in  General 
Motors."  Your  college  library  or  placement 
ofHce  should  have  it. 


GM  Positions  Now  Available 
In  These  Fields: 

MECHANICAL     ENCINEERING 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERING 

CHEMICAL    ENGINEERING 

M  ETALLURCJICAL    ENGINEERING 

I  N  U  V  Sr  RIAL     ENGINEERING 


General  Motors  Corporation 


Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan 


MAY,   1955 


HOW 
HERCULES 
HELPS... 


-*•  THE  BACK  COUNTS,  TOO,  in  the  manufacture  of  carpets.  Hercules  Dresinol® 
solvent-free  re^^n  di^per^^ions  used  in  conjunction  with  latex,  starch  and 
pigments,  provide  durahle  backings  for  popular-priced  carpets.  Dresinol 
furnishes  either  flexibilitv  or  stiffness;  adds  body  to  the  carpet  and  improves 
adhesion  of  the  backing  for  all  types  of  cotton,  wool  and  mixed  fiber  carpets. 


■m-  AIMING  FOR  THE  "POCKET",  this  bowler  wants  the 
allev  he  uses  highlv  polished  and  free  of  "ruts".  That's 
why  bo\vling  alley  surfaces  are  protected  with  nitrocel- 
lulose lacquer  to  keep  them  in  top  condition.  The  fast- 
est drving  protective  coating  known,  lacquer  makes  it 
possible  to  put  an  alley  back  in  plav  within  hours  after 
it  has  been  refinished.  This  same  tough  finish  protects 
bowling  pins  and  other  sports  equipment. 


-*-  NEW  ANTHRACITE-BURNING  BOILERS,  clean  and  compact,  maki-  playrooms  of 
basements  the  vear  rouud:  even  remove  ashes  automatically.  Mining  the 
millions  of  tons  of  anthracite  used  annually  for  residential,  commercial  and 
industrial  uses  would  be  impossible  without  explosives.  For  more  than 
fortv  years.  Hercules  has  pioneered  in  blasting  techniques  and  equipment 
to  increase  the  efficient  and  safe  use  of  explosives  in  mining,  quarrying, 
construction,  and  farming. 


...KEEPALLEYS  IN  SHAPE          g 

^"""""^^ 

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Hi  .  Htl*L»'W_,.   - 

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IIHI...1''.  £" 

HERCULES 


CHEMICAL   MATERIALS    FOR    INDUSTRY 


HERCULES   POWDER   COMPANY 

986  Market  St.,  Wilmington  99,  Del.    Sales  Offices  in  Principal  Cities 
SYNTHETIC  RESINS,  CELLULOSE  PRODUCTS,  CHEMICAL  COTTON,   TERRENE  CHEMICALS, 
ROSIN     AND     ROSIN    DERIVATIVES,     CHLORINATED     PRODUCTS,     EXPLOSIVES,     AND 

OTHER  CHEMICAL  PROCESSING  MATERIALS  G55-4 


^ 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


editorial  staff 

editor 

Don   Kesler 

associate  editor 

Millard   Dariiall 

assistant  editor 

Craig  \V.   Smile 

make-up  editor 

William  Cirube 

illustrator 

Dave  Templetun 

assistants 

Donnie   Snedeker 
Harvey  M.  Endler 
Lowell   Mize 
Roy  Goern 
John    Freeberg 
James  Piechocki 
Ralph   C.   Fisk 
Thoma^   T.   Wilson 


photography  staff 

photograpli  editor 
Jack   Siebert 

photographer 

David  Komvathv 


business  staff 

business  manager 
James   E.   Smith 

circulation  director 
Larry  Kiefling 

navy  pier 

Joel  Wells,  editor 
Davida   Bobrow, 

business    manager 
Gerald  Xicheles, 

circulation   manager 

faculty  advisers 

R.  W.  Bohl 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 


MEMBERS   OF   ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Prof.  Thomas  Farrell,  Jr. 
State  University  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City,  Iowa 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  \'ector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer.  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer.  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En 
gineer,  Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Man 
hattan  Engineer,  Marquette  Engineer,  Mich 
igan  Technic,  Minnesota  Technolog,  Mis 
souri  Shamrock,  Nebraska  Blueprint,  New 
York  University  Quadrangle,  North  Da- 
kota Engineer,  North  Dakota  State  Engi- 
neer, Northwestern  Engineer,  Notre  Dame 
Technic.-d  Review,  Ohio  State  Engineer, 
Oklahoma  State  Engineer,  Oregon  State 
Technical  Record,  Penn  State  Engineer, 
Pennsylvania  Triangle.  Purdue  Engineer, 
RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator,  SC  En- 
gineer, Rose  Technic,  Wayne  Engineer,  and 
Wisconsin   Engineer. 

Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Febru- 
ary, March.  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class 
matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana.  Illinois,  under  the  Act 
of  March  3,  1879.  Office  213  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50 
per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  Reprint 
rights  reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph. 
Publisher's  Representative — Littell  Murray- 
Barnhill.  605  North  Michigan  Avenue,  Chi- 
cago 11,  111.  101  Park  Avenue,  New  York 
17,    New    York. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


volume  70 


number  8 


contents: 


there's  a  silicone  in  your  future 9 


500    millimicrons    14 


from  push  to  swoosh 


20 


above  500  megacycles 27 


the  chemical  engineer  in  a  consulting  organization 36 


what's   radar 


40 


loving  sidewalks— a  reality 44 


introducing     48 


technocutie     49 


skimming    industrial    headlines 53 


technocracks     56 


our  cover 

Civil  Engineering  Hall  is  the  original  engineering  building 
on  the  Illinois  campus.  Today  it  not  only  houses  the  Civil  Engi- 
neering Department,  but  also  the  offices  of  the  College  of 
Engineering. 


our  frontispiece 

Radar  is  one  of  the  most  useful  things  on  a  battleship.  The 
cannon  can  do  very  little  without  radar,  and  the  radar  needs 
the  trusty  gun  to  do  its  damage. 


PITTSBURGH  PLATE  HAS  MANY  IRONS  IN  THE  FIRE 

. . .  maybe  you  should  have  a  grip  on  one  of  them! 


Although  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company  is  the  best 
known  name  in  glass,  it  is  also  one  of  the  nation's  leading 
producers  of  paints  and  brushes,  of  alkalies  and  related 
chemirals,  of  plastics  and  fiber  glass. 

These  multi-industry  operations  offer  the  college  grad- 
uate many  and  varied  types  of  careers  in  manufacturing, 
research,  marketing,  sales  and  administration. 

PPG's  record  is  one  of  continual  growth  throughout 
its  more  than  70  year  history.  Its  operations  are  nation- 


wide and  in  many  foreign  countries.  Progressive  policies 
assure  unlimited  opportunities  for  alert  men  who  are 
looking  ahead  to  more  than  "just  a  job." 

PPG  is  seeking  good  men  with  college  training.  If  you 
think  you'd  like  to  try  your  '  grip  "  on  one  of  the  many 
PPG  "irons,"  you're  invited  to  write  today  for  more 
information.  Just  address:  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company, 
General  Personnel  Director,  One  Gateway  Center,  Pitts- 
burgh 22,  Pennsylvania. 


PAINTS 


GLASS 


CHEMICALS 


BRUSHES 


PLASTICS 


FIBER  GLASS 


PITTSBURGH        PLATE        GLASS        COMPANY 


319   PLANTS,  MERCHANDISING   BRANCHES,   AND   SALES   OFFICES   LOCATED   IN   250   CITIES 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


1  ji./  — Ufiluading  Largo 

from  Boeinfl  mail  plane 


1955  — Loading  Boeing  C-97  Stratofreighter 


There's  plenty  of  variety  in  Boeing  engineering  careers 


America's  pioneer  passenger-cargo  air- 
craft, the  40A,  was  a  Boeing.  So  is  the 
Air  Force's  versatile  tanker-transport,  the 
C-97  Stratofreighter  shown  above. 

During  the  companv's  38-vear  histors', 
Boeing  engineers  have  blazed  new  trails 
in  the  design  of  aerial  freighters  and 
tankers,  commercial  airliners,  flying 
boats,  fighters,  trainers  and  bombers.  To- 
day Boeing  continues  to  offer  engineers 
a  wide  variety  of  opportunities  in  Re- 
search, Design  and  Production. 

Students  sometimes  are  surprised  that 
Boeing's  engineering  staff  includes  those 
with  civil,  electrical,  mechanical,  aero- 
nautical and  other  engineering  degrees. 
Yet  all  find  application  in  aviation.  For 


example,  the  civil  engineer  may  work  on 
airframe  structure  or  stress.  Electrical 
engineers  find  challenge  in  the  compli- 
cated electrical  and  electronic  systems  of 
modern  jet  bombers  and  guided  missiles. 
Other  engineers  w  ill  find  similar  applica- 
tion for  their  talents. 

The  high  degree  of  stability  in  careers 
at  Boeing  is  reflected  in  this  chart. 


SOS 


TtintI 

K%            20  r,            30  S            40  S 

20* 

■ 

15t 
10+ 
5+ 

■■ 

^ 

It  shows  that  46%  of  Boeing  engineers 
have  been  with  the  company  five  or  more 


years;  259f  for  10  or  more  years,  and  6% 
for  1  5  years. 

Boeing  promotes  from  within,  holds 
regular  merit  reviews  to  assure  individual 
recognition.  Engineers  are  encouraged  to 
take  graduate  studies  while  working  and 
are  reimbursed  for  all  tuition  expense. 

Current  Boeing  programs  include:  si.x 
and  eight  jet  bombers;  .America's  first  jet 
transport  — the  707;  F'99  Bomarc  pilot- 
less  interceptor  (guided  niissikO  — and 
advanced  projects  such  as  the  application 
of  nuclear  pov\'er  to  aircraft. 

for  further  Boeing  career  information 
consult    your   Placement    Office,    or   write: 

JOHN  C.  SANDERS,  Staff  Engineer  -  Personnel 
Boeing  Airplane   Company,  Seattle   14,  Wash. 


SEATTLE.  WASHIMGTON       WICHITA,  KANSAS 


MAY,   1955 


ri 


Till* 


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«  •  •  «  « 


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THERE'S  A  SILICONE 
IN  YOUR  FUTURE 


by  Donnie  Snedeker,  E.  E.  58 


"//  a  silicone  ucrc  a  noriian. 
you'd  forget  all  about  your  first 
love  and  your  pet  cover  girl.  1  ou'd 
set  off  in  quest  of  the  silicones,  be- 
cause they  h/ive  all  of  the  virtues 
you  dream  about  but  nei'er  find  in 
one  uonian."^ 

Back  in  1942.  the  coast  of  Europe 
was  well  known  and  the  coast  of  China 
ha  I  been  explored.  Columbus  assumed, 
therefore,  that  if  he  sailed  west  from 
Kurope  he  would  land  on  the  coast  of 
China.  No  one  then  knew  that  a  great 
continent  lay  between  Europe  and  Asia. 

A  similar  condition  had  existed  in  the 
chemical  world  vmtil  the  turn  of  this 
century.  For  years  men  had  known  about 
inorganic  materials  such  as  ceramics, 
glass,  and  metals.  The  field  of  organic 
chemistry  had  also  been  explored  and 
chemists  had  developed  plastics,  rayon, 
and  thousands  of  synthetic  organic  ma- 
terials in  the  more  recent  past.  No  one 
knew  that  "between  these  two  fields 
lay  a  new  chemical  continent  of  semi- 
inorganic  materials  known  today  as  sili- 
cones." - 

Silicones  are  synthetic  compounds 
composed  of  silicon  and  orygen  from 
the  inorganic  field  and  hydrocarbons 
from  the  organic  fields.  These  sub 
stances  are  never  found  combined  in 
nature  and  they  don't  join  readily  by 
chemical  means.  For  this  reason  their 
combination  is  often  thought  of  as  a 
chemical   "shot-gun  wedding."  ■ 

Once  this  marriage  has  been  com- 
pleted and  the  silicones  are  formed, 
it  takes  considerable  energy  to  break 
them  down.  This  results  in  remarkable 
properties  which  accounts  for  the  wide 
\aricty  of  uses  for  silicone  compounds. 

Refore  a  substance  can  have  this  po- 
tentially infinite  number  of  uses  it  must 
first  be  discovered  and  developed.  Early 
experimentation  was  probabK  hinderv-d 
by  the  lack  of  natural  products  to  stud,. 
From  the  very  beginning  synthetic  meth- 
ods had  to  be  developed.  This  task  was 


undertaken  by  some  of  the  ablest  scien- 
tists of  the  nineteenth  century — Crafts, 
Landenburg.  and  Friedel.  Their  studies 
enlarged  the  knowledge  of  silicon,  the 
element,  and  laid  the  ground  work  for 
preparation  of  silicones.  The  methods 
they  used  were  rather  laborious  and  the 
residts  were  not  particular!)'  remark- 
able. Consequently,  silicones  were 
were  pretty  much  forgotten  until  the 
turn  of  this  century  when  an  English 
professor  began  his  43  years  of  monu- 
mental research  into  the  field.* 

In  1901  Professor  Frederic  S.  Kip- 
ping of  the  L  niversity  of  Nottingham 
in  England  published  the  first  of  ^4 
papers  on  the  subject  of  silicone  re- 
search.' The  professor,  who  died  in 
1949  at  the  age  of  eighty-five,  has  been 
described  as  a  "distinguished,  meticulous, 
revered  scholar  ami  teacher,  and  a  good 
man  with  billiard  cue,  tennis  racket,  ami 
cricket  bat  " '  who  "devoted  more  than 
four  decades  to  the  basic  investigatio  is 
which  now  support  modern  silicone 
science."  " 

Kipping  was  not  interested  in  the 
uses  for  silicones,  but  he  primarily  di- 
rected his  work  toward  preparation  and 
characterization  of  new  compounds,  and 
a  study  of  their  reactions.  He  and  his 
students  isolated  these  compounds  in  an 
effort  to  obtain  pure  compounds.  Their 
equipment  often  became  clogged  with 
"uninviting"  glues  and  oils.  Some  of 
their  products  were  gases,  many  were 
liquids  and  solids,  and  several  were 
labeled  as  "glass-like  messes."  These 
proilucts  «ere  found  to  be  composed  (^f 
long  chemical  chains  of  alternate  sili- 
co[)e  and  oxygen  atoms  «ith  various 
hydrocarbon  groups  attached  to  the  sili- 
con atoms  like  branches  on  a  tree." 

The  Cjrignard  reaction.''  a  most  ef- 
fective means  of  attaching  organic  groups 
to  silicon,  was  discovered  by  Kipping  in 
1904.  which  made  it  simpler  for  others 
who  were  beginruiig  to  work  in  this 
field.  Alfred  Stock  of  Hreslau  began 
studying  compounds  in  which  hydrogen 


atoms  were  attached  to  silicon.  He 
found  that  the  longer  chains  are  less 
and  less  stable.  This  study  opened  the 
door  for  Hygdcn's  work  on  the  analo 
gous  physical  properties  of  certain  car- 
bon compounds  and  similar  silicon  com- 
pounds.'" Main  scientists  dabbled  in 
silicon  research  but  up  until  industry's 
plunge  into  the  field  the  major  advances 
were  made  by  Professor  Kipping  and 
his  students. 

Russia  tried  to  get  in  on  the  show- 
in  1930  when  their  scientists  releascil 
a  number  of  papers  on  the  subject.  They 
were  the  first  to  sense  the  industrial 
value  of  various  types  of  silicon  com- 
poimds,  but  they  failed  to  follow  up. 
Dr.  Kreshov  of  the  Mendelsef  Institute 
in  Moscow  stated  that  the  reason  Rus- 
sia did  not  pursue  such  an  encourgaging 
start  could  be  attributed  in  part  to  the 
lack  of  magnesium  to  operate  the  Grig- 
nanl  method.  Recently  they  have  pub- 
lished reviews  of  previous  work  and  re- 
ports of  developments  in  America  which 
ought  indicate  a  renewed  interest  in 
the  subject.' ' 

About  the  time  Kipping  and  his  as- 
sociates were  cleaning  the  "glass-like 
messes  "  from  their  test  tubes,  .American 
scientists  were  turning  these  basic  dis- 
coveries into  a  new  chemical  industrv. 
Cilass  manufacturers  were  looking  for  a 
resin  which  would  match  the  properties 
of  glass  fibers.  Officials  at  Corning 
(ila.ss  Works  of  Corning.  New  York, 
saw  the  possibility  of  such  a  resin  in 
Kipping's  silicones.  They  engaged  Dr. 
J.  F.  Hyde,  an  organic  cheiuist  to  hea  1 
their  research.'-  In  1935  Corning  intro- 
duced Fiberglas  cloth,  woven  of  glass 
fibers.  Fiberglas  looked  promising  as  an 
electrical  insulation  material  if  some 
non-conducting,  heat-stable  impregnant 
could  be  found  for  a  good  bond.  Studies 
and  experimental  work  began  along  these 
lines  by  Dr.  Hyde.  He  made  hundreds 
of  silicone  resins  that  were  either  too 
stiff  or  too  sticky  before  he  finally  came 
across  one  that  seemed  to  have  the  ideal 


MAY,   1955 


combination  of  the  needed  properties. 
Then  Corning  began  contacting  electri- 
cal companies  about  their  new  discovery 
and  they  extended  their  research  activi- 
ties to  a  fellowship  at  the  Mellon  Insti- 
tute in  Pittsburgh  under  the  direction 
of   Dr.   Rob   Roy   Mc(]regor.'' 

With  their  experimental  research 
going  full  speed,  Corning  officials  de- 
cided to  join  forces  with  a  large  chenii' 
cal  manufacturer  in  order  to  go  into  full 
scale  production.  They  contacted  Dow 
Chemical  Company  because  Dow  was 
the  largest  supplier  of  magnesium,  which 
was  a  major  ingredient  in  the  (irignard 
method  of  producing  silicones.  The  of- 
ficials at  Dow  agreed  and  in  1943  the 
Dow  Corning  Corporation  was  formed 
with  headquarters  at  Midland,  Michi- 
gan." The  new  corporation's  first  prod- 
uct was  a  "smooth,  colorless  compound 
that  looked  and  felt  like  white  petroleum 
jelly,  remained  jelly-like  at  any  tempera- 
ture from  40°  below  Zero  to  4(10 
above,  and  blocked  both  water  and  elec- 
trical currents."  '"'  This  jelly,  called 
DC  (for  Dow  Corning)  4,  was  used 
as  an  ignition-sealing  jelly  for  sparkplug 
terminals  on  fighter  planes.  This  prod- 
uct played  an  important  part  in  prevent- 
ing ignition  failure  during  World  War 
II. 

While  this  first  product  was  making 
history,  Dow  Corning  officials  were 
selling  the  Navy  Department  on  insu- 
lating submarine  motors  with  silicone- 
resin  impregnated  Fiberglas.  After  a 
tour  of  the  Dow  Corning  pilot  plant, 
Admiral  Rickover — then  head  of  the 
electrical  section  in  the  Bureau  of  Shiiis 
— was  thoroughly  impressed  and  con- 
vinced, and  he  contracted  them  to  begin 
construction  of  silicone-insulated  motors. 
This  contract  made  it  possible  for  Dow 
Corning  to  construct  a  $3,000,000  plant 
which  they  had  operating  by  1944.  They 
were  testing  experimental  silicone- 
insulated  motors  when  the  war  ended 
and  the  silicone  market  collapsed  tem- 
porarily."" 

Although  Corning  was  the  first  com- 
pany to  consider-  silicones  seriously.  Gen- 
eral Electric  was  not  far  behind.  In  the 
middle  30's  they  began  research  under 
the  guidance  of  Dr.  Eugene  Rochow 
and  Dr.  Winton  Petnode.  Dr.  Rochow 
developed  the  "direct  method"  of  pro^ 
ducing  silicones  which  has  become  the 
key  to  modern  volume  production.  It 
replaces  the  slow  and  complex  (jrignard 
method  that  was  used  by  Professor  Kip- 
ping and  his  students.'' 

Hy  1Q38  General  Electric  had  suc- 
ceeded in  developing  a  silicone  insula- 
tion that  was  remarkably  resistant  to 
heat,  water,  and  most  chemicals.  One 
of  the  G.E.  scientists,  Dr.  J.  (j.  Wright, 
in  the  midst  of  his  experiments,  discov- 
ered the  black  sheep  of  the  silicone  fam- 
ily— bouncing  puttw  This  tiu-ned  out  to 
be  of  little  practical   value,   and   it  may 


be  remembered  as  a  Christmas  novelt\ 
of  a  few  years  back.  It  stretched  like 
elastic,  drooled  like  tar,  bounced  like 
a  ball,  or  cracked  like  peanut  brittle.'^ 

With  laboratory  competition  in  full 
swing  many  discoveries  were  made  ac- 
cidentalh'.  One  day  Dr.  Maynard  Agens 
of  (j.E.  noticed  that  a  silicone  liquid 
had  reacted  with  a  metal  stopper  to 
form  a  rubber  substance.  He  developed 
a  simple  production  process  and,  be- 
cause of  the  silicone  rubber's  astounding 
heat  stability,  G.E.  began  using  it  to  re- 
place the  rubber  gaskets  in  their  turbo- 
chargers  during  World  War  II.  By 
the  end  of  the  war  Cjeneral  Electric 
had  advanced  far  into  the  field  of  sili- 
cone  research.''' 

Dr.  W.  R.  Collins,  vice  president  of 
Dow  Corning,  once  said,  "C^ur  sales- 
men have  one  big  problem.  When  they 
are  looking  for  new  business,  they  don't 
know  where  to  stop.  Any  plant  they  go 


bine  the  best  properties  of  these  groups 
to  produce  astounding  results.  The  sili- 
con and  oxygen  partners  give  the  sili- 
cones their  stability,  i.e.,  their  ability 
to  resist  heat,  cold,  chemicals,  and 
weather.  The  hydrocarbon  partner 
makes  silicones  flexible.  By  varying  pro- 
portions and  types  of  this  partner,  the 
chemist  can  produce  silicones  ranging 
from  volatile  liquids  to  stable  solids. 
"Millions  of  silicone  combinations  are 
theoretically  possible,"  according  to  Dr. 
Charles  E.  Reed,  general  manager  of 
G.E.'s  Silicone  Products  Department.-' 
More  important  than  the  appearance 
are  the  four  basic  properties  of  silicones, 
none  of  which  has  yet  attained  maxi- 
mum use.  First,  silicones  offer  outstand- 
ing resistance  to  extremes  of  heat  or 
cold.  They  remain  stable,  retaining  their 
properties,  up  to  about  550°  Farenheit 
or  as  low  as  120  below  Zero.-^  The 
heat  stability  of  silicones  is  an   inherent 


One  of  General  Electric's  plants  which  has  all  of  the  out- 
side pipes  and  tanks  covered  with  multicolored  silicon 
coatings  to  protect  them  against  the  weather.  A  stand- 
ing testimonial  to  its  products. 


by — no  matter  what  they  make — could 
find  a  use  for  silicones."  -"  Apparently 
other  companies  saw  this  great  diversi- 
fication in  the  store  for  silicones,  also.  In 
1949  the  Plaskon  Division  of  the  Lib- 
be\-Owens-Ford  (ilass  Company  began 
selling  silicone  products.  Their  attention 
is  being  mainly  directed  toward  paints 
which  combine  silicones  and  alkyd  coat- 
ings to  obtain  covering  characteristics 
between  porcelain  and  paint.  Plaskon 
ranks  as  fourth  in  present  day  silicone 
production.-" 

Ranking  third  in  production  of  sili- 
cones is  a  newcomer — Linde  Air  Prod 
ucts  Company,  a  subsidiary  of  Union 
Carbide  and  Carbon  Corporation.  They 
recentiv  completed  construction  of  a 
$13,000,000  plant  at  Long  Reach,  West 
Virginia.  Unlike  the  other  silicone  pro- 
ducers Linde  has  its  own  supply  of  sili- 
con. It  comes  from  a  fellow  subsidiary. 
Electro    Metallurgical    Company. -- 

As  has  been  pre\iously  mentioned, 
silicones  are  a  combination  of  san<l, 
oxygen,    and    hydrocarbons.    They    corn- 


feature  in  their  chemical  structure.  It 
makes  them  a  very  suitable  electrical 
insulation  material  in  complement  with 
fibrous  glass,  mica,  and  asbestos  insu- 
lating materials.  Silicones  can  serve  ris 
a  bonding  agent  to  hold  these  materials 
together  and  also  to  bond  them  to  the 
metal.  An  application  of  this  property 
of  silicones  is  its  use  in  heater  ducts  for 
jet  aircrafts,  which  are  subjected  to  op- 
posite extremes  between  the  hot-air 
blasting  through  them  and  the  freezing 
temperatures  outside.-"' 

A  second  inherent  feature  in  silicones 
is  their  amazing  release  characteristics. 
Certain  silicone  compounds  apparently 
fail  to  react  with  most  other  substances. 
This  makes  it  possible  for  them  to  be 
used  in  such  strange  places  as  the  de- 
icer  boots  on  aircraft  wings.  Many 
manufacturers  of  molded  articles  are 
taking  advantage  of  this  property  of  sili- 
cones by  using  them  as  release  agents. 
A  thin  film  is  spread  over  the  metal  die 
and  the  hot  rubber  or  plastic  article 
will  not  stick.-" 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  pretty  model  appears  mystified  by  the  strange 
bouncing  putty.  A  Christmas  novelty  of  a  few  years 
ago,  bouncing  putty  bounces  like  a  ball,  drools  like  tar, 
or  shatters  like  glass  when  struck  hard. 


The  U.  S.  Army  has  plans  to  make  use  of  silicon's 
ability  to  repel  wafer.  This  silicon  coated  compass 
will  always  function  properly  without  any  dan- 
ger of  water  entering  the  case. 


Water-repellency  is  another  surface 
property  of  major  importance  for  sili- 
cones. When  a  surface  is  coated  with 
silicones,  the  silicon-oxygen  partners  at" 
tach  to  the  surface,  leaving  the  hydro- 
carbon partner  exposed.  This  acts  like  a 
paraffinic  umbrella  for  the  rest  of  the 
molecule.  Multiplied  by  each  of  the 
molecules  this  forms  a  waterproof  rain- 
coat for  the  surface.  Although  silicones 
keep  the  water  out,  the\  allow  air  to 
come  in  because  the  silicones  coat  the 
pores  without  clogging  them."' 

In  many  instances  the  chemical  in- 
ertness of  silicones  can  be  a  manufac- 
turer's asset.  Often  this  versatile  sub- 
stance can  be  extremely  lazy,  and  there- 
fore useful.  Silicones  refuse  to  react 
with  most  materials,  which  enables  them 
to  resist  decomposition  and  weathering. 
An  example  is  silicone  fluid  coatings  on 
porcelain  that  shed  dirt,  won't  crack 
under  hot  sunlight  and  resist  formation 
of  continuous  films  of  water.  Silicone 
rubber  is  insoluble  in  most  organic  sol- 
vents. This  allows  silicone  rubber  to 
be  used  as  a  selant  on  small  transform- 
ers that  will  not  contaminate  the  liquid 
electrolyte.-" 

These  vital  characteristics  of  versatile 
silicones  are  being  put  to  work  in  many 
commercial  products  for  both  consum- 
er and  industry.  The  first  such  product 
was  an  eyeglass  cleaning  tissue  called 
"Sight-Savers."  Made  by  Dow  Corn- 
ing, these  pink-colored  tissues  drew  na- 
tionwide attention  to  silicone  products. 
Today  they  may  be  found  in  80  per 
cent  of  the  nation's  drug  stores.    Many 


Here  a  scientist  tests  silicon  rubber's  astounding  resist- 
ance to  cold  temperature.  Even  after  being  extremely 
cool  by  dry  ice,  the  silicon  rubber  retains  its  flexibility 
with  no  noticeable  effects. 


^AY,   1955 


11 


concerns  are  now  gi\ing  them  away  lilc- 
matchbooks  for  advertising  purposes. 
Silicones  have  a  natural  affinity  for 
glass — they  are  partly  composed  of  sili- 
con dioxide  (sand)  which  is  an  import- 
ant ingredient  in  glass — which  makes 
them  wellsuited  for  glass  cleaning  tis- 
sues.'^ 

Since  silicone's  debut  there  ha\c  been 
m  a  n  y  worthwhile  silicone-containing 
products  flooding  the  market.  Top  arch- 
itects are  recommending  silicone-based, 
water-repellent  treatments  for  masonry 
ways.  This  treatment,  dubbed  "Stop- 
all,"  provides  up  to  ten  years  protection 
for  cinder  block,  concrete,  plaster,  brick, 
stone,  or  stucco.  It  also  prevents  the 
formation  of  the  white  powder  that 
often  disfigures  brick,  and  it  prevents 
muddy  water  from  seeping  into  the 
pores,  thereby  giving  the  bricks  a  cleaner 
appearance.-'"  Thomas  Jefferson's  home 
and  the  Field  Museum  in  Chicago  are 
shining  testimonials  to  the  coating  pow- 
ers of   silicones.''^ 

However,  this  coating  protection  is 
not  confined  to  masonry  alone.  Many 
paints  on  the  market  today  have  a  sili- 
cone base.  They  were  basically  developed 
for  use  on  arctic  shelters  (where  they 
keep  off  the  snow  and  ice),  space  heat- 
ers, and  exhaust  manifolds  (where  they 
retain  their  good  looks  at  high  tempera- 
tures), but  they  are  being  used  success- 
fully in  homes  and  industries.  The  sili- 
cone additive  also  increases  the  ease 
with  which  the  paint  flows.  It  gives  a 
satin-smooth  finish  without  any  betray- 
ing brush-marks."  After  the  basement 
and  sides  of  the  house  have  been  pro- 
tected with  silicones,  the  job  can  be 
completed  with  silicone-coated  asbestos 
shingles  that  are  now  being  offered  by 
several  manufacturers." 

The  use  of  silicone  as  a  polish  for 
cars  and  furniture  has  gained  a  well" 
merited  popularity.  "Autobrite,"  one  of 
many  brands  on  the  market  for  auto- 
mobiles, advertises  easier  application, 
longer  life,  and  water-repellency."^  The 
time  required  for  polishing  a  car  with 
a  silicone  fluid  is  variously  estimated 
at  one-half  to  one-fourth  that  required 
with  a  good  hard  wax.  It  lasts  for  six 
months  on  one  application,  has  a  luster 
equal  to  that  of  a  hard  wax,  and  bettter 
resists  water  and  dirt  because,  luilike 
wax.  there  is  no  softening  with  heat. 
The  hard  glass-like  finish  even  retards 
water  and  fingermarks. ''■'' 

Likewise,  furniture  polish  has  the 
same  advantages  with  silicone  additives. 
It  gives  improved  luster,  reduces  water 
spotting,  and  makes  a  hard  wax  easier 
to  rub  down.  The  grain  of  the  wood  is 
brought  out  more  distinctly  and  a  curi- 
ous "releasing"  quality  prevents  dust 
from  sticking  to  the  surface.  Once  the 
coating  has  been  applied,  a  silicone- 
impregnated  dust  cloth  polishes  the 
furniture  as  it  is  dusted.  This  polish  can 


e\en  be  used  to  minimize  rings  in  a 
bathtub,  or  to  apply  a  protective  finish 
to  phonograph  records.'"' 

The  first  industry  to  realize  the  ad- 
vantages of  silicones  as  release  agents 
was  the  bread-bakers.  "Pen-Glaze"  is  a 
silicone  coating  which  bakers  use  to 
eliminate  greasing  and  degreasing  the 
pans.  Har\ard  Baking  Company  of  Mid- 
land. Michigan,  was  the  testing  grounds. 
The\-  found  that  it  gave  easy  release  of 
bread  for  130  to  200  bakings.  Word 
spread  from  baker  to  baker,  and  now 
most  bakers  are  taking  advantage  of 
it." 

Another  major  use  for  abhesives,  the 
opposite  of  adhesives,  was  opened  when 
a  Dow  Corning  chemist  visited  one  of 
his  friends  at  the  United  States  Rubber 
Company  plant  in  Detroit.  The  rubber 
company  decided  to  apply  a  silicone 
treatment  to  its  tire  molds  and  soon  re- 
ported that  its  daily  production  of  scrap 
tires — tires  that  stick  to  the  mold  and 
become  deformed — had  dropped  from 
1,000  to  essentially  none.'^ 

Dow  Coming's  "Sylmer"  and  Gen- 
eral Electric's  "DeCatex  1107"  are 
being  used  to  effectively  water-proof 
silk,  viscose,  acetate,  cotton,  nylon,  and 
even  wool  and  the  glass  fibers.  The 
silicones  are  impregnated  into  the  ma- 
terial to  invisibly  coat  each  fiber  with 
an  impermeable  film.  They  make  the 
material  feel  softer,  smoother,  or  more 
resilient,  depending  upon  individual 
choice,  by  adding  various  types  and 
amounts.  Any  normal  staining  liquid 
may  be  brushed  off  or  blotted  up  be- 
fore it  soaks  in,  and  practically  any  spot 
can  be  cleaned  away  with  water.  Sili' 
cones  even  increase  the  sewability  of 
the  cloth  because  they  lubricate  the 
needle.'"' 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  infinite 
number  of  uses  for  silicones.  Daily,  new 
uses  are  being  discovered  by  the  scientist 
and  by  homeowners.  Mrs.  Richard  L. 
Talbot  found  that  if  silicone  lotion  was 
applied  to  her  hands  before  washing  the 
dishes,  she  could  escape  red,  irritated, 
"dishpan  hands."  It  even  cleared  up 
her  baby's  diaper  rash.  The  University 
of  'Wisconsin  Medical  School,  upon 
Mrs.  Talbot's  suggestion,  investigated 
this  use  and  found  that  it  cleared  up 
SS  of  61  cases  of  skin  irritation  that 
had  failed  to  respond  to  other  therapy. 
Now  the  Talbots  are  in  business  mar- 
keting  their   discovery.^" 

Future  uses  for  silicones  include 
greaseless  frying  and  cooking.  A  thin 
coat  of  silicone  will  be  applied  to  pots 
and  pans  to  eliminate  the  need  for  messy 
grease.  The  coating  will  be  on  the 
utensils  when  they  are  purchased,  and 
after  many  hours  of  use  a  new  coat  ma\' 
be  easily  brushed  on  at  home.  Similar 
coatings  will  keep  ice  from  clinging  to 
trays,  prevent  irons  from  sticking  to 
fabrics,  and  allow  food  containers  to  be 


drained  to  the  very  last  drop.*'  One  au- 
thority looked  into  his  crystal  ball  and 
prophesied  that  "the  automobile  of  1Q7t 
will  use  silicone  rubber  for  heat-resistant 
gaskets,  wire  insulation,  and  engine  block 
cushions.  Silicone  oils  will  be  used  as 
brake  fluid,  as  the  damping  for  hy- 
draulic springs,  as  the  lubricant  for 
speedometers  and  other  instruments. 
Upholstery  will  be  water-proof  and 
stain-proof.  Silicone  automobile  finishes 
will  likely  last  for  the  life  of  the  car 
with    no    need    for    waxing    and    polish- 


ing- 


Yes,  there  is  a  silicone  in  your  future 


i-pi 


'"Miracles  from  Sand,"  Nc7vswcek,  XLI  (June 
1,    1953),   60. 

*S.   L.   Bass,  "Silicones — A  New  Continent  in  the 
World  of  Chemistrv,"  Electrical  Enginceriuii.  LXVI 
(.\pril,    1947),    i2. 
■'Ibid. 

'Eugene  Rochow,  An  Introduction  to  the  Chem- 
istry of  the  Silicones  (New  York:  J.  Wiley  and 
Sons.    1951),    1. 

■'^Complete  listing  of  all  of  Professor  Kipping's 
papers  on  silicone  research  may  be  found  in  An 
Introduction,    p.    60. 

"Milton  Silverman,  "Scientist's  Goofiest  Discov- 
ery,"  Saturday  Evening  Post,  CCXXVII  (February 
2u.    1955),   .'6. 

^IHd..    p.    .17. 

"The  <  irignard  reaction  and  other  chemical  pro- 
cesses which  may  be  mentioned  later  are  described 
fully   in   An   Introduction. 

'"Rob  Rov  McGregor,  Silicones  and  Their  Uses 
(New    York':    McGraw-Hill,    1954),  p.    1". 

"//'/rf..   pp.    18. 

'-"Newest  Synthetic  Family,"  Business  li'eck, 
(March   29,    1947),  p.   49. 

'■'Silverman,   p.    126. 

"Silverman,    p.    126. 

^■■■Ihid. 

"Ibid.,    p.    127. 

'^General  Electric  College  Piess  Section,  Fore- 
casts Indicate  Greater  L'se  of  Silicones  (New  York, 
1954),   p.    6. 

''^Silverman,    p.    35. 

'"/ftirf  .  p.    127. 

^'"Miracles   From   .Sand,"   p.    60. 

-'"Plaskon  Eyes  Silicones,"  Business  Week  (Sep- 
tember 5,   1953),   70. 

'^"Another  Boost  for  Silicones,"  Business  li'cck 
(February  3,   1951),  68. 

-■'Forecasts   Indicate,    p.    3. 

='/fcirf..   p.   4. 

'^^'"Silicones — A    New    Continent,  '    p.    32. 

'^'Forecasts    Indicate,    p.    4. 

-"^"Silicones — A    New    Continent,"    p.    i2. 

^Forecasts  Indicate,   p.   6. 

-■""Getting  Silicones  Started,"  Business  fFeek 
(April    30.    1949),    84. 

•■"'M.  Gough,  "You  Should  Know  About  Sili- 
cones," House  Beautiful,  XCVII  (January,  1955), 
66-67. 

'""Silicones:  A  New  Touch  for  Daily  Life," 
Business   Week    (January  9,   1953),   134. 

"-•/hirf. 

"'"Silicones  for  Waterproofing  and  Auti)-Poli>h- 
iiig,"  Science  Diiiest,   XXVIII    (August,   1950),  04. 

"■'■McGregor,  p.  63. 

■■"'Gough,  p.   70. 

■■'^"fietting    Silicones    Started,"    p.    84. 

'^''Silverman,   p.    127. 

■■"•"Silicones  Give  Wool  Fine  New  Repertory," 
Business    Week    (April    24,    1954),    i2. 

'""Silicones,  Magic  Sand  with  a  Thousand  Uses," 
Reader's  Digest.   I.XII    (February,   1953),  29. 

"J.  Polshek.  "What  You  Should  Know  About 
Silicones,"  House  Beautiful,  XCV  (September, 
1953),   201. 

'-"Silicones:    A    New    Touch." 


An  Arab  furtively  stepped  on  a  scale 

Near  the  end  of  a  lingering  day 

A  counterfeit  coin  he  dropped  in  the 

slot 
And  silently  stole  a  weigh. 
*       *       -* 

Then  there  ivas  the  out-of-town  stu- 
dent iL'ho  got  throivn   out  of  his  apart- 
ment u'hen  the  landlady  heard  him  drop 
his  shoes  on  the  floor  tuiee. 
-X-        -t-        s 

He:  "Whisper  those  three  little  words 
that  will   make  me  walk  on   air." 

She:   "Go  hang  yourself." 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


MUCH  :\IORE  THAN  MEETS  THE  EYE 
GOES  INTO  DOW  PACKAGE  DESIGN 

Engineers  and  ocular  cameras,  salesmen,  lawyers  and  artists 
combine  talents  to  produce  a  unified  "sales  team"  for  Dow 


Tin  cans  and  tank  cars,  cardboard  cartons  and  fiber  drums, 
bags  and  bottles  of  sundry  shapes,  carrv  Dow  products  to 
world  markets.  In  addition  to  quicklv  describing  its  con- 
tents, each  package  should  speak  for  the  product's  quality 
and  should  reflect  the  company  which  produced  it.  Dow 
recently  redesigned  its  packages  with  these  objectiyes 
in  mind. 

Deyeloping  eff^ectiye  design  while  maintaining  family 
resemblance  for  hundreds  of  Dow  products  was  not  an 
easy  task.  The  abilities  of  hundreds  of  people  and  many 
machines  were  inyoKed.  Designers,  engineers,  salesmen, 
lawyers  and  artists  all  were  called  upon  to  contribute  their 
particular  knowledge. 

An  ocular  camera  played  a  yital  role  in  choice  ol  design. 
A  subject  sits  before  the  camera  and  the  test  package  is 
briefly  exposed.  Meanwhile,  a  moying  picture  is  made  of 
the  subject's  eyes.  The  picture  is  printed  and  played  back. 


giying  an  accurate  record  of  how  the  package  was  scanned. 
\^  hen  analyzed,  these  pictures  show  which  design  ele- 
ments dominated,  the  order  in  which  the  product  message 
was  read  and  so  forth.  The  result — an  accurate  test  of 
whether  the  package  is  doing  its  job,  unimpaired  by  un- 
dependable  personal  likes  and  dislikes. 

The  design  chosen  and  printed,  thousands  of  packages 
leaye  Dow  plants  daily  selling  Dow  quality  and  dependa- 
bility to  the  World.  Package  design  is  a  big  job.  yet  its  but 
one  step  in  a  product's  progress  from  research  laboratory 
to  customers"  hands. 


Of 


If  hi'ther  you  choose  research,  production  or  sales,  you 
can  find  a  challenging  career  with  Dow.  If  rile  to  Tech- 
nical Employment  Department.  THE  mm  chemical 
<<)\ii'i.\Y.  Midland.  Michigan  or  Freepnrt.  Texas  for 
lite  (xwklet  "Opportunities  with  The  Doic  Chemical 
(jinipany"—  you'll  firul  it  interesting. 


you  can  depend  on   DOfT    CHEMICALS 


UOMSi 


A/AY,   1955 


13 


500  Millimicrons 


by  John  Graves,  M.  E.  '58 


Waves  of  a  certain  length  affect  the 
optic  nerve  of  our  eye  and  are  called 
light  waves.  Just  as  our  ears  are  sensitive 
to  air  waves  of  certain  lengths,  so  our 
eyes  are  sensitive  to  ether  waves  of 
certain  lengths.  The  theory  of  ether 
waves  was  brought  about  by  the  facts 
known  of  radiation. 

We  receive  heat  from  the  sun  by 
radiation.  Since  heat  is  a  form  of  energy 
produced  by  the  motion  of  the  mole- 
cules, waves  are  set  up  in  the  surround- 
ing medium.  A  scientist,  Huygens,  ad- 
vanced the  wave  theory  to  account  for 
the  transmission  of  radiant  energy.  Radi- 
ations travel  through  a  vacuum ;  so  he 
presupposed  the  existence  of  a  very  subtle 
medium  which  pervades  all  space  and 
transmits  radiant  energ\'.  This  medium 
is  called  ether.  It  is  supposed  to  be  an 
invisible  fluid,  so  very  rare  that  it  can- 
not be  weighed  or  measured ;  it  easily 
penetrates  intermolecular  spaces. 

As  early  as  167S,  Huygens  proposed 
his  wave  theory  of  light  and  suggested 
that  light  waves  are  ether  waves.  How- 
ever, the  theory  was  opposed  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  was  delayed  one  hundred 
years.  His  theory  was  opposed  by  Sir 
Isaac  Newton's  corpuscular  theory.  Ac- 
cording to  the  corpuscular  theory,  or 
the  emission  theory,  streams  of  extremelv 
small  particles  of  corpuscles  are  emitted 
by  luminous  bodies.  Such  corpuscles  pro- 
duce the  sensation  of  light  when  they 
enter  the  eye  and  stimulate  the  optic 
nerve. 

When  Huygens  assumed  the  existence 
of  the  ether  as  a  medium  through  which 
light  waves  are  transmitted,  men  of 
the  eighteenth  century  found  it  difficult 
to  accept  such  a  theory.  It  is  difficult 
to  try  to  picture  a  medium  which  we 
cannot  see,  feel,  smell,  or  taste.  We  find 
it  hard  to  imagine  a  weightless  fluid  so 
subtle  that  it  slides  in  between  the  mole- 
cules and  pervades  all  space,  even  that 
of  a  vacuum.  However,  the  theory  has 
been  accepted  because  it  is  difficult  to 
explain  some  of  the  phenomena  of  light 
by  the  corpuscular  theory. 

In  1864,  James  Clerk-Max\vell,  one 
of  the  greatest  of  modern  physicists,  sug- 


gested that  light  has  its  origin  in  ether 
waves  set  up  by  electrical  disturbances. 
His  elestromagnetic  theory  of  light  has 
been  comnionh'  accepted,  especially  since 
the  experiments  of  Heinrich  Hertz  seem 
to  confirm  MaxwH's  suggestion.  It  is 
possible  then,  that  light  waves  are  ethe'' 
waves  which  have  their  origin  in  the  vi- 
brations of  electrically  charged  particles 
which  compose  the  atoms  themselves. 

Still  more  recently  the  quantum  the- 
ory of  light  has  been  proposed.  Max 
Planck  of  Berlin  suggested  in  1900  that 
light  is  transmitted  in  small  bundles  or 
packets  of  energ\'  called  photons,  or 
quanta  of  light.  Einstein's  experiments 
confirm  this  theory,  and  his  theory  of 
relativity  has  made  many  scientists  skep 
tical  of  the  existence  of  the  ether.  To 
explain  all  the  various  phenomena  of 
light  it  seems  to  be  necessary  to  use  the 
quantum    theory    and    the    wa\e    theory. 

Light  waves  differ  in  several  ways 
from  sound  waves:  (1)  Light  waves 
travel  through  a  vacuum,  while  sound 
waves  do  not.  Hence,  light  waves  are 
ether  waves,  but  sound  waves  must  be 
transmitted  by  ordinary  matter.  (2) 
Light  waves  are  transverce,  while  sound 
waves  are  longitudinal.  ( ,i )  Sound 
waves  wary  in  length  from  1  cm.  to 
nearly  21  meters,  while  light  waves 
range  from  0.()()()039  cm.  to  onlv 
O.OOOOSl  cm.  in  length.  (4)  Light 
waves  travel  in  straight  lines,  but  sound 
waves  bend  around  corners  readily.  We 
can  hear  a  person  who  stands  around 
the  corner  from  us,  but  we  cannot  see 
him.  (5)  Light  travels  so  rapidly  it  is 
considered  instantaneous  for  short  dis- 
tances. The  speed  of  sound  is  very  slow 
compared  to  that  of  light.  In  one  sec- 
ond light  travels  a  distance  equal  to 
more  than  seven  times  around  the  earth 
at  the  equator. 

There  are  two  sources  of  light,  nat- 
ural and  artificial.  Nearly  all  the  nat- 
ural light  that  we  receive  comes  from 
the  sun.  However,  the  distant  stars 
furnish  us  with  some  light.  Some  of  the 
stars  are  larger  than  our  sun  and  give 
off  more  light,  but  they  are  so  far 
awav  that  we   receive  onlv   a   tinv   frac- 


tion of  the  light  that  they  emit.  The 
moon-light  is  caused  by  the  reflection 
of  the  sunlight  off  the  moon.  It  has 
been  established  that  the  giant  star 
Betelgeuse  has  a  diameter  of  about  235,- 
000,000  miles,  but  the  sun  is  only  866,- 
000  miles  in  diameter. 

There  are  several  ways  of  producing 
artificial  light.  Friction  may  be  used  to 
heat  objects  until  they  glow.  When 
gas,  oil,  or  other  fuel  burns  light  is 
produced.  Electricity  is  used  to  heat 
tungsten  wire  to  incandescence,  or  un'^il 
they  glow.  Sometimes  burning  fuel  is 
used  to  head  objects  to  incandescence. 

Now  we  reach  the  problem  of  distin- 
guishing between  luminous  and  illumin- 
ated objects.  If  a  platinum  wire  was  to 
be  heated,  the  ether  waves  that  are  set 
up  become  shorter  and  shorter  as  the 
temperature  rises.  The  wire  soon  begins 
to  glow,  or  it  becomes  incandescent.  It 
is  a  lununous  body,  visible  on  account  of 
its  own  light.  An  object  that  gives  off 
light  on  account  of  the  energy  of  its 
own  oscillatory  particles  is  said  to  be 
lununous.  The  stars  are  luminous  and 
emit   light. 

Just  as  sound  and  heat  are  reflected, 
so  light  waves  may  be  turned  back  from 
the  surface  of  bodies.  Mirrors  reflect 
light  that  is  received  from  some  other 
source.  A  body  that  merely  reflects  light 
which  it  has  received  is  an  illuminat.-'d 
body.  The  moon  is  an  excellent  example. 
Like  a  huge  mirror,  it  reflects  ligiit 
which  it  receives  from  the  sun.  Some 
of  the  planets  may  be  hot  enough  to  be 
luminous,  but  most  of  them  are  illumin- 
ated bodies,  reflecting  light  received 
from   other  sources. 

What  happens  when  light  waves  fall 
upon  the  glass  of  our  windows  or  upon 
the  surface  of  the  water?  Part  of  the 
light  is  absorbed  by  the  medium  itself. 
The  three  charactreistics  of  light  waves, 
reflection,  absorption,  and  transmission 
can  be  explained  as  follows. 

Smooth  bodies  of  water  have  been 
used  as  a  reflector  of  light  from  the 
earliest  times.  The  panes  of  glass  from 
the  window  of  a  distant  house  reflect 
light  to  us.  However,  if  the  glass  is  re- 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Cliff  Litherland  asks: 

Would  I  have 
varied  assignments 
at  Du  Pont-or 
would  I  specialize 
technically? 


CLIFFORD  LITHERLAND  received  a  B.A.  degree  from  Rice  In- 
stitute last  year,  and  is  now  working  for  a  B.S.  in  Chemical 
Engineering.  He  is  Business  Manager  of  "The  Rice  Engineer," 
and  Vice-President  of  the  fifth-year  class  at  Rice.  By  asking 
questions  of  prospective  employers.  Cliff  is  trying  to  get  informa- 
tion that  will  help  him  make  the  best  use  of  his  training  in  the 
years  ahead. 


Arthur  Mendolia  answers: 


ARTHUR  I.  MENDOLIA  was  graduated  from  Case 
Institute  in  June  1941  and  started  work  with 
the  Du  Pont  Company  that  same  month.  In 
addition  to  handling  challenging  assignments  at 
work,  he  also  enjoys  some  interesting  hobbies. 
Although  he  makes  no  claims  personally,  he's 
classed  as  a  minor  authority  on  golf  and  hi-fi 
music.  Mr.  Mendolia  is  Assistant  Director  of 
Research  for  Du  Pont's  Electrochemicals  Dept. 


WANT  TO  KNOW  MORE  about  working  with 
lin  Pont?  .Send  for  a  free  copy  of  "Chemical 
Engineers  at  Du  Pont."  a  booklet  that  tells 
you  about  pioneering  work  being  done  in 
chemical  engineering — in  research,  process 
development .  production  and  sales.  Write  to 
E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.),  2521 
Nemours  Building,  Wilmington.  Delaware. 


B 


"ES,  U.S.  PAT.  Of' 

BETTER  THINGS  FOR  BETTER  LIVING  .  .  .  THROUGH  CHEMISTKY 
WATCH  "CAVALCADE OF  AMERICA"ON TELEVISION 


Well,  Cliff,  I'd  say  the  answer  to  that  question  depends 
largely  on  your  own  preferences.  In  a  company  the  size  of 
Du  Pont  there  are  opportunities  for  growth  along  either  line. 

In  my  own  case,  I've  followed  the  route  of  diversification 
— and  I  think  you'll  find  that's  the  general  procediu-e  when 
a  fellow  is  interested  in  administrative  work. 

For  example,  after  graduation  I  started  work  in  the  re- 
search lab  at  Du  Pont's  Niagara  Falls  plant.  That  was  fol- 
lowed by  two  years  of  process  improvement  work,  and  a 
stretch  as  assistant  supervisor  over  one  of  the  plant  areas. 
Next,  I  spent  a  few  years  in  liaison  on  the  design  and  con- 
struction of  our  first  full-scale  plant  for  making  nylon  inter- 
mediates from  furfural.  Then,  I  had  assignments  on  "plant 
start  up,"  and  production  supervision  before  1  was  given  my 
present  post.  I  was  made  Assistant  Director  of  Research  for 
Du  Pont's  Electrochemicals  Department  last  August. 

You  see,  variety  of  assignments  means  contact  with  new 
men  and  with  constantly  changing  problems.  That  keeps 
interest  alive.  It  leads  to  growth,  too,  because  it  provides  a 
broad  base  of  experience  for  future  responsibilities. 

On  the  other  hand,  some  fellows  prefer  to  become  Sf)ecial- 
ists  in  a  particular  field— and  Du  Pont  has  many  oppor- 
tunities for  that  type  of  professional  growth,  too.  In  our 
research.  development  and  design  groups  we  have  experts 
on  distillation,  mass  transfer,  thermodynamics— and  most 
anything  else  you'd  care  to  mention  in  the  field  of  engineer- 
ing. These  men  are  respected  throughout  the  whole  company 
for  their  technical  knowledge. 

Whichever  route  you  choose.  Cliff- broad  or  sjjecialized — 
you'll  find  that  a  job  well  done  leads  to  satisfaction  and  ad- 
vancement at  Du  Pont. 


MAY,   1955 


15 


moved,  we  see  what  appears  to  be  a 
dark  opening.  Also,  highly  polished  met- 
als make  good  reflectois  of  light.  Dark 
colored  objects  are  good  absorbers  of 
light.  Black  objects  absorb  all  the  light 
that  is  cast  upon  them.  When  the  verti- 
cal rays  of  the  sun  strike  a  body  of 
water,  most  of  their  light  is  either  ab- 
sorbed or  transmitted.  More  of  the  rays 
are  reflected  when  they  strike  the  water 
at  an  oblique  angle.  Air,  glass,  and  water 
transmit  light  readily.  They  are  said  to 
be  transparent.  Transparent  bodies 
transmit  so  much  light  that  it  is  easy 
to  distinguish  objects  through  them.  Ob- 
jects which  transmit  light  but  are  un- 
able to  see  through  are  translucent.  Ob- 
jects which  do  not  transmit  light  at  all 
are  opaque. 

Now  the  question  is,  how  fast  does 
light  travel  ?  Light  travels  so  fast  that 
it  appears  to  be  instantaneous.  In  fact, 
Galileo  concluded  that  no  time  at  all 
was  required  for  light  to  travel  from 
one  place  to  another.  His  conclusion  was 
accepted  until  a  method  of  measuring 
light  velocity  was  found. 

The  first  experiment  for  measuring 
the  velocity  of  light  was  performed  by 
a  Danish  astronomer,  Roemer.  His  ex- 
periment had  to  do  with  one  of  Jupi- 
ter's statelites  and  the  position  of  the 
earth.  First  when  the  earth  was  on  the 
side  of  the  sun  nearest  to  Jupiter  and  six 
months  later  when  the  earth  was  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  sun.  In  doing 
this  he  found  that  the  eclipse  occurred 
16  min.  36  sec.  later  than  the  first 
time,  and  that  he  was  lS6,()0(),()nO 
miles  farther  from  Jupiter  than  before. 
So  he  calculated  that  if  light  travels 
186,000,000  miles  in  996  sec,  then  the 
velocity  of  light  must  be  a  little  more 
than  186,000  miles  per  second. 

There  were  other  methods  of  finding 
the  velocity  of  light,  also.  C^ne  of  which 
was  by  using  a  mile-long  vacmmi  tub?. 
The  vacuum  tube  was  used  to  prevent 
errors  due  to  haze  and  to  varying  density 
of  air.  A  light  was  reflected  back  and 
forth  ten  times  in  this  tube.  The  value 
obtained  by  this  method  is  186,285  miles 
per  second,  which  is  not  believed  to  be 
more  than  one  mile  in  error.  The  ve- 
locity of  light  in  water  is  about  three- 
fourths  as  great  as  in  air.  In  ordinary 
glass  it  is  about  two-thirds  as  great. 
Light  travels  slightly  faster  in  a  vacuum 
than  in  air. 

If  a  beam  of  sunlight  was  permitted 
to  fall  upon  a  glass  prism  through  a 
narrow  slit  in  a  window  shade,  we  coidd 
see  a  band  of  seven  colors.  Such  a  band 
of  colors  is  called  a  solar  spectrum.  This 
shows  that  sunlight  is  complex  and  that 
it  is  composed  of  several  colors ;  it  is 
polychromatic  light.  If  light  consists  of 
only  one  color,  it  is  said  to  be  mono- 
chromatic. 

Such  a  method  of  analyzing  complex 
light,   or  separating  it   into   its  colors   is 


called  dispersion  of  light.  Such  disper- 
sion is  due  to  the  fact  that  some  coloi^s 
are  refracted  more  than  others  as  they 
pass  through  a  glass  prism.  Violet  light 
is  refracted  more  than  any  other  color, 
since  it  has  the  shortest  wave  length. 
Red  rays  are  bent  least  in  passing 
through  a  prism ;  they  are  the  longest  of 
the  light  waves.  The  other  colors  lie  be- 
tween the  red  and  the  violet.  The  other 
colors  in  order  of  refraction  are,  indigo, 
blue,  green,  yellow,  and  orange.  The 
rainbow  is  a  beautiful  example  of  a 
solar  spectrum  cast  across  the  sky  by 
the  dispersal  of  sunlight  from  drops  of 
falling  water. 

Just  as  the  pitch  of  sound  depends 
upon  the  number  of  vibrations  which 
reach  the  ear  per  second,  so  the  color 
of  light  depends  upon  the  number  of 
vibrations  which  reach  the  eye  per  sec- 
ond. Color  bears  the  same  relation  to 
light  that  pitch  does  to  sound.  When  one 
end  of  an  iron  poker  is  held  in  a  fire, 
the  electrically  charged  particles  in  its 
atoms  oscillate  faster  and  faster  as  the 
temperature  rises.  Soon  the  vibration 
rate  becomes  fast  enough  to  give  off 
waves  to  which  the  eye  is  sensitive.  The 
first  color  which  the  eye  can  detect  is  a 
very  dark  red.  To  produce  this  dark 
red  color,  the  vibrations  must  be  so 
rapid  that  the  wave  length  produced  is 
only  0.00081  mm.  in  length.  Longer 
waves  than  this  affect  our  temperature 
sense  and  are  known  as  infra-red  rays, 
but  the  eye  is  not  sensitive  to  them. 

It  is  difficult  for  pifpils  to  think  of 
color  as  a  property  of  light  waves  rather 
than  of  objects.  For  example,  we  have 
a  piece  of  cloth  which  we  say  is  blue, 
but  if  we  hold  it  in  the  red  portion  of 
a  solar  spectrum  in  a  darkened  room, 
we  find  that  it  seems  black.  If  we  put 
a  piece  of  red  cloth  in  the  blue  portion 
of  such  a  spectrum,  it  will  also  appear 
black.  What  do  we  mean  by  saying  that 
an  object  is  blue?  We  mean  that  it  ab- 
sorbs all  the  light  except  blue,  but  it  re- 
flects the  blue  light  to  the  eye. 

From  these  observations,  we  must 
conclude  that  the  color  of  an  opaque 
object  depends  upon:  (a)  the  color  of 
the  light  that  it  can  reflect;  (b)  the 
color  of  the  light  that  shines  upon  it. 
Strictly  speaking,  color  is  a  property  I'f 
light  waves  that  is  dependent  entirely 
upon  their  length. 

Artificial  lights  are  likely  to  be  defi- 
cient in  certain  colors,  particularly  in 
the  blue  and  the  violet.  The  mercury 
vapor  lamp,  which  is  widely  used  by  pho- 
tographers, is  deficient  in  red  and  yel" 
low  rays.  A  person  sitting  under  the 
rays  of  such  a  lamp  loses  his  natural 
color. 

The  color  of  transparent  objects  de- 
pends upon  the  color  of  the  light  waves 
which  they  transmit.  Ordinary  window 
glass,  which  transmits  all  colors,  is  said 
to    be    colorless.    Red    glass    absorbs    all 


colors  but  red,  which  it  transmits.  The 
stars  of  the  United  States  flag  would  ap- 
pear red  on  a  black  field,  if  viewed 
through  red  glass. 

If  compound,  or  polpchromatic,  light 
can  be  analyzed  into  its  simple  colors, 
it  seems  reasonable  to  suspect  that  one 
can  combine  simple  colors  to  form  com- 
pound light.  This  can  be  done  in  two 
ways.  (1)  If  we  place  a  second  prism 
in  tlie  solar  spectrum  formed  by  a 
prism,  the  different  colors  will  reconi- 
bine  to  produce  white  light.  Other  colors 
may  be  compounded  in  the  same  man- 
ner. (2)  If  we  have  given  a  disc  which 
has  the  spectral  colors  painted  upon  it, 
we  may  combine  the  colors  by  rotating 
the  disc  rapidly.  Since  we  have  duration 
of  vision,  the  light  from  one  color  forms 
an  image  which  persists  on  the  retina 
until  each  of  the  other  colors  in  turn 
has  been  reflected  to  the  eye. 

It  is  of  interest  to  inquire  how  light 
waves  of  different  length  affect  the  eye 
in  such  a  manner  that  we  see  different 
colors.  The  most  generally  accepted 
theory  of  color  sensation  was  proposed 
by  Dr.  Thomas  Young  and  later  elabor- 
ated by  Helmholtz.  It  is  based  upon  the 
Young-Helmholtz  color  theory,  the  ret- 
ina of  the  e\e  is  provided  with  three 
sets  of  nerves,  each  set  being  sensitive 
to  one  of  the  three  primary  colors  red, 
green  or  bluish-violet. 

Now  that  we  know  that  the  sun's 
rays  are  separated  into  colors  by  a  prism 
to  form  a  solar  spectrum,  we  should 
know  the  different  kinds  of  spectra. 
Light  from  other  sources  may  be  ana- 
lyzed in  the  same  manner.  There  are 
three  kinds  of  spectra : 

(1)  A  platinum  wire  held  in  the 
colorless  flame  of  a  burner  produces  a 
spectrum  that  consists  of  an  unbroken 
band  of  seven  colors.  Since  the  seven 
colors  form  one  unbroken  band,  such 
a  spectrum  is  said  to  be  continuous.  Con- 
tinuous spectra  are  produced  by  incan- 
descent solids,  liquids,  and   dense  gases. 

(2)  Another  kind  of  spectra  is  the 
discontinuous  spectra.  If  a  platinum 
wire  was  dipped  into  a  solution  of  com- 
mon salt,  or  sodium  chloride,  and  then 
held  in  the  colorless  flame  of  a  burner 
surrounded  by  a  piece  of  metal  in  which 
a  narrow  slit  has  been  cut.  When  the 
light  coming  through  this  slit  falls  upon 
a  prism,  the  spectrum  which  it  forms  on 
a  screen  consists  of  a  bright  yellow  single 
line.  Since  this  bright  line  breaks  the 
continvn'ty  of  the  band  of  colors,  such 
bright-line  spectra  are  known  as  discon- 
tinuous spectra. 

(3,  We  may  produce  bright-light 
spectra  with  luminous  sodium  vapor  just 
as  before,  and  then  place  an  iron  pan 
containing  sodium  chloride  between  the 
slit  and  the  prism.  When  the  pan  is 
heated  enough  to  vaporize  the  sodium 
chloride,  but  not  hot  enough  to  make 
it   luminous,   a  dark  line  appears  in   the 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


spectrum  where  tlie  >  el  low  line  had  be- 
fore. The  yellow  light  waves  have  been 
absorbed  by  the  sodium  vapor.  Such  spec 
tra  are  called  dark-line,  or  absorptive 
spectra.  Gases  or  vapors  can  absorb  light 
waves  of  the  same  length  the\-  would 
produce  themselves,  if  tlu'\  were  heated 
to  luminosity.  For  example,  luminous 
sodium  \apor  gi\es  bright  \ellow  light 
waves.  Xon-luminous  sodium  vapor  ab- 
sorbs yellow  light  waves. 

When  the  sun  shines  upon  drops  of 
falling  water  a  solar  spectrum  may  be 
formed.  Water  disperses  light  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  prism,  but  reflection 
and  refraction  of  light  are  also  import- 
ant in  forming  the  rainbow.  As  a  beam 
of  sunlight  enters  a  drop  of  water  it  is 
refracted;  dispersal  also  occurs.  The  red 
ray  sufifers  total  reflection  the  same  as 
the  violet  ray.  When  thcv  leave  the 
drop  both  rays  are  again  refracted.  The 
other  colors  are  formed  by  drops  betwc-  n 
the  red  and  violet  rays. 

If  we  could  look  at  the  end  of  a 
beam  of  light,  we  should  probably  see 
some  of  its  transverse  waves  vibrating 
from  side  to  side,  some  up  and  down, 
and  others  at  various  other  angles.  Ce,- 
tain  crystals,  tourmaline  for  example, 
transmit  only  those  wa\es  which  are  vi- 
brating in  the  same  plane  as  the  ax's 
of  the  cr\stal.  When  light  passes  through 
such  a  crystal,  we  have  polarized  light. 
Polarized  lenses  are  used  widely  by 
automobile  manufacturers  for  headlights 
because  the  lenses  stop  the  excessi\e 
glare  from  the  lights.  This  enables  peo- 
ple to  see  the  sides  of  the  roads  better 
while  driving  at  night. 

Although  a  great  deal  is  known  about 
light  waves  and  their  characteristics,  it 
is  still  a  phenomena  in  the  field  of 
physics.  There  is  still  room  for  advance- 
ment and  improvement  in  the  field  nf 
light  as  in  an\-  other  field  of  physics. 


A  woman  saw  an  elephant  in  her  yard 
and  inimediateh'  called  the  police. 
"Chief,"  she  said,  "there's  a  queer  look- 
ing animal  out  here  in  my  back  yard. 
He's  picking  flowers  with  his  tail." 

"Yes,"  said  the  sergeant,  "and  what 
does  he  do  with  them  after  he's  picked 
'em?" 

"Never  mind,  "  was  the  answer,  "you 
wouldn't  believe  me  if  I  told  you." 

When    you    put   on    your    cute    rayon 

scanties 
Do  they  crackle  electrical  chanties? 
Don't  worry,  m\'  dear. 
The  reason  is  clear. 
It's  just  that  you   ha\e  amps  in  your 

panties. 

*        »        » 

Some  girls  may  ha\e  to  answer  a  lot 
of  questions  when  applying  for  a  job, 
but  it  is  reallv  a  matter  of  form. 


ENGINEERS 

AND 

SC I ENTISTS 


You'll  find  at 
C     O     N     V    A     I     R 

A      DIVISION     OF      GENERAL      DYNAMICS      CORPORATION 

ENGINEERING  FOR 
THE  FUTURE 

CAREER  OPPORTUNITIES  EXIST  IN: 


AERODYNAMICS 
Aero-Analysis 
Performance 

AEROPHYSICS 

Stability  and  Automatic  Control 
Aero  Electronics 


Theoretical  Aerodynamics 
Experimental  Aerodynamics 


Armament  Analysis 
Electronic  Computing 


PROPULSION 

Propulsion  Research  Propulsion  Development 

Environmental  Controls  Systems  Development 

NUCLEAR  PHYSICS 

Theoretical  Nuclear  Physics 
Experimental  Nuclear  Physics 

STRUCTURES  ENGINEERING  FOR  AIRCRAFT 

Stress  Analysis  Flutter  and  Dynamics 

Structural  Research  Structural  Loads 

DESIGN  for  AIRCRAFT  and  NUCLEAR  APPLICATION 

Airframe  Structures  Electrical 

Thermodynamics  Electronics 

Mechanisms  Equipment  Design 

Power  Plant  Installations 

ENGINEERING  TEST 

Flight  Test  Instrumentation  Data  Reduction 

Fluid  Dynamics— Electronic,  Electrical— Structural 

It  is  required  that  applicants  for  these  positions  have 
formal  education  in  Aeronautical,  Mechanical,  Civil  or 
Electrical  Engineering,  Physics  or  Mathematics— or  pro- 
fessional experience  in  one  of  the  fields  above. 

At  CONVAIR  you  have  an  excellent  opportunity  to  do 
graduate  work— in  plant  or  in  evening  college.  CONVAIR 
offers  liberal  travel  allov/ances,  paid  vacations,  excel- 
lent   insurance    and    retirement    programs. 

Send  Resume  to  M.  L.  TAYLOR 
CONVAIR,  Engineering  Personnel  Dept.   C-10 
FORT   WORTH,    TEXAS 

C     O     N     V    A     I     R 

A      DIVISION      OF       GENERAL       DYNAMICS      CORPORATION 

FORT  WORTH, TEXAS 


MAY,   1955 


17 


^GosTurb'ne  Project 
toAddlJOOJobs 


i3usine"" 


Unison's  Ad^s 
"fo  Prospenty 


AUison  Planning -sji^. 
j^pansion  Herev^a 

$75  MILLION  ALLISONfl 
jEXPAKSION  PLANNED  "^^ 

t^!'":I]Z1?^^^^^'°"  '''°"*  Exponsion  To  Make  City  World  AlrXwe^  Center      '»i 

G^fl  Backs'  Alison  Fu*"";®  -  ^'"^^""=  '^is^^  ,  "^% 
By  $75,000,000  Program  ;^^^;^^  | 

cS-n^St:-  ,.,-   Allison  Research 

-"'•'°'      isS--'    Gets  $75  Million 


City  ^"' r^ir 
Center  ot  ^ 


-■X,  -  ^'"" 


Long-Range  Development  Program  Provides  for 
New  Engineering  Test  and  Research  Facilities 


•  Allison's  $75  million  expansion  program  in  Engi- 
neering, Research  and  Development  facilities 
creates  the  need  for  a  40  per  cent  increase  in  our  en- 
neering  staff. 

Completion  of  the  five-year  program— financed  by 
General  Motors— will  give  Allison,  and  Indianapolis, 
one  of  the  world's  most  complete,  best  equipped,  cen- 
ters for  the  development  of  new,  high  performance 
turbo-prop  and  turbo-jet  aircraft  engines  for  both  mili- 
tary and  commercial  use. 

As  General  Motors  President  Harlow  H.  Curtice 
said  in  the  announcement,  "Engines  in  production 
today  cannot  meet  the  requirements  of  the  aircraft  of 
tomorrow  where  ability  to  operate  at  supersonic 
speeds,  and  very  high  altitudes,  will  continue  to  be 
demanded  from  engine  builders  .  .  .  To  design  and 
build  engines  with  such  advanced  performance,  test 


facilities  are  required  which  go  far  beyond  the  capa- 
bilities of  equipment  in  existence  today.  In  recognition 
of  this  need.  General  Motors  will  add  extensive  high 
performance  test  facilities  to  those  already  established 
and  in  operation  at  the  Allison  Division." 

Already  a  recognized  leader  in  the  design,  develop- 
ment and  production  of  turbo-jet  and  turbo-prop  en- 
gines, Allison  NOW  is  in  a  position  to  offer  even 
greater  opportunities  to  the  technically-trained,  well- 
qualified,  young  graduate  who  is  interested  in  building 
his  engineering  career  with  a  pace  setter  in  the  field. 

Whether  you're  still  in  school,  or  graduating  this 
year,  we'd  like  to  tell  you  more  about  your  engineering 
future  at  Allison.  Write  to: 

R.  G.  Greenwood,  Engineering  College  Contact 

ALLISON   DIVISION,  General  Motors  Corporation 

Indianapolis  6,  Indiana. 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^•^-nir^ 


WISCONSIN 


MICHIGAN 


IOWA  STATE 


PURDUE 


\tr' 


Where 
do  you  go  from  here  i 


Year  after  year,  we  draw  on  these  nine  schools  for 
electrical,  mechanical,  industrial  and  general  engineers. 

If  you  are  looking  for  a  future  with  real  opportunities 

for  growth  and  advancement,  Square  D  has  a  lot  to  offer. 

The  potential  growth  and  development  of  the  electrical 

industry  is  tremendous  —  doubling  every  ten  years,  in  fact. 

And  Square  D  is  a  long  established,  top  ranking  name 

in  that  expanding  industry.  Equally  important.  Square  D 

offers  the  kind  of  personalized  training 

that  equips  you  to  go  far .  .  .  fast! 

Why  not  let  us  tell  you  more  about  Square  D 
and  what  we  have  to  offer? 


9ll«if  rf,«  e 


ouoon 


TEXAS  AftM 


We'd  like  to  send  you  a  brochure, 

"Your  Engineering  Career."  It  gives  the  simple  rules 

to  follow  in  selecting  an  engineering  career. 


Square  D  Compony,   Dept.  SA 
6060  Rivard  Street,  Detroit   11,  Michigan 
I'll  likf  a  copy  uf  Sijuarc'  D's  brocliure, 
"Your  Engineering  Career" 


School- 
Addrcs: 
City 


_Zone State- 


MAY,   1955 


19 


From  Push  to  Swoosh  — 


by  ROBERT  J.  MARKS,  Aero.  E.  '58 


Ever  since  man  has  been  on  this  earth, 
he  has  had  dreams  of  being  able  to  Hy. 
This  has  been  shown  to  us  in  Cireek 
mythology  b\'  the  famous  filing  horse, 
Pegasus.  The  Egyptians'  sun  god  was 
a  falcon.  In  Nordic  'egend,  the  Valk- 
ries  rode  winged  hc'.LS  and  the  Arabs 
had  their  stories  of  .nagic  flying  car- 
pets. Several  legends  o/  man's  '^arly  at- 
tempts to  fly  date  as  far  back  as  2000 
B.  C. 

Through  the  years,  men  hail  man\ 
ideas  of  how  to  fly.  The  first  really  sci- 
entific step  taken  in  aviation  was  by 
Archimedes  when  he  established  his  law 
stating  that  floating  bodies  displace  an 
equal  volume  of  water.  This  principle 
is  also  extended  to  cover  air.  In  the 
1200's  Roger  Bacon  published  his  book 
Secrets  of  Art  nnd  Nature  and  in  it 
discussed  a  flying  machine  that  could  be 
made  by  taking  a  large  hollow  copper 
globe  and  filling  it  with  "liquid  fire." 
His  definitions  of  this  liquid  fire  were 
very  vague  and  nothing  ever  became  of 
his  theory.  It  is  recorded  in  Chinese  hist- 
ory that  balloons  were  sent  up  during 
the  coronation  of  the  emperor  Fo  Kien, 
but  there  is  no  real  proof  of  this.  Then, 
for  over  two  centuries  nothing  was  said 
or  done  about  flying.  Then,  Lenardo 
Da  Vinci  revived  the  subject.  He  studied 
birds  and  their  flight  and  in  1505  pub 
lished  a  treatise  on  the  flight  of  birds. 
Da  Vinci  formulated  the  principle  that 
"An  object  offers  as  much  resistance  to 
the  air  as  the  air  does  to  the  object.  ' 
Centuries  later  there  were  still  many 
experimenters  in  flight  that  did  not 
realize  this  important  fact.  He  made 
many  drawings  of  flying  machines, 
many  of  which  were  patterned  after 
birds.  It  is  entirely  possible  that  Da 
Vinci  might  have  made  some  t\pe  of 
successful  aircraft  had  he  possessed  a 
light-weight  and  powerful  engine  of 
some  type.  He  even  made  sketches  of  a 
primitive  parachute  which  he  called  a 
"fall  breaker."  A  hundred  years  later, 
in  1648,  Bishop  John  Wilkins  published 
a  treatise  called  The  Art  of  Flying 
which    was    mostly    pure    nonsense.    In 


lti7(),  a  Jesuit  priest,  Francesco  De 
Lana,  proposed  that  a  wicker  basket  be 
suspended  from  four  large  copper  balls 
that  had  the  air  pumped  out  of  them. 
He  did  not  build  the  machine  and 
therefore  did  not  find  out  that  the  balls 
would  collapse  from  atmospheric  pres- 
sure. His  reason,  and  very  true,  was 
that  it  would  make  wars  even  more 
horrible  than  the\  were  at  the  time. 
Giovanni  Borelli,  in  a  treatise  written 
in  1680,  told  the  findings  of  his  studies 
of  the  movements  of  animals.  He  showed 
that  man  is  the  weakest  of  all  creatures 
for  his  comparative  size.  He  pointed  out 
that,  even  if  artifical  wings  were  con- 
trived, a  man  would  not  have  the 
strength  to  support  his  body  in  flight 
and  that  birds  are  definitely  stronger 
when  compared  with  man.  Recent  ex- 
periments have  shown  us  that  birds  can 
draw  on  their  reserve  energy  more  so 
than  any  other  creature  on  this  earth. 

It  was  because  of  Evangelista  Tor- 
ricelli's  discovery  in  1643  that  air  is  a 
mixture  of  gases  that  really  started  the 
era  of  balloons.  Because  of  his  discov- 
ery, a  search  began  in  the  1750's  for  a 
gas  that  is  lighter  than  air.  In  1776, 
Henry  Cavendish  discovered  hydrogen. 
Joseph  Black,  a  Scottish  professor,  wrote 
his  opinion  that  animal  bladders  filled 
with  this  gas  would  float.  It  was  not 
imtil  an  experiment  was  made  in  1771 
that  this  statement  was  proven  to  be 
correct. 

The  first  successful  balloon  was  made 
because  of  a  mistaken  idea.  The  two 
Montgolfier  brothers,  Jacques  and  Jos- 
eph, saw  the  similarity  between  clouds 
and  smoke  and  thought  that  smoke  in 
light  containers  would  float.  As  they 
were  in  the  paper-making  business,  it 
was  quite  natural  that  their  first  con- 
tainers were  paper  bags.  With  this  ar- 
rangement, partial  success  was  achieved 
on  their  indoor  experiments.  This 
prompted  them  to  take  their  experiments 
outdoors,  (^n  June  5,  1  78.\  they  finally 
succeeded  in  sending  a  balloon  up  to 
about  1,000  feet.  They  then  made  a 
balloon    out   of   silk    which    greatly    ex- 


ceeded the  height  and  distance  previ- 
ously reached. 

Their  experiments  attracted  such  at- 
tention that,  in  Paris,  the  Robert  broth- 
ers made  a  balloon  out  of  silk,  under  the 
direction  of  the  famed  physicist,  J.  A.  C. 
Charles.  This  balloon  was  filled  with 
hydrogen  and  on  August  27,  1783,  rose 
to  a  height  of  3,000  feet  and  traveled 
over  fifteen  miles,  all  during  a  pouring 
rain. 

The  next  Montgolfier  balloon  that 
went  up  carried  animals  as  passengers. 
The  ascent  was  made  in  Versailles  in 
the  presence  of  Louis  X\^I  and  his 
court.  The  animals,  a  rooster,  a  duck, 
and  a  sheep,  were  placed  in  a  gondola 
attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  balloon. 
Louis  liked  the  demonstration  and 
wanted  to  send  up  a  condemned  criminal 
as  the  first  man  but  the  court  historian, 
Jean  Francois  Pilatre  de  Rosier,  saw  a 
chance  to  get  his  name  written  in  history 
and  begged  the  king  to  let  him  go  up. 
This  historic  balloon  was  made  of  treat- 
ed linen  and  was  forty-five  feet  dia- 
meter and  seventyfive  feet  high.  During 
their  experimenting,  the  brothers  dis- 
covered that  it  was  the  hot  air  that  made 
the  balloon  rise  and  not  the  smoke,  so 
they  placed  a  brass  pan  under  the  neck 
of  the  balloon  that  was  filled  with  wool 
and  straw  which  was  burned  in  the  air, 
thereby  keeping  the  balloon  in  the  air 
for  a  longer  period  of  time.  With  this 
arrange:nent,  De  Rozier  and  a  French 
courtier,  the  Marquis  D'Arlandes,  made 
a  flight  which  lasted  over  twenty-five 
minutes  and  carried  them  over  the  city. 

The  Montgolfiers'  rival,  Charles, 
made  a  flight  ten  days  later  in  the  first 
hydrogen  balloon.  It  stayed  up  for  over 
two  hours  and  flew  over  twenty-five 
miles  from  Paris.  After  this,  the  bal- 
loon craze  spread  like  wildfire.  People 
were  even  paying  to  go  for  rides  in  bal- 
loons. Scientific  work  with  balloons  also 
continued,  (^n  November  13,  1784,  the 
first  recordings  of  air  pressure  from 
great  heights  was  made.  On  January  17, 
1785,  the  first  balloon  crossing  of  the 
English   Channel   was   made.   The   first 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


balloon  Hight  in  America  was  made  on 
January  9,  1793,  in  Philadelphia  by 
Francois  Blanchard.  one  of  the  men  who 
had  crossed  the  English  Channel.  The 
first  balloon  casualt\  was  when  l)e  Roz- 
ier's  h\drogen  balloon  exploded  as  he 
was  tr\ing  to  cross  the  English  Channel. 
He  was  killed  immediateh.  After  this 
incident,  balloons  were  filled  with  coal 
gas,  which  IS  cheaper  and  safer. 

Even  from  the  start,  man\  Hiers  tried 
to  devise  some  wa\  to  control  the  di- 
rection of  the  flight.  -Along  with  the 
growth  of  the  balloon  the  parachute  was 
also  developed.  Sebastian  Lenoramando, 
a  Fernch  physicist,  is  given  credit  for  in- 
venting the  parachute.  The  first  known 
jump  made  with  a  parachute  was  on 
(October  21,  1797,  and  was  made  by 
Andre  Jacques  (jarnerin  over  the  city 
of  Paris.  Militar>'  u.ses  wtxc  then  de- 
vised for  balloons  during  the  Napole- 
onic Wars.  Balloons  were  also  used  in 
the  Ci\'il  War. 

Because  of  the  boldness  of  many  of 
the  aeronauts,  there  were  many  records 
made.  Charles  Green,  the  first  man  to 
use  coal  gas,  flew  500  miles  in  eighteen 
hours  in  the  year  of  KS,i6.  In  a  balloon 
race  in  1906,  Alan  R.  Hawley  stayed 
up  for  more  than  forty-six  hours  and 
traveled  1,355  miles.  In  1927,  Capt. 
Hawthorne  C.  Gray  of  the  United 
States    -Army    set     the     altitude     record 

which    still    stands 12,470    feet    in    an 

open  gondola.  He  was  found  dead  in 
the  gondola  when  the  balloon  came 
down,  but  the  altitude  was  registered  on 
his  barometer.  In  later  years  new  rec- 
ords were  made  in  closed-cabin  balloons. 
A  height  of  55,500  feet  was  made  in 
the  year  of  1936.  In  1935  the  National 
(jeographic  Society  and  the  Army  Air 
Corps  collaborated  and  sent  a  balloon, 
piloted  by  Capts.  A.  W.  Stevens  and 
Ci.  A.  Anderson,  up  to  an  altitude  of 
72,395  feet — a  record  that  stood  imtil 
the  davs  of  jet-powered  supersonic 
flight. 

Henri  Giffard  is  the  man  accredited 
with  the  building  of  the  first  airship. 
He  took  James  Watts'  steam  engine  and 
combined  it  with  Jean  Meusiner's  pro- 
peller and  made  a  144-foot  airship.  On 
September  24,  1852,  he  flew  the  ship 
from  Paris  to  Elancourt  at  a  speed  of 
five  miles  per  hour.  This  was  the  first 
completely-onpurpose  flight  made.  Dir- 
igible flight  was  brought  to  its  modern 
level  by  a  German,  Count  Ferdinand 
\'on  Zeppelin.  The  first  successful  Zep- 
pelin was  flown  in  the  year  of  1900. 
It  weighed  25,000  pounds,  including 
passengers  and  freight,  and  was  driven  at 
a  speed  of  seventeen  miles  per  hour  by 
two  sixteen-horsepower  motors.  In  1915, 
Zeppelin  merged  his  compan\-  with  that 
of  his  rivals,  the  Scheutte-Lan/,  and 
proceeded  to  make  Super-Zeppelins.  One 
of  these  super  airships,  the  R-34,  was 
the    first    airship    to    cross    the    Atlantic 


Ocean.  His  most  famous  airship,  and 
also  the  largest,  The  Hiiulenburg  meas- 
ured SIl  feet,  weighed  220  tons  and 
had  a  \()lume  of  se\en  million  cubic 
feet.  It  had  a  top  speed  of  eighty-four 
miles  per  hour  delivered  by  foin'  4440- 
horsepower  diesel  engines.  Its  cruising 
range  was  8,750  miles.  After  seventeen 
trans-Atlantic  flights,  it  crashed  in 
flames  at  Lakehiirst,  New  Jer.se\-,  killing 
}i}i  of  its  105  passengers  and  crew. 

The  oid\  airships  in  use  right  now  are 
blimps.  The\  are  used  mainh  for  ad- 
\ertising  piuposes  and  for  observation 
purposes  b>    the  army  and  navy. 

During  the  1800's,  two  schools  of 
thought  were  developed,  (^ne  school  of 
thought  was  that  man  coulil  fl\  without 
any  outside  source  of  power.  The  other 
school  of  thought  was  that  man  would 
be  able  to  fly  in  the  future  if  some 
source  of  power  were  found.  They  were 
both  partially  right,  but  it  was  the  work 
of  the  former  group  that  started  the 
progress  of  glider  flight. 

Otto  Lilienthal  is  the  man  given  cred- 
it for  the  first  realh'  successful  glider 
flight.  It  was  made  from  the  top  of  a 
hill  in  .Anklan,  German\'  in  1891.  He 
made  more  than  2,00(J  glider  flights  with 
some  of  his  longest  being  over  900  feet. 
When  he  was  killed  in  a  crash  in  1896, 
he  left  his  notes  open  for  the  public  to 
use  and  benefit  from.  Percy  Pilcher  of 
England  added  much  to  Lilienthal's 
notes  until  he  was  also  killed  in  a 
crash  in  1899.  After  these  two  pioneers 
died,  the  spotlight  on  glider  achievement 
was  shifted  to  the  United  States. 

Here,  the  acknowledged  leader  of 
aviation  research  was  Octa\e  Chanute. 
He  made  many  flights  at  the  sand  dunes 
on  Lake  Michigan  near  Chicago.  Cha- 
nute learned  just  about  all  that  there 
was  to  know  about  gliding.  He  discov- 
ered that  the  most  efficient  gliders  were 
biplanes.  Since  his  time,  most  of  the 
work  done  on  gliders  has  been  refine- 
ments in  design  but  not  new  innova- 
tions. One  of  the  longest  glider  flights 
made  at  the  time  was  by  his  assistant, 
.K.  .\I.  Herring.  He  made  a  flight  at 
the  dunes  that  lasted  forty-eight  seconds 
and  traveled  927  feet. 

The  Wright  brothers  were  also  ex" 
perimenting  with  gliders,  and  it  was  a 
great  boon  to  them  when  Chanute 
turned  all  of  his  notes  over  to  the 
brothers  thus  saving  them  months  of 
time  and  effort.  The  brothers  built  their 
first  great  contribution  to  a\iation — the 
wind  tLuuiel.  After  much  experimenting 
with  different  types  of  wings,  they  se- 
lected the  one  that  had  shown  the  best 
results  and  made  a  full-size  plane  using 
this  type  of  wing.  This  time  the  brothers 
met  with  success.  They  made  more  than 
1,000  glides  that  summer  with  some  of 
them  lasting  longer  than  a  mirmte  and 
traveling  more  than  600  feet. 

It  was  natural    that   the  next  step   to 


take  after  gliders  was  some  type  of  pow- 
ered flight.  It  was,  therefore,  due  to 
the  Wright  brothers'  success  with  glid- 
ers that  they  became  pioneers  in  pow- 
ered   flight. 

{ )n  the  morning  of  December  17, 
1903,  the  Wright  brothers  decided  that 
the  weather  conditions  were  just  right 
at  Kitty  Hawk,  North  Carolina,  and 
they  proceeded  to  ready  their  queer-look- 
ing ri\ing  machine.  It  certainly  was  an 
odd  piece  of  machinerv  that  looked  like 
a  large  kite.  It  had  a  body  like  a  piano 
crate  with  most  of  the  slats  removed. 
The  two  graceful  wings  were  tangled 
up  midst  the  mess  of  bracing  wires. 
There  were  two  rudders,  one  vertical 
and  in  the  rear  for  turning;  the  other, 
horizontal  and  held  in  front,  to  raise  or 
lower  the  nose  of  the  ship.  In  the  cen- 
ter, a  four  c\linder  gas  motor  was  con- 
nected to  two  propellers.  The  plane  was 
to  land  on  two  curved  skids  which  were 
to  keep  the  plane  from  overturning. 
With  one  of  the  brothers  on  board,  it 
weighed  slightly  more  than  750  pounds. 
Orville  made  the  first  trial  which  did 
get  off  the  ground  but  was  onl\-  up  for 
twelve  seconds  and  flew  about  forty  feet. 
After  two  more  unsuccessful  trials  by 
( )rville,  Wilbur  took  over  and  on  his 
first  trial  achieveil  success.  He  flew  a 
distance  of  852  feet,  staved  up  fifty-nine 
, seconds,  and  flew  at  a  speed  of  about 
eleven  miles  per  hour. 

This  first  flight  was  not  just  a  mad 
leap  into  space  but  had  been  plaiuieil 
for  over  one-lnuulred  years  previous  and 
by  many  men.  One  man  who  pos.sessed 
much  foresight  in  this  field  was  George 
Cayley  of  England.  In  his  book.  On 
J  trial  Nmngation.  he  stated  that  a  so- 
lution to  the  problem  of  flight  would 
be  to  make  "a  surface  support  a  given 
weight  by  application  of  power  to  the 
resistance  of  air."  He  proved  that  he 
knew  what  he  was  talking  about  by 
nuiking  many  successful  model  gliders. 
He  was  hampered  only  in  the  fact  that 
he  had  no  light-weight  source  of  power 
as  he  was  making  his  experiments  in  the 
year  of  1809. 

In  1843,  Samuel  Henson  obtained  an 
English  patent  on  an  "aerial  steam  car- 
riage" of  astoundingly  modern  design. 
It  was  a  monoplane  with  a  wing  span  of 
150  feet  anil  included  movable  eleva- 
tor and  vertical  rudder!  Substituting  a 
gas  engine  for  the  steam  and  you  have, 
in  1843,  plans  for  an  airplane  containing 
features  of  modern  aircraft  up  until  the 
time  of  jets. 

.Modelmakers  were  so  active  that  in 
the  year  of  1866  the  Aeronautical  So- 
ciety of  (jreat  Britain  was  founded, 
modelmaking  was  being  carried  on  in 
France,  (]crmany,  Italy,  .Austria,  and 
the   I   luteil  States. 

In  the  lUited  States  the  most  scien- 
tific work  being  carried  on  with  models 
was  done  bv    Sanuiel    P.  Langlev,  direc 


MAY,   1955 


21 


ror  f)t  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  He 
developed  models  to  such  a  degree  of 
control  that  he  could  get  them  to  per- 
form three  complete  circles  in  Hight. 
Langley  came  very  close  to  building  the 
first  airplane  capable  of  carrying  man 
in  powered  flight.  He  built  a  machine 
with  a  fifty-two  horsepower  engine  and 
on  October  7,  1903,  tried  to  catapidt  it 
from  a  houseboat  on  the  Potomac  River, 
but  it  failed  to  fly.  After  much  repair, 
he  made  another  attempt  on  December 
Sth  with  the  same  result.  Nine  days 
later  the  Wright  brothers  achieved  suc- 
cess at  Kitty  Hawk.  Whether  it  crashed 
because  of  flaws  in  the  design  or  be- 
cause it  got  caught  on  the  supports  of 
the  catapult  during  both  launchings  is 
still  a  subject  for  a  heated  debate  be- 
tween students  of  aeronautical  historv. 
The  first  airplane  fatality  occinred  in 
the  year  of  1907.  C^rville  Wright  was 
demonstrating  one  of  his  planes  to  the 
army  at  Fort  Meyer,  Virginia,  when  one 
of  the  propellers  caught  in  a  loose  rud- 
iler  wire  and  crashed,  killing  the  one 
passenger,  Lieut.  Thomas  E.  Selfridge. 
In  190S,  the  army  accepted  the  Wright 
brothers'  plane,  making  it  the  first  go\- 
ernment-owned  plane  in  the  world. 

The  first  woman  ever  to  fly  in  a 
plane  was  the  wife  of  a  captain  in  thf 
United  States  Army,  Capt.  De  Ralph 
C.  Van  Deman.  She  flew  as  a  passen- 
ger with  Orville  Wright  on  a  test  flight 
in  1909 

The  idea  of  crossing  the  English 
Channel  was  thought  to  be  a  great  test 
for  the  fliers  of  the  1900's  and  seemed 
so  difficult  that  the  London  Diii/y  Mail 
offered  a  £5,000  prize  for  the  first  air 
crossing.  On  July  24,  1909,  the  flight 
was  made  by  Louis  Bleriot,  who  flew 
from  Calais  to  Dover  in  twenty-five 
minutes.  The  flight  was  made  in  a  4HS 
pound  monoplane  powered  by  a  three- 
cylinder  Anzani  engine.  The  twenty- 
five  horsepower  engine  weighed  14.^ 
pounds,  delivered  1600  revolutions  per 
minute  and  had  a  piston  displacement  of 
205  cubic  inches.  It  pulled  the  plane 
along  at  a  speed  of  forty-two  miles  per 
hour. 

The  history  of  aviation  would  never 
be  complete  without  some  mention  of 
Glen  Curtiss.  To  enumerate  his  many 
contributions  to  aviation  would  be  a 
complete  story  in  itself,  but  it  be  said 
that  he  established  many  flying  records, 
aided  the  army  and  navy  in  establish- 
ing their  air  forces,  and,  in  general. 
aided  aviation  in  many  ways. 

Another  colorful  character  associated 
with  making  people  air-minded  was  Lin- 
coln Beachy,  one  of  the  most  famous 
barnstormers  in  history.  In  his  lifetime 
he  made  many  tours  with  the  Curtiss 
exhibition  troupe.  He  was  also  the  first 
American  flier  to  loop-theloop.  He  died 
on  IVIarch  14,  1915,  while  stunt  flying 
at  the  Panama-Pacific  International  f'x- 


position  at  San  Francisco. 

The  airplane  was  never  so  greatly  im- 
proved as  it  was  during  the  years  of 
1914  to  1918,  during  the  first  World 
War.  The  fuselage  was  covered,  the 
tail  assembly  was  completed,  imdercar- 
riage  landing  gear  was  added,  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  airframe  had  been  im- 
proved since  Kitty  Hawk  about  200  per 
cent,  the  average  speed  had  reached  1  ">!) 
miles  per  hour,  and  the  engine  now 
weighed  about  1.9  pounds  per  horse- 
power. The  attitude  of  the  aviators  in 
the  war  was  that  of  ancient  knights  en- 
tering a  joust  or  tournament.  These 
light-hearted  aviators  fought  for  person- 
al glory — the  last  of  romanticists  in 
war.  Some  of  the  aces  in  the  war  weie 
Billy  Bishop  and  Edward  Mannock  for 
England,  Bob  A.  Little  and  Eddie  Rick- 
enbacher  for  America,  and  Baron  IVIan- 
fred  Won  Richtofen  and  l-]rnst  I'det  for 
(jermain'. 

At  the  end  of  the  war,  there  were 
many  fliers  who  did  not  want  to  give 
up  flying  and  therefore  made  attempts 
at  many  records.  The  first  government 
mail  service  was  started  in  May,  1918, 
between  Washington,  Pliiladelphia,  and 
New  York.  The  first  scheduled  airline 
in  the  United  States  was  established  be- 
tween Key  West,  Florida  and  Havana, 
Cuba  in  1920.  Soon  after  the  war,  Com- 
mander Albert  Cashing  Read  of  the 
U.  S.  Nav\',  and  his  five-man  crew  took 
off"  to  make  an  attempt  to  fl\'  across  the 
Atlantic  and  in  1919,  succeeded  in  doing 
so.  The  flight  took  fifteen  days  and  cov- 
ered 4,500  miles.  One  month  after  this 
cautious  Navy  flight,  two  fliers  took  off 
and  flew  nonstop  to  Europe.  Pilot  John 
Alcock  and  navigator  Arthm-  Witten 
Brown  took  off  from  Newfoundland  on 
June  14th  and  landed  in  Ireland  sixteen 
hours  and  twelve  minutes  later.  They 
averaged  120  miles  per  hour  for  the 
1,960  mile  trip.  In  November,  1919, 
three  flights  were  made  from  England 
to  India.  The  same  month,  a  flight  was 
made  from  England  to  Australia,  11,- 
l.iO  miles,  in  124  hours.  In  1920,  Lieut. 
C.  C.  Mosely  won  the  Pultizer  air 
race  with  an  average  of  178  miles  per 
hour.  Two  years  later,  (len.  Billy  Mit- 
chell won  the  same  race  averaging  224j/j 
miles  per  hour.  That  same  year,  1922, 
Lieut.  O.  G.  Kelly  and  J.  A.  Mac- 
Ready  set  an  endurance  record  by  stav- 
ing up  for  thirt\-five  hours  and  fifteen 
nu'nutes.  The  following  \ear,  they  flew 
the  first  non-stop  flight  across  the  con- 
tinent, in  twenty-six  hours  and  fifty 
minutes.  On  July  3,  1924  Russell  L. 
^Laugham  flew  cross-continent  solo  in 
twenty-one  hours  and  forty  and  one-half 
minutes. 

In  1922  the  U.  S.  Navy  took  a  big 
step  when  they  put  a  roof  on  the  cruiser 
Jiifiiti'r  and  made  the  first  aircraft  car- 
rier. This  ship  was  renamed  the  Lani/liy. 
In  the  following  year,  work  was  begun 


on  converting  two  more  battle  cruisers. 
When  these  were  finished  in  1927  they 
became  the  Ltxiru/ton  and  the  Saratoga. 

In  the  year  1924  preparations  were 
made  for  the  first  attempt  to  fly  around 
the  world.  The  four  planes  making  the 
trip  took  off  from  Santa  Monica,  Calif., 
on  March  17th.  Two  of  them  landed 
in  Washington,  D.  C.  175  days  later. 
The  flight  covered  25,000  miles  and 
the  two  ships  which  finished  consumed 
19,200  gallons  of  gasoline  and  4,800 
quarts  of  oil  in  a  total  of  320  hours  and 
19  minutes  flying  time. 

Another  great  not  to  be  forgotten  in 
the  history  of  a\iation  is  Charles  A. 
Lindbergh.  Probably  he  is  best  known 
for  making  the  first  solo  flight  from  the 
U.  S.  to  Paris.  He  accomplished  this 
flight  of  3,600  miles  in  My^   hours. 

On  the  eve  of  World  War  II  manv 
impressive  records  had  been  made.  A 
speed  record  of  469  miles  per  hour  was 
set  by  a  (lerman  pursuit  plane.  The  rec- 
ord for  non-stop  flight  was  then  the  im- 
pressive figure  of  7,150  miles.  Airlanes 
recorded  an  impressive  figure  of  73,267 
miles.  Planes  had  also  reached  the  alti- 
tude of  41,794  feet  and  were  still  climb- 
ing, -'^r 

It  is  doubtful  if  the  airplane  was  of 
any  great  importance  in  the  first  World 
War,  but  it  was  very  definitely  a  decid 
ing  factor  in  World  War  II. 

A  few  weeks  before  the  invasion  of 
Poland  by  (lermany,  the  Germans  made 
the  first  jet  flight  in  a  Heinkel  He-178 
with  a  Heinkel  S3B  tmbojet.  The  idea 
of  jet  flight  had  to  be  abandoned  by  the 
Germans  at  that  time  because  of  limited 
production  capacities  of  their  coimtry. 
They  decided  to  concentrate  their  efforts 
on  single-seat  dive  bombers  to  put  across 
their  "lightning  war"  or  blitzkrieg.  The 
(iermans  were  soon  pushed  back  by  the 
English  because  of  the  superior  air  power 
of  the  British. 

The  British  planes  and  men  were 
greatly  outnumbered  but  in  this  sort  of 
fighting  they  had  the  advantage.  Their 
talent  for  producing  great  pilots  and 
faster  planes  soon  forced  the  (iermans 
to  back  away  from  daylight  raids.  The 
development  of  100-octane  gasoline  also 
gave  their  planes  much  more  speed  and 
power  than  the  (jermans  could  boast. 
The  fact  that  the  Germans  could  not 
capture  the  Baku  oil  fields  in  Russia  or 
the  Arabian  oil  fields  in  Africa  led  to  a 
shortage  of  gasoline  which  in  turn 
grounded  most  of  the  German  air  force. 
This  fact  is  thought  to  be  very  de- 
cisive in  our  victory  over  Hitler. 

Meanwhile,  the  L^nited  States  was 
struck  a  crushing  blow  when,  on  De- 
cember 7,  1941,  Japan  attacked  Pearl 
Harbor.  This  threw  America  into  one 
of  the  most  bloody  wars  in  history.  Our 
airplane  production  was  pushed  up  ahead 
of  everything  else  so  that  we  could  catch 
up  to  the  progress  that  the  (jermans  had 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


problem:   gravity 


Interested  in  it?  So  are  we.  For  part  of  the  advanced 
development  program  at  Martin  includes  an  over- 
all search  into  the  basic  laws  of  the  universe  — 
jjrobing  the  unknown  in  any  field  that  relates  to 
airborne  systems. 

Gravity  is  a  personal  jiroblem  to  many  creative 
engineers  today:  men  who  are  lost  in  large  engi- 
neering organizations;  anchored  to  non-creative 
and  (utiuxless  jobs.  Ceiling  Zero,  Altitude  Zero. 

If  you  are  one  ol  those,  you'd  do  well  to  look, 
into  the  Martin  story.  For  exciting  new  long-range 
developments  have  created  many  excejJtional  op- 
portunities on  projects  of  tlie  highest  priority  and 
importance. 

Contact  J.  M.  Ilollyday,  Dept.  CE-7,  TIic  Glenn 
L.  Martin  Company,  Baltimore  3,  Maryland. 


BALTIMORE    ■    MARYLAND 


MAY,   1955 


23 


'i 


A  Tower  of 
Opportunity 


for  America's  young 
engineers  with  capacity  for 
continuing  achievements  in 

radio  and  electronics 

Today,  engineers  and  physicists 
are  looking  at  tomorrow  from  the 
top  of  this  tower  .  .  .  the  famed 
Microwave  Tower  of  Federal 
Telecommunication  Laboratories 
...  a  great  development  unit  of 
the  world-wide,  American-owned 
International  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  Corporation. 

Here,  too,  is  opportunity  for 
the  young  graduate  engineers  of 
America  .  .  .  opportunity  to  be 
associated  with  leaders  in  the 
electronic  field  ...  to  work  with 
the  finest  facilities  ...  to  win  rec- 
ognition ...  to  achieve  advance- 
ment commensurate  with 
capacity. 

Learn  more  about  this  noted 
Tower  of  Opportunity. ..its  long- 
range  program  and  generous  em- 
ployee benefits.  See  your  Place- 
ment Officer  today  for  further  in- 
formation about  FTL. 

INTERESTING 
ASSIGNMENTS  IN  — 

Radio  Communication  Systems 

Electron  Tubes 

Microwave  Components 

Electronic  Countermeosures 

Air  Navigation  Systems 

Missile  Guidance 

Transistors  and  other 

Semiconductor  Devices 

Rectifiers  •  Computers  •  Antennas 

Telephone  and 

Wire  Transmission  Systems 

FedemJ 
Telecommumcation 
laboratories^^ 

A  Division  of  International 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corporation 
500  Washington  Avenue,  Nutley,  N.  J. 


i    i 


made.  We  concentrated  on  the  fighter 
and  the  di\e  bomber  of  which  they  had 
so  many;  but  from  the  first,  the  U.  S. 
high  command  was  thinking  of  long- 
range  high-altitude  bombers.  Generally 
speaking,  the  British  preferred  what  is 
called  saturation  bombing — which  means 
just  what  it  says.  The  whole  area  is 
simply  saturated  with  bombs.  American 
bombers,  on  the  other  hand,  favored  pre- 
cision, pin-point,  or  strategic  bombing, 
with  the  bombs  dropped  on  definite  tar- 
gets. In  this  manner,  most  of  the  key 
( jerman  industries  were  put  out  of  com- 
mission. 

On  April  18,  1942,  Col.  James  Doo- 
little  made  a  vast  sweeping  raid  on 
Tokyo,  Kobe,  and  Osaka.  The  losses 
were  high  and  the  military  results  negli- 
gible, but  the  main  object  of  the  raid 
was  accomplished — to  boost  American 
morale  and  to  cause  the  Japanese  to 
lose  their  treasiu'er  "face." 

Toward  the  end  of  the  war,  thousand- 
plane  raids  were  fairly  common,  includ- 
ing 600  B-29's.  The  Japanese  war  ma- 
chine fell  apart  under  such  pounding. 
In  July,  one  month  after  Germany  sur 
rendered  (June  8,  1945),  Japan  sued 
for  peace.  The  Allies  asked  for  uncondi- 
tional surrender  but  the  Emperor  would 
not  accept  this.  Then,  on  August  ft, 
1945,  an  airplane  was  used  to  drop  the 
most  cruel  weapon  man  has  ever  con- 
ceived—the A-bomb.  More  than  60,000 
persons  in  the  city  were  killed,  more 
than  four  square  miles  burned  out,  62,- 
000  of  the  80,000  homes  were  flattened 
— all  from  one  bomb!  The  Atomic  Age 
had  begun  with  foreboding  and  dread. 
Hut  this  was  not  the  end.  On  August 
9th,  the  seaport  of  Nagasaki  was  hit 
\\  ith  another  A-bomb  and  the  result  was 
the  same.  The  following  day  the  Japa- 
nese government  sued  for  unconditional 
surrender. 

The  evolutionary  chain  of  gradual 
improvements  in  the  airplane  was  bro- 
ken with  the  coming  of  jets  and  rockets. 
A  jet  or  rocket  works  on  the  princi- 
ple of  Newton's  third  law  of  motion, 
"For  every  action  there  is  a  reaction." 
The  simplist  application  of  this  princi- 
ple is  seen  when  air  escapes  from  the 
open  neck  of  a  balloon.  It  isn't  the  force 
of  the  air  escaping  that  drives  the  bal- 
loon but  the  pressure  set  ud  against  the 
closed  end  of  the  balloon.  The  big  differ- 
ence between  rockets  and  jets  is,  a  jet 
must  have  a  place  for  taking  air  in  at 
the  front  and  for  expelling  gases  at  the 
rear,  while  a  rocket  must  carry  its  own 
fuel,  as  a  jet  does,  and  also  its  own  oxy- 
gen as  rockets  must  fly  where  the  air  is 
very  thin,  or,  at  least  theoretically, 
where  there  is  no  air  at  all. 

The  first  jet  flown  in  the  U.  S.  were 
flown  in  1942.  They  achieved  speeds  of 
around  60O  miles  per  hour.  Since  the 
speed  of  soimd  is  780  miles  per  hotir, 
at  sea  level,  the  designers  began  to  dream 


of  supersonic  flight.  The  first  such  flight 
was  made  on  (October  14,  1947  by 
Charles  Yeager  in  the  Bell  XSl,  a  rock- 
et ship.  It  flew  at  speeds  of  more  than 
1,000  miles  per  hour.  In  the  meantime, 
the  U.  S.  Air  Force  had  enough  Lock- 
heed P-80  Shooting  Stars  to  start  train- 
ing squadrons  of  jet  pilots.  In  June, 
1951,  a  Douglas  Skyrocket,  an  experi- 
mental rocket  plane,  set  world  records 
for  speed  (1,238  niph )  and  altitude 
(70,000  feet). 

The  British  were  also  early  in  their 
jet  development,  having  flown  their 
first  jet  on  .May  15,  1941.  Although 
the  Cjermans  actually  had  a  jet  plane 
in  the  air  earlier,  the  engine  used  was 
a  type  shortly  abandoned,  and  therefore 
the  British  hold  the  claim  of  having 
the  first  successful  airplane  to  use  a  gas' 
turbine  internal-combustion  engine.  The 
British  also  hold  the  distinction  of  hav- 
ing made  the  first  jet  airliner  in  the 
year  of   1952. 

As  was  stated  previously,  the  Ger- 
mans were  the  first  ones  to  fly  a  jet 
plane.  This  was  done  on  August  27, 
1939.  All  through  the  war  the  Germans 
were  doing  some  work  on  jets,  but 
most  of  their  time  was  side-tracked  be- 
cause of  the  need  for  other  planes  in 
the  war.  Towards  the  end  of  the  war, 
however,  they  managed  to  bring  some 
of  their  jets  into  action;  and  if  the  war 
had  lasted  any  longer,  the  Allied  su- 
premacy in  the  air  would  have  been  a 
questionable  thing. 

Robot  planes,  guided  from  aircraft 
carriers  to  Communist  targets  in  Korea 
entirely  by  electronics,  were  introduced 
by  the  U.S.  Navy  late  in  1952.  On  the 
basis  of  their  experiments  with  this  type 
of  aircraft,  the  Navy  later  predicted 
that  robot  bombers  carrying  atomic 
bombs  coidd  conceivably  hit  any  target 
in   the  world. 

The  U.S.  was  not  the  only  one  witli 
airpower  in  Korea  as  they  were  met  by 
Russian  MIG's.  When  one  of  them 
was  shot  down  in  1951  the  world  knew 
that  the  Soviet  Union  had  a  jet  fighter 
that  was  second  to  none. 

Thus,  in  the  short  fifty-odd  years 
since  the  Wright  brothers  flew  at  Kitty 
Hawk,  man  has  made  the  world  seem 
even  smaller.  Powered  flight  has  brought 
about  more  changes  in  a  man's  lifetime 
and  has  more  far-reaching  results  eco- 
nomically and  socially  than  possibly  any 
other  event  in  the  history  of  the  world. 
Even  nearer  draws  the  day  when  an 
atomic-powered  plane  will  be  able  to 
circle  the  earth  in  a  day.  For  good  or 
evil,  man  has  added  another  dimension 
to  his  travels  and  by  changing  oLir  con- 
cepts of  time  and  distance,  aviation  has 
changed  man's  relations  to  the  sphere  on 
which  he  lives.  This  is  an  era  in  which, 
literallv,  "the  skv's  the  limit." 

THERE  IS  NO  END  TO  THIS 
STORY. 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


10,000,000  horsepower 
for  America's  defense  . . . 

Two  years  ago  we  announced  the  world's 
most  powerful  production  aircraft  engine. 

Since  then,  the  J-57  turbojet  has  been  se- 
lected by  many  top  airframe  manufacturers  to 
power  their  most  outstanding  new  designs.  For 
these  fighters,  bombers  and  transports,  we  have 
built  over  1000  complete  engines  —  the  equiva- 
lent of  more  than  10,000,000  horsepower. 

Today  the  J-57  is  still  unmatched  anywhere 
—  an  important  factor  in  this  country's  su- 
premacy in  the  air. 


PRATT  &  WHITNEY  AIRCRAFT 


Division  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation 

East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut 


to  the  well  too  often 

There  are  easier  ways  to  get  a  drink. 

And  engineering  graduates  will  be  called  upon  to  develop  them.  Theyll 
have  to  help  supply  and  distril>ute  the  billions  of  gallons  of  water  needed 
daily  by  homes  and  industry.  Water  that  will  be  increasingly  hard  to  find. 

But  when  they  find  it,  they  can  rely  on  cast  iron  pipe  to  carry  it.  Practically 
every  city  in  America  —  large  or  small  —  uses  it  for  water  and  gas  mains. 
In.  over  60  of  them  cast  iron  pipe  has  served  for  a  century  or  more. 

No  other  pipe  can  point  to  such  a  long  and  useful  record  of  service  to 
the  nation. 

CAST    IRON    PIPE    RESEARCH    ASSOCIATION 

Thos.  F.  Wglfe,  Managing  Director,  122  So.  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicogo  3,  III. 


(CAST  IRON  PIPE  llVrWWi) 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Above  .  .  . 

500  Megacycles 


by  David  L.  Komyathy,  E.  E.  '57 


Micidwasfs  were  the  first-made  radio 
\va\es ;  these  \\a\cs  were  originally  made 
by  Heinrich  Hertz,  in  ISSS.  Hertz's 
waves  were  two  feet  long  with  a  fre- 
quency of  500  megacycles.  (  Modern 
microwaves  are  in  the  lange  of  one- 
quarter  of  an  inch  to  two  feet  long). 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  while  the 
first  radio  waves  were  microwaves,  it 
wasn't  until  over  sixty  years  later  that 
microwaves  were  considered  worth  any- 
thing in  radio.  The  ph\sicists  and  engi- 
neers who  deevloped  from  Hertz's  dis- 
coveries the  beginning  of  radio  went 
quickly  from  microwaves  to  longer  wave- 
lengths. The  reasons  for  this  were  that 
microwaves  could  be  transmitted  only  to 
the  horizon  and  it  was  very  much  hard- 
er to  generate  large  powers  at  the  micro- 
wa\e  lengths  than  at  long  wa\e  lengths. 

In  order  to  understand  microwaves  we 
must  visualize  their  lengths.  The  be- 
haviour of  wa\cs  is  governed  by  their 
size  in  relation  to  the  dimensions  of 
things  with  which  they  interact.  Light 
waves  are  so  small  that  almost  any  ob- 
ject we  think  of  is  large  in  comparison. 
Therefore  most  objects  cast  a  distinct 
shadow.  The  waves  of  a  broadcast  radio 
are  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long.  They 
will  How  around  a  small  hill  casting 
\ery  little  shadow.  Hecause  the  trans- 
mitting antenna  which  sends  out  these 
waves  is  small  compared  to  the  wa\'e 
length  the  waves  are  transmitted  in  all 
directionse;  it  takes  an  antenna  many 
wavelengths  in  size  to  focus  waves. 
Microwaves,  however  lie  in  the  range  of 
n'.ost  common  objects.  With  a  small  wire 
microwaves  can  be  broadcast  in  all  di- 
rections; with  the  dishpans,  as  the  re- 
flectors are  called,  the  microwaves  can 
be  focused   in   a  narrow  beam. 

Since  these  waves  are  moving  at  18(),- 
000  miles  a  second,  one  may  wonder 
how  they  can  be  measured.  Th?  method 
used  is  a  simple  one  which  was  devel- 
oped by  Hertz.  The  wa\es  are  reflected 
straight  back  and  standing  waves  are 
produced.  A  quarter  of  a  wave  length 
from  the  surface  the  crest  of  the  re- 
flected waves  meets  the  crest  of  the  in- 
coming waves.  Here  the  combined  crests 
give  a  strong  signal.  Half  a  wavelength 
away  the  crest  of  a  reflected  wa\e  coin- 
cides  with    the   trough   of   the   incoming 


wave  pioducing  a  weak  signal  it  .uiv  at 
all.  Hy  determining  with  .i  detector 
where  these  positions  aie  the  wa\e- 
lengths  can  be  easily  measured.  Stand- 
ing wa\e  measurements  are  used  in  de- 
veloping devices  which  are  meant  'o 
absorb  instead   of   reflect   microwaves. 

Microwaves  are  trnsmitted  by  means 
of  concave  nu'rrors,  lens  t\pe  antenna, 
or  horn  shaped  antenna.  To  act  as  a 
directional  antenna  the  mirror  must  be 
shaped  just  right  so  that  the  waves  .sent 
along  form  various  points  of  the  mirror 
have  their  crests  together  and  add  up. 
The  horn  antennas  are  used  like  meg;i- 


phones.  The  signal  comes  in  the  small 
end  and  leaves  almost  uniformly  out  the 
large  end  of  the  horn.  If  the  large  end 
of  the  horn  is  many  wavelengths  in  dia- 
meter, the  beam  sent  out  can  be  verv' 
narrow. 

Ordinarv  types  of  electrical  trans- 
mission lines  cannot  be  u.sed  to  run 
microwaves  into  the  equipment.  Lines 
act  efifectivelv  as  antennas  anil  radiate 
the  electromagnetic  power  into  space, 
instead  of  conducting  it  into  work. 
Wave  guides  nuist  be  used  for  conduct- 
ing the  microwave  electiomagnetic 
power.  These  consist  of  actual  copper 
pipes,  highly  refined,  with  silver  plated 
interiors  and,  in  some  instances,  are  spe- 
cial glass  filled  afifairs.  These  hollow- 
pipes  act  as  conductors  of  the  nu'cro 
waves  or  project  them  fiom  an  open 
end. 

The  microwave  system  was  highlv  de- 
veloped (luring  Worhl  W'ar  II  for  the 
transnn'ssion  of  messages  fiom  point  to 
point.  It  can  be  used  in  relaying,  tele- 
metering, supervisory  control,  and  com- 
munication. A  large  number  of  quan- 
tities can  be  transmitted  on  a  single 
beam,  thus  cutting  down  the  number  of 
channels  of  communication   needed. 

Since  the  microwaves  are  short  wave 


Here  is  an  example  of  a  microwave  tovwer  with  the  facilities  for 
relaying  located  at  the  bottom  of  the  tower.  There  are  two  re- 
ceiving   and    transmitting    antennas. 


MAY,   1955 


27 


You  Remember  the  Toy... 
HERE'S  THE  REAL  M^COY! 


'^ZfO^ir     \J  I  I\.vy  O . . .  amazingly  precis 
navigate  planes,  guide  missiles,  poin 


ONE  of  the  first  gyroscopes  on  record  is  credited  to 
Bohnenberger;  the  date,  1810.  Compared  to  today's 
precision-made  gyros,  of  course,  it  was  in  the  toy  class. 
The   evolution  of  the   gyro   from   a  novelty   to   a 
definite  place  of  importance  in  the  field  of  aviation  and 
our  national  defense  program  is  worth  noting. 

The  value  of  a  gyro  is  in  direct  ratio  to  its  accuracy. 
Thus,  even  if  early  applications  had  been  apparent,  the 
gyros  of  the  19th  century  could  not  have  met  the  re- 
quirements. 

Some  of  the  first  practical  applications  of  the  gyro 
were  in  instruments  for  airplanes.  And  while  most 
Bendix  Gyros  today  still  find  their  way  into  commercial 
and  military  airplanes,  they  also  do  many  other  jobs- 
help  point  guns,  stabilize  aerial  photographic  platforms, 
direct  and  stabilize  radar  antennas  and  many  others. 


It  should  be  explained  that  a  gyro  does  not  stabili 
or  control  anything  directly — except  itself. 

But  its  peculiar  ability  to  hold  itself  fixed,  almc 
unwaveringly,  in  any  designated  position  despite  t'. 
movements  of  the  object  to  which  it  is  attached,  pr 
vides  the  gyro's  user  with  a  vital  requirement — a  fin 
stable  reference  point  on  which  to  base  calculations 
corrective  actions. 

Developing  and  manufacturing  gyros  and  gyro-co 
trolled  instruments  for  blind  flight,  automatic  pile 
and  the  famous  Bendix  Polar  Patht  compass  which  h 
made  polar  navigation  practical,  is  another  facet  of  tl 
Bendix  Aviation  Corporation's  diverse  operation  ha 
died  by  our  Eclipse-Pioneer  Division,  Teterboro,  N. 
Contacting  E-P  will  get  you  quick  answers  to  probler 
involving  aviation  instruments  and  components. 


A  FEW  OF  THE  MANY  BENDtX  GYRO  APPLICATIONS 


t^ 


re  Control  Systems 


III  Guided  Missile 
Direction 


Polar  Navigation 
Instruments 


Automatic  Pilots 


^^ 


Aircraft  Attitude  Instruments 


"tops"  that  help  fly  and 
guns,  take  pictures,  aim  radar! 


For  the  complete  picture  of  Bendix  and  ideas  on  how  some 
Df  our  thousand  products  can  contribute  to  the  efficiency  of 
r'our  business,  write  to  the  address  below  for  the  brochure 
'Bendix  and  Your  Business." 


ENGINEERS:  Bendix  diversity 
offers  unlimited  opportunity  to 
experienced  men  and  undergradu- 
ates. Write  for  the  interesting 
brochure  "Bendix  and  Your  Fu- 
ture." 

BENDIX   AVIATION   CORPORATION 
Fisher  Building       •       Detroit  2,  Michigan 


PRINCIPAL  DIVISIONS  AND  BASIC  PRODUCTS 
Eclipse-Pioneer,  Teterboro,  N.  J. 

aviation  instruments  and  components;  foundry. 

Scintilla,  Sidney,  N.  Y. 

aviation  ignition  systems;  industrial  engine 

magnetos;  diesel  fuel  injection;  electrical 

connectors;  ignition  analyzers. 

Red  Bank,  Eatontown,  N.  J. 

electron  tubes;  dynamotors;  inverters; 
AC~DC  generators. 

Bendix  Radio,  Towson,  Md. 

radar;  auto,  railroad,  mobile 
and  aviation  radio;  television. 

Eclipse  Machine,  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

bicycle  coaster  brakes,  Stromberg*  carburetors, 
electric  fuel  pumps,  starter  drives. 

Zenith  Carburetor,  Detroit,  Mich. 

automotive,  marine  and  small  engine  carburetors, 

Bendix-Skinner,  Detroit,  Mich. 

micronic  filters. 

Pacific,  North  Hollywood,  Calif. 

telemetering  equipment;  hydraulic  and  electric 
actuators;  depth  recorders;  boat  steerers. 

Bendix  Friez,  Towson,  Md. 

meteorological  instruments,  precision 

instruments  and  recorders. 

Bendix  Products,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

automotive  brakes,  carburetors,  power  steering; 
aviation  brakes,  landing  gear,  fuel  metering. 

Marshall-Eclipse,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

brake  blocks,  brake  lining,  synthetic  resins. 

Cincinnati,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

automatic  viscosity  regulators,  nuclear  products, 

Bendix  Computer,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

digital  computers. 

Hamilton,  Hamilton,  Ohio 

Jet  engine  controls  and  aircraft  pumps. 

Lakeshore,  St.  Joseph,  Mich. 

power  steering  and  automotive  devices, 

Utica,  Utica,  N.  Y. 
aviation  components. 

Montrose,  South  Montrose,  Pa. 

aviation  components. 

Pioneer-Central,  Davenport,  Iowa 

aviation  instruments  and  components; 
ultrasonic  cleaners. 

York,  York,  Pa. 

electronic  devices;  test  equipment. 

Bendix-Eclipse  of  Canada,  Ltd. 

Windsor,  Ont. 

Bendix  International 

New  York  City 

♦beg.  U.S.  PUT.  OFPi 
ttXCLUSlVE  TtADf  NAME  Of  BENDIX  AVIATION  CORPORATION 


Below  Right:  Three  of  the  six  Frick  refrigerating  machines  in  service  ot  Big  Spring,  Texas. 


New  Phillips  Product 

New  Application  of  ^Rfff^  Refrigeration 

Phillips  Chemical  Compony's  new  plant  near  Big  Spring,  Texas,  is  the 
first  in  the  country  to  produce  98%  pure  pora-xylene  (used  in  the 
manufacture  of  a  synthetic  fiber)  in  commercial  quantities. 
The  new,  revolutionary  process,  patented  by  Phillips,  involves  contin- 
uous fractional  crystallization.  The  heart  of  the  system  is  a  Frick 
"cascade"  low-temperature  refrigerating  plant  that  FREEZES  OUT 
para-xylene  crystals. 

Whether  your  process  is  in  the  idea,  development  or  production  stage— 
if  it  involves  refrigeration  or  air  conditioning,  get  in  touch  with  your 
nearest  Frick  representative,  or  write  directly  to 


OEPENDABIE    REFRIGERATION   SINCE 


iJ>ICM{ 


WAYNESBORO.    PENNA. 


KJ 


ifeJgJ> 


r?;/ft 


The  Frick   Oratluuti'  Training  Course  tn  Rejri^rrannn  arui    4ir  (_  ' 
ingr  operated  over  30  years,  offers  a  career  in  a  growing  industry. 


There  ;ire  a  great  many  advantages 
which  can  be  listed  for  microwaves.  A 
microwave  is  as  reliable  as  the  atmos- 
phere through  which  transmission  takes 


lengths  and  travel  like  lijiht,  interfering 
objects  block  the  line  of  transmission. 
Because  of  this,  much  depends  on  the 
line  of  sight  between  towers  for  trans- 
mission. Since  the  earth  curves,  the  dis- 
tance between  transmitting  towers  num 
not  be  too  great.  Between  two  200  foot 
towers  it  is  possible  to  transmit  35  miles. 
Two  100  foot  towers  are  good  for  20 
miles  and  one  200  foot  and  one  50  foot 
tower  are  also  good  for  20  miles.  For 
this  reason  the  towers  are  usually  placed 
on  as  high  ground  as  po,^sible. 

The    number   of   microwa\e   channels 
able  to  be  used  depends  on  three  factors: 

1.  The  line  of  sight  characteristic 

2.  Angular  direction  characteristic 

3.  Frequency  selection. 
Fifty   miles    away    from    a    given    in- 
stallation the  line  of  sight  on  a  straight       type  of  multiplexing  equipment  used. 


This  relay  tower,  with  the  relaying  facilities  located  in 
the  tower  proper,  is  similar  to  the  ones  used  in  the 
TD-2,  the  relay  system  employed  by  the  Bell  System. 
The  power  facilities  ore  located  at  the  bottom  and  the 
bays  of  receiving  and  transmitting  equipment  are  lo- 
cated on  the  upper  floors. 


the  power  system,  maintenance  can  be 
performed  without  the  necessit\'  of  hav- 
ing any  part  of  the  power  system  out 
of    service.    This    simplifies    and    makes 

place.  It  is  not  dependent  on  pilot  wires       safer   the    repairing   where   maintenance 

or    the    continiLity    of    transmission    line 

conductors.    Microwave  channels  would 

not   be   subject   to   the   same    degree    as 

transmission   lines   to  conditions  such   as 

sleet,  windstorm,   airplane  damages,  etc. 
The   intelligence    required    b\'   a   large 

number   of    different    functions    can    be 

transmitted  on  a  single  microwave  chan- 
nel   using    modulated    subcarriers.    The 

maximum    number    of    channels    which 

can    be    provided    is    dependent    on    the 


line  for  the  tower  would  be  1650  feet 
above  the  earth  and  the  same  frequency 
the  other  tower  had  could  be  used  over 
again.  The  entire  spectrum  available  to 
the  microwaves  could  be  used  in  each 
100  mile  square  area.  Many  channels 
could  be  used  at  the  same  frequency  be- 
cause of  the  directness  of  the  pattern  ; 
i.  e.,  fairly  high  degree  directional  an- 
tennae are  used.  Using  a  conservative 
figure  of  twenty  degrees,  four  signals 
could  be  sent  in  four  directions  from  a 
given  point  without  interfering  with 
each  other,  discounting  reflection  from 
buildings,  etc. 


Interference  in  the  microwave  band 
is  very  small  and  may  even  be  a  negli- 
gible factor.  This  works  in  the  sense 
that  microwaves  won't  interfere  with 
other  facilities  and  other  facilities  won't 
interfere  with  the  microwaves.  An  ex- 
ception to  this  would  be  obstacles  in  the 
path  of  the  waves  such  as  an  airplane 
coming  directly  between  two  towers. 
Rain  and  snow  do  not  affect  the  lower 
frequencies.  Above  10,000  megac\cles 
they  may  suffer  absorption  and  refrac- 
tion by  the  atmosphere. 

Since  the  microwave  channels  and 
terminal    equipment   are   independent   of 


of  a  coupling  capacitor  of  the  line  trap 
is  necessary. 

A  well  designed  microwave  system 
provides  an  extremely  flat  frequency  re- 
sponse even  though  the  signal  must  pass 
through  many  relay  stations  in  tandem. 
This  gives  a  superior  voice  quality. 

Power  line  carrier  systems  must  often 
use  the  same  frequency  in  both  direc- 
tions to  conserve  spectrum.  This  re" 
quires  use  of  a  push  to  talk  switch. 
Standard  microwove  systems  permit 
simultaneous  two  way  transmission. 

In  contrast  to  the  crowded  carrier 
spectrum,  the  microwave  spectrum  is 
tremendously   wide. 

Everything  doesn't  work  to  an  ad- 
vantage in  the  microwave  system  for  it 
also  has  several  disadvantages.  With  the 
high  voltages  necessary  it  means  that  an 
a-c  power  suppl\  will  be  needed  wi'-h 
the  present  equipment  For  some  uses 
this  is  no  disadvantage  but  in  relaying, 
where  reliability  is  important  it  will  he 
necessary  to  use  a  continuous  d-c  to  a-c 
power  supply  unit  in  order  to  use  sta- 
tion   battery    power.    In    other    cases    it 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


of  the  basic  industries  in  which 
Bendix  products  play  a  vital  role 


ELECTRONICS 


GUIDED  MISSILES 


ATOMIC  ENERGY 


AUTOMOTIVE 


AVIATION 


MARINE 


RAILROAD 


PETROLEUM 


CONSTRUCTION 


AGRICULTURE 


A  SOUND  REASON  WHY  ^/ro^  OFFERS  TODAY'S 

ENGINEERING  GRADUATE  AN  UNLIMITED  FUTURE! 


Diversification  is  an  important  asset  in  business. 

Especially  so  from  the  viewjjoint  of  the  engineer 
because: 

It  encourages  and  promotes  freedom  of  ideas.  Keeps 
engineering  ingenuity  flexible  and  adaptable.  In  short, 
gives  full  vent  to  an  engineer's  creative  abilitv  .  .  . 

^  bile  at  the  same  time  it  provides  a  healthy,  stable, 
secure  foundation  for  both  the  company  and  the 
individual  t<i  b\iild  and  expand. 

If  diversification  in  business  appeals  to  vou  as  a 
graduate  engineer,  vou'll  be  greatlv  interested  in  the 
Bendix  Aviation  Corporation. 

For  Bendix  is  luilike  anv  other  company  in  America 
in  its  verfatilitv.  facilities,  experience,  range  of  products 
and  different  fields  of  engineering  endeavor.   Nearlv  a 


thousand  diflVrnit  products  are  produced  by  our  21 
manufacturing  tli visions. 

As  a  result.  «e  not  only  offer  a  wide  choice  of 
locations  coast  to  coast  but  also  career-buildiuL'  oppor- 
tunities as  broad  as  your  ambition  ami  ability  in 
mechanical  cngitKM'riug  .  .  .  hydraulic  mechanisms  .  .  . 
electronics  .  .  .  magnetics  .  .  .  computers  .  .  .  servo- 
mechanisms  .  .  .  radar  research  .  .  .  metallurgy  .  .  . 
solid-state  physics  .  .  .  instrumentation  .  .  .  radiation 
detection  .  .  .  nuclear  jthysics  .  .  .  guidance  and  con- 
trol systems  j)his  many  more  engineering  fields  of 
challenge. 

W  rite  for  your  copy  of  "Bendix  and  Your  Future." 
It  gnes  the  full  storv  about  Bendix.  its  products  and 
employment  opportunities. 


BENDIX    AVIATION    CORPORATION 


Fisher  Building     •     Detroit  7,  Michigan 


A  Bendix  representative  will  be  at  your  campus  soon.  Make  a  note  now 
to  talk  with   him.   Check  your  placement  bureau  for  time   and   date. 


MAY,   1955 


31 


This  is  also  one  of  the  types  used  by  the  Bell  System,  showing  the 
view  from  the  outside.  The  size  of  the  tower  can  be  compared 
with  the  cars  and  telephone  poles  located  along  side  of  the 
tower. 


will  he  necessary  to  have  transfer  equip- 
ment to  go  on  battery  in  case  of  an 
a-c  power  loss. 

Since  the  beam  is  so  directional,  rigid- 
ity of  the  structure  is  important  and  the 
cost  may  be  high  for  one  of  that  type. 
However,  with  a  fairly  broad  beam  de- 
flection is  not  top  important. 

When  there  is  trouble  in  a  part  of 
carrier  only  one  channel  of  communica- 
tion is  usually  affected  but  in  the  case 
of  microwaves,  if  part  of  the  multiple.x- 
ing  or  radio  frequency  equipment  goes 
bad,  many  channels  may  be  knocked  out. 
This  can  be  eliminated  as  longer  life 
tubes  are  developed  and  by  the  use  of 
duplicate  set-ups. 

Perhaps  the  most  well  known  applica- 
tion of  microwaves  is  that  of  relayins. 
In  locations  where  a  large  number  of 
circuits  exist  between  two  points  a  mic- 
rowave channel  may  be  used  to  convey 
the  intelligence.  Under  this  category 
would  fall  those  stations  which  use 
power  cable,  where  the  use  of  carrier 
equipment  woidd  not  be  possible. 

A  microwave  channel  provides  an 
ideal  means  of  transmitting  a  large 
number  of  quantities  desired. 

The  company  which  probably  has  got- 


ten the  most  out  of  microwave  rel  ly 
systems  is  the  Bell  System,  through  its 
parent  organization,  American  Tele- 
phone and  Telegraph.  At  the  end  of 
1952,  Bell  System  had  completed  600U 
miles  of  their  system,  which  is  called 
the  TD-2.  The  TI)  2  is  the  most  ex- 
tensively used  in  the  world.  Both  tele- 
phone and  television  signals  are  trans- 
mitted. 

A.  T.  &  T.  constructed  its  first  multi- 
plex microwave  relay  system  between 
New  York  and  Boston.  This  system  was 
known  as  the  TD-X  and  it  was  placed 
in  service  in  1047.  It  has  been  used 
ever  since  for  the  regular  transmission 
of  television.  It  operates  on  the  fre- 
quencies between  3900  and  4200  mega- 
cycles. Two  channels  are  beamed  in  each 
direction.  The  TD-X  was  also  used 
for  a  telephone  transmission  trial  during 
which  a  pair  of  radio  channels  satisfac- 
torily carried  240  simultaneous  telephone 
conversations. 

Microwaves  in  the  TD-2  are  beamed 
by  lens  type  antenna.  The  average  dis- 
tance between  stations  is  about  30  miles. 
By  making  use  of  hilltops,  greatest 
height  possible  is  obtained  lor  the  towers. 
The  TD-2  can   provide  six  wide  band 


radio  channels  in  each  direction  over  a 
given  route.  To  obtain  this,  the  500 
megacycle  band  was  divided  into  twelve 
channels  with  forty  megacycles  separa- 
tion between  centers.  Each  band  is  twen- 
ty megacycles  wide  with  a  twenty  mega- 
cycle guard  band,  ((^n  a  spur  route  al- 
most parallel  to  the  main  route,  the 
guard  bands  are  used  as  the  channel 
frequency  reducing  possible  interference 
between  the  two  routes. ) 

The  frequencies  used  for  transmitting 
and  receiving  are  alternated  station  by 
station.  Thus,  station  "A"  \\'ould  he  re- 
ceiving at  3730  and  would  transmit  the 
same  intelligence  at  3770.  Station  "B", 
receiving  at  3770,  would  transmit  at 
3730.  This  way,  possible  interference 
between  receiving  and  transmitting  sig" 
nal  is  eliminated. 

In  the  TD-2,  each  relay  station  con- 
structed has  facilities  for  handling  six 
radio  channels.  At  the  relay  stations, 
each  channel  requires  its  own  bay  of 
radio  receiving  and  transmitting  equip- 
ment. Combined  energy  of  the  six  chan- 
nels is  picked  off  b\'  the  antenna  and  it 
is  transmitted  through  waveguide  fil- 
ters at  the  top  of  repeater  bays,  each  of 
which  picks  off  its  own  channel  fre- 
quency and  passes  the  other  with  negli- 
gible loss.  Similar  filters  combine  the 
transmitted  energy. 

Each  of  the  indi\idual  radio  chan- 
nels is  capable  of  proviiiing  a  television 
channel  with  a  band  width  greater  than 
eight  megacycles.  These  channels  can  be 
used  for  transmission  of  one  television 
program  or  600  telephone  circuits  using 
the  same  multiplexing  systems  that  are 
used  in  the  coaxial  cables.  Since  one  of 
the  six  available  channels  is  kept  in  re- 
serve, using  five  channels,  the  TD-2 
system  can  provide  ten  television  cir- 
cuits (five  each  way),  3000  two  way 
telephone  circuits,  or  any  combination  of 
the  two. 

Another  application  of  microwaves, 
entirely  different  from  communications, 
is  that  of  heating.  Industry  uses  the 
microwaves  in  dielectric  heating  for  dr:- 
ing  dyed  cloth,  printed  cloth,  and  paper, 
for  curing,  or  for  setting  resins  or  glues. 
Using  flexible  wave  guides,  a  flexible 
hose  with  a  divergent  taper  at  the  end 
of  it  could  be  used  to  spread  microwave 
energy  over  a  large  area  making  pos- 
sible a  microwave  stove.  The  Radarange, 
made  by  Raytheon,  utilizes  this  type  of 
construction.  The  commercial  model  was 
engineered  and  designed  primarily  for 
extremely  rapid  cooking  for  drive-ins  and 
other  similar  places.  It  cooks  a  hot  dog 
in  fifteen  seconds  and  raw  hamburger 
and  onions  in  35  seconds.  The  input 
power  for  this  stove  is  4^^  kw  at  115 
volts,  60  cycle,  40  to  45  amps,  or  230 
volts,  60  cycle,  20  to  22  J/  amps. 

It  seems  that  the  future  for  micra- 
waves  is  unlimited.  Already  they  pla>' 
an  important  role  in  our  daily  life. 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  Campus-to-Career  Case  History 


This   is  wliat   I   did   yesterday' 


'"I  like  a  job  that  keeps  me  jumping."  savs  Bill 
Jermain.  C.E.  from  Marquette.  "52.  "Aiul  mv  first 
management  assignment  with  \^  isconsin  Telephone 
Company  does  just  that.  Tm  Service  Foreman  at 
Sheboygan,  with  nine  installers,  and  that  means 
variety  of  responsibility.  But  judge  for  yourself. 
Here's  a  quick  run-down  of  what  I  did  yesterday, 
on  a  tvpical  day — 

8:10  — ''Checked  davs  work  schedule.  One  of  my 
new  men  was  putting  in  a  buried  ser\  ice  wire,  and 
I  went  over  the  job  specs  with  him  to  be  sure  he 
had  things  straight. 

8:30— "Answered  mail  while  my  clerk  checked 
time  sheets  from  previous  day. 

9:30— "Out  to  supervise  installation  of  the  first 
aluminum  Outdoor  Telephone  Booth  in  my  ex- 
chanae.    Reviewed  the  assembly  instructions  with 


the  installers,  then  arranged  for  special  tools  and 
bolts  to  be  deli\ered  to  the  job. 

11 :30— "Drove  across  town.  IMade  a  'quality  in- 
spection" on  a  telephone  yistalled  last  week.  Every- 
thing checked  O.K. 

12:00-"Lunch. 

1 :00— "Picked  up  film  for  next  day's  safety  meet- 
ing.   W  atched»the»film,  made  notes  for  discussion. 

2 :00— ''Mebwith  moving  company  manager  to  esti- 
mate cost  of  telephone  cable  lifting  for  a  house 
moving  job.  Dro\e  the  route-he  had  planned  and 
worked  out  schedule  for  construction  crews. 

3:30— ^'Returned  to  aluminum  booth  installation. 
^  eiit  o\er  wiring  specs  with  the  electrician. 

4:00— "Stopped  at  Central  Olfice  to  pick  up  next 
dav's  orders.  Met  installers  at  garage  as  they 
checked  in  antf  assigned  next  davs  work." 


Bill  has  been  in  his  present  joh  about  a  year,  and  is  looking* forvarcl 
to  new  responsibilities  as  liis  experience  increases  ...  as  are  the 
many  young  college  men  >«lio  have  eh«>sen  telephone  careers.  If 
vou'd  be  interested  in  a  similar  opportunity  with  a  Bell  Telephone 
Company  ...  or  with  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories.  \S'eslern  Klectrie 
or  Sandia  Corporation  .  .  .  see  your  I'laeement  Officer  for  full  details. 


BELL 

TELEPHONE 

SYSTEM 


MAY,    1955 


33 


F4D,  "SKYRAY"-only  carrier  plane  to 
hold  ofiicial  world's  speed  record 


A4D,  "SKYHAWK"- smallest,  lightest 
atom-bomb  carrier 


RB-66  —  speedy,  versatile 
jet  bomber 


A3D,  "SKYWARRIOR"- largest 

carrier-based  bomber 


C-124,"GlOBEMASTER"- world's 

largest  production  transport 


DC-7   "SEVEN  SEAS"- America's 
finest,  fastest  airliner 


Engineers: 
join  this 
winning 
team! 


"NIKE"—  supersonic  missile  selected 
to  protect  our  cities 


D558-2,  "SKYROCKET"-  first  airplane 
to  fly  twice  the  speed  of  sound 


At  DOUGLAS  you'll  be  joining  a  company  in  which  the  three  top 
executive  officers  are  engineers... you'll  be  associated  with  men 
who  have  designed  the  key  airplanes  and  missiles  on  the  American 
scene  today !  Nothing  increases  an  engineer's  ability  faster  than 
working  with  other  engineers  of  top  calibre. 

Not  only  is  Douglas  the  largest  manufacturer  of  commercial  aircraft 
in  the  world,  but  it  also  produces  outstanding  aircraft  and  missiles 
for  every  branch  of  the  armed  services !  This  diversity,  besides 
giving  you  job  security,  provides  unequalled  opportunity 
for  the  engineer  with  an  eye  to  the  future. 


Challenging  opportunities  now 
exist  in  the  following  fields: 

Mechanical  design 

Structural  design 

Power  plant  installation  design 

Weapons  delivery 

Aerodynamics 

Thermodynamics 

Electronic  computers 

Systems  analysis 

Aircraft  air  conditioning 

Hydraulics 

Stress  analysis 

Servo  mechanisms 

Acoustics 

Electronics 

Mechanical  test 

Structural  test 

Flight  test 

Process  engineering 

Missiles 


DOUG 


First  in  Aviation 


Brochures  and  employment  applications  are  available  at  your  college  placement  office. 

For  further  information  relative  to  employment  opportunities 

at  the  Santa  Monica,  El  Segundo  and  Long  Beach,  California  divisions 

and  the  Tulsa,  Oklahoma  division,  write  today  to: 

DOUGLAS  AIRCRAFT  COMPANY,  INC. 

C.  C.  LaVene,  Employment  Manager . . .  Engineering  General  Office 
3000  Ocean  Park  Blvd Santa  Monica,  California 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


.  ivhy  they  spell  a  better  life  for  you 


A  CENTURY  AGO,  pioneering  scientists  learned  to  take 
apart  water,  air,  and  earth  and  put  them  together  again 
...  in  completely  different  arrangements. 

THE  RESULT,  very  often,  was  a  synthetic— a.  brand  new 
material  that  didn't  exist  in  nature,  or  a  more  abundant, 
more  useful  version  of  a  nature-made  product.  Thus, 
through  the  years,  synthetic  has  come  to  mean  'man- 
made  and  well-made.' 

Science  has  developed  nearly  half  a  million  synthetic 
materials  since  that  time,  and  millions  more  are  possible. 

WHERE  DO  SYNTHETICS  fit  into  your  life?  Nearly 
everywhere!  The  aspirin  vou  take  for  a  headache,  the 
life-saving  sulfa  druofs  and  scores  of  other  modern  medi- 
cines  are  synthetics.  So  are  todav's  remarkable  plastics, 
new  textiles,  and  many  paints,  dyes,  adhesives.  and  val- 
uable chemicals. 


AN  IMPORTANT  PART  of  the  work  of  the  people  of 

Union  Carbide  is  discovering  and  producing  synthetic 
materials  that  serve  you  and  industry.  From  natural  gas 
and  oil,  alone,  they  produce  nearly  400  chemicals. 
Among  them  are  chemicals  that  are  vital  to  everything 
from  synthetic  rubber  to  cosmetics . . .  and  to  the  variety 
of  plastics  and  resins  made  by  UCC,  which  are  used  in 
nearly  every  home  and  industry  today. 

STUDENTS  AND  STUDENT  ADVISERS:  I.rnni  more  about  career 
opportunities  uith  Union  (.arbiiiein  Alloys,  Carboss,  Chemicals, 
Gases,  and  Plastics.  Trite  lor  booklet  C.-2. 

Union  Carbide 

AT^D     CAR  BOX    CORPORATION 

30    EAST    43  \D    STREET  \\\AA  NEW     YORK     17.    N.    Y. 

In  Canada:  Umon  Cakbide  Canada  Limited 


-ICCs  Trade-marked  Products  inclitdr 


Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals  Prestone  Ami-Freeze  Eveready  Flashlights  and  Baiierics  PrestO-Lite  Acetylene 

Uvnel  Textile  Fibers  Ei.ECTROMET  Alloys  and  Metals  Haynes  STEU.ITE  Alloys  Union  Carbide  I.inde  Oxygen 

I.INDE  Silicones  Bakelite,  Vinvlite.  and  Krene  Plastics  NATIONAL  Carbons  AcHESON  Electrodes  Pyrofax  Gas 


MAY,  1955 


35 


The   Chemical    Engineer 

in  a 
Consulting  Organization 


What  are  the  opportunities  for  a 
chemical  engineer  in  a  consulting  group? 
What  are  his  chances  tor  advancement  ? 
How  does  the  job  compare  with  one  in 
a  specific  industry? 

I  will  try  to  answer  these  qviestions 
in  a  general  way  and  can  perhaps  give 
you  a  picture  of  what  some  of  the  fac- 
tors are  which  might  help  you  to  enjoy 
your  job,  and  some  of  the  principles 
which  might  help  you  to  succeed  in  it. 

One  way  in  which  consulting  work 
may  differ  from  that  in  a  specific  in- 
dustry is  that  the  former  involves  great 
variety.  Consulting  engineers  may  ha\e 
to  design  and  install  a  plant  for  mak- 
ing peanut  oil  or  tung  oil  alternatively 
— as  we  did  on  the  Island  of  Madagas- 
car— or  may  have  to  design  a  plant  for 
the  separation  and  purification  of  mag- 
nesium— a  job  we  also  have  done.  Act- 
ually, the  work  itself  is  not  essentially 
different  whether  done  in  a  consulting 
group  or  in  the  laboratory  or  drafting 
department  of  a  chemical  manufacturing 
firm.  The  set-up  is  much  the  same;  the 
demands  on  the  technical  ability  and 
need  for  personality  adjustment  and  co- 
operation are  similar. 

Some  consulting  groups  are  relatively 
large,  some  small.  Advancement  in  either 
case  depends  largely  on  the  individual, 
his  interest  in  his  work,  the  drive  he  puts 
into  it,  and  his  willingness  to  accept  and 
meet  responsibility.  One  way  of  demon- 
strating this  spirit  is  by  consistently 
doing  a  little  more  than  is  actually  de- 
manded. 

Whether  to  take  a  job  that  has  been 
offered  should  be  decided  chieHy  by 
whether  you  think  you  will  like  the 
work.  If  you  really  like  your  work,  it 
will  prove  a  challenge  and  hold  your  in- 
terest. Then  you  will  want  to  keep  it, 
and  advance  in  the  company  as  your  ex- 
perience warrants  it. 

The  Salary  Question 

Salary  should,  of  course,  be  "the 
going"  rate  for  your  training  and  ex- 
perience. It  is  not  necessarily  the  domi- 
nant factor  in  a  job  offer.  If  salary  is 
your  first  criterion,  you  should  probably 
try  to  get  into  sales  rather  than  into 
technical  work. 

A  survey  of  the  incomes  of  American 


Chemical  Society  members  for  1950 — 
these  include  both  chemical  engineers 
and  chemists — showed  that  people  in 
these  professions  make  fairly  good  sal- 
aries which  vary  with  the  particular  job 
classification.  Of  twenty-one  categories, 
only  four  showed  a  higher  percentage 
of  people  getting  $6,001 -$10,000  than 
those  getting  $3,001 -$6,000.  These  were 
for  people  employed  in  patent  work, 
sales,     consulting,     and     administration. 

In  all  other  classes  of  work,  such  as 
research  and  development,  plant  opera- 
tions, plant  control,  teaching,  and  gov- 
ernment employment,  the  largest  num- 
ber emploved  in  each  was  at  the  $3,001- 
$6,000  salary  level. 

Patent  work  is  highly  specialized, 
requiring  both  technical  and  legal 
knowledge,  and  an  interest  in  careful 
and  accurate  phraseology.  A  high  per- 
centage of  patent  attorneys  are  in  the 
upper  salary  brackets.  Sales  work  de- 
mands technical  knowledge,  pleasant 
personality,  drive,  and  persistence.  In 
consulting  work,  a  good  technical  back- 
ground is  highly  important  because  the 
consultant  is  selling  services.  He  has  to 
get  results  and  get  them  with  a  good 
measure  of  economy.  In  other  words,  he 
must  be  a  good  business  man  as  well  as 
a  sound  technical  person.  Administra- 
tion is  always  the  most  highly  paid 
work  because  it  involves  determining 
broad  policy  and  super\ising — sometimes 
closely,  sometimes  remotely — the  work 
of  others.  More  than  half  of  those  re- 
porting as  employed  in  industrial  ad- 
ministration got  over  $10,000  a  year. 

The  Position  of  Management 

N'o  beginner  is  going  to  be  high  in 
the  administration  of  a  company.  He 
needs  experience  and  he  has  to  add  a 
great  deal  of  real  learning  to  the  train- 
ing he  received  in  college.  However, 
those  at  the  top  are  always  looking  for 
good  younger  workers  to  grow  into  posi- 
tion of  leadership  and  so  share  in  the 
general  management  picture.  As  soon  as 
an  engineer  or  chemist  has  one  person 
under  him  whose  time  he  is  responsible 
for,  he  becomes  a  part  of  management, 
even  if  it  is  only  the  person  who  washes 
glassware.  Every  ambitious  young  per- 
son should  aim  at  reaching  some  degree 


of  supervisory   responsibility  as  soon   as 
possible. 

The  supervisor  at  any  le\el  has  the 
privilege  of  giving  instructions — often 
called  orders  but  preferably  phrased  as 
suggestions.  The  responsibility  is  to  see 
that  the  instructions  or  suggestions  are 
clearly  enough  worded  so  that  they  will 
not  be  misunderstood  and  that  the  per- 
son to  whom  they  are  given  is  capable 
of  carrying  them  out.  Don't  tell  a 
draftsman  to  figure  the  manufacturing 
costs  of  a  plant  when  he  only  knows 
how  to  make  the  drawings  for  it. 

Good  management  is  important  in  any 
industry  but  it  .seems  as  though  it  is 
especially  important  in  a  consulting  or- 
ganization. Management  has  the  doubt- 
ful privilege  of  deciding  how,  where, 
and  when  work  is  to  be  done  and  the 
responsibility  of  seeing  that  the  how  is 
feasible,  the  where  physically  adequate, 
and  the  when  attainable.  In  short,  the 
responsibility  for  getting  results  ulti- 
mately devolves  on  management  and  no 
"General  blamed  the  Colonel,  Colonel 
blamed  the  Captain,  etc."  will  serve. 

A  privilege  of  management  is  that 
the  leadership  which  carries  the  respon- 
sibility of  setting  a  good  example  in 
every  way,  and  in  particular  of  confer- 
ring with  such  assistants  at  such  inter- 
vals as  are  necessary  to  provide  that 
leadership.  Management  has  the  privi- 
lege of  determining  policy,  particularly 
with  respect  to  personnel  relations  and 
then  is  definitely  responsible  for  seeing 
that  polic)'  is  followed  and  personnel 
kept  happy. 

The  responsibilities  of  management 
outweigh  the  privileges.  Some  men  take 
the  privileges  delegated  to  them,  then 
try  to  have  someone  else  take  the  re- 
sponsibilit\',  notably  by  checking  every 
point  with  the  person  to  whom  they 
report.  Such  people  do  not  last  long. 

Let  us  see  how  one  does  research.  We 
all  do  it  in  basically  the  same  way.  We 
get  together  what  we  think  are  a  num- 
ber of  competent  group  leaders.  We  as- 
sign them  what  we  believe  are  adequate 
personnel.  We  define  the  objectives  to 
be  attaind,  we  cooperate  on  the  plans 
for  carrying  out  assignments,  and  we 
give  guidance  as  the  work  progresses.  It 
is  then  the  duty  and  responsibility  of 
the  group  leaders  to  do  or  have  done 
the  day-to-day  job  of  preparing  set-ups 
— I  mean  of  equipment  rather  than  the 
liquid  variety — conducting  the  labora- 
tory work,  making  observations,  enter- 
ing records,  writing  progress  reports, 
and  drawing  conclusions.  They,  the 
group  leaders,  must  cooperate,  collabor- 
ate, and  coordinate. 

Management  would  like  to  select 
competent  people  and  then  give  them 
their  problems  and  their  budgets  and 
sit  back  and  have  things  roll  along. 
That's  idealistic,  but  unrealistic.  Results 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


have  to  be  evaluated  to  see  whether  a 
particular  group  is  getting  anywhere  on 
their  problem  or  problems,  (juidance 
has  to  be  given.  It  has  to  be  given  in 
such  a  way  that  the  guidee  feels  that 
it's  only  guidance,  not  instructions. 
Nothing  kills  initiati\e  quicker  than  in- 
structions ot  exactly  what  to  do  and 
how  to  do  it.  Technical  people  have  to 
be  listened  to  sympathetically  and  en- 
couraged when  the  going  is  rough.  Over- 
enthusiasm  when  things  go  well  must 
also  be  minimized  so  that  the  swings 
from  enthusiasm  to  discouragement  will 
be  lessened. 

Any  research  organization,  consulting 
or  otherwise,  is  neither  better  nor  worse 
than  the  sum  of  the  knowledge,  experi- 
ence, and  capabilities  of  its  total  per- 
sonnel. 

As  a  matter  of  management  the  re- 
search group  is  the  basic  unit.  Possibly 
in  consulting,  we  give  more  authority  to 
the  group-leader  le\el  than  does  the  av- 
erage executive  in  industry.  I  use  group 
leader  as  a  descriptive  term ;  there  are 
varied  titles  used  within  different  in- 
dustrial organizations  for  the  person  at 
that  level  of  responsibility.  Actually  this 
is  a  person  who  has  from  one  to  ten 
people  working  inider  him.  The  workers 
are  assigned  laboratory  space  and  do  the 
actual  operations.  The  degree  of  super- 
vision naturally  coorelates  with  the  par- 
ticular work  assignment  and  with  the 
degree  of  experience  of  the  worker. 

Periodically  I  tell  our  group  leaders: 
"You  must  so  handle  your  assignments 
that  you  get  the  maximum  of  productive 
eflort.  the  optimum  of  results."  Theor- 
etically the  exact  hours  kept  are  not  of 
first  importance ;  practically  it's  bad 
policy  to  make  exceptions  as  it  creates 
hard  feeling  among  those  who  may  feel 
less  privileged.  The  ideal  research  man 
is  his  own  boss.  He  finds  it  harder  to 
please  himself  in  terms  of  results  than 
to  please  management.  He  wants  to  get 
the  facts,  and  to  know  what  his  results 
show;  in  other  words,  he  becomes  in- 
terested in  the  problems  for  their  own 
sake.  Therein  lies  the  answer  to  creat- 
ing scientists,  whether  they  work  at  a 
lab  bench,  in  a  pilot  plant,  or  do  desk 
work. 

Not  all  men  advance  at  the  same 
rate.  The  most  valuable  men  are  not 
necessarily  those  who  advance  most  rap- 
idly. Steady  progress  is  better  than  the 
brilliant  advance  which  can't  keep  up. 
To  look  at  it  from  a  different  angle, 
the  "genius"  is  often  a  problem  child. 
A  few  years  as  a  member  of  a  group  is 
followed  by  a  year  or  two  as  a  straw- 
boss  to  break  in  on  managing  at  the 
group  leader  level. 

A  man  should  segregate  his  personal 
likes  from  his  research  to  a  reasonable 
extent.  That  doesn't  mean  that  he 
should  not  ever  discuss  his  work  at  home 
or  his  home  at  work.  It  does  mean  that 


his  wife's,  children's  or  girl  friend's  tan- 
trums or  illnesses  or  perversities  should 
interfere  with  his  work  no  more  than 
a  reasonable  amount.  Over  the  years  I 
have  had  a  secretar\-  fall  in  love  and 
another  one  get  religion.  In  those  par- 
ticular cases  the  results  were  fatal  to 
production. 

There's  on  type  of  engineer  we  can 
do  without — the  flash-in-the-pan  type. 
He  accomplishes  one  result  of  greater 
or  lesser  significance.  His  company 
adopts  it — if  a  product,  usually  a  minor 
one — then  the  inventor  expects  to  re- 
pose quietly  on  his  derriere  for  the  rest 
of  his  useless  life.  The  chemical  engineer 
we  want  finishes  up  one  accomplishment 
and  goes  on  to  the  next. 

VVe  have  to  live  with  our  fellow  man. 
Engineers  too  must  be  capable  of  doing 
so.  Therefore,  the  workers  all  of  us  are 
looking  for  arc  pleasant  and  tolerant  of 
their  fellow  man.  When  I  say  that  a 
worker  must  be  tolerant.  I  mean  toler- 
ant of  others'  opinions,  not  of  the  legal 
triiim\irate  race,  creed,  or  color,  al- 
though that  kind  of  tolerance  is  desir- 
able. More  specifically,  a  man  may  have 
an  opinion  as  to  a  product,  process  or  re- 
action. But  if  he  tries  to  defend  that 
opinion  instead  of  being  open  to  ad- 
verse opinion,  subject  to  experimental 
proof,  he  may  find  himself  defending  an 
obsolete    position    while    others    go    on. 


Perhaps  it  is  best  expressed  that  he  must 
have  a  belief  in  and  respect  for  the  in- 
telligent and  intelligence  of  others  as 
well  as  his  own. 

In  techiu'cal  thinking,  a  good  work- 
er must  be  logical.  He  is  preferably  but 
not  necessarily  logical  in  other  think- 
ing. This  leads  inevitably  to  his  not 
being  willing  to  accept  anything  fully 
until  he  can  examine  it  by  logical  pro- 
cesses of  reasoiu'ng  and  prove  it  experi- 
mentally. 

Imagination  is  necessary.  A  worker 
must  recognize  a  desirable  result  when 
he  sees  it.  even  if  it  is  not  what  he 
started  out  to  get.  I  do  not  mean  that 
an  unsucce.ssful  pancake  Hour  can  be 
expected  to  be  a  good  adhesive.  But  an 
attempt  to  produce  milled  toilet  soap 
in  a  rubber  mill  ga\e  the  I'.  S.  our 
most  widely  used  process  for  making 
floating  soap,  while  milled  soap  is  still 
made  the  same  old  wa\  with  minor  vari- 
ations. 

A  man  must  continue  to  learn 
throughout  his  professional  career.  Just 
recall  that  a  man  who  stopped  learning 
in  1940  would  today  know  really  noth- 
ing about  antibiotics,  atomic  fission,  or 
benzene  from  petroleinn.  .All  of  you 
must  have  a  curiosity  about  what  will 
be  new  in  1960.  We  don't  know  what 
it  will  be  but  we  know  it  iiill  be.  We 
want  that  type  of  person. 


^er/ormarw6.., 

A  Key  to  K&  E  Leadership 

Superb  optics.  Stability  of  adjustment?.  Depen 
able  precision.  Rugged  construction.  These  a 
among  the  essentials  built  into  K&E  Parago 
Surveying  Instruments.  These  qualities  combi 
to  give  the  performance  for  which  K&E  Paraci 
instruments  are  famous,  through  long  years 
service,  under  all  conditions,  in  all  climate 
Performance  is  one  of  the  keys  to  K&E  leadcrsh 
in  drafting,  reproduction,  surveying  and  optic 
tooling  equipment  and  materials,  in  slide  ru 
and  measuring  tapes. 

KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


New  York      • 

Chicago 
•      San  Francitco 


Hoboken,  N.  J. 
»      St.  loui» 
•      los  Ang«lei      •      Monlrea' 


MAY,   1955 


37 


actory  testing  off 

J.S."  electrical  wires  and  cables 


(Part  I) 

has  been  indicated  in  a  previous  section  of  this  series  entitled 
Cable  Specifications"  that  practically  evgry  element  of  insulated 
ectrical  wires  and  cables  may  be  covered  by  some  specification 
:quirements.  Numerous  tests  are,  therefore,  necessary  to  determine 
le  suitability  of  such  cables  for  the  application  for  which  they  are 
esigned.  These  tests  may  be  conducted  on  (a)  the  cable  elements 
uring  manufacture,  known  as  preliminary  tests,  (b)  the  completed 
ables  at  the  factory,  final  tests,  and  (c)  after  installation.  Some  of 
le  preliminary  and  final  tests  at  the  cable  factory  such  as  conductor 
jsistance,  high  voltage,  insulation  resistance  and  corona  level  are, 
enerally,  non-destructive  tests  and  may  be  conducted  on  each 
ntire  length  of  cable  manufactured.  Other  tests,  such  as  insulation 
nd  sheath  thickness,  physical,  aging,  moisture,  resistance,  ozone 
jsistance,  capacity  and  power  factor,  short-time  dielectric  strength 
nd  cold  bending  and  long-time  dielectric  strength  tests  are  made  on 
tiort  samples  selected  from  a  lot  of  cable. 


The  following  is  a  general  description  of  these  tests  and  their 
significance  as  applied  to  insulated  electrical  wires  and  cables. 
Details  of  the  test  equipment  required  and  the  specification  require- 
ments are  not  discussed  since  they  are  covered  by  industry  publica- 
tions such  as  those  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials 
and  the  Insulated  Power  Cable  Engineers  Association. 

FACTORY    TESTS 

Factory  tests  are  performed  for  the  following  purposes:  (I)  to 
determine  whether  the  materials  of  which  the  cable  is  made  have 
the  required  quality;  (2)  to  determine  whether  the  manufacturing 
processes  such  as  wire  drawing,  annealing,  compound  mixing,  insu- 
lation extrusion  and  vulcanization  have  been  performed  properly; 
(3)  to  detect  partial  or  incipient  faults  that  may  have  accidentally 
failed  to  be  detected  in  the  tests  indicated  in  (2);  and  (4)  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  cable  meets  the  customer's  specifications. 

Tests  on  Entire  Lengths 

CONDUCTOR  RESISTANCE.  Test  is  made  to  insure  that  the  conductor 
has  the  required  average  cross-sectional  area  and,  hence,  that  its 
resistance  does  not  exceed  the  allowed  maximum. 

SPARK  TESTING.  The  entire  length  of  insulated  conductor  is  sub- 
jected momentarily  to  a  high  potential  to  detect  and  permit  the 
repair  of  imperfections  in  the  insulation  that  might  cause  failure 
on  subsequent  voltage  and  insulation  resistance  tests. 

HIGH  VOLTAGE  TEST.  This  test  is  conducted  on  each  entire  length  of 
insulated  cable  to  detect  potential  faults  or  weak  spots  in  the  insu- 
lation and  to  insure  that  the  insulation  will  withstand  the  minimum 
voltage  required  by  the  specification  for  its  rated  voltage.  The  mag- 
nitude of  the  test  voltage  is  determined  by  the  type  and  thickness 
of  the  insulation  as  shown  in  the  following  table  for  600  volt  cables. 
The  time  of  application  is  one  minute  for  code  grade  insulation, 
and  five  minutes  for  the  higher  grades. 


Insulation  Thickness  and  Test  Voltage  for  Rubber 
Insulations  for  600  Volt  Service 

Conductor  Size, 
Awg  or  MCM 

Insulation 
Thickness, 
64ths  Inch 

Code 
Grade 

AC  Test  Volloges 

Performance  end 

Heat-Resistont 

IKVI 
Ozone- 
Resistonf 

14  to  9 

8 
7  to  2 
1  to  4/0 
225  to  500 
525  to  1000 
Over  1000 

3 
4 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 

1.5 
1.5 
2.0 

2.5 
3.0 

3.5 
3.5 

3.0 
3.5 
3.5 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
7.0 

4.5 
6.0 
6.0 
7.5 
8.5 
10.0 
1 1.5 

Cables  designed  for  operation  at  voltages  above  5001  are  required 
to  withstand  a  d-c  test  voltage  in  addition  to  the  a-c  voltage.  This 
d-c  voltage  is  three  times  the  a-c  voltage  for  ozone-resistant  Insu- 
lations and  it  is  usually  applied  for  15  minutes. 

The  high  voltage  test  is  made  by  applying  the  required  voltage 
between  the  conductor  and  water  in  which  the  cable  has  been  im- 
mersed for  at  least  six  hours.  When  metallic  coverings  are  present, 
the  voltage  is  applied  between  the  conductor  and  such  coverings. 
Any  failures  are  repaired  and  the  cable  again  subjected  to  the 
voltage. 


No.  9 


in  a  series 


UNITE 


STATE 


np 

U  ill  ^ 


INSULATION  RESISTANCE.  The  insulation  resistance  test  consists  of 
applying  a  direct  voltage  of  from  125  to  500  volts,  usually  from  a 
battery,  between  the  conductor  and  water  in  which  the  cable  is 
immersed,  or  other  ground,  and  measuring  the  current  that  flows 
through  the  insulation  after  an  electrification  of  one  minute.  A 
suitable  galvanometer  is  generally  used  for  this  measurement.  From 
this  current  and  the  applied  voltage,  the  resistance  of  the  insulation 
is  calculated  and  expressed,  usually,  as  megohms  (1  million  ohms). 
This  test  is  conducted  after  the  voltage  tests  and,  hence,  serves  to 
indicate  whether  the  insulation  failed  on  that  test.  Insulation  resist- 
ance also  serves  to  indicate  uniformity  in  processing,  particularly 


msulation  compounding,  since  a  well-processed  compound  should 
give  reasonably  uniform  insulation  resistance.  Most  wire  and  cable 
specifications  contain  minimum  requirements  for  insulation  resist- 
ance so  that  this  test  determines  whether  or  not  the  specification  is 
complied  with. 

The  resistance  of  insulations  is  inversely  proportional  to  the  tem- 
perature, that  is,  it  is  lower  at  high  temperatures.  It  is,  therefore, 
necessary  to  note  the  temperature  at  which  the  insulation  resistance 
is  measured  and  to  apply  a  correction  factor  to  reduce  the  resistance 
to  a  standard  temperature.  The  insulation  resistance  varies  with  the 
type  of  insulation,  its  thickness  and  the  size  and  length  of  the  con- 
ductor. The  following  formula  gives  the  relation  between  these 
factors. 

Insulation  Resistance,  Megohms—  1000  feet  =  K  logm-Q^ 

Where,  D  =  Diameter  over  the  insulation,  inches 
d  ==  Diameter  over  the  conductor,  inches 
K  =  A  Constant  for  the  insulation  used 

CORONA  OR  IONIZATION  LEVEL.  This  test  determines  the  voltage 
at  which  ionization  or  corona  develops  in  a  length  of  cable  and  is 
usually  made  only  on  cable  for  operation  above  4000  volts.  It  is 
made  by  applying  a  gradually  increasing  a-c  voltage  between  the 
insulated  conductor  and  water  or  other  ground  with  an  oscilloscope 
in  the  circuit.  Any  air  entrapped  at  the  surfaces  of  the  insulation  or 
within  the  insulation  will  ionize  when  a  sufficiently  high  voltage  is 
applied  resulting  in  the  formation  of  more  active  oxygen  or  ozone. 
These  materials  are  detrimental  to  most  organic  insulations  particu- 
larly when  such  insulations  arc  under  physical  tension,  and  thus 
may  cause  premature  failure  of  the  insulation.  This  ionization  is 
indicated  by  the  appearance  of  high-frequency  oscillations  on  the 
charging  current  trace  of  the  oscilloscope.  In  actual  practice,  the 
voltage  at  which  ionization  is  extinguished  rather  than  initiated  is 
determined.  For  long  cable  life,  this  extinction  voltage  should  be  at 
least  1 10  per  cent  of  the  rated  voltage  to  ground. 

Wire  and  cable  specifications  generally  require  that  these  tests 
be  made  on  the  completed  product.  High  voltage  and  insulation  re- 
sistance tests  are  usually  also  made  immediately  after  the  insulation 
has  been  applied  and  vulcanized.  This  is  general  insurance  that 
cables  passing  the  test  will  meet  the  requirements  when  completed. 


R    U    B    B    E 


COMPANY 


What's  Radar? 


by  Jack  Siebert,  E.  E.  '57 


Radar,  a  word  coined  bv  Captain  S. 
M.  Tucker  of  the  U.  S.'  Navy,  is  a 
discovery  about  which  the  general  pub- 
lic knows  h'ttle,  but  takes  for  granted. 
Ahnost  e\eryone  has  seen  moving  pic- 
tures of  a  radar  antenna,  or  perhaps 
actually  seen  one  in  operation,  but  rela- 
tively few  have  any  idea  of  what  takes 
place  at  the  other  end  of  the  apparatus. 

If  one  stands  in  the  vicinity  of  a 
cliff  and  makes  a  noise  of  some  sort,  he 
will  probably  hear  an  echo  of  the  noise. 
This  echo  is  produced  when  the  sound 
wave  which  he  created  bounces  off  the 
cliff  and  returns  to  his  ears.  The  farther 
away  the  cliff  is,  the  longer  it  will  take 
the  echo  to  return.  Similarly,  when  one 
shines  a  flashlight  on  a  wall,  he  readily 
sees  a  bright  spot  on  the  wall.  The 
light  waves  have  been  reflected  by  the 
wall,  and  have  been  received  by  his 
eyes.  Radar  operates  on  this  same  prin- 
ciple, the  difference  lying  in  the  fact 
that  radio  waves  are  used  in  place  of 
sound  or  light  waves.  The  word  "radar" 
stands  for  radio  detection  and  ranging. 
Designing  the  equipment  to  throw  out 
these  waves  and  to  then  receive  them, 
required  a  terrific  amount  of  research 
and  technical  know-how.  The  ratio  of 
the  tremendous  amount  of  power  gener- 
ated to  the  minute  quantity  reflected 
can  be  emphasized  in  the  following 
analogy : 

"If  it  were  possible  to  scoop  up  all 
the  sand  on  a  typical  seashore,  throw  it 
at  a  plane  somewhere  out  of  sight  be- 
hind the  clouds  a  hundred  miles  away, 
and  have  one  grain  bounce  back  to  tell 
exactly  where  the  plane  was  located,  we 
should  have  a  picture  of  the  relative 
energies  involved. '' 

This  ratio  makes  it  necessary  to  use 
an  extremely  powerful  transmitter  and 
a  very  sensitive  receiver.  The  radio 
waves  used  in  radar  are  in  the  micro- 
wave group.  When  the  frequency  of  a 
a  radio  wave  is  increased,  the  wave 
length  is  decreased,  and  when  the  length 
reaches  that  of  one  meter  or  less  it  falls 
into  the  microwave  category.  When  the 
radio  waves  become  this  short  they  are 
approaching  the  frequency  of  infrared 
heat    and    visible    light.    Consequently, 


they  adopt  many  of  the  characteristics 
of  these  waves,  one  of  which  is  to  be 
able  to  be  focused  into  beams  much  like 
searchlight.  Such  a  beam  of  radio  waves, 
which  travel  at  186,283  miles  per  sec- 
ond, can  be  aimed  at  an  object,  and  in- 
formation pertaining  to  the  object  can 
be  gathered  from  the  returning  echo. 
The  radar  transnutter,  however,  does 
does  not  send  forth  a  continuous  beam 
of  waves.  It  instead  alternates  with  the 
receiver.  A  pulse  is  sent  out,  the  tran  - 
mitter  shut  off  and  the  receiver  turned 
on.  When  the  echo  has  had  sufTicient 
time  to  return  and  be  recognized  by  the 
receiver,  it  is  turned  off  and  the  trans' 
nutter  sends  out  another  pulse.  These 
pulses  may  be  spaced  at  intervals  of  a 
microsecond,  and  the  turning  off  and 
on  is,  of  course,  done  electronically. 

The  transmitting  division  of  a  radar 
installation  is  made  up  of  the  following 
components:  1,  a  modulator,  2,  a  radio 
frequencN'  oscillator,  3,  an  antenna.  The 
modulator  is  the  device  which  takes  the 
power  from  the  initial  source,  and  after 
forming  it  into  suitable  voltages  supplies 
it  to  the  radio  frequency  oscillator  which 
generates  the  microwaves.  It  is  the  mod- 
ulator which  turns  the  radio  frequency 
oscillator  on  and  off  for  its  mici'osecond 
pulses.  The  radio  frequency  oscillator  is 
a  vacuum  tube,  or  a  system  of  tubes 
which  is  designed  to  deliver  the  desired 
burst  of  power  at  a  determined  fre- 
quency. In  radar,  hundreds  of  kilowatts 
of  power  may  be  needed  to  push  the 
waves  out  into  space.  The  procurement 
of  a  tube  capable  of  producing  the  need- 
ed oscillations  at  such  great  power  pre- 
sented a  difficult  pioblem,  but  was  ac- 
complished by  the  development  of  a  spe- 
cial tube  called  the  cavity  magnetron. 
After  the  high  frequency  oscillations 
have  been  produced  it  is  up  to  the  an- 
tenna to  direct  them  out  into  space.  An- 
teima  design  presents  one  of  the  major 
problems  in  radar  The  antenna  must 
be  highly  efficient,  easily  directed  in 
the  desired  directions,  and  produce  the 
width  of  beam  which  is  specified.  Vari- 
ous types  of  beams  may  be  incorpor- 
ated. When  a  wide  beam  is  used  more 
complete    coverage    of    the    surrounding 


terrain  can  be  accomplished  than  with 
a  narrow  one;  the  difficulty  lies,  how- 
ever, in  that  the  location  of  an  object 
can  not  be  precisely  located.  By  using 
a  narrow  beam  the  field  of  detection  is 
made  much  smaller,  and  accurate  de- 
tails concerning  the  position  of  the  ob- 
ject can  be  recorded.  Antennae  can  be 
made  to  revoh'e  in  a  complete  circle  if 
ncces-ar\,  oi'  the\  can  be  adjusted  to 
scan  only  a  particular  horizon.  They 
can  also  be  made  to  follow  a  pattern 
which  includes  vertical  movements. 
Some  radar  antennae  are  parabolic  in 
shape,  as  are  reflectors  for  light  rays. 

When  the  pulses  have  been  transmit- 
ted and  have  been  reflected  from  an  ob- 
ject, they  are  ready  to  be  received  and 
analyzed.  The  radar  receiver  may  be 
thought  of  as  two  separate  units,  the 
detector  and  the  indicator.  The  task  of 
the  detector  is  to  receive  the  minute 
pulses  of  energy  which  are  reflected  to 
it,  and  to  amplify  and  prepare  them 
for  the  indicator.  The  receiver  usually 
uses  the  same  antenna  as  does  the  trans- 
mitter, and  as  already  stated,  operates 
during  the  period  when  the  transmitter 
is  shut  off. 

The  radar  indicator  is  the  brains  of 
the  radar  installation.  It  is  the  indicator 
which  receives  the  information  gathered 
by  the  detector  and  presents  it  in  such 
a  manner  that  the  operator  can  put  it 
to  use.  The  method  used  is  to  show 
the  effect  of  the  returning  echoes  on 
the  face  of  an  oscilliscope.  An  oscillo- 
scope is  a  closed,  funnel-shaped  glass 
tube.  In  the  small  end  of  this  tube  is 
a  negatively  charged  electrode  (cathode) 
which  directs  a  constant  stream  of  elec- 
trons towards  the  larger  surface  of  the 
opposite  end.  This  end  of  tube  is  coated 
with  metallic  salts  that  glow  when  they 
are  struck  by  a  bombarding  electron. 
By  directing  a  magnetic  field  aroimd  the 
base  of  the  tube,  or  by  placing  a  posi- 
tive electron  (anode)  in  the  path  of 
the  electrons,  it  is  possible  to  control 
the  path  of  the  electrons  and  consequent- 
ly to  produce  a  desired  pattern  on  the 
face  of  the  scope.  By  controlling  the 
magnetic  field  with  the  incoming  pulse 
from  a  radar  antenna,  the  information 
which  is  received  can  be  presented  vis- 
ually. There  are  several  types  of  radar 
screen  pictures.  The  basic  and  simplest 
type  is  called  a  range  indicator,  which 
really  is  not  a  picture  at  all.  On  the 
scope,  a  sweep  line,  called  the  time  base, 
extends  across  the  surface  horizontalh'. 
As  each  pidse  is  transmitted  a  vertical 
column  called  a  "pip"  starts  across  the 
length  of  the  line.  The  distance  between 
these  pips  can  be  adjusted  to  represent 
any  constant  distance,  and  they  are 
therefore  serving  as  range  indicators.  If 
an  object  comes  into  the  path  of  the 
radar  waves,  it  will  reflect  some  of  them 
back  to  the  antenna,  and  after  being  re- 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  picture 


shows  how  RCA 


helps  small 


manufacturers 


grovsf 


Today  tho  inter-dependence  between 
manufacturer  and  supplier  is  stronger 
than  ever  in  the  history  of  American 
business.  For  in  the  cliallenging  new 
age  of  electronics,  hundreds  upon  hun- 
dreds of  component  parts  are  ncHided 
in  the  manufacture  of  new  products. 

For  example,  the  superb  new  RCA 
Victor  21-inch  color  TV  set  shown  here 
contains  2,070  parts.  These  are  made 
by  600  different  suppliers,  most  of 
whom  are  small  businesses. 

Indeed,  more  than  three-quarters  of 
all  RCA  suppliers  are  small  business 
firms  that  receive  nearly  one-half  of 
RCA's  purchasing  dollars.  They,  in 
turn,  have  their  suppliers  of  raw  mate- 
rials. Thus  through  a  long  line  of  co- 
operative effort,  employment  is  pro- 
vided for  countless  people  in  many 
fields— and  an  entire  economy  benefits. 

RCA  salutes  its  full  roster  of  7,500 
suppliers,  located  in  43  states,  for  their 
inventiveness  and  resourcefulness  that 
contribute  so  much  to  the  quality 
and  performance  of  its  products.  With 
these  firms  at  our  side,  RCA  continues 
to  march  forward,  creating  new  and  bet- 
ter "Electronics  for  Living" — electron- 
ics that  make  life  easier,  safer,  happier. 


WHERE  TO,   MR.   ENGINEER? 

RCA  offers  careers  in  research,  de- 
velopment, de.sign,  and  manufactur- 
ing for  engineers  willi  Bachelor  or 
advanced  degrees  in  K.E.,  M.K.  or 
Physics.  For  full  information,  wTite 
to:  Mr.  Robert  Haklisch,  Manager, 
College  Relations,  Radio  Corporation 
of  America,  Camden  2,  N.  J. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 


ELECTRONICS    FOR    LIVING 


MAY,   1955 


41 


ceived  will  appear  as  a  second  pip  of 
less  height  than,  and  in  between  the 
range  marks.  The  distance  of  this  pip 
from  the  left  end  of  the  time  base  line 
will  determine  how  far  from  the  an- 
tenna the  reflecting  object  is  located.  Hy 
the  use  of  two  scopes,  termed  A  and  B, 
one  horizontal  and  the  other  vertical, 
both  the  range  and  the  altitude  of  an 
aircraft  can  be  discovered.  The  scopes 
are  calibrated  in  whatever  units  are  con- 
venient for  a  particular  installation.  An- 
other widely  used  type  of  indicator  is 
the  I'lan  Position  Indicator  (PPI).  This 
type  differs  from  the  range  indicator  in 
that  the  base  line  swings  out  from  the 
center  of  the  tube  as  a  radius.  This  beam 
of  light  is  synchronized  with  the  an- 
tenna and  will  scan  the  same  arc  that 
the  antenna  is  adjusted  to  cover.  The  ad- 
vantage of  this  type  is  that  it  gives  the 
range  as  a  radius  and  the  relative  az- 
muth  in  one  reading.  Also,  as  in  the 
case  of  a  shoreline,  rivers,  lakes,  or 
mountainous  areas,  it  will  reproduce  a 
visual  outline  of  the  object  being 
viewed.  This,  of  course,  is  not  true  with 
relatively  small  objects  such  as  planes 
and  ships. 

A  great  scientific  discovery  such  as 
radar  would  not  be  so  great  if  it  were 
not  so  useful.  The  part  which  radar 
played  in  World  War  II  was  definitely 
a  leading  role.  In  fact,  radar  has  been 


heralded  as  the  greatest  scientific  devel- 
opment of  the  war.  The  Navy,  which 
pioneered  the  development  of  radar,  put 
it  to  great  use.  For  the  first  time  ships 
were  able  to  "see"  through  the  dark  of 
the  night.  Resides  being  an  aid  in  navi- 
gation, radar  enabled  a  ship  to  train 
her  guns  on  an  enemy  vessel  which  she 
could  not  actually  see.  This  happened 
many  times  as  in  the  following  inci- 
dent: 

"Late  on  the  evening  of  November 
4,  1942,  among  the  Solomon  Islands  in 
the  South  Pacific,  one  of  our  new  war- 
ships was  out  looking  for  the  enemy. 
Aboard  the  American  vessel,  radar,  like 
an  invisible  searchlight,  probed  the  dark 
ness  and  discovered  the  presence  of  an 
enemy  vessel  more  than  eight  miles 
away.  The  big  ship  lifted  its  gun  muz- 
zles towards  the  stars.  The\'  flashed  and 
thundered.  The  second  salvo,  despite 
both  darkness  and  extreme  range,  land- 
ed squarely  on  the  target,  which  disa|i- 
peared  from  the  radar  screen. "- 

The  worth  of  radar  was  definitely 
pro\ed  in  the  war.  Captains  no  longer 
needed  to  guess  about  the  location  of 
the  enemy. 

So  accurate  is  modern  radar,  that  it 
can  trace  the  flight  of  a  shell,  and  in 
the  case  of  an  enemy  shell,  trace  it  back 
to  its  origin.  Radar  is  extremely  valu- 
able for  the  detection  of  enemy  aircraft. 


It  has  even  been  combined  with  an  anti- 
aircraft gun  so  that  it  will  automaticalh 
detect  the  plane  and  both  aim  and  fire 
the  gun.  Radar  is  also  of  definite  value 
to  aircraft.  In  the  last  war  the  Allies 
were  able  to  successfulh  bombard  (jer- 
niany  at  night,  and  at  the  same  time 
through  heavy  fog  and  clouds  by  utiliz- 
ing radar.  Radar  is  also  used  to  aid  a 
plane  in  making  a  landing.  Two  meth- 
ods, known  as  Ground  Controlled  Ap- 
proach (GCA)  and  Instrument  Land- 
ing System  (ILS),  are  commonly  used. 
In  (iCA  the  pilot  is  given  directions  by 
a  man  on  the  ground,  while  in  ILS  the 
pilot  reads  instruments  in  the  plane  and 
is   responsible  for  landing  the  plane. 

As  helpful  as  radar  is,  it  also  has  its 
faults.  Microwaves,  unlike  longer  radio 
wa\es,  will  not  travel  beyond  the  curva- 
ture of  the  earth,  therefore  the  range  of 
radar  is  limited,  and  an  airplane,  by 
hugging  the  earth,  may  often  escape  de- 
tection. Also,  methods  have  de\eloped 
to  counteract  radar  detection.  Due  to 
the  fact  that  radar  waves  will  not  pene- 
trate water,  it  is  impossible  to  detect  a 
submerged  submarine.  Its  merits,  though, 
are  so  numerous  that  they  overshadow 
its  faults,  and  it  can  truly  be  called  a 
miracle  of  modern  science. 


'Don  Caverly  in  "The  Primer  of  Electronics  and 
Radiant   Energy." 

-From  a  broadcast  of  the  Joint  Board  on  Scien- 
tific   Information    Policy — May    31,    1943. 


INDUSTRIES 

THAT     MAKE 

AMERICA    GREAT 


BOUNCING  HIGHER 
AND  HIGHER 


Rubber,  natural  and  synthetic,  is  so  elastic 
in  its  applications  to  daily  living  that  mil- 
lions of  people  ride  on  it,  walk  on  it,  sit 
on  it,  sleep  on  it — in  fact,  use  it  in  more  than  80,000  differ- 
ent products.  1,498,906  tons  were  consumed  in  1953  alone. 
This  industry's  remarkable  growth  (U.S.  consumption  of 
2,419,700  tons,  or  27.7  pounds  per  person,  is  forecast  for 
J960)  is  largely  due  to  management's  wisdom  in  reinvesting 
profits  in  the  tools  of  production  and  distribution  to  en- 
courage company  growth. 

Anyone  whose  memory  goes  back  10  years  or  more  can 
remember  the  heroic  efforts  of  the  rubber  companies  by 
which  they  averted  a  serious  wartime  rubber  shortage  which 
threatened  both  military  transport,  and  family  transporta- 
tion. The  phenomenal  gains  made  by  the  rubber  industry  in 
the  last  decade  have  met  civilian  demands  and  have  provided 
an  emergency  stockpile  as  well. 

And  in  this  history  of  rubber  research,  development  and 


growth,  steam  has  made — and  is  making — a  basic  contribu- 
tion. Without  steam  and  its  teammate  power,  many  of  the 
accomplishments  of  rubber  would  have  been  more  difficult, 
impracticable  or  even  impossible  to  attain. 

B&W,  through  its  own  vast  program  of  research  and 
development,  coupled  with  boiler  building  experience  dating 
back  almost  a  century,  has  made  major  contributions  of  its 
own  to  the  science  of  steam  generation  for  processing,  power 
and  heat — and  through  them  to  the  modern-day  marvels  of 
rubber. 


BOILER 
DIVISION 


N-200 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


To  help  develop  Sta-Clean  for  Standard  Furnace  Oil,  the  testing  apparatus 
shown  here  was  constructed.  Running  an  experiment  on  the  improved  oil 
is  Dr.  Jack  A.  Williams,  a  chemist  at  Standard  Oil's  Whiting  laboratories. 


HOW  TO  SOLVE  A  BURNING  PROBLEM! 


Scientists  in  Standard  Oil  laboratories  work  with 
the  stimulating  knowledge  that  practical  and  val- 
uable results  will  be  obtained  from  their  discoveries. 
A  recent  achievement  of  Standard  Oil  scientists  is 
now  benefiting  hundreds  of  thousands  of  Standard 
Furnace  Oil  users  throughout  the  Midwest. 

In  1952  our  research  people  undertook  the  prob- 
lem of  finding  a  method  to  eliminate  oil  burner  fail- 
ure or  inefficiency  arising  from  clogged  filters  and 
burner  nozzles. 

After  months  of  painstaking  laboratory  work  and 
many  more  months  of  thorough  field  testing  through- 


out an  entire  heating  season,  Standard  Oil  scientists 
perfected  a  new,  efficient  additive— Sta-Clean. 
Blended  into  our  furnace  oil,  the  new  additive  acts 
as  a  detergent,  sludge  inhibitor  and  rust  stopper  — 
all  in  one.  Sta-Clean  assiu-es  clean  oil  filters  and 
nozzles — a  dramatic  contribution  to  efficient  and 
economical  heating. 

The  development  of  this  remarkable  new  additive 
is  further  proof  of  the  progress  possible  when  scien- 
tists are  given  time  and  equipment  to  explore  and 
develop  thoroughly  their  ideas.  Young  scientists 
find  such  an  atmosphere  inspiring. 


Standard  Oil  Company 

910  South  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  80,  Illinois 


(standard) 


MAY,   1955 


43 


Moving 
Sidewalks 

— a   reality 


by  John  F.  Aanes 
M.  E.  '56 


How  many  times  did  you  leave  the 
ballpark  before  the  exciting  game  was 
over,  just  to  beat  the  crowd  and  to 
get  outside  the  stadium  before  every- 
thing got  jammed  up?  This  problem 
might  be  solved  by  a  new  and  revolu- 
tionary development — the  moving  side- 
walk. 

Such  a  sidewalk  was  recently  in- 
stalled at  Houston  Coliseum  in  Hous- 
ton, Texas.  The  design  and  installation 
was  a  joint  engineering  project  of  Link- 
Belt  Company,  B.  F.  (joodrich  Com- 
pany,  and   Otis   Elevator   Company. 

This  "Link-Belt  Walk"  connects  the 
Coliseum's  exposition  hall  and  auditor- 
ium with  a  parking  lot  which  is  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Buffalo  Bayou.  It  is 
the  first  moving  sidewalk  to  be  installed 
on  a  pedestrian  bridge.  The  walk  is 
114  feet  long,  and  the  belt  is  82  inches 
wide.  It  travels  up  a  seven-degree  (12 
per  cent)  incline  with  a  speed  of  ?>2 
feet  per  minute,  which  is  slightly  faster 
than  an  ordinary  escalator. 

The  whole  run  takes  about  52  sec- 
onds, and  the  belt  is  capable  of  trans- 
porting 15,000  passengers  in  an  hour. 
Passengers  step  on  and  off  as  if  it  were 
an  escalator,  and  it  gives  them  the 
option  of  riding  without  any  effort  ov 
of  adding  their  own  walking  speed  for 
a  quick  trip. 

in  other  words,  the  riders  can  either 
save  time  or  effort.  The  run  is  re- 
versible, so  it  can  handle  either  in-going 
or  out-going  rush. 

The  Beltwalk  is  powered  by  a  25  h.p. 
motor  through  a  double  reduction  heh- 
cal  gear  and  triple-width  roller  chain 
drive,  which  drives  the  pulley  located 
,  at  the  upper  end  of  the  walk.  The  belt 
wraps  tightly  around  the  pulley  and 
moves  in  the  same  direction.  The  belt 
itself  is  230  feet  long  and  seven-eighths 
inch  thick  and  made  of  a  specially  com- 
poiuided     rubber     and     reinforced     with 


The   twenty-foot   pedestrian    bridge   between   the   Coliseum    and    the    new 
parking  lot. 


The  "Link  Belt  Walk"  at  the  Souston  Coliseum   in  Houston,  Texas— a    114- 
foot  long  moving  sidewalk  that  can  handle  15,000  people  in  an  hour. 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


(( 


NEW    DEPARTURES 


>> 


INVENTION 


NIKOLA  TESLA, 

THE  MAN  WHO 

HARNESSED   NIAGARA 


Water,  water,  everywhere  —  and  no  power.  That  was 
Niagara  Falls  when  Nikola  Tesia  began  work  on  its  power 
system  in  1888.  Now  Niagara  is  one  of  the  world's  largest 
electric  power  plants. 

But  to  make  the  most  of  this  power,  many  problems  In 
electric  motor  design  had  to  be  overcome.  New  Departure 
ball  bearings  have  helped  solve  many  of  them.  For  ex- 
ample, motors  with  New  Departure  self-sealed  boll 
bearings  may  be  mounted  in  difficult-to-reach  locations 
because  the  bearings  will  operate  for  years  without  atten- 
tion for  relubrication  or  adjustments  of  any  kind. 
Highly  important  also  are  the  facts  that  these  boll  bearings 
resist  loads  from  all  directions  and,  being  grease  lubricated, 
permit  motors  to  be  applied  in  any  position  from  hori- 
zontal to  vertical  without  loss  of  efficiency  or  trouble  from 
lubricant  leakage.  Whatever  the  loads.  New  Departure 
ball  bearings  maintain  accurate  rotor-to-stator  relation- 
ship —  are  cool-running   at  all   motor  speeds. 

NEW   DEPARTURE    •    DIVISION   OF  GENERAL  MOTORS   •    BRISTOL.  CONNECTICUT 

MAY,  1955 


New  Departure  ball  beorings  assure  positive  rotor  support  under  oil 
loads  in  this  motor.  Bearing  seals,  pioneered  by  New  Departure,  keep 
lubricant  out  of  the  motor.  Shields  on  the  reservoir  side  keep  foreign 
matter  out  of  the   beorings. 


DEPARTURE 


NOTHING       tOllS       iriCI       »       »*ll 


45 


ENGINEERING  WRITING 


Here  is  an  ideal  way 

for  the  engineer  or 

physicist  with  some 

aptitude  for  nnititig  to 

enter  the  field  of  advanced 

electronics.  In  this 

relatively  new  and 

expanding  area  you  can 

make  immediate  and 

effective  use  of  your 

academic  training  while 

acquiring  additional 

experience. 


HUGHES 

RESEARCH  AND 
DEVELOPMENT 
LABORATORIES 


Hughes  Research  and  Development 
Laboratories  are  engaged  in  a  continu- 
ing program  for  design  and  manufac- 
ture of  integrated  radar  and  fire  con- 
trol systems  in  military  all-weather 
interceptor  aircraft.  Engineers  who 
produce  the  maintenance  and  opera- 
tional handbooks  for  this  equipment 
work  directly  with  engineers  and 
scientists  engaged  in  development  of 
radar  fire  control  systems,  electronic 
computers,  and  other  advanced  elec- 
tronic systems  and  devices. 

Your  effort  in  the  field  of  engineer- 
ing writing  through  these  publica- 
tions transmits  information  to  other 
engineers  and  technical  personnel  on 
operation,  maintenance  and  modifi- 
cation of  Hughes  equipment  in  the 
field. 

You  wOl  receive  additional  training 
in  the  Laboratories  at  full  pay  to  be- 
come familiar  with  Hughes  equip- 
ment. Seminars  are  conducted  by 
pubhcations  specialists  to  orient  new 
writers.  After-hours  graduate  courses 
midcr  Company  sponsorship  arc 
available  at  nearby  universities. 


SCIENTIFIC  AND 
ENGINEERING   STAFF 

Culver  City,  Los  Angeles  County,  California 


Photograph  above:  Engineer-writer  John  Burnett  (left) 
works  with  engineers  John  H.  Haughawout  (right)  and 
Donald  King  to  compile  handbook  information. 


seven  plies  of  fabric.  The  two  ends  are 
vulcanized  together  to  make  the  walk 
and   endless  loop. 

The  sidewalk  is  enclosed  by  three  feet 
liigh  balustrades  with  moving  handrails. 
The  handrails  arc  extended  beyond  the 
moving  belt  at  both  entry  and  exit  ends, 
and  their  speed  is  synchronized  with  th- 
speed  of  the  belt. 

All  parts  of  the  "Link-Belt-Walk" 
have  been  designed  tor  maximum  safety. 
The  steel  idler  rolls  under  the  belt  are 
spaced  so  close  that  they  give  a  perfecth' 
smooth  and  effortless  ride.  The  opera- 
tion is  almost  noiseless,  and  all  the  me- 
chanical parts  are  enclosed.  Still  they 
are  accessible  for  inspection  and  main- 
tenance, and  the  belt  is  easily  cleaned. 
The  sidewalk  in  Houston  Coliseum 
is  the  first  Link-Belt  installation  for 
the  public  transportation  of  people.  But 
other  companies  have  made  similar  in- 
stallations. A  good  example  is  Stephens- 
Adanison  Mfg.  Co.'s  227  feet  long 
"Speedwalk"  through  the  Hudson  and 
\Linhattan  Railroad  Company's  Eric 
tube  station  at  Jersey  City. 

Extensive  studies  are  now  being  con- 
ducted by  engineers,  architects  and  traf" 
fie  experts  to  determine  the  future  use 
of  moving  sidewalks  to  eliminate  the 
bottlenecks  in  the  pedestrian  traffic 
lanes,  convention  halls,  airports,  sport 
stadia,  shopping  centers,  subways,  and 
so  on. 

Look  for  mo\ing  sidewalks  tomorrow. 
They  are  the  solution  to  today's  pedes- 
trian traffic  problems. 


46 


A  hot-spell  story  that  ire  like  is  about 
the  girl  uho  uerit  sniniiiiing  in  the  raw 
in  a  secluded  millpond.  Along  came  a 
little  boy  who  began  to  amuse  himself 
tying  knots  in  her  clothes.  She  floun- 
dered around,  found  an  old  uashtub. 
held  it  up  in  front  of  herself,  and 
marched  touard  the  little  hoy.  saying: 
"You  Utile  hrat.  do  you  knoiv  uhat  I'm 
thinking'" 

"Sure."    said    the     little     brat .^  "you 
think  that  tub  has  a  bottom  in  it." 
^        *        * 
Some  girls  are  like  a  zippcrcd  nightie, 
pull  anything  and  it's  all  off. 
»        *        * 
Flossy:  "I  was  out  with  an  inebriated 
driver   last   night   and    he   headed    right 
for   a  telephone   pole." 
Tessy:  "The  dog!" 

-*       -*       * 
"What    was    that    explosion    on    Si's 
farm?"  , 

"He  fed  a  chick  some  'Lay  or  Bust 
feed,  and  it  turned  out  to  be  a  rooster." 
»       *       * 
Professor — In   what  battle   did   Gen- 
eral Wolfe,  hearing  of  victory,  cry,  "I 
die  happy?" 

Student— His  last   battle. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


GO  with  the  company 
that's  strong  in  all  three! 

Hitch  your  future  in  engineering  to  the  growth  of  the  U.  S.  A. — 
and  to  a  company  that  supplies  the  basic  needs  of  growth! 

This  nation  is  growing  at  the  rate  of  50,000  people  every 
week!  To  supply  the  needs  of  these  people: 

Electric  poircr  generation  ivill  double  by  1965. 

A  multi-billion  dollar  program  of  new  highway  construction 
is  planned  ivithin  the  next  ten  years. 

Manufacturing  output  irill  hare  to  increase  by  $3.5  billion  by 

this  time  next  year. 

And  Allis-Chalmers  builds  major  equipment  for  all  of  these 
growth  industries!  Some  examples  are  pictured  here. 

Here's  what  Aliis-Chalmers  offers  to  Young  Engineers; 

A  graduate  training  course  that  has  been  a  model  for  industry 
since  1904.  You  have  access  to  many  fields  of  engineering: 
electric  power,  hydraulics,  atomic  energy,  ore  processing. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  work  to  try:  design  engineering, 
application,  research,  manufacturing,  sales.  Over  90  training 
stations  are  available,  with  e.xpert  guidance  when  you  want  it. 
Your  future  is  as  big  as  your  ability  can  make  it. 

Or,  if  you  have  decided  your  field  of  interest  and  are  well 
qualified,  opportunities  exist  for  direct  assignments  on  our 
engineering  staff. 

In  any  case— learn  more  about  Allis-Chalmers.  Ask  the  A-C 
manager  in  your  territory,  or  write  direct  to  Allis-Chalmers, 
Graduate  Training  Section,  Milwaukee  1,  Wisconsin. 


CONSTRUCTION  demands  the  vasttonnages 
of  cement  produced  with  Allis-Chalmers  rotary 
kilns  and  other  processing  machinery. 


MANUFACTURING  depends  upon  the  reli- 
able power  of  electric  motors  —  like  these  5000 
hp  Allis-Chalmers  giants  powering  a  rolling  mill. 


ALLIS-CHALMERS 


A.4683 


MAY,   1955 


47 


by  Larry  Kiefling-  M.  E.  '56 


PARKER    BADGER 

About  2  years  ago,  in  January  1953, 
a  36  year  old  man  named  Parker  H. 
Hadger  received  a  diploma  from  Mil- 
waukee Vocational  High  School.  He  is 
graduating   this   spring   with    L'ni\ersity 


a  credit  manager  for  7  years.  He  also 
operated   an  ofHce  supply  business. 

When  asked  what  made  him  decide 
to  come  to  college,  he  indicated  that  his 
lovely  wife,  Barbara,  had  no  little  in- 
fluence on  his  decision.  At  the  present 
time,  she  is  working  as  a  secretary  in  a 
LAS  dean's  office. 

Parker  is  a  member  of  AS  ME  and 
several  honorary  fraternities.  During  his 
last  semester,  he  was  president  of  11  Ti], 
mechanical  engineering  honorary.  He 
also  belongs  to  TI!  li  and  -T,  engineer- 
ing honoraries;  II MK,  math  honorary; 
and  (iKil,  all  university  honorary. 


PARKER   BADGER 

Honors  and  a  degree  in  mechanical  en- 
gineering. 

Before  coming  to  the  U.  of  I.,  he 
had  seen  a  lot  of  the  U.  S.  and  the 
world.  He  was  born  in  Boston,  and 
raised  in  Washington  and  Philadelphia. 
He  was  in  the  Corps  of  Engineers  dur- 
ing WWII  in  both  the  European  and 
Pacific  theaters.  He  had  studied  air 
conditioning  at  Milwaukee  School  of 
Engineering  for  a  year  and  refrigeration 
in  Philadelphia  for  a  semester.  He  was 
a  machinery  salesman   for  5  years,   and 

48 


Techno -Cutie 

Our  TECHNO-CUTIE  for  this 
month  is  KAY  BOWMAN.  Key  is 
a  sophomore  in  FAA,  with  a 
major  in  art.  She  has  been  se- 
lected to  a  host  of  queen  posi- 
tions including  horse  show  queen, 
lllio  finalist,  and  dream  girl  of 
Pi  Kappa  Alpha.  Kay  has  been 
active  in  Star  and  Scroll  and  she 
has  reached  the  finals  this  year 
for  cheerleader.  In  her  spare 
time,  Kay  enjoys  golf,  swimming, 
painting,  and  horseback  riding. 
Just  for  the  record  is  nineteen, 
5'7",  weighs  130  lbs.,  and  she 
measures  36  -  241/2  -  36,  either 
way.  Before  you  run  to  the  near- 
est telephone,  fellows,  this  blue- 
eyed  blond  has  been  spoken  for. 


JIM   PIECHOCKI 

Under  the  title  of  one  of  the  main 
articles  in  each  of  this  year's  Techno- 
graphs  is  the  credit  "by  Jim  Piechocki, 
Aeronautical  Engineering,  1956."  The 
articles,  which  deal  with  such  various 
topics  as  the  sun,  the  Pogo  plane,  a 
WWI  ace,  Omar  Khayyam,  an  oil  re- 
finery, and  rocket  research,  show  the 
wide  field  of  interest  of  the  author. 

A  native  of  Chicago,  Jim  transferred 
to  the  Urbana  campus  from  Navy  Pier. 
While  at  the  Pier,  he  engaged  in  many 
diversified  activities.  He  was  chairman 
of  the  Institute  of  Aeronautical  Sciences 
(Student  Branch),  chairman  of  the  En- 
gineering Counsel  for  a  semester,  and  a 
track  manager.  He  also  wrote  several 
Technograph  articles  while  at  the   Pier. 

Since  coming  to  the  Urbana  campus, 
he  has  continued  his  many  activities.  He 
is  \ice  chairman  of  I.  A.  S.  and  has 
been  elected  chairman  for  next  year. 
He  was  in  charge  of  the  exhibits  of  the 
Aeronautical  Engineering  department  at 
the  1955  Engineering  C^pen  House.  Jim 
is  also  the  editor  of  the  Newman  Club 
paper,  the  "Cardinal." 

When  he  can  find  time  away  from 
writing  and  aerodynamics,  Jim  likes  to 
play  baseball,  dance,  or  listen  to  classi- 
cal music. 


Old    Lady — Are   you 
a    little    girl? 


JIM    PIECHOCKI 


Child — Sure, 
could    I    be  ? 


w 


hat 


a   little   boy  or 
the     hell      else 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


f 


*' 


1 


You  can't  launch  an  ocean  liner  in  a  mountain  stream 


Initiative  alone  is  not  the  answet  to  a  man's 
career.  A  man  can't  travel  far  in  narrow,  limited 
confines.  Neither  can  he  expand  in  an  unprogres- 
sive,  stagnant  organization.  A  man  needs  oppor- 
tunity to  put  his  ideas  into  action.  He  needs  to  be 
able  to  move  ahead  without  waiting  for  vacancies 
to  occur  from  death  or  retirement. 

Columbia-Southern  is  one  of  the  fastest  growing 
companies  in  the  fast-growing  chemical  industry. 
It  is  progressive,  alert,  and  on  the  move. 

Opportunities  exist  with  Columbia-Southern  in 
engineering,  research  and  development,  sales,  plant 
design,  mining,  construction,  maintenance,  pro- 
duction, accounting,  transportation  and  related 
fields. 

Columbia-Southern  encourages  its  employees 
to  grow  professionally  and  the  management  be- 
lieves in  placing  men  in  positions  of  greater  re- 
sponsibilitity  as  soon  as  they  are  ready  for  it. 


Columbia-Southern  is  going  places  and  it  needs 
good  men.  If  you  would  like  to  be  a  part  of  this 
organization,  write  today  for  further  information 
to  Department  P  at  our  Pittsburgh  address  or  any 
of  the  plants. 

COLUMBIA-SOUTHEKN 
CHEMICAL  COKPOHATION 

SUBSIDIARY  OF  P1TTSBUR.GH  PLATE  CLASS  COMPANY 

ONE    GATEWAY    CENTER-  PITTSBURGH    22   •  PENNSYLVANIA 


DISTRICT  OFFICES:  Cincinnati  •  Charlotte 
Ctiicago  •  Cleveland  •  Boston  •  New  York 
St.  Louis  •  Minneapolis  •  New  Orleans 
Dallas    •    Houston    •    Pittsburgh    •    Philadelphia 

San  Francisco 

PLANTS:     Barberton,     Ohio     •     Bartlett,     Calif. 

Corpus  Christi,  Texas     •     Lake  Charles,  La. 

Natrium,  W.Va.   •   Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

IN  CANADA  :  Standard  Chemical  Limited  and  its 

Commercial  Chemicals  Division 


50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Torrington  Needle  Bearing 
. . .  designed  for  easy,  effective  lubrication 


One  major  advan- 
tage inherent  in 
Needle  Bearing  de- 
sign is  the  ease  with 
which  the  bearing 
can  be  lubricated. 
The  full  complement  of  small  di- 
ameter rollers  continuously  carries 
a  thin  film  of  lubricant  to  all  contact 
surfaces.  The  turned-in  lips  of  the 
outer  shell  retain  the  lubricant  and 
effectively  seal  out  foreign  matter. 

{,     Methods  of 
Lubrication 

When  Needle  Bearings  are  shipped, 
they  are  normally  protected  with  a 
high-grade  slushing  compound 
which  has  lubricating  value  at  ordi- 
nary temperatures.  This  compound 
is  left  in  the  bearings  in  most  in- 
stances. Needle  Bearings  in  many 
applications  run  for  long  periods  of 
time  without  further  attention  to 
original  lubrication. 

There  are  several  methods  of 
providing  additional  lubricant  to 
Needle  Bearings,  as  illustrated  and 
described  below. 

PERMANENT  LUBRICATION 

For  low  speed  and  light  load  applications, 
as  in  the  fingers  of  the  automobile  clutch 
illustrated,  the  Needle  Bearings  are 
packed  with  grease  before  assembly.  No 
additional  lubrication  is  needed. 


THROUGH  THE  SHAFT 

If  it  is  necessary  to  lubricate  through  the 
shaft,  a  hole  is  drilled  along  the  shaft  axis, 
with  a  cross  hole  leading  under  the  lips  of 
the  Needle  Bearing.  This  hole  is  located 


under  the  lip  of  the  bearing  rather  than  in 
the  roller  contact  area.  Textile  machine 
spindle  swing  bracket  below  illustrates 
this  method. 


CIRCULATING  OIL  SYSTEM 

For  high  speeds  and  heavy  loads,  a  cir- 
culating oil  system  is  preferred  as  it  aids 
in  carrying  away  heat  as  well  as  in  provid- 
ing a  continuous  supply  of  lubricant  to 
the  bearing  contact  surfaces.  A  typical 
example  of  this  method  is  shown  in  this 
Needle  Bearing  application  in  the  valve 
rocker  arm  of  a  large  diescl  engine  shown 
below. 


THROUGH  THE  HOUSING         Selecting  A  Lubricant 


When  lubricant  is  to  be  delivered  through 
the  housing,  an  oil  hole  is  furnished  in  the 
middle  of  the  outer  shell.  In  automobile 
king  pin  below.  Needle  Bearings  are 
lubricated  with  Alemite  fittings  through 
the  oil  hole.  This  oil  hole  in  the  outer 
shell  should  be  outside  the  load  area. 


While  oil  is  the  best  lubricant,  it  is 
difficult  in  many  cases  to  retain  it  in 
the  bearing  housing.  In  general,  a 
soda  base  grease  is  used  in  the  ab- 
sence of  moisture,  and  a  lime  base 
grease  when  moisture  is  present.  It 
is  usually  advisable  to  consult  a 
grease  manufacturer  regarding 
a  particular  application. 


These  features  make  the 
Torrington  Needle  Bearing  Unique 

•  low  coefficient  of  starting  ond  running 
friction 

•  full  complement  of  rollers 

•  unequalled  radial  load  capacity 

•  low    unit  cost 

•  long  service  life 

•  compactness  ond  light  weight 

•  runs  directly  on  hordened  shofts 

•  permits   use  of  larger  ond  stiffer  ihofts 


THE   TORRINGTON    COMPANY 

Torrington,  Conn.      •      South  Bend  21,  Ind. 
District  Offices  and  Distributors  In  Principal  Cities  of  United  States  and  Canada 


TORRINGTON  /V//Z?/7bEARINGS 


NEEDLE  •  SPHERICAL  ROLLER  •  TAPERED  ROLLER  •  CYLINDRICAL  ROLLER  •  BALL  •  NEEDLE  ROLLERS 


MAY,    1955 


51 


YOU    FURNISF3    THE    PRINT,    WE'LL    FURNISH    THE    PART 


16  MM.   FIL  M^  SPOOL  OF^  S  YN  THA  NE  _ 


ZZLAMINA  TED  PLASTIC^  RESISTS  PHOTOGRAPH  I  C'_ 


CHEMICALST  HOLDS  SHAPE,  DOESN'T  FOG-^iLM. 


The  film  spool  we're  talking  about  is  one  used  in  the 
processing  of  movie  film.  The  material  for  this  spool  has 
to  be  light  in  weight,  strong  and  easily  machined.  Since 
it  is  always  in  contact  with  film  and  photo  solutions,  it 
must  also  be  chemically-resistant  and — most  important — 
not  fog  the  film  by  chemical  contamination. 

This  isn't  an  easy  assignment  for  any  material,  but 
Synthane  fills  the  bill. 


SYNTHANE  CORPORATION,  13  Siver  Rood,  Ooks,  Pa. 

Please  rush  me  more  information  about  Synthane  laminated 
plastics. 


Name_ 
Title 


Company. 

Address 

City 


_Zone_ 


_State_ 


Whenever  you  want  parts  requiring  many  properties, 
consider  how  Synthane' s  combined  benefits  may  help  you 
improve  your  product. 

Synthane  produces  finished  parts  from  many  different 
grades  of  Synthane  laminated  sheets,  rods,  tubes  and 
molded-laminatcd  and  molded-macerated  parts.  Service 
and  quality  characterize  Synthane  fabrication. 

We  can  handle  the  whole  iob  for  you  from  your  print 
to  the  finished  part — eliminating  your  tooling-up,  reject 
and  machining  problems — and  producing  parts  of  ex- 
cellent quality  at   a  saving  of  your  time  and   money. 

For  more  information  about  Synthane  grades,  properties 
and  fabrication  facilities,  send  in  the  coupon. 


[SYlvrHANE] 


LAMINATED  l-=-J  PLASTICS 


SYNTHANE  CORPORATION 


OAKS,  PENNSYLVANIA 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


SIpMIIVG 

mmxm 


by  Larry  Kiefling,  M.  E.  '56 


Experimental  Battery  Converts 
Radiation  to  Electricity 

A  tiny  semiconductor  device  that  con- 
verts either  hght  or  atomic  radiation 
directly  to  usable  electrical  energy  was 
described  here  today  by  scientists. 

The  device,  a  silicon  junction  simi- 
lar to  those  used  in  transistors  and  in 
the  RCA  Atomic  Battery,  has  been  em- 
ployed in  experimental  solar  and  atomic 
batteries  at  the  David  Sarnoft  Research 
Center.  Using  light  and  radioactive  ma- 
terial interchangeably  as  sources  of  radi- 
ation, these  batteries  have  powered  a 
specially  designed  low-power  transistor- 
ized radio  receiver. 

Discussing  continuing  RCA  research 
in  methods  of  converting  radiation  di- 
rectly to  electric  power,  the  scientists 
pointed  out  that  batteries  capable  of 
such  conversion  promise  to  find  import- 
ant application  in  the  near  future  as 
sources  of  electrisity  for  low-power  elec- 
tronic equipment,  especially  in  the  field 
of  transistorized  devices. 

The  unit  in  which  radiation  is  con- 
verted to  electricity  is  a  wafer  of  silicon 
into  which  an  impurity  is  alloyed  to 
form  a  junction.  When  the  wafer  is 
exposed  to  bombardment  either  by  beta 
particles  from  a  radioactive  source  or  by 
photons  of  light,  electrons  are  released 
within  the  silicon.  These  electrons,  flow- 
ing across  the  junction,  produce  a  volt- 

MAY,   1955 


age  that  can  be  applied  to  a  circuit  and 
cause  a  current  to  flow. 

The  unit  employed  in  the  experiments 
is  a  junction  about  J4  '"ch  in  diameter 
and  1  lUU  inch  thick.  To  produce 
enough  current  to  operate  a  low-power 
radio,  the  scientists  said,  se\eral  such 
units  have  been  connected  in  series  and 
operated  with  both  atomic  and  light  ra- 
diation sources. 

A  low-power  radio  was  designed  for 
tests  with  the  batteries.  It  was  described 
in  the  report  as  a  diode  detector  follow  ed 
by  three  transistor  audio  amplifiers  feed- 
ing into  an  earphone.  Because  of  the 
low  available  power  from  the  batteries, 
the  radio  used  only  10  millionths  of  a 
watt  in  operation,  but  successfully' 
picked  up  commercial  broadcasts  at  short 
range. 

The  radioactive  source  employed  in 
the  experiments  is  strontium-QO,  :in 
atomic  fission  by-product.  When  a  raiiio- 
active  source  is  used,  the  report  said, 
the  junctions  are  arranged  around  the 
material  so  as  to  intercept  as  much  as 
possible  of  the  radiation.  In  a  light  bat- 
tery, it  added,  the  same  junctions  ar-j 
arranged  to  expose  as  much  surface  as 
possible  to  the  light  source.  An  experi- 
mental light  battery  having  twelve  sili- 
con junctions  mounted  in  a  Lucite  case 
has  operated  the  low-power  radio  in  av- 
erage room  light,  the  scientists  said. 

The  report  indicated  that  some  prob- 


lems remain  to  be  overcome  in  order  ro 
achie\e  comnierciajly  practical  atomic 
and  light  b.itteries.  One  such  problem 
ill  atomic  batteries,  the  scientists  said, 
has  been  damage  to  the  crystal  wafer  by 
beta  particle  bombardment.  The  report 
stated,  however,  that  such  damage  ordi- 
narily decreases  as  the  energy  of  radia- 
tion decreases,  and  that  a  threshold  en- 
ergy is  now  believed  to  exist  below 
which  damage  will  not  occur. 

Summarizing  progress  in  the  develop- 
ment of  atomic  and  light  batteries,  the 
scientists  stated  that  prospects  for  appli- 
cation lie  in  areas  where  low  power  is 
required,  since  the  potential  power 
range  of  devices  now  being  studied  is 
less  than   that  of  the  common   dry  cell. 

Case-less  Emergency  Lantern 

.An  ingenious  utility  lantern,  the  first 
for  poular  use  ever  to  utilize  a  battery 
which  itself  is  the  battery  case  and  with 
up  to  four  times  the  life  of  the  ordinary 
lantern  battery,  has  been  designed  bv 
the  Burgess  Battery  Company. 

The  "Radar-Lite"  was  developed  to 
fill  a  long-standing  need  for  a  lantern 
w  ith  tremendous  staying  power,  yet  sim- 
ple and  lightweight  enough  for  women 
to  use  as  a  car  or  home  emergency'  liglit, 
and  professionally  dependable  and  pow- 
erfid  enough  to  be  sin'ted  for  use  as  in- 
dustrial standby  lighting,  auxiliar\-  trans- 
portation and  marine  signal  lamps,  and 
for  use  as  reserve  disaster  and  A-bomb 
shelter  emergency  equipment. 

Measuring  only  4x5  inches,  the  uni- 
fied battery-and-case  is  leakproof,  and 
entirely  sealed  in  steel  with  a  reinforced 
steel  ribbed  top.  It  attaches  to  a  remov- 
able twin  light  head  with  two  simple 
insulated  screw  caps.  To  connect  the 
battery  and  make  the  circuit,  there  are 
no  wires  to  hook  up  or  battery  spring 
contacts  to  make.  The  electrical  circuit 
is  completed  by  the  metal  frame  of  the 
light  head  itself. 

An  adjustable  sealed  beam  spotlight 
that  can  be  tilted  up  or  down  135  de- 
grees is  the  primary  light  source.  A 
movable  red  warning  light,  flashing  mo-T 
than  50  times  a  minute,  which  can  be 
operated  vertically  or  horizontically,  is 
moiuited  to  the  rear  of  the  spotlight. 
Both  lights  are  operated  with  independ- 
ent silver  contact  switches. 

The  power  pack  consists  of  two  6-volt 
lantern  batteries  wired  in  parallel  'o 
yield  the  most  powerful  unit  of  its  type 
ever  developed.  Laboratory  tests  indi- 
cate its  useful  life  at  2'j  to  4  times 
that  of  the  conventional  single  ()-\olt 
lantern  battery. 

Besides  its  functions  as  a  universal 
safety  light  for  motorists  and  as  an  all- 
purpose  home  lamp  for  use  by  women, 
the  new  lantern  was  designed  to  serve 
as  emergency  and  standby  lighting  in 
industry,  hospitals,  schools,  and  other 
institutions;  for  portable  farm  illumina- 


53 


Systems  Development 

and 

The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 


The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation  (except  for  the 
specialized  activities  of  our  subsidiary,  Pacific  Semicon- 
ductors, Incorporated)  is  engaged  primarily  in  develop- 
ing—and will  soon  start  to  manufacture  — systems  rather 
than  components.  For  military  customers  our  weapons 
systems  responsibilities  are  in  the  fields  of  guided  mis- 
siles, fire  control,  communications,  and  computers.  Our 
non-military  systems  activities  are  in  the  general  area  of 
automation  and  data-processing. 

Emphasis  on  systems  development  has  consequences 
that  profoundly  affect  all  aspects  of  an  organization.  First, 
it  demands  an  unusual  variety  of  scientific  and  engineer- 
ing talent.  A  single  systems  development  project  often  re- 
quires concurrent  solutions  of  challenging  problems  in 
the  fields  of  electronics,  aerodynamics,  propulsion,  ran- 
dom phenomena,  structures,  and  analytic  mechanics. 
In  addition,  the  purely  technical  aspects  of  a  systems 
problem  are  often  associated  with  equally  important  non- 
technical problems  of  operational,  tactical,  or  human 
relations  character. 

Therefore,  competent  systems  development  requires 
that  a  company  contain  an  unusually  large  proportion 
of  mature,  experienced  scientists  and  engineers  who  have 


a  wide  range  of  technical  understanding  and  an  unusual 
breadth  of  judgment.  Further,  all  aspects  of  company 
operations  must  be  designed  so  as  to  maximize  the  effec- 
tiveness of  these  key  men,  not  only  in  the  conduct  of 
development  work  but  in  the  choice  of  projects  as  well. 

At  Ramo-Wooldridge  we  are  engaged  in  building  such 
a  company.  Today  our  staff  of  professional  scientists  and 
engineers  comprises  40%  of  the  entire  organization.  Of 
these  men,  40%  possess  Ph.D.  degrees  and  another  30% 
possess  M.S.  degrees.  The  average  experience  of  thi.: 
group,  past  the  B.S.  degree,  is  more  than  eleven  years. 

We  believe  the  continuing  rapid  growth  of  our  pro- 
fessional staff  is  due,  in  part,  to  the  desire  of  scientist, 
and  engineers  to  associate  with  a  large  group  of  their 
contemporaries  possessing  a  wide  variety  of  specialtie_ 
and  backgrounds.  It  is  also  an  indication  that  such  pro- 
fessional men  feel  that  the  Ramo-Wooldridge  approach 
to  systems  development  is  an  appropriate  one. 

We  plan  to  continue  to  maintain  the  environmental 
and  organizational  conditions  that  scientists  and  engi- 
neers find  conducive  to  effective  systems  development. 
It  is  on  these  factors  that  we  base  our  expectation  of 
considerable  further  company  growth. 


POSITIONS  ARE  AVAILABLE  FOR 

SCIENTISTS  AND  ENGINEERS  IN 

THESE  FIELDS  OF  CURRENT 

ACTIVITY: 


"TWBI 


Guided  Missile  Research  pnd  Development 
Digital  Computer  Research  and  Development 
Business  Data  Systems  Development 
Radar  and  Control  Systems  Development 
Communication  Systems  Development 


The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Corporation 

8820     BELLANCA     AVCNUE;     LOS     ANGELES     4  5,     CALIFORNIA 


54 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


^ 


o 


A  no  f her  page  for 


YOUR  BEARING  NOTEBOOK 


How  to  increase  gear  life  in  a  scraper 


When  this  1.^  cubic  yard  scraper,  fullv  loaded, 
travels  at  2  5  MPH  over  rough  terrain,  the 
gears  in  the  differential,  engine  shaft  and 
pinion  get  a  workout.  Realizing  this,  the 
engineers  specified  Timken'  bearings  for 
these  vital  applications.  The  tapered  con- 
struction of  Timken  bearings  lets  them  take 
radial  and  thrust  loads  in  any  combination. 
Gears  are  held  rigidly  in  place.  Perfect 
tooth-mesh  is  maintained.  Gears  last  longer. 


o 


How  TIMKEN  bearings  hold 
gear  shafts  rigid 

The  line  contact  between  rollers  and  races  of  Timken 
bearings  gives  shafts  rigid  support  over  a  wide  area. 
Shaft  deflection  is  minimized.  And  the  tapered  design  of 
Timken  bearings  permits  them  to  be  set  up  with  the  most 
desirable  amount  of  end  play  or  preload  that  gives  the 
best  performance. 


Want  to  learn  more  about  bearings 

or  job  opportunities? 


Some  of  the  engineering  problems 
you'll  face  after  graduation  will 
involve  bearing  applications. 
For  help  in  learning  more  about 
bearings,  write  for  the  270-page 
General  Information  Manual  on 


Timken  bearings.  And  for  infor- 
mation about  the  excellent  job 
opportunities  at  the  Timken 
Company,  write  for  a  copy  of  "This 
Is  Timken".  The  Timken  Roller 
Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  O. 


o 


TIMKEN 

TRADE-MARK    REG.  U.  S.  PAT.  OFF. 

TAP£R£D  ROLLER  BEARINGS 


NOT  lUST  t  Bill  O  NOT  lUST  I  ROllER  o  THE  TIMKfH  TIPfRlO  ROUm  (& 
BEARING  TAKES  RADIAl  ^  AND  IHRUSI  -i)-  LOADS  OR  AN(  COMBINAIION  ^ 


MAY,   1955 


55 


The  Radar-Lite,  used  for  marine  sig- 
nal lamps,  has  tremendous  staying 
power  yet  light  weight. 

tioii  I  for  general  outdoor,  construction, 
and  field  use;  and  for  auxiliary  high- 
way, rail,  marine,  and  aircraft  lighting. 
It  was  also  conceived  as  a  practical  solu- 
tion to  the  present  need  for  dependable 
reserve  lighting  for  homes  and  offices 
and  as  basic  civil  defense  equipment. 

Output  Increased  U.S.S.R. 

The  So\iet  I'nion  increased  its  in- 
dustrial output  more  than  eightfold  in 
the  quarter-century  between  1928  and 
1953,  and  have  doubled  industrial  man- 
hour  productivity  since  1928. 

In  spite  of  these  advances,  the  volume 
of  Soviet  manufacturing  and  mining  in 
1954  was  only  about  35  per  cent  of 
that  of  the  United  States. 

These  figures  were  revealed  b\  a  Rus- 
sian-born expert  at  the  diamond  jubilee 
spring  meeting  of  the  American  Society 
of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

The  speaker  was  Demitri  Shimkin, 
social  science  analyst  with  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Commerce,  Rureau  of  the 
Census.  Mr.  Shimkin  was  born  in  Omsk, 
Siberia.  He  was  a  colonel  during  World 
War  II,  on  the  general  staff,  G-2  (in- 
telligence), European  theater.  He  was 
formerly  a  lecturer  on  strategic  logistics 
of  the  U.S.S.R.,  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  War 
College  and  the  National  War  College. 

Mr.  Shimkin  said  that  two  funda- 
mental considerations  dominate  the  se- 
lection, training  and  use  of  physical  sci- 
entists and  engineers  in  the  So\iet 
Union.  The  first  is  the  vital  role  of 
these  specialists  in  building  up  Soviet 
military-economic  strength.  The  other 
is  Communist  fear  of  scientists  and  en- 
gineers as  potential  subversives. 

Summing  up,  Mr.  Shimkin  said  th  it 
"the  selection,  training  and  use  of  physi- 
cal scientists  and  engineers  in  the  Soviet 
Union  reveals  paradoxical  strengths  and 
weaknes.ses.  The  application  of  science 
on  a  vast  scale  is  essential  to  the  realiza- 
tion of  Soviet  ambitions,  yet  the  Com- 


munist party  dare  not  trust  the  scientist 
and  the  engineer.  The  Soviet  Union 
fears  the  West,  yet  depends  upon  its 
technology." 

Given  these  circumstances,  he  said, 
the  following  conclusions  may  be  ad- 
\anced  : 

"1.  At  the  present  time,  the  actual 
effectiveness  of  the  Soviet  Union  is  sci- 
entific innovation  and  application  is  far 
lower  than  might  be  indicated  by  the 
large  number  of  its  physical  scientists 
and  engineers,  and  by  the  immense  So- 
viet effort,  in  training  and   research. 

"2.  In  part,  this  gap  lies  in  the  fail- 
ure to  develop  and  apply  increasingly 
good  basic  research.  Thus,  Soviet  sci- 
ence warrants  far  closer  study  by  the 
West  than   Soviet   technology  indicates. 

"3.  Beyond  this,  the  Soviets  are  cre- 
ating a  potential  which,  given  appropri- 
ate social  changes,  might  generate  a 
technological    revolution. 

"4.  At  the  present  time,  the  Soviet 
utilization  of  Western  technology  is 
limited  by  Western  controls  on  informa- 
tion flow  and  exports.  Moves  toward  the 
modification  of  these  controls  should  be 
guided  by  careful  assessment  of  Soviet 
technological   strengths   and    weaknesses. 

"5.  Finally,  scientific  and  technical 
publications,  including  trade  journals, 
are  a  channel  of  comnnuiication  behind 
the  Iron  Curtain  which  the  Soviet 
Union  simply  must  keep  open.  This  fact 
needs  wide  exploitation  both  as  a  means 
of  ensuring  a  reverse  flow  of  data  from 
the  So\iet  Union  and  as  a  medium  for 
the  diffusion  of  a  new  hope  for  a  world 
of  peace." 

^-Ir.  Shimkin's  talk  was  presented  as 
part  of  a  panel  presentation  on  "The 
Engineer  and  the  Prospects  for  Peace." 

The  AS  ME  meeting  here  was  part  of 
the  society's  celebration  of  its  75th  anni- 
versary year,  and  was  devoted  to  the 
theme,  "The  Engineer  and  the  World 
of  Government." 

Sodium  Cooled  Reactor 

Progress  is  being  made  in  the  solution 
of  problems  in  the  use  of  sodium  as  the 
coolant  in  nuculear  reactors.  D.  R.  Mil- 
ler and  W.  E.  Cooper,  Knolls  Atomic 
Power  Laboratory  of  the  General  Elec- 
tric Company,  covered  some  of  the  de- 
sign problems  of  a  reactor  in  which  the 
temperature  of  the  sodium  would  vary 
between  600  and  850  degrees  F.  nor- 
mally. These  temperatures  would  allow 
a  satisfactory  thermal  efficiency  in  the 
power  plant  and  leave  a  margin  for 
somewhat  higher  local  temperatures 
without  undue  loss  of  structural  strength 
and  ductility. 

It  was  explained  that  the  metal  so- 
dium has  advantages  as  a  coolant  pri- 
marily because  of  its  high  heat  transfer 
coefficient,  several  times  that  of  water, 
and  its  high  boiling  point,  1621  deg.  F. 
at   atmospheric  pressure.   It  has   the   ad- 


ditional advantage  that  its  high  electri- 
cal conductivity,  about  20  per  cent  that 
of  copper,  allows  efficient  pvunping  with 
electromagnetic  pumps,  thus  permitting 
elimination  of  shaft  seals  or  canned  rotor 
motors.  Because  of  the  high  heat  trans- 
fer coefficients,  the  temperature  rise 
from  the  main  coolant  stream  to  the  fuel 
element  surface  is  small,  even  with  high 
heat    flux    densities. 

One  of  the  principal  difficulties  in 
the  reactor  design  arises  from  the  fact 
that  major  loadings  are  thermally  in- 
duced, which  is  rare  in  other  power  sys- 
tems. Sodium's  high  heat  transfer  coef- 
ficients increase  thermal  transient  stress- 
es in  structures  in  contact  with  the  cool- 
ant, since  the  metal  surfaces  closely  fol- 
low the  transient  temperatures  of  the 
sodium.  This  makes  fast  temperature 
transients  much  more  significant  with 
sodium  than  with  water,  vapors  or  gas- 
es. 

Another  disadvantage  of  sodium  is 
that  electrical  heaters  must  be  provided 
to  keep  the  coolant  fluid  during  filling 
and  shutdown.  Also  sodium  becomes 
highly  radioactive  and  must  be  con- 
tained within  a  biological  shield.  Fur- 
thermore, to  guard  against  the  sodium- 
water  reaction  hazard,  the  system  would 
use  multiple  barriers  between  sodium 
and  water,  and  the  intervening  spaces 
would   be  monitored   for  leak   detection. 

In  spite  of  these  limitations,  exten- 
sive experience  gained  in  other  types  of 
installations  shows  that  systems  utiliz- 
ing sodium  can  be  made  reliable  in  oper- 
ation, and  with  appropriate  safety  pre- 
cautions the  hazards  are  no  greater  than 
those  in  many  other  common  industrial 
systems.  The  general  plan  is  to  assure 
adequate  structural  design  strength 
through  establishment  of  conservative 
stress  limits,  the  recognition  of  all  sig- 
nificant problems,  close  attention  to  de- 
sign details,  extensive  theoretical  and 
experimental  stress  analysis,  close  coop- 
eration among  designers,  analysts,  metal- 
lurgists and  manufacturing  personnel, 
and  the  lesolution  of  borderline  cases  in- 
dividually after  consideration  of  all  fac- 
tors, including  schedules  and  consequen- 
ces  of   mechanical    failures. 

The  authors  stated  that  they  are  not 
satisfied  with  present  design  bases  for 
stress  limitation,  but  are  striving  for 
improvement  «-hich  must  be  accompan- 
ied by  increased  knowledge  in  the  fields 
of  metallurgy  and  stress  analysis.  The 
fatigue  behavior  metals  subjected  to 
strain  cycling  is  being  studied  further  ■ 
under  severe  conditions,  for  example.  ■ 
Further  fundamental  investigation,  theo- 
retical and  experimental,  of  many  addi- 
tional problems  is  necessary.  The  aim 
of  improved  design  bases  is  to  provide 
more  definite  safety  factors  and  a  mini- 
mum of  restraint  on  design  because  of 
ignorance  of  stresses  and  their  effects 
on  structures. 


56 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


PHOTOGRAPHY  AT  WORK  — No.  15  in  a  Kodak  series 


How  good  is  this  spot 
for  a  poster? 

—photograph)-  was  piic  on  watcii  to  find  otit 


High  Octane  ...regular  price 

..^.l.   .«_ 


\ 


In  the  hands  of  Alfred  Politz  Research,  Inc., 
camera  and  fihn  sampled  the  traffic,  spaced 

test  periods,  stayed  on  the  joh,  ne\  er  got 
tired  and  reported  with  complete  accuracy. 

1  ou  can  gauge  a  magazine's  readers  by  its  circu- 
lation—or  a  newspaper's  bv  its  daily  sales.  But 
how  can  vou  measure  the  potential  audience  of  an 
outdoor  poster? 

Alfred  Politz  Research,  Inc.  worked  out  an  an- 
swer. Figuring  that  an\one  the  poster  can  "see" 
can  see  the  poster,  they  set  up  an  automatic 
camera  which  recorded  periods  of  passing  traffic  at 
regular  inter\als.  Counting  the  people  and  cars  on 
the  film  records  gave  accurate  figures  on  the  view- 
ers of  the  poster  and  made  it  possible  to  compute 
its  gross  man-hours  of  exposure. 

Counting  people  comes  as  easiK    tor  pliotog- 


Plwtugruiilnj  (/i/(/s  ^liil<iiifi  niili^in  lu  hif^liuaij  poster. 

raphy  as  counting  phone  calls,  metal  rods  or  tons 
of  coal.  It  is  one  of  the  nian\  wa\  s  it  is  ser\  ing  all 
kinds  of  business  and  industrs .  In  sniai!  businesses 
and  large  it  is  helping  to  save  time,  cut  costs,  re- 
duce error,  design  new  products  and  impro\e 
production. 

Graduates  in  tlic  plnsital  sciences  and  in  engi- 
neering find  photograplix'  an  increasingh'  \aluahle 
tool  in  their  new  occupations.  Its  expanding  use 
has  also  created  many  challenging  opportunities 
at  Kodak,  especialh'  in  the  dexelopment  of  large- 
scale  clienu'cal  processes  and  the  design  of  com- 
plex precision  mechanical-electronic  equipment. 
Whether  vou  are  a  recent  graduate  or  a  qualified 
returning  ser\  iceman,  if  \()u  are  inter- 
ested in  these  opportunities,  write  to 
Business&Technical  Personnel  Dept., 
liastnian  Kodak  Company, 
Rochester  4.  N.  Y. 


Eastman  Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


1 


challenging  careers  in  G-£  sales  engineering 

Combine  engineering  know-how 
witli  customer  contact  work' 


For  professional  careers  with  unlimited  opportunity, 
investigate  G.E.'s  Apparatus  Sales  Training  Pro- 
gram. You're  trained  in  the  branch  of  industrial 
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The  program  offers — in  addition  to  exciting  district 
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*ILLUSTRATION:  Sales  Engineer  and  customers  discuss  turbine  rotor 
construction.   Classes  are  factory  safely  measure. 

Th)gress  Is  Our  Most  Imporfanf  Product 

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Piease    send  me   your  descriptive   bulletin  on  the  Apparatus 
Sales  Training  Program,  GEZ-515A. 

NAME  

DEGREE 
COLLEGE &  YEAR _ 

ADDRESS  _ 


T