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TECHNOGRAPH 


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The  shape  of  flight 

The  shapes  of  things  that  fly  have  always  been 
determined  by  the  materials  they  are  made  of. 
Feathers  form  wings  that  are  basically 
alike  for  all  birds— and  membrane  forms  an 
entirely  different  wing  for  insects.  It  takes 
thousands  of  years,  but  nature  improves  its 
materials  and  shapes,  just  as  technology 
improves  the  materials  and  shapes  of  aircraft. 
But  here,  the  improvements  in  materials  are  so 
rapid  that  designs  become  obsolete  almost  as 
soon  as  they  are  functional. 

Today,  our  aeronautical  designers  and  missile 
experts  work  with  types  of  materials  that 
didn't  exist  just  a  few  short  years  ago. 
Steels  are  probably  the  most  important  examples: 
United  States  Steel  has  just 
developed  five  new  types  of  steel  for  the 
missile  program.  They  are  called  "exotic" 
steels  because  they  have  the  almost  unbelievable 
qualities  necessary  for  unearthly  flights. 

The  shape  and  the  success  of  our  space  birds 
depend  on  steel.  If  you  would  like  to  get  facts 
about  the  wide  range  of  career  possibilities 
in  the  steel  industry,  write  to  United  States  Steel, 
Personnel  Division,  Room  2316,  525  William 
Penn  Place,  Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania. 

USS  is  a  registered  trademark 


United  States  Steel 


Editor 

Dave  Ponniman 

Business  Manager 

Roger   Harrison 

Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 

Asst. — Chuck  Kerr 

Editorial  Staff 

George  Carruthers 
Grenville  King 
Jeff  R.  Colin 
Bill  Andrews 
Ron  Kurtz 
Mark  Weston 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 

Production  Staff 

George  Venorsky 
Jack  Pazdera 

Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William   Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan,  Director 
Gary  Waffle 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 

Advisors 

R.  W.  Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.  DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.    C.    McClintock 


THE  ILLINOIS 


MEMUEUS  OF   ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE     MAGAZINES     ASSOCUATED 

Chairman:  Stanley  Stynes 
Wayne  State  L^niversity,  Detroit,  Michigan 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer.  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Jonrnal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer. 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Louis- 
iana Tech  Engineer,  Manhattan  Kn^'inLer, 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  T^-ln  i.  ,  Mni 
riesota  Technolog,  Missouri  SI  i.  :  .  '  \. 
braska  Blueprint,  New  ^M,,  i  ,,  .  :  t^ 
Quadrangle,  North  Dakota  Kii'-' m' '  i  ,  \.  ili 
westeni  Engineer.  Notre  Dame  1  echnical 
Review.  Ohio  State  Engineer,  Oklahoma 
State  Engineer,  Oregon  State  Technical  Tri- 
angle, Pittsburgh  Skyscraper.  Purdue  Engi- 
neer, RPl  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicatn,. 
SC  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  S.aitlMiti  Khl;,- 
neer.  Spartan  Engineer,  Texa^  A  \  M  Kn.:t- 
neer,  Washington  Engineer.  \\  S(  l.-di 
nometer,     Wayne     Engineer,    ami     W  iscnnsm 


TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  Number  1 


October,   1959 


IcMe  of  Contents 

ARTICLES: 

Helicopter  Control Edward    Rollo  18 

Relative Dru     Simms  20 

Printed  Circuit  Techniques Irvin  McKitfrick  22 

The  Scientist  as  a  Person Samuel  Lenher  28 

Virtues  of  a  Professional  Man Charles  D.  Grigg  39 

Get  the  Best  from  Your  Mechanic Precis  46 

Used  But  Not  Gone Olgo  Ercegovac  49 

Invisible    Pov^er Gerald    Wheeler  52 

Standardization 59 

FEATURES: 

From  the  Editor's  Desk 17 

Science  in  Action Jerry  Hill  25 

Technocutie Photos  by  George  Knoblock  34 

Skimming  Industrial  Headlines Edited  by  Paul  Cliff  44 

Navy  Pier  Page 48 

Brain  Teasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  57 

Begged,  Borrowed,  and  .  . Edited  by  Jack  Fortner  64 


Cover 

Barb  Polan,  our  cover  artist  for  this  year,  gives  a  hint  of 
things  to  come  when  helicopters  will  replace  cars  as  the  every- 
day vehicle.  For  an  insight  into  the  control  of  such  vehicles  see 
page  1  8. 

Copyright,  1959,  by  Illini  Publishing  Co.  Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  Feljruary,  March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Ilbni 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879.  Office  215  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50  per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  All  rights 
reserved  liy  The  Illinois  Tcchnooraph.  Hulibsher's  Kepresentativc  -  I,ittell-Murray- 
Barnhill,  Inc.,  737  North  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  11,  111.,  369  Lexington  Ave., 
New    York    17,    New    York. 


o 


pportunities 
in  the 

Petroleum  Industry 
with 
Phillips 


New  brochure  describes  career 
opportunities  at  Phillips 


PHILLIPS  PETROLEUM  COMPANY 

Bartlesville,  Oklahoma 


This  new  booklet  describes  the  un- 
usually fine  career  opportunities  at 
Phillips  Petroleum  Company  —  a 
growth  leader  among  America's  in- 
tegrated oil  companies.  New  projects 
and  expansion  programs  at  Phillips 
have  created  many  attractive  open- 
ings for  young  men  in  practically 
every  phase  of  the  petroleum  industry. 

At  Phillips,  the  production  of  crude 
oil,  the  refining  and  marketing  of  auto- 
motive and  aircraft  fuels  and  lubri- 
cants continue  to  grow.  Phillips  is  also 
in  the  forefront  of  the  great  boom  in 
petrochemicals,  sparked  by  a  constant 
stream  of  new  developments  in  syn- 
thetic rubber,  plastics,  carbon  black, 
fertilizers  and  other  chemical  products 
originating  in  Phillips  research  labs. 
Less  publicized  Phillips  projects  in- 
clude research,  development  and  pro- 
duction programs  in  atomic  energy 
...  as  well  as  uranium  mining  and 
processing.  Phillips  is  also  the  number 
one  producer-marketer  of  liquefied 
petroleum  gas  in  the  nation. 

Phillips  Petroleum  Company's  pol- 
icy of  promotion  and  transfers  from 
within  is  creating  opportunities  for 
young  engineers  and  scientists  who  will 
be  the  key  men  of  tomorrow. 

Write  today  to  our  Technical  Man- 
power Division  for  your  copy  of  this 
new  brochure . . .  and  when  the  Phillips 
representative  visits  your  campus,  be 
sure  to  arrange  for  an  interview 
through  your  Placement  Office. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


OPPORTUNITIES 


DEPTH 


Tlirdrnnah„utto1>,  y„l.m,r,j,,l 
cqiiipini'iit  divcliipnl  hi/   liniilix 


,■  (III  "underwater  sound  source" .  It  transmits  sotind  waves  beneath  the  sea  and  is  part  of  the  research 
liisiarch  Laboratories  Division  for  use  in  the  Bendix  program  of  undersea  acoustics  research. 


Bendix,  America's  most  diversified  engineering  organi- 
zation, offers  challenging  job  opportunities  in  every 
area  of  man's  scientific  and  engineering  accomplish- 
ment— under  the  sea,  on  land,  in  the  air  and  in 
outer  space! 

Take,  for  example,  the  urgent  problem  of  defense 
against  enemy  submarines.  Bendix — pioneer  in  sonar 
research  development,  and  supplier  of  this  equipment 
to  our  government  for  many  years — was  selected  to 
develop  new  techniques  to  increase  sonar  capabilities. 

Another  important  Bendix  anti-submarine  device  is 
"dunked"  sonar,  lowered  from  helicopter  into  the  sea 
to  detect  enemy  submarines. 

The  spectacular  "TV  eye",  which  enabled  the  crew 
of  the  nuclear-powered  submarine  "Skate"  to  observe 
the  underside  of  the  Polar  ice  pack  and  locate  areas 


A  thousand  products 


for  safe  surfacing,  was  likewise  a  Bendix  development. 

The  real  "depth"  of  job  opportunities  at  Bendix  can 
best  be  measured  by  the  many  and  diverse  scientific 
fields  in  which  Bendix  is  engaged. 

For  example — career  opportunities  are  available  in 
such  fields  as  electronics,  electromechanics,  ultra- 
sonics, computers,  automation,  radar,  nucleonics, 
combustion,  air  navigation,  hydraulics,  instrumenta- 
tion, propulsion,  metallurgy,  communications,  carbu- 
retion,  solid  state  physics,  aerophysics  and  structures. 

At  Bendix  there  is  truly  OpportuuiUj  in  Depth  for 
outstanding  young  engineers  and  scientists.  See  your 
placement  director  for  information  about  campus 
interview  dates,  or  write  to  Director  of  University 
and  Scientific  Relations,  Bendix  Aviation  Corpora- 
tion, 1108  Fisher  Building,  Detroit  2,  Michigan. 


a  million  ideas 


OCTOBER,   1959 


Shooting  for  the  moon 
...and  beyond 

General  Motors  positions  are  now  available  in  these  fields  for  men 
holding  Bachelor's,  Master's  and  Doctor's  degrees:  Mechanical  Engineering 
Electrical  Engineering  •  Industrial  Engineering  •  Metallurgical  Engineering 
Chemical  Engineering  •  Aeronautical  Engineering  •  Ceramic  Engineering 
Mathematics  •  Industrial  Design  •  Physics  •  Chemistry  •  Engineering  Mechanics 


The  High  Capacity  Static  Inverter,  latest 
electronic  achievement  from  General  Motors, 
proviiles  exceptionally  stabli-  and  precise 
freqneney  control  for  poner  ami  guidance 
requirements  of  missiles  and  rockets. 

The  minds  of  inquiring  scientists  and 
engineers  are  tlie  spark  that  brings  the 
wonders  of  tomorrow  to  the  threshold  of 
today.  At  General  Motors  the  sky  is  the 
limit  for  men  who  work  in  these  and  other 
highly  specialized  fields. 

If  you're  looking  for  a  place  to  develop 
your  talent  .  .  .  and  let  your  imagination 
soar,  consider  the  opportunities  in  science 
and  engineering  at  General  Motors, 
working  on  products  such  as  electronic 
components,  automobiles,  astronautics, 
diesels,  inertial  guidance  systems,  air- 
craft engines  and  equipment. 

You  can  grow  vertically  and  laterally 
in  your  career  at  GM  .  .  .  vertically 
through  the  Division  where  you  work, 
and  laterally  through  the  other  Divisions 
of  the  Corporation.  In  addition,  GM 
offers  financial  assistance  to  employees 
who  wish  to  enter  or  progress  in  post- 
graduate studies. 

Step  into  a  job  with  a  real  future.  See 
your  Placement  Officer  or  write  to 
General  Motors,  Salaried  Personnel 
Placement,  Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2, 
Michigan. 

GENEli\L  MOTORS 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


•  A  missile's  main  engine  runs  only  for  a  few 
seconds.  To  supply  electric  and  hydraulic  power  for 
control  during  the  entire  flight  a  second  power  plant 
is  necessary.  The  AiResearch  APU  (accessory  power 
unit)  which  answers  this  problem  is  a  compact,  non 

EXCITING    FIELD 

FOR   GRADUATI 

Diversity  and  strength  in  a  company  offer  the 
engineer  a  key  opportunity,  for  with  broad  knowl- 
edge and  background  your  chances  for  responsibil- 
ity and  advancement  are  greater. 

The  Garrett  Corporation,  with  its  AiResearch 
Divisions,  is  rich  in  experience  and  reputation.  Its 
diversification,  which  you  will  experience  through 
an  orientation  program  lasting  over  a  period  of 
months,  allows  you  the  best  chance  of  finding  your 
most  profitable  area  of  interest. 

Other  major  fields  of  interest  include: 
•Aircraft  Flight  and  Electronic  Systems  — pioneer  and 
major  supplier  of  centralized  flight  data  systems 


air-breathing,  high  speed  turbine  engine.  The  unit 
pictured  above  develops  50  horsepower  and  weighs 
30  pounds.  The  acknowledged  leader  in  the  field, 
AiResearch  has  designed,  developed  and  delivered 
more  accessory  power  units  than  any  other  source. 

S   OF   INTEREST 
E   ENGINEERS 

and  also  other  electronic  controls  and  instruments. 

•  Gas  Turbine  Engines  —  world's  largest  producer  of 
small  gas  turbine  engines,  with  more  than  8,500 
delivered  ranging  from  30  to  850  horsepower. 

•Environmental  Control  Systems  — pioneer,  leading 
developer  and  supplier  of  aircraft  and  spacecraft  air 
conditioning  and  pressurization  systems. 

Should  you  be  interested  in  a  career  with  The 
Garrett  Corporation,  see  the  magazine  "The  Garrett 
Corporation  and  Career  Opportunities"  at  your 
College  placement  office.  For  further  information 
write  to  Mr.  Gerald  D.  Bradley... 


THE 


AiResearch  Manufacturing  Division 


Los  Angeles  45,  Calijornia 

Systems,  Packages  and  Components  for:   aircraft,   missile,   nuclear    and    industrial    applications 


OCTOBER,   1959 


SANDIA  LABORATORY  RECRUITS  WITH  THE  BELL  SYSTEM 


^r 


Sandia  Corporation  is  a  laborato) 
which  was  established  in  1949  to 
design  atomic  and  nuclear  weapons. 
It  now  has  over  7,000  people,  of 
whom  2,000  are  professional  staff, 
at  its  $ti(),n00.00()  laboratory  in 
Ibutiuorquf,  iNew  Mexico,  and  its 
expanding  branch  laboratory  in 
Livermore,  California. 
If  you  are  a  graduating  engineer 
(mechanical,  electrical,  electronic, 
industrial  or  quality  control),  or  if 
you  are  graduating  in  mathematics 
or  the  physical  sciences,  Sandia  has 
an  opportunity  for  you  in  one  of 
many  fields.  We  do  research,  design 
and  development,  test  engineering, 
standards  engineering,  manufactur- 
ing relations  engineering  and  quality 
control  engineering. 

Our  modern,  well-equipped  labora- 
tories, model  shops,  and  offices  com- 
bine w^ith  liberal  benefits — including 
our  graduate  educational  aid  pro- 
gram, life  insurance,  sickness 
benefits,  retirement  plan,  and  gener- 
ous vacations  and  holidays— to  make 
Sandia  an  exceptionally  attractive 
place  to  work. 

Albuquerque   (a   city   of  more   than 
200,000)  with  its  exceptional  climate 
and  cosmopolitan  blend  of  ancient 
and  modern  cultures,  provides  a  re- 
laxed, informal  environment  for 
pleasant  living.  The  location  of  our 
branch  laboratory  at  Livermore 
offers  the   advantages  of  suburban 
living  plus  all  the  attractions  of  the 
SaiLFranciscQ  Bay  area.    .  '^^j^j^^f"^^^ 
Our  illustrated  brochure   will   give/ 
you   more   complete   information   on 
Sandia  Corporation,  its  background,;'!^ 
work,  and  the  cities  ih  which  it  ia    '' 
located.  Write  for  your  copy  to  Staff 
Employment  SeCtic 


New 
Horizons 

FOR  GRADUATING 
ENGINEERS 
AND  SCIENTISTS 


ORPC/l^ATION 


■  VTi'^ 


This  photograph  depicts  the  view  from  10,800  feet  above  sea  level  at  the  crest  of  the  Sandia  Mountains, 
looking  westward  across  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  and  the  northern  limits  of  the  city  of  Albuquerque. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Raytheon  Gi;aduate  Program 


FOR  STUDY  AT  HARVARD 
MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 
AND  CALIFORNIA  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 
IN  1960-61 


MASs.uHrsims  imstitltic  of  TIU  lL\OLUaY 


The  Raytheon  Graduate  Program  has  been  established 

to  contribute  to  the  technical  development  of  scientists 
and  engineers  at  Raytheon.  It  provides  the  opportunity 
to  selected  persons  employed  by  Raytheon,  who  are 
accepted  as  graduate  students  by  Harvard  University, 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  and  California 
Institute  of  Technology,  to  pursue  at  Raytheon's  ex- 
pense, regular  courses  of  study  leading  to  a  master's 
or  doctor's  degree  in  science  or  engineering  in  the  institu- 
tion of  their  choice. 

The  Program  requires,  in  general,  two  or  three  semesters 
of  study,  depending  on  circumstances,  with  the  summer 
months  spent  in  the  Company's  research,  engineering,  or 
manufacturing  divisions.  It  includes  full  tuition,  fees, 
book  allowances  and  a  salary  while  at  school.  Students 
are  eligible  for  health,  accident,  retirement  and  life  insur- 
ance benefits,  annual  vacation  and  other  privileges  of 
full-time  Raytheon  employees. 

To  be  considered  for  the  Program,  applicants  must  have 
a  bachelor's  degree  in  science  or  engineering,  and  should 
have  outstanding  student  records,  show  technical  prom- 
ise, and  possess  mature  personal  characteristics.  They 
may  apply  for  admission  to  the  Program  in  anticipation 
of  becoming  employees  of  Raytheon. 

YOU  ARE  INVITED  TO  ADDRESS  YOUR  INQUIRY 
to  Dr.  Ivan  A.  Getting,  Vice  President,  Engineering 
and  Research,  outlining  your  technical  background, 
academic  record,  school  preference,  and  field  of  interest, 
prior  to  December  1,  1959. 


RAYTHEON   COMPANY,  Waltham  54,  Mass. 


CALIFORNIA   h\'^lin  II     OF  TECHNOLOGY 


Excellence  in  Electronics 


RAYTHEON 


OCTOBER,   1959 


REVOLUTIONARY  NEW  MARS-LUMOGRAPH  LEAD  HOLDER! 


RETAIL  PRICE  H^^i^  It's  MARS-LUMOGRAPH  quality! 

It  loads  from  the  rear  or  from  the  front!    H    It  has  a  lightweight  plastic  barrel! 
It  has  the  new  super-knurled  MARS  finger  grip! 
It's  simple  and  sturdy! 


PRECISION  QUALITY  AT  AN  AMAZING  PRICE! 

See  this  handsome  drafting  instrument 
at  your  College  bookstore  today  H 


J.    S.    STA  E  DT  L  E  R.     INC. 


NEW      JERSEY 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


DOUGHNUTS  YOU  CAN'T  DUNK 


These  bizarre-looking  underpinnings  have 
taken  a  lot  of  the  risk  out  of  ticklish  over- 
water  helicopter  operations.  Tough  and 
lightweight,  they  can  be  inflated  in  a  few 
seconds.  They're  made  of  neoprene-coated 
nylon  fabric. 

This  year  nylon,  product  of  Du  Pont  re- 
search, is  20  years  old.  Since  its  discovery, 
hundreds  of  new  jobs  have  been  created.  To 
improve  it  in  the  laboratory.  To  make  it  in 
the  plant.  To  find  new  uses.  To  advertise 
it  across  the  nation.  To  sell  it  in  world 
markets.  These  new  jobs  range  from  trainee 
to  administrator. 

At  Du  Pont,  our  business  is  to  discover 
the  undiscovered.  We  don't  find  a  nylon 
every  year,  but  we  come  out  with  new  prod- 
ucts often  exciting  in  their  degree  of  im- 
provement over  the  old.  New  plastics  like 
"Teflon"*  fluorocarbon  resins,  new  fin- 
ishes like  "Lucite"*  acrylic  automotive 
finishes,  new  families  of  products  like  the 
polvesters  — '"Dacron"*  polyester  fiber, 
"Mylar"*  polyester  fihn,  "Cronar"'*  poly- 
ester film  base. 


How  does  all  this  affect  you? 

When  you  join  Du  Pont  you  and  your 
future  are  backed  by  research,  and  its  prom- 
ise of  growth.  Each  year  more  jobs  are  cre- 
ated, all  the  way  to  the  top. 

At  the  bottom  rung  of  the  technical  grad- 
uate's ladder,  you  are  given  an  actual  proj- 
ect assignment  almost  at  once  and  begin  to 
learn  your  job  by  doing  it.  All  training  is 
personalized  — tailored  to  your  background 
and  interests.  It  permits  periodic  evalua- 
tion of  your  performance.  Our  promotion 
policies  are  based  on  the  conviction  that  you 
should  work  at  the  top  of  your  ability.  It 
stands  to  reason,  then,  that  the  better  your 
training,  the  more  rapid  your  rise  is  likely 
to  be  .  .  .  and  the  brighter  your  future. 

If  you  would  like  to  know  more  about 
career  opportunities  where  growth  through 
research  has  been  ihe  history  and  continues 
as  the  objective,  see  your  placement  officer 
for  literature,  or  write  E.  I.  du  Pont  de 
Nemours  &  Co  (Inc.),  2420  Nemours  Build- 
ing, Wilmington  98,  Delaware. 

*  Registered  Du  Pont  Trademarks 


WM 


Better  Things  for  Better  Living  .  .  .  fhrough  Chemistry 


OCTOBER,   1959 


LONG  GERMANIUM  DENDRITES,  grown  by  a  new  technique  developed  In  the  Westinghouse 
Solid  State  Physics  Laboratory,  are  here  inspected  by  Dr.  A.  I.  Bennett,  research  physicist. 

The  Solid  State  Lab  helps  you  when 
your  idea  needs  a  new  semiconductor 


The  Solid  State  Physics  Laboratory  helps  Westinghouse 
engineers  exploit  the  rich  phenomena  of  the  solid  state. 
Problems  are  solved  in  low  temperature  and  semicon- 
ductor physics,  and  magnetic  and  ferroelectric  materials. 
If  an  engineer's  idea  requires  a  new  kind  of  sernicon- 
ductor,  this  group  may  be  able  to  develop  it  for  him. 

This  laboratory  is  staffed  by  27  Ph.D.'s,  4  M.S.'s, 
and  7  B.S.  junior  engineers.  Here's  one  way  it  ties  in 
with  work  at  operating  divisions: 

The   Air   Arm    Division   is   now   developing   super- 
miniaturized  electronic  systems 

Our  Youngwood  plant  is  designing  the  new  devices 
needed  for  these  systems 

The  Solid  State  Physics  Lab  is  perfecting  a  method 

for  growing  the  dendritic  material  needed  to  make 

these  devices 

The  young  engineer  at  Westinghouse  isn't  expected  to 

know  all  of  the  answers.  Our  work  is  often  too  advanced 


10 


for  that.  Each  man's  work  is  backed  up  by  specialists- 
like  the  men  in  this  Solid  State  Physics  Lab.  Even  tough 
problems  are  easier  to  solve  with  this  kind  of  help. 

If  you've  ambition  and  real  abiUty,  you  can  have  a 
rewarding  career  with  Westinghouse.  Our  broad  product 
line,  decentralized  operations,  and  diversified  technical 
assistance  provide  hundreds  of  challenging  opportunities 
for  talented  engineers. 

Want  more  information?  Write  to  Mr.  L.  H.  Noggle, 
Westinghouse  Educational  Dept.,  Ardmore  &  Brinton 
Roads,  Pittsburgh  21,  Pa. 

you  CAN  BE  SURE... IF  ITS 

^^^stinghouse 

WATCH    WESTINGHOUSE    LUCILLE    BALL-DESl    ARNAZ   SHOWS 
CBS-TV    FRIDAYS 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


He's  an 

Allis-Chalmers 

Engineer 


He  has  confidence  born  of  knowing  where  he's  going  and  how  he's 
going  to  get  there.  The  graduate  training  program  at  Allis-Chalmers 
helped  him  decide  on  a  specific  career  —  and  he  had  a  choice  of  many. 
He  knows  his  future  is  bright  because  Allis-Chalmers  serves  the  growth 
industries  of  the  world  .  .  .  produces  the  widest  range  of  industrial 
equipment.  He  is  confident  of  success  because  he  is  following  a  suc- 
cessful pattern  set  by  Allis-Chalmers  management. 


Here  is  a  partial  list  of  the 
unsurpassed  variety  of  ca- 
reer opportunities  at  Allis- 
Chalmers: 

Types  of  jobs 

Research 

Design 

Developmeni 

Manufoctufing 

Application 


Industries 

Agriculture 
Cement 


Che 


Construction 
Electric  Power 
Nuclear  Power 
Paper 
Petroleum 
Steel 


ALLIS-CHALMERS 


fftCl 


Equipment 

Steam  Turbines 
Hydraulic  Turbines 
Switchgeor 
Transformers 
Electronics 
Reactors 
Kilns 
Crushers 
Tractors 
Earth  Movers 
Motors 
Control 
Pumps 
Engines 
Diesel 


Fields 

Metallurgy 

Stress  Analysis 

Process   Engineering 

Mechanical  Design 

High  Voltage  Phenomena 

Nucleonics 

Electronics 

Hydraulics 

Insulation,  Electrical 

Thermodynamics 


from  GTC  to  "VIP" 

The  graduate  training  course 
helps  you  decide  on  your  "Very 
Important  Position,"  by  giving 
you  up  to  two  years  of  theoretical 
and  practical  training.  This  course 
has  helped  set  the  pattern  of  ex- 
ecutive progress  since  1904.  For 
details  write  to  Allis-Chalmers, 
Graduate  Training  Section,  Mil- 
waukee 1,  Wisconsin. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


11 


A   RESUME    IS  A   TWO-PARTY  AFFAIR 


Throughout  your  engineering  career,  the  name 
of  the  first  employer  appearing  on  your  resume 
can  be  as  significant  as  your  education.  But,  in 
selecting  that  first  employer,  you  should  also 
consider  his  resume. 

ITT  is  the  largest  American-owned  world-wide 
electronic  and  telecommunication  enterprise. 
To  give  you  an  idea  of  the  breadth  of  our 
activity  .  .  .  there  are  80  research  and  manu- 
facturing units  and  14  operating  companies  in 
the  ITT  System  playing  a  vital  role  in  projects 
of  great  national  significance  in  electronics 
and  telecommunications  research,  development, 
production,  service  and  operation. 
The  scope  and  volume  of  work  entrusted  to  us 
by  industry  and  the  government  opens  a  broad 
range   of   highly   diversified   engineering  and 


technical  positions  in  all  areas  of  our  work  .  .  . 
from  tiny  diodes  to  complex  digital  computer 
systems  and  a  massive  network  of  global 
communications. 

In  addition  to  the  opportunities  for  work  and 
association  with  distinguished  engineers  and 
scientists,  our  graduate  education  tuition  re- 
fund program  encourages  engineers  to  continue 
their  formal  training  .  .  .  and  the  facilities 
for  graduate  work  near  ITT  locations  are 
superior. 

This  is  an  all  too  brief  resume.  It  would  be 
hard  to  associate  yourself  with  a  company  that 
offers  the  engineer  greater  choice  of  assign- 
ment. Write  us  about  your  interests  —  or  see 
our  representatives  when  they  visit  your 
campus. 


INTERNATIONAL   TELEPHONE   AND   TELEGRAPH    CORPORATION 
67  Broad  Street,  New  York  4,  N.  Y. 


TTl 


FEDERAL  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  ITT  COMPONENTS 
DIVISION  •  ITT  FEDERAL  DIVISION  •  ITT  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS  DIVISION  •  ITT  LABORATORIES  • 
INTELEX  SYSTEMS,  INC.  •  INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  ITT  KELLOGG 
DIVISION  •  ROYAL  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  AMERICAN  CABLE  AND  RADIO  CORPORATION  • 
LABORATORIES  AND   MANUFACTURING   PLANTS  IN    20   FREE-WORLD   COUNTRIES 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


MOBIL  OIL  CO.,  MOBIL  INTERNATIONAL   OIL  CO. 
Divisions  of  SOCONY   MOBIL   OIL  CO.,  INC. 

AFFILIATED    COMPANIES:    General    Petroleum   Corp.,  Magnolia    Petroleum  Co. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


13 


Examples  of  numerical  systems  reading  clockwise 
from  bottom  left:  Babylonian  Sexagesimal  Sys- 
tem, Mayan  Vigesimal  System,  Chinese-Japanese 
Numeral  System,  Egyptian  Hieroglyphic  System 


undetermined  Oniultipliers 

Ideas  never  go  begging  at  Sylvania.  They  are  taken  up  in  22  laboratories  and  45  plants,  examined 
rigorously  and  put  to  test.  Should  they  fail,  they  fail  for  lack  of  merit  and  not  from  neglect.  ^  >}; 
In  our  organization,  a  vast  fund  of  ideas  build  up  — ideas  on  electroluminescence,  on  information 
theory  and  data  transmission  for  space  flight  application,  on  the  properties  of  matter  that  will  extend 
semiconductor  device  operational  parameters,  and  tlie  ultimate  conductivity  of  alloys  in  supercold 
environments.  These  are  our  undetermined  multipliers  — theories  and  methods  which,  when  proved 
and  put  to  use,  multiply  man's  capabilities  and  leisure.  H^  H^  If  you  would  work  in  this  algebra 
of  human  creativeness  —  in  areas  that  may  hold  promise  of  fruition  for  future  generations,  as  well 
as  in  fields  where  goals  are  much  nearer  — if  you  would  do  this,  focus  on  Sylvania,  now  embarking 
on  new  programs  of  expansion  enhanced  by  its  recent  merger  with  General  Telephone  Corporation. 


Graduates  at  all  degree  levels  in  science  &  engineering 
will  discover  Administration,  Research,  Development, 
Manufacturing  and  Marketing  careers  at  Sylvania  in: 
LIGHTING    •    RADIO    •   TELEVISION  .    HI-FI    •    ECM 

•  ELECTRONICS    .    SEMICONDUCTORS    •    PLASTICS 

•  PHOTOGRAPHY   .  AIRBORNE  DEFENSE  •  RADAR 

•  COMMUNICATIONS  &  NAVIGATION  SYSTEMS  • 
MISSILES  .  COMPUTERS  «  CHEMICALS  •  METALS 
&  WIRE    .    PHOSPHORS 


LIGHTING    .   TELEVISION-RADIO    •    ELECTRONICS 


Sylvania's  laboratories  and  plants  are  situ- 
ated in  13  states  across  the  nation.  Salaries  are 
excellent,  benefits  are  intelligently  broad  and 
include  wide  opportunity  for  advanced  schooling. 

To  learn  more  about  these  opportunities,  see 
your  College  Placement  Officer  or  write  us  for  a 
copy  of  "Today  &  Tomorrow  with  Sylvania." 

^SYLVANIA 

Subsidiary  of  ('ceneraT) 

GENERAL  TELEPHONE  &  ELECTRONICS    \*S*7 

730  Third  Avenue -New  York  17.  N.  Y. 
PHOTOGRAPHY    •    CHEMISTRY    .    METALLURGY 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Since  its  inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  underthe  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


YOUR  TASK  FOR  THE   FUTURE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  Inter- 
planetary space;  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  Is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


"We  do  these  ibings  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosity  of 
Man,  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himself  questions  and 
then  setting  out  to  find  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  getting 
these  answers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
have  sometimes  surprised  even  the  scientist. 

"Who  can  tell  what  we  will  find  when  we  get  to  the  planets  ? 


Who 


at  this  present  time, 
to  man  exisi  in  this  enterpn 
racy  what  we  will  find  as  v 
first   with    instruments,   then 


on  predict  what  potential  benefits 
e  ?  No  one  con  say  with  any  occu- 
?  fly  farther  away  from  the  earth, 
vith  man.  It  seems  to  me  that  we 


are  obligated  to  do  these  things,  as  human  beings^ 
DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Dii 


dor,  JPL 


CALIFORMIA       INSTITUTE      OF      TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

A  Research  Facility  opcralecJ  for  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration 

PASADENA,  CALIFORNIA 

Employment  opportunities  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interested  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •  MICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •  COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •  ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 
STRUCTURES  •   CHEMISTRY  •    INSTRUMENTATION   •   MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  our  immediate  consideration.  Interviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  at  the  Laboratory. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


15 


Rene  Descartes... on  tne  li^nt  of  reason 


Hence  we  must  believe  that  all  the  sciences  are 
so  interconnected,  that  it  is  much  easier  to  study 
them  all  together  than  to  isolate  one  from  all  the 
others.  Therefore,  if  anyone  wishes  to  search  out 
the  truth  of  things  in  earnest,  he  should  not  select 
any  one  special  science ;  for  all  the  sciences  are  con- 


joined with  each  other  and  interdependent:  let 
him  think  only  about  how  to  increase  the  natural 
light  of  reason,  not  in  order  to  solve  this  or  that 
difficulty  of  a  scholastic  nature,  but  that  his  under- 
standing may  direct  his  will  to  its  proper  choice  in 
every  contingency  of  life. 

-— Rcgu/fp  ad  Direclionem  Ingenii,  1629 


THE     RAND     CORPORATION,    SANTA     MONICA,    CALIFORNIA 

A  nonprofit  organization  engaged  in  research  on  problems  related  to  national  security  and  the  public  interest 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


From  the  Editor's  Desk 


Take  It  From  Click . . . 


Picture  Prof.  Glick  buried  amid  a  maze  of  wiring  and  expensive  equipment.  He  has  a 
stack  of  notes  and  data  sheets,  a  two-day  growth  of  beard,  and  a  budget  of  $200  thousand  for 
his  research   project. 

Halfway  through  one  of  the  most  intricate  steps  of  procedure  in  synchronizing  his  ap- 
paratus, Glick  is  tapped  on  the  shoulder  by  a  little  guy  with  horn-rimmed  glasses  and  a  note- 
book. Glick  jumps  in  surprise  and  his  setting  is  lost.  At  least  an  hour  has  been  wasted.  Hold- 
ing his  temper  as  best  he  can,  Glick  gently  removes  the  villian  from  the  premises. 

A  week  later  the  episode  is  forgotten;  however,  the  repercussions  have  not  yet  begun. 
It  isn't  until  a  year  later  that  Glick  gets  his  come-upponce.  His  budget  for  research  is  cut  to  such 
a  figure  that  little  work  con  be  done  and  his  project   is  terminated. 

With  a  certainty  that  the  gods  are  against  him,  he  goes  to  his  director  and  discovers 
that  the   budget  was  cut  due  to  a    lack  of  sponsors. 

This  little  episode  could  go  on,  however,  it  would  be  best  to  stop  and  go  back  a  way. 
Remember  the  little  guy,  with  the  glasses  and  the  sneaky  way  about  him?  He  was  an  engineer- 
ing writer  and  it  was  his  job  to  publicize  Glick's  project.  Although  his  method  of  approach  was 
not  the  best,  his  purpose  was,  for  with  publicity,  funds  can  be  acquired  for  further  projects.  Why 
is  he  necessary?  Because  most  people  in  research  are  too  busy  in  their  lab  to  take  time  to  tell 
others  about  their  work. 

While  this  provides  a  livelihood  for  engineers  who  ghost-write,  it  speaks  poorly  for  those 
who  do  the  actual  research.  For  the  man  with  the  clearest  knowledge  of  a  specific  project  is  the 
research  director  himself.  If  he  would  not  limit  himself  to  the  lab  alone  but  include  the  field  of 
writing,   his   reports   as  well   as   publicity   releases  would  be  of  wider  scope  and  interest. 

All  this  centers  around  one  point.  Being  an  engineer  or  scientist  does  not  exempt  an  indi- 
vidual from  the  necessity  of  expressing  himself  in  written  form.  We  may  joke  all  we  like  about 
Advanced  Remedial  Writing  for  Experts,  (Rhetoric  200);  however,  in  the  final  analysis  the  pen 
and  the  typewriter  must  be  used  to  complement  the  slide  rule. 


OCTOBER,   1959  17 


HELICOPTER 

CONTROL 


By  Edward  Rollo 


Tlu'  purpose  of  tin's  report  is  to  ex- 
plain, in  a  basic  and  general  way,  the 
accomplishment  of  successful  helicopter 
flight.  Hy  successful  flight  is  meant  the 
unlimited  ability  of  the  helicopter  to 
maneuver  under  ail  practical  flight  re- 
quirements. This  must,  of  course,  lead 
to  an  explanation  of  the  physical  con- 
trol methods  in  the  three  planes  of  mo- 
rion, and  to  an  explanation  of  how  the 
prime  nio\er,  the  rotor,  is  controlled  to 
accomplish  stable  motion  in  these  di- 
rections. Since  the  aerodynamics  and 
mathematics  of  rotor  blade  theory  are 
rather  complicated,  it  is  the  purpose  of 
this  report  to  present  this  material  in  a 
manner  readily  \uiderstandable  to  the 
layman.  The  proper  references  for  those 
interesteii  in  a  more  detailed  anahsis  are 
included  in  the  reference  section. 

The  general  requirements  of  a  heli- 
copter are  much  the  same  as  in  con- 
ventional aircraft.  This  is,  it  nuist  be 
able  to  produce  thrust  and  lift  and  con- 
trol these  forces  in  six  directions.  The 
operator  must  be  able  to  control  the 
helicopter  in  a  vertical,  directional,  lat- 
eral, and  longitudinal  maneuver  along 
with   combinations   of   these. 

Vertical  control  or  lift  control  is 
probably  the  easiest  to  accomplish  since 
this  can  be  obtained  by  throttle  adiust- 
ments  and  pitch  movements  of  the  rotor 
blade  much  the  same  as  thrust  is  con- 
trolled in  a  conventional  aircraft  pro- 
peller. Since  the  rotor  blades  are  air- 
foils much  the  same  as  a  conventional 
wing  increasing  the  pitch  is  merely  in- 
creasing the  angle  of  attack  of  the  blade 
which  in  turn  increases  the  lift  of  the 
blade.  Coupled  with  this  increase  or  de- 
crease in  pitch  there  must  be  a  propor- 
tional increase  or  decrease  in  rotor  rpm. 
The  increased  angle  of  attack  of  the 
blades  causes  greater  blade  resistance 
tending  to  reduce  the  rpm  thereb\  hold- 
ing the  lift  force  constant.  (See  Fig.  1.) 

Vertical  control  immediately  intro- 
duces directional  control.  The  turning 
rotor,  which  is  rather  large  in  compari- 
son to  the  fuselage,  creates  a  large 
torque  on  the  drive  shaft.  This  is  in 
turn  transmitted  to  the  fuselage  in  a 
manner    tending    to    rotate    the    whole 


fuselage  in  a  direction  opposite  that  of 
the  rotation  of  the  rotor.  (See  Fig.  II.) 
This  is  in  accordance  with  Newton's 
third  law  of  motion,  which  states  "for 
every  action  there  is  an  equal  and  op- 
posite reaction."  Several  methods  of  con- 
trol   have    been    developed,    and    four   of 


medium  pitcii  the  fu.selage  remains  sta- 
tionary', and  in  high  pitch  the  fuselage 
turns  in  the  direction  of  the  rotor.  This 
is  similar  to  the  yawing  condition  in 
conventional  winged  aircraft.  See  Fig. 
IV^. )  The  anti-torque  tail  rotor  coidd 
be   operated   independently  of   the   main 


Figure  I.  As  the  angle  of  attack  increases,  the  drag  increases  tending  to 
slow  down  the  rotor.  Therefore,  additional  power  must  be  applied  to  pro- 
duce constant  rpm  and  increase  lift. 


the  most  common  are  as  follows :  (  1  ) 
mounting  two  counter-rotating  rotors 
on  the  same  axis  (coaxial),  (2)  install- 
ing a  vane  in  the  slipstream,  (3)  tan- 
dem-type double  mounting  with  coun- 
ter-rotating rotors,  and  (4)  the  anti- 
torque  rotor.  These  are  all  illustrated  ui 
Fig.   III. 

By  far  the  most  common  method,  par- 
ticularly    on     small     helicopters,     is     to 


rotor,  but  the  simplest  method  is  to 
drive  it  through  a  power  take-off  in  the 
transmission  of  the  main  rotor  at  some 
fixed  ratio  of  speed  to  the  main  rotor. 

In  order  to  complete  the  picture  of 
directional  control,  it  must  be  pointed 
out  that  although  the  tail  rotor  counter- 
acts the  torque  of  the  main  rotor,  it  also 
produces  an  unbalaced  thrust  force, 
which  in  turn  is  ofifset  by  a  slight  tilt  of 


Figure  II 


mount  a  small  rotating  anti-torque  pro- 
peller perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the 
rotor,  at  a  given  distance  from  the  cen- 
ter of  gravity,  and  precalculated  to 
cause  a  moment  equalizing  the  rotor 
torque.  Directional  control  is  then 
achieved  by  varying  the  tail  propeller 
pitch.  In  low  pitch  the  tail  swings  as  if 
there  were  no  counteracting  moment,  in 


the  main   rotor.    (See  Fig.  V.) 

Rotor  tilt  on  a  small  single-rotor  type 
helicopter  is  necessary  for  lateral  con- 
trol and  this  motion  is  similar  to  the  roll- 
ing condition  on  conventional  winged 
aircraft.  On  a  side-by-side  type  heli- 
copter the  thrust  of  either  or  both  rotors 
can  be  adjusted  to  produce  a  pure  mo- 
ment  in   a  lateral   direction,    (See   Fig. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


VI.)  wliere  as  on  a  si  njjlc- rotor  t\  pr 
helicopter  both  a  moment  and  side  force 
are  produced.  This  side  force  is  not 
necessarily  a  hindrance  since  wfneralh' 
a  lateral  motion  or  roll  proceeds  motion 
intended   in   the   direction   of   roll. 

Lonjiitudinal  control  is  similar  to 
pitch  control  in  the  conventional  winged 
aircraft  and  is  attained  much  the  same 
way  as  lateral  control.  Fig.  VII  illus- 
trates several  methods  of  longitudinal 
control  for  tandem-and  single-rotor  heli- 
copters. In  (a)  either  the  thrust  of  each 


stick.  \i\  the  direction  he  wishes  to  go 
and  the  main  rotor  tilts  in  that  direc- 
tion. Rudder  pedals  are  also  provided  in 
a  helicopter  for  directional  control.  The 
pilot  pushes  the  right  pedal  to  go  right 
and  the  left  pedal  to  turn  left.  Pushing 
of  the  pedals  increases  and  decreases  the 
pitch  of  the  anti-torque  rotor,  thereby 
allowing  the  helicopter  to  swing  in  the 
direction  desired.  The  pitch  le\er  or 
thrust  control  lever  is  operated  by  one 
hand  while  the  control  stick  is  operated 
b\-  the  other.  Moving  the  pitch  control 


Figure  III 


rotor  is  adjusted  or  the  rotors  are  tilted. 
In  (b)  rotor  pitch  is  periodically  in- 
creased at  some  part  of  the  rotor  path 
to  create  greater  lift  on  one  side  of  the 
rotor  than  the  other.  In  (c)  rotor  tilt 
is  the  main  control  mechanism.  In  (d) 
the  anti-torque  rotor  produces  the  pitch- 
ing moment.   In    (e)    a  combination   of 


Figure  IV 

rotor   thrust    and   offset   flopping   hinges 
jiroduce  longitudinal  control. 

The  ability  to  control  the  helicopter 
in  each  of  the  previous  discussed 
maneuvers  and  directions  must  be  put 
in  the  pilot's  hands  through  some  sort 
of  control  mechanism.  A  relatively  sim- 
ple illustration  of  the  control  mechan- 
ism linking  the  pilot  and  the  helicopter 
is  shown  in  Fig.  VIII.  The  most  coor- 
dinating and  effective  method  of  control 
is  that  found  in  a  conventional  aircraft, 
and  for  this  reason  they  are  adapted  as 
closely  as  possible  in  a  helicopter.  As 
in  a  conventional  aircraft,  the  control 
stick  is  located  in  front  of  the  pilot  and 
is  used  to  control  lateral  and  longitudin- 
al motion.  Tile  pilot  merely  pushes  the 


up  or  down  changes  the  pitch  of  the 
rotor  blade,  and  upward  motion  of  the 
stick  produces  increased  lift  and  \ertical 
ascent,  whereas  pushing  the  pitch  con- 
trol stick  down  produces  decreased  lift 
or  vertical  descent.  A  throttle  coiitrol 
mechanism  is  located  near  the  pitch  con- 
trol lever  or  is  mounted  on  the  pitch 
lever  and  is  controlled  by  twisting  the 
grip  much  the  same  as  a  motorcycle 
throttle  control.  In  some  helicopters  the 
pilot  merely  controls  either  the  pitch  or 
the  throttle  and  the  other  control  is 
automatically  adjusted  for  by  rotor 
governors  in  order  to  maintain  constant 
rotor   speed. 

In  order  to  make  the  helicopter  go 
in  the  direction  desired,  a  force  must 
somehow  be  produced  in  that  direction. 
(On  other  \ehicles  of  motion  such  as  the 
airplane,  automobile,  and  the  boat,  a 
way  is  provided  by  having  a  propeller 
in  that  direction,  friction  transmitting 
force  in  the  desired  direction,  or  ;igain  a 
propeller  transmitting  force  in  the  di- 
rection desired.  The  famous  "Juan  De 
La  Cierva"  autogyro  produced  thrust 
in  a  forward  direction  with  a  separate 
propeller  and  engine  provided  for  this 
function  alone.  But  under  these  condi- 
tions, the  aircraft  becomes  bulky  and 
impractical  in  view  of  the  competition 
from  winged   airciaft. 

In  a  helicopter,  in  order  to  keep  it 
,is  light  and  as  simple  as  possible,  a  di- 
rectional force  must  somehow  be  ac- 
quired from  the  lifting  rotor.  The  best 
way  to  accomplish  this  is  to  tilt  the  path 
of  the  rotor  blade  tips  (referred  to 
hereafter  as  tip-path  plane)  and  acquire 
a  component  of  the  thrust  in  the  direc- 
tion it  is  wished  to  go   (See  Fig.   IX.) 


This  invohes  the  controlling  of  ini^een 
forces  and  moments  and  leads  to  an 
explanation  of  how  the  rotor  itself  is 
controlled. 

Ill  order  that  the  helicopter  be  stable 
under  all  flying  conditions  and  ma- 
neuvers, the  rotor  must  be  a  very  ver- 
satile piece  of  equipment  and  must  be 
able  to  compensate  for  changing  con- 
ditions. It  must  be  controllable  when 
tilted,  in  a  cro.ss  wind,  in  forward  flight, 
etc.  Por  this  reason  the  first  thing  to  be 
controlled  is  the  lift  of  the  individual 
blades  themselves.  An  example  is  as  fol- 
lows: suppose  the  rotor  is  operating  at 
some  counter  clockwise  constant  speed 
and  it  is  wished  to  go  forward.  Assume 
that  so  far  no  adequate  way  has  been 
provided  to  do  this,  and  the  rotor  and 
shaft  must  be  tipped  together.  When 
the  rotor  is  tipped  forward  from  the 
pilot's  .seat,  the  blades  coming  into  the 
left  side  have  an  increasing  angle  of 
attack  and  the  blades  on  the  right  have 
a  decreasing  angle  of  attack.  This  causes 
a  force  greater  on  the  left  than  on  the 
right  tending  to  roll  the  craft  over. 

This  effect  is  also  present  in  a  cross 
wind  where  the  blades  approaching  head 
on  into  the  wind  have  greater  lift  than 
those  retreating  with  the  wind,  and  this 
same  effect  is  also  very  noticeable  in 
forward  flight. 

There  are  two  basic  w.iys  to  oxer- 
come  this  effect  and  allow  control  of  the 
rotor.  These  were  both  mentioned  ear- 
lier when  lateral  and  longitudinal  con- 
trol were  discussed.  One  wa>'  is  to  be 
able  to  periodically  control  the  pitch 
of  the  blades  and  the  other  is  to  allow 
the  blades  to  flap.  Both  methods  have 
been  adequateh'  de\eloped,  but  by  far 
the  more  common  method  is  to  hinue  the 


Figure  V 

bl.i.lcs  either  at  the  shaft  Inib  or  .it 
some  short  distance  from  the  hub  and 
allow  them  to  flap.  A  hinged  blade  in 
rotation  is  in  balance  by  the  action  of 
the  centrifugal  force  and  the  lift  of  the 
blade.  Since  the  blade  is  hinged  ( no 
moments  can  be  transferred  through  a 
hinge)  unequal  lift  forces  cannot  be 
transmitted  to  the  helicopter  body  itself. 
This  therefore  eliminates  the  rolling 
effect  due  to  tilting  and  wind  conditions. 
((Jon/iniiiv!   nn    Ptuic   41) 


OCTOBER,   1959 


19 


Relative . . . 


By  Dru  Simms 


Lane  switched  the  railio-transmitter 
buttoii  oft. 

"Still  no  sound,"  he  said  to  Clark, 
the  other  half  of  the  rocket's  crew.  They 
exchanged    grim    looks. 

A  landing  without  contact  with  an 
earth  base  would  be  almost  impossible. 
It  seemed  ironical  that  after  their  year 
i)f  orbit  around  that  now-far-distant 
dog-star,  Sirius.  the\  should  come  so 
close  and  yet  fail. 

Lane's  thoughts  turned  to  Clail,  his 
girl — a  year  ago.  He  wondered  if  he 
woidd  ever  see  her  again.  Or,  if  they 
did  make  if  down,  woidd  she  be  wait- 
ing' , 

As  it  was  planned,  their  trip — the 
first  into  another  galaxy — was  to  have 
lasted  six  months.  But,  as  they  ap- 
proached Sirius,  something  went  hay- 
wire. All  their  instruments  jammed. 
Their  velocity  meter  registered  the  un- 
believable speed  of  03,(HH)  miles  per  sec- 
ond, one-half  the  speed  of  light.  At  first 
they  panicked  but  everything  went 
smoothly.  Time  seemed  to  stand  still. 
And  since  there  was  so  much  to  be  ob- 
served at  this  frontier  of  speed  and 
space,  they  decided  to  extend  their  or- 
bital  journey   to   a   \ear.   There   was   no 


fuel  problem  as  their  sleek  ship  was 
powereil  by  an  inexhaustible  source — 
nuclear  power. 

And  now,  back  in  the  earth's  atmos- 
phere, every  instrument  was  functioning 
properly  except  the  radio. 

They  went  through  the  deceleration 
process  mechanically,  knowing  it  was 
probably  hopeless.  Lane  was  again  let- 
ting his  mind  wander  to  Gail  when  he 
heard  a  sputtering  from  the  radio. 

"Earth  base  Number  Sixty  to  un- 
known rocket,  altitude  81  miles,  speed 
25,110  mph.  Please  identify  yourself. 
Over." 

Lane  looked  at  Clark,  and  grinned. 
They  explained  their  situation  as  brief- 
ly as  possible,  then  requested  landing 
instructions.  The  earth-bound  radiomen 
seemed  confused  but,  after  placing  sev- 
eral calls,  agreed  to  wait  for  further 
explanation  until  the  ship  landed. 

Ten  minutes  before  their  scheduled 
landing,  with  their  speed  down  to  4,S(K) 
miles  per  hour,  everything  was  going 
well.   From   there  on  in   it  was  routine. 

A  huge  crowd  was  gathered  by  the 
time  the  tuo  men  crawled  out  of  the 
hatch.   Standing  a  little  apart  were  sev- 


eral men  in  uniform,  all  strangers  to 
Lane,  and  .  .  . 

"Gail!"  He  ran  toward  her,  but  stop- 
ped short  when  she  extended  a  hand 
and  said  politely, 

"^L■.  Roth!  You  look  exactly  like 
the  pictures.  You  haven't  aged  a  bit! 
Congratulations  on  making  quite  a  stu- 
pendous space  voyage'" 

Lane  looked  at  her  blankly. 

"Gail  .  .  ."  He  began  again. 

"Mr.  Roth,  are  you  all  right?  I'm 
not  Gail."  She  laughed  lightly,  "Lm 
sorry.  Of  course,  you  wouldn't  know. 
I'm  Jane,  Jane  Williams,  Gail's  daugh- 
ter." 

The  impact  of  the  words  staggered 
Lane  a  step  backwards. 

"Daughter!"  He  echoed  the  word. 

A  frown  puckered  the  girl's  hiow 
and  she  looked  at  him  intently. 

"^L-.  Roth,  how  long  do  you  think 
\()u've  been  up  there  in  space?" 

Lane  looked  up  at  the  sky,  then  back 
at  the  girl.  His  answer  came  hesitating- 
ly. 

"One  year."  He  straightened  his 
shoulders.  "How  long  .  .  .?" 

She  answered  his  unfinished  question. 

"Twentv-three  vears." 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Problem:         how  to  have  fun  while 

doing  something  constructive 
in  your  limited  spare  time 

Solution: 

Join  Technograph! 


Whatever  your  interests,  there's  a  place  for  you 
with  The  Tech,  including: 


Writing 
Taking  photos 
Drawing  cartoons 
Designing  the  layout 
Handling  correspondence 


Working  with  ad  agencies 

Copy-rewriting 

Preparing  covers 

Proofreading 

Skimming  industrial  releases 


Stop  by  our  office     ....    215  Civil  Eng.  Hall 


OCTOBER,   1959 


PRINTED    CIRCUIT 
TECHNIQUES 


Introduction 

Ihcic  is  :i  L'onuniiji  myth  among 
many  technicians  anil  some  engineers 
that  printed  circuits  are  nothing  but  a 
weh  ot  troubles  hoKling  components  to- 
gether. This  is  the  result  of  coming  in 
contact  only  with  the  problems  and 
never  with  the  processes.  There  have 
been  considerable  discussions  between 
major  electronic  companies  regarding 
the  merits  ot  printed  circuit  techniques. 
The  contro\ersy  regards  the  problems 
encountered  in  servicing  printed  circuits 
after  manufacture.  I  was  recenth'  in- 
volved in  the  production  of  a  telephone 
nudtiplex  equipment  system  which  used 
printed  circuits  throughout.  When  test- 
ting  and  trouble  shooting  this  system, 
which  in\'olved  the  use  of  over  1,000 
printeil  circuit  boards,  I  failed  to  find 
that  1  could  agree  with  many  of  the 
'omplaints  about  servicing.  For  exam- 
ple, I  foiuid  it  much  easier  to  check 
M)lder  connections  on  the  surface  of  a 
board  rather  than  dig  through  a  maze 
i)t  wires,  circuit  tracing  was  obvious 
loUowing  conductors  on  the  board,  com- 
ponents w-ere  not  hidden  or  hanging  in 
air  between  ternu'nal  strips  waiting  to 
shake  loose.  In  order  to  dispel  this  myth 


<^ 


i 


By  Irvin  McKittrick 


of  troubles,  let  us  look  at  some  of  the 
significant  advantages  of  printed  circuits 
and  how  the.se  circuits  are  produced. 

Engineering  faces  circuit  problems  in 
certain  areas  which  no  other  system  but 
the  printed  techniques  can  ,^olve.  How 
else  can  we  reduce  the  size  and  weight 
of  missile,  satellite,  and  space-vehicle  as- 
semblies? What  other  system  allows  us 
e\'en  to  approach  the  automatic  assem- 
bly of  equipment  into  rejilaceable  units? 

What  a  Printed  Circuit  is 

These  are  some  of  the  far-reaching 
possibilities  of  printed  circuits,  which  re- 
place conventional  hand-soldered  wiring 
with  condLicting  strips  of  copper  bonded 
to  a  Hat  sheet  of  insulating  base  ma- 
terial, with  conductors  on  one  side  and 
components  mounted  on  the  other.  Actu- 
ally the  conductors  are  obtained  by 
etching  or  eating  away  undesired  sec- 
tions of  a  foil  coating  which  originally 
covered  the  board.  Although  silver  and 
ahiminum  foils  might  be  useable  from 
a  conductivity  standpoint,  copper  is 
move  readily  available,  lower  in  cost, 
and  easier  to  solder.  The  component 
leads  are  passed  through  hole-;  in  the 
hoard    and    ;ire    all    sohlercd    .it   once   b\ 


lightly   dippling    the    conductor    surface 
of  the  board  into  molten  solder. 

The  term  "printed  circuit"  is  some- 
times u.sed  to  include  both  components 
and  conductors,  whereas  printed  wiring 
applies  to  conductors  only.  In  this  article 
it  refers  primarily  to  the  wiring,  with 
which  components  such  as  resistors, 
coils,  ami  capacitors  are  connected.  Once 
we  have  decided  to  design  a  given  elec- 
tronic circuit  for  printed  production,  the 
requirements  for  the  circuit  must  be 
consiilered.  Information  on  environmen- 
tal conditions  in  which  the  unit  will 
operate,  maintenance  requirements,  and 
physical  size  of  the  equipment  must  be 
considered.  Knowledge  of  these  condi- 
tions will   define  design    req\iirenients. 

Methods  of  Manufacture 

There  are  two  general  systems  of 
producing  printed  circiutry  today.  One 
adds  metal  to  an  insulated  base,  and 
the  other  removes  a  portion  of  a  thin 
metal  layer  which  has  been  bonded  to 
the  base.  Current  methods  of  the  first 
system  are  vacuum  processing,  chemical 
deposition,  die  stamping,  or  molding. 
.All  of  these  additive  methods  require 
a    considerable   set-up    cost    and    are    ad- 


(3) 


FIGURE  1 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


\antageous  for  particular  applications  to 
circuit  problems.  The  removal,  or  sub- 
tractive  process,  is  accomplished  b\'  etch- 
ing; unwanted  material  in  an  acid  bath. 
The  etched  circuit  is  probably  the  most 
widely  used  form  of  printed  wiring 
today.  The  circuit  process  is  flexible,  re- 
liable, and  easily  produced,  with  new 
techniques  adding  to  its  present  popular- 
ity. In  order  to  produce  an  etched  cir- 
cuit board,  three  basic  problems  must 
be  considered:  circuit  design,  base  ma- 
terial  selection,   and   process  selection. 

Circuit  Design 

First,  the  circuit  must  be  designed  for 
printed  conductors.  Since  every  printed 
circuit  board  is  different  in  all  electri- 
cal and  mechanical  problems,  a  stead- 
fast rule  of  layout  cannot  be  given.  For 
example,  compare  a  board  which  is  to 
be  used  in  aircraft  systems  subject  to 
vibration,  temperature,  and  pressure 
clianges  with  a  stationary  computer  ap- 
plication which  is  temperature  and  hu- 
midity controlled.  Therefore,  each  board 
must  be  designed  to  meet  the  particular 
requirements  of  the  circuit  involved. 
From  the  schematic  diagram  of  the  cir- 
cuit, the  components  must  be  laid  out  on 
the  board.  Rather  than  actual  compo- 
nents, plastic  replicas  of  standard  com- 
ponents are  used. 

Various  arrangements  of  circuit  com- 
ponents are  then  tried  until  the  desired 
comiections  can  be  made  with  the  mini- 
mum of  crossed  leads.  This  is  largely  a 
trial  and  error  process,  and  each  circuit 
design  will  pose  new  problems  in  cross- 
oxer  minimization.  Ordinarily,  cross 
over  of  conductors  is  necessary  to  pro- 
duce the  desired  circvn't.  Sometimes  this 
can  be  accomplished  by  using  compo- 
nents, otherwise  a  wire  strap  is  used  on 
the  component  side  of  the  board  to  make 
the  necessary  connections.  The  layout 
is  done  on  tracing  paper  which  is  placed 
over  an  expanded  underlay  grid  pattern 
of  ten  squares  to  the  inch.  This  pattern 
may  originally  be  two  to  seven  times 
oversized,  and  is  later  reduced  by  pho- 
tographic means.  To  allow  uniform  lay- 
out and  a  board  which  can  be  assem- 
bled by  automatic  machinery,  all  com- 
ponent mounting  holes,  except  clustered 
ones  such  as  tube  sockets,  are  placed  to 
fall  on  intersections  of  the  grid  pattern. 
The  use  of  slotted  or  oblong  holes  for 
component  or  hardware  moimting  should 
be  avoided  if  possible  to  reduce  die  cost. 
Xon-circular  holes  can  be  used,  but 
where  there  is  a  choice,  cost  considera- 
tions point  toward  round  holes. 

After  the  hole  layout  is  decided  upon 
and  connections  are  sketched  in,  exter- 
nal circuit  connections  such  as  ground- 
ing systems  and  shielding  can  be  added. 

A  complete  ground  system  is  neces- 
sary, since  the  usual  metal  chassis  which 
often  serves  as  a  common  ground  has 
been    eliminated.     The     ground     system 


connecting  such  hardware  as  tube  sock- 
ets and  shields,  also  serves  as  shielding 
between  conductors  to  reduce  stra\-  pick- 
up. ^ 

Conductor  width  and  spacing  are  de- 
pendent on  current  loads  and  break- 
down voltage  respectively.  A  1/16" 
spacing,  usually  considered  a  minimum, 
is  necessary  for  a  SOOV  DC  working 
level. 

Figure  ( 1 )  shows  some  of  the  layout 
principles  which  are  used.  When  mak- 
ing 90°  turns,  the  conductor  should  fol- 
low a  smooth  curve  as  in  (A)  to  re- 
duce the  possibility  of  conductor  damage 
in  handling  and  provide  a  smoother 
solder  flow  path  during  soldering.  The 
terminal  connection  or  "land"  need  not 
be  completed  if  spacing  requirements 
are  critical,  as  shown  in  the  same  figure. 
If  a  large  area  of  shielding  is  required 
as  in  (B),  a  bar  grid  technique  should 
he  used  to  prevent  blisteriiv:  of  copper 
during  soldering. 


cal  strength  plus  e.xxellent  moisture  and 
insulation  qualities.  The  Teflon  glass 
grade  is  excellent  electrically  but  very 
expensive ;  it  is  used  primarily  in  low- 
loss  microwave  applications. 

Along  with  the  electrical  character- 
istics of  these  base  materials,  we  must 
consider  the  demands  of  fabrication.  Be- 
fore final  assembly,  the  board  may  have 
to  be  pierced,  drilled,  milled,  routed, 
or  sheared.  The  majority  of  the  [ihe- 
nolic-base  laminates  are  hot-punching 
materials,  which  means  that  the  ma- 
terial must  be  raised  above  room  tem- 
perature in  order  to  be  punched  or 
sheared  without  cracking  or  chipping. 
Some  cold-punch  phenolics  are  avail- 
able, but  they  are  more  susceptible  to 
heat  and  sometimes  warp  under  dip  sol- 
dering. The  glass-base  materials  nresent 
less  of  a  problem  in  fabrication,  in  that 
they  do  not  easil\-  chip  or  crack,  but  are 
abrasi\e  and  cause  higher  tool  wear 
than    the    phenolic-base    materials.    The 


TABLE  1 


\E]VIA 

Grade 

Moisture 
Resistance 

Insulation 
Resistance 

Tool 
Wear 

Mechanical 
Strength 

Punch 
Ability 

Cost 

Factor 

XXXP=1 

P 

Poor 

Fair 

Excellent 

Good 

Good 

.7 

XXXP 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Good 

Fair 

1 

EPOXY 

GLASS 

Very   good 

Excellent 

Poor 

Good 

Fair 

4 

TEFLON 
GLASS 

Excellent 

Excellent 

Poor 

Good 

Cjood 

13 

After  the  sketched  layout  is  complete, 
it  is  usually  traced  on  glass  cloth  and 
the  conductor  pattern  is  inked  in.  A 
tape  system  can  be  used  instead  of  ink- 
ing, but  is  less  stable  dimensionally  and 
is  ordinarily  not  used  where  close  toler- 
ances are  desired.  The  tracing  repre- 
sents a  master  art  work  which  can  be 
photographically  scaled  to  the  reqiu'red 
size,  and  then  negatives  can  be  pro- 
duced to  he  used  for  one  of  the  various 
proce.s.ses  of   etching. 

Base  Material 

The  printed  circuit  base  material  is 
a  special  problem  in  itself.  The  laminate 
may  be  a  paper  or  cloth-base  phenolic, 
or  one  of  various  fiber-glass  combination 
laminates,  as  shown  in  Table  1. 

The  NEMA  type  XXXP  is  the 
most  widely  used  grade  of  material, 
having  high  insulation  resistance  and 
low  dielectric  losses.  It  is  mechanically 
strong  and  low  in  cost.  The  low  cost 
t\pe  P  is  used  in  models  or  prototype 
circuitry  where  good  electrical  proper- 
ties and  long  life  are  not  so  important. 

When  lower  moisture  ab.sorption  and 
increased  insulation  qualities  are  need- 
ed, a  glass  base  material  is  necessary,  of 
which  Epo.xy  glass  is  the  most  widely 
used.  This  laminate  has  good  mechani- 


copper  foil  may  be  obtained  in  .several 
thicknesses,  of  which  .00135  or  .0027 
inch  are  the  most  common.  The  thick- 
ness used  is  dependent  on  current  ca- 
pacity, which  is  decided  upon  when  the 
circuit  is  designed.  The  foil  is  bonded 
to  the  base  with  heat  and  pressure.  The 
bond  strength  or  force  in  poiuids  re- 
quired to  pull  back  a  1"  wide  strip  of 
the  foil  varies  slightly  with  the  differ- 
ent base  materials.  Most  reputable  man- 
ufacturers provide  necessary  information 
on  the  bond  strength  of  their  products. 
Standard  tests  are  proposed  by  RET- 
MA  for  adhesion  of  printed  wiring  if 
theie  is  any  question  of  qualitx'  or  dur- 
ability. 

Process  Selection 

After  the  circuit  has  been  designed 
and  the  base  material  selected,  the  final 
step  is  to  select  the  process  to  be  used 
in  etching  away  the  unwanted  material. 
One  popular  procedure  for  etched  cir- 
cuitry involves  a  photo-resist  system  such 
as  would  be  used  by  a  photo  engraver. 
Because  it  is  expensive,  this  system  is 
used  principally  for  short  runs  or  sam- 
ple production.  Normally,  fifty  boards 
would  be  considered  an  economical 
upper  limit  of  this  process.  For  produc- 
tion quantities  in  the  thousands,  an  off- 


OCTOBER,   1959 


23 


COPPER  CLAD  LAMINATE 


SCREENED 


ETCHED 


INK  REMOVED 


,    H       B  , 


INK 

I        I      INSULATED  BASE 
■■      CONDUCTOR 


FIGURE  2 


set  piintinj:  procedure  can  he  used  wirli 
considerable  economy.  The  large  gap  be- 
tween  the  short  run  and  full-scale  pro- 
duction techniques  is  filled  by  the  silk 
screen  process.  This  will  be  explained  in 
detail,   as  it  covers  the  widest  range  of 


1 

U                                          H    ■ 

'W/^ 

1 

usage  at  the  present  time.  First,  for  any 
process  it  is  necessary  to  clean  the  board 
to  obtain  a  bright  surface.  This  can  be 
done  b\-  using  water,  a  good  cleansing 
liowder,  and  a  rotary  brush.  The  board 
is  then  rinsed  and  completely  dried.  To 
prevent  warpage,  the  use  of  hot  water 
in  cleaning  or  warm  air  drying  should 
ne\er  raise  the  board  temperature  abo\e 
IS()°F.  The  board  is  now  ready  to  be 
printed  with  an  acid  resistant  ink.  Fig- 
ure (2)  shows  a  surface  buildup  view 
of  the  various  steps  in  the  silk  screen 
process. 

The  circuit  pattern  to  be  used  must 
be  a  negative,  allowing  the  resist  ink  to 
cover  the  circuit  conductor  areas,  while 
all  other  parts  of  the  board  are  unpio- 
tected.  The  construction  of  a  dimension- 
ally  adjustable  silk  screen  is  slunxn  in 
Figure   (3). 

The  screws  on  the  sides  allow  the 
circuit  pattern  to  be  adjusted  for  cor- 
rect position  on  the  board.  When  the 
board  is  screened  it  must  be  held  per- 
fectly flat,  usually  by  means  of  a  vacu- 


um jilate  specially  designed  for  this  inn- 
pose.  The  silk  screen  must  be  carefulh 
handled  to  avoid  damage.  Even  a  pin 
hole  in  the  wrong  place  can  cause  trou- 
ble. After  screening,  the  board  is  ready 
for  etching  by  ferric  chloride  or  other 
bath.  This  will  remove  all  copper  not 
protected  by  the  ink.  Carefid  control  of 
the  time  the  board  is  in  the  etchant  is 
important  to  pre\ent  over  oi'  under 
etch.  After  the  board  has  been  etched, 
it  must  at  once  be  thoroughly  cleaned 
to  halt  the  etching  process.  The  cleaning 
procedure  consists  of  a  water  rinse,  a 
solvent  rinse  to  remove  the  screening 
ink,  and  neutralization.  The  board  is 
then  dried  and  visually  inspected  before 
release  for  production. 

Conclusion 

A  recent  sur\ey  by  the  Institute  of 
Printed  Circuits  found  that  the  chief 
complaint  about  printed  circuit  boards 
in  radio  and  television  equipment  was 
difHcidty  in  pinpointing  component  fail- 
ures. Other  complaints  were  about  ac- 
cessibility and  conductor  lift  during 
servicing. 

In  general,  such  service  complaints 
have  been  the  thorns  in  the  side  of  print- 
ed circuits.  Personal  experience  in  the 
inspection,  test,  and  repair  of  hundreds 
of  bo.irds  used  in  multiplexing  equip- 
iiK-iit  leads  one  to  believe  this  is  largely 
a  problem  of  education. 

Although  technicians  are  not  prone  to 
immediately  accept  changes  in  service 
techniques,  the  electronics  industry  is 
spending  large  sums  of  money  on  train- 
ing. There  is  no  doubt  that  care  and 
common  sense  are  still  required  in  serv- 
icing printed  circ\iits,  though  in  the  fu- 
ture disposable  modules  are  likely,  which 
would  eliminate  the  need  for  repair. 
1  he  ncirness  of  this  time  will  be  de- 
termined (jnly  hy  how  rapidU  the  art 
of  printed  circuitry  can  be  advanced. 
Fhe  funue  holds  many  prospects  for 
printed  circuitry,  but  let  us  also  con- 
sider the  advantages  over  con\entional 
wiring  which  it  provides  today. 


Advantages 

By  use  of  printed  circuits,  metal  cha>- 
is,  brackets,  terminal  strips,  and  other 
hardware  can  be  reduced  if  not  com- 
pletely eliminated.  The  RETMA  Sym- 
posium on  Printed  Circuits  mentions 
one  radio  which  was  re-designed  to  use 
printed  circuit  techniques.  Hardware 
was  reduced  from  55  to  33  pieces,  21  of 
which  were  the  same  as  used  in  the  con- 
ventional receiver. 

A  mention  of  size  reduction  in  the 
Symposium  relates  an  assembly  consist- 
ing of  IS  tubes,  150  components,  and 
associated  hardware  in  a  50  Cu.  inch 
package.  Another  example  is  that  of  a 
four  tube  amplifier  compacted  to  1"  bv 
2"  by  3". 

In  his  book  on  printed  circuits.  Lytel 
describes  a  printed  circuit  microwave  re- 
ceiver, the  weight  of  which  was  reduced 
from  32  to  5  pounds.  At  the  same  time, 
costs  were  also  reduced. 

There  are  definitely  important  sav- 
ings in  the  direct  labor  required  to  build 
a  printed  unit.  As.sembly  and  soldering 
can  be  done  automatically,  eliminating 
80%  of  the  hand  labor  involved. 

The  less  evident  savings  come  in 
other  areas.  Inspection  and  test  pro- 
cedures may  cost  40'  J  to  bO'^c  less.  The 
drawing  required  is  often  reduced  50'~f 
over  conventional  wired   circuits. 

As  an  engineer,  the  next  circuit  de- 
vice you  produce,  consider  the  three  fac- 
tors :  cost,  size,  and  weight.  Consider 
them  carefully  and  then  consider  the 
printed  circuit. 

REFERENCES 

.Anderson,  K.  W.,  et  al.  cds.  Iloiv  In  Di- 
iiijn  and  Specify  Printed  Circuits.  Chicago: 
The  Institute  of  Printed  Circuits,   1958. 

DcRose,  R.  Ed.  Printed  Circuits  Informa- 
tion and  Practices.  Chicago;  Kellogg  Switch- 
ho.ird   and   Supply,   1957. 

Lytel,  .Allan.  Printed  Circuitry.  Pittsburgh: 
Instruments   Publishing  Company,   1957. 

Swiggett,  Robert  I,.  Introduction  to  Printed 
Circuits.   New  York:  John   F.  Rider,    1956. 

Symposium  on  Printed  Circuits.  New  York: 
Engineering   Publishers,    1955. 

E.   C.   McClintock,   Technical    .Assistance. 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THE  NEXT  TWO 


PAGES  ARE  PRESENTED 


FOR  THE  BENEFIT 


OF  THOSE  INTERESTED 


IN  APPLIED  SCIENCE 


THE  STAFF 


OCTOBER,   1959  25 

11 


fLO»0 
VEIOCITY  changes" 


^NJo  T^O  OBJK75(^M  OCCUPY  TM£ 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


♦Action.'/ 


A6ODYlMM0T»0NTeM0sT0 
ACT]POOf»Of4  BYsoHf 


Equilibrium- 
two  exACTivopPQiire 

PUtf  AT  TM€  tA^^e-  TfNft^^ 


OCTOBER,    1959 


27 


e 


m 


t  * 


V 


The  Scientist  as  a  Person 


By  Samuel  Lenher 


Editor's  \'()t(:  Mr.  Liiilur  is  via- 
l>nsidcnt  and  director  of  E.  I.  diiFont 
dr  S^c/iiours  and  (^o/iipiiny. 


The  attention  of  the  public  recentl)' 
has  been  directed,  in  an  unusual  degree, 
toward  the  American  scientist.  The 
launching  of  a  Russian  sputnik  ahead 
of  our  own  satellite  has  raised  a  ques- 
tion whether  the  Ignited  States  may  lag 
beliind  the  Communists  in  research  and 
technology.  This  in  turn  has  led  to  an 
examination  of  our  educational  system, 
and  w^e  find  issues  in  the  political  arena 
which  previously  had  only  been  debated 
within  the  cloisters,  relatively  speaking, 
of  education  and  industry. 

Those  of  us  who  for  some  years  have 
been  occupied  with  the  theme  of  this 
conference  —  research  administration — 
have  participated  in  an  intensive  search 
for  an  answer  to  the  question  of  what 
kind  of  person,  and  what  kind  of  train- 
ing, will  make  a  good  scientist.  It  seems 
to  me  the  time  has  come,  now  that  the 
spotlight  of  public  and  political  atten- 
tion has  been  focused  upon  research,  to 
reverse  the  field  and  examine  what  the 
scientist  is  like  as  a  person. 

The    reason     1     think    this    nught    be 


timely  is  perfectly  simple.  We  have  con- 
siderable reason — for  the  most  part  em- 
pirical, it  is  true — to  believe  there  is 
widespread  misunderstanding  of  the  sci- 
entist as  a  person.  As  a  former  chemist 
now  engaged  in  management  responsi- 
bilities, I  of  course  recognize  there  is 
no  litmus  test  to  disclose  exact  shades 
of  public  opinion,  nor  have  any  scales 
been  devised  to  weigh  precisely  what 
may  be  burdening  the  human  mind.  The 
evidence,  however,  of  public  confusion 
over  the  true  nature  of  the  scientist 
seems  to  me  sulTlciently  strong  to  con- 
vince an  average  American  jury,  and 
that  is  enough  to  be  alarming.  I  would 
like  to  cite  some  of  this  evidence. 

In  our  modern  society,  the  newspaper 
or  magazine  cartoon  frequently  is  a  re- 
vealing indication  of  what  many  Ameri- 
cans may  be  thinking.  A  popular  maga- 
zine which  has  one  of  the  largest  nation- 
al circulations  published  a  cartoon  a  few 
weeks  ago  which  is  to  the  point.  It  por- 
trayed a  cocktail  party  with  two  guests 
in  the  foreground.  The  feminine  guest 
was  a  type  all  too  frequently  encount- 
ered at  such  an  occasion.  Obviously 
she  had  just  been  introduced  to  a  be- 
wildered-looking  individual  with  a  mus- 
tache and  goatee,  a  bald  head  wifli  Mow- 


ing locks  below  the  neckline,  wearing 
a  string  bow  tie  and  wing  collar,  as  well 
as  a  pince-nez.  The  lady  was  saying, 
"Oh,  you're  a  scientist.  I've  always 
vcanted  to  meet  a  genuine  fathead." 

Of  course  no  one  but  a  cartoon  char- 
acter would  mistake  an  egghead  for  a 
fathead.  But  more  seriously,  a  widely 
published  article  by  a  top  writer  for  the 
Associated  Press  reports  that  "in  the 
potboilers  of  movies  and  television,  the 
basic  research  scientist  almost  invari- 
ably is:  single-tracked,  unworldly,  mis- 
understood, ridiculed  by  everyone  (ex- 
cept his  faithful,  tiptoeing  wife  who 
keeps  tiying  to  get  him  to  eat  a  sand- 
wich), self-sacrificing,  a  dedicated  saint 
who  was  born  with  a  vision  only  he  can 
see,  suffers  hell  pm'suing  it  and — Eure- 
ka!— in  the  last  two  reels  finally  finds 
a  cure  for  the  monstrous  plague,  just 
when  he  was  down  to  his  last  two  test 
tubes." 

Now  I  should  add,  of  course,  that  the 
Associated  Press  did  its  commendable 
best  to  dispel  such  an  impression  of 
the  scientist  by  giving  the  facts  about 
a  living,  breathing,  and  intensely  human 
and  likeable  research  chemist  at  Yale 
l'niversit\-.  Nevertheless,  the  fact  that 
this  great  news  vcrvice  saw  reader  inter- 


OCTOBER,  1959 


29 


est  ill  MH'li  ;i  >t(ir\  Iciuls  cc)n>iilfrahlc 
wfiglit  ti)  tui)  ai.;i(lc'iiiic  suivt-ys  whicli 
indicate  tlu'  public's  image  of  the  scien- 
tist, especially  among  young  people,  is 
alariningl\'  distorted. 

.-\  poll  ot  high  school  students  by 
I'urdue  L'niversit\-  in  I'^'^h  found  that 
14  per  cent  thought  there  was  some- 
thing evil  about  scientists;  IQ  per  cent 
said  scientists  are  more  likely  than  other 
people  to  be  mentally  ill  ;  20  per  cent 
thoiight  scientists  h;i\c  little  regard  for 
humanity;  .?4  per  cent  believed  scien- 
tists cannot  have  a  normal  family  life; 
.?8  per  cent  thought  scientists  are  will- 
ing to  sacrifice  the  welfare  of  others  to 
further  their  own  interests;  and  78  per 
cent  felt  science  had  its  place  but  there 
are  many  thiiiijs  which  can  never  be 
understood  by  the  human  mind. 

No  doubt  man\  of  you  are  also  fa- 
miliar with  the  stud\'  coiiducteil  bv  I^rs. 
Margaret  Mead  and  Rhola  Metra\i\ 
for  the  American  Association  for  the 
.Advancement  of  Science,  entitled  "The 
Image  of  the  Scientist  .Among  High 
School  Students."  Here  students  in  more 
than  120  high  schools  were  asked  to 
write  essays  on  what  they  thought  about 
science  and  scientists.  Out  of  this  came 
what  the  authors  described  as  tliree 
images — the  shared,  the  positive,  and 
the  negative.  If  only  the  first  two  had 
emerged,  there  would  be  no  necessity 
for  niy  discussion,  but  Drs.  Alead  and 
Metrau.v  concluded  that  "this  image  in 
all  its  aspects,  the  shared,  the  positive, 
and  the  negative,  is  one  which  is  likely 
to  invoke  a  negative  attitude  as  far  as 
personal  career  or  marriage  choice  is 
concerned." 

As  might  be  expected,  there  have  been 
challenges  to  the  validity  of  this  con- 
clusion. I  have  neither  desire  nor  com- 
petence to  enter  that  controversy,  but 
1  do  feel  very  strongly  that  the  nega- 
tive image,  and  the  extent  to  which  it 
discourages  young  people  from  seeking 
scientific  careers,  is  of  very  serious  con- 
cern to  all  of  us.  and  indeed,  to  the 
future  welfare  of  the  United  States. 

It  may  be  true,  as  some  authorities 
maintain,  that  our  national  problem  to- 
day is  not  a  shortage  of  scientists  and 
engineers,  but  a  lack  of  sufficiently  good 
scientists  and  engineers.  While  this  too 
may  be  debatable,  there  can  be  no  argu- 
ment that  if  we  are  to  have  true  na- 
tional security,  and  if  we  are  to  main- 
tain and  improve  our  standard  of  living 
in  the  face  of  population  growth,  de- 
pletion of  natural  resources,  and  indus- 
trialization of  countries  which  hitherto 
have  been  agrarian,  our  technological 
progress  will  require  a  vast  increase  in 
the  number  of  technically  trained  peo- 
ple in  the  generations  just  ahead.  Kqual- 
h  important  is  the  development  of  a 
wholesome  popular  attitude  toward  sci- 
ence and  scientists. 

For  this   reason,    I    think  it  is  import- 


ant til  HHitc  the  iu-gati\e  unage  which 
Drs.  .\Ieail  and  .Metraiix  tcel  uill  dis- 
courage young  men  and  uomen  from 
entering  science.  ;uul   1   quote  it  in   full: 

"The  scientist  is  a  brain.  He  spends 
his  days  indoors,  sitting  in  a  laboratory, 
pouring  things  from  one  test  tube  into 
another.  His  work  is  um'nteresting,  dull, 
monotonous,  tedious,  time  consuming, 
and  though  he  works  for  years,  he  may 
see  no  results  or  may  fail,  and  he  is 
likel\  to  receive  neither  adequate  re- 
compense nor  recognition.  He  may  live 
in  ;i  cold-water  H.it  ;  lu's  laboratory  may 
be  ding\. 

"If  he  woiks  b\  himself,  he  is  alone 
and  has  heavy  expenses.  If  he  works 
for  a  big  company,  he  has  to  do  as  he 
is  told,  anil  his  discoveries  must  be 
turned  n\cr  to  the  company  and  may 
not  be  used  ;  he  is  just  a  cog  in  a  ma- 
chine. If  he  works  for  the  government, 
he  has  to  keep  dangerous  secrets  ;  he  is 
endangered  by  what  he  does  and  by 
constant  surveillance  and  by  continual 
iinestigations.  If  he  loses  touch  with 
people,  he  may  lose  the  public's  confi- 
dence— as  did  Oppenheimer.  If  he  works 
for  mone\'  or  self-glory,  he  may  take 
credit  for  the  work  of  others — as  some 
tried  to  do  to  Salk.  He  may  e\en  sell 
secrets  to  the  enemy. 

"His  work  may  he  dangerous.  Chemi- 
cals may  explode.  He  may  be  hurt  by 
radiation,  or  may  die.  If  he  does  medi- 
cal research,  he  may  bring  home  di.sease, 
or  may  u.se  himself  as  a  guinea  pig,  or 
may  even  accidentally  kill   someone. 

"He  may  not  believe  in  (lod,  or  may 
lose  his  religion.  His  belief  that  man  is 
descended  from  animals  is  disgusting. 

"He  is  a  brain;  he  is  so  involved  in 
his  work  that  he  doesn't  know  what  is 
going  on  in  the  world.  He  has  no  other 
interests  and  neglects  his  body  for  his 
mind.  He  can  only  talk,  eat,  breathe 
;ind  sleep  science. 

"He  neglects  his  familv — pa\s  no  at- 
tention to  his  wife,  never  plays  with 
his  children.  He  has  no  social  life,  no 
other  intellectual  interest,  no  hobbies  or 
relaxations.  He  bores  his  wife,  his  chil- 
dren and  their  friends — for  he  has  no 
friends  of  his  own  or  knows  only  other 
scientists — with  incessant  talk  that  no 
one  can  understand  ;  or  el.se  he  pays  no 
attention  or  has  secrets  he  cannot  share. 
He  is  never  home.  He  is  always  read- 
ing a  book.  He  brings  home  work  and 
also  bugs  and  creepy  things.  He  is  al- 
ways running  off  to  his  laboratory.  He 
may  force  his  children  to  become  scien- 
tists also. 

"A  scientist  should  not  m.iir\.  No 
one  wants  to  be  such  a  scieiuist  or  to 
marry  him.  " 

To  call  such  an  image  unpleasant 
would  onl\'  he  redundancN'.  I  might  at- 
tempt to  shatter  it  by  licscribing  some 
of  m\-  neighbors  and    former  laboratorx 


associates  in  Wilniiiigton,  hut  I'm  afraid 
that  would  not  be  enough.  So  in  an 
efiort  to  get  the  facts  about  the  scien- 
tist as  a  person,  a  personal  research  unit 
conducted  a  sociological  study  of  about 
half  of  the  2,401)  technically  trained  peo- 
ple who  are  engaged  in  research  for 
the   Du  Pont  Company. 

A  questionnaire  asked  them  to  list 
their  family  status,  educational  qualifi- 
cations, and  non-scientific  activities  in 
high  school,  college,  and  after  leaving 
college.  The  anonymity  of  their  replies 
was  guaranteed,  and  the  response  was 
remarkable  as  such  things  go.  More  than 
75  per  cent  of  the  questionnaires  were 
answered  and  returned,  contrar\'  to  the 
expectations  of  some  of  our  research 
administrators.  An  analysis  showed  the 
responding  group  was  typical  of  the 
company's  scientific  population  as  to  age 
distribution  and  company  service,  al- 
though by  chance  we  had  a  slightly 
higher  representation  of  Ph.D.'s.  There 
was  no  attempt  to  distinguish  between 
those  engaged  in  basic  and  applied  re- 
search . 

In  the  realm  of  \ital  statistics,  23 
per  cent  are  between  the  ages  of  21  and 
29;  61  per  cent  are  between  30  and 
44,  and  14  per  cent  are  between  45  and 
65.  They  come  from  44  of  the  48 
states,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  25 
foreign  countries.  Thirty-four  per  cent 
come  from  the  Midwest,  31  per  cent 
from  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  seven 
per  cent  from  the  Northeast.  States  with 
the  highest  representation  are  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Ohio, 
Massachusetts,  and  Minnesota.  (It  is 
significant,  in  this  connection,  to  note 
that  the  most  recent  census  shows  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Texas, 
Ohio,  Michigan,  California,  Missouri, 
and  Massachusetts  as  the  leading  birth- 
lilaces  for  our  population  as  a  whole.) 

The  scientists  received  their  educa- 
tion at  258  colleges  and  universities  in 
the  I'nited  States  and  34  foreign  insti- 
tutions, with  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Mass- 
achusetts Institute  of  Technology,  Ohio 
State,  Cornell,  Purdue,  Minnesota,  Del- 
aware, and  Michigan  mentioned  most 
frequently.  Sixty-eight  per  cent  have 
doctorate  degrees,  eight  out  of  10  in 
chemistry,  as  might  be  expected.  Chemi- 
cal engineering  was  next,  with  other 
fields  of  specialization  including  physics, 
other  types  of  engineering,  bacteriology, 
and  biochemistry. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  P)  per 
cent  of  them  earned  all  their  college 
expenses  as  undergraduates,  while  69 
per  cent  earned  all  their  expenses  for 
graduate  work.  Sixty-two  per  cent  of 
the  undergraduates  and  89  per  cent  of 
the  graduates  earned  more  than  half  of 
their  college  expenses.  The  main  source 
of  income  for  the  graduate  students  was 
from  teaching,   research,  or  both. 

Now   let's   return    to   some   aspects  of 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


the   iinafif   reported   by   Drs.   Mead   and 
Metraiix. 

"A  scientist  should  not  marry.  No 
one  wants  to  be  such  a  scientist  or  to 
marry  him." 

In  all  88  per  cent  of  our  scientists 
are  married,  compared  to  85  per  cent 
of  the  general  adult  population  as  re- 
ported by  the  census.  Seventy-three  per 
cent  of  their  wives  attended  college.  Al- 
though 15  per  cent  do  not  have  chil- 
dren, the  avera-je  number  of  children 
per  famih'  is  slightly  more  than  two, 
compared  to  one  and  one-half  for  the 
average  American  family.  Three  happv 
scientists  who  obviously  don't  spend  all 
their  time  in  the  Du  Pont  laboratories 
are  each  blessed  with  seven  children. 

"His  work  may  be  dangerous.  Chemi- 
cals may  explode.  He  may  be  hurt  b\- 
radiation,  or  may  die." 

Research  deals  with  chemicals.  The 
companv  operated  the  Hanford  atomic 
materials  plant  during  the  Second 
World  War,  and  now  is  operating  at 
Savannah  River  plant  for  the  produc- 
tion of  atomic  fusion  and  fission  ma- 
terials. Emphnees  at  all  compain  re- 
search laboratories  e-tablished  an  injury 
frequency  rate  of  only  one  man  injured 
in  three  million  exposure  hours  during 
the  last  five  vears,  which  is  23  per  cent 
lower  than  the  over-all  company  rate  in 
the  same  period.  The  latest  available 
frequenc\  rate  for  all  American  indus- 
try is  one  man  injvu'ed  in  160,000  ex- 
posure  hours. 

"He  mav  not  believe  in  (lod,  or  may 
lose  his  religion." 

Our  survey  did  not  inquire  whether 
scientists  were  church  members,  but  ap- 
proximately 75  per  cent  mentioned 
church  in  listing  their  activities.  The 
latest  Census  lists  only  61  per  cent  of 
the  general  population  as  church  mem- 
bers. Whereas  a  survey  of  Protestant 
churches  generally  showed  only  one  out 
of  four  members  took  an  active  part  in 
church  affairs  beyond  membership  or 
attendance,  57  per  cent,  or  more  than 
one  out  of  two,  scientists  reported  such 
activit\-.  Twenty-three  per  cent  men- 
tioned Sunday  School  teaching  or  su- 
pervision, 18  per  cent  church  offices  such 
as  trustee  or  elder,  16  per  cent  member- 
ship in  men's  clubs,  16  per  cent  mem- 
bership on  church  committees,  nine  per 
cent  choir  singing,  and  five  per  cent  as- 
sistance to  youth  groups. 

"He  is  a  brain;  he  is  so  involved 
in  his  work  that  he  doesn't  know  what 
is  going  on  in  the  world.  He  has  no 
other  interests  and  neglects  his  body  for 

his  mind He  has  no  social  life, 

no    other    intellectual    interest,    no    hob- 
bies or  relaxations." 

The  survey  showed  37  per  cent  of 
our  scientists  participated  in  64  differ- 
ent civic  activities.  Nineteen  per  cent 
mentioned  membership  in  community 
coimcils   or    associations,    and    seven    per 


cent  were  in  fund-raising  groups.  They 
hold  or  have  held  136  positions  of  re- 
sponsibility, such  as  president,  vice  presi- 
dent, board  of  governors,  chairmen  of 
committees,  team  captains,  etc. 

Only  two  per  cent  of  the  general 
population  in  the  Wilmington  area  has 
participated  in  civil  defense  work  com- 
pared to  seven  per  cent  of  the  scien- 
tists. Other  points  of  comparison  were 
unavailable,  but  there  is  reason  to  be- 
lieve the  participation  of  scientists  in 
civic  activities  is  considerably  higher 
than  that  of  other  groups  in  the  com- 
munity. 

When  it  comes  to  educational  activi- 
ties, about  one-third  of  the  scientists 
participate  in  the  work  of  Parent-Teach- 
er Associations.  This  is  slightlv  higher 
than  the  figmes  for  the  general  popula- 
tion in  the  Wilmington  area.  Twenty- 
two  of  the  scientists  surveyed  were  in- 
vol\ed  in  district,  state,  or  national 
PTA  groups,  while  nine  were  members 
of  Board  of  Educafon.  About  one  in 
five  is  active  in  Hov  Scout  work,  com- 
pared to  one  in  20  adults  in  the  Del- 
marva  Peninsula  which  includes  Wil- 
mington. Others  are  active  in  YMCA 
work.  Twenty-one  per  cent  are  active 
members  of   fraternal   organizations. 

It  is  worth  noting  that  an  analysis 
of  600  completed  questionnaires  showed 
that  47  of  the  group  participate  in  poli- 
tics, 51  in  military  organizations,  20  in 
dramatics,  76  in  purely  social  organiza- 
tions, and  112  in  miscellaneous  groups 
such  as  stamp  and  camera  clubs,  an  or- 
chid societ\-,  the  Delaware  Society  for 
Natural  History,  the  American  Associ- 
ation for  the  United   Nations,  etc. 

When  it  comes  to  music,  the  scientists 
listed  54  different  activities  with  22  per 
cent  participating  in  either  vocal  or  in- 
strumental groups  both  within  and  out- 
side the  companv.  I  might  interject  here 
a  personal  recollection  of  a  lively  Dixie- 
land jazz  band  known  as  "The  Rhythm 
Doctors"  because  its  members  were 
Ph.D.'s  engaged  in  research. 

Few  scientists  can  be  said  to  neglect 
their  bodies  for  their  minds.  Seventy 
per  cent  of  them  engage  actively  in  42 
different  sports,  as  anyone  who  visited 
a  golf  course  in  Delaware  woidd  quick- 
ly discover.  Naturally — to  the  surprise 
of  some  of  my  tennis-playing  friends — 
golf  is  the  most  popular,  with  bowling 
second.  Teiuiis  is  third,  followed  by 
fishing,  Softball,  swimming,  hunting, 
basketball,  and  sailing. 

Other  favored  leisure-time  pursuits  in- 
clude gardening,  woodworking,  pho- 
tography, bridge,  dancing,  and  organ- 
ized reading  in  some  34  different  fields. 
The  variety  of  such  activities  is  amaz- 
ing. To  give  you  a  sample  of  the  va- 
riety of  interests  reported  by  various 
scientists,  their  returns  mentioned  cook- 
ing, collecting  Civil  War  items,  knit- 
ting,   bird    watching,    archaeology    field 


work,  painting,  sewing,  tutoring,  tele- 
scope building,  writing,  rocket  design, 
music  theory,  sports  cars,  antique  re- 
finishing,  electronics,  hi-fi,  chess,  and 
learning  languages. 

Perhaps  some  of  you  may  be  wonder- 
ing whether  the  collaterial  interests  of 
scientists  leave  them  much  time  for  re- 
search. If  so,  let  me  quickly  assure  you 
they  usually  spend  an  eight-hour,  five- 
day  week  in  the  laboratory,  and  do  a 
lot  of  thinking  about  their  work  at 
home.  Moreover,  72  per  cent  of  them 
have  published  at  least  one  paper  in 
scientific  journals,  while  57  per  cent 
have  presented  at  least  one  paper  before 
technical  audiences. 

"His  work  is  uninteresting,  dull  mo- 
notonous, tedious,  time  consuming,  and, 
though  he  works  for  years,  he  may  see 
no  results  or  may  fail,  and  he  is  likely 
to  receive  neither  adequate  recompense 
nor  recognition.  He  may  live  in  a  cold- 
water  flat ;  his  laboratory  may  be  dingy." 
Research  is  time-consuming,  but  few 
scientists  find  it  dull.  As  one  of  them 
wrote  on  his  questionnaire,  "Most  peo- 
ple don't  appreciate  the  fact  that  sci- 
ence is  a  way  of  life.  Frequently  re- 
search problems  become  so  engrossing 
that  one  can  think  of  nothing  else." 
Another  said  of  his  colleagues,  "These 
scientists  are  among  the  most  stimulat- 
ing people  in  the  world.  They  continual- 
ly seek  to  discover  something  new,  to 
improve  something  already  invented,  to 
learn  the  'why'  of  various  phenomena — 
always  seeking,  always  learning.  One 
must  admire  this  attitude." 

One  out  of  four  scientists  decided 
upon  his  career  before  reaching  the  age 
of  15.  The  reasons  included  a  strong 
personal  interest  in  the  field,  courses  in 
elementary  or  high  schools,  influence 
and  encouragement  of  teachers  or  mem- 
bers of  the  family — and  this  may  be  a 
surprise — experience  with  home  or  toy 
chemistry  sets. 

The  scientists  were  not  asked  whether 
they  felt  their  salaries  were  adequate, 
but  43  per  cent  said  they  decided  to  go 
into  industry  because  of  its  financial  re- 
wards. It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  add 
that  starting  salaries,  at  least,  for  sci- 
tentists  in  industry  are  much  higher 
than  those  fov  young  people  who  start 
life  in  other  jobs.  I  know  of  no  scien- 
tist around  Wilmington  who  lives  in 
a  cold-water  flat;  in  fact,  one  of  the 
favorite  sales  arguments  of  the  real 
estate  agents  is  to  mention  that  "this 
house  was  owned  by  a  chemist — or  en- 
gineer —  so  you  know  it  is  in  good 
shape." 

"If  he  works  by  himself,  he  is  alone 
and  has  heavy  expenses.  If  he  works  for 
a  big  company,  he  has  to  do  as  he  is  told, 
and  his  discoveries  must  be  turned  over 
to  the  company  and  may  not  be  used  ; 
he  is  just  a  cog  in  a  machine." 

(Continued    on    Page    43) 


OCTOBER,   1959 


31 


Checking  Einstein  ivith 


Purilx    \'\u\-  llir^'hes  Proilucts  Division  engineer  checks 
seiniconducwr  materials  to  insure  purity. 


Exit  cones  capable  of  wit/islanding  temperatures  of  6000°  F. 
represent  one  example  of  advanced  engineering  being  performed 
by  the  Hughes  Plastics  Laboratory. 


an  atomic  clock  in  orbit 


To  test  Einstein's  general  theory  of  relativity,  scien- 
tists at  the  Hughes  research  laboratories  are  devel- 
oping a  thirty  pound  atomic  maser  clock  (see  photo 
at  left)  under  contract  to  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Administration.  Orbiting  in  a  satellite, 
a  maser  clock  would  be  compared  with  another 
on  the  ground  to  check  Einstein's  proposition  that 
time  flows  faster  as  gravitational  pull  decreases. 

Working  from  the  new  research  center  in  Malibu, 
California.  Hughes  engineers  will  develop  a  MASER 
(Microwave  Amplification  through  Stimulated 
Emission  of  Radiation)  clock  so  accurate  that  it 
will  neither  gain  nor  lose  a  single  second  in  1000 
years.  This  clock,  one  of  three  types  contracted 
for  by  NASA,  will  measure  time  directly  from  the 
vibrations  of  the  atoms  in  ammonia  molecules. 

Before  launching,  an  atomic  clock  will  be  syn- 
chronized with  another  on  the  ground.  Each 
clock  would  generate  a  highly  stable  current  with 
a  frequency  of  billions  of  cycles  per  second.  Elec- 
tronic circuitry  would  reduce  the  rapid  oscillations 
to  a  slower  rate  in  order  to  make  precise  laboratory 
measurements.  The  time  "ticks"  from  the  orbiting 
clock  would  then  be  transmitted  by  radio  to  com- 
pare with  the  time  of  the  clock  on  earth.  By  meas- 
uring the  difference,  scientists  will  be  able  to  check 
Einstein's  theories. 

In  other  engineering  activities  at  Hughes,  research 
and  development  work  is  being  performed  on  such 


projects  as  advanced  airborne  systems,  advanced 
data  handling  and  display  systems,  global  and  spa- 
tial communications  systems,  nuclear  electronics, 
advanced  radar  systems,  infrared  devices,  ballistic 
missile  systems... just  to  name  a  few. 

The  rapid  growth  of  Hughes  reflects  the  continuous 
advance  in  Hughes  capabilities  — providing  an  ideal 
environment  for  the  engineer  or  physicist,  whatever 
his  field  of  interest. 


Members  of  our  staff  will  conduct 

CAMPUS  INTERVIEWS 

NOVEMBER   10  and   11 

For  interview  appointment  or  informational 
literature  consult  your  College  Placement  Director. 


HUGHES  AM 


M=T  COMPANY 


The  West's  leader  in  advanced  ELECTRONICS 
I 

HUGHES 

I 

I J 

HUGHES   AIRCRAFT  COMPANY 

Culver  City,  El  Segundo,  Fullerton,  Newport  Beach 
Malibu  and  Los  Angeles,  California; 
Tucson,  Arizona 


Photos   by  George  Knoblock 


JUDY 


STEPHENSON 


T 

E 

C 

H 

N 

O 

C 

U 

T 

I 

E 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Engineers,  take  note! 

"All  eligible  bachelors  are  hid- 
ing out  in  engineering."  October 
Technocutie,  Judy  Stephenson, 
has  the  engineers  on  campus 
pegged  in  this  manner. 

The  18-year-old,  5'2"  sopho- 
more in  elementary  education 
has  definite  ideas  on  men  in  her 
life.  Judy  thinks  manners  are 
one  important  requisite.  She 
doesn't  limit  herself  to  one  type 
of  man;  she  likes  varied  person- 
alities. 

Judy's  ideas  on  a  nice  date 
are  dancing,  movies  or  parties; 
but  she  definitely  prefers  lemon- 
ade to  beer. 

Originally  from  Lockport,  Judy 
now  lives  at  the  Delta  Gamma 
house  on  campus. 

A  thinking  beauty,  Judy  made 
Alpha  Lambda  Delta  last  year 
as  well  as  Star  &  Scroll  Queen, 
lllio  beauty,  and  the  Sports  Car 
Queen  finals. 

She  likes  waterskiing,  bowl- 
ing, sports  cars,  the  Kingston 
Trio,  chocolate  ice  cream  and 
steak. 

The  best  part,  and  the  most 
profitable  for  all  engineers  is 
that  Judy  is  open  for  dotes.  All 
eligible  bachelors,  coll  at  the 
DG  house. 


-  •  •  *  « >^  ^\ 

•  •I*  .•«••'•■'  «' 

•  •••«, tti»"M» 


^m.^y'^^^Mju^^'^^'^m^-^ 


*-i.. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


35 


W.E.   DEFENSE  PROJECTS   ENGINEERS  are  often  faced  with  challenging  assign- 
ments   such    as  systems    testing    for    the   SAGE    continental    air    defense    network. 


ENGINEERS  explore  exciting  frontiers 
at  Western  Electric 


It  guided  missiles,  electronic  switching  systems  and 
telephones  of  the  future  sound  like  exciting  fields 
to  you,  a  career  at  Western  Electric  may  be  just 
what  you're  after. 

Western  Electric  handles  both  telephone  work 
and  defense  assignments  .  .  .  and  engineers  are 
right  in  the  thick  of  it.  Defense  projects  include  the 
Nike  and  Terrier  guided  missile  systems  .  .  . 
advanced  air,  sea  and  land  radar  .  .  .  the  SAGE 
continental  air  defense  system  . . .  DEW  Line  and 
White  Alice  in  the  Arctic.  These  and  other  defense 
jobs  offer  wide-ranging  opportunities  for  all  kinds 
of  engineers. 

In  our  main  job  as  manufacturing  and  supply 
unit  of  the  Bell  System,  Western  Electric  engineers 
discover  an  even  wider  range  of  opportunity.  Here 
they  flourish  in  such  new  and  growing  fields  as 
electronic  switching,  microwave  radio  relay,  min- 
iaturization. They  engineer  the  installation  of  tele- 
phone central  offices,  plan  the  distribution  of  equip- 
ment and  supplies  .  .  .  and  enjoy,  with  their  defense 
teammates,  the  rewards  that  spring  from  an  engi- 
neering career  with  Western  Electric. 

Western  Electric  technical  fields  include  me- 
chanical, electrical,  chemical,  civil  and  industrial 
engineering,  plus  the  physical  sciences.  For  more 
detailed  information  pick  up  a  copy  of  "Consider  a 
Career  at  Western  Electric"  from  your  Placement 
Officer.  Or  write  College  Relations.  Room  200D, 


Western  Electric  Company,  195  Broadway.  New 
York  7,  N.  Y.  And  sign  up  for  a  Western  Electric 
interview  when  the  Bell  System  Interviewing  Team 
visits  your  campus. 


MANUFACTUR 


UNIT    Of    THE 


Principal  manufacturing  locations  at  Chicago,  III.;  Kearny.  N  J.;  Baltimore.  Md.;  Indianapolis,  Ind.;  Allentown  and  Laureldale.  Pa.; 
Burlington,  Greensboro  and  Winston-Salem,  N.  C;  Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  North  Andover,  Mass.;  Lincoln  and  Omaha  Neb.;  Kansas  City,  Mo.; 
Columbus,  Ohio;  Oklahoma  City,  Okla.;  Teletype  Corporation,  Chicago,  III.  and  Little  Rock,  Ark.  Also  Western  Electric 
Distribution   Centers   in  32   cities   and   Installation   headquarters    in   16  cities.  General  headquarters:   195  Broadway,  New  York  7,  N.  Y. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


37 


C: 


A    DOOR  IS  OPEN  AT  ALLIED  CHEMICAL  TO 


Opportunities  for  professional  recognition 


If  you  feel,  as  we  do,  that  the  publication  of  technical 
papers  adds  to  the  professional  stature  of  the  individual 
employee  and  his  worth  to  his  company,  you  will  see  why 
Allied  encourages  its  people  to  put  their  tindings  in  print. 
Some  recent  contributions  from  our  technical  statf  are 
shown  below. 

It's  interesting  to  speculate  on  what  you  might  publish 
as  a  chemist  at  one  of  our  12  research  laboratories  and 
development  centers.  The  possibilities  are  virtually  limit- 


less, because  Allied  makes  over  3,000  products— chemi- 
cals, plastics,  fibers— products  that  offer  careers  with  a 
future  for  chemists,  chemistry  majors  and  engineers. 

Why  not  write  today  for  a  newly  revised  copy  of  "Your 
Future  in  Allied  Chemical."  Or  ask  our  interviewer 
about  Allied  when  he  next  visits  your  campus.  Your 
placement  office  can  tell  you  when  he'll  be  there. 

Allied  Chemical,  Department  109-R2 
61  Broadway,  New  York  6,  New  York 


SOME  RECENT  TECHNICAL  PAPERS  AND  TALKS  BY  ALLIED   CHEMICAL  PEOPLE 


"What  is  a  Foam?" 

Donald  S.  Otto,  National  Aniline  Division 

American  Management  Association  Seminar  on  Polymeric 
Packaging  Materials 

"Electrically  Insulating,  Flexible  Inorganic  Coatings  on 
Metal  Produced  by  Gaseous  Fluorine  Reactions" 
Dr.  Robert  W.  Mason,  General  Chemical  Research 

Laboratory 

American  Ceramic  Society  Meeting,  Electronic  Division 

"Gas  Chromatographic  Separations  of  Closing  Boiling 
Isomers" 

Dr.  A.  R.  Paterson.  Central  Research  Laboratory 

Second  International  Symposium  on  Gas  Chromatography 
at  Michigan  State  University 

"Correlation  of  Structure  and  Coating  Properties  of 
Polyurethane  Copolymers" 

Dr.  Maurice  E.  Bailey,  G.  C.  Toone,  G.  S.  Wooster, 
National  Aniline  Division;  E.  G.  Bobaiek,  Case  In- 
stitute of  Technology  and  Consultant  on  Organic 
Coatings 

Gordon  Research  Conference  on  Organic  Coatings 

"Corrosion  of  Metals  by  Chromic  Acid  Solutions" 
Ted  M.  Swain,  Solvay  Process  Division 

Annual  Conference  of  tlie  National  Association  of 
Corrosion  Engineers 

"Use  of  Polyethylene  Emulsions  in  Textile  Applications"         "Sulfur  Hexafluoride" 


"Isocyanate  Resins" 

Leslie  M.  Faichney,  National  Aniline  Division 

Modern  Plastics  Encyclopedia 

"Concentration  of  Sulphide  Ore  by  Air  Float  Tables- 
Gossan  Mines" 

R.  H.  Dickinson,  Wilbert  J.  Trepp,  J.  O.  Nichols, 
General  Chemical  Division 

Engineering  and  Mining  Journal 

"Urethane  Foams" 


Dr.  Maurice  E.  Bailey,  National  Aniline  Division 

For  publication  in  a  hook  on  modern  plastics  by 
Herbert  R.  Simonds 

"The  Booming  Polyesters" 

James  E.  Sayre  and  Paul  A.  Elias,  Plastics  and  Coal 

Chemicals  Division 

Chemical  &  Engineering  News 

"T,  2',  4'— Trimethoxyflavone" 

Dr.  Sydney  M.  Spatz  and  Dr.  Marvin  Koral,  Na- 
tional Aniline  Division 

Journal  of  Organic  Chemistry 

"Physical  Properties  of  Perfluoropropane" 

James  A.  Brown,  General  Chemical  Research  Lab- 
oratory 

Journal  of  Physical  Chemistry 


Robert  Rosenbaum,  Semet-Solvay  Division 

D.  D.  Gagliardi,  Gagliardi  Research  Corporation 

American  Association  of  Textile  Colorists  &  Chemists 


Dr.  Whitney  H.  Mears,  General  Chemical  Research 
Laboratory 


Encyclopedia  of  Chemical  Technology 


BASIC  TO 
AMERICA'S 
PROGRESS 


DIVISIONS:    BARRETT    •    GENERAL  CHEMICAL   •    NATIONAL  ANILINE    •    NITROGEN    • 
PLASTICS  AND  COAL  CHEMICALS  •  SEMET-SOLVAY-  SOLVAY  PROCESS  ■INTERNATIONAL 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Tau  Beta  Pi  Essay 


THE   VIRTUES  OF  A 

PROFESSIONAL  MAN 


By  Charles  D.  Grigg 


Most  >'oung  men  of  today  e\Tntnally 
come  to  a  crossroads  or  intersection, 
better  known  as  high  school  graduation. 
Then  they  must  carefully  choose  the  di- 
rection in  which  to  travel.  Faced  with 
this  decision,  the  young  man  must  ex- 
amine a  multitude  of  options;  to  con- 
tinue his  education,  to  begin  in  some 
type  of  emploii'ment,  to  join  the  armed 
forces,  and  numerous  other  choices  all 
beckon  to  him. 

What  causes  a  young  man  to  choose 
a  field  where  professional  performance 
is  a  necessity?  In  doing  so,  he  must  be 
well  acquainted  with  the  basic  require- 
ments that  differentiate  the  routine 
worker  and  technician  from  the  profes- 
sional man.  The  essential  criteria  of  the 
profession  will  allow  a  young  man  to 
decide  whether  he  wants  to  work  at  a 
level  of  employment  where  professional 
performance   is   demanded. 

The  first  criterion  of  professional  per- 
formance is  that  it  usually  reflects  a 
formal  and  somewhat  standardized 
training.  This  does  not  mean  that  the 
profession  can  be  entered  only  via  special 
college  training.  However,  it  does  mean 
that  complete  understanding  of  certain 
fields  of  knowledge  is  to  be  regarded  as 
essential    to    the    successful    practitioner. 

A  large  area  of  widely  accepted  stand- 
ard practice  is  implied  by  professional 
performance.  This  means  that  certain 
techniques,  measures,  and  methods  have 
achieved  widespread  approval  and  ac- 
ceptance. 

The  regular  and  formalized  exchange 
of  information  and  experience  among 
practitioners  is  usually  presumed  in  pro- 
fessional performance.  These  exchanges 
are  facilitated  in  the  professions  by  sev- 
eral methods.  Professional  associations 
and  conferences,  on  local,  regional,  and 
national  levels  are  utilized  by  partici- 
|iants  in  exchanging  information  and 
learning  of  new  developments.  Special- 
ized periodic  literature  is  used  in  which 
leports  of  research,  experiment,  and  ex- 
perience are  spread  throughout  the  field. 
This  attitude  of  free  exchange  con- 
trasts greatly  with  the  old  philosophy  of 
patented  procedures. 

The  most  essential  feature  in  facili- 
tating this  free  exchange  of  professional 


information  is  undoubtedly  the  profes- 
sional association.  These  associations  are 
composed  of  individual  practitioners  and 
are  controlled  democratically  by  the 
members.  The  association  prescribes 
standards  of  training,  knowledge,  ex- 
perience, and  skill  which  must  be  met 
by  those  who  are  admitted  to  member- 
sliip. 

Professional  performance  implies  the 
knowledge  of  and  familiarity  with  a 
continually  growing  field  of  professional 
literature.  Such  literature  includes 
standard  texts  and  specialized  periodical 
publications,  supported  and  maintained 
by  members  of  the  profession  and  pro- 
viding a  means  of  reporting  research,  ex- 
periment,   and    experience. 

Continued  research  is  always  reflect- 
ed by  professional  performance.  Profes- 


sional fields  show  continual  change  in 
theory  and  practice  as  a  direct  result  of 
this  research  and  the  incorporation  of 
research  into  current  knowledge.  This 
research  receives  from  practitioners  their 
active  cooperation  and  participation  as 
well  as  their  continued  moral  and  fi- 
nancial support. 

Professional  performance  is  guided  by 
an  accepted  systef  of  profe.ssional  ethics 
and  a  strong  sense  of  public  responsibil- 
ity. The  special  responsibility  arising 
out  of  their  advisory  and  consultative 
function  must  be  recognized  by  profes- 
sional men.  They  can  afiford  to  be  per- 
sistent in  their  concern  for  ethical  con- 
siderations and  the  public  interest,  be- 
cause their  special  knowledge  insures  a 
maximum  degree  of  independence  and 
security.  They  are  employed  for  what 
they  know.  Therefore,  the  professional 
man  can  afford  to  be  a  "no  man,"  rather 
than  a  "yes  man,"  to  a  degree  that  is 
not  to  be  expected  of  a  non-professional 
employee. 

The  most  important  distinctive  char- 
acteristic of  the  professional  man  is  that 
suggested  by  the  designation  of  "learn- 
ed professions" — a  continuing  attitude 
of  learning.  The  professional  continual- 
ly searches  for  new  knowledge  and  a 
greater  and  more  penetrating  under- 
>tanding  in  a  lifetime  spent  in  study 
and  learning.  His  training  is  designed  to 
urge  upon  him  habits  of  continuous  edu- 
cation. From  this  never-ending  drive 
arises  his  interest  in  research,  his  par- 
ticipation in  professional  associations  and 
conferences,  his  study  of  current  liter- 
ature, and  his  overall  striving  to  im- 
pnne  his  profession.  This  attitude  of 
learning  is  the  very  essence  of  the  truly 
professional  man. 

These  are  the  basic  criteria  of  pro- 
fessional performance,  the  creed  of  the 
professional  man.  It  was  earlier  asked 
what  causes  a  young  man  to  choose  a 
professional  career.  The  basic  purpose 
of  a  man's  life — to  leave  the  world  a 
better  place  in  which  to  live  than  when 
he  entered  it — is  well  supported  by 
these  criteria  of  the  professional.  There 
is  little  question  that  the  professional 
man  is  an  essential  element  in  the  con- 
tinual  enhancement  of  society. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


39 


Best  mdmdual  effort. . . 


i 


Nv'V.'t:^?"', 


•iSilPULSION 


STRUCTURES  &  WTS. 


OPERATIONS  RES.  >»  -y  ff 

. . .  best  combinafton  of  meas 


At  Convair-Fort  Worth,  you'll  find  a  new 
outlook  ...  a  new  perspective  in  the  engi- 
neering organization  .  .  .  one  whose  objective 
is  to  provide  a  framework  from  which  each 
engineer  can  contribute  his  best  individual 
effort  toward  achieving  the  best  combination 
of  ideas. 

This  is  one  reason  why  so  many  experienced, 
well-trained  men  with  creative  ability  and 
inquiring  minds  are  taking  a  close  look  at 
the  advantages  of  joining  a  team  whose 
advanced  thinking  is  so  vividly   portrayed 


by  the  all-new  B-58,  America's  first  and 
fastest  supersonic  bomber. 
Living  in  Fort  Worth  has  its  advantages,  too. 
There  is  no  state  income  or  sales  tax,  ade- 
quate housing  in  all  price  ranges,  no  com- 
muting problem.  Descriptive  literature  will  be 
supplied  on  request,  or  send  a  complete  res- 
ume' of  your  training  and  experience  for  care- 
ful evaluation  by  engineers  in  the  areas  best 
suited  to  your  qualifications.  To  be  assured 
of  prompt  attention  and  strict  confidence, 
address  your  inquiry  to  P.  O.  Box  748C. 


CONVAIR-FORT  WORTH 

A        DIVISION         OF 

GENERAL  DYNAMICS 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


HELICOPTER    CONTROL 

(Continiud  jioin   Page    l^) 

This  means  that  the  blades  merely  flap 
up  and  down  to  always  maintain  a  zero 
niomeiit  about  the  hinges.  This  flapping 
due  to  an  unbalance  of  the  lift  and  cen- 
trifugal forces  also  always  tends  to  align 
the  tip  path  plane  perpendicidar  to  the 
control  axis  when  a  tilt  of  the  blades  is 
desired.  Since  this  balance  tends  to  lag 
the   tilt   momentarily,   a   lag  in   the   di- 


rection     of      motion      is      momentarily 
noticed. 

One  might  conclude  then  that  the 
problem  of  control  of  the  rotor  is 
soKed.  Hut  if  the  helicopter  were  de- 
veloped with  vertical  flapping  hinges 
alone,  during  flight  testing  it  would  be 
observed  that  either  the  flapping  motion 
was  retarded  or  that  forces  were  acting 
tending  to  snap  off  the  blades  in  the 
in-plane  direction.  To  the  pilot  this 
might   remain   a   great  mystery,   but   to 


Figure  VI 


Figure  VII 


'Collective  pilch  sleeve 
(moves  up  and  down  while 
rololing  with  shaft) 


Flopping  axis 
Blade  thrust  bearing 


Lower  swash  plate  (mounted  on  gimbals 
which  allow  it  10  hit  but  not  to  rotate 
or  to  move  vertically) 

Gear  case  fphonton\l  fixed  to  fuselage 


Upper  link  (adjustable  for  tracking  blades) 

Rotating  rocker  arm  (upper  links  move  up  together  when 

I  ,_,  center  of  rocker  arms  is  moved  up 

Lower  link  ^        ,,    '.  ,  ..    ,  v 

by  collechv&pitch  sleeve,  and  move 

cyclically  when  swash  plates  are  tilted^ 

;  Pilot's  collective  pitch  lever 
Throttle  twist  grip 


the  mathematician  or  engineer  this  ac- 
tion must  remain  an  inherent  part  of  the 
system  as  long  as  the  blades  are  designed 
to  flap  \crtically  onh'.  To  vmderstand 
this  action  a  little  knowledge  of  angular 
momentum  is  required.  Angular  mo- 
mentum is  a  product  of  the  mass  of  the 
blades  M,  the  radius  of  the  center  of 
gravity  squared  R-,  and  the  angular 
velocity  W.  In  other  words  it  is 
MR-'W.  This  product  always  tends  to 
remain  constant,  but  as  the  blades  flap 
up  and  down  the  distance  from  the 
blade  center  of  gravity  to  the  axis  of 
rotation  changes  and  something  else 
must  change  to  hold  the  MR-'W  con- 
stant. Since  the  mass  cannot  change  the 
angular  velocity  of  the  blades  must 
cliange,  and  since  the  blades  are  rigidly 
mounted  in  the  in-plane  direction,  this 
results  in  a  whipping  action  on  the 
blades  with  a  tendency  to  prevent  verti- 
cal flapping.  It  therefore  becomes  ob\i- 
ous  that  something  else  must  be  done  to 
o\ercome  this,  and  the  answer  lies  in 
hinging  the  blades  in  the  in-plane  direc- 
tion also. 

Now  as  the  blades  flap  up  and  down 
tliey  can   also  speed   up   and   slow   ilown 


Figure  IX 

to  hold  the  angular  momentum  con- 
stant and  the  problem  is  solved.  This 
is  known  as  a  full-flapping  universally- 
movuited  rotor. 

1  his  explanation  was  based  essential- 
ly on  a  single-rotor  type  helicopter  and 
examples  of  other  variations  were  intro- 
duced. The  basic  control  methods  in- 
volved are  best  illustrated  by  the  single 
rotor,  with  an  anti  torque  rotor,  but 
they  are  applicable  to  all  helicopters. 
The  main  control  requirements  are 
therefore,  (1)  directional  control,  (2) 
pilot  control  and  (3)  rotor  control;  and 
these  are  essentially  accomplished  b\'  (  1  ) 
rotor  tilt  and  anti-torque  devises,  (2) 
mechanical  controls  similar  to  those 
in  conventional  aircraft  with  an  added 
pitch  stick,  and  (3)  the  full-flapping 
universally-mounted  rotoi'. 

1 


Figure  VIII 


Weekend  Chores  Eased 

Saturday  afternoon  is  a  good  time 
for  a  game  of  golf,  or  pottering  around 
the  house,  but  it  was  not  always  that 
wa\.  Hack  in  1924,  a  Pittsburgh  oil 
company  published  a  booklet  in  which 
it  told  the  car  r)wner  what  he  would 
have  to  do  every  weekend  to  keep  his 
car  in  shape  and  listed  parts  that  must 
be  oiled  or  greased  by  hand. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


41 


SPACE  TECHNOLOGY  LABORATORIES,  INC. 

FELLOWSHIPS 

FOR 

Doctoral  &  Postdoctoral  Study 

AT  THE  CALIPORNIA  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 
OR  THE  MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 


*\W\\\1A\\\\\\\\%W\\%\\\VW\\\W\\\\\\\\\\\\1.\\\\\WV 


SPACE  TF.CHNOLOGY  Fellowships  have  been  estab- 
lished in  recognition  of  the  great  scarcity  of  scientists 
and  engineers  who  have  the  very  special  qualifications 
required  for  work  in  Systems  Engineering,  and  of  the 
rapidly  increasing  national  need  for  such  individuals. 
Recipients  of  these  Fellowships  will  have  an  oppor- 
tunity to  pursue  a  broad  course  of  graduate  study  in 
the  fundamental  mathematics,  physics,  and  engineering 
required  for  careers  in  these  fields,  and  will  also  have 
an  opportunity  to  associate  and  work  with  experienced 
engineers  and  scientists. 

Systems  Engineering  encompasses  difficult  advanced 
design  problems  of  the  type  which  involve  interactions, 
compromises,  and  a  high  degree  of  optimization 
between  portions  of  complex  complete  systems.  This 
includes  taking  into  account  the  characteristics  of  hu- 
man beings  who  must  operate  and  other\vise  interact 
with  the  systems. 

The  program  for  each  Fellow  covers  approximately 
a  Uselve-month  period,  part  of  which  is  spent  at  Space 
Technology  Laboratories,  and  the  remainder  at  the 
California  Institute  of  Technology  or  the  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology  working  toward  the  Doc- 
tor's degree,  or  in  post-doctoral  study.  Fellows  in  good 


standing  may  apply  for  renewal  of  the  Fellowship  for  a 
second  year. 

ELIGIBILITY  The  general  requirements  for  eligibility 
are  that  the  candidate  be  an  American  citizen  who  has 
completed  one  or  more  years  of  graduate  study  in 
mathematics,  engineering  or  science  before  July,  1960, 
The  Fellowships  will  also  be  open  to  persons  who  have 
already  received  a  Doctor's  degree  and  who  wish  to 
undertake  an  additional  year  of  study  focused  specifi- 
cally on  Systems  Engineering. 

AWARDS  The  awards  for  each  Fellowship  granted  will 
consist  of  three  portions.  The  first  will  be  an  educa- 
tional grant  disbursed  through  the  Institute  attended 
of  not  less  than  $2,000,  with  possible  upward  adjust- 
ment for  candidates  with  family  responsibilities.  The 
second  portion  will  be  the  salary  paid  to  the  Fellow  for 
summer  and  part-time  work  at  Space  Technology  Lab- 
oratories. The  salary  will  depicnd  upon  his  age  and 
experience  and  the  amount  of  time  worked,  but  will 
normally  be  approximately  $2,000.  The  third  portion 
will  be  a  grant  of  $2, 100  to  the  school  to  cover  tuition 
and  research  expenses. 


APPLICATION  PROCEDURE  For  a  dacriptive 
booklet  and  application  forms,  write  to  Space 
Tcchnolofly  Laboratories  Fellowship  Committee. 
Completed  applications  together  with  reference 
forms  and  a  transcript  of  undcrciradiiate  and 
graduate  courses  and  (\radcs  must  be  transmitted 
to  the  Committee  not  later  than  ]an.  20,  1960. 


SPACE 

TECHNOLOGY 
LABORATORIES,  INC. 

P.O.  BO.X  95004 

LOS  ANGELES  45,  CALIFORNIA 


® 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Scientist  as  a  Person 


(  ('.0}iliiiiH  d  from    Piigr   .'/j 


1  can't  spi'ak  for  the  scientist  who 
works  alone,  and  certainly  one  of  the 
major  [iroblenis  in  our  society  today  is 
to  preserve  the  individuah'ty  and  initia- 
tive of  those  who  contribute  toward  a 
<:roup  effort.  It  is  equally  true  that  a 
scientist  who  is  paid  by  a  big  company 
to  do  research  and  who  makes  a  discov- 
ery is  expected  to  give  the  compan\'  the 
benefit  of  that  discovery.  But  let  me 
add  quickly — if  the  discovery  provides 
a  commercial  opportunity  for  the  com- 
pany, the  scientist  shares  commensurate- 
1\'  in  the  rewards  throup;h  a  bonus  sys- 
tem. 

I  ha\e  been  hearing  rumors  and  have 
read  stories  for  years  of  inventions  being 
suppressed  or  kept  in  a  deep  freeze  b\ 
business  firms  because  development 
might  injure  an  existing  business.  No 
authentic  proof  of  this  has  ever  come  to 
m\  attention.  Certainly  the  intensity  of 
competition  today  would  make  such  a 
step  unthinkable  in  the  chemical  indus- 
try In  our  company,  for  example,  ny'on 
was  developed  and  put  on  the  market  as 
soon  as  possible  after  its  discovery  al- 
though we  knew  it  v.'ould  hurt  our 
rayon  business.  Further,  we  now  have 
in  addition  "Orion"  acrylic  fiber  and 
"Dacron"  polyester  fiber  which  compete 
with  n\lon  in  manv  markets. 


It  i>  worth  noting  here  that  among 
those  who  have  risen  to  top  manage- 
ment, those  who  began  in  a  research  lab- 
oratory constitute  23  per  cent  of  the 
members  of  the  Executive  Committ?e, 
45  per  cent  of  the  general  managers,  33 
per  cent  of  the  assistant  general  mana- 
gers, 54  per  cent  of  the  directors  of 
production.  38  per  cent  of  the  assistant 
directors  of  production,  33  per  cent  of 
the  directors  of  sales,  and  27  per  cent 
of  the  assistant  directors  of  sales.  In 
numbers,  43  of  the  118  top  posts  are 
held  by  men  who  began  as  research  sci- 
entists. In  addition,  all  24  of  the  direc- 
tors and  assistant  directors  of  research 
in  our  various  departments —  posts 
which  rank  on  the  organization  chart 
with  the  directors  and  assistant  directors 
of  production  and  sales — are  of  course 
scientists. 

It  seems  to  me  these  facts  demonstrate 
the  scientist  is  a  most  desirable  citizen 
engaged  in  an  essential  and  rewarding 
profession.  Instead  of  being  "squares" 
or  hermits,  they  have  about  the  same  in- 
terests as  other  Americans.  Perhaps  be- 
cause of  their  intellectual  training,  man\' 
scientists  accept  an  even  greater  respon- 
sibility  for  civic  and   social   obligations. 

Above  all,  they  are  proud  and  inde- 
pendent individual:.    Four  out  of    111  of 


those  who  responded  to  our  question- 
naire took  advantage  of  an  invitation  to 
express  themselves  on  what,  if  anything, 
should  be  done  to  alter  the  distorted  con- 
cept of  the  research  scientist.  Their  com- 
ments reflected  opinions  and  personali- 
ties ranging  all  o\er  the  spectrum.  Per- 
haps the  extremes  were  these: 

"Scientists  are  concerned  with  life, 
government,  the  arts.  etc..  outside  their 
occupations.  They  are  not  necessarily 
mental  giants,  nor  is  their  work  at  all 
mysterious.  They  want  to  participate  in 
the  commvinity.  Their  opinions  warrant 
more  consideration  in  the  fields  of  go\- 
ernment  and  social  affairs."  And  on  the 
other  side : 

"I  feel  verv  stronglv  that  it  is  a  g'eat 
disservice  to  both  science  and  the  public 
to  try  to  picture  scientists  as  'just  plain 
folks"  who  happen  to  do  research  in- 
stead of  selling  soap.  Practically  all  of 
the  scientists  I  have  known  have  been 
more  or  less  peculiar — in  general,  the 
better  the  scientist,  the  odder  the  man." 

A  final  comment,  it  seemed  to  me, 
was  an  articulate  expression  of  the  way 
the  scientist  himself  would  like  to  be 
regarded.  This  one  urged : 

"Present  true,  creative  scientists  as 
they  are:  different  from  the  ordinary 
people;  all  creative  people  are  different 
from  the  ordinary  public — it  is  what 
makes  them  creative.  They  should  be 
respected  because  the\'  are  different,  and 
thus  contribute  to  the  imderstanding  of 
the  v.orld  around   us." 


SEE  PAGE  57 

For  An  Important  Bulletin 


OCTOBER,   1959 


43 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  Paul  Cliff 


Steel-Shod  Russians 

There  was  a  time  when  Russians 
actually  wore  shoes  with  steel  soles, 
American  Machinist  comments.  This 
was  in  the  13th  century,  and  the  wear- 
ers were  tribesmen  w-ho  inhabited  the 
lower  Central  Ural  Mountains.  The 
soles  were  an  inch  thick,  and  were 
grooved  to  prevent  slipping.  Being  abso- 
lutely rigid,  they  had  no  give,  and  prob- 
ably were  uncomfortable.  But  they 
were  economical.  The  shoes  were  passed 
from  generation  to  generation,  and 
never  wore  nut. 

Lockheed's  F-104  Starfighter 

How  much  flight  is  there  in  the  thin, 
short  and  sharp  wings  of  Lockheed's 
F-in4  Starf^ghter? 

Knough  to  carry  it  successfully 
through  about  40  years  of  normal  serv- 
ice. 

California  Di\ision  of  Lockheed  Air- 
craft Corp.  put  the  sharp,  thin  wing 
through  nearly  11,000  successive,  2- 
hour  combat  flights  simulated  during  a 
grueling  3j/-year-long  fatigue  test  pro- 
gram. 

In  such  tests,  powerful  hydraulic 
jacks  repeatedly  bend  and  twist  the  part 
to  torture  it  and  try  to  make  it  break. 

In  contra.st  to  conventional  methods 
which  applied  an  unvarying  pattern  of 
forces  in  such  tests,  Lockheed  for  the 
lirst  time  employed  a  new  flight-by- 
Hight  loading  concept. 

Simulating  the  rapidly  changing  pres- 
sures encountered  by  a  combat  P"-104 
from  takeoff  run  through  all  phases  of 
flight   and    back    to   landing,   loads  were 


applied  in  the  sequence  expected  during 
each  complete  flight. 

Researchers  used  two  groups  of  spe- 
cial hydraulic  jacks  in  the  tests  to  cre- 
ate the  load  conditions  identified  with 
both  subsonic  and  supersonic  flight  ma- 
neuvers. 

The  first  structural  failure  occurred 
(finallv)  after  10,793  "flights"  involv- 
ing more  than  1,000,000  flight-like  load 
applications  duplicating  all  phases  of  an 
actual  operational  mission. 

Further,  the  engineers  reported  they 
foiuid  that  even  with  60  per  cent  of  the 
wing-fuselage  attachment  rendered  in- 
operable the  wing  continued  to  carry 
its  design  load. 

World's  Highest  Dam 

The  Vaiont  Dam  across  the  deep, 
narrow  gorge  of  the  Pia\'e  Ri\er  in 
Northern  Italy  will  be  the  highest  in  the 
world  when  completed  next  year.  The 
arched  concrete  structure,  only  623  feet 
wide  at  the  top  will  rise  870  feet  from 
the  river  bed — o\er  100  feet  taller  than 
Mauvoisin  Dam  in  Switzerland  and  144 
feet  higher  than  Hoover  Dam  in  Col- 
orado. 

Radio  Station  For  $25 

.\  tm\  portahlf  KM  radio  transmit- 
ter can  be  built  from  commercial  parts 
costing  only  S25.  The  microphone- 
transmitter,  powered  by  a  standard 
transister  radio  battery,  is  about  the 
size  of  a  deck  of  bridge  cards  and  has 
a  range  of  about  200  feet — just  right  to 
serve  as  a  portable  public  address  micro- 
phone. 


Tiny  Screws  Provide  Headaches 

Tiny  .screws  have  been  providing 
king-sized  headaches  for  space  engineers 
and  scientists.  Thinner  than  a  fine 
needle,  they  are  \ital  components  of  the 
delicate  instruments  and  controls  in  mis- 
siles and   rockets. 

Until  recently,  there  were  no  stand- 
ard screw  sizes  at  those  Lilliputian  di- 
mensions, and  engineers  had  to  design 
their  own  screws  for  every  nvw  instru- 
ment. 

Now.  a  solution  has  been  reached. 
-A  publication  called  "American  Stand- 
ard Uru'fied  Minature  Screw  Threads," 
has  been  approved  by  the  American 
Standards  Association.  It  establishes  a 
new  thread  series  that  will  go  a  long 
way  towards  simplifying  design  of 
space-age  instruments,  as  well  as  watches 
and  other  more  down-to-earth  miniature 
mechanisms. 

The  new  publication  establishes  four- 
teen standard  screw  thread  sizes,  with 
a  standard  design  that  covers  all  of 
them. 

Screws  covered  by  this  standard  are 
so  tiny  that  75.000  of  the  smallest  of 
them  would  fit  in  a  thimble.  The 
threads  on  these  are  invisible  to  the 
naked  e>e.  The  diameters  of  the  screws 
range  from  one-hundredth  (0.01)  inch 
to  six  one-hundredths  (0.06)  of  an 
inch. 

Closed-Circuit  Auction 

The  Armv  will  auction  a  billion  and 
a  half  dollars  worth  of  surplus  equip- 
ment this  fall  over  a  clo.sed-circuit  tele- 
vision network.  \Iachinery.  tools  and 
supplies  stored  at  depots  all  over  the 
East  will  be  put  before  bidders  at  large- 
screen  TV  setups  in  New  York  City, 
Boston,  Philadelphia,  Columbus,  Chi- 
cago and  St.  Louis.  Bids  will  be  made 
and  accepted  via  two  way  radio. 

Burglar's  Apprentice 

The  "jimmy,"  a  short  crowbar  often 
used  by  burglars,  was  invented  in  the 
Middle  Ages  and  got  its  name  from 
burglars'  apprentices,  who  were  all 
called  "James.  "  When  a  bright  crook 
invented  the  handy  tool,  he  named  his 
new  helper  after  his  old  one,  and  the 
name   stuck. 

Moth  Fighter 

Compounds  that  are  colorless,  odor- 
less and  harmless  to  humans  now  protect 
textiles  from  attack  by  insects.  Called 
metabolites,  the  compounds — differing 
only  slightl\'  in  chemical  structure  from 
vitamins — up.set  the  digestive  system  of 
larvae  b\  causing  embryonic  starvation. 
Full-grown  insects,  however,  recognize 
the  difference  between  the  compounds 
and  real  vitanuii-bearing  materials  and 
make  no  attempt  to  approach  fabrics 
treated  \M'th  them. 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


New  Source  of  Electrons 

Klectrnnic  tubes  of  the  future  may 
some  dav  be  "transistorized,"  according 
to  Westin^house  Electric  Corporation 
scientists.  It  all  depends  on  whetlier 
tliey  can  !"a've  practical  use  of  an  effect 
plusicists  have  discovered  recently  by 
which  it  is  possible  to  obtain  a  constant 
How  of  electrons  dirccth'  out  of  t'  e 
surface  of  certain  se!iiiconductor  ma- 
terials. 

The  latest  semiconductor  to  yield  this 
unique  flow  of  electrons  is  silicon  car- 
bide— a  hard,  crystalline  solid  best 
Irvii-.-n  for  its  widespread  use  in  impure 
'nrm  as  a'l  abrasive  in  grinding:  wheels. 
Th"  density  of  the  electron  flow  o" 
"emission"  they  find,  is  equal  to  that  in 
the  average  electronic  tube. 

"In  recent  years,  transistors  and  re- 
lated devices  have  replaced  convention-' 
electronic  tubes  in  a  wide  van'pf  nt 
■^■rlern  e'ectroni''  equipn-'ent."  Dr. 
'^la'-euc  Zener,  director  of  W-stin<T- 
house  research,  ^-aid  in  disclosing  the 
new  discovery.  "Bv  removing  the  most 
serious  limitation  of  the  ordinary  elec- 
tronic tube  this  discovery  in  semicon- 
ductors mi<^ht  reverse  this  trend  and 
bring  a  new  lease  on  life  to  the  very 
de\ice  which  semi-conductors  seem  des- 
tined  to   outmode." 

An  electronic  tube  functions  bv  reg- 
vdating  the  flow  of  a  stream  of  elec- 
trons across  a  vacuum  inside  it.  Con- 
ventionally, these  electrons  are  obtained 
by  boiling  them  out  of  a  coated  metal 
wire,  or  cathode,  at  high  temperatures. 
Considerable  electric  power  is  required 
to  supply  the  necessary  heat,  which  then 
must  be  dissipated  to  prevent  overheat- 
ing of  the  tube  itself. 

"Applied  successfully  to  a  vacuum 
tube,  this  new  method  of  electron  emis- 
sion from  semiconductors  would  do 
away  with  this  whole  inefficient  proc- 
ess," Dr.  Zener  declared.  "One  can 
visualize  a  tube  in  which  the  usual  heat- 
ed cathode  is  replaced  by  a  small  semi- 
conductor crystal  having  a  built-in 
'junction'  like  that  in  a  transistor.  The 
cr\stal  would  consume  a  negligble 
amount  of  power  and  would  yield  elec- 
trons instantly  and  indefinitely  when  a 
small  electric  voltage  is  applied  across 
it. 

"Such  a  device  would,  in  effect,  com- 
bine into  a  single  operating  unit  many 
of  the  inherent  advantages  of  both  semi- 
conductors and  vacuum  tubes.  It  would 
result  in  what  might  be  called  a  'solid 
state'  electronic  tube." 

The  escape  of  electrons  from  silicon 
carbide  accompanies  the  emission  of  vis- 
ible light  from  the  crystal.  This  visible 
light  is  a  form  of  electroluminescence, 
and  occurs  when  enough  voltage  is  ap- 
plied across  the  junction  to  cause  break- 
down, that  is,  loss  of  the  junction's  nor- 
mal  electrical    resistance. 


When  breakdown  occurs,  small  blue 
spots  of  light  appear  in  the  cr\stal  in 
the  region  of  the  junction.  Electrons 
escape  from  these  bright,  light-emitting 
spots,  especially  from  those  located  near- 
est the  surface  of  the  crystal.  The  spots 
are  small,  only  about  50  millionths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  From  the  spots  the 
Westinghouse  scientists  have  measured 
cmrents  up  to  one  millionth  of  an  am- 
pere, which  indicates  that  the  density 
of  the  electron  flow  is  quite  comparable 
to  that  from  the  cathode  of  a  typical 
vacuum   tube. 

Although  a  millionth  of  an  ampere  is 
a  small  current  by  everyday  standards, 
many  of  the  more  sophisticated  elec- 
tronic tubes  of  today,  such  as  beam- 
t\'pe  camera  and  display  tubes  used  in 
television  and  military  electronic  sys- 
tems, may  use  considerably  less  current 
than  this.  It  is  particularly  interesting 
that  this  perfectly  adequate  flow  of  elec- 
trons originates  from  a  tiny,  pin-point 
soiuce.  Such  a  source  would  have  many 
advantages  in  the  construction  of  com- 
plicated tubes.  It  would  simplify  focus- 
ing of  the  electron  beam  and  eliminate 
much  of  the  complicated  tube  construc- 
tion now  employed  for  this  purpose. 

In  view  of  the  present-day  emphasis 
upon  minaturization  of  electronic  equip- 
ment, elemination  of  the  large,  hot, 
power  -  consuming  cathode  would  be  a 
major  advance  in  electronic  tube  devel- 
opment. The  potential  advantages  of 
such  a  "solid  state"  have  stimulated  at 
the  Westinghouse  research  laboratories 
further  research  on  the  electron  emis- 
sion from  silicon  carbide  as  well  as  a 
program  aimed  at  making  eventual  use 
of  the  phenomenon  in  working  devices, 
the  Westinghouse  scientists  reported. 


A  possible  electronic  tube  of  the 
future  being  constructed  and  tested 
by  Westinghouse. 

Boon  For  Motorists 

Motorists  in  Tulsa  will  no  longer 
have  to  stand  around  and  stare  at  grease 
racks  while  waiting  for  their  cars  to  be 
repaired.  A  soon-to-open  Oklahoma 
service  station  will  feature  an  air-con- 
ditioned lounge  equipped  with  television 
for  its  cvistomers. 

Ultrafast  Acting  Anesthetic 

Heinrich  Gruber  of  Berlin,  Ger- 
many, has  been  granted  a  patent  for  an 
ultrafast  acting,  short-term  liquid  an- 
esthetic for  intravenous  injection  based 
on  a  derivative  of  barbituric  acid.  (U.S. 
2,839,447).  By  the  addition  of  a  suit- 
able quantity  of  glycerine,  the  stupor 
usually  induced  by  a  barbituric  drug  is 
overcome  and  a  patient  is  in  full  com- 
mand of  his  faculties  immediately  on 
awakening  and  is  "fit"  after  only  thirty 
minutes.  Presence  of  diethylether  in  the 
anesthetic  formulation  stimulates 
breathing  and  metabolism,  thus  expedit- 
ing the  decomposition  of  the  drug  in 
the  body.  The  anesthetic  is  recommend- 
ed for  localized  operations  requiring  a 
short  period  of  time. 

Five-Purpose  Lamppost 

\ew  \'iuk  Cit\  pl.ins  to  replace  its 
12(t,0()U  lampposts  with  a  five-purpose 
fiixture.  The  new  lampposts,  now  in  the 
design  stage,  will  provide  street  light- 
fire  alarm  boxes  and  street  signs  in  a 
single  installation.  New  York  hopes 
ebentually  to  replace  all  of  its  64  dif- 
ferent types  of  oinamental  lampposts 
with   the  new  model. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


45 


FROM  YOUR  MECHANIC 
GET  THE   BEST 


Precis 


There  are  two  ways  to  keep  your  i':u 
in  perfect  shape.  One  is  to  put  it  in 
(leaii  storage.  The  other  is  to  (iiul  a 
i;ooil    mechanic   and    to   stick   with    him. 

The  (irst  solution  doesn't  make  much 
sense.  The  reason  we  hu\'  a  car  is  to 
use  it:  for  business,  errands,  tim.  The 
only  way  to  be  sure  that  it  will  be 
ready  to  use  when  it's  needed  is  to  see 
that  it  gets  consistent,  expert  care.  And 
that's  eas>'  to  do  if  \(iu  go  about  it  the 
right  way. 

Unless  you've  worked  with  cars  most 
of  your  life,  you  should  trust  your  auto- 
mobile to  the  professional  of  the  busi- 
ness— your  neighborhood  mechanic.  If 
you're  not  an  expert,  resist  the  tempta- 
tion to  sa\e  a  couple  of  dollars  by  doing 
it  \()urself.  One  slip  of  the  hand  can 
ruin  an  expensive  part.  Poor  adjust- 
ment of  a  vital  function  such  as  igni- 
tion timing  can  cost  you  money  in  poor 
performance,  high  gasoline  consumption 
and  reduced  engine  life. 

Pick  a  mechanic  with  a  reputation  for 
fair  liealing  and  good  work,  and  then 
stick  with  him.  He's  had  rigorous  train- 
ing for  his  job.  If  he  specializes  in  a 
particular  make  of  car,  he's  probably 
attended  training  courses  run  by  the 
manufacturer.   If  he   repairs  all   makes, 


there's  a  good  chance  that  he  has  had 
formal  mechanical  training  in  addition 
to  a  lifetime  of  working  with  cars,  first 
as  a  teen-age  hobbv  and  later  .-i^  his 
livelihood. 

\'iiu'll  find  that  most  top  mechanics 
keeji  u)!  with  the  latest  developments  in 
the  field  b\  attending  clinics  run  by 
liart--  and  equipment  manufacturers, 
such  as  American  Brakeblok's  famous 
brake  service  clinics.  Other  manufactur- 
ers keep  them  supplied  with  literature 
and  service  manuals  covering  every  com- 
|ionent  of  your  automobile.  In  service 
stations  these  days  you'll  find  such  ex- 
otic equipment  as  oscilloscopes,  exhaust 
gas  analyzers  and  electronic  dwell  me- 
ters. They're  a  sure  sign  that  today's  me- 
chanic is  a  specialist  in  a  specialized 
job — keeping  your  complex  automobile 
in  perfect  condition. 

What  can  you  do  to  get  the  most 
from  your  mechanic  at  the  least  cost? 
A  number  of  things.  First,  tell  him  the 
symptoms,  but  don't  try  to  do  the  diag- 
nosis yourself.  Give  your  mechanic  the 
same  credit  for  knowing  cars  that  you 
gi\e  your  doctor  for  knowing  medicine. 
Let  him  do  the  diagnosis  and  treatment. 

Ignoring  this  piece  of  advice  can  make 
it  expensive  for  you.  Take  the  case  of 


the  guy  who  was  having  trouble  get- 
ting his  late  model  \'-.S  to  accelerate.  It 
would  hesitate  .ind  then  lurch  forward. 
(  )ur  friend  had  rcail  an  article  on  auto- 
m.itic  transmissions,  telling  how  a  worn 
or  slipning  transmission  band  could 
cuise  that  kind  of  trouble.  So  he  In- 
structed his  mechanic  to  adju-t  the 
transmission  and  I'eplace  any  worn 
hands.  Smce  he  was  a  "uy  that  knew 
e\:ictly  what  he  wanted — ami  soundeil 
like  he  knew  what  he  was  talking  about 
— the  mechanic  followed  instructions. 

Two  days  later  our  hero  got  a  healthy 
bill  for  parts  and  labor,  and  a  guarantee 
th;it  the  transmission  was  now  in  top 
shape.  Rut  when  he  got  out  In  traffic 
his  car  -till  hesitated  and  lurched.  So 
h<'  \'ent  to  another  mechanic.  Hut  this 
time  he  let  the  auto  man  do  the  trouble- 
shooting. Trouble:  dirty  c-rburetor. 
Cure:  a  thorough  cleaning.  Bill:  a  frac- 
tion of  the  cost  of  the  transmission 
work.  The  unfortunate  part  of  the 
story  is  that  our  friend  is  somehow  cnn- 
\inced  that  the  first  mechanic  was  a 
sharp  operator  who  took  him  fo'-  the 
price  of  an  imnecessary  transmission 
job. 

Once  you've  foiuid  a  mechanic  \ou 
trust,  keep  him  up  to  date  on  any  symp- 
toms of  trouble.  Let  him  listen  to  the 
engine,  perhaps  give  the  car  a  short  road 
test  whenever  you  have  a  tune-up  or 
grease  iob  done.  His  trained  eyes  and 
ears  will  probably  spot  impending  trou- 
ble long  before  it  becomes  serious,  or 
expensive.  He'll  be  glad  to  discuss  your 
car  with  you  and  to  recommend  pre- 
ventive maintenance  that  will  keep  your 
auto's  condition  up,  and  your  repair 
costs  down. 

What  about  his  charges?  How  do 
you  know  you're  not  being  taken?  Will 
he  stand  behind  his  work? 

Relax.  Although  the  automotive 
trade  has  a  fringe  of  unethical  opera- 
tors— just  as  any  other  business  does — 
the  vast  majority  of  mechanics  and  serv- 
ice station  owners  are  honest.  They're 
interested  in  building  a  following  of 
regular  customers,  not  in  making  a  fast 
buck  one  step  ahead  of  the  Better  Busi- 
ness Bureau. 

Ask  for  an  estimate  on  any  job  that's 
bigger  than  a  tune-up.  Most  of  the 
time  you'll  get  a  firm  bid  you  can  rely 
on.  Occasionally,  your  mechanic  will  re- 
fuse a  binding  estimate  until  he's  dug 
into  the  car.  This  perfectly  legitimate ; 
a  lot  of  unexpected  troubles  can  be  hid- 
den under  the  cylinder  heads  and  oil 
p.m.  Just  ask  your  mechanic  to  check 
with  >'ou  before  he  does  anything  that 
will   run  into  money. 

Here's  a  money-saving  tip.  Whenever 
\ou  ha\e  a  repair  job  done,  ask  what 
other  jobs  can  be  combined  with  it.  For 
example,  a  ring  job,  bearing  replace- 
ment, ami  valve  job  can  all  be  done 
together    ;it    a    fraction    of    the    cost    of 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


doing  them  separately.  Ask  your  me- 
chanic what  else  your  car  needs  and 
whether  it  would  he  cheaper  to  have 
it  all  done  together.  There's  not  much 
satisfaction  in  having  the  engine  torn 
down  for  one  job,  only  to  have  it  torn 
down  again  a  few  weeics  later  for  some- 
thing else. 

Not  satisfied  with  the  results  of  your 
mechanic's  work?  do  back  to  him  in- 
stead of  trotting  off  to  another  service- 
man. Talk  it  over.  If  he  goofed,  chances 
are  he'll  make  it  good.  Rut  remember 
that  today's  automobile  is  a  complicated 
organism.  E\cn  if  it  has  been  put  in 
top  condition,  an  unforeseen  breakdown 
can  happen   at  any  time. 

In  any  case,  the  best  protection  against 
unexpected  troubles  and  unbearable  costs 
is  to  pick  a  good  mechanic  and  to  stick 
with  him.  He  can  be  the  best  friend 
vour  car  ever  had. 


THE  COED 
Between  the  sincerity  of  old  age  and 
discrimination  of  childhood  there  is  a 
strange  and  uncanny  age  of  the  "coed." 
Coeds  come  in  assorted  sizes,  weights, 
shapes  and  colors.  They  can  be  found 
everywhere  — inciting  panty  raids,  read- 
ing the  latest  edition  of  "Confidential," 
and  bragging  about  that  date  with  the 
campus  hero  they  wish  the\'  could  get. 


A  coed  is  e.xotic  with  mascara  on  her 
eyelashes,  demurene.ss  in  a  sweater,  and 
"The  Future  Homemaker"  with  a  can 
opener.  A  coed  is  a  composite — she  is  as 
funny  as  a  train  wreck,  as  modest  as 
Lady  Godiva,  as  subtle  as  a  kick  in  the 
pants,  has  the  taste  of  "pheasant  under 
glass"  and  when  she  wants  i-'omething, 
it  is  usually  a  date.  Who  else  can  talk 
more  and  say  less.  She  is  as  cvuining  as  a 
rattlesnake,  as  meek  as  ,i  tiger,  and  as 
graceful   as  a  giraffe. 

She  likes  flattery,  champagne,  big 
cars,  wedding  rings,  windy  street  cor- 
ners, her  roommate's  clothes,  and  boys — 
anytime.  She  is  leery  of  cheap  dates, 
housemothers,  western  movies,  hillbilly 
music,    work,    and    other    girls. 

Nobody  else  can  cram  into  one  little 
billfold  a  complete  picture  album,  five 
recent  love  letters,  a  box  of  Kleenex, 
her  boy  friend's  car  keys,  eight  safety 
pins,  and  a  flashlight  for  emergencies  on 
dates.  After  four  long  years  of  faithful 
companionship  during  which  she  has  ac- 
cumulated your  ring,  your  letter  sweat- 
er and  your  fraternity  pin,  you  receive 
the  two  most  heart-warming  words  in 
the  whole  world  .  .  .  "Dear  John." 


If  young  girls  stay  out  late,  drink, 
smoke  and  pet,  men  will  call  them  fast 
— as  fast  as  they  can  get  to  a  phone. 


MY  SLIDE  RULE 

There  are  many  like  it  but  this  one 
is  mine. 

My  slide  rule  is  my  friend 

And  I  shall  learn  to  lo\e  it  like  a 
friend. 

I   will  obey  my  slide  rvde. 

When  mv  stick  tells  me  that  SxS  is 
24.8,' 

Then  by  god,  fi\e  times  five  is  twen- 
ty-four point  eight! 

I  will  learn  the  anatomy  of  my  slide 
rule. 

Though  1  die  in  the  struggle,  I  will 
use  every  side, 

The  black  scale  and  the  red,  the 
inverted  C  and  the  inside  out 
log. 

The  reversed  A  and  the  mutilated  I). 

I  will  master  them  all,  and  they  will 
serve  me  well,  thev  will  I 

I  will  cherish  my  slipstick  and  never 
shall  profanity  sear  its  long, 
graceful  mahogany  limbs. 
My  slide  rule  shall  be  my  brother 
in  suffering  through  long  hours 
of  midnight  toil. 

We  will  work  together,  my  slide  nde 
and  I. 

And  on  the  great  day  when  my  slide 
rule  and  I  have  finished  our  ap- 
pointed task  and  the  problems 
are  done  and   answers  are   right. 

I  will  take  that  damn  stick  and  have 
one  hell  of  a  fire,  I  will! 


World-Wide  lifJK 
Refrigeration '^  ^ 


INDIA— Prime  Minister  Nehru  insnects 
a  Frick  installation  by  Mohammed 
Singh,    a    Frick    graduate. 


FRICK    COMPANY 

Student  Training 

Course  attracts  students  from  all  over  the  world. 

Established  by  one  of  fhe  oldest  manufacturers  of 
refrigeration,  this  course  has  acquired  such  an  out- 
standing reputation  that  only  a  small  select  group 
can  be  admitted  each  year. 

Write  for  details  and  applications  today. 


Fill  RUUN6  PENS  MST 
Nmi  ONE  HAND! 

with  new  HIGGINS  INK-A-MATIC 
drawing  ink  dispenser 

Just  a  slight  movement  of  your  hand,  and  HIGGINS  new  drawing  ink  dis- 
penser fills  ruling  pens  automatically  -  faster,  easier,  than  ever  before! 
SPEEDS  UP  INK  TRACING  BY  32%.  Ink  bottle  sits  securely  on  non-skid 
rubber  base.  Gentlest  touch  on  lever  lifts  stopper,  brings  pen  filler  into 

position.  No  mess,  no  waste. 

Pen  filler  maybe 

rotated  for  most 

convenient  filling  angle. 

Lever  may  be  clamped 

down  so  bottle  stays 

open  when  you  use  dip  pen. 


IJjMMH«UJirH)tWM'BjlTJ«l-lf« 

@Ig^gg 


Now  at 
art  and 

stationery 
stores 


HIGGinS  m  CO  JNC. 

Brooklyn,  New  York 
riie  basic  art  medium  since  7880. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


47 


NAVY    PIER    STAFF 


(1959-1960) 


U.I.C 


The  Navy  Pier  column  this  month  will  be  devoted  to 
the  introduction  of  the  Pier  staff.  All  returnees  hove  three 
things  in  common;  they  are  all  nineteen,  they  are  all  in 
engineering,  and  they  all  like  to  v^rite  for  TECH. 

SHELDON  ALTMAN  is  Navy  Pier  editor  of  TECHNO- 
GRAPH.  A  graduate  of  Austin  High  school,  he  became 
active  in  the  school  concert  and  marching  band.  While  in 
High  school  Shelly  also  played  trumpet  for  a  small  com- 
bo. At  present  he  is  a  fifth  semester  mechanical  engineer- 
ing student.  As  a  staff  member  he  has  been  both  circula- 
tion and  business  manager.  His  contributions  to  the  mag- 
azine were  published  quite  frequently  lost  year. 

ARVYDAS  TAMULIS  came  to  the  Pier  from  St.  Ignatius 
High  school.  While  there  he  deboted  with  the  high  school 
team.  This  experience  has  added  to  his  creative  skill  as 
a  writer;  Arvy  is  also  active  in  the  Lituanica  Club.  He  is  a 
third  semester  engineering  physics  major. 

MIKE  MURPHY,  is  a  graduate  of  St.  Rita  H.  S.  He  is  a 
third  semester  civil  engineering  student  and  is  active  in 
the  ASCE.  Mike  contributed  some  fine  material  to  the 
magazine  last  semester,  including  a  competent  report  on 
Chicago's  new  exhibition  center  and  the  controversial 
filtration  plant. 

EILLEEN  MARKHAM  has  come  to  us  from  Alverina 
H.  S.  A  varsity  debater,  with  high  school  experience  in 
the  same,  she  is  the  president  of  the  UIC  chapter  of  Pi 
Kappa  Delta.  Last  years  Navy  Pier  editorial  was  her  work. 
Among  her  other  interests  are  scouting  (she's  a  Mariner 
leader),  swimming  (she's  an  instructor)  and  classical 
music  (strictly  a  listener).  Added  note:  Eillen  is  a  third 
semester  electrical  engineering  student. 

IRVIN  TUCKMAN,  a  third  semester  EE,  has  added  his 
artistic  talents  to  our  group.  While  at  Von  Steuben  H.  S., 
Irv,  won  a  Museum  of  Science  and  Industry  contest  for 
his  design  of  a  wind  tunnel  based  on  the  Venturi  Effect. 
His  big  writing  assignment  for  TECH  was  co-editing  the 
St.  Lawrence  Seaway  report. 


The  Techtiograph  stafli  wishes  to  correct  a  mistake  in 
the  May  1959  Navy  Pier  issue. 

All  article,  "Central  District  Filtration  Plant,"  was  run 
minus  the  name  of  one  co-author,  Arnold  Feinberg.  We  also 
wish  to  credit  Mr.  Feinberg  with  the  photographs  accom- 
panxini;  the   article. 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Used  But  Not  Gone 


Use  Professional/''^ 


by  Olga  Ercegovac 


What  happens  to  all  that  water  that 
runs  down  the  drain  while  you're  wait- 
ing for  it  to  get  cold  enough  for  that 
comparatively  small  drink?  It  runs 
down  that  drain  into  a  sewer  and  mixes 
with  wastes  from  other  homes  and  in- 
dustry. You  probably  don't  feel  very 
extravagant  luiless  you  live  in  a  com- 
munity threatened  by  a  water  shortage. 
It  you  have  Ii\ed  in  California,  you  are 
probahi\    more    aware   of   such    a   situa- 


tion. California  is  having  trouble  be- 
cause of  its  rapid  decline  in  ground 
water  and  the  intriisian  of  sea  water. 
No  one  enjoys  living  in  a  community, 
where  he  cannot  feel  at  ease  taking  an 
extra  shower  on  a  muggy  day  or  water- 
ing his  parched  lawn.  Over  conserva- 
tion can  be  a  trying  thing.  Why  not 
re-use  some  of  that  precious  water? 

This  question  has  been  asked  before, 
but  even  the  American  heritage  of  ex- 
travagance has  been  overworked.  One 
California  town  sends  a  2000  ton  train 
of  water  (which  we  just  spent  a  good 
deal  of  mone\  on  in  the  way  of  treat- 
ment )  to  transport  only  one  ton  of  or- 
ganic solids.  And  what's  more — we 
throw  away  the  train  at  the  end  of  only 
one  trip.  In  most  common  cases  of  well- 
treated  sewage,  one  good  burro  could 
carry  all  that  is  required  of  a  half  a 
million  gallons  of  water.  The  usual 
type  of  water  provision  plans  take  much 
time  to  get  in  operation.  This  is  not 
the  case  with  water  and  sewage  recla- 
mation. 

Fii>r  of  all,  what  is  sewage  reclama- 
tion .•'  There  is  no  standardized  defini- 
tion,   but    it    is    usually   considered    as    a 


purposeful  upgrading  of  the  quality  of 
sewage.  It  is  done  with  the  intent  of 
making  it  useable  by  agricultm'e,  indus- 
try, or  the  public.  Sewage  reclamation 
ma\'  also  be  the  actual  utilization  of 
sewage  effluent  which  has  luidergone 
suitable  treatment  for  some  other  reason. 
The  term  does  not  apply  to  treatment 
of  sewage  for  the  mere  purpo.se  of  dis- 
posal. Nor  does  it  apply  to  incidental 
reclamation  achieved  by  dilution  of 
sewage  discharge  into  water  coinses  for 
the  purpose  of  disposal  even  though  the 
water  from  the  stream  may  be  of  su't- 
able  quality  for  beneficial  use.  Lsually 
sewage  receives  minimum  treatment 
iust  so  it  can  be  legally  thrown  away. 
This  minimum  is  dictated  by  advancing 
standards  of  a  growing  population  based 
on  public  health,  aesthetics,  and  the 
rights  of  other  water  users. 

Sewage  reclamation  has  been  in  prac- 
tice since  1930;  but  even  in  sections  of 
the  country  where  the  water  shortage 
is  acute,  sewage  is  disposed  of  with  no 
reclamation.  We  have  been  slow  to  re- 
use waste  water  because  of  delays  in 
technical,  engineering,  economic,  psy- 
chological, and  legal  departments.  Re- 
sides these,  engineers  and  public  officials 
tend  to  think  of  the  collection,  trans- 
portation, treatment,  and  distribufon 
of  water  as  one  complete  package;  while 
the  recollection,  transportation,  and  re- 
treatment  of  the  same  water  is  consid- 
ered an  unrelated  job  of  scavenging. 

In  19,?(),  Goudey  demonstrated  that 
highly  treated  sewage  could  be  safeh' 
applied  to  ground  water  by  surface 
spreading.  In  1949  Arnold,  Hedger,  and 
Rawn  found  ground  water  recharged 
with  treated  sewage  to  be  both  techni- 
cally and  economically  feasible.  A  gen- 
eral lack  of  interest  in  sewage  reclama- 
tion delaved  further  scientific  investiga- 
tion. Until  quite  recently,  it  was  be- 
lieved that  direct  recharge  of  ground 
water  was  impractical  because  of  clog- 
ging due  to  suspended  matter  in  sewage 
effluents,  and  it  was  feared  that  patho- 
genic bacteria  might  travel  long  dis- 
tances with  moving  ground  water. 

Even  industry  did  not  consider  recla- 
mation very  seriously.  Transporting  the 
water  back  to  potential  users  incurred 
large  expense.  Few  cities  were  willing 
to  tear  up  paved  streets  to  lav  tu-w  net- 
works of  pipe.  \ot  onlv  is  it  alreadv 
crowiled,   but   it   is  difficult   to  keep   two 


A.W.FABIR  imported 
CASTELL  with  famous 
Black  Gold  graphite, 
or  LOCKTITE  with 


lead  holder  and 

Blade  Gold  Imported 
9030  Castell  Lead. 

Nothing  is  more 
important  to  you  in  the 
formative  phase  of  your 
education  than  to  develop 
professional  habits. 
A.W.Faber  Black  Gold 
graphite  has  helped 
countless  thousands  of 
seasoned  Pros  acquire 
the  "golden  touch". 
It  is  available  to  you 
either  in  the  world- 
renovi/ned  Castell  wood 
pencil  or  in  the  Spiral 
Grip  TEL-A-GRADE 
LOCKTITE  with  degree 
indicator. 

Black  Gold  graphite  tests 
out  at  more  than  99% 
pure  natural  carbon. 
It  is  smooth,  grit-free 
and  black  as  a  raven's 
wing.  It  takes  a  long, 
keen  point  and  resists 
heavy  pressure  in 
drawing  or  drafting. 

Whether  your  talents  are 
creative  or  interpretive, 
you'll  do  better  work 
once  you  acquire  the 
"golden  touch"  with 
professional  Castell 
tools.  20  superb  degrees, 
8B  to  lOH.  Pick  up 
some  Castells  at  your 
convenient  supply 
store  today. 


A.W.FABER-Cil5r£a 

PENCIL  CO.,  INC.  NEWARK  3,  N.  ). 


OCTOBER,   1959 


49 


separate  water  systems  in  one  plant, 
l-'iirther  inhibitions  were  due  to  the  un- 
known economics  of  the  situation.  It  is 
easier  to  mine  out  the  e\istinj;  ground 
waters  than  it  is  to  reclaim  sewage. 
Not  too  man\  people  think  of  the  long- 
term  consequences  to  the  natural  re- 
sources. This  all  brought  up  the  concept 
of  water  rights.  Who  would  own  the 
water  that  was  recharged  at  public  ex- 
pense? What  restriction  could  be  placed 
on  its  withdrawal  from  an  already  over- 
pumped  ground  water  basin?  There  was 
little  inteiest  in  soKing  the  problems 
that  were  connected  with  the  whole  con- 
cept. People  want  to  go  along  for  as 
long  as  they  can  get  away  with  it. 

It  is  too  bad  about  the  general  lack 
of  interest  in  sewage  reclamation.  Water 
supplied  by  reclaimed  sewage  could  have 
well  used  more  research.  If  present 
standards  of  nutrition  are  maintained, 
six  million  acres  of  newh'  irrigated  crop 
land  must  be  brought  into  full  produc- 
tion b\  1975.  This  land  will  lie  in  seven- 
teen western  states  and  need  near  three 
acre-feet  of  water  per  acre.  This  means 
we  will  need  eighteen  million  acre-feet 
of  water  per  year  to  make  it  useable, 
(joing  by  a  present  census,  we  find  that 
the  total  sewage  How  is  about  three  mil- 
lion acre-feet  or  one-sixth  of  the  de- 
m;md  if  the  entire  sewage  How  can  be 
reclaimed.  Sewage  reclamation  is  not 
sufficient  to  meet  the  irrigation  demands. 


COMPARISON  OF  FRESH  AND  RECLAIMED  WATER  COSTS 


/ortition 

fresh 

rcclaitited 

use 

(Golden  Gate 

California 

Park 

$  66 

$  21 

lawn  and  shrub 

irrigation  and 

ornamental  lake 

(irand    Can\( 
Arizona 

n 

550 

120 

lawn   inigation 

Los  Alamos 
Mexico 

92 

24 

power  pl;uit 
cooluig  w:it(M" 

Santa    I'"e 
Mexico 

7S 
cost  is 

dollars 

per 

49 
acre  foot 

irrigation  of 
golf  course 

but  these  tremendous  \()lumes  of  water 
can   certainly  help   relie\e   the  situation. 

Approximately  half  a  billion  gallons 
of  water  are  wasted  to  the  ocean  each 
day  after  only  single  useage  in  Cali- 
fornia's two  greatest  centers  of  popula- 
tion. This  is  enough  water  to  represent 
the  combined  yield  of  350  12"  wells 
each  producing  1000  GPM  continuous- 
ly'. It  is  enough  water  to  produce  7800 
tons  of  steel  daily  at  normal  figures  of 
64,000  gallons  per  ton.  Or  this  volume 
of  water  could  irrigate  100,000  acres  of 
land  even  if  half  of  it  were  lost  through 
evaporation  during  storage.  Although  it 
is  not  enough,  this  water  can  still  go  a 
long  way. 

Because    most    sewage    ellluent    occurs 


in  populated  areas,  this  is  where  it  is 
used.  It  can  be  used  for  industry,  local 
irrigation,  and  domestic  supply.  The 
first  two  uses  are  most  promising.  Sew- 
age reclamation  water  for  domestic  sup- 
ply is  hindered  by  aesthetic  considera- 
tions as  well  as  high  costs  for  greater 
refinement.  However,  sewage  effluent 
may  be  used  by  the  public  to  recharge 
ground  waters  and  thus  become  part  of 
the  water  suppl\,  or  to  irrigate  parks 
and  golf  courses  or  even  maintain  recre- 
ational ponds.  In  .some  large  cities,  re- 
claimed sewage  is  used  in  peripheral 
agriculture  or  in  maintenance  of  pasture 
land  for  dairy  cattle  not  currently  pro- 
ducing milk.  Industry  sometimes  seems 
the    mf)re    logical    user.    For    o\er    four- 


Complete  yourlibrary 

with  this  portfolio -rliLL: 


Your  professional  engineering  library  is  part  of 
your  stock  in  trade.  In  the  years  afiead,  you  will  draw 
on  it-and  heavily— to  make  the  decisions  that  affect 
your  future. 

Ask  yourself:  is  your  library  complete?  Is  it  perti- 
nent? It  can  be  neither  if  it  doesn't  include  basic 
material  on  Asphalt  technology. 

For  if  you  don't  know  Asphalt,  you  don't  know 
your  highways.  Asphalt  is  the  modern  paving  for 
today's  and  tomorrow's  roads.  Asphalt  surfaces 
more  than  4/5ths  of  all  roads  and  streets  in  the 
country. 

That's  why  we  have  put  together  a  special  student 
portfolio  on  Asphalt  Technology.  It  covers  the 
Asphalt  story,  origin,  uses,  how  it  is  specified  for 


paving  . . .  and  much  more.  It  is  a  worthwhile,  per- 
manent addition  to  your  professional  library. 

It's  yours,  free.  Send  for  it  today  .  .  .  make  sure 
your  library  is  complete  in  the  vital  subject  of 
Asphalt  Technology. 

:  THE  ASPHALT  INSTITUTE 

*  Asphalt  Institute  Building,  College  Park,  Maryland  ^~ 

*  Gentlemen; 

*  Please  send  me  your  free  student  portfolio  on  Asphalt 

*  Technology. 


Annpps"; 

SCHOOI 

50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


teen  years  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Com- 
pany has  heen  using  the  sewage  efflu- 
ent of  Baltimore  for  cooling  blast  fur- 
naces, open  hearths,  rolls  in  rolling 
mills,  wire  drawing  machines,  quench- 
in'z  and  granulating  blast  furnace  slag 
and  cleaning  gases.  This  has  been  done 
at  great  savings  to  both  the  cit\'  and 
the  company.  Savings  are  common  with 
the  use  of  reclaimed  water  as  can  be 
shown  by  the  attached  table.  Even 
when  .sewage  is  treated  to  meet  public 
health  standards,  it  can  still  compete 
with  fresh  water  in  cost.  Most  of  the 
investigation  of  use  of  sewage  effluent  in 
the  United  States  has  been  done  b\ 
studies  sponsored  by  the  California 
State  Water  Pollution  Control  Board. 
The  Board  has  fomul  that  the  treated 
sewa';re  can  be  applied  to  soil  at  the 
rate  of  one-half  acre-foot  per  acre  per 
da\'  and  that  intestinal  bacteria  are  re- 
moved from  the  liquid  within  the  first 
four  feet  of  travel  through  the  soil. 
T^rom  another  stud\'  sponsored  b'-  the 
Board,  a  practical  method  of  recharg- 
in":  well  oneration  by  direct  iniection 
uito  ground  water  wa.s  developed.  The 
public  health  safety  of  this  procedure 
was  also  demonstrated.  Bacterial  travel 
with  moving  groimd  water  did  not  ex- 
ceed one  hundred  feet  even  though  the 
settled  sewage  introduced  carried  away 
very  high  concentrations  of  organisms. 
The  Board  has  confirmed  the  use  of 
sewage  effluent  for  irrigation  in  agricul- 
ture and   for  cooling  water  in  industry. 

The  field  of  irrigation  has  been  great- 
ly influenced  by  the  use  of  sewage  efflu- 
ent. When  the  practice  was  first  begun, 
the  economy  of  installation  and  opera- 
tion usually  resulted  in  too  much  sew- 
age on  too  little  land.  Results  were  un- 
favorable and  much  of  the  practice  was 
stopped.  Much  of  the  trouble  was  due 
to  the  fact  that  disposal  was  the  pri- 
mary object  and  the  raising  of  crops 
and  replenishment  of  ground  water  were 
secondary.  New  methods  of  using  sew- 
age effluent  for  irrigation  emphasize  con- 
servation and  agricultural  utilization. 
This  practice  returns  to  the  land  as 
much  as  possible  of  the  organic  and 
fertilizing  elements  that  have  been  with- 
drawn from  the  soil  by  harvesting  food- 
stuffs. This  results  in  superior  growth 
of  crops.  The  new  technique  uses  a  lo\v 
rate  of  application  o\er  large  areas  of 
land  integrated  with  planning  of  agri- 
cultural crops  and  requires  proper  main- 
tenance and  operation  of  all  irrigation 
and  agricultural  devices. 

When  using  sewage  effluent  for  irri- 
gation, some  type  of  pretreatmcnt  is 
necessary  even  if  it  is  just  plain  sedi- 
mentation. This  removes  coarse  solids 
by  thirty  minute  detention.  Pretreatment 
advantages  are:  less  wear  on  pumps,  re- 
duced sludge  deposits  in  ditches  and 
pressure  .sewers,  prevention  of  poisonous 
product  formation,   no  clogging  of  soil, 


and  opportunity  to  rest  the  soil  if  out- 
let to  a  stream  is  feasible.  With  primary 
treatment  on  fertilizing  value  of  the 
sewage  effluent  is  lost  as  is  the  case  with 
secondar>'  treatment. 

The  irrigation  methods  used  should 
be  adapted  to  local  farming  practices, 
nature  of  .soil,  climatic  conditions,  to- 
pography, and  the  types  of  crops  raised. 
The  types  of  irrigation  that  can  be  used 
are  spray,  broad  surface,  ridge  and  fur- 
row, flood,  and  subsurface.  Drainage 
must  be  carefully  watched  at  all  t'mes 
and  the  whole  s>stem  of  irrigation  must 
be  carefully  planned. 

At  the  present  time  irrigation  with 
sewage  effluents  is  carried  on  in  two 
places  in  Arizona,  seventeen  in  Cali- 
fornia, one  in  Nevada,  four  in  New 
Mexico,  and  four  in  Texas.  Industries 
using  sewage  effluents  number  seven  in 
in  Arizona,  four  in  California,  two  in 
New  Mexico,  four  in  Texas,  and  one 
in  Utah. 

In  the  future  it  is  predicted  that  rec- 
lamation plants  will  not  be  connected 
with  treatment  plants,  and  water  recla- 
mation will  be  carried  on  in  its  own 
right.  At  the  present  time  there  is  only 
one  plant  that  has  been  specifically  de- 
signed for  water  reclamation  alone. 
When  ground  waters  are  exhausted  and 
people  have  to  pay  for  transportation  of 
water,  the  economic  barrier  to  reclama- 
tion will  be  broken.  There  are  only 
three  sources  of  water  suitable  for 
ground  water  replenishment ;  runoff 
water,  imported  water,  and  reclaimed 
water.  The  technical  and  economic 
feasibility  of  water  reclamation  are  send- 
ing our  water  back  for  re-usage. 

BIBLIOGR.APHV 

Keefer,  C.  E.,  "Bethlehem  Makes  Steel 
with  Sewage,"  ll'asli's  Entiinrrrinii,  v27,  ii7, 
July,   1956,  pp.   310-13. 

McGauhe\,  P.  H.,  "The  Whv  and  How 
nf  Sewage  Effluent  Reclamation,"  Hater  and 
Scuiage  ll'nrks,  vl04,  nft,  lune,  1957,  pp. 
265-70. 

Mertz,  Robert  C,  "Direct  Utilization  of 
Waste  Waters,"  Hater  and  Seivage  H'orks, 
vl03,  n9,  Sept.,   1956,   pp.  +17-23. 

Rawn,  A.  M.  and  Bowcrman,  F.  R., 
"Planned  Water  Reclamation"  Setcai/e  and 
Industrial  ll'asles,  v29,  nlO,  Oct.,  1957,  pp. 
1134-8. 

Skulte,  Bernard  P.,  "Irrigation  with  Sew- 
age Effluents,"  Sewage  and  Industrial  Hastes, 
v28,   nl,   January,    1956,    pp.   36-43. 


Bubble  Mining 

.■\  Chicago  compaii)  has  patent  appli- 
cations in  the  U.S.  and  31  other  coun- 
tries on  a  low-cost,  "soap  and  bubble" 
method  of  recovering  metals  from  sea 
water.  Developed  by  a  South  African 
university  professor,  the  method  uses  se- 
lected soaps  to  chase  minerals  to  the 
smface  when  bubbles  are  blown  through 
the  water.  The  professor  estimates  it 
should  be  possible  to  get  600  tons  of 
aluminum,  two  tons  of  uranium  or  240 
ounces  of  gold  daily  from  the  sea. 


IW! 


NON-SLIP  CHUCK 

holds  lead  firmly 
at  any  length  you 
want.  Lead  can't  be 
pushed  back  into 
barrel  — and  won't 
twist  in  sharpener. 


SATIN-FINISH 
METAL     GRIP    is 

knurled  for  easier 
holding.  Its  extra 
length  gives  more 
accurate  control, 
less  finger  tension. 


THE  ANODIZED 
ALUMINUM  BAR- 
REL is  unbreak- 
able. And  it  can't 
rolloffthe  board  be- 
cause it's  hexagon- 


NEWS 

PUSH-BUTTON  in- 
stantly releases  the 
chuck's  grip  on  the 
lead  at  the  touch  of 
the  thumb.  It's  col- 
ored for  quick  iden- 
tification of  grade. 


NEW! 

This  lifetime  lead  holder  for  just 


All-metal  construction 
makes  it  the  buy  of  a  lifetime. 

EAGLE 
TURQUOISE 

PENCILS,  LEADS  AND  HOLDERS 
EAGLE    PENCIL   COMPANY,  DANBURY,   CONN. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


51 


INVISIBLE  POWER 


by  Gerald  Wheeler 


SooiHT  or  later,  every  yoimi;  eiitri- 
iieeriiij:  student  is  faced  with  the  solu- 
tion of  prohlems  involving;  power.  We 
learn  early  in  our  freshman  year  that 
|i(i\ver  is  liefined  as  "the  rate  of  doing 
work."  W^ork,  in  turn,  is  defined  as 
"the  product  of  a  force  acting  through 
a  distance  in  the  direction  of  that  force." 
.After  mastering  these  fundamentals,  we 
proceed  to  soKe  innumerahle  prohlems 
without  ever  considering  the  source  of 
power  invohed.  W'e  know  that  gaso- 
line is  used  in  our  cars,  coal  or  oil  is 
used  to  heat  our  homes,  and  gasoline 
keeps  our  rooms  well  lit.  But  there  is 
a  new  source  of  power  rapidly  becom- 
ing the  most  popular  of  all.  That 
source — natiu^al  gas. 

The  statement  "new  s  o  u  r  c  e  of 
|iower"  must  he  ipialified.  It  is  new 
only  in  the  sense  that  it  has  not  been 
used  commercially  to  any  extent  in  the 
past.  Actually,  it  is  millions  of  years 
old.  The  ancient  people  referred  to  the 
constantly  burning  fires  that  escaped 
fro-n  earth  fissures  as  "wild  spirits"  or 
holy  altar  fires."  As  late  as  1934,  nat- 
ural gas  was  regarded  as  a  ninsance  by 
m,un    oil   men.   Why  has  this  source  of 


energy  suddenly  become  so  popular  in 
the  modern   home   and   industry? 

Without  knowing  anything  of  natur- 
al gas,  one  might  intuitively  answer 
"economics."  This  is  the  primary  rea- 
son. Although  the  gas  has  long  been 
a\ailable,  there  has  been  no  way  of 
transporting  it  to  the  home  or  industry. 
If  there  were  some  way,  the  consumer 
would  probably  be  willing  to  pay  a 
little  more  for  it  considering  that  he 
would  have  no  soot  or  waste  products. 
But  how?  The  answer  was  by  pipeline. 
But  of  what  shall  the  pipe  be  made? 
And  how  shall  we  lay  the  pipe  across 
rivers,  up  mountains,  and  through 
swamps?  Here  was  another  case  of  the 
natural  resources  going  to  waste  while 
luan's  industrial  might  grew  strong 
enough  to  solve  the  many  problems. 

The  first  effort  made  to  use  natural 
gas  publicly  was  in  1824,  in  Fredonia, 
New  York.  Hollowed  out  logs  carried 
the  gas  from  a  27  foot  ell  to  two 
stores.  This  was  all  right  for  local  use 
but  hollowed  out  logs  would  certainly 
not  be  very  practical  as  a  piping  sys- 
tem from  Texas  to  New  York.  It  was 
not   until    the    1920's   that   the   steel    in- 


dustry had  advanced  to  the  point  wlierc 
thin  walled  pipes  could  be  produced 
economically.  Since  pressure  in  the 
pipes  often  exceeded  700psi,  great  ten- 
sile strength  was  required.  Meticulous 
research  and  development  was  carried 
out  to  the  extent  that  present  day  fin- 
ished pipe  properties  include  an  ulti- 
mate strength  of  72,000  psi,  yield  point 
of  52,000  psi,  and  elongation  of  22% 
in  2  inches.  Once  the  pipes  were  made 
available,  underground  pipelines  spread 
across  the  country  from  New  Mexico 
to  Vancouver  and  from  Texas  to  New 
York.  At  the  present  time,  natural  gas 
pipeline  mileage  exceeds  that  of  the  rail- 
roads. 

The  size  of  the  larger  pipes  is  phe- 
nomenal. In  fact,  everything  in  the  nat- 
ural gas  industry  seems  to  be  done  on 
a  grandiose  scale.  The  "Big  Inch"  and 
"Little  Big  Inch"  pipes  running  from 
Texas  to  the  eastern  seaboard  are  24 
and  20  inches  in  diameter,  respectively. 
Pacific  Gas  and  Electric  Company's 
"Super  Inch"  from  New  Mexico  to 
California  is  34  inches  in  diameter.  The 
"Big  Buck"  trencher,  used  to  scoop  out 
the  bed  for  the  Super  Inch  weighs  31 
tons.  Digging  a  ditch  44  inches  wide 
and  53/  feet  deep,  it  can  provide  a 
mile-long  trench  in  one  day. 

Once  the  production  of  suitable  pip- 
ing was  a  reality,  the  problems  facing 
the  large  gas  companies  were  of  a  tacti- 
cal nature.  Specifically,  how  to  go  over 
the  mountains  and  across  the  rivers? 
The  pipeline  could  not  be  laid  around 
the  bottom  of  the  mountain  because  of 
the   possibilit\    of   landslide   damage.    By 


52 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


laying  the  pipes  straight  up  to  the  top 
and  then  down  the  opposite  side,  the 
moving  earth  rides  along  the  side  of 
the  pipe.  This  mountain  work  entails 
step  by  step  sweat  labor.  Distances 
traveled  in  these  areas  are  measured  in 
feet   per   hour. 

Risers  are  spanned  according  to  their 
tLirbulence.  If  tiie  river  contains  man\' 
rapids,  shifting  beds,  and  seasonal 
changes,  chances  are  that  the  company 
will  make  arrangements  to  attach  their 
lijie  to  a  railway  or  highway  bridge. 
If  none  are  available,  they  ma\-  build 
a  suspension  cable  of  their  own.  Most 
of  the  lines,  however,  are  sunk  beneath 
the  rivers,  in  this  case,  they  are  usually 
weighted  down  b\-  large  concrete  sec- 
tions. 

By  1929,  pipelines  had  been  laid  from 
the  Texas  Panhandle  to  Chicago,  De- 
troit, IVIinneapolis,  and  Denver.  But 
then  the  depression  halted  the  building 
of  more  pipelines,  for  the  cost  of  oil 
and  coal  fell  so  low  that  natural  gas 
could  not  compete.  During  World  War 
II,  the  price  of  gas  and  oil  rose  while 
natural  gas  regained  its  competitive  posi- 
tion. Both  private  individuals  and  large 
industrial  firms  found  that  natural  gas 
as  a  heating  fuel  provides  ease  of  con- 
trol and  fuel  uniformity.  It  was  shortly 
after  the  war  that  the  tremendous  boom 
in  the  gas  industry  began.  By  193.?, 
over  .315,000  miles  of  natural  gas  pipe- 
lines existed  in  the  country. 

Accompanying  the  rapid  rise  in  pop- 
ularity was  another  problem.  House 
heating  during  the  winter  created  ex- 
ceptionally high  peaks  in  the  use  of  gas. 
Companies  in  the  Chicago  area  were 
.sometimes  using  15  times  as  much  gas 
on  a  cold  day  as  on  a  warm  one.  It 
seems  that  the  only  thing  consistent 
about  the  weather  is  its  inconsistency. 
Temperatures  may  range  above  normal 
during  the  cold  months  of  one  year  only 
to  average  below  normal  the  following 
year.  The  gas  that  is  supplied  to  the 
domestic  users  is  on  tap  from  the  south- 
ern oil  fields.  Since  the  velocity  of  How 
through  the  pipes  was  only  about  15 
mph,  a  sudden  cold  snap  could  easily 
result  in  the  demand  for  gas  exceeding 
the  supply.  How  then  could  the  com- 
panies insure  their  users  that  they  would 
not  be  caught  .short  during  the  winter 
months?  Perhaps  larger  pipes  could  be 
built  that  would  supply  a  large  metro- 
politan area  through  the  bitter  cold 
months. 

A  little  thought  will  show  that  larger 
and  more  extensive  pipes  were  not  the 
answer.  If  the  natural  gas  supply  trans- 
ported here  by  pipeline  for  the  Chicago 
region  were  used  primarily  to  serve 
house  heating  consumers  in  the  winter 
months,  the  pipelines  would,  for  the 
most  part,  lie  idle  in  the  summer  and 
wovdd  be  only  partly  used  during  the 
major  portion  of  the  year.  At  the  pres- 


ent time,  the  situation  is  such  that  the 
unused  gas  of  the  summer  season  (that 
is,  unused  for  domestic  heating)  is  sold 
to  industrial  customers  on  a  low-price 
interruptible  or  off-peak  basis.  In  return 
for  the  lower  gas  rates,  the  industrial 
customer  is  subject  to  shutoff  during 
periods  of  cold  weather  because  domes- 
tic customers  have  a  priority  on  the  use 
of  all  the  gas  available.  This  settles  the 
problem  of  summer  use  but  might  still 
result  in  an  insufficient  supply  during 
the  winter.  Could  we  possibly  store  up 
the  gas  for  emergency  use?  Various  at- 
tempts were  made  to  store  the  gas  in 
cylindrical  man-made  tanks  but  the 
above-ground  holders  were  found  to  be 
impractical  from  the  standpoint  of  both 
capacity  and  cost.  The  problem  was 
finally  solved  by  storing  up  huge  quan- 
tities of  gas  in  worn-out  oil  and  gas 
fields.  Where  the  capacity  of  the  largest 
above-ground  storage  tank  is  about  1 5 
million  cubic  feet,  the  average  capacity 
of  151  underground  storage  pools  at 
the  end  of  1952  was  more  than  572 
times  as  large. 

The  Chicago  area,  which  is  one  of 
the  world's  largest  natural  gas  con- 
sumers, unfortunately  has  no  depleted 
oil  fields  nearby.  For  this  reason  it  was 


necessary  to  undertake  the  "Her.scher 
Dome"  project.  Geologists  di.scovered 
that  a  large  geologic  trap  (anti-syn- 
cline)  in  the  region  of  Herscher,  Illi- 
nois, contained  a  thick  sandstone  forma- 
tion which  was  well  adapted  for  the 
storage  of  great  volumes  of  gas.  It  un- 
derlies approximately  15,000  acres,  or 
nearly  24  square  miles.  In  comparison  to 
the  16  gas  holders  of  the  Peoples  (Jas 
Light  and  Coke  Company  now  in  opera- 
tion in  Chicago,  which  have  a  total 
capacity  of  106  million  cubic  feet,  the 
Herscher  Dome  has  a  90  billion  feet 
capacity. 

The  problems  now  facing  the  gas  in- 
dustry are  small  indeed  in  comparison 
with  those  of  the  past.  Every  day  more 
and  more  people  are  switching  to  gas 
for  heating,  cooking,  refrigeration,  and 
air  conditioning.  Although  a  prodigous 
amount  of  natural  gas  has  been  wasted 
in  the  past,  the  consumer  need  not 
worry  about  the  supply  being  depleted 
in  the  near  future.  Proved  reserves  are 
three  times  as  great  as  they  were  12 
years  ago  and  10  times  greater  than 
they  were  30  years  ago.  Today's  re- 
serves are  over  185  trillion  cubic  feet. 
Even  today,  more  gas  is  being  discov- 
ered than  is  being  used. 


FATIGUE  SPIN  RIG  uses  compressed  ai 
balls  oround  the  bore  of  a  test  cylinde 
mine  cylinder's  static  fatigue  life. 


JET  ENGINE  BEARING  TESTING  MACHINE  tests 
main  rotor  boll  bearings  under  actual  operating 
conditions  of  load  and  lubrication. 


Fafnir  works  with  "unknowns"  to  come 
up  with  ball  bearings  you'll  need! 


In  many  fields  of  industry  and  technology, 
progress  depends  in  large  measure  on 
solving  increasingly  complex  ball  bearing 
problems.  Bearing  materials  and  lubricants 
have  yet  to  be  perfected  that  can  take  cer- 
tain temperature  extremes.  Higher  speeds 
and  heavier  loads  pose  formidable  prob- 
lems. So  does  miniaturization. 

To  help  its  research  engineers  probe 
the  unknowns  in  these  and  other  areas, 
The  Fafnir  Bearing  Company  maintains  the 
most  up-to-date  facilities  for  metallurgical 
research,  and  bearing  development  and  test- 


ing. It  is  another  reason  why  you  are  likely 
to  find  Fafnir  ready  with  the  answers — 
should  bearing  problems  some  day  loom 
large  for  you.  Worth  bearing  in  mind.  The 
Fafnir  Bearing  Company,  New  Britain, 
Connecticut. 

Vv'rite  for  booklet,  "Fafnir  Formula  For  Solving 
Bearing  Problems"  containing  description  of  Fafnir 
engineering,  research,  and  development  facilities. 

FAFNIR 

^^BALL    BEARINGS 

^<^    MOST   COMPLETE   LINE    IN   AMERICA 


OCTOBER,   1959 


53 


The  care  and  feeding  of  a 


54 


It  takes  more  than  pressing  a  button  to  send  a  giant  rocl<et  on  its  way. 
Actually,  almost  as  many  man-hours  go  into  the  design  and  construction 
of  the  support  equipment  as  into  the  missile  itself.  A  leading  factor  in  the 
reliability  of  Douglas  missile  systems  is  the  company's  practice  of  including 
all  the  necessary  ground  handling  units,  plus  detailed  procedures  for  system 
utilization  and  crew  training.  This  complete  job  allows  Douglas  missiles  like 
THOR,  Nike  HERCULES,  Nike  AJAX  and  others  to  move  quickly  from  test 
to  operational  status  and  perform  with  outstanding  dependability.  Douglas 
IS  seeking  qualified  engineers  and  scientists  for  the  design  of  missiles, 
space  systems  and  their  supporting  equipment.  Write  to  C.  C.  LaVene, 
Box  600-M,  Douglas  Aircraft  Company,  Santa  Monica,  California. 
Alfred  J.  Carah,  Chief  Design  Engineer,  discusses  the  ground  installation 
requirements  for  a  series  of  THOR-boosted  space  H  A  I  I  /^  I  A  Q 
probes  with  Donald  W.  Douglas,  Jr.,  President  of   l/UUULMO 

I  GROUND-HANDLING  EQUIPMENT 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


MISSILE  SYSTEMS  ■  SPACE  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  JETLINERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMB  I 


Metal  quiz... you  might  have  to  take  one 
like  it  again  when  you  design  equipment. 
Try  your  hand  at  it  now.  But  remember  to 
take  advantage  of  the  help  INCO  can  give 
you  when  really  tough  metal  quizzes  come 
your  way  in  your  future  engineering  jobs. 


D 


Refinery  valve — Needed:  resist- 
ance to  attack  from  petroleum 
products,  thermal  and  hydrau- 
lic shock.  Which  alloy  ...      f 


□   Turbojet    afterburner    shell  —  I            I   Recovery  tov^er  —  Needed:  re- 

Needed:   strength   plus   corro-  I            I    sjstance  to  hot  coke  oven  gases 

sion  resistance  at  high  temper-  I            I  and   aromatic  chemicals,   long 

atures.  Which  alloy...  f       ' '   service  life.  Which  alloy...   O 


See  if  you  can  tell  which  of  these 
nickel-containingalloysproved  tobe 
the  answer  to  these  problems.  Put 
the  right  number  in  the  right  box. 

[T]   Ductile  Ni-Resist- 
ryi   Nimonic  "75"*  nickel- 
L^   chromium  alloy 

Ul  Nickel-aluminum  bronze 

[Tj  Ductile  iron 

[5]  Monel*  nickel-copper  alloy 

pi-|  Inconel*  nickel-chromium 

L"J  alloy 

Pj-   Type  316  chromium-nickel 
llJ   stainless  steel 

See  answers  below 


KJ 

tl« 

Diesel  manifold  —  Needed: 
scaling    and    oxidation    resist- 
ance at  1200°F,  resistance  to 

'- '■        rmm 

^^sf^wr 

Ht.it  treating  retort  — Needed: 
lifahl  '.■.ntlU,  ability  to  endure 
destructive  heating-cooling 
cycles.  Which  alloy...  f 


Ship's  propeller  —  Needed 
lighter  weight  and   re: 
to  erosion  and  salt  wate 
rosion.  Which  alloy. 


eded-  I  I  Regenerator    pre-heater  — 

stance  I  I  Needed:    trouble-free    service 

2r  cor-  I I  handling   hot   caustics,    fabri- 

7  eating  ease.  Which  alloy...   O 


When  you  start  to  design  equipment,  you'll  have  to  select 
the  proper  material  to  meet  given  service  conditions  ...  a 
material  that  might  have  to  resist  corrosion,  or  wear,  or 
high  temperatures,  or  a  combination  of  these  conditions. 
Over  the  years,  Inco  Development  and  Research  has 


in  many  such  problems.  Inco's  List  "A"  and  List  "B"  con- 
tain descriptions  of  377  Inco  publications  which  are 
available  to  you,  covering  applications  and  properties 
of  Nickel  and  its  alloys.  For  Lists  "A"  and  "B",  write 
Education  Services. 
gathered  information  on  the  performance  of  materials        The  International  Nickel  Company,  Inc., New  York  5, N.Y. 


ANSWERS: 

•  Refinery  valve  . . .  Ductile  iron 

•  Turbojet  afterburner  shell . . .  Nimonic 

•  Recovery  toviier . . .  Type  316  stainless 


•Diesel  manifold... Ductile  Ni-Resist 

•  Heat  treating  retort . . .  Inconel  alloy 

'  Ship's  propeller . . .  Nickel-aluminum  bronze 

•  Regenerator  pre-heater . . .  Monel  alloy 


/\ 


^  Inco  Nickel 

makes  metals  perform  better,  longer 


OCTOBER,   1959 


55 


1959  — lOUth  Anniversary  of  tin-  Oil    Industry.  ..  7()ih  Anniversary  of  Standard  Oil   Company 

whale  oil  lamps 
to  space  rockets 

How  the  oil  industry  helped  the  United  States  to  become  the  world's  most  productive  nation! 


^A*f^' 


lBS^S9  Colonel  Drake  discovers 
oil— and  the  decline  of  ihe  great  whaling 
industry  is  in  sight  as  thousands  of  lamp 
users  turn  from  whale  oil  to  kerosene. 


■rjw^^:" 


The  automobile  is  in  its 
infancy  — weak  and  unpromising.  Standard 
Oil  Company  is  born  on  June  18,  1889.  The 
following  year  the  company's  first  research 
laboratory  is  opened  at  Whiting,  Indiana. 


■  903  Two  bicycle  mechanics 
named  Wright  fly  an  odd-looking  machine 
at  Kitty  Hawk.  Almost  33,000  autos  are 
on  the  road,  but  the  horse  is  still  supreme. 
Standard  Oil  is  building  a  new  refinery  at 
Sugar  Creek,  Mis 


1^91  ■  Almost  640.000  motor  vehi- 
cles are  on  the  road.  Dr.  William  M.  Bur- 
ton and  Dr.  Robert  E.  Humphreys,  famous 
Standard  Oil  scientists,  discover  the  secret 
of  mass  producing  gasoline  economically. 
The  company  becomes  independent  of  all 
other  Standard  Oil  companies. 


J  ^9ii2^S  The  automobile  is  here  to 
stay.  More  than  15  million  motor  veliicles 
are  on  the  highways.  Standard  is  the  first 
major  oil  company  to  sell  gasoline  con- 
taining tetraethyl  lead,  anti-knock  agent. 


■  5^"»^^  The  greatest  demand  in 
history  for  aviation  fuel  is  near.  Standard 
Oil  puts  into  operation  the  world's  first 
catalytic  reformer,  which  produces  higher 
octane  gasoline  than  was  [>ossible  before. 


■  %9^9^7  The  Space  Age  is  dawn- 
ing. New  fuels  and  lubricants  for  rockets 
and  jets  come  from  Standard  Od  labora- 
tories to  help  make  space  exploration 
possible  and  to  strengthen  America's 
defenses.  Standard  Oil  marks  its  70th 
anniversEury. 


Here  are  some  Important  developments 
by  Standard  Oil,  a  leader  and  a  pioneer 
in  petroleum  research. 

•  How  to  mass  produce  gasoline  econom- 
ically. This  opened  the  way  to  modern 
automotive  transportation. 

•  How  to  recover  more  oil  from  almost- 
dry  wells.  This  added  billions  of  bar- 
rels to  America's  oil  reserves. 


•  How  to  eliminate  gasoline  gumming. 
This  meant  lower  repair  bills  for  car 


ntly. 


How  to  dewax  motor  oils  effii 
This  meant  better  car  perfo 
and  fewer  trips  to  the  repairn 


ard 


o  make  clean  burning  solid  fuels 
ckets.  This  was  a  big  step  for- 
in  America's  missile  program. 


These,  and  many  other  Standard  Oil  de- 
velopments, have  played  an  important  part 
in  man's  progress  from  the  horse-and- buggy 
age  to  the  Space  Age. 


(standard) 


STANDARD   OIL  COiMPANY 


THE  SIGN  OF  PROGRESS. 
THROUGH  RESEARCH 


56 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRAIN   TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


A  certain  tarnu'r  rt-ceixeil  an  order 
for  foil'-  crates  (A,  H,  C,  and  D)  of 
eggs.  The  order  stated  tfiat  the  iiumher 
of  es'i's  in  an\  two  crates  was  to  he  a 
iH'rfect  square,  and  the  number  in  whole 
four  crat's  must  also  be  a  perfect  square. 

Now  the  farmer's  problem  is:  What 
is  the  smallest  number  of  e"'gs  that  can 
h''  put  in  the  crates  to  fulfill  these  con- 
ditions— a  different  number  bein;z  in 
each    crate. 


't's  not  e\actl\'  the  time  of  year  for 
fishing,  but  here  is  a  fish  story. 

A  ]v:m  caught  a  shark  and  when 
hoastiii'i  about  it,  he  would  only  sav 
that  the  head  was  14  ft.  long,  the  tail 
was  as  long  as  the  head  and  one-quar- 
ter of  the  back  while  the  back  was  as 
long  as  the  head  and  twice  the  tail. 
Find  the  length  of  the  fish. 


If  you  are  thinking  ahead  of  spring 
\acation  and  are  planning  to  take  a  trip, 
this  teaser  should  provide  some  usefvd 
figuring. 

A  car  makes  three  trips  all  of  equal 
length.  The  speed  in  miles  per  hour  of 
the  second  trip  was  three  times  the 
speed  of  the  first  trip,  and  the  speed  of 
tile  third  trip  was  double  that  of  the 
secon<l  tri|i.  If  the  average  speed  of  all 
tri|is  was  ,■!()  m.p.h.,  find  the  speed  of 
each  trip. 


A  man,  who  had  three  sons  passed 
away.  In  his  will  he  directed  that  his 
total  cash  should  be  divided  among 
them,  except  for  a  gift  to  the  local  hos- 
pital. He  had  a  mathematical  turn  of 
mind,  and  after  the  will  was  made,  he 
had  worked  the  matter  out  and  found 
that  if  he  made  the  hospital  gift  to  his 
eldest  son,  he  woidd  then  have  as  much 
as  the  other  two  sons.  But  if  he  had 
given  it  to  the  second  son,  he  would 
then  have  twice  as  much  as  the  other 
two,  while  if  he  had  given  it  to  the 
youngest  son,  he  would  have  three  times 
as  much  as  the  other  two.  Now,  if  the 
man  left  a  total  of  $1800,  can  you  cal- 
culate how  much  each  son  and  the  hos- 
pital  received   as  their  share? 


Three  sadors  come  upon  a  pile  ot 
cojonuts.  The  first  sailor  takes  half  of 
them  plus  half  a  coconut.  The  .second 
sailor  trakes  half  of  what  is  lift  plus 
half  a  coconut.  The  third  sailor  also 
takes  half  of  what  remains  plus  half 
coconut.  Left  over  is  exactly  one  coco- 
nut which  they  toss  to  the  monkey.  How 
many  coconuts  were  there  in  the  origi- 
nal pile?  If  you  will  arm  yourself  with 
20  matches,  you  will  have  ample  ma- 
terial  for  a  trial-and-error  solution. 


BULLETIN 

L'.  of  I.  scientists  announced,  dead- 
line night,  that  preparations  had  been 
completed  for  launching  a  satellite  into 
orbit.  The  Teihnograph  was  to  be  in 
on  the  project,  they  said,  but  the\  re- 
fused to  release  any  further  details. 


A  brain-tea.ser  that  calls  for  deduc- 
tive reasoning  with  little  or  no  numeri- 
cal calculation  is  usually  labeled  a  logic 
problem.  Of  course  such  problems  are 
mathematical  in  the  sense  that  logic 
mav  be  regarded  as  very  general,  basic 
mathematics;  ne\ertheless  it  is  con\eni- 
ent  to  distinguish  logic  brain-teasers 
from  their  more  muiierous  numerical 
cousins. 


The  most  frequently  encountered  type 
is  sometimes  called  by  puzzlists  a 
"Smith-Jones-Robinson"  problem  after 
an  early  brain-teaser  devised  by  the  Eng- 
lish puzzle  expert  Henry  Dudeney.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  premises,  usual- 
ly about  individuals,  from  which  one 
is  asked  to  make  certain  deductions.  A 
recent  American  version  of  Dudeiiey's 
problem  goes  like  this: 

1.  Smith,  Jones  and  Robinson  are 
the  engineer,  brakeman  and  fireman  on 
a  train,  but  not  necessarily  in  that  or- 
der. Riding  the  train  are  three  passen- 
gers with  the  same  three  surnames,  to 
be  identified  in  the  following  premises 
by  a  "Mr."  before  their  names. 

2.  Mr.  Robinson  li\es  in  Los  .'An- 
geles. 

,1.   The  brakeman  lives  in  (  )maha. 


4.  Mr.  Jones  long  ago  forgot  all  the 
algebra  he  learned  in  high  school. 

r  The  passenger  whose  name  is  the 
same  as  the  brakeman's  lives  in  Chi- 
cago. 

6.  The  brakeman  and  one  of  the  pas- 
sengers, a  distinguished  mathematical 
physicist,  attend  the  same  church. 

7.  Smith  beat  the  fireman  at  billiards. 
Who  is  the  engineer? 

For  readers  who  care  to  try  their 
luck  on  a  more  difficult  Smith-Jones- 
Robmson  problem,  here  is  a  new  one 
de\  ised  b\  Ra\inond  Smullyan,  no«- 
wo-king  for  his  doctorate  in  mathe- 
n^at'cs  at   Princeton   University. 

1.  To  celebrate  the  Armistice  of  th- 
First  World  War,  three  carried  couples 
had  dinner  together.  The  following  facts 
relate  only  to  these  six,  and  only  their 
first  and  last  names  are  involved. 

2.  Each  husband  is  the  brother  of  one 
of  the  wives;  that  is,  there  are  three 
brother-sister  pairs  in   the  group. 

,?.  Helen  is  exactly  26  weeks  older 
than  her  husband,  who  was  horn  in 
August. 

4.  Mr.  White's  sister  is  married  to 
Helen's  brother's  brother-in-law.  She 
(Mr.  White's  sister)  married  him  on 
her  birthday,  which  is  in  January. 

3.  Marguerite  White  is  not  as  tall  as 
William  Black. 

6.  Arthur's  sister  is  prettier  than 
Beatrice. 

7.  John  is  50  \ears  old. 

What  is  .Mrs.  Brown's  first  name? 
*        ^        «■ 

Three  men — A,  B  and  C — are  aware 
that  all  three  of  them  are  "perfect  lo- 
gicians" who  can  instantly  deduce  all 
the  consequences  of  a  given  set  of  prem- 
ises. There  are  four  red  and  four  green 
stamps  available.  The  men  are  blind- 
folded and  two  stamps  are  pasted  on 
each  man's  forehead.  The  blindfolds 
are  removed.  A,  B  and  C  are  asked 
in  turn:  "Do  you  know  the  colors  of 
your  stamps?"  Each  says:  "No."  The 
question  is  then  asked  of  A  once  more. 
He  again  says:  "No."  B  is  now  asked 
the  question,  and  replies:  "Yes."  What 
are  the  colors  of  B's  stamps? 
ff  a  » 
I  he  answers  will  appear  next  month 
ten-  these  teasers. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


57 


RCA  Electronics  introduces  the  tube  of  tomorrow 


Called  the  Nuvistor,  this  thimble-size  electron  tube 
is  likely  to  start  a  revolution  in  electronics.  RCA 
engineers  scrapped  old  ideas— took  a  fresh  look  at 
tube  design.  The  result  will  be  tubes  that  are  far 
smaller,  perform  more  efficiently,  use  less  power, 
can  take  more  punishment,  are  more  rehable.  De- 


velopmental models  now  being  tried  out  by  de- 
signers will  have  a  profound  effect  on  the  size, 
appearance,  and  performance  of  electronic  equip- 
ment for  entertainment,  communications,  defense, 
and  industrv  in  the  future.  It  is  another  example  of 
the  way  RCA  is  constantly  ad\'ancing  in  electronics. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 


58 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


)ii^^^m..- 


■i'-C^iJ^'^C-'^i'T'^V 


STANDARDIZATION 


"The  American  economy  could  save 
at  least  $4  billion  a  year  if  all  those 
who  neglect  standardization  would  now 
get  wise  to  it,"  a  group  of  engineers  at 
a  dinner  observing  National  Engineers 
Week  were  told. 

The  speaker  was  Cyril  Ainsworth, 
I  )cputy  Managing  Director,  American 
Standards   Association. 

"l^nless  you  are  thinking  in  terms  of 
the  national  budget,  this  seems  like  an 
awful  lot  of  money  going  down  the 
.Iraiii,"  he  continued.  "As  our  indus- 
trial economy  moves  into  the  space  age, 
hccoming  larger  and  more  complex,  the 
waste  is  likely  to  increase,  if  we  don't 
make  some  radical  changes  in  our  stand- 
ardization procedures." 

The  knives,  forks  and  spoons  of  our 
table  cutlery  are  similar  in  size  and 
^liape  to  their  counterparts  all  over  the 
\M)rld.  Their  standards  evolved  through 
a  slow  process  of  elimination  until  the 
most  acceptable  shapes  and  sizes 
('merged.  Practically  all  other  tools 
tliroughout  man's  pre-industrial  history 
wire  standardized  by  this  same  process 
of  e\olution,  custom  and  preference. 

Ibis  evolutionary  process  of  stand- 
aiclization  proved  much  too  slow  after 
tin-  industrial  revolution  got  into  full 
^wing.  It  took  almost  200  years  to  de- 
\('lop   and   agree   upon   a  workable  sare- 


ty  code  for  steam  boilers.  Before  it  be- 
came available,  boiler  explosions  were 
one  of  the  most  serious  causes  of  loss  of 
life  and  damage  to  property. 

"In  our  budding  space  age,  the  nu- 
clear reactor  is  comparable  to  the  steam 
engine  in  the  early  industrial  revolu- 
tion. It's  obvious  that  we  can't  wait 
almost  200  years  for  workable  safety 
standards  for  nuclear  reactors.  Of 
course,  individual  nuclear  reactors  to- 
day are  constructed  with  all  possible 
safety  features,  but  what  is  really  need- 
ed are  generally  applicable  safety 
standards  for  all  nuclear  reactors,"  Mr. 
Ainsworth  pointed  out. 

Unfortunately,  American  industry 
does  not  understand  and  subscribe  as 
thoroughly  as  it  should  to  the  idea  of 
standardization,  said  Mr.  Ainsworth. 
It  is  best  understood  on  the  engineer- 
ing le\el  and  in  the  purchasing  office. 
However,  the  money  needed  to  carry 
on  standards  work  has  to  be  authorized 
by  management,  treasurers,  or  in  many 
cases,  by  contribution  committees.  Since 
these  executives  often  are  uninformed 
about  the  \alue  of  standardization  and 
ha\c  other  problems  foremost  on  their 
minds,  the>-  often  fail  to  understand  the 
connection  between  long-range  stand- 
ards and  future  benefits. 

"Let  me  give  you  an  example,"  said 
Mr.  Ainsworth.  "The  nuclear  standards 


program  initiated  under  ASA  proced- 
ures costs  about  $25,000  a  year  to  ad- 
minister. This  is  small  change  com- 
pared to  the  multi-million  dollar  invest- 
ments needed  to  develop  nuclear  power. 
Yet  it  is  difficult,  or  almost  impossible, 
to  collect  this  amount  fully!  This  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  the  leading  tech- 
nical experts  of  every  industry  with  an 
interest  in  this  program  are  represented 
on  the  working  committees.  Financial 
support  of  ASA  is  too  often  handled 
as  a  contribution,  much  as  a  donation 
to  the  community  chest.  Such  support 
is  a  sound  business  expense  from  which 
untold   benefits   are   obtained." 

The  solution,  said  IVIr.  Ainsworth,  is 
in  education.  Once  basic  research  was 
viewed  with  suspicion.  Today  enlight- 
ened management  knows  its  value. 
Standardization  has  not  yet  reached 
this  stage  of  acceptance.  Management  is 
still  reluctant  to  pay  for  standards 
projects  that  have  no  apparent  direct 
relation  to  current  production.  Yet 
there  is  enough  evidence  that  some  of 
the  greatest  money  savings  have  come 
from  the  long-range  standards  projects 
affecting  all  industry.  Industrial  safety 
standards  are  a  case  in  point.  They 
have  reduced  a  fantastic  toll  in  human 
li\es  and  financial  cost  in  lost  man- 
power and  production  to  an  absolute 
minimum. 


OCTOBER,   1959 


59 


ENGINEERING   GRADUATES — YOUR 

STEPPING 

NIUNtS 

TO 
SPACE 


Your  career,  like  a  missile,  must  first  get 
off  the  ground.  You  need  more  than  lust  momen- 
tum. Remember— the  "DESTRUCT"  button  has 
been  pushed  on  many  a  missile  because  of  poor 
guidance.  In  selecting  the  position  which  best 
suits  your  interests  and  abilities,  seek  competent 
guidance  from  your  Professors  and  Placement 
Officers. 

At  McDonnell  —  young  engineers  have  a 
wide  choice  of  interesting  assignments  covering 
the  entire  spectrum  of  aero-space  endeavor  — 
airplanes,  helicopters,  convertiplanes,  missiles, 
and  spacecraft. 

Learn  more  about  our  company  and  com- 
munity by  seeing  our  Engineering  Representa- 
tive when  he  visits  your  campus,  or,  if  you  pre- 
fer, write  a  brief  note  to :  Raymond  F.  Kaletta 
Engineering  Employment  Supervisor 
P.O.  Box  516,  St.  Louis  66,  Missouri 


Seen  here  discussing  a  computer  run  of  a  control  dynamics  prob 
lem  are  young  Project  Mercury  staff  members,  Joseph  J.  Voda 
MSAE,  U.  of  Illinois,  '58,  on  ttie  left,  and  Lawrence  D.  Perlmutter 
IVI.S.  Instrumentation,  U.  of  Mictiigan,  '59. 


60 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ys  Mile  Long 

MERCK  SHARP  &  DOHME 


Plant 


where  dependability 
of  pipelines  is  a  must, 
control  is  entrusted 
to  JENKINS  VALVES 

World  famous  Merck  Sharp  &  Dohme,  division  of  Merck 
&  Co.,  Inc.  not  only  knows  pharmaceuticals  and  biologicals; 
they  know  a  lot  about  valves.  They  need  to!  Control  of 
pipelines  must  be  unfailing. 

That's  why  you'll  find  Jenkins  Valves  on  all  process  pipelines 
in  this  West  Point,  Pa.  plant  ...  as  well  as  on  plumbing, 
heating  and  air  conditioning  lines. 

The  Jenkins  name  is  not  new  to  Merck  Sharp  &  Dohme. 
They  have  been  using  Jenkins  Valves  extensively  for  the  past 
twenty  years.  The  unusually  large  number  of  valves  installed  in 
the  company's  seventeen  domestic  and  foreign  plants 
represents  a  big  investment.  So  you  can  be  sure  this 
experienced  valve  buyer  has  found  Jenkins  Valves  both 
dependable  and  maintenance  free. 
Jenkins  dependability  can  save  money  for  any  plant  or 
building.  What's  more,  you  can  specify  or  install  Jenkins  Valves 
at  no  extra  cost.  Jenkins  Bros.,  100  Park  Avenue,  New  York  17. 

So/d  Through  Leading  Distributors  Everywhere 


Jenkins  Valves  on  main  steam  lines  serving  the 
Biological  buildings 


JENKINS 

LOOK  FOR  IHE  JENKINS  DIAMOND 

VALVE  S 


■•,A<  r,.;  l&7-0^ 


OCTOBER,    1959 


61 


To  all  the  combined  advantages  of  Synthane  Laminated  Plastics 
. . .  add  one  more  big  plus-MACHINABILITY 


There  are  many  reasons  why  plastic  lami- 
nates such  as  Synthane  are  well  regarded. 
They  offer — in  combination — resistance 
to  heat,  wear,  chemicals,  oil,  water;  light 
weight;  excellent  dielectric  properties  and 
mechanical  strength;  dimensional  stabil- 
ity. On  top  of  all  these,  however,  is  the 
one  property  that  makes  Synthane 
practical — Machinability. 

This  means  that  whatever  your  appli- 
cation you  may  obtain  parts  of  Synthane 
in  the  form  desired  and  at  a  reasonable 
cost  whether  you  require  one  or  a  million. 

How    Machinable    is    SyntKiane? 

Synthane  laminates  are  easy  to  machine, 
using  ordinary  wood  or  metal  working 
machinery  with  only  a  few  modifications 
of  method.  .\s  an  example,  here  are  some 
standard  machining  operations  readily 
performed  on  Synthane: 
Shearing  Screw  Machine 

Band  Sawing  Operations 

Circular  Sawing         Planing 


Drilling 
Tapping 
Fly  cutting 
Milling 
Gear  cutting 
Turning 
Turret  Lathe 
Operations 


Shaping 

Punching 

Broaching 

Shaving 

Sanding 

Grinding 

Boring 

Tumbling 

Butting 


Practically  all  of  those  operations  can  be 
handled  on  standard  machines,  many 
with  standard  cutters.  But  the  nature  of 
the  material,  being  softer  and  more  resil- 
ient than  metal,  and  being  laminated  and 
a  poor  heal  conductor,  often  makes  the 


Sawing  long  leuglbs.  One  of  the  numerous! 
special  tools  whose  advantages  are  available 
n^hen  Synthane  fabricates  the  material. 

use  of  cutters  with  special  rake  and  clear- 
ance, operating  at  special  feeds  and  speeds, 
desirable. 

The  successful  machining  of  Synthane 
laminates  is  aided  by  proper  design  of 
parts  for  ease  of  machining.  A  Synthane 
booklet:  "Design  Hints  for  Laminated 
Plastics*"  adequately  covers  design  rec- 
ommendations. 

It  pays  to  iet  Synthane  machine 
laminated  plastics  for  you 

Although  Synthane  laminated  plastics 
are  easy  to  machine,  it  will  usually  pay 
you  to  have  us  handle  the  machining  for 
you — for  these  reasons: 

1.  All  of  our  etjuipment  is  especially  de- 
signed or  adapted  for  the  fabrication  of 
plastics. 

2.  We  are  constantly  developing  new, 
*Booklel  available  upon  request. 


faster,  and  more  economical  methods  of 
machining  Synthane  laminated. 

3.  We  make  all  of  our  own  tools,  dies,  fix- 
tures and  jigs,  quickly  and  economically. 

4.  We  relieve  you  of  all  production  wor- 
ries: machining  errors,  rejects,  waste,  mis- 
takes in  dimensions  or  tolerances,  and 
delays  in  delivery. 

5.  Because  we  combine  manufacturing 
and  fabrication  in  one  location,  we  can 
maintain  high  quality  control  while  solving 
difficult  machining  problems.  When  nec- 
essary, we  can  even  modify  the  properties 
of  a  given  grade  of  material  to  meet 
special  requirements. 

For  further  information,  write  Synthane 
Corporation,  13  River  Rd.,  Oaks,  Penna. 


Metal  disintegration,   a  fast,  economical  way 
Synthane  itiies  to  produce  or  revise  dies. 

rswrfiANE] 

^ — w — ^ 


CORPORATION,  l^^    OAKS,   PENNA. 
Laminated     Plastics    for    Industry 

Sheets.    Rods,     Tubes,    Fabricated    Parts 
Molded-taminated.     Molded -macerated 


62 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


TRANSITION 
SE :  riON 


CCMVECTION 
RE  -  EATER 


How  to  get  steel  tubes  to  harness  highest 
steam  pressures  and  temperatures 


IN  constructing  Philadelphia  Electric  Company's  revolu- 
tionary new  Eddystone  power  plant,  engineers  had  to 
harness  the  highest  combination  of  pressure  and  steam 
ever  achieved  in  a  central  station  with  5,000  psi  at  1,200°  F. 
This  called  for  superheater  tubes  (see  diagram  above)  of  a 
special  stronger  steel  never  before  used  in  steam  power 
plants.  No  one  had  ever  succeeded  in  piercing  this  tougher 
steel  to  make  seamless  steel  tubing. 

The  problem  was  given  to  Timken  Company  metal- 
lurgists, experts  at  piercing  steels  for  40  years.  And  they 
turned  the  trick.  They  made  the  steel  for  the  platen  and 
finishing  super-heaters  with  the  alloying  elements  in  just 
the  right  balance  for  perfect  piercing  quality.  Thev  pierced 
20  miles  of  tubes  free  from  both  surface  and  internal  flaws. 

Timken  Company  metallurgists  and  Timken  steels  have 
solved  all  kinds  of  tough  steel  problems.  They  can  help 
you  on  problems  you  may  face  in  industry. 

And  if  you're  interested  in  a  career  with  the  leader  in 
specialty  steels  .  .  .  with  the  world's  largest  maker  of 
tapered  roller  bearings  and  removable  rock  bits  .  .  .  send 
for  free  booklet,  "Better-ness  and  Your  Career  at  the 
Timken  Company".  Write  Manager  of  College  Relations, 
The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio. 


Creep-Stress  Rupture  Laboratory  in  our  new  Steel  Research 
Center.  Here  we  test  the  resistance  of  steels  to  deformation  at 
temperatures  as  high  as  1800°  F. 


TIMKEN  STEEL 

SPECIALISTS    IN    FINE   ALLOY    STEELS,   GRAPHITIC    TOOL   STEELS   AND    SEAMLESS    STEEL    TUBING 

OCTOBER,   1959  63 


Begged,  Borrowed,  and  . 


Edited  by  Jack  Fortner 


(uiiiloil    Missile   .     Das  Sieiuitiker  Gt'schteiuverkes 

Fiicnkrakkfr. 

Rin'kfr   l"ii>;iiu"  Fireiischpittcr    niir    Sniokenurul 

Schiiorti'n. 

Liquiii   Rocket  Das  Skwirti-n  juct-nkiiui   Kireii- 

schpitter. 

(luiilaiu-c-    System    Das  Schteerenwerke. 

C'elistial    Ciuiiiance   Das    Schruballische    Schtargaz- 

en     Peepenglasser    niit     Koinp- 
iiterattacheii    Schteereinverke. 

I're-Set   Ciiiidance   Das  Seiuleii  Offen  mit  ein  Pat- 

tenbacker    und    Finger    Gekres- 
sen    Schteereinverke. 

Control   System  Das  I'ulleii-imcl-Schoven 

Werke. 

Warhead    Das  Laudenhoomer. 

Nuclear  Warhead  Das  Eargeschplitten  Lauden- 
hoomer. 

H\(lrogen  Device  Das  Eargeschplitten  Lauden- 
hoomer mit  ein  Grosse  Holen- 
graiind    und   Alles  Kaput. 

.NLinagement    Das  L  Itzerenhalden  Groupe. 

Engineering      Das  Aufguefen  Grupe. 

Project    Engineer    Das   Scluvettennoiidter. 

W'indtunnel     Das  Huffenpuffen  (irupe. 

Computing     Das   Schlidenruler   Grupe. 

Structural  Test  Das  Pullenparten   Grupe. 

Security    Das  Schnoopen   Hunche. 

Contract   Administrator   Das  Tablegepaunder  (jrupe 

I'lanniiig    Das  Schemen  (irupe 

Nuclear   Research   Das  Whizkidden  Grupe 

Facilities     Das   Daskgescho\en    Hunche. 

Support    Equipment    Das  Garterhelten   Grupe. 


Engineer  on  telephone:  "Doctor,  come  quick!  My  little 
hoy  just  .swallowed  my  slide  rule." 

Doctor:  "Good  heavens  man  Ell  he  right  over.  What 
are  you  doing  in  the  meantime?" 

Engineer:  "L'sing  log  tables." 


Hoarder:  It's  disgraceful,  madam.  E 
were  fighting  in  my  bedroom  last  night. 

^Lldam:  What  do  vou  e.xpect  tor  is2 
fights? 


sure    two    rats 


lonth?    Hull 


64 


EE:  "What  are  \ou  doing  with  that  on  your  s\x-eater? 
Don't  you  know  that  \ou're  not  supposed  to  wear  it  unless 
vou've  made  the  team?" 

She:  "Well!!!" 


I  he  psychiatrist  was  testing  the  intelligence  of   a  hope- 
candidate  for  discharge  from  the  asylum. 
Doc:  "What  would   happen   if   1   cut  off  your  ear?" 
Joe:  "I  couldn't  hear.  " 
Doc:  "And  if  I  cut  off  the  other  ear?" 
Joe:  "I  couldn't  see." 
Doc:  "Why?" 
Toe:  "Hecause  mv  hat  would   fall  over  m\  eves." 


Sorority  Girl:  "We're  going  to  give  the  bride  a  shower.  " 
Erat  man:  "Swell!  Count  me  in.  Ell  bring  the  soap." 


A   bathing  sin't — like   a    barbed   wire   fence — is   designed 
to  protect  the  propertv'  without  obstructing  the  view. 


Said  the  rooster  as  he  put  the  ostrich  egg  in  front  of  the 
hen:  "I'm  not  complaining,  hut  I  just  want  you  to  see  the 
kind  of  work  they  do  in  some  places." 

"Hey,  Dad,  I'm  home  from  school  again." 
"What  the  devil  did  you  do  this  time?" 
"I  graduated." 


"Professor,"  said  the  engineer  in  search  of  knowledge, 
"will  you  try  to  explain  to  me  the  theory  of  limits?" 

"Well,  John,  assume  that  you  have  called  on  a  pretty 
woman.  You  are  seated  at  one  end  of  the  divan  and  she  is 
seated  at  the  other.  You  move  halfway  toward  her.  Then  you 
move  half  of  the  remaining  distance  toward  her.  Again  you 
reduce  the  distance  separating  you  from  her  by  50  per  cent. 
Continue  this  for  some  time.  Theoretically,  you  will  never 
reach  the  girl.  On  the  other  hand,  you  will  soon  get  close 
enough  to  her  for  practical   purposes." 


Now  go  hack  and  read  the  rest  of  the  magazine! 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


y 


v^^^r; 


C:aU-i|)illai  U.S  IkkI.u  w  iili  i  i|>|)ri 


Rippers  really  rough  it  — 

So  radiography  checks  their  stamina 


Ripper  shank  being  radiographed  with  cobalt  60  projector 


RIPPER  SHANKS  and  clevises  at  the  business  end  of 
■  a  high-powered  tractor  lead  a  torturous  life  as 
they  tear  through  overburden  and  rock. 

No  place  here  for  a  flaw  to  ruin  performance !  So 
Claterpillar  makes  sure  of  their  stamina — has  them 
radiographed  at  the  foundry  that  casts  them.  This 
is  the  place  for  any  imperfection  to  be  shown  up. 
For  here  Radiography  can  do  two  things.  It  can 
make  sure  that  only  sound  castings  go  out.  It  can 
point  the  way  to  improving  casting  technique  so 
that  a  consistently  better  yield  can  be  had. 

Radiography  is  but  one  branch  of  photography 
that  is  working  day  in — day  out  for  the  engineer.  It 
is  saving  time  and  cutting  costs  in  research  and 
development,  in  production,  in  sales  and  in  office 
routine.  You  will  find  that  in  whatever  field  you 
choose,  photography  will  be  ready  to  serve  you  too. 


EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


CAREERS  WITH   KODAK 


.\s  Radiography  becomes  more  important 
in  the  business  and  industry  of  tomorrow, 
there  are  excellent  opportunities  for  sci- 
entists who  want  to  grow  in  this  field.  If 
\ou  have  a  doctoral  degree  in  physics  and 


a  desire  to  follow  radiography  as  a  carcei , 
write  for  information  about  careers  with 
Kodak.  Address:  Business  and  Technical 
Personnel  Department,  Eastman  Kodak 
Coinpany,  Rochester  4,  New  York. 


aJI 


1M^ 


One    of    a    series 


■^  Interview  with  General  Electric's 

""^  Charles  F.  Savage 

Consultant  —  Engineering  Professional  Relations 

How  Professional  Societies 
Help  Develop  Young  Engineers 


Q.  Mr.  Savage,  should  young  engineers 
join  professional  engineering  socie- 
ties? 

A.  By  all  means.  Once  engineers 
have  graduated  from  college 
they  are  immediately  "on  the 
outside  looking  in,"  so  to  speak, 
of  a  new  social  circle  to  which 
they  must  earn  their  right  to  be- 
long. Joining  a  professional  or 
technical  society  represents  a 
good  entree. 

Q.  How  do  these  societies  help  young 
engineers? 

A.  The  members  of  these  societies 
— mature,  knowledgeable  men — 
have  an  obligation  to  instruct 
those  who  follow  after  them. 
Engineers  and  scientists — as  pro- 
fessional people — are  custodians 
of  a  specialized  body  or  fund  of 
knowledge  to  which  they  have 
three  definite  responsibilities. 
The  first  is  to  generate  new 
knowledge  and  add  to  this  total 
fund.  The  second  is  to  utilize 
this  fund  of  knowledge  in  service 
to  society.  The  third  is  to  teach 
this  knowledge  to  others,  includ- 
ing young  engineers. 

Q.  Specifically,  what  benefits  accrue 
from  belonging  to  these  groups? 

A.  There  are  many.  For  the  young 
engineer,  affiliation  serves  the 
practical  purpose  of  exposing  his 
work  to  appraisal  by  other  scien- 
tists and  engineers.  Most  impor- 
tant, however,  technical  societies 
enable  young  engineers  to  learn 
of  work  crucial  to  their  own. 
These  organizations  are  a  prime 
source  of  ideas  —  meeting  col- 
leagues and  talking  with  them, 
reading  reports,  attending  meet- 
ings and  lectures.  And,  for  the 
young  engineer,  recognition  of 
his  accomplishments  by  asso- 
ciates and  organizations  gener- 
ally heads  the  list  of  his  aspira- 
tions. He  derives  satisfaction 
from  knowing  that  he  has  been 
identified  in  his  field. 


Q.  What  contribution  is  the  young  en- 
gineer expected  to  make  as  an  ac- 
tive member  of  technical  and  pro- 
fessional societies? 

A.  First  of  all,  he  should  become 
active  in  helping  promote  the 
objectives  of  a  society  by  prepar- 
ing and  presenting  timely,  well- 
conceived  technical  papers.  He 
should  also  become  active  in 
organizational  administration. 
This  is  self-development  at  work, 
for  such  efforts  can  enhance  the 
personal  stature  and  reputation 
of  the  individual.  And,  I  might 
add  that  professional  develop- 
ment is  a  continuous  process, 
starting  prior  to  entering  col- 
lege and  progressing  beyond 
retirement.  Professional  aspira- 
tions may  change  but  learning 
covers  a  person's  entire  life  span. 
And,  of  course,  there  are  dues  to 
be  paid.  The  amount  is  grad- 
uated in  terms  of  professional 
stature  gained  and  should  al- 
ways be  considered  as  a  personal 
investment  in  his  future. 

Q.  How  do  you  go  about  joining  pro- 
fessional  groups? 

A.  While  still  in  school,  join  student 
chapters  of  societies  right  on 
campus.  Once  an  engineer  is  out 
working  in  industry,  he  should 
contact  local  chapters  of  techni- 
cal and  professional  societies,  or 
find  out  about  them  from  fellow 
engineers. 

Q.  Does  General  Electric  encourage  par- 
ticipation in  technical  and  profes- 
sional societies? 

A.  It  certainly  does.  General  Elec- 
tric progress  is  built  upon  cre- 
ative ideas  and  innovations.  The 
Company  goes  to  great  lengths 
to  establish  a  climate  and  in- 
centive to  yield  these  results. 
One  way  to  get  ideas  is  to  en- 


courage employees  to  join  pro- 
fessional societies.  Why?  Because 
General  Electric  shares  in  recog- 
nition accorded  any  of  its  indi- 
vidual employees,  as  well  as  the 
common  pool  of  knowledge  that 
these  engineers  build  up.  It  can't 
help  but  profit  by  encouraging 
such  association,  which  sparks 
and  stimulates  contributions. 

Right  now,  sizeable  numbers  of 
General  Electric  employees,  at 
all  levels  in  the  Company,  belong 
to  engineering  societies,  hold  re- 
sponsible offices,  serve  on  work- 
ing committees  and  handle  im- 
portant assignments.  Many  are 
recognized  for  their  outstanding 
contributions  by  honor  and 
medal  awards. 

These  general  observations  em- 
phasize   that    General    Electric 
does  encourage  participation.  In 
indication  of  the  importance  of 
this  view,  the  Company  usually 
defrays  a  portion  of  the  expense 
accrued  by  the  men  involved  in 
supporting  the  activities  of  these 
various    organizations.    Remem- 
ber, our  goal  is  to  see  every  man 
advance  to  the  full  limit  of  his 
capabilities.  Encouraging  him  to 
join  Professional  Societies  is  one 
way  to  help  him  do  so. 
Mr.  Savage  has  copies  of  the  booklet 
"Your  First  5  Years"  pubUshed  by 
the   Engineers'   Council    for    Profes- 
sional Development  which  you  may 
have  for  the  asking.  Simply  write  to 
Mt.   C.   F.   Savage,  Section   959-12, 
General    Electric    Co.,   Schenectady 
5,  N.  Y. 


*LOOK  FOR  other  interviews  dis- 
cussing: Salary  •  Why  Companies 
have  Training  Programs  •  How  to 
Get  the  Job  You  Want. 


GENERAL  AeLECTRIC 


november  •  25f^ 


TECHNOGRAPH 


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UnU6r  TITGy  the  performance  of  men  and  machines  depends  on  what  they  are  made  of.  United  States  Steel 
makes  the  materials  for  the  machines,  whether  it's  a  very  tough  armor  plate,  or  heat-resistant  alloy,  or  Stainless  Steels. 

You  might  be  interested  in  some  of  the  USS  steels  developed  specifically  for  aircraft  and  missiles: 
USS  Strux,  an  alloy  steel  with  close  to  300,000  psi  tensile  strength  primarily  for  aircraft  landing  gears; 
USS  Airsteel  X-200,  an  air-hardenable  alloy  steel  with  230,000  psi  yield  strength  for  aircraft  sheet  and  missile 
applications;  USS  12MoV  and  USS  17-5  MnV  Stainless  Steels  for  high-speed  aircraft  and  missiles; 
Stainless  "W",  a  precipitation-hardenable  Stainless  Steel. 

New  "exotic"  metals,  new  methods  for  making  them,  present  an  exciting  challenge.  Men  willing  to  accept  this 
challenge— civil,  industrial,  mechanical,  metallurgical,  ceramic,  electrical  or  chemical  engineers  have  a  future 
with  United  States  Steel.  Write  to:  United  States  Steel,  Personnel  Division,  Room  2316, 
525  William  Penn  Place,  Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania. 

USS  is  a  registered  trademark 


United  States  Steel 


Editor 

Dave  Penniman 

Business  Manager 

Roger  Harrison 

Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 

Asst. — Marilyn  Day 

Editorial  Staff 

George  Carruthers 
Steve  Dilts 
Grenville  King 
Jeff  R.  Golin 
Bill  Andrews 
Ron  Kurtz 
Mark  Weston 
Jerry  Jewett 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 

Production  Staff 

George  Venorsky 
Jack  Pazdera 

Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William  Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan.  Director 
Gary  Waffle 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 

Advisors 

R.  W.   Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.  DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.  C.   McClintock 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Stanley  Styncs 
Wayne  State  University,  Detroit,  Michigan 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Cooi)era- 
tive  Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer. Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Louis- 
iana Tech  Engineer,  Manhattan  Engineer, 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  Technic,  Min- 
nesota Technolog,  Missouri  Shamrock,  Ne- 
braska Blueprint,  New  York  University 
Quadrangle,  North  Dakota  Engineer,  North- 
western Engineer,  Notre  Dame  Technical 
Review.  Ohio  State  Engineer,  Oklahoma 
State  Engineer,  Oregon  State  Technical  Tri- 
angle, Pittsburgh  Skyscraper,  Purdue  Engi- 
neer, RPI  Engineer.  Rochester  Indicator, 
SC  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Southern  Engi- 
neer, Spartan  Engineer,  Texas  A  &  M  Engi- 
neer, Washington  Engineer,  WSC  Tech- 
nometer,  Wayne  Engineer,  and  Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  Number  2 


November,   1959 


Table  of  Contents 

ARTICLES: 

Ceramics  and  Nuclear  Engineering lim  Blome  17 

Mathematics  for  the  Space  Age Dean   H.   L.  Wakeland  21 

Language  and   Leadership Tom   Gabbard  25 

Technograph  Launches  Satellite George  Carruthers  27 

No   Hipsters  These Bob  Westerbeck  32 

Soused  for  Science lerry  Jewett  38 

Teaching  Interns Bill  Andrews  49 

Campus  at  Night Photo  Staff  55 

FEATURES: 

From   the   Editor's   Desk 11 

Technocutie Photos  by  Dave  Yates  34 

Skimming  Industrial  Headlines Edited  by  Paul  Cliff  62 

Brainteasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  66 

Begged,  Borrowed,  and Edited  by  Jack  Fortner  72 

Cover     . 

Abstract  art  can  often  be  as  confusing  as  some  of  the  abstract 

thinking  in  science.  Yet,  if  the  end  result  is  something  worth  ap- 
preciating then  the  project  is  a  success. 

Barbara  Polan  has  donated  an  example  of  abstract  art  for 
this  month's  cover. 


Copyright,  1959,  by  lUini  Publishing  Co.  Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  February,  March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class  matter.  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act  of  March  i,  1879.  Office  215  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50  per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  All  rights 
reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph.  Publisher's  Representative  —  Littell-Murray- 
Barnhill,  Inc.,  737  North  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  11,  111.,  369  Lexington  Ave., 
New    York    17,   New   York. 


All-weather  auditorium  in  Pittsburgh 
will  be  covered  by  a  415-foot 
diameter  Nickel-containing  stainless 


steel  dome.  Largest  of  its  kind  in 
the  world,  the  dome  will  protect 
an   audience   of   more   than    13,000. 


For  Pittsburgh's  new  auditorium . . . 

A"push-button  umbrella  roof"  of  Nickel  stainless  steel 
...the  roof  design  of  tomorrow 


Here's  the  first  of  a  revolutionary 
new  type  of  roof  design,  destined  to 
introduce  a  new  concept  in  building. 

A  simple  concept,  but  a  daring  one. 
The  domed  roof  of  a  building  is 
divided  into  eight  sections  which 
nest  together  when  opened.  Push  a 
button,  and  six  of  these  sections 
glide  quietly  together  around  an  out- 
side track. 

In  Pittsburgh's  new  all-weather 
auditorium,  the  push-button 
umbrella  roof  can  be  closed  at  the 
first  sign  of  bad  weather  without 
disturbing  the  show.  In  private 
homes,  a  roof  design  like  this  could 
bring  the  beauty  of  nature  right  into 
the  home. 


But  ichat  material  i.f  lasting 
enough  for  a  dome  like  tliis?  Archi- 
tects and  designers  of  the  audito- 
rium looked  into  all  types  of 
materials.  They  selected  Nickel- 
containing  stainless  steel.  They 
selected  Nickel  stainless  because  it 
has  the  best  combination  of  proper- 
ties for  this  purpose.  For  example 
it  is  one  of  the  most  weather-resist- 
ing, corrosion-resisting  metals. 

Naturally,  this  is  just  one  example 
of  how  designers  are  taking  advan- 
tage of  the  unique  properties  of 
Nickel-containing  metals.  In  the 
future,  however,  you  may  be  design- 
ing a  machine— not  a  spectacular  all- 


weather  push-button  roof.  You  might 
need  a  metal  that  resists  corrosion, 
or  wear,  or  high  temperatures.  Or 
one  that  meets  some  destructive 
combination  of  conditions.  Here,  too, 
a  Nickel-containing  metal  could  be 
the  answer. 

But,  whatever  your  field  of  study, 
in  the  future  you  can  count  on  Inco 
for  all  the  help  you  need  in  metal 
selection.  Right  now,  if  you'd  like  to 
get  better  acquainted  with  Nickel 
Stainless  Steel,  why  not  write  Inco 
for  "Stainless  Steel  in  Product 
Design."  Write:  Educational  Serv- 
ices, The  International  Nickel  Com- 
pany, Inc.,  New  York  5,  N.  Y. 


/\ 


^Inco  Nickel 


makes  metals  perform  better,  longer 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Engineer  Larry  Ktivans  reviews  the  results  of  a  computer- 
simulated  ground  checkout  of  Radioplane  Division's 
near-sonic  RP-76  rockel-pov/ered  target  drone.  Formerly 


at  Norair  Division,  Lorry  came  to  Radioplane  in  1955.  At 
31,  he  is  Manager  of  (he  Division's  lAOman  Electronic 
Support  Group,  is  working  toward  his  doctorate  at  UCLA. 


YOUNG  ENGINEERS  ARE  NORTHROP'S  NEWSMAKERS! 


Northrop  Corporation's  dynamic  and  diversified  corporate  struc- 
ture creates  an  ideal  worlc  climate  for  forward-thinking  scientists 
and  engineers.  Our  three  autonomous  divisions  are  all  in  Southern 
California  -  are  all  headed  by  progressive  management  eager  to 
examine  and  try  new  ideas. 

Let's  assume  that  you  are  a  man  who  can  qualify  for  one  of  our 
engineering  teams  -  a  man  who  can  create  history! 

YOU'LL  EARN  what  you're  worth,  get  increases  as  often  as  you  earn 
them  -  based  on  your  own  individual  achievements.  Our  salary 
structure  is  unique  in  the  industry;  our  vacation  policy  extra-liberal, 
as  are  all  of  our  other  fringe  benefits. 

YOU'LL  LEARN  while  you  earn,  with  no-cost  and  low-cost  education 
opportunities  at  leading  Southern  California  institutions -earn  ad- 
vanced degrees  and  keep  abreast  of  latest  technological  advances 
in  your  own  chosen  field. 

YOU'LL  WORK  with  men  who  are  acknowledged  leaders  in  their  fields 
-  men  chosen  for  their  own  capabilities  am!  for  skills  in  guiding 
and  developing  the  creative  talents  of  younger  men.  And,  these 
are  men  who  delegate  authority,  assuring  your  fair  share  of  credit 
for  engineering  triumphs. 

YOU'LL  BE  FLEXIBLE-able  to  apply  your  talents  to  the  work  you  enjoy, 
in  the  field  best  suited  to  your  own  inclination  and  ability.  Northrop 
Corporation  and  its  divisions  offer  wide  diversity,  with  over  30 
operational  fields  to  choose  from.  All  offer  challenge  aplenty - 
opportunity  unlimitedl 


RADIOPLANE  DIVISION.  Creator  of  the  world's  first  drone  family;  has 
produced  and  delivered  tens  of  thousands  of  drones  for  all  the  U.S. 
Armed  Forces.  Now  developing  ultra-advanced  target  drone  sys- 
tems for  weapon  evaluation,  surveillance  drone  systems,  and  mis- 
sile systems. 

NORTRONICS  DIVISION.  Pioneer  in  celestial  and  inertial  guidance. 
Currently  exploring  infrared  applications,  airborne  digital  com- 
puters and  interplanetary  navigation;  developing  ground  support, 
optical  and  electro-mechanical,  and  data-processing  equipment. 
NORAIR  DIVISION.  Creator  of  SAC's  intercontinental  USAF  Snark 
SM-62.  Currently  active  in  programs  for  the  ballistic  recovery  of 
orbiting  man;  flight-testing  the  USAF  T-38  supersonic  trainer; 
readying  the  N-156F  NATO-SEATO  fighter  for  flight  tests. 
NOW  WRITE!  Get  full  information  on  Northrop  Corporation  and  all 
of  its  Divisions.  Then  choose  the  division  that  offers  you  the  most 
challenge.  To  reserve  your  spot  where  news  is  happening,  write: 
Engineering  &  Scientific  Personnel  Placement  Office,  Northrop 
Corporation,  P.O.  Box  1525,  Beverly  Hills,  California. 


a/W 


A 


Divisions  of  NORTHROP  CORPORATION 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


POWER  AND  PROGRESS 
^o  hand-in- hand  .  .  . 


America's  progi'ess  depends  upon  a  plentiful  supply  of  electric  power  .  .  . 
and  upon  young  engineers  like  those  shown  above  who  are  preparing  for 
the  years  ahead  by  learning  how  to  harness  the  power  of  atomic  energy 
to  the  job  of  producing  electricity. 

Opportunities  for  personal  progress,  too,  are  to  be  found  in  the  electric 
industry.  Wisconsin  Electric  Power  Company's  far-reaching  expansion  pro- 
gram requires  engineering  skills  in  a  wide  variety  of  fields  —  electrical, 
mechanical,  civil,  chemical,  statistical,  research,  sales,  administrative,  etc. 

See  our  representatives  when  they  visit  your  campus.  Ask  for  more 
information  about  the  excellent  job  opportunities  available  for  engineers. 

WISCONSIN     ELECTRIC     POWER     COMPANY    SYSTEM 


Wisconsin    Electric    Power    Co. 
Milwaukee,   Wis. 


Wisconsin    Michigan    Power    Co. 
Appieton,    Wis. 


Wisconsin    Natural    Gas    Co 
Racine,   Wis. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


HOW  TO  MAKE  A  "LEFT  TURN"  IN  OUTER  SPACE 

(and  the  "right  turn"  toward  a  gratifying  career) 


Like  the  dimensions  of  the  universe 
itself,  the  future  of  space  technology 
is  beyond  imagination.  The  fron- 
tiers of  space  will  edge  farther  and 
farther  from  us  as  engineering  and 
scientific  skills  push  our  knowledge 
closer  to  the  stars.  Bendix  Aviation 
Corporation,  long  a  major  factor  in 
America's  technological  advance, 
offers  talented  young  men  an  out- 
standing site  from  which  to  launch 
a  career. 

In  the  field  of  controls  alone,  for 
example,  Bendix  (which  makes  con- 
trols for  almost  everything  that 
rolls,  flies  or  floats)  has  developed 
practical,  precision  equipment  for 
steering   and   controlling   the   atti- 


tude of  space  vehicles.  It  consists 
of  a  series  of  gas  reaction  controllers 
(actually  miniature  rockets)  which 
are  mounted  around  the  satellite. 
Individually  controlled  by  a  built- 
in  intelligence  system,  they  emit 
metered  jets  of  gas  on  signal  when- 
ever it  is  necessary  to  change  the 
orientation  of  the  satellite. 

The  development  of  this  unique 
control  equipment  is  but  one  of  the 
many  successful  Bendix  projects 
involving  knowledge  of  the  outer 
atmosphere  and  beyond.  Bendix,  a 
major  factor  in  broad  industrial  re- 
search, development  and  manufac- 
ture, is  heavily  engaged  in  advanced 
missile  and  rocket  systems  and  com- 


ponents activities.  These  include 
prime  contract  responsibility  for 
the  Navy's  advanced  missiles,  Talos 
and  Eagle. 

The  many  career  opportunities 
at  Bendix  include  assignments  in 
electronics,  electromechanics,  ultra- 
sonics, computers,  automation, 
radar,  nucleonics,  combustion,  air 
navigation,  hydraulics,  instrumen- 
tation, propulsion,  metallurgy,  com- 
munications, carburetion,  solid 
state  physics,  aerophysics  and 
structures.  See  your  placement 
director  or  write  to  Director  of 
University  and  Scientific  Relations, 
Bendix  Aviation  Corporation, 
1108  Fisher  Bldg.,  Detroit  2,  Mich. 


A  thousand  products 


a  million  ideas 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


-  diversification 


These  specialized  electronics  systems 
are  an  important  part  of  Collins'  con- 
trihntion  to  advancements  in  military 
and  commercial  communication. 

Collins  was  selected  over  several  com- 
panies because  it  could  do  the  job  — 
economicallv,  vvith  excellent  ecjuipment, 
and  provide  capable  engineering  assist- 
ance for  all  phases. 

Collins  needs  engineers  and  physicists 
to  keep  pace  vvith  the  growing  demand 
for  its  products.  Positions  are  challeng- 
ing. Assignments  are  varied.  Projects 
currentlv  underway  in  the  Cedar  Rap- 
ids Division  include  research  and  de- 
velopment in  Airborne  communication, 
navigation  and  identification  systems, 
Missile  and  satellite  tracking  and  com- 


munication. Antenna  design,  Amateur 
radio  and  Broadcast. 

Collins  manufacturing  and  R&D  in- 
stallations are  also  located  in  Burbank 
and  I3allas.  Modern  laboratories  and  re- 
search facilities  at  all  locations  ensure 
the  finest  working  conditions. 

Your  placement  office  will  tell  you 
when  a  Collins  representative  will  be 
on  campus. 

For  all  the  interesting  facts  and  fig- 
ures of  recent  Collins  developments 
send  for  your  free  copies  of  Signal,  pub- 
lished ([uarterlv  by  the  Collins  Radio 
Companv.  Fill  out  and  mail  the  at- 
tached coupon  today.  You'll  receive 
every  issue  published  during  this  school 
year  without  obligation. 


COLLINS 


Professionol  Placement,  , 
Collins  Radio  Company, 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa 

Please  send  me  each  Collii 
during  this  school  year. 


Signol  published 


COLLINS  RADIO  COMPANY      •      CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA      •      DALUS,  TEXAS     •     BURBANK,  CALIFORNIA   b 


Address 

City 

Stote 

College  or  University 

Major  degree 

Minor 

Graduation  dote 

■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Heat  lost  except  at  absolute  zero? 

A  measure  of  disorder? 

A  statistical  probability  of  state? 

The  gradient  of  a  scalar? 

Macrocosmic  phenomenon  or 
microcosmic,  too? 

The  fundamental  concept  of  entropy 
is  involved  in  many  phases  of  our 
technology.  Hence  we  have  a  funda- 
mental need  to  know  everything  we 
can  about  its  significance.  This 
knowledge  is  critical  to  our  work  of 
energy  conversion. 

Thus  we  probe  and  inquire,  search 
\A:ithout  wearying  —  call  upon  the 
talents  of  General  Motors  Corpora- 
tion, its  Divisions,  and  other  indi- 
viduals and  organizations  —  for  a 
complete  appreciation  of  all  phases 
of  scientific  phenomena.  By  apply- 
ing this  systems  engineering  con- 
cept to  new  research  projects,  we 
increase  the  effectiveness  with 
which  we  accomplish  our  mission  — 
exploring  the  needs  of  advanced 
propulsion  and  weapons  systems. 


Energy  conversion  is  our  business  ; 


Want  to  know  about  YOUR  opportunities  on 
the  Allison  Engineering  Team?  Write:  Mr.  /?.  C. 
Smith,  College  Relations,  Personnel  Dept. 


Division  of  General  Motors, 
Indianapolis,  Indiana 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


Thinhiiig  far  up  the  road 

.  .  .  lit  V  tV  (j  1 1  (J  f  (  I  Lu  The  automatic  hi^hwav, 
clcmonstrittcd  in  this  icorking  model  of  General  Motors  experimental 
Auto-Control  System,  is  an  electronic  marvel  that  takes  over  steering, 
speed,  braking  and  obstacle  detection  for  drivers. 


GM  positions  now 

available  in  these  fields 

for  men  holding 

Bachelor's,  Master's 

and  Doctor's  degrees: 

Mechanical  Engineering 

Electrical  Engineering 

Industrial  Engineering 

Metallurgical  Engineering 

Chemical  Engineering 

Aeronautical  Engineering 

Ceramic  Engineering 

Mathematics 

Industrial  Design 

Physics  •  Chemistry 

Engineering  Mechanics 

Business  Administration 

and  Related  Fields 


If  you're  thinking  aliead  in  the  field  of 
science  or  engineering.  General  Motors 
is  the  place  for  you.  Here  are  many 
challenging  opportunities  for  young  men 
who  want  to  do  things,  do  things  better, 
solve  problems  on  projects  that  probe 
into  the  future. 

Among  many  available  fields  and 
products  in  which  GM  engineers  and 
scientists  work  are:  electronics,  rocket 
propulsion,  automotive,  solar  energy, 
astronautics,  diesel  engines  and  house- 
holil  appliances. 

GM  has  plenty  of  room  in  which  you 
can  grow.  As  you  move  forward,  you 
take  on  jobs  of  greater  responsibility  in 
your  Division  and  can  bridge  across  to 
positions  of  responsibility  in  other  Divi- 
sions of  the  Corporation.  And  if  you 
wish  to  continue  w  ith  advanced  studies, 
GM  offers  financial  assistance. 

For  more  information  on  a  fine  posi- 
tion with  an  exciting  future,  write  to 
General  Motors,  Personnel  Staff, 
Detroit  2.  Michigan. 

GENERAL  MOTORS 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


DOW  is  tomorrow-minded 


A  chemist,  with  his  mind  on  his  own  specialty  exclu- 
sively, might  say:  "The  chief  raw  materials  for 
Dow  products  are  sea  water,  brine,  petroleum,  coal, 
oyster  shells."  Up  to  a  point  he  would  be  right.  But 
in  fact  he  would  be  overlooking  the  most  important 
ingredient  of  all — people  of  a  certain  exceptional  kind 
and  quality  of  mind. 

Let's  look  at  a  quick  profile  of  the  kind  of  person  Dow 
looks  for.  His  mind  and  ambitions  are  not  Umited  by 
the  dimensions  of  the  job  he  is  doing.  His  horizons 
take  in  tomorrow,  while  he  does  his  job  well  today. 
Problems  appear  to  him  in  a  dynamic  context  of  both 
today  and  tomorrow.  The  "big  picture"  is  not  just  a 
cynical  phrase  to  him. 

This  broader  view  makes  him  plan  well  —  for  his  family 
as  well  as  for  his  job.  As  the  phrase  goes,  he  is  "a 
good  provider."  He  owns  his  own  car.  Chances  are  he 
owns  his  own  home.  Along  with  some  80,000  others  he 
has  invested  in  Dow  stock  because  he  believes  in  his 


company  and  wants  to  back  up  that  belief  with  cash. 

He  is  a  builder  at  work  or  in  liis  community.  He  gets 
a  kick  out  of  creating  new  things.  Such  products  as 
Saran  Wrap*,  Separan*  for  the  mining  industry,  the 
new  fiber  Zefran*,  and  others.  Making  things  that  do 
some  important  job  for  the  human  community,  better 
than  it  has  ever  been  done  before,  gives  him  a  real  thrill. 

Not  everyone  who  works  for  Dow,  whether  at  Midland 
or  the  other  23  United  States  locations  (plus  23  foreign 
and  5  Canadian),  fits  this  profile.  But  by  and  large 
most  of  those  who  do  well  tend  to.  Though  they  have 
more  than  their  share  of  "creative  discontent,"  they 
have  found  a  good  place  to  grow,  and  work  out  their 
hopes,  plans  and  ambitions. 

If  you  would  like  to  know  more  about  the  Dow  oppor- 
tunity, please  write:  Director  of  College  Relations, 
Department  2427FW,  the  dow  chemical  company, 
Midland,  Michigan. 


THE  DOW  CHEMICAL  COMPANY    •    MIDLAND,  MICHIOAN 

NOVEMBER,  1959 


Leonardo  da  Vinci...  on  experiments 


I  shall  hegin  by  making  some  experiments  before  I  pro- 
ceed any  further;  for  it  is  my  intention  first  to  consult 
experience  and  llien  sfiow  by  reasoning  wliy  that  experi- 
ence was  bound  to  turn  out  as  it  did.  Tliis.  in  fact,  is  the 
true  rule  by  which  the  student  of  natural  effects  must  pro- 
ceed: although  nature  starts  from  reason  and  ends  willi 
experience,  it  is  necessary  for  us  to  proceed  the  other  %vay 
around,  thai  is  —  as  I  said  above  —  begin  willi  experience 
and  with  its  help  seek  the  reason. 


Experience  never  errs;  what  alone  may  err  is  our  judg- 
ment, which  predicts  effects  that  cannot  be  produced  in 
our  experiments.  Given  a  cause,  what  follows  will  of 
necessity  be  its  true  effect,  unless  some  external  obstacle 
intervenes.  When  that  happens,  the  effect  that  would 
have  resulted  from  the  cause  will  reflect  the  nature  of  the 
obstacle  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  obstacle  is  more 
or  less  powerful  than  the  cause." 

-'Notebooks,  circa  1500 


THE    RAND     CORPORATION,    SANTA     MONICA,     CALIFORNIA 

A  nonprodi  organization  engaged  in  research  on  problems  relalcd  lo  national  security  and  the  public  interest 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


From  the  Editor's  Desk 


To  the  Seniors  .  .  . 


On  this  campus  in  years  past  there  were  many  traditions.  The  bench  at 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  Union  Building  was  for  Seniors  only.  It  was  a  privilege 
reserved  for  those  who  hod  gone  through  registration  week  for  three  years 
and  had  come  back  for  more.  They  hod  sweated  their  hour  exams  and  probably 
done  poorly  on  some  of  them,  but  at  least  they  were  still  around. 

No  one  knows  better  than  on  engineer  the  work  that  lies  behind  a  person  in 
his  senior  year,  and  he  should  also  realize  the  work  that  lies  ahead.  He  soon 
finds  that  the  senior  year  is  more  hurried  than  ever. 

But  while  all  the  seniors  seem  to  be  working  as  hard  as  each  other  and 
striving  for  the  same  ultimate  goal,  they  lack  something  best  described  as  espirit 
de  corps.  I  speak  of  a  feeling  for  their  fellow  classmates  as  well  as  the  school 
which  has  given  them  as  much  education  as  they  are  willing  to  obtain. 

There  used  to  be  another  tradition  on  this  campus.  Every  male  student 
would  say  hello  to  every  other  male  student,  regardless  of  whether  he  knew  him. 
Obviously,  with  the  growth  of  our  campus  this  is  impossible;  however,  the  engi- 
neering campus  could  incorporate  something  of  this  nature. 

Another  idea  is  that  of  a  special  shirt  or  hat  for  the  seniors.  If  this  seems 
silly,  then  look  at  the  U.  S.  Army  which  has  as  standard  a  uniform  as  could  ever 
be  wished  on  a  person,  and  yet  some  students  wear  parts  of  it  to  class  (and 
rather  proudly  I   suspect). 

The  solution  to  the  problem  may  be  something  much  simpler.  Forget  the 
whole  idea.  "We're  seniors.  We'll  be  out  soon,  so  why  bother?"  The  point  is  just 
that.  We  will  be  out  soon,  and  what  have  we  got  to  show  for  it  besides  the 
ability  to  analyze  an  engineering    problem? 

Industry  is  looking  for  a  person  with  a  touch  of  the  "gung-ho"  in  him,  and 
the  willingness  to  let  it  show. 

Why  not  let  it  show  now,  while  you  are  in  with  a  group  of  men  who  are 
doing  and  wanting  the  same  things  you  are?  Let  it  show  some,  and  you  as 
well  OS  the  school  will  benefit  by  it. 

-WDP 


NOVEMBER,  1959  11 


Phillips  Petroleum 
Offers  Outstanding 
Career  Opportunities 
in  the  Field 
of  Your  Choice 


Phillips  Petroleum  Company  is  one 
of  America's  largest  and  most  widely 
diversified  producers  of  petroleum, 
natural  gas,  natural  gas  liquids  and 
petrochemicals.  Having  recently 
completed  a  billion-dollar  expansion 
program,  Phillips  is  now  entering  a 
new  period  of  growth. 

Phillips  is  a  research  and  engi- 
neering-minded company,  where 
one  out  of  every  eight  employees  is 
a  technical  graduate!  These  men 
are  working  on  such  broadly  diver- 
sified projects  as  synthetic  rubber, 
atomic  energy,  fertilizer,  rocket 
fuels,  plastics  and  new  processes  for 
improved  motor  fuels,  lubricants 
and  other  petroleum  jjroducts. 

Other  Phillips  scientists  and  en- 
gineers are  specializing  in  the  fields 
of  geology,  geophysics,  computer 
programming,  market  develop- 
ment, refinery  production  and  pipe- 
line construction. 

Phillips  policy  of  promotion  and 
transfer  from  within  is  creating  op- 
portunities for  young  engineers  and 
scientists  who  will  be  our  key  men 
of  tomorrow. 

Write  today  to  our  Technical  Man- 
power Division  for  our  latest  bro- 
chure . . .  and  when  the  Phillips  Rep- 
resentative visits  your  campus  be 
sure  to  arrange  for  an  interview 
through  your  Placement  Office. 

PHILLIPS  PETROLEUM  COMPANY 

Bartlesville  •  Oklahoma 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


An  Announcement  of  Importance 

to  Engineering 

and  Physical  Science  Majors 


Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Division  is  engaged  in  a  broad  spectrum 
of  scientific  exploration.  The  Division  has  complete  capability  in  more  than 
40  areas  of  technology  —  from  concept  to  operation. 

Diversity  of  the  work  areas  is  typified  by  the  programs  in  such  fields  as: 
magnetohydrodynamics;  space  medicine;  oceanography;  sonics;  propulsion 
and  exotic  fuels;  metallurgy;  advanced  systems  research;  manned  space 
vehicles;  reconnaissance;  optics  and  infrared;  electromagnetic  wave  propa- 
gation and  radiation;  electronics;  physics;  chemistry;  mathematics;  computer 
design;  aero  and  thermo  dynamics;  test;  design  and  operations  research 
and  analysis. 

PROJECTS  — Current  major  projects  include  the  Navy  polaris  Fleet  Ballistic 
Missile;  the  discoverer  program;  midas  and  samos;  Air  Force  0-5  and  X-7 
and  the  Army  kingfisher.  Project  midas  is  an  early  warning  infrared 
system  against  ballistic  missile  attacks,  based  on  the  use  of  satellites.  Project 
samos  is  designed  for  the  development  of  an  advanced  satellite  reconnais- 
sance system.  Discoverer,  midas,  and  samos  are  programs  of  the  Advanced 
Research  Projects  Agency  under  the  direction  of  the  Air  Force  Ballistic 
Missile  Division  with  Lockheed  as  systems  manager. 

LOCATIONS  —You  have  a  selection  of  two  of  the  choicest  living  areas  in  the 
country  at  Lockheed.  Headquarters  for  the  Division  are  at  Sunnyvale,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula.  Research  and  development  facilities 
are  located  in  the  Stanford  Industrial  Park  in  Palo  Alto  and  at  Van  Nuys, 
in  the  San  Fernando  Valley  of  Los  Angeles.  Testing  is  conducted  at  Santa 
Cruz  and  Vandenberg  AFB,  California;  Cape  Canaveral,  Florida;  and 
Alamogordo,  New  Mexico. 

Together,  the  Division's  facilities  occupy  more  than  two  million,  six 
hundred  thousand  square  feet  of  laboratory,  engineering,  manufacturing  and 
office  space  and  provide  the  latest  in  technical  equipment,  including  one  of 
the  most  modern  computing  centers  in  the  world. 

OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  ADVANCED  EDUCATION  -  For  those  who  desire  to 
continue  their  education  and  secure  advanced  degrees  Lockheed  maintains 
two  programs.  The  Graduate  Study  Program  permits  selected  engineers  and 
scientists  to  obtain  advanced  degrees  at  the  company's  expense  while  working 
part  time  at  Lockheed. 

The  Tuition  Reimbursement  Plan  remits  fifty  per  cent  of  the  tuition  for 
approved  evening  courses  for  salaried  employees  who  are  working  full  time. 

For  Information  regarding  career  opportunities  at  Lockheed,  please  write 
Professional  Placement  Staff,  Dept.  K-96,  Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space 
Division,  962  West  El  Camino  Real,  Sunnyvale,  California,  or  see  your 
Placement  Director  for  date  of  Lockheed  campus  visit. 


Lockheed 


MISSILES   AND    SPACE   DIVISION 


SUNNYVALE,  PALO  ALTO,  VAN  NUYS,  SANTA  CRUZ,  SANTA  MARIA,  CALIFORNIA 
CAPE  CANAVERAL,  FLORIDA  •  ALAMOGORDO,  NEW  MEXICO  •  HAWAII 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


13 


Westinghouse  is  the  best  place  for  talented  engineers 

1^ 

J 

•      ••  •             ••                           lyl    > 

•  ••        •  ••                       |K, 

^        J 

•  - 

^H^B^S' '  '  '       •  •  •  •    •                 JH^E* ' 

HHIHiiiHt' ' 

w 

'^^b'---         Jlp  -    ■       /^                                 c 

Westinghouse  i 


athematici; 
goutsolutK 


Moffat  and  Dr 
nsfer 


Richard  Durstine  checl<  on  an  electronic 
forthe  company's  Atomic  Power  Di\ 


The  Mathematics  Department  helps  you  to  use 
high-speed  computers  to  solve  your  problem 


The  Mathematics  Department  helps  Westinghouse 
engineers  take  advantage  of  modern  methods  of  mathe- 
matics and  new  develoijments  in  this  field.  If  new  tech- 
niques are  needed  to  use  a  digital  computer  for  solving 
an  engineer's  problem,  these  men  will  develop  them. 

This  department,  the  second  of  its  kind  in  American 
industry,  is  staffed  by  15  Ph.D.'s,  3  M.S.'s,  and  6  B.S. 
mathematicians.  Among  other  accomplishments,  it  is 
credited  with  developing  OPCON,  an  electronic  brain 
for  optimizing  control  of  proce.ssing  systems.  OPCON 
won  for  Westinghouse  the  1958  Industrial  Science 
Achievement  Award  of  the  A.A.A.S. 

Supporting  the  work  of  about  150  other  mathemati- 
cians with  operating  divisions,  the  Mathematics  Dept. 
is  actively  studying  industrial  logistics  (called  OR  or 
Operations  Research  by  some),  fatigue  of  metals  (pio- 
neering work  using  statistical  techniques),  equipment 
and  system  design,  and  a  variety  of  other  challenging 
problems. 

The  young  engineer  at  Westinghouse  isn't  expected  to 


14 


know  all  of  the  answers.  Our  work  is  often  too  advanced 
for  that.  Each  man's  work  is  backed  up  by  specialists — 
like  the  men  in  this  Mathematics  Dept.  Even  tough 
problems  are  easier  to  solve  with  this  kind  of  help. 

If  you've  ambition  and  real  ability,  you  can  have  a 
rewarding  career  with  Westinghouse.  Our  broad  product 
line,  decentralized  operations,  and  diversified  technical 
assistance  provide  hundreds  of  challenging  opportuni- 
ties for  talented  engineers. 

Want  more  information?  Write  to  Mr.  L.  H.  Noggle, 
Westinghouse  Educational  Dept.,  Ardmore  &  Brinton 
Roads,  Pittsburgh  21,  Pa. 

you  CAN  BE  SURE... IF  ITS 

Westinghouse 

WATCH    WESTINGHOUSE    LUCILLE    BALL   DESI    ARNAZ    SHOWS 
CBSTV    FRIDAYS 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


■^rs^zr. 


New  products  create 
more  good  jobs  at  Du  Pont 


HOW  LONG  WILL  IT  STAY  BRIGHT  AND  SHINY? 


That  depends,  for  the  most  part,  on  its 
finish.  The  most  dazzling  cars  on  the  mad 
today  wear  gleaming  coats  of  Du  Pont 
"Lucite"*  acrylic  lacquer.  For  "Lucite" 
stays  bright  and  beautiful  three  times  longer 
than  the  best  conventional  finishes. 

Like  hundreds  of  other  products  de- 
veloped through  Du  Pont  research,  "Lucite" 
has  created  all  kinds  of  new  jobs.  Jobs  in 
the  laboratory.  Jobs  in  production.  And 
jobs  in  sales  and  marketing.  Good  jobs 
that  have  contributed  su])stantially  to  the 
growth  of  Du  Pont  and  the  prosperity  of 
our  country. 

It's  an  old  story.  But  it's  truer  today 
than  ever.  For  the  very  nature  of  our  busi- 
ness makes  research  pay  off,  giving  us  the 
courage  to  "obsolete"  products  when  better 
ones  are  found.  This  is  probably  why  our 
sales  have  increased  more  than  tenfold  dur- 
ing the  last  twenty-five  years.  And  for  every 
dollar  we  have  spent  on  research  during 
these  years,  we  have  been  able  to  invest 
three  in  new  production  facilities. 

What  does  all  this  have  to  do  with  you? 


^"Lucile"  is  Du  Pout's  registered  trade 


For  qualified  bachelors,  masters,  doctors, 
career  ojiportunities  are  greater  today  at 
Du  Pont  liian  ever  before.  There  is  an  in- 
teresting 1!  I  Pont  future  for  metallurgists, 
pliNsicists.  mathematicians,  electrical  and 
mechanical  engineers,  and  other  technical 
specialists,  as  well  as  for  chemists  and  chem- 
ical engineers. 

You  probably  won't  discover  a  "Lucite." 
nylon  or  neoprene,  or  develop  a  revolu- 
tionary new  process,  your  first  year.  No- 
body expects  you  to.  But  you  will  be  given 
responsibility  from  the  very  start,  along 
with  training  that  is  personalized  to  fit  your 
interests  and  special  abilities.  Our  advance- 
ment ])olicies  are  based  on  the  conviction 
that  you  should  work  at  or  near  the  top  of 
your  ability.    For  as  you  grow,  so  do  we. 

If  you  would  like  to  know  more  about 
career  opportunities  at  Du  Pont,  ask  your 
placement  officer  for  literature.  Or  write 
E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.), 
2420  Nemours  Building.  Wilmington  ''I!. 
Delaware. 


t 


BETTER  THINGS   FOR  BETTER   LIVING  .  .  .  THROUGH   CHEfMSTRt 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


15 


''■'j:^--m' 


Ceramics   and    Nuclear   Engineering 


By  Jim  Blome 


There  is  a  great  need  for  new  mater- 
ials that  can  he  used  in  atomic  reactors. 
These  materials  must  be  capahle  of 
withstanding  not  only  high  tempera- 
tures, but  also  corrosive  environments 
and  radiation  damage.  A  few  of  the 
ceramic  materials  that  have  been  used 
for  this  work  will  be  discus.sed  along 
with  the  problems  that  arise  from  their 
use. 

There  are  a  \  ariet\  of  special  condi- 
tions on  materials  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  reactor.  The  core  of  a  thermal 
reactor  must  be  made  up  of  elements 
having  a  low  probabilitv  for  capturing 
neutrons.  The  bulk  of  the  core  must  be 
of  light  elements  in  order  to  slow  down 
the  neutrons  for  the  atomic  reaction. 
This  eliminates  most  of  the  elements 
from  consideration.  The  control  rod 
which  is  inserted  in  the  core  must  hi- 
made  of  elements  ha\ing  high  neutron 
capture  probabilities.  The  particle  shield 
which  is  around  the  core  must  absorb 
neutrons  without  the  emission  of  gamma 
radiation.  The  radiation  shield  which 
goes  around  the  particle  shield  must  be 
\ery  dense  to  absorb  the  harmfid  radia- 
tion that  is  emitted. 

The  effects  of  bombardment  of  fission 
products,  neutrons,  beta  particles  and 
gamma  radiation,  called  radiation  dam- 
age, place  still  another  big  restiiction 
on  the  material  that  is  to  be  used  in  the 
construction  of  reactors. 

Extracting  the  heat  which  is  produced 
in  the  reactor  is  done  via  a  coolant 
which  gi\es  rise  to  corrosion  problems 
ne\er  thought  of  at  normal  tempera- 
tures. 

The  ceramists  and  metallurgists  ha\e 
done  a  remarkable  job  in  meeting  the 
difficult  materials  requirements  of  re- 
actors. 

Oak  Ridge 

1  wo  t\  pes  of  research  reactors  are 
operated  at  Oak  Ridge  National  Lab- 
oratory. One  is  a  graphite  moderated, 
air-cooled,  natural  uranium  reactor;  the 
second  is  a  water-cooled  and  moderated, 
enriched    uranium    reactor. 

The  graphite  reactor  was  first  built 
as  a  pilot  plant  for  the  Hanford  plant, 


but  since  1944  has  been  used  as  a  re- 
search reactor.  There  are  three  ceramic 
materials  used  in  this  reactor:  graphite, 
concrete  and  glass  (in  the  form  of  glass 
wool).  Together  they  make  up  the  bulk 
of  the  reactor. 

The  size  of  the  graphite  core  is  24x 
24x24  ft.,  and  is  entirely  surrounded  by 
a  concrete  shield  seven  feet  thick.  The 
graphite  is  fitted  together  from  blocks 
4\4x48  in.  in  size  which  are  keyed  to 
prevent  shifting.  About  600  tons  of 
graphite  are  built  into  the  I'eactor.  The 
shield  is  composed  of  three  layers  of 
concrete ;  a  one  foot  thick  wall  of  stand- 
ard concrete  on  the  inside  and  outside 
and  the  five  feet  in  the  center  which  is 
filled  with  a  special  concrete  containing 
bar\tes  to  increase  the  density,  thus  mak- 
ing the  shield  more  effective  in  absorb- 
ing gamma  rays.  The  concrete  also  con- 
tains haydite  ( an  expanded  clay  ma- 
terial) to  give  the  structure  a  high  water 
content  and  thus  make  the  shield  more 
effective.  The  water  has  the  property'  of 
absorbing  neutrons.  The  mass  of  urani- 
um in  the  reactor  is  54  tons  and  is 
formed  into  cjlinders  commonly  called 
slugs.  These  slugs  are  1.1  in.  in  diameter 
by  4  in.  long  and  are  enclosed  in  akuii- 
inum  jackets.  The  aluminum  "can"  is 
to  prevent  oxidation  of  the  uranium. 

Approximately  90,000  c.f.m.  of  cool- 
ing air  is  filtered  through  coarse  glass 
wool  filters  and  through  channels  in 
the  graphite.  After  flowing  through  the 
channels  and  thus  removing  the  fission 
heat  from  the  uranium  slugs,  the  air  is 
taken  through  a  long  duct  of  concrete 
to  a  filter  house.  Here  the  air  is  filtered 
again  through  glass  wool  fibers  and 
special  paper  filters  which  remo\e  all 
particles  above  one  micron  in  diameter. 
This  process  is  very  important  since 
some  of  the  slugs  rupture  and  put  radio- 
active fission  products  in  the  air.  The 
air  is  drawn  from  the  filter  house  by 
two  900  h.p.  centrifugal  compressors  and 
is  discharged  at  the  top  of  a  200  ft. 
stack.  The  stack  is  necessary  because  of 
radioacti\ity  in  the  cooling  gases.  The 
radioactive  part  of  the  gas  is  largeh' 
Argon-41.  Fortunately,  this  does  not 
have  a  verv  long  half  life    (about   100 


Ceramic    systems    are    being    considered    as    fuel    element    material    here    at 
Atomics  International,  a  division  of  North  American  Aviation,  Inc. 


minutes)  and  the  radioactivity  decays 
before  the  gases  reach  the  ground  level. 

Another  factor  which  limits  the  kind 
of  material  that  can  be  used  in  reactors 
is  radiation.  In  some  ceramic  materials 
the  low  temperature  thermal  conductiv- 
it\'  is  appreciably  decreased  by  radiation. 
Nearh'  all  of  the  electroiu'c  properties 
of  the  nonmetals  are  altered  b\'  bom- 
bardment of  fission   products. 

Although  the  present  state  of  know- 
ledge in  the  field  of  radiation  damage 
makes  it  hard  to  give  a  complete  pic- 
ture of  the  best  materials  to  use,  t\vo 
things  seem  to  be  most  important  in 
radiation  stability.  The  most  stable  ma- 
terials are  those  which  are  ionic  and 
which  have  a  high  symmetry.  Experi- 
ence with  graphite  indicates  that,  if  it 
is  necessary  to  use  anisotropic  materials, 
the  best  results  will  be  obtained  with 
small  particle  sizes  and  a  mininuim  of 
preferred  orientation. 

Urania 

In  xiew  of  the  fact  that  lU).  is  a 
very  important  ceramic  material  used  in 
reactors,  a  short  summary  of  some  of  its 
physical  and  chemical  properties  will 
now  be  discussed.  Uranium  dioxide  has 
been  used  as  a  reactor  material  for 
fuel  elements  both  in  bulk  and  granular 
forms.  Uranium  dioxide  is  a  dark  brown 
material  in  powder  fomi.  Its  crystal 
structure  is  the  face  centered  cubic 
CaF.^  type,  the  uranium  ions  occupying 
corners  and  faces. 

The  melting  point  of  UO.,  is  stated  b\' 
most  investigators  to  be  about  2800"C 
and  sintering  has  been  noted  at  temper- 
atures as  low  as  1400"C.  Some  furnace 
walls,  after  sintering,  ha\e  been  colored 
and  radioactive,  indicating  the  volatility 
of  UO3.  If  Be(^  is  present  it  becomes 
even  more  volatile. 

Some  of  the  chemical  reactions  with 
in'anium    that    have    been    noted    are: 

With  Carbon— UC,;  UX, 

With  H\drogen — No  reaction  up  to 
melting  point. 

With  Oxygen— UO.,;  U,0,;  U,0- ; 

u.o,;  u.A 

With  Oxides — Solid  solutions  with 
ThO,  .<^  ZrO, 

With  Silicon — USi., 

With  Aluminum— UAl,;  UAl, 

With  Columbium — Solid  Solution  at 
1000"C  containing  an   unknown   phase. 

Urania  is  formed  into  many  shapes  by 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


17 


such  ceramic  tabricatintj  processes  as: 
cold  pressing,  slip  casting,  extrusion,  and 
hot  pressing.  Urania  bars  and  pellets,  for 
example,  are  made  by  pressing  L  (^_. 
pouiler  plus  a  tew  per  cent  dextrose  or 
wax  hinder  in  a  steel  die  at  10, 000  psi. 
All  i)t  these  forming  methods  are  com- 
mon to  the  ceramic  industry  and  much 
u'ork  has  been  done  h\  cer.uuists  on 
nuclear  fuel. 

Crucibles,  cylinders  and  other  hollow 
thill  wall  shapes  are  made  by  slip  cast- 
ing a  water-urania  mixture,  plus  HCl 
as  a  deHocculant,  in  an  ordinary  plaster 
mold.  This  method  of  forming  ceramic 
materials  has  been  used  hy  manufactur- 
ers for  many  years,  although  different 
deHocculating  chemicals  ma\  he  used  in 
different  casting  slips. 

Refractories 

In  the  rcictors  which  use  uranium  as 
a  fuel  there  is  a  need  for  special  shaped 
fuel  components.  Some  of  the  refrac- 
tories which  have  been  used  for  casting 
and  melting  this  metal  are  Magnesium 
( )xide.  Calcium  Oxide,  Thorium  Oxide 
and  .'Muminum  (^xide.  These  special 
molds  anil  crucibles  are  formed  by  slip 
casting  and  dry  pressing,  just  as  are 
many  other  ceramic  products. 

In  slip  casting  alumina,  a  very  fine 
powder  of  it  is  used  along  with  benton- 
ite,  ball  clay  and  distilled  water.  A  one- 
eighth  inch  wall  thickness  can  be  at- 
tained in  about  one  minute  in  a  plaster 
mold.  Alumina  can  also  be  dry  pressed 
using  a  modified  polyethylene  glycol  or 
binder. 

Some  ceramic  bodies  which  are  made 
for  nuclear  applications  need  special 
consideration  in  their  preparation. 
Bodies  made  of  urani.-i  nuist  be  fired  in 
a  partial  vacuum  oi'  in  some  other  inert 


gas  atmosphere,  because  urania  upon 
heating  in  the  presence  of  oxygen  con- 
verts to  U.|0,i  causing  a  destructive  vol- 
ume increase.  It  has  been  found  that 
bodies  containing  30  percent  urania  and 
711  iH-r  cent  thoria  (by  weight)  can  be 
fired  in  the  air  by  adding  U..O„  to  the 
thoria,  thus  producing  a  solid  solution, 
with,  no  flagrant  \olume  change.  This 
product  has  become  more  popular  he- 
cause  of  the  ease  of  firing. 

A  higher  temperature  reactor  has 
been  proposed  using  more  ceramic  ma- 
terials. This  reactoi'  would  make  for 
more  efficient  production  of  power. 
W^th  the  fuel,  moderator  and  breeder 
planket  in  ceramic  form  and  gas  as  a 
coolant  this  reactor  could  operate  at 
higher  temperatures  and  could  be  more 
efficient  according  to  the  Carnot  cycle. 
The  Carnot  cycle  asserts  that  the  effici- 
ency of  a  heat  engine  is  increased  if  the 
spread  between  the  temperatures  of  the 
incoming  and  outgoing  gases  can  be  in- 
creased. The  high  temperatures  attain- 
able (above  1000°C)  in  a  ceramic  re- 
actor would  make  this  increase  in  effici- 
ency possible. 

Applications 

It  IS  saul  that  much  of  our  nations 
electrical  supply  will  soon  come  from 
atomic  energy.  This  is  especially  prob- 
able in  regions  where  there  is  little  nat- 
ural supply  of  power  like  water  or  coal. 
Atomic  power  plants  today  pro\  ide 
light  for  the  homes  of  less  than  2iH).- 
000  Americans.  In  three  years,  how- 
ever, that  total  should  soar  to  about 
2,000,000.  It  has  been  predicted  that  20 
per  cent  of  our  electrical  power  will 
come   from  nuclear  sources  by   1980. 

i)n  July  21,  the  first  American-built 
nuclear-powered      merchant      ship      was 


Physical  ceramists  at  Atomics  Interna- 
tional investigate  inter-particle  rela- 
tionships of  refractory  oxides. 

christened  at  Camden,  X.J.  and  there 
are  others  now  in  the  building  stage. 
Nuclear  power  has  also  made  history  in 
the  able  hands  of  the  United  States 
Navy.  There  is  no  other  source  of 
power  that  could  have  driven  a  sub- 
marine thousands  of  miles  uiuler  the 
polar  ice  cap. 

By  1962,  the  Air  Force  hopes  to 
have  nuclear-powered  airplanes  and  a 
few  years  later  commercial  planes  of 
this  type  may  be  in  the  test  stage. 

Mines  being  worked  with  nuclear 
power  equipment  and  trains  of  nuclear 
design  have  been  predicted  bv  the  mid- 
dle 1960s. 

Ceramics  will  ha\  e  a  strategic  role 
in  power  reactors  of  many  types  in  years 
to  come.  There  will  be  many  problems 
iiuolved  in  adapting  ceramic  materials 
to  the  various  conditions  under  which 
they  will  be  used  in  nuclear  reactors 
but,  if  progress  in  this  field  continues 
as  it  has.  these  problems  will  be  taken 
in  stride. 


Main   Research  Building  at  Oak   Ridge  National  Laboratory 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


HOW  FORGED  PARTS 
help  airplanes  haul 
bigger  payloads 


In  ail  airliner,  every  pound  of  weight  saved  is  worth  hundreds  of  dollars 

...  in  revenue-making  payload.  And  in  military  aircraft,  pounds  saved  mean 

added  miles-per-hour  ...  or  added  load  carried. 

In  commercial  products  .  . .  trucks,  cars,  materials-handling  equipment .  . . 
the  pounds  of  dead  weight  you  eliminate  by  using  forgings  make  money 
year-after-year  for  the  operator.  The  forging  process  lets  you  put  the  metal  exactly 
where  you  need  it  to  carry  the  load,  withstand  shock  or  vibration, 
endure  torsion.  And  with  not  a  surplus  ounce  of  non-working  weight  going 
along  just  for  the  ride. 

Forged  parts  are  the  designer's  friend  . .  .  strong  where  strength  is  needeti. 
lowest  in  weight,  twice-worked  by  original  rolling  of  the  best  metals 
plus  the  hammer  blows  or  high  pressures  of  the  forging  process. 

\^  rite  for  literature  to  help  you  specify,  design,  and  procure  forged  parts. 


■  '       '       I  II    — 

Drop  Forging  Association  •  Cleveland  13,  Ohio 


Sames  of  sponsoring  companies  on  request  to  this  magazir 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


19 


ELECTRIC  SPACE   VEHICLE 

Hypolhetical  Model 

1  Nuclear  Reactor 

2  Propellant 

3  Turbo-Generator 

4  Radiator 

5  Crew  Cabin  for 

6  Landing   Croft 
Lengtii:   600  feet 

Weight:  350,000  lbs. 
Power:    12,600  KW 
Thrust:  58  lbs. 


MASTERY  OVER 


NASA's  space  efforts  are  directed  toward  two  specific  ob- 
jectives. First,  to  make  it  possible  for  man  to  achieve  the 
same  mastery  over  space  he  has  aheady  secured  in  every 
other  region  he  has  attempted  to  make  his  own  ...  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  under  it,  or  in  the  air  above  it. 
Second,  to  free  man  from  one  additional  element  of  intel- 
lectual bondage— that  is,  to  gain  for  all  mankind  additional 
knowledge  about  the  cosmos. 

To  accomplish  these  objectives  NASA's  broadly  conceived 
programs  encompass  intensive  work  in  the  following  areas: 

Scientific  investigations  in  space  by  means  of  sounding 
rockets,  scientific  satellites,  lunar  probes,  deep  space 
probes. 

Research  and  development  of  spacecraft,  missiles  and 
aircraft. 

Meteorological  and  communications  satellite  systems. 

Space  operations  technology  —  Project  Mercury  and 
space  rendezvous  techniques. 

Space  propulsion  research,  including  solid  propellant 
rockets,  high  energy  propellant  rockets,  lV2-rnillion-poimd- 
Ihrust  single-chamber  rocket  engine,  nuclear  and  electric 
rocket  engines. 

Orbiting  space  laboratories. 


Scientists 

and  Engineers: 

Career  opportunities  for  graduates  at 
NASA  ore  as  unlimited  as  the  scope  of 


odd 


nquiry    to    the 
I   Director  of  any  of  the 


your 


Mowing   NASA  research  centers: 

Langley   Reseorch   Center 
Hampton,  Virginia 

Ames  Research  Center 
Mountain   View,   California 

Lewis  Research   Center 
Cleveland,  Ohio 

High-Speed  Flight  Station 
Edwards,  California 

Goddard  Space  Flight  Center 
4555  Overlook  Avenue,  S.W. 
Washington  25,   D.  C. 


NASA      National    Aeronautics    and    Space    Administration 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


MATHEMATICS  FOR 


THE  SPACE  AGE 


By  Dean  H.  L.  Wakeland 


(^n  October  4,  1957,  a  new  age  was 
born  when  tbe  Russian  satellite  Sput- 
nik orbited  the  earth  and  shocked  many 
Americans  into  the  realization  that  Rus- 
sia's space  technology  had  not  only 
equaled  but  surpassed  American  space 
technology.  Immediately  cries  rang  from 
all  corners  of  the  United  States  for  the 
causes  of  our  failure  in  the  space  pro- 
gram. One  area  which  was  immediately 
singled  out  as  a  great  weakness  was  our 
educational  system.  More  emphasis  was 
placed  on  mathematics  and  science  in 
education  than  ever  before. 

However,  the  high  schools  in  the 
State  of  Illinois  were  several  years 
ahead  of  the  space  program  in  their 
planning  for  better  mathematics  pro- 
grams. In  1950  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing proposed  a  change  in  the  mathe- 
matics requirements  for  entrance  into 
college  and  the  Illinois  high  schools  im- 
mediately began  to  upgrade  their  mathe- 
matics programs.  A  brief  review  of  en- 
trance credits  presented  by  the  freshmen 
in  the  College  of  Engineering  from  the 
years  1952  through  1959  indicates  the 
planning  and  achie\ement  made  by  Illi- 
nois high  schools. 

Freshmen  in  the  College  of  Engin-er- 
ing  come  primarily  from  Illinois  high 
schools  and  therefore  the  entrance  cred- 
its they  present  indicate  the  college 
preparation  available  in  Illinois.  In 
1950  the  mathematics  entrance  require- 
ments for  the  College  of  Engineering 
were  one  and  one-half  years  of  algebra, 
one  year  of  plane  geometry,  and  one- 
half  year  of  solid  geometry.  At  that 
time  approximately  sixty  per  cent  of  all 
entering  freshmen  met  these  require- 
ments. In  ]95.'i  the  College  of  Engineer- 
ing raised  its  mathematics  requirements 
to  two  years  of  algebra,  one  year  of 
plane  geometry,  one-half  year  of  solid 
geometry,  and  one-half  year  of  trigo- 
nometry. In  1956  the  one-half  year  of 
solid  geometry  was  dropped  as  a  re- 
quirement in  hopes  that  high  school  stu- 
dents woidd  replace  solid  geometry 
w  ith  the  study  of  advanced  mathematics. 
Suice  the  latest  change  in  19S6  the  en- 
trance   requirements    li,i\e    remained    at 


three  and  one-half  years  of  high  school 
mathematics. 

The  response  of  the  Illinois  high 
schools  to  this  upgrading  of  college  en- 
trance requirements  has  been  extremely 
gratifying.  The  graph  below  indicates 
the  continued  improvement  in  the  prep- 
aration of  high  school  students.  In  1952 
only  47%  of  the  students  entered  with 
three  and  one-half  years  of  mathe- 
matics including  trigonometry.  That 
figure  has  now  risen  to  82.2%  and  con- 
tinues to  rise  each  year.  An  even  sharp- 
er contrast  is  shown  in  the  comparison 
of  students  having  had  four  years  of 
high  school  mathematics.  In  1952  only 
27 '"f  of  the  freshman  class  had  four 
years  of  high  school  mathematics,  where- 
as, in  1959,  70%  had  four  years  of  high 
school  mathematics. 

Illinois  high  schools  have  also  added 
college  level  courses  to  their  offerings 
during  the  past  ten  years.  In  1952  only 
a  few  of  the  engineering  freshmen  pre- 
sented college  credit  in  algebra  or  trigo- 
nometry, but  in  1959  nearly  15C,'  of 
the  class  did  so.  In  addition,  an  increas- 
ingly larger  niimber  of  students  are  en- 
tering the  College  of  Engineering  each 
year  with  college  credit  in  analytic  ge- 
ometry and  integral  or  differential  cal- 
culus. In  1959  twent\-six  engineering 
freshmen  were  placed  in  the  first  course 
in  calculus  and  5  in  the  second  course 
in  calculus. 

The  alumnus  who  complains  "stu- 
dents aren't  as  good  as  when  I  was 
here  "  would  be  enlightened  if  he  were 
to  review  the  statistics  of  each  new  in- 
coming cla.s.s.  The  quality  of  the  engi- 
neering freshmen  class  continues  to  im- 
prove each  year.  In  1952,  59%)  of  the 
incoming  freshmen  came  from  the  upper 
thirty  per  cent  of  the  high  school  class, 
whereas,  in  1959,  66%  came  from  the 
upper  thirty  per  cent.  Likewise,  the  En- 
gineering freshmen  in  IQSO  oftVred 
more  entrance  credits  in  areas  other 
than  mathematics  than  any  class  before 
them. 

It  seems  that  enguieermg  freshmen 
can   alw.us  luiil   ui,in\    thmgs  to  he  cor- 


rected in  the  high  school  from  which 
they  came,  but  seldom  do  they  realize 
the  good  points  of  their  high  school 
background.  The  high  schools  in  the 
State  of  Illinois  are  to  be  commended 
for  their  high  standards  and  continued 
progress  in  making  their  mathematics 
program  one  of  the  strongest  in  the  na- 
tion. Studies  and  improvement  pro- 
grams are  being  carried  out  in  other 
educational  areas  and  a  comparison 
might  show  similar  progress. 

The  College  of  Engineering  is  again 
studying  its  entrance  requirements  in 
areas  other  than  mathematics  and  there 
is  a  possibility  that  other  entrance  re- 
qiurements  will  be  changed  in  the  fu- 
ture. The  fundamentals  of  mathematics 
as  in  any  other  educational  area,  have 
not  been  changed  by  the  so  called 
"Space  Age,"  but  the  excellence  re- 
quired in  educational  areas  is  definitely 
higher  than  ever  before.  Illinois'  high 
schools  not  only  have  realized  this  fact 
but  had  instrumented  programs  to  meet 
their  new  challenge  before  Sputnik  was 
fired. 


00 

. — 

70 

^ 

/ 

'  ^ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

20 
lO 

1952    '53      '54       55       56      57       58    59 

Year  of  er^france 

Percent  of  the  Engineering  Freshman 
Class  presenting  Sli  years  of  high 
school  mathematics. 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


21 


Best  mdwidua/  effort. . . 


AEROPHVSICS 


STRUCTURES  &  WTS. 


m^ 


OPERATIONS  RES.  ^9  w  •♦ 

. . .  oesf  combmafwn  ofmeas 


At  Convair-Fort  Worth,  you'll  find  a  new 
outlook  ...  a  new  perspective  in  the  engi- 
neering organization  .  .  .  one  whose  objective 
is  to  provide  a  framework  from  which  each 
engineer  can  contribute  his  best  individual 
effort  toward  achieving  the  best  combination 
of  ideas. 

This  is  one  reason  why  so  many  experienced, 
well-trained  men  with  creative  ability  and 
inquiring  minds  are  taking  a  close  look  at 
the  advantages  of  joining  a  team  whose 
advanced  thinking  is  so  vividly  portrayed 


by  the  all-new  B-58,  America's  first  and 
fastest  supersonic  bomber. 
Living  in  Fort  Worth  has  its  advantages,  too. 
There  is  no  state  income  or  sales  tax,  ade- 
quate housing  in  all  price  ranges,  no  com- 
muting problem.  Descriptive  literature  will  be 
supplied  on  request,  or  send  a  complete  res- 
ume' of  your  training  and  experience  for  care- 
ful evaluation  by  engineers  in  the  areas  best 
suited  to  your  qualifications.  To  be  assured 
of  prompt  attention  and  strict  confidence, 
address  your  inquiry  to  P.  O.  Box  748C. 


CONVAIR-FORT  WORTH 

A         DIVISION        OF 

GENERAL  DYNAMICS 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


How  to  advance  through  lateral  movement 


THE  LATERAL  PASS  is  a  perfect  example  of  how  to 
get  ahead  by  first  going  sideways.  And  lateral  move- 
ment is  a  philosophy  we  use  at  Koppers. 

Here's  how  it  works.  Let's  say  you're  a  new  employee 
at  Koppers.  We  give  you  a  specific  assignment.  You 
find  it  exciting,  challenging.  You  do  a  good  job.  But  do 
we  leave  you  there?  Not  at  all.  Once  you  understand  the 
products  and  the  function  of  that  particular  operation, 
we  try  you  on  a  different  assignment.  Here,  again,  you'll 
find  the  work  new  and  stimulating. 

You'll  never  be  buried  at  Koppers.  You'll  never  stand 
still  intellectually.  Moving  from  one  operation  to  an- 
other, you'll  move  ahead.  Your  assignment  won't  be  to 
learn  just  a  job,  but  a  vast,  diversified  corporation.  Your 
compensation?  Advancement,  responsibility,  success. 

Your  youth  won't  be  held  against  you.  Neither  will 
short  tenure.  If  you  have  the  ability  and  the  desire  to  get 
ahead,  you'll  move  fast!  Our  system  of  continuous  ap- 
praisal and  evaluation  is  your  guarantee  of  that. 


Koppers  is  so  widely  diversified  that  you  can  almost 
name  your  job.  Want  to  work  with  chemicals,  jet-engine 
sound  control,  plastics,  sintering  plants,  wood  preserva- 
tives, road  surfacing  materials,  electrostatic  precipi- 
tators? Interested  in  research?  Production?  Sales?  These 
are  only  a  few  of  the  fascinating  opportunities  at  Koppers. 

Why  not  find  out  how  you  can  fit  into  the  Koppers 
picture?  Write  to  the  Manager  of  Manpower  Planning, 
Koppers  Company,  Inc.,  Pittsburgh  19,  Pennsylvania. 
Or,  see  your  College  Placement  Director  and  arrange  an 
appointment  with  a  Koppers  representative  for  the  next 
recruiting  visit. 


K  O  P  P  E 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


23 


Since  its  inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  under  the  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


YOUR  TASK  FOR  THE   FUTURE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  inter- 
planetary space;  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


"We  do  these  things  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosity  of 
Man.  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himself  questions  and 
then  setting  out  to  find  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  getting 
these  answers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
have  sometimes  surprised  even  the  scientist. 

"Who  eon  tell  what  we  will  find  when  we  get  fo  (he  planets? 


Who,  at  this  present  time,  can  predict  what  potential  benefits 
to  man  exist  in  this  enterprise  ?  No  one  can  soy  wjfh  any  accu- 
racy what  we  will  find  as  we  fly  farther  away  from  the  eartht 
first  with  instruments,  then  with  man.  It  seems  to  me  that  we 
ore  obligated  to  do  these  things,  as  human  beings'.' 

DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Director,  JPL 


CALIFORNIA       INSTITUTE      OF      TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

A  Research  Facility  operated  for  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration 
PASADENA,  CALIFORNIA 

Employment  opportunities  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interesled  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •  MICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •  COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •  ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 
STRUCTURES  •   CHEMISTRY  •   INSTRUMENTATION   •   MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  our  immediate  consideraiion.  Interviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  of  fhe  Laboralory. 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Tau  Beta  Pi  Essay 


LANGUAGE 

and 

LEADERSHIP 


By  Tom  Gabbard 


As  till"  woiKI  grows  siiialk-r,  the  op- 
portunities for  United  States  industries 
to  exploit  the  world's  resources  are  be- 
coming  increasingly  advantageous. 
Many  industries  have  already  taken  the 
giant  step  into  world-wide  operations. 
The  oil  industry  is  a  prime  example. 
In  respense  to  these  new  opportunities, 
our  oil  industries  have  established  oper- 
ations in  South  America,  Africa,  and 
Asia. 

This  movement  abroad  lias  created  a 
great  demand  for  engineers  who  are 
willing  to  work  in  these  foreign  lands. 
Howe\er,  the  supply  of  men  who  are 
qualified  to  take  these  jobs  has  been 
very  limited.  The  limitation  is  the  in- 
ability of  American  Engineers  to  speak 
another  language.  It  is  well  past  the 
time  to  remedy  this  situation.  Until 
high  schools  begin  to  fulfill  this  need 
more  satisfactorily,  our  universities  need 
to  install  an  effective  program  to  teach 
our  engineers  how  to  speak  to  the  na- 
tionals of  other  lands. 

In  all  of  the  educated  foreign  coun- 
tries of  today  there  is  some  program 
of  dual  language  instruction.  Many 
young  students  learn  to  speak  two  or 
three  languages  before  they  are  even  in 
high  school.  This  accomplishment  seems 
like  a  miracle  to  us.  However,  the 
achievement  is  very  real.  Many  Ameri- 
can educators  have  realized  this  fact 
and  are  encouraging  programs  for  pri- 
mary schools.  However,  these  programs 
are  still  in  the  experimental  stage.  It 
will   he  m.inv  vears  before  these  schools 


are  turning  OLit  students  who  arc  bi- 
lingual. I  met  a  good  example  of  just 
what  we  should  strive  for  when  I  visit- 
ed Brazil  last  summer.  I  stopped  a 
young  man  of  about  fourteen  years  of 
age  on  the  street  and  asked  for  some 
assistance.  The  boy  apologized  for  not 
being  able  to  speak  English  very  well. 
He  said  that  he  had  only  been  studying 
it  for  three  months.  However,  he  asked 
if  perhaps  I  could  speak  Portuguese, 
Spanish,  or  French.  I  \ery  humbly 
apologized  to  him  and  asked  him  to  try 
his  English. 

If  the  American  uni\crsities  iiad 
men  like  this  yoimg  Brazilian  for  stu- 
dents, they  would  have  no  problem.  As 
it  is,  we  are  not  likely  ever  to  approach 
this  criterion  for  many  years.  The  uni- 
versities must  revise  their  curriculum 
in  order  to  satisfy  this  crying  need.  It 
may  be  hard  for  many  people  who  have 
never  thought  of  traveling  abroad  to 
realize  that  this  problem  is  important. 
However,  these  people  will  one  day  be 
awakened.  Two  of  this  country's  most 
eminent  engineers  visited  Paris  this  sum- 
mer for  a  world  conference  and  were 
brought  face  to  face  with  this  \ery 
problem.  Since  the  conference  was  held 
in  France,  it  was  assumed  by  everyone 
except  our  engineers  that  the  official 
language  would  be  French.  As  the  con- 
ference progressed,  it  became  apparent 
to  everyone  that  these  two  men  were 
being  left  completely  out  of  the  discus- 
sion.   When    this    situation    was    discov- 


ered, the  ofHcial  language  was  changed 
to  English.  This  unfortunate  situation 
caused  a  great  deal  of  embarrassment 
for  our  representatives.  Similar  situa- 
tions may  also  cause  much  ill  feeling 
toward  our  coimtry. 

In  many  of  our  universities,  the  engi- 
neering students  waste  much  time  each 
semester  taking  sun'ey  courses  that  are 
of  little  \alue  to  them.  This  time  could 
be  spent  in  learning  to  speak  foreign 
languages.  With  the  new  techniques  for 
training  that  have  been  developed,  a 
student  should  have  no  difficulty  in 
learning  a  language  well  while  in  col- 
lege. Such  a  program  wovdd  lend  em- 
phasis to  the  programs  of  the  secondary 
and  primary  schools.  Students  in  col- 
lege preparatory  curricula  would  realize 
the  need  to  increase  their  talents. 

The  engineer  of  today  must  be  a  man 
of  many  talents.  He  is  being  called  into 
the  fields  of  management,  of  sales,  of 
administration,  and  of  leadership.  As 
life  becomes  increasingly  mechanized 
and  work  becomes  increasingly  techni- 
cal, the  leadership  is  going  to  become 
the  most  important  aspect  of  the  profes- 
sion. If  the  engineer  is  not  fully  cap- 
able of  meeting  this  challenge,  our  coun- 
try will  soon  lose  its  position  as  the 
world  leader.  We  can  not  long  retain 
our  position  if  we  cannot  .speak  to,  or 
understand  the  customs  of,  our  friendly 
neighbors.  In  this  age  engineering  is 
tantamount  to  leadership,  and  leadership 
is  paramount  in  success.  We  must  pre- 
pare  ourseKes   for   these   responsibilities. 


NOVEMBER,  1959 


25 


V 


TECHNOGRAPH   LAUNCHES 

SATELLITE 


As  Recorded  by  George  Carruthers 


On  October  21,  1939,  nienibcis  of 
the  rcrhnot/raph  staff,  in  cooperation 
with  the  college  of  engineering,  placed 
till-  world's  first  cat-carrying  \ehicle, 
Katnik  I,  into  orbit  aroiinil  the  earth 
and  later  brought  it  back  safely. 

This  tremendous  achievement  was  the 
result  of  over  a  year  of  top-secret  work. 
In  fact  only  a  few  bearded  Cossacks 
caught  the  squeal  before  the  Cat's  meow 
was  broadcast  around  the  world.  Cat 
lovers  were  overjoyed  although  they 
were  at  first  concerned  about  putting 
a  cat  and  dog  in  the  same  space. 

The  rocket,  built  wholly  on  campus, 
had  a  small  launching  vehicle.  This 
first  stage  was  powered  by  a  new  and 
radical  means  of  propulsion  developed 
at  the  University  of  Illinois.  A  hydro- 
gen-oxygen-carbon chain  produced  by 
means  of  a  catalyst  of  heat  and  smoke 
was  bonded  in  such  a  manner  as  to  pro- 
duce a  new  high  energv  fuel — 
H-O-O-C-H. 

The  power  of  this  combination  as  a 
propeliant  was  discovered  a  few  \ears 
ago  by  a  couple  of  chem  e's  doing  un- 
sponsored  research.  They  had  decided  to 
keep  the  results  of  their  experiment  se- 
cret; iio\xever,  hearing  of  the  need  for 
such  a  fuel  for  the  project,  they  threw 
tiu'ir  caution  to  tlie  v\-ind.  During  the 
first  test  run,  the  thrust  of  the  Atlas 
the    first   stage 


V^ernier   engine    used 
was  nearly  doubled. 

The  second  stage  of  tiie  two-stage 
vehicle  was  also  powered  by  a  high-  en- 
ergy propellant.  However,  two  full  pro- 
fessors worked  on  this  stage,  so  a  soliil 
propellant  was  used. 

The  engine  section  of  the  first  stage, 
which  was  assembled  by  the  aero  de- 
partment, weighed  only  100  pounds 
complete  with  shell  and  pumps.  This 
phenomenalh'  low  figure  surprised  even 
tliose  who  planned  the  stage.  Upon 
checking,  it  was  found  that  someone  had 
forgotten  to  install  the  engine.  This 
hiked   the  weight  to   175  pounds. 

About  the  same  time,  the  question 
came   up   as   to   the   t\pe   of   research    to 


be  carried  out  with  tiie  proposed  satel- 
lite. A  faculty  member  in  the  home  eco- 
nomics department  suggested  inclusion 
of  one  of  his  pastries  aboard  the  satellite 
so  that  the  University  could  claim  the 
world's  first  "pie  in  the  sky."  Hou- 
e\er,  this  idea  was  rejected  because  of 
lack  of  space,  weight  considerations  and 
the  added  complications  necessary  to 
eject  the  pie  into  orbit. 

The  biology  department  suggested  an 
animal  experiment  for  study  of  space 
medicine.  They  thought  of  using  mice. 
However  when  a  cat  wandered  into 
the  lab,  they  changed  their  minds  and 
sent  the  cat  instead.  Besides  supplying 
useful  medical  data,  sending  the  cat  en- 
abled tile  dep.-irtment  to  resume  their 
e\pei  iniciits  with    rodents. 


The  satellite  proper  which  hoLised  the 
cat  was  mounted  atop  the  solid-pi<ipel- 
lant  second  stage,  wiiicii  in  turn  was 
mounted  on  a  spin-stabilization  turn- 
table just  above  the  guidance  system  of 
the  first  stage,    (see  diagram) 

Housed  in  the  satellite  were  air, 
water,  food  and  a  sandbox  for  the  cat. 
Also  on  board  were  time-lapse  cameras 
loaded  with  color  film,  radio  telemeter- 
ing de\ices  and  reco\ery  equipment 
which  included  a  radio  beacon  and  dog 
repellent.  The  electronic  equipment  in- 
cluding the  entire  guidance  system  of 
the  rocket  vehicle  was  completely  the 
work  of  students  and  facult\-  members 
of  the  electrical  engineering  department. 

[design  of  tlie  \ehicle:  ;in<l  catellite 
(Coiitiiin,,!  01,   l',u/,    2''j 


TECHNOGRAPH  staff  makes  last-minute  adjustment  on  rocket 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


27 


Ue<i.  "katnik"  satellite  rocket 


f\SLP\TlON       NOSE 
Co  r\j  e: 


CftT     CHf=^rv)KE-R. 


AlN/D    xeLE  MtTRY 


SPifV 


Lt  GiUI  Q 


/^l«CONOlTiONlNQ     SYSTEr^ 


WATER     /^ND      CAT      FOOD 
Cf\TE  LLlTt 


guidance:      SYS  TE  M 
VETMT    A  NO     nuL 


TE"5LA    TOR^glNf 
And     FutL    PUMps 


RocKt r 

CN  6  I  N  E 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Flunkout  I   is  placed  in  satellite 


((.ontimiid  from   Piiye  27 ) 
was  carrifd  out  by  sections  of  (r.K.  IDd. 

Working  on  the  assumption  that  new- 
blood  was  best  for  a  project  such  as 
this,  the  students  were  given  incentive 
by  hearing  strains  from  "They  said  it 
couldn't  be  done  .  .  ." 

Construction  of  the  vehicle  was  begun 
late  in  September  in  the  aero  lab.  H\' 
the  middle  of  October,  construction  and 
preliminary  tests  were  completed. 
The  tests  came  through  with  only  one 
hitch  during  a  static  test  of  the  first 
stage — it  blew  up.  But  muttering  "back 
to  the  drawing  board,"  the  workers 
gained  new  incentive  and  the  stage  was 
completely  rebuilt.  The  rest  of  the  tests 
and  the  launching  of  the  vehicle  were 
then  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Techno- 
graph  staff.  Tliey  were  considered  dis- 
pensible. 

While  the  tests  went  on,  arrange- 
ments were  made  to  track  the  vehicle. 
Members  of  the  U.  of  1.  .Astrononu' 
Club  volunteered  to  track  the  vehicle 
\isually,    using     binoculars     and     small 


telescopes  confiscated  from  students  in 
back  of  a  women's  housing  unit. 

It  was  planned  to  launch  the  vehicle 
in  a  north-south  direction  so  the  cat 
would  be  in  the  Van  Allen  belt  of  radi- 
ation for  as  short  a  time  as  possible. 
The  planned  perigee  was  to  be  12(1 
miles  and  the  apogee  400  to  600  miles. 
This  would  allow  the  second  stage  and 
catellite  to  orbit  the  earth  from  10  to 
M)  times  before  drag  caused  them  to 
fall  into  the  earth's  atmosphere.  The 
second  stage  would  burn  up,  bur  the 
catellite  would   be   recovered. 

On  the  night  of  the  launching,  the 
Astronomy  Club  was  notified  that 
countdown  was  in  progress.  All  planes 
at  the  airport  were  grounded  and  the 
Civil  Air  Patrol  was  notified  to  keep 
planes  out  of  the  area.  At  1:17  a.m. 
on  the  morning  of  the  21st,  fueling  be- 
gan. PreHight  checkouts  were  completed 
with  only  two  holds,  once  when  a  crew 
member  walked  up  to  the  hydrogen 
fueling  truck  smoking  a  cigar,  ami  once 
when    it    was    discovered    that    a    mouse 


had  gotten  into  a  compartment  of  the 
catellite  near  the  one  occupied  by  Flunk- 
out,  the  cat.  This  mistake  caused  quite 
a  commotion  over  the  microphone  in  the 
second  stage  as  would  be  expected. 

-At  3 :45  a.m.  the  countdown  reached 
the  final  ten  seconds.  All  was  clear,  so 
at  X  minus  zero  the  firing  signal  was 
given.  The  ignition  button  was  pushed. 
The  rocket  simply  sat  on  the  pad.  "Mis- 
sile does  not  lift."  was  the  word.  Dis- 
appointment showed  on  the  faces  of  all 
present ;  it  seemed  certain  the  .shot 
would  have  to  be  scrubbed.  Just  then, 
one  of  the  crew  members  walked  in 
with  a  sheepish  grin  on  his  face.  He 
stammered,  "I'm  uh  sorry,  fellows.  I 
er-idi  forgot  to  put  the  batteries  in." 

The  project  boss  went  into  action. 
There  was  a  thud  of  shoe  leather 
against  denim.  The  crew  member  sailed 
through  the  door  in  a  parabolic  aic  and 
plopped  down  at  the  ba.se  of  the  launch- 
ing pad. 

(  ('.ijnliiiiit  (I   nil    Page  42) 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


29 


Product  Development  at  IBM 


IBM  Engineer  Richard  R.  Booth 
explores  electronic  frontiers 
to  develop  new,  faster  and 
larger  storage  devices 
for  tomorrow's  computers. 


Computing  time  cut  from  six  months  to  one  day 

"My  job  is  to  design  and  develop  new,  tiighspeed 
storage  devices  for  a  powerful  new  computer  that 
will  perform,  in  one  day,  operations  requiring  six 
months  on  present  equipment,"  said  Dick  Booth 
as  he  began  a  typical  day  recently.  A  product  de- 
velopment engineer  at  the  IBM  Laboratories  in 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  he  started  his  morning  with  a 
conference  on  a  product  of  great  interest  to  him :  a 
magnetic  core  storagedevice  with  a  nondestructive 
read-out  feature.  For  an  hour,  he  discussed  with 
circuit  design  engineers  the  logical  devices  needed 
for  the  register— such  as  magnetic  core  drivers  and 
sense  amplifiers.  Should  such  devices  not  be  avail- 
able, the  group  wou  Id  work  on  designs  for  new  ones. 
Dick  Booth  next  met  with  members  of  the  Mag- 
netic Materials  Group  to  establish  specifications  for 
the  magnetic  core  memory  elements  to  be  used  in 
the  register.  He  also  discussed  with  the  group  the 
development  of  equipment  to  test  the  memory 
elements.  "This  magnetic  core  register  is  based  on 
an  original  idea  of  mine,"  he  explained.  "When  you 
have  a  worthwhile  idea,  you  will  be  given  a  free 
hand  in  proving  it  out,  backed  by  IBM's  resources 
—  plus  the  assistance  of  skilled  specialists." 


^'•;.  \  .* i 

L'   "-  '' 

^5 

1 

m 

1 

Increasing  responsibility 

At  10:30,  Dick  Booth  reviewed  the  status  of  the 
entire  project  with  the  two  engineers,  two  tech- 
nicians, and  one  logic  designer  who  make  up  his 
team.  "My  present  position  is  staff  engineer,"  he 
explained.  "It's  the  second  promotion  I've  had 
since  I  joined  IBM  three  years  ago  with  a  B.S.E.E. 
degree  from  the  University  of  Illinois.  I  know  that 
there  are  plenty  of  other  opportunities  to  move 
ahead.  Furthermore,  parallel  advancement  oppor- 
tunities exist  for  engineers  in  either  engineering 
development  or  engineering  management." 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Preparing  for  the  future 

In  the  afternoon,  Dick  Booth  went  to  the  704  Com- 
puting Center  to  supervise  some  complex  preci- 
sion computations.  "You  see  how  quickly  the  704 
arrives  at  the  answers,"  he  said.  "The  computer 
being  developed  is  expected  to  multiply  more  than 
500,000  fourteen-digit  numbers  a  second  and  add 
them  at  the  rate  of  one  million  a  second.  The  com- 
puter may  be  used  for  design  computations  for 
reactors,  as  well  as  calculations  of  satellite  be- 
havior. Of  course  it  should  have  hundreds  of  other 
applications." 

At  3:30  P.M.,  Dick  Booth  attended  a  weekly  class 
on  Theoretical  Physics  that  lasted  until  5:00.  After- 
ward, he  commented,  "You  know.  IBM  offers 
excellent  educational  opportunities  both  in  gen- 
eral education  and  for  advanced  degrees.  One  of 
the  engineers  in  my  group  has  just  received  his 
Master's  degree  from  Syracuse  University,  after 
completing  a  postgraduate  program  given  right 
here  at  the  IBM  Laboratory." 


A  chance  to  contribute 

As  he  was  leaving  for  the  evening,  he  said,  "Yes, 
I'd  recommend  an  IBM  career  to  any  college  gradu- 
ate who  wants  to  exercise  his  creative  ability.  IBM 
will  appreciate  his  talent  and  he'll  have  the  oppor- 
tunity to  work  with  specialists  who  are  tops  in 
their  fields.  I  doubt  that  he'd  be  able  to  find  a 
more  sympathetic  and  stimulating  atmosphere. 
Furthermore,  he'll  have  the  added  incentive  of  con- 
tributing to  vitally  important  projects  .  .  .  projects 
that  will  take  him  to  the  frontiers  of  knowledge  in 
computer  electronics." 


Talented  college  graduates  will  find  exciting,  re- 
warding careers  at  IBM.  Excellent  opportunities 
are  now  available  in  Research,  Development,  Man- 
ufacturing, Applied  Science,  Sales,  and  Adminis- 
tration. Find  out  from  your  College  Placement 
Office  when  our  interviewers  will  next  visit  your 
campus.  Or,  for  information  about  careers  of  in- 
terest to  you,  write  to: 

Manager  of  Recruitment 

IBM  Corporation,  Dept.  839 

590  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  22,  N.  Y. 


IBM 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


31 


NEV\f! 

NON-SLIP  CHUCK 

holds  lead  firmly 
at  any  length  you 
want.  Lead  can't  be 
pushed  back  into 
barrel  — and  won't 
twist  In  sharpener. 


NEW! 

SATIN-FINISH 
METAL     GRIP    is 

knurled  for  easier 
holding.  Its  extra 
length  gives  more 
accurate  control, 
less  finger  tension. 


NEW! 

THE  ANODIZEO 
ALUMINUM  BAR- 
REL is  unbreal<- 
able.  And  it  can't 
rollofftheboard  be- 
cause it's  hexagon- 
shaped. 


NEW! 

PUSH-BUTTON  in 

stantly  releases  the 
chuck's  grip  on  the 
lead  at  the  touch  of 
the  thumb.  It's  col- 
ored for  quick  iden- 
tification of  grade. 


\\ 


This  lifetime  lead  holder  for  just 


All-metal  construction 
makes  it  the  buy  of  a  lifetime. 


EAGLE 
TURQUOISE 

PENCILS,  LEADS  AND  HOLDERS 
EAGLE   PENCIL   COMPANY,  DANBURY,  CONN. 


No  Hipsters  These 


By  Bob  Westerbeck 


He  pii'sscil  tlic  Minister  of  Destriic- 
t'on's  uisfiit  button.  The  screen  focu.>;eii, 
tadeii,  and  came  into  focii.s  asrain.  "Pri- 
ority, Sir.  1  suggest  you  alert  the  phuiet 
for  eventual  attack,  preparedness  comh- 
tion  one — Sir!  Did  nou  }iet  nn  mes- 
sage?" 

"Sorry.  ')4,  I  iiad  to  |iiug  m\  trans- 
lator in.  This  blasted  Knt^Iish  !  Yes,  it's 
■'s  we  thought ;  the  missiles  are  coming 
from  earth.  They're  very  crude  all  the 
same,  hardly  enough  to  warrant  pre- 
paredness condition  one.  Are  you  sure 
\'ou're   not   losing   your   touch,   14?" 

"On  tile  contrary.  Sir,  niv  faculties 
were  never  keener.  I  believe  that  Mars 
or  the  Jupiter  moons  want  us  to  be- 
lieve the  missiles  are  from  earth.  They 
hope  t(i  lidl  us  into  complacency,  into 
tile  belief  we  ha\e  nothing  to  fear  for 
a  century  or  two.  At  an  unsuspected 
moment,  they'll  disguise  their  disinte- 
grator missiles  as  harmless  earth  mis- 
siles and  destroN  us  before  we  realize 
the  dangei'." 

".An  interesting  possibility  94,  but 
what  makes  you  .so  sure  the  missiles  are 
l.-uiucbed  by  enemies  disguised  as  earth- 
men   and   not  by  earthmen  themselves?" 

"As  you  know.  Sir,  I  frequently  visit 
the  fraternal  organizations  on  a  planet 
for  information.  The  inhabitants  seem 
more  talkative  in  such  an  atmosphere. 
Accordingly,  1  spent  an  hour  in  a  place 
called  Tony's  Cellar  Club  in  one  ot 
the  larger  cities  here  on  eaith.  ' 

"Yes,  yes,  04.  (Jet  on  with  it!  1  have 
an   execution   scheduled   shorth." 

"\  es.  Sir.  It  was  very  close  ami  warm 
inside,  and  the  light  was  very  bad.  The 
atmosphere  was  full  of  smoke  from 
what  they  called  cigarettes.  There  were 
three  earthlings  manipulating  musical 
instruments  called  a  horn,  a  set  of  skins, 
and  a  bass.  The  music  was  appallingly 
primitive,  and  the  earthlings  .seemed  to 
be  in  a  high  state  of  barbaric  passion. 
They  swayed,  clapped  their  hands,  had 
glassy  eyes,  and  seemed  Inpnoti/ed  in 
general.  There  were  various  couples  at 
tables  who  embraced  each  othei'  pe- 
riodicalK  ui  their  ardor.  1  assume  they 
still  reproiluce  their  race  physically,  a 
sure  sign  of  inferior  cultural  e\-olution. 
Also,   their  language  has  not  progressed 


to  the  point  we  had  thought.  Vnv  in- 
stance, 1  asked  an  earthling  what  the 
tit'i-  of  the  music  was.  He  told  me  not 
to  be  Mjuare.  th.-it  it  was  a  session,  and 
that  it  was  real  cra/v.  Well,  Sir,  it  ap- 
pears that  the  earthlings  worship  insan- 
it\ ,  which  is  what  cra/v  means.  More 
significantly,  I  think,  I  had  not  as- 
sumed the  geometrical  square  form, 
which  would  imlicate  the  earthling  was 
lia\  iu';   li;illucinatious." 

"Is  that  all,  04  ?" 

"No,  Sir,  there's  more.  1  his  earth- 
ling asked  me  if  I  dug  the  music.  I 
thought  perhaps  if  I  humored  Ivni,  I 
could  diaw  him  into  my  conlulence.  I 
told  him  1  didn't  because  1  had  no 
sho\el.  He  laughed  loudly,  for  no  ap- 
parent leasoii,  and  told  me  I  was  a 
gasser.  I  must  confess  I  was  a  little  of- 
fended. We  certainly  have  more  humane 
methods  of  execution  than  gas.  Well, 
Sir,  he  said  I  fractured  him,  even  though 
1  hadn't  so  much  as  touched  him.  He 
called  a  few  more  earthlings  over,  and 
said  he  wanted  them  to  meet  a  real 
square.  I  was  a  little  shaken  at  this 
point.  I  thought  perhaps  I  had  inad- 
vertently assumed  the  square  form.  I 
looked  over  my  entire  form,  and  it  was 
that  of  an  earthling.  It  seems  that  they 
were  all  metally  unbalanced.  Sir.  He 
then  told  me  1  was  cool,  man,  cool.  It 
must  have  been  a  rare  lucid  moment  for 
him,  since  he  recognized  my  form  for 
that  of  a  man.  Well,  I  told  him  I  wasn't 
cool  at  all,  on  the  contrary,  I  told  him 
1  was  \ery  hot.  The  whole  group  went 
into  hysterics  at  this  point,  probably  at 
some  prearranged  signal  I  didn't  catch. 
1  presiniied  they  were  working  theni- 
seKes  into  a  savage  orgy  of  some  sort, 
so  I  left  and  came  back  to  the  space 
sled  .ind  contacted  you.  That's  all  I 
lia\e  to  report,  Sir." 

"Very  good,  04.  It  appears  quite  ob- 
vious that  the  earthlings  are  themselves 
incapable  of  developing  missiles.  No 
further  verification  will  be  necessary  in 
\  lew  of  the  conclusi\eness  of  this  re- 
port. The  phinet's  strategic  position  as 
,1  shield  tor  our  enemies  poses  a  serious 
threat  to  our  ci\  ilization.  I  will  take  the 
appropriate  steps  now  that  we  know 
nothing  important  will    be  lost. 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


•  The  small  gas  turbine  is  an  important  aircraft 
support  item  used  primarily  for  starting  jet  engines 
and  providing  on-hoard  auxiliary  power.  The  high 
compressed  air  and  shaft  outputs  for  its  small  size 

EXCITING    FIELD 

FOR   GRADUATI 

Diversity  and  strength  in  a  company  offer  the 
engineer  a  key  opportunity,  for  with  broad  knowl- 
edge and  background  your  chances  for  responsibil- 
ity and  advancement  are  greater. 

The  Garrett  Corporation,  with  its  AiResearch 
Divisions,  is  rich  in  experience  and  reputation.  Its 
diversification,  which  you  will  experience  through 
an  orientation  program  lasting  over  a  period  of 
months,  allows  you  the  best  chance  of  finding  your 
most  profitable  area  of  interest. 

Other  major  fields  of  interest  include: 

•  Aircraft  Flight  and  Electronic  Systems  — pioneer  and 
major  supplier  of  centralized  flight  data  systems 


and  weight  mark  it  as  an  important  power  source 
for  common  commercial  use.  AiResearch  is  the 
largest  producer  of  lightweight  gas  turbines,  ranging 
from  30  H.P.  to  tlie  850  H.P.  unit  pictured  above. 

S   OF   INTEREST 

E    ENGINEERS 

antl  other  electronic  controls  and  instruments. 
•  Missile  Systems — has  delivered  more  accessory  power 
units  for  missiles  than  any  other  company.  AiResearch 
is  also  working  with  hydraulic  and  hot  gas  control 
systems  for  missile  accessory  power. 
•Environmental  Control  Systems  — pioneer,  leading 
developer  and  supplier  of  aircraft  and  spacecraft  air 
conditioning  and  pressurization  systems. 

Should  you  be  interested  in  a  career  with  The 
Garrett  Corporation,  see  the  magazine  "The  Garrett 
Corporation  and  Career  Opportunities"  at  your 
College  placement  office.  For  further  information 
write  to  Mr.  Gerald  D.  Bradley... 


THE 


/liResearch  Manufacturing  Divisions 


Los  Angeles  45,  California  •  Phoenix,  Arizona 
Systems.  Packages  and  Components  for:    AIRCRAFT.    MISSILE.    NUCLEAR    AND    INDUSTRIAL    APPLICATIONS 

NOVEMBER,   1959  33 


%♦ 


^-x 


^-. 


-Photos  by  Dave  Yates 


Technocutie  .  .  . 


JUDY    COSME 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Techiiograph's  November  Technocutie  is  :i  liiil  that 
likes  to  go  to  Kani's  jam  sessions  ami  one  tliat  uoiiid  like 
to  learn  more  of  the  songs  here  on  campus. 

Jiul\  Cosme.  a  freshman  in  Home  Kconomics,  thinks 
|iarties  are  fun.  Also  high  on  her  list  of  date  ideas  are  going 
to  the  movies,  out  to  eat  or  dancing.  (Other  things  she  likes 
to  do  are  swim  and  ice  skate.  Sweater  and  skirt  type  dates 
are  best  to  her  thinking. 

More  than  ja/.z  or  Dixieland,  rock  "n  roll  is  Judy's 
faxorite  type  of  music. 

Judy  says  she  doesn't  get  on  the  engineering  campus 
much,  and  that  she  doesn't  know  much  about  engineering. 
When  asked  about  Einstein's  theory  of  relativity,  she  re- 
plied, "What's  that?"  Perhaps  there  is  an  engineer  that 
\\c)uld  be  willing  to  explain. 

The  things  th.at  make  a  fellow  rate  with  her  are  clean- 
sha\en  faces  and  promptness  on  dates.  Jud\'  likes  men's 
clothes  especialh  the  new  Continental  pants  that  are  be- 
coming popular.  She  says  she  has  seen  some  sharp  dressers 
on  campus,  but  not  all  fellows  qualif>'.  Sweaters  and  slacks 
are  the  clothes  she  likes  on  a  fellow.  She  would  rather  not 
see  a  fellow  in   Bermudas. 


This  semester  Judy  is  living  in  LAR.  She  said  she 
heard  about  the  water-fights  U.  of  I.  is  famous  for  and 
thinks  it  would  be  "neat"  to  ha\e  one. 

Judy's  favorite  foods  are  the  fattening  kind;  but  she  also 
likes  steak,  candieil  ap|des  and  pretzels  with  her  favorite 
beverage. 

Judy  emphatically  sa\s  that  girls  are  not  at  college  to 
catch  a  man.  She  admits  that  there  may  be  some  who  are 
but  that  they  are  the  exceptions.  Her  reasoning  is  to  take 
into  account  the  number  of  girls  that  do  graduate  and  get 
jobs.  Also  she  feels  that  if  a  girl  weren't  here  to  go  to 
school,  she  wouhl  take  only  easy  coin\ses  and  courses  that 
she  likes. 

Jud\  likes  school  although  she  thinks  it  is  h.ard.  Hecau.se 
she  has  ,i  hard  time  writing,  freshman  rhetoric  scores  low 
with   her. 

Typically  female.  Judy  likes  the  hen  sessions  at  LAR. 
It  is  eas\'  for  hei'  to  talk  study  time  ;iway. 

Jud\'  would  like  to  date  engineers,  and  she  has  no  |irefer- 
ences  as  to  type. 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


35 


engineers 


Automatic  systems  developed  by  instrumentation 

engineers  allow  rapid  simultaneous  recording 

of  data  from  many  information  points. 


Frequent  informal  discussions  among  analytical 

engineers  assure  continuous  exchange  of  ideas 

on  related  research  projects. 


and  what  they  d) 

The  field   has  never  been   broader 
The  challenge  has  never  been  greater 

Engineers  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft  today  arc  concerned 
with  the  development  of  all  forms  of  flight  propulsion 
systems— air  breathing,  rocket,  nuclear  and  other  advanced 
types  for  propulsion  in  space.  Many  of  these  systems  are  so 
entirely  new  in  concept  that  their  design  and  development, 
and  allied  research  programs,  require  technical  personnel 
not  previously  associated  with  the  development  of  aircraft 
engines.  Where  the  company  was  once  primarily  interested 
in  graduates  with  degrees  in  mechanical  and  aeronautical 
engineering,  it  now  also  requires  men  with  degrees  in 
electrical,  chemical,  and  nuclear  engineering,  and  in  physics, 
chemistry,  and  metallurgy. 

Included  in  a  wide  range  of  engineering  activities  open  to 
technically  trained  graduates  at  all  levels  are  these  four 
basic  fields: 

ANALYTICAL  ENGINEERING  Men  engaged  in  this 
activity  are  concerned  with  fundamental  investigations  in 
the  fields  of  science  or  engineering  related  to  the  conception 
of  new  products.  They  carry  out  detailed  analyses  of  ad- 
vanced flight  and  space  systems  and  interpret  results  in 
terms  of  practical  design  applications.  They  provide  basic 
information  which  is  essential  in  determining  the  types  of 
systems  that  have  development  potential. 

DESIGN  ENGINEERING  The  prime  requisite  here  is  an 
active  interest  in  the  application  of  aerodynamics,  thermo- 
dynamics, stress  analysis,  and  principles  of  machine  design 
to  the  creation  of  new  flight  propulsion  systems.  Men  en- 
gaged in  this  activity  at  P&WA  establish  the  specific  per- 
formance and  structural  requirements  of  the  new  product 
and  design  it  as  a  complete  working  mechanism. 

EXPERIMENTAL  ENGINEERING  Here  men  supervise 
and  coordinate  fabrication,  assembly  and  laboratory  testing 
of  experimental  apparatus,  system  components,  and  devel- 
opment engines.  They  devise  test  rigs  and  laboratory  setups, 
specify  instrumentation  and  direct  execution  of  the  actual 
test  programs.  Responsibility  in  this  phase  of  the  develop- 
ment program  also  includes  analysis  of  test  data,  reporting 
of  results  and  recommendations  for  future  effort. 

MATERIALS  ENGINEERING  Men  active  in  this  field 
at  P&WA  investigate  metals,  alloys  and  other  materials 
under  various  environmental  conditions  to  determine  their 
usefulness  as  applied  to  advanced  flight  propulsion  systems. 
They  devise  material  testing  methods  and  design  special 
test  equipment.  They  are  also  responsible  for  the  determina- 
tion of  new  fabrication  techniques  and  causes  of  failures  or 
manufacturing  difficulties. 


Under  the  close  supervision  of  an  engineer, 

final  adjustments  are  made  on  a  rig  for 

testing  an  advanced  liquid  metal  system. 


Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft... 


Exhaustive  testing  of  full-scale  rocket  engine  thrust  chambers  is 
carried  on  at  the  Florida  Research  and   Development  Center. 


For  further  information  regarding  an  engineer- 
ing career  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft,  consult 
your  college  placement  officer  or  write  to  Mr. 
R.  P.  Azinger,  Engineering  Department.  Pratt  & 
Whitney  Aircraft,  East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut. 


PRATT     &     IMfHITNEY    AIRCRAFT 

Division   of   United   Aircraft   Corporotion 

CONNECTICUT   OPERATIONS  -  East   Hartford 

FLORIDA   RESEARCH   AND   DEVELOPMENT   CENTER  -  Palm  Beach  County,  Florida 


RESEARCH 

INTO    THE 

EFFECTS   OF 

ALCOHOL 


SOUSED 

for 

SCIENCE 


By  Jerry  Jewett 


(  )ii  Si-ptcmbcr  tcnrli,  ot  tin's  \car, 
three  men  appeariiii!:  tor  the  I  raffic 
Short  Course  given  b\  the  College  of 
Law  ill  connection  with  the  University 
of  Illinois  Traffic  Court  Safety  Confer- 
ence consumed  liquor  in  the  interests  of 
science  to  demonstrate  graphically  to 
the  assembled  officials  the  affects  of  al- 
cohol  on   the  driver. 

These  men.  one  a  justice  ot  the 
peace,  forty-two  year  old  judf^e  Robert 
Hrown,  another,  L.  James  Strif.  a  for- 
mer naval  officer  and  present  iuruOr  in 
the  College  of  Law,  and  Harold  Stain- 
er,  a  big  two-hundred  pound  reporter 
for  the  Decatur  Review,  sat  down  be- 
fore the  round  of  tests  to  enjoy  a  lunch 
of  either  a  hamburger  or  ham  saiul- 
wich  with  coffee  or  milk,  .Iflrr  litis  in 
less  lluiii  fifty  minutes .  the  men  dr,-ink 
the  previoush'  determined  amount  of 
liquor. 

Judge  Mrown  had  lune  shots  ot  nnc- 
hundred  proof  bourbon  mixed  with 
coke,  James  Strif  drank  straight  five 
ounces  of  one-hundred  proof  Old  (Jrand 
Dad,  and  Harold  Stainer  consumed  six 
cans  of  beer  in  the  alloted  time.  Im- 
meiliatelx'  following  this,  the  men  were 
put  through  a  battery  of  tests  given  b\ 
Professor  Horkenstein  of  the  Lhiiver- 
sity  of  Indiana  and  State  Trooper  Wal- 
ter Ziel.  These  tests  had  been  admin- 
istered once  before  the  men  began  their 
drinking  bout.  The  tests  included  a 
Hiearhali/.er  test  to  measure  alcohol  in 
the    blood    stream,    the    Canadian    Dot 


38 


test  to  measure  concentration  and  reac- 
tion, a  depth  perception  test,  and  a  re- 
action test  which  measured  reaction 
speed  and  errors  in  decision  making. 

The  results  of  these  tests  showed  that 
in  abilit\'  to  concentrate.  Judge  Brown 
and  James  Strif  deteriorated  at  the 
same  rate  of  fifteen  per  cent,  l^rown  de- 
teriorated one-hundred  forty-seven  per 
cent  in  depth  perception ;  Strif,  three- 
hundred  eighty-five  per  cent;  and  Stain- 
er, one-hundred  eighty-nine  per  cent.  In 
glare  recovery  Judge  Brown  went  down 
one-hundred  forty-five  per  cent;  James 
Struif,  eleven  per  cent;  and  Harold 
Stainer  one-hundred  eight-nine  per  cent. 
However  in  errors.  Brown  made  one- 
hundred  sixty  per  cent  more  after  drink- 
ing; Struif,  two-hundred  seventy-fi\e 
per  cent  more;  and  Stainer,  one-hundred 
sixty-six  per  cent  more. 

These  tests  were  designed  as  a  dem- 
onstration to  determine  the  efficiency 
of  chemical  tests,  for  it  was  hoped  that 
this  information  would  help  the  judges, 
justices  of  the  peace,  magistrates,  ,uid 
attorneys  to  detect  people  too  drunk  m 
dri\e. 

In  this  state.  ,i  person  nuivt  ha\i' 
o\er  fifteen  hundredths  per  cent  alcohol 
or  over  fifteen  parts  of  alcohol  per  ten 
thousand  units  of  blood  to  be  guilty 
of  drvmken  driving.  Between  five  and 
fifteen  hundredths,  a  person  ma\-  be  ar- 
rested for  drunken  driving  but  convic- 
tion is  hard  unless  further  e\iilence  is 
presented. 


In  addition  to  determniing  the  effici- 
enc\'  of  chemical  tests,  this  expeiiment 
also  showed  that  the  light  social  drink- 
er is  more  of  a  inenace  than  the  com- 
plcteh'  drunk  individual.  Someone  with 
ii\ci  fifteen  hundredths  per  cent  alcohol 
in  his  blood  stream  may  actually  be 
vafer  on  the  road  than  one  less  drunk. 
The  completely  inebriated  person  com- 
pensates for  his  drunkenness  by  going 
very  slowly  so  that  other  drivers  know- 
he's  coming.  The  person  with  fewer 
drinks  feels  he  can  do  anything  and 
travels  at  lethal  speeds  of  seventy  or 
eighty  miles  per  hour.  These  people  feel 
that  they  are  driving  better  than  the\ 
e\er  ha\e  before,  but  really  man\'  of 
their  decisions  may  be  incorrect  e\  en  if 
their  reaction  time  is  just  as  fast.  The 
test  proved  that  the  three  guinea  pigs 
could  make  decisions  just  as  rapidly  as 
before  drinking,  but  their  percentage 
of  errors  increased  remarkably  after  the 
drinks.  These  men  only  had  eight  hun- 
dredths per  cent  of  alcohol  in  their 
bloodstream  ;  so  although  they  were  not 
leg.ilh'  presumed  drunk,  they  would 
ha\e  been  a  menace  on  the  highway. 

Robert  Stainer  pointed  out  a  tew  lit- 
tle-known fallacies  and  truths  about 
drinking  which  the  tests  pro\ed.  For 
one  thing,  one  shot  of  one-hundied 
|iroof  whiskev'  equals  in  alcoholic  con- 
tent one  twelve  ounce  can  of  beer,  and 
a  man  weighing  two  hundred  pounds 
can  ha\e  two  drinks  for  every  one  a 
(Continued  on  Page  40) 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


J 


Campus-to-Career  Case  History 


Bill  Burns  (far  right)  reviews  a  plan  for  expanding  Syracuse's  toll-free  calling  area  with  some  fellow  supervisors. 

He  wanted  more  than 
"just  an  engineering  job'* 


William  G.  Bums  majored  in  Civil  Engineering 
at  Union  College.  But  he  had  his  own  ideas  about 
his  engineering  future.  ''I  wanted  a  job  with  a 
■growtli'  company,"  he  says,  ''where  I  could  get 
diversified  experience  and  have  some  adminis- 
trative responsibilities.  ' 

Bill  found  his  "growth'  company— and  his  man- 
agement o]5portunity.  On  graduating  in  June. 
lUS-i.  he  started  work  with  the  New  York  Tele- 
phone Company. 

Six  months  of  training  and  job  assignments  in 
Albany  familiarized  him  with  the  Plant,  Com- 
mercial. Accounting  and  Traffic  functions  of  the 
telephone  business.  Then  came  18  months  as  en- 
gineer in  the  Long  Range  Planning  Group. 

In  October,  1956.  Bill  was  promoted  to  Super- 
vising Engineer.    He  was  transferred  to  Syracuse 


in  August.  1958,  as  Supervising  Engineer  — Fun- 
damental Plans,  with  a  staff  of  four  engineers 
and  two  clerks.  In  this  job,  he  studies  and  fore- 
casts the  future  telephone  needs  of  customers  in  a 
4800-square-mile  area,  planning  from  three  to  20 
years  ahead.  He  then  co-ordinates  the  develop- 
ment of  plans  to  meet  future  needs  with  the 
various  engineering  groups  involved.  Bill  calls  it 
"management  engineering." 

Bill  is  married,  has  three  youngsters  and  owns 
his  own  home.  ''A  man  has  to  build  his  own 
security,"  he  says,  "and  finding  the  right  place 
to  do  it  can  be  mightv  important.  Choosing  a 
Bell  Telephone  career  w  as  the  best  decision  I  ever 
made.  I  dont  know  where  an  ambitious  young 
fellow-  can  find  more  or  better  chances  to  move 
ahead  in  management." 


3Iany  voung  men,  with  degrees  in  the  sciences,  arts,  engi- 
neering or  business,  are  finding  interesting  and  reward- 
ing careers  with  the  Bell  Telephone  Companies.  Look 
into  career  opportunities  for  you.  Talk  with  the  Bell 
interviewer  when  he  visits  your  campus.  And  read  the 
Bell  Telephone  booklet  on  file  in  your  Placement  Office. 


BELL 
TELEPHONE 
COIVIPANIES 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


39 


SOUSED  FOR  SCIENCE  . 


ronlnui.,!    I' 


I'lun-  .>S) 


(inc  liuiulrcil  pdiiiul  man  liii>.  'I'liiis  tl-.c 
ali'dhol  rati'  In  their  blood  stiTani  will 
he  kept  I'M'ii.  The  tests  also  proved 
that  (Irinkiiii;  a  (ittli  of  bourbon  in  ovfr 
t\\<-nt\ -lour  hours  will  lca\e  a  person 
sober  but  eonvuniinj;  it  in  sixteen  hours 
(u  less  will  make  one  drunk.  Takinf: 
one  drink  an  hour,  a  person's  hodx 
burns  the  alcohol  as  fast  as  it  is  beinj: 
absorbed,  but  takinj;  two  drinks  an  hour 
one  is  beinji  burned  up  and  the  other 
is  beijifi  stored.  I'.atinji  before  (lrinkin<; 
will  help  somewhat  because  alcohol  is 
.ibsorbed  into  the  blond  more  quickly 
on  an  empty  stomach.  That  one  last 
c\ip  of  coffee  for  the  "road"  will  not 
help  .It  all.  Neither  garlic  nor  oiudns 
will  chanue  the  effectiveness  of  the 
l!reathali/er   test. 

between  se\enty  to  ei.i;ht\  per  cent 
lit  the  major  tiafHc  accidents  inxoKe  .it 
le.ist  one  dri\er  who  has  been  drinkint; 
too  much.  It  is  felt  that  the  social  drink- 
er, if  he  realized  his  potential  deadli- 
iiess,  would  be  more  careful  about  dri\- 
iny;  when  he  has  been  drinking.  Even 
tboujjh  ()\er  fifteen  parts  of  alcohol  per 
ten  thousand  units  of  blood  indicate 
conclusively  that  a  driver  is  drunk,  a 
dri\er  with  less  than  this  concentration 
of  alcohol  may  be  far  more  dangerous. 


System  for  Safe  Flying 

A  new  instMinicnt  ll\ui^  s\sleiii  en 
•  ibles  a  pilot  to  judge  his  altitude, 
ground  speed  and  compass  heading. 
The  sN'steni,  demonstrated  on  ;i  heli- 
copter, promises  safe  all-weather  iKing 
for  airplanes  and  helicopters. 

Fast  Highway  Painter 

The  Delaware  .State  Highwa\  He 
partment  uses  an  electronicall\  cmi- 
trolled  highway  striping  machine  that 
can  apply  solid,  broken  or  edge  line~  at 
speeds  of  12-to-15  miles  per  hour.  Hiiilt 
into  a  light  truck  chassis,  the  unit  car- 
ries its  own  supplies  of  white  and  yel- 
low marking  paints  and  reflective  glass 
beads,   and   can   be   a|i|ilied   by  one  man. 

Brain  Surgery  Will  Cut  Food  Bill 

Medical  researchers  are  looking  for 
the  part  of  the  brain  that  controls  the 
appetite.  If  they  find  it,  a  surgeon  will 
be  able  to  cut  the  food  bill. 

Hula  Hoop  Craze 

The  current  world-wide  craze  for 
hula  hoops — which  range  in  price  from 
around  sixty  cents  to  a  sophisticated 
mink-covered  hoop  for  $101) — has  put 
hoop  sales  to  around  $35  million,  re- 
ports Chemical  Week. 


Farm  Equipment  Industry 
Big  Consumer  of  Iron 

.A  c<)m|).-uati\cl\  new  iiiet;il  that 
bridges  the  gap  between  steel  .and  ordi- 
nar\'  cast  iron,  ductile  iron  gained  a 
foothold  in  the  farm  equipnieut  iiidus- 
tr\-  last  year  when  about  12,110(1  tons 
were  consumed.  During  the  current 
year  some  27,()()0  tons  ot  ductile  iron 
castings  will  be  used  in  plows,  listers, 
ha\  balers,  cotton  and  corn  pickers, 
li.ii\esters,  threshers,  small  tractors  and 
other  farm  equipment.  The  farm  equip- 
ment Held  is  only  one  of  many  in  which 
ductile  iron   has   found   widespread   use. 

Ilie  materials  being  replaced  by 
ductile  iron  in  a  wide  assortment  of 
components  include  gray  iron,  pearlitic 
malleable  iron  and  steel  forgings  and 
castings.  Ductile  iron  castings  are  also 
being  used  in  original  designs  which  in 
the  past  would  ha\e  been  weldments  for 
forgings. 

Ductile  iron  is  gaining  the  ascend- 
ancy over  ordinary  cast  iron  especially 
in  the  case  of  rotating  parts.  With  farm 
machinery  being  designed  to  handle  ever 
heavier  duties  at  continually  increasing 
speeds,  greater  strength  and  ductility 
than  that  offered  by  gray  irons  are  re- 
quired. The  need  for  a  stronger  material 
at  a  price  much  lower  than  other  engi- 
neering materials  of  similar  strength  is 
being  met  bv  ductile  iron. 


ElVniiyiEEHS      New  Kind  of  Missile  iv/f/} 


SECURE  YOUR  FUTURE  NOW 

with   one   of   the   oldest  manufacturers   of 
refrigeration  in  the  world. 

Sft^i^ff^c^  ttecded  ^  .  ,  . 

HOME  OFFICE 
design 
application 
development 

FIELD 

erection 

sales 

distributors 

To   enable   you   to   fill   these   positions   in   the  fast 
growing     field     of     commercial     refrigeration,     Frick 
Company    offers    a    special    training    course    at   the 
home  office. 
Write  for  details  and  applications  today. 


E(SS® 


J  murt^m^imym 


HIGGinS  IIIK 


.  .  carry  it  with  you  wherever  you  go.' 


Good  news  lor  draftsmen!  New  HIGGINS 
AMERICAN  INDIA  INK  Cartridge  always  feeds 
the  right  amount  of  ink  into  pens  and  drawing 
instruments.  No  mess,  no  waste! 

Compact,  rigid,  plastic  cartridge  fits  easily  in 
pocket,  purse  or  drafting  sets. 

Stands  on  table,  shelf,  desk  -  won't  roll  off 
inclined  drafting  boards!  Most  convenient  way 
to  fill  pens  —  and  so  economical! 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ANOTHER  WAY  RCA 

SERVES  BUSINESS 

THROUGH 

ELECTRONICS 


RCA  Electronics  creates  the  "501"  to  streamline  the  paper  work 
of  business  — it  reads,  writes,  figures  and  remembers  on  tape 


Much  of  today's  traffic  jam  in  paper 
work  is  being  eliminated  by  electronic 
data  processing.  But  to  build  a  system 
that  would  be  practical  and  economical 
for  even  medium-sized  organizations 
was  a  job  for  electronic  specialists. 

To  solve  the  problem,  RCA  drew  on 
its  broad  experience  in  building  com- 
puters for  military  applications  and 
combed  its  many  laboratories  for  the 
latest  electronic  advances  that  could 
help.  The  result  was  the  RCA  "501" 
high-speed  electronic  data  processing 
system— the  most  compact,  flexible,  and 
economical  ever  built.  It  is  a  pioneer  sys- 


tem with  all-transistor  construction  for 
business  use. 

The  "501"  cuts  out  paper  work  bottle- 
necks for  many  government  agencies 
and  businesses,  from  stock  brokerage 
firms  to  public  utilities,  banks,  insurance 
companies,  and  steel  mills. 

It  "remembers"  millions  of  letters, 
numbers,  and  symbols  that  are  "read" 
onto  its  magnetic  tapes  by  such  things 
as  punch  cards  and  paper  tapes.  In  a 
fraction  of  a  second,  it  can  do  thousands 
of  calculating,  sorting,  and  comparing 
operations  — and  checks  each  step. 
Finally,  it  writes  such  things  as  bills,  re- 


ports, payrolls  in  plain  English  at  72,000 
characters  per  minute. 

This  economical  and  practical  answer 
to  an  acute  business  problem  is  another 
way  RCA  Electronics  is  helping  to  sim- 
plify the  growing  complexity  of  business. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


Technograph   Launches  Satellite  .  .  . 


(C'nilinunl   from    Pa^i    2'-)) 

I'wii  niinutfs  Liter,  tin-  countdown 
IkuI  iwyclcil  ;in<l  u:is  asain  in  tin-  linal 
ten   sfConils.    "3,   2,    1,    Zfi'o!" 

A  burst  of  blue-white  Hanie  shot  out 
t'roMi  the  base  of  the  rocket.  As  tlie 
rocket  built  up  thrust,  it  remained 
locked  tijiht  to  the  pad  by  the  special 
restraininj;:  arms.  When  the  project  boss 
was  satisfied  that  the  engine  was  work- 
ing; properly,  he  ordered,  "Let  her  go!" 

The  restraining  arms  snapped  back 
from  the  rocket,  and  with  a  tremendous 
roar  the  \ehicle  lifted  slowly  off  the 
pa<l  and  climbed  upward.  The  glare  of 
the  exhaust  was  so  intense  that  it  lit 
up  the  surrounding  countryside  like 
ila\light,  much  to  the  dismay  of  nu- 
nu-rous  co-eds. 

The  rocket  gained  speed  ami  altitude 
quite  rapidly  and  began  to  tilt  toward 
the  north.  At  this  time  a  group  of  stu- 
dent members  of  the  Chicago  Rocket 
Society  were  alerted  to  watch  for  the 
vehicle  as  it  passed  over  Chicago.  At 
X  -)-  lb7  seconds  the  rocket  vehicle 
was  travelling  horizontally  with  a  ve- 
locity of  some  10,000  niph,  IMS  miles 
above  Harvey,  Illinois.  At  this  instant, 
the  first  stage  burned  out  and  the  sec- 
ond stage  took  over,  boosting  itself  and 
the  cateilite  to  orbital  \elocit\  of  18,00(1 
mph. 

The  cateilite  then  separated  from  the 
second  stage  and  both  were  in  orbit. 

The  second  stage  firing  was  clearly 
\isible  from  to  the  naked  eye;  the  ex- 
haust flame  appeared  brighter  than 
X'enus. 

At  first  the  crew  worried  that  the 
cateilite  might  not  orbit  because  the 
perigee  was  only  103  miles  instead  of 
the  planned  120  miles,  but  they  soon 
forgot   their  worries. 

In  the  meantime,  the  first  stage 
which  had  separated  from  the  second 
just  south  of  Chicago,  was  beginning  its 
re-entry  trajectory.  It  had  been  plan- 
ned that  the  first  stage  would  re-enter 
ij\er  Lake  Superior,  600  miles  north  of 
the  L'niversity.  However,  because  of 
the  somewhat  low  perigee  (caused  by  a 
malfunction  in  the  guidance  system) 
the  first  stage  landed  in  the  outskirts 
of  the  town  of  Cascade,  IVIichigan,  just 
iland   from  the  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  flaming  rocket  smashed  into  a 
highway  about  thirty  feet  from  a  parked 
whisky  truck.  The  impact  set  off  a 
detonation  of  the  highly  explosive  li- 
ipiids  stored  in  the  truck.  This  spread 
to  similar  supplies  of  explosives  in  a 
ta\ern  nearby.  The  truck  driver  and 
tavern  owner  stopped  sampling  sup- 
plies   and     headed     for    a    bomb    sheltei' 


X  minus   10  seconds  .  .  .  Katnik  I  just  before  launching.  Frost  on 
the  missile  is  due  to  the  sub-zero  liquid,    HOOCH,  stored   inside. 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


when  tht-y  saw  the  b\irniii5i  rocket  ap- 
proaching them.  They  figured  the  spir- 
its were  out  to  get  them  and  ran  ni 
fright. 

About  one-half  hour  after  this,  sig- 
nals of  the  satellite  passing  west  of  the 
University  came  in.  The  rocket  was  on 
orbit. 

As  data  poured  in,  the  men  at  the 
.aunching  site  grew  wilder  and  wilder. 
Although  the  satellite  perigee  was  only 
lOS  miles,  the  apogee  was  over  97(1 
far   exceeding   expectations. 

It  seemed  there  would  be  little  cele- 
bration at  the  launch  site  ( the  tradi- 
tional type)  because  it  was  5:20  a.m. 
and  alf  coffee  shops  were  closed;  but 
the  chemical  engineers  came  through 
again,  serving  the  first  stage  fuel  as 
"Scotch  on  the  rockets." 

By  the  next  night,  the  orbit  of  the 
satellite  had  begun  to  decay  as  had  the 
crew.  Tracking  stations  and  rescue 
ships  were  alterted  to  retrieve  the  catel- 
jite  when  it  re-entered  the  atmosphere. 
The  orbit  of  th  satellite  had  been  ac- 
curately determined  although  attempts 
use    the    12-inch    telescope    met    with 


Katnik  bias 


,s  off  on  historic  flight  to  place  world's  first  cot-carrying  spoce  vehicle  into  orbit 


43 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


Above:  One  of  the  few  existing 
photos  of  the  cotellite  in  orbit.  Seen 
in  the  background  is  the  moon. 


ilifficulty.  A  bald  eagle  had  built  its 
nest  on  the  main  lens. 

On  the  16th  orbit,  the  .second  stage 
re-entered  the  atmosphere  south  of  Los 
Angeles.  As  it  reached  the  city  limits, 
it  caught  fire  and  fell  into  the  set  of 
a  new  Hollywood  movie,  "The  Return 
of  Jesse  James."  The  producer  and  di- 
rector of  the  film  plan  to  incorporate 
the  unscheduled  scene  into  the  mo\ie  by 
a  slight  revision  of  the  script. 

The  catellite  re-entered  the  atmos- 
phere just  of?  the  Aleutian  Islands  on 
the  next  orbit.  Rescue  ships  were  alert- 
ed, and  the  cat  and  vehicle  were  re- 
covered intact  the  next  da\'.  When  the 
chamber  was  unlocked,  it  appeared  that 
rile  car  had  been  reduced  in  size.  ( )ne 
ot  the  ship's  crew  pointed  out  that  the 
cat  had  merelv  gi\en  birth  to  a  kitten. 
(He  was  a  family  man,  himself). 


The  cats  are  now  being  stiulied  by 
the  biology  department  to  deteriiiiiie  the 
effect  of  radiation,  prolonged  weight- 
lessness and  the  affects  of  outer  space 
on   litter  size. 

All  University  departments  were 
pleased  with  the  success  of  the  flight 
with  one  exception.  The  University  Se- 
curity Division  charged  the  Tehnograph 
office  with  violating  the  fireworks  stat- 
ute. The  staff  members  didn't  sweat  it; 
one  of  their  former  editors  who  now  is 
a  janitor  in  the  Pentagon,  was  able  to 
have  the  charges  dismissed. 

As  for  the  future,  another  rocket 
similar  to  this  one  will  be  orbited  about 
the  Moon.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however, 
that  there  will  be  no  mice  on  the  flight 
since  the  Russians  have  discredited  the 
cheese  theor\'.  (Resides,  Flunkout  II, 
has   top  prioritv. ) 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


— 

UJ 

I 

z 

LU 

a. 

(- 

X 

< 

LU 

_i 

f- 

LL_ 

^ 

45 


NOVEMBER,  1959 


HUGHES  MASTERS  FELLOWSHIPS.  The  Hughes  Masters  Fellow- 
ship Program  offers  unusual  opportunities  for  academic  training 
leading  to  a  masters  degree  . . .  and,  in  addition,  provides  each  fellow 
with  practical  experience  in  the  professional  field  of  his  choice. 

Approximately  one  hundred  new  awards  will  be  made  by  Hughes  in 
1960  to  qualified  applicants  who  possess  a  bachelor's  degree  in 
science  or  engineering.  Additional  awards  are  open  to  qualified  appli- 
cants interested  in  business  administration  and  education. 

Hughes  conducts  extensive  research  and  development  in  the  scientific 
and  engineering  fields.  While  working  for  Hughes,  fellows  may  be 
assigned  to  such  areas  of  Research  &  Development  as:  microwave 
devices,  parametric  amplifiers,  masers,  infrared  search  and  track 
systems,  microminiaturization,  antenna  arrays,  simulation  methods, 

propagation,  data  handling,  human  factor  analysis and  to  a 

variety  of  engineering  areas  such  as  guided  missiles,  weapons  con- 
trol systems  and  systems  analysis. 

A  selected  group  of  award  winners  will  be  offered  a  FULL  STUDY 


PROGRAM.  Participants  in  this  program  will  receive  fellowships  th, 
permit  them  to  attend  an  outstanding  university  on  a  full  time  bas 
during  the  regular  academic  year  with  a  substantial  stipend. 

Other  award  winners  will  be  assigned  to  the  WORK  STUDY  PROGR# 
and  will  attend  a  university  sufficiently  near  a  facility  of  the  Hugh' 
Aircraft  Company  to  permit  them  to  obtain  practical  experience, 
a  professional  field  of  their  choice,  by  working  at  the  company  pe 
time  each  week.  An  appropriate  stipend  will  also  be  awarded. 

After  completion  of  the  Master's  Program,  fellows  are  eligible  to  apf 
for  HUGHES  STAFF  DOCTORAL  FELLOWSHIPS. 

The  classified  nature  of  work  at  Hughes  makes  eligibility  for  securi 
clearance  a  requirement. 

Closing  date  for  applications:  January  15,  1960. 

How  to  apply:  Write  Dr.  C.  N.  Warfield,  Scientific  Education,  Hugh 
Aircraft  Company,  Culver  City,  California. 


Hughes 

Fellowship 

Programs 


HWARD  HUGHES  DOCTORAL  FELLOWSHIPS.  If  you  are  inter- 
eed  in  studies  leading  to  a  doctor's  degree  in  physics  or  engineering, 
yi  are  invited  to  apply  for  one  of  approximately  10  new  awards  in  the 
150  Howard  Hughes  Doctoral  Fellowship  Program. 

Ts  unique  program  offers  the  doctoral  candidate  the  optimum 
cnbination  of  high-level  study  at  an  outstanding  institution  plus 
pictical  industrial  experience  in  the  Hughes  laboratories. 

E:h  Howard  Hughes  Doctoral  Fellowship  provides  approximately 
5,000  annually.  Of  this  amount  $1,800  is  for  tuition,  books,  fees, 
t;sis  and  research  expenses.  The  remainder  is  the  award  of  a  cash 
ipend  and  salary  earned  by  the  fellow. 

tighes  conducts  extensive  research  and  development  in  the  scientific 
fd  engineering  fields.  Typical  programs  include;  network  analysis 
;d  synthesis,  semiconductor  materials,  plasma  electronics,  commu- 
tations, computing. .  .and  solid  state  physics,  atomic  and  nuclear 
['ysics,  tests  of  the  general  theory  of  relativity,  chemistry,  physical 
cemistry  and  metallurgy,  information  theory,  mechanics  of  struc- 


tures, electro-mechanical  propulsion  systems,  and  systems  analysis. 

Howard  Hughes  Doctoral  Fellowships  are  open  to  outstanding  stu- 
dents qualified  for  admission  to  graduate  standing.  A  master's 
degree,  or  equivalent  graduate  work,  is  considered  very  desirable 
before  beginning  the  Fellowship  Program. 

The  classified  nature  of  work  at  Hughes  makes  eligibility  for  security 
clearance  a  requirement. 

Closing  date  for  applications:  January  15,  1960. 

How  to  apply:  Write  Dr.  C.  N.  Warfield,  Scientific  Education,  Hughes 
Aircraft  Company,  Culver  City,  California. 


Creating  a  new  world 
with  ELECTRONICS 


r  1^ 


TEACHING 


INTERNES 


By  Bill  Andrews 


Quietly  getting  under  way  this  se- 
mester here  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois is  a  new  intern  program  for  pros- 
pective engineering  teachers.  This  pro- 
gram is  being  carried  out  in  the  de- 
partments of  Mechanical  and  Electri- 
cal Engineering  under  the  sponsorship 
of  the  Ford  Foundation.  The  pilot  pro- 
gram will,  over  a  period  of  four  years, 
involve  a  total  of  thirty  graduate  en- 
gineering students,  each  of  whom  will 
participate  for  four  semesters.  Each  fall, 
beginning  this  fall,  there  are  to  be  ten 
students  starting  the  program,  five  from 
the  Department  of  Electrical  Engineer- 
ing and  five  from  the  Deparment  of 
Mechanical  Engineering.  (This  fall, 
because  one  of  the  accepted  applicants 
dropped  out  of  the  program  too  late  to 
be  replaced,  there  are  only  nine.  Next 
year  there  will  be  eleven  starting  the 
program.)  In  the  course  of  each  in- 
tern's two  years  he  will  work  toward 
his  Master  of  Science  Degree,  which 
he  will  obtain  after  three  or  four  se- 
mesters, in  the  former  case  continuing 
work  toward  his  doctorate  in  the  final 
semester  of  his  participation  in  the  pro- 
gram. In  addition  to  a  half  to  two- 
thirds  academic  load,  the  graduate  stu- 
dents are  involved  in  two  other  phases 
of  this  program  designed  to  prepare  him 
for  a  teaching  career.  He  gains  teach- 
ing experience  through  a  phase  in  teach- 
ing plan  which  softens  the  transition 
from  student  to  teacher.  He  also  acti\e- 
ly  participates  in  a  series  of  seminars  on 
a  wide  variety  of  subjects.  Each  student 
receives  an  annual  stipend  of  $2,000  to 
defray  the  cost  of  living  at  the  Univer- 
sity. 

T  his  program  was  envisiiiiied  about 
two  and  a  half  years  ago  as  a  reply  to 
a  problem  posed  by  the  provost  of  the 
L'niversity  of  Illinois,  Gordon  N.  Ray: 
How  is  your  department  going  to  insure 
an    adequate    supply    of    instructors    for 


the  anticipated  increase  in  enrollment  ? 
This  was  passed  by  Dean  William  L. 
Everitt  of  the  College  of  Engineering 
to  Professor  Seicho  Konzo,  Chairman 
of  the  College's  Graduate  Committee. 
The  ideas  worked  out  by  Professor 
Konzo  are  essentially  the  program  now 
under  way.  It  was  decided  to  submit 
the  plan  to  the  Ford  Foundation,  which 
had  shown  recently  an  interest  in  the 
problems  of  engineering  education.  They 
suggested  a  few  minor  changes  in  the 
plan,  such  as  including  students  in  only 
two  departments  rather  than  through- 
out the  college  of  engineering,  and  then 
approved  the  program.  All  this  took 
only  about  six  months.  However,  it 
was  still  too  late  to  get  started  the 
fall,  1958,  semester,  so  it  was  begun 
this  fall. 

The  selection  of  the  interns  began 
last  year  with  the  notification  of  the 
various  colleges  of  engineering  across 
the  country  of  the  program.  Ry  the  clos- 
ing date  for  applications,  February, 
1959,  the  College  had  seventy-five  ap- 
plications for  the  ten  available  positions. 
The  successful  applicants  were  notified 
in  March  and  reported  here  to  begin 
this  September.  Among  the  considera- 
tions in  selecting  the  candidates  were 
scholarship  (A  "P"  average  or  standing 
in  the  top  twenty  per  cent  of  his  gradu- 
ating class  was  required  to  be  consid- 
ered.), three  letters  of  reference  from 
engineering  instructors,  and  a  real  in- 
terest in  the  engineering  teaching  pro- 
fession. An  attempt  was  also  made  to 
distribute  the  scholarships  so  that  a 
large  nmnber  of  schools  woidd  be  rep- 
resented. (The  nine  men  presently  en- 
rolled in  the  program  represent  eight 
universities,  with  only  the  Ihu'versity 
of  Alberta  represented  twice.)  Although 
the  program  is  primarily  intended  for 
those  just  receiving  their  H.S.  degree, 
con^ideratil)n  is  also  given  recent  gradu- 


ates now  serving  in  industr\-  or  teach- 
ing. 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois  does  not  stand  to  gain 
from  this  program  directly  in  terms  of 
available  teachers.  This  is  because  of  a 
clause  in  the  program  that  none  of  the 
men  completing  the  program  will  be 
offered  positions  at  the  University  of 
Illinois  for  a  period  of  five  years,  and 
then  only  upon  application  by  the  stu- 
dent. The  purpose  of  this  program  is  not 
to  augment  the  teacher  supply  for  the 
host  school. 

The  graduate  work  done  by  the  stu- 
dents is  not  appreciably  affected  by  the 
nature  of  the  program.  The  foreign 
language  requirements  of  the  Ph.D.  are 
anticipated  by  the  students  and  courses 
taken  to  meet  them.  Other  than  these, 
most  of  the  courses  taken  are  advanced 
engineering  courses.  This  phase  of  the 
program  occupies  approximately  three- 
fifths  of  the  student's  time,  the  remain- 
der divided  between  the  two  unique 
phases  of   the  program. 

The  teaching  intern  concept  of  the 
program  is  one  of  the  real  innovations. 
Here  the  student  first  learns  teaching 
from  observing  outstanding  instructor 
experts,  grading  papers,  working  with 
laboratory  groups,  and  finally,  in  their 
final  semester  in  the  program,  taking 
over  an  actual  class,  giving  it  with  a 
minimum  of  supervision  from  the  col- 
lege staff.  Each  student  is  assigned  an 
instructor  as  his  advisor.  This  instruc- 
tor has  been  chosen  by  the  department 
for  his  particular  teaching  abilities. 
Thus  avoiding  the  shock  of  being  hand- 
ed a  book  and  being  told  he  has  sixteen 
weeks  to  cover  this  material,  which  is 
rather  discoinaging  to  a  prospective 
teacher,  the  intern  is  phased  into  actual 
teaching  in  gradual  steps.  In  some  cases 
it  is  felt  that  the  student  is  qualified 
to  go  directly   into  laboratory  work,   so 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


49 


SALES 

ENGINEERING 

UNLIMITED 


DUNHAM^BUSH 


DEANE   KEUCH 

Purdue  UniversHy   53 


l^EANE  Keuch,  one  of  136  Dunham-Bush  sales 
engineers,  knows  the  advantages  of  being  associated  with  a 
dynamic  young  company  with  extensive  product  lines. 

Following  his  engineering  studies  at  Purdue,  Deane  joined 
Dunham-Bush  as  a  trainee  and  soon  became  an  application 
engineer.  After  a  relatively  short  time  he  was  assigned  his  own 
territory,  working  out  of  the  Cleveland  area  sales  office. 

In  calling  on  consulting  engineers,  architects,  plant  engineers, 
wholesalers,  contractors  and  building  owners,  Deane  (like  all 
Dunham-Bush  sales  engineers)  finds  it  reassuring  to  be  backed  by 
his  area  otTice  and  the  facilities  of  Dunham-Bush  laboratories. 

Equally  reassuring  is  the  availability  of  complete  lines.  The  range 
of  Dunham-Bush  refrigeration  products  runs  from  compressors 
to  complete  systems;  the  range  of  air  conditioning  products 
extends  from  motel  room  conditioners  to  a  hospital's  entire  air 
conditioning  plant.  The  heating  line  is  equally  complete:  from  a 
radiator  valve  to  zone  heating  control  for  an  entire  apartment 
housing  project.  The  Dunham-Bush  product  family  even  includes 
specialized  heat  transfer  products  applicable  to  missile  use. 

If  you'd  like  to  know  more  about  the  company 
that  offers  "Sales  Engineering  Unlimited",  send  for  a  copy  of 
"This  is  Dunham-Bush". 


AIR     CONDITIONING.     REFRIGERATION, 

HEATING      PRODUCTS     AND     ACCESSORIES 

Duntiam-Bush,  Ino. 

WEST     HARTFORD      10,    •     CONNECTICUT,     •      U.S.A. 

^^^^^mmam^i^^mm^    saies  offices  iocateo  in  principal  cities  ^B^a^iaBBBiBBBBB^^ 


that  a  number  of  students  are  now,  in 
their  first  semester  in  the  program,  act- 
ually working  with  lab  .sections. 


final  phase  of 
of  weekly  two 
will     ic(|iilre    a 


the  course  is  a 
hour  seminars, 
certain  amount 
the  pa  It  of  the 
uui  a  great  ileal 


interns  in  ineparation 
on  the  part  of  the  particular  intern  who 
is  roiulucting  each.  The  variety  of  sub- 
jects projected  suggests  the  variety  of 
puiposes  indulging  them.  Some  are 
highly  practical  in  teaching  the  stn- 
ilents  certain  subject  material,  classroom 
psychology,  and  information  about  test- 
ing methods.  Others  will  be  of  more 
broadening  value.  These  will  cover  such 
ili\erse  subjects  as  ja/.z,  sociological 
problems,  and  fine  arts.  In  addition  to 
the  actual  information  which  is  avail- 
able through  these  seminars,  the  stu- 
dents get  invaluable  experience  in  group 
(Knamics  and  general  class  handling. 
I'.acli  of  the  students  will  be  chairman 
of  one  or  more  of  these  seminars  and, 
at  other  times,  recorder-reporter,  who 
nnist  prepare  a  summary  of  the  proceed- 
in:':s.  He  gets  opportunities  to  observe 
how  individuals  are  "drawn  in"  to  the 
discussion  and  how  to  think  on  his  feet. 

Preparing  for  teaching  through  this 
pilot  program  are  nine  men  with  only  a 
desire  to  teach  engineering  in  common. 
They  come  from  Canada  and  Okla- 
homa, Kansas  and  the  Bronx,  up-state 
New  York  and  suburban  Chicago.  One 
thirty-five  year  old  intern  is  the  father 
of  three  while  another  is  twenty-one. 
Their  interests  run  from  Thermody- 
namics to  Microwave  Communications. 
Of  the  nine,  five  are  ME's,  three  EE's, 
and  one,  Gordon  Anderson,  has  trans- 
ferred to  the  department  of  physics  and 
is  working  under  the  program  in  this 
department. 

It  is  the  hope  of  the  department  that 
this  program  will  prove  itself  worthy 
of  its  expectations  and  eventually  spread 
to  other  universities.  The  shortage  of 
engineering  instructors  is  particularly 
serious  in  the  smaller  engineering 
schools  where  there  are  relatively  few 
graduate  students  who  can  handle 
classes  themselves,  and  who  are  likely 
to  stick  with  their  alma  mater  as  a 
teacher.  It  is  thus  a  responsibility,  the 
bigger  of  engineering  colleges  to  help 
meet  this  demand. 

Perhaps  an  indication  of  the  stu- 
dents' impressions  of  the  program  thus 
tar  can  be  draW'ii  from  the  opinion  of 
Kd  Yellin: 

"The  projected  program,  and  the 
manner  in  which  it  has  thus  far  been 
implemented,  certainh'  indicate  that 
those  of  us  in  the  program  will  be  both 
psychologically  and  educationally  pre- 
pared to  enter  the  engineering  teaching 
profession." 


50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


...  a  hand  in  things  to  come 


Probing  the  atom . . .  for  you 

The  boundless  energy  of  the  uranium  atom  means  a  brighter  future 


Every  day  brings  the  benefits  of  atomic  energy  closer  to  our 
daily  living.  It  presents  a  whole  new  field  of  exploration  for  scientists  all 
over  the  world. 

A  longer,  healthier  life  Is  hopefully  ahead  as  radiation  is  help- 
ing doctors  learn  more  about  the  basic  processes  of  life  by  revealing  how 
certain  elements  are  put  to  work  by  the  body.  The  controlled  rays  of  the 
atom  are  also  being  used  to  pin-point  malignant  tissues  for  subsequent  treat- 
ment. And  radiation  studies  of  how  plants  absorb  nutrition  from  sun  and 
soil  are  showing  the  way  to  improved  food  supplies. 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  vital  jobs  being  done  by  radioisotopes 
—radioactive  materials  created  in  atomic  reactors  at  Oak  Ridge,  Tennessee 
.  .  .  the  great  atomic  energy  center  operated  by  Union  Carbide  for  the  U.  S. 
Atomic  Energy  Commission.  The  people  of  Union  Carbide  will  continue 
their  pioneering  research  in  atomic  energy  — and  in  the  vital  fields  of  alloys, 
carbons,  chemicals,  gases  and  plastics— to  bring  you  a  brighter  future. 

NOVEMBER,   1959 


Learn  about  the  opportunities 
at  Union  Carbide  in  carbons, 
chemicals, gases,  metals,  plastics 
and  nuclear  energy.  Literature 
is  available  at  your  placement 
office  or  write  to  V.  O.  Daris, 
Union  Carbide  Corporation,  30 
East  42nd  Street,  New  York 
17,  N.  Y. 


...a  hand 
in  things  to  come 


51 


MARS   outstanding    design    SERIES 


automated  bridge 

The  bridge  of  tomorrow  will  be  sclf-;icti\atiiig. 
equipped  with  clcctric-eye  controls  and  an  anti-frcezc  .sys- 
tem. No  overhead  struetures  will  obstruct  the  \iew,  or 
interfere  with  radio  reception,  according  to  Robert  J. 
Companik  of  Chicago. 

In  his  design,  the  bridge  is  operated  by  pressure 
pumps  that  draw  water  from  the  canal  into  tlic  hollow 
structure  and  hold  it  shut  by  the  weight  of  the  water. 
To  allow  boats  to  pass,  pressure  is  released,  counter- 
weights pull  the  sections  together,  and  the  bridge  opens. 
An  electric  eye  down  the  canal  activates  the  opening  and 
the  bridge  docs  not  close  until  an  eye  on  the  other  side 
is  passed.  Heating  units  keep  both  eves  free  from  snow 
and  ice,  and  a  brine  system  keeps  the  bridge  in  operation 
in  freezing  weather. 

Manv  ingenious  solutions  to  traffic  and  other  prob- 
lems are  on  the  boards  today.  To  make  their  ingenuitx 
clear,  and  to  translate  them  from  idea  into  reality,  re- 
quires the  best  of  drafting  tools. 

In  pencils,  of  course,  that  means  Mars,  long  the 
standard  of  professionals.  Some  outstanding  new  prod- 
ucts ha\c  recently  been  added  to  the  famous  line  of  Nlars- 
Technico  push-button  holders  and  leads.  Lumograph 
pencils,  and  Tradition-Aquarell  painting  pencils.  These 
include  the  Mars  Poeket-Technico  for  field  use;  the  effi- 
cient Mars  lead  sharpener  and  "Draftsman"  pencil  sharp- 
ener with  the  adjustable  point-length  feature;  Mars  Lu- 
moehrom,  the  color-drafting  pencils  and  leads  that  make 
color-coding  possible;  the  new  Mars  Non-Print  pencils 
and  leads  that  "drop  out"  your  notes  and  sketches  when 
drawings  are  reproduced. 


The  2886  Mars-Lumograph  drawing  pencil,  19  de- 
grees, EXEXB  to  9H.  The  lOOi  Mars-Technico 
push-button  lead  holder.  1904  Mars-Lumogroph 
imported  leads,  18  degrees,  EXB  to  9H.  Mors- 
Lumochrom  color-drafting   pencil,  24  colors. 


J.S 


TAEDTLERINC. 

HACKENSACK,  NEW  JERSEY 

at  all  good  engineering  and  drawing  material  suppliers 


Magnetic  Pump  for  Reactor 
Produced 

1  lie  wciilil's  larjiot  pcrmaiK'iir  ni.iL'- 
lU'f  i>  schcilulcd  to  Wdik  in  AinciK'a '^ 
.Atomic  liiicrfi)'  Program.  It  will  help 
pump  liquid  sodium  in  a  breeder  reacto'' 
to  be  operated  by  the  Arfioiine  National 
Fyaboiatory  for  the  Atomic  Energy 
Ldnmiissioii.  To  be  known  as  the  I'.x- 
pcrinieiital  Breeder  Reactor  $$  (EBR- 
II),  this  reactor  will  produce  electrical 
power  on  the  Argonne  Idaho  Divis'on 
site  at  the  National  Reactor  Testing 
Station   near   Iilaho   Fiills,   Idaho. 

The  magnet  weighs  1720  pounds, 
and  is  made  of  Alnico  V  material.  The 
overall  dimensions  of  the  magnet  are 
52^  by  36  by  10  inches.  It  has  a  gap 
length  of  16j/^  inches  and  a  gap  volume 
of  1584  cubic  inches. 

The  magnet  was  checked  in  a  3000 
hour  test  at  temperatures  up  to  750  de- 
grees F  prior  to  its  being  put  into  serv- 
ice at  the  Argonne  National  Labora- 
tory. 

The  huge  permanent  magnet  will 
help  in  the  pumping  of  the  highly  radio- 
active sodium  at  elevated   temperatures. 

The  pumps  operate  without  moving 
parts.  This  is  achieved  by  the  interac- 
tion between  a  current  passing  through 
the  sodium  at  right  angles  to  a  strong 
magnetic  field.  This  interaction  pro- 
duces a  force  in  the  sodium  when  di- 
rected through  a  closed  piping  system 
serving  as  a  continuous  supply  of  liquid 
sodium. 


S  I'AII-  \1  !■  \|-  K'l-i  illK'KIl  BY  THE 
A(  I  III  t  <  i\i,l;|.>s  ,  ,[  AfGUST  24, 
]■•[  :  As  .WILMUJi  in  I  UK  ACTS  OF 
M.XKl  II  .i,  IV.;,:.  .\M)  .ILLY  2,  1946 
I  Title  .!').  United  States  Code,  Section  233) 
SlldWlXr;  THE  OWNERSHIP,  MAN- 
.M.IC.MliXT,    AND    CIRCULATION 

(  If  The  Illinois  Technograph  published 
October,  November,  December,  January, 
T'ebruarv,  March,  April  and  May,  at  Ur- 
l.ana,   Illinois  for  October   1,   1959 

1.  The  names  and  addresses  of  the  pub- 
lisher, editor,  managing  editor,  and  business 


I'ublishc 


Illi, 


111! 


II. ill.    I'll., 
isv     M.nia!;. 


Publishing      Company, 
ami,.n^„.    Illinois; 
iiiiMii.    Jl.s    Civil    Engi- 

1,      lllniM,,; 

215 


Eneiiu'cring    Hall.    Trl-ana.    Illinois. 

3.  The  owner  is:  the  Illini  Publishing; 
("dinpany,  a  non-profit  corporation. 

J.  The  known  bondholders,  mortgagees, 
and  other  security  holders  owning  or  hold- 
ing 1  per  cent  or  more  of  total  amount  of 
bonds,    mortgages,    or    other    securities    are: 

4.  Paragraphs  3  and  3  include,  in  cases 
where  the  stockholder  or  security  holder  ap- 
pears upon  the  books  of  the  company  as 
trustee  or  in  any  other  fiduciary  relation, 
the  name  of  the  person  or  corporation  for 
whom  such  trustee  is  acting;  also  the  state- 
ments in  the  two  paragraphs  show  the  affi- 
ant's full  knowledge  and  belief  as  to  the 
circumstances  and  conditions  under  which 
stockholders  and  security  holders  who  do 
nut  appear  upon  the  books  of  the  company 
as  trustees,  hold  stock  and  securities  in  a 
capacity    other    than    that    of    a    bona    fide 

Knj<;cr    L.    Harrison,    Business    Manager. 
Sworn    to   and    subscribed    before   me    this 
liMh    ti.iv   of   October,    1959. 
(Si- A  1. 1  H.   E.  York. 

i\Iv    commission    expires    Dec.    30,    1963) 


52 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Raytheon  Graduate  Program 


FOR  STUDY  AT  HARVARD 
MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 
AND  CALIFORNIA  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 
IN  1960-61 


lllil-„ 

^ 

hm^-    • 

1 

^ 

yu 

J^^i 

MASSACHUSETTS   INSTITUTE   OF   TECHNOLOGY 


The  Raytheon  Graduate  Program  has  been  established 
to  contribute  to  the  technical  development  of  scientists 
and  engineers  at  Raytheon.  It  provides  the  opportunity 
to  selected  persons  employed  by  Raytheon,  who  are 
accepted  as  graduate  students  by  Harvard  University, 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  and  California 
Institute  of  Technology,  to  pursue  at  Raytheon's  ex- 
pense, regular  courses  of  study  leading  to  a  master's 
or  doctor's  degree  in  science  or  engineering  in  the  institu- 
tion of  their  choice. 

The  Program  requires,  in  general,  two  or  three  semesters 
of  study,  depending  on  circumstances,  with  the  summer 
months  spent  in  the  Company's  research,  engineering,  or 
manufacturing  divisions.  It  includes  full  tuition,  fees, 
book  allowances  and  a  salary  while  at  school.  Students 
are  eligible  for  health,  accident,  retirement  and  life  insur- 
ance benefits,  annual  vacation  and  other  privileges  of 
full-time  Raytheon  employees. 

To  be  considered  for  the  Program,  applicants  must  have 
a  bachelor's  degree  in  science  or  engineering,  and  should 
have  outstanding  student  records,  show  technical  prom- 
ise, and  possess  mature  personal  characteristics.  They 
may  apply  for  admission  to  the  Program  in  anticipation 
of  becoming  employees  of  Raytheon. 

YOU  ARE  INVITED  TO  ADDRESS  YOUR  INQUIRY 
to  Dr.  Ivan  A.  Getting,  Vice  President,  Engineering 
and  Research,  outlining  your  technical  background, 
academic  record,  school  preference,  and  field  of  interest, 
prior  to  December  1,  1959. 


RAYTHEON   COMPANY,  Waltham  54,  Mass. 


tMll()h\l\    I\^IIH1I     Ol     IICIINOIOUY 


Excellence  in  Electronics 


RAYTHEON 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


53 


Number  Two  of  q  Scr 


ENGINEERING   GRADUATES — YOUR 


STEPPING 
«TONES 
TO 
SPACE 


steady  acceleration  to  escape  velocity  is 
mandatory  to  place  a  space  vehicle  into  success- 
ful orbit.  So  too,  your  career  must  accelerate. 

At  McDonnell  —  you  alone  will  determine 
your  rate  of  ascent.  Favorable  conditions  pre- 
vail— professional  association,  counselling,  sup- 
plementary training,  rotational  assignments — 
but  you  are  at  the  controls  and  must  contribute 
your  own  technical  ability  and  initiative.  You 
will  be  bounded  only  by  your  own  ambitions. 

Learn  more  about  our  company  and  com- 
munity by  seeing  our  Engineering  Representa- 
tive when  he  visits  your  campus,  or,  if  you 
prefer,  write  a  brief  note  to :    Raymond  F.  Kaletta 
Engineering  Employment  Supervisor 
P.O.  Box  516,  St.  Louis  66,  Missouri 


Monitoring  a  thermal-stress  test  in  the  Transient  Heat  Facihty  are 
Project  Mercury  staff  members.  True  E.  Cousins,  BSAE,  U.  of  Kan- 
sas, '58,  on  the  left,  and  Eugene  G    Shifrin,  BSME,  U.  of  Iowa,  '55. 


wmwii^ 


54 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Campus  at  Night . . . 

WHAT  THE  CAMPUS  LOOKS  LIKE 
AFTER  THE  SHADES  ARE  DRAWN 
AND  THE  CAT  PUT  OUT 


NOVEMBER,  1959  55 


LOOK   FAMILIAR? 


AT  LAST! 


56 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


MIDNIGHT  GRIND  AT  MRH 


AND  AT  BEVIER  HALL 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


57 


POWER  PLANT  (M.E.  263   PROVING  GROUND) 


58 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


E.E.  COMEJ  THROUGH 


NOVEMBER,  1959 


59 


LATE  FOR  THE  GAME 


60 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Air  brake  for  a  spaceliner 


The  earth's  atmosphere,  one  of  the  biggest  obstacles  to  getting  into  outer 
space,  can  be  one  of  our  biggest  assets  coming  back.  At  Douglas  we  are 
investigating  how  we  can  use  its  braking  effects  on  rockets  returning  from 
deep  space  trips  at  far  faster  than  ICBM  speeds.  Success  will  allow  us  to 
increase  payloads  by  reducing  the  weight  of  soft  landing  systems.  This 
technique  also  will  aid  us  in  pinpointing  landing  areas.  Current  reports  show 
real  progress.  Douglas  is  engaged  in  intensive  research  on  every  aspect  of 
space  planning,  from  environmental  conditions  on  other  planets  to  the 
destroyer-sized  space  ships  necessary  to  get  there.  We  invite  qualified 
engineers  and  scientists  to  join  us,  Write  to  C.  C.  LaVene.Box  600-M,  Douglas 
Aircraft  Company,  Santa  Monica,  California. 

Arthur  Shef,  Chief,  Advanced  Design  Section,  Missiles  and  Space  Sys- 
tems, irons  out  a  problem  with  Arthur  E.  Raymond,    ^^ll^l    AQ 
Senior  Engineering  Vice  President  of   ^wUwLMw 

MISSILE  SYSTEMS  ■  SPACE  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  JETLINERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMB  ■  GROUND-HANDLING  EQUIPMENT 

NOVEMBER,  1959  61 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  Paul  Cliff 


Sputtered  Resistors  Make  High 
Component  Density  Possible 

Sputtered  thin-iilni  resistors,  toniu'd 
from  refractory  metals  such  as  tantalum 
and  titanium,  may  be  one  of  the  more 
important  developments  in  micromini.i- 
ture  electronics.  Such  resistors  can  bf 
produced  on  glass  or  ceramic  bases  in 
lines  as  narrow  as  1  mil  (0.0(11  inch). 
spaced  1  mil  apart,  thus  producing  ex- 
tremely high   resistance  in  a  small   area. 

Research  in  sputtering,  an  old  tech- 
nique in  which  ionized  gas  molecules 
bombard  a  cathode,  dislodging  atoms  of 
metal  which  then  redeposit  on  nearb\ 
surfaces,  has  been  conducted  .it  Hell 
Laboratories  for  several  years. 

The  newly  announced  miniature  re- 
sistors owe  their  success  to  a  high  pre- 
cision masking  process,  which  makes  it 
possible  to  produce  the  thin  films  in 
specifically  restricted  locations.  An  ex- 
pendable copper  mask  is  used  for  this 
operation. 

In  producing  a  resistor,  an  over-all 
thin  film  of  copper  is  first  deposited 
onto  the  ceramic  or  glass  base,  for  ex- 
ample, by  sputtering.  Then,  the  desired 
pattern  is  etched  into  the  copper  siuface 
by  standard  photoetching  techniques, 
leaving  the  bare  substrate  exposed.  Tan- 
talum, other  refractory  metals,  or  elec- 
trically useful  alloys  are  then  deposited 
onto  the  etched  copper  pattern,  and  the 
whole  \mit  placed  in  an  etching  bath. 
The  copper  with  its  overlay  of  tanta- 
lum is  removed,  leaving  behind  only 
the  tantalum  which  was  in  direct  con- 
tact with  the  bare  surface.  Since  the 
masks    are    extremch     thin,     line    ilet;iil 


is  possible.  Also,  since  the  sputtered  ma- 
terials adhere  to  the  substrate  itself,  sup- 
port considerations  are  not  necessary 
and  complex  patterns  can  be  produced. 

"Goer"— New  Military 
Transporter 

A  new  type  of  off-road  transport  \e- 
hicle,  capable  of  delivering  militar\' s\ip- 
plies  across-country  to  widely  dispersed, 
fast  moving  units  of  the  atomic  age 
Army,  is  being  manufactured  by  Le 
Tourneau  -  Westinghouse. 

The  giant  rubber  tired  machine,  dvib- 
beil  the  "Goer"  for  its  "go-anywhere" 
mobility,  is  a  strict  departure  from  con- 
ventional Army  trucks  and  transporters. 
Instead  of  following  the  historic  pat- 
tern of  being  a  military  development 
which  might  one  day  be  adapted  to 
civilian  use,  it  is  essentially  a  "plow- 
share hammered  into  a  sword."  For  the 
most  part,  Goer  design  principles  and 
components  have  been  adapted  from 
those  which  have  given  mobility,  agilit\' 
and  durability  to  commercial  earthmov- 
ing  machines  in  the  I'nited  States  since 
before  World  War  II.  The  (loer's  two- 
wheel  prime  mover;  articulated,  wagon- 
type  electric  steering ;  high  ground  clear- 
ance ;  springle.ss  suspension,  rugged,  sim- 
ple power  train ;  and  six  foot-tall  r\ib- 
ber  tires  are  all  commoTi  to  modern 
earthmoving  equipment. 

Two  Goer  prototypes — a  3,000-gal- 
lon  fuel  tanker  and  15-ton  cargo  carrier 
negotiated  a  series  of  rugged  rough-ter- 
rain problems  which  proved  impossible 
for  a  fleet  of  conventional  .Army  trucks 
and      transporters.      Full\      lo.ided,      the 


Goers  climbed  slopes,  thre.ided  their 
\\A\  between  hciulileis,  scaled  a  vertical 
wall,  skimnieil  n\er  a  sand  trap,  snaked 
their  way  through  whip-deep  nuid  pits 
and  topped  the  whole  performance  off 
b\   swimming  across  an  udand   lake. 

New  Copper  Paste  for  Screen 
Printing 

■A   new    method   foi'  producing  printed 
wiring    directly   on    ceramic   basis    with- 
out   the    use    of    adhesives   has    recently 
been  developed  by  Bell  Telephone  Lab- 
oratories. The  basis  of  the  new  process, 
which  uses  standard  silk  screening  tech-       m 
niques  for  forming  the  pattern,  is  a  spe-       ■ 
cially    formulated    copper-bearing    paste.       I 
Pillowing   the    printing   of   the    desired      ■ 
pattern    on   the   ceramic   base,    the   piece       ^ 
is   fired   in   a  two-step   process,   resulting 
in    a    clean,    durable    pattern    with    ex- 
cellent electrical   characteristics. 

In  present  methods  of  production,  a 
sheet  of  copper  foil  is  usually  bonded  to 
the  ceramic  or  plastic  base  with  an  ad- 
hesive. The  desired  pattern  is  then  pro- 
duced by  one  of  several  methods  usual- 
h'  involving  the  removal  of  undesired 
material.  The  bond  of  the  copper  to 
the  base  thus  is  dependent  on  the  M 
strength  of  the  adhesive.  Often,  it  fails  M 
during  svibsequent  processing  operations, 
such  as  soldering  or  assembly. 

With  the  new  process,  a  paste  is  pre-       _ 
pared   from  a  finely  ground   mixture  of      ■ 
copper    oxide    and    a   special    glass    frit,      ^ 
blended     with     a    standard    silk    screen 
printing   vehicle.   The   paste   is   used   to 
print    the    pattern    on    the    ceramic,    and 
the  "card"  is  heat-dried  to  remove  solv- 
ents.   After    drying,    the    card    with    its 
pattern    is    fired    in    air    at    750"C    for 
twenty  minutes  to  burn  off  the  printing 
vehicle.    This    operation    leaves    a    non- 
conducting copper   oxide   pattern,    ready 
to  be  reduced  to  metallic  copper. 

The  second  firing  operation  is  con- 
ducted at  850°C  for  thirty  minutes,  in 
a  controlled  atmosphere  containing  hy- 
drogen, nitrogen,  and  oxygen.  The  hy- 
drogen in  the  atmosphere  reduces  the 
copper  oxides  to  metallic  copper,  while 
the  oxygen  prevents  reduction  of  other 
oxides  in  the  system  and  promotes  good 
wetting  of  the  glass  frit  and  the  cer- 
,-unic.  Without  the  ox\gen  present,  a 
poor   bond    residts. 

Rechargeable  Nickel-Cadmium 
Batteries 

A  versatile  selection  of  compact,  re- 
chargeable, sealed  nickel-cadmium 
cells  and  batteries  designed  for  battery- 
operated  devices  rcqvn'ring  high  energy 
has  been  introduced  b\-  Hurgess  Battery 
Compan>'. 

The  hermeticalh'  sealed  construction 
of  the  new  units,  eliminating  routine 
maintenance  and  the  addition  of  liquids 
re(|uirecl   by  earlier  nickel-cadmium  bat- 


62 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


tcnes,  represents  a  major  advance  \n 
seeondary  battery  technology. 

Burgess  will  market  individual  cells 
in  eight  sizes,  as  well  as  a  range  of  mul- 
tiple cell  batteries  in  numerous  \olt- 
ages.  The  individual  cells,  rated  at  1.2^ 
\olts.  include  six  button-t\  pe  units 
ranging  from  a  finger-tip  sized  cell  only 
tour-tenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  to 
one  slightly  larger  than  a  silver  dol- 
lar. Long-lasting  single-cell  batteries  in 
penliglit  (AA)  and  standard  Hashlight 
battery    (I))    sizes  also   are  available. 

A  \irtually  unlimited  variet\'  of  nud- 
tiple  cell  nickel-cadmium  batteries  covdd 
be  designed  from  the  cells  to  fill  the 
widely  varying  requirements  of  indus- 
trial product  designers  and  electronic 
engineers. 

Development  of  a  vmique  conductive 
silver  wax  inter-cell  connection  makes 
possible  broad  flexibilitv  for  nickel-cad- 
mium battery  designs.  A  dab  of  silver 
wax  on  the  positive  and  negative  sides 
of  each  cell  permits  cells  to  be  connect- 
ed in  series  merely  by  being  stacked  in 
a  column.  The  ability  of  the  wax  to 
mold  itself  to  an\'  contour  between  the 
cells  assures  a  permanent  inter-cell  con- 
nection which  will  not  break  even  under 
rugged  handling. 

Recharging  will  restore  the  new 
nickel-cadmium  batteries  to  peak  operat- 
ing efficiency  hundreds  of  times.  Re- 
sponse of  the  cells  is  eq\ially  good  to 
either  a  slow  or  fast  charge.  The  nickel- 
c.idmium  batteries  are  not  affected  ad- 
versely bv  long  idle  periods  either  in  a 
charged  or  discharged  state,  and  thev' 
operate  in  a  temperature  range  of  0  to 
1  1  5  degrees  F. 

In  tests,  engineers  have  demonstrated 
how  the  normal  life  of  nickel-cadmium 
batteries  can  be  extended  manv  times 
by  recharging  before  they  discharge 
more  than   one-half  of  their  capacity. 

Winners  of  Highway  Bridge 
Design  Announced 

.Award  winners  of  the  :,^44,()()(l  Steel 
Highway  Bridge  Design  Competition 
sjionsored  by  U.  S.  Steel's  American 
Bridge  Division  were  named. 

Top  winner  in  the  professional  classi- 
hcation  was  Allan  M.  Beesing,  struc- 
tural design  engineer  with  James  J. 
MacDonald.  Buffalo,  X.  Y.,  consulting 
engineer.  He  was  awarded  i'!l.S,(X)ll  for 
his  entry. 

First  award  in  the  student  classifica- 
tion went  to  a  joint  entry  submitted  bv' 
Niels  Gimsing  and  Hans  Xyvold  of 
Copenhagen,  Denmark.  Roth  men  were 
students  at  the  Technical  University  of 
Denmark.  They  will  share  $4,000  for 
their  entry. 

The  competition,  conducted  under 
the  auspices  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Steel  Construction,  Inc.,  required  en- 
trants to  design   a  steel   bridge  to  carrv 


a  two-lane  crossroad  over  a  modern 
four-lane  highway.  It  was  open  to  pro- 
fessional design  engineers  and  college 
engineering  students  anvwhere  in  the 
vv.H-ld. 

Winning  entries  were  selected  on  the 
basis  of  originalitv  of  design,  utilization 
of  the  properties  of  steel,  economv .  and 
appearance. 

According  to  A.  J.  Paddock,  presi- 
dent of  American  Bridge  Division,  the 
selection  of  the  particular  problem  fea- 
tured in  the  competition  is  especially  ap- 
propriate to  the  construction  of  Amer- 
ica's 41,()()()-mile  interstate  and  defense 
highway  sv  stem  over  the  next  1 5  years. 
It  is  estimated  that  more  than  one 
bridge  will  be  required  for  each  mile 
of  the  high  speed  highway  network. 

Beesing's  top-award  design  is  a  grace- 
ful welded  steel  girder  structure  which 
bridges,  in  a  single  span,  a  four-lane 
divided  highwav'.  The  skillful  combina- 
tion of  carbon  and  high  strength  steels 
and  design  innovations  permits  the  abut- 
ments to  be  moved  back  from  the  shoul- 
ders and  eliminates  the  need  for  a  centei 
pier. 

The  Gimsing-Nv  void  entry  is  a  weld- 
ed two-span  frame  bridge  designed  for 
mass  production  and  requiring  minimum 
field  erection.  Construction  work  is  re- 
duced to  a  few  riveted  or  bolted  con- 
nections. 

Four  of  the  15  awards  were  made  to 
foreign  entries.  Two  went  to  student 
entries,  the  other  two  being  awarded 
to  professional  entries, 
w  It  as  the  consensus  of  the  judges 
after  completing  their  work  that  the 
professional  entries  were  outstanding 
and  indicated  that  they  represented  a  lot 
of  thought  and  effort.  As  for  the  stu- 
dent entries,  they  commented:  "futine 
of  bridge  design  is  in  good  hands.  "  Thev 
were  siu'prised  and  delighted  at  the 
quality  of  work  turned  in  by  students, 
one  saying,  "This  is  better  than  I  could 
have  done  in  my  college  days,  which 
means  better  students  today  and  speaks 
well  of  educational   advances." 

Compact  Cathode  Ray  Tube 
Produced 

riu-  development  of  a  newlv  de- 
signed, compact  "Wamoscope" — a  cath- 
ode ray  tube  capable  of  presenting 
microwave  frequency  information  di- 
rectlv'  on  its  screen — was  annovmced  bv' 
Svlvania  Electric  Products  Inc. 

Dr.  Robert  M.  Bowie,  vice  president 
Sylvania  Research  Laboratories,  said 
the  new  tube,  which  was  developed  foi' 
use  in  advanced  electronic  systems  ap- 
plications, does  not  require  a  solenoid, 
a  bulky  focusing  structure  requiring  an 
external  source  of  electric  current.  The 
"Wamoscope"  is  only  slightlv  longei' 
than  conventional  television  picture 
tubes. 


The  improved  "Wamoscope"  oper- 
ates over  a  frequency  range  of  2  to  10 
kmc,  and  will  be  particularly  important 
in  high-resolution  ralar  applications.  Dr. 
Bowie  said.  The  new  tube  has  a  signal 
coupler  incorporated  within  the  tube  en- 
velope and  "spot  ^ize"  has  been  im- 
proved to  160  lines  per  inch  at  the  cen- 
ter of  its  10-inch  screen. 

Stainless  Steel  Pump  for  Yankee 
Atomic  Electric  Plant 

Shown  at  W'cstmghou.se  Llectric 
Corporation's  atomic  equipment  depart- 
ment, a  16,000-pound  canned  motor 
pufmp  volute  is  being  made  for  the 
^  ankee  Atomic  Electric  Company's 
l.'!4,0()0-kilowatt  nuclear  power  plant 
at    Rowe,    Mass.    The    finished    canned 


motor  pump,  which  will  be  hermetical- 
ly sealed,  will  be  over  11  feet  high  and 
will  weigh  39,000  pounds.  Along  with 
three  other  units,  the  canned  motor 
pump,  rated  at  1600  horsepower,  will 
circidate  radioactive  water  at  496  de- 
grees F  through  the  nuclear  reactor  sys- 
tem at  a  rate  of  23,700  gallons  per 
minute  at  a  system  pressure  of  about 
2000  pounds  per  square  inch.  There 
will  be  an  80-psi  pressure  rise  across 
the  pump.  Both  the  rotor,  or  rotating 
part,  and  stator,  or  stationary  part,  of 
this  tvpe  of  pump  are  encased,  or  "can- 
ned," in  metal.  Water  being  circulated 
Hows  through  the  space  between  the 
rotor  and  the  stator,  thus  acting  as  a 
coolant    and    lubricant. 

Skin-Diver  Patrol 

Skin  diveis  p.itrol  subm.arine  cables 
of  an  electric  utilitv  companv.  The 
divers  are  able  to  check  the  cables  at  a 
rate  up  to  two  miles  per  day  in  depths 
up  to  40  feet  and  one-half  mile  per  day 
in  deeper  water,  where  decompression 
is  required  after  35  minutes'  exposure. 


NOVEMBER,  1959 


63 


Could  this  be  a  picture  of  you  tomorrow?  In 
the  fall  of  1958,  it  was  Jack  Carroll,  principal 
speaker  at  the  opening  of  Electronic  Associ- 
ates' modern  new  plant  in  Long  Branch,  N.J. 


Jack  Carroll  (right)  discusses  the  new  equip- 
ment he  has  just  seen  during  a  visit  with 
Henri  Busignies,  President  of  ITT  Laborato- 
ries (center)  and  Anthony  Pregliese,  ITT  Pub- 
lic Relations. 


64 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


YOU... 

An  Editor  of  a  Top  Engineering  Publication  ? 


JACK  CARROLL,  MANAGING  EDITOR  OF  ELECTRONICS  MAGAZINE, 
ROSE  TO  A  TOP  POST  IN  LESS  THAN  TEN  YEARS 


Are  Jack  CarrolVs  shoes  your  size? 

"If  it's  scope  you  want,  try  keeping  on  top  of  every- 
thing that's  hot  in  electronics,"  says  John  M.  Carroll, 
electronics'  Managing  Editor  at  McGraw-Hill  Pub- 
lishing Company. 

A  Lehigh  B.S.  graduate  in  1950,  Jack  has  become 
an  industry  authority  in  less  than  10  years.  "Knowing 
that  the  industry  itself  is  looking  to  your  magazine 
for  the  word  on  things  is  the  most  stimulating  part 
about  it.  It's  your  job  to  get  the  thinking  of  the  men 
behind  everything  that's  new  in  the  field.  You  work 
with  the  top  of  the  profession.  What  engineer  can 
resist  that?" 

Wrote  in  College 

In  his  senior  year  at  Lehigh,  Jack  got  his  first  real 
taste  of  writing  as  editor  of  the  college  newspaper.  He 
joined  McGraw-Hill  as  editorial  assistant  on  elec- 
tronics in  1950,  took  a  17-month  "leave"  in  Korea, 
then  became  assistant  editor  in  1952  and  associate 
editor  in  '54. 

"By  then  I'd  got  my  M.A.  in  physics  at  Hofstra  on 
the  McGraw-Hill  Tuition  Refund  Plan,  where  the 
company  pays  half  the  cost.  And  since  I  was  pro- 
moted to  managing  editor  in  1957,  I've  been  working 
after  hours  on  my  doctorate  in  engineering  science  at 
N.Y.U.  This  is  an  engineer's  outfit.  You  gi-ow  right 
along  with  your  industry  at  McGraw-Hill,"  says  Jack. 


"The  engineer  who  chooses  a  McGraw-Hill  career 
need  have  no  fear  of  winding  up  in  a  corner  on  one 
part  of  one  project.  You  work  with  the  new  .  .  .  the 
experimental  .  .  .  the  significant.  Sitting  down  with 
the  leaders  of  your  field  is  part  of  the  job.  Your  as- 
signment? Interpreting  today's  advanced  thinking  for 
the  rest  of  your  field." 

McGraw-Hill  Tuition  Refund  Plan 

All  of  our  editors  have  the  opportunity  to  continue 
their  education  in  their  chosen  fields  under  the 
McGraw-Hill  Tuition  Refund  Plan.  Physics,  econom- 
ics, aerodynamics,  and  business  management  are  typi- 
cal of  the  courses  they  may  choose. 

You  May  Be  The  Right  Man 

How  about  wi'iting  experience?  It  helps,  but  if  you 
like  to  wi'ite— and  engineering  is  your  profession — 
that's  the  main  thing. 

Would  you  like  to  learn  what  opportunities 
McGraw-Hill  ofi'ers  in  your  field?  Write  for  "Careers 
in  Publishing  At  McGraw-Hill."  Tell  us  about  your 
backgi'ound,  college  r'ecord,  outside  activities  and 
why  you  seek  a  career  in  engineering  journalism. 

Write  to:  The  Editorial  Director,  McGraw-Hill 
Publishing  Co.,  Inc.,  330  West  42nd  Street,  New 
York  36,  New  York. 


McGraw-Hill 


'''o...°       PUBLICATIONS 
McGR  AW-HILL    PUBLISHING    COMPANY,    INC.,    330    WEST    42nd    S  T  RE  E  T,  NK  W  YO  RK  3  6,  N.  T. 

NOVEMBER,   1959  65 


Cash  Prizes! 


FOR 


BRAINTEASERS 


The  TECHNOGRAPH  will  award  $5  to  each  of  the 
winners  of  the  monthly  brainteaser  contests 
which  will  begin  with  this  issue.  The  winner  will 
be  the  person  who  turns  in  the  greatest  number 
of  correct  answers  to  the  TECHNOGRAPH  office 
in  215  Civil  Engineering  Hall.  If  there  is  a  tie,  the 
prize  will  be  given  to  the  entry  with  the  earliest 
date.  The  deadline  for  entries  this  month  is  De- 
cember 10th. 


66 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRAIN   TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


A  group  of  airplaiifs  is  based  on  a 
small  island.  The  tank  of  each  plane 
holds  just  enough  fuel  to  take  it  half- 
way around  the  world.  Any  desired 
amount  of  fuel  can  be  transferred  from 
the  tank  of  one  plane  to  the  tank  of  an- 
other while  the  planes  are  in  flight.  The 
only  source  of  fuel  is  on  the  island,  and 
for  the  purposes  of  the  problem  it  is  as- 
sumed that  there  is  no  time  lost  in  re- 
fueling either  in  the  air  or  on  the 
ground.  What  is  the  smallest  number  of 
planes  that  will  insure  the  flight  of  one 
plane  around  the  world  on  a  great  cir- 
cle, assuming  that  the  planes  have  the 
same  constant  groiuid  speed  and  rate 
of  fuel  consumption  and  that  all  planes 
return  safely  to  their  island  base? 

What  is  the  radius  of  the  largest  cir- 
cle that  can  be  drawn  entirely  on  the 
black    squares    of     ;i     chessboard     with 

squares  that  are  two  inches  on  a  side? 

«-        *.        * 

An  amusing  parlor  trick  is  performed 
as  follows.  Ask  spectator  A  to  jot  down 
any  three-digit  number,  and  then  to  re- 
peat the  digits  in  the  same  order  to  make 
a  six-digit  number  {e.g..  394,394). 
With  your  back  turned  so  that  you  can- 
not see  the  number,  ask  A  to  pass  the 
sheet  of  paper  to  spectator  B,  who  is  re- 
quested to  divide  the  number  by  7. 

"Don't  worry  about  the  remainder," 
you  tell  him,  "because  there  won't  be 
any."  B  is  surprised  to  discover  that  you 
are  right  (e.(/..  394,394  divided  b\-  7  is 
56,342).  Without  telling  you  the  result 
he  passes  it  on  to  spectator  C,  who  is 
told  to  divide  it  by  11.  (^nce  again  \ou 
state  that  there  will  be  no  remainder, 
and  this  al,so  proves  correct  (  %,342  di- 
vided by  11   is  5,122). 

With  your  back  still  turned,  and  no 
knowledge  whatever  of  the  figiues  ob- 
tained by  these  computations,  you  di- 
rect a  fourth  spectator,  D,  to  divide  the 
last  result  by  13.  Again  the  division 
comes  out  even  (5,122  divided  by  13  is 
394).  This  final  residt  is  written  on  a 
slip  of  paper  which  is  folded  and  hand- 
ed to  you.  Without  opening  it  you  pass 
it  on  to  spectator  A. 

"Open  this,"  >ou  tell  him,  "and  you 
will  find  your  original  three-digit  num- 
ber." Prove  that  the  trick  cannot  fail  to 
work  regardless  of  the  digits  cilosen  by 
the  first  spectator. 

*        <t        * 

Two  nu'ssiles  speed  directly  toward 
each  other,  one  at  9, ()()()  miles  per 
hour  and  the  other  at  21,000  miles  per 
hour,    lliey    start     1,317     miles     apart. 


Without  using  pencil  and  paper,  calcu- 
late how  far  apart  the>  are  one  nu'nute 
before  they  collide. 

1  he  answers  will  appear  next  month. 

-»        *        * 
Here  are  the  answers  to  last  month's 
brain-teasers. 

1.  A=  10430 
B  =  3970 
C  =  2114 
D  =  386 

2.  93  feet 

3.  1st  trip  =  15  ni.p.h. 
2nd  trip  =  45  m.p.h. 
3rd  trip  ^  90  m.p.h. 

4.  Kldest  ^^  75 
2nd  $375 
3rd  $525 
Hospital                       $82S 

The  answer  to  the  coconut  problem  is 
fifteen. 

The  most  convenient  device  for  solv- 
ing the  first  logic  problem  is  to  use  a 
matrix  with  vacant  cells  for  all  possible 
pairings  in  each  set.  One  cell  is  needed 
for  pairing  names  with  jobs,  and  an- 
other is  needed  for  pairing  names  with 
cities.  Each  cell  is  marked  so  as  to  show 
whether  or  not  the  combination  is  pos- 
sible. 

Premise  7  eliminates  the  possibility 
that  Smith  is  the  fireman,  and  Premise 
2  tells  us  that  Mr.  Robinson  lives  in 
Los  Angeles.  Premise  3  and  6  inform 
us  that  the  physicist  lives  in  (^maha,  but 
he  can't  be  Mr.  Robinson  nor  Mr. 
Jones  (who  has  forgotten  his  algebra). 
Mr.  Smith  is  therefore  the  physicist,  and 
Mr.  Jones  must  live  in  Chicago. 

Premise  5  now  permits  us  to  identi- 
fy the  brakeman  as  Jones.  Since  the 
fireman  can  be  neither  Smith  nor  Jones, 
Robinson  must  be  the  fireman,  and 
Smith  must  be  the  engineer. 

The  second  logic  problem  left  unan- 
swered last  month  is  best  handled  by 
three  matrices:  one  for  combinations  of 
first  anil  last  names  of  wives,  one  for 
first  and  last  names  of  husbands  and 
one  to  show  sibling  relationships.  Since 
Mrs.  White's  first  name  is  Marguerite 
(premise),  we  have  only  two  alterna- 
tives for  the  names  of  the  other  wives : 
(  1  )  Helen  Black  and  Beatrice  Brown 
or  (2)  Helen  Brown  and  Beatrice 
Black. 

Let  us  assume  the  second  alternati\e. 
White's  sister  must  be  either  Helen  or 
Beatrice.  It  cannot  be  Beatrice,  because 
then  Helen's  brother  would  be  Black; 
Black's    two    brothers-in-law    would    be 


White  (his  wife's  brother)  and  Brown 
(his  sister's  husband);  but  Beatrice 
Black  is  not  married  to  either  of  them, 
a  fact  inconsistent  with  premise  4. 
Therefore  White's  sister  must  be  Helen. 
This  in  turn  allows  us  to  deduce  that 
Brown's  sister  is  Beatrice  and  Black's 
sister  is  Marguerite. 

Prenu'se  6  leads  to  the  conclusion  that 
Mr.  White's  first  name  is  Arthur  (Ar- 
thur Brown  is  ruled  out  because  that 
would  make  Beatrice  prettier  than  her- 
self, and  Arthur  Black  is  ruled  out  be- 
cause we  know  from  premise  5  that 
Black's  first  name  is  William).  There- 
fore Brown's  first  name  must  be  John. 
LTnfortunately  premise  7  informs  us  that 
John  was  born  in  1868  (50  \ears  be- 
fore the  Armistice),  which  is  a  leap 
year.  This  would  make  Helen  older 
than  her  husband  by  one  day  more  than 
the  2()  weeks  specified  in  premise  3. 
(  Premise  4  tells  us  that  her  birthday  is 
in  January,  and  premise  3  tells  us  her 
husband's  birthday  is  in  August.  She 
can  be  exactly  26  weeks  older  than  he 
if  her  birthday  is  January  31,  his  on 
August  1,  and  there  is  no  February  29 
in  between!)  This  eliminates  the  second 
of  the  two  alternatives  with  which  we 
stated,  forcing  us  to  conclude  that  the 
wives  are  JVIarguerite  White,  Helen 
Black  and  Beatrice  Brown.  There  are 
no  inconsistencies  because  we  do  not 
know  the  year  of  Black's  birth.  The 
premises  permit  us  to  deduce  that  Mar- 
guerite is  Brown's  sister,  Beatrice  is 
Black's  sister,  and  Helen  is  White's  sis- 
ter, but  leave  undecided  the  first  names 
of  White  and  Brown. 

In  the  problem  of  the  stamps  on  the 
foreheads,  B  has  three  alternatives:  his 
stamps  are  (1)  red-red,  (2)  green- 
green,  or  (3)  red-green.  Assume  they 
are  red-red. 

After  all  three  men  have  answered 
once,  A  can  reason  as  follows:  "I  cannot 
have  red-red  (because  then  C  would 
see  four  red  stamps  and  know  inniiedi- 
ately  that  he  had  green-green,  and  if 
C  had  green-green,  B  would  see  four 
green  stamps  and  know  that  he  had 
red-red).  Therefoie  I  must  h.i\e  red- 
green." 

But  when  A  was  asked  a  second  time, 
he  did  not  know  the  color  of  his  stamps. 
This  enables  B  to  rule  out  the  possibil- 
it\'  that  his  own  stamps  are  red-red.  Ex- 
actly the  same  argument  enables  B  to 
eliminate  the  possibility  that  his  stamps 
are  green-green.  This  leaves  for  him 
only  the  third  alternative:  red-green. 

(Brointeosers    courtesy   of   Scientific   American) 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


67 


TOMORROW  BEGINS  TODAY  AT  CONVAIR  SAN/DIEGO 


FOR  YOUNG  ENGINEERS  AND  SCIENTISTS 


o 


CONVAIR/SAN  DIEGO 

ENGINEERING-CONVAIR  DIVISION  OF 

GENERAL   DYNAMICS 


As  an  engineering,  mathematics  or  physics 
major,  you  will  soon  be  called  upon  to  make 
one  of  the  most  important  decisions  of  your  life: 
Choice  of  Association. 

In  making  that  decision,  we  hope  you  will  choose 
the  aerospace  industry  and  Convair/San  Diego.  But 
whatever  your  choice,  the  selection  of  association 
must  be  made  with  meticulous  care  and  keen  aware- 
ness of  what  that  decision  will  mean,  not  only 
immediately,  but  in  years  to  come. 
To  arrive  at  such  an  important  decision,  you  will 
need  all  the  information  available  to  you.  That  is 
why  Convair/San  Diego  is  suggesting  that  you  care- 
fully read  a  new  booklet  prepared  for  the  express 
purpose  of  helping  you  make  this  vital  decision. 
Within  the  twenty-four  pages  of  this  brochure,  you 
will  find  detailed  information  about  Convair,  the 
General  Dynamics  Corporation,  and  the  work  of 
each  group  within  the  Convair/San  Diego  engineer- 
ing Department. 

Whether  or  not  you  decide  to  discuss  your  career 
with  us  in  more  detail,  we  sincerely  believe  you  will 
be  better  equipped  to  make  your  decision  after 
reading  this  brochure. 

If  your  placement  office  does  not  have  a  copy,  we 
will  be  pleased  to  mail  you  one.  Simply  write  to 
Mr.  M.  C.  Curtis,  Industrial  Relations  Administra- 
tor, Engineering, 


^HHKE^kk^ 


CONVAIR/SAN  DIEGO  convair  is  a  division  Ol 

3302    PACIFIC    HIGHWAY.   SAN    DIEGO,    CALIFORNIA 


DYNAMICS 


68 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  huge  research  center  at  Whiting,  Indiana,  Ls  only 
part  of  Standard  OiKs  research  faciHties.  A  recently 
completed  technical  service  and  quality  control  lab- 


oratory, not  shown  here,  is  the  largest  laboratory  of 
its  kind  in  the  country.  In  addition,  large  research 
laboratories  are  operated  by  several  affiliates. 


Where  the  fuels  of  the  future  are  born! 


From  time  to  time,  we  are  asked  if  gasoline 
and  oil  today  really  are  better  than  they  were 
five  or  ten  years  ago.  People  can't  see  the 
difference,  smell  it,  or  feel  it. 

The  answer  is  an  emphatic  yes.  And  this 
aerial  view  of  Standard  Oil's  research  center 
at  Whiting,  Indiana,  is  graphic  evidence  of 
the  extensive  research  work  that  goes  on  be- 
hind the  scenes  day  in  and  day  out. 

Thousands  of  research  experts — chemists, 
engineers,  and  technicians — work  together  in 
Standard's  modern  laboratories,  improving 
present  fuels  and  lubricants  and  developing 
new  ones  for  cars  that  will  not  be  a  reality 
until  about  1965!  Rocket  fuels,  too,  are  being 
developed.  Standard's  development  of  clean- 


burning,  highly-reliable  solid  fuels  has  been  a 
realcontribution  to  America's  missile  program. 

Since  our  first  research  laboratory  opened 
69  years  ago,  research  scientists  of  Standard 
Oil  and  its  affiliated  companies  have  been  re- 
sponsible for  many  major  petroleum  advances 
—  from  making  a  barrel  of  oil  yield  more  gas- 
oline to  discovering  a  way  to  revive  almost-dry 
wells.  Each  process  had  the  effect  of  adding 
billions  of  barrels  to  America's  oil  reserves. 

At  Standard  Oil,  scientists  have  an  oppor- 
tunity to  work  on  a  wide  variety  of  challeng- 
ing projects.  That  is  one  reason  why  so  many 
young  men  have  chosen  to  build  satisfying 
careers  with  Standard  Oil. 


STANDARD    OIL  COMPANY 

910    SOUTH    MICHIGAN   AVENUE,  CHICAGO    80,   ILLINOIS 


(standard 


THE    SIGN   OF   PROGRESS., 
THROUGH    RESEARCH 


I      NOVEMBER,   1959 


69 


ea(;im:lrs  •  J'HYsicists 


Sylvania  Encourages  Scientific  Heretics 


Who  ('an  Utilize  Unique  and  Unorthodox  Thinking  in 
IMaking  Statc-ol-tlie-Art  Advances  in  Eh'ctronics,  Electronic 
Counternieasures,  Metallurgy,  Semiconductors,  Radar, 
Coniniunications  &  Navigation  Systems,  Airhorne  Defense, 
Missiles,  Computers,  Lighting,  Radio,  Television,  Plastics, 
Photography,  Chemicals,  \y^ire,  Phosphors. 


To  the  young  engineer  and  scientist 
who  questions  present  hypotheses  anil 
who  can  combine  unorthodox  percep- 
tion with  imagination,  Sylvania  ex- 
tends a  climate  of  achievement.  From 
these  men,  Sylvania  foresees  a  number 
of  tomorrow's  breakthroughs.  If  your 
ambition  is  to  attain  your  fullest  pro- 
fessional potential,  these  facts  about 
Sylvania  —  one  of  the  world's  fastest 
growing  industrial  organizations  — 
merit  your  close  attention. 

Started  as  a  basement  industry 
manufacturing  incandescent  lamps 
only  59  years  ago,  Sylvania  today  has 
23  laboratories  and  46  plants  located 
in  14  states  across  the  nation.  These 
69  modern  facilities  afford  employ- 
ment to  over  30,000  people.  In  the 
last  25  years  sales  have  climbed  from 
$6,000,000  to  over  1/3  of  a  billion  dol- 
lars. Strong  as  this  industrial  base  is 
for  the  engineer  and  scientist,  it  was 
substantially  reinforced  in  February 
1959  when  Sylvania  merged  with 
General  Telephone  Corporation.  The 
merger  of  these  two  growth  com- 
panies will: 

•  Increase  ability  to  finance  future 
growth  and  development 

•  Ad<l  further  diversification  to  al- 
ready broad  conunercial  and  defense 
product  lines 

•  Measurably  increase  research  and 
development  facilities 

•  Give  Sylvania  the  benefit  of 
(General  Telephone's  wide  experi- 
ence and  background  in  foreign 
manufacturing  and   sales. 

Sylvania  Prizes  liidividualilv 

Sylvania's  success  and  reputation 
have  long  been  based  on  the  belief 


that  the  success  of  the  organization 
depends  upon  the  personal  success  of 
the  individual. The  engineer/scientist- 
oriented  management  has  given  much 
thought  and  study  to  provide  an  en- 
vironment that  kindles  self-expression 
and  creativity.  Here  you  are  assigned 
to  a  position  where  you  can  direct 
your  training  toward  its  greatest  po- 
tential. Promotion  from  within  the 
company  gives  impetus  to  your  pro- 
fessional progress;  assignments  are 
frequently  reviewed. 

There  is  no  predetermined  pattern 
of  orientation,  for  the  speed  with 
which  this  is  accomplished  is  up  to 
the  graduate;  you  are  given  a  number 
of  assignments  with  increasing 
responsibilities.  Working  directly 
with  a  project  leader  or  senior 
engineer,  you  quickly  confirm  your 
special  abilities  and   aptitudes. 

Large-Organization  Strength 
^'ith  Small-Company 
Flexibility 

Each  laboratory  or  plant  is  similar 
to  an  independent  business  at  Syl- 
vania. Important  decisions  are  made 
on  the  operating  level  by  technical 
managers  familiar  with  the  problem 
at  hand,  who  appreciate  and  accur- 
ately evaluate  individual  contributions. 

Whether  your  interests  center  on 
engineer  management  or  scientific 
specialization,  you  will  enjoy  parallel 
paths  for  development  at  Sylvania  — 
double  opportunity  to  move  forward 
with  equal  reward  and  status.  Syl- 
vania encourages  the  publication  of 
research  articles,  active  participation 
in  professional  groups,  attendance  at 


meetings  of  engineering  and  profes- 
sional societies.  It  has  long  been 
Sylvania's  philosophy  that  these  "ex- 
tracurricular" activities  are  of  im- 
measurable importance  to  both  the 
company  and  the  individual,  for  com- 
munication increases  comprehension 
and  scientific  curiosity— which  are  the 
forces  that  spark  experinicntalion  and 
discovery. 

Continual  .\dvances 
In  Slate-Of-The-Art 

The  success  of  Sylvania  in  the  ad- 
vanced areas  of  electronics  has  been 
maintained  over  the  years  by  scien- 
tific and  engineering  excellence.  Syl- 
vania's encouragement  of  uninhibited 
technological  thinking  has  led  to  a 
number  of  important  breakthroughs 
across  many  technologies,  such  as: 
Data  Processing  Systems;  Com- 
puters; Semiconductors;  Electronic 
Flash  Approach  System;  Space  Tech- 
nology; Ceramic  Stacked  Tube; 
Electroluminescence;  Bonded  Shield 
Television  Picture  Tubes;  Sarong 
Cathode  Coating;  First  110'  Televi- 
sion Set. 

Generous  Benefits 

Sylvania's  belief  in  the  well-being  of 
the  individual  has  been  amply  dem- 
onstrated by  liberal  employee  policies. 
Ranging  from  a  savings  and  retire- 
ment plan  to  financial  reimbursement 
for  graduate  study,  these  policies  have 
helped  set  a  standard  for  the  elec- 
tronics industry. 

To  explore  fully  the  career  advantages 
you  can  find  with  Sylvania,  see  your 
College  Placement  Officer;  or  write 
us  for  a  copy  of  "Today  and  Tomor- 
row with  Sylvania." 

^SYLVANIA® 

GENERAL  TELEPHONE  i  ELECTRONICS 

730  Third  Avenue,  New  York  17,  New  York 


70 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  »„,d  s,a.e  -"^-'^^X  W' S e\fLTd::S  1'' t^^^ 

But  there  is  quite  another  kind  of    space    close  ai 

challenge  the  genius  of  man. 

•u,  hP  mensured  It  is  the  space-dimension  of  cities  and  the 
This  space  can  easily  be  measured.  I   is  t       p  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^_ 

distance  between  them  . .  .  the  kind  ot  space  loi  ,      •  „  .^^^  its  supply 

shore  oil  rig,  between  a  tiny,  otherwise  inacces.bcl.annmd_.^^ 

base,  between  the  site  of  a  mountain  crash  and  ^'^^^^^^^'^^^^^    ,^,,,,  ^,. 

Sikorsky  is  concerned  with  the  precious  "spaceway    that  curremiy 

tween  all  earthbound  places. 

Ou,  engineering  efforts  are  directed  '-"f  .^  ™*'i  t^^^L  mo't 

aircraft  configurations.  Among  earlter  f ''■™^'->' *^f '  °  jV,„day  arc  the  ve- 

^i^^::^^i:zz::^:^::^^^ .  ..Uortat,on 


IKORSKY 
AIRCRAFT 


For  Information  about  careers  with  "=,  please  ad- 
d?Ls  Mr.  Richard  L.  Auten,  Personnel  Department. 


One  of  the  Divisions  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation 
STRATFORD,  CONNECTICUT 


71 


NOVEMBER,   1959 


Begged,  Borrowed,  and  .  .  . 


Edited  by  Jack  Fortner 


Engineer's  Glossary 

//    (.1    in    f>roifSs — So   wrapped    up    in 
red  tape  that  the  situation  i^  niniost 
hopeless. 
//'<■  nil!  look  into  il — V>\  the  time  the 
wheel  makes  a  tidi  turn,  we  assume 
\()u    will    ha\e    tor>iOtten    abmir    it 
also. 
,/      l^roi^rniii — An\'     assigiuiient      tliat 
eamiot    be    completed    by    one    tele- 
phone call. 
l'.x[>i(Hti — To      confound       contusion 

with    commotion. 
Chdnnih — The     trail     left     by     inter- 

oftice  memos. 
Coordinalor — The     gu\     who    has     a 

desk   between   two  expediters. 
C.onsullant.     Expert — Any     ordinar\- 
guy  more  than  50  miles  from  here. 
To   activate — To   make   carbons    and 

add  more  names  to  the  memo. 
To  i/ii/t/niunt  a  proi/rain — Hire  more 

people  and  expand  the  office. 
I'niler  tonsidtration — Ne\er  heard  of 

it. 
.7      meeting — A     mass     mullinii:     by 

master  minds. 
//  eonference — A  place  where  conver- 
sation is  substituted   for  the  dreari- 
ness of  labor  and   the  loneliness  of 
thought. 
Under  active   consideration — We   are 

lookini;  for  it  in  the  files. 
To   ne//otiate — To  seek   a  meeting  of 
the  minds  without  the  knocking  to- 
gether of  heads. 
Re-orientation — G  e  t  t  i  n  g    used     to 

working  again. 
Reliahle    source — The    guy    yo\i    just 

met. 
Informed  source — The  guy  who  told 

the  guy  you  just  met. 
Unimfieachah/e  source — The  guy  who 
started  the  ugly  rumor  originally. 
.7  clarification — To  fill  in  the  back- 
ground with  .so  many  details  that 
the    foreground    goes    underground. 


Three  tourists  were  standing  on  a 
street  corner  in  North  .'\frica.  They 
were  an  Englishman,  an  .'\rahian,  and 
an  American.  Just  then  a  beautiful 
woman  walked  by.  The  Englishman 
said,  "By  jove!"  The  Arabian  said,  "By 
the  prophet."  The  American  just  shift- 
ed his  chewing  gum  and  said,  "By  mid- 
night!" 


A  meek  little  man  walked  into  a  bar- 
room .-uid  ordered  two  ilrinks  hum  the 
buily  bartender.  He  drank  one  of  the 
drinks  and  povned  the  other  into  his 
shirt  pocket.  After  about  ten  rounds  of 
this  procedure  the  barteniler  sa\s,  "I'al. 
why  are  you  pouring  the  other  drijik 
into  your  shirt   pocket?" 

The  little  man  jumped  up  into  the 
bartender's  face  and  snarled,  ".Mind 
\()ur  own  business,  you  big  bum,  or  I 
shall  come  over  the  counter  and  whale 
the  fire  out  of  you."  About  that  time  a 
blurry-eyed  mouse  stuck  his  head  out  of 
the  man's  shirt  pocket  and  said,  "That 
goes  for  >our  damned  cat,  too." 

During  the  recent  California  drought 
e\erything  was  so  dry  that  the  trees 
were  going  to   the  dogs. 

Professor  Lewellyn  Rubin  looked  to- 
\\ard  the  next  green,  waggled  his  driver 
confidently,  and  declared,  "That's  good 
for  one  long  drive  and  a  putt."  He  gave 
his  club  a  mighty  swing,  blasted  up 
about  two  inches  of  sod,  and  managed 
to  get  the  ball  about  three  feet  from  the 
tee. 

The  caddy  stepped  forward,  handed 
him  his  putter,  and  suggested,  "Now, 
for  one  hellu\a  putt." 

iS  !>  * 

Did  you  ever  hear  the  story  about 
the  farmer  who  was  milking  a  cow  on 
the  side  of  a  mountain?  He  slipped  and 
fell  ami  woidd  have  gone  down  SOO 
feet  if  he  didn't  have  something  to  hang 
onto  .  .  .  the  poor  cow  saved  him  but 
the    neighbors    thought    it    was    an    air 

raid. 

-»        *        * 

"The  editor  just  hanged  himself." 
"Have  they  cut  him  down.''" 
"Not  yet.  He  isn't  dead." 

Little  Jack  Horner 

sat  in  a  corner 
Crib   notes    under   his   eye. 

He  opened    his  book 
And  took  a  quick  look. 

And  now  he's  a  Tau  Beta  Pi. 

Pop  Robin  returned  to  the  nest  and 
proudK  aiuiouuced  that  he  had  made 
a    deposit    on    a    new     I'uick. 


Three  .football  player>  at  different 
schools  had  flunked  their  classes  and 
were  dropped  from  the  team.  They  got 
together  and  talked  about  their  mis- 
fortune. The  man  from  O.U.  said, 
"That  calculus  was  just  too  damm 
much."  The  man  from  S.M.U.  said, 
"It  was  trig  that  got  me."  The  gu\ 
from  V.  of  I.  said,  "Did  yourse  gu\s 
ever  hear  of  long  division?"  J^ 

Statistics  show  there  are  three  classcN 
of  coeils — the  intellectual,  the  beautiful, 
and   the  maioritv. 

*■**..      i 

1  wo  be-bops  while  traveling  in   Rus-  ^ 
sia,  saw  a  guy  being  flogged  in  a  public 
square. 

"1  don't  ilig  the  beat,"  said  one,  "hut 
that  sure  is  a  crazy  drum." 

Two  old  ladies  were  enjoying  the 
music  in  the  park.  "I  think  it's  a  Minu- 
et from  Mignon."  one  said. 

"I  thought  it  was  a  wait/  from 
Faust,"    said    the   other. 

The  first  went  o\er  to  what  she 
thought  was  the  board  announcing  the 
numbers. 

"We're  both  wrong,"  she  said  when 
she  got  back,  "It's  a  Refrain  from  Spit- 
ring." 

He  was  a  rather  undersized  freshman 
at  his  first  college  dance,  but  despite 
his  smallness  and  bashfulness  he  was 
sure  of  himself  in  his  own  way.  He 
walked  over  to  a  beautiful  and  over- 
sophisticated  girl  and  said.  "Pardon  me, 
Aliss,  but  may  I  have  this  dance?" 

She  looked  down  at  his  small  size 
and  lack  of  fraternity  pin  and  said, 
"I'm  sorrv,  but  I  ne\er  dance  with  a 
child!" 

The  freshman  bowed  deepl\  and 
said,  "Oh  I'm  sorr\-,  1  didn't  know  \c)ur 

condition." 

if        *        i» 

r.    of    I.!    What    a    football    team!! 
What  an  attack!!!  Even  their  breath  is     . 
offensive.  | 

A  woman  is  getting  older  when  she 
begins  to  worry  more  about  how  her 
shoes  lit  than  her  sweater. 

Now  go  back  and  read  the  rest  of 
the  magazine! 


72 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


From  research  to  finished  product- 

Photography  works  with  the  engineer 


Sparks   fly   as   the    plant   photographer 
records  a  grinding  technique  for  study. 


Photoelastic  stress  analysis  helps  the  design  engineer 
pinpoint  areas  requiring  extra  strength. 


Giant  machines  produce  a  flow  of  photo-exact  engi- 
neering drawings — save  countless  hours  of  drafting 
time. 


loday  photography  plays  many  important  roles  in 
industry.  It  speeds  engineering  and  production  pro- 
cedures. It  trains  and  teaches.  It  sells.  In  whatever 
work  you  do,  you  will  find  photography  will  play  a 
part  in  improving  products,  aiding  quality  controls 
and  inoreasing  business. 

Careers  with  Kodak 

With  photography  and  photographic  processes  becoming 
increasingly  important  in  the  business  and  industry  of 
tomorrow,  there  are  new  and  challenging  opportunities  at 
Kodak  in  research,  engineering,  electronics,  design  and 
production. 

If  you  are  looking  for  such  an  interesting  opportunity, 
write  for  information  about  careers  with  Kodak.  Address: 
Business  and  Technical  Personnel  Dept.,  Eastman  Kodak 
Company,  Rochester  4,  N.Y. 

EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY 
Rochester  4,   N.Y. 


Color  transparencies  on 
the  production  line  aid 
operators  in  assembly 
operations — save  time 
and  reduce  errors. 


I 


One    of 


e    of    a    series 


Q.  Mr.  Savage,  should  young  engineers 
join  professional  engineering  socie- 
ties? 

A.  By  all  means.  Once  engineers 
have  graduated  from  college 
they  are  immediately  "on  the 
outside  looking  in,"  so  to  speak, 
of  a  new  social  circle  to  which 
they  must  earn  their  right  to  be- 
long. Joining  a  professional  or 
technical  society  represents  a 
good  entree. 

Q.  How  do  these  societies  help  young 
engineers? 

A.  The  members  of  these  societies 
— mature,  knowledgeable  men — • 
have  an  obligation  to  instruct 
those  who  follow  after  them. 
Engineers  and  scientists — as  pro- 
fessional people — are  custodians 
of  a  specialized  body  or  fund  of 
knowledge  to  which  they  have 
three  definite  responsibilities. 
The  first  is  to  generate  new 
knowledge  and  add  to  this  total 
fund.  The  second  is  to  utilize 
this  fund  of  knowledge  in  service 
to  society.  The  third  is  to  teach 
this  knowledge  to  others,  includ- 
ing young  engineers. 

Q.  Specifically,  what  benefits  accrue 
from  belonging  to  these  groups? 

A.  There  are  many.  For  the  young 
engineer,  affiliation  serves  the 
practical  purpose  of  exposing  his 
work  to  appraisal  by  other  scien- 
tists and  engineers.  Most  impor- 
tant, however,  technical  societies 
enable  young  engineers  to  learn 
of  work  crucial  to  their  own. 
These  organizations  are  a  prime 
source  of  ideas  —  meeting  col- 
leagues and  talking  with  them, 
reading  reports,  attending  meet- 
ings and  lectures.  And,  for  the 
young  engineer,  recognition  of 
his  accomplishments  by  asso- 
ciates and  organizations  gener- 
ally heads  the  list  of  his  aspira- 
tions. He  derives  satisfaction 
from  knowing  that  he  has  been 
identified  in  his  field. 


Interview  with  General  Electric's 

Charles  F.  Savage 

Consultant  —  Engineering  Professional  Relations 

How  Professional  Societies 
Help  Develop  Young  Engineers 


Q.  What  contribution  is  the  young  en- 
gineer expected  to  make  as  an  ac- 
tive member  of  technical  and  pro- 
fessional societies? 

A.  First  of  all,  he  should  become 
active  in  helping  promote  the 
objectives  of  a  society  by  prepar- 
ing and  presenting  timely,  well- 
conceived  technical  papers.  He 
should  also  become  active  in 
organizational  administration. 
This  is  self-development  at  work, 
for  such  efforts  can  enhance  the 
personal  stature  and  reputation 
of  the  individual.  And,  I  might 
add  that  professional  develop- 
ment is  a  continuous  process, 
starting  prior  to  entering  col- 
lege and  progressing  beyond 
retirement.  Professional  aspira- 
tions may  change  but  learning 
covers  a  person's  entire  life  span. 
And,  of  course,  there  are  dues  to 
be  paid.  The  amount  is  grad- 
uated in  terms  of  professional 
stature  gained  and  should  al- 
ways be  considered  as  a  personal 
investment  in  his  future. 

Q.  How  do  you  go  about  joining  pro- 
fessional  groups? 

A.  While  still  in  school,  join  student 
chapters  of  societies  right  on 
campus.  Once  an  engineer  is  out 
working  in  industry,  he  should 
contact  local  chapters  of  techni- 
cal and  professional  societies,  or 
find  out  about  them  from  fellow 
engineers. 

Q.  Does  General  Electric  encourage  par- 
ticipation in  technical  and  profes- 
sional societies? 

A.  It  certainly  does.  General  Elec- 
tric progress  is  built  upon  cre- 
ative ideas  and  innovations.  The 
Company  goes  to  great  lengths 
to  establish  a  climate  and  in- 
centive to  yield  these  results. 
One  way  to  get  ideas  is  to  en- 


courage employees  to  join  pro- 
fessional societies.  Why?  Because 
General  Electric  shares  in  recog- 
nition accorded  any  of  its  indi- 
vidual employees,  as  well  as  the 
common  pool  of  knowledge  that 
these  engineers  build  up.  It  can't 
help  but  profit  by  encouraging 
such  association,  which  sparks 
and  stimulates  contributions. 

Right  now,  sizeable  numbers  of 
General  Electric  employees,  at 
all  levels  in  the  Company,  belong 
to  engineering  societies,  hold  re- 
sponsible offices,  serve  on  work- 
ing committees  and  handle  im- 
portant assignments.  Many  are 
recognized  for  their  outstanding 
contributions  by  honor  and 
medal  awards. 

These  general  observations  em- 
phasize that  General  Electric 
does  encourage  participation.  In 
indication  of  the  importance  of 
this  view,  the  Company  usually 
defrays  a  portion  of  the  expense 
accrued  by  the  men  involved  in 
supporting  the  activities  of  these 
various  organizations.  Remem- 
ber, our  goal  is  to  see  every  man 
advance  to  the  full  limit  of  his 
capabilities.  Encouraging  him  to 
join  Professional  Societies  is  one 
way  to  help  him  do  so. 

Mr.  Savage  has  copies  of  the  booklet 
"Your  First  5  Years"  published  by 
the  Engineers'  Council  for  Profes- 
sional Development  which  you  nnay 
have  for  the  asking.  Simply  write  to 
Mr.  C.  F.  Savage,  Section  959-12, 
General  Electric  Co.,  Schenectady 
5.  N.  Y. 


*LOOK  FOR  other  interviews  dis- 
cussing: Salary  •  Why  Companies 
have  Training  Programs  •  How  to 
Get  the  Job  You  Want. 


GENERALB  ELECTRIC 


'  illinois  december  -  25/ 

TECHNOGRAPH 


1st  Award-$4,000-Student  Class 

Niels  Jorgen  Gimsing,  Hattensens  Alle  n,  Copenhagen,  Denmark 
Technical  University  of  Copenhagen  (Graduate) 

and 
Hans  NyVOld,  Ulrikkenborg,  Alle  62,  Lyngby,  Denmark 
Technical  University  of  Denmark  (Graduate) 


These  students  won  $9,000  for  bridge  designs 


American  Bridge  Division  of  United  States  Steel 
recently  awarded  $44,000  in  world-wide  competition 
for  the  best  designs  of  small  steel  bridges.  Professional 
engineers  and  college  engineering  students  partici- 
pated. Designs  came  in  from  50  states  and  40  foreign 
countries.  From  these  entries,  15  winners  were  chosen, 
eight  professional  awards  and  seven  student  awards. 
They  were  selected  under  the  supervision  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Steel  Construction.  The  judges 
were  prominent  consulting  engineers  and  architects. 
They  judged  the  designs  on  the  basis  of  originality, 
economy,  appearance  and  the  utilization  of  steel.  The 
bridges  had  to  carry  two-lane  traffic  over  a  four-lane 
interstate  highway  in  accordance  with  AASHO  stand- 


ards. In  addition  to  the  winners,  many  of  the  designs 
entered  were  so  outstanding  that  they  will  be  pub- 
lished later. 

Bridge  design  is  a  good  example  of  what  can  be 
done  with  steel  and  imagination.  But,  it's  only  one 
example.  There  are  thousands  of  other  uses  for  steel 
.  .  .  and  it  takes  thousands  of  men  to  make  and  sell 
steel.  If  you  want  to  know  about  engineering  oppor- 
tunities at  U.S.  Steel,  write  to  United  States  Steel,  525 
William  Penn  Place,  Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania. 

USS  is  a  registered  trademark 


United  States  Steel 


1st  Honorable 
Mention-S2,000 
Student  Class 
James  C.  Costello 

21  Leeson  Park,  Dublii 
Ireland  University 
College,  Dublin, 
of  the  National 
University  of  Ireland 


2nd  Honorable  Mention-$1,000-Student  Class 


James  A.  Wood     Jack  A.  Berrldge    William  0.  Evers 

Graduates  of  California  State  Polytechnic  College, 
San  Luis  Obispo,  Calif. 


3rd  Honorable 
Mention-$500 
Student  Class 
Troy  R.  Roberts 

Route  5,  Neosho, 
f^issouri 

University  of  Missouri 
School  of  IVlines  and 
l\/letallurgy  (Graduate) 


3rd  Honorable 
Mention-$500 
Student  Class 
Harland  C.  Zenk 

Truman,  IVlinnesota 
South  Dakota  State 
College  (Graduate) 


3rd  Honorable 
Mention-S500 
Student  Class 
Albert  C.Knoell& 
Rodger  K.  Gleseke 

Drexel  Institute  of 
Tech.  (Graduates) 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


3rd  Honorable 
Mention-$500 
Student  Class 
Joseph  A.  Yura 

629  North  23rd  St., 
Allentown,  Penna. 
Duke  University 
(Graduate)- 
Durham,  N.C. 


Editor 

Dave  Penniman 

Business  Manager 

Roger  Harrison 

Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 
Asst.— Marilyn  Day 

Editorial  Staff 

George  Carruthers 

Steve  Dilts 
Grenville  King 
Jeff  R.  Golin 
Bill  Andrews 
Ron  Kurtz 
Jeri  Jevvett 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 

Production  Staff 

Mark  Weston 

Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William  Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan,  Director 
Gary  Waffle 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 

Advisors 

R.  W.  Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.  DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.   C.   McClintock 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  Number  3 


December,   1959 


Table  of  Contents 

ARTICLES: 

Free  Piston  Engine Dick  Nordsieck  10 

How  Great  is  the  Union? Dean   H.  L.  Wakeiand  19 

Where  Hove  You  Built  Your  Floor? George  Kuhlmon  20 

Slide  Rules  Anonymous Jeri  Jewett  23 

History  of  Engineering Gren   King  26 

The   Forgotten    Low Momo   Iko  36 

FEATURES: 

From  the   Editor's   Desk " 

Technocutie Photos   by   Dove  Yates  32 

Skimming    Industrial    Headlines Edited    by    Paul   Cliff  38 

News  from  the  Navy  Pier ^' 

Brainteasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  45 

Begged,  Borrowed,  And  .  . Edited  by  Jack  Fortner  48 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Stanley  Stynes 
Wayne  State  University,  Detroit,  Micliigan 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Eiigi- 
neer,  Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  lech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Louis- 
iana Tech  Engineer,  Manhattan  Engineer, 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  Technic,  Min- 
nesota Technolog,  Missouri  Shamrock,  Ne- 
braska Blueprint,  New  York  University 
Quadrangle,  North  Dakota  Engineer,  North- 
western Engineer,  Notre  Dame  Technical 
Review,  Ohio  State  Engineer,  Oklahoma 
State  Engineer,  Oregon  State  Technical  Tri- 
angle, Pittsburgh  Skyscraper,  Purdue  Engi- 
neer, RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator, 
SC  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Southern  Engi- 
neer, Spartan  Engineer,  Te.xas  A  &  M  Engi- 
neer) Washington  Engineer,  WSC  Tech- 
nometer,  Wayne  Engineer,  and  Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


Cover 

who  knows  what  lurks  on  the  cover  of  the  TECHNOGRAPH? 
Barbara  Polan  does.  She  again  deals  with  un  abstract  theme,  as 
last  month,  but  has  added  a  second  color. 


Copyright,  1959,  by  lUini  Publishing  Co.  Published  eight  times  during  the  >;e^r  /O';; 
.oberrNovem'ber.  December,  January,  February,  ^l''^'^'^  AP"'  ''"d  May)  by  the  II  m 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class  mat  er  October  30  19J0  ^'  'he  f'^^' 
office  at  Urbana  lUino  s,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879.  Uttice  ^15  engineering 
Hal.  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1  50  per  year,  Single  copy  25  "'J^'-^All  rights 
reserved  by  The  Illinois  Tech,w,jraph.  Publishers  l<ei'"^e^entative  —  Littell^Murray 
Bamhill  Inc.,  737  North  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  11,  111.,  369  Lexington  Ave., 
New   York    17,   New   York. 


Looking  deep... 
into  the 
nature  of  things 


At  the  General  Motors  Research  Lahoratnries,  physicists  entfilov 
radioactive  isotopes  and  other  ultra-modern  techniques  and  tools 
in  their  search  for  new  scientific  knowledfre  and  an  understanding 
iij  the  many  laus  of  nature  that  continue  to  perplex  mankind. 

Although  a  hit  depends  on  a  man's  abiHty,  enthusiasm  and 
growth  potential,  there's  every  chance  for  advancement  in 
many  fields  for  General  Motors  scientists  and  engineers.  There's 
virtually  no  limit  to  opportunity  at  GM.  Fields  of  work  are 
as  varied  as  radioactive  isotope  research,  astronautics,  auto- 
mobiles, aircraft  engines  and  inertial  guidance  systems — to 
mention  but  a  few. 

If  you  wish  to  pursue  postgraduate  studies,  CM  offers  financial 
aid.  And  since  each  GM  division  is  autonomous  yet  related, 
you  can  grow  in  two  directions  —  up  through  your  own  division, 
or  to  the  side  to  other  divisions. 

For  an  exciting,  rewarding  career,  see  your  Placement 
Officer  or  write  to  General  Motors,  Salaried  Personnel  Place- 
ment, Personnel  Staff",  Detroit  2,  Michigan. 

GENERVL  MOTORS 


GM  positions  now  available  in  these  fields  for  men  holding  Bachelor's,  Master's  and  Doctor's  degrees:  Mechanical, 
Electrical,  Industrial,  Metallurgical,  Chemical,  Aeronautical  and  Ceramic  Engineering   •   Mathematics   •    Industrial 

Design     •     Physics     •     Chemistry     •     Engineering    Mechanics     •     Business    Administration  and    Related   Fields 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Westinghouse  Metallurgists,  Dr.  M.  J.  Fraser (foreground)  and  Dr.  H.  W.  Weart,  prepare  to  photograph  a  molten  alloy  sa 
in  the  determination  of  liquid-solid  intertacial  energy.  These  direct  experimental  measurements  are  the  first  of  their  kin( 


nple  as  one  step 
ever  attempted. 


The  Metallurgy  Lab  helps  when  you  need  a 
new  alloy  to  make  your  idea  practical 


The  Metallurgy  Lab  helps  Westinghouse  engineers  solve 
problems  involving  the  need  for  special  alloys  and  other 
new  materials.  If  an  engineer's  idea  requires  a  new  kind 
of  material  to  withstand  high  temperatures  or  one  with 
unusual  magnetic  or  thermoelectric  properties,  the  men 
in  the  Metallurgy  Lab  may  be  able  to  develop  it  for  him. 

This  laboratory,  one  of  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the 
country,  uses  both  basic  and  applied  research  to  come 
up  with  a  spectrum  of  new  materials  with  a  variety  of 
properties.  One  typical  activity  is  the  development  of 
alloys  of  high  melting  point  metals  like  tungsten,  tan- 
talum and  niobium  for  use  in  reactors.  Another  is  a  study 
of  deformation  and  fracture,  which  will  add  to  the  store 
of  metallurgical  knowledge  engineers  in  other  depart- 
ments can  call  on  to  solve  their  specific  problems. 

The  young  engineer  at  Westinghouse  isn't  expected 
to  know  all  of  the  answers.  The  work  we  do  is  often  too 
advanced  for  that.  Instead,  each  man's  abilities  and 
knowledge  are  backed  up  by  that  of  specialists  like  those 


in  the  Metallurgy  Laboratory.  Even  the  toughest  prob- 
lems are  easier  to  solve  with  this  kind  of  help. 

If  you  have  ambition  and  real  ability,  you  can  have  a 
rewarding  career  with  Westinghouse.  Our  broad  prod- 
uct line,  decentralized  operations,  and  diversified  tech- 
nical assistance  provide  hundreds  of  challenging 
opportunities  for  talented  engineers. 

Want  more  information?  Write  to  Mr.  L.  H.  Noggle, 
Westinghouse  Educational  Department,  Ardmore  & 
Brinton  Roads,  Pittsburgh  21,  Pennsylvania. 

you  CAN  BE  SURE ...  if  it^ 

Westinghouse 


DECEMBER,    1959 


Follow  The  Leader 


IS  no  game 


with  Delco.  Long  a  leader  in  automotive  radio  engineering  and 
production,  Delco  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors  has  charted  a 
similar  path  in  the  missile  and  allied  electronic  fields.  Especially,  we  are 
conducting  aggressive  programs  in  semiconductor  material  research, 
and  device  development  to  further  expand  facilities  and  leadership 
in  these  areas.  Frankly,  the  applications  we  see  for  semiconductors  are 
staggering,  as  are  those  for  other  Space  Age  Devices:  Computors  .  .  . 
Static  Inverters  .  .  .  Thermoelectric  Generators  .  .  .  Power  Supplies. 

However,  leadership  is  not  self-sustaining.  It  requires 
periodic  infusions  of  new  ideas  and  new  talent  —  aggressive  new  talent. 
We  invite  you  to  follow  the  leader — Delco — to  an  exciting, 
profitable  future. 

If  you're  interested  in  becoming  a  part  of  this  challenging 
Delco,  GM  team,  write  to  Mr.  Carl  Longshore,  Supervisor- 
Salaried  Employment,  for  additional  information— or  talk  to  our 
representative  when  he  visits  your  campus. 


ELCO  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors 


KoKOMO,  Indiana 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


NEW  PRODUCTS  LEAD   TO   BETTER  JOBS  AT  DU  PONT 


COULD  YOU  MAKE  A  BETTER  BATHING  SUIT? 


The  suits  these  girls  are  wearing  are 
made  of  nylon,  the  first  truly  synthetic 
fiber.  It  is  a  product  of  Du  Pont  re- 
search. Pure  research.  Applied  research. 
And  research  in  manufacture,  research 
in  product  improvement.  All  require 
many  types  of  skills. 

You  may  not  discover  a  new  fiber,  but 
as  a  technical  man  you  can  profit  well 
anyway.  For  once  a  product  — any  prod- 
uct—is discovered,  hundreds  of  technical 
men  go  to  work.  Pilot  plants  are  de- 
signed. Operating  procedures  are  devised. 
New  plants  are  built.  Manufacturing 
methods  are  improved.  Product  quality 
is  worked  on.  backed  by  Du  Pout's  policy: 
Let's  make  it  better  .  .  .  still  better  .  .  . 
even  better.  Discovery  is  but  the  start- 
ing shot:  these  later  activities  are  the 
game.  The  players?  Men  of  every  tech- 
nical specialty. 

You'll  find  a  teamwork  atmosphere  at 


DuPont.  Others  have.  Maybe  that's 
part  of  the  reason  half  of  Du  Pont's 
profits  today  come  from  products  un- 
heard of  twenty-five  years  ago. 

If  you  join  Du  Pont,  the  men  who  have 
worked  on  new  products  and  ways  to 
make  them  are  the  men  who  will  teach 
you.  You  will  be  given  an  actual  project 
assignment  almost  at  once,  and  you  will 
begin  to  learn  your  job  by  doing  it.  Ad- 
vancement will  come  as  rapidly  as  your 
abilities  permit  and  opportunities  de- 
velop. For  Du  Pont  personnel  policy  is 
based  firmly  on  the  belief  in  promotion 
from  within  the  company  strictly  on  a 
merit  basis. 

For  more  information  about  career 
opportunities  at  DuPont,  ask  your  place- 
ment officer  for  literature.  Or  write  us. 
E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.), 
2420  Nemours  Building,  Wilmington  98, 
Delaware. 


Better  Things  for  Better  Living  . . .  through  Chemistry 


DECEMBER,    1959 


How  to  put  wings  on  a  warehouse 


^^^^dKJ^pr 


Giving  overseas  air  bases  what  amounts  to  local  warehouse  service  on 
Important  parts  is  an  Air  Force  objective.  Its  present  system  has  slashed 
delivery  schedules  up  to  20  t/mes... saved  taxpayers  several  billion  dollars 
over  the  past  decade.  To  improve  it  further,  Douglas  has  been  selected  to 
develop  specifications  for  a  comprehensive  Material  Handling  Support 
System  involving  better  communications,  control,  cargo  handling  and 
loading,  packaging  and  air  terminal  design.  Douglas  is  well  qualified  for 
this  program  by  its  more  than  20  years  in  all  phases  of  cargo  transport.  Air 
logistics  is  only  one  area  of  extensive  Douglas  operations  in  aircraft,  missile 
and  space  fields  in  which  outstanding  openings  exist  for  qualified  scientists 
and  engineers.  Write  to  C.  C.  LaVene,Box  600-M, Douglas  Aircraft  Company, 
Santa  Monica,  California. 

Schuyler  Kleinhans  and  Charles  Glasgow,  Chief  Engineers  of  the  Santa 

Monica  and  Long  Beach  Divisions,  go  over  air  transport  needs  relating 

to  advanced  cargo  loading  techniques  with   ^^ll^l    AO 

Donald  W.  Douglas,  Jr.,  President  of   L/  U  U  U  L  Au 

MISSILE  AND  SPACE  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  DC-8  JETLINERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMB  ■  GROUND  SUPPORT  EQUIPMENT 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


•  Fliylit  data  systems  are  essential  equipment  fur  mcnts.  Pioneer  in  tliis  and  otlier  flight  and  electmnic 
all  modern,  high  speed  aircraft.  In  the  AiResearch  systems,  AiResearch  is  also  working  with  highly  sen- 
centralized  system,  environmental  facts  are  fed  to  a  sitive  temperature  controls  for  jet  aircraft,  autopilot 
central  analog  computer  (above),  which  in  turn  indi-  systems,  submarine  instrumentation,  transistorized 
cates  to  the  pilot  where  the  aircraft  is,  how  it  is  amplifiers  and  servo  controls  for  missile  application, 
performing,   and   makes   automatic   control   adjust-  and  ion  and  radiation  measuring  devices. 

EXCITING    FIELDS    OF    INTEREST 
FOR    GRADUATE    ENGINEERS 


AiResearch  is  also  working  with  hydraulic  and  hot 
gas  control  systems  for  missiles. 

•  Environmental  Control  Systems— pioneer,  leading  devel- 
oper and  supplier  of  aircraft  and  spacecraft  air  con- 
ditioning and  pressurization  systems. 

•  Gas  Turbine  Engines — worlds  largest  producer  of  small 
gas  turliinc  engines,  with  more  than  8,500  delivered 
ranging  from  30  to  850  horsepower. 

Should  you  be  interested  in  a  career  with  The 
Garrett  Corporation,  see  the  magazine  "The  Garrett 
Corporation  and  Career  Opportunities"  at  your  Col- 
lege placement  ofTice.  For  further  information  write 
to  Mr.  Gerald  D.  Bradley... 


THE  r^il:l:l  =b  A  i  CORPORATION 

/AiResearch  Manufacturing  Divisions 

Los  Angeles  45,  California  •  Phoenix,  Arizona 
Systems,  Packages  and  Components  for:   aircraft,    missile,    nuclear   and    industrial   applications 
DECEMBER,   1959  7 


Diversity  and  strength  in  a  company  offer  the  engi- 
neer a  key  opportunity,  for  with  broad  knowledge 
and  background  your  chances  for  responsibility  and 
advancement  are  greater. 

The  Garrett  Corporation,  with  its  AiResearch 
Divisions,  is  rich  in  experience  and  reputation.  Its 
diversification,  which  you  will  experience  through 
an  orientation  program  lasting  over  a  period  of 
months,  allows  you  the  best  chance  of  finding  your 
most  profitable  area  of  interest. 

Olhrr  major  fields  of  interest  include: 

•  Missile  Systems  —  has  delivered  more  accessory 
power  units  for  missiles  than  any  other  company. 


ames 


"^cl  wo  may  reflccl  llial  plnsics  and  pliilosopliy  are  at 
most  a  few  thousand  years  old,  but  probabI>  lia\e  lives 
of  tliousands  of  millions  of  years  stretching  away  in  front 
of  liicni.  They  are  only  jusi  beginning  to  get  under  way. 
and  we  arc  still,  in  Newton's  words.  lihe  children  playing 
with  pebbles  on  the  sea-shore,  while  the  great  ocean  of 
truth  rolls,  unexplored,  beyond  our  reach.  It  can  hardly 


i 


be  a  matter  for  surprise  that  our  race  has  not  succeeded 
in  solving  any  large  part  of  its  most  difficult  problems  in 
the  first  niillionlh  part  of  its  existence.  Perhaps  life  would 
be  a  duller  affair  if  it  had,  for  to  many  it  is  not  Knowledge 
bill  I  lie  ciiKst  for  knowledge  that  gives  the  greater  interest 
to  lliuiighl  —  to  travel  hopefully  is  better  than  to  arrive." 
—  Pltysics  nut/  PhilosopJiy,  1942 


THE    RAND     CORPORATION,     SANTA     MONICA,     CALIFORNIA 

A  nonproiil  organization   engaged   in  research  on   problems   related   lo  national   security  and   tlie   puLIic   interest 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


from  the  Editor's  Desk 


What  do  you  know? 

One  of  the  most  well  used  and  least  meaningful  greetings  on  this 
campus  is,  "What  do  ya  know?"  An  answer  such  as,  "Not  much,  how 
about  you?"  is  the  inevitable  return  to  this  rhetorical  question. 

What  do  you  know?  Many  theoretical  concepts  and  practical  ideas 
have  been  made  evident  during  your  time  at  this  university,  but  one 
phase  is  left  up  to  you.  You  must  find  out  about  You. 

How  well  do  you  know  yourself?  It  is  a  very  discouraging  thing 
to  find  that,  after  four  years  of  college,  knowledge  of  oneself  is  lack- 
ing. Time  is  scarce,  and  thinking  required  on  numerous  subjects;  how- 
ever, time  should  be  spent  on  yourself,  also. 

Do  you  know  yourself  well  enough  to  realize  your  limitations  and 
your  strong  points  so  you  do  not  spend  a  great  amount  of  time  on 
something  of  little  interest  to  you?  If  the  things  of  little  interest  include 
your  studies,  then  some  serious  thinking  should  be  done  concerning 
your  goals. 

Knowing  yourself  is  not  an  easy  thing  to  do  and  requires  a  type 
of  thinking  that  is  far  more  analytical  than  any  mechanical  problem, 
because  the  mechanism  (you)  is  variable  in  almost  every  respect.  The 
reasons  for  these  variations  are  vital  things  to  know,  yet  no  book, 
person,  or  editorial  can  define  them  for  you.  If  success  (which  also 
should  be  defined  by  you  personally)  is  ever  to  come,  some  thing  must 
be  spent  in  regarding  yourself.  Stop  to  think  of  your  goals,  even  amid 
the  bustle  of  this  campus.  Then  the  next  time  someone  says,  "What 
do  you  know?"  you  can  answer  that  question  to  yourself  at  least. 

WDP 


DECEMBER,    1959 


The  Free  Piston  Engine 


By  Dick  Nordsieck 


Introduction 

111  thf  past,  the  field  of  aircraft  power 
h:us  been  divided  into  two  main  cate- 
ogries,  jjas  turbine  type  engines  and  re- 
ciprocating engines.  These  have  been  de- 
veloped almost  entirely  separately,  and 
each  is  now  nearing  or  past  the  point 
of  diminishing  returns  from  its  devehip- 

ment. 

The  turbine  type  power  plants,  in- 
cluding such  engines  as  the  turbo-jet  and 
the  turbo-prop  have  been  developed  to 
the  point  where  increased  efficiency  will 
necessitate  higher  turbine  inlet  temper- 
atures and  thus  require  better  alloys  tor 
turbine  blade  materials.  Metallurgists 
feel  that  thev  have  reached  their  peak 
in  a  turbine  blade  which  will  withstand 
1800°F.  Furthermore,  the  efficiency  of  a 
turbine  tvpe  power  plant,  at  its  maxi- 
mum, is  only  3y;  and  this  occurs  at 
the  top  speed  of  the  engine. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  reciprocating 
engine  is  limited  with  respect  to  power 
by  the  maximum  allowable  bearuig  pres- 
sures and  hence  an  upper  limit  is  placed 
on  combustion  chamber  pressures. 
Granted  the  efficiency  of  a  reciprocat- 
ing engine  is  creditable,  but  it  would  be 


highly    desirable    to    have    more    power 
without  sacrificing  efficiency. 

From  the  previous  observations,  it 
might  seem  that  a  combination  of  the 
two,  turbine  and  reciprocating  engine, 
would  just  compound  the  limitations, 
and  so  it  would,  if  some  ingenuity  were 
not  employed.  It  will  be  the  purpose  of 
thi>  report  to  present  just  such  an  in- 
genious combination  of  these,  two  of 
The  oldest  forms  of  power  plant. 

The    free    piston    gas    generator  tur- 
bine  is   a   hvbrid   engine,   combining   the 
advantages  and  eliminating  most  of  the 
disadvantages   of    both    the    gas    turbine 
and    the   reciprocating   engine.   The   en- 
gine  is   composed   of    two   major   parts, 
the  gas  generator  and  the  turbine  assem- 
bly.   The    free    piston    gas    generator    is 
basicallv    a    pressure-charged,    two-cycle, 
opposed-piston,  crankless  diesel  engine  ot 
variable   stroke    and    compression.    It    is 
evident,  since  the  engine  has  no  crank- 
shaft   that   its   power   cannot   be   trans- 
mitted  directly.   Rather,  the  purpose  of 
the  free  piston  gas  generator  is  to  sup- 
ply   high    pressure    exhaust    gases    to    a 
turbine   assembly   placed    in   its   exhaust 
system.    Because    the   gas    generator   em- 


ploys reciprocating  pistons  to  perform 
its  task,  the  hybrid  engine  is  not  re- 
gardeil  as  a  true  gas  turbine  by  many 
people,  since  a  gas  turbine  uormalK 
utilizes  only  rotating  parts. 

History 

The  first  patent  on  a  free  piston   en 
gine    was    held     by     Doctor     Buchi,    a 
Frenchman,   in    1905,  but  the   gas  gen- 
erator   was    not    built    and    run    in    its 
modern  form  until  1925  when  the  Mar- 
quis  R.    P.    de   Pescara   of    Spain   built 
an  engine  which  he  hoped  would  power 
a  small  helicopter.  As  it  turned  out,  his 
engine   was   more    successful    as    an    air 
compressor,  and  Pescara  decided   to  de- 
velop it  along  these  lines.  Just  prior  to 
World  War  II  several  small  companies 
in    Europe    began    to   work    on    the    gas 
generator  turbine   combination,    and    by 
t940  a  750  kilowatt  set  was  in  opera- 
tion in   the  Alsthom   factory  in   Belfort, 
France.  During  this  time  Alan   Munt/. 
and  Co.  of   Hounslow,  Middlesex,  held 
a   Pescara  license  and  also  did   develop- 
ment work  on  behalf  of  the  Admiralt\. 
The   outbreak    of    the   war    interrupted 
French   development.   When   they  over- 


i 


D.r...      P..T.,- 

A 

B 

G*S     C.UI-E 

r.-»«ss.«    C,.,««, 

I^TAKe      V.ti/rf 

D.L,>,.«»     V»L,-r5 

Foeu      XKjtcToK 

C.«P-..ss  =  .     P.>-w 

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THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


10 


ran  Europe,  the  Nazis  were  able  tii 
capture  the  gas  generator  designs,  and 
subsequently  some  German  submarines 
were  equipped  with  free  piston  air  com- 
pressors. In  1943,  the  U.  S.  Navy  cap- 
tured one  of  these  submarines,  and  be- 
came very  interested  in  the  gas  genera- 
tor/turbine combination  as  a  power 
plant  for  marine  use.  The  General  Ma- 
chinery Corporation  of  America  con- 
ducted extensive  research  work  on  ma- 
rine installations  for  the  Navy.  This 
work  is  continued  today  by  the  same 
company  under  the  name  of  Baldwin- 
Lima   Hamilton. 

Some  other  fiinis  now  developing  free 
piston  power  plants  include  General 
Motors  Corporation  and  Ford  Motor 
Company,  both  working  under  Pescara- 
Muntz  license.  In  1956,  General  Mo- 
tors exhibited  the  Firebird  I,  an  experi- 
mental car  powered  by  a  free  piston  en- 
gine, and.  in  1957,  General  Motors 
built  a  6000  hp  marine  free  piston 
power  plant  installed  in  the  Liberty 
ship  William  Patterson.  Also  in  1957, 
Ford  rolled  out  the  Ford  Typhoon  free 
piston  gas  generator 'turbine  powered 
tractor  which  exhibited  excellent  char- 
acteristics for  the  farmer's  purpose  in 
that  it  produced  its  maximum  torque  at 
hea\'y   load. 

Components  and  Principles  of 
Operation 

The  closest  simidation  of  a  free  pis- 
ton gas  generator  would  be  obtained 
tiom  an  opposed  two  cylinder  diesel  en- 
Liine  with  a  turbine  placed  in  its  ex- 
haust system.  The  primary  differences 
are  that  in  the  free  piston  engine  there 
i^  only  one  combustion  chamber  and  no 
1  rankshaft  or  connecting  rod. 

Figure  1  shows  the  locations  and 
identities  of  the  \arious  parts  and  will 
he  referred  to  frequently  during  the 
explanation  which  follows. 

Beginning  with  the  pistons  at  their 
extreme  outward  positions,  kno«'n  as 
the  "outer  dead  points,"  air  which  has 
been  admitted  to  the  compression  cylin- 
ih-rs  (4)  through  the  inlet  valves  (5) 
is  compressed  through  valves  (6)  to  ap- 
proximately 50  p.s.i.  by  the  inward  mo- 
tion of  the  pistons.  The  valves  (6)  pre- 
vent the  return  of  this  air  to  the  com- 
pression cylinder.  Depending  on  the 
power  loading  on  the  generator,  the 
I'istons  will  be  at  a  certain  variable  dis- 
tance apart  and  the  compression  pressure 
may  W  as  high  as  900  p.s.i. 

At  a  predetermined  point  in  the 
Ntroke,  fuel  is  injected  into  the  cylinder 
through  injectors  (7)  of  conventional 
design  suitabh'  spaced  around  the  com- 
bustion chamber  (2).  Combustion  is 
spontaneous  and  the  two  pistons  are 
driven  apart,  npinint/  first  the  exhaust 
/torts  (10)  nrul  then  the  scnvengc-intake 
ports  (9).  The  exhaust  gases,  consider- 
ably cniilcd    and   (lihired   b\    the  pressm- 


a)  Cc 


,  pr.es  Sv  O  N 


b)Po> 


ized  sca\enge  air,  trasel  at  about  SO 
p.s.i.  through  the  damping  chamber  (H) 
and  thence  to  the  turbine  (C).  The 
purpose  of  the  damping  chamber  is  to 
smooth  out  the  impulsive  exhaust  dis- 
charge before  ilelivery  to  the  turbine. 
When  the  exhaust  reaches  the  turbine, 
pidse  frequencies  are  low  enough  that 
there  is  no  risk  to  turbine  blades.  The 
fundamental  frequency  of  the  main  pres- 
sure waves  in  the  exhaust  gas  is  of  the 
order  of  10  c.p.s.  compared  with  a  nat- 
ural frequency  of  about  1000  c.p.s.  for 
the  bl:ides  in  the  first  stage  of  a  large 
turbine. 


Gases  reach  the  turhuie  at  about  'MID 
F.,  and  after  expansion  through  the 
turbine,  exhaust  to  the  atmosphere  at 
approximately  450°F.  The  turbine  it- 
self acts  as  an  exhaust  silencer  and  the 
noise  level  is  about  the  same  as  a  diesel 
engine  running  at  the  same  speed,  but 
no  high  frequency  noises  such  as  \al\e 
clatter  are  present. 

As  the  piston  continues  outward,  it 
compiesses  the  air  trapped  in  the 
cushion  cylinders  ( .? ) ,  exchanging  the 
kinetic  energy  of  the  piston  for  potential 
energ\'  in  the  compressed  air.  The  re- 
( ('.onliinicil   on   Puj^c    14) 


DECEMBER,    1959 


n 


The  word  space  commonly  represents  the  outer,  airless  regions  of  the  universe. 
But  there  is  quite  another  kind  of  "space"  close  at  hand,  a  kind  that  will  always 
challenge  the  genius  of  man. 

This  space  can  easily  be  measured.  It  is  the  space-dimension  of  cities  and  the 
distance  between  them  .  .  .  the  kind  of  space  found  between  mainland  and  off- 
shore oil  rig,  between  a  tiny,  otherwise  inaccessible  clearing  and  its  supply 
base,  between  the  site  of  a  mountain  crash  and  a  waiting  ambulance— above  all, 
Sikorsky  is  concerned  with  the  precious  "spaceway"  that  currently  exists  be- 
tween all  earthbound  places. 

Our  engineering  efforts  are  directed  toward  a  variety  of  VTOL  and  STOL 
aircraft  configurations.  Among  earlier  Sikorsky  designs  are  some  of  the  most 
versatile  airborne  vehicles  now  in  existence;  on  our  boards  today  are  the  ve- 
hicles that  can  prove  to  be  tomorrow's  most  versatile  means  of  transportation. 

Here,  then,  is  a  space  age  challenge  to  be  met  with  the  finest  and  most  practical 
engineering  talent.  Here,  perhaps,  is  the  kind  of  challenge  you  can  meet. 


IKORSKY 
AIRCRAFT 


For  information  about  careers  with  us,  please  ad- 
dress Mr.  Richard  L.  Auten,  Personnel  Department. 


One  of  the  Divisions  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation 
STRATFORD,   CONNECTICUT 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BENDIX  WATCHES  THE  UNIVERSE 
(. . .  and  offers  unlimited  opportunity  for  young  scientists) 


Bendix"'  Radar  is  one  of  the  free 
world's  major  safeguards  against 
sneak  attack.  Night  and  day  Bendix 
radar  stations  are  keeping  constant 
watch  all  over  the  globe,  alert 
against  aggression.  In  radar  and 
other  technological  fields,  Bendix  is 
doing  outstanding  work.  And  the 
scope  of  Bendix  activities  provides 
young  engineers  and  scientists  excep- 
tional chances  for  advancement. 

Take  the  field  of  radar  alone. 
Bendix  has  had  much  to  do  with 
the  development  of  radar  from  the 
earliest  pioneering  of  systems  and 
equipment,  and  today  is  a  foremost 
producer  of  many  different  types 
...  on  land,  at  sea,  and  in  the  air. 
Our  airborne  radar,  for  example,  is 
used  by  more  commercial  aircraft 


than  any  other  system.  It  helps 
safeguard  air  travelers  by  "seeing" 
storm  turbulence  as  far  as  150 
mdes  ahead,  allowing  pilots  to  make 
course  corrections  to  avoid  bad 
weather. 

Another  example  is  Bendix 
Doppler  Radar  which  for  the  first 
time  allows  pilots  to  determine  exact 
position,  ground  and  wind  speeds — 
without  manual  calculation.  This 
system  is  being  placed  in  service  by 
major  airlines  for  both  domestic 
and  trans-oceanic  flights. 


The  many  diversified  projects  in 
which  Bendix  is  engaged  offer  the 
young  college  graduate  an  unparal- 
leled opportunity  to  grow  as  Bendix 
grows  ...  in  such  fields  as  electronics, 
electromechanics,  ultrasonics,  com- 
puters, automation,  nucleonics, 
combustion,  navigation,  hydraulics, 
instrumentation,  propulsion,  metal- 
lurgy, communications,  solid  state 
physics,  aerophysics,  structures, 
and,  of  course,  radar. 

Put  Bendix  in  your  post-gradu- 
ate plans.  Consult  your  placement 
director  about  campus  interview 
dates  or  write  to  Director  of  Uni- 
versity and  Scientific  Relations, 
Bendix  Aviation  Corporation,  Fisher 
Building,  Detroit  2,  Michigan.  It 
will  be  well  worth  your  while. 


A  thousand  diversified  products 


DECEMBER,    1959 


13 


((JiiHlliuuil  from'  I'dijv  1 1 ) 
turn  of  the  pistons  is  cffccti-d  In  tliis 
fiu-ijiy  stori'il  in  the  cushion  cylinilcrs 
and  the  amount  of  enciKV  storeil  dv- 
piMuls  upon  the  amount  of  fuel  in- 
jected on  the  previous  stroke,  so  the 
stroke  of  the  engine  varies  by  virtue 
of  the  quantity  of  energy  stored  in  the 
cushion  cylinders.  It  now  becomes  e\i- 
dent  that  as  extra  fuel  is  injected,  more 
energy  is  stored  and.  on  the  inw.-ud 
stroke,  the  pistons  will  come  closer  to- 
gether giving  higher  peak  pressures  and 
more  power.  For  an\'  given  constant 
load,  there  will  be  an  equilibrium  con- 
dition and  the  stroke  will  become  es- 
sentially constant. 

It  should  be  noted  here  that  any  d  f- 
ference  in  pressures  between  the  cush  on 
cylinders  would  result  in  a  difference  in 
piston  return  energies  and  out  of  phas- 
ing of  the  pistons.  These  differences  in 
pressure  which  might  result  from  va-i- 
ations  in  cylinder  and  piston  riii":  we.ir 
are  neutralized  by  two  devices.  First,  a 
balance  pipe  is  provided  between  the 
cushion  cylinders,  which  also  serves  a; 
a  guide  locj,  and  second,  the  pistons 
are  synchroni/eii  by  means  of  a  lif^hr 
rack  and  pinion  mechanism.  (See  I'ii;. 
3).  This  synchronizing  gear  only  sup- 
ports small  forces  and  is  not  a  power 
transmitting  device. 

The  air  valves  used  are  normalh  of 
the  tfat  <lisc  type.  Experiments  with  the 
reed  type  of  valve  showed  that  tlu-\ 
were  more  efficient,  but  more  reed  type 
valves  were  necessary  for  the  same  in- 
stallation and  breakage  was  high  due 
to  vibrations,  resulting  in  increa'^ed 
maintenance  requirements. 

Due  to  high  combustion  chamber 
temperatures,  it  is  necessary  to  cool  the 
piston  crowns  and  this  is  done  quite 
simply  and  neatly  by  a  telescoping  dou- 
ble channel  pipe  which  projects  \ip  the 
center  of  each  piston  from  the  outer 
end  and  squirts  cool  oil  on  the  imder- 
side  of  the  piston  crown.  The  oil  is  sup- 
plied by  the  center  tube  and  returns  via 
the  outer  channel  to  be  recooled.  Cool- 
ing is  provided  for  the  cylinder  walls 
in  the  conventional  manner  by  water 
jackets  around  each  cylindei. 

Injection  of  fuel  into  the  c\linder  is 
effected  by  a  compressed  air  chamber 
on  the  injection  p\imp  and  is  initiated 
b\  a  trip  usually  located  on  the  syn- 
chronizing linkage,  thereby  utilizing  tlie 
piston  position  to  time  the  injection  cor- 
rectly. Of  course,  the  quantity  of  fuel 
injected   is  controlled   by   the  operator. 

There  are  .several  methods  for  start- 
ing the  free  piston  gas  generator.  The 
method  used  will  generally  depend  on 
the  size  and  type  of  the  installation  hut 
all  the  methods  require  that  the  opera- 
tor be  able  to  control  the  final  position 
of  the  pistons  when  the  engine  is  shut 
off  after  use.  The  usual  method  of  stop- 
ping the  generator  is  by  opening  a  valve 


on  the  balance  pipe  to  bleed  air  from 
the  cushion  cylinders  gradually  until 
tiiere  is  no  longer  enough  air  compressed 
in  the  cushion  chamber  to  return  the 
piston  to  the  center  of  the  cylinder. 
This  leaves  the  pistons  ne.ir  the  outer 
end  of  the  stroke.  Anotiicr  metliod  of 
stopping  tile  generator  is  to  simply 
siuit  off  the  fuel,  but  this  does  not  in- 
sure the  operator's  knowledge  of  the 
pistons'  final  positions. 

One  starting  method  involves,  first, 
closing  the  valve  on  the  balance  pipe  and 
then  suddenly  feeding  highly  compressed 
air  into  the  cushion  cylinders  via  an- 
other valve  or  the  balance  pipe.  This 
drives  the  pistons  together,  and  combus- 
tion is  usually  instantaneous  so  that  a 
full   load  can  be  taken  up  immediately. 

The  other  method  employed  utilizes 
a  ratchet  starter  on  the  synchronizing 
linkage  which  pushes  the  pistons  out- 
ward compressing  the  air  left  in  the 
cushion  cylinders.  The  starter  relea.ses 
suddenly  and  the  pistons  Hy  in\v'ard  to 
start  combustion  which  is,  again,  almost 
instantaneous. 

Three  controls  over  the  operation  of 
the  free  piston  gas  generator  are  avail- 
able to  the  operator.  As  was  previously 
mentioned,  he  can  meter  the  fuel  to  the 
combustion  chamber  to  control  the 
power  output  of  the  generator.  A  re- 
lief valve  is  provided  so  that  the  opera- 
tor can  stabilize  the  scavenge  chamber 
pressme  to  that  of  the  cushion  chambers 
to  insure  a  constant  speed,  or  the  oper- 
ator can  control  the  cushion  chamber 
pressure  to  increase  or  decrease  the  load 
on  the  generator  as  is  done  in  the  case 
of  stopping. 

The  turbine  drive  used  with  a  free 
piston  gas  generator  differs  little  from 
an  ordinary  axial  flow  gas  turbine  ex- 
cept in  one  important  respect.  Since  the 
temperature    of    the    gases    at    the    inlet 


is  never  more  than  1()()0°F.,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  use  special  high  tempera- 
ture alloys  in  the  turbine  blades.  They 
can  be  made  of  stainless  steel  instead. 

A  single  or  multi-stage  tuibine  may 
be  employed  as  the  installation  requires, 
•  uid  the  gases  can  be  directed  to  per- 
form a  \ariet\'  ot  tasks.  As  is  depicted 
in  Fig.  4(A)  full  power  ma\  be  ob- 
tained by  directing  all  the  gas  through 
the  main  turbine,  or,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
4(H)  the  gas  may  be  diverted  through 
a  reverse  turbine  to  provide  a  type  of 
reverse  gear  as  might  be  needed  in  an 
automobile  or  an  aircraft.  Al.'-o,  if  need- 
ed, the  gases  could  be  exhausted  ahe.ad 
of  the  turbine  in  an  emergency  or  when 
no  motH)n  is  re(iuned. 

Thermodynamic  Comparison 

It  is  advantageous,  at  this  time,  tn 
compare  the  expansion  cycles  eniphncd 
in  the  diesel  engine,  the  open  cycle  gas 
turbine,  and  the  free  piston  gas  genera- 
tor turbine  in  order  to  obtain  a  better 
understanding  of  the  thermodynamic 
features  and  the  efficiency  of  the  free 
piston  engine. 

In  a  diesel  engine  all  the  expansion 
of  the  exhaust  gases  takes  place  in  the 
cylinder  in  which  combustion  also  oc- 
curred. Here  the  expansion  is  limited 
by  the  highest  compression  ratio  and 
peak  pressures  which  can  be  tolerated 
by  considerations  of  bearing  stresses, 
usually  the  primary  limiting  factor. 

The  open  cycle  gas  turbine  obtains 
its  power  by  using  all  the  expansion  of 
the  gases  in  the  turbine  section,  which 
means  that  the  exhaust  gases  reach  the 
turbine  at  temperatures  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  1(S0()"F.  directly  from  the  com- 
bustion chamber.  Part  of  the  work  pro- 
duced b\'  this  expanding  gas  must  be 
used  to  drive  the  compressor  unit,  but 
due    to    present    design    limitations,    the 


I 


BALk~ 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


pressure  ratios  :ichic\e<l  there  are  j;en- 
erall\'  quite  low.  Coiisequenth .  al- 
though a  large  amount  of  heat  can  he 
applied  to  the  compressed  air,  in  prac- 
tice, much  of  the  compressed  air  is  used 
til  dilute  the  combustion  gases  in  order 
to  protect  the  combustion  chamber  and 
the  turbine  blading. 

In  the  free  piston  engine,  part  of  the 
gas  expansion  takes  pi, ice  in  the  com- 
bustion cylinder  and  the  rest  occurs  in 
the  turbine  section.  Therefore  the  com- 
bustion cylinder  is  not  exposed  to  ab- 
normally high  mean  effective  pressures 
although  its  scavenge  air  is  at  a  much 
higher  pressure  than  in  a  conventional 
diesel  engine,  and  also  the  gas  turbine 
is  not  subjected  to  excessive  tempera- 
tures. These  gas  temperatures  can  be 
lower  for  an  equivalent  amount  of  work 
in  the  tvn'bine  since  the  work  of  com- 
pression has  already  been  done  inde- 
pendenth'  in  the  gas  generator. 

Comparisons  of  Different  Free  Piston 
Principles 

Although  the  Pescara  or  inward- 
compressing  type  of  gas  generatcn',  which 
h.is  been  discussed  so  far,  \vas  favored 
(luring  French  development,  some  varia- 
tions on  the  original  design  have  evolved 
in  an  attempt  to  improve  on  it.  Some 
authorities  claim  that  the  inward-com- 
|iressing  type  has  some  disadvantages  be- 
cause when  a  large  amount  of  fuel  is 
injected  into  the  cylinder,  the  clearance 
at  the  inner  end  of  the  piston  increases 
proportionately  as  does  the  clearance  in 
the  compressing  cylinder.  This  causes 
the  volumetric  efficiency  of  the  engine 
to  decrease  with  increasing  load. 

In  the  generator  pictured  in  Fig. 
^(A),  compression  of  the  scaxrnge 
gases  takes  place  on  the  our«ard  stroke 
of  the  pistons.  This  outward  compress- 
ing generator  eliminates  the  disadvant- 
age discussed  above  in  that  its  volu- 
metric efficiency  increases  as  the  piston 
IS  driven  further  out  by  larger  fuel 
charges. 

Another  interesting  design  is  shown 
\i\  Fig.  3(B).  Here  compression  takes 
place  alternately  on  both  the  inward 
and  outward  piston  strokes,  hence  its 
name,  the  double-acting  generator.  The 
major  drawback  of  this  design  is  that  it 
N  too  efficient.  It  compresses  too  much 
air  so  that  the  diameter  of  the  com- 
pressing pistons  must  be  decreased,  mak- 
ing it  difficidt  if  not  impossible  to  at- 
tach a  s\nchroni/,ing  linkage. 

It   appears   that,   taking  into   account 
M/.e,  wearing  surface  area  and  simplicity 
of    design,    the    Pescara    design    is    still 
the  most  efficient  type. 
Advantages  and  Disadvantages 

.At  the  present  time,  the  known  ail- 
\antages  of  the  free  piston  gas  gener- 
ator, nu-bine  far  outmimber  its  disad- 
vantages. 

Comjiaie    peak    pressures    of    approxi- 


mately 'MIO  ji.s.i.  attain.able  in  a  lice 
piston  gas  generator  to  those  of  ^('0 
p.s.i.  in  a  conventional  diesel  engine  due 
to  bearing  load  limitations.  Its  high 
compression  allows  the  engine  to  oper- 
ate efficiently  on  any  clean  burning  fuel 
from  peanut  oil  to  high  octane  gasoline, 
which  results  in  lower  fuel  costs.  Com- 
bining this  with  the  fact  that  the  free 
piston  gas  generator  affords  lower  fuel 
consiuiiption  than  either  the  convention- 
al diesel  engine,  long  noteil  foi'  its  ef- 
ficiency, or  the  open  c\cle  gas  turbine, 
the   result   is  much   improved   econonu'. 

As  was  previously  mentioned,  exhaust 
gases  reach  the  tmbine  section  at  tem- 
peratures imder  U)00°F.,  eliminating 
the  need  for  critical  materials  in  turbine 


blades  as  occurs  in  the  con\entional  gas 
turbine,  and  theieby  lowering  initial 
costs. 

Due  to  its  s\nimetrical  construction, 
the  free  piston  engine  is  inherently  bal- 
anced, and  onl\'  slight  vibration  is  pres- 
ent caused  by  the  inertia  of  its  pulsing 
exhaust.  Its  symmetrical  nature  also 
renders  the  free  piston  gas  generator  in- 
sensitive to  therinal  distortion  due  to 
changing  load,  and  it  is  thought  that 
the  engine  can  be  safely  started  cold  and 
brought  to  full  power  within  two  min- 
utes. 

The  free  jiiston  engine  cm  accelerate 
faster  than  ;in\  corn  entional  gasoline 
engine,  and,  being  of  simpler  construc- 
tion,   it    has    fewer    high    precision    com- 


5SL»cTo«    VAuwe 


a)    f^ 


ro^u  e  R,      rn  S  \  T  \  t 


b)     Rt 


to^'CR.  roilTloN 


Fi<;,  4 


DECEMBER,    1959 


15 


puiiciits  ajul  tcwir  uc.iriii};  parts.  A 
great  deal  of  cylinder  wear  is  elimina- 
ted in  a  free  piston  generator,  since 
there  is  no  side  thrust  imparted  by  con- 
necting rods  as  in  conventional  gasoline 
or  diesel  engines. 

Finally,  the  free  piston  engine  is  of 
relatively  light  construction.  Aircraft 
engineers  have  estimated  that  a  free 
piston  power  plant  applied  to  an  air- 
plane might  weigh  less  than  one  pound 
per  horsepower  which  equals  the  ratio 
achie\ed  in  today's  best  radial  engines, 
but  these  radial  engines  require  three 
times  the  weight  in  fuel. 

To  date  the  only  real  disadvantage 
to  the  free  piston  gas  generator  is  that 
it  is  still  prone  to  some  of  the  troubles 
encountered  in  other  piston  type  engines 
such  as  piston  ring  and  cvlindcr  wear. 

Applications 

Consi<lcrnig  its  excellent  efficiencx , 
relatively  light  weight,  simplicity  and 
power  characteristics,  it  woidd  appear 
that  the  free  piston  gas  generator  tur- 
bine could  he  advantageously  utilized  as 
an  aircraft  power  plant. 

In  a  1949  Research  Memorandum 
the  N.A.C.A.  compared  the  perform- 
ances of  several  similar  transport  air- 
craft powered  by  different  types  of 
power  plants,  including  the  piston  type 
gas  generator  engine,  turbo-jet,  turbo- 
prop, compound  engine  and  turbo-super- 
charged reciprocating  engine  with  vari- 
able-area exhaust  jet  nozzle.  The  gas 
generator  employed  was  a  conventional 
diesel  engine  which  drove  its  own  com- 
pressor directlv  off  the  crankshaft  and 
supplied  its  exhast  gases  to  tuurbines  to 
drive  the  propellors.  Tests  were  car- 
ried out  at  turbine  inlet  temperatures 
of  1400°  and  ISOO^F.  for  the  turbo- 
jet, turbo-prop  and  gas  generator  en- 
gines, and  flight  speeds  investigated 
were  in  the  subsonic  region.  The  com- 
parison was  based  on  the  pay-load  ton- 
miles  per  hour  of  operation  per  ton  of 
take-off  gross  weight. 

"The  relative  merit  of  the  piston- 
type  gas  generator  engine  based  on  this 
comparison  was  found  to  increase  as  the 
flight  range  increased.  The  performance 
of  the  piston-type  gas  generator  en- 
gine was  found  to  exceed  the  perform- 
ance of  the  other  engines  at  all  Hight 
speeds  investigated  for  flight  ranges 
greater  than  1600  miles  at  a  turbine-in- 
let temperature  of  1400°F.  and  for 
flight  ranges  greater  than  2000  miles 
at  a  turbine-inlet  temperature  of  1800° 
F." 

It  is  evident  from  this  report  that, 
since  a  conventional  diesel  gas  genera- 
tor engine  outperformed  its  competitors, 
a  free  piston  gas  generator  turbine 
could  svirpass  them  even  further  by  vir- 
tue of  its  forementioned  advantages  o\er 
the    conventional    diesel    engine.    For    a 


1| 


A.  OoTv^ARD  CLoMPRESS  iN<^  ^t.NG«.&Te>H 


free  piston  engine  powered  transport  air- 
craft, excellent  range  and  efficiency 
characteristics  should  be  available  cou- 
pled with  300  m.p.h.  cruising  speeds. 

A  possible  configuration  of  this  air- 
craft would  ha\e  the  gas  generator  (s) 
located  within  the  fuselage  or  the  wing 
roots  with  the  gas  turbines  housed  in 
the  wings,  thus  relieving  some  of  the 
structvu'al  problems  involved  in  mount- 
ing  complete   engines   on   the  wings. 

The  free  piston  gas  generator  turbine 
is  also  suitable  for  use  in  electrical  geU' 
eration,  railroad  engines,  marine  power 
plants  and  automotive  propulsion. 

Conclusions 

Before  any  new  power  plant  goes 
into  production,  good,  sound  engineering 
reasons  must  be  presented  which  sup- 
port its  usefulness  and  ability  to  per- 
form the  required  tasks.  The  fact  that 
it  riuis  and  is  as  good  as  other  present 
day  products  is  not  sufficient.  It  must 
go  finther,  surpass  current  machines  and 
incorporate  additional  features  which 
will  make  it  attractive  to  both  engineer 
and  consumer. 

In  the  opinion  of  this  author,  the  free 
piston  gas  generator  turbine  meets  these 
qualifications  and  he  hopes  that  he  has 


demonstrated  this  fact  here.  It  would 
seem  foolish  to  pass  up  an  opportunity 
for  real  progress  in  the  field  of  propid- 
sion  with  the  argument  that  "the  tried 
and  true  old  timers"  are  the  best. 

In  summing  up,  there  is  hardly  a 
place  where  fuel  is  converted  into  en- 
ergy that  this  new  engine  won't  find 
application.  It  is  more  versatile  than  the 
diesel,  three  times  more  economical  than 
the  open-cycle  gas  turbine  and  cheaper 
than  the  steam  plant.  If  properly  ex- 
ploited the  free  piston  engine  could  ha\c 
quite  as  large  an  impact  on  all  our 
lives  in  the  second  half  of  the  twentieth 
century  as  the  conventional  internal- 
combustion  engine  had  during  the  first 
half. 

REFERENCES 

CcMiper  D.  C.  "Free-Piston  Gas  CJenerator/ 
Turliine,  Its  Principles  .ind  Application," 
Australasian   Engineer,  Oct  1955,   58-68. 

"Engine  of  Tomorrow  Goes  to  Work 
Today,"    Popular    Science,    Sept.    1957. 

"Evaluation  of  Piston-Type  Gas  Generator 
Engine  for  Subsonic  Transport  Operation," 
NACA  RM  E9D01,  July  15,  1949. 

"Free-Piston  Engine,"  Scientific  American, 
lune    1956. 

"Free-Piston  Gas  Generator,"  Engineering, 
May    18,    1956. 

Ratcliff,  J,  D.  "Revolution  of  the  Free- 
Piston  Engine,"  Popular  Mechanics,  Sept. 
1950. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Engineering  student  Frank  G. 
discovers  it's 


"PRODUCT   PLANNING   UNLIMITED" 
d(;  HAMILTON  STANDARD 


Hamilton  Standard  has  conducted  a  vast  product 
diversification  program  which  has  made  it  a  leader 
in  the  field  of  aerospace  equipment. 

Established  skills  in  .  .  . 

Fluid  Dynamics  Combustion 

Hydraulics  Heat  Transfer 

Electronics  Thermodynamics 

Metallurgy  Astrophysics 

Vibration  Aerodynamics 

Mechanics  Thermoelectricity 

.  .  .  are  being  brought  to  bear  on  a  varied  list  of 
new  products  such  as: 

MinlRcooler  —  A  tiny  (10  ounce)  device  for  cool- 
ing infrared  detection  equipment  to  minus  350°  F. 
The  coolers  have  endless  applications  in  missile 


guidance,  mapping,  surveillance  by  orbiting  satel- 
lites, etc. 

SOLAR  CELL  —  A  small  concave  dish-like  device 
with  a  highly  polished  surface  used  to  convert  the 
energy  of  the  sun's  rays  into  electrical  energy. 
One  potential  use  is  power  generation  for  earth 
satellites. 

Other  recently  designed  and  developed  products 

are: 

ANTI-LUNG    which    reverses   the    cycle   of    the 

human  lung  to  reconstruct  the  atmosphere  in  a 

space  vehicle  or  submarine 

A  REFRIGERATOR  with  no  moving  parts 

A  TOOL  that  slices  diamonds  like  cheese 


THUS  ADVANCED  "PRODUCT  PLANNING  UNLIMITED"  MEANS  "ENGINEERING  FUTURES  UNLIMITED' 

write   to   R.   J.    Harding,   Administrator  —  College   Relations  for  a   full 
color  and  illustrated  brochure  "Engineering  for   You  and  Your  Future" 


HAMILTON  STANDARD/  '  a  d,v)s/on  of 

UNITED  AIRCRAFT  CORP. 

BRADLCr    flCLD    «D.,    WINDSOR    lOCXS,    CONN 

ufocluren  of-        Engine  Controls      Hydraulic  Equipment    Electronic  Controls  ond  Instrument  Systems 
Starters         Propellers  Environmentol  Conditioning  Systems  Ground  Support  Equipment 


DECEMBER,   1959 


17 


The  new  Ramo-Wooldridge  Laboratories  in  Canoga 
Park,  California,  will  provide  an  excellent  environment 
for  scientists  and  engineers  engaged  in  technological 
research  and  development.  Because  of  the  high  degree 
of  scientific  and  engineering  effort  involved  in  Ramo- 
Wooldridge  programs,  technically  trained  people  are 
assigned  a  more  dominant  role  in  the  management  of 
the  organization  than  is  customary. 

The  ninety-acre  landscaped  site,  with  modern  build- 
ings grouped  around  a  central  mall,  contributes  to  the 


TJ 


academic  environment  necessary  for  creative  work.  The 
new  Laboratories  will  be  the  West  Coast  headquarters 
of  Thompson  Ramo  Wooldridge  Inc.  as  well  as  house 
the  Ramo-Wooldridge  division  of  TRW. 

The  Ramo-Wooldridge  Laboratories  are  engaged  in 
the  broad  fields  of  electronic  systems  technology,  com- 
puters, and  data  processing.  Outstanding  opportunities 
exist  for  scientists  and  engineers. 

For  specific  information  on  current  openings  write 
to  Mr.  D.  L.  Fyke. 


THE  RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE  LABORATORIES 

8433  FALLBROOK  AVENUE.  CANOGA  PARK,  CALIFORNIA 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Dean  Speaks  — 

HOW  GREAT  IS  THE 

UNION? 


By  Dean  H.  L.  Wakeland 


New  engineering  graduates  are  often 
shocked  and  surprised  to  find  that  an 
engineering  union  exists  in  the  company 
organization  in  which  they  ha\e  been 
employed.  Few  colleges  and  universities 
inform  engineering  students  of  the  ex- 
istence and  influence  of  engineering 
luiion.  F'ven  fewer  prepare  them  for  the 
professional  status  and  responsibilities 
that  they  should  accept  when  they  enter 
engineering  practice. 

How  great  are  the  unions  which  rep- 
resent engineers  at  present?  For  years 
engineering  societies  have  attempted  to 
determine  the  number  of  engineering 
unions  and  members  but  only  recently 
has  any  reasonable  estimate  been  pub- 
lished. In  July,  1958,  the  National  So- 
ciety of  Professional  Engineers  reported 
in  their  publication  "The  American  Y.n- 
gineer"  the  first  compilation  ever  made 
of  the  unions  representing  engineering 
and  technical  employees.  Present  esti- 
mations (depending  on  whether  union 
or  engineering  society  estimates  are 
used)  places  the  number  of  engineers 
in  the  United  States  between  300,000 
to  500,000.  Of  these,  the  unions  repre- 
sent 40,000  or  about  10%  of  all  engi- 
neers. Only  ,10,000  of  the  engineers 
represented  by  imions  are  dues  paying 
members.  It  is  also  commonly  believed 
that  many  of  these  40,000  members 
called  engineers  are  technicians,  drafts- 
men, rod-men  and  other  sub-professional 
personnel. 

IVIost  of  the  29  engineering  unions 
are  located  on  the  East  or  West  Coast 
of  the  United  States  with  only  a  few 
being  located  in  the  Mid-West  or  South. 
1  he  largest  number  are  found  in  the 
aircraft    and    electronics    industries,    al- 


though railroads,  oil  industries  and  gov- 
ernmental groups  are  also  included.  In 
nearly  every  case,  the  union  has  been  an 
outgrowth  of  a  large  employment  situa- 
tion where  individuality  is  not  easily 
maintained.  Normally  a  combination  of 
factors  —  poor  management  practices, 
failure  of  the  engineer  to  grow  profes- 
sionally and  desire  of  labor  unions  to 
control  all  labor — has  led  to  an  or- 
ganized union. 

Perhaps  we  should  review  for  a 
moment  the  aims  of  unions  as  contrasted 
to  professional  organizations.  The  union 
has  nearly  always  existed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  achieving  gains — many  times 
selfish  gains — for  a  limited  number  of 
persons.  These  gain.s — normally  better 
working  hours  and  conditions,  higher 
wages,  greater  benefit.s — are  not  always 
peacefully  achieved.  Conversely  the  pro- 
fe.ssional  organizations  have  promoted 
integrity,  expertness,  common  public 
welfare,  ethical  practices,  responsibility 
and  fair  dealing  in  individual  services. 
The  aims  of  the  professional  are  to  pro- 
vide services  which  will  benefit  most  of 
the  people  concerned  providing  these 
services  are  not  ba.sed  on  self  gain  to  the 
professional.  A  contrast  of  these  aims 
shoidd  illustrate  that  unionism  and  pro- 
fessionalism   are    incompatible. 

Walter  Reuther  ha,s  boasted  publicly 
many  times  that  some  day  he  will  bring 
the  engineers  into  the  big,  happy,  labor 
family.  Basically  the  imions  present  at- 
titude towards  engineers  is  no  different 
than  ,i()  years  ago  when  the  late  Mat- 
thew Woll,  the  long  time  vice  presi- 
dent of  AFL  said,  "The  trouble  with 
you  engineers  is  that  you  picture  your- 
selves as  professional  men.  Actually,  you 


are  just  hireil  help."  In  recent  years 
a  number  of  engineering  unions  have 
been  orgaiuzed  which  give  lip  service  to 
jirofessional  status,  ethics,  integrity, 
public  welfare,  and  would  ha\e  the 
members  believe  that  they  are  a  part 
of  a  high  level  union  which  operates  in 
harmony  with  professional  aims. 

However,  the  records  of  these  modern 
imions  expose  their  aims  and  methods  of 
operations.  In  the  final  analysis  the  old 
stand-bys  —  strikes,  closed  shop,  pay- 
roll deduction  of  dues,  and  union  power 
— are  used.  Some  engineers  have  sudden- 
ly found  themsehes  classified  in  the 
same  area  as  draftsmen,  stenographers, 
sub-professional  workers  and  any  others 
that  were  easily  organized.  Others  have 
found  that  they  have  degraded  their 
own  status  and  raised  the  status  of 
others  through  unionism.  In  several  in- 
stances the  modern  union  has  been  voted 
out  after  a  few  years  of  trial.  In  most 
cases  the  engineers  feel  their  profession- 
al status  is  jeopardized.  Yet  we  must 
realize  that  a  number  of  engineering 
unions  still  exist. 

Thus,  the  ans\\er  to  the  new  engi- 
neering graduates'  question,  "How 
Great  is  the  Union?"  is  not  a  short  and 
concise  one.  We  know  that  about  10'/(. 
of  all  engineers  are  unionized  and  that 
only  a  small  percentage  of  the  graduates 
are  faced  with  this  question.  But  any 
engineering  graduate  facing  this  situa- 
tion shoidd  evaluate  the  implications 
and  working  conditions  imder  such  an 
arrangement  before  accepting  employ- 
ment. The  basic  questions  that  he  must 
answer  are  "Do  I  Want  a  Union?"  or 
"Do  I  Want  a  Profession?"  for  I  per- 
sonally believe  that  they  are  incompat- 
ible. 


DECEMBER,    1959 


19 


Tou  Beta  Pi  Essay 


Where  Have  You  Built  Your  Floor? 


By  George  C.   Kuhlman 


The  Nijo  Palace  located  in  the  city 
of  Kyoto,  Japan,  is  a  living  reminder 
of  the  feudal  era  in  that  country's  hist- 
ory. Within  the  palace  a  large  audience 
room  can  be  found  where  the  Shogun 
or  ruler  met  his  visitors  some  four 
hundred  years  ago.  The  room  is  divided 
by  having  half  of  the  floor  three  feet 
higher  than  the  rest.  Upon  this  elevated 
portion  sat  no  one  b\it  the  Shogun.  The 
reason?  He  wanted  to  show  that  he  was 
above  all  others  because  of  the  position 
he  held  in  life.  The  I'nited  States  has 
been  bvu'lt  on  a  different  and  well 
known  system.  The  floor  where  our 
leaders  now  stand  is  the  same  that  we 
tread  upon.  With  our  very  way  of  life 
based  on  such  a  principle,  we  still  find 
.some  people,  who  because  of  their  posi- 
tion or  occupation,  are  ever  trying  to 
raise  the  statami  ( floor  mat  found  in 
the   homes   of  Japan)    beneath   them. 

Today  the  young  engineer,  who  is 
about  to  enter  the  world  of  business, 
finds  opportunities  in  his  future  which 
no  person  dreamed  possible,  a  few  years 
ago.  His  big  problem  is  not  where  to 
find  a  job,  instead  it  is  which  one  to 
accept.  He  finds  that  opportunities  for 
future  advancement  show  overwhelming 
promise.  The  wages  at  which  he  starts 
his  position  are  unprecedented  where 
compared  to  other  walks  of  life. 

The  entire  world  today  is  placing 
more  emphasis  on  the  engineer  and  the 
things  he  does  than  ever  before.  A  great 
deal  of  the  future  political  control  of 
the  world  has  been  placed  on  the  engi- 
neer's ability  or  inability  to  produce  a 
variety  of  goods.  It  lies  not  only  in  the 
production  of  machines  of  destruction, 
but  in  the  things  that  better  the  living 
standards  of  the  population  as  well.  The 
young  engineer,  in  most  cases,  under- 
stands the  responsibility  placed  upon 
him  and  strives  toward  more  under- 
standing of  his  work. 

Along  with  this  ability  to  acquire  .1 
job,  to  receive  high  wages,  and  the 
world  wide  importance  of  his  job  comes 
one  bad  aspect.  This  1  am  sure  is 
found  in  a  substantially  large  portion 
of  young  men.  It  is  the  idea  that  his 
line  of  work  is  just  a  little  better  or 
of  more  importance  than  someone  else's. 
This  feeling  is  not  the  young  engineer's 


fault.  It  is,  shall  I  say,  an  occupational 
hazard  which  would  have  happened  to 
any  young  man,  regardless  of  his  train- 
ing, had  the  emphasis  been  placed  upon 
him. 

The  outcome  of  this  feeling,  whicli  is 
but  a  human  interpretation  of  import- 
ance,  could    have   a   profoundly   adverse 


effect  upon  our  young  men.  They  may 
tend  to  rebuild  the  floor  beneath  them- 
selves at  a  little  higher  elevation.  This 
will  eventually  affect  the  feeling  of  the 
people  the  young  men  come  in  contact 
with  and  will  arouse  a  dislike  for  the 
young  engineer.  Such  a  dislike  is  surely 
not  wanted  by  the  new  engineer  nor  is 
it  wanted  by  those  who  have  been  in 
the  profession  for  a  long  time. 

I  am  sure  that  if  such  a  thing  does 
happen  to  these  men  they  will  eventual- 
ly realize  their  mistake  and  correct  it. 
'I'his  will  come  with  age  and  a  broader 


understanding  of  life.  In  the  meantime 
though,  the  actually  unwanted  but  un- 
realized attitude  will  ha\e  alre.idy  made 
its  mark  upon  them. 

There  may  be  some  controversy  on 
the  part  of  the  reader  as  to  whether  a 
slight  swelling  of  heads  is  occuring  on 
our  newly  graduating  engineers.  Isn't  it 
only  a  natural  reaction  to  think  in  terms 
of  greatness  when  emphasis  is  placed 
upon  the  things  you  do?  Isn't  it  even 
more  natural  when  this  emphasis  is 
backed  up  by  wage  earning  possibilities 
we  all  know  are  present  today.  This  I 
called  earlier  an  occupational  hazard. 
Still,  there  is  one  thing  that  is  adding 
to  this  feeling  of  superiority  and  does 
not  come  under  any  of  the  headings 
listed  above.  This  is  the  distinction  made 
between  the  engineer  and  the  non-tech- 
nically  educated  person  by  people  who 
ha\e  an  overwhelming  influence  over 
our  younger  men  and  women.  If  they 
are  correct  in  making  such  a  distinction, 
then  the  schools  of  engineering  through- 
out om"  land  are  making  a  terrific  mis- 
take. This  mistake  being  the  placing  of 
more  and  more  non-technical  subjects 
into  the  engineering  student's  cmricu- 
lum.  This  is  done  not  to  gain  full  pro- 
ficiency in  such  subjects  but  to  place 
more  understanding  at  the  reach  of  the 
engineer  about  the  things  that  other  peo- 
ple do,  the  things  the  engineer  must 
know  and  understand  so  he  may  live 
and  work  with  his  neighbors. 

Let  us  nor  st(}p  placing  such  empliasis 
on  our  engineer  or  any  other  person  as 
long  as  they  deserve  such  emphasis.  Let 
us  though  at  the  same  time  increase  the 
understanding  between  the  engineer's 
work  and  the  non-technical  man's.  The 
engineer  when  in  the  world  of  business 
is  only  as  good  as  the  adxertlser,  the 
salesman,  the  banker  or  the  numerous 
other  men  whom  he  works  with.  If  this 
one  point  is  stressed  enough  it  will  sure- 
ly be  conveyed  and  a  lot  of  misunder- 
standing and  unhappiness  prevented. 
Let  us  lower  that  floor  for  the  young 
men  before  it  is  nailed  too  firmly.  Put 
it  at  the  point  where  one's  self  pride 
begins  and  the  inflatedness  leaves  off. 

The  yovuig  engineer  today  must  not 
oid\'  be  well  versed  in  his  own  profes- 
sion, but  it  is  his  dur\-  to  know  and  take 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


part  in  civil  as  well  as  functions  of 
private  organizations  in  coniniunit\'  life. 
He  will  come  in  contact  with  men  of 
every  conceivable  walk  of  life.  He  must 
work  at  a  variety  of  things  with  these 
other  men  anil  do  so  on  the  same  patch 
of  ground.  He  must  not,  for  the  good 
of  his  own  way  of  life,  attempt  to  make 
himself  seem  at  a  higher  elevation.  Every 
other  man  our  young  engineer  works 
with,  \vhatever  position  or  walk  of  life 
he  ma>'  be  in,  plays  just  as  important  a 
role  in  life  as  the  man  with  the  slide 
rule.This  I  am  sure  has  been  said  be- 
fore, but  repetition  is  often  the  best 
means  of  conveyance.  Here  then  is  the 
point  that  the  young  engineer  must  ab- 
sorb and  not  hear  and  forget.  IVIen  must 
stand  on  the  same  level  as  all  other  men 
to  be  able  to  understand,  work,  and  live 
with  one  another. 

If  we  look  once  more  at  the  interior 
of  the  Nijo  Palace  in  Kyoto,  we  find  a 
strange  yet  not  surprising  thing  built 
within  its  walls.  Every  board  that  was 
placed  on  the  floor  of  that  palace  had  a 
squeak  put  into  it.  You  find  it  impos- 
sible to  mo\e  a  foot  in  silence.  Each 
movement  brings  forth  the  cry  of  the 
marauding  blue  jay.  The  people  of  that 
country  call  it  the  palace  of  ten  thous- 
and canaries,  but  to  my  ear  it  was  not 
the  chirp  of  the  gentle  songbird. 


Unprecedented  Need  for 
Engineering  Teachers 

Delegates  tor  the  national  convention 
of  Tau  Beta  Pi,  the  honor  society  for 
outstanding  American  engineering  stu- 
dents, returned  to  their  campuses  from 
Purdue  I  niversity  ready  to  tell  the 
story  of  the  "unprecedented"  need  for 
new  teachers  in  the  nation's  engineering 
colleges. 

At  least  1,000  new  engineering  teach- 
ers will  be  needed  each  year  through 
1967,  according  to  a  report  by  repre- 
sentatives of  the  American  Society  for 
Engineering  Education  at  the  Tau  Beta 
Pi  meeting.  "And  events  of  the  next  20 
years  will  give  the  nation's  engineering 
teachers  new  importance  and  status," 
Dr.  Harold  L.  Hazen,  Dean  of  the 
Graduate  School  of  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology  and  chairman 
of  ASEE's  Committee  on  the  Devel- 
opment of  p]ngineering  Faculties,  said 
at  the  convention. 

Only  the  most  able  and  creative  of 
America's  engineering  students  can  fill 
the  demands  of  engineering  teaching, 
according  to  Dean  Hazen.  He  advised 
would-be  teachers  to  continue  their  edu- 
cation into  residential  graduate  work. 
"Experience  indicates  that  if  you  enter 
full-time  employment  when  you  gradu- 


ate," Dean  Hazen  said,  "the  chances 
that  \ou  will  ever  enter  teaching  are 
small." 

"On  the  other  hand,  if  you  choose 
graduate  study  you  are  adding  to  your 
assets  in  a  very  substantial  way,  inde- 
pendent of  whether  you  eventually  enter 
industry  or  education. 

"During  the  past  six  \ears,  the  na- 
tionwide production  of  engineering  doc- 
torates has  been  steady,  at  about  600 
per  year.  Of  these  200  to  300  go  into 
teaching.  Our  need  for  engineering 
teachers  is  roughly  four  times  the  num- 
ber of  doctorates  now  in  prospect.  We 
must  have  many  more,  and  more  of 
them   must   enter   education." 

Speeds  Assembly  Method 

Set  screws,  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  products,  are  automatically  carried 
15  feet  or  more  by  air  pressure  through 
a  flexible  tube  to  a  new  air  gun  driver 
developed  by  a  New  England  firm. 
Operating  rate  of  this  portable  machine 
is  up  to  2,000  screws  an  hour,  depend- 
ing on  torque  setting,  screw  depth,  oper- 
ator proficiency  and  fixturing. 


Hove  you  ever  been  pinched  for  going 
too  fast?" 

"No,  but  I've  been  slapped." 


Plan  YOUR  FUTURE  with 


Charles  Thornton,  Ga.  Tech.,  Sarbjet  Singh,   India 

We  ofFer  a  training  course  to  college  graduates 
in  Mechanical  Engineering. 

Set  details  of  this  pracfical  training  course  now, 
and  prepare  yourself  for  a  career  In  the  field  of 
commercial   and   industrial   refrigeration. 

Ask  for  Bulletin  412. 

tiiili.miam  |[^^  iui.i»tiN»rm 


1.7  vj:i*<  t  I  I  mjj  i.'i^iw.^.^ 


Starting  Salaries 

The  Engineers  and  Scientists  of  America 
have  conducted  a  study  of  the  trends  in 
starting  salaries  of  new  graduate  engineers. 
From  the  data  available  we  have  prepared 
recommended  minimum  starting  salaries 
for  various  levels  of  experience  and  class 
standing. 

Copies  of  this  recommended  minimum 
standard  have  been  sent  to  your  Dean  of 
Engineering,  Engineering  Library,  Place- 
ment Director,  and  Chairmen  of  the  Stu- 
dent Chapters  of  the  various  Technical 
Societies. 

We  would  be  happy  to  send  you  a  com- 
plimentary copy. 

Engineers  and  Scientists  of  America 

Munsey  Building 

Washington  4,  D.  C. 


DECEMBER,   1959 


21 


"Well 


sir  .  .  .  we  do  have  a  few  bu 


gs  to  ircn  out!" 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


SLIDE   RULES   ANONYMOUS 


By  Jeri  Jewett 


Engineers  beware !  The  slide-nilc 
carrying  coeds  on  your  campus  are 
uniting.  For  the  first  time,  this  semes- 
ter the  few  woman  engineers  at  the 
University  of  Illinois  are  baiuiing  to- 
gether to  help  each  other.  These  girls 
with  their  sponsor,  Professor  Wilson, 
are  trying  to  gain  membership  in  the 
Society  of  Women  Engineers.  At  pres- 
ent,  they  are  on   probation. 

The  nat'onal  organization  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Women  Engineers  is  primarily 
a  professional  one  for  graduate  woman 
engineers  and  women  with  equivalent 
engineering  experience.  These  groups 
have  developed  out  of  various  industrial 
and  educational  centers  where  substan- 
tial numbers  of  woman  engineers  were 
located.  C)rgani/,ed  meetings  have  been 
held  since  1949  and  the  organization 
was  incorporated  in  the  District  of 
Columbia  earh'  in    19S2. 

The  Society  is  tr\ing  to  get  more 
women  engineers  hv  informing  the  pub- 
lic of  the  availabilir\  of  qualified  wom- 
en in  this  field  and  by  fostering  a 
favorable  attitude  in  industry  to  these 
women.  The  Society  also  tries  to  con- 
tribute to  their  professional  ad\  ance- 
ment. 

Of  primary  importance  is  the  fact 
that  the  Society  is  encouraging  younger 
girls  with  aptitudes  and  interests  in 
this  field  to  enter  the  engineering  pro- 
fession. It  also  is  helping  to  guide  their 
educational  program.  Resides  this,  the 
Society  encourages  its  members  to  be- 
long to  other  technical  and  professional 
engineering    societies. 

In  carrying  out  these  aims,  the  So- 
ciety has  a  Public  Relations  Committee 
which  helps  secure  public  recognition 
of  the  achievements  of  women  engi- 
neers. The  Nnvslft/rr  of  the  Soriiiy  nf 
Women  Engineers  tells  what  the  wom- 
en in  various  sections  are  doing  plus 
giving  articles  of  interest  to  these 
women. 

To  interest  young  women  in  this 
field,  the  Professional  Guidance  and 
Education  Committee  finds  out  infor- 
mation about  the  various  fields,  the  pro- 
grams offered  by  accredited  colleges,  and 
scholarships  available  to  engineering 
students. 

Yearly,  a  national  Convention  is  held 
for  all  interested  members.  The  pro- 
gram includes  panel  discussions  and  ad- 


dresses by  prominent  speakers,  and  a 
banquet  at  which  the  SWE  award  is 
presented  to  the  woman  who  has  made 
a  significant  contribution  to  engineering. 

The  Society  is  divided  into  three 
grades  of  membership :  Member,  Asso- 
ciate Member,  and  Student  Member. 
Naturally  the  girls  at  the  U.  of  I.  are 
tr\ing  to  become  Student  Members,  but 
upon  graduation  they  will  become  full- 
fledged  Members.  When  this  chapter  is 
chartered,  it  will  join  the  two  other 
student  chapters,  one  at  Purdue  and 
one   at   Drexel. 

The  girls  here,  following  the  exam- 
ple of  the  Society,  are  being  urged  to 
join  their  individual  engineering  soci- 
eties on  campus.  At  the  meetings  the 
girls  have  speakeis  and  then  get  to- 
gether   to    talk    over    specific    problems 


and  help  each  other  with  homework. 
These  girls  also  go  into  the  high  schools 
to  tell  girls  interested  in  engineering 
not  to  give  it  up  just  because  of  the 
small  number  of  women  enrolled  in 
that  college   at   present. 

The  chapter  here  has  about  ten  girls 
representing  most  of  the  different 
phases  of  engineering.  Barbara  Kozub, 
a  pretty  junior  in  Industrial  Engineer- 
ing, is  the  chairman  of  the  group  and 
her  assistant  is  secretary-treasurer,  Lu- 
cille  Kowalski. 

Well,  boys,  you  had  better  watch  out 
or  these  coeds  carrying  tackle  boxes  will 
be  beating  you  at  yom'  own  game.  The 
Society  of  Women  Engineers  seems  to 
be  accomplishing  one  of  its  main  goals, 
for  most  of  the  girls  are  freshmen.  Ciood 
luck  girls;  keep  up  the  good  work. 


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CONTROLLED    ATMOSPHERE    FURNACE    used    for    determining   heat 

treoting    specifications    in    Fafnir's    metallurgical    laboratory. 


From  Fafnir  Research  today/ 
the  bearings  you  need  tomorrow! 


Ball  bearing  requirements  in  many  areas  of 
industry  are  growing  fantastically  complex. 
Materials  and  lubricants  used  in  bearings 
today  are  inadequate  for  certain  foreseeable 
needs.  To  help  find  answers  to  such  vital 
problems,  engineers  at  The  Fafnir  Bearing 
Company  are  provided  with  the  most  up- 
to-date  facilities  for  ball  bearing  research 
and  development,  including  a  completely 
modernized  metallurgical  laboratory,  and 
highly  refined  devices  for  testing  bearings, 
bearing  materials,  components,  and  lubri- 
cants. From  such  resources,  and  unceasing 


experiment,  new  and  better  Fafnir  ball 
bearings  are  "born".  That  is  why  —  when 
future  progress  reaches  "turning  points"  — 
chances  are  Fafnir  will  have  a  bearing  on  it ! 
The  Fafnir  Bearing  Co.,  New  Britain,  Conn. 
Write  for  booklet,  "Fafnir  Formula  For  Solving 
Bearing  Problems"  contoining  description  of  Fafnir 
engineering,  research  and  development  facilities. 

^FAFNIR 

I^^MBALL    BEARINGS 


DECEMBER,    1959 


23 


engineers 


Automatic  systems  developed  by  instrumentation 

engineers  allow  rapid  simultaneous  recording 

of  data  from  many  information  points. 


Frequent  informal  discussions  among  analytical 

engineers  assure  continuous  exchange  of  ideas 

on  related  research  projects. 


and  what  they  diP 

The  field  has  never  been  broader 
The  challenge  has  never  been  greater 

Engineers  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft  today  arc  concerned 
with  the  development  of  all  forms  of  flight  propulsion 
systems— air  breathing,  rocket,  nuclear  and  other  advanced 
types  for  propulsion  in  space.  Many  of  these  systems  are  so 
entirely  new  in  concept  that  their  design  and  development, 
and  aUied  research  programs,  require  technical  personnel 
not  previously  associated  with  the  development  of  aircraft 
engines.  Where  the  company  was  once  primarily  interested 
in  graduates  with  degrees  in  mechanical  and  aeronautical 
engineering,  it  now  also  requires  men  with  degrees  in 
electrical,  chemical,  and  nuclear  engineering,  and  in  physics, 
chemistry,  and  metallurgy. 

Included  in  a  wide  range  of  engineering  activities  open  to 
technically  trained  graduates  at  all  levels  are  these  four 
basic  fields: 

ANALYTICAL  ENGINEERING  Men  engaged  in  this 
activity  are  concerned  with  fundamental  investigations  in 
the  fields  of  science  or  engineering  related  to  the  conception 
of  new  products.  They  carry  out  detailed  analyses  of  ad- 
vanced flight  and  space  systems  and  interpret  results  in 
terms  of  practical  design  applications.  They  provide  basic 
information  which  is  essential  in  determining  the  types  of 
systems  that  have  development  potential. 
DESIGN  ENGINEERING  The  prime  requisite  here  is  an 
active  interest  in  the  application  of  aerodynamics,  thermo- 
dynamics, stress  analysis,  and  principles  of  machine  design 
to  the  creation  of  new  flight  propulsion  systems.  Men  en- 
gaged in  this  activity  at  P&WA  establish  the  specific  per- 
formance and  structural  requirements  of  the  new  product 
and  design  it  as  a  complete  working  mechanism. 

EXPERIMENTAL  ENGINEERING  Here  men  supervise 
and  coordinate  fabrication,  assembly  and  laboratory  testing 
of  experimental  apparatus,  system  components,  and  devel- 
opment engines.  They  devise  test  rigs  and  laboratory  setups, 
specify  instrumentation  and  direct  execution  of  the  actual 
test  programs.  Responsibility  in  this  phase  of  the  develop- 
ment program  also  includes  analysis  of  test  data,  reporting 
of  results  and  recommendations  for  future  effort. 
MATERIALS  ENGINEERING  Men  active  in  this  field 
at  P&WA  investigate  metals,  alloys  and  other  niaterials 
under  various  environmental  conditions  to  determine  their 
usefulness  as  applied  to  advanced  flight  propulsion  systems. 
They  devise  material  testing  methods  and  design  special 
test  equipment.  They  are  also  responsible  for  the  determina- 
tion of  new  fabrication  techniques  and  causes  of  failures  or 
manufacturing  difficulties. 


Under  the  close  supervision  of  on  engineer, 
final  adjustments  are  made  on  a  rig  for 
testing  an  advanced  liquid  metal  system. 


1  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft... 


Exhaustive  testing  of  full-scale  rocket  engine  thrust  chambers  is 
carried  on  at  the  Florida   Research   and   Development  Center. 


For  further  information  regarding  an  engineer- 
ing career  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft,  consult 
your  college  placement  ofliccr  or  write  to  Mr. 
R.  P.  Azinger,  Hngineering  Department,  Pratt  & 
Whitney  Aircraft,  East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut. 


PRATT     &     VlfHITNEY    AIRCRAFT 

Division   of   United   Aircraft   Corporotion 

CONNECTICUT   OPERATIONS  -  East   Hartford 

FLORIDA  RESEARCH  AND   DEVELOPMENT  CENTER  -  Palm  Beach  County,  Florida 


^^''-'^ 


After  graduation,  a  person  who  has 
taken  social  science  courses  has  greater 
chances  of  success.  He  is  able  to  face 
competition  and  join  the  social  life  his 
job  offers.  (iF,  220  and  other  social  sci- 
ence courses  offered  to  the  engineer 
broaden  the  chances  of  promotion  and 
raises  in  salar\-. 

Interest  in  the  world  outside  the  lab- 
oratory is  stimulated.  The  scientist 
realizes  the  need  to  help  in  fields  only 
\aguely  related  to  engineering.  He 
tries  to  improve  the  schools  to  which  his 
children  go,  the  community,  and  the 
church  to  which  he  belongs.  He  begins 
to  realize  the  need  for  his  services.  Local 


THE   HISTORY 
OF   ENGINEERING 


By  Gren  King 


<  )iie  of  the  main  problems  facing  the 
engineer  today  is  overcoming  the  stigma 
of  a  stereotyped  personality.  The  engi- 
neer in  fiction  and  in  people's  minds  is  a 
shy,  withdrawn  person  satisfied  with 
being  introverted.  Unfortunately  many 
engineers  are  typified  by  this  stereotyped 
idea.  A  graduate,  having  taken  only  sci- 
ence and  math,  is  ill-equipped  to  face 
the  world  of  totlay.  Personal  insecurity 
and  uncertainty  are  the  main  causes  of 
a  scientist's  withdrawal  from  humanity. 

There  is  no  need  for  this  insecurity 
and  uncertainty.  Several  courses  de- 
signed to  promote  an  interest  in  the 
field  of  the  humanties  and  social  studies 
are  offered  to  engineering  students  at 
the  University  of  Illinois.  An  engineer 
who  has  taken  several  humanities 
courses  has  the  ability  to  talk  to  anyone 
about  almost  any  subject. 

One  of  the  newer  courses  is  one  fair- 
ly important  to  engineering.  After  a 
course  in  Engineering  History  (GK 
220),  an  engineer  is  able  to  answer 
most  questions  concerning  past  science. 
In  History  of  Engineering,  the  inter- 
relation of  science,  politics,  religion,  and 
commerce,  past  and  present,  is  covered 
in  detail.  Past  discoveries,  accomplish- 
ments, and  a  history  of  man's  attempt 
to  alter  his  environment  all  give  the 
student  a  better  understanding  of  the 
"taken-for-granted"  things  of  life. 


The  study  of  Greek  and  Roman  ci\il- 
i/.ations  seems  unimportant  to  an  engi- 
neer until  he  realizes  that  the  roots  of 
modern  science  are  embedded  in  these 
cultures.  Each  person  is  encouraged  to 
further  study  history  and  philosophy  by 
the  teachers  of  this  course.  A  student 
profits  from  the  knowledge  and  mis- 
takes of  the  past.  A  greater  interest  in 
engineering  subjects  and  social  studies 
promotes  better  marks,  and  these  better 
marks  improve  the  chances  for  a  job 
upon  graduation.  When  an  employer 
has  to  choose  between  two  job  appli- 
cants, he  is  hoimd  to  choose  the  one 
who  has  taken  a  broader  field  of  sub- 
jects. 


politics  indirectly  influence  science  and 
engineering  by  influencing  appropria- 
tions to  schools.  An  engineer  who  has 
entered  life  on  an  enlarged  political, 
religious,   and   social   scale  helps  science. 

Ninety  per  cent  of  government  ap- 
propriations are  concerned  with  science 
or  engineering  projects ;  yet,  only  ten 
men  in  either  house  of  Congress  have 
any  scientific  backgroimd.  Therefore, 
people  having  both  scientific  and  gener- 
al education  are  desperately  needed  in 
government  jobs.  People  having  taken 
social  science  courses  plus  their  engineer- 
ing courses  can  be  beneficial  to  the  gov- 
ernment. 

All  engineering  students  should  at 
some  time  in  their  \ears  in  school  take 
Engineering  History.  The  course  is  open 
only  to  juniors  and  seniors  because  a 
general  knowledge  of  engineering  is 
necessary  to  receive  the  full  value  of 
the  course.  Professor  Dobrovolny  says 
that  the  History  of  Engineering  corre- 
lates comprehension  of  scientific  matters 
and  the  heritage  rightfully  belonging 
to  engineers  to  give  the  engineer  a  more 
well   rounded  background. 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


COMPUTERS,  CAREERS  and  YOU... 
after  you  join  Western  Electric 


will  be  coriespondini;  opportunities  for  career  building 
within  research  and  cnt^inccring.  Progress  is  as  rapid  as 
your  own  individual  skills  pri  iiiit.  And  Western  Electric 
maintains  both  full-time  all-expenses-paid  graduate 
engineering  training  and  tuition  refund  plans  to  help 
you  move  ahead  in  yom-  chosen  field. 


Opportunities  e 
trial,  civil  and  c^ 
physical  sciences. 
cf  Cons.c/er  a  C, 
Placement    Officer 


200D,  Western  Electri 
York   7,    N.   Y.   AncJ   b 


:ist  for  electrical,  mechanical,  indus- 
imical  engineers,  as  well  as  in  the 
For  more  informotion  get  your  copy 
reer  ol  Western  Electric  from  your 
ite    College    Relations,    Room 


Interested  in  computers,  computer  technology  and  ap- 
plications? Then  you  shovild  investigate  Western  Elec- 
tric as  a  place  to  build  >our  career.  Telephony  today  is 
built  around  computers.  The  telephone  cross-bar  switch 
is  basically  a  computer.  Electronic  switching  gear  uses 
computer  principles. 

At  its  new  engineering  research  center  and  at  most 
of  its  25  manufacturing  locations,  Western  is  relying 
more  and  more  on  computers  in  doing  its  main  job  as 
manufacturing  and  supply  unit  for  the  Bell  Telephone 
System.  In  its  other  major  field  — Defense  Communica- 
tions and  Missile  systems  —  the  use  of  computers  and 
computer  technology  is  widespread. 

You'll  discover  quickly  that  opportunities  with 
Western  Electric  are  promising  indeed.  Here  companv 
growth  stands  on  a  solid  base,  and  your  own  growth, 
too.  We  estimate  that  engineers  will  find  8,000  super- 
visory jobs  open  to  them  in  the  next  ten  years.  There 

Principal  manufacluring  locations  at  Chicago,  III  :  Kearny.  N,  J  :  Ballimore.  Md.;  Indianapolis.  Ind.:  Allentown  and  laureldale.  Pa.:  Burlington,  Greensboro  and  Winston-Salem,  N,  C. 
Buffalo.  N,  Y,:  Norlh  Andover,  Mass ;  Lincoln  and  Omaha,  Neb.;  Kansas  City.  Mo,:  Columbus,  Chio:  Oklahoma  City,  Okia,:  Teletype  Corporation.  Chicago  14.  III.  and  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Also  We.stern  Electric  Distribution  Centers  in  32  cilies  and  Installation  headquarters  in  16  cities.  General  headauarters:  195  Broadway.  New  York  7.  N.  Y. 


DECEMBER,    1959 


27 


Probl©m:         How  to  have  fun  while 

doing  something  constructive 
in  your  limited  spare  time 

Solution: 

Join  Technograph! 


whatever  your  interests,  there's  a  place  for  you 
with  The  Tech,  including: 


Writing 
Taking  photos 
Drawing  cartoons 
Designing  the  layout 
Handling  correspondence 


Working  with  ad  agencies 

Copy-rewriting 

Preparing  covers 

Proofreading 

Skimming  industrial  releases 


Stop  by  our  office     ....    215  Civil  Eng.  Hall 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Mtnm!<HKV'S!^'^ 


ANOTHER  WAY  RCA 

SERVES  DEFENSE 

THROUGH 

ELECTRONICS 


To  our  missile  experts,  "is  it  ready"  is  al- 
most as  important  as  "how  far  can  it  go." 
For  retaliatory  power,  missile  crews  must 
be  able  to  launch  a  maximum  number  of 
missiles  in  rapid  fire  order. 

America's  intercontinental  ballistic  mis- 
sile, the  Atlas,  had  already  proved  itself 
for  distance  on  a  55()0-nautical-mile  range. 
But  checkout  and  launching  took  several 
hours.  So  the  next  step  in  turning  the  mis- 
sile into  an  operational  weapon  was  to 
make  it  ready  for  quick  action.  RCA  was 
selected  to  build  an  electronic  system  that 
would  radically  reduce  the  countdown 
time  at  the  Atlas  Operational  Bases  now 
under  construction. 

Now,  in  a  matter  of  minutes,  this  elabo- 
rate electronic  system  can  determine  if 
any  part  needs  attention— or  signals  that 
the  missile  will  be  ready  to  go. 

This  automatic  checkout  equipment 
and  launch  control  system  for  the  Atlas  is 
one  more  of  the  many  ways  in  which  RCA 
Electronics  works  to  strengthen  our 
national  defense. 

RADIO  CORPORATION 
OF  AMERICA 


29 


Basic  Research  at  IBM 


IBM  scientist  Gerald  Burns 
studies  ferroelectrics 
to  improve  understanding 
of  their  basic  properties. 


A  basic  research  project 

"I'm  using  nuclear  resonance  to  explore  ferro- 
electrics," says  IBM  scientist  Gerald  Burns. 
"We're  trying  to  discover  how  the  ions  in  a  ferro- 
electric crystal  are  arranged,  and  why  and  how 
they  change  position  and  structure  with  tempera- 
ture changes.  Ferroelectric  crystals  have  a  revers- 
ible spontaneous  polarization  .  .  .  that  is,  they  can 
be  polarized  in  either  of  two  directions,  and,  by 
the  application  of  an  electric  field,  polarization  can 
be  reversed." 

How  did  Gerry  Burns  come  to  work  on  this  prob- 
lem? "I  started  this  particular  research  project  be- 
cause it  was  related  to  other  work  I  had  been  doing 
and  I  felt  it  would  prove  challenging  and  reward- 
ing. Little  is  known  about  what  goes  on  in  a  ferro- 
electric crystal  — or  why.  Our  basic  objectives  are 
to  find  out  what  and  why. 

"At  the  planning  stage,  the  project  seemed  to  offer 
a  great  research  potential,  but  none  of  us  was 
sure  how  long  the  project  might  last  or  what  its 
ramifications  might  eventually  be.  It's  a  good  ex- 
ample of  the  basic  research  done  at  IBM." 


A  day  at  the  laboratory 


One  of  the  eight  scientists  in  the  Ferroelectric  Re- 
search Group,  26-yearold  Gerald  Burns  began  a 
recent  day  by  setting  up  equipment  for  the  first 
daily  run. 

"The  experiment  is  conceptually  quite  simple,"  he 
explained.  "A  ferroelectric  crystal  is  placed  in  the 
tank  circuit  of  an  oscillator,  between  the  pole 
pieces  of  a  large  electromagnet.  The  sample  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  dewar  so  that  the  temperature  can  be 
accurately  regulated.  Then  the  magnetic  field  is 
slowly  decreased.  When  the  field  reaches  certain 
values,  the  nuclei  in  the  crystal  absorb  energy  from 
the  oscillator.  The  trick  is  to  detect  this  absorption 
which  is  quite  small.  Runs  at  various  temperatures 
are  made,  and  the  temperature  dependence  of  this 
absorption  is  studied. 

After  setting  up  the  first  run,  Gerry  Burns  met 
with  the  head  of  his  group.  Together,  they  dis- 
cussed the  temperature  dependence  of  the  nuclear 
quadrupole  resonance  coupling  constants.  Several 
helpful  suggestions  were  made. 
Gerry  Burns  then  talked  with  chemists  who  grow 
the  crystals  used  in  the  experiments.  They  dis- 
cussed possible  variations  in  the  crystal-growing 
method  and  considered  the  growth  of  other  crys- 
tals in  order  to  broaden  the  experiments. 
Early  in  the  afternoon,  he  attended  a  seminar  con- 
ducted by  a  visiting  professor  on  the  subject  of 
the  atomic  structure  of  solids.  Each  week,  several 
such  seminars  on  a  variety  of  technical  matters 
are  given. 

After  the  seminar,  Gerry  Burns  returned  to  set  up 
another  run  at  a  different  temperature.  He  also 
talked  to  a  technician  about  building  a  new  piece 
of  equipment  to  be  used  in  future  experiments. 


Excellent  facilities  and  programs 

"Besides  these  experiments,  I'm  also  doing  some 
theoretical   calculations    in   the   field   of    nuclear 
quadrupole  resonance.  The  actual  computations 
were  done  here  at  the  Laboratory  on  an  IBM  704, 
which  can  perform  in  minutes  computations  which 
j  would  take  weeks  if  done  by  other  methods. 
"This  is  one  of  the  advantages  of  working  at  IBM. 
Large-scale  high  speed  computers  are  available  to 
research  scientists  when  needed.  Furthermore  you 
will  find  your  colleagues  always  willing  to  help 
•  when  you  are  stumped   by  a   problem.   Many  of 
these   men   are    recognized    authorities    in   their 
fields.  The  exchange   is  always   informative  and 
often  stimulates  new  ideas  and  approaches. 
"Our  Company  offers  many  educational  opportu- 
I  nities  — both  in  general  education  and  for  ad- 
vanced degrees,"  Gerry  Burns  said.  "As  an  exam- 
1  pie,  engineers  and  scientists  may  earn  a  Master's 
\  Degree  in  a  postgraduate  program  conducted  by 
I   Syracuse  University  right  here  in  Poughkeepsie. 
I   "We  also  have  a  very  useful  library.  Just  the  other 
'   day  I  dropped  in  to  pick  up  some  technical  papers 
I  needed  as  source  material  for  an  article.  I've  al- 
ready published  one  paper  on  my  experiments," 
he   noted.    "You're  encouraged   to   publish   your 
I   findings  and  to  participate  in  professional  society 
j   meetings.   It's  important  for  a   research  man  to 
I   work  in  an  atmosphere  where  independent  think- 
1    ing  is  encouraged  and  where  every  effort  is  made 
\    to  facilitate  research  investigations." 


Some  IBM  advantages 

Employee-benefit  plans,  paid  for  by  the  Company, 
are  comprehensive,  liberal,  and  kept  up  to  date 
to  meet  changing  conditions.  They  include  life 
insurance,  family  hospitalization,  major  medical 
coverage,  sickness  and  accident  pay,  permanent 
disability  pay,  and  retirement  benefits. 


Talented  college  graduates  will  find  exciting,  re- 
warding careers  at  IBM.  Excellent  opportunities 
are  now  available  in  research,  development,  manu- 
facturing, and  programming.  Find  out  from  your 
College  Placement  Office  when  our  interviewers 
will  next  visit  your  campus.  Or,  for  information 
about  careers  of  interest  to  you.  write  to: 

Director  of  Recruitment,  Dept.  839 

IBM  Corporation 

590  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  22,  New  York 


IBM 

INTERNATJONAL  BUSINESS  MACHINES  CORPORATION 


i 


Photos  by  Dove  Yates 


Technocutie  .  .  . 


ELLEN    BROCKWAY 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


December  cutie  of  the  month 
is  vivacious  Ellen  Brockway,  jun- 
ior in  Art  from  Downers  Grove, 
Illinois.  On  campus  she  lives  at 
Alpha  Phi  sorority,  where  she 
serves  as  house  chaplain.  This 
office  reflects  Ellen's  taste  for 
good  literature,  intelligent  con- 
versation (from  the  speaking  as 
well  as  the  listening  side),  and 
speech  work.  In  the  latter  cate- 
gory, the  readers  will  note  her 
appearances  in  several  Univer- 
sity Theatre  Workshop  plays. 

On  the  lighter  side,  this  5'4" 
brunette  has  an  enthusiasm  for 
life  and  all  her  activities  within 
it.  Her  friends  see  her  laughing 
whole  heartedly  and  livening  up 
any  situation  in  which  she  finds 
herself.  Among  her  avocations 
are  bicycle  riding   and  painting. 

You  can  find  Ellen  running 
from  the  Architecture  Building  to 
the  house  to  activities  at  any 
hour  of  the  day.  Among  her  ac- 
tivities is  Angel  Flight,  women's 
campus  branch  of  the  Air  Force. 
Some  of  you  may  have  seen  her 
in  the  1959  Dolphin  Queen  Con- 
test. 

Soy  hello  the  next  time  you 
see  her.  She'll  love  if! 


DECEMBER,   1959 


33 


Since  its  inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  underthe  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


YOUR  TASK  FOR  THE  FUTURE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  inter- 
planetary space;  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


"VVe  do  these  things  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosity  of 
Man.  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himself  questions  and 
then  setting  out  io  find  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  getting 
these  answers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
have  sometimes  surprised  even  the  scientist. 

"Who  can  lell  what  we  will  find  when  we  gel  to  the  planets? 


Who,  at  this  present  time,  can  predict  what  potential  benefits 
to  man  exist  in  this  enterprise  ?  No  one  can  say  with  any  accu- 
racy what  we  will  find  as  we  fly  farther  away  from  the  earth, 
first  with  instruments,  then  with  man.  It  seems  to  me  that  we 
are  obligated  to  do  these  things,  os  human  beings'.' 

DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Director,  JPL 


CALIFORNIA       INSTITUTE      OF      TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

A  Reseorch  Facility  operated  for  the  National  Aeronautics  ancJ  Spoce  AcJministrotion 
PASADENA,  CALIFORNIA 

♦  EmploymenI  opportunities  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interested  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •  MICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •  COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •  ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 
STRUCTURES  •   CHEMISTRY  •    INSTRUMENTATION   •   MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  our  immediate  consideration.  Interviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  at  the  Laboratory. 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


News  is 
happening 
at  Northrop 


FIND  OUT  MORE  about 
the  young  engineers  and 
scientists  who  are  making  the 
news  happen  at  Northrop. 

WRITE  TODAY  for 

information  about  Northrop 
and  all  of  its  Diuisions. 

Engineering  &  Scientific 
Personnel  Placement  Office 
Northrop,  P.O.  Box  1525 
Beverly  Hills,  California 


Here's  a 

7- Question  Quiz 

to  help  you 

decide  on  your 

future: 


Where  Do  You  Want  To  Work?  If  your  interests  lie  in 
the  fields  of  electronics  or  the  aircraft/missile  indus- 
tries, you  will  want  to  join  the  outstanding  scientists 
and  engineers  in  Southern  California-the  electronic, 
aircraft/missile  center  of  the  world. 

Where  Do  You  Want  To  Live?  If  you  work  at  Northrop 
you'll  be  able  to  spend  your  leisure  at  the  Pacific 
beaches,  in  the  mountains,  on  the  desert.  You'll  enjoy 
an  active  life  in  Southern  California's  incomparable 
year-round  climate. 

Want  Top  Salary?  Northrop's  salary  structure  is 
unique  in  the  industry.  At  Northrop  you'll  earn 
what  you're  worth.  With  this  growing  company 
you'll  receive  increases  as  often  as  you  earn  them. 
And  these  increases  will  be  based  on  your  own  indi- 
vidual achievements.  Northrop's  vacation  and  fringe 
benefits  are  extra  liberal. 

Want  Advanced  Degrees?  At  Northrop  you'll  con- 
tinue to  learn  while  you  earn  with  no-cost  and  low 
cost  education  at  leading  Southern  California  inst 
tutions.  You'll  earn  advanced  degrees  and  keep  cur 
rent  with  latest  advances  in  your  own  chosen  field 

Want  To  Work  With  Leaders?  Your  Northrop  col 
leagues  are  acknowledged  leaders  in  their  fields- 
men chosen  for  their  capabilities  and  their  skills  in 
guiding  and  developing  creative  talents  of  younger 
men.  "These  are  men  who  delegate  authority,  assure 
you  of  fair  share  of  credit  for  engineering  triumphs. 

Want  The  Challenge  Of  Opportunity?  At  Northrop 
you  will  apply  your  talents  to  the  work  you  enjoy 
-  in  the  fields  best  suited  to  your  inclination  and 
ability.  You'll  work  with  the  newest,  most-advanced 
research  and  test  equipment.  At  Northrop  and  its 
Divisions  you  are  offered  a  wide  diversity  of  over 
30  operational  fields  from  which  to  choose. 

In  Which  Of  These  3  Divisions  Would  You  Like  To  Work? 

NORAIR  DIVISION  is  the  creator  of  the  USAF  Snark 
SM-62  missile  now  operational  with  SAC.  Norair 
is  currently  active  in  programs  of  space  research, 
flight-testing  the  USAF-NorthropT-38  Talon  trainer 
and  Northrop's  N-156F  Freedom  Fighter. 
RADIOPLANE  DIVISION,  creator  of  the  world's  first 
family  of  drones,  produces  and  delivers  unmanned 
aircraft  for  all  the  U.S.  Armed  Forces  to  train  men, 
evaluate  weapon  systems,  and  fly  surveillance  mis- 
sions. Today  Radioplane  is  readying  the  recovery 
system  for  Project  Mercury. 

NORTRONICS  DIVISION  is  a  leader  in  inertial  and  astro- 
nertial  guidance  systems.  At  Hawthorne,  Nortronics 
explores  infra-red  applications,  airborne  digital  com- 
puters, and  interplanetary  navigation.  At  Anaheim, 
Nortronics  develops  ground  support,  optical  and 
electromechanical  equipment,  and  the  most  ad- 
vanced data-processing  devices. 

northropX 

C  O  R  PO  RATION    Beverly  Hills 
California 


DECEMBER,   1959 


35 


The    Forgotten    Law 


By  Momo  Iko 


"Stop  liildliiiy:  up  thiMT  aiul  hit  somc- 
tliiii^.  Tlu'sc  newsmen  are  beginning  to 
gall,  "  said  gray-haired   Doc. 

A  laugh  came  o\er  the  radio  ami 
jack    Hardin   answered   his  (.'ouusclor   ot 


1 1    months, 
aiming    tor 


"i'atieiice,  doc.  We've  been 
that    blasted    moon    for    _'~i 


•a     tew     more    ho\ir- 


lat. 


1(1(1    nullion    ra- 


dios voiced  his  remark  and  80  million 
Americans  smiled  at  this  cock\  man  who 
tor  eleven  months  was  the  star  ot  this 
uneartld\-  project.  Kids  all  o\er  the 
country  were  in  a  state  of  ciclirium. 
Huck  Rogers  was  fact  now.  I'leven 
months  of  accelerated  hell  was  paving 
off. 

At  two  o'clock.  .'Xpril  2^th,  Jack 
Hardin  stepped  into  the  Z-M).  grinning 
broadh'.  The  engines'  explosive  thrust 
propelled  the  ship  off  the  firing  table 
w  ith  a  roaring  bellow,  and  in  a  minute 
the  ship  was  out  of  sight.  Now.  one 
day  after  the  take-off  Hardin  non-cha- 
lantl\-  made  small   talk  with  his   friend. 

"Doc,  you  were  right.  There  was  ab- 
solutely nothing  to  panic  about.  I  had 
the  jitters  at  first,  but  now  I  have  a 
feeling  that  everything's  going  to  work 
out  great.  Just  think.  Doc,  I'll  be  the 
first  hiuiian  being  ever  to  go  to  the 
moon."  He  wrinkled  his  brow  in  amuse- 
ment. "Damn  Huck  Rogers,  for  once, 
I'll  be  the  hero  in  m\  family.  When 
\'ou   realh'  think  of  .  .  . 

Commander  W'illis  strode  into  the 
control  room  and  cut  the  con\ersation 
short.  He  picked  up  the  mouthpiece. 
"Hardin,  this  is  Willis.  You're  sched- 
uled to  hit  target  in  15  minutes.  Buckle 
in,  double  check  your  equipment  and  re- 
lax. We'll  make  contact  with  you  10 
minutes  after  you  land.  Remember, 
Hardin,  relax  and  don't  worry." 

"1  won't  sir.  Really  .  .  .  Ynn  worry 
too  much   .  .  .  sir." 

Willis  motioned  Doc  over.  "Keep  the 
talk  light." 

Doc  nodded  in  assent  and  sat  down 
at  the  radio.  "Hey  Jack,  remember  to 
make  your  first  words  from  the  moon 
witty.  This  wild  world  will  love  you." 
A  long  silence  ensued. 

Then  a  voice  registered  through  the 
vacuum,  "Doc,  tell  me  .  .  .  "  Hardin's 
voice  jerked.  A  loud  jolt  and  a  strangled 
sound  leaped  over  the  radio.  Both  men 
stiffened.  They  waited;  5  minutes,  10 
minutes,  12  minutes.  Willis  flicked  the 
switch.  "Hardin,  come  in.  Do  you  hear 
me?  Come  in."  His  face  looked  haggard 
as  he  turned  to  Doc. 

"Maybe,"  Doc  said,  "maybe  he's  still 
unconscious;  give  him  time,"  but  his 
face  was  twisted  in  fear. 

Ten  more  minutes  went  by  and  in 
the  interior  of  the  Z-30,  Doc's  disbe- 
lieving voice  pierced  through  the  radio 
static.  "What  went  wrong.  God,  what 
could  have  gone  wrong."  Jack  Hardin's 
dead  form  was  stiffening. 

"We  have  to  do  it  now,"  said  Willis. 

"Xo,"  screamed  Doc,  but  the  lever 
was  pulled  and  the  Z-30  exploded  into 
dust  again. 

Buck  Rogers  was  still  a  fairy  tale. 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Scientific  imagination 
focuses  on  . . .  RADAR. .. 
SONAR  . .  .  COMMUNICATIONS  .  . . 
MISSILE  SYSTEMS  .  .  . 
ELECTRON  TUBE  TECHNOLOGY... 
SOLID  STATE 

Challenging  professional  assignments  are  of- 
fered by  Raytheon  to  outstanding  graduates 
in  electrical  engineering,  mechanical  engin- 
eering, physics  and  mathematics.  These  as- 
signments include  research,  systems,  devel- 
opment, design  and  production  of  a  wide 
variety  of  products  for  commercial  and  mil- 
itary markets. 

For  specific  information,  visit  your  place- 
ment director,  obtain  a  copy  of  "Raytheon 
. . .  and  your  Professional  Future,"  and  ar- 
range for  an  on-campus  interview.  Or  you 
may  write  directly  to  Mr.  John  B.  Whitla, 
College  Relations,  1360  Soldiers  Field  Road, 
Brighton  36,  Massachusetts. 


Excellence  in  Electronics 


DECEMBER,   1959 


37 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  Paul  Cliff 


Two  Advances  in  Fluorescent 
Lamp  Design 

Two  dramatic  concepts  in  fluorescent 
lamp  design  lia\e  been  announced  by 
tbe  WestHighousc  lamp  tiuision. 

Where  the  fluorescent  lamp  has  tra- 
ditionally been  a  tube  with  a  base  at 
each  end  for  electrical  contact,  West- 
inghouse  has  unveiled  a  fluorescent  tube 
with  a  base  on  a  single  end.  Since  the 
lamp  does  not  require  wiring  and  sock- 
ets for  both  ends,  it  can  be  mounted 
in  one  socket  much  like  a  conventional 
incandescent  lamp. 

Dr.  R.  M.  Zabel,  manager  of  re- 
search and  engineering,  said  that  while 
single-ended  fluorescent  lamps  have  been 
under  study  for  several  years  in  the 
laboratory,  a  recent  breakthrougli 
achieved  by  Westinghouse  researchers 
makes  it  possible  to  build  a  practical 
single-ended    lamp   of   high   efficiency. 

The  second  advance  announced  by 
Westinghouse  consists  of  a  U-shaped 
fluorescent  lamp,  which  shares  many  of 
the  advantages  of  the  single-ended 
fluorescent  tube  since  all  electrical  con- 
nections are  at  one  end. 

U-shaped  fluorescent  lamps  have  an 
efficiency  equal  to  or  gieater  tlian  con- 
ventional fluorescent  lamps.  Also,  U- 
shapcd  lamps  are  only  half  as  long  as 
lamps  of  comparable  wattage. 

Dr.  Zabel  reported  that  although  tlie 
company  has  not  set  a  date  for  market- 
ing either  lamp,  the  company's  commer- 
cial engineers  are  working  with  archi- 
tects, designers,  and  lighting  fixture 
manufacturers  to  determine  the  scope  of 
applications  to  which  tiie  lamps  might 
be  put. 


Some  of  the  immediate  uses  which 
can  be  foreseen  for  the  new  lamps,  in- 
clude fluorescent  installations  above  dif- 
fusing plastic  or  glass  ceilings,  decora- 
tive lighting  in  restaurants,  bars,  and 
amusement  parks,  showcase  lighting, 
street  lighting,  signs  and  displays,  school 
lighting,  and  for  unusual  effects  in 
lounges,  reception  rooms,  halls  and  lob- 
bies.' 

New  Test  Instrument  Described 

A  new  automatic  instrument  is  pro- 
viding greater  accuracy  and  reliabilit\' 
in  measuring  the  viscosity  of  photo- 
graphic emulsions  at  Kodak  Park 
Works. 

Kodak  scientists  tlescribed  the  instru- 
ment  as   a   "rolling  ball   viscometerer." 

The  viscometer  consists  of  a  preci- 
sion glass  tube,  mounted  in  an  inclined 
position  in  a  temperature-controlled 
water  bath,  the  scientists  said.  The  tube 
is  tilled  with  the  liquid  to  be  measured, 
and  a  steel  ball,  with  a  variation  in  size 
of  less  than  6/'l()0,0()()  of  an  inch,  is 
dropped  into  it. 

The  time  taken  by  the  ball  to  tra^•el 
the  distance  between  two  magnetic  coils 
that  siuround  the  tube  near  the  top  and 
bottom  is  a  measure  of  the  viscosity  of 
the  liquid,  they  explained. 

Since  the  ball  is  steel,  changes  it 
causes  in  each  of  the  magnetic  fields 
start  an  electronic  clock  when  the  ball 
passes  through  one  field  and  stop  it 
when  it  enters  the  other.  The  time  of 
passage  is  thus  measured  \erv  accurate- 
ly.^ , '        . 

The  Kodak  researchers  s,n<l  the  \  is- 
cometer  is  easy  to  opciatc  and  has  gi\cu 
accuiatc,   reproducible  results. 


Ground  Broken  for  United 
Engineering  Center 

Herbert  Hoo\er,  representing  .300,- 
000  members  of  18  major  engineering 
societies,  broke  ground  for  the  IS-story 
I'nited  Kngineering  Center  at  United 
Nations  Pla/.a.  The  ceremony  was  at- 
tended by  an  estimated  500  people. 

Mr.  Hoover  was  assisted  by  a  fresh- 
man engineering  student  from  Hawaii, 
j(ir\  Fujimoto,  representing  the  engi- 
neers of  the   future. 

In  remarks  just  before  he  turned  the 
lirst  sh(i\ei-fuil  of  earth  at  the  site  of 
the  new  Center,  Mr.  Hoover  called  the 
occasion  "an  event  of  national  import- 
ance. The  engineering  societies  in  our 
country  comprise  a  great  army  of  ovei' 
250,000  creative  minds  covering  almost 
every  branch  of  the  profession." 

The  United  Engineering  Center, 
scheduled  for  completion  in  mid-19f)l, 
will  house  the  headquarters  of  major  en- 
gineering societies  and  joint  engineering 
groups.  Their  members,  Mr.  Hoover 
said,  "are  the  foundation  of  securit\-  in 
our  defense  and  the  increase  of  the 
standards  of  li\ing  and  comfort  for  our 
people." 

"The  purpose  of  this  great  building 
is  to  facilitate  these  goals.  It  will  play 
a  great  part  in  American  life.  It  will 
serve  all  mankind,"  he  concluded. 

The  Center  has  been  made  possible 
by  contributions  from  industry  and  from 
thousands  of  individual  engineers.  Plans 
for  the  Center  have  been  eight  years  in 
the  making.  To  date,  more  than  500 
companies  have  contributed  nearly  $5 
nu'llion,  and  some  56,000  engineers  have 
added  another  $3  million. 

When  completed  in  1961,  the  Cen- 
ter's 180,000  square  feet  of  ofHce  area 
will  be  occupied  by  the  following 
groups : 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 

American  Institute  of  Mining,  Metal- 
lurgical and   Petroleum   Engineers 

The  American  Society  of  Mechaiu- 
cal  Engineers. 

American  Institute  (tf  I'lectrical  En- 
gineers 

American  Institute  of  Chemical  l'"n- 
gineers 

American  Societ\-  of  Heating  Re- 
frigerating and  Ail-Conditioning  Engi- 
neers 

Illuminating  Engineering  Society 

American  Institute  of  Consulting  En- 
gineers 

American  Welding  Society 

American  Institute  of  Industrial  En- 
gineers 

Society  of  Women  Engineers 

The  Municipal  Engineers  of  the  Cit\' 
of  New  \'ork 

Uniteil  Engineering  Trustees,  Inc. 

Engineering  Societies  Library 

Engineering   Foundation 

Welding  Research   Council 

( (jnritiniicil    mi    Prif^c    40) 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


kt  one  time,  grease  used  in  wheel  bearings  of  supersonic  jet  planes  would  melt  during  landings — would  even 
atch  fire!  Now  this  has  been  solved  by  a  revolutionary  new  grease  developed  by  Standard  Oil  research. 


Meet  the  man  who  put  the  grease 

in  greased  lightning! 


When  a  jel  lands,  wheel  bearings  undergo  tem- 
perature changes  from  —40°  up  to  450°. 
Above,  Dr.  Richard  H.  Leet,  who  helped  de- 
sign a  grease  that  could  withstand  such  pun- 
ishment, is  shown  working  in  the  Standard 
ch  laboratory 


When  men  started  probing  into  space  and  flying 
at  speeds  faster  than  sound,  they  met  a  new 
and  baffling  lubrication  problem. 

Existing  greases  were  good  either  in  cold  or 
heat,  but  not  in  both.  A  grease  was  needed  that 
would  not  break  down  under  extreme  changes 
in  temperature  — from  bitter  cold  one  minute  to 
blow-torch  heat  the  next. 

Lubrication  experts  in  the  research  labora- 
tories of  Standard  Oil,  headed, by  Dr.  Richard 
H.  Leet,  had  foreseen  the  need  for  such  a  grease. 
And  when  America's  future  jet  growth  hinged 
on  the  development  of  a  revolutionary  new 
grease,  it  was  ready —as  the  result  of  a  five-year 
research  project. 

Because  of  the  unique  qualities  and  great 
versatility  of  this  new  grease,  it  is  also  being 


used  in  industry,  serving  more  efficiently  and 
more  economically  than  previous  greases  under 
conditions  of  extreme  heat  and  extreme  cold. 
It  is  another  example  of  a  major  contribu- 
tion to  progress  from  Standard  Oil's  research 
laboratories.  Other  examples  of  the  same  thor- 
ough and  painstaking  research  are  the  gaso- 
hnes  and  oils  millions  of  motorists  buy  daily  at 
Standard  service  stations  throughout  the 
Midwest  and  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

What  Makes  A  Company  A  Good  Citizen? 

One  gauge  is  a  company's  usefulness... its  con- 
tribution to  the  general  welfare.  Through  re- 
search. Standard  constantly  strives  to  develop 
products  thatwill  strengthen  America's  defenses 
and  help  millions  of  people  in  their  work,  in  their 
homes,  and  on  the  road — today  and  in  the  future. 


Rockets  and  missiles  have  moving  parts  that 
must  be  lubricated  at  temperatures  from  — 65** 
to  450°.  Another  special  Standard  Oil  grease 
can  do  this  job  without  breaking  down. 


STAM».\ltl>  Oil.  r03ll».\>V        ^w' 


THE  SIGN  OF  PROGRESS... 
THROUGH  RESEARCH 


DECEMBER,    1959 


39 


((Uintiiiiuil  frtiiii    I'tu/f   .i<S) 
Kngineeriiig  Imlox 

KiigiiU'crs'  Council  for  Professional 
DevelopiiiiMU 

Fii^iticcrs  joint  Council 

Transparent  Silicone  Potting 
Compound 

A  new  silicoiu-  pottinji  material  that 
permits  visual  ami  instrument  clieckini; 
of  individual  parts  within  a  potted  as- 
sembly is  now  on  the  market  produced 
by  Dow  Corninsj  Corporation,  Mid- 
land, Michigan. 

This  material  cures  in  place  to  form 
a  resilient,  protective  mass  that  retains 
its  outstanding  dielectric  properties  and 
moisture  resistance  oxer  the  wide  tem- 
perature span  of  below  -(>()  up  to  201) 
degrees   C. 

No  damaging  stresses  are  exerted  on 
delicate  parts  by  this  materi.il  either 
during  or  after  curing. 

Potted  circuits  can  be  traced  visualh, 
and  test  probes  can  be  accurately  di- 
rected to  connections  by  simply  inserting 
them  through  the  gel.  Dielectric  Ciel 
"heals"  itself  immediatei\  wlien  test 
probes   are    removed. 

Electronics  Cut  Road  Costs 

(icorgia's  Highway  Department  cred- 
its electronic  equipment  with  a  four- 
teen-month savings  of  $229,681  and 
14(1,257  man-hours  in  earthwork  de- 
sign. On  bridge  computations,  savings 
add  up  to  S10l),()0(l  and  the  time  of  1,> 
engineers. 

Stepping  Transistor  Made  of 
Interconnected  Elements 

A  p-n-p-n  semiconductor  element  that 
can  serve  as  the  basic  building  block  of 
a  silicon  .stepping  transistor  has  been 
described  by  Bell  Telephone  Labora- 
tories. It  has  potential  application  to 
digital  computers,  pushbutton  dialing, 
and  telephone  switching. 

The  four-terminal  device  acts  as  a 
pulse-controlled  on-ofif  switch.  It  ma\- 
be  used  as  a  basic  stage  in  building  up 
certain  logic  circuits  in  digital  comput- 
ers, such  a.s  for  counting  and  decoding. 
Hy  using  one  element  to  drive  two 
others,   versatile  decoders  can  be  made. 

A  more  complex  device,  which  is  fab- 
ricated from  a  single  piece  of  silicon, 
can  also  perform  the.se  logic  functions. 
As  a  prototype  arrangement,  a  stepping 
transistor  with  four  stages — or  clc- 
ment.s — has  been  made. 

The  stepping  transistor,  as  fabricated 
on  a  single  piece  of  silicon,  performs 
the  function  of  a  complex  circuit.  Hence 
it  is  referred  to  as  a  "functional  de- 
vice." The  concept  of  a  functional  semi- 
conductor device  is  a  promising  approach 
to  microminiaturization. 

The  gas  stepping  tube  utilizes  the 
bistable  voltage-current  characteristic  of 
a  gas  discharge  for  its  operation.   Uni- 


directional transfer  ot  xoltage  between 
its  electrodes — one  anode  and  several 
cathodes — is  obtained  by  the  nons\in- 
metrical  geometr\'  of  the  hitter's  con- 
struction. 

The  stepping  transistor  utilizes  a 
p-n-p-n  transistor  as  the  bistable  ele- 
ment. The  design  of  the  structure  re- 
sults in  a  bistable  voltage  -  current  char- 
acteristic between  a  single  common  elec- 
trode and  a  set  of  multiple  electrodes. 
Nonsymmetrical  geometry  is  employed 
to  obtain  ri  unidirectional  transfer  of 
\  olrage. 

.■\lso,  uidike  the  gas  stepping  tube, 
cIo.se  proximity  between  stages  is  not 
basically  required  in  the  stepping  trans- 
istor. This  is  why  stepping  transistor 
elements  comprising  single  four-terminal 
stages  can  be  separately  encapsulated 
and   connected   extenudly. 

Defense  Dome  'Sees  Red' 

"litan'  optical  mateiial  l()rm>  a 
dome  for  the  nose  of  an  infrared-guided 
missile.  The  new  material  transmits 
radiation  efficiently  up  to  8  microns  in 
the  infrared.  It  is  especially  resistant  to 


Irtan  optical  material  finds  job  as 
nose  cone  for  heat-seeking  missiles. 

cracking  <lue  to  thermal  shock  when  a 
missile  reenters  the  earth's  atmosphere. 
To  the  eye,  objects  viewed  through  the 
dome  appear  rose-colored  because  of  Ir- 
tan material's  transmission  of  the  red 
portion  of  the  \isible  spectrum. 

Salavaged  7  Billion  Pounds  of 
Aluminum  Since  1948 

Through  research  and  advancements 
in  the  art  of  aluminum  smelting  during 
the  past  decade,  a  total  of  more  than  7 
billion  pounds  of  scrap  aluminum  has 
been  salvaged,  proces.sed  into  alloys  and 
returned  to  American  industry  for  a 
wide  variety  of  uses. 


It  is  predicted  that,  through  expand- 
ing knowledge  of  metallurg\,  more  than 
1  ^  billion  pounds  will  be  returned  to 
the  nation's  aluminum  users  during  the 
next  10  years. 

Comparable  in  e\ei\  way  to  alloys 
made  with  primar\  aluminum,  the 
smelters'  alloys  are  converted  into  cas- 
ings for  the  automobile  industry,  appli- 
ance manufacturers,  business  machines 
and  a  host  of  other  end  use  products. 

The  con.servation  and  re-use  of  scrap 
aluminum  has  literalh-  saved  the  U.  S. 
economy  billions  of  dollars,  the  Institute 
stated.  It  pointed  out  that,  without  the 
salvage  of  7  billion  pounds  since  1948, 
American  users,  in  duplicating  the  out- 
put with  virgin  aluminum,  would  li.i\e 
forced    to : 

Import   1.3   million   tons  of  bauxite. 

Ship  the  bauxite  to  the  U.  S.  in  l.'^Ofl 
Ncnages  at  10,000  tons  per  trip. 

Ship  to  plants  10  million  tons  of 
alumina,  coke,  pitch,  cryolite,  sod;i  ash. 
and  other  ingredients. 

Construct  additional  facilities  to  proc- 
ess the  metal  into  ingot  form. 

Consume  67  billion  kilowatt  hours 
of  electrical  power — an  amount  equal 
to  all  electricit)-  generated  in  the  L  .  S. 
in  about  a  five-week  period. 

As  the  principle  users  of  aluminum 
scrap,  the  aluminum  smelting  itidustry 
has  been  chiefly  responsible  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  value  of  the  scrap  as  a 
useful  conimodit\'  and  kept  it  from  be- 
coming an  unwanted,  indigestible  ilrag 
on  the  nation's  economy. 

New  Plan  for  Disposal  of 
Radioactive  Waste 

Disposal  of  radioactive  wastes  by 
using  sandstone  layers  thousands  of  feet 
under  the  earth's  surface  as  an  ion-ex- 
changing "water  softener"  was  suggest- 
ed at  the  32nd  annual  meeting  of  the 
Federation  of  Sewage  and  Industrial 
Wastes  Associations. 

Low-level  radioactive  wastes  now  are 
dumped  into  streams.  A  growing  prob- 
lem is  developing  as  amounts  of  these 
increa.se.  Another  unsatisfactory  disposal 
is  in  buried  tanks. 

The  engineers  propose  pumping  the 
water-carried  wastes  into  sandstone  lay- 
ers below  any  danger  of  contaminating 
ground  water,  oil,  coal,  or  minerals. 

In  passing  through  the  sandstone, 
radioactive  wastes  would  be  deposited  in 
manner  similar  to  deposition  of  minerals 
in  a  water  .softener.  The  pmified  water 
would  return  to  the  surface  through  a 
second   well  at  a  distance. 

Gravy  Fender-Offer 

Stain-repellent  ties  are  now  being 
made  by  one  company.  The  ties  are 
guarded  against  both  water  and  oil 
stains  and  common  dirt. 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


UIC 


NEWS   FROM   THE 


NAVY   PIER 


In  and  Around  Chicago 

Chicago  art-a  stt-cl  producers  now  are 
racing  old  man  time.  With  the  steel 
strike  recessed,  the  ore  boats  are  bring- 
ing ore  in  as  fast  as  possible  to  lav  in 
winter   stockpiles. 

Meanwhile,  area  plants  have  called 
back  90,000  steelworkers  who  haven't 
received  a  paycheck  for  four  months. 
U.S.  Steel  Corp.,  the  nation's  largest 
producer,  expects  shipments  to  reach 
near   capacity   within    a    few   weeks. 

Spot  shortages  may  develop  during 
the  winter  which  probably  will  be  side- 
stepped by  costlier  rail  deliveries.  How- 
ever, with  good  weather  the  Crreat 
Lakes  shipping  sea.son  can  last  into  the 
middle  of  December.  Then  the  water- 
ways will  be  ice-locked  until  about 
April.  Navy  Pier,  housing  the  Port  of 
Chicago  (and  the  Chicago  branch  U. 
of  I.)  is  hoping  for  good  weathei"  to 
extend   the  shipping  season. 

At  Navy  Pier 

Overheard :  Instructor  to  class  — 
'Some  professors  run  through  courses 
like  express  trains.  (^nly  trouble  is. 
they're    the    only   ones    riding." 

New  Courses  Added 

New  courses  added  to  Chicago  cur- 
riculum include  math  341,  Differential 
Kqviations;  math  346,  Complex  Vari- 
ables and  Applications;  and  M.E.  221, 
Mechanics  of  Machinery.  With  the.se 
and  other  courses,  some  Navy  Pier  en- 
^Hieers  can  remain  in  the  city  for  five 
or    six    semesters. 

DECEMBER,    1959 


ASCE  Meeting 

I  he  I  .I.e.  student  ch.-ipter  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 
played  host  to  Melvin  F].  Amstutz,  a 
member  of  the  Illinois  State  Board  of 
Examiners  for  Professional  Engineers. 
He  gave  an  informative  talk  to  mem- 
bers  of   all    the   engineering   societies. 

Amstutz  began  his  lecture  by  briefly 
reviewing  the  history  of  the  National 
Society  of  Professional  Engineers.  He 
explained  how  the  organization  was 
formed  in  1934  for  the  purpo.se  of  ad- 
vancing the  profession  of  engineering. 
The  society's  membership  soon  spread 
across  the  country.  State  chapters  of  the 
N.S.P.E.  were  formed.  Illinois  was  one 
of  the  first.  Soon  there  were  cit\'  and 
county  chapters  being  formed  and  today 
membership  numbers  between  50,000 
and  60,00(1,  There  are  state  chapters 
in  each  of  the  50  states  with  approxi- 
mately 400  local  chapters. 

Amstutz  went  on  to  enumerate  the 
unceasing  activities  of  the  N.S.P.E. 
today.  The  society  constantly  is  striv- 
ing to  protect  the  rights  of  Professional 
Engineers.  These  rights  include  that  of 
the  freedom  of  an  engineer  to  practice 
withoirt  joining  a  union.  This  has  been 
one  of  the  most  important  achievements 
of  the  societ)-.  Union  officials  constanth 
have  opposed  legislative  action  which 
would  protect  the  engineer.  It  has  been 
mainly  through  the  efforts  of  the  .society 
that  these  laws  have  been  passed.  An- 
other act  which  the  society  was  instru- 
mental in  helping  to  pa.ss  was  that  of 
declaring  engineering  a  profession.  It 
constantly  has  endea\ored  to  have  state 
(('.rjiitiniitd   on    Payc  42) 


Use  Professional/^ 

Tools  pr.^ 

NOW       ^     J^^ 


A.WJABIR  imported 
CASTELL  with  famous 
Black  Gold  graphite, 
or  LOCKTITE  with 

NO  SLIP*  SPIRAL  GRIP 

lead  holder  and 
Blatk  Gold  Imported 
9030  Castell  Lead. 

Nothing  is  more 
important  to  you  in  the 
formative  phase  of  your 
education  than  to  develop 
professional  habits. 
A.W.Faber  Black  Gold 
graphite  has  helped  i 

countless  thousands  of 
seasoned  Pros  acquire 
the  "golden  touch". 
It  is  available  to  you 
either  in  the  world- 
renowned  Castell  wood 
pencil  or  in  the  Spiral 
Grip  TEL-A-GRADE 
LOCKTITE  with  degree 
indicator. 

Black  Gold  graphite  tests 
out  at  more  than  99% 
pure  natural  carbon. 
It  is  smooth,  grit-free 
and  black  as  a  raven's 
wing.  It  takes  a  long, 
keen  point  and  resists 
heavy  pressure  in 
drawing  or  drafting. 

Whether  your  talents  are 
creative  or  interpretive, 
you'll  do  better  work 
once  you  acquire  the 
"golden  touch"  with 
professional  Castell 
tools.  20  superb  degrees, 
8Bto  lOH.  Pickup 
some  Castells  at  your 
convenient  supply 
store  today. 


A.W.FABER-C45rfli 

PENCIL  CO.,  INC.  NEWARK  3,  N.  J. 


41 


MARS   outstanding    design    SERIES 


Navy  Pier 

i  C'inliniK  il  JKji. 


I',u,c    41) 


brings  'em  back  alive 

Today's  binning  pioblcni  in  space  flight  is  how- 
to  case  a  rocket  safclv  back  to  earth,  witliout  being 
consumed  by  the  metal-melting  friction  of  our  dense 
atmosphere.  Design  Engineer  Carl  [.  Ranschenbcrger's 
ingenious  suggestion  is  a  ]3air  of  wings,  locked  for- 
ward at  blast-off,  later  folded  back  into  flving  position 
(insert)  by  hydraulic  cylinder  controls  for  a  slow,  safe 
descent.  Mr.  Rausehcnbcrgcr  also  envisions  a  retract- 
able glass  nose  cone,  heatproof  to  withstand  the  take- 
off, drawn  back  to  admit  air  to  a  jet  engine  on  the 
return  flight. 

This  outstanding  solution  to  a  timelv  design 
problem  may  already  exist  in  working  drawings  on 
somebod\'s  drafting  board,  or  even  in  mock-up  form. 
But  whether  a  project  is  dc\eloped  today,  tomorrow 
or  the  year  after  next,  it  will  always  be  important  to 
shape  ideas  into  realities  with  the  best  of  drafting  tools. 

In  pencils,  of  course,  that  means  Mars,  long  the 
standard  of  professionals.  Some  outstanding  ncw^  prod- 
ucts ha\e  recently  been  added  to  the  famous  line  of 
Mars-Tcchnico  push-button  holders  and  leads,  Laiiiio- 
graph  pencils,  and  Tradition-Aquarcll  painting  ju-ncils. 
These  include  tlie  Mars  Pocket-Tcchnico  for  field  use: 
the  effieient  Mars  lead  sharpener  and  "Draftsman" 
pencil  sharpener  with  the  adjustable  point-length  fea- 
ture; Mars  Lumoehrom.  the  color-drafting  pencils  and 
leads  that  make  color-coding  possible:  the  new  ^hlrs 
Non-Print  pencils  and  leads  that  "drop  out"  your 
notes  and  sketches  when  drawings  are  reproduced. 


The  2886  Mars-lumogroph  drowing  pencil,  19  de 
grees,  EXEXB  to  9H.  The  1001  Mors-Technico 
push-butlon  lead  holder.  1904  Mors-Lumogropl 
imported  leads,  18  degrees,  EXB  to  9H.  Mar, 
lumoehrom  co/or-dra(fing  pencil,   24  colors. 


J.S. 


TAEDTLERINC. 

HACKENSACK,  NEW  JERSEY 

at  all  good  engineering  and  drawing  material  suppliers 


i     whii'h     wduld     rcciuirc     all 
I  he  rc};istcic(l.  Tlu-rc  is  such 


1.1  us    pa 
CIlflilU'tTS   to   1 

.1  law  in  Illinois  which  not  only  for- 
iiids  aiuonc  to  call  themselves  profes- 
sionals unless  registered  but  also  defines 
tin-   term  engineer. 

.Anistut/.  then  further  discussed  the 
engineer  by  talking  about  how  a  person 
goes  about  becoming  a  Professional  Kn- 
g'neer.  He  explained  that  a  test  is  given 
to  the  prospective  engineer  a.s  soon  as 
he  completes  his  education.  This  is  re- 
ferred to  as  Engineer  in  Training  exam 
and  deals  basically  with  the  material 
covered  during  one's  college  \ears.  After 
a  period  of  time  has  been  spent  in  ac- 
tual iiractice,  another  exam  is  given 
y  liich  measures  the  amount  of  knowl- 
edge acquired  from  on-the-job  experi- 
ence. Upon  pa.ssing  both  exams  the 
anplicant  becomes  a  professional  ens^i- 
neer.  Amstutz  said  that  many  compatres 
are  adopting  the  policy  of  hiring  only 
resnstered  engineers  and  more  probably 
will    do    so    in    the    future. 


I 


Academic  Profile 

I  wo  students  are  standing  in  the 
halls,  slide  rules  at  their  hips.  It  is 
early    spring. 

"Say  Bill,  do  you  know  where  there 
are  any  siunnier  jobs  available?  " 

"Yeah,  .sure.  I  just  got  one  from 
Prof.   Wal raven." 

And  so  it  goes,  lines  of  engineers 
shuffle  to  Prof,  Walraven's  oflSce  in 
search  of  jobs.  Prof.  Walraven  has  con- 
tact with  more  than  250  engineering 
companies  that  request  student  employ- 
ment. 

This  i.s  only  one  of  the  functions  of 
Prof.  Walraven  who  is  chairman  of 
the  101  (hawing  courses  in  the  G.E. 
department.  In  addition  to  his  academic 
duties,  he  is  the  University  representa- 
tive to  A.S.E.E.  (American  Society  of 
Engineering  Education).  In  this  capac- 
ity he  is  able  to  study  the  engineering 
programs  of  other  schools  and  compare 
the    Chicago    program    to    theirs. 

Prof.  Walraven  was  born  in  So\ith- 
ern  Illinois.  He  received  his  Masters 
at  the  U.  of  I.  and  started  his  doc- 
torate. He  went  into  industry  so  he 
could  bring  practical  experience  to  the 
classroom. 

In  w  r  i  t  i  n  g  General  Enginccrin<i 
Piohliiiis.  a  lab  manual.  Prof.  Wal- 
raven and  a  co-author  presented  practi- 
cal engineering  problems  to  the  students 
in   an  academic  manner. 

Prof.  Walraven,  a  family  man,  has 
three  children.  He  admits  he  has  little 
spare  time,  but  when  he  can,  he  turns 
to  technical  writing. 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


He's  an 

Allis-Chalmers 

Engineer 


He  has  confidence  born  of  knowing  where  he's  going  and  how  he's 
going  to  get  there.  The  graduate  training  program  at  Allis-Chalmers 
helped  him  decide  on  a  specific  career  —  and  he  had  a  choice  of  many. 
He  knows  his  future  is  bright  because  Allis-Chalmers  serves  the  growth 
industries  of  the  world  .  .  .  produces  the  widest  range  of  industrial 
equipment.  He  is  confident  of  success  because  he  is  following  a  suc- 
cessful pattern  set  by  Allis-Chalmers  management. 


Here  is  a  partial  list  of  the 
unsurpassed  variety  of  ca- 
reer opportunities  at  Allis- 
Chalmers; 

Types  of  jobs 


Design 

Development 

Monufacluring 

Application 

Soles 

Service 

Industries 

Agriculture 


Electric  Power 
Nucleor  Power 
Poper 
Petroleum 
Steel 


ALLIS-CHALMERS 


fACl 


Equipment 

Steam  Turbines 
Hydraulic  Turbines 
Switchgeor 


El. 


acto 


Crushers 

Tractors 

Earth  Movers 

Motors 

Control 

Pumps 

Engines 

Diesel 

Gas 

Fields 

Metallurgy 

Stress  Analysis 

Process   Engineering 

Mechanical  Design 

High  Voltage  Phenomena 

Nucleonics 

Electronics 

Hydraulics 

Insulation,  Electricol 

Thermodynamics 


from  GTC  to  "VIP" 

The  graduate  training  course 
helps  you  decide  on  your  "Very 
Important  Position,"  by  giving 
you  up  to  two  years  of  theoretical 
and  practical  training.  This  course 
has  helped  set  the  pattern  of  ex- 
ecutive progress  since  1904.  For 
details  write  to  Allis-Chalmers, 
Graduate  Training  Section,  Mil- 
waukee 1,  Wisconsin. 


DECEMBER,    1959 


43 


S'umhrrThrrrofaSerict 


ENGINEERING    GRADUATES — YOUR 


STEPPING 


TO 


SPACE 


Stabilized  in  orbit,  the  space  vehicle  is  pre- 
pared to  perform  the  functions  for  which  it  was 
designed.  With  experience,  you  will  establish 
your  reputation  as  a  professional  engineer  and 
will  thus  be  qualified  to  assume  more  and  more 
technical  responsibility. 

At  McDonnell  —  young  engineers  will  find 
the  opportunity  to  train  for  the  particular  type  of 
work  they  enjoy  most:  to  assume  increasing  re- 
sponsibility as  they  become  ready  for  it ;  to  have 
their  efforts  carefully,  fairly,  and  impartially 
evaluated ;  and  be  compensated  accordingly. 

Learn  more  about  our  company  and  com- 
munity by  seeing  our  Engineering  Representa- 
tive when  he  visits  your  campus,  or,  if  you 
prefer,  write  a  brief  note  to  :    Raymond  F.  Kaletta 
Engineering  Employment  Supervisor 
P.O.  Box  516,  St.  Louis  65,  Missouri 


John  H.  Suchan.  BSCE.  Iowa  State  U.,  '51,  Supervisor  Strength 
Engineering,  standing  to  the  left;  and  Floyd  J.  Smith,  Jr.,  BSME, 
U.  of  Illinois,  '49,  Project  Mercury  Test  Coordinator,  are  seen  here 
discussing  orbit  velocities  required  for  Project  Mercury,  manned 
space  capsule. 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRAIN    TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


NOTE:   Due  to  the  unavoidable  delay  in  the  printing  of  the  November  issue  the 
Brain  Teaser  contest  will  begin  this  issue.  Dead  line  for  entries  will  be  Jon.   15th. 


A  gang  of  boys  made  a  raid  on  the 
Perkins  orchard  and  came  back  with  :i 
quantity  of  apples,  which  were  then 
pooled  and  divided  equally  among 
them.  Michael  said  he  thought  it  would 
be  fairer  to  share  by  families  instead  of 
by  individuals.  As  there  were  two  John- 
son brothers  and  two  Fairbanks  broth- 
ers, redivision  by  families  would  have 
increased  each  share  by  3  apples.  With 
the  argument  at  its  height,  along  came 
Fred,  who,  being  the  oldest  of  the  gang, 
was  appealed  to  as  arbiter.  Fred  decided 
that  it  would  be  unfair  to  share  by 
families.  Furthermore,  he  pointed  out. 
he  himself  would  certainly  have  partici- 
pated in  the  raid,  to  the  great  increase 
of  bouty,  had  he  not  been  detained  by 
a  compulsory  engagement  with  a  rug- 
beater.  But  as  head  of  the  gang  he  was 
entitled  to  a  share.  Fred  had  a  way  of 
winning  his  arguments,  so  each  boy  con- 
tributed one  apple  to  him,  making  equal 
shares  all  around.  How  man\  apples  did 
the  boys  gather? 


Prove  that  at  a  recent  convention  of 
biophysicists  the  number  of  scientists  in 
attendance  who  shook  hands  an  odd 
nvimber  of  times  is  even.  The  same 
problem  can  be  expressed  graphically  as 
follows.  Put  as  many  dots  (biophysicsts 
as  you  wish  on  a  sheet  of  paper.  Draw 
as  many  lines  (handshakes)  as  you  wish 
from  any  dot  to  an\'  other  dot.  A  dot 
can  "shake  hands"  as  often  as  you 
please,  or  not  at  all.  Pro\e  tliat  the 
number  of  dots  with  an  odd  number  of 
lines  joining  them  is  even. 


Smith,  Brown  and  Jones  agree  to 
fight  a  pistol  duel  under  the  following 
uiuisual  conditions.  After  drawing  lots 
to  determine  who  fires  first,  second  and 
third,  they  take  their  places  at  the  cor- 
ners of  an  equilateral  triangle.  It  is 
agreed  that  they  will  fire  single  shots  in 
turn  and  continue  in  the  same  cyclic 
order  until  two  of  them  are  dead.  At 
each  turn  the  man  who  is  firing  ma\'  aim 


wheiever  he  pleases.  All  three  duelists 
know  that  Smith  always  hits  his  target, 
Brown  is  80  per  cent  accurate  and  Jones 
is  50  per  cent  accurate.  Assuming  that 
all  three  adopt  the  best  strategy,  and 
that  no  one  is  killed  by  a  wild  shot  not 
intended  for  him,  who  has  the  best 
chance  to  survive  ?  A  more  difficult  ques- 
tion :  What  are  the  exact  survival  prob- 
abilities of  the  three  men? 

-:if  *  * 

An  unlimited  supply  of  ga.soline  is 
available  at  one  edge  of  a  desert  800 
miles  wide,  but  there  is  no  source  on 
the  desert  itself.  A  truck  can  carry 
enough  gasoline  to  go  300  miles  (this 
will  be  called  one  "load"),  and  it  can 
build  up  its  own  refuelins'  stations  at 
nnx  spot  along  the  way.  These  caches 
may  be  of  any  size,  and  it  is  assumed 
that  there  is  no  evaporation  loss.  What 
is  the  minimum  amount  (in  loads)  of 
gasoline  the  truck  will  require  in  order 
to  cross  the  desert?  Is  there  a  limit  to 
the    width    of    a    desert    the    truck    can 


The  most  popular  problem  ever  pub- 
lished in  Till-  Jiniricdti  Mathematical 
Monthly,  its  editors  recently  disclosed, 
is  the  following.  It  was  contributed  by 
P.  L.  Chessin  of  the  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric Corporation  to  the  April,  lQi4, 
issue. 

"(^ur  good  friend  and  eminent  nu- 
merologist.  Professor  Euclide  Paracelso 
Bombasto  Umbugio,  has  been  busily  en- 
gaged in  testing  on  his  desk  calculator 
the  81  X  10"  possible  solutions  to  the 
problem  of  reconstructing  the  following 
exact  long  division  in  which  the  digits 
were  indiscriminately  replaced  by  x  save 
in  the  quotient  where  the\  were  almost 
entireh'  omitteil. 

8 


XXX) xxxxxxxx 

XXX 

xxxx 

XXX 

xxxx 
xxxx 


"Deflate  the  Professor!  That  is,  re- 
duce the  possibilities  to   (81  X  10")"." 

Because  any  number  raised  to  the 
power  of  zero  is  one,  the  reader's  task 
is  to  discover  the  unique  reconstruction 
of  the  problem.  It  is  easier  than  it  looks, 
yielding  readily  to  a  few  elementary  in- 
sights. 

The  answers  will  appear  next  month. 


Here  are  the  answers  to  last  month's 
brainteasers. 

Four  airplanes  will  do  the  trick.  One 
solution : 

Planes  1,  2,  J  and  4  take  off  to- 
gether. After  going  1/6  of  the  distance 
around  the  earth,  planes  1  and  4  trans- 
fer half  their  remaining  fuel  to  planes 
2  and  3.  As  2  and  3  continue  for  an- 
other l/'6  of  the  wa\-,  planes  1  and  4 
return  to  base.  Plane  3  nr>w  transfers 
its  fuel  to  2. 

•:•:-  *  * 

If  you  place  the  point  of  a  compass 
at  the  center  of  a  black  square  on  a 
chessboard  with  two-inch  squares,  and 
extend  the  arms  of  the  compass  a  dis- 
tance equal  to  the  square  root  of  10 
inches,  the  pencil  will  trace  the  largest 
possible  circle  that  touches  oidy  black 
squares. 

*        *        » 

Writing  a  three-digit  number  twice  is 
the  same  as  multiplying  it  by  1,001. 
This  number  has  the  factors  7,  1 1  and 
13,  so  writing  the  chosen  number  twice 
is  equivalent  to  multiphing  it  by  7,  11 
and  13.  Naturally  when  the  product  is 
successively  divided  by  these  same  three 
numbers,  the  final  remainder  will  be  the 
original   number. 

-:S  «  * 

The  quickest  way  to  solve  this  prob- 
lem is  to  run  the  scene  backward  in 
time.  A  minute  before  the  crash  the 
9,000  niile-per-hour  missile  is  clearly 
150  miles  from  the  meeting  point  and 
the  21,000  mile-per-hour  missile  is  350 
miles  from  the  same  point,  making  the 
distance  between  them   tOO  miles. 


DECEMBER,    1959 


45 


New  American  Society  for  IVIetals  Headquarters 


[^■^s;^ 


NEW  HEADQUARTERS  BUILDING,  AMERICAN  SOCIETY  FOR  METALS,  Novelty,  Ohio,  east  of  Cleveland. 
Architect:  John  Terence  Kelly.  Consulting  Engineer:  Mayer  and  Valen- 
tine. General  Contractor:  Gillmore-Olson  Company.  Plumbing  and 
Heating  Contractor:  Spohn  Heating  &  Ventilating  Company.  Dome 
Design:  R.  BucKMiNSTER  FULLER,  Synergetics,  Inc. 


Imagination  shows  in  the  building 

—  practical  planning  in  the  choice  of  Jenkins  Valves 


Metals  Park  .  .  .  dramatic  new  Headquarters  of  the 
American  Society  for  Metals,  is  a  showcase  for  the 
wonderful  world  of  metals. 

The  geodesic  dome,  "world's  largest  space  lattice," 
required  thirteen  miles  of  tubing  and  rods  in  open- 
work trellis.  It  stands  as  a  monument  to  man's  imag- 
ination in  the  use  of  the  raw  elements  of  the  earth, 
as  symbolized  in  the  circular  Mineral  Garden  below. 
At  Metals  Park,  metals  are  everywhere  and  every- 
thing —  providing  an  ideal  background  for  ASM's 
many  services  to  30,000  members  in  the  metal 
industry. 


You  would  expect  men  of  metals  to  choose  metal 
products  of  superiority  for  their  headquarters.  And 
they  did  —  including  Jenkins  Valves  for  all  plumb- 
ing, heating  and  air  conditioning  lines.  They  had 
good  reason:  superior  metals  give  Jenkins  Valves 
the  extra  stamina  that  makes  them  famous  for  long 
life  and  dependability. 

Whenever  a  building  is  planned  with  the  future  in 
mind,  it's  wise  to  specify  or  install  Jenkins  Valves. 
They're  the  practical  choice  to  assure  longtime 
efficiency  and  economy  —  and  they  cost  no  more. 
Jenkins  Bros.,  100  Park  Ave.,  New  York  17, 


JENKINS 


LOOK  FOR  THE  JENKINS  DIAMOND 


VALVE  S 


)ND^^^® 


SOLD  THROUGH  LEADING  DISTRIBUTORS  EVERYWHERE 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


What  is  a 

Timken 

tapered 

roller 
bearing? 


IT'S  an  anti-friaion  bearing  that's  geometrically  de- 
signed to  give  true  rolling  motion  — and  precision- 
made  to  live  up  to  that  design.  Here's  how  you,  as  an 
engineer,  can  benefit  from  Timken"  bearings: 

A  Tapered  design  enables  a  Timken  roller  bearing 
•  to  take  any  combination  of  both  radial  and 
thrust  loads.  You'll  often  find  that  one  Timken  bearing 
does  the  load -carrying  job  of  tv^'o  ball  or  straight 
roller  bearings. 

BFull  line  contact  between  rollers  and  races  gives 
•  Timken  bearings  extra  load-carrying  capacity. 
This  enables  a  design  engineer  to  cram  maximum 
capacity  into  minimum  space.  And  Timken  bearings  can 
be  pre-loaded  for  accurate  gear  or  spindle  alignment. 

CCase   carhurization   makes   the   steel   of  Timken 
•  bearing  races  and  rollers  hard  on  the  outside 


to  resist  wear,  tough  on  the  inside  to  resist  shock. 
This  prolongs  the  life  of  Timken  bearings.  And  the 
steel  we  start  with  is  the  best.  It's  nickel-rich  for 
toughness. 

What  is  Better-ness?  its  our  word  for  the 

result  of  the  ceaseless  American  urge  to  make  machines 
that  do  more,  do  better,  do  faster.  Our  engineers  help 
make  Better-ness  possible.  They've  pioneered  every 
major  tapered  roller  bearing  advance.  And  they  work 
right  at  the  drawing  board  with  engineers  of  every 
major  industry.  It's  exciting,  rewarding  work  with  a 
future. 

If  you  would  like  to  help  create  Better-ness  on  our 
engineering  team,  write  Manager,  College  Relations, 
The  Timken  Roller  Bearing  Company,  Canton  6,  Ohio. 


BETTER, -NESS  rolls  on 


DECEMBER,    1959 


tapered  roller  1>ea.ring:s 

rir$t  hi  beariug  value  jor  60  years 


47 


Begged,  Borrowed,  and  . 


Edited  by  Jack  Fortner 


A  \iT\  rich  deposit  of  oil  was  liis- 
i()vcn-(i  1)11  the  farmer's  land,  liiniu'di- 
atfly  he  rushed  into  town  to  purch:iM- 
a  new  car.  An  obliging  salesman  show  ed 
him  a  sleek  roadster  selling  for  $5,00(1. 

"I  nni  prepared  to  pay  cash,"  said 
the  farmer.  "Will   I  get  a  discount?" 

'AVhy  certainly,"  replied  the  salrv- 
man.  "We  will  give  you  a  10',  dis- 
count on  a  cash  purchase." 

Not  being  confident  on  his  abilit\-  as 
a  n\athematician,  the  farmer  said  he 
would  think  it  over  and  return  later. 

He  walked  into  a  restaurant  and  o\er 
his  coffee  tried  to  figure  what  his  dis- 
count would  be,  but  to  no  avail.  Final- 
ly in  desperation  he  turned  to  the 
waitress  and  asked.  "If  I  ga\e  \()u  10', 
of  $\()(^0  how  much  would  sou  take 
ofi?" 

Blushing  prettily,  the  waitress  whis- 
pered, "Would  my  earrings  bother 
you?" 

M.E.    Problem  Test  No.  2 

A  crosseyed  woodpecker  with  a  cork 
leg  and  synthetic  rubber  bill  required  ]/, 
hour  to  peck  Y^  of  the  distance  through 
a  cypress  log  53  years  old.  Shingles  cost 
79c  per  hundred  and  weigh  8  pounds 
apiece  .The  log  being  pecked  upon  is 
,34  feet  long  and  weighs  46  pounds  per 
foot.  Assuming  that  the  coefTficient  of 
friction  between  the  woodpecker's  bill 
and  the  cypress  log  is  0.097  and  there 
is  negligible  resistance  to  diffusion,  how 
many  units  of  vitamin  B,  will  the  wood- 
pecker require  in  pecking  out  enough 
shingles  for  a  $75,000  barn  with  de- 
tachable chicken  house?  The  wood- 
pecker has  efficiency  of  97  per  cent,  and 
gets  time  and  half  for  overtime. 

The  engineer  returned  home  one 
night  at  a  late  hour,  and  finding  dif- 
ficulty with  his  equilibrium,  made  con- 
siderable noise  in  the  hallway.  Sudden- 
ly there  was  a  sound  of  crashing  glass 
which  awakened  his  wife. 

"John,"  she  called,  "What's  the  mat- 
ter?" 

From  downstairs  came  a  low  mumble, 
"I'll  teach  those  goldfish  to  snap  at 
me." 


There  .ire  those  who  claim  that  silk 
isn't  the  best  thing  in  the  world,  but 
most  people  will  agree  it  is  about  the 
nearest  thing  to  it. 


She  was  a  gorgeous  girl, 

.And  he  was  a  lo\iiig  male. 

He    praised    her    shape    in    English, 

h'rench,    Italian,    and    Braille. 


Prof. :  "Why  don't  you  answer  when 

1    call    your   name?" 

ME:   "I    nodded   my  heail." 

Prof. :  "You  don't  expect  me  to  hear 

the  rattle  all  the  way  up  here  do  you?" 

The  fellow  and  girl  charged  around 
,1  corner  and  bumped  smack  into  each 
other.  They  stepped  back,  apologized 
and  started  up  again.  But  they  both 
dodged  in  the  same  direction  and 
bumped  once  more.  Again  they  started 
up,  bumped  and  apologized.  This  time 
the  fellow  stepped  back,  raised  his  hat 
and  gallantly  remarked,  "Just  once 
more,  cutie,  then   1    realh    lia\e  to  go." 

Mottoes: 

Freshman  Girl:  "Mother  knows 
best." 

Sophomore  (jirl:  "Death  before  dis- 
honor." 

Junior  Girl:  "Nothing  \eiitured, 
nothing   gained." 

Senior  (iirl:  "Bo\s  will  be  boys." 


Freshman:  "What  does  'Fantasy' 
mean  ?" 

Senior:  "A  stor\-  in  which  the  char- 
acters are  ghosts,  gobliii>,  \irgins,  and 
other  supernatural   beings." 


Two  Wacs  returning  late  one  night 
got  into  the  wrong  barracks — those  of 
the  enlisted  men.  (^ne  lost  her  head  and 
ran:   the   other   remained   calm   and   col- 


Then  there  was  the  chemical  engi- 
neer who  died  from  drinking  shellac. 
The  boys  all  said  he  had  a  good   finish. 


ENGINEERS   CORN  TEST 
Connect    20,000    volts    across    a    pint. 

If   the   current   jumps   it,   the   product   is 

poor. 

If   the    current   causes   a    precipitation 

of   lye,   tin,   arsenic,   iron   slag,   or   .iluni, 

the  whiskey  is  fair. 

If   the   liquor  chases   the   current   back 

to     the     generator,     you've     got     good 

whiskey. 

The  origin  of  the  e.xpression,  "hur- 
rah for  our  side!"  goes  back  to  the 
crowds  lining  the  streets  when  Lady 
Godiva  made  her  famous  sidesaddle  ride 
through   the  streets  of  Coventry. 

Some   girls   are   cold   sober. 
Others   are   always  cold. 

During  mock  maneuvers  an  army 
commander  ordered  a  notice  to  be  dis- 
played on  a  bridge  stating:  "This  bridge 
has  been  destroyed  by  air  attack."  But 
to  his  chagrin,  he  noticed  through  his 
field  glasses  that  a  foot  regiment  was 
cro.ssing  the  bridge  despite  his  orders. 
He  sent  his  adjutant  to  the  officer  in 
charge  post-haste  to  find  out  how  he 
dared  to  defy  his  orders.  An  hour  later 
the  adjutant  was  back.  "It's  all  right, 
sir,"  he  reported.  "The  troops  are  wear- 
ing signs  saying  'We  are  swimming'." 

Two  enterprising  young  men  on  a 
train  decided  to  make  the  acquaintance 
of  the  young  lady  across  the  aisle  from 
them.  Said  the  first  gentleman,  "M\ 
name's  Peter,  but  I'm  no  saint."  Added 
the  second,  "My  name's  Paul,  but  I'm 
no  apostle."  Replied  the  flustered  young 
ladv,  "My  name's  Mary  and  I  don't 
know   what   to   sav.  " 


"She    isn't    my    best 
best." 


-just 


ecks 


Bus  driver:   ".'\11    right   back   there?" 
Feminine  Voice:  "No,  wait  till  I  get 

vn\  clothes  on." 

Then    the    driver    led    a    .stampede    to 

the    rear    and    watched    the    girl    get    on 

with   a   basket   of   lauiulry. 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


IN  DEVELOPMENT 


Photo  graphy 
'w^orks  for 
the  Elngineer 


Design    pn 

suggested  by  high-spnd  iiidiinii  p 

slow  down  motion  so  thai  ii  can  bt 


There's  hardly  a  spot  in  business  and 
industry  today  w  here  photography  does 
not  play  a  part  at  simplifying  or  easing 
work  and  routine.  It  works  in  research, 
on  the  production  line,  in  the  engineer- 
ing and  sales  departments,  in  the  office. 
And  everywhere  it  saves  time  and  costs. 
You  will  find  it  valuable  in  whatever 
you  do.  So  be  sure  to  look  into  all  the 
ways  it  can  help. 


EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY 
Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


CAREERS  WITH  KODAK: 

With  photography  and  photographic 
processes  becoming  increasingly  impor- 
tant in  the  business  and  industry  of 
tomorrow,  there  are  new  and  challeng- 
ing opportunities  at  Kodak  in  research, 
engineering,  electronics,  design,  sales, 
and  production. 

If  you  are  looking  for  such  an  inter- 
esting opportunity,  write  lor  inlorma- 
tion  about  careers  \sith  Kodak.  Address; 
Business  and  Technical  Personnel 
Department,  Eastman  Kodak  Company, 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


IN  PRODUCTION 


PiodiKlion  lint-  assemblers,  working 
Irum  ]jlii)lc)'4raphic  color  transparencies, 
cpiickK  and  accurately  connect  the 
iiitiicatc  ina/c  ol  nuilti-colorcd  wires. 


IN  SALES 


Ph(it(iL;iaphs  pJa\  a  major  lolc  in  prosidmg 
manat;enient  with  an  up-to-date  record  of 
physical  facilities  —  plants,  branches  and 
sales  offices. 


One    of 


a    series 


-J 


Q.  Mr.  Savage,  should  young  engineers 
join  professional  engineering  socie- 
ties? 

A.  By  all  means.  Once  engineers 
have  graduated  from  college 
they  are  immediately  "on  the 
outside  looking  in,"  so  to  speak, 
of  a  new  social  circle  to  which 
they  must  earn  their  right  to  be- 
long. Joining  a  professional  or 
technical  society  represents  a 
good  entree. 

Q.  How  do  these  societies  help  young 
engineers? 

A.  The  members  of  these  societies 
— mature,  knowledgeable  men — 
have  an  obligation  to  instruct 
those  who  follow  after  them. 
Engineers  and  scientists — as  pro- 
fessional people — are  custodians 
of  a  specialized  body  or  fund  of 
knowledge  to  which  they  have 
three  definite  responsibilities. 
The  first  is  to  generate  new 
knowledge  and  add  to  this  total 
fund.  The  second  is  to  utilize 
this  fund  of  knowledge  in  service 
to  society.  The  third  is  to  teach 
this  knowledge  to  others,  includ- 
ing young  engineers. 

Q.  Specifically,  what  benefits  accrue 
from  belonging  to  these  groups? 

A.  There  are  many.  For  the  young 
engineer,  affiliation  serves  the 
practical  purpose  of  exposing  his 
work  to  appraisal  by  other  scien- 
tists and  engineers.  Most  impor- 
tant, however,  technical  societies 
enable  young  engineers  to  learn 
of  work  crucial  to  their  own. 
These  organizations  are  a  prime 
source  of  ideas  —  meeting  col- 
leagues and  talking  with  them, 
reading  reports,  attending  meet- 
ings and  lectures.  And,  for  the 
young  engineer,  recognition  of 
his  accomplishments  by  asso- 
ciates and  organizations  gener- 
ally heads  the  list  of  his  aspira- 
tions. He  derives  satisfaction 
from  knowing  that  he  has  been 
identified  in  his  field. 


Interview  with  General  Electric's 

Charles  F.  Savage 

Consultant  —  Engineering  Professional  Relations 

How  Professional  Societies 
Help  Develop  Young  Engineers 


Q.  What  contribution  is  the  young  en- 
gineer expected  to  make  as  an  ac- 
tive member  of  technical  and  pro- 
fessional societies? 

A.  First  of  all,  he  should  become 
active  in  helping  promote  the 
objectives  of  a  society  by  prepar- 
ing and  presenting  timely,  well- 
conceived  technical  papers.  He 
should  also  become  active  in 
organizational  administration. 
This  is  self-development  at  work, 
for  such  efforts  can  enhance  the 
personal  stature  and  reputation 
of  the  individual.  And,  I  might 
add  that  professional  develop- 
ment is  a  continuous  process, 
starting  prior  to  entering  col- 
lege and  progressing  beyond 
retirement.  Professional  aspira- 
tions may  change  but  learning 
covers  a  person's  entire  life  span. 
And,  of  course,  there  are  dues  to 
be  paid.  The  amount  is  grad- 
uated in  terms  of  professional 
stature  gained  and  should  al- 
ways be  considered  as  a  personal 
investment  in  his  future. 

Q.  How  do  you  go  about  joining  pro- 
fessional  groups? 

A.  While  still  in  school,  join  student 
chapters  of  societies  right  on 
campus.  Once  an  engineer  is  out 
working  in  industry,  he  should 
contact  local  chapters  of  techni- 
cal and  professional  societies,  or 
find  out  about  them  from  fellow 
engineers. 

Q.  Does  General  Electric  encourage  par- 
ticipation in  technical  and  profes- 
sional societies? 

A.  It  certainly  does.  General  Elec- 
tric progress  is  built  upon  cre- 
ative ideas  and  innovations.  The 
Company  goes  to  great  lengths 
to  establish  a  climate  and  in- 
centive to  yield  these  results. 
One  way  to  get  ideas  is  to  en- 


courage employees  to  join  pro- 
fessional societies.  Why?  Because 
General  Electric  shares  in  recog- 
nition accorded  any  of  its  indi- 
vidual employees,  as  well  as  the 
common  pool  of  knowledge  that 
these  engineers  build  up.  It  can't 
help  but  profit  by  encouraging 
such  association,  which  sparks 
and  stimulates  contributions. 

Right  now,  sizeable  numbers  of 
General  Electric  employees,  at 
all  levels  in  the  Company,  belong 
to  engineering  societies,  hold  re- 
sponsible offices,  serve  on  work- 
ing committees  and  handle  im- 
portant assignments.  Many  are 
recognized  for  their  outstanding 
contributions  by  honor  and 
medal  awards. 

These  general  observations  em- 
phasize that  General  Electric 
does  encourage  participation.  In 
indication  of  the  importance  of 
this  view,  the  Company  usually 
defrays  a  portion  of  the  expense 
accrued  by  the  men  involved  in 
supporting  the  activities  of  these 
various  organizations.  Remem- 
ber, our  goal  is  to  see  every  man 
advance  to  the  full  limit  of  his 
capabilities.  Encouraging  him  to 
join  Professional  Societies  is  one 
way  to  help  him  do  so. 

Mr.  Savage  has  copies  of  the  booklet 
"Your  First  5  Years"  published  by 
the  Engineers'  Council  for  Profes- 
sional Development  which  you  may 
have  for  the  asking.  Simply  write  to 
Mr.  C.  F.  Savage,  Section  959-12, 
General  Electric  Co.,  Schenectady 
5,  N.  Y. 


*LOOK  FOR  other  interviews  dis- 
cussing: Salary  •  Why  Companies 
have  Training  Programs  •  How  to 
Get  the  Job  You  Want. 


generalBelectric 


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||jliii|«OT  4|"ti"M5TT't''Mri";(i«j  'WKI'i'  "ttpiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


r;     '•".■  \  '"    '>  -  > 


bpp 


ERING 

HOUSE 


How  to  start  a  heart 

Lliai  SlOpS.  An  ()|)erating  room  is 
ii  (|ui(l  place.  Init  you  could  hear  a  sriowflake 
ili(ip  whiMi  a  living  heart  stops.  Sometimes 
only  a  .single  word  is  spoken.  "epine|)hrine." 
The  .syringe  is  firmly  i)laced  in  tht>  siirgron's 
(Hit-^tiitthcd  hand  and  he  plunges  the  long 
needle  fleep  into  the  chest— into  the  center  of 
the  heart  it.self.  As  soon  as  the  life-giving 
chemical  touches  the  muscle  of  the  heart,  this 
wondrous  organ  usually  contracts  violently 
and  starts  to  heat  again. 

In  the  human  body  epinephrine  is  secreted 
by  the  core  of  the  adrenal  gland,  and  it  acts 
to  regulate  the  flow  of  body  blood  in  conjunc- 
tion with  other  body  chemicals. 


Editor 

Dave  Penniman 

Business  Manager 

Roger  Harrison 

Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 

Asst. — Marilyn  Day 

Editorial  Staff 

George  Carruthers 
Steve  Dilts 
Grenville  King 
Jeff  R.  Golin 
Bill  Andrews 
Ron  Kurtz 
Jeri  Jewett 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 

Production  Staff 

Mark  Weston 

Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William  Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan,  Director 
Gary  Waffle 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 

Advisors 

R.  W.  Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.  DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.   C.   McClintock 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Stanley  Stynes 
Wayne  State  University,  Detroit,  Michigan 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph  " 
gineer      ^ '^ ■'       ^ 


Transit,     Kansas     Enginee 
Kansas  State   Engineer,   Kentucky   Enginee 
Louisiana   State  University  Engineer,  Loui 
iana    Tech    Engineer.    Manhattan    Enginee 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  Technic,  Mil 
nesota    Technolog,    Missouri    Shamrock,    N' 
braska     Blueprint,     New     York     University 
Quadrangle,  North  Dakota   Engineer,   North- 
western    Engineer,     Nutre     Dame    Technical 
Review,     Ohio     State     Engineer,     Oklahoma 
State  Engineer,  Oregon  State  Technical  Tri- 
angle,  Pittsburgh    Skyscraper,   Purdue   Engi- 
neer,   KPI     Engineer,     Rochester     Indicator, 
SC  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Southern  Engi- 
neer, Spartan  Engineer,  Texas  A  &  M  Engi- 
neer,    Washington     Engineer,     WSC     Tech- 
nometer,    Wayne    Engineer,    and    Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  Number  4 


January,   1960 


Table  of  Contents 

ARTICLES: 

Importance  of  Communication Dean  5.  H.  Pierce  15 

News  Flash Cynthia   Patterson  17 

What  Are  The  Odds? Precis  20 

Special  Open  House  Section 24 

Responsibility  of  The  College R.  W.  Sievers  63 

FEATURES: 

Come  and  See  Us Dean  W.  L.  Everitt  9 

Technocutie Photos   by   Dove  Yates  58 

Skimming  Industrial  Headlines Edited  by  Paul  Cliff  65 

Brointeasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  71 

Begged,  Borrowed,  And Edited  by  Jack  Fortner  80 

Cover  .     . 

The  cover  this  month  done  by  Phil  Weibler  will  also  be  the 
OPEN  HOUSE  poster  for  this  year.  Phil  is  doing  all  the  art  work 
for  the  Open  House  publicity  campaign. 


Copyright,  1959,  by  lUini  Publishing  Co.  Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc; 
tober,  November,  December,  January,  February,  March,  April  and  May)  by  the  lUini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879.  Office  215  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50  per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  All  rights 
reserved  by  The  Illinois  Technograph.  Publisher's  Representative  —  Littell-Murray- 
Barnhill,  Inc.,  737  North  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  11,  111.,  369  Lexington  Ave., 
New    York    17,    New    York. 


W.  J.  Burnham  of  Westinghouse's  Electronics  Lab  controls  the  evaporation  of  germanium  metal  in  a  low  pressure  atmosphere.  The 
germanium  smoke  collects  on  a  glass  disk  producing  a  thin  film  semiconductor  of  the  type  to  be  used  in  telemetering  systems. 

Is  a  semiconductor  film  the  answer? 
Ask  the  men  in  the  Electronics  Lab 


I 


The  Electronics  Laboratory  helps  the  Westinghouse  en- 
gineer use  the  latest  tools  in  the  electronics  field  and 
works  to  develop  new  ones  for  his  special  projects.  If  a 
Westinghouse  engineer  needs  a  new  semiconductor  film 
for  a  satellite  telemetering  system,  or  a  highly  sensitive 
tube  for  a  new  kind  of  TV  camera,  he  can  call  on  this 
group  of  experts  for  help. 

The  lab  is  currently  doing  work  with  infrared  imaging 
devices,  molecular  electronics,  sound  transmission  in 
water  and  air,  parametric  amplification  of  microwaves, 
plasma  physics,  thermionic  power  conversion  and  light 
emission.  Nearly  all  of  its  work  is  in  support  of  engineers 
and  scientists  in  other  departments  of  the  company. 

At  Westinghouse  the  young  engineer  isn't  expected  to 
know  all  the  answers.  Our  work  is  often  too  advanced 


for  that.  Instead,  each  man  is  backed  up  by  specialists, 
like  those  in  the  Electronics  Lab. 

If  you  have  ambition  and  real  ability,  you  can  have  a 
rewarding  career  with  Westinghouse.  Our  broad  product 
line,  decentralized  operations,  and  diversified  technical 
assistance  provide  hundreds  of  challenging  opportunities 
for  talented  engineers. 

Want  more  information?  Write  to  Mr.  L.  H.  Noggle, 
Westinghouse  Educational  Department,  Ardmore  & 
Brinton  Roads,  Pittsburgh  21,  Pennsylvania. 

you  CAN  BE  SURE... IF  it's 

TVestinghouse 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


'J'he  deiice  abo}il  lo  he  suhmenjcd  is  an  "undenrdtcr  sound  source".  It  transmits  sound  waves  beneath  the  sea  and  is  part  of  the  research 
equipment  developed  by  Bendix  Research  Laboratories  Division  for  use  in  the  Bendix  program  of  undersea  acoustics  research. 


Bendix,  America's  most  diversified  engineering  organi- 
zation, offers  challenging  job  opportunities  in  every 
area  of  man's  scientific  and  engineering  accomplisii- 
ment— under  the  sea,  on  land,  in  the  air  and  in 
outer  space! 

Take,  for  example,  the  urgent  problem  of  defense 
against  enemy  submarines.  Bendix— pioneer  in  sonar 
research  development,  and  supplier  of  this  equipment 
to  our  government  for  many  years — was  selected  to 
develop  new  techniques  to  increase  sonar  capabilities. 

Another  important  Bendix  anti-submarine  device  is 
"dunked"  sonar,  lowered  from  helicopter  into  the  sea 
to  detect  enemy  submarines. 

The  spectacular  "TV  eye",  which  enabled  the  crew 
of  the  nuclear-powered  submarine  "Skate"  to  observe 
the  underside  of  the  Polar  ice  pack  and  locate  areas 


A  thousand  products 


for  safe  surfacing,  was  likewise  a  Bendix  development. 

The  real  "depth"  of  job  opportunities  at  Bendix  can 
best  be  measured  by  the  many  and  diverse  scientific 
fields  in  which  Bendix  is  engaged. 

For  example— career  opportunities  are  available  in 
such  fields  as  electronics,  electromechanics,  ultra- 
sonics, computers,  automation,  radar,  nucleonics, 
combustion,  air  navigation,  hydraulics,  instrumenta- 
tion, propulsion,  metallurgy,  communications,  carbu- 
retion,  solid  state  physics,  aerophysics  and  structures. 

At  Bendix  there  is  truly  Opportunity  in  Depth  for 
outstanding  young  engineers  and  scientists.  See  your 
placement  director  for  information  about  campus 
interview  dates,  or  write  to  Director  of  University 
and  Scientific  Relations,  Bendix  Aviation  Corpora- 
tion, 1108  Fisher  Building,  Detroit  2,  Michigan. 


a  million  ideas 


JANUARY,   1960 


complete  instrumentation  for  NASA's  Project  Mercury 

COLLINS  ELECTRONICS 


The  reality  of  McDonnell's  manned  sat- 
ellite will  be  a  great  milestone  in  NASA's 
exploration  of  space.  Collins  Radio  Com- 
pany is  proud  to  participate  in  Project 
Mercury  by  supplying  the  complete  elec- 
tronics system,  including  orbital  radio 
voice  communication,  a  command  system 
for  radio  control,  a  telemetry  data  system, 
a  Minitrack  beacon  system,  a  transponder 
beacon  system  for  precision  tracking,  and 
a  rescue  radio  voice  and  beacon  system. 

Collins  needs  engineers  and  physicists  to 
keep  pace  with  the  growing  demand  for  its 
products.  Positions  are  challenging.  Assign- 
ments are  varied.  Projects  currently  under- 
way in  the  Cedar  Rapids  Division  include 
research  and  development  in  Airborne 
communication,  navigation  and  identifica- 


tion systems.  Missile  and  satellite  tracking 
and  communication.  Antenna  design.  Ama- 
teur radio  and  Broadcast. 

Collins  manufacturing  and  R&D  in- 
stallations are  also  located  in  Burbank 
and  Dallas.  Modern  laboratories  and  re- 
search facilities  at  all  locations  ensure  the 
finest  working  conditions. 

Your  placement  office  will  tell  you  when 
a  Collins  representative  will  be  on  campus. 

For  all  the  interesting  facts  and  figures 
of  recent  Collins  developments  send  for 
your  free  copies  of  Signn/,  published  quar- 
terly by  the  Collins  Radio  Company.  Fill 
out  and  mail  the  attached  coupon  today. 
You'll  receive  every  issue  published  during 
this  school  year  without  obligation. 


COLLINS 


Professional  Placement, 
Collins  Radio  Company, 
Cedar  Roplds,  Iowa 


me  each  Collins  Signal  published 

chool  year. 


COLLINS  RADIO  COMPANY      •      CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA      •      DALLAS.  TEXAS      •      BURBANK,  CALIFORNIA 


Address 

City 

State 

College  or  Univer 

ity 

Major  degree 

Minor 

Groduotion  date 

■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■a 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


DOW  is  tomorrow- minded 

plant 


Take  just  one  for-instance:  Plaquemine.  Some  five 
hundred  acres  of  Louisiana  sugar  cane  country  once. 
Stately  oaks  and  magnolias.  Today  they're  still 
there.  But  growing  harmoniously  with  them  are  the 
vivid  contemporary  colors  of  the  new  plant— the 
Dow  reds  and  greens,  gleaming  whites,  Confederate 
gray,  businesslike  black.  They  blend  in  with  the 
oaks  and  magnolias  to  provide  one  of  America's 
most  modern  and  distinctive  plant  vistas.  Along 
with  the  forward-looking  products  and  the  people 
who  produce  them,  this  tomorrow-minded  Dow 
plant  is  a  part  of  the  new  face  of  the  new  South. 

Plaquemine  is  located  in  one  of  the  nation's  fastest- 
growing  concentrations  of  chemical  manufacture. 
This  now  bustling  Evangeline  country  offers  abun- 
dant natural  resources,  an  excellent  network  of 
transportation,  good  accessibility  to  great  and 
developing  markets  and  communities.  And,  perhaps 


most  important  of  all— Old  Man  River— the  limit- 
less Mississippi,  with  its  never-ending  source  of 
fresh  water  and  its  gate  to  the  ocean-going  trade 
routes  of  the  world. 

Today's  Plaquemine  is  a  symbol  of  Dow's  tomorrow- 
minded  growth— at  one  of  the  fastest  rates  in  the 
industry.  To  keep  pace  with  its  output  of  products, 
new  and  old,  Dow  plants  are  building  nationwide. 
Says  the  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Directors:  "We 
build  in  boom  times  to  keep  up  with  the  demand; 
we  build  in  slump  times  for  the  future."  And  Dow 
continues  to  build  its  plants,  products  and  people 
always  with  tomorrow  in  mind. 

If  you  would  like  to  know  more  about  the  Dow 
opportunity,  please  write:  Director  of  College 
Relations,  Dept.  2425FW,  the  dow  chemical 
COMPANY,  Midland,  Michigan. 


THE  DOW  CHEMICAL  COMPANY   •   MIDLAND,  MICHIOAN 

JANUARY,   1960 


A  new  dimension  in 


bubble  blowing 


This  plastic  bubble  protects  the  antenna  of  a 
radically  new  aerial  three-dimensional  radar 
defense  system. 

Sensitive  to  the  inadequacies  of  conventional  radar 
systems,  engineers  at  Hughes  in  Fullerton  devised 
a  radar  antenna  whose  pointing  direction  is  made 
sensitive  to  the  frequency  of  the  electromagnetic 
energy  applied  to  the  antenna.  This  advanced  tech- 
nique allows  simultaneous  detection  of  range,  bear- 
ing and  altitude. .  .with  a  single  antenna. 

Hughes  engineers  combined  this  radar  antenna  with 
"vest-pocket  sized"  data  processors  to  co-ordinate 
antiaircraft  missile  firing.  These  unique  data  proc- 
essing systems  pi'ovide: 

1.  Speed  — Complex  electronic  missile  firing  data  was 
designed  to  travel  through  the  system  in  milli- 
seconds, assuring  "up-to-date"  pinpoint  position- 
ing of  hostile  aircraft. 

2.  Mobility  — Hughes  engineers  "ruggedized"  and 
miniaturized  the  system  so  that  it  could  be  mounted 
into  standard  army  trucks  which  could  be  de- 
ployed to  meet  almost  any  combat  problem  — even 
in  rugged  terrain. 

3.  Reliability  —  By  using  digital  data  transmission 
techniques,  Hughes  engineers  have  greatly  re- 
duced any  possibility  of  error. 

Result:  the  most  advanced  electronics  defense 
system  in  operation! 


Reliability  of  the  advanced  Hughes  systems  can  be  in- 
sured only  with  the  equally  advanced  test  equipment 
designed  by  Hughes  El  Segundo  engineers. 

^  1 


Other  Hughes  projects  provide  similarly  stimulating 
outlets  for  creative  talents.  Current  areas  of  Re- 
search and  Development  include  advanced  airborne 
electronics  systems,  advanced  data  processing 
systems,  electronic  display  systems,  molecular  elec- 
tronics, space  vehicles,  nuclear  electronics,  electrolu- 
minescence, ballistic  missiles. ..and  many  more. 
Hughes  Products,  the  commercial  activity  of  Hughes, 
has  assignments  open  for  imaginative  engineers  to 
perform  research  in  semiconductor  materials  and 
electron  tubes. 

Whatever  your  field  of  interest,  you'll  find  Hughes 
diversity  of  advanced  projects  makes  Hughes  an 
ideal  place  for  you  to  grow... both  professionally 
and  personally. 


ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERS  AND  PHYSICISTS 
Members  of  our  staff  will  conduct 

CAMPUS  INTERVIEWS 

MARCH  10  and  11,  1960 

For  interview  appointment  or  informational 

literature  consult  your  College  Placement  Director. 


Tht  Weefa 
leader  in 
advanced 
ELECTRONICS 


HUGHES   AIRCRAFT  COMPANY 

Culver  City.  Kl  Setnnntu,  Fullerton,  New-port  Beach, 

Malibit  and  Los  Angeles,  California 

Tucson,  Arizona 


Falcon  air-to-air   guided  missiles,  shown  in  an  en- 

1  vironmental  strato  chamber  are  being  developed  and 

manufactured  by  Hughes  engineers  in  Tucson,  Arizona. 


I 


Karl  Pear  son...  on  mystery  versus  ignorance 


Does  science  leave  no  mystery?  On  the  contrary, 
it  f)roclaims  mystery  where  others  profess  Knowl- 
edge. There  is  mystery  enough  in  the  universe 
of  sensation  and  in  its  capacity  for  containing 
tliose  httle  corners  of  consciousness  wliich  project 
their  own  prochicts.  of  order  and  law  and  reason, 

THE     RAND      CORPORATION, 

A  nonprofit  organization  inpnccd  in  rcscardi  on  prol 


into  an  uni<nown  and  uni<nowable  world.  There 
is  mystery  enough  here,  only  let  us  clearly  distin- 
guish it  from  ignorance  within  the  field  of  possible 
knowledge.  The  one  is  impenetrable,  the  other 
we  are  daily  subduing. 

.-'Grammar  of  Science,  1892 

SANTA     MONICA,     CALIFORNIA 

(cms  related  to  nalion.il   security  and   tlie  public   interest 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


COME  AND  SEE  US 


Get  a  Student's  —  Eye  View  of  Engineering 


W.  L.  EVERITT 
Dean,  College  of  Engineering 


En<riiieering  is  more  a  \v:\y  of  lite  than  a  way  of  niakiiifj; 
a  living.  Hence,  it  is  difficult  to  explain  in  succinct  terms 
just  what  an  engineer  is  or  \\hat  he  does.  One  somewhat 
facetious  definition  has  it  that  "an  engineer  is  .someone  who 
knows  whether  a  thing  will  work  before  it  is  huilt — any 
fool  knows  afterward."  Such  a  definition  shows  why  m'athn- 
inatics  is  so  important  as  an  engineering  tool,  but  does  not 
begin  to  tell  the  whole  story:  how  an  engineer  must  work 
with  people  as  well  as  with  energy  and  materials,  how  he 
must  predict  and  then  fulfill  the  needs  and  desires  of  his 
fellow  men,  so  that  his  product  must  meet  socially  desirable 
objectives — will  both  work  and  be  wanted.  No  definition 
can  make  clear  how  the  engineer  must  dream  as  well  as  pro- 
duce, or  how  he  fits  into  our  modern  economic  system  so 
indispensably  that  many  people  think  he,  more  than  the 
members  of  any  other  profession,  will  determine  the  future 
of  mankind. 

As  a  contribution  to  career  guidance,  the  College  of 
Engineering  at  the  University  of  Illinois  is  most  anxious  to 
present  engineering  as  a  possible  profession  for  the  considera- 
tion of  high  school  students  in  the  state,  the  group  from 
which  members  of  this  and  all  other  professions  must  be 
drawn.  Such  a  presentation  is  made  in  a  variety  of  ways, 
and  in  cooperation  with  other  groups  who  have  similar  ob- 
jectives. For  that  reason,  we  publish  numerous  booklets 
(such  as  our  Careers  in  Engineering),  we  arrange  (on  invi- 
tation) for  speakers  at  Career  Days  in  high  schools,  and  we 
support  national  organizations  such  as  the  Engineers'  Coun- 
cil for  Professional  Development  in  their  information  efforts. 

However,  nothing  can  convey  a  message  of  interest  and 
hospitality  quite  as  well  as  a  person-to-person  contact.  We 
are,  therefore,  always  glad  to  have  high  school  students  or 
parents  come  to  Urbana  or  to  the  Chicago  Undergraduate 
Division  at  the  Pier  to  talk  with  our  staff  or  to  see  our 
physical  facilities.  But  once  each  year,  in  mid-March,  we 
suspend  classes  so  that  students  and  faculty  together  can 
make  a  special  concerted  effort  in  displaying  our  whole  Col- 
lege and  its  facilities  for  our  visitors.  This  is  our  Engineer- 
ing ( )pen  House,  to  which  this  i.ssue  of  Terhnoffrtiph  is 
ilcdicated   to  gi\e  the  high   schools   prelunuiarv   information. 


During  the  two  days  of  March  11-12,  we  will  have 
many  interesting  demonstrations,  and  almost  everything  lab- 
oratory-wise will  be  going  at  once.  You  may  talk  to  stu- 
dents and  faculty  advisers  as  well  as  .see  equipment  in 
operation.  Our  Tau  Beta  Pi  Honor  Society  even  has  a 
textbook  roundup  and  will  give  interested  visitors  a  scholar- 
ly, curricular  point  of  view  to  balance  the  entertaining  fea- 
tures in  the  laboratory  areas.  I  myself  find  it  a  good  time 
to  learn  more  about  engineering,  to  see  our  new  facilities 
in  operation,  and  to  be  pleasantly  surprised  by  the  new  ways 
our  students  have  found  to  present  their  own  special  fields 
and  projects. 

I  must  admit  that  such  a  short,  overall  tour-visit  can 
hardly  convey  to  you  a  deep  and  broad  understanding  of 
engineering  in  terms  of  the  philosophy  I  expressed  in  the 
opening  paragraph — sometimes  this  takes  years  for  even  a 
practicing  engineer  to  grasp  in  shaping  his  own  attitudes 
toward  life.  But  I  hope  that  such  an  ob.servation  of  engi- 
neering education  in  action  may  help  lay  the  foundation  so 
that  by  combining  it  and  other  means  high  school  students 
can  find  an  answer  to  the  critical  question :  Is  engineering 
the  right  career  for  me?  We  are  also,  of  course,  anxious  to 
have  vocational  advisers  and  other  members  of  the  high 
school  faculties,  as  well  as  school  administrators,  parents, 
and  the  general  public  come  to  see  us. 

If  you  wish,  we  can  make  arrangements  to  h.ave  you  talk 
individually  with  one  or  more  members  of  ovn-  faculty.  In 
this  connection,  it  would  be  helpful  if  you  would  write 
ahead  so  that  we  can  plan  appointments;  but  if  your  plans 
are  uncertain  until  the  last  minute,  come  anyway  and  let 
us  know  when  you  get  here.  While  I  will  not  be  in  my 
office  all  the  time  (I,  too,  want  to  see  what  is  going  on),  you 
can  reach  me  or  members  of  my  staff  through  my  secretary 
in  Civil  Engineering  Hall,  Room   106. 

May  I  extend,  on  behalf  of  our  students  and  staff,  a 
warm  invitation  to  come  to  our  1960  Engineering  Open 
House  at  I'rbana  on  IVlarch  1  1  and  12  to  see  a  leading  En- 
gineering College  on  parade. 


JANUARY,   1960 


OLLOW  HE  EADERisnogame 

with  Delco.  Long  a  leader  in  automotive  radio  engineering  and 
production,  Delco  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors  has  charted  a 
similar  path  in  the  missile  and  allied  electronic  fields.  Especially,  we  are 
conducting  aggressive  programs  in  semiconductor  material  research, 
and  device  development  to  further  expand  facilities  and  leadership 
in  these  areas.  Frankly,  the  applications  we  see  for  semiconductors  are 
staggering,  as  are  those  for  other  Space  Age  Devices:  Computors  .  .  . 
Static  Inverters  .  .  .  Thermoelectric  Generators  .  .  .  Power  Supplies. 

However,  leadership  is  not  self-sustaining.  It  requires 
periodic  infusions  of  new  ideas  and  new  talent — aggressive  new  talent. 
We  invite  you  to  follow  the  leader— Delco — to  an  exciting, 
profitable  future. 

If  you're  interested  in  becoming  a  part  of  this  challenging 
Delco,  GM  team,  write  to  Mr.  Carl  Longshore,  Supervisor — 
Salaried  Employment,  for  additional  information  —  or  talk  to  our 
representative  when  he  visits  your  campus. 


^^  J^ELco  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors 

KoKOMO,  Indiana 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


•    Shown  above  is  a  ireon  refrigeration  system  ior  manned  flight  environmental  control  systems,  Garrett 

the  Boeing  707.  Through  its  unique  design,  a  10-ton  designs  and  produces  equipment  for  air-breathing 

cooling  capacity  is  provided  at  one-tenth  the  weight  aircraft  as  well  as  the  latest  space  vehicles  such  as 

of  commercial  equipment.  The  leading  supplier  of  Project  Mercury  and  North  American's  X-15. 

DIVERSIFICATION    IS  THE    KEY  TO  YOUR    FUTURE 


Company  diversification  is  vital  to  the  graduate  engi- 
neer's early  development  and  personal  advancement 
in  his  profession.  The  extraordinarily  varied  experi- 
ence and  world-wide  reputation  of  The  Garrett 
Corporation  and  its  AiResearch  divisions  is  supported 
by  the  most  extensive  design,  development  and  pro- 
duction facilities  of  their  kind  in  the  industry. 

This  diversification  of  product  and  broad  engineer- 
ing scope  from  abstract  idea  to  mass  production, 
coupled  with  the  company's  orientation  program  for 
new  engineers  on  a  rotating  assignment  plan,  assures 
you  the  finest  opportunity  of  finding  your  most  profit- 
able area  of  interest. 

Other  major  fields  of  interest  include: 
•  Aircraft  Flight  and  Eletfronic  Systems  —  pioneer  and 


THE 


major  supplier  of  centralized  flight  data  systems  and 
other  electronic  controls  and  instruments. 

•  Missile  Systems  —  has  delivered  more  accessory 
power  units  for  missiles  than  any  other  company. 
AiResearch  is  also  working  with  hydraulic  and  hot 
gas  control  systems  for  missiles. 

•  Gas  Turbine  Engines  —  world's  largest  producer  of 
small  gas  turbine  engines,  with  more  than  8,500 
delivered  ranging  from  30  to  850  horsepower. 


See  the  magazine,  "The  Garrett  Corporation  and 
Career  Opportunities,"  at  your  college  placement 
office.  For  further  information  write  to  Mr.  Gerald 
D.  Bradley  in  Los  Angeles... 


/AiResearch  Manufacturing  Divisions 


Lus  Angeles  H,  CuUlmma  •  Phoenix.  Ar 


Systems,  Packages  and  C(ini;i(inriiis  for:    aircraft,    missile,    nuclear    and    industrial    applications 
JANUARY,   1960  H 


Guided  tour 

of  the 
solar  system 


The  new  NASA  Thor-boosted  research  rocket,  DELTA,  now  being  con- 
structed by  Douglas,  will  set  up  big  signposts  for  further  space  explorations. 
Combining  elements  already  proved  in  space  projects  with  an  advanced 
radio-inertial  guidance  system  developed  by  the  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories 
of  Western  Electric  Company,  DELTA  will  have  the  versatility  and  accuracy 
for  a  wide  variety  of  satellite,  lunar  and  solar  missions.  Douglas  insistence 
on  reliability  will  be  riding  with  these  90  foot,  three-stage  rockets  on  every 
shoot.  At  Douglas  we  are  seeking  qualified  engineers  to  join  us  on  this  and 
other  equally  stimulating  projects.  Write  to  C.  C.  LaVene,  Box  COO  M,  Douglas 
Aircraft  Company,  Santa  Monica,  California. 


Maxwell  Hunter,  Asst.  Chief  Engineer— Space  Systems,  goes  over  a 
proposed  lunar  trajectory  with  Arthur  E.  Raymond, 
Senior  Engineering  Vice  President  of 


DOUGLAS 


MISSILE  AND  SPACE  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  DC-8  JETLIMERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMB  I 


12 


I  GROUND  SUPPORT  EQUIPMENT 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


spore  looks  like  magnified. 


Some  pollen  isn't 
to  be  sneezed  at 

.,.it  may  be  clue  to  oil! 


One  of  nature's  most 
closely-guarded  secrets 
is  being  unraveled  to- 
day by  the  painstaking 
efforts  of  research 
scientists  working 
with  clues  millions  of 
years  old,  some  dating 
back  as  far  as  500  mil- 
lion years. 

Scientists  feel  certain  that  vast  supplies  of  oil  lie 
undiscovered  beneath  the  earth's  surface.  Only  a  few 
scattered  and  skimpy  clues  to  its  whereabouts  exist. 
Fossils  of  plant  and  animal  life  are  among  the  most 
important.  But  with  the  skill  of  an  expert,  nature  has 
covered  the  trail  well.  In  many  areas,  the  better  known 
fossils  can't  be  found! 

Constantly  searching  for  new  clues,  science  "detec- 
tives" in  the  laboratories  of  Pan  American  Petroleum 
Corporation,  a  Standard  Oil  affiliate,  have  turned  to 
the  invisible  pollen  and  spores  that  fill  the  air  to  the 
discomfort  of  hay  fever  sufferers.  (Spores  are  similar 
to  pollen  and  also  can  cause  hay  fever  symptoms.) 
But  these  pollen  and  spores  no  longer  peril  allergy 
victims,  for  they  have  been  embedded  in  rock  for 
millions  of  years. 

These  microscopic  traces  of  plant  life  form  the 
missing  link,  telling  scientists  the  same  story  they 
normally  get  from  the  larger  plant  and  animal  fossils. 
Because  of  this  new  study,  extensive  areas,  once 
passed  over,  have  been  opened  to  re-exploration. 
Scientists  expect  new  oil  discoveries  will  be  made. 

As  the  result  of  such  trail-blazing  research  work 
America's  proved  underground  oil  reserves  have  grown 
larger,  prices  have  remained  reasonable,  and  America 
has  been  assured  an  adequate  supply  to  keep  its 
defenses  strong. 

WHAT  MAKES  A  COMPANY  A  GOOD  CITIZEN? 

Responsibility  for  the  future  is  inherent  in  good  citizen- 
ship. One  way  a  company  can  discharge  this  obligation 
is  through  research  aimed  at  expanding  America's 
resources  and  assuring  future  generations  the  benefits 
we  enjoy  today. 


STANDARD    OIL    COMPANY 


THE  SIGN  OF  PROGRESS.. 
THROUGH  RESEARCH 


JANUARY,   1960 


13 


A   RESUME   IS  A   TWO-PARTY  AFFAIR 


Throughout  your  engineering  career,  the  name 
of  the  first  employer  appearing  on  your  resume 
can  be  as  significant  as  your  education.  But,  in 
selecting  that  first  employer,  you  should  also 
consider  his  resume. 

ITT  is  the  largest  American-owned  world-wide 
electronic  and  telecommunication  enterprise. 
To  give  you  an  idea  of  the  breadth  of  our 
activity  .  .  .  there  are  80  research  and  manu- 
facturing units  and  14  operating  companies  in 
the  ITT  System  playing  a  vital  role  in  projects 
of  great  national  significance  in  electronics 
and  telecommunications  research,  development, 
production,  service  and  operation. 
The  scope  and  volume  of  work  entrusted  to  us 
by  industry  and  the  government  opens  a  broad 
range  of  highly  diversified  engineering  and 


technical  positions  in  all  areas  of  our  work  .  .  . 
from  tiny  diodes  to  complex  digital  computer 
systems  and  a  massive  network  of  global 
communications. 

In  addition  to  the  opportunities  for  work  and 
association  with  distinguished  engineers  and 
scientists,  our  graduate  education  tuition  re- 
fund program  encourages  engineers  to  continue 
their  formal  training  .  .  .  and  the  facilities 
for  graduate  work  near  ITT  locations  are 
superior. 

This  is  an  all  too  brief  resume.  It  would  be 
hard  to  associate  yourself  with  a  company  that 
off"ers  the  engineer  greater  choice  of  assign- 
ment. Write  us  about  your  interests  —  or  see 
our  representatives  when  they  visit  your 
campus. 


INTERNATIONAL  TELEPHONE   AND   TELEGRAPH    CORPORATION 

67  Broad  Street,  New  York  4,  N.  Y. 


rrffi 


FEDERAL  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  ITT  COMPONENTS 
DIVISION  •  ITT  FEDERAL  DIVISION  •  ITT  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS  DIVISION  •  ITT  LABORATORIES  • 
INTELEX  SYSTEMS.  INC.  •  INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  ITT  KELLOGG 
DIVISION  •  ROYAL  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION  •  AMERICAN  CABLE  AND  RADIO  CORPORATION  • 
LABORATORIES  AND   MANUFACTURING   PLANTS   IN    20   FREE-WORLD  COUNTRIES 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Dean  Speaks  — 

The  Importance  of 
Communication  in  Engineering 

By  Associate  Dean  Stanley  H.  Pierce 


Some  people  mistakenly  believe  that 
the  acquisition  of  an  education  in  tech- 
nical subjects  alone  is  sufficient  to  be- 
come successful  in  engineerinu;.  Al- 
though there  may  be  isolated  instances 
in  which  an  individual  has  had  a  mod- 
erate degree  of  success  with  a  purely 
technical  education,  it  certainly  is  not 
to  be  recommended  to  prospective  engi- 
neering students. 

Freshmen  at  Illinois  ha\e  often  heard 
me  say,  "You  will  ne\er  be  successful 
in  engineering  by  just  filling  your  head 
with  technical  information.  You  may 
have  e.xcellent  ideas  for  new  designs 
and  technological  improvements,  how- 
ever, they  will  not  be  useable  unless  you 
can  communicate  them  to  someone  else 
by  means  of  the  written  or  spoken 
word.  Courses  in  rhetoric  and  speech 
will  be  as  important  to  you  and  your 
career  as  any  technical  subject  you  may 
take.  Study  these  courses  as  hard  as  you 
would  study  mathematics  or  physics." 

There  is  an  old  saying  that  "hind- 
sight is  better  than  foresight."  What 
do  engineering  graduates  ha\e  to  sa\ 
about  this  area  of  communication  in  en- 
gineering? They  can  look  back  on  their 
college  education  and  evaluate  it  in 
light  of  their  present  engineering  e\- 
I       periences. 

Professor    Herman    A.    Kstrin    of    the 

Newark   College   of   Engineering  wrote 

,ni   interesting  article  on  this  subject  in 

I        the    November    1959    issue    of    College 

I        English,    published      by     the      National 

Cnvmcil    of    Teachers    of    English.     He 

ivked    several    hiuidred    alunuii    of    his 

i-ollege     the     question,     "What     ad\ice 

I       would  you  give  a  freshman  concerning 

I       the  study  of  English  in  an  engineering 


curriculum?"  Permission  has  been 
granted  to  include  the  answers  to  this 
question  in  the  Technograph.  There  is 
a  wealth  of  sound  advice  in  the  four- 
teen points,  summarized  by  Professor 
F.strin  below,  which  are  applicable  to 
both  engineering  and  non-engineering 
students. 

1.  Approach  English  as  \ou  \\ould 
any  task.  Work  as  hard  at  it  as  you 
need,  to  become  proficient.  English  is 
goxerned  by  rules  and  laws  as  are  all 
technical   studies.    Learn   and   use   them. 

2.  E'tilize  every  opportunity  to  write  ; 
and  in  writing,  practice  convening  ideas 
clearly  and  concisely. 

3.  Treat  English  at  least  as  import- 
antly as  any  techru'cal  course  and  get  as 
broad  and  comprehensi\e  an  English 
background  as  possible. 

4.  Become  proficient  in  expressing 
yourself  on  paper.  Develop  the  habit 
of  writing  all  decisions,  since  industry 
tries  to  avoid  verbal  orders. 

5.  Learn  the  fundamentals  of  gram- 
mar well.  Learn  how  to  present  ideas, 
to  put  important  things  first,  and  to 
eliminate  the  irrelevant. 

6.  Learn  to  write  technical  papers 
and  learn  to  read  them.  Learn  how  to 
organize  and  present  a  technical  report 
verbally  through  use  of  charts  and 
graphs.  Above  all,  learn  how  to  spell ! 
Misspelled  words  create  the  same  im- 
pression as  gravy  stains  on  a  necktie. 

7.  Concentrate  particularly  in  acquir- 
ing the  abilit)'  to  write  clear,  concise 
letters  and  articles.  Master  completely 
not  only  grammar  forms  but  also 
rhetoric.  Become  thoroughly  able  to 
think  and  speak  on  your  feet. 


8.  Treat  English  I  as  you  would 
Physics  I  or  Chemistry  L  The  f<eii  dis- 
places the  slide  rule  /is  an  individual 
advances  in   cngincerint/. 

9.  Pay  close  attention  to  the  assign- 
ments. Advancement  in  business  (in- 
cluding greater  remuneration)  can  be 
achieved  only  by  people  who  can  ex- 
press their  thoughts  and  desires  in  a 
manner  that  will  make  them  be  listened 
to  by  others.  This  can  be  accomplished 
only  by  speech  or  composition. 

10.  L'^se  your  teacher  harshly  as  \oiir 
critic.  English  is  a  subject  as  important 
as  any  of  the  rest,  and  you  cannot  af- 
ford the  luxur\'  of  letting  the  teacher 
set  the  pace. 

11.  Take  English,  but  study  coin- 
ntunication.  This,  more  than  any  other 
quality  which  you  may  possess,  will  set 
the  rate  and  extent  of  your  professional 
advancement. 

12.  Learn  sentence  structure  and 
write  intelligently.  I  think  that  men 
should  be  made  to  read  other  men's 
compositions  and  reports  to  sec  how 
miserabl\-  most  people  write. 

1.1.  Do  not  consider  English  as  a  sec- 
ondary subject.  It  can  be  more  valuable 
than  any  technical  course.  More  respon- 
sibilities given  to  a  person  in  his  job 
usually  mean  more  administrative  func- 
tions— residting  in  less  slide-rule  work 
and  greater  need  for  effective  English 
to  commiuiicate  ideas  and  policy. 

14.  If  you  do  not  succeed  in  master- 
ing Engineering,  be  certain  to  obtain  a 
mastery  of  English.  For  in  the  end  it 
■u'ill  be  one  subject  you  will  need  more 
than  any  other  during  your  lifetime. 


JANUARY,   1960 


15 


Since  its  inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  underthe  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


YOUR  TASK  FOR  THE  FUTURE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  inter- 
planetary space;  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


"VVe  do  these  things  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosify  of 
Man.  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himself  questions  and 
then  setting  out  to  find  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  getting 
these  answers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
have  sometimes  surprised  even  the  scientist. 

"Who  con  tell  what  we  will  find  when  we  gel  to  the  planets  ? 


Who,  at  this  present  time,  can  predict  what  potential  benefits 
to  man  exist  in  this  enterprise  ?  No  one  con  say  with  any  accu- 
racy what  we  will  find  as  we  fly  farther  away  from  the  earth, 
first  with  instruments,  then  with  man.  It  seems  fo  me  that  we 
ore  obligated  to  do  these  things,  as  human  beings'.' 

DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Director,  JPL 


CALIFORNIA       INSTITUTE      OF      TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

A  Research  Facility  operated  for  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration 
PASADENA,  CALIFORNIA 

Employment  opportunities  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interested  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •  MICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •  COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •   ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 
STRUCTURES  •   CHEMISTRY  •    INSTRUMENTATION   •   MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  out  immediate  consideration.  Interviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  at  the  Laboratory. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Newsflash:  Washington,  D.C.,  5:45  A.M.  The  Plexus,  carry- 
ing the  first  man  to  Mars,  was  just  launched  from  Cape  Canav- 
eral. Confusion  and  excitement  reigned.  Paul  Getz,  the  passen- 
ger, was  sent  off  amid  chaos.  His  family  received  countless  tele- 
grams of  congratulations.  All  America  was  restless  and  proud. 


At  9:10  a.m.  a  report  came  in  from 
Salina,  Kansas,  that  the  Plexus  had 
failed,  and  had  landed  on  the  outskirts 
of  the  corn  growing  community.  Ap- 
parently it  had  made  less  than  one  orbit 
of  the  earth  before  landing.  Thus  far 
there  were  no  signs  of  Getz.  Instruc- 
tions were  broadcast  for  no  one  to  enter 
the  Plexus  under  any  circumstances. 
Government  officials  wanted  first  hand 
observation  in  order  to  determine  the 
cause  of  failure. 

Scientists  and  technicians  in  charge 
of  the  project  were  flown  immediately 
to  the  site.  Swift]\-  but  cautiously  two 
men  entered  the  ship.  Although  ex- 
ternally the  appearance  was  identical  to 
the  Plexus,  the  interior  revealed  a  more 
advanced  knowledge  of  inter-spacial 
travel.  The  instrument  panels  were  la- 
beled in  unreadable  hieroghphics.  The 
investigators  were  frigjitened  and  con- 
fused. Why?  How? 

Both  ran  from  the  spaceship  like 
scared  children.  By  this  time,  a  crowd  of 
curious  spectators  had  gathered,  re- 
strained by  armed  military  police.  How- 
ever, the  attention  was  not  on  the  metal 
tube,  but  a  man  dressed  similarly  to 
Getz,  ready  for  space  travel.  From  the 
crowd  were  hurled  threatening  ques- 
tions, but  the  man  would  make  no  reply. 
He  looked  neither  Mongoloid,  nor  Ori- 
ental, nor  Caucasoid.  He  was  different. 
Indescribably  different  .  .  .  He\\ildercd, 
the  men  fought  their  wa\'  through  the 
crowd  to  the  nucleus  of  Army  officials, 
told  them  the  phenomena  of  the  instru- 
ment panels  and  stared  at  the  space-clad 
stranger. 

The  research  center  in  Washington 
was  alerted  to  the  freak  experience  in 
Kansas.    More    experts    were    Hown    ui. 


H\-  now,  most  of  the  American  public 
was  aware.  Tension  stretched  tighter 
and  tighter  as  time  passed  with  no  con- 
cluding results. 

Intense  inspection  of  its  mechanical 
properties  led  to  the  assumption  that 
the  origin  of  the  ship  was  Mars.  Mile- 
age was  approximate.  The  fuel  tank, 
halt  empty,  contained  exactly  the 
amount  estimated  for  the  Plexus. 

With  this  new  store  of  information, 
officials  again  turned  their  attention  to 
the  stranger.  His  attempts  to  communi- 
cate were  luu'ntelligible,  his  facial  ex- 
pressions grotesque.  Fear  of  the  un- 
known roused  the  mob  to  \ioIeut  out- 
bursts of  nervous  energy. 

A  small  boy  dodged  his  wa\  through 
the  crowd,  pointing  his  toy  tommy  gun 
at  the  foreign  intruder.  "A  .  .  .  a  .  .  . 
.  .  .  a  .  .  .  a  .  .  .  aaaa  .  .  ."  Terrified 
bv  the  strange  noise  and  insulted  by 
the  nervous  laughter,  the  stranger  grab- 
bed the  child,  shaking  him  and  stamp- 
ing the  plastic  gun  to  pieces.  From  the 
turbulent  crowd,  men  sprang  forward 
and  freed  the  child.  The  space  visitor 
was  mauled,  beaten,  bruised  and  left 
bleeding  on  tlie  groinid.  The  distraught 
Army  officials  rushed  him  to  the  near- 
est hospital  where  he  was  given  little 
chance  to  live.  He  made  several  at- 
tempts to  communicate,  but  exhaustion 
defeated  him   each  time. 

Washington,  D.C.  1  :,>!)  a.m.:  com- 
munication was  established  witii  Getz. 
Tlie  feeble  message  decoded  : 

"/  nni  in  captivity  until  the  Mar- 
tian is  returned.  Earth  ilepemh 
upon  fllS  safety." 

As  this  message  was  being  relayed 
to  Kansas,  news  of  the  stranger's  death 
was  being  rela\e(i  to  Washington. 


—  By  Cynthia    Patterson 


JANUARY,   1960 


17 


The  word  space  commonly  represents  the  outer,  airless  regions  of  the  universe. 
But  there  is  quite  another  kind  of  "space"  close  at  hand,  a  kind  that  will  always 
challenge  the  genius  of  man. 

This  space  can  easily  be  measured.  It  is  the  space-dimension  of  cities  and  the 
distance  between  them  .  .  .  the  kind  of  space  found  between  mainland  and  off- 
shore oil  rig,  between  a  tiny,  otherwise  inaccessible  clearing  and  its  supply 
base,  between  the  site  of  a  mountain  crash  and  a  waiting  ambulance— above  all, 
Sikorsky  is  concerned  with  the  precious  "spaceway"  that  currently  exists  be- 
tween all  earthbound  places. 

Our  engineering  efforts  are  directed  toward  a  variety  of  VTOL  and  STOL 
aircraft  configurations.  Among  earlier  Sikorsky  designs  are  some  of  the  most 
versatile  airborne  vehicles  now  in  existence;  on  our  boards  today  are  the  ve- 
hicles that  can  prove  to  be  tomorrow's  most  versatile  means  of  transportation. 

Here,  then,  is  a  space  age  challenge  to  be  met  with  the  finest  and  most  practical 
engineering  talent.  Here,  perhaps,  is  the  kind  of  challenge  you  can  meet. 


IKORSKY 
AIRCRAFT 


For  information  about  careers  with  us,  please  ad- 
dress Mr.  Richard  L.  Auten,  Personnel  Department. 


One  of  the  Divisions  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation 
STRATFORD,   CONNECTICUT 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


AT  RAYTHEON... 

Scientific  imagination 
focuses  on  . . .  RADAR  ... 
SONAR  . .  .  COMMUNICATIONS  . . . 
MISSILE  SYSTEMS  .  .  . 
ELECTRON  TUBE  TECHNOLOGY... 
SOLID  STATE 

Challenging  professional  assignments  are  of- 
fered by  Raytheon  to  outstanding  graduates 
in  electrical  engineering,  mechanical  engin- 
eering, physics  and  mathematics.  These  as- 
signments include  research,  systems,  devel- 
opment, design  and  production  of  a  wide 
variety  of  products  for  commercial  and  mil- 
itary markets. 

For  specific  information,  visit  your  place- 
ment director,  obtain  a  copy  of  "Raytheon 
.  . .  and  your  Professional  Future,"  and  ar- 
range for  an  on-campus  interview.  Or  you 
may  write  directly  to  Mr.  John  B.  Whitla, 
College  Relations,  1360  Soldiers  Field  Road, 
Brighton  36,  Massachusetts. 


Excellence  in  Eleclrontct 


JANUARY,    1960 


19 


What  are  the  Odds? 


From  PRECIS 


H( 


ill 


\()u  live. 


What  arc  >our  chances  of  winiiiiiK 
the  Irish  Sweepstakes?  Of  drawing  a 
perfect  hand  at  bridge?  Of  acquiring  a 
mate,    if    presently   unattached  ? 

No  one  can  tell  you  for  certain,  of 
course,  but  the  mathematical  experts 
who  spend  their  lives  doping  out  the 
laws  of  chance  can  do  almost  as  well: 
they  can  tell  you  the  odds. 

What,  for  example,  are  the  mathe- 
matical chances  of  your  living  to  a  ripe 
old  age?  According  to  annuity  tables 
worked  out  by  insurance  actuaries,  the 
odds  are  that  a  twenty-year-old  man 
will  live  54.23  years  longer;  a  girl  of 
the  same  age  can  expect  59.43  addition- 
al years  of  life. 

Once  you  reach  30,  the  odds  say  you 
will  survive  another  44.61  years  if  you 
are  a  man,  another  49.70  if  a  member 
of  "the  weaker  sex."  At  40,  figure  on 
another  35.15  (or  40.11)  years;  at  50, 
you're  odds-on  to  hang  around  for  26.23 
(36.81)     (twelve-months)    more. 

Men  of  sixty  are  favored  to  sunive 
till  78 ;  women  of  the  same  age  are 
good  bets  to  reach  82.  Once  you've 
achieved  70,  the  odds  say  you'll  sur\i\e 
past  80,  giving  the  men  11.86  more 
years  and  women    14.18. 

Rut  lest  you  become  over  confident 
and  do  something  silly — like  80  miles 
an  hour — remember  that  your  chances 
of  accidental  injruy  this  year  are  about 
1  in  17,  and  that  accidents  are  the 
priman'  cause  of  death  from  age  1  to 
44! 

Unfortunately,  yovu'  chances  of  acci- 
dentally striking  it  rich  are  much,  much 
slimmer.  The  odds  against  any  single 
ticket  winning  the  Irish  Sweepstakes?  A 
sad  60,000  to  one. 

According  to  information  supplied  by 
Facit,  Inc.,  creators  of  precision-made 
Swedish  biisiness  machines,  even  great- 
er are  tiie  odds  against  your  drawing  a 
royal  flush  at  poker:  649,739  to  one.  On 
four  of  a  kind,  they  drop  to  4,164.  The 
odds  on  getting  a  Hush  are  only  508  to 


one    against   you,    and    a   straight    comes 
even  easier  at  t254  to  one. 

You  can  easily  figure  your  chances  of 
a  straight  or  a  flush  by  counting  the 
number  of  cards  that  will  do  it  against 
the  number  of  cards  remaining  in  the 
deck.  It's  47  to  8  on  the  first,  47  to  9 
on  the  second. 

You  have  4  chances  in  47  of  drawing 
an  inside  straight  —  a  bet  hardly  worth 
taking  unless  the  table  is  likely  to  con- 
tain, at  the  very  least,  12  times  as  much 
money  as  you're  likely  to  wager.  And 
then  you  may  lose  because  an  inside 
straight  can  be  beaten. 

How  about  bridge?  The  odds  against 
a  perfect  hand  —  all  13  cards  of  the 
same  suit  —  are  a  ridiculous  635,013,- 
599,599  to  one.  But  few  card  players 
stop  to  think  that  the  odds  against  their 
picking  up  any  specified  hand — includ- 
ing that  awful  one  that  Fate  dealt  you 
last  night — are  exactly  the  same  as  the 
odds  against  holding  thirteen  spades. 

Has  a  whole  table  ever  held  perfect 
hands  at  one  deal  ?  Yes — and  it  hap- 
pened quite  recently — just  this  past 
April.  The  lucky  players:  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  and  some  aristocratic  pals 
at  a  London  bridge  table.  The  odds 
against  this  particidar  mluke,  as  com- 
puted with  the  help  of  a  Facit  calc\i- 
lator,  were  53,644,737,765,488,702,- 
839,247,440,000  to  one! 

Hut  if  \ou  think  those  odds  are  high, 
just  tr\-  to  calculate  the  odds  against 
the  Facit,  or  the  Odhner  ading  machine 
— or  any  other  precision  machine — mak- 
ing a  mistake.  The  odds  against  such  a 
boner  are  infinite ! 

Often  called  a  gamble,  marriage,  too, 
has  computable  odds.  At  the  age  of 
twenty,  a  girl  has  nine  chances  in  ten 
of  marrying  at  some  time  during  her 
life.  At  25  she  has  78  chances  in  100  of 
marrying,  by  30  her  chances  are  55  out 
of  100,  a  year  later  she  has  an  even 
chance,  and  by  32  the  odds  are  slightly 
against  her — 16.4  chances  in  100  of  be- 
coming a  Mrs. 

A  man  of  30,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
72   chances  in    100  of   finding  a  wife, 


and  the  odds  don't  begin  to  work  against 
him  till  the  age  of  35,  when  he  has 
slightly  less  than  one  chance  in  two  of 
marrying.  (A  woman  of  the  same  age 
battles  three  to  one  odds  against  finding 
a  mate.)  There  are  31.7  chances  in  lOO 
that  a  man  of  40  will  wed ;  one  chance 
out  of  five  that  a  woman  of  the  same 
age  will  marry. 

What  are  the  chances  of  wedded  bliss 
including  a  set  of  twins,  triplets,  quad- 
ruplets or  quints?  Though  multiple 
births  do  tend  to  "run  in  families,  "  the 
theoretical  odds  against  any  expanctant 
mother  giving  birth  to  twins  are  90  to 
one.  The  odds  against  her  producing 
triplets  are  9,000  to  one,  900,00(1 
against  quadruplets  and  90,000,0(10 
against  repeating  the  accomplishment  of 
Papa  and  Mama  Dionne! 

But  surely  you  can  count  on  a  tift\- 
fifty  chance  of  getting  a  boy  (or  a  girl 
if  you  want  one)?  Not  quite;  Actually 
the  ods  are  very  slightly  in  favor  of  hav- 
ing a  son.  One  hundred  and  five  boys 
are  born  for  every  100  girls.  Doctors 
know  that  the  very  young  mother  ( teens 
and  early  twenties)  is  even  more  likely 
to  produce  a  son. 

The  law  of  averages  has  no  influence 
in  determining  the  sx  of  a  child — or  any 
other  issue  in  doubt.  No  fallacy  has  cost 
more  people  more  money  than  the 
"lightning  doesn't  strike  twice  in  the 
same  place"  myth.  It's  even  cost  lives! 
The  chances  of  getting  "heads"  on  a 
coin  toss,  no  matter  how  many  "heads" 
have  rolled  before,  is  always  one  in  two. 

And  many  soldiers  in  World  War  I 
found,  to  their  cost,  that  a  newh'  made 
shell-hole  was  no  safer  a  refuge  than  a 
trench  which  had  not  been  previously 
hit.  It's  true  that  the  chances  of  two 
shells  striking  exactly  the  same  spot  are 
very  small.  But  after  the  first  one  has 
hit,  the  chance  that  a  second  one  will 
strike  the  same  place  is  no  smaller  than 
the  chance  that  it  will  strike  any  other 
point  on   the  battlefield  ! 

But  if  \ou  a\oid  shell-holes,  tire 
blowouts  and  lovdette  tables,  your 
own  chances  of  sur\i\al  couldn't  be  bet- 
ter. 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Getting  the  jump  in  a  card  game 
can  mean  hurdling  tremendous 
odds.  You  hove  only  one  chance 
in  649,739  of  drawing  a  royal 
flush  in  poker,  one  in  4,164  of 
getting  four  of  a  kind.  But  the 
odds  against  a  perfect  bridge 
hand-635,599,599  to  one-are 
no  higher  than  the  odds  against 
getting  any  specified  hand  in 
the  deck!  (Figures  and  drawings 
from   Facit,   Inc.) 


Using  more  complex  methods  of 
doping  out  life  expectancies, 
statisticians  hove  come  up  with 
figures  that  would  make  any- 
body flip.  The  average  citizen  of 
20  is  odds-on  to  survive  at  least 
another  54  years.  At  30,  he's 
favored  to  live  another  44  years, 
the  40-year-old  can  expect  an- 
other 35  years  of  life,  men  of  50 
are  odds-on  to  survive  post  75. 
And  the  outlook  for  women  is 
even  better! 


JANUARY,   1960 


21 


Number  Four  in  a  Scrict 


ENGINEERING    GRADUATES — YOUR 

STEPPING 
STONES 
TO 


Just  as  the  satisfactory  recovery  of  an  or- 
bital vehicle  signals  the  success  of  a  space 
project,  you,  as  a  professional  engineer,  will  in 
time  enjoy  increased  prestige  in  your  company 
and  community,  a  high  standard  of  living,  and 
personal  pride  in  the  knowledge  that  your  con- 
tributions have  advanced  the  art  of  aeronautical 
and  space  technology. 

At  McDonnell — a  large  number  of  relatively 
young  engineers  are  already  enjoying  the  hall- 
marks of  success  mentioned  above.  You,  too,  can 
■  write  f/oH?-  success  story  with  us  by  taking  ad- 
^-  vantage  of  McDonnell's  Stepping  Stones  to 
■*',•  Space. 

Learn  more  about  our  company  and  com- 
munity by  seeing  our  Engineering  Representa- 
tive when   he  visits  your  campus,   or,   if  you 
prefer,  write  a  brief  note  to:    Raymond  F.  Kaletta 
Engineering  Employment  Supervisor 
P.O.  Box  516,  St.  Louis  66,  Missouri 


llluslfatiny  McDonnell's  youthful  and  dynamic  management  is 
Jotin  Yardley,  age  34.  Project  Engineer-Project  Mercury.  John  re- 
ceived his  BSAE  from  Iowa  State  in  1944.  and  his  MS  Applied 
Mechanics   Degree   from   Washington   U.,   St.   Louis,   in    1950. 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


'SWEATING    MY   PHYSICS   FINAL?   WHY-- NO! 
WHAT  MAKES  YOU  ASK  THAT?" 


i        JANUARY,   1960 

\ 


23 


Special    Section   on 

ENGINEERING   OPEN 
HOUSE 

March  11   and  12 


INDEX 

Aeronautical 26 

Agricultural 28 

Ceramic 30 

Chemical 32 

Civil 34 

Electrical 36 

General 38 

Feature:   Betatron 42 

Industrial 44 

Mechanical 46 

Metallurgical 48 

Mining  and  Petroleum 50 

Physics 52 

Theoretical  and  Applied  Mechanics 54 

Engineers  in  the  Armed  Forces ._-. 56 


24  THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


AERONAUTICAL 

ENGINEERING 


Aerodynamics 

Acroilx  iiaiiiii's  is  the  ticlil  ot  M'Vd- 
iiautiial  eiifjiiifi-riiiji;  which  tli-als  witli 
the  (Ifteriniiiation  of  the  flows  past  a 
boily  immersed  in  a  fluid  medium,  and 
the  forces  and  moments  wliich  they 
produce  on  the  body. 

To  aid  in  the  stuil\  of  aerodynamics, 
l.iboratory  experiments  are  conducteil 
ar)d  the  results  are  employed  in  sol\- 
insr  associated  problems.  The  shock  tube 
which  will  be  on  display  in  Aero  Lab 
H  generates  a  shock  wave  which  mo\es 
past  a  model,  producing  flow  velocities 
up  to  20  times  the  speed  of  soimd  for 
very  short  durations  of  time.  By  pho- 
tographing the  model  during  this  period 
with  a  high  speed  camera,  valuable  data 
is  obtained.  The  smoke  tunnel,  also  on 
display  in  Lab  H,  enables  the  engineer 
to  stud\  low  speed  flows  past  wing  sec- 
tions at  various  angles  of  attack.  This 
is  accomplished  by  injecting  parallel 
streams  of  smoke  into  air  passing  over 
an  airfoil  which  in  turn  trace  the  path 
of  the  air  stream  lines.  The  analog  com- 
puter provides  solutions  of  flight  re- 
gime problems  by  means  of  circuit  bal- 
ancing. Such  problems  would  be  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  solve  without  the 
aid  of  this  valuable  electronic  device. 

Students  also  study  aerodynamics 
through  individual  research.  Two  ex- 
amples of  this  are  the  working  models 
of  a  helicopter  and  a  ground-effect  ve- 
hicle which  will  be  demonstrated  for 
(Open   House  visitors.  These  devices  are 


employed  in  examining  the  phenomena 
of  li()\ering  and  vertical  take-offs  and 
landings.  Through  such  research  will 
eventually  come  airliners  which  are  cap- 
able of  landing  on  a  football  field  and 
still  travel  in  level  flights  at  supersonic 
speeds  from  city  to  cit\. 

Aircraft  Structures  Display 

Once  upon  a  time  when  Sir  Barn- 
stormer and  his  steed,  the  Biplane,  were 
champions  of  the  air,  the  primary  prob- 
lem of  aircraft  structural  engineers  was 
to  design  an  aircraft  structure  whose 
strength  was  superior  to  the  air  loads 
supplied  to  it.  Loss  of  material  stren;uh 
due  to  vibration  and  high  temperatures 
was  unheard  of. 

Today  however,  as  aircraft  speeds 
creep  past  mach  S.  such  as  in  the  X-15 
rocket  airplane,  the  "structures  man"  is 
required  to  become  well  versed  in  struc- 
tural problems  whose  complexities  were 
not  even  imagined. 

Flutter,  or  vibration,  not  only  of  con- 
trolled surfaces  such  as  ailerons  and  ele- 
vators but  also  of  wings  and  fuselage 
panels,  plagues  the  modern  aircraft 
structural  engineer.  In  our  wind-tunnel. 
Lab  A,  we  will  have  an  airfoil  section 
installed  which  demonstrates  the  phe- 
nomena of   flutter. 

Structures  can  no  longer  be  analyzed 
only  as  single  strength  systems.  Due  to 
heat  addition  from  air  friction  temper- 
ature   rise    and    material    properties    are 


The  piasma-jef  in  operation 


impaired.  To  combat  strength  losses  due 
to  these  temperature  rises,  we  can : 

a.  use  a  heavier  structure 

b.  use  improved  materials 

c.  emiiioN  a  combination  of  steps  a 
and   b. 

The  last  alternative  is  usually  the 
necessary  one.  In  Lab  B  we  will  ha\e 
a  display  of  some  of  the  high  tempera- 
ture probleins  and   their  solutions. 

In  addition  to  the  displays  in  these 
relatively  new  fields,  a  Baldwin  Test- 
ing Machine  will  be  used  to  exhibit  the 
torsional  failures  of  columns  loaded  in 
compression.  Photoelasticity  and  its  use 
in  explaining  stress  fields  will  be  dem- 
onstrated. 

Samples  of  aircraft  honey-comb  struc- 
tures and  some  small  parts  will  also  be 
shown. 

Aircraft  Propulsion 

Did  you  ever  hear  of  a  bladeless  tur- 
bine? Well,  believe  it  or  not,  the  Aero 
Department  will  have  on  display  a  Tes- 
la  turbine,  which  extracts  power  from 
high-pressure  air,  gas  or  steam  using 
nothing  more  than  a  series  of  plain  flat 
steel  discs.  The  friction  of  the  gas 
passing  over  the  disks  rotates  them  at  a 
high  speed,  thereby  providing  power 
with  greater  simplicity  and  far  less 
weight  than  any  conventional  gas  tur- 
bine. 

In\ented  b\  Nikola  Tesia  in  l*^!,^, 
this  device  is  now  being  developed  by 
the  department  for  use  in  light  aircraft. 
Because  of  the  lack  of  blades,  the  tiu-- 
bine  can  produce  much  more  power  per 
pound  and  can  operate  at  higher  tem- 
peratures; and  at  the  same  time  it  is 
far  cheaper  and  simpler  than  the  bladed 
gas  turbine.  It  will  be  demonstrated  in 
Aero  Lab  B. 

Aero  Lab  A  will  sound  like  Cape 
Canaveral  when  our  working  model 
rocket  motor  is  demonstrated.  Using 
hydrogen  and  oxygen  for  fuel,  this 
motor  works  on  the  same  principle  as 
those   used   on   our   biggest  missiles. 

Also  demonstrated  in  Lab  A  will  be 
a  plasma  jet  generator,  a  propulsion 
system  of  the  future.  Creating  a  jet  hot- 
ter than  the  surface  of  the  sun,  the 
plasma  generator  can  produce  up  to  ten 
times  as  much  thrust  per  pound  of  fuel 
as  the  conventional  chemical  rocket  en- 
gines. The  plasma  generator  also  is  the 
power  source  of  the  hypersonic  wind 
tunnel  which  subjects  models  of  ballis- 
tic missiles  and  space  vehicles  to  the  ex- 
treme temperatures  they  will  encounter 
on  re-entering  the  atmosphere  from 
outer  space.  You  will  see  an  actual 
model  of  a  missile  nose  cone  melt  like 
butter  before  your  eyes. 

On  display  in  Aero  Lab  B  will  be 
an  actual  working  model  of  a  ramjet 
engine.  Also  there  will  be  full-scale 
cutaway  displays  of  turbojet,  pidsejet 
and   rocket  engines. 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Prof.  McCloy  and   Prof.   Yen   are  shown   operating   the  Tesia  turbine 


Shown  obove  is  the  shock  tube  which  is  used  by  the  Aeronautical  and  Mechanical 
Engineering  Departments  for  research.  A  rapidly  expanding  gas  travels  the 
length  of  this  tube  creating  shock  waves  which  may  be  studied. 


JANUARY,    1960 


27 


AGRICULTURAL 

ENGINEERING 


Kngineeriiig,  an  essential  in  a;irieul- 
tural  progress,  is  the  theme  tor  the  Agri- 
cultural Kngincering  Open  House  dis- 
play of  10()().  By  use  of  actual  machines, 
models,  and  displays  the  Illinois  Student 
Branch  of  the  American  Society  of  Ag- 
ricultural Engineers  will  present  a  few 
of  the  projects  and  products  of  engi- 
neering research. 

Agricultural  I''ngineers  will  feature 
the  newest  method  of  transportation 
developed  by  man,  the  "Aeromobile." 
The  aeromobile  developed  by  Dr.  W. 
R.  Bertelsen,  Nepon.set,  Illinois,  pow- 
ered by  a  75  H.P.  engine  rides  on  an  air 
cushion  free  of  the  surface  of  the  ground 
moving  at  speeds  up  to  40  miles  per 
hour.  The  engine  drives  a  fan  that  pro- 
vides the  air  cushion  that  the  aeromobile 
rides  on.  Steering  is  provided  by  flaps  or 
fins  that  control  the  flow  of  air  and  lie- 
termine  the  direction  of  travel  for  the 
machine.  The  inventor  reports  that  the 
machine  will  travel  over  water,  hover 
over  a  field  or  move  in  any  direction  at 
will.  The  machine  may  enable  many 
new  kinds  of  agricultural  applications 
to  be  developed  with  transportation  over 
wet  fields,  swamps  and  bogs  becoming 
possible.  See  it  at  the  Agricultural  En- 
gineering (^pen  House  Exhibit. 

Agricultural  engineering  cons'sts  of 
four  divisions,  each  embracing  the  work 
being  done  in  four  great  areas  of  agri- 
culture. These  are  the  divisions  of 
power  and  machinery,  soil  and  water, 
farm  structures  and  farm  electrification. 

The  power  and  machinery  exhibit 
will  be  high  lighted  by  the  presence  of 
a  "fuel  cell"  tractor,  a  research  project 
of  Allis  Chalmers  Co.,  which  utilizes  a 
greatly  different  method  of  producing 
power  than  found  in  conventional  farm 
tractors.  The  fuel  cell  instantly  con- 
verts chemical  energy  to  electrical  en- 
ergy in  the  fonn  of  direct  current.  The 


chemical  energ\'  pro\iding  the  fuel  is  a 
gas  nuxture  which  is  largely  propane. 

Although  this  is  a  research  tractor,  it 
is  of  commercial  size  and  will  pull  a 
two-bottom  plow.  The  main  advantage 
of  the  engine  is  its  efficiency  in  the  range 
of  60-70  per  cent,  whereas  the  best 
diesel  engines  are  about  40  per  cent  ef- 
ficient. 

Another  feature  of  the  power  and 
machinery  exhibit  will  be  a  tractor 
equipped  with  an  automatic  guidance 
system.  This  system  is  capable  of  com- 
pletely guiding  the  tractor  as  it  goes 
through  the  field.  The  onh'  effort  re- 
quired of  the  operator  is  that  which  is 
necessary  to  turn  tlie  tractor  at  the  end 
of   the   field. 

Also  included  in  the  exhibit  will  be 
cutaway  views  of  automatic  and  con- 
ventional tractor  transmissions  as  well 
as  a  corn  planter  test  stand  which  shows 
the  working  mechanisms  of  a  modern 
farm  corn  planter. 

The  soil  and  water  area  will  ha\e  a 
field  tile  flow  line  demonstration.  B\' 
the  use  of  colored  dyes  added  to  the 
water  flowing  through  a  glass  faced 
sand  tank,  the  flow  lines  of  water  to  a 
subsurface  drainage  tile  can  be  observed. 
This  model  allows  the  comparison  of 
actual  flow  patterns  with  those  deri\ed 
from  theoretical  analysis. 

Another  demonstration  will  consist  of 
a  portable  water  channel  and  scale  mod- 
els of  various  water  control  structures. 
The  use  of  these  models  for  the  hy- 
draidics  of  various  designs  may  be  ob- 
served as  well  as  the  variations  in  ca- 
pacity  for   various   How   conditions. 

The  soil  and  water  division  will  also 
feature  several  other  interesting  ex- 
hibits. One  of  these  will  be  a  sprinkler- 
type  irrigation  set-up  showing  how  the 
rate  of  application  of  water  may  be 
varied  through  the  use  of  various  size 
nozzles  and  direction  of  spray.  The  sec- 


ond model  (iispla\  is  that  of  soil  erosion 
control  structures.  These  plastic  models 
are  of  flumes,  V-notch  spillways,  and 
dams  with  drop-box  inlets.  There  are 
also  enlarged  photographs  of  field  con- 
ditions where  these  structures  are  being 
used. 

The  third  division  is  that  of  farm 
structures.  The  increasingly  wide- 
spread use  of  steel  construction  will  be 
shown  by  a  complete  farmstead  model. 
This  model  shows  the  use  of  steel  build- 
ings in  a  typical  beef  and  swine  opera- 
tion. 

Another  model  present  will  he  that 
of  a  machine  to  test  trusses  of  all  t\|ies. 
This  machine  allows  accurate  labora- 
tory determination  of  the  effects  of 
loads  on  the  various  types  of  tni;ses 
which  are  used  in  farm  biuldings. 

The  fourth  division  is  that  of  farm 
electrification  where  there  is  very  much 
interest  in  feed  processing  and  handling. 
This  will  be  illustrated  by  a  model  of 
a  completely  automatic  live'  tock  feeding 
system.  Such  a  system  is  capable  of  mix- 
ing the  desired  ration  and  t'ci  deliver- 
ing it  to  the  animals  in  the  correct 
amount  at  the  desired  t  nie.  This  is 
tnd\    the  start  of  "farm  automation." 

The  extent  to  which  electricit\  is 
put  to  use  on  the  farm  is  well  brought 
out  by  a  model  farm  huout.  Operation- 
al electric  devices  on  the  model  show- 
how  electricity  is  used   to   reduce  labor. 

Of  much  interest  to  niati\,  especially 
swine  pioducers,  wdl  be  the  display  of 
electric  floor  heating.  A  concrete  slab 
is  cast  arovuul  a  layout  of  electrical  heat- 
ing cables  which  results  in  a  floor  for 
which  the  temperatuie  nia\  be  con- 
trolled. 

For  a  first-hand  view  of  some  of  the 
many  advances  taking  place  in  Agricul- 
tural Engineering  be  sure  to  stop  at  the 
tent  housing  the  previous!)  described  ex- 
hibits. You'll  be  glad  that  you  did! 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  student  is  shown  spraying 
dust  into  a  tractor  air  cleaner  to 
test  the  effectiveness  of  various 
filters. 


The    radio-controlled    tractor    above    will    be    demonstrated    at    this    year's 
Open  House. 


I  This  air  tent  will  house  all  the  Agricultural  Engineering  displays.   It  is  supported   by  air  blown  from   a  crop  dryer. 

I  JANUARY,   1960  29 


CERAMIC 

ENGINEERING 


'riic  wiiilcl  ill  wliich  we  Inc.  the  lilc 
we  lead  is  inw  made  p()^sil1l^■  rhinuLih 
tlic  ili'vclopini'iit  anil  use  ot  ci-ramu' 
proilucrs.  Ceramics  is  teehnicalK  ile- 
fineil  as:  "iion-nietallir,  inorganic  ma- 
terials wliK'li  ie(iuiie  the  use  ot  liif^li 
temperature  in  their  processin;:."  Hut 
what  does  ceramics  mean  to  me — wliat 
iloes  ceramics  mean  to  you? 

Ceramics  is  the  foundation  cil  our 
liomes;  the  bricks,  (ibreglass  insulation, 
,ind  plaster  in  the  walls,  the  windows, 
the  sanitar\  facilities,  the  ceramic  coat- 
ed ranijes,  washers  and  bath  tubs,  the 
dishes,  the  ^rlassware,  the  mirrors,  and 
e\cn  the  lif;lu  bulbs.  But  this  li-t  is 
iinK  the  beginning.  The  television  s-t 
h.is  a  ceramic  picture  tube  and  many 
small  ceramic  electronic  parts.  Outside 
the  home  the  impact  of  ceramics  still 
hea\ily  inHuences  our  lives.  The  streets 
upon  which  we  walk,  the  sewers  we 
need,  the  bmldings  we  admire — the 
heaut\  (it  our  comnu;nit\  is  due  in  a 
l.ir^e   extent    to   ceranuc   jiroducts. 

Ceramics  though,  has  a  more  subtle 
function  in  our  e\eryda\'  lives.  With- 
out ceramics,  there  would  be  no  automo- 


biles, no  sil\  iTw;ire,  no  airplanes — no 
steel  because  ceramic  materials  line  the 
inside  of  the  blast  furnaces  in  the  steel- 
making  processes,  and  practically  e\ery 
other  turn.ice  in  existance.  (  )ther  ma- 
terials simpl\  cannot  withstand  the 
temperatures  recjuired  in  toda\'s  manu- 
tacturing  processes.  Almost  e\ery  article 
we  possess  either  has  within  itself  or 
has  been  manufactured  using  ceramic 
inateiials  or  products.  With  a  small  in- 
sight into  the  products  at  our  disposal 
and  the  processes  used  in  their  manu- 
f,-icrure  we  can  easily  see  that  niir  world 
is  tniK — a  ceramic  world! 

Iiut  what  about  the  future.''  It.  too, 
will  be  a  ceramic  world.  I  here  will  he 
ceranuc  structures  for  space  \ehR'les, 
ceramic  rocket  engine  parts,  ceramic  nu- 
clear fuels,  high  temperature  ceramic 
electronic  components,  fabrication  of 
cenunic  components  for  atomic  piles  and 
many  other  products  that  now  seem  onh 
like  the  wildest  of  ilreams.  How  is  the 
ceramic  engineering  curriculum  |irepar- 
ing  for  tomorrow  so  that  we  all  ma\ 
have  a  better  toda\  ? 

Ceramic    engineering    is    t.aught    in    a 


Determining    the   temperature   of    a    porcelain    enamel    smelting    furnace    by 
means  of  an  optical  pyrometer. 


curriculum  which  maintains  a  sound  en- 
gineering basis  in  mathematics,  chemis- 
try, physics,  applied  mechanics  and  en- 
gineering design  with  clecti\es  in  so- 
cial science  and  humanities.  On  this 
base  the  stud\  of  high  temperature  re- 
actions ;ind  equilibria  in  the  processing 
of  nonmetailic,  inorganic  raw  materials 
is  expanded  to  apph'  to  the  problems 
of  a  wide  \ariet\  of  the  process  indus- 
tries. In  |iarticular  is  the  "ceramic  in- 
dustry;" ie.,  glass,  refractories,  porce- 
lain enamel,  structural  clay  products, 
abrasives  whitewares,  electrical  compo- 
nents, cements,  etc.  This  may  include, 
however,  the  mineral  processing  activi- 
ties of  ,in\  industrv  in  which  high  tem- 
perature  technologh    is   emphned. 

With  the  advent  of  the  nuclear  era, 
supersonic  tra\el  and  missiles,  the  field 
of  ceramic  engineering  has  become  even 
more  important.  These  new  endeavors 
have  made  necessary  traimng  in  the 
high  temperature  disciplines,  in  elec- 
tronic ceramics  and  in  similar  .-illied 
fields. 

Opportunities  for  professional  devel- 
opment for  engineers  with  a  ceramic 
background  are  almost  unlimited.  The 
broad  training  received  in  ceramic  engi- 
neering leads  the  graduates  to  positions 
of  responsibility  in  fundamental  investi- 
gations and  research  on  materials,  pro- 
duct development,  process  development 
and  supervision,  quality  control,  manu- 
facturing administration,  or  sales  and 
technical  service  in  the  use  of  raw  ma- 
terials, mineral  products,  and  processing 
equipment.  Tho.se  engineers  with  par- 
ticular .iptitude  for  engineering  design 
have  an  opportunity  for  employment  in 
fields  where  a  knowledge  of  the  engi- 
neering properties  of  materials  at  ele- 
vated temperatures  is  of  paramount  in- 
terest, such  as  industrial  furnace  design, 
a'.-ronautical  and  space  applications,  or 
nuclear  and  conventional  power  plants. 
The  future  ceramic  engineer,  in  short 
may  be  a  high-temperature  materials 
specialist  in  a  modern  engineering  team 
devoted  to  research,  development,  opera- 
tion, or  sales  in  ,-i  world  that  has  needed 
and  used  ceramics  from  the  ancient 
aqueducts  and  roads  of  Rome  to  the 
spectacular  advances  of  the  space  age. 
This  world  is  truly  a  ceramic  world ; 
and  a  glimpse  of  it  mav'  be  obtained  at 
the    1960   Engineering  Open    House. 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


An   hydraulic  press   is  used  to  form  dry  shapes  of  ceramic  materials   in   a  study 
of  desirable  dies  and   pressure  relationships. 


JANUARY,    1960 


31 


CHEMICAL 


ENGINEERING 


l*iT>i)iis  touring  the  Kasr  Clu-niistr\ 
Hiiililiiii,'  ilni-ins  rhe  I'lWI  Kiifiiiu-eiiiij: 
(  )pcii  House  will  be  shown  some  ot  rhe 
processes  atul  equipment  used  e\eiy  il:i\ 
in  the  industrial  world.  The  majority 
of  the  processes  arc  located  in  the  four- 
story  I  Hit  Operations  Laboratory  and 
are  ot  proportions  approximating  tlie 
size  ot  pilot  plants  which  are  simpl> 
scaled-down,  tulh -operating  models  of 
the  commercially-employed  units.  The 
dl•si,^n  and  operation  of  the  pilot  plant 
is  ijeneralU  the  last  important  step  in 
the  sequence  of  events  which  often 
starts  in  a  chemist's  test  tube  and  which 
ma.\-  or  may  not  result  in  the  full-scale 
operation  of  a  chemical  plant.  Pilot 
plant   work   thus  constitutes   a   \ery   im- 


portant and  challenuint;  phase  of  chenu- 
cal  engineerin;;. 

The  tour  of  the  "Init  Ops  Lab,"  as 
it  is  called  by  those  closely  associated 
with  it,  will  consist  of  demonstrations 
and  explanations  of  gas  absorption,  dis- 
tillation, filtration  and  radiochemistry. 
Exhibits  not  in  the  main  laboratory  in- 
clude a  temperatme  measurement  dis- 
play, a  Chem-Magic  show,  and  a  series 
of  films  showing  the  chemical  engineer 
applying  his  talents  in  industry. 

The  gas  absorption  displa\-,  more 
commonly  called  "Chem-Pop,"  consists 
of  a  long,  clear,  packed  column  which 
contains  uncarbonated  popade.  The  car- 
bonating  gas  carbon  dioxide,  is  then 
bubbled  through   the  column   and   is  ;ib- 


This  bomb  is  used  to  obtain  extremely  high  pressures.  Variations  in  pressure 
are  detected  by  the  defraction  of  light  rays  passing  through  the  high 
pressure  area. 

32 


sorbed  by  the  liquid,  thus  producing  a 
refreshing  drink  of  sparkling  Chem-Pop 
as  well  as  demonstrating  the  process  of 
gas   absorption. 

.Another  clear  plastic  colunui  is  em- 
ployed to  visually  exhibit  the  distilla- 
tion process.  A  solutioti  of  two  liquids 
of  different  boiling  points,  one  of  which 
is  colored,  is  heated  and  thus  vaporized. 
The  \apor  phase,  consisting  initially  of 
both  components,  is  forced  up  through 
the  distillation  column  which,  by  means 
of  tower  trays  and  a  uniform  tempera- 
ture gradient  gradually  separates  the 
two  \apors.  In  this  particular  two  com- 
ponent separation,  one  compoi'iMit  (the 
lower  boiling  of  the  two)  goes  out  the 
top  of  the  tower  as  a  vapor  while  the 
other  condenses  and  flows  back  down 
through   the  column. 

The  apparatus  used  to  demonstrate 
filtration  is  called  a  continuous  vacu- 
um rotary  filter.  A  slurry  of  colored 
calcium  carbonate  in  water  is  fed  to 
the  bottom  section  of  the  slowly  rotat- 
ing, cloth-wrapped  drum.  The  water  is 
then  sucked  through  the  cloth  hy  \irtue 
of  a  partial  vacuum  drawn  on  the  in- 
side of  the  drum,  leaving  the  sludge  or 
filtrate  adhering  to  the  cloth.  The  fil- 
trate is  later  removed  by  releasing  the 
\acuum  and  scraping  the  drum.  1  his 
t\pe  of  filter  has  found  widespread  use 
in   many  separation  processes. 

The  radiochemistry  exhibit  is  intend- 
ed to  explain  the  operation  and  applica- 
tions of  geiger  covmters  anil  other  in- 
struments and  equipment  utilized  in  ex- 
perimental work  and  in  radioactive 
chemical   tracer  techniques. 

The  temperature  measinTment  dis- 
play, located  in  the  instrumentation  lab- 
oratory on  the  .second  floor,  will  include 
a  more  or  less  chronologically  based  ar- 
rangement of  the  many  devices  used  by 
chemical  engineers  to  measure  and  con- 
trol that  very  important  process  vari- 
able, temperature.  The  display  contains 
a  rather  extensive  number  of  instru- 
ments, ranging  from  the  simple  mer- 
cur\  thermometer  to  devices  as  complex 
as  the  optical  pyrometer  and  the  self- 
balancing  potentiometer  type  tempera- 
ture  recorded   and   controller. 

Intended  both  to  balance  the  tour  of 
the  scientific  and  engineering  aspects  of 
chemical  engineering  and  to  give  the 
possibly  travel-weary  visitor  a  chance  to 
relax  for  a  few  minutes,  are  the  Cheni 
Ma'iic  show  and  the  films.  These  are 
both  performed  periodically  and  will 
pro\e  to  he  entertaining  as  well  as  edu- 
cational. 

Another  unique  feature  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Engineering  Department's  Open 
House  Program  is  the  use  of  a  group 
of  guides,  whose  purpose  is  to  lead  the 
\isitors  through  the  building  and  dis- 
pla\s  and  to  answer  their  questions  on 
the  subject  of  chemical   engineering. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Fermentation  apparatus  in  chemical  engineering  enables  biochemistry  students 
to  study  all  types  of  biological  action. 


JANUARY,   1960 


33 


CIVIL 


ENGINEERING 


Have  you  cvt-r  thouglu  ot  the  miser- 
able, lowly  civil  engineer,  out  in  the 
rain  aiiii  cold,  shoutinsj  tour-letter  words 
at  the  laborers  to  encourage  them  to 
work  a  little  less  slowly?  Have  you 
ever  thought  of  how  frustrated  he  must 
be  when  rain  washes  out  his  new  road  ; 
or  when  the  foundations  upon  which  he 
was  going  to  place  his  new  building  sud- 
denly sink  into  the  ground  for  no  ap- 
parent reason ;  or  when  a  flood  rises  to 
tear  away  his  new  and  beautiful  bridge? 
If  you  have  ever  thought  about  this 
miserable,  lowly  engineer,  you  have 
probably  become  convinced  that  you 
don't  have  to  be  crazy  to  be  a  civil  en- 
gineer, but  it  helps. 

You  may  have  looked  in  open- 
mouthed  awe  at  a  news  film  of  a  rocket 
laimching  and  decided  that  you  would 
have  to  be  a  rocket  engineer.  Or,  you 
may  have  taken  a  tour  through  nuclear 
reactor  facilities,  such  as  Argonne  Na- 
tional Laboratories,  and  decided  that 
there  wa,s  no  other  field  worth  consid- 
ering except  nuclear  physics.  Then  on 
\()ur  way  home,  \ou  passed  a  location 
where  a  new  road  was  being  construct- 
ed. Amid  the  dust,  noise,  and  confusion, 
you  saw  a  man  who  appeared  to  be  en- 
cased in  dirt  from  head  to  toe.  This. 
you  guessed,  was  a  civil  engineer.  But 
after  all,  who  would  want  to  work  in 
conditions  like  that?  How  can  a  grini> 
civil  engineer  compare  to  a  distinguished 
scientist  in  a  white  coat  working  with 
complex  equipment  ? 

If  you  have  ever  thought  of  these 
things,  you  have  been  thinking  of  the 
wrong  person.  The  true  civil  engineer 
is  a  combination  of  construction  boss, 
on-the-spot  computer  and  catalogue  of 
engineering  know-how,  designer,  and 
public  relations  man.  He  is  constantly 
trying  to  find  new  and  less  expensive 
means  of  achieving  important  goals. 

The  civil  engineer's  college  education 
provides  a  complete  back-ground  in  tech- 
nical subjects  and  in  areas  which  will 
help  the  engineer  to  communicate  with 
his  fellow  man.  The  Department  of 
Civil  Engineering  at  the  University  of 
Illinois  is  acknowledged  as  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  country.  There  are  many 
prominent  citizens  of  this  country  who 
spent  many  of  their  college  hours  in 
Civil  Kngineering  Hall  at  the  U.  of  I. 


The  qu:dit>  ot  the  graduato,  hi)we\er, 
is  only  a  reflection  ot  the  qualir>  of  the 
faculty. 

At  the  1960  Engineering  Open  House 
the  student  civil  engineers  plan  to  dem- 
onstrate how  they  go  about  developing 
this  complete  backgroimd  to  aid  them 
in  their  future  fields  of  endeavor.  They 
will  show  how  known  principles  are 
applied  and  how  new  theories  are 
proven.    If    you    are    interested    in    the 


The  traditional   civil  engineer 

world  about  \()u,  do  not  bypass  the  in- 
formative displays  of  the  ci\il  engi- 
neers. 

Have  you  ever  watchctl  a  building 
being  constructed  and  wondered  what 
was  going  on?  You  will  be  able  to  see 
the  whole  process  from  the  initial  cost 
estimates  to  the  laying  of  the  last  brick. 
If  \ou  decide  to  pursue  this  phase  of 
ci\il  engineering,  you  will  not  only  re- 
ceive instruction  in  the  efficient  use  of 
heavy  construction  equipment  but  also 
in  labor  relations  and  in  the  economics 
of  engineered  construction. 

Most  of  you  either  are  or  soon  will 
be  drivers.  The  design  and  construction 
of  the  highways  iqion  which  you  drive 
is   another  of   civil   engineering's   many 


piiases.  The  proper  niethml  of  timing 
traffic  through  a  town  wdl  be  demon- 
strated. There  will  also  be  a  model 
of  a  modern  traffic  interchange.  This 
type  of  structure  will  become  more 
prevalent  as  the  interstate  highway  sys- 
tem nears  completion.  There  will  also 
be  examples  of  student-prepared  high- 
way designs.  These  show  the  amount  of 
material  which  a  student  highway  engi- 
neer masters  during  his  years  of  study. 

In  recent  years,  you  have  no  doubt 
read  of  the  many  floods  that  have  oc- 
cured  in  the  United  States.  While  these 
flood  have  caused  much  damage,  the 
amount  of  such  damage  is  slight  when 
compared  with  the  additional  damage 
that  has  been  prevented  by  the  hydraulic 
engineer.  The  students  of  hydraulic  en- 
gineering show  in  model  form  just  how 
a  flood  is  prevented.  Flood  control  is 
just  one  small  part  of  the  main  interest 
of  hydraulic  engineers  which  is  the  con- 
trol and  efficient  utilization  of  water, 
our  most  abundant  and  most  misused 
national   resource. 

Closely  associated  with  the  liydraulic 
engineer  is  the  sanitary  engineer.  After 
water  is  made  available  to  a  population 
center,  it  must  be  made  fit  for  human 
consumption.  The  student  sanitary  engi- 
neers plan  to  show  the  advances  in  their 
field  through  the  use  of  a  model  water 
purification  system.  The  job  of  water 
purification  is  almost  the  direct  opposite 
of  the  other  task  of  the  sanitary  engi- 
neer which  is  the  disposal  of  industrial 
and  human  waste.  The  difficulties  of 
this  task  have  been  greatly  increased  be- 
cause of  the  general  use  of  radioactive 
material  in  some  industries.  Some  ways 
in  which  these  difficulties  are  overcome 
will  be  of  interest  to  all. 

The  most  impressive  means  of  ma.ss 
transportation  is  the  railroad.  As  the 
years  go  by,  the  efficient  use  of  the 
railway  systems  becomes  more  of  a  prob- 
lem to  the  railway  engineer.  The  use 
of  modern  equipment  and  better  meth- 
ods of  planning  are  two  solutions  to  the 
problem.  Methods  of  planning  will  be 
shown  through  the  use  of  models.  Full- 
size  modern  equipment  will  be  dem- 
onstrated on  a  nearby  siding.  This  may 
be  your  only  chance  to  see  the  inside 
of  a  diesel  locomotive. 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  most  basic  but  at  the  same  time 
the  most  complex  ph;use  of  civil  eng;i- 
neeriiig  is  the  study  of  structures.  Most 
of  the  other  phases  are  in  some  way 
concerned  with  structures.  Highway 
and  railroad  bridges,  dams,  and  filtra- 
tion plants  are  all  structures.  Many  ex- 
amples of  the  various  types  of  struc- 
tures will  be  shown  in  model  form.  You 
will  get  an  opportunity  to  see  structural 
research  in  action  in  the  crane  bay  of 
Talbot  Laboratory.  Since  all  structures 
must  eventualh   carry  their  loads  to  the 


earth,  the  types  of  foundations  become 
important.  Some  of  the  spectacular 
foundation  failures  in  the  past  will  be 
clcpictcd. 

The  \  arious  parts  of  a  structvne  must 
tit  together  accurately.  The  lengths  and 
widths  of  the  parts  are  known,  there- 
fore the  entire  length  and  width  of 
the  structure  must  be  accurately  fixed 
upon  the  earth's  surface.  The  process  by 
which  this  is  done  is  called  surveying. 
You  will  see  the  most  advanced  types 
of     surveving     instruments     which     can 


measure  heights  to  one  thousandth  of 
a  foot  and  angles  to  the  nearest  5  sec- 
oiuls.  Surveyors  are  also  concerned  with 
making  maps  of  the  ground  surface. 

If  you  have  any  questions  as  you  go 
through  the  displays,  feel  free  to  drop 
into  the  lounge  to  discuss  them  with 
the  facultN'  and  students  present. 

It  is  hoped  that  you  now  realize  that 
the  civil  engineer  is  not  just  a  scientist, 
but  a  scientist  that  must  see  his  work 
bringing  about  some  improvement  in 
modern  living. 


THE  MODERN  CIVIL  ENGINEER 


JANUARY,   1960 


35 


ELECTRICAL 

ENGINEERING 


This  year's  Electrical  Kngineeriiig 
Open  House  will  feature,  in  addition  to 
some  new  projects,  the  most  popular  dis- 
plays of  previous  years.  As  in  the  past, 
students  will  assenihle  and  present  the 
displays.  Rather  than  depend  upon  out- 
side exhibits  and/or  elaborate  iHinia- 
nent  apparatus  within  their  department, 
tlie  majority  of  the  E.l'".  displays  arc 
projects  constructed  from  common  elec- 
trical components  by  the  E.E.  students. 
These  exhibits  often  prove  to  be  the 
most  interesting  from  the  spectators' 
viewpoint. 


An  incentive  provided  by  the  college 
of  Electrical  Engineering  for  new  and 
interesting  displays  is  a  method  whereby 
a  student  may  receive  credit  for  devil- 
ing and  constructing  a  worthy  exhibit. 
If  an  E.E.  has  plans  for  a  new  project, 
the  stvident  submits  his  ideas  to  a  mem- 
ber of  the  faculty.  If  the  faculty  ad- 
visor deems  the  project  economically 
and,  of  course,  electrically  feasible,  the 
student  may  register  for  one  hour  of 
credit  in  E.E.  271,  a  course  which  ex- 
ists for  a  variety  of  occasions.  A  re- 
quirement for  the  credit  is  a  paper  writ- 


This  electronic  package  is  an  artificial  neuron  used  in  a  biological  computer 


ten  by  the  student,  which  describes  the 
exhibit.  Many  of  the  popular  displays 
of  previous  vears  were  the  prod\ict  of 
E.E.  271. 

Among  the  new  displays  to  be  pre- 
MiUed  at  this  year's  (^pen  House  are  a 
number  guessing  game,  an  electronic 
humidity  control,  and  a  light-bulb  con- 
trol. In  the  niunber  guessing  game,  the 
participant  chooses  a  number  between 
one  and  32,  and  by  answering  four  yes- 
no  questions,  the  correct  number  will 
be  shown  on  the  machine.  The  electronic 
humidity  control  is  a  device  which  auto- 
matically turns  a  dehuniidifier  on  or 
ofi,  depending  upon  the  amount  of  hu- 
midity in  the  surrounding  air. 

The  light-bulb  control  should  pro\e 
to  be  one  of  the  most  m\st\fying,  al- 
though relatively  simple,  displays  of 
this  year's  Open  House.  A  box  showing 
two  switches  is  connected  to  another 
box  exhibiting  two  light  bulbs  with 
only  a  single  wire  between  them.  \iy 
employing  a  system  of  rectifiers  (  prop- 
erty of  which  allows  the  passage  of  cvir- 
rent  in  only  one  direction)  unseen  to 
the  spectators,  each  switch  can  turn  its 
respective  light  bulb  on  or  off  through 
this  single  interconnecting  wire. 

Several  projects  involving  the  use  of 
a  cathode  ray  oscilloscope  will  be  pre- 
sented. With  an  oscilloscope  patterns 
generator,  many  interesting  traces  are 
generated  on  the  screen  of  the  .scope. 
An  exhibit  seemingly  created  for  the 
species  of  beings  known  as  knob-twist- 
ers is  the  smiling  scope  face.  A  face  is 
traced  out  on  the  oscilloscope  screen 
which  can  be  made  to  smile  or  frown 
by  the  turning  of  knobs.  Another  spec- 
tator participant  display  is  the  ghost 
writer.  A  small  electric  pencil  that 
makes  no  physical  contact  with  the  oscil- 
loscope can  be  used  to  write  on  the 
screen  of  the  scope. 

Familiar  displays  which  have  ap- 
peared at  previous  Open  Houses  in- 
cKule  the  Van-de-Graff  generator,  which 
displays  100,000-volt  electrical  dis- 
charges; a  high  current  demonstration, 
in  which  a  hacksaw  blade  is  heated  and 
melted  in  a  few  seconds  by  the  use  of 
merely  six  volts;  the  electromagnetic 
cannon,  a  repulsion  effect  produced  on 
a  non-magnetic  ring  which  "shoots"  at 
a  target ;  a  J<acob's  ladder,  where  a 
high  voltage  spark  climbs  up  two  paral- 
lel wires;  electronic  Tic-Tac-Toe,  in 
which  a  spectator  tries  to  beat  the  com- 
puter (the  computer  always  wins  or 
ties)  ;  Data-Fax,  a  demonstration  of 
how  photographs  are  sent  long  distances 
over  wires;  a  sonar  exhibit,  which  meas- 
ures the  distance  from  the  EE  building 
to  an  adjacent  building  by  the  use  of 
sound  waves;  the  kissometer,  a  device 
measuring  a  coviple's  romantic  potential 
through  oscidlations ;  the  educated  duck, 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ail  electronic  "duck"  trained  to  move 
toward  \arious  liy;lit  sources;  a  remote 
controlled  ball  two  feet  in  diameter 
which  rolls  around  on  the  floor  through 
the  commands  of  a  radio  control  system. 
There  are  also  several  special  dis- 
plays from  local  organizations.  One  of 
these  is  WPGL,  the  student  operated 
carrier-current  radio  station  on  the  cam- 


pus. During  open  -  house  weekend, 
WPCjU  will  be  broadcasting  "live" 
programs  from  a  room  in  the  Llectrical 
Engineering  Huilding. 

Another  university  organization 
which  will  provide  a  display  is  the  Syn- 
ton  Radio  Club,  the  university  amateur 
radio  club.  Its  members  will  exhibit 
and    demonstrate    its    equipment    by    at- 


tempting to  contact  other  "Hams." 

Other  demonstrations  will  be  given 
by  the  State  Police,  who  will  show  how 
speeders  are  trapped  by  radar;  WILL- 
TV,  the  University  of  Illinois  TV  sta- 
tion, which  will  have  a  TV  camera  in 
the  building;  and  the  EE  department 
radar  set,  which  will  show  the  sur- 
roundiii":  terrain  on  a  small  screen. 


The  electromagnetic  can- 
non being  "loaded"  with  a 
non-magnetic  ring. 


Students  with  radio  station 
WPGU  broadcasting  from 
the  E.E.  Building  during 
Open   House. 


JANUARY,   1960 


37 


General 
Engineering 

rill-  CiciuTal  Kiii;iiii'L'iinj;  Di'part- 
mciit  will  have  its  exhibit  in  the  Trans- 
portation Building;.  ( leneral  engincerinf; 
offers  professional  training  for  several 
careers,  including  engineering  journal- 
ism, engineering  sales,  engineering  man- 
agement and  engineering  geology. 

."X  spectacular  exhibit  will  be  the  opei- 
ation  of  a  new  system  of  copying  ma- 
chines. These  machines  utilize  the  lat- 
est techniques  of  microfilming  and  dry 
processes  of  reproduction.  Incorporating 
the  latest  electronic  control  mechanisms, 
these  devices  have  revolutionized  the  art 
of  reproducing  engineering  drawings. 
Microfihning  oiiginal  drawings,  mount- 
ing indi\idual  microfilms  into  a|ierture 
tiling  cards,  and  automated  copying  pro- 
iluce  drawing  prints  of  variable  size. 
^Vhile  the  print  is  being  made,  the  oper- 
ator observes  an  enlargement  of  the 
drawing  on  a  viewing  screen.  Distribu- 
tion, revision  and  filing  of  drawings  are 
greatly  facilitated.  In  addition  to  the 
microfilming  processes,  other  types  of 
all-electric  reproduction  machines  will 
be  tiisplayed. 

An  engineer  is  well-advised  to  know 
the  legal  aspects  of  his  field.  A  display 
will  explain  the  legal  problems  encoun- 
tered in  acquiring  property  and  in  mak- 
ing  contracts    for   engineering   projects. 


The  correct  procedures  for  obtaiin'ng  a 
patent  will   be  shown  in  detail. 

History  of  engineering  encompasses 
the  technological  accomjilishments  of  all 
time.  A  panorama  will  present  one 
aspect  of  man's  progress,  transportation. 
Included  will  be  illustrations  of  pre- 
historic dugouts,  clipper  ships  of  the  last 
century,  present  day  jet  airliners,  and 
future  designs  of  atomic  space  ships. 

For  people  in  research  ami  in  design, 
graphics  has  an  important  application  to 
problems  involving  repeated  formulae. 
Uses  of  various  slide  rules,  nomographs 
and  alignment  charts,  logarithmic  and 
other  graph  paper  will  be  demonstrated. 

Engineering  drawing  is  .i  uni\ersal 
means  of  comnuuiicatiou  betu  ecu  engi- 
neers and  scientists.  It  is  perhaps  the 
major  application  of  geometry  in  the 
science  of  mathematics.  The  engineer 
and  draftsman  have  many  mechanical 
aids  for  drawing.  Demonstrations  will 
illustrate  the  use  of  the  pantograph,  el- 
lipse machine,  lettering  devices,  axono- 
metric  projection  boards,  airbrush,  zipa- 
tone  and  other  special  equipment  for 
making  drawings.  Visitors  may  enjoy 
using  some  of  these  devices. 

Descriptive  geometry  has  many  ap- 
plications in  science  and  engineering.  In 
one  instance,  it  is  applied  to  the  earth 
science  dealing  with  the  structin'e  of 
the  earth's  crust  and  the  formation  and 
development  of  its  various  geologic  lay- 
ers. Special  geological  problems  and 
their  solution  by  means  of  descriptive 
geometry,    signs    and    symbols    used    in 


geology,  and  apidied  isometiir  and 
oblicpie  projcitioiis  are  among  the  illus- 
trations to  lie  Idund  in  this  displa)'. 

An  impiiitant  puipcjse  of  the  Cjener;d 
{•"ngineering  Department  is  teaching  the 
elements  of  engineering  graphics.  Many 
types  of  drawing  will  be  displayed,  in- 
cluding machine  drawings,  freehand 
sketches,  axonometrics,  perspectives  and 
shadow  projections.  Limit  dimensioning 
and  tolerancing  for  interchangeable  as- 
sembly are  stressed.  Special  applications 
are  portra\ed  in  such  fields  as  geology, 
heating  and  ventilating  and  architecture. 

The  University  of  Illinois  I'ounda- 
tion  has  applied  for  a  patent  on  a  de- 
\ice  which  implements  a  new  drawing 
system.  The  device  consists  of  a  Incite 
quadrangle  of  special  shape  which  oper- 
ates within  an  equilateral  triangular 
frame.  By  use  of  the  device,  the  new 
drawing  system  automatically  projects 
between  top,  front,  side  and  isometric 
views.  A  pla.stic  three-dimensional  model 
will  convey  the  geometric  theory  of  the 
new  system,  and  the  quadrangle  will  be 
demonstrated. 

Throughout  the  Transportation 
Building,  students  will  be  stationed  to 
help  answer  questions  and  to  explain  the 
displays.  In  addition,  the  staff  of  the 
General  Engineering  Department  will 
be  on  hand  to  provide  information  on 
specific  career  opportunities  for  the 
graduate  in  general  engineering.  The 
students  and  staff  of  the  department  ex- 
tend a  cordial  welcome  to  one  and  all. 
We  look  forward  to  meeting  vou. 


Students  working  on  aircraft  drafting  and  lofting  in  General  Engineering  203 


38 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Circle  and  ellipse  drawing 
machine  being  demonstra- 
ted to  visitors  of  last  year's 
Open  House. 


The  various  views  of  two 
intersecting  cones  are  dem- 
onstrated by  plastic  pieces 
in  the  orthograpic  and  iso- 
metric planes. 


JANUARY,   1960 


39 


engineers 


Automatic  systems  developed  by  instrumentation 

engineers  allow  rapid  simultaneous  recording 

of  data  from  many  information  points. 


Frequent  informal  discussions  among  analytical 

engineers  assure  continuous  exchange  of  ideas 

on  related  research  projects. 


and  what  they  d< 

The  field   has  never  been   broader 
The  challenge  has  never  been  greater 

Engineers  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft  today  arc  concerned 
with  the  development  of  all  forms  of  flight  propulsion 
systems— air  breathing,  rocket,  nuclear  and  other  advanced 
types  for  propulsion  in  space.  Many  of  these  systems  are  so 
entirely  new  in  concept  that  their  design  and  development, 
and  allied  research  programs,  require  technical  personnel 
not  previously  associated  with  the  development  of  aircraft 
engines.  Where  the  company  was  once  primarily  interested 
in  graduates  with  degrees  in  mechanical  and  aeronautical 
engineering,  it  now  also  requires  men  with  degrees  in 
electrical,  chemical,  and  nuclear  engineering,  and  in  physics, 
chemistry,  and  metallurgy. 

Included  in  a  wide  range  of  engineering  activities  open  to 
technically  trained  graduates  at  all  levels  are  these  four 
basic  fields: 

ANALYTICAL  ENGINEERING  Men  engaged  in  this 
activity  are  concerned  with  fundamental  investigations  in 
the  fields  of  science  or  engineering  related  to  the  conception 
of  new  products.  They  carry  out  detailed  analyses  of  ad- 
vanced flight  and  space  systems  and  interpret  results  in 
terms  of  practical  design  applications.  They  provide  basic 
information  which  is  essential  in  determining  the  types  of 
systems  that  have  development  potential. 
DESIGN  ENGINEERING  The  prime  requisite  here  is  an 
active  interest  in  the  application  of  aerodynamics,  thermo- 
dynamics, stress  analysis,  and  principles  of  machine  design 
to  the  creation  of  new  flight  propulsion  systems.  Men  en- 
gaged in  this  activity  at  P&WA  establish  the  specific  per- 
formance and  structural  requirements  of  the  new  product 
and  design  it  as  a  complete  working  mechanism. 

EXPERIMENTAL  ENGINEERING  Here  men  supervise 
and  coordinate  fabrication,  assembly  and  laboratory  testing 
of  experimental  apparatus,  system  components,  and  devel- 
opment engines.  They  devise  test  rigs  and  laboratory  setups, 
specify  instrumentation  and  direct  execution  of  the  actual 
test  programs.  Responsibility  in  this  phase  of  the  develop- 
ment program  also  includes  analysis  of  test  data,  reporting 
of  results  and  recommendations  for  future  elTort. 

MATERIALS  ENGINEERING  Men  active  in  this  field 
at  P&WA  investigate  metals,  alloys  and  other  materials 
under  various  environmental  conditions  to  determine  their 
usefulness  as  applied  to  advanced  flight  propulsion  systems. 
They  devise  material  testing  methods  and  design  special 
test  equipment.  They  are  also  responsible  for  the  determina- 
tion of  new  fabrication  techniques  and  causes  of  failures  or 
manufacturing  difficulties. 


Under  the  close  supeivibion  of  an  engineer, 

final  adjustments  ore  mode  on  a  rig  for 

testing  an  advanced  liquid  metal  system. 


Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft... 


Exhaustive  testing  of  full-scale  rocket  engine  thrust  chambers  is 
carried  on  at  the  Florida   Research  and   Development  Center. 


For  further  information  regarding  an  engineer- 
ing career  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft,  consult 
your  college  placement  officer  or  write  to  Mr. 
R.  P.  Azingcr,  Engineering  Department,  Pratt  & 
Whitney  Aircraft,  East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut. 


PRATT     &     IMfHITNEY    AIRCRAFT 

Division   of   United   Aircraft   Corporation 

CONNECTICUT   OPERATIONS  -  East   Hartford 

FLORIDA   RESEARCH   AND   DEVELOPMENT   CENTER  -  Palm  Beach  County,  Florida 


Special   Feature  .   .  . 


THE    BETATRON 


Contrary  to  popular  bclift,  the-  fu- 
ture I'ligiiifi-rs,  physicists,  aiul  cluMuists 
who  work  on  the  betatron  at  the 
I'hysics  Research  lab  do  not  wear  wliite 
coats  and  h)ok  like  part  of  the  ma- 
chines they  are  associated  with.  I  hese 
are  just  average  men  with  an  above 
average  aptitude  and  intelligence  in 
their  chosen  fields;  science  and  research. 

The  first  betatron  was  completed  on 
July  15,  1940,  by  Professor  Donald  W. 
Kerst,  working  at  the  University  of 
Illinois.  This  gets  its  name  from  two 
(ireek  symbols  "beta"  used  scientifically 
to  indicate  high  energy  electrons,  and 
the  sufHx  "tron,"  meaning  an  instru- 
ment for.  The  betatron  is  an  instrument 
for  producing  high-energy  electrons. 
This  first  machine  produced  2'X  mtl- 
lion-volt  x-rays  and  was  used  primarily 
for   research. 

.-\  \ear  later,  this  same  professor  built 
a  24  million-volt  machine  which  is  now 
being  manufactured  by  Allis-Chalmers 
.Manufacturing  Companw  This  machine 
is  the  most  useful  in  industry  and  medi- 
cine,   for    machines    with     less     \oltage 


don't  penetrate  as  tar  for  industrial 
uses  and  the  larger  ones  produce  tin\ 
particles  of  matter  which  interfere  with 
the  picture.  The  betatron  can  reveal 
Haws  in  thick  metal  castings  and  forg- 
ings  and  can  check  the  assembly  of  com- 
plicated mechanisms  within  metal  ho\is- 
ings  to  determine  the  condition  without 
taking  it  apart.  Flaws  as  small  as  1  Id 
inch  deep  and  5  1, 000  inch  wide  can 
be  seen  in  metal  20  inches  thick  and 
photographic  plates  may  be  placed  away 
from  the  object,  enlarging  the  picture 
so  that  flaws  up  to  1/1,000  inch  wide 
may  be  seen.  This  property  was  first 
used  b\'  militar\'  foices  when  the  first 
betatron  was  produced  commercialh.  It 
was  used  to  check  internal  mechanisms 
of  military  equipment  before  shipping 
and  to  try  to  find  cavities  in  the  ex- 
plosive filling  of  large  shells. 

In  medicine  the  23^<>  million  volt  ma- 
chine is  good  for  treating  skin  cancer 
while  the  24  million  volt  one  can  pene- 
trate deeper.  The  24  million  volt  beta- 
tron is  especially  useful  in  the  treatment 
of  cancer  because,  instead  of  using  x-rays 


And    it's   still    growing 


which  ma\  pass  be\ond  the  cancer  into 
he.ilthy  tissue,  it  can  produce  a  high- 
energy  beam  of  free  electrons  which  will 
go  very  little  beyond  the  cancer.  The 
x-ray  beam,  because  of  its  high  energ\', 
has  a  very  sharply-defined  edge  which 
is  of  utmost  importance  when  cancer  is 
near  a  vital  organ. 

Ten  years  after  the  second  betatron 
a  340-million-volt  machine  was  designed 
and  built  luider  Professor  Kerst's  di- 
rection. This  betatron  had  such  drastic 
refinements  of  design  that  if  the  original 
2J/2  million-volt  betatron  (two  feet 
.square)  had  been  built  this  way  it  could 
have  come  from  a  machine  the  size  of  a 
tin\'  matchbox. 

This  big  betatron  is  used  at  the  pres- 
ent solely  for  research.  It  is  used  to 
check  theories  and  to  provide  numbers 
from  which  new  theories  can  be  made. 
This  is  basic  or  pine  research  without 
a  product  involved  as  contrasted  with 
research  and  development  which  is  striv- 
ing to  perfect  something  or  find  some- 
thing with  a  product. 

As  my  guide  said,  the  hardest  job  of 
the  men  working  on  the  betatron  is  ex- 
plaining to  the  taxpayers  who  eye  ask- 
ance the  huge  sum  of  money  necessary 
for  research  and  maintenance  that  the 
machine  will  not  develop  a  "super 
bomb"  or  new  nuclear  weapon.  They 
have  a  hard  time  explaining  that  all  the 
machine  does  is  give  a  set  of  numbers 
from  which  scientific  research  may  be 
continued.  One  man  jokingly  said  that 
the  only  product  is  a  few  hard-earned 
Ph.D.'s  from  working  and  research  on 
the  betatron. 

At  the  Research  Lab  the  betatron  is 
"big  business."  In  connection  with  it  is 
a  machine  shop  and  a  glass  shop  to  make 
pieces  of  equipment  needed,  a  radio- 
chemistry  lab,  experimental  preparation 
rooms,  and  control  rooms,  a  well  equip- 
peil  stockroom  and  several  offices.  The 
boys  at  M.R.H.  can  testify  to  the  fact 
that  the  betatron  requires  plenty  of  en- 
ergv,  for  at  various  times  all  the  lights 
in  the  residence  halls  blink  six  times  a 
.second  while  the  machine  is  charging 
up.  Many  \aried  \\a\s  of  insuring  safe- 
ty from  excess  radiation  are  in  effect. 

In  the  atomic  age  in  which  we  live 
perhaps  the  betatron  at  this  school  will 
conduct  the  research  which  will  be  the 
key  to  the  future. 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


AND  DICK  MASLOWSKI 


They're  transmission  engineers  wilh  Michigan  Bell 
Telephone  Company  in  Detroit.  Burnell  graduated 
from  Western  Michigan  in  1951  wilh  a  B.S.  in 
Physics,  spent  four  years  in  the  Navy,  then  joined 
the  telephone  company.  His  present  work  is  with 
carrier  systems,  as  they  relate  to  Direct  Distance 
Dialing  facilities. 

Dick  got  his  B.S.E.E.  degree  from  Michigan 
in  1956  and  came  straight  to  Michigan  Bell.  He 
is  currently  engineering  and  administering  a  pro- 
gram to  utilize  new,  transistorized  repeater  ( ampli- 
fier) equipment. 

Both  men  are  well  qualified  to  answer  a  ques- 
tion you  might  well  be  asking  yourself:  "What's 
in  telephone  company  engineering  for  me?" 


SAYS  DICK: 


"There's  an  interesting  day's  work  for  you  every 
day.  You  really  have  to  use  your  engineering  train- 
ing and  you're  always  working  with  new  develop- 
ments. Every  time  Bell  Laboratories  designs  a  new 
and  more  efficient  piece  of  equipment,  you  are 
challenged  to  incorporate  it  in  our  system  effec- 
tively and  economically.  For  example.  I  have  been 
working  on  projects  utilizing  a  newly  developed 
voice  freciuency  amplifier.  It's  a  plug-in  type-- 
transistorized  — and  consumes  only  two  watts,  so  it 
has  lots  of  advantages.  But  I  have  to  figure  out 
where  and  how  it  can  be  used  in  our  sprawling 
network  to  provide  new  and  improved  service. 
Technological  developments  like  this  really  put 
spice  in  the  job." 


SAYS  BURNELL: 


"Training  helps,  too— and  you  get  the  best. 
Through  an  interdepartmental  training  program, 
you  learn  how  company-wide  operations  do\ctail. 
You  also  get  a  broad  background  by  rotation  of 
assignments.  I'm  now  working  with  carrier  sys- 
tems, but  previously  worked  on  repeater  (ampli- 
fier) projects  as  Dick  is  doing  now.  Most 
important,  I  think  you  always  learn  "practical  engi- 
neering.' You  constantly  search  for  the  solution 
that  will  be  most  economical  in  the  long  run." 

There's  more,  of  course  — hut  you  can  get  the 
whole  story  from  the  Bell  interviewer.  He'll  be 
\  isiting  your  campus  before  long.  Be  sure  to  sit 
down  and  talk  witli  him. 


BELL  TELEPHONE   COMPANIES    HM. 


JANUARY,   1960 


43 


INDUSTRIAL 

ENGINEERING 


Tlu-  liulustiial  I'Ji^iiR'ciin^  I)i\isii)ii 
lit  tlu-  Di'paitment  of  Mechanical  Kn^i- 
lu-criiifi  is  engaged  in  tliree  main  areas 
ot  lesearch:  (1)  the  problems  encoun- 
teicd  in  nu'tal  cuttinji,  (J)  use  of  coni- 
imtors.  anil  (})  the  new  piciletermineil 
time  s\stems  vised  in  establishing  work 
standards.  Kach  of  these  phases  is  beiiif; 
acti\el\'  carried  on  by  both  the  instruc- 
tional staff  and  tlie  t;ra(luate  students  in 
the  di\ision. 

Prime  plnsical  e\iilence  of  this  re- 
s-arch in  the  form  of  apparatus,  is  evi- 
dent in  the  machine  tool  laborator>  and 
in  the  methods-time  lahoratorv. 

This  \ear  the  Industrial  Engineerint; 
Department  has  tried  to  bring  new  con- 
cepts and  ideas  into  its  displays  devel- 
oped for  Open  House.  The  program 
v.ill  consist  of  five  different  areas. 

The  first  of  these  areas  is  linear  pio- 
gramming  and  statistics,  which  will 
consist  of  three  different  exhibits.  A 
random  ^ampling  display  will  he  the  first 


exhibit  demonstiating  the  theor\-  of 
probability.  This  exhibit  consists  of  a 
rarulom  selection  of  a  number  of  balls 
from  a  box  containing  diffeient  colored 
balls.  The-  probable  nundier  of  eac!i 
i(diir  of  balls  has  been  prrdetc-rniined 
for  a  random  sample,  thus  deciding 
whether  to  accept  c)i-  reject  the-  whole 
lot. 

The  next  item  is  t()lei;uK'e  build-up 
,uid  control  consisting  of  a  series  of 
wooden  blocks  of  different  sizes  (simu- 
l;iting  parts)  stacked  as  an  assembly 
process.  The  differences  in  sizes  of  the 
blocks  will  demonstrate  how  tolerances 
can  build  up  an  assembly  and  is  an  ex- 
ample of  statistical  quality  control.  An- 
other feature  in  this  area  is  the  IHM 
()1()  Automatic  Decimal  Point  Compu- 
tor.  This  machine  is  mainly  u-e,l  lor 
scientific  and  engineering  calculations.  It 
is  a  desk  model  computor  combining 
keyboaril,  wire  panel  and  paper  tape 
progr.amming  with   printed   output.   The 


Time  and  motion  study  utilizes  many  modern  devices  to  improve  output  and 
save  labor.  Shown  here  is  a  camera  recording  the  procedure  used  in  on 
assembly  process. 


f)l(l  h.is  ,-1  S4  word  magnetic  drum  mem- 
or\,  each  word  consisting  of  .^1  digits 
and  a  sign.  Pi-ogramming  and  calcula- 
tions for  a  few  t\pical  Industrial  I'.ngi- 
neering  problems  will   be  illustrated. 

The  second  area  is  motion  and  time 
study.  An  electric  peg  board  is  being 
used  to  show  the  advantages  of  motion 
:md  time  study.  Pegs  are  inserted  in  sev- 
er.d  different  ways,  with  each  time  re- 
corded. The  audience  may  participate 
to  sc(-  il  th(-\  lan  match  a  predeti-rmined 
time  standaril. 

There  will  also  be  a  displa\  showing 
different  eqvupment  us(-d  in  motion  and 
time  study,  plus  wall  cli.irts  used  by  In- 
dustrial  Engineers. 

Plant  layout  and  material  handling 
is  the  third  area.  The  first  exhibit  in 
this  area  consists  of  a  display  using  elec- 
trically operated  valves  and  an  air  cylin- 
der to  move  an  object  through  a  maze 
demonstrating  new'  concepts  in  material 
handling.  Another  materials  handling 
display  features  a  three  foot  high  model 
of  a  man  lifting  a  load.  The  mechanical 
model  man  first  lifts  a  load  the  wrong 
\\a\  and  then  performs  the  correct 
method  of  lifting  a  load.  A  scale  model 
of  a  plant  will  also  be  on  display  show- 
ing some  of  the  principles  of  plant  lay- 
out. 

The  fourth  area  is  safety.  The  first 
exhibit  in  this  area  will  show  the  prin- 
ciple of  fume  control.  This  displa\' 
points  out  that  gas  fumes  are  heavier 
than  air  and  can  travel  down  pipes,  ele- 
vator shafts,  and  stairways  to  be  ig- 
nited in  other  parts  of  buildings.  The 
second  display  consists  of  a  model  fac- 
tor\'  set  up  with  saw  dust  and  a  candle 
burning  in  it.  A  bellows  blows  air  into 
the  model  causing  the  dust  to  circulate 
and  finally  explode,  demonstrating  how- 
dust  explosions  are  caused.  Another  ex- 
hibit shows  different  types  of  protective 
equipment  consisting  of  safety  and  fire- 
iigh  ting-equipment. 

A  safety  goggle  endurance  display  is 
also  being  featured  this  year.  A  hy- 
draulic device  drives  a  spike  into  a  safe- 
ty goggle  lens  showing  the  protection  a 
person  receives  when  wearing  safety 
glasses.  Two  more  displays  demonstrate 
the  principles  of  guards  and  safety  de- 
\  ices  on  equipment  such  as  a  saw  and 
jointer  guard  and  a  punch  press  guard. 

The  last  area  is  tool  design.  Sev- 
eral displays  have  been  set  up  to  show 
the  different  t\pes  of  tools  used  in  tool 
design.  A  pmich  press  die  model  will 
also  be  shown  and  operated. 

The  students  and  instructors  of  the 
Industrial  Engineering  Department  be- 
lieve that  this  year's  exhibit  is  one 
which  will  grasp  the  interest  of  every 
\isitor.  A  great  deal  of  time  and  effort 
has  been  expended  on  the  various  pro- 
jects and  displays  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  illustrating  the  man\'  facets  of  engi- 
neering's yoimgest  field. 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  peg  board  demon- 
strates that  even  in  such  a 
simple  operation  as  insert- 
ing pegs  in  a  board  there 
is  a  right,  i.e.,  faster  way 
to  operate. 


PBSONAt  PROTECTIVE  ECXFMfl^ 


This  is  part  of  the  exhibit 
o  n  protective  equipment 
for  personal  safety  in  in- 
dustry. 


laspfniom  woifcnoN 


JANUARY,   1960 


45 


MECHANICAL 


ENGINEERING 


This  year,  as  in  the  past,  the  Me- 
chanical Engineering  Department  will 
feature  demonstrations  and  tours  of  its 
lahoratories  and  cq\iipnient.  During  the 
time  a  student  spends  as  an  undergrad- 
uate in  Mechanical  Engineering,  he 
will  at  one  time  or  another  operate 
many  of  the  different  pieces  of  equip- 
ment that  are  on  display.  These  ma- 
chines will  give  the  undergraduates 
some  practical  experience  in  the  appli- 
cation of  the  theory  that  he  receives  in 
the  classroom. 

In  the  internal  combustion  laborator), 


a  visitor  will  see  diesel,  gasoline,  and 
gas  turbine  engines  mounted  on  test 
stands.  The  performance  characteristics 
of  these  engines  can  be  found  by  much 
the  same  procedure  as  is  used  in  indus- 
try. The  gas  turbine  only  recently  in- 
stalled, may  be  of  interest  because  much 
work  is  being  done  in  industry  and  here 
at  the  University  with  idea  of  applying 
it  to  passenger  cars,  busses,  trucks  and 
other  vehicles. 

In  the  heat  treatment  of  metals  lab- 
orator\-,  you  can  see  how  steels  can  be 
treated    in   different    processes   to   obtain 


A  student  is  shown  conducting  a  performance  test  on  a  gas  turbine  in  the 
Internal  Combustion  Laboratory.  This  is  only  one  example  of  the  displays 
which  visitors  may  observe  at  Engineering  Open  House. 


a  variety  of  desired  physical  properties. 
Under  microscopes  the  different  struc- 
tures and  components  in  treated  steels 
can  be  observed  and  studied.  The  high 
temperature  electric  and  gas  furnaces 
here  are  similar  to  those  used  in  indus- 
tr\  but  on  a  smaller  scale.  The  metal 
working  laboratory  will  give  you  a 
chance  to  see  many  of  the  various  ma- 
chine tools  used  in  metal  cutting  such 
as  lathes,  mills,  grinders  and  planers. 
Also  there  will  be  demonstrations  of  re- 
search and  student  experiments  in  metal 
cutting  and  tool  problems. 

A  welding  laboratory  will  be  open 
with  demonstrations  of  various  welding 
techniques  given  by  students. 

In  the  mechanical  engineering  labora- 
toiy  various  forms  of  steam  equipment 
such  as  turbines  and  engines  will  be  on 
display.  Also  air  compressing  units,  cen- 
trifugal fans  and  air  conditioning  equip- 
ment will  be  in  operation. 

In  the  foundry,  there  will  be  demon- 
strations of  the  steps  required  in  the 
making  of  castings.  The  making  of 
molds,  cores,  and  the  pouring  of  metal 
can  be  seen  here  also. 

The  mechanical  engineering  student 
honorary.  Pi  Tau  Sigma,  will  prepare 
an  exhibit  which  explains  the  mechani- 
cal engineering  curriculum.  Some  text- 
books used  by  the  student  and  a  com- 
plete list  of  the  courses  of  study  will  be 
found  in  the  Mechanical  Engineering 
Lounge. 

There  are  many  fields  open  to  gradu- 
ates in  mechanical  engineering  and  the 
student  branch  of  the  American  Society 
of  Mechanical  Engineers  will  have  a 
display  to  show  some  of  them. 

A  new  display  this  year  will  be  the 
physical  en\ironment  laboratory.  Here 
\ou  can  see  the  equipment  and  tech- 
niques used  in  research  on  the  effects 
of  temperature  and  relative  humidity  on 
the  comfort  of  humans. 

There  should  be  many  things  that 
you  will  find  of  interest  in  the  Mechani- 
cal Engineering  Department  and  we 
hope  you  can  take  advantage  of  this 
year's   Open   House   to  see   them. 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Professor  E.  L.  Broghamer  instructs  a  Mechanical  En- 
gineering student  in  the  use  of  an  analog  computer 
to  solve  a  problem  in  stress  analysis.  This  machine 
will  be  on  display  during  Open  House. 


Professor  Turkovich  dem- 
onstrates some  of  the 
equipment  used  in  metal 
cutting  research  to  a  group 
of  interested  visitors. 


In  this  "isolation"  booth 
humidity  and  temperature 
are  controlled  so  that  hu- 
man comfort  in  relation  to 
types  of  clothing  and  at- 
mospheric conditions  may 
be  studied. 


JANUARY,   1960 


47 


METALLURGICAL 

ENGINEERING 


(  h  the  'IS  n.ituiMlh  declining:  clc- 
mciits,  70  arc  metals.  The  im-ralluriii- 
cal  iMiginei'i'  is  conccrncil  with  metals, 
ami  he  has  a  large  storehouse  to  work 
iKim.  To  ilate,  tlic  iiietalliirfiist  lias 
touiid  eommercial  uses  and  appiieations 
tor  less  than  half  of  these  70  metals,  so 
he  has  a  long  way  to  go.  Hut  he  h.is 
progressed  far  in  many  (ielils  of  appli- 
cation of  metals.  For  example,  titanium 
was  very  precious  15  years  ago  but  to- 
(ia\'  it  is  used  commonly  in  aircraft. 
.Metallurgy  has  progressed  remarkably 
tor  the  short  time  it  has  been  in  exist- 
ence but  there  are  many  avenues  open 
for  in\estigation.  Metallurgy,  now  a 
basic  science  consisting  of  mathematics, 
ihemistry,  and  physics,  is  concerned 
with  two  main  purposes — the  procuring 
and  adaption  of  metals  to  satisfy  human 
wants. 

The  Open  House  exhibit  for  the 
.Metallurgical  Engineering  Department 
has  increased  the  number  and  scope  of 
exhibits  this  year  in  order  to  show  the 
major  areas  of  metallurgy  today,  and 
to  show  some  recent  advances  in  the 
field.  Our  displays  this  year  will  show- 
how  metals  are  extracted  from  their 
ores,  how  they  are  cast,  how  corrosive 
conditions  affect  them,  how  temperature 
affects  them,  and  how  they  are  formed 
by  mechanical  means.  The  total  number 
of  exhibits  this  year  is  twenty;  the\  are 
briefly  described  below: 

Steelmaking  Exhibit:  This  display 
shows  steel  production  from  sources  of 
ores  to  finished  products. 

.Metal  casting:  Aluminum  ashtrays 
will  be  c.'Lst  at  periodic  intervals  and 
will   be  distributed   to  visitors. 

Metals  Under  the  Microscope:  This 
display  shows  what  .some  of  the  more 
common  metal  products  look  like  under 
the  microscope.  It  also  shows  the  steps 
necessary  to  prepare  a  metal  for  ob- 
servation under  the  microscope  so  that 
its  structure  can   be  determined. 

Photography  in  Metallurgy:  Photo- 
graphic equipment  is  used  in  metallurgy 
to  get  permanent  records  of  metal  struc- 
tures. Some  examples  are  shown. 


Thermocouple  Demonstration:  This 
displa\  shows  how  temperatures  can  be 
measured  by  means  of  a  combination  of 
two  dissimilar  metals. 

Phase  Changes  in  Steel  :  Phase 
changes  in  steel  are  shown  by  e\|iansion 
of  a  specimen  as  it  is  heated  to  high 
temperatures. 

Heat  Treatment  of  Steel:  'I'his  dis- 
play' shows  the  changes  in  properties  of 
steel  as  it  is  subjected  to  high  tempera- 
tures and  different  cooling  rates. 

Cold-Cadmium  Robber-like  Alloy: 
This  display  is  an  example  of  one  of  the 
research  projects  in  progress  in  the 
Metallurgy  Department.  The  alloy  dis- 
played can  be  made  to  behave  like  a 
piece  of  rubber  or  like  a  piece  of  putty. 

Cn'stal  Models  of  Metals:  Atoms 
are  arranged  in  metals  to  foiin  various 
crystal  structures.  Many  models  will  he 
shown. 

(jalvanic  cells:  The  foiu'  displays  are 
all  examples  of  electro-metallurgical 
phenomena  and  show  the  relationship 
between  electricity  and  metals,  cor- 
rosion in  action,  electroplating,  electro- 
polishing. 

Metals  quiz:  The  visitor  trys  to 
match  the  correct  metal  with  a  certain 
property  or  application,  and  can  de- 
termine his  metal  I.Q. 

Display  of  metals:  This  is  a  new  dis- 
play this  year  which  shows  o\er  forty 
of  the  metals  in  use  today  along  with 
their  price  and  relative  abundance. 

Question  and  answer  booth  :  Here  the 
visitor  can  obtain  literature  and  answers 
to  questions  about  specific  displays  and 
metallurgy  in  general  and  the  education- 
al  opportiuiities   at   the   University. 

Movies:  Three  or  four  short  dura- 
tion films  about  metallurgy  will  be 
shown. 

Rolling  mill  demonstration:  This  dis- 
play will  show  how  metals  ;ire  reduced 
to  foil. 

Brittle  fracture  in  metals:  This  is  a 
new  display  which  will  show  the  effect 
of  temperature  on  the  impact  strength 
of  steel.  A  steel  will  change  from  a 
ductile   to   brittle   nature   .'is   the   temper- 


ature is  changed  a  few  degrees. 

Zinco — the  wonder  metal:  This  ilis- 
play  shows  how  a  metal  which  has  been 
quenched  in  cold  \\afei"  heats  up  again 
in  a  person's  hand. 

These  processes  and  phenomena  are 
understoo<l  b\'  the  metallurgical  engi- 
neer to  some  extent,  but  there  arc  many 
answers  that  are  still  needed.  To  ob- 
tain these  answers  much  research  has  to 
be  done.  Some  important  questions 
which  are  outstanding  today  anil  which 
are  recei\ing  attention  tlirougli  depart- 
ment  research   unestigations  aie; 

U  liy  lid  sDiiii'  iiKliih  and  /i//rtys  iiii- 
iliri/(i  III}  nhrujtl  i\miigc  jrom  ilinli/i 
til  hiitlli  hiluiviiir  liver  an  cxlniiiily 
sii'dll  tciiipcraturc  intcri'alF 

U  hat  cjji-its  ifi/l  irr/ttliatiiin  sink  iis 
that  fiiiiii  ii  niiiliiir  rciiitur  hiivi  iiii  the 
piii/^irtics  mill  life  nf  ii  iiutal' 

II  lull  is  till  III!  I  liiinisin  l/y  iiliii  li  iil- 
lnys  .UK  Ii   in-  sticl  iiir   liiiiilciud :' 

1 1  ira  ilii  liit/li  liiii/ifriitlirfs,  silih  a.\ 
llin.u  I  III  iiiintrrr/l  in  missiles,  ajjcit 
iiiiliih  mill  alloys,  and  lioir  loni/  icill 
iiiiitiiiiih  lust   iiiiilir  these  I  iinditinns.' 

llijic  mil  line  fidiul  the  liehnviiii  uj 
alloys  from  ii  I'liimledi/e  of  their  pure 
eomponents.' 

II  hat  eiin  he  learned  about  metals 
and  alloys  by  examininy  them  under  the 
optieal  and  cleetron   microscopes. 

11  me  does  continuous  stressing  such  as 
that  oeeurrini;  in  automobile  axle  af- 
feit   the  properties  and  life  of  a   metal' 

II  hat  is  the  mechanism  through 
veliieh  m'etals  are  attacked  by  corrosion:' 
11  hx  do  metals  become  harder  lehen 
they  are  iL  formed.' 

Are  there  better  processes  for  relin- 
ini)  and  pcuducini/  metals  more  economi- 
cal I  y.' 

These  problems  are  but  a  few  of  the 
ones  now  confronting  the  metallurgist 
in  his  work.  In  time,  these  problems 
will  be  solved,  but  new  ones  will  con- 
tinually arise.  The  metallurgist  there- 
fore must  always  be  around  to  solve 
these  problems  ;  but,  more  important,  he 
is  needed  to  produce  and  adapt  metals 
for  today. 

In  our  exhibit  we  are  attempting  to 
show  metallurgy  today — what  the  field 
encompasses  and  what  the  function  of 
the  metallurgical  engineer  is.  We  also 
are  going  to  give  the  public  a  glimpse 
into  the  future  of  metallurgy. 

The  present-day  opportunities  in 
metallurgical  engineering  are  practical- 
ly limitless.  The  field  of  metallurgy  is 
wide  open  and  in  great  need  of  trained 
personnel.  Adequate  and  extensive 
training  in  metallurgy  and  metallurgical 
engineering  is  available  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois  and  many  other  colleges 
and  universities.  Metallurgy  is  a  Held 
where  one  can  engineer  and  utilize  his 
creative  ability  to  the  fullest,  and  find 
extremel\  interesting  and  satisfying 
work. 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Students  adjusting  high 
vacuum  furnace  in  metal- 
lurgy laboratory. 


Shown  above  is  a  teaching   model  which  is  used  to  illustrate  the  crystalline 
structure   of   the   atom   array   in   copper-alloys. 


JANUARY,   1960 


49 


MINING  and   PETROLEUM 
ENGINEERING 


Mining  Engineering 

'I'lu-  lii>t()r\  ot  the  milling  cii^.Miift'r- 
in;:  luniculum  ilates  back  to  tlic  hcjiiii- 
ninizs  of  the  l'iiiversit\-  of  Illinois.  Thf 
initial  report  of  the  Coiiimittci-  on  Stmh 
of  Course  and  Facultx'  pro\  iilcil  for 
(.-oiirscs  in  niinin'r  fiifiiniTring.  How- 
ever, there  was  little  mechani/.ation  in 
mining  then,  and  niininsr  ens:ineerinjr 
education  was  slow  in  catchinji  on.  It 
was  not  until  the  beginnin;;  of  this  cen- 
rurv  that  the  Department  of  Mininj; 
lliiflineerinn  was  re-established  by  ac- 
tion of  the  Gen-.-ral  .Assembly.  A  newly 
constructed  mim'ng  laboratory  was  oc- 
cupied in  the  fall  of  1^)12.  Compared 
to  other  departments  in  the  College  of 
I'ngineering.  the  I^epartment  ofMining 
lias  remained  relatively  small  with  the 
;ui\antage  of  small  classes  and  close 
contact  between  instructor  and  students. 

Mining  engineers  are  engaged  in  pro- 
ducing and  processing  primary  wealth 
from  the  earth's  crust  and  as  long  as 
industry  uses  minerals  to  manufacture 
e\er\ thing  from  nylon  stockings  to  atom 
bombs  there  will  be  careers  for  engineers 
in  the  mineral  ind\istrles.  About  1  10th 
of  all  gainfully  employed  persons  in  the 
I  lilted  States  are  connected  with  the 
mineral  industries.  Many  foreign  enter- 
prises are  staffed  by  engineers  tra'ned 
in  the  I'nited  States,  and  they  add  great- 
h   to  these  figures. 

Mining  engineers  are  concerned  with 
finding  mineral  deposits  containing 
fuels,  ores,  and  non-metallic  minerals 
for  the  building  and  for  the  chemical 
industries.  The  first  steps  are  to  ex- 
plore the  size  and  to  evaluate  the  rich- 
ness of  such  finds;  to  <letermine  whi-ther 
profitable  mining  Is  possible,  and  to 
choose  a  method  for  extracting,  recov- 
ering, and  treating  the  mineral.  Engi- 
neers also  design  and  select  the  process- 
ing equipment,  purchase  components 
and  supervise  the  erection  of  the  plant, 
and  operate  both  the  extraction  and 
treatment   facilities. 

A  surprisingly  large  percentage  of 
mining  graduates  enter  the  administra- 
tive and  marketing  phase  of  the  mineral 
industries.  Others  occupy  themselves  in 
related  fields — production  and  use  of 
explosives,  the  manufacture,  sale,  and 
servicing  of  equipment  such  as  crushers 


and  grinders,  drills,  hoists,  cutting  and 
loading  machines,  mechanical  nuners 
|)umps  ventilating  fans,  locomotives  and 
mine  cars  or  belt  conveyors,  and  safety 
equipment. 

Some  mining  men,  of  course,  cover 
the  whole  range  of  this  kind  of  activity, 
while  others  confine  them.selves  to  a  sin- 
gle aspect  or  specialty.  Other  people, 
who  work  most  closely  with  mining  en- 
gineers are  geologists  and  geophvslclsts, 
civil  engineers,  chemists,  eletrlcal  anil 
mechanical  engineers,  and  finally  metal- 
lurgists. 

The  Mining  Department  of  the  L  ni- 
verslty  of  Illinois  has  all  the  facilities 
to  prepare  the  student  for  the  work 
basic  to  his  profession,  but  this  is  by  no 
means  the  only  work. 

There  are  other  areas  of  instruction 
for  the  graduate  student  working  to- 
ward his  master's  or  doctor's  degree. 
This  phase  is  closely  related  with  re- 
search in  mining,  which  often  is  carried 
out  in  cooperation  with  other  agencies 
on  the  campus  such  as  the  University 
of  Illinois  Engineering  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, the  State  Geological  Survey,  an  1 
others.  Students  from  all  corners  of  the 
globe  come  for  advanced  work  in  the 
Mining  Department,  which  has  a  world- 
wide reputation.  Research  is  done  in 
many  areas  of  mining.  In  geophysical 
prospecting,  such  physical  characteris- 
tics of  rock  as  gravity,  magnetic  attrac- 
tion, resistivity  to  electric  current,  ra- 
dioactivity, and  speed  of  transmitting  vi- 
brations are  a  few  of  the  things  which 
can  be  measured  accurately  by  delicate 
Instruments.  Measuring  the  speed  with 
w  h  1  c  h  vibrations  are  transmitted 
through  rock  strata,  has  been  particular- 
ly successful  In  locating  oll-bearlng  for- 
mations thousands  of  feet  below  the 
earth's  surface. 

Some  fundamental  research  in  a  com- 
pletely new  field  called  "rock  me- 
chanics" tries  to  find  out  what  happens 
to  rocks  when  drilled,  blasted  or  crushed 
and  ground  as  in  preparation  plants. 
Drilling  research  ranges  from  blasthole 
drilling  to  oil  well  drilling  to  tuiuul 
boring  machines  and  continuous  miners. 
In  blasting  research,  the  blasting  effect 
of  commercial  explosives  is  investigated 
to  determine  the  useful  energy  formed 
under  controlled  conditions. 


Clnselv  related  is  the  study  of  the 
failure  of  muie  roof  and  nf  mine  pillars, 
and  the  design  of  undergrourxl  openings 
to   make   them   safe. 

In  the  field  of  mine  ventilation,  elec- 
trical and  aneniometric  gages  for  the 
measurement  of  the  flow  of  air  in  closed 
ducts  have  been  developed.  Methods  for 
economically  reducing  air  lo.sses  in  mine 
ventilation  are  studied. 

Another  wide  field  of  mining  research 
is  in  ore  beneficiation  and  coal  prepara- 
tion. Latest  work  deals  with  the  utili- 
zation of  Illinois  coal,  its  adaptation 
for  making  metallurgical  coke,  etc. 

In  mine  administration  the  use  of 
modern  statistical  concepts  and  the  ap- 
plicability of  mechanical  and  electronic 
computers  Is  being  Investigated. 

Examples  of  the  work  done  by  the 
mining  department  at  the  University 
will  be  on  display  In  the  Mining  Labor- 
atory and  in  the  Ceramics  Building  dur- 
ing Engineering  Open    House. 

Petroleum  Engineering 

Oil  and  natural  gas  occur  filling  the 
pore  spaces  of  various  sedimentary  rocks 
usually  at  considerable  depth,  and  fre- 
quently in  association  with  "connate  " 
water. 

Petroleum  engineering  is  concerned 
with  the  problems  of  drilling  wells  to 
the  oil  bearing  horizons  and  then  getting 
the  oil  (or  gas)  from  these  beds  to  the 
surface.  Actually  It  is  difficult  to  re- 
cover more  than  about  30'  i  of  the  oil 
originally  in  the  rock  and  in  many  in- 
stances as  much  as  80' ,'  of  the  oil  origi- 
nally present  may  be  left  in  the  reser- 
voir at  the  end  of  the  primary  produc- 
tion process.  Much  of  the  current  re- 
search in  petroleum  engineering  is  con- 
cerneil  with  ways  and  means  of  increas- 
ing the  total  yield  of  oil  by  the  use  of 
"secondary  recovery"  methods.  Con- 
fronted with  the  two  possibilities  of  in- 
creasing oil  production,  either  that  of 
finding  new  fields,  or  that  of  getting 
more  oil  out  of  known  fields  one  can 
see  that  the  latter  is  the  more  attractive 
proposition  since  naturally  the"  more 
easily  located  oil  has  already  been  found 
( and  produced  and  sold )  and  explora- 
tion is  becoming  both  more  expensive 
■ind  more  difficult. 


50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Ot  till-  >c'C()iular\  recoMTV  mi'thiiils 
nii\\  In  use,  that  ot  "water  Hooding"  is 
«i(lcl\  used  in  Illinois  (as  well  as  other 
st.ites)  ;  in  this  method  water  ix  pumped 
through  an  uijection  well  and  a^  it 
sweeps  through  the  ieser\oir  rock  to 
the  producing  well  it  pushes  oil  ahead 
lit  it.  The  amount  of  extra  oil  that  can 
he  recovered  by  this  method  depends 
iiu  quite  a  lot  of  factors,  tor  example 
whetlier  the  oil  lU'  the  \xater  wets  the 
rock  surface.  \er\  e\ten>i\c  lesearch  is 
being  carried  out  in  both   um\ersit\    and 


industrial  labcuatories  on  the  i]uestion  of 
increasing  >ields  from  water  floods. 

A  more  recent  and  \er\  attractive 
method  of  increasing  oil  production  b\ 
secondary  recovery  methods  is  that  of 
the  "fire  flood"  wherebv  oil  is  ignited 
underground  so  that  b\  binning  some 
of  the  oil  the  rest  is  iieated  and  driven 
towards  the  producing  wells.  The  heat- 
ed oil  Hows  more  freely  since  it  is  more 
Huid  when  hot,  and  the  gases  produced 
during  the  combustion  act  to  drive  this 
heated   oil   out   of   the   n-servoir. 


.Another  source  of  supplv  for  oil  lies 
in  possible  fields  located  at  great  depths 
below  those  currently  known,  the  prob- 
lems of  drilling  to  these  great  depths 
include  the  behaviour  of  materials  at 
the  high  temperatures  and  pressures 
such   as  exist  deep  in  the  crust. 

The  Open  House  exhibit  will  illus- 
trate methods  of  determining  how  well 
the  oil  Hows  through  a  rock,  bow  niiich 
is  in  the  rock,  how  "electric  logs  '  can 
tell  the  content  of  oil  and  water  in  the 
formations  at  depth,  and  methods  of 
displacing  oil    by   vv.ater   and    gas. 


Graduate  laboratory  for 
Mining  Engineering  stu- 
dents. 


New  type  velocity  guage  used  for  meas- 
uring ventilation  currents.  Specifically, 
this  Instrument  manometrlcally  takes  the 
square  root  of  20  numbers,  averages 
them,  and  multiplies  the  result  by  a  con- 
stant depending  upon  the  psychrometric 
condition  of  the  air.  This  guage  was  de- 
veloped in  the  mining  department. 


JANUARY,    1960 


51 


PHYSICS 

DEPARTMENT 


Durins;  the  l'>h(l  l",nf;iiictTiiifi  ( )|H-n 
House  physics  stuiiciits  will  (it'inonstratc 
some  of  tile  equipment  used  to  teaeli 
physics  ar  the  I  iii\ersity.  1  hese  ex- 
hibits will  he  located  on  the  first  floor 
of  the  ph\sics  laboratory. 

Room  iOO  will  be  ilevoted  to  the  sub- 
ject of  mechanics,  which  describes  the 
motion  and  behavior  of  bodies  as  small 
as  nuclear  particles  and  as  large  as  the 
stars.  In  the  past  few  years,  the  news 
of  earth  satellites  and  missiles  have 
made  us  more  conscious  of  the  laws  of 
motion    and    have   ^i\en    us   popular   ex- 


amples lit  bmlies  \\  hich  continue  to  mii\c 
iiidelimteh  in  the  absence  of  friction. 
These  laws  ha\e  alwa\s  been  somewhat 
unsitisfactorily  illustrated  in  the  class- 
loom  because  the  drag  of  friction  slows 
thinfrs  down.  New  apparatus  used  by 
the  physics  department  makes  use  of  thin 
films  of  gas  as  bearings  of  such  low 
friction  that  the  motion  is  almost  undis- 
turbed. No  longer  does  the  teacher  ha\e 
to  make  excuses  for  discrepencies  be- 
tween theory  and  experiment  because  of 
annoying  friction. 

New    demonstrations    this    \ear,    also 


ui  room  1(M),  include  a  small  model 
merry-go-rounii  which  illustrates  some 
interesting  properties  of  circular  motion 
and  an  apparatus  which  demonstrates 
the  laws  governing  projectile  motion  and 
ballistics. 

Kxhibits  of  high  and  low  tempera- 
ture phenomena  will  catch  the  interest 
of  visitors  entering  room  112.  A  new 
geyser  has  been  made  of  glass  so  that 
one  can  see  more  clearly  how  this  in- 
teresting phenomenon  takes  place.  Other 
exhibits  include  tanks  of  liquid  nitrogen 
used  to  show  what  happens  to  materials 


52 


Two  students  study  the  phenomena  of  sending   and   receiving  electro-magnetic  waves 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


at  very  low  tt'iiipc-raturcs.  One  example 
is  a  lead  bell  that  rings,  but  visitors  will 
have  to  stop  in  to  learn  about  the  others. 
The  nuclear  physics  exhibit  tiiis  year 
will  be  located  in  room  1  12  ami  will  in- 
clude a  model  of  the  famous  "Van  Allen 
Belt"  of  radiation  high  above  the  earth. 
The  production  and  detection  of  cosmic 
rays  and  radioacti\it\  will  also  be  dem- 
onstrated. 

A  series  of  demonstrations  pertaimng 
to  the  field  of  optics  will  be  located  in 
room  119  of  the  physics  laboratory. 
The.se  will  include  a  .smoke  box  dem- 
onstration of  geometrical  optics,  dem- 
onstrations of  wave  motion  and  inter- 
ference, and  the  Land  two-color  process 
of  photographic  color  reproduction. 

Geometrical  optics,  including  the 
study  of  simple  and  complex  lenses,  can 
be  demonstrated  quite  clearly  with  a 
.smoke  box.  A  smoke  box  consists  mere- 
ly of  a  rea.sonably  air-tight  containei' 
with  one  side  made  of  clear  glass.  Some 
sort  of  smoke  generator  is  used  to  fill 
the  volume  of  the  box  with  smoke.  Since 
the    smoke    paiticles    reflect    light,    thin 


rays  ot  light  |iropagating  through  the 
box  can  be  .seen  throughout  their  en- 
tire length.  Several  of  these  smoke  boxes 
will  be  on  exhibit  during  the  Open 
House.  Lenses  of  various  sizes  and  in 
combinations  of  two  or  more  will  be 
used  to  show  how  light  ra\s  are  re- 
fracted and  focuseii.  One  of  the  smoke 
boxes  will  have  a  small  container  of 
water  inside  it.  Beneath  the  water  sur- 
face, a  .source  .sending  rays  of  light  at 
various  angles  will  show  the  effects  of 
refraction  on  the  rays  at  the  interface 
of  water  and  air. 

Demonstrations  of  wave  motion  and 
intciference  will  include  diffraction 
gratings,  the  Michelson  interferometer, 
and   the  Fabry-Perot  interferometer. 

The  Land  two-color  process  of  pho- 
tographic color  reproduction  illustrates 
some  interesting  facts  about  the  eye  and 
how  we  see  colors.  It  was  previously 
thought  that  three  colors  called  the  pri- 
mary colors  are  necessary  to  form  com- 
plete color.  Recent  experiments  by  Ed- 
ward Land  have  shown  that  the  eye 
does  not  neei]  three  colors,  but  that  onl\ 


two  ,ire  necessarx  for  full  color  nnages 
to  appear.  By  simultaneously  projecting 
on  a  screen  two  carefully  prepared  black 
and  white  transparent  slides,  each 
through  different  color  filters,  a  full 
color  image  appears.  This  process  will 
be  used  to  take  two  photographs  of  a 
group  of  colored  objects  and,  shortly 
thereafter,  demonstrated  that  full  color 
is  obtained  by  projecting  the  slides  on  a 
screen. 

The  cyclotron,  housed  in  the  nuclear 
radiation  laboratory,  will  be  open  to  the 
public  this  year.  The  cyclotron  and 
other  experimental  apparatus  in  the  lab 
are  used  by  graduate  student  s.md  facul- 
ty for  experimental  woik  in  nuclear 
physics. 

The  betatron  research  and  develop- 
ment program  is  housed  in  the  physics 
research  laboratory.  The  staff  of  the 
lab,  as  in  past  years,  will  conduct  a 
guided  tour  of  the  building.  Facidty  and 
graduate  students  at  the  lab  are  en- 
gaged in  the  study  of  nuclear  phenom- 
ena produced  by  X-rays  and  electrons 
from  the  340  MEV  betatron  and  the 
22  MEV^  betatrons. 


Engineering  sophomores  in  a  physics  laboratory  determining  the  relation  between  the  charge  and  mass 
of  an  electron  by  measuring  the  deflection  effects  of  electric  and  magnetic  fields  on  a  beam  of  electrons  in 
a  vacuum  tube. 


JANUARY,    1960 


53 


THEORETICAL  AND  APPLIED 
MECHANICS 


Tliis  \i-ai  the  ilispla\s  of  the  I^cpnrt- 
iiUMit  nt  'riicoictical  and  Applied  Mc- 
ihaiiics,  located  in  Talbot  Laboiatorx 
«ill  iiiclmic  the  demonstration  of  a  ein- 
lent  research  project  which  studies  the 
behavior  of  a  missile  as  it  lea\es  water 
:\iit\  enters  the  air.  As  the  missile  lea\es 
the  water  it  is  photo<irap]ied  by  a  mo\ie 
camera,  and  by  analyzing  the  photo- 
graphs the  action  of  the  missile  can  be 
determined.  This  disphn  will  be  pre- 
vented in  the  basement  ot  the  Hind  me- 
chanics laboratory  e\er\  hour  on  the 
halt   hour. 

In    the    crane    ba\     a    three    stor\     tall 


testing  machine  will  be  used  to  fracture 
large  concrete  cylinders.  These  cylinders 
usually  tax  the  machine  to  almost  its 
full  capacit\'  of  .^  nu'llion  pounds  load. 
When  fracture  docs  occur,  it  happens 
with  e\plosi\e  quickness  resulting  in  .ui 
exciting  spectacle.  The  demonstration 
of  the  machine  wdl  occur  e\ery  hour 
on  the  hour. 

On  the  west  end  ot  the  fust  floor  of 
the  building  the  entire  fluids  laboratory- 
will  be  open  to  visitors.  Some  of  the 
man\  operating  displa\s  in  fluid  me- 
cham'cs  will  be  water  turbines,  a  pump 
that  carries  water  from  the  basement  to 


the  liist  lioor  by  means  of  water  cling- 
ing to  a  rope,  and  the  hyilraulic  jump 
(where  Howing  water  suddenly  jumps 
from  fast,  shallow  Mow  to  deep,  slower 
llow  m  order  to  osercome  resistance  in 
the  cbanel  ), 

( )n  the  second  floor  ol  Talbot  Labor- 
ator\',  exhibits  will  show  methods  for 
determining  the  mechanical  behavior  of 
solid  materials.  By  allowing  polarized 
light  to  pass  through  a  clear  plastic 
specimen  and  observing  the  resulting 
fringes  of  color,  the  distribution  of 
stresses  in  that  specimen  can  be  ob- 
tained. This  useful   method,   call   photo- 


A  hydraulic  jump  occurring  in  a  glass-sided  flume  located  in  Talbot  Laboratory. The  hydraulic  jump  is  an  import- 
ant phenomenon  since,  cs  indicated,  the  extreme  turbulence  will  erode  a  stream  bed  where  if  occurs.  Spillways  of 
dams  and  other  hydraulic  structures  must,  therefore,  be  designed  so  the  jump  appears  in  a  concrete-lined  section 
of  the  channel. 


54 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


I'hisricity  will  W  clcnioiistraK-d  alonji 
with  the  uses  of  sensitise  strain  gages 
which  indicate  by  electrical  means  how 
much  a  specimen  has  stretched.  These 
i;;ages  are  so  sensitive  that  they  can  de- 
tect the  stretch  in  a  3  inch  diameter 
brass  bar  3  feet  long  when  it  is  touched 
by  your  finger.  Also  shown,  will  be 
examples  of  mechanical  vibrations. 
When  a  machine  such  as  a  car  engine 
undergoes  sudden  loads  mechanical  vi- 
brations result.  Modern  vibration  meas- 
uring instruments  and  models  which 
demonstrate  a   few  of  the  basic  ideas  in 


the  st\id\  of  mechanical  \ibrations  will 
be  in  the  display.  Tests  showing  the 
behavior  of  steel  bars  when  they  are 
pulled  in  tension  and  twisted  in  torsion 
will  be  performed  continuously  during 
the  Open  House.  In  the  torsion  test  the 
visitors  may  actually  run  the  test  by 
cranking  an  arm  which  twists  the  steel 
bar  through  a  gear  reduction.  Many 
people  are  sinprised  when  they  see  how 
many  times  a  steel  bar  can  be  twisted 
around  before  it  breaks.  A  machine 
which  tests  small  concrete  cylinders  in 
the  same  wa\'  as  the  big  machine  in  the 


crane  ba\  will  be  operating  and  there 
will  also  be  a  machine  which  demon- 
strates the  effect  of  high  temperatures 
on   steel    under   load. 

The  third  Hoor  of  Talbot  Labora- 
tory contains  the  fatigue  of  metals  lab- 
oratory. Here,  actual  research  projects 
which  study  the  effects  of  repeated  load- 
ing and  fracture  of  metals  will  be 
shown.  One  of  the  research  projects 
now  in  progress  is  concerned  with  the 
behavior    of    the    metal    in    the    Polaris 


This  concrete  cylinder  has  just  been  shattered  by  the  3  million  pound  testing 
machine  whose  base  is  shown  at  the  right. 


JANUARY,   1960 


55 


ENGINEERS  IN  THE 

ARMED  FORCES 


Army  Ordnance  Corps 

'Vhc  Kile  «t  oidiiaiHT  will  In-  \><>V' 
tiaxi-.l  in  the  f\citiiijj  cxliibit  wliR-h  tlu- 
Army  ( )rilii:itK-e  Corps  lias  prt'part-il  tor 
this  year's   Kngiiieerinj!;  Open    House. 

I)ispla\s  which  will  exhibit  the 
Army's  achievements  over  the  past  years 
will  include  models  of  Nike  anti-air- 
cratt  rocket  installations.  The  Nike- 
.-\ja\  is  deployed  all  o\er  tin-  countr\ 
toda\. 

There  will  be  mock-vips  of  the  Army'> 
satellite-carrying  missiles,  and  back  on 
the  earthy  side,  we  will  display  the  com- 
plete line  of  close  support  missiles  which 
are  used  in  the  field  today.  Other  wea- 
pons on  display  will  be  the  "81"  and 
the  "^7"  mortars  and  a  variety  of  small 
arms. 

Models  of  the  new  .Army  weapons 
will  be  available,  tojiether  with  an  ex- 
planation of  the  enjiineeriiifr  which  lioes 
into  their  design. 

Vou  will  also  have  an  opportunity  to 
he.ir  of  the  many  ad\antages  of  a  career 
in  the  r.  S.  Army.  There  will  be 
skilled  personnel  on  hand  to  answer  any 
questions  vou  may  have. 

Me  >ure  to  visit  the  Army  Ordnance 
dlspla\  whe[i  you  come  to  this  year's 
Kngineerin;:  Open  House.  \'our  visit 
^hould  be  entertaining  and  enjoyable. 

Signal  Corps 

In  tile  new  concept  of  Atomic  War- 
fare, tile  liiited  States  Government  re- 
lies o[i  three  principles  to  enable  it  to 
defeat  the  enemy.  These  are  mobility, 
lirepower,   and   communications. 

The  main  responsibility  for  communi- 
cations rests  with  the  Signal  Corps.  To 
implement  its  goal  of  a  solid  net  of 
mobile  communications  covering  any 
size  unit  of  troops  in  an  area,  the  Sig- 
nal Corps  and  civilian  manufacturers 
have  developed  a  number  of  specialized 
pieces  of  equipment.  A  few  of  these 
means  will  be  on  display  at  the  1Q60 
I'ngineering  Open  House  to  give  spec- 
tators a  small  view  of  some  of  the  equip- 
ment necessary  to  complete  the  needed 
communications  of  the  Army. 

Several  radios  will  be  set  up  so  the 
spectators  can  operate  them  and  get  a 
better  knowledge  of  the  equipment  used 
by  the  service.  The  best  known  is  the 
small  individual  set  called  the  .AN 
PRC-6  or  "walkie-talkie."  In  aildition 
to  the  "walkie-talkie's"  capabilit\-  of 
being  easily  carried  and  operateil,  it  can, 
if  necessary  be  used  to  broadcast  tele- 
type signals  as  will  be  done  at  Open 
House.  This  particular  set-up  is  not 
normally  used   by  the   Army;   however. 


56 


If  i>  t\pical  lit   the   uM-luliiess  and   \ersa- 
tilit\    of   go\criiment  equipment. 

In  contrast  to  the  small  one-man 
radios  shown,  several  large,  nuilti-unit 
radios,  normally  .set  up  in  trucks,  will 
also  be  on  display.  These  will  be  tuned 
to  local  commercial  stations  t(i  show 
that  military  radios  operate  on  the  same 
principle  as  do  civilian  radios.  The  rug- 
ged construction  and  other  special  de- 
vices will  show  the  difference  between 
the  two  types.  Military  radios  both 
broadcast  and  receive.  This  is  but  one 
facet  of  their  versatility. 

.Although  radio  is  the  primary  means 
of  communications  other  supporting 
means  are  necessary.  This  includes  wire 
communication  composed  of  telephone 
and   teletype. 

Several  teletype  machines  will  be  on 
display.  Spectators  can  send  and  receive 
between  two  of  these.  This  will  dem- 
onstrate its  speed  and  usefulness.  An- 
other set  will  receive  a  national  press 
news  service  to  show  again,  the  simi- 
laritv  to  civilian  installations.  This  wire 
equipment  is  generally  more  stable  than 
radio  but  is  not  as  mobile. 

Other  wire  equipment  to  be  shown 
include  telephones  and  switchboards. 
Some  other  equipment  widely  used  by 
the  Signal  Corps,  but  not  shown,  will 
be  long  range  telephone  and  radio  equip- 
ment, photography,  television  and  elec- 
tronic computers. 

Speedy,  reliable  communications  is  a 
must  for  a  modern  army.  The  Signal 
Corps  provides  this  with  fast,  accurate 
equipment  employeil  in  highly  mobile 
situatiiins. 

Army  Engineer 

The  mission  of  the  infantry  division 
engineer  battalion  in  the  attack  is  to  as- 
sist the  forward  movement  of  the  divi- 
sion by  general  engineer  work.  1  he  dis- 
position of  all  available  engineer  troops 
and  equipment,  both  organic  and  sup- 
porting, is  determined  by  the  division 
engineer  to  accomplish  this  mission  ac- 
cording to  the  scheme  of  maneuver 
established  by  the  division  commander. 
The  engineers  accomplish  this  by  per- 
forming various  duties  during  the  at- 
tack. Some  of  these  general  duties  are: 
engineer  reconnaissance,  collect  data  for 
improvement  of  existing  maps,  removal 
and  construction  of  obstacles,  main- 
tenance of  supph-  routes  and  lines  of 
communication  and  the  construction 
and  maintenance  of  bridges  to  be  used 
during  the  attack.  It  is  the  division  en- 
gineer's responsibility  to  see  that  there 
are  engineer  units  with  the  front.  Hank 
and   rear  guards. 


The  location  and  maintainence  of  the 
main  supply  route  (.MSR)  is  another 
important  duty  of  the  engineer.  Suppiv 
routes  must  be  kept  open  at  all  cost  to 
maintain  the  forward  motion  of  the 
attack.  These  routes  must  be  kept  clear 
of  mines  and  also  road  work  must  be 
done  to  keep  the  routes  in  shape  lor 
their  intended  traffic.  Also  the  engineers 
are  responsible  for  the  supph'  of  water. 
The  engineer  is  responsible  in  trans- 
|iorting  troops  across  rivers.  This  is  ac- 
complished by  means  of  assault  boats, 
foot  bridges,  ferries,  and  bridges.  Care- 
ful planning  must  go  into  river  cro.ss- 
ing  operations  and  the  engineer  plays 
one  of  the  more  important  parts  in  these 
operations.  Planning  may  be  started  ^0 
miles  before  the  river  is  reached  by  the 
attacking  force. 

The  engineer  is  an  important  factor 
in  the  attack  whether  his  job  is  remov- 
ing obstacles  in  the  advance  or  con- 
structing obstacles  in  the  retreat.  .Much 
of  the  success  of  the  attack  depends 
upon    the   engineer's   accomplishments. 

NROTC 

The  U.  of  I.  NROTC's  exhibit  for 
the  1960  Engineering  (^pen  House  is 
located  in  rooms  1^2  and  134  in  the 
Mechanical  Engineering  Building,  first 
floor.  Consisting  mainly  of  displays  con- 
cerning deelopinents  in  aircraft  control, 
guided  missiles  and  missile  guidance, 
and  Naval  ordnance,  the  exhibit  repre- 
sents many  of  the  latest  .advancements 
in  naval  warfare. 

A  moving  cockpit  simply  demonstrates 
manual  aircraft  attitude  control.  V'^isit- 
ors  may  sit  in  the  cockpit  and  move  the 
control  stick,  which  actuates  servos  that 
cause  the  cockpit  to  pitch  and  roll  re- 
alistically. The  device  is  similar  to  a 
Link  trainer,  but  less  complicated. 

A  small-scale  skeleton  aircraft  frame 
is  mounted  with  a  spinning  gyroscope 
connected  to  its  control  surfaces.  The 
frame  is  pivoted  and  may  be  easilv 
moved  to  show  the  movements  of  the 
control  surfaces  caused  by  the  gyro. 
The  display's  purpose  is  to  demonstrate 
the  principles  of  gyro  control  in  air- 
craft. 

A  coiitinuoush  -  running  projector 
shows  a  sound  film  on  the  Sidewinder, 
one  of  the  Navy's  new  air-to-air  mis- 
sile. The  film  is  in  color,  and  explains 
the  guidance  principles  of  the  heat-  seek- 
ing missile.  The  Sidewinder  is  shown 
in  flight,  and  runs  on  target  drones. 

Numerous  static  displays  feature  new 
developments  in  Naval  Ordnance,  and 
include  models  of  the  X/iiitiliis  and  the 
Fatriik  llinry.  a  new  ballistic  missile 
sLibmarine.  Also  shown  are  .scale  cut- 
aways of  mines,  bombs,  depth  charges, 
,uui  a  new  torpedo  employing  a  homing 
device  to  actually  hunt  its  target. 

Midshipmen  will  be  on  hand  to  con- 
duct   the   exhibit    .uid    answer   questions. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ANOTHER  WAY  RCA 

SERVES  BUSINESS 

THROUGH 

ELECTRONICS 


Princeton,  N.  J:  Today  the  oreo  around  this  historic  educational  center  is  one  of  the  country's  foremost  communities  of  scientific  research. 


RCA  Electronics  helps  build  a  new  capital  of  science 

at  Princeton,  N.J. 


Explorers  once  looked  for  new  opportunities  beyond 
the  mountains  and  the  oceans.  Today,  our  frontiers 
are  somewhere  out  in  space  or  deep  inside  the 
atom.  The  modern  explorer  is  the  research  scientist. 
He  seeks  new  ideas,  new  knowledge. 

Research  has  been  an  important  activity  at  RCA 
e\'er  since  it  was  founded  in  1919.  And  eighteen 
^•ears  ago  many  scattered  operations  were  united 
in  the  RCA  David  Sarnoff  Research  Center,  wliich 
set  tile  pattern  for  a  new  capital  of  industrial  re- 
search at  Princeton,  N.  |.  Here,  RCA  pro\ided 
giftetl  men  with  fine  facilities— and  created  a  cli- 


mate in  which  research  thrives.  Since  then,  many 
other  institutions  dedicated  to  research  in  a  variety 
of  fields  have  been  erected  in  the  area. 

From  RCA's  vision  has  grown  a  reservoir  of 
scientists  and  research  men  whose  achie\'ements 
put  electronics  into  service  on  an  ever-broadening 
front,  and  with  such  success  that  RCA  means  elec- 
tronics—whether related  to  international  communi- 
cations, to  the  clearest  performance  of  television  in 
color  or  black-and-white,  radio  and  stereophonic 
music  or  to  national  defense  and  the  electronic 
conquests  in  space. 


RADIO   CORPORATION   OF  AMERICA 


—Photos  by  Dove  Yates 


technocutie  .  .  . 


BARBARA    KOZUB 


58 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


January's  IVcliiiocutie  beloiii;s  to  the  i-iiginet-rs  at  the 
I  iiiversity  more  than  any  other  Techiiocutie  in  a  long  tinu-. 
Barbara  Kozub,  majoring  in  Industrial  Engineering,  is  a 
junior  at  the  University.  Called  Bobbie  by  her  friends,  she 
^ays  she  picked  engineering  as  a  career  because  it  was  a  chal- 
U'nge.  Barbara  says  she  wanted  to  be  in  the  business  field, 
but  liked  the  combination  of  business  and  science  that  in- 
dustrial engineering  offers.  To  her,  the  field  offers  a  right 
balance  between  the  two. 

When  Barbara  graduates,  she  woidd  like  to  work  in  a 
big  plant  (preferabh'  one  in  chemicals,  foods  or  clothing) 
.lud  do  production  supervision.  She  says  she  wants  a  lot  of 
people  around  her  all  the  time  to  work  with  as  well  as  doing 
engineering  problems. 

Barbara  says  the  students  she  works  with  all  seem  polite 
.uul  lots  of  fun ;  they  are  very  friendlw  rather  nice  and 
mannerly.  She  says  she  doesn't  know  what  they  think  about 
having  a  girl  in  their  classes,  but  outwardly  they  are  friend- 
ly. Teachers'  attitudes  vary,  Bobbie  says.  Some  of  them  are 
wonderful  towards  a  girl;  others  will  try  to  embarrass  a 
girl;  and  still  others  just  ignore  her.  Most  of  them  she  feels 
are  very  good,  however. 

Industrial  engineering  coLirses,  economics  and  physics 
are  Barbara's  favorite  courses  although  she  admits  physics 
nth  was  hardest  for  her.  "The  subjects  best  liked  and  hard- 
est sometimes  go  hand  in  hand."  Barbara  enjoys  the  chal- 
lenge of  tackling  a  hard  course.  She  admits  she  often  lets  an 
easy  course  slide  and  therefore  gets  the  worst  marks  in  them. 

Bobbie  is  one  of  the  women  trying  to  get  the  Society  of 
W^omen  Engineers  started.  She  is  chairman  of  the  group  who 
are  tr\ing  to  get  more  women  engineers  interested  in  the 
society.  The  girls  also  plan  to  write  to  high  school  girls  who 
\\  rite  to  the  Dean  of  Women  about  engineering,  and  they 
will  tell  them  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  engineer- 
ing for  women. 

.Although  she  doesn't  have  much  spare  time  in  the  school 


\ear,  Barbara  is  also  a  freshman  ad\is()r  at  LAR  and  a  mem- 
ber of  SIES.  She  says  she  likes  to  listen  to  Johnny  Mathis, 
Doris  Day  and  instrumental  mood  music  to  rela.x.  She  does 
not  like  modern  jazz. 

She  admits  she  likes  food :  salads,  fried  chicken,  steaks 
and  chops  well  done  top  her  list.  She  prefers  coffee  or  cokes 
to  beer. 

Barbara's  pet  pee\e  concerrurig  men  is  the  conceited 
\ariety,  the  egotistical  men  not  interested  in  others.  She 
thinks  people  on  the  whole  should  be  interested  on  others,  as 
she  herself  is  interested  in  people. 

Another  of  Barbara's  peeves  are  people  who  let  them- 
selves be  dominated  by  social  pressures  of  campus  life  and 
who  don't  relax  and  act  natural.  She  feels  engineers  are  more 
sincere  than  some  of  the  men  on  the  other  side  of  campus. 

If  she  coedd  be  doing  anything  she  wanted,  Barbara 
would  like  to  be  working  at  an  interesting  job  where  she 
could  serve  a  useful  purpose  and  have  lots  of  friends  and 
work  with  a  lot  of  nice  people. 

Ageneral  education  is  important  for  engineers,  Barbara 
feels,  because  everything  an  engineer  does  take  is  technical 
and  not  all  of  it  is  necessary.  She  wishes  it  were  possible  to 
substitute  LAS  courses  for  these.  She  feels  most  engineers 
know  where  they  will  major  and  therefore  some  of  the 
courses  could  be  more  general. 

Bobbie  is  not  sure  just  where  she  will  be  working  in 
Open  House,  but  she  will  be  helping  in  some  industrial  en- 
gineering display.  She  thinks  Open  House  is  good  each  year. 
She  says  it  is  possible  to  learn  more  in  one  day  of  (^pen 
House  than  in  one  year  of  classes.  A  student  there  can  see 
what  courses  he  will  be  taking  will  be  like  and  what  other 
engineers  are  doing. 

About  the  idea  of  a  stereotyped  female  engineer,  big  and 
muscidar,  Barbara  says  the  girls  in  the  Society  are  sharp, 
and  that  type  of  woman  can  be  fo\uid  in  any  field,  not  just 
engineering. 


JANUARY,   1960 


59 


60 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


...staffed  by  graduates 
of  virtually  every  engineering 
school  in  the  United  States.. 


ma\g»&^    _VAtH\^  m^'^. 


TO'^lVmr_.n---iTr.^ 


mM- 


CONVAIR      FORT  WORTH 

p.  O.   BOX  748-C6 
A        DIVISION        OF 

GENERAL  DYNAMICS 


61 

JANUARY,   1960 


NASA  LEADS 
U.S.  VENTURES 
INTO 


SPACE 

OUTSTANDING  PROFESSIONAL  OPPORTUNITIES  AVAILABLE 
TO  GRADUATING  SCIENTISTS  AND  ENGINEERS 


NASA  plans,  directs  and  conducts  the  Nation's 
aeronautical  and  space  activities  for  peaceful  pur- 
poses and  the  benefit  of  all  mankind. 

NASA's  efforts  are  directed  toward  discovering 
new  knowledge  about  our  universe  and  formu- 
lating new  concepts  of  flight  within  and  outside 
the  earth's  atmosphere.  Through  the  application 
of  the  resulting  new  knowledge  and  supporting 
technology,  we  will  gain  a  deeper  understanding 
of  our  earth  and  nearby  space,  of  the  moon,  the 
sun  and  the  planets,  and  ultimately,  of  inter- 
planetary space  and  the  distant  galaxies. 

NASA  is  now  engaged  in  research,  development, 
design,  and  operations  in  a  wide  variety  of  fields, 
including: 

Spacecraft  •  Aircraft  •  Boosters  •  Payloads 
Flight  dynamics  and  mechanics  •  Aeroelasticity 
Launching  and  impact  loads  •  Materials  and  struc- 
tures •  Heat  transfer  •  Magnetoplasmadynamics 
Propulsion  and  energy  systems:  nuclear,  thermal, 
electrical,  chemical  •  Launching,  tracking,  naviga- 
tion, recovery  systems  •  Instrumentation  :  electrical, 
electronic,  mechanical,  optical  •  Life  support  sys- 
tems •  Trajectories,  orbits,  celestial  mechanics 
Radiation  belts  •  Gravitational  fields  •  Solar  and 
stellar  studies  •  Planetary  atmospheres  •  Lunar 
and  planetary  surfaces  •  Applications:  meteor- 
ology,  conununications,   navigation,   geodesy. 


Career  Opportunities 

At  NA.SA  career  opportunities  for  graduates 
with  bachelor's  or  higher  degrees  are  as  unlimited 
as  the  scope  of  our  organization.  Because  of  our 
dynamic  growth  and  diversified  operations,  ex- 
cellent oppoi-tunities  for  personal  and  professional 
advancement  are  available  for  graduates  with 
majors  in : 

Engineering:  Aeronautical,  Mechanical,  Electronic, 
Electrical,  Chemical,  Metallurgical,  Ceramic,  Civil, 
Engineering  Mechanics,  Engineering  Physics 
Science:  Astronautics,  Physics,  Electronics,  Chem- 
istry, Metallurgy,  Mathematics,  Astronomy,  Geo- 
physics 

For  details  about  career  opportunities,  write 
to  the  Personnel  Director  of  any  of  the 
NASA  Research  Centers  listed  below  or 
contact  your  Placement  Officer. 

NASA  Research  Centers  and  their 
locations  are: 

•  Langley  Research  Center,  Hampton,  Va. 

•  Ames  Research  Center,  Mountain  View,  Calif. 

•  Lewis  Research  Center,  Cleveland  35,  Ohio 

•  Flight  Research  Center,  Edwards.  Calif. 

•  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  Washington  25,  D.C. 


NASA      National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration 


62 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Tau  Beta  Pi  Essay  .  . 


The  Responsibility  of  the  College 


By  Richard  W.  Sievers 


Today's  lilghly  trained  s[iact'-iiiiiulfd 
engineering  student  receives  an  educa- 
tion that  equips  him  to  live  in  a  func- 
tioning society  composed  principally  of 
technicians  or  other  engineers.  He  is 
completely  at  home  in  a  conversation  en- 
compassing such  topics  as  Newton's 
Equations,  Ohm's  Law,  Kirchoff's  haw 
and  a  host  of  other  allied  subjects  that 
are  of  interest  mainly  to  other  engi- 
neers. His  only  hope  of  surviving  a  con- 
versation in  a  mixed  group  containing 
non-engineering  students  is  for  him  to 
shift  or  limit  the  discussion  to  areas  in 
which  he  may  make  knowledgeable  con- 
tribution.s.  These  areas  are  admittedh 
small.  They  do  not  usually  include  sucii 
topics  as  art,  music,  literature,  or  in 
many  instances,  e\en  current  e\ents. 
His  political  knowledge  is  chiefly  coni- 
po.sed  of  tinted  accounts  that  appear  in 
local  newspapers  telling  of  the  exploita- 
tion of  the  public  or  crafty  politicians. 

From  these  observations  it  would 
seem  that  the  engineering  student  is  not 
receiving  a  sufficiently  broad  education 
while  at  school.  It  would  seem  that  his 
technical  education,  either  by  his  own 
choosing,  or  by  college  requirements, 
should  be  augmented  by  a  greatly  in- 
creased amount  of  subjects  in  such 
fields  as  Economics,  Political  Science, 
Art,  Literature,  Music,  and  the  Hu- 
manities. It  should  be  the  responsibility 
of  the  college  to  insure  that  the  engi- 
neer, at  the  time  of  his  graduation,  is 
fully  qualified  to  meet  his  own  responsi- 
bilities to  society. 

The  engineer  has  a  two-fold  responsi- 
bility; to  industry,  and  to  all  forms  of 
government  from  the  local  to  the  na- 
tional level.  The  foremost  of  these  is 
probably  to  industry.  It  is  here  th.it  the 
skills  and  talents  that  have  been  devel- 
oped in  our  engineering  schools  are 
called  upon  and  have  been  proven  ade- 
quate. The  engineer  could  not  help  in 
producing  the  maze  of  complicated 
hardware  and  gadgetry  that  has  become 
the  stock-in-trade  of  American  engineer- 
ing. His  productivity  is  second  to  none. 
He  seems  to  have  an  infinite  capacits' 
for  finding  the  solutions  to  a  great  \  a- 
riety  of  difficult  problems. 

One  of  the  major  problems  facing  the 
engineer  is  one  that  has  confronted  him 
ever  since  the  invention  of  the  first 
wheel.  This  problem  is  the  control,  for 
useful  rather  than  destructive  purposes, 
of  all  of  the  findings  and  creations  that 


e\()l\e  fiom  the  ingenuit\  of  engineer- 
ing. With  the  ad\enr  of  blasting  pow- 
der, man  was  able  to  increase  his  pro- 
ductivity by  having  the  powder  with 
which  to  clear  land.  His  ability  to  des- 
troy was  also  increased  by  the  applica- 
tion of  this  power  to  muskets  and  can- 
nons. The  Industrial  Revolution  pro- 
duced new  production  machines  which 
we  consider  to  be  indispensible  to  our 
present  way  of  life.  Mass-production, 
made  possible  by  mechanization  of  the 
industries,  has  allowed  the  production 
of  merchandise  to  be  of  such  a  volmiie 
that  an  abundance  of  goods  and  serv- 
ices are  available  to  everyone.  These 
same  mass  production  methods  are  also 
used  to  mass-produce  rifles,  bullets, 
tanks,  planes,  and  even  warships.  This 
again  brings  with  it  the  problems  con- 
nected with  control. 

These  same  problems  of  control  are 
experienced  when  the  engineer  meets 
his  second  responsibilitN  ;  that  responsi- 
bility that  is  iliiected  toward  govern- 
ment. 

With    the    ratiiication    of    the    Consti- 


tution of  the  United  States  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  eighteenth  centiuy,  the 
citizens  of  the  L'nited  States  were  grant- 
ed the  privilege  to  choose,  through  elect- 
ed officials,  the  governmental  policies  to 
b?  followed.  This  same  process  of 
choosing  those  to  represent  us  in  the 
government  by  free  elections  is  still 
followed  today.  It  is  up  to  the  indi- 
\uiual  to  become  familiar  with  the  me- 
chanics of  our  government  and  to  give 
support  in  order  th.it  our  government 
may  be  truly  the  "People's  Govern- 
ment." The  communit)'  leaders,  who 
may  well  be  engineers,  must  be  people 
who  are  educated  in  the  functions  of 
good  government.  It  is  un  to  all  indi- 
viduals to  realize  the  full  importance 
and  necessity  of  ha\  irv::  a  multi-party 
'  olitical  system  with  full-time  politicians 
ro  operate  them.  It  is,  however,  up  to 
t'lese  same  individuals  to  determine  the 
c-ipabilities  and  potentialities  of  these 
s\srenis  and  politicians,  and  to  offer 
their  support  and  leadership  to  insure 
their  election.  It  is  up  to  the  engineer, 
as  a  community  leailer,  to  arouse  com- 
munity interest  and  to  provide  com- 
munity leadership  in  order  that  the  con- 
trol of  the  government  be  in  the  hands 
of  ;ill   people. 

In  order  that  the  engineer  ma\  ha\e 
the  abilit\  to  provide  adequate  leader- 
ship, he  himself  must  first  have  been 
schooled  in  governmental  theory.  This 
can  most  easily  be  effected  by  a  further- 
ance of  his  college  training.  Yet,  the 
engineering  student  is  granted  only  a 
minimum  of  time  that  he  may  devote 
to  non-technical  subjects.  Is  this  fair 
to  either  the  stuilent  or  to  the  com- 
inunit)  in  which  he  later  lives?  Should 
not  the  colleges  recognize  that  this  facet 
of  an  engineering  student's  education  is 
also  important  and  initiate  measures 
which  would  correct  this  condition? 
Even  though  the  student  engineer,  of- 
fered lucrative  starting  salaries  in  in- 
dustry, will  not  of  himself  take  the 
extra  time  to  fortify  his  education  with 
more  non-technical  subjects,  the  educa- 
tional institutions  must  insist  that  this 
be  done.  They  should  require  non-tech- 
nical courses  to  insure  that  the  engi- 
neeiing  student,  as  a  potential  leader 
ciitenng  into  community  activities  after 
graduation,  be  (pialified  to  offer  guid- 
ance and  leadership  in  order  that  our 
goxernment  "of  the  people"  ma\'  con- 
tinue to  be  just  that. 


JANUARY,   1960 


63 


^^vxxxxvxxxxxxx\vx\xvvvxxxv\\xxxvv\\\vxvxvxxxvxvxxvvvvvvx\\xxxxxxvvvxvx\xvxx\vxv\xvxvvx\^x\^ 


ENGINEERS 


SCIENTISTS 


THE! 


MITRE 


Iff^ites  Candidates  jor  baccalaureate 

and  Qraduate  T)e^rees  to  In^f estimate 

the  Career  Opportunities  ^i^ailatte 

in  X^ar^e-Scale  System  "Engineering 


Accelerating  programs  in  the  growing  techno- 
logical field  of  large-scale  system  engineering 
at  MITRE  afford  young  engineers  and  scien- 
tists unique  career  opportunity  because: 

•  MITRE,  a  systems  engineering  and  development 
organization,  formed  under  the  sponsorship  of  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  has  the 
unusual  assignment  of  providing  engineering  solu- 
tions to  the  varied  and  complex  problems  inherent 
in  large-scale  air  defense  systems. 

•  The  complexities  involved  in  the  design  and 
development  of  the  world's  largest  real-time 
control  systems  provide  an  opportunity  to  apply 
professional  skills  across  a  broad  scientific  spec- 
trum. Included  within  this  long-range  work  pro- 
gram is  the  design,  development,  evaluation  and 
integration  of  the  diverse  components,  equipments 
and  subsystems  from  which  total  systems  are 


evolved.  This  is  a  continuing  assignment  because 
the  MITRE  system  approach  takes  cognizance  of 
the  immediate  and  long-term  threat,  the  total 
defense  technology  — both  present  and  projected  — 
and  the  complex  logistics  of  air  defense  that 
insures  the  best  possible  defense  system,  at  mini- 
mum cost,  for  any  given  time  period. 

•  Working  directly  with  the  men  who  designed 
and  developed  the  SAGE  System,  professional 
growth  is  stimulated  in  a  multi-disciplined  environ- 
ment where  there  is  freedom  of  choice  to  apply 
individual  skills  in  areas  which  best  fit  professional 
talents.  Assignments  range  from  system  design 
through  prototype  development  to  advanced  oper- 
ations research. 

•  Openings  are  available  at  MITRE's  modern 
locations  in  suburban  Boston,  Massachusetts  — 
Fort  Walton  Beach,  Florida  -  and  Montgomery, 
Alabama. 


We  invite  you  to  discuss  with  us  how  your  academic  training 
can  be  effectively  utilized  in  the  following  areas: 


•  COMMUNICATIONS  SYSTEMS 

•  RADAR  SYSTEM  DEVELOPMENT 

•  REALTIME  COMPUTER  CONTROL  SYSTEMS 

•  ENVIRONMENTAL  TESTING 
AND  EVALUATION 


•  SYSTEM  RESEARCH  AND  DESIGN 

•  COMPONENT  DEVELOPMENT 

•  ELECTRONIC  RECONNAISSANCE  AND 
COUNTERMEASURE  SYSTEMS 

•  BASIC  ELECTRONIC  RESEARCH 


\ 


64 


Please  contact  your  Placement  Director  to  arrange  interview  on  campus 

THE    MITRE    CORPORATION 

244  Wood  Street  —  Lexington  73,  Massachusetts 

J  brochure  more  jiiUy  describing  l^nj.T^f  and  its  acticities  is  nvailMc  on  rccluest. 
\XXXXXXXXXXXXXVXXXVVXXXXXXXV»lXXXXXXXXXVV\\X\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXVXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXV»S^ 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  Paul  Cliff 


New  Stereo  Speakers 

Four  ni'w  (  uMU'ial  Electric  "Stereo 
Classic"  speakers  have  been  introduced 
by  the  audio  products  section  of  the 
Company's  radio  receiver  department, 
accordiiifr  to  an  announcement  by  S.  J. 
Welsh,  marketing  manager  tor  audio 
components. 

Model  120]  H,  a  12-inch  wide-range 
speaker  priced  at  $19. 9S,  will  serve  as 
an  effective  economical  basic  speaker  for 
any  stereo  or  monophonic  high  fidelity 
system.  It  has  a  recommended  amplifier 
rating  of  5-25  watts  (continuous  power 
rating) ,  frequency  response  of  48  to 
13,000  cps,  power  rating  of  25  watts, 
and  Alnico  5  magnet  weight  of  14.5 
ounces. 

Also  priced  at  $19.95  is  the  Model 
G-504  tweeter  speaker,  a  2%-inch  di- 
rect radiator  tweeter  speaker,  styled  for 
surface  movuiting  if  desired.  It  provides 
maximum  dispersion  of  high  frequencies 
in  all  directions  for  truer  stereo  effect, 
with  frequenc\-  response  of  1200  to  16,- 
000  cps.  Model  G-504  has  a  100-de- 
gree  dispersion,  both  horizontally  and 
vertically,  power  rating  of  30  watts, 
and  Alnico  5  magnet  weight  of  6.8 
ounces. 

Model      G-502      dual-cone      12-inch 
speaker  features  a  specially  treated  cloth 
edge   suspension    for    improved    low-fre- 
quency   response   with    greater   linearity 
and  new  binding  post  terminals  for  easy 
connection.    It   has   a    special     auxiliary 
"whizzer"  cone  for  high  frequency  per- 
'      tormance  and   a   recommended   amplifier 
1      rating  of  5-25  watts   (continuous  power 
]      rating).  Model  G-502,  priced  at  $34.95, 
I      has    frequencv    response     of     30-16,00(1 


cps,   power   rating  of  25   watts  and   Al- 
nico 5  magnet  weight  of   14.5   ounces. 

Priced  at  $59.95  is  Model  G-503,  a 
dual  coaxial  12-inch  speaker,  with  spe- 
cially treated  cloth  edge  suspension  for 
better  low  frequency  response  plus  a 
new  combination  electro-mechanical  and 
L-C  crossover  network  for  smoother 
transition.  An  extra-long  aluminum  base 
voice  coil  provides  greater  linearity  and 
fine  tone  under  varying  climatic  condi- 
tions. With  a  recommended  amplifier 
rating  of  5-30  watts  (continuous  power 
rating),  Model  G-503  has  frequency  re- 
sponse of  30-16,000  cps,  100-degree  dis- 
persion, crossover  frequency  of  2,000 
cps,  power  rating  of  30  watts  (Inte- 
grated Program  Material),  and  Alnico 
5  magnet  weights  of  14.5  ounces  for  the 
woofer  and  6.8  ounces  for  the  tweeter. 

Supersonic  Circuit  at  Tullahoma 
Nears  Completion 

Largest  of  the  22  wind  tunnels  and 
test  cells  at  the  U.  S.  Air  Force's  Ar- 
nold Engineering  Development  Center 
in  Tullahoma,  Tenn.,  is  the  propulsion 
wind  tunnel  comprised  of  a  transonic 
unit  now  in  operation  and  a  supersonic 
circuit  nearing  completion. 

The  propulsion  wind  tunnel — one  of 
the  three  major  laboratories  at  the 
Center — is  powered  by  the  world's 
largest  rotating  machine.  Built  by  the 
Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation,  the 
machine  is  over  480  feet  long  and  de- 
velops 216,000  horsepower.  It  concludes 
the  world's  two  most  powerful  syn- 
chronous motors,  each  rated  83,000 
horsepower,  and  two  smaller  "starting  ' 


motors  of  25,000  horsepower  each.  The 
four  motors,  which  were  built  at  the 
Westinghouse  East  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
plant,  are  connected  in  tandem  to  drive 
two  huge  compressors:  one  a  three-stage 
luiit  for  the  transonic  circin't;  the  other 
an  18-stage  unit  for  the  supersonic  cir- 
cuit. The  compressors  were  built  at  the 
Westinif^house  Sunnyvale,  Calif.,  manu- 
facturing division. 

The  transonic  circuit  at  the  Center 
has  been  conducting  aerodynamic  and 
propulsion  tests  for  nearly  three  years, 
and  it  soon  will  be  joined  by  its  as- 
sociated supersonic  tunnel.  Tests  have 
been  conducted  on  more  than  30  of  tne 
major  weapon-system  projects  of  the 
United  States  government,  including 
the  USAF  Titan,  Snark,  GAM-72  and 
Honiarc  missiles,  nose  cones  for  all  in- 
tercontinental ballistic  missiles,  t  h  e 
Xavy's  Polaris,  the  Army's  Juniper  and 
the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Ad- 
ministration Mercury  "man-in-space" 
project. 

Picture  Freezer  for  TV  Editing 

A  video  picture  freezer  which  instant- 
Iv  stops  TV  picture  action  and  holds 
the  frozen  image  on  its  screen  for  as 
long  as  ten  minutes  is  now  available 
from  the  industrial  systems  division  of 
Hughes  Aircraft  Company. 

The  new  Hughes  storage  monitor  is 
equipped  with  a  five-inch  Hughes  Ton- 
otron  tube,  which  can  display  a  con- 
tinuous television  picture,  and  "freeze" 
the  action  at  any  desired  time. 

The  Hughes  storage  monitor  has  a 
\  aried   range  of  applications,  including: 

1.  Video  tape  editing.  The  monitor 
can  be  used  as  a  key  unit  in  the  design 
of  advanced  video  tape  editing  systems. 

2.  Surveillance.  Closed-circuit  TV 
surveillance  in  industrial  plant  protec- 
tion, as  a  deterrent  against  shoplifting, 
and  as  an  aid  in  general  law  enforce- 
ment. 

3.  Sports.  Quick  determination  of 
pertinent  actions  in  sporting  events  by 
providing  an  instant  frozen  picture  of 
race  finishes,  winners,  accidents  and 
rules  infractions. 

4.  Teaching.  Closed-circuit  "on  the 
scene"  TV  classroom  instruction.  Ideal 
for  capturing  pertinent  moments  in 
medical  and  dental  operations  and  dem- 
onstrations, thus  permitting  elaboration 
by  the  lecturer. 

5.  Fluoroscopy.  Capable  of  storing 
images  where  short-biu'st  fluoroscopic 
X-ray  techniques  are  used,  further  aid- 
ing in  reducing  patient  irradiation 
dosage.  Image  available  for  immediate 
examination. 

The  Hughes  storage  monitor  can  be 
connected  directly  to  a  closed  circuit 
television  camera,  video  tape  recorder  or 
other  video  signal  source,  the  company 
said.   The   device  will    monitor   the   pic- 


JANUARY,   1960 


65 


Take  advantage  of  the 

MECHANICAL 
ADVANTAGE 


The  screw  is  a  combination  of  two 
mechanical  principles:  the  lever, 
and  the  inclined  plane  in  helical 
form.  The  leverage  applied  to  the 
nut  combines  with  motion  of  the  nut 
around  the  bolt  to  exert  tremendous 
clamping  force  between  the  two. 

One  of  the  greatest  design  errors 
today,  in  fact,  is  failure  to  realize 
the  mechanical  advantages  that 
exist  in  standard  nuts  and  bolts. 
Smaller  diameters  and  less  costly 
grades  of  fasteners  tightened  to 
their  full  capacity  will  create  far 
stronger  joints  than  those  utilizing 
bigger  and  stronger  fasteners  tight- 
ened to  only  a  fraction  of  their 
capacity.  Last  year,  one  of  our  engi- 
neers showed  a  manufacturer  how 
he  could  save  $97,000  a  year  simply 
by  using  all  the  mechanical  advan- 
tages of  a  less  expensive  grade. 

When  you  graduate,  make  sure 
you  consider  the  mechanical  advan- 
tages that  RB&W  fasteners  provide. 
And  make  sure,  too,  that  you  con- 
sider the  career  advantages  RB&W 
offers  mechanical  engineers  — in  the 
design, manufacture  and  application 
of  mechanical  fasteners.  If  you're 
interested  in  machine  design  — or 
sales  engineering,  write  us  for  more 
information. 

RUSSELL,  BURDSALL  &  WARD 
BOLT  AND  NUT  COMPANY 

Port  Chsstsr,  N.  Y. 


Rmw 


115  year 


tunc  until  tlu"  stdic  switch  is  manu.illx 
or  automatically  actuatcil.  This  instajit- 
ly  freezfs  the  action,  until  normal  pic- 
ture action  is  again  started  by  iisinjr  the 
monitor  switch.  The  unit  is  a\ailable 
for  table  or  rack  mounting  and  multiple 
units  can  be  set  up  to  freeze  a  nuniher 
i)f  sequential   action  frames. 

Larger  License  Plates 

l.iifiise  pi.ites  (in  7ll  million  Ameii- 
can  motor  \ehicles  will  he  biirger, 
brighter,  and  easier  to  read  if  states 
anply  research  findings  reported  to  the 
Highway  Research  Board  by  three  en- 
gineers from   the   University  of   Illinois. 

They  told  about  a  two-year  stiid\  on 
license  legibility  sponsored  at  the  iini- 
versitv  by  Charles  F.  Carpentier,  Illi- 
nois Secretary  of  State.  Recommenda- 
tions for  Illinois  plates  ha\e  been  re- 
ported to  him. 

They  recommended  the  national  size 
of  license  plates,  12  h\  h  inches,  be 
lengthened   to   14  by  6. 

For  quick  accurate  identification 
under  normal  da\light  conditions  at  \2'' 
feet  or  farther  they  recommended  no 
more  than  six  identification  characters 
on  the  plates. 

For  states  with  fewer  than  1,(IO(),0(1I) 
vehicles  the  easiest  read  s\stem  is 
straight  use  of  numbers.  For  larger 
states  they  found  the  best  system  two 
letters  and  four  numbers,  which  pro- 
vides for  6,000  vehicles.  All  letters 
should  be  together  at  beginning  or  end 
of  the  series,  they  said. 

Rigger  characters  for  state  names  or 
abbreviations  and  for  year  numbers 
were  recommended  to  make  this  infor- 
mation legible  at  least  65  feet  away. 

Reconunendations  were  in  line  with 
finds  that  licenses  have  two  functions: 
to  identify  the  vehicle,  and  to  show  the 
owner  has  complied  with  registration 
laws. 

I  nder  these  finding  slogans  and  em- 
blems would  go  off  the  plates.  The  en- 
gineers reported,  "The  advertising  aiul 
publicizing  of  the  state  by  means  of  slo- 
gans or  symbols  is  not  a  function  of 
license  plates." 

Two  plates — one  front  and  one  rear 
— were  found  necessary  to  best  accom- 
plish the  purpose  of  licenses. 

Rounded  open-st\le  numbers  and  let- 
ters were  recommended  for  best  legibil- 
it\',  with  letters  slightly  larger  than  the 
the  numbers,  and  with  selection  of  higli- 
contrast  colors  for  the  plates. 

ReHectorization  of  license  plates  was 
di.scussed  and  it  was  said  that  this  in- 
creases night  legibility  by  28   per  cent. 

"There  appears  no  appreciable  differ- 
ence in  legibility  of  various  types  of  ma- 
terials used,"  he  said,  however,  "consid- 
erations other  than  legibility,  have  an 
important  bearing  on  choice  of  reflectoi- 
izing   material."    Factors   he     listed     are 


\isibility,  ilurability,  ease  of  cleaning, 
all-w  cathei  iierformance,  nianufactur- 
ing  requirements,  and  cost." 

F.ffect  of  retlectorized  plates  on  \e- 
hicle  collisions  is  not  definite,  he  said. 
Additional  data  are  needed. 

A  Home  Away  From  Home 

How  will  space  speciali>t^  keep  a  man 
'■ouifoitable  in  a  space  ship  if  the\-  can't 
load  the  \ehicle  with  tons  of  air  condi- 
tioning equipment  to  change  tempera- 
tures or  put  its  occupant  in  a  tempera- 
ture-adjustable space  suit? 

The  answer  is  to  try  to  design  the 
space  vehicle  to  operate  at  a  constant 
"shirt  sleeve"  temperature,  said  senior 
research  scientist  J.  E.  Janssen,  \Iinne- 
apolis-Honeywell  Research  Center.  He 
added  however  that  this  is  ea.sier  said 
than  done.  "How  do  you  calculate  the 
temperatures,  if  no  one's  e\er  been 
there?  " 

Conditions  in  sp.ice  differ  from  eavth- 
h  ones,  said  .Mr.  Janssen,  and  the  wavs 
that  the  skin  has  of  helping  to  keep  the 
b(id\  comfortable  on  the  ground  may 
not  be  available  to  it  among  the  stars. 

For  one  thing,  since  the  force  of 
gravity  is  so  much  lower  in  space  than 
on  earth,  the  air  that  carries  off  heat 
and  moisture  from  the  body  won't  be 
mo\ing  nearly  as  fast.  If  some  means  is 
not  provided  for  moving  the  cloud  of 
carbon  dioxide  and  \apor  from  around 
the  space  man,  he  won't  be  \ery  com- 
fortable. But  velocities  will  have  to  be 
kept  fairly  low,  because  high  air  move- 
ment has  a  fatiguing  effect. 

E\en  more  important,  fornudas  indi- 
cate that  air  temperature  variations  in- 
side the  vehicle  have  less  effect  on  the 
occupant  than  the  "mean  radiant  tem- 
perature" of  the  ship.  Air.  Janssen  de- 
fined "mrt"  as,  roughly,  the  surface 
temperatures  of  an  enclosure,  like  a 
space  ship,  which  gives  off  the  same  heat 
as  a  body  in  the  actual  environment.  For 
e\ery  degree  that  "mrt"  varies,  a  .i.2°F 
change  is  necessary  in  the  air  at  atmo- 
spheric pressure  to  compensate  for  it. 
The  big  job  will  be  control  of  "mrt," 
he  said. 

From  the  data  he  gathered,  Mr.  Jans- 
st'ii  went  on,  comfortable  atmosphere  in 
a  space  ship  in  given  conditions  would 
he  about  67  F.  This  would  compare  to 
an  earthly  environment  of  70°F  and 
82.2  skin  surface  temperature. 

But,  he  indicated,  these  formulas  are 
only  the  beginning.  They  will  help  a 
man  stay  alixe  while  hurtling  through 
space,  but  only  when  he  comes  back  can 
exact  ones  be  worked  out. 

At  the  same  session  of  the  AS  ME 
meeting,  a  new  space  age  word  that  may 
soon  be  a  standard  part  of  the  lan- 
guage was  defined. 

The  word  is  "clo"  and,  according  to 
I.   W.    McCutchan,    associate   professor 


66 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


of  I'ligiiieeiing  at  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, a  "clo"  is  that  quantity  of  cloth- 
ing that  will  maintain  a  comfortable 
lieat  balance  for  a  man  sitting  at  rest 
in  a  room  with  a  70°  temperature,  less 
th.-m  50°  humidity  and  air  movement 
iif  at  least  20  feet  per  minute. 

Professor  McCutchan  said  that  crews 
of  supersonic  airplanes  need  at  least  3 
or  4  clo  for  complete  protection  in  case 
the\  have  to  bail  out  in  arctic  territor\-. 
The  problem  is  that  an  impossibly  low 
cabin  temperature  is  required  if  the  men 
are  to  wear  that  much  clothing  in  com- 
fort. 

The  solution  may  lie  in  ventilated 
clothing,  continued  Professor  ^IcCut- 
chan.  This  type  of  garment,  which  has 
built-in  vents  among  its  other  attributes, 
is  a  sort  of  substitute  for  air  condition- 
ing and  allows  the  air  to  circulate 
through  clothing  more  freely. 

Suits  of  this  type  have  already  been 
designed,  but  crewmen  must  wear  with 
them  an  anti-exposure  suit,  flying  suit, 
woolen  imderwear,  gloves,  wool  socks 
and  rubber  boots. 

The  perfect  solution  to  the  piiihlem 
has  yet  to  be  found. 

Street  Of  Gold 

Although  many  Europeans  erroneous- 
ly believed  that  the  streets  of  America 
were  paved  with  gold,  there  actually 
was  one  saturated  with  the  metal.  Lo- 
cated in  San  Francisco  in  184S,  it  con- 
tained so  many  specks  of  gold  that  some 
people  picked  it  out  as  a  means  of  mak- 
ing a  living.  How  the  gold  got  there  is 
;i  mystery,  but  some  say  miners  who 
lodged  at  the  United  States  hotel  lost 
tiny  grains  enroute  from  the  leaky  can- 
vas bags  they  carried. 

TV  For  Towser 

Televisi(}n  adxertisers  are  reported 
flirting  \\'ith  subliminal  messages  again 
— this  time  aimed  at  dogs.  The  trick 
would  be  to  transmit  supersonic  bark- 
ing, which  a  dog  can  hear  but  a  man 
can't,  along  with  a  picture  of  a  dog- 
food  can.  The  viewer's  dog  woidd  bark 
in  answer  and  the  viewer,  presumably 
would  rush  out  to  bu\'  the  food. 

Labor-Snaring  Lottery 

An  appliance  company  in  labor-short 
West  Germany  holds  Saturday  lotteries 
to  keep  its  workers  on  a  six-day  week, 
reports  International  Management  Di- 
gest. The  firm  offers  a  lottery  of  20 
prizes — including  its  own  refrigerators 
and  washers — plus  free  beer  and  sand- 
w  iches  in  addition  to  overtime  pay,  to 
employees  who  report  for  work  on  Sat- 
urdavs. 


Electrical  and  Mechanical  Engineers;  Physicists 


At 


ffiSlE 


\h 


you  can  work  in  this  new 

multi-million  dollar  engineering 

research  &  manufacturing  facility  in 


Next  fall  the  Norden  Division  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation  will 
consolidate  in  its  new  350,000  sq.  ft.  Norwalk  home,  the  operations  it  is 
now  carrying  on  in  plants  and  laboratories  in  White  Plains,  New  York 
and  Stamford  and  Milford,  Connecticut. The  Ketay  Department,  however, 
a  prominent  leader  in  the  field  of  rotating  components,  will  continue 
operations  in  its  modern  facilities  in  Commack,  Long  Island. 
At  Norden  Laboratories  you  will  be  associated  with  top  men  in  the  field 
of  precision  electronics,  while  working  in  this  ultra  modern  new  building 
which  will  contain  the  most  up-to-date  laboratory  equipment  available 
to  facilitate  the  design  and  development  of: 


Fire  Control  Systems 
Radar  Systems 
Communications  Equipment 
Data  Processing  Equipment 
Infrared  Equipment 
Television  Systems 


Inertial  Guidance  Systems 
Navigational  Systems 

and  Components 
Microwave  Equipment 
Aircraft  Instrumentation 
Anti-Submarine  Warfare 


Norwalk  is  a  particularly  attractive  location  that  has  "more  than  its  share" 
of  cultural  activities— the  largest  community  art  center  in  the  East  as  well 
as  its  own  symphony  orchestra.  Outdoor  recreation  also  abounds  — golf 
courses,  fishing,  boating,  and  swimming  on  Long  Island  Sound  and  famous 
New  England  winter  sports  centers  close  by.  You  can  pursue  graduate 
study  under  Norden's  excellent  tuition  refund  plan  in  many  area  schools. 
And  all  this  is  only  41  miles  from  New  York  City. 

For  additional  information  on  opportunities  at  Norden  Laboratories,  see 
your  college  placement  officer  or  write  to:  Technical  Employment  Mgr. 


T      NORDEN  LABORATORIES 

NORDEN  DIVISION  OF  UNITED  AIRCRAFT  CORPORATION 

121  Westmoreland  Avenue,  White  Plains,  New  York 


NORD 

f 


JANUARY,   1960 


67 


Test  engineers  (right)  assemble  high  potential  testing  equipment. 
The  complete  installation  (upper)  consists  of  a  completely  enclosed 
electrostatic  generator  (on  right)  which  has  a  current  output  of  four 
milliamps  and  a  uoltage  output  of  600,000  volts.  The  electrostatic 
generator  feeds  into  a  current-limiting  and  discharge  assembly  in  the 
lower  left  of  the  picture. 


POWER  and  TECHNOLOGY 
to  assure  progress . . . 


The  rapidly  expanding  needs  for  electric  power  place  a  premium  on  tech- 
nological knowledge  to  develop  new  concepts  of  design,  operations  and  sys- 
tem protection.  The  high  potential  tester,  above,  is  the  only  such  unit  in 
operation  by  a  U.  S.  electric  utility  —  another  example  of  Wisconsin  Electric 
Power  Company's  leadership  in  technological  development.  The  Company 
has  pioneered  many  engineering  "firsts"  in  electric  power  because  its  policy 
has  been  to  do  its  own  design  and  development  work. 

See  our  representatives  when  they  visit  your  campus.  Challenging  jobs 
are  open  in  your  field  of  engineering  with  excellent  opportunities  for  personal 
advancement. 


WISCONSIN     ELECTRIC     POWER     COMPANY    SYSTEM 


Wisconsin    Electric    Power   Co. 
Milwaukee,    Wis. 


Wisconsin    Michigan    Power   Co. 
Applefon,    Wis. 


Wisconsin    Natural   Gas   Co. 
Racine,    Wis. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Where  do  you  want  to  work? 


These  2  answers  may  shape  your  future 


AT  N  O  RTH  RO  P  you  will  be  offered  a  wide  diver- 
sity of  over  30  operational  fields  from  which  to 
choose.  You  will  apply  your  talents  to  the  work  you 
enjoy  -  in  the  fields  best  suited  to  your  inclinations 
and  ability. 

You  will  work  with  the  newest  and  most-advanced 
research  and  test  equipment. 

You  will  work  with  acknowledged  leaders  in  their 
fields-men  who  are  chosen  for  their  capabilities  and 
their  skills  in  guiding  and  developing  the  talents  of 
younger  men.  You  will  like  the  way  they  delegate 
authority  and  assure  you  of  your  fair  share  of  credit 
for  engineering  triumphs. 

You  will  earn  top  salary.  Northrop's  salary  structure 
is  unique  in  the  industry  .With  this  growing  company 
you  will  receive  increases  as  often  as  you  earn  them, 
and  these  will  be  based  on  your  own  individual 
achievements.  You  will  discover,  too,  that  Northrop's 
vacation  and  fringe  benefits  are  extra  liberal. 

And  you  will  continue  to  learn  while  you  earn  at 
Northrop  with  no-cost  and  low-cost  education.  At 
leading  Southern  California  institutions,  you  will 
earn  advanced  degrees  and  keep  current  with  the 
latest  advances  in  your  own  chosen  field. 


NORTHROP 


CORPORATION 


NBWS  IS  HAPPENING  AT  NORTHROP 


IN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA  you  will  work 
in  the  electronic,  aircraft/missile  center  of  the  world. 
You  will  join  the  outstanding  scientists  and  engi- 
neers who  continually  advance  Southern  California's 
dynamic  leadership  in  these  fields  of  the  future. 

When  you  work  at  Northrop  you  will  be  able  to 
enjoy  your  leisure  the  year  around.  Close  to  the 
beaches  and  the  mountains,  you'll  enjoy  an  active 
life  in  Southern  California's  incomparable  climate. 


Now -as  you  plan  your  future,  you  owe  it  to  yourself  to 
consider  these  3  Divisions  of  Northrop. 
NORAIR  DIVISION  is  the  creator  of  the  USAF  Snark  SM-62 
missile  now  operational  with  SAC.  Norair  is  currently 
active  in  programs  of  space  research,  flight-testing  the 
USAF-Northrop  T-38  Talon  trainer  and  Northrop's  N-156F 
Freedom  Fighter. 

RADIOPLANE  DIVISION,  creator  of  the  world's  first  family 
of  drones,  produces  and  delivers  unmanned  aircraft  for 
all  the  U.S.  Armed  Forces  to  train  men,  evaluate  weapon 
systems,  and  fly  surveillance  missions.  Today  Radioplane 
is  readying  the  recovery  system  for  Project  Mercury. 

NORTRONICS  DIVISION  is  a  leader  in  inertial  and  astro- 
nertial  guidance  systems.  At  Hawthorne,  Nortronics  ex- 
plores infrared  applications,  airborne  digital  computers, 
and  interplanetary  navigation.  At  Anaheim,  Nortronics 
develops  ground  support;  optical  and  electromechanical 
equipment;  the  most  advanced  data-processing  devices. 
Find  out  more  about  the  young  engineers  and  scientists 
who  are  making  the  news  happen  at  Northrop. 

W/RITE  TODAY  for  information  about  Northrop 

and  all  of  its  Divisions. 

Engineering  &  Scientific  Personnel  Placement  Office 

Northrop,  P.O.  Box  1525,  Beverly  Hills,  California 


JANUARY,   1960 


69 


Student  Frank  G.   analyzes  the 

Spectrum  of  skills  built  into 
Hamilton  Standard  products 


0^-: 


Some  engineering  specialties  that  contribute 
to  creating  this  engine  control: 

•    FLUID  DYNAMICS 

•    HYDRAULICS 

•  ELECTRONICS 

•  METALLURGY 
•    VIBRATION 

•    MECHANICS 
•    CONTROL  DYNAMICS 
•    STRESS   ANALYSIS 

•    SERVO  MECHANISMS 


OTHER   PRODUCTS 
DEVELOPED  BY 
THIS  INTEGRATION 
OF  VARIED   SKILLS: 


ELECTRONIC 
FLIGHT  CONTROLS 


TURBO  PROP 
CONTROLS 


ENVIRONMENTAL 
CONTROLS 


■  m^  _         I-     ^  -■^,      '  I  -,  L        ,  ^bM 


^ 


MODEL  JFC  12-n  FUEL  CONTROL  is,  typically, 
the  result  of  the  Hamilton  Standard  "task  force  of  talents" 
concept  now  producing  so  many  ingenious,  space-con- 
quering devices  for  advanced  aircraft,  missiles  and  space 
vehicles.  The  unit  above  is  standard  equipment  on  the 
highly  successful  Boeing  707  Jet  Transport.  This  light- 
weight (60  lbs.),  complex  (about  1200  parts),  and  sensitive 
unit  delivers  16,000  gallons  of  fuel  in  7  hours — sufficient 
to  drive  a  car  240,000  miles — the  distance  to  the  moon! 

Incoming  students  like  Frank  G.  can  use  their  engi- 
neering knowledge  immediately  at  Hamilton  Standard  by 
contributing,  as  members  of  small  design,  analysis  or  proj- 
ect groups  to  the  development  of  a  product.  There  is 
virtually  no  limit  to  the  types  of  engineering  background 
required  at  Hamilton  Standard,  and  no  limit  to  the  chal- 
lenging applications  that  await  these  talents. 

Write  to   R.  J.  Harding,   Administrator-College    Relations, 
for  full  color,  illustrated  brochure: 

HAMILTON  STANDARD 

A   DIVISION   OF 

UNITED  AIRCRAFT  CORP. 

BRADLEY   FIELD   ROAD,   V/INDSOR  LOCKS,   CONN. 


70 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRAIN    TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


This  elegant  pii/./ic  dates  bacic  to 
1739.  For  historical  interest,  I  give  it 
in  the  original  dress  which  seems  to 
have  imposed  the  English  currency  on 
the  Netherlands.  I  hasten  to  state  that 
all  an  American  needs  to  know  about 
this  currency  is  that  a  guinea  contains 
21   shillings. 

Three  Dutchmen  and  tlieir  wives  go 
to  market,  and  each  individual  buys 
some  hogs.  Each  buys  as  many  hogs  as 
he  or  she  pays  in  shillings  for  one  hog. 
Each  husband  spends  altogether  3  more 
guineas  than  his  wife.  The  men  are 
named  Hendrick,  Elas,  and  Cornelius; 
the  women  are  Gurtrun,  Katrun,  and 
.Anna.  Hendrick  buys  23  more  hogs 
than  Katrun,  while  Elas  buys  1 1  more 
than  Gurtrun.  What  is  the  name  of 
each   man's  wife? 

*  *        * 

Can  you  rearrange  the  integers  from 
1  to  49  so  that  all  rows  (horizontal 
and  vertical)  plus  the  two  major  dia- 
meters add  up  to  175  per  summation? 
Just  for  a  start — 
12  3  4 
11 
18 
2S 
32 
39 
46 
For  a  "bonus  point,' 
as  follows: 

30     39     48        I 
Now     you     kjiow     how     many     rows 
there    are    and    the    placement    of    seven 
numbers,  so  go  to  it ! 

*  -*        » 

The  following  puzzle,  due  to  Du- 
deney,  is  given  because  the  method  of 
solution  is  useful  for  an  entire  class 
of   digital    problems. 

If  we  multiply  571,428  by  5  and  then 
divide  by  4,  we  get  714,285,  which  is 
tlie  same  as  the  original  number  with 
rlie  first  digit  transferred  to  the  end. 

Can  you  find  a  number  that  can  be 
divided  by  5  and  multiplied  b\-  4  in 
the  same  way — by  transfering  the  first 
digit  to  the  end? 

Of  course,  714,285  would  serve  if 
we  were  allowed  to  transfer  the  last 
digit  to  the  head.  Rut  the  transfer 
must  be  made  the  other  way — from  the 
begiiuiing  to   the   end. 


8 

9 

10 

15 

16 

17 

22 

23 

24 

29 

30 

31 

36 

37 

38 

43 

44 

45 

5 

6 

7 

12 

13 

14 

19 

20 

21 

26 

27 

28 

33 

34 

35 

40 

41 

42 

47 

48 

49 

th, 

firs 

t  row  is 

10 

19 

28 

Eight  men  entered  tlie  tenms  tourna- 
ments at  Hillcrest.  The  tournament 
was  played  in  three  con.secutive  days, 
one  per  day,  and  no  match  was  de- 
faulted. The  first  and  second  round 
matches  were  stipulated  to  be  two  sets 
out  of  three,  while  the  final  was  three 
sets  out  of  five.  A  spectator  who  was 
present  on  all  three  days  reports  the 
following   facts   from   his   observations : 

1.  Eggleston  never  met  Haverford. 

2.  Before  play  began,  Gormley  re- 
marked jocularly  to  Bancroft,  "I  see 
we  meet  in  the  finals." 

3.  Chadwick  won  a  set  at  love  but 
lost   his  first  match. 

4.  Although  140  games  were  played, 
the  losers  won  43. 

When  the  pairings  were  posted, 
Abercrombie  said  to  Devereau,  "Do  you 
concede,  or  do  vou  want  to  plav  it 
out?" 

6.  On  the  second  day,  the  first  roinid 
of  losers  played  bridge,  and  the  same 
table  gathered  on  the  third  day  with 
Egiileston  in  place  of  Abercrombie. 

7.  Bancroft   won    nine   games. 

8.  Franklin  won  32  games. 

9.  The  first  score  of  the  tournament 
was  a  service  ace  by  Gormley  at  which 
Eggleston  shouted,  "Hey,  I'm  not  over 
there !" 

Who   won     the     tournament?   Whom 
did  he  beat  and  by  what  score? 
*        »        » 

The  answers  will  appear  next  month. 
Here  are  the  answers  to  last  month's 
brainteasers. 

Because  two  people  are  involved  in 
every  handshake,  the  total  score  for  ev- 
eryone at  the  convention  will  be  evenly 
divisible  by  two  and  therefore  even.  The 
total  score  for  the  men  who  shook  hands 
an  even  number  of  times  is,  of  course, 
also  even.  If  we  subtract  this  even  score 
from  the  even  total  score  of  the  conven- 
tion, we  get  an  even  total  score  for  those 
men  who  shook  hands  an  odd  number  of 
times.  Only  an  even  mnnber  of  odd 
numbers  will  total  an  even  number,  so 
we  conclude  that  an  even  number  of 
men    shook    hands    an    odd    number    of 

times. 

»        »        » 

In  the  triangular  pistol  duel  the  poor- 
est shot,  Jones,  has  the  best  chance  to 
survive.    Since    his    two    opponents    will 


aim  at  each  other  when  their  tmns 
come,  Jones'  best  strategy  is  to  fire  into 
the  air  until  one  opponent  is  dead.  He 
will  then  get  the  first  shot  at  the  sur- 
vivor, which  gives  him  a  strong  ad- 
vantage. Computing  the  actual  survival 
probabilities  is  somewhat  tricky,  but  I 
have  the  assinance  of  several  experts 
that  Jones,  who  hits  his  target  50  per 
cent  of  the  time,  has  a  siuvival  chance 
of  47/90;  Smith,  who  is  100  per  cent 
accurate,  comes  next  with  a  chance  of 
27/90  or  3/10;  and  Brown,  who  is  80 
per  cent  accinate,  is  last  with  a  chance 
of  16/90.  Perhaps  there  is  a  moral  of 
international  politics  in  this  somewhere. 
*        *        * 

The  following  anahsis  of  the  desert- 
crossing  problem  appeared  in  a  recent 
issue  of  Eurika.  a  publication  of  mathe- 
matics students  at  the  University  of 
Cambridge.  Five  hundred  miles  will  be 
called  a  "unit;"  gasoline  sufficient  to 
take  the  truck  500  miles  will  be  call  a 
"load ;"  and  a  "trip"  is  a  journey  of 
the  truck  in  either  direction  from  one 
stopping  point  to  the  next. 

Two  loads  will  carry  the  truck  a 
maximum  distance  of  1  and  1/3  units. 
This  is  done  in  four  trips  by  first  set- 
ting up  a  cache  at  a  spot  1/3  unit  from 
the  start.  The  truck  begins  with  a  full 
load,  goes  to  the  cache,  leave  1/3  load, 
retmns,  picks  up  another  full  load,  ar- 
rives at  the  cache  and  picks  up  the 
cache's  1/3  load.  It  now  has  a  full  load, 
sufficient  to  take  it  the  remaiinng  dis- 
tance  to  one   unit. 

Three  loads  will  carry  the  truck  1 
and  1/3  plus  1/5  units  in  a  total  of 
nine  trips.  The  first  cache  is  1/5  unit 
from  the  start.  Three  trips  put  6/5 
loads  in  the  cache.  The  truck  retin-ns, 
picks  up  the  remaining  full  load  and 
arrives  at  the  first  cache  with  4/5  load 
in  its  tank.  This,  together  with  the 
fuel  in  the  cache,  makes  two  full  loads, 
sufficient  to  carry  the  truck  the  remain- 
ing 1  and  1/3  units,  as  explained  in  the 
preceding  paragraph. 

We  are  asked  for  the  minimum 
amount  of  fuel  required  to  take  flu- 
truck  800  miles.  Three  loads  will  take  it 
766  and  2/3  miles  (1  and  1/3  plus  1/5 
units),  so  we  need  a  third  cache  at  a 
distance  of  33  and  1/3  miles  (1/15 
uiu't)  from  the  start.  In  five  trips  the 
(('rinlliiiicd  oil   Next  Pnge) 


JANUARY,   1960 


71 


SALES 

ENGINEERING 

UNLIMITED 


DUNHAM^BUSH 


DEANE   KEUCH 

Purdue  Univers/ly   53 


^J  EANE  Keuch,  one  of  1 36  Dunham-Bush  sales 
engineers,  knows  the  advantages  of  being  assoeiated  with  a 
dynamic  young  company  with  extensive  product  hnes. 

Following  his  engineering  studies  at  Purdue.  Deane  joined 
Dunham-Bush  as  a  trainee  and  soon  became  an  application 
engineer.  After  a  relatively  short  time  he  was  assigned  his  own 
territory,  working  out  of  the  Cleveland  area  sales  ot^ce. 

In  calling  on  consulting  engineers,  architects,  plant  engineers, 
wholesalers,  contractors  and  building  owners,  Deane  ( like  all 
Dunham-Bush  sales  engineers)  finds  it  reassuring  to  be  hacked  by 
his  area  office  and  the  facilities  of  Dunham-Bush  laboratories. 

Equally  reassuring  is  the  availability  of  complete  lines.  The  range 
of  Dunham-Bush  refrigeration  products  runs  trom  compressors 
to  complete  systems;  the  range  of  air  conditioning  products 
extends  from  motel  room  conditioners  to  a  hospital  s  entire  air 
conditioning  plant.  The  heating  line  is  equally  complete:  front  a 
radiator  valve  to  zone  heating  control  for  an  entire  apartment 
housing  project.  The  Dunham-Bush  product  family  even  includes 
specialized  heat  transfer  products  applicable  to  missile  use. 

If  you'd  like  to  know  more  about  the  company 
that  ofTers  "Sales  Engineering  Unlimited",  send  for  a  copy  of 
•'This  is  Dunham-Bush". 


AIR    CONDITIONING.     REFRIGERATION. 

HEATING      PRODUCTS     AND     ACCESSORIES 

Dunham-Bush,  Inc- 

WEST     HARTFORD     10,    •     CONNECTICUT,     •      U.S.A. 


SAIES  OFFICES  LOCATED  IN   PRINCIPAl  CITIES 


BRAINTEASERS  .  .  . 

(  Cdiiliiitud  fro/ii  I'lixi'  T-)) 

trm'k  can  build  uii  tin's  cache  so  that 
when  tin-  tnu-k  reaches  the  cache  at  the 
(11(1  (it  the  seventh  trip,  the  combined 
fuel  ot  truck  and  cache  will  be  three 
loads.  As  we  have  seen,  this  is  sufficient 
to  take  the  truck  the  remainiiifi:  distance 
of  766  and  2  '.3  miles.  Seven  tri|)s  are 
made  between  starting  point  and  lir^t 
cache,  using  7/15  load  of  gasoline.  'I  lie 
tliree  loads  of  fuel  that  remain  are  just 
suflicient  for  the  rest  of  the  way,  so  the 
total  amount  of  gasoline  consumed  will 
be  .1  and  7/1.5,  or  a  little  more  than 
.1.46  loads.  Sixteen  trips  are  required. 

Proceeding  along  similar  lines,  four 
loads  will  take  the  truck  a  distance  of 
1  and  1/3  plus  1/5  plus  1/7  units, 
with  three  caches  located  at  the  boun- 
daries of  these  distances.  The  sum  of 
this  infinite  series  diverges  as  the  num- 
ber of  loads  increases;  therefore  the 
truck  can  cross  a  desert  of  any  width. 
If  the  desert  is  1,000  miles  across, 
seven  caches,  64  trips  and  7.67.1  loads 
of  gasoline  are  required. 

In  long  dix'ision,  when  two  digits  are 
brought  down  instead  of  one.  there  must 
be  a  zero  in  the  quotient.  This  occurs 
twice,  so  we  know  at  once  that  the 
quotient  is  x080x.  When  the  divisor  is 
multiplied  by  the  quotient's  last  digit, 
the  product  is  a  four-digit  number.  The 
quotient's  last  digit  must  therefore  be 
9,  because  eight  times  the  divisor  is  a 
three-digit  number. 

The  divisor  must  be  less  than  125 
because  eight  times  125  is  1,000,  a  four- 
digit  number.  We  now  can  deduce  that 
the  quotient's  first  digit  must  be  more 
than  7,  for  even  times  a  divisor  less 
than  125  would  give  a  product  that 
would  leave  more  than  two  digits  after 
it  was  subtracted  from  the  frrst  four 
digits  in  the  dividend.  The  first  digit 
cannot  be  9  (which  give  a  four-digit 
number  when  the  divisor  is  multiplied 
by  it),  so  it  must  be  8,  making  the  full 
quotient  80809. 

The  divisor  must  be  more  than  123 
because  80809  times  123  is  a  seven- 
digit  number  and  our  dividend  has 
eight  digits.  The  only  number  between 
123  and  125  is  124.  We  can  now  re- 
construct the  entire  problem  as  fol- 
lows: 

80809 


124 1  10020316 
992 


72 


1003 
992 

1116 
IIH) 
The  answer  to   the  i:isr  problem  was 
72  apples. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Sun  Checks  Radar 

The  sun,  long  a  navigational  aid,  now 
can  be  used  to  check  the  accuracy  of 
search-and-height-finding- radar  antennas 
in  a  new  technique.  The  method  uses 
the  steady  radio  signals  emitted  by  the 
sun  as  known  and  accurate  reference 
points  and  permits  testing  and  adjusting 
of  antennas  in  active  service  at  field 
sites  for  the  first  time. 

Perfume  Discourages  Fido 

Meter  readers  for  an  electric  utility 
firm  in  Texas  have  found  that  spraying 
a  cheap  perfume  with  a  water  pistol 
will  discourage  menacing  dogs.  While 
perfume  spraying  is  not  a  positive  pre- 
\entati\e  for  dog  bites,  it  does  show- 
promise  of  substantiall\  reducing  the 
number  of  attacks  suffered  by  meter 
readers. 

'Fantastic'  Steel 

The  Russians  claim  to  have  developed 
a  process  by  which  steel  can  be  fabri- 
cated to  resist  the  "fantastic"  loads  of 
nearly  two  million  pounds  per  square 
inch.  Soviet  scientists  report  that  the 
process  "succeeds  in  moving  atoms  of 
matter  so  close  together"  that  virtually 
no  space  exists  between  them. 


Thor  Statistics  Soar 

To  handle  one  squadron  of  Thor  mis- 
siles (15  launching  emplacements)  re- 
quires ten  miles  of  piping,  2,500  miles 
of  wire,  1,500  meters,  3,000  panel  light 
assemblies,  50,000  resistors  and  potenti- 
ometers, 50,000  capacitors,  5,000  relays 
and  enough  electricity  at  peak  output 
to  suppl\-  a  community  of  25,000  homes. 

Electronic  Nightstick 

Watchmen's  nightsticks  have  gone 
electronic.  A  new  model  has  a  built-in 
transmitter  that  actuates  an  electronic 
alarm  system.  A  button  at  the  top  of 
the  stick  sets  off  a  signal,  enabling  a 
watchman  to  sound  alarm  instanth' 
without  going  to  a  fixed  box.  The  sig- 
nal can  be  used  to  operate  any  burglar 
alarm  or  other  device. 


River  Lights  Aid  Planes 

Neon  lights  are  being  spaced  on  trans- 
mission-line spans  across  rivers  to  alert 
airplane  pilots  who  often  follow  rivers 
when  fog  cuts  visibility.  These  lights 
already  have  been  installed  at  Columbia 
and  Mississippi  Ri\er  crossings.  Similar 
installation  are  planned  by  utilities  for 
eastern  rivers. 


Convenient  Location 

Frankfurt,  Germany,  will  have  a 
restaurant  sitting  on  top  of  14,000  tons 
of  malt  and  barley.  A  circular  restau- 
rant for  160  persons,  several  smaller 
rooms  for  40  diners  each,  and  a  roof 
garden  with  a  capacity  of  1 50  persons 
is  being  built  at  the  top  of  a  brewery 
tower.  In  addition,  there  will  be  a  beer 
hall   on   the  ground   floor. 

Fast  Winter  Starts 

Motorists  can  keep  their  automobile 
batteries  warm  this  winter  and  increase 
starting  power  35  per  cent  at  32  de- 
grees Fahrenheit  with  a  new  heating  ele- 
ment that  is  said  to  maintain  battery 
temperature  at  60  degrees  F.,  even  in  an 
unheated  garage.  A  lead-in  cord  is  at- 
tached to  the  unit  for  connection  to  a 
line  from  the  regular  house  current. 

Cheaper  Clothes  Coming 

A  new  aci\lic  latex  plastic  may  per- 
nu't  clothing  such  as  suits  and  dresses  to 
be  made  from  low-cost,  longer-wearing 
nonwoven  fabrics.  Nonwoven  fabrics 
treated  with  the  latex  are  easier  and 
cheaper  to  make,  are  stronger  and  can 
be  washed  or  dry  cleaned  often — two 
processes  that  rapidly  ruin  nonwovens 
treated   with  conventional   materials. 


IfOU  Don't  Have  fo  Join  t/re 
Service  for 

TRAVEL  — ADVENTURE 
EDUCATION 

FRICK   COMPANY   offers   a   training   course  for  a 
small   select  group  of  trainees  each  year. 

The  additional  experience  and  training  gained  in 
this  refrigeration  course  will  guarantee  your  future 
in  this  fast  growing  field. 

Frick  graduates  are  associated  with  all  types  of 
large  industry,  all  over  the  world. 

find  out  how  you  too  can  join  this  select  group 
of  refrigeration  experts. 

IVzlte  .   .    . 

for  details  and  applications  for  the  Student 
Training  Course  today  .  .  . 


pnjiiMn«nj|[H<f',Ji.r»trtJ«llH 


Help  Wanted! 

The  Technograph  needs  men  and 
women  interested  in  gaining  experi- 
ence in: 

•  BUSINESS  PROCEDURES 

•  WRITING 

•  MAKE-UP 

•  ILLUSTRATIONS 

•  ADVERTISING 

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Apply   at: 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH  OFFICE 

215  Civil  Engineering  Hall 


JANUARY,  1960 


73 


•  m 


^•^.-^ 


»€i*».. 


.N> 


/ 


H 

m 

L«iiiiii 

^m 


D.  ;.  /)(»»//,  (E.K.  -.57)  rarm-f/  /,«  Jcgrff  at  ]olins  Ilophim.  An  Xssocialr  Kui^inrrr  at  //J.A/,  l,r  is  doing  original  work  in  the 
design  and  testing  of  thin  jihn  circuits.  Two  of  his  ideas  in  this  ficU  haic  been  filed  upon  for  patents. 


HE'S  WORKING  TO  GIVE  OLD 
METALS  A  NEW  FUTURE 

The  metals  now  Ijeing  utilized  in  thin  fihii  development  have 
been  known  and  used  lor  centuries.  But  dormant  within  these 
metals  has  been  their  quality  of  supcrconducti\'ity  at  extremely 
low  temperatures.  Only  when  researchers  were  able,  with 
great  ingenuit\ ,  to  create  certain  relations  between  metals 
and  changes  in  tlieir  basic  structures,  could  these  supercon- 
ducting qualities  be  utilized.  But  much  remains  to  be  done 
at  this  moment,  especially  in  the  application  of  thin  metallic 
films  to  practical  working  devices. 

Development  Engineers  at  IBM  are  at  work  daily  on  the 
problem.  They  envision  the  replacement  of  today's  electronic 
logic  elements  with  modules  of  amazing  responsiveness,  dura- 
bilitv,  and  simplicity.  The  extremely  small  size  of  these  modules 
and  their  low  power  requirements  will  be  important  factors 
in  shaping  the  electronic  s\stems  of  the  future. 

Closely  allied  on  this  work  are  engineers  of  practicallv  every 
specialt\'.  Onl\'  bv  bringing  tlie  talents  and  abilities  of  people 
of  man\'  fields  to  bear  on  the  unique  problems  of  thin  film  devel- 
opment, will  progress  lie  consistent  with  objectives.  Engineers 
at  IBM  expect  to  obtain  these  ob]'ecti\es,  and  once  they  are 
ol:)tained,  to  set  new  ones. 

If  \ou  think  you  might  be  interested  in  imdertaking  such  trulv 
\ital  and  interesting  work,  you  are  invited  to  discuss  your 
future  with  IBM. 

Our  representati\e  will  be  \'isiting  your  campus  soon.  He  will 
be  glad  to  talk  with  \ou  about  the  many  opportunities  in  vari- 
ous engineering  and  scientific  fields.  Your  Placement  Director 
can  give  you  the  date  when  our  rcprcsentati\e  will  next  visit 
)  our  campus. 


IBM 


For  fuitlici-  infoiriiation  alioiit  opiiortunitics  at  IBM,  write,  outlininc;  vour 
Ijackground  and  interests,  to:  Manager  of  Technical  Emphn/ment,  Dept. 
S44,  IBM  Corporation,  590  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  22,  New  York. 


rluiitlreds  do  it  every  day,  witliout  ever  leaving  their 
company.  Confined  by  an  unimaginative  management, 
they  sink  to  the  level  of  ])cn(il  pushers  ...  or  slip-stick 
artists,  losing  the  value  of  their  intensive  arademic 
training.  But  the  youthful  engineer  does  not  have  to 
suffer  this  fate.  Selecting  the  right  company  .  .  .  with 
thought  to  its  rc[)utalion  for  leadership,  initiative,  and 
atmosphere  .  .  .  makes  the  difference. 

Linde  Company  is  world  renowned  for  its  progressive 
development  in  many  fields  ...  in  atmospheric  gases 
and  acetvlene,  welding  and  flame  processes  and  equip- 
ment, svnthetic  crvstals  and  adsorhents  to  name  a  few. 


This  leadership  has  only  heen  won  through  the  creative 
powers  and  initiative  of  LiMDE  engineers  and  scientists. 
And,  these  men  have  received  individual  recognition 
of  their  achievements. 

You  can  find  out  more  ahout  career  opportunities  at 
LiNDE.  in  research,  development,  production,  sales,  and 
staff  positions,  from  your  Placement  Officer.  A  booklet, 
"Look  to  LiNDE  for  your  future,"  is  availahlc  hy  address- 
ing J.  J.  Rotosky,  Recruiting  Dept.,  Linde  Company, 
Division  of  llnion  Carhide  Corporation,  30  East  42nd 
Street,  New  York  17,  N.  Y. 


OVER       50       YEARS       OF      LEADERSHIP 

The  terms  "Liiiiie  "  aud  "  L  uiou  Carbitle"  are  registerctl  trade-marks  of  UCG. 


76 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


what  is 


Energy  conversion  is  our  business 


A  method  of  doing  work? 
A  change  of  state? 
Regimentation  of  random  motion? 
Organized  degradation  of  matter? 
/s  /■/  reversible? 


Because  we  are  constantly  preoccupied 
with  energy  conversion,  we  are  interested 
in  energy  in  all  its  forms  — solar,  nuclear, 
thermal,  mass,  magnetic,  electrical,  me- 
chanical and  radiant. 

And  in  our  attempts  to  convert  one  form  of 
energy  into  any  other  form,  we  search  for 
methods  which  will  give  us  the  greatest 
amount  of  energy  output  from  the  smallest 
possible  input. 

To  aid  us  in  our  efforts,  we  call  on  a  myriad 
of  talents  and  capabilities:  General  Motors 
Corporation, its  Divisions,  other  individuals 
and  organizations.  By  applying  this  sys- 
tems engineering  concept  to  new  projects, 
we  increase  the  effectiveness  with  w^hich 
we  accomplish  our  mission  —  exploring 
the  needs  of  advanced  propulsion  and 
weapons  systems. 


Want  to  know  about  YOUR  opportunities  0/1 
tf^e  Allison  Engineering  Team?  Write:  Mr.  R.  C. 
Smith,  College  Relations,  Personnel  Dept. 


Division  of  General  Motors,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 


JANUARY,  1960 


77 


IVI  t  iM  ...who  are  Engineers,  look  twice 

at  the  many  advantages 
CONVAIR- POMONA  offers 


NEW  PROGRAMS  at  Convair-Pomona,  ofFer  excellent 

opportunities  today  for  Engineers.  Convair-Pomona,  created 

the  Army's  newest  weapon,  REDEYE,  Shoulder  Fired  MISSILE  and 

developed  the  Navy's  ADVANCED  TERRIER  and  TARTAR  MISSILES. 

Many  other,  still  highly  classified  programs, 

stimulating  the  imagination  of  the  most  progressive  thinking 

scientist  and  engineer  are  presently  at  various  stages 

of  development. 

Pos'iiions  are  open  for  Bachelors,  Masters  and  Doctorate 

candidates  in  the  fields  of  Electronics, 

Aeronautics,  Mechanics  and  Physics. 


ADVANCEMENT  opportunities  are  provided  for  the 
competent  engineer  as  rapidly  as  his  capabilities  will  permit 
in  currently  expanding  programs. 

PROFESSIONAL  ENV/RONMENT-CONVAIR-POMONA'S 

facility  is  of  modern  design  and  completely  air-conditioned. 
You  will  work  with  men  who  have  pioneered  the  missile 
industry  and  are  now  engaged  in  some  of  the  most  advanced 
programs  in  existence. 

ADVANCED  EDUCATION  —  luWlon  refund  is  provided 
for  graduate  work  in  the  field  of  your  speciality.  Company 
sponsored  in-plant  training  courses  offer  the  Engineer  the 
finest  of  educational  opportunities. 

CALIFORNIA  LIVING  —  Suburban  Pomona  offers  lower 
living  costs  and  moderate  priced  property,  unexcelled  recre- 
ational facilities,  freedom  from  rush  hour  traffic  and  the 
ultimate  in  comfort  and  gracious  living. 

Coniaci  your  placement  office  immediately  to  assure  yourself  of  (f 
campus  interview  with  Convair-Pomona. 

If  personal  interview  is  not  possible  send  resume  and  grade  transcript 
to  B.  L.  Dixon,  Engineering  Personnel  Administrator,  Dept.  CM-525 
Pomona,    California. 


CONVAIR/POIVIONA 

Convair  Division  of 

GENERAL  DYNAMICS  CORPORATION 


POMONA,  CALIFORNIA 


78 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ATOMS  IN  YOUR  FUTURE? 


You  are  looking  at  a  photograph  recently 
released  by  the  Atomic  Energy  Commission. 
It  shows  the  Commission's  heavy  water  plant 
near  the  banks  of  the  Savannah  River  in 
South  Carolina.  It  is  but  one  unit  of  an 
atomic  energy  project  that  covers  more 
ground  than  the  entire  city  of  Chicago. 

This  vast  installation  was  built  by  Du  Pont 
at  government  request  in  1950  for  cost  plus 
$1.  Still  operated  liy  Du  Pont,  it  stands  as  a 
bastion  of  strength  for  the  free  world.  Equally 
important,  here  are  being  expanded  horizons 
of  nuclear  engineering  which  will  eventually 
lead  to  better  living  for  all  of  us. 

Like  hundreds  of  other  Du  Pont  research 
projects,  probing  the  mysteries  of  the  atom 
has  led  to  all  kinds  of  new  jobs.  Exciting 
jobs.  In  the  laboratory.  In  production.  In 
administration.  Good  jobs  that  contribute 
substantially  to  the  growth  of  Du  Pont  and 
our  country's  security  and  prosperity. 

What  does  all  this  have  to  do  with  you? 

For  qualified  bachelors,  masters  and  doc- 
tors, career  opjiortunities  are  today  greater  at 


Du  Pont  than  ever  before.  There  is  a  bright 
future  here  for  metallurgists,  physicists,  math- 
ematicians, electrical  and  mechanical  engi- 
neers, and  other  technical  specialists,  as  well 
as  for  chemists  and  chemical  engineers. 

Perhaps  you  will  work  in  the  field  of  atomic 
research  and  development.  But  that  is  onlv  a 
small  part  of  the  over-all  Du  Pont  picture. 
\our  future  could  lie  in  any  of  hundreds  of 
areas,  from  the  development  of  new  fibers, 
films  or  plastics  to  the  exploration  of  solar 
energy.  Or  in  the  sale  and  marketing  of  new 
products  developed  in  these  and  many  other 
areas.  In  any  case,  )'ou  will  be  given  respon- 
sibility from  the  very  start,  along  with  train- 
ing that  is  personalized  to  fit  your  interests 
and  special  abilities.  Well  help  you  work  at 
or  near  tlie  top  of  your  ability.  For  as  you 
grow,  so  do  we. 

If  you  would  like  to  know  more  about 
career  opportunities  at  Du  Pont,  ask  your 
placement  officer  for  literature.  Or  write  E.  I. 
du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.),  2420 
Nemours  Building,  Wilmington  98,  Delaware. 


<MB> 


BETTER  THINGS  FOR  BETTER  LIVING  .  .  .  THROUGH  CHEMISTRY 


JANUARY,   1960 


79 


Begged,  Borrowed,  and  .  .  . 


Edited  by  Jack  Fortner 


Dill  you  hear  about  the  fiii;ineer  that 
thoujjht  he  was  a  bijr  fiuii  just  because 
he  (inisheii  every  week  with  a  report? 

Any  of  you  }iu\s  hear  about  the  ent:i- 
neer  who  didn't  bu\  an\  Christmas 
seals  because  he  couMn't  aliOril  to  teed 
them  ? 

Prof.:  "Are  you  troubled  b\-  tbouj;lus 
that  you  niit^ht  Hunk  out  of  enijine 
school  ? 

E.E. :  "No.  I   rather  enjoy  them." 

1st  M.E. :  "You  cuttin'  machine  de- 
siirn    Friday?" 

_'nd  M.k. :  "Xopt".  I  can't.  Need  the 
sleep.  " 

.A  well-known  zoolog\-  professor  was 
unwrapping  a  parcel  before  his  class 
which,  he  explained  to  his  pupils,  was 
a  fine  specimen  of  a  dissected  frog.  Upon 
disclosing  two  sandwiches,  a  hard-boiled 
egg,  and  a  banana,  he  was  very  surprised 
and    exclaimed,    "Hut   surely   I    ate   my 

lunch." 

»       »       * 

The  guy  was  doing  his  best,  leading 
a  goat  with  one  hand,  carrying  a  cane 
with  the  other,  and  loaded  down  with 
a  laundry  basket  on  his  back  and  a 
chicken  under  his  arm. 

His  girl  hesitated  when  they  came 
to  the  woods,  saying,  "I'm  afraid  to 
walk  with  you  in  there.  You  might  try- 
to  molest  me." 

"How  could  I?"  the  guy  assured  her. 
"Look  at  all  the  stuff  I'm  carrying. 

"But  you  could   put  the  chicken   un- 
der the  laundry  basket,  stick  the  cane  in 
the  ground,  and  tie  the  goat  to  it." 
#       *,       * 

A  lunatic  was  leaning  out  of  the 
asylum  and  watching  the  gardener. 

"What  are  you  doing  there?"  he 
asked. 

"I'm  putting  manine  on  the  straw- 
berries." 

"I  usually  put  sugar  on  them,  but  of 
course,  I'm  crazy." 

The  wild  crowd  has  a  new  game  go- 
ing. Three  guys  rent  a  hotel  room  and 
each  brings  a  quart  of  Old  Screech  with 
him.  They  sit  and  drink  for  an  hour, 
then  one  of  them  gets  up  and  leaves. 
The  other  two  have  to  guess  which  one 
left. 


The  Southern  father  was  introducing 
his  fainih  of  bovs  to  a  visiting  governor. 

"Seventeen  boys,"  exclaimed  the 
father,  "and  all  Democrats  —  except 
John,  the  little  rascal.  He  got  to 
readin'." 

.And  then  there  was  the  condemned 
gidfer  who  asked  the  hangman,  "Mind 
if   I    take  a  couple  of  practice  swings?" 

»        *        * 

Men  are  as  honest  and  truthful  as 
women  —  that's  wh\'  women  are  so 
suspicious  of  them. 

Freshman:  "Wliar  does  'Fantasy' 
mean  ?  " 

Senior:  "A  story  in  which  the  char- 
acters are  ghosts,  goblins,  virgins,  and 
other   supernatural    characters." 

A  patient  of  an  asylum  who  had  been 
certified  cured  was  saying  good-by  to 
the  director  of  the  institution. 

"And  what  are  you  going  to  do  when 
you  go  out  into  the  world?"  asked  the 
director. 

"Well,"  said  the  ex-nut,  "I  have 
passed  my  bar  examinations,  so  I  may 
try  to  work  up  a  law  practice.  Again 
I  had  quite  a  bit  of  experience  with 
dramatics  in  college,  so  I  might  try  my 
hand  at  acting." 

He  paused  and  thought  for  a  mo- 
ment. 

"Then  on  the  other  hand,"  he  con- 
tinued, "I  may  be  a  teakettle." 

Two  engineering  students  were  tak- 
ing calculus  for  the  first  time  and  while 
waiting  for  the  instructor  to  arrive,  they 
took  a  quick  perusal  through  the  book. 
One  of  them  came  across  the  integral 
tables  in  the  back  of  the  book. 

"Tell  me,"  he  asked  his  friend,  "can 
you  read  that?" 

"No,"  replied  his  friend,  "but  if  I 
had  my  flute  with  me  I  could  pla\-  it." 

It's  quite  simple,"  explained  one  of 
the  .seniors  in  EF,  "to  hook  up  an  elec- 
tric power  circuit.  We  merely  fasten 
leads  to  the  terminals  and  pull  the 
switch.  If  the  motor  runs,  we  take  our 
readings.  If  it  smokes,  we  sneak  it  back 

and   get  another  one.  " 

*        »        » 

Wine,  women  and  song  are  getting 
to  be  too  much  for  me;  guess  I'll  have 
to  quit  singing. 


Two  lunatics  were  playing  a  little 
game. 

"What  have  I  got  here?"  asked  one, 
his   hands   cupped. 

"Three  Navy  Patrol  bombers."  said 
the   other. 

The  first  looked  carefully  into  his 
hands,  "Nope." 

"The  Empire  State  Building?" 

"Nope." 

"The  Philadelphia  Symphony  (Orches- 
tra?" 

The  first  one  looked  into  his  hands 
again    and    saiil    shlv.    "W'^ho's  conduct- 


Been  doing  qiute  a  bit  of  research  on 
the  origin  of  old  sayings  and  phrases, 
and  think  I've  stumbled  upon  the  begin- 
ning of  that  great  old  cheer,  "Hoorah 
for  our  side!"  I  guess  it  was  first  heard 
on  the  day  Lady  Godiva  rode  side  sad- 
dle through  the  streets  of  Coventry. 

A  man  went  into  the  Army,  and, 
right  after  induction,  he  went  to  see  a 
doctor. 

"What's  wrong  with  you?"  asked  the 
doctor. 

"Well,  I  just  got  in  the  Army,  and 
look  at  the  unifonn  they  gave  nie!  The 
pants  are  just  the  right  length,  the 
sleeves  are  just  right,  and  the  hat  fits 
perfectly,  and  the  shoes  are  also  per- 
fect." 

"Well?"  asked  the  doctor. 

"My    problem    is    this,"    said    the    in- 
ductee.  "Am   I   deformed?" 
*       *       * 

A  college  senior  entered  a  professor's 
office  one  morning  and  said  : 

"Last  night,  professor,  your  daughter 
accepted  my  proposal  of  marriage.  Pulh' 
realizing  the  importance  of  the  step,  I 
have  called  upon  you  to  see  you  and  in- 
qiu're  if  there  is  any  insanity  in  your 
family." 

The  professor  looked  up  over  his 
glasses  and  surveyed  the  young  man  in 
silence  for  a  moment,  then  sadly  nodded 
his  head  and  remarked  : 

"Yes,  ves.  There  must  be." 

"Get  up!"  commanded  the  Irish  cop. 

"I  can't  offisher,"  replied  the  Scot. 
"Two  men  ha'  got  me  down." 

"Nonsense!"  snorted  the  policemen. 
"I  don't  see  any  men  holdn'  ye  down." 

"They  are  too,"  insisted  the  reclining 
one.   "'Fheir  names  is   Haig  and   Haig." 


80 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Photographs  of  parts,  assemblies 
and  models  help  both  speed  and 
accuracy  in  drafting. 


At  Rohr  Aircraft  photog- 
raphy provides  accurate  in- 
structions for  the  intricate 
assembly  of  an  880  jet  engine. 


From   drafting  board  to   final  assembly... 
Pliotograpliy  works  for  tlie  engineer 


loday  photography  has  become  an  accepted, 
important  tool  in  business  and  industry.  It 
helps  in  product  design,  in  engineering  and 
development,  in  production,  in  quality  control 
and  in  sales. 

Whatever  your  work  in  whatever  field,  you 
will  find  all  along  the  line  that  photography 
will  provide  quicker,  more  accurate,  and  more 
economical  methods  of  getting  a  job  done.  It 
will  save  you  time.  It  will  reduce  costs. 


CAREERS    WITH    KODAK 

With  photography  and  photographic  processes 
becoming  increasingly  important  in  the  business 
and  industry  of  tomorrow,  there  are  new  and 
challenging  opportunities  at  Kodak  in  research, 
engineering,  electronics,  design  and  production. 

If  you  are  looking  for  such  an  interesting 
opportunity,  write  for  information  about 
careers  with  Kodak.  Address:  Business  and 
Technical  Personnel  Dcpt.,  Eastman  Kodak 
Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


One    of 


or   a   series' 


Q.  Mr.  Savaye,  should  young  engineers 
join  professional  engineering  socie- 
ties? 

A.  By  all  means.  Once  engineers 
have  graduated  from  college 
they  are  immediately  "on  the 
outside  looking  in,"  so  to  speak, 
of  a  new  social  circle  to  which 
they  must  earn  their  right  to  be- 
long. Joining  a  professional  or 
technical  society  represents  a 
good  entree. 

Q.  How  do  these  societies  help  young 
engineers? 

A.  The  members  of  these  societies 
— mature,  knowledgeable  men — 
have  an  obligation  to  instruct 
those  who  follow  after  them. 
Engineers  and  scientists — as  pro- 
fessional people — are  custodians 
of  a  specialized  body  or  fund  of 
knowledge  to  which  they  have 
three  definite  responsibilities. 
The  first  is  to  generate  new 
knowledge  and  add  to  this  total 
fund.  The  second  is  to  utilize 
this  fund  of  knowledge  in  service 
to  society.  The  third  is  to  teach 
this  knowledge  to  others,  includ- 
ing young  engineers. 

Q.  Specifically,  what  benefits  accrue 
from  belonging  to  these  groups? 

A.  There  are  many.  For  the  young 
engineer,  affiliation  serves  the 
practical  purpose  of  exposing  his 
work  to  appraisal  by  other  scien- 
tists and  engineers.  Most  impor- 
tant, however,  technical  societies 
enable  young  engineers  to  learn 
of  work  crucial  to  their  own. 
These  organizations  are  a  prime 
source  of  ideas  —  meeting  col- 
leagues and  talking  with  them, 
reading  reports,  attending  meet- 
ings and  lectures.  And,  for  the 
young  engineer,  recognition  of 
his  accomplishments  by  asso- 
ciates and  organizations  gener- 
ally heads  the  list  of  his  aspira- 
tions. He  derives  satisfaction 
from  knowing  that  he  has  beerj 
identified  in  his  field. 


Interview  with  General  Electric's 

Charles  F.  Savage 

Consultant  —  Engineering  Professional  Relations 

Ho^  Professional  Societies 
Help  Develop  Young  Engineers 


Q.  What  contribution  is  the  young  en- 
gineer expected  to  make  as  an  ac- 
tive member  of  technical  and  pro- 
fessional societies? 

A.  First  of  all,  he  should  become 
active  in  helping  promote  the 
objectives  of  a  society  by  prepar- 
ing and  presenting  timely,  well- 
conceived  technical  papers.  He 
should  also  become  active  in 
organizational  administration. 
This  is  self-development  at  work, 
for  such  efforts  can  enhance  the 
personal  stature  and  reputation 
of  the  individual.  And,  I  might 
add  that  professional  develop- 
ment is  a  continuous  process, 
starting  prior  to  entering  col- 
lege and  progressing  beyond 
retirement.  Professional  aspira- 
tions may  change  but  learning 
covers  a  person's  entire  life  span. 
And,  of  course,  there  are  dues  to 
be  paid.  The  amount  is  grad- 
uated in  terms  of  professional 
stature  gained  and  should  al- 
ways be  considered  as  a  personal 
investment  in  his  future. 

Q,  How  do  you  go  about  joining  pro- 
fessional  groups? 

A.  While  still  in  school,  join  student 
chapters  of  societies  right  on 
campus.  Once  an  engineer  is  out 
working  in  industry,  he  should 
contact  local  chapters  of  techni- 
cal and  professional  societies,  or 
find  out  about  them  from  fellow 
engineers. 

Q.  Does  General  Electric  encourage  par- 
ticipation In  technical  and  profes- 
sional societies? 

A.  It  certainly  does.  General  Elec- 
tric progress  is  built  upon  cre- 
ative ideas  and  innovations.  The 
Company  goes  to  great  lengths 
to  establish  a  climate  and  in- 
centive to  yield  these  results. 
One  way  to  get  ideas  is  to  en- 


GENERAL 


courage  employees  to  join  pro- 
fessional societies.  Why?  Because 
General  Electric  shares  in  recog- 
nition accorded  any  of  its  indi- 
vidual employees,  as  well  as  the 
common  pool  of  knowledge  that 
these  engineers  build  up.  It  can't 
help  but  profit  by  encouraging 
such  association,  which  sparks 
and  stimulates  contributions. 

Right  now,  sizeable  numbers  of 
General  Electric  employees,  at 
all  levels  in  the  Company,  belong 
to  engineering  societies,  hold  re- 
sponsible offices,  serve  on  work- 
ing committees  and  handle  im- 
portant assignments.  Many  are 
recognized  for  their  outstanding 
contributions  by  honor  and 
medal  awards. 

These  general  observations  em- 
phasize that  General  Electric 
does  encourage  participation.  In 
indication  of  the  importance  of 
this  view,  the  Company  usually 
defrays  a  portion  of  the  expense 
accrued  by  the  men  involved  in 
supporting  the  activities  of  these 
various  organizations.  Remem- 
ber, our  goal  is  to  see  every  man 
advance  to  the  full  limit  of  his 
capabilities.  Encouraging  him  to 
join  Professional  Societies  is  one 
way  to  help  him  do  so. 

Mr.  Savage  has  copies  of  the  booklet 
"Your  First  5  Years"  published  by 
the  Engineers'  Council  for  Profes- 
sional Development  which  you  may 
have  for  the  asking.  Simply  write  to 
Mr.  C.  F.  Savage.  Section  959-12, 
General  Electric  Co.,  Schenectady 
5,  N.  Y. 


*LOOK  FOR  other  interviews  dis- 
cussing: Salary  •  Why  Companies 
have  Training  Programs  •  How  to 
Get  the  Job  You  Want. 


ELECTRIC 


IZjt.  3  T^, 


-^//   C.//. 


ECHNOGRAPH 


THIS  IS  THE  WORLD'S  BIGGEST  TRUCK 


Your  first  impulse  is  to  dive  for  the 
ditch  when  you  see  this  mastodon  of 
trucks  roaring  down  the  road.  But  if 
you  were  a  contractor,  you'd  soon  de- 
termine that  this  world's-largest- 
truck  is  an  18-wheel,  750horsepower 
monsterthat  can  haul  165  tons  of  pay- 
load  each  trip. 

The  box  and  frame  are  built  from  a 
remarkable  United  States  Steel  grade 
called  USS  "T-1"  Constructional 
Alloy  Steel.  Its  more  than  three  times 
stronger  that  standard  steel,  so  they 
could  use  thinner,  lighter  sections. 
Result:  They  shaved  72^  tons  of 
dead  weight  from  the  trailer  by  de- 
signing with  the  new  steel,  a  net 
weight  savings  of  25%.  The  savings 
went  into  extra  payload  capacity. 

Unlike  most  ultra-strong  alloy 
steel,  "T-l  "  Steel  can  be  easily 
formed,  and  it  can  be  welded  in  the 
field  without  fancy  heat  treating 
equipment.  "T-1"  Steel  resists  impact, 
corrosion,  abrasion.  And  it  retains  its 
strength  down  to  a  hundred  degrees 
below  zero.  "T-1"  Steel's  only  one  of 
the  amazing  high-strength  metals  pro- 
duced by  U.  S.  Steel. 

U.  S.  Steel  is  constantly  working  on 
newer  and  stronger  metals  for  the 
important  jobs  of  the  future.  The  suc- 
cess of  this  research  and  the  applica- 
tion of  these  steels  depends  upon  engi- 
neers. If  you  would  like  details  of  the 
many  engineering  opportunities  in  the 
steel  industry,  .send  the  coupon. 

USS  and  ••T-1  are  registered  trademarks 

United  States  Steel 


United  States  Steel  Corporation 
Personnel  Division 
525  William  Penn  Place 
Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania 

Please  send  me  the  booklet,  "Paths  of  Opportunity.' 


Editor 

Dave  Penniman 

Business  Manager 

Roger  Harrison 

Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 

Asst. — Marilyn  Day 

Editorial  Staff 

George  Carruthers 
Steve  Dilts 
Granville  King 
Jeff  R.  Golin 
Bill  Andrews 
Ron  Kurtz 
Jeri  Jewett 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 

Production  Staff 

Mark  Weston 
Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William  Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan,  Direct 
Gary  Waffle 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 

Advisors 

R.  W.  Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.  DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.   C.  McClintock 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  Number  5 


February,   1960 


Table  of  Contents 

ARTICLES: 

Wanted:  Engineers  Who  Can  Write Verne  Moberg  14 

Human  Capabilities  and  Space  Flight Milton   Haefner  20 

Job  Opportunities  Overseas ludy  Ondria  25 

Women  in  Engineering Eileen  Morkham  26 

Solid    Rocket  Fuels Mike   Murphy  27 

The  Other  Role  of  the  Engineer Robert  Jones  29 

The    Inscription Helen    Geroff  41 

FEATURES: 

From   the   Editor's   Desk 9 

In   and    Around   Chicago Sheldon   Altman  30 

The   Deans'  Page 34 

Technocutie Photos    by   Dave   Yates  44 

The  Thing  That  Couldn't  Be  Done Stephen  Lucas  49 

Skimming   Industrial   Headlines Edited   by  the  Staff  52 

Brain  Teasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  60 

Begged,  Borrowed,  and  .  . Edited  by  Jack  Fortner  64 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Stanley  Stynes 
Wayne  State  University,  Detroit,  Michigan 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  \'ector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  IJniversity  Engineer,  Louis- 
iana Tech  Engineer,  Manhattan  Engineer, 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  Technic,  Min- 
nesota Technolog,  Missouri  Shamrock,  Ne- 
braska Blueprint,  New  York  University 
Quadrangle,  North  Dakota  Engineer,  North- 
western Engineer,  Notre  Dame  Technical 
Review,  Ohio  State  Engineer,  Oklahoma 
State  Engineer,  Oregon  State  Technical  Tri- 
angle, Pittsburgh  Skyscraper,  Purdue  Engi- 
neer, RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator, 
SC  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Southern  Engi- 
neer, Spartan  Engineer,  Texas  A  &  M  Engi- 
neer, Washington  Engineer,  WSC  Tech- 
nometer,  Wayne  Engineer,  and  Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


Cover     . 

Pictured  on  this  month's  cover  is  a  "pensive  young  man" 
studying  engineering  who  might  someday  become  a  writer  also. 
For  more  about  engineers  in  the  writing  field  turn  to  page  14. 

—Barbara  Polan 


Copyright,  1959,  by  Illini  Publishing  Co.  Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  February,  March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
office  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879.  Office  215  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illinois.  Subscriptions  $1.50  per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  All  rights 
reserved  liy  The  i'.linois  Technograph.  Publisher's  Representative  —  Littell-Murray- 
Barnhill,  Inc.,  737  North  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  II,  111.,  369  Lexington  Ave., 
New    York    17,    New    York. 


Westinghouse  scientist  Robert  Sampson  analyzes  a  special  photoelastic  model  under  polarized  light  to  ( 
the  stresses  which  would  be  built  up  in  an  atomic  reactor  component  now  in  the  design  stage. 

If  your  design  must  resist  severe  stress  and 
shock,  the  Mechanics  Lab  can  help  you 


Engineers  at  Westinghouse  can  count  on  the  Mechanics 
Lab  for  expert  advice  and  help  on  problems  involving 
static  or  dynamic  mechanics.  If  an  engineer's  design 
must  withstand  the  shock  of  a  missile  blast,  or  the  stress 
in  an  atomic  reactor,  the  men  in  the  Mechanics  Lab  will 
analyze  it  for  him  and  point  out  ways  to  improve  it. 

This  laboratory  supplements  the  work  of  engineers  in 
all  departments  at  Westinghouse.  Its  typical  activities 
include  studies  of  flow  and  combustion,  heat  transfer, 
lubrication,  stress,  and  vibration  .  .  .  studies  aimed  at 
solving  today's  si)ecific  problems,  as  well  as  building  a 
store  of  knowledge  for  tomorrow. 

The  young  engineer  at  Westinghouse  isn't  expected  to 
know  all  the  answers  .  .  .  our  work  is  often  too  advanced 
for  that.  Instead,  his  abilities  and  knowledge  are  backed 


up  by  specialists  like  those  in  the  Mechanics  Laboratory. 

If  you  have  ambition  and  ability,  you  can  have  a 
rewarding  career  with  Westinghouse.  Our  broad  product 
line,  decentralized  operations,  and  diversified  technical 
assistance  provide  hundreds  of  challenging  opportunities 
for  talented  engineers. 

Want  more  information?  Write  today  to  Mr.  L.  H. 
Noggle,  Westinghouse  Educational  Department, 
Ardmore  &  Brinton  Roads,  Pittsburgh  21,  Pennsylvania. 

you  CAN  BE  SURE. ..IF  it's 

Westinghouse 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


HOW  TO  MAKE  A  "LEFT  TURN"  IN  OUTER  SPACE 

(and  the  ''right  turn"  toward  a  gratifying  career) 


Like  the  dimensions  of  the  universe 
itself,  the  future  of  space  technology 
is  beyond  imagination.  The  fron- 
tiers of  space  will  edge  farther  and 
farther  from  us  as  engineering  and 
scientific  skills  push  our  knowledge 
closer  to  the  stars.  Bendix  Aviation 
Corporation,  long  a  major  factor  in 
America's  technological  advance, 
offers  talented  young  men  an  out- 
standing site  from  which  to  launch 
a  career. 

In  the  field  of  controls  alone,  for 
example,  Bendix  (which  makes  con- 
trols for  almost  everything  that 
rolls,  flies  or  floats)  has  developed 
practical,  precision  equipment  for 
steering   and    controlling   the   atti- 


tude of  space  vehicles.  It  consists 
of  a  series  of  gas  reaction  controllers 
(actually  miniature  rockets)  which 
are  mounted  around  the  satellite. 
Individually  controlled  by  a  built- 
in  intelligence  system,  they  emit 
metered  jets  of  gas  on  signal  when- 
ever it  is  necessary  to  change  the 
orientation  of  the  satellite. 

The  development  of  this  unique 
control  equipment  is  but  one  of  the 
many  successful  Bendix  projects 
involving  knowledge  of  the  outer 
atmosphere  and  beyond.  Bendix,  a 
major  factor  in  broad  industrial  re- 
search, development  and  manufac- 
ture, is  heavily  engaged  in  advanced 
missile  and  rocket  systems  and  com- 


ponents activities.  These  include 
prime  contract  responsibility  for 
the  Navy's  advanced  missiles,  Talcs 
and  Eagle. 

The  many  career  opportunities 
at  Bendix  include  assignments  in 
electronics,  electromechanics,  ultra- 
sonics, computers,  automation, 
radar,  nucleonics,  combustion,  air 
navigation,  hydraulics,  instrumen- 
tation, propulsion,  metallurgy,  com- 
munications, carburetion,  solid 
state  physics,  aerophysics  and 
structures.  See  your  placement 
director  or  write  to  Director  of 
University  and  Scientific  Relations, 
Bendix  Aviation  Corporation, 
1108  Fisher  Bldg.,  Detroit  2,  Mich. 


A  thousand  products 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


a  million  ideas 


alia  1)1  ii<i  llie  course  ofpoicci' 

...in  hijdi'diirics 


General  Motors  en(jincers  lueasnre  the  torque  ainl  voin  lali-ri[  r;in  ri-;ill\  i;(i  placi-..  'I'lieic's  im  dcad- 
and  efliciencii  chnracteristics  of  torque  con-  iTnlinf;  licie.  Vm  can  i;(i  liuuanl  liy  Wdikiiij;  cm  a 
verier   blade  designs  uith   hifih   velociti,   fluid         V'"i''l^    "''  'li-iU'-n^Airi-  pnijc-rls.   mc.viii-   up   lliin,,;:!, 


floir,  nsinq  eleetronic  nieasurenienl  devices  to 
solve  for  unknoirns  in  highlfi  complex  inathe- 
malic  desifin    priddenis. 

Wliafs  ydur  sppcialilN .  vdur  fust  love  in  science  and 
engineering?  Astronautics?  Automobiles?  Elcclmnics? 
Jet  Power?  Refrigeration?  Basic  Research?  Youll  lind 
opportunities  in  all  of  llicse  fudds  and  nianv  rriorf  at 
General  Motors.  Rerausc  CM  i^  a  ciPiniianN   ulicrr  vnu 


ur  divi>i(in.  ami  there's  also  a  possihiHlv  DliiKiving 
aciijss  to  oliiri-  divisions. 

lrltere^tt•d  in  postgraduate  studies?  CM  provides  finan- 
cial aid.  'I'heres  also  a  summer  program  for  uudcr- 
gradualcs.  ^on  gain  woik  experience  whil<'  vacationing 
from  school. 

('■ct  the  story  on  a  rewarding  GM  career  from  your 
riaceiricnl  Olficei'  or  write  to  General  Motors,  I'er- 
sonncl  .'^lalf.  Di'lrnil  2.  Mi,  hi-an. 


GENMPvALMOIXlllS 

GM  positions  now  available  in  these  fields  for  men  holding  Bachelor's,  Master's  and  Doctor's  degrees:  Mechanical,  Electrical,  Industrial,  Metallurgical,  Chemical, 
Aeronautical  and  Ceramic  Engineering*  Mathematics*  Industrial  Design  •  Physics  •Chemistry  Engineering  Mechanics'  Business  Administration  and  Reljted  Fields 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Student  Frank  G.  pictures  himself 
Hf^  on  a  typical  Hamilton  Standard 

engineering  assignment:  environmental 
control  system  for  Convair  880 


ENGINEERING  EXCELLENCE  of  HamUton  Standard  equipment 
is  reflected  by  the  selection  of  its  air  conditioning  and  pressuriz- 
ation  system  for  the  new  Convair  880  jet.  Frank  G.  readily  sees 
the  variety  of  engineering  applications  involved  and  learns  that 
he  would,  as  an  engineer,  participate  in  its  development  in  one  of 
the  following  groups: 

DESIGN  ENGINEERING — Where  the  engineer,  using  technical 
skills  in  aerodynamics,  thermodynamics,  heat  transfer,  vibration, 
servo  mechanisms  and  electronics,  creates  a  working  concept  of 
the  product  to  meet  rigid  specifications  of  jDerformance,  weight, 
size,  reliability,  cost  and  safety.  Engineers  shown  at  right  are 
discussing  stress  analysis  problems  of  the  turbo  compressor  rotor 
system. 

ANALYSIS  ENGINEERING— Where  the  engineer,  acting  as  a 
consultant  in  applied  research,  derives  and  evaluates  data  on 
performance,  structures,  vibration  and  reliability.  In  addition, 
Frank  G.  finds  that  close  liaison  is  maintained  with  project  and 
design  engineers,  who  incorporate  this  information  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  product.  Such  machines  as  the  Philbrick  Analog 
Computer,  shown  at  right,  facilitate  compilation  of  technical  data. 

PROJECT  ENGINEERING — Where  the  engineer's  prime  respon- 
sibility is  coordinating  all  activity  from  design  through  qualifi- 
cation testing.  Frank  G.  discovers  this  means  "shirt  sleeve" 
work  at  laboratory  test  facilities,  verifying  product  specifications 
with  analysis  and  design  groups,  working  with  experimental 
technicians  and  contact  with  customers  and  vendors.  Electronic 
temperature  control  pictured  at  right,  was  developed  by  our 
autonomous  Broad  Brook  Electronics  Department. 

For  full  color  and  illustrated  brochure  "Engineering  for  You  and  Your  Future" 
write  R.  J.  Harding,  Administrator— College  Relations 

HAMILTON  STANDARD 

A  DIVISION  OF 

UNITED  AIRCRAFT  CORP. 

BRADLEY  FIELD   ROAD,  WINDSOR  LOCKS,  CONN. 


^^  "'1"^ 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


I 


;* 


'^^'P^k 


Robert M.  King(B.S.E.,  Princeton  '57,  M.S.,  Carnegie  Tech)  is  investigating  applications  of  the  chetronic  computer  in  advanced  compute 
design.  A  skilled  computer  programmer,  he  has  done  original  work  in  orgaiuzing  programs  that  make  possible  computer  self-diagnosis 


-|       ^ETtT       3ICACIA 


1 


s.- ^Am^-^'^'i 


r  . .  I    I        r? 


HE  GETS  COMPUTERS  TO 
DIAGNOSE  THEIR  OWN  FAULTS 

With  tlie  increasing  size  and  complexity  of  modern  computers,  one 
of  tlie  most  interesting  problems  that  engineers  face  is  the  rapid 
and  efficient  location  of  failures  within  the  system. 
The  method  which  they  have  found  most  practical  is  to  use  the 
speed  and  logical  abilities  of  the  computer  itself  to  make  the 
diagnosis.  Programming  computers  to  perform  this  function  is  the 
job  of  Robert  M.  King. 

The  Diagnostic  Technique 

He  prepares  programs  for  the  computer  which  actually  simulate 
the  deductive  processes  of  a  man  investigating  the  faults  of  the 
machine.  Each  program  instructs  the  computer  to  exercise  various 
segments  of  its  circuitry  in  a  logical  order. 

The  result  of  each  test  is  checked  against  the  correct  result,  stored 
in  the  computer  memory,  of  previous  tests  of  the  same  circuitry 
when  in  proper  working  order.  If  the  results  do  not  agree,  a  mes- 
sage is  automatically  typed  which  indicates  the  failure  and  which 
component  caused  it. 

A  computer  is  particularly  adept  at  this  job.  It  can  take  into  con- 
sideration simultaneously  a  large  number  of  factors.  It  can  also 
work  at  very  high  speeds.  Once  a  program  is  properly  written,  the 
computer  makes  no  errors.  Appropriately  enough,  diagnostic  pro- 
gramming often  aids  in  designing  better  computers. 

A  Programmer's  Background 

Computer  programs  are  the  result  of  ingenious  applications  of 
many  intellectual  qualities.  Computer  design  and  language  are 
based  on  sound  laws  of  logic.  Therefore  an  important  prerequisite 
is  the  ability  to  analyze  complex  problems  and  to  deduce  from  them 
useful  methods  of  solution  consistent  with  machine  requirements. 
If  you  think  you  might  be  interested  in  working  in  one  of  the  many 
fascinating  areas  of  computer  programming,  you  are  invited  to 
talk  it  over  with  an  IBM  representative.  The  future  can  be  as  un- 
limited as  the  future  of  the  computer  itself. 


IBM 


INTERNATIONAL  BUSINESS  MACHINES  CORPORATION 


Your  Placement  Officer  can  tell  you  \\'hen  an  IBM  representative 
will  visit  your  campus.  Or  write,  outlining  briefly  your  back- 
ground and  interests,  to:  Manafi^er  of  Technical  Emploi/mcnt,  IBM 
Corporation,  Dcpt.  845,  590  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  22,  N.  Y. 


Williani  Whewell...on  mind  and  mattei 


...tlu'Sc  iiu'laplu  >ic  .il  tlisrussions  aro  not  to  l)('  piil  in 
opposition  lo  llic  sliuK  ol  fails;  Inil  arc  to  \>v  sliimiLihxI. 
nourisnocl  and  uircclcu  In  a  constant  rtn  ourse  to  experi- 
ment and  observation.  1  lie  eultivation  of  ideas  is  to  be 
conducted  as  having  for  its  oujet  t  llie  lonnexion  of  fa(  Is: 
never  to  be  pursued  as  a  mere  exircise  ol  llic  subllcly  of 
tlie  mind,  striving  to  build  up  a  world  of  its  own.  iind 
neglecting  that  wliicli  exists  about  us.  For  altbougii  man 


riia\  In  lliis  w.iy  please  bimselt.  and  admire  tlie  creations 
ol  Lis  own  l)rain.  lie  can  ncxri.  \)y  ibis  course,  bit  upon 
llie  real  sclieme  of  nature.  Willi  bis  ideas  unfolded  by 
edui.ition.  sharpened  b>  (onlroversy,  reclified  by  meta- 
pll\^i^s.  he  may  iiikIcisUiikI  the  nalur.u  world,  but  he 
(  .iruHil  iurcnl  it.  .\l  e\ir>  step.  Ii<'  iiiusi  try  ihe  value 
ol  the  atKances  he  has  made  in  lliought  b\  applying  his 
thoughts  to  things. 

~Pliih,soi,l,y  <>/  (/,e  Inductive  Sciences.  18-17 


Tlfll    RA\D    C  O  R  PO  R  ATTOX,     SA\TA     M  O  \' I  C  A,     CALIFORNIA 

A  no,,, .r. .1,1  „rf.,„,/.„lio„  ,„...,  l,. I  ,„   ,,.,■.,„!,  ,.„   nr„l,|,„,.  r.K,l.-,l  I..   „„hu„„l   M,,.r,l)    .,„,!    ll,,   |,„l,l,c  .nicest 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


From  the  Editor's  Desk 


Room  for  One  More 


If  you  have  taken  a  look  at  the  table  of  contents,  you  will  have 
seen  that  this  issue  leans  heavily  toward  the  engineer  as  an  individual. 
We  have  included  two  essays  and  several  articles  concerning  human 
interest  and  human  factors  that  must  be  considered  in  your  professional 
future. 

These  articles,  we  hope,  will  whet  your  interest  in  yourself. 
You  must  think  of  yourself  as  a  unique  person  with  ideas  and  feelings 
of  your  own.  If  you  are  a  senior  and  have  started  interviewing,  you 
will  begin  to  realize  the  pitfalls  open  to  you.  Conformity  is  an  easy  rut 
to  travel.  The  men  interviewing  you  represent  companies  which  in 
essence  are  strange  new  worlds.  One  of  these  unknown  worlds  con- 
tains a  place  for  you:  a  rut  if  you  make  it  so. 

In  your  first  effort  to  fit  into  the  company  you  may  find  con- 
formity the  easiest  method.  Questions  such  as:  "Should  I  join  the  com- 
pany country  club?  Should  I  stock  up  on  the  'tailored  look'  suits?"  may 
become  more  important  than  you  think  now.  Sure  you've  been  o  self- 
made  man  and  grown  a  beard,  or  gone  beat  for  a  month,  but  these 
are  very  weak  memories  to  cling  to  when  you  become  part  of  an  or- 
ganization. 

Conformity  of  the  mind  is  the  real  danger  for  which  to  be  on  the 
alert.  You  have  come  from  college  relatively  unspoiled  in  that  your 
mind  is  still  pliable.  You  should  be  alert  for  new  areas  of  knowledge 
and  grasp  at  new  facts,  but  don't  grasp  at  the  first  pattern  of  opera- 
tional procedure. 

This  may  fit  you  into  the  cocktail  club  at  noon  and  the  poker 
club  at  night,  however  it  will  stifle  your  chance  of  making  room  in  the 
true  professional  field  of  engineering.  There  is  no  niche  for  you  there; 
you  have  to  make  a  place  for  yourself. 

WDP 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


Look  beyond  the  obvious . . . 


^' 


...  as  you  consider  your  first  professional  job. 
At  Melpar,  we  believe  that  all  young  engineers 
and  scientists  should  develop  the  habit  of  looking 
beyond  the  obvious. 

First,  what  is  the  obvious?  It's  obvious  that 
you're  in  demand.  You  don't  have  to  worry  about 
getting  your  material  wants  satisfied.  And  you 
don't  have  to  worry  about  getting  opportunities 
for  professional  growth.  Since  you  are  in  demand, 
you  can  expect  to  get  the  things  you  want  from 
any  number  of  potential  employers. 

But,  if  you  look  beyond  the  obvious,  you'll  real- 
ize now  that  you're  going  to  want  something  more 
than  "want  satisfaction"  out  of  your  career. 
You're  going  to  want  pride — pride  in  your  per- 
sonal, individual  contribution. 

At  Melpar,  where  we  are  now  working  on  120 
advanced  defense  and  space  exploration  projects, 
we  are  interested  only  in  young  men  who  realize 
that  pride  is  a  reward  that  extends  much  beyond 
the  obvious.  Because  Melpar  is  a  proud  Companv. 
We're  proud  of  our  IMAGINEERIXG  approach 
to  the  solution  of  electronic  problems;  we're  proud 
of  our  uninterrupted  growth  and  controlled  expan- 
sion; we're  proud  of  the  communities  that  sur- 
round our  laboratories  and  plants  in  Northern 
Virginia  and  Boston,  and  we're  proud  of  our  cre- 
ation, design,  and  production  of  electronic  prod- 
ucts destined  for  universal  application. 

If  you  want  an  opportunity  to  be  proud  of  your 
contribution  and  your  Company,  we're  interested 
in  hearing  from  you.  Tell  us  about  yourself. 
Either  ask  your  college's  Placement  Director  to 
arrange  a  personal  interview  with  the  Melpar 
representative  who  will  be  visiting  your  campus,  or 
write  to  our  Professional  Employment  Supervisor. 
Tell  him  if  you  would  like  to  hear  from  one  of 
your  college's  graduates  who  is  now  progressing 
at  Melpar. 


"^MJ" 


IVIELPAR  y  INC 

A    SUBSIDIARY    OF    VVESTINGHOUSE    AIR    BRAKE    COMPANY 

3401    Arlington    Boulevard,    Foils    Church,    Virginia 

\n    Historic    Fair/ax    County 

(10    miles    from    Washington,   D.   C.) 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


NASA  LEADS 
U.S.  VENTURES 
INTO 


SPACE 

OUTSTANDING  PROFESSIONAL  OPPORTUNITIES  AVAILABLE 
TO  GRADUATING  SCIENTISTS  AND  ENGINEERS 


NASA  plans,  directs  and  conducts  the  Nation's 
aeronautical  and  space  activities  for  peaceful  pur- 
poses and  the  benefit  of  all  mankind. 

NASA's  efforts  are  directed  toward  discovering 
new  knowledge  about  our  universe  and  formu- 
lating new  concepts  of  flight  within  and  outside 
the  earth's  atmosphere.  Through  the  application 
of  the  resulting  new  knowledge  and  supporting 
technology,  we  will  gain  a  deeper  understanding 
of  our  earth  and  nearby  space,  of  the  moon,  the 
sun  and  the  planets,  and  ultimately,  of  inter- 
planetary space  and  the  distant  gala.xies. 

NASA  is  now  engaged  in  research,  development, 
design,  and  operations  in  a  wide  variety  of  fields, 
including: 

Spacecraft  •  Aircraft  •  Boosters  •  Payloads 
Flight  dynamics  and  mechanics  •  Aeroelasticity 
Launching  and  impact  loads  •  Materials  and  struc- 
tures •  Heat  transfer  •  Magnetoplasmadynamics 
Propulsion  and  energy  systems:  nuclear,  thermal, 
electrical,  chemical  •  Launching,  tracking,  naviga- 
tion, recovery  systems  •  Instrumentation  :  electrical, 
electronic,  mechanical,  optical  •  Life  support  sys- 
tems •  Trajectories,  orbits,  celestial  mechanics 
Radiation  belts  •  Gravitational  fields  •  Solar  and 
stellar  studies  •  Planetary  atmospheres  •  Lunar 
and  planetary  surfaces  •  Applications:  meteor- 
ology, communications,   navigation,   geodesy. 


Career  Opportunities 

At  NASA  career  opportunities  for  graduates 
with  bachelor's  or  higher  degrees  are  as  unlimited 
as  the  scope  of  our  organization.  Because  of  our 
dynamic  growth  and  diversified  operations,  ex- 
cellent opportunities  for  personal  and  professional 
advancement  are  available  for  graduates  with 
majors  in: 

Engineering:  Aeronautical,  Mechanical,  Electronic, 
Electrical,  Chemical,  Metallurgical,  Ceramic,  Civil, 
Engineering  Mechanics,  Engineering  Physics 
Science:  Astronautics,  Physics,  Electronics,  Chem- 
istry, Metallurgy,  Mathematics,  Astronomy,  Geo- 
physics 

For  details  about  career  opportunities,  write 
to  the  Personnel  Director  of  any  of  the 
NASA  Research  Centers  listed  below  or 
contact  your  Placement  Officer. 

NASA  Research  Centers  and  their 
locations  are: 

•  Langley  Research  Center,  Hampton,  Va. 

•  Ames  Research  Center,  Mountain  View,  Calif. 

•  Lewis  Research  Center,  Cleveland  35,  Ohio 

•  Flight  Research  Center,  Edwards,  Calif. 

•  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  Washington  25,  D.C. 


NASA     National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration 


IFEBRUARY,   1960 


11 


Look     ^ 
around  you . . . 


makes  big  things  happen 

in 

exciting  products 


O 


Paints,  chemicals,  E;lass,  plastics,  fiber  p;lass  ...  all  these  products 
have  exciting  family  trees.  .And  at  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Com- 
pany, tomorrow's  offspring  promise  to  be  even  more  intriguing. 

Look  around  you  ...  at  paint,  for  example.  It's  much  more 
than  mere  color.  Paint  protects.  It  must  be  thoroughly  researched 
and  carefully  compounded  to  withstand  infinite  variations  of 
atmosphere,  heat,  stress  and  other  conditions.  Or  look  at  chem- 
icals .  .  .  their  roles  in  the  creation  and  development  of  textiles, 
metals,  paper,  agriculture,  missiles,  medicine.  You  name  it; 
chemicals  are  there,  making  important  contributions.  Glass? 
These  days,  it  can  be  made  to  remain  rigid  at  blast  furnace 
temperatures,  withstand  supersonic  speeds,  have  the  tensile 
strength  of  bronze.  And  it's  much  the  same  story  for  plastics 
and  fiber  glass.  Everywhere  you  look — in  architecture,  industry, 
the  home,  everywhere — PPG  products  find  new,  exciting  applica- 
tions with  fascinating  and  challenging  potentialities. 

Are  you  seeking  a  career  that  requires  creative  thinking, 
utilizes  all  your  skills  and  know-how,  offers  a  chance  to  learn  the 
latest  techniques?  Then  look  into  your  enticing  career  possibili- 
ties with  the  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company.  Contact  your 
Placement  Officer  now,  or  write  to  the  Manager  of  College 
Relations,  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company,  One  Gateway  Center, 
Pictsl)urgh  22,  Pennsylvania. 


PAINTS   •   GLASS   •   CHEMICALS   •   BRUSHES   •   PLASTICS   •   FIBER  GLASS 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPHl 


Scientific  imagination 
focuses  on  . . .  RADAR... 
SONAR  . .  .  COMMUNICATIONS  . . . 
MISSILE  SYSTEMS  .  .  . 
ELECTRON  TUBE  TECHNOLOGY... 
SOLID  STATE 

Challenging  professional  assignments  are  of- 
fered by  Raytheon  to  outstanding  graduates 
in  electrical  engineering,  mechanical  engin- 
eering, physics  and  mathematics.  These  as- 
signments include  research,  systems,  devel- 
opment, design  and  production  of  a  wide 
variety  of  products  for  commercial  and  mil- 
itary markets. 

For  specific  information,  visit  your  place- 
ment director,  obtain  a  copy  of  "Raytheon 
. . .  and  your  Professional  Future,"  and  ar- 
range for  an  on-campus  interview.  Or  you 
may  write  directly  to  Mr.  John  B.  Whitla, 
College  Relations,  1360  Soldiers  Field  Road, 
Brighton  36,  Massachusetts. 


Excellence  in  Electronics 


FEBRUARY,  1960 


13 


WANTED: 

Engineers  Who  Can  Write 


By  Verne  Moberg 


Iiuiiistry  needs  engiiuns  who  can  ex- 
press theiiisehes. 

And  the  student  enj;ineer  can  most 
lirotitahh-  spcnil  the  little  spare  time 
axaihihle  dmini:  his  undergraduate 
\ears  hy  iearnins;  to  write.  He  ma\' 
e\en  douhle  his  income. 

Why  is  it,  tlien,  that  the  earmark  of 
engincer.s  on  the  llhnois  campus  is  that 
the\'  can't  write  or  speak   well? 

Who  knows  ? 

Hut  the  truth  is,  enjiineers  both  in  in- 
dustry and  on  college  faculties  insist 
that  self-expression  is  almost  the  import- 
ant skill  student  engineers  need  to 
learn.  And  they  ran  learn  to  write — 
which  is  a  first  step  in  communication 
— with  only  a  little  effort  through  con- 
centrating on  some  basic  principles,  stay- 
ing awake  in  rhetoric  class  and  get- 
ting in  some  practice  writing. 

You  don't  believe  that  you  can  learn 
to  write  or  need  to  do  it?  First  let's 
sec  what  professional  engineers  have  to 
say  about  the  need  for  expre.ssion. 

John  Isaacson,  manager  of  college  re- 
lations at  the  IBM  Product  Develop- 
ment Laboratory,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y., 
who  was  interviewed  at  Illinois  this  fall, 
says  that  the  way  an  idea  is  expressed  is 
almost   as   important   as   the   idea  itself. 

"If  you  can't  communicate,  you  may 
as  well  gi\e  your  ideas  away.  We'd  have 
to  hire  two  people  instead  of  one.  " 

The  people  who  communicate,  Isaac- 
son says,  are  the  ones  who  make  the 
grade  in  tangible  rewards,  "prestige,  re- 
sponsibility and  the  dollar,"  as  well  as 
intangibles    (pride  of  a  job  well   done). 

Ci.  H.  Duff,  Westinghouse  central 
Illinois  branch  sales  manager,  Peoria, 
agrees.  About  85  per  cent  of  the  West- 
inghou.se  personnel  in  management  posts 
began  as  engineers  who  were  able  to  put 
acro.ss  their  ideas  effectively. 

And  here's  how  engineering  college 
faculty  rate  communication  skills. 

According  to  Prof.  T.  J.  Dolan,  head 
of  the  U.  of  I.  Department  of  Theoreti- 
cal and  Applied  Mechanics,  "The  prin- 
cipal job  of  an  engineer  is  to  sell  his 
ideas    and    to    sell    himself,    ll    he    c.iu't 


do  this,  he  may  as  well  gi\e  uii  trying 
to  be  a  profe.ssional  engineer.  " 

Other  engineering  educators  say  com- 
munication skill  is  more  important  for 
the  engineer  than  for  a  man  in  pure  sci- 
ence, because  he  must  sell  his  ideas  to 
all  kinds  of  people — politicians,  econo- 
mists and  businessmen  of  all  kinds,  in- 
cluding other  engineers. 

^'es,  the\  care.  And  like  girlfriends, 
instructors  want  to  know  you  care — 
e\en  about  the  little  things. 

One  professor  in  the  T.  ^"  A.  M.  de- 
partment even  confides  that  concise, 
straightforward  presentation  ought  to  be 
jvist  as  important  as  technical  mastery  to 
a  student  who  wants  high  grades  on  his 
papers.  Instructors  are  human  too,  and 
they're  naturally  impressed  when  \ou 
turn  in  a  paper  that  says  what  you  mean 
in   crisp,  clean   language. 

All  right,  so  they  all  care.  But  ex- 
actly how  much  is  the  big  payoff. 

Louis  N.  Rowley,  editor  and  publish- 
er of  "Power,"  technical  magazine  of 
McCiraw-Hill  Co.,  Inc.,  declares  that, 
"other  things  being  equal,  skill  with 
words  and  speech  will  add  anvwhere 
from  $50,000  to  $200,000  to  an  engi- 
neer's lifetime  earnings." 

Prof.  G.  M.  Sinclair,  research  dire- 
tor  of  the  T.  (i'  A.  M.  Fatigue  Labora- 
tory, calls  Rowley's  guess  conser\ati\e. 
Effective  commimication  skill,  he  savs, 
will  probably  double  an  engineer's  life- 
time income. 

Estimates  vary,  but  all  professionals 
agree,  the  dollars  increase. 

Of  coiu'se,  an  engineer  can  get  a  job 
without  knowing  how  to  express  lum- 
self,  according  to  Isaacson. 

"But  he'd  better  be  Einstein,  "  he 
warns  quickly.  "He'll  ha\e  to  make  up 
to  the  company  what  it's  paying  anothei' 
man  to  interpret  him.  Einstein  could 
coinmunicate  his  more  complex  theories 
to  very  few  men.  But  that  was  Einstein. 
The  ideas  most  engineers  come  up  with 
every  day  aren't  that  good." 

If  you  know  you're  no  Einstein,  but 
still  think  engineers  at  Illinois  don't 
ha\e    to    leain    to    write,    don't    go    ne.ar 


Prof.  JoDean  Morrow  in  the  T.  &  A. 
M.  department.  "People  like  that  are 
second-rate  technical  clowns,"  he  feels. 
"Either  \ou  ha\e  professional  piide  or 
you  don't." 

So  you  want  to  be  ;m  engineer?  So 
you'd  better  learn  to  write.  If  \ou'll 
put  down  that  slide  rule,  you  can  start 
right   now. 

The  fust  thing  to  keep  in  nun<l  is 
that  language,  like  a  beautiful  bridge, 
is  a  functional  structure.  It  is  designed 
to  carry  across  ideas  with  economy  and 
grace.  The  best  technical  writing,  like 
the  finest  literature,  is  short  and  sweet. 

As  engineers,  you  have  a  headstart 
here  over  students  in  liberal  arts  be- 
cause you're  used  to  thinking  in  this 
strictly  organized,  functional  way.  So 
when  you're  designing,  molding  and  re- 
fining the  parts  of  language,  which  are 
paragraphs,  sentences  and  words,  alway; 
remember  these  basic  principles. 

1.  All  the  parts  must  be  there,  or 
communication  won't  take  place. 

2.  All  the  parts  must  be  functional ; 
useless  parts  just  get  in  the  wa\  and 
slow  up  understanding. 

3.  The  structure  (paper  or  literary 
work)  with  the  fewest  parts  works  thi- 
best  and  lasts  longest. 

Before  you  begin  to  formulate  what 
you  have  to  say,  put  these  in  mini!  and 
you'll  ha\e  an  overall  frame  to  simplify 
your  thoughts. 

In  producing  good  writing  you'll  con- 
centrate on  three  basic  proce.sses:  design- 
ing, molding,  and  refining  your 
thoughts,  or  as  rhetoric  teachers  will 
say,  organizing,  writing  and  reviewing 
(correcting  and  or  revising).  Each  one 
is  important,  and  none  can  be  left  out 
— not  even  in  an  impromptu  theme  for 
rhet  class.  If,  at  any  one  of  these  three 
stages,  you  discover  that  preparation  at 
an  earlier  stage  was  faidty  or  incom- 
plete, go  back  to  it  and  start  from  there. 
The  stage  you  are  in  will  be  the  most 
important  when  you  are  in  it. 

First  comes  design.  As  soon  as  \ou 
ha\'e  a  topic,  narrow  it  down.  I  sually 
in   factu.nl   wiitintr,  the  more  worils  that 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


are  in  your  title,  the  smaller  your  sub- 
ject becomes  and  the  more  specific  and 
meaningful  will  be  the  things  you  say 
about  it.  Next  choose  a  thesis — a  com- 
plete sentence  which  expresses  your  gen- 
eral topic  in  its  subject  and  the  particu- 
lar slant  you're  taking  on  it  in  the 
predicate — and  write  it  down.  Now  de- 
cide on  your  purpose  and  \our  scope 
and  write  them  down.  Now  stop. 

Take  a  look  at  \our  audience.  Who 
will  be  reading  your  paper?  Engineer- 
ing professors?  Rhetoric  instructors? 
Other  professional  engineers?  Find  out 
who  they  are,  learn  as  much  as  you  can 
about  their  likes  and  dislikes  regarding 
the  subject  and,  more  important,  know 
what  they  can  and  what  they  uill  read. 

Robert  Gunning  says  in  his  book, 
"The  Technique  of  Clear  Writing," 
that  technical  writing  is  due  for  a  Co- 
perican  revolution.  Over  four  hundred 
years  ago  the  Polish  astronomer  said 
that  the  earth  orbited  around  the  sun 
not  vice  versa.  It's  about  time  now. 
says  Gunning,  that  engineers  centered 
their  thoughts  on  the  reader,  not  on 
themselves. 

So  after  you've  noted  the  aspects  of 
your  topic  you'll  want  to  cover,  or- 
ganize them  in  a  pattern  most  agree- 
able and  appropriate  to  your  reader.  For 
engineers  this  will  generally  mean  a 
logical  structure  of  deductive  reasoninir. 
That  is,  in  your  paper  as  a  whole  you'll 
state  your  main  points  and  then  show 
why  the\'re  true.  For  instance,  you 
might  start  like  this: 

1.  The  moon  is  a  spherical  mass  mov- 
ing around   the  earth. 

A.  Newton  said  so. 

B.  The  Russians  say  so{  they  saw- 
its  backside). 

C.  Walking  home  last  night,  yoiu- 
girlfriend  agreed  that  the  moon  is  a 
■-pherical  mass  moving  around  the 
i-arth  (Ma\be  your  word  choice  gave 
her  that  headache?) 

Of  you  might  use  a  time  or  space  se- 
quence of  relating  the  main  points  in 
descriptive  writing. 

In  any  ca,se,  jot  down  the  main  ideas 
in  outline  form  and  then  ask  yourself, 
"What  questions  would  an  intelligent 
reader  ask  about  my  topic  that  I  ha\en't 
covered?"  Then  fill  in  the  blanks. 

Another  important  factor  to  consider 
about  your  reader  is  the  suitable  le\el 
of  language.  In  what  situation  are  you 
addressing  this  person?  At  the  college 
level,  you  will  probably  need  to  use  a 
professional  tone.  This  means  you  will 
stick  to  business  and  tell  what  happened 
in  the  most  direct,  objective  way  pos- 
sible. You  will  not  relate  the  experi- 
ment to  your  instrtictor  or  employer  in 
the  same  way  that  \ou  would  tell  yoiir 
roommate,  "A  very  funny  thing  hap- 
pened to  me  in  met.  lab  today  .  .  ." 

.'^t  the  same  time  you  don't  want  to 
strain   \ourself   to  sound   "scientific"   h\ 


tr\ing  to  pull  intellectual  wool  o\er 
anybody's  e\es.  .Make  it  \our  goal  to 
express  what  you  know,  not  to  impress 
the  reader.  If  you  can  express  yourself 
well,  natm'ally  the  audience  will  be  im- 
pressed. 

Now,  are  >ou  orgaiuzed?  All  right, 
get  it  down  in  black  and  white. 

Here's  where  the  streamlining  really 
comes  in.  You'll  want  to  weigh  and 
test  e\erything  to  find  the  best  com- 
bination of  parts  in  each  of  the  three 
ftmctional  units  of  expression — para- 
graphs,  sentences   and  words. 

The  largest  and  simplest  unit  is  the 
paragraph.  As  you  know,  it's  a  group  of 
sentences  tied  together  to  give  logical 
support  to  a  larger  section  of  the  paper. 
Make  sure  this  thought  unit  carries 
through  one  idea  and,  if  possible,  ar- 
range the  specific  ideas  at  the  beginning 
and    the   end   of   the   paragraph   so   the\' 


Engineers  who  think  they  don't  need 
to  learn  to  write  ore  second-rate  tech- 
nical  clowns. 

will  naturally  How  from  the  preceding 
and  to  the  following  ideas. 

Next:  sentences.  Keep  them  short.  Of 
course,  at  times,  \\'hen  you  want  to  var\' 
the  pace  of  yoiu"  thoughts,  you'll  add 
some  compovMid,  or  maybe  e\en  complex 
sentences. 

If  sentence  structure  leaves  you  in 
the  dark,  check  a  grammar  book  to  get 
the  facts.  While  you're  at  it,  save  your- 
self much  pain  in  rhetoric  classes  by 
learning  these  general  punctuation  rules: 

1 .  Almost  always  use  a  comma  after 
an   introductory  dependent  clause. 

2.  Almost  always  use  a  comma  before 
the  "and,"  "but,"  "or  "  or  "nor  "  which 
joins  two  main  clauses. 

The  rare  exception  occurs  when  the 
sentences  are  unusuallv  short  or  closeh 


related.  I3e  safe — u.se  the  comma — and 
usually  you'll  be  right. 

Now  that  you're  familiar  with  the 
terms,  here's  the  main  point.  You  can 
give  your  ideas  weight  by  placing  them 
properly.  A  main  clause  always  carries 
the  most  important  idea ;  a  dependent 
clause,  a  less  important  one.  If  two 
ideas  rate  equally  and  are  closely  re- 
lated, put  them  in  a  compound  sentence 
with  either  a  coordinating  conjunction 
("and,"  "but,"  "or"  or  "nor")  or  a 
semicolon  to  separate  them. 

Another  major  factor  in  sentence 
structure  which  can  add  or  take  away 
from  the  emphasis  you  want  to  put  on 
your  ideas  is  the  order  of  the  sentence 
elements.  Unlike  man\'  other  languages, 
Fnglish  has  a  traditional  order  for  parts 
of  the  sentence  and  that  is,  subject- 
verb-object.  One,  two,  three;  Mary 
loves  John.  If  you  want  to  put  across 
your  idea  quickly  and  clearly,  follow 
this  order.  Don't  change  it  without  one 
of  these  two  good  reasons :  1 )  The  sen- 
tence sounds  stilted  and  completely  lui- 
natural,  or  2)  Your  sentence  patterns 
need  variation.  Most  important,  sub- 
jects and  verbs  belong  together,  and  if 
you  can  help  it.  don't  separate  the  two 
with  irrevelant  words. 

Likewise,  modifiers — either  words  or 
phrases — belong  as  close  as  possible  to 
elements  which  they  complement.  When 
your  date  comes  down  the  stairs  on  the 
night  of  the  big  dance  with  a  gorgeous 
new  dress,  you  don"t  wait  till  next  year 
to  tell  her  about  it.  In  the  same  way, 
readers  forget  what  you"re  talking  about 
when  you  tag  on  a  modifier  at  the  end 
of  the  sentence  that  refers  to  a  word  at 
the  beginning.  If  you  write,  "The  alloy 
melted  quickly  that  was  nitrided  at 
lOOF."  you're  talking  nonsense.  Place 
the  modifiers  right  after  the  elements 
and  make  sense. 

Finally,  let's  look  at  words,  the  most 
basic  units  of  meaning.  Once  more, 
search  for  the  simple,  specific,  familiar, 
concrete  terms  and  you'll  communicate 
faster.  With  the  wealth  of  $64,000 
words  engineers  have  in  their  technical 
language,  you  can't  afford  to  fog  up 
the  reader's  mind  with  any  more  non- 
technical syllables  than  necessary.  So 
keep  it  short. 

Since  most  of  our  short,  brisk  words 
came  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  ancestral 
tongue  of  the  English  language,  and  not 
the  Romance  languages  of  .southern  Eu- 
rope, you'll  to  well  to  favor  them  o\er 
words  of  Latin,  French  or  Spanish  back- 
ground. 

For  instance,  use  "come"  instead  of 
"approach"  and  "great"  instead  of  "im- 
mense." The  most  sparkling  literature 
in  English  has  been  composed  chieHy  of 
these  words  and  they  can  help  you  too. 
In  his  major  works,  Shakespeare  drew 
00  per  cent  of  his  words  from  the  An- 
glo-Saxon, Milton  used  SI   per  cent  and 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


15 


tin-  15ibli-  (thiTC  tiospi-ls).  ''4  per  a-nt. 
\()ii  mi'ulu  not  outdo  these  best  sellers, 
but  your  paper  will  at  least  be  reaii. 

A  woiil  about  word  choice:  sa\  what 
you  mean.  If  possible,  don't  say  the 
same  thintr  so  often  that  your  reader  is 
bored  ;  find  synonvms  to  express  it  in 
a  different  light.  Sometimes,  of  course, 
tiiere's  no  more  than  one  word  tor  the 
thill};  you  are  talking  about.  So,  tor 
your  instructor's  sake,  use  it — it  can  t 
be  helped. 

One  engineering  professor  is  now  re- 
co\ering  from  a  severe  case  of  amnesia 
because  a  student  in  his  paper  refused 
to  call  an  extensometer  an  extensomcter 
after  the  first  reference.  The  worried 
man  searched  the  lab  for  weeks  f"  'i'"' 
the  other  "expansion  gage  cage,"  "me- 
tallic gift-wrapped  measuring  device" 
and  "deformation  quantifier"  which  the 
student  talked  about. 

Certainly  the  rhetoric  teacher  is  right 
uhen  he  says  don't  bore  the  reader  with 
the  same  term  over  and  over;  do  find 
synonyms.  Rut  the  great  sin,  he'll  tell 
vou,  is  repetition  of  ideas.  The  same 
word  will  do  twice  if  it's  the  only  one 
that  fits.  In  engineering  a  spade  is  a 
spade.  Likewise,  an  extensometer  is  an 
extensometer,  and  your  reader  will  be 
lost  if  you  call  it  anything  else. 

A  last  word  on  verbs:  if  at  all  pos- 
sible, keep  them  active,  not  passive. 
When  the  verb  is  in  the  active  voice, 
the  subject  does  the  acting,  but  with  a 
passive  verb,  the  subject  is  acted  upon. 
This  becomes  much  clearer  through  ex- 
ample. 

Passive:  The  yield  point  was  lowered 
b\-  cooling  the  metal. 

Active:  Cooling  the  metal  lowered 
the  yield  point. 

Often  in  technical  writing  the  per- 
sonal approach,  involving  "I"  and  other 
personal  pronouns,  is  left  out  in  order 
to  show  the  objectivity  and  reproduci- 
bility of  the  results.  I'sually  this  in- 
volves the  passive,  but  it  can  be  avoid- 
ed with  effort. 
For  example: 

Don't  Use:  That  method  of  testing 
was  dispensed  with  to  reduce  argon  con- 
sumption. 

Do  Ise:  A  new  method  of  testing 
reduced   argon  consLimption. 

.As  Robert  Cjunning  says,  "The  need 
to  be  impersonal  is  not  the  need  to  be 
inhuman.  Some  writers  shun  the  first 
person  so  much  they  wouldn't  use  'we 
to   refer  to  the  human   race." 

Hut  for  best  results  keep  both  the 
subjective  and  the  pas.sive  elements  from 
your  writing. 

Shakespeare  was  lucky,  most  engi- 
neers will  think.  It  was  not  until  after 
his  time,  or  about  1700,  that  scholars 
began  to  concentrate  on  rules  of  gram- 
mar. During  the  eigtheenth  centurx 
about  250  books  were  publislunl  in  ef- 
fort to  establish  "correct  English." 


16 


l?ut  w  liting  is  easier  with  rules  than 
without,  and  they  can  help  you  organize 
your  writing.  Hecome  familiar  with 
them  if  you  can,  but  see  them  as  they 
make  up  the  overall  picture,  not  just  as 
a  set  of  facts.  Remember,  no  rule  is  in- 
fallible. Break  an\  one  if  necessary  to 
say  exactl>   what  \ou  mean. 

Now  your  paper  is  down  in  black  and 
white — it's  written.  Mut  it's  not  com- 
plete until  after  the  iiiial  process  of  re- 
fining your  thoughts. 

(lO  back  and  look  at  your  work  again. 
Have  vou  used  the  best  w(ir<ls  available 


Take  a  look  at  your  audience.  Know 
what  they  can  and  what  they  will 
read. 

in  ever\-  case?  "The  difference  between 
the  right  word  and  the  almost-right," 
said  Mark  Twain,  "is  the  difference 
between  lightning  and  the  lightning 
bug." 

Would  analogies  or  comparisons, 
facts,  examples  or  quotes  brighten  your 
material?  f^inally,  are  there  any  ques- 
tions left  unanswered?  Fill  it  out  and 
tighten  it  up. 

Then  check  out  the  spelling  and 
punctuation.  You've  been  learning  the 
rules  since  grammar  school.  Just  apph' 
them. 

Or  maybe  you  never  really  learned 
the  rules.  Prof.  Morrow  from  the  T.  & 
A.  M.  Department  claims  a  four-page 
handwritten  paper  turned  in  to  him  con- 
tained a  record  136  misspelled  words. 
Those  odds  are  almost  1:4!  Wood  ynii 
be  annoyed  if  \ou  had  too  read  a  paper 
with  that  many  misiiclled  woi'ds?  Nat- 
urally. 

Save  yourself  a  lot  of  time  for  the 
rest  of  your  professional  ami  private 
life  and  learn  the  simple,  logical  prin- 
ciples now.  Then  you  won't  waste  time 
looking  them  up  each  time  you're  in 
doubt.' 


Some  words  you'll  miss|iell  o\er  and 
over  out  of  habit.  List  them,  learn  to 
spell  them  correctly  and  make  a  real 
effort  to  memori/.e  them.  Never  be 
afraid  to  use  a  dictionary. 

As  for  punctuation,  yes,  leam  the 
rules.  They'll  tell  you  non-restrictive 
clauses  and  phrases  (ones  that  aren't 
essential  to  the  meaning  of  the  sentence) 
are  set  off"  on  both  sides  by  commas. 
Atu\  learn  the  placement  of  quotation 
marks  in  regard  to  other  punctuation. 
It's  sim|ile: 

1.  .Always  place  periods  ,ind  com- 
mas inside  the  quotation  marks. 

2.  Always  place  colons  and  semicolons 
outside  the  quotations. 

3.  Place  exclamation  points  and  ques- 
tion marks  inside  or  outside  quotation 
marks,  according  to  which  unit  of 
thought  they're  meant  for. 

To  punctuate  reference  paper  foot- 
notes and  bibliographies,  see  a  style 
sheet  in  any  good  modern  Engli.sh  text. 
Generally  the  elements  of  the  references 
are  listed  in  the  descending  order  by 
which  you  would  locate  them  in  the  li- 
brary, i.e..  title,  volume,  page,  etc. 

Now,  if  everything's  correct,  you  can 
take  the  last  step.  Read  your  paper 
aloud.  Does  it  flow  or  does  it  stumble? 
Make  the  repairs.  The  smoothness  of 
vour  writing  will  be  the  last  X  factor, 
for  once  you've  mastered  the  basics,  it  s 
vour  style  that  will  win  your  audience. 
When  you  have  reached  the  point  at 
which  you  feel  you're  "just  talking 
along" — with  the  proper  degree  of  for- 
malit\-  or  casualness,  of  course — then 
vou  ha\  e  succeeded ;  your  reader  will 
wish  he  could  write  that  well.  The 
pancr   is  done. 

Writing  is  a  long  hut  logical  process 
and  with  practice,  you  will  take  these 
necessary  steps  automatically.  And  you 
may  not  believe  it,  but  all  this  can  he 
done  while  you're  studying  engineering 
if  you'll  accept  these  challenges. 

1.  View  every  written  assignment  :is 
a  chance  to  impro\e  your  skill  in  self- 
expression. 

2.  Pay  attention  to  vour  rhetoric  in- 
structor. He  knows  the  best  wa\  to 
teach  you  one  of  the  most  important 
skills  you  can  master. 

.1.  Try  to  fit  in  courses  in  public 
speaking,  expository  writing  and  busi- 
ness letter  writing.  Learn  how  to  sell 
\ouiself  and  your  ideas. 

4.  Take  time  out  for  an  extra-cur- 
ricular activity  which  requires  \oii  to 
communicate. 

s.  Write.  Write  as  much  as  you  can. 
Write  letters  to  your  parents,  letters  to 
your  girlfriend,  letters  to  the  editor. 
Write  it  down.  Take  pride  in  the  way 
you  express  every  thought. 

All  set?  Congratulations.  You've 
overcome  the  greatest  barrier  in  learn- 
in<;  to  communicate — the  desire  to  do  it. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


H     AD 

14 


DOOR  IS  OPEN  AT  ALLIED  CHEMICAL  TO 


Opportunities  for  professional  recognition 


If  you  feel,  as  we  do,  that  the  publication  of  technical 
papers  adds  to  the  professional  stature  of  the  individual 
employee  and  his  worth  to  his  company,  you  will  see  why 
Allied  encourages  its  people  to  put  their  findings  in  print. 
Some  recent  contributions  from  our  technical  stall  are 
shown  below. 

It's  interesting  to  speculate  on  what  you  might  publish 
as  a  chemist  at  one  of  our  12  research  laboratories  and 
development  centers.  The  possibilities  are  virtually  limit- 


less, because  Allied  makes  over  3,000  products— chemi- 
cals, plastics,  fibers— products  that  offer  careers  with  a 
future  for  chemists,  chemistry  majors  and  engineers. 

Why  not  write  today  for  a  newly  revised  copy  of  "Your 
Future  in  Allied  Chemical."  Or  ask  our  interviewer 
about  Allied  when  he  next  visits  your  campus.  Your 
placement  office  can  tell  you  when  he'll  be  there. 

Allied  Chemical.  Department   26-R2 
61  Broadway,  New  York  6,  New  York 


SOME  RECENT  TECHNICAL  PAPERS  AND  TALKS  BY  ALLIED   CHEMICAL  PEOPLE 


"What  is  a  Foam?" 

Donald  S.  Otto,  National  Aniline  Division 

American  Management  Association  Seminar  on  Polymeric 
Packaging  Materials 

"Electrically  Insulating,  Flexible  Inorganic  Coatings  on 

Metal  Produced  by  Gaseous  Fluorine  Reactions" 

Dr.  Robert  W.  Mason,  General  Chemical  Research 

Laboratory 

American  Ceramic  Society  Meeting,  Electronic  Division 

"Gas  Chromatographic  Separations  of  Closing  Boiling 
Isomers" 

Dr.  A.  R.  Paterson,  Central  Research  Laboratory 

Secoiui  International  Symposinni  on  Cas  Chromatography 
at  Michigan  State  University 

"Correlation  of  Structure  and  Coating  Properties  of 
Polyurethane  Copolymers" 

Dr.  Maurice  E.  Bailey,  G.  C.  Toone,  G.  S.  Wooster, 
National  Aniline  Division;  E.  G.  Bobalck.  Case  In- 
stitute of  Technology  and  Consultant  on  Organic 

Coatings 

Gordon  Research  Conference  on  Organic  Coatings 

"Corrosion  of  Metals  by  Chromic  Acid  Solutions" 

Ted  M,  Swain,  Solvay  Process  Division 

Annual  Conference  of  the  National  Association  of 
Corrosion  Engineers 


"Isocyanate  Resins" 

Leslie  M.  Faichney,  National  Aniline  Division 

Modern  Plastics  Encyclopedia 

"Concentration  of  Sulphide  Ore  by  Air  Float  Tables- 
Gossan  Mines" 


R.  H.  Dickinson,  Wilbert  J.  Trepp,  I.  O.  Nichols. 
General  Chemical  Division 

Engineering  and  Atining  Journal 

'Urethane  Foams" 


Dr.  Maurice  E.  Bailey,  National  Aniline  Division 

For  publication  in  a  hook  on  modern  plastics  by 
Herbert  R.  Sunomis 

"The  Booming  Polyesters" 

James  E.  Sayre  and  Paul  A.  Elias,  Plastics  and  Coal 
Chemicals  Division 

Chemical  A  Engineering  News 

"7',  2',  4'— Trimethoxvfiavone" 

Dr.  Sydney  M.  Spatz  and  Dr.  Marvin  Koral,  Na- 
tional Aniline  Division 

Journal  of  Organic  Chemistry 

"Physical  Properties  of  Perfiuoropropane" 

James  A.  Brown,  General  Chemical  Research  Lab- 
oratory 


Journal  of  Physical  Chemistry 


"Use  of  Polyethylene  Emulsions  in  Textile  Applications"         "Sulfur  Hexafluoride" 


Robert  Rosenbaum,  Semet-Solvay  Division 
D.  D.  Gagliardi,  Gagliardi  Research  Corporation 
American  Association  of  Textile  Colorists  i*i  C  hemist: 


Dr.  Whitney  H.  Mears,  General  Chemical  Research 
Laboratory 

Encyclopedia  of  Chemical  Technology 


BASIC  TO 
AMERICA'S 
PROGRESS 


DIVISIONS:    BARRETT    •    GENERAL   CHEMICAL    ■    NATIONAL  ANILINE    •    NITROGEN    • 
PLASTICS   AND   COAL  CHEMICALS  -SEMET-SOLVAY-  SOLVAY  P  ROCESS  ■  I  NTER  N  ATI  ON  AL 


FEBRUARY,  1960 


17 


The  industry  that 


impurity  built 


Exit  rones  capable  of  withstanding 
temperatures  of  6000°  F.  represent 
one  example  oj  advanced  eng;ineer- 
ing  beinp  performed  by  the  Hughes 
Plastics  Laboratory. 


This  photomicrograph  (at  left)  of  an  etched  silicon 
crystal  is  used  in  the  study  of  semiconductor  materials. 
Impurities  introduced  into  crystals  such  as  this  form 
junctions  for  semiconductor  devices. 

In  the  fast-growing  semiconductor  industry.  Hughes 
Products,  the  commercial  activity  of  Hughes,  is  leading 
the  field.  Its  programs  include  basic  research  on  semi- 
conductor surfaces:  alloying  and  diffusion  techniques; 
and  materials  characterization  studies  to  determine  the 
electrical  effects  of  imperfections  and  impurities. 

In  addition,  Hughes  Products  is  developing  new  semi- 
conductor devices  such  as  parametric  amplifiers,  high 
frequency  performance  diodes,  and  improved  types  of 
silicon  transistors.  New  techniques  are  being  devised  for 
casting  silicon  into  various  configurations.  Also  under- 
way is  the  development  of  new  intermetallic  compounds 
for  use  in  semiconductor  devices. 

Other  activities  of  Hughes  provide  similarly  stimu- 
lating outlets  for  creative  engineering.  The  Hughes 
Research  &  Development  Laboratories  are  conducting 


studies  in  Advanced  Airborne  Electronics  Svstems, 
Space  \  chicles.  Plastics.  Xuclear  Electronics.  Global  and 
Spatial  Communications  Systems.  Ballistic  Missiles... 
and  many  more.  Hughes  in  Fullerton  is  developing  radar 
antennas  which  position  beams  in  space  by  electronic 
rather  than  mechanical  means. 

The  diversity  and  advanced  nature  of  Hughes  projects 
provides  an  ideal  environment  for  the  graduating  or 
experienced  engineer  interested  in  building  rewarding, 
long-range  professional  stature. 


ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERS  AND  PHYSICISTS 
Members  of  our  staff  will  conduct 

CAMPUS  INTERVIEWS 

MARCH   10  and   11,   1960 

For  Interview  appointment  or  informational 
literature  consult  your  College  Placement  Director. 


The  HV.(('s  Lculvr  m  aAvanml  ULUC'iRONICS 


HUGHES 


HUGHES   AIRCRAFT  COMPANY 

Cidi'er  City,  El  Scgtitido,  Ftillcrtoii, 

Newport  Beach,  Matihii  and  Los  Aii^vlcs,  Citliforiila 

Tucson,  Arizotia 


\  Falcon  air-to-air  ^tiiilpil  missiles,  shoirn  in  an  environmental 
stralo  chamber  arc  being  developed  and  manufactured  by  Hughes 
ens,ineers  in  Tucson.  Arizona. 


The  word  space  commonly  represents  the  outer,  airless  regions  of  the  universe. 
But  there  is  quite  another  kind  of  "space"  close  at  hand,  a  kind  that  will  always 
challenge  the  genius  of  man. 

This  space  can  easily  be  measured.  It  is  the  space-dimension  of  cities  and  the 
distance  between  them  ...  the  kind  of  space  found  between  mainland  and  off- 
shore oil  rig,  between  a  tiny,  otherwise  inaccessible  clearing  and  its  supply 
base,  between  the  site  of  a  mountain  crash  and  a  waiting  ambulance— above  all, 
Sikorsky  is  concerned  with  the  precious  "spaceway"  that  currently  exists  be- 
tween all  earthbound  places. 

Our  engineering  efforts  are  directed  toward  a  variety  of  VTOL  and  STOL 
aircraft  configurations.  Among  earlier  Sikorsky  designs  arc  some  of  the  most 
versatile  airborne  vehicles  now  in  existence;  on  our  boards  today  are  the  ve- 
hicles that  can  prove  to  be  tomorrow's  most  versatile  means  of  transportation. 

Here,  then,  is  a  space  age  challenge  to  be  met  with  the  finest  and  most  practical 
engineering  talent.  Here,  perhaps,  is  the  kind  of  challenge  you  can  meet. 


CLIKORSKY 
AIRCRAFT 


For  information  about  careers  with  us,  please  ad- 
dress Mr.  Richard  L.  Aufen,  Personnel  Department. 


One  of  the  Divisions  of  Untied  Aircraft  Corporation 
STRATFORD,   CONNECTICUT 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


HUMAN    CAPABILITIES 

and 

SPACE    FLIGHT 


By  Milton  Haefner 


Introduction 

In  recent  years,  a  freqLiently  asked 
question  has  been,  "Is  it  possible  to  put 
a  man  into  space?"  From  a  technical 
point  of  view,  the  answer  to  this  ques- 
tion would  be  yes,  a  man  can  be  put 
into  space. 

However,  man  is  designed  to  exist 
within  a  comparatively  limited  en\iron- 
ment.  Due  to  his  chemical  and  structur- 
al composition,  he  can  tolerate  only 
relatively  small  changes  in  this  environ- 
ment. Therefore,  the  question  of  putting 
a  man  into  space  is  largely  a  question 
of  whether  or  not  man  is  capable  of 
surviving  in  space.  Looking  at  Figure 
1,  it  can  be  seen  that  many  of  man's 
physical  limitations  and  tolerances  fall 
outside  of  the  range  of  conditions  whicii 
exist  in  space.  From  this,  it  is  evident 
that  if  man  is  to  survive  in  space,  he 
iTiust  either  adapt  to  his  new  environ- 
ment or  change  the  environment. 

It  is  impossible  to  present  here  all 
the  problems  which  must  be  faced  and 
solved  before  man  can  enter  into  his 
new  environment,  space.  Two  import- 
ant factors,  however,  which  must  be 
taken  into  consideration  are  man's  tol- 
erance to  stress  caused  b\'  acceleration 
and  man's  reaction  to  lack  of  weight 
both  of  which  must  be  encountered  if 
man  is  to  accomplish  space  travel.  An- 
other consideration  is  the  internal  en- 
vironment which  must  be  maintained 
in  the  space  vehicle  if  man  is  to  con- 
tinue to  function  efficiently.  Decom- 
pression and  radiation  problems  nuist 
also  be  taken  into  account  when  study- 
ing the  possibility  of  survival  in  space. 
A  less  often  considered  aspect  of  the 
problem  of  man  in  space  is  the  psycho- 
logical-social problem  which  will  be  en- 
countered due  to  confinement  inside  a 
small  container. 

Acceleration 

These  and  other  problems  will  now 
be  considered  in  more  detail.  Due  to 
the  method  by  which  man  will  be  pro- 
pelled into  space,  it  is  inevitable  that 
he  will  be  subjected  to  high  acceleration 


forces.  There  are  two  factors  which  will 
greatly  affect  man's  ability  to  tolerate 
this  force.  These  factors  are  the  position 
of  the  man  relative  to  the  direction  of 
the  acceleration  and  the  duration  of  time 
for  which  the  acceleration  will  last. 

It    has    been    calculated    that    dining 
take-off  of   a   three-stage   orbital    rocket. 


ID 

0 


26 


kW.I  pi' 
155- AVM. 
A7H,  , 


ZZo 
Zoo 
tSo 

\oa 
9a 

*f.Trftw»uSB*J 
■JJJ"  SSo.lJBC 

Co 
4  ,'-l«C 


TftMP-        PSEit-       ACCEL- 

EHATyRE      v;re      eratiou 

Figm'e   1:    I.Icii  in  the 
Phyiical  YJorld. 


the  passenger  will  be  subjected  to  accel- 
erations ranging  from  .i  Cl's  for  10  min- 
utes to  10  (I's  for  3  minutes.  However, 
these  are  not  the  only  acceleration  forces 
which  will  affect  the  pilot  of  a  space 
vehicle.  For  instance,  in  a  turning  ma- 
neu\-er  at  high  \cIocity,  normal  acceler- 


ations as  high  as  40-50  G's  may  be  ex- 
perienced. These  accelerations  can,  of 
course,  be  reduced  by  increasing  the 
turning  radius  of  the  maneuver  while 
holding  the  velocity  of  the  vehicle  con- 
stant (see  Figure  2 ). 

Consider  now  how  a  man's  tolerance 
to  acceleration  varies  with  the  direction 
and  duration  of  the  force.  When  man 
is  in  the  upright  position,  with  the  ac- 
celeration acting  along  his  longitudinal 
axis,  he  has  the  lowest  tolerance  to  ac- 
celeration. Refering  to  Figure  3.  it  can 
be  seen  that  an  acceleration  of  three 
(I's  sustained  for  a  duration  of  one  to 
two  minutes  would  cause  black-out.  The 
cause  of  this  condition  is  that  the  blood 
pressure  is  not  great  enough  to  over- 
come the  added  weight  of  the  blood, 
and  the  blood  then  drains  away  from 
the  eyes.  Unconsciousness  soon  follows 
black-out. 

There  is,  however,  a  significant  in- 
crease in  tolerance  to  acceleration  when 
the  subject  is  placed  in  a  supine  or  prone 
position.  The  only  difference  between 
the  supine  and  prone  positions  is  that 
supine  refers  to  lying  face  up  while 
prone  refers  to  lying  face  down.  Again 
refering  to  Figure  3,  it  is  seen  that  at 
ten  G's  acceleration,  man's  tolerance 
limit  is  now  about  three  hundred  sec- 
onds or  five  minutes.  At  an  acceleration 
of  three  Ci's,  a  man's  useful  tolerance 
limit  would  be  about  six  thousand  sec- 
onds or  one  hundred  minutes. 

From  the  acceleration  point  of  view, 
it  then  appears  that  the  tolerance  limits 
of  man  will  not  cause  too  serious  an 
obstacle  in  the  problem  of  sending  man 
into  space. 

Weightlessness 

Weightlessness  is  perhaps  one  of  the 
most  difficult  orbital  conditions  to  re- 
produce vmder  laboratory  conditions. 
There  are  only  two  ways  in  which  it  is 
possible  to  simulate  this  gravity-free 
condition.  One  of  these  ways  is  to  place 
a  body  in  a  state  of  free-fall,  and  the 
other  is  to  transport  a  body  in  an  air- 
(Contlniicil  on   Next  Paejc) 


FEBRUARY,  1960 


21 


RoutE 

Ml. 

T»M£ 

^.0 

80 

10 

ZV.G 

3.0 

\Z0 

15' 

2^.0 

\.^ 

14^ 

3.0 

\Z.O 

.2C 

^80 
960 

6.0 
\Z>0 

6.0 
3.0 

Figure   c:      I-^ormal  Acceleration^^ 
Due  To  Turning   Rate^ 


L'l.-itt  uliK'h  IS  ilcsiTibiiiL;  a  parabolR'  arc. 
Hoth  ot  tlifsf  iiR-tlioiis  ot  smuilatiiifi  tlic 
fiiavity-tree  condition  have  the  obvious 
disadvantage  that  the  time  duration  of 
the  condition  is  too  short  to  determine 
the   effects   of   proU)nged   weightlessness. 

There  are,  in  general,  two  sides  to 
the  problem  of  weightlessness.  The  first 
is  the  more  obvious  physiological  aspect, 
lack  of  muscular  co-ordination  and  dis- 
orientation being  two  of  the  greatest 
factors. 

Decrease  m  nuiscni.ir  co-ordmatioii  is 
expecteil   to  take  place  whcji  the  gravity 


tree  state  is  first  expeiiciiced,  but  ail- 
justment  to  tliis  condition  will  prob- 
ably occur  within  a  relatively  short 
time.  This  lack  of  muscular  co-ordina- 
tion is  caused  by  the  fact  that  man  is 
normally  accustomed  to  exerting  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  muscular  tension  in 
order  to  accomplish  some  motion.  How- 
ever, in  the  weightless  state,  the  same 
amount  of  force  will  result  in  more  mo- 
tion than  is  anticipated;  the  first  at- 
tempts to  compensate  for  this  overexer- 
tion will  result  in  decreased  muscular 
co-ordination.   The  final   answer  to  this 


(piestion  will  not  be  known  until  ;iii 
orbital  vehicle  is  actually  put  into  oper- 
ation, because  this  alone  will  provide  a 
gravity-free  condition  of  sufficient  dur- 
ation  for  adjustment  to  take  place. 

(Orientation  depends  on  certain  sen- 
sory organs,  some  of  which  depend  on 
gra\ity  for  their  stimulus,  and,  as  a  re- 
sult, weightlessness  will  cau.se  these 
gravity-sensitive  preceptors  to  be  inef- 
fective. Nerve  endings  are  one  example 
of  these  preceptors;  by  indicating  where 
the  pressures  due  to  weight  are  concen- 
trated, they  thereby  indicate  position. 
To  clarify  this  statement,  consider  this 
example:  if  the  soles  of  a  man's  feet 
detect  pressure  concentrations,  he  knows 
lie  is  standing,  while  if  the  concentra- 
tions ;ire  distributed  on  his  back,  he 
knows  he  is  lying  face  up.  Another 
organ  which  aids  the  sense  of  orienta- 
tion is  the  inner  ear  which  again  de- 
pends on  gravit\'  as  a  stimulus. 

There  is,  however,  one  means  of  ori- 
entation which  does  not  depend  on 
gravity  as  a  stimulus.  This  is  visual  ori- 
entation and  it  is  believed  by  most  au- 
thorities that  this  means  of  fixing  one's 
position  and  motion  with  respect  to  the 
interior  of  the  vehicle  will  largely  oxer- 
come  the  effects  of  disorientation  due  to 
weightlessness. 

In  addition  to  the  physiological  prob- 
lem, there  is  also  the  possibilit\  of  a 
psychological  problem  arising  as  a  re- 
sult of  weightlessness.  Since  the  first 
men  to  be  chosen  for  space  travel  will 
be  above-average  physical  specimens, 
there  is  the  probability  that  they  will 
also  have  an  above-a\erage  interest  in 
their  bodies.  There  is  a  correlation  be- 


\oo 


o.S- 


l>a.*i6,ur6M^ 


■-Fa»TM*    i>oaFACc      ^" 


\06zc 


16^ 


K5" 


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Figure  o:      HiiiQan  time- tolerance   to  acceleration 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


tuffii  masculinit\  luul  physical  attri- 
butes and  as  a  result,  lack  of  co-ordina- 
tion may  cause  some  concern  as  to  loss 
(if  masculine  traits.  This  may  in  turn 
cause  some  men  to  strive  to  regain  their 
vclf-confidence  by  aggressive  actions  and 
bullying.  Of  course,  in  the  close  qviar- 
ters  of  a  space  vehicle,  this  is  intolerable. 

Cabin   Environment 

If  HKUi  is  to  sui\i\e  and  to  continue 
to  function  efficiently  in  space,  then  he 
must  be  provided  with  an  en\ironnient 
which,  within  moderate  limits,  will  ap- 
proximate that  on  earth.  Pressvne,  tem- 
perature, humidity,  and  chemical  com- 
position of  the  atmosphere  are  the  most 
important  considerations  in  determining 
man's  en\ironment  requirements. 

There  is  a  great  deal  of  correlation 
between  pressure  and  oxygen  require- 
ments. At  sea  level,  14.7  psi  pressure 
with  an  oxygen  content  of  21  per  cent 
Is  MifHcient  to  provide  man  with  needed 
(iwgen  supplies.  Howe\cr,  as  the  total 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere  and  the  par- 
tial pressure  due  to  the  oxygen  decrease, 
a  greater  percentage  of  oxygen  is  re- 
quired. When  the  total  pressure  has 
been  reduced  to  about  3.5  psi,  100  per- 
cent oxygen  is  required  to  give  the  ef- 
fect of  sea  level  breathing.  From  a  tech- 
nical viewpoint,  it  is  not  feasible  to  con- 
sider a  100  per  cent  oxygen  atmosphere 
and  as  a  residt,  pressures  considerably 
above  3:5  psi  will  have  to  be  main- 
tained. Ideally,  sea  level  pressures  woidd 
be  desirable  from  the  physiological 
standpoint,  but  the  resulting  pressure 
ilifferential  in  space  vehicles  would  pro- 
\  ide  serious  structural  difficulties. 

The  oxygen  consumption  rate  of  man 
depends  on  how  hard  he  is  working. 
Figure  4  gi\'es  some  values  of  this  con- 
sumption rate,  a  reasonable  overall  aver- 
age being  about  24  cu.  ft.  per  day  or  2 
pounds  per  day.  Corresponding  to  this 
oxygen  consumption  rate,  about  21.6  cu. 
ft.  or  2.5  pounds  of  carbon  dioxide 
would  be  released  per  day. 

It  will  therefore,  be  necessary  to  pro- 
vide means  of  supplying  oxygen  and 
eliminating  carbon  dioxide.  Since  the 
first  attempts  at  manned  space  flight 
will  most  likely  be  of  short  duration, 
the  oxygen  problem  will  probably  he 
solved  by  storing  a  sufficient  supply 
ahead  of  time.  The  carbon  dioxide  prob- 
lem will  most  likely  be  solved  by  utiliz- 
ing a  chemical  reaction  which  will  ab- 
sorb or  decompose  the  carbon  dioxide. 

Temperatme  and  humidity  are  also 
two  important  aspects  of  cabin  environ- 
ment. While  man  can  withstand  rea- 
sonable temperature  extremes  for  a  short 
period  of  time,  it  must  be  taken  into 
account  that  man  in  space  must  be  an 
efficient  mechanism.  In  order  for  him 
to  function  properly  for  extended  pe- 
riods of  time,  provisions  must  be  made 
til  maintain   a   comfort:ible   temperaturc- 


humiditv'  level.  The  problem  of  heating 
ilue  to  friction  will  be  accounted  for  by 
providing  sufficient  insulation  and  a  pos- 
sible heat  sink.  However,  the  amount  of 
heat  produced  by  the  human  body  is  ap- 
proximatelv  3,000  cal.  per  day  or  about 
12,000  B.T.U.  per  day.  As  a  result, 
the  same  insulation  which  earlier  pro- 
tected the  man  mav'  now  cause  him 
some  discomfort  if  suitable  air-condi- 
tioning is  not  provided.  Perspiration  will 
over  a  period  of  time,  raise  the  hu- 
midity  level    if   steps   are    not    taken    to 


wlulc  total  deconnuession  would  not 
occur  for  almost  ten  minutes.  It  can 
then  be  seen  that  the  time  it  takes  for 
hypoxia  to  occur  would  be  the  limiting 
factor  when  considering  decompression 
effects. 

Decompression  sickness  is  the  result 
of  two  things:  lowered  boiling  points 
and  gas  expansion.  From  Boyle's  Law 
it  is  known  that  as  the  pressure  applied 
to  a  gas  is  decreased,  the  volume  in- 
creases. Because  of  this,  any  gas  which 
is   trapped    in    tissues   when    decompres- 


Og.  Ui>eti  ('f«ed«y/{»J 

CiOzEelEASED^AV/M^ 

CM.fi. 

tb&. 

CU.  (t 

)U. 

19.2 

i.rg> 

f$.8 

*.g> 

Zh^ 

J.?9 

B.Z 

2.2 

ZM.O 

l$9 

Zi.& 

2.r 

1    20.8 

2.39 

264 

3.0 

\    ZZ-i 

Z-W 

3\.Z 

3,& 

Figure   4:      OTrjgen  CoixbUiiiption 
and  Carbon  Dioxide  ReleaaSe 


prevent  this.  However,  this  can  easily 
be  overcome  by  use  of  chemicals  which 
ab.sorb  moisture. 

Decompression 

Most  factors  point  to  the  desirability 
of  employing  a  sealed  cabin  for  manned 
space  vehicles.  However,  in  space  this 
can  cause  a  severe  problem  in  the  event 
of  meteorite  collision.  While  it  has  been 
calculated  that  the  chance  of  collision 
with  meterites  of  significant  size  is  ex- 
tremely remote,  the  problem  must  be 
considered. 

Decompression  means  loss  of  pressures 
due  to  atmosphere  and  it  is  here  meant 
to  be  a  relatively  fast  loss  of  pressure. 
The  physiological  results  of  this  decom- 
pression include  hypoxia  and  decompres- 
sion sickness. 

Hvpoxia,  or  oxvgen  starvation,  is 
probablv'  the  more  serious  pioblem. 
Holes  caused  by  meteorites  would  prob- 
ably be  of  the  order  of  one  inch  in 
diameter,  and  it  has  been  calculated 
that  with  an  initial  pressure  differen- 
tial of  14.7  psi  in  a  500-cu.  ft.  cabin, 
hypoxia    wo\dd    occur    in    two    minutes 


sion  occurs  will  expand  causing  tissue 
damage.  "Boiling  of  the  blood"  will 
also  occm'  because  the  effect  of  lower- 
ing pressure  on  a  fluid  is  to  reduce  the 
vaporization  temperature.  When  the 
pressure  becomes  sufficiently  low,  nor- 
mal bodv'  temperature  becomes  the 
boiling  point  of  body  fluids  and  bubbles 
will  then  form. 

One  possible  solution  to  this  problem 
is  the  use  of  emergency  oxygen  sup- 
plies which  can  be  released  to  prevent 
decompression  for  a  sufficient  period  of 
time  for  the  crew  to  don  pressure  suits. 

Radiation 

Without  the  pnitection  of  the  earth's 
atmosphere,  which  filters  out  most  harm- 
ful radiation,  man  will  be  s\ibjecte<l  to 
heavy  cosmic  and  solar  radiation. 

Solar  radiation,  which  is  ultraviolet 
in  nature,  will  cause  severe  sunburn  and 
heating  problems.  Since  man's  first  space 
ventures  will  most  likely  be  accomp- 
lished entirely  within  the  confines  of 
the  space  vehicle,  sunburn  problems  will 
perhaps  cause  some  concern.  It  is  hoped 
(Ci)ii(liulcd  nil  Xe.vt  Page) 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


23 


tliat  the  tcnipcriituri'  control  will  In- 
accomplisju'il  by  makinj;  sonif  areas  ot 
the  vi'liicic  radiation  ri'ilcctors  while 
other  surfaces  will  absorb  railiation. 

Cosniic  radiation  is  at  present  larfjely 
a  matter  of  speculation.  It  is  known 
that  as  altitude  increases  primary  rad'a- 
tion  (alpha,  beta,  gamma,  etc.)  also  in- 
creases. It  is  believed  that  the  cticct-- 
of  this  radiation  on  man  will  be  much 
the  same  as  the  effects  of  radiations 
which  are  found  on  earth,  llowexer, 
since  heavy  radiation  shieldinji  is  'm- 
practical  in  space  vehicles,  the  soliit on 
to  this  problem  is  not  readily  appannr. 

Social-Psychological  Problems 

The  most  pressing  psychological  prob- 
lems will  be  those  of  isolation  and  bore- 
dom. Once  a  space  vehicle  has  b-eii 
successfully  put  into  orbit,  there  will 
be  little  for  the  crewman  to  do  except 
for  occasional  monitoring  of  iiistu- 
mcnts.  Ill  addition,  there  will  be  phy-i- 
cal  restraints  due  to  the  I'estricted  si/e 
of  orbital  vehicles. 

Studies  on  the  effects  of  sustained  iso- 
lation and  boredom  indicate  reduced  in- 
tellectual capacities,  emotional  depres- 
sion, and  a  tendency  to\\ard  hallucina- 
tions. Of  course,  these  conditions  will 
be  intolerable  in  prolonged  space 
flights.  There  are  however,  \aiious  ways 
of  overcoming,  to  a  certain  degree,  the 
effects  of  isolation  and  boredom.  Radio 


oi'  tele\  ision  links  with  cirih  wciuiil 
greath  rehe\e  the  seus.itKJii  ot  beuig 
separ.ateil  tidni  realir\.  .Small  games  or 
problems  which  would  jiresent  a  chal- 
lenge to  man's  intellect  would  also  be 
of   great  help   in    relieving   boredom. 

.\s  space  flights  increase  in  length 
aiul  Clews  increase  in  si/.e,  the  problem 
of  inter-personality  relations  will  be  of 
interest.  There  is  much  truth  in  the 
ailage,  "Familiarity  breeds  contempt.  " 
Tests  have  indicated  that  even  the  best 
of  friends  can  become  enemies  when 
s  ibiected  to  e.-icb  others  conip;my  for 
_'4  hours  a  da\  tor  extended  periods  of 
time.  The  solution  to  this  problem  is 
tluit  enough  room  must  be  proxided  to 
;issure  each  indixidual  a  certain  degree 
of  pri\ac\'.  It  has  also  been  shown  that 
personalities  which  are  too  evenly 
matched  will  not  prove  to  be  a  good 
(imilition  for  extended  periods  of  time. 
This  brings  up  the  possibility  of  mixed- 
sex  crews  because  of  the  obvious  per- 
sonality differences.  However,  on  flights 
of  durations  oxer  a  year's  length,  this 
could  ;ilso  produce  some  obvious  diffi- 
culties. 

Summary 

While  ti(im  a  technical  point  of  \iew, 
m.iii  in  space  is  ipiite  possible,  physio- 
logical and  psychological  problems  must 
,ilso  be  taken  into  consideration  before 
manned  space  flights  are  undertaken. 


llii\\c\cr,  it  woulil  seem  that  mosi 
111  these  problems  can  be  solved  with 
picsent  day  engineering  practices.  It  is 
hoped  that  satellite  programs  now  in 
progress  will  shed  light  on  some  prob- 
lems such  as  radiation  effects  and  me- 
teorite concentrations  about  which  icla- 
ti\ely  little  is  now  known. 

With  all  problems  taken  into  con- 
sideration, it  is  reasonable  to  make  the 
statement    "Man    in    space    is    possible." 

Ki:i'KRI'.NCI',S: 
t.   1.  J.  Ratfiine,  "AcceieratiDiis  I'Drccs  and 
llu'    Space    Pileit,"    Journal    of    :l slronaulics, 
viil.  2,   11(1.   3,  '55,   p  100-4. 

2.  II.  StruKhold,  "Medical  Prolilems  Iii- 
vcilveil  ill  Ortiital  Space  FliEht,"  7/7  l'>o/>iil- 
sioii.  vnl.  26,  no.  9,  Sept.  '56,  p  745-8,  7  56, 
788. 

3.  K.  H.  Kiinccii,  "lliiinaii  FacKirs  in 
Space  FIijj;ht,"  .Ifio/Sptti  r  lint/irii'iiiiit/,  vol. 
17,   no.    6,    Tunc   '58,    p    34-40. 

4.  C.  A.  Heny,  "Tlic  F.m  iiniime iit  (if 
Space  in  Human  I^light,"  .Irroiiaulu al  hniji- 
ncertnq  Kcvicu:,  vol.  16,  n((.  3,  Mar.  '58, 
p    3  5-8,    60. 

5.  O.  N.  Micliael,  "How  to  Keep  Space 
Crews  Content,"  Missies  and  Roikiis,  vol.  3, 
no.  4,  Apr  '58,   p   110,   112-4. 


Motel  Skyscraper 

A  motel  building,  23  to  ,iS  stories 
high  and  costing  $18  million,  is  planned 
for  downtown  Fort  Worth.  Parking 
will  be  on  the  same  floors  as  the  rooms. 
The  building  also  will  include  an  audi- 
torium seating  6,000  to  8,000  persons. 


Help  Wanted 


Positions  are  available  on  the  editorial  and  production  staff  of 
The  Illinois  Technograph.  Experience  of  this  type  is  invaluable 
for  personal  satisfaction,  job  references,  and  development  of 
creative  skills.  Applicants  need  not  be  engineering  students. 
Interested  persons  may  call  the  editor,  Dave  Penniman,  at 
2-4254  or  leave  their  name  at  The  Technograph  office  in  215 
Civil  Engineering  Hall. 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


JOB   OPPORTUNITIES  OVERSEAS 

The  Myth  and  the   Truth 


By  Judy  Ondria 


Do  you  see  yourself  in  a  \ear  or  so 
with  a  degree  in  one  hand  and  a  suit- 
case in  tile  other,  hoarding  a  transcon- 
tinental jet  on  the  \va\'  to  a  joh  o\er- 
scas?  You  have  heard  ot  telhjws  who 
gra(hiate,  join  a  firm  and  go  to  some 
ideal  foreign  country  to  represent  that 
firm.  You  probably  have  thouglit, 
"What  a  setup!  (let  paid  to  travel!  I'll 
have  to  find  out  about  getting  one  of 
those  jobs."  And  then  perhaps  your  da\- 
dreani  went  on  to  Italian  wines  or  (ler- 
man  beer  or  French  women. 

Lots  of  engineers  dream  of  just  the 
same  thing.  Mrs.  Pauline  Chapman, 
head  of  the  engineering  placement  of- 
fice, says  eacii  semester  she  is  asked  re- 
peatedly about  firms  looking  for  men 
to  relocate  abroad  and  each  semester 
she  must  tell  many  job  hunters,  there 
are  N(^  opportunities  for  starting  engi- 
neers overseas.  The  statement,  of  course, 
must  be  qualified.  There  are  rare  cases, 
but  Mrs.  Chapman  and  representati\es 
(if  engineering  firms  who  conduct  inter- 
\  iews  on  campus  prefer  to  take  the  abso- 
lute negative  viewpoint  becaiise  of  tlie 
raritx'  . 

There  are  two  main  reasons  wh\-  a 
-farting  engineer  is  not  sent  overseas. 
I  )ne   is  economic,   the  other  diplomatic. 

.Mrs.  Chapman  and  a  representative 
from  Boeing  .Aircraft  list  the  following 
icasons  why  few  starting  engineers  have 
a  chance  for  foreign  employment.  First 
iif  all,  companies  realize  that  recent 
maduates  look  upon  an  overseas  job  as 
a  two-year  paid  vacation.  They  realize 
the  engineer  thinks  of  the  job  as  a  final 
"fling"  before  settling  down  to  responsi- 
bilities of  a  wife,  home  and  children. 
The  companies  know  that  the  engineer 
lioesn't  want  to  work  overseas  more 
than  two  years.  The  engineers  don't 
want  to  make  a  career  of  foreign  work. 
It's  a  well-known  fact  that  a  person  just 
starting  with  a  firm  cannot  know  every- 
thing he  needs  to  know  to  represent  the 
firm ;  therefore  men  with  five  or  ten 
\ears'  experience  are  much  better  invest- 
ments. It's  common  sense  to  companies 
that  they  save  money  by  sending  an  old- 
er, more  settled  and  more  experienced 
man  overseas.  Also  most  of  the  jobs 
available  are  top  management  positions 
that  only  experu-nced   men   .-ire  qualified 


to  fill.  Mrs.  C'hapman  sa\s  she  has 
talked  with  man\  company  representa- 
ti\es  on  the  subject  of  foreign  employ- 
ment. .'\lmost  every  company,  she  says, 
wants  at  least  fi\e  years'  experience  in 
the  re|iresenrari\  es ;  most  ask  for  ten 
\ears. 

Tied  in  with  the  economic  savings 
mentioned  abo\e,  the  Boeing  representa- 
ti\e  sa\s  that  often  an  engineer  who  gets 
an  o\  erseas  job  doesn't  want  it  for  loii":. 
.American  firms  over.seas  are  mainly  in 
countries  like  Saudi  Arabia  and  South 
America.  The  Americans  nuist  lower 
their  standard  of  li\ing.  and  not  many 
men  can  adiust.  The  men  that  do  go 
o\er  won't  find  large,  clean  homes  with 
modern  plumbing  and  refrigeration. 
The  foods  available  aren't  fresh  vege- 
tables or  government  inspected  meats. 
He  says  most  .Americans,  unused  to  the 
native  diet,  get  sick  when  the\  eat  the 
foo.l. 

The  aho\e  are  superficial  reasons, 
however.  The  real  reasons  lie  in  the 
realm  of  diplomatic  relations.  When  .an 
American  firm  contracts  with  a  foreign 
country  to  build  a  branch  office  in  that 
country,  the  firm  must  agree  to  hire  as 
high  as  95  per  cent  native  help.  The  re- 
maining five  per  cent  employed  are,  of 
necessity,  Americans  in  a  supervisory 
capacity.  This  again  emphasizes  the  nec- 
essit\    of   at   least  five  years'   experience. 

Not  onl\'  must  95  per  cent  of  the  em- 
plo\ees  be  native,  but  there  is  an  under- 
standing between  the  firm  and  the  gov- 
ernment that  as  time  pa.sses,  natives  will 
be  trained  to  take  over  these  supervisory 
positions.  The  longer  a  compaiu'  has 
been  over.seas,  the  smaller  the  need  tor 
.American  help. 

Another  source  of  native  hel|i  to  till 
engineering  positions  overseas  are  the 
great  numbers  of  men  who  come  to  the 
United  States  from  a  foreign  country  to 
get  a  degree.  These  natives,  after  re- 
ceiving their  degrees,  go  back  to  their 
homes.  They  will  find  any  kind  of  job 
once  they  are  home.  These  men  literally 
sit  around  and  wait  for  an  American 
firm  to  open  in  the  area.  And  these  are 
the  men  that  are  hired.  They  are  well- 
trained,  (]ualified  engineers.  American 
firms  can't  afford  tn  nut  hire  these  men  ; 


and  the  firm  knows  that  these  engineeis 
are  not  just  looking  for  ,a  vacation.  In 
most  cases  native  engineers  can  he 
counted  on  as  permanent  help  in  that 
area. 

One  other  strong  reason  for  employ- 
ing natives  is  the  fact  that  it  is  just 
good  business  .sense.  Natives  do  a  much 
better  .selling  job  to  their  own  country- 
men than  any  American  could  do. 

.Another  main  source  of  overseas  en- 
gineering jobs  is  through  the  federal 
government.  Tom  Page,  University  rep- 
resentative in  charge  of  placement  with 
government  agencies,  savs  that  an  over- 
seas job  is  not  the  first  iob  an  engineer- 
ing graduate  will  get.  He  must  first  go 
through  a  training  period.  Government 
pamphlets  on  available  jobs  qualify 
openings  for  "mature,  competent  pro- 
fessional and  technical  specialists  of  rec- 
ognized stature."  These  men  are  needed 
as  "experts  in  the  fields  of  engineering." 

The  closest  a  college  graduate  can  get 
to  a  government  overseas  job  is  as  a 
su|iport  specialist.  Support  specialists 
work  with  persons  of  recognized  stature. 
But  here,  too,  is  a  qualifier.  These  spe- 
cialists must  have  "an  excellent  formal 
education  (or  its  work  equivalent)  .  .  . 
and  several  years  of  profession.al  work 
experience.   .   .   . 

If  you  still  want  to  go  abroad,  there 
are  a  few  possibilities.  Some  of  the  na- 
tional advertising  of  I  .  S.  firms,  pub- 
lished in  I'hi  ']'(■(  linn//)  ii/ili  offers  for- 
eign opportunities.  Look  into  these  firms 
to  find  out  what  they  are  offering. 

(i.  Brnvver,  Boiang's  representative, 
sees  a  somewhat  optimistic  future  for 
overseas  jobs,  however.  He  feels  that  as 
industry  develops  overseas,  so  will  job 
opportunities.  There  is  a  trend  starting, 
he  says,  for  companies  to  contract  busi- 
ness in  other  countries.  Several  automo- 
bile and  electronic  firms  are  already  set- 
ting up  firms  in  F'urope.  Brower  feels 
foreign  aid  .and  the  United  Nations' 
policies  should  bring  some  increase  m 
jobs. 

But  the  most  practical  tiling  is  to  re- 
sign yourself  to  at  least  live  years'  train- 
ing here  in  the  states.  If  you  can  prove 
yourself  with  your  company,  they  may 
be  anxious  to  send   you   as  a   represent.a- 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


25 


Women    in    Engineering 


By  Eileen  Markham 


U.I.C 


Have  \ou  notu'ctl  the  shadow  on  I'li- 
tlineering  classes?  What  shadow? — that 
i]uestion  is  easy  to  answer  if  you've 
been   readiiiu;  the  papers. 

It  seems  that  not  enough  women  arc 
entering  the  scientific  professions.  Sta- 
tistics to  prove  this  have  appeared  in 
almost  all  major  news  publications  at 
some  time  during  the  month  of  Decem- 
ber, 1959.  So  what? — the  mniiber  of 
engineers,  chemists,  physicists  and  other 
technicians  could  increase  b\  at  least 
fifty  per  cent  if  the  qualified  women 
entered   these   fields. 

Let's  look  at  these  facts  rationally: 
Do  ice  need  themf  Of  all  Russian  en- 
gineers fifty  per  cent  are  women.  (Rus- 
sia has  more  engineers  tlian  the  United 
States.)  Less  than  one  per  cent  of  our 
engineers  are  women. 

Do  we  need  engineers/  I'll  lea\e  that 
answer  to  your  discretion.  Just  glance  at 
the  Sunday  emploxiiicnr  section  of  any 
major  newspaper. 

(^iin  the  U'liiu  n  do  tin  same  u'ji  k 
men  tire  dnint/.'  With  the  exception  of 
the  jobs  which  involve  heavy  construc- 
tion, engineering  endeavors  are  not  too 
physically  demanding.  The  mental  work 
can  be  done  by  any  intelligent  person 
with  the  proper  training.  And,  since 
brains  do  not  have  sex,  this  can  be 
achieved  by  a  woman. 

Oh !  but,  engineering  is  a  man's  field ! 
Today  it  is.  Tomorrow  it  needn't  be. 
Ciirls  may  have  to  work  harder  to 
acquire  those  extra  intuitive  judgments 
which  are  part  of  a  commonplace  des- 
criptive geometry  situation.  Yet,  some 
of  the  world's  foremost  physicists  and 
mathematicians  were  women.  Even  the 
men  have  produced  no  equal  to  Madame 
Curie  who   achieved   two   Nobel   Prizes. 

Why  don't  women  enter  engineering? 
Look  at  our  own  L  .  of  I.  Undergradu- 
ate Bulletin.  The  information  on  the 
engineering  curriculum  begins  with  a 
sentence  about  the  training  of  "men" 
for  engineering  professions.  For  another 
thing,  women  are  hesitant  to  enter  the 
man's  world.  The  competition  is  keen. 
It  took  over  a  hundred  years  for  women 
to  be  accepted  in  medicine  and  law. 
(They  are  still  frowned  upon  b>'  many 
of  their  male  contemporaries.)  The 
same   problem   exists   in   engineering. 

Sureh,  a  more  casual  atmosphere  ex- 
ists in  an  all  male  class  or  place  of 
work.  Hut  need  this  be  reason  for  the 
instructor  in  a  technical  course  to  ig- 
nore or  downgrade  a  woman  student  ? 
These  things  have  been  known  to  occur. 
I,  however,  say  NO  to  this  treatment! 
Why?  Because:  We're  needed!  We're 
interested!  We  expect  to  earn  our  de- 
grees and  become  qualified  and  capable 
members  of  an  extremely  vital  profes- 
sion. That  is  whv  we  are  engineers. 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


From  the  Pier 


SOLID   ROCKET   FUELS 


By  Mike  Murphy 


On  the  nitiht  of  April  1,  IQid,  Dr. 
Jos.  C  Patricic,  a  chemist  and  i-x-physi- 
cian,  went  into  his  laboratory  to  check 
on  an  experiment.  Little  did  Dr.  Pat- 
rick realize  how  important  this  experi- 
ment would  be  to  the  whole  world.  Dr. 
Patrick  was  trying  to  concoct  a  new- 
type  of  automobile  anti-freeze.  Instead 
of  finding  a  clear  liquid  which  he  ex- 
pected, he  found  something  that  was 
dark  and  s\  rupy  and  having  a  smell 
like  rotten  eggs.  Dr.  Patrick  viewed 
the  experiment  n^ore  or  less  as  a  failure. 
He  used  pieces  of  the  unknown  sub- 
.stance,  which  hardened  upon  cooling, 
for  paperweights.  In  1928  a  man  named 
Bevis  Longstretch  became  interested  in 
the  substance  which  Patrick  had  named 
Thiokol,  which  is  derived  from  the 
Greek  words  thio  (sulphur)  and  kol 
(glue).  It  was  found  that  Thiokol  was 
impervious  to  petroleum  and  therefore 
could  be  used  as  an  extremely  efficient 
gasket  for  sealing  gasoline  tanks  and 
other  petroleum  products  containers. 
The  two  men  searched  for  a  place  to 
open  a  factory  but  were  refused  many 
sites  because  of  the  sulphurous  stencii 
produced  when  Thiokol  was  processed. 
Finally  they  were  able  to  set  up  a  fac- 
tory in  Trenton,  N.  J.  Business  was 
general!)'  poor  but  iluring  World  War 
II  it  improved  because  of  the  demand 
for  gaskets  for  ;iir|ilane  fuel  tanks.  Dur- 
ing the  year  PHI  the  company  made 
$89,000.  It  was  not  until  after  the  war 
that  the  possibilities  of  Thiokol  as  a 
solid  rocket  fuel  were  investigateil  to 
any  extent.  Thiokol  has  been  a  leader  ni 
the  field  of  solid  fuels  ever  since  that 
time.  In  I'H.S  tlic  sales  mounted  to  i'ii,- 
000,000. 

Solid  fuels  have  definite  advantages 
over  liq\iid  fuels.  The\  can  be  pocketed 
into  smaller  spaces  because  of  their  high 
density  and  the  fact  that  the  oxidizer 
is  built  in.  There  are  few  moving  parts 
in  the  combustion  chamber  which  re- 
duces the  chance  of  mechanical  failure. 
Solid  fuels  rockets  are  easier  to  tr.ans- 
port  and  easier  to  fire. 

On  the  other  hand  there  are  se\eral 
disadvantages  to  solid  fuels.  Solid  fuels 
rockets  are  relatively  less  powerful  than 
liquid  fuel  rockets.  There  is  a  chance 
that   the    "grain"    or   charge   ma\'   crack 


and  thus  expose  more  surface  aiea.  This 
condition  will  produce  erratic  Hight  re- 
sulting from  velocity  changes.  Another 
disadvantage  is  the  fact  that  solid  fuels 
misses  are  hard  to  steer.  These  prob- 
lems are  rapidly  being  solved  and  the 
future  of  solid-fuels  looks  good. 

Due  to  the  extensive  research  in  the 
field  of  rocket  propellents  man\  difler- 
cnt  types  have  been  developed  in  the 
past  few  years.  Most  of  the  present  day 
rocket  fuels  deliver  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  200  lbs.  of  thrust  for  each 
pound  of  fuel  consumed  per  second  but 
hiirher  \alues  are  rare.  One  example  of 
solid  fuel  having  more  thrust  is  one 
which  Allegany  Ballistic  Laboratory 
has  been  working  on  and  is  reported  to 
be  about  285. 

A  term  known  as  specific  impulse  is 
generally  referred  to  when  solid  fuels 
are  being  compared.  Specific  impulse  is 
the  impulse  per  unit  mass  of  a  propel- 
lant  expressed  in  units  of  pound  seconds 
per  pound.  The  final  height  reached  by 
a  missile  is  proportional  to  the  square 
of  the  specific  impulse. 

In  regard  to  solid  fuels  specific  im- 
pulse can  be  foimd  by  multiplying  the 
thrust  by  the  time  and  dividing  by  the 
mass  of  the  propellent.  Another  factor 
which  enters  into  the  computing  of  the 
specific  impulse  is  the  operating  pressure 
in  the  combustion  chamber,  or  the  ratio 
of  the  nozzle  exit  area  to  throat  area, 
and  on  the  OLitside  pressure.  To  achieve 
sp.ice  Hight  with  chemical  propellants  we 
need  those  that  gi\e  the  most  energ\" 
pel'   unit   weight. 

The  specific  Impulse  of  most  solid 
fuels  has  increased  by  about  70  pound- 
secoiuls  per  pound,  but  there  is  little 
hope  of  passing  .^00  since  the  energy  of 
solid  fuel  is  rather  limited.  Some  double- 
base  and  composite  solid  blends  offer  the 
best  possibilities  of  exceeding  230  pouiul- 
seconds  per  pound,  but  245  will  be  the 
probable  limit  for  standard  carbon-hy- 
drogen-oxygen-nitrogen  types. 

Some  of  the  more  important  solid 
fuels  are  Ballistite,  NDRC,  and  Cor- 
dite. 

Iiallistite  can  be  safely  stored  at  12(1 
degrees  1'';  its  ignition  temperature  is 
,i(l(l   degrees    1'',    and    its    dame    tempera- 


ture is  about  5000  degrees  F.  The  cost 
of  this  material  averages  five  dollars  a 
pound,  but  the  specific  impulse  of  210 
and  the  exhaust  velocity  of  nearly  7000 
feet  per  second  are  higher  than  those  of 
the  cheaper  materials  NDRC  and  Gal- 
cit.  The  exhaust  \elocities  of  the  latter 
are  5150  and  5900  feet  per  second,  re- 
spectively. 

.N'RDC  stands  for  National  Defen.se 
Research  Committee  and  is  a  composite 
propellant,  fuel  and  oxidizer  separate. 
It  costs  only  one  dollar  a  pound,  for 
specific  impulse  of  up  to  LSO  pound- 
seconds  per  pound.  The  flame  tempera- 
ture is,  however,  only  about  4,000  de- 
grees F.,  and  the  burning  rate  is  rela- 
ti\el\'  low. 

Cordite  and  (Jalcit  are  usually  made 
up  of  organic  pohiner  fuel  and  inor- 
ganic nonplastic  oxidizers. 

High  exhaust  velocities  from  some 
(did  fuels  have  been  reported  in  the 
neighborhood  of  from  4,000  to  8,000 
miles  per  hour.  These  fuels,  for  the  most 
part,  possess  undesirable  physical  proper- 
ties. 

One  propert\'  of  a  solid  fuel  which  is 
important  to  know  is  its  burning  rate. 
This  figure  tells  the  weight  or  amount 
of  propellent  consumed  per  second  per 
square  inch.  Most  burning  rates  are 
between  0.2  and  2.0  inches  per  .second. 

In  order  to  reduce  the  thickne.ss  of 
solid  fuel  rocket  walls,  the  charge  has 
a  hole  from  top  to  bottom.  This  hole 
is  generally  star  shaped.  The  purpo.se 
of  this  is  to  permit  the  charge  to  burn 
toward  the  wall  of  the  rocket.  This 
situation  permits  the  use  of  thin  wall 
construction.  By  varying  the  geometri- 
cal shape  and  size  of  the  hole  different 
effects  in  power  and  burning  time  can 
be   had. 

I  oda\  more  and  more  mi.ssiles  pow- 
ered with  .solid  fuel  are  appearing.  A 
few  of  these  mi.ssle  are  the  Sparrow,  the 
Falcon,  the  Sidewinder,  the  Oenie,  the 
Dart,  which  is  used  against  tanks  and 
the  Rat,  which  swoops  down  on  subs. 
Familiar  to  many  m  various  .'\merican 
cities  is  the  .Nike-Hercules.  The  recent 
success  of  the  Polaris  is  further  proof  of 
the  potential  use  of  solid  fuel. 


More  from 


NAVY    PIER 


on  Page  30 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


27 


MASTER  &  DOCTOR  OF  SCIENCE 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

CANDIDATES 

COMPLETING  REQUIREMENTS  IN 

Engineering     Physics  |  Applied  Mathematics 


Space  Technology  Laboratories,  Inc..  Los  Angeles,  California. 

recognizes  your  scholarly  and  technical  achievements  by  encouraging  you  to 

have  your  findings  published  in  recognized  scientific  journals  and 

to  present  them  before  scientific  and  technical  societies. 

For  members  of  STL's  Technical  Staff,  a  group  proficient  in  the  preparation 

of  written  and  oral  presentations  is  available  to  give  able  assistance. 

Since  1954,  STL  has  been  a  pioneer  in  virtually  every  phase  of  theoretical 

analysis,  research,  development,  and  administration  of  military 

and  civilian  space  systems  including  the  systems  engineering  and  technical 

direction  for  the  Air  Force  Ballistic  Missile  Program. 

These  are  some  of  (lie  recent  papers  prepared  hy  ineinbers  of  llie  STL  Technical  Staff: 


Lester  Lees,  F.  W.  Hartwig 
and  C.  B.  Cohen.  "The  use  of 
aerodynamic  lift  during  entry 
into  the  earth's  atmosphere."  pre- 
sented at  .American  Rocket  Soci- 
ety Controllable  Satellites  Con- 
ference. April-May.  1959. 

S.  C.  Baker  and  ].  M.  Kelso. 
"Miniature  movies  of  the  plan- 
ets." reprinted  from  Aeronau- 
tics. May.  1959. 

R.  W.  Rector,  "Space  age  com- 
puting," reprinted  from  Datama- 
tion, March-April,  1959, 


E.  S.  Wei  BEL,  "On  the  confine- 
ment of  a  plasma  by  magneto- 
static  fields,"  reprinted  from  The 
Physics  of  Fliiuii.  January-Feb- 
ruary, 1959. 

A.  D.  Wheelon  (with  G. 
Munch),  "Space-time  correla- 
tions in  stationary  isotrophic  tur- 
bulence." reprinted  from  The 
Physics  of  F/iiiiis.  November- 
December,  1958. 

G.  E.  Solomon,  "The  nature  of 
re-entry,"  reprinted  from  Astro- 
mnilics.  March,  195Q, 


T.  A.  M..\GNESS,  J.  B.  McGuiRE 
and  O.  K.  Smith,  "Accuracy  re- 
uircments  for  interplanetary  bal- 
listic trajectories,"  reprinted  from 
Proceeding  !X(/i  /iitcTnnliomi/ 
Aslronuulirci/  Congress.  Amsler- 
dam,  August,  1958. 

A.  D.  Wheelon  (with  H. 
Staras),  "Theoretical  research 
on  Iroposphcric  scatter  propaga- 
tion in  the  United  States,  1954- 
1957."  reprinted  from  JRE 
Transactions  on  Antennas  and 
Propa<]ation.  J.uui.irv.  1950. 


Investigate  opportunities  in  your  major  concentration  at  our  laboratories  in  Los  Angeles,  California, 

or  Cape  Canaveral,  Florida.  Please  consult  with  your  placement  officer  for  further  information  or  write  to: 

College  Relations,  Space  Technology  Laboratories.  Inc.  P.O.  Box  95004,  Los  Angeles  45,  California 


® 


SPACE  TECHNOLOGY  LABORATORIES.  INC. 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Hesnifs  tin-  tfchnical  procedures  in- 
volved in  an  engineering  design,  the  en- 
gineer must  consider  both  public  rela- 
tions and  the  aesthetic  appeal  of  the 
proiect,  for  they  will  affect  the  success 
of  his  design.  Often,  the  acceptance  of 
a  project  depends  upon  the  effectiveness 
of  the  exchange  of  ideas  the  engineer 
has  had  with  citizens  and  citizen  groups 
during  the  planning  stages  of  the  de- 
sign and,  sometimes  more  important, 
how  the  finished  project  looks  to  the 
eye  of  the  public. 

The  engineer's  public  relations  re- 
sponsibilities can  be  summed  up  in  a 
few  paragraphs. 

First,  he  must  be  able  to  get  along 
with  the  public;  it  is,  in  effect,  his  em- 
ployer, whether  he  works  for  a  govern- 
ment agency,  for  industry,  or  for  a  con- 
sulting firm  assisting  government  or  in- 
dustry. 

Second,  he  must  plan  carefully 
enough  and  far  enough  ahead  that  he 
can  explain  his  actions  at  any  stage  any 
time.  In  the  case  of  highway  design, 
such  explanations  would  include  why  he 
chooses  a  particular  route,  why  his  de- 
sign provides  for  drainage  of  storms 
which  are  likely  to  occur  at  only  five 
vear  intervals,  or  why  he  sets  a  par- 
ticular design  restriction,  as  far  as  he  is 
empowered,  on  the  speed  and  use  of  a 
given  section  of  highway. 

Third,  he  must  be  able  to  fare  suc- 
cessfully under  the  fire  of  public  com- 
ment and  criticisms  which  accompany 
his  decisions.  Such  discussion  often 
comes  from  organized  citizen  groups 
and  newspaper  campaigns  in  a  form 
which  tends  to  put  the  engineer  on  the 
defensive.  He  may  thus  he  caught  be- 
tween two  factions  of  opin'on,  but  must 
work  his  way  out  while  satisfying  both 
sides.  Of  course,  he  should  have  antici- 
pated and  been  prepared  to  answer  many 
of  the  arguments  against  his  decisions. 
It  must  also  be  realized  that  some  prob- 
lems are  incapable  of  solution  without 
hurting  someone. 

In  justifying  the  construction  of  a 
highway,  for  example,  the  engineer  must 
concern  himself  with  the  economic  bene- 
fits to  the  whole  area  under  considera- 
tion. In  doing  so,  he  must  weigh  all 
possible  highway  locations  in  relation  to 
whether  they  provide  the  best  service 
both  for  the  overall  region  and  the  spe- 
cific area  through  which  the  highway 
passes.  Often  these  considerations  are  in 
conflict;  he  must  then  work  out  an 
equitable  compromise.  For  safety,  one 
particular  location  might  require  a  re- 
duction in  the  speed  limit  over  a  section 
of  bridges  and  curves.  This  is  opposed 
to  the  desirability  of  a  higher  limit 
which  provides  rapid  How  tii rough  the 
entire  highway   network. 

Preventing  or  limiting  truck  traffic  on 
a  parkway  can  cause  troubles  for  the 
commiMiities    through    which    the    trucks 


THE   OTHER   ROLE 

OF  THE   ENGINEER 

As  Illustrated  from  Problems  of  Highway  Er}gineering 

By  Robert  M.  Jones 


must  then  pass.  Eventually  the  truck 
traffic  becomes  such  a  problem  that  it 
demands  a  new  highway  to  take  care  of 
trucks. 

A  recent  case  in  New  England.  Con- 
necticut, in  particular,  involved  the 
Merritt  Parkway  and  the  Wilbur  Cross 
Parkway  which,  for  many  years,  formed 
parts  of  the  only  multi-lane  highway 
between  New  York  and  Boston.  These 
parkways  were  restricted  to  passenger 
car  traffic,  and,  even  with  such  a  re- 
striction, were  crowded.  At  the  time 
they  were  built,  shipping  by  truck  had 
not  become  as  large  an  industry  as  it  is 
today.  After  World  War  II,  the  in- 
dustry blossomed  with  numerous  heavy 
trucks  to  take  care  of  the  increased  vol- 
ume of  shipping.  These  trucks  were 
forced  to  travel  on  U.  S.  1,  the  Boston 
Post  Road,  through  the  centers  of 
towns  along  the  northern  coast  of  Long 
Island  Sound  and  on  deeper  into  the 
slate. 

The  inevitable  effects  on  these  towns 
were  traffic  congestion,  confusion,  and 
inconvenience,  plus  destruction  of  city 
streets  with  accompanying  increased 
taxes  for  residents. 

The  result  of  a  concentrated  cam- 
paign for  a  solution  to  the  problem  was 
the  Connecticut  Turnpike.  It  was  espe- 
cially designed  for  trucks,  though  pass- 
enger cars  are  allowed  if  the\'  pav  the 
tolls. 

The  need  for  a  highway  such  as  the 
Connecticut  Turnpike  should  have  been 
foreseen  at  the  time  the  two  parkways 
were  designed.  Even  if  it  was,  the  rate 
of  growth  of  the  trucking  industry  was 
probably  not  correctly  forecast.  As  a 
consequence,  the  volume  of  traffic  at 
which  more  highway  facilities  would  be 
built  was  reached  at  an  earlier  date  so 
the  engineer  was  caught  short. 

In  the  middle  of  the  Connecticut 
Turnpike  situation  was  the  highway  en- 
gineer. He  was  expected  to  make  every- 
body happy  with  his  solution  to  the 
problems  of  routing,  alignment,  curva- 
ture, sight  distance,  and  related  subjects. 
Everyone,  as  usual,  expected  a  dream 
highway  which  would  neither  disturb 
the  towns  through  which  it  passed  nor 
evict    people    from    their    homes.    Since 


this  as  obviously  impossible,  the  "other 
role  of  the  engineer"  played  an  import- 
ant part  in  the  development  of  the  Con- 
necticut Turnpike.  There,  the  route 
passes  through  some  of  the  most  heavily 
populated  and  wealthiest  counties  in  the 
nation ;  in  addition,  these  counties  are 
some  of  the  most  beautiful  and  historic 
in  New  England.  Thus,  the  usual  pres- 
sures were  multiplied. 

The  engineer  must  be  most  careful 
in  his  relations  with  the  owners  of  the 
prospective  site  of  a  highway.  He  must 
be  certain  he  does  not  needlessly  destroy 
any  of  our  country's  heritage  in  the 
form  of  old  houses,  historic  sites,  fine 
trees  or  beauty  spots,  and  other  places 
of  sentiment. 

In  this  light,  he  must  be  able  to  ac- 
covmt  for  each  of  his  design  actions, 
such  as  why  he  chose  to  put  an  ele- 
vated section  of  highway  in  a  metropoli- 
tan section  rather  than  skirting  the 
downtown  area  by  building  through  the 
cheaper  land  of  the  slums.  He  must  be 
able  to  explain,  in  terms  that  the  lay- 
man can  understand,  why  alignment, 
sight  distance,  and  volume  of  excava- 
tion dictated  this  choice  rather  than 
ignoring  the  honest  questions  of  inter- 
ested though  perhaps  irate  landowners. 
Aesthetic  Design   Important 

Besides  achieving  a  functional  de- 
sign, the  engineer  must  consider  the  ef- 
fects the  project  will  have  on  the  peo- 
ple it  is  meant  to  serve.  Beauty  should 
be  included,  for  although  it  sometimes 
costs  more,  the  favorable  reactions  of 
the  viewing  and  using  public  are  well 
worth  the  added  expenditure.  It  must  be 
remembered  that  the  work  of  an  engi- 
neer will  last  for  many  years  and  thus 
should  be  aestically  pleasing. 

Highway  bridges,  for  example,  could 
be  perked  up  by  using  unusual  shapes 
or  combinations  of  concrete,  steel,  alum- 
inum, and  other  materials.  Or,  extreme- 
ly simple  though  aesthetically  balanced 
ma.sses  could  be  used. 

Since  concrete  requires  surface 
grooves  to  arrest  and  contain  cracks, 
good  architectural  u.se  might  well  be 
made  of  these  grooves.  With  little  or 
no  extra  cost,  the  grooves  could  be  ar- 
(Cnnlinucd    nn    Page    30) 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


29 


IN  AND  AROUND  CHICAGO 


By  SHELDON  ALTMAN 


More  Modernizing 

A  new  "^oviTiimfiit  cc-nter  costing  6.1 
mil  lion  dolhirs  will  j^et  top  priorit\' 
soon  :is  thf  next  proji-ct  in  the  tompic- 
hensivc  plan  tor  mo(lcrni/.in<;  Chic:ijj;o's 
ilowntown  ari-a.  The  project  \\ill  house 
local  jTovernnieiit  and  is  to  be  built  in 
the  block  bounded  by  Washinfi:t<in. 
Dearborn,   Raiulolph    ami   Clark. 

In  February  the  nia\or,  hea(lin<:  the 
public  buildings  commission,  is  sched- 
uled tor  a  report  that  will  give  the 
"ok"   tor  the  project. 

The  project  will  consist  ot  two  IX- 
story  buildings,  and  will  house  court- 
rooms tor  Superior,  Circuit,  and  Mu- 
nicipal courts  and  additional  local  gov- 
ernment office  space.  The  remainder  ot 
the  block  will  be  a  parklike  pla/a,  with 
such  facilities  as  a  skating  rink  in  win- 
ter. This  is  just  one  of  many  projects 
that  will  renovate  the  downtown  area. 
The  Metropolitan  Exposition  ceritei'  on 
2.^rd  street  and  the  lake  is  well  uniler 
construction. 

The  first  building  will  be  a  federal 
go\ernment  sk\ scraper  in  the  half  block 
.ilong  the  east  side  of  Dearborn  between 
.Adams  Street  and  Jackson  Boule\ard. 
.After  this  is  completed  and  is  housing 
the  federal  courts  and  offices,  the  pres- 
sent  United  States  courthouse  bounded 
by     Adams,     Dearborn,     Jackson     and 


Chirk    will    be    razed    to   make   way    for 
the  second  building. 

A  project  for  con.solidating  the  rail- 
way terminals  and  building  the  I  ni- 
versity  branch  on  these  1.^0  acres  is 
.nlso  under  consideration. 

Big  Nuclear  Shipment  to  Chicago 

.A  l.^SO-pound  shipment  nt  nuclear 
enuilsion,  largest  order  of  its  kind  and 
worth  $100. 001)  has  arrived  at  the  Ini- 
\ersit\'  of  Chicago  from  England.  Prof. 
Mai'cel  Schein,  physicist,  and  his  asso- 
ciates in  Operation  Skyhook,  plan  to 
u.se  the  emulsion  in  a  new  study  of 
high-energ\'  cosmic  rays. 

It  will  be  sent  aloft  in  two  giant  bal- 
loons off  the  West  Indies.  The  eniid- 
sion  is  highl>'  sensitive  material  and  will 
leplace  photographic  plates  in  the  gon- 
dolas of  the  balloons.  The\'  will  be 
"stackeil"  to  gi\e  a  three-dimensional 
"track"  of  cosmic  ra\s. 

First  Full-Length  Picture  in  43  Years 

Chicago  is  on  its  \va\  to  becoming 
the  midwest's  Hollywood.  For  the  first 
time  in  43  years  a  full-length  feature 
has  been  produced  in  Chicago.  All  con- 
cerned with  the  production  are  Chicago 
talent.  This  includes  the  producer,  di- 
rector, actors  and  technicians. 

In  recent  years  many  studios  ha\e 
been  engaged  in  the  production  of  in- 
dustrial, educational,  public  service  and 


.Armed  Forces  training  films.  Some 
Holl\wood  scenes  and  some  television 
dramas  have  been  shot  here,  b\it  the 
recent  completion  of  "Prime  Time" 
marks  Chicago's  first  effort  to  emulate 
the  old   days  of    l'M()  and    Essanay   Stu- 

Hetween  1897  and  lOK),  long  before 
the  first  camera  turned  in  Holhwood, 
Chicago  was  a  major  producer  of  fea- 
ture films.  Essanay  Studio  had  people 
such  as  Charlie  Chaplain,  (Gloria  Swan- 
son,  Wallace  Heery  and  'Eom  .Mix 
workuig  for  them. 

Th.'  title  "Prime  Time"  is  based  on 
the  concept  of  youth  as  the  prime  of 
life  and  is  concerned  with  the  problems 
of  \()uth.  When  the  script  called  for 
specific  locations  the  film-producers 
searched  out  locations  bearing  the  cor- 
rect names  within  the  Chicago  area. 
When  a  teen-age  hangout  called  "Lu- 
iga's  "  was  needed  a  pizzeria  was  use<l 
with  that  name.  Nightclubs  and  ta\- 
erns  in  the  area  were  also  utilized.  This 
city  may  soon  be  renamed  "New  Holly- 
woo<l." 
At  The  Pier 

Some  more  new  courses  have  been 
added  for  the  benefit  of  engineering  stu- 
dents. These  include  Math  315,  Linear 
Transformations  and  Matrices;  Math 
342,  Differential  Equations,  an  intro- 
ducductory  course  in  partial  differential 
equations  and  Physics  281,  Intermedi- 
ate Atomic  Physics;  Physics  322,  the- 
oretical mechanics.  M.E.  221  is  again 
being  offered.  It  was  first  offered  last 
semester.  This  is  all  part  of  UI's  ex- 
panding program. 


THE  OTHER  ROLE  OF  THE  ENGINEER 


(C'lnttniicl  from    I'lujc   l*-) ) 
ran'i:ed    in   pleasing  geometric   patterns. 

I  he  highway  right-of-way  also  needs 
nnich  attention.  Its  landscaping,  includ- 
ing informative  signs,  must  be  integrated 
with  the  natural  surroundings.  All 
should  be  at  least  as  good  as  if  not  bet- 
ter than  the  quality  of  the  overall  area. 
Economy  Versus  Safety 

I  he  engineer  must  seek  an  economi- 
cal solution,  but  in  doing  so  he  some- 
times plays  a  deadly  game.  When  get- 
ting fill  material  for  a  highwa\',  as  an 
example,  he  has  to  balance  one  evil 
against  the  prospects  of  another.  Bor- 
row pits,  as  the  sources  of  fill  material 
are  called,  can  also  be  accident  and 
health  hazards.  While  the  cost  of  haul- 
ing material  from  an  area  where  ex- 
cavation is  already  nece.ssary  is  .some- 
times more  than  the  cost  of  excavating 
from  a  nearby  field,  the  engineer  must 
consider  the  effects  of  his  decision  to 
open  a  borrow  pit. 

Usually  with  a  borrow  pit,  a  field  is 
lost  from  farming  or  from  prospective 
hr)me  or  factory  sites.  The  proper  use 


of  a  borrow  pit  should  he  both  to  pro- 
vide fill  material  and  to  improve  the 
effectiveness  of  the  surrounding  in  looks 
and   use. 

If  a  low  spot  is  created,  water  will 
collect  during  storms,  proving  a  hazard 
to  children  and  grownups  alike  as  acci- 
dents can  always  be  associated  with 
pools  of  water.  The  standing  water  pre- 
sents a  health  hazard  as  it  can  harbor 
mosquitoes  and  other  disease-carrying 
insects.  Also,  it  can  pollute  drainage 
waters  which  m  time  pass  through  the 
possibly  contaminated  water  of  a  bor- 
row pit. 

The.se  situations   are  seldom,    if   ever, 
desirable.    Besides  being  a  danger  to  all 
forms    of    life,    they    detract    from    the 
beautx"   ot   the   highway   \icinity. 
Responsibility  Lies  in  the  Engineer 

In  short,  the  engineer  has  a  high 
level  of  social  and  aesthetic  as  well  as 
technical  responsibilitv'  for  his  actions. 
The  demands  upon  him  are  maTiifold, 
and  do  not  stop  with  a  purely  practical 
solution  to  his  problems.  He  works  with 
people,  and  for  the  community;  he  inust 


therefore  consider  all  the  effects  ot  his 
creation  on  those  concerned. 

If  he  does  so,  he  will  find  his  services 
more  in  demand  and  his  leadership  more 
respected  and  sought.  The  reason  is  sim- 
ple: when  people  have  something  good 
and  are  happy  with  it,  they  will  want 
more  of  the  same.  But  if  they  are  dis- 
pleased, the\-  will  be  reluctant  to  pur- 
chase more  such  services  or  to  appropii- 
ate  money  for  sinular  projects.  Again, 
the  engineer  must  always  remember  that 
his  work  will  be  exposed  to  the  public 
for  many  vears;  thus,  his  professional 
reputation  is  at  stake  with  every  deci- 
sion he  makes. 

The  best  way  for  the  engineer  to  help 
people  and  to  keep  them  happy  is  to  be 
honest,  to  show  the  engineering  reasons 
for  his  decisions,  and  to  fulfill  his  real 
role — that  of  diligently  striving  to  make 
every  design  as  socially  desirable,  techni- 
cally efficient,  and  aesthetically  pleasing 
as  possible  for  the  public.  V>n\\  in  this 
way  can  the  engineer  fill  his  true  posi- 
tion of  intellectual  leadership  in  our  so- 
ciety. 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


•  A  missile's  main  engine  runs  only  for  a  few 
seconds.  To  supply  electric  and  hydraulic  power  for 
control  during  the  entire  flight  a  second  power  plant 
is  necessary.  The  AiResearch  APU  (accessory  power 
unit)  which  answers  this  problem  is  a  compact,  non 

EXCITING    FIELD 

FOR   GRADUATI 

Diversity  and  strength  in  a  company  offer  the 
engineer  a  key  opportunity,  for  with  broad  knowl- 
edge and  background  your  chances  for  responsibil- 
ity and  advancement  are  greater. 

The  Garrett  Corporation,  with  its  AiResearch 
Divisions,  is  rich  in  experience  and  reputation.  Its 
diversification,  which  you  will  experience  through 
an  orientation  program  lasting  over  a  period  of 
months,  allows  you  the  best  chance  of  finding  your 
most  profitable  area  of  interest. 

Other  major  fields  of  interest  include: 

•  Aircraft  Flight  and  Electronic  Systems  — pioneer  and 
major  supplier  of  centralized  flight  data  systems 


air-breathing,  high  speed  turbine  engine.  The  unit 
pictured  above  develops  50  horsepower  and  weighs 
30  pounds.  The  acknowledged  leader  in  the  field, 
AiResearch  has  designed,  developed  and  delivered 
more  accessory  power  units  than  any  other  source. 

S   OF   INTEREST 
E   ENGINEERS 

and  also  other  electronic  controls  and  instruments. 

•  Gas  Turbine  Engines  —  world's  largest  producer  of 
small  gas  turbine  engines,  with  more  than  8,500 
delivered  ranging  from  30  to  850  horsepower. 

•Environmental  Control  Systems  —  pioneer,  leading 
developer  and  supplier  of  aircraft  and  spacecraft  air 
conditioning  and  pressurization  systems. 

Should  you  be  interested  in  a  career  with  The 
Garrett  Corporation,  see  the  magazine  "The  Garrett 
Corporation  and  Career  Opportunities"  at  your 
College  placement  office.  For  further  information 
write  to  Mr.  Gerald  D.  Bradley. . . 


THE 


/AiResearch  Manufacturing  Divisions 


Los  Angeles  /.i,  ('.(ililiirniu  •  I'liiit-nix.  Arizona 
Sysleius,  ParluiSrs  and  Cmponents  l„r:    AIRCRAFT,     MISSILE.     NUCLEAR    AND    INDUSTRIAL    APPLICATIONS 
FEBRUARY,   1960  31 


engineers 


Automatic  systems  developed  by  instrumentation 

engineers  allow  rapid  simultaneous  recording 

of  data  from  many  information  points. 


Frequent  informal  discussions  among  analytical 

engineers  assure  continuous  exchange  of  ideas 

on  related  research  projects. 


Under  the  close  supervision  of  an  engineer, 

final  adjustments  are  made  on  a  rig  for 

testing  on  advanced  liquid  metal  system. 


and  what  they  di 

The  field   has  never  been   broader 
The  challenge  has  never  been  greater 

Engineers  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft  today  are  concerned 
with  the  development  of  all  forms  of  flight  propulsion 
systems— air  breathing,  rocket,  nuclear  and  other  advanced 
types  for  propulsion  in  space.  Many  of  these  systems  are  so 
entirely  new  in  concept  that  their  design  and  development, 
and  allied  research  programs,  require  technical  personnel 
not  previously  associated  with  the  development  of  aircraft 
engines.  Where  the  company  was  once  primarily  interested 
in  graduates  with  degrees  in  mechanical  and  aeronautical 
engineering,  it  now  also  requires  men  with  degrees  in 
electrical,  chemical,  and  nuclear  engineering,  and  in  physics, 
chemistry,  and  metallurgy. 

Included  in  a  wide  range  of  engineering  activities  open  to 
technically  trained  graduates  at  all  levels  are  these  four 
basic  fields: 

ANALYTICAL  ENGINEERING  Men  engaged  in  this 
activity  are  concerned  with  fundamental  investigations  in 
the  fields  of  science  or  engineering  related  to  the  conception 
of  new  products.  They  carry  out  detailed  analyses  of  ad- 
vanced flight  and  space  systems  and  interpret  results  in 
terms  of  practical  design  applications.  They  provide  basic 
information  which  is  essential  in  determining  the  types  of 
systems  that  have  development  potential. 

DESIGN  ENGINEERING  The  prime  requisite  here  is  an 
active  interest  in  the  application  of  aerodynamics,  thermo- 
dynamics, stress  analysis,  and  principles  of  machine  design 
to  the  creation  of  new  flight  propulsion  systems.  Men  en- 
gaged in  this  activity  at  P&WA  establish  the  specific  per- 
formance and  structural  requirements  of  the  new  product 
and  design  it  as  a  complete  working  mechanism. 

EXPERIMENTAL  ENGINEERING  Here  men  supervise 
and  coordinate  fabrication,  assembly  and  laboratory  testing 
of  experimental  apparatus,  system  components,  and  devel- 
opment engines.  They  devise  test  rigs  and  laboratory  setups, 
specify  instrumentation  and  direct  execution  of  the  actual 
test  programs.  Responsibility  in  this  phase  of  the  develop- 
ment program  also  includes  analysis  of  test  data,  reporting 
of  results  and  recommendations  for  future  effort. 

MATERIALS  ENGINEERING  Men  active  in  this  field 
at  P&WA  investigate  metals,  alloys  and  other  materials 
under  various  environmental  conditions  to  determine  their 
usefulness  as  applied  to  advanced  flight  propulsion  systems. 
They  devise  material  testing  methods  and  design  special 
test  equipment.  They  are  also  responsible  for  the  determina- 
tion of  new  fabrication  techniques  and  causes  of  failures  or 
manufacturinc  difficulties. 


Pratt  &.  Whitney  Aircraft... 


Exhaustive  testing  of  full-scale  rocket  engine  thrust  chambers  is 
carried  on  at  the  Florida   Research  and   Development  Center. 


For  further  information  regarding  an  engineer- 
ing career  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft,  consult 
your  college  placement  ofliccr  or  write  to  Mr. 
R.  P.  Azinger,  Engineering  Department,  Pratt  & 
Whitney  Aircraft,  East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut. 


PRATT     &     IMfHITNEY    AIRCRAFT 

Division   of   United   Aircraft   Corporation 

CONNECTICUT   OPERATIONS  -  East   Hartford 

FLORIDA   RESEARCH   AND   DEVELOPMENT   CENTER  -  Palm  Beach  County,  Florida 


The  Deans'  Page  . 


NEW  ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS 
FOR   ENGINEERS 

By  Dean  D.  R.  Opperman 


Scincmbcr,  l')().\  has  been  appi'cu  i-il 
In  tin-  Ho.uil  of  Tiiistecs  as  the  cftVc- 
ti\c  (late  tor  tile  lU'w  entrana'  ifquirc- 
mi'iits  into  tlic  Collcfif  of  Knjiiiiffrinj; 
at  the  Chicasjo  L  iidcrjiraduatc  I)i\isioii 
ami  at  I  rbaiia.  These  new  ^equil■(■nlent^ 
are  the  result  of  a  year  long  stinh  iiiaile 
by  a  group  of  engineering  faculty  men 
on  the  Urbana  campus.  Their  reconi- 
mendations  were  subsequently  appro\e<l 
by  the  engineering  faculty  and  the  sen- 
ate on  the  I  rbana  campus  and  by  the 
ensrineerins;  facult\'  and  senate  at  the 
Chicago  Undergraduate  Division  locat- 
ed on  Xavv  Pier. 

Man\'  interesting  facts  were  dis- 
covered in  the  study  made  by  the  I  r- 
bana    facult\    members. 

Students  entering  the  College  in  I  r- 
bana  as  new  freshmen  have  been  pre- 
senting nunc  entrance  credits  than  re- 
quired b\  the  College  and  the  I'niver- 
sit\'.  Further,  the  trend  is  for  each  suc- 
ceeding class  to  enter  the  College  bet- 
ter prepared  than  the  class  previous  to 
it.  A  good  example  is  found  in  mathe- 
matics. 

In  the  fall  of  1954,  70';  of  the  enter- 
ing freshmen  presented  at  least  3'/> 
uiu'ts  in  mathematics.  (A  imit  is  one 
year  of  studv'  in  one  cour.se.)  Four 
\ears  later,  in  September  1958,  the 
number  of  students  presenting  this  num- 
ber of  credits  climbed  to  79','.  Last 
fall,  September  1959,  the  figm-e  rose 
.mother  .S','  to  HI' i .  We  feel  confident 
that  this  trend  shown  by  prospective  en- 
gineers to  take  more  and  nvire  mathe- 
matics will  continue  in  the  future.  The 
credit  for  the  trend  .should  be  shared 
eqiialK  between  the  College  of  I'.ngi- 
necring  which  has  demanded  more 
mathematics  and  the  high  schools  which 
have  responded  with  excellent  college 
preparatory  mathematics  programs.  Last 
fall  several  new  freshmen  received  ad- 
vanced placement  in  differential  calculus 
and  a  few  students  received  advanced 
placement  and  began  their  mathematics 
studies  in  integral  calculus,  the  sccoiul 
semester  calculus  course! 

Similar  trends  to  take  more  subjects 
than  required  in  high  school  have  been 
shown  to  exist  in  other  fields  of  instruc- 
tion generally  considered  as  college  pre- 
paratory work.  Increasing  numbers  of 
students  are  taking  a  full  four  years  of 
English    in    high    school,    more    foreign 


l.uiguage,  more  scienc.  1  he  increases  in 
all  of  these  areas  are  noteworthy  if  we 
compare  the  class  entering  in  1954  with 
the  class  entering  in  I95.S.  The  result 
of  these  stronger  college  preparatorv 
programs  is  shown  dramaticallv'  in  the 
accompanv  ing  graph. 

The  I  niversitv  ol  Illinois  requires 
a  minimum  of  9  uiuts  of  college  pre- 
paratory subjects  of  admission.  The  re- 
maining ()  units  required  for  atimission 
ma>    be    in    any    area    acceptable    to   the 


Total  units  of  high  school  subjects  in 
foreign  languages,  the  social  sciences, 
mathematics,  the  sciences,  and  Eng- 
lish, presented  by  freshmen  entering 
in  fall  of   1954  and  fall  of   1958. 

high  school  for  graduation.  This  graph 
indicates  that  very  few  students  enter- 
ing in  either  1954  or  1958  presented 
only  a  minimum  of  9  college  prepara- 
tory subjects.  A  large  number  of  the 
students  presented  from  13  to  16  units 
of  this  nature,  an  impressive  fact  when 
16  units  is  all  that  is  required  for  gi7«/- 
uation  in  many  high  schools.  Howe\er. 
the  most  significant  feature  of  the 
graph  is  the  comparison  between  the 
classes  entering  in  1954  and  1958. 
Those  students  presenting  smaller  num- 
bers of  credits  in  college  preparatory 
subjects  are  in  the  majority  in  the  class 


of  19S4.  The  class  of  I9SS  came  far 
hcter  prejiared  than  the  class  ot  1954 
with  respect  to  1^  through  I''  or  19.5 
units.  Several  conclusions  can  be  dr,-iwn 
from  the  graph. 

1.  High  school  students  are  receiving 
better  and  better  counseling  each 
year  with  regard  to  programs  of 
study  that  v\ill  prepare  them  for 
college   studies. 

2.  At  the  present  time,  entering  stu- 
dents are  presenting  far  more 
"solid"  subjects  than  required  for 
entrance  by  the  College  of  Engi- 
neering or  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois. 

3.  A  student  who  minimizes  college 
preparatory  subjects  in  high  school 
will  be  at  a  distinct  disadvantage 
when  paced  in  competition  at  the 
college  level  with  students  who 
have  given  thought  to  their  high 
school  programs  and  have  chosen 
wi.sely  the  subjects  they  will  need 
for  their  college  work. 

As  a  result  of  these  rather  intensive 
studies  of  the  background  of  the  stu- 
dents who  entered  in  1954  and  1948, 
definite  recommendations  were  made, 
;md  approved,  to  strengthen  the  en- 
trance requirements  to  the  College  of 
Engineering.  These  new  entrance  re- 
quirements, effective  in  September  I''h3. 
are  as  follows: 

Rctoiiniit  iiilt  il 
Rif/uiniJ    JddilKjiiiil 


Units 


I  'nils 
1 


Su/fjcct 

English  3 

Algebra^  2 

Plane  Geometry  1 

Trigonometry  '  j 

College   Preparatory 

Mathematics 

Science"  2 

Social  Studies  2 

Language'  2 

'Students  who  have  only 
gebra  and  one  unit  in  plane  Reometry  may 
lie  admitted  on  condition  that  the  deficiency 
is  removed  in  the  first  year. 

"Re<|uired  science  must  include  two  units 
from  physics,  chemistry,  and  biology.  Botany 
ami  zoology  may  be  substituted  for  biology, 
(ieneral  science  mav"  not  be  used  as  a  re- 
(|uired    subject. 

'Reciuired    language   must   be   two    unit>    in 
one   language.   Students  deficient  in   language 
may    be    admitted    on   condition    that    the   de- 
ficiency is  removed  during  the  first  two  years. 
( (Uintinuctl    on    P(U/c    36) 


.ailabl. 


as  available' 
nne    unit   in    al- 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


What's  ahead  for  you... 
after  you  join  Western  Electric? 


Aii\  \\'1h'1c'  \i)U  look  —  ill  ciigim'ciiiit;  and  ollifi  piolc-s- 
sioiKil  areas  —  tlif  answer  to  that  question  is  piugrc.s.s. 
For  Western  Eleetrie  is  on  a  job  of  ever-inereasing 
complexity,  both  as  the  manufacturing  and  supply  unit 
of  the  Bell  System  and  as  a  part  of  nian\'  defense 
communications  and  missile  projects. 

These  two  assignments  meau  \oull  find  \i)uiselt  in 
the  thick  of  things  in  such  fast-breaking  fields  as  miero- 
\va\e  radio  relay,  electrouic  switching,  miniaturization 
and  automation.  You  may  engiueer  installations,  plau 
distribution  of  equipment  and  supplies.  Western  also 
has  need  for  field  engineers,  whose  world-wide  assign- 
ments call  for  working  with  cc|uipment  we  make  for 
the  Government.  The  opportunities  are  luiiny  —  anil 
thei/re  wditinp,! 

You'll  find  that  Westi'in  Eli-ctric  is  cai-eer-minded  .  .  . 
and  [/()i/-minded!  Progress  is  as  rapid  as  Nour  own  indi- 
vidual skills  permit.  We  estimate  that  8, ()()()  supervisory 
jobs  will  open  in  the  ne.\t  ten  years  — the  majority  to  be 
filled  by  engineers.  There  will  be  corresponding  oppor- 


tvmities  lor  career  building  williin  rcsearcli  ,nid  engi- 
neering. Western  Electiic  maintains  its  own  full-time, 
all-e.\penses-paid  engineering  training  program.  And 
our  tuition  refund  plan  also  helps  you  move  ahead  in 
\()ur  chosen  field. 

Opportunities  exist  for  electrical,  mechanical,  indus- 
trial, civil  and  chemicol  engineers,  as  well  as  in  the 
physical  sciences.  For  more  information  get  your  copy 
of  Consider  o  Career  at  Western  Electric  from  your 
Plocement  Officer.  Or  write  College  Relations,  Room 
200D,  Western  Electric  Company,  195  Broadway,  New 
York  7,  N  Y.  Be  sure  to  arrange  for  a  Western  Electric 
interview  when  the  Bell  System  team  visits  your  campus. 


WeBtcrn, 


EmJf^ 


OF   THE   BELL  SYSTEM/ 


Principal  manufacturing  locations  at  Chicago.  III.;  Kearny,  N,  J.;  Baltimore.  Md.;  Indianapolis.  Ind.;  Allentown  and  Laureldale.  Pa.:  Burlington.  Greensboro  and  Winston-Salem,  N.C.; 
Buffalo,  N.  Y,;  North  Andover,  Mass.;  Lincoln  and  Omaha.  Neb.,  Kansas  City,  ^o.:  Columbus,  Ohio:  Oklahoma  City,  Okia,:  Engineering  Research  Center.  Princeton.  N.  J.:  Teletype 
Corp,,  Chicago  14,  III  and  Little  Rock,  Ark,  Also  W  E,  distribution  centers  in  32  cities  and  installation  headquartars  in  16  cities.  General  headquarters:  195  Broadway.  New  York  7,  N.Y. 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


35 


(Coiiliiiiinl  from  1'iiy.f  .'V  j 
'It  is  ri-C(iminciuli-il  thai  adilitioiiMl  ijiilil 
In-  canicil  in  ihi-  >atne  latiKuaKf  lliat  \%a>  pii- 
Miitfil  tor  ciitramc  cri-clit.  However,  it  tin- 
two  tiiiits  of  reiiuiri-d  laiiKuaKf  are  l.atin, 
aiUlitioTial  ort-dit  sti.nild  W  m  a  modtrii 
laiimiaui-. 

'I'lu-  inatluMiiatlcs  and  llnulish  ic- 
(luin-iiH-iits  tor  admission  have  ifmami-d 
imchaii!ii-d  from  what  they  wt-rc.  The 
additions  to  the  i-ntrana-  reqiiiri'ments 
arc  two  units  of  lant;uage.  two  units  ot 
social  studies,  and  two  units  of  science. 
I.ary:e  numhers  of  students  aii'  alread\ 
presenting  two  units  ot  science  and 
therefore  this  new  requirenu-iu  will  not 
demand  too  much  niodificat'oii  in  the 
programs  of  the  h'gh  school  students. 
( )ver  SO' ;  of  the  students  entering  in 
lOSK  presented  two  units  of  soc  al 
studies  although  one  or  one  and  one- 
half  units  are  required  for  j^raduation 
troni  high  school.  Therefore,  a  numher 
of  prospective  students  who  intend  to 
enroll  here  will  he  required  to  add  one- 
half  or  one  unit  of  social  studies  to  th;ir 
programs. 

The   requirement  that  will   entail   the 
most    adjustment    in    hi<;h    school     pro- 
•  'rams   is   the   new    reciuirement    in    lan- 
!'na<re.    Over    55';     of    the    students    in 
1958    pres'"nted    2    units    of    credit    m 
lansjuatjc,   but  as  the  new  entrance   re- 
quirements  indicate,    this   figure   should 
ri--e  to  close  to   imi',    by  September  of 
1%3.    No    stude-it    will    be    barred    ad- 
mission  to  our  College  because  he  does 
not  have  language  credit  since  provision 
has  been  made  to  make  up  this  deftcen- 
cy  during  the  first  two  years  at  the  I  ni- 
versity    of    Illinois.     However,    the    de- 
ficiency will  mean  that  the  student  will 
have  to  add  approximately  one  .semester 
to   the   time    normally    required    to   einn 
his  baccalaureate  degree  in  engineering. 
Increasing     numbers     of     emrineering 
students   are   continuing   in   college    for 
p-raduate  studv  after  thev  have  received 
their  bachelo's  def^ree.  Everyone  recoc-:- 
ni/.es  the  value  of  foreign  language  in 
helping    graduate    students    study    more 
effectively.    Since   (ierman,    French,   and 
Russian  are  the  languages  in  which  most 
of   the  significant   technical   literature   is 
published,     a     study     of     one     of     these 
languages  can  be  of  immense  \alue  to  an 
engineer.     However,    Spanish    or    other 
languages    specified    by    the     rniversity 
may  be  used  for  entrance  cre.lits.   lail- 
ure  to  study  language  before  a  student 
reaches    the    graduate    level    will    only 
hamper  his  progress  and  delay  his  grad- 
uation  with    a   master's   or   doctor's   de- 
cree. 

Another  important  reason  tor  stu(l\- 
ing  a  foreign  language  is  its  contribu- 
tion to  the  student's  grasp  of  the  mean- 
ing and  structure  of  his  own  language. 
Many  engineers  have  trouble  communi- 
cating with  other  people,  though  their 
record  is  no  worse  than  any  other  group 
of  professional  people.  Foreign  language 


36 


studies  will  help  the  engineer  write 
more  effectively  and,  therefore,  indirect- 
K  contribute  to  his  future  success. 

One  last  item  of  significant  informa- 
tion uncovered  by  the  study  .should  be 
brought  to  \our  attention.  Though  this 
information  has  no  bearing  on  the  iiev,- 
entrance  requirements,  it  still  should  be 
of  interest  to  students  planning  to  go 
into  engineering.  The  following  graph, 
which  indicates  high  school  rank,  shows 
that  more  and  more  students  ot  engi- 
neering are  coming  from  the  up|ier  half 
and  only  extremely  small  numbers  are 
from  the  bottom  quarter  of  their  high 
.school  class.  Larger  numbers  ot  students 
are  coming  from  the  upper  ten  per  cent 


Proud  of  your  School? 


eo     70    60    t 

39      79      69      59      49      39      29       19 

H:gr\  SctiC'0<  Ra^k  in   PercentHe. 


Rank  in  high  school  class  of  freshmen 
entering  in  fall  of  1954  and  fall  of 
1958. 

of  their  high  school  class  each  year.  In 
September  of  1959,  34  high  school  val- 
edictorians were  among  the  students  en- 
tering   engineering    at    Illinois! 

It  should  be  pointed  out,  however, 
that  this  garph  shows  nothing  whatever 
as  far  as  the  success  of  these  students 
in  college  is  concerned.  I  firmly  believe, 
though,  that  the  prospective  engineer 
sh(uild  know  that  achievement  in  high 
school  Is  an  important  indicator  of  suc- 
cess in  later  college  work  and  this  gra|ih 
is  one  measure  of  achievement. 

This  article  has  not  been  written  to 
inflate  the  ego  of  the  present  engineer- 
ing students  or  to  scare  prospective  stu- 
dents out  of  enrolling  in  engineering. 
However,  e  v  e  r  y  incoming  student 
should  realize  the  importance  of  a  sound 
high  school  education.  The  new  en- 
trance requirements  ;ire  designed  to 
help  prepare  prospecti\e  stiuleiUs  for  the 
challenge  and  the  thrill  that  will  he 
theirs  the  da\  the>  first  enroll  m 
engineering. 


BE 
PROUD 
OF  YOUR 
WORKING  TOOLS... 

A.W.FABER 
CASTELL 

helps  the  hand  that 
shapes  the  future 

#9000  Castell  Pencil 

with  world's  finest 
natural  graphite  that 
tests  out  at  more  than 
99%  pure  carbon. 
Exclusive  microlette 
mills  process  this 
Kraphite  into  a  drawing 
lead  that  lays  down 
graphite-saturated, 
non-feathering  lines  of 
intense  opacity.  Extra 
strong  to  take  needle- 
point sharpness  without 
breaking  or  feathering. 
Smooth,  100^;  grit- 
free,  consistently 
uniform,  8B  to  lOH. 

#9800  SG  LOCKTITE 
Tel-A-Grade  Holder, 
perfectly  balanced, 
lightweight,  with  new 
no-slip  functional  grip. 
Relieves  finger  fatigue. 
Unique  degree 
indicating  device. 

#9030  imported  Refill 
Leads,  matching 
exactly  #9000  pencil 
in  quality  and  grading, 
7B  to  lOH,  packed  in 
reusable  plastic  tube 
with  gold  cap. 
A  man  advancing  in 
his  career  just 
naturally  gravitates  to 
Castell,  world's  finest 
drawing  pencil.  You'll 
be  wise  to  begin  now. 


A.W.FABER -WSrfli 

Pencil  Co.,  Inc.,  Newark  3,  N.  J. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A  singularity  in  a  field? 

What  is  the  nuclear  "glue" 
for  like  charges? 

A  better  comprehension  of  charge 
is  important  to  Allison  because 
energy  conversion  is  our  business 
and  charge  is  one  keystone  for  this 
conversion  work.  Thus  we  have  a 
deep  and  continuing  interest  in  elec- 
trons, protons,  positrons,  neutrons, 
neutrinos— charge  in  all  its  forms. 

In  its  investigations,  Allison  calls 
upon  the  capabilities  within  General 
Motors Corporationand  its  Divisions, 
as  well  as  the  specialized  talents 
of  other  individuals  and  organ- 
izations. By  applying  this  systems 
engineering  concept  to  new  re- 
search projects, we  increase  the  effec- 
tiveness with  which  we  accomplish 
our  mission  — exploring  the  needs 
of  advanced  propulsion  and  weap- 
ons  systems. 


Energy  conversion  is  our  business 


Wan(  to  know  about  YOUR  opportunities  on 
the  Allison  Engineering  Team?  Write: Mr.  R.  C. 
Smith,  College  Relations,  Personnel  Dept. 


Division  of  General  Motors, 
Indianapolis,  Indiana 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


37 


Engineers  who  qualify  to  fill  these  chairs... 

are  on  the  road  to  filling  responsible  jobs 
with  a  growing  company  in  a  growing  industry 


0  American  Air  Filter  Company  is  one  of  the  world's 
pioneers  in  the  field  of  "better  air."  Starting  30  years  ago 
as  a  manufaclurcr  of  air  filtration  equipment  only,  it  has, 
through  a  planned  program  of  product  development,  attained 
the  unique  position  of  being  the  one  company  in  its  industry 
that  can  take  the  complete  over-all  approach  to  the  customer's 
air  problems.  In  brief,  this  means  supplying  and  coordinating 
all  the  proper  products  to  filter,  cool,  heat,  clean  (control 
process  dust),  move,  exhaust,  humidify  and  dehumidify  air. 
"Better  Air",  while  a  big  business  today,  is  still  in  its 
infancy.  Name  any  industry,  any  building  type,  and  you  have 
a  present  or  potential  user  of  .AAF  equipment.  Other  well- 
known  trade  names  in  the  AAF  family  are  Herman  Nelson, 
Kennard  and  Illinois  Engineering.  At  present,  AAF  operates 
ten  plants  in  Louisville,  Moline,  111.,  St.  Louis,  Chicago  and 
Montreal,  Canada. 


.  QUALIFIES  YOU  FOR 
THIS   KIND  OF  JOB 


THIS  KIND  OF 
ENGINEERING   DEGREE   .   .   . 

Mechanical  —  Engineeriiif;,  Sales  or  Mtintijiictiiring 
Electrical     —  Enijineering  or  Sales 
Industrial     —  Maniifactiirini;  or  Sales 
Civil  —  Sales 


FORMAL   FIVE-MONTH   TRAINING  COURSE 

Your  first  job  at  AAF  will  be  to  complete  a  full  five-month 
course  in  its  technical  training  school.  This  is  a  complete 
and  carefully  planned  course  covering  every  phase  of  this 
business  of  better  air  and  is  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  James 
W.  May.  a  recognized  authority  on  air  handling  problems  and 
presently  a  member  of  the  board  of  directors  of  ASHRAE. 
Classes,  held  in  special,  air  conditioned  quarters,  are  sup- 
plemented by  field  trips  to  visit  AAF  plants  and  observe 
on-the-job   applications   of  equipment. 

YOUR  FUTURE  IS  ALL-IMPORTANT  TO  AAF 

AAF  prides  itself  on  attempting  to  m'atch  the  man  to  the 
job.  During  your  training  period  you  will  have  contacts 
with  key  company  personnel.  Your  personal  desires  as  to  type 
and  location  of  job  are  given  every  consideration.  AAF  is  big 
enough  to  provide  opportunities  galore — small  enough  to 
never  lose  sight  of  the  personal  touch  that  adds  satisfaction 
along  with  success. 

A  representative  of  AAF  will  be  on  your  campus  soon  to 
interview  students  interested  in  learning  more  about  the 
opportunities  with  this  company.  Consult  your  Placement 
Office  for  exact  date. 


38 


rATA 


itnencan 


A>.1> 


Iter 


BETTER     AIR      IS      OUR      BUSINESS 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


■  '*1fl 


ANOTHER  W»V 

RCA  SERVES 

YOU  THROUGH 

EUCTRONICS 


One  of  the  sharpest  photos  ever  taken  of 
sun's  surface.  It,  and  hundreds  of  others 
taken  by  stratoscope,  may  answer  mystery 
of  violent  magnetic  disturbances  on  earth. 


Exact  position  of  photograph  in  relation 
to  the  total  sun  surface  is  shown  here.  Plotting 
and  photography  of  precise  areas  was  made 
possible  by  airborne  RCA  television. 


RCA  REPORTS  TO  THE  NATION: 


Going  lip  for  "good  seeing."  Un- 

mauTicd  ballooii-obsiMvalory  starts  its 
ascent  to  lake  sunspot  photos.  "Project 
Stratoscope"  is  a  continuing  program 
of  the  Office  of  Naval  Research  and 
the  National  Science  Foundation. 

FEBRUARY,   1960 


REMARKABLE  NEW  PHOTOS  UNLOCK 
MYSTERIES  OF  SUN'S  SURFACE 

Special  RCA  Television,  operating  from  stratosphere, 
helps  get  sharpest  photos  of  sun's  surface  ever  taken 


Scientists  recently  took  the  first, 
sharp,  searching  look  into  the  center  of 
onr  solar  system.  It  was  achieved  not 
by  a  missile,  but  by  a  balloon  posted 
in  quiet  reaches  of  the  stratosphere. 

The  idea  was  conceived  by  astrono- 
mers at  the  Princeton  University  Ob- 
servatory. They  decided  that  a  lloaling 
observatory  — equipped  with  a  tele- 
scope-camera—  would  offer  a  stable 
"work  platform"  from  which  sunspots 
could  be  photographed  free  of  the  distor- 
tion caused  by  the  earth's  atmosphere. 

But  "Project  Stratoscope"  encoun- 
tered an  unforeseen  and  major  obslacle 
on  its  initial  flight.  A  foolproof  method 
was  needeil  for  aiming  and  focusing 
the  telescope  of  the  unmanned  observ- 
atory.  Princeton  asked  RCA  to  help. 

A  special  RCA  television  system  was 
devised  which  enatiled  observers  on  the 


ground  to  view  exactly  what  the  tele- 
scope was  seeing  aloft.  This  accom- 
plished, it  was  a  simple  matter  to 
achieve  precise  photography— directed 
from  the  ground  by  means  of  a  separate 
RCA  radio  control  system. 

The  resulting  pictures  reveal  sun- 
spot  activities  in  unprecedented  detail. 
They  provide  the  world  with  im|)ortant 
information  regarding  the  magnetic 
disturbances  which  aflect  navigation 
and  long-range  communications. 

The  success  of  "Project  Stratoscope" 
is  another  example  of  RCA  leadership 
in  advanced  electronics.  This  leader- 
ship, achieved  through  quality  and 
dependability  in  performance,  has  al- 
ready made  RCA  Victor  the  most  trusted 
name  in  television.  Today.  RCA  Victor 
television  sets  are  in  far  more  homes 
than  any  other  make. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 

THE    MOST    TRUSTED    NAME    IN    ELECTRONICS 


39 


At  CHRYSLER'S 
HUGE  NEW  STAMPING 
PLANT         ^ 


\H.  Mill  '  r,   .■,    I  '...INEERS 


JENKINS 

VALVES  assure  reliable, 

economical  control 

of  Production's  Lifelines 

Cited  as  one  of  the  nation's  "Top  Ten  Plants  of  the  Year", 
Chrysler  Corporation's  stamping  plant  at  Twinsburg,  Ohio,  is 
a  34-acre  model  of  building  and  manufacturing  eflicicncy. 

Go  into  the  power  plant  and  you  will  find  Jenkins  Valves 
everywhere,  controlling  "production's  lifelines"  that  supply 
150,000  pounds  of  steam  per  hour  ...  30  million  cubic  feet  of 
air  per  day  . . .  7500  gallons  of  cooling  water  per  minute.  Jenkins 
Valves  got  the  job  because  "every  efTort  was  made  to  install  the 
finest  mechanical  and  electrical  equipment  .  .  .  and  to  insure 
minimum  costs  by  eliminating  excessive  upkeep  and  equipment 
with  a  short  life  span". 

It  is  a  highly  significant  fact  that  all  building  experts  and 
operating  engineers  agree  "there's  nothiiii;  heller  limit  Jenkins 
Valves".  Many  will  always  insist  on  JENKINS  for  critical  serv- 
ices, and  will  prefer  them  for  general  use.  After  all,  Jenkins 
Valves  cost  no  more! 

When  you  are  buying  or  specifying  valves,  remember  that 
the  best  valves  are  the  best  assurance  of  economical  service. 
Jenkins  Bros.,  100  Park  Ave.,  New  York  17. 


In  the  ultra-modern  boiler  hmr  i      th.-. n  ,ibove,  all  gen- 
eral service  valves  controllirif',  |ii[K'lines  are  JENKINS 


JENKINS 

LOOK  FOR  THE  JENKINS  01/ 


40 


Sold  Through  Leading  Distributors  Everywhere 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Inscription 


By  Helen  Geroff 


1  boarded  iii\  sliip  and  \va\cil  to  tlie 
crowd  outside.  In  five  minutes,  I  would 
have  to  pull  the  lever  which  woidti  re- 
lease the  rocket  blast  and  take  me  off 
into  the  unknown.  As  I  gazed  out  of 
the  porthole,  I  saw-  the  faces  of  my 
loved  ones.  They  were  proud  of  me,  I 
was  sure,  but  their  haggard  faces  re- 
vealed the  same  fear  that  I  had.  Would 
we  ever  meet  again? 

I  threw  one  last  kiss  and  pulled  the 
le\er.  The  ship  lunged  forward  and 
lifted  me  high  into  the  sky.  My  fingers 
turned  the  panel  dials  almost  automatic- 
ally. My  training  had  been  long  and  ex- 
hausting, and  now,  I  only  hoped  that 
1   could   remember  everything. 

As  the  moon  came  closer  and  closer 
into  focus,  I  prepared  to  land.  I  radioed 
back  to  Earth  that  everything  was  func- 
tioning satisfactorily  and  that  I  would 
be  checking  in  with  them  at  regular  in- 


tei\  als.  .\1\  landing  on  the  moon  was 
\ery  smooth.  I  made  one  last  check  of 
the  panel  controls,  donned  my  oxygen 
mask,  opened  the  ship's  door,  and  set 
out. 

1  walked  around  collecting  rock  and 
dust  samples  for  several  hours.  When  1 
was  almost  ready  to  go  back  to  the 
ship,  I  noticed  a  cave.  I  was  getting 
tired,  but  I  remembered  hearing  the 
scientists  say  that  if  man  was  ever  to 
live  on  the  moon,  he  would  probably 
have  to  live  under  the  ground,  so  I  de- 
cided to  look  inside. 

With  pencil  and  note  pad  in  hand, 
1  began  to  explore  the  cave.  I  had  not 
walked  more  than  twenty  yards  when 
I  came  upon  a  man-made  door,  at  least 
it  looked  man-made.  On  the  door,  a 
strange  inscription  was  written  in  sev- 
eral languages.  Excitement  swelled  in- 
side of   me.    Here  was  something  man 


li.ul  talked  (it  Inidnig  but  had  ne\er 
realK'  hoped  to  find. 

Moving  as  fast  as  I  coidd,  I  ran  back 
to  the  ship.  With  trembling  hands,  I 
tuned  in  the  radio,  focused  the  tele- 
screen, and  relayed  my  findings  and  the 
inscription   to  my  superiors. 

The  commander's  voice  came  o\er  the 
radio  loud  and  clear,  "Stay  where  you 
are.  We  have  called  in  some  experts  on 
languages,  and  they  will  translate  the 
message  if  possible.  You  will  hear  from 
me  again  when  we  receive  the  transla- 
tion. (  )\er  and  out.  " 

I  waited  anxiously  for  Earth's  reply, 
but  when  it  came,  I  found  myself  total- 
ly unprepared  to  receive  such  a  message. 

"This  is  Earth  calling.  The  inscrip- 
tion reads  as  follows:  'The  Earth  will 
be  blown  to  bits  during  their  nuclear 
war.  Any  Earth-man  reaching  the  moon 
before  the  start  of  the  war  will  remain 
ali\e  if  he  stays  in  this  cave.  A  ship 
from  Venus  will  pick  up  any  possible 
sm'vivors  three  days  after  Earth's  de- 
struction.' " 

"Your  orders  are  to  remain  in  that 
ca\e.  Russia  has  just  declared  war  on 
the   I  riited   States  and   .   .   ." 

As  I  leaned  closer  to  the  ladio,  I 
heard  a  terrific  explosion,  and  the  voice 
died  away. 


T»AK^^  ■■      H  Minus 

World-Wide 
Refrioeratioii 


New  Kind  of  Missile  with 

HiGGins  inK 


INDIA — Prime  Minister  Nehru  inspects 
a  Frick  installation  by  Mohammed 
Singh,   a    Frick    graduate. 


FRICK    COMPANY 

Student  Training 

Course  attracts  students  from  all  over  the  world 


Established  by  one  of  the  oldest  manufacturers  of 
refrigeration,  this  course  has  acquired  such  an  out- 
standing reputation  that  only  a  small  select  group 
can  be  admitted  each  year. 

Write  for  details  and  applications  today. 

,  t^jji'irntamim  r\ir.rBtrr<«i  i  n 


.  .  .  corry  if  with  you  wherever  you  go! 


Good  news  for  draftsmen!  New  HIGGINS 
AMERICAN  INDIA  INK  Cartridge  always  feeds 
ttie  right  amount  of  ink  into  pens  and  drawing 
instruments.  No  mess,  no  waste! 

Compact,  rigid,  plastic  cartridge  fits  easily  in 
pocket,  purse  or  drafting  sets. 

Stands  on  table,  shelf,  desk  -  won't  roll  off 
inclined  drafting  boards!  l\/lost  convenient  way 
to  fill  pens  -  and  so  economical! 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


41 


...staffed  by  graduates 
of  virtually  every  engineering 
school  in  the  United  States... 

CONVAIR      FORT  WORTH 

p.  O.   BOX  748-C6 
A        DIVISION        OF 

GENERAL  DYNAMICS 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 
42 


^ 


OLLOW      HE      EADER 


IS  no  game 


with  Delco.  Long  a  leader  in  automotive  radio  engineering  and 
production,  Delco  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors  has  charted  a 
similar  path  in  the  missile  and  allied  electronic  fields.  Especially,  we  are 
conducting  aggressive  programs  in  semiconductor  material  research, 
and  device  development  to  further  expand  facilities  and  leadership 
in  these  areas.  Frankly,  the  applications  we  see  for  semiconductors  are 
staggering,  as  are  those  for  other  Space  Age  Devices:  Computors  .  .  . 
Static  Inverters  .  .  .  Thermoelectric  Generators  .  .  .  Power  Supplies. 

However,  leadership  is  not  self-sustaining.  It  requires 
periodic  infusions  of  new  ideas  and  new  talent — aggressive  new  talent. 
We  invite  you  to  follow  the  leader — Delco — to  an  exciting, 
profitable  future. 

If  you're  interested  in  becoming  a  part  of  this  challenging 
Delco,  GM  team,  write  to  Mr.  Carl  Longshore.  Supervisor — 
Salaried  Employment,  for  additional  information — or  talk  to  our 
representative  when  he  visits  your  campus. 


ELco  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors 


KOKOMO,   INDI.A.NA 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


43 


Photos  by  Dave  Yates 


Technocutie  .  .  . 


MARION   HILLER 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Bevier  Hall  and  the  school  of 
Home  Economics  claim  fresh- 
man, Marion  Hiller,  most  of  the 
time,  but  the  engineers  on  cam- 
pus claim  her  as  their  February 
Technocutie. 

From  Evanston,  Marion  calls 
Allen  South  her  home  on  cam- 
pus; but  Saturday  afternoon  she 
lives  at  the  Turk's  Head  listen- 
ing to  Hockenhull.  An  alternate 
on  occasion  is  the  Capital  for 
the  jam  session. 

Marion  likes  outdoor  sports, 
tennis  being  her  favorite  with 
water  skiing  and  sailing  coming 
in  second.  But  she  also  admits 
she  is  enjoying  learning  to  play 
chess. 

Sweets  are  Marion's  favorite 
food.  She  laughingly  admits  she 
doesn't  care  for  meals,  but  loves 
eating  between  them.  Lobster 
tail  rates  high  with  her;  milk  is 
her  favorite  beverage. 

Informal  dates  are  the  kind 
Marion  likes  most:  movies,  the 
beach  in  the  summer,  parties 
with  close  friends.  She's  always 
ready  to  dance. 

Egotistical  and  unattentive 
men  are  Marion's  pet  peeve.  She 
also  rates  low  the  type  that  call 
and  say,  "I'm  here;  come  on 
down."  A  sense  of  humor  in  a 
fellow   goes  far  with   her. 

Men's  clothes  are  neat  to 
score  with  Marion.  In  the  win- 
ter she  loves  to  see  sweaters. 
She  likes  Ivy  League  clothes  but 
would  do  away  with  the  belt 
idea.  Cotton  slacks  and  wash 
pants  instead  of  Levis  are  also 
a   must. 

With  a  millionaire's  budget, 
Marion  would  travel;  she  would 
like  to  see  the  much-heard-about 
places,   especially   Russia. 

Marion  is  not  sure  what  she 
will  do  when  she  graduates  per- 
haps go  into  retailing  or  textile 
research.  In  the  meantime,  she 
will  study  and   have  fun. 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


45 


290,000  KVA  AUTO  TRANSFORMER  SERVES  460,000   KVA  LOAD 

Wisconsin  Electric  Power  Company  engineers'  specifications  for  the  new  230/ 13S  hv 
transformer  at  the  Company's  Bliiemound  Substation  were  reduced  from  the  460,000  kva 
(shown  in  outline)  to  290.000  hva  as  the  result  of  imaginative  thinking. 


POWER  is  ENGINEERED 
for  economy,  reliability 


Wisconsin  Electric  Power  Company  engineers  needed  a  transformer  to  carry  a  load 
of  460,000  kva.  The  unit  was  to  be  part  of  Wisconsin's  first  230  kv  transmission  sys- 
tem from  the  new  275,000  kilowatt  generating  unit  at  Oak  Creek.  An  auto  transformer 
was  the  obvious  choice  over  a  conventional  two  winding  unit.  But  Company  engineers 
also  considered  these  three  factors:  (1)  the  ambient  temperature  expected  in  the  Mil- 
waukee area;  (2)  the  daily  and  hourly  variation  in  load  expected  for  the  next  15  years, 
and  (3)  the  use  of  supplemental  cooling  equipment.  The  result  was  the  290,000  kva 
unit  above.  It  is  able  to  carry  460,000  kva  of  load  without  sacrificing  reliability  or  short- 
ening transformer  life. 

The  electrical  engineer  plays  a  vital  role  in  design  and  development  work  at  Wiscon- 
sin Electric  Power  Company.    Progress  in  power  with  us  may  be  your  key  to  the  future. 


WISCONSIN     EIECTRIC     POWER     COMPANY     SYSTEM 


Wisconsin    Electric    Power   Co. 
Milwaukee,    Wis. 


46 


Wisconsin    Michigan    Power   Co. 
Appleton,    Wis. 


Wisconsin    Natural    Gas   Co. 
Racine,   Wis.  *■ 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


REQUIRED  SAFETY 
FACTORS  in  steering 
arm  assured  by 
designing  it  to  be  forged 


By  designing  with  forgings,  a  trucls.  manufacturer  can  count  on  the  required 
safety  factors,  with  minimum  '■beefing-up"  of  parts  to  offset  unknown 
internal  structures  or  non-homogenious  materials. 

You,  too,  can  achieve  results  like  these  by  designing  uith  for^irif^s  either  at 
^he  start  or  on  re-design.  The  benefits  of  forgings  are  equally  impressive, 
whether  you  make  home-workshop  equi]iment  or  diesel  engines. 

Forgings  start  as  better  metal  .  .  .  are  further  improved  by  the  lunnmer-ljlows 
or  high  pressure  of  the  forging  process. 

Write  for  literature  on  tiie  design,  specification,  and  procurement  of  forgings. 


Drop  Forging  Association  •  Cleveland  13,  Ohio 


Nam,-i  ol   H,o,„. 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


47 


Problem:  To  fin(l  a  job  that  will  utilize  your  engineer- 
ing trainin-;  to  the  fullest  possible  extent,  and  reward 
you  for  a  job  well  done. 

Soliilion:  Find  a  company  that  has  a  rejiulation  for 
hein>;  the  leader  in  its  field.  A  eonijiany  whose  eontinued 
expansion  is  hiiilt  on  creative  enjrineerinji  of  new  prod- 
ucts, new  jirocesses.  A  company  with  this  hackgroiuid 
relies  on  its  engineers  for  progress  and  rewards  them 
accordingly. 

At  LiNDE,  the  creative  engineer  will  find  this  and 
more.  As  you  prohahly  know,  Linde  is  a  major  supplier 
of  industrial  gases  to  industry  . .  .  you're  projiahly  famil- 
iar with  them  in  welding;  steel  companies  use  them  in 
refining  metals;  and  they're  essential  to  thousands  of 
chemical  processes.  I.inde  is  also  famous  for  its  con- 
Irihulion  in  welditig  eipiipmeni,  and   its  leadership  in 


cryogenic  (ultra-low-teniperature)  technology,  and 
other  new  and  fascinating  [)roducts  and  processes. 

A  IjINDE  engineer,  as  a  result  of  this  progressive  com- 
jtanv  thinking,  enjoys  several  important  advantages. 
Primarily,  he  works  in  a  professional  atmosphere,  where 
highly  specialized  technicians  are  used  to  relieve  him 
of  hcnch  work,  drafting,  and  other  detail  work.  And  the 
engineer  at  all  times  enjoys  privacy  that  is  so  greatly 
desired  in  engineering  today. 

But  all  these  are  discussed  in  a  booklet  that  should 
he  in  your  possession  before  you  decide.  Why  not  write 
for  a  copv  today  ...  no  obligation.  Ask  for  "Look  to 
LiNDE  for  Your  Future."  Address:  Mr.  J.  J.  Rostosky, 
Manager  —  Recruiting,  Linde  Company.  Division  of 
Union  Carbide  Corporation,  30  East  42nd  Street,  New 
^'ork  17,  New  York. 


A      LEADER     FOR      OVER     50      YEARS 

The  terms  "Linde"  and  "Union  Carbide"  are  repistered  trade-marks  of  UCC. 


^ii/e 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Tau  Beta  Pi  Essay  .  .  . 


The  Thing  That  Couldn't  be  Done 


By  Stephen  Lucas 


S'liiii  hotly  said  that  it  (ouldn't  he  /lone. 

But   III    nith   II   iliiuUc   ri-pliiii 
Hull  " iiiiiyhc  it  lOiililn' t ."  hut  lie  ivniilil 
hv  one 
Who   u'oiililii't  say  so   till   hi'/l   triiil. 
So  III-  hiirUid  I'ti/ht  in  ivith  the  triiee  of 
II  jfiiii 
On  his  ftiee.  If  he  ivorried  he  hid  it. 
lie    started    to    siui/    as    he    taekled    the 
t  hi  nil 
That  eoitldn't  he  done,  and  he  did  it. 

— Edgar  A.  Guest 

They  said  it  couldn't  be  done;  thc-y 
said  nobody  could  do  it.  Sounds  familiar, 
iloesii't  it.  "Gunsnioke  "  is  interrupted  at 
K-ast  three  times  a  week  by  that  catchy 
little  phrase  to  which  is  added  a  plug 
for  Liggett  and  Meyers  L  &  M  cigar- 
ettes. Most  (if  us  though  are  so  worried 
about  whether  Matt  Dillon  will  catch 
that  week's  \armit  that  we  don't  think 
seriously  about  the  present  implication 
of  those  twehe  words  —  they  said  it 
couldn't  be  done;  they  said  nobod\' 
coidd  do  it. 

Throughout  his  brief  presence  on 
earth,  man  has  attacked  many  problems 
which  couldn't  be  done,  and  done  them. 
One  does  not  have  to  think  too  long  to 
come  up  with  such  examples.  Man  was 
not  made  to  fly  and  he  certainly  coidd 
not  in  a  heavier  than  air  machine;  yet 
the  Wright  brothers  did  it.  It  was  im- 
possible for  one  person  to  talk  to  anoth- 
er many  miles  away;  but  Alexander 
Hell  did  it.  A  ship  dri\en  by  a  tub  of 
boiling  water  —  impossible,  the  people 
said  ;  they  were  amazed  when  Fulton's 
(Jeriiiont  did   it. 

That's  \ery  nice,  you  are  probabh' 
saying  to  yourself,  but  I  knew  all  this 
before.  True,  I  say,  this  is  not  m\- 
point;  my  question  is,  can  we  keep  the 
impossible  jobs  of  today  and  tomorrow 
as  our  forefathers  did?  Can  we,  who  are 
in  colleges  and  universities  of  the  Lnit- 
ed  States,  tackle  the  job  that  couldn't 
be  done  and  do  it?  I  am  not  sure  we 
can,  and  I  shall  attempt  to  explain  why 
and  to  offer  a  few  suggestions  on  how 
we  can  remed\  the  situation  of  which 
I  speak. 

In  The  Organization  Man.  William 
Whyte  takes  several  chapters  to  explain 
his  \ie\\s  on   the  effect  of  education   in 


turning  out  the  organization  man,  the 
man  who  is  happy  to  find  his  safe  little 
niche  in  life  and  stay  there  away  from 
the  \\(u-ries  and  insolvable  problems  of 
life.  The  Wall  Street  Journal,  in  an 
early  March  editorial,  noticed  that  more 
employers  wanted  their  prospecti\e  em- 
ployees  to   ha\e    a   wide   and   di\ersified 


training.  The  e<litiiiial  went  on  to  sa\ 
that  presenth'  colleges  and  luiiversities 
were  graduating  tradesmen  or  human 
machines  with  the  characteristic  lack  of 
drive  and  vocational  interest  that 
Whyte  often  observed.  To  come  a  little 
closer  to  home,  Mrs.  Frayn  Utley,  wife 
of  Clifton  Utley,  well-known  news 
commentator,  and  famous  herself  as  a 
news  commentator,  last  week  at  the  an- 
nual professional  journalism  honorary 
banquet  said,  ".  .  .  schools  of  journal- 
ism are  not  providing  enough  hack- 
ground  education.  Tlu-\  are  turning  nut 
technicians." 


What  does  all  of  this  mean  ?  What 
am  1  trying  to  say?  I  am  saying  that 
the  uni\ersities  and  colleges  are  not 
tinning  out  the  thinking  man,  the  man 
who  has  a  wide  and  varied  background 
in  all  or  most  fields,  the  man  who  when 
confronting  a  problem  knows  what  to  do 
when  parts  of  the  solution  are  not  in 
his  field,  and  the  man  who  can  and  will 
tackle  any  problem  because  his  mind  has 
not  been  channeled  and  persuaded  that 
the  problem  cannot  be  done.  I  am  sav- 
ing that  the  men  and  women  graduated 
today  are  not  the  well-rounded  men  and 
women  they  believe  themselves  to  be. 

The  three  sources  noted  above  are 
only  a  sample  of  the  many  persons, 
groups,  and  publications  which  cite  the 
poor  education  being  obtained  in  col- 
leges and  universities.  It  is  relatively 
simple  to  say  that  something  is  definite- 
ly Licking  in  college  education  today; 
hut.  it  is  much  harder  to  advance  even 
.1  partial  solution  to  this  difficult  prob- 
lem. Hefore  setting  down  suggestions, 
1  should  like  to  advance  two  statements: 
the  first  to  explain  what  education 
should  not  be,  and  the  second  to  gener- 
alh'  outline  what  it  should   be. 

The  late  Albert  Einstein  once  re- 
marked, "There  is  born  into  the  minds 
of  all  men  an  intense  curiosity  and  de- 
sire for  knowledge,  hut  for  most  people, 
this  is  .soon  educated  out  of  them."  And 
V  ice  President  and  Provost  of  the  I'ni- 
versity,  Gordon  Ray,  commented  last 
year  at  the  Men's  Independent  Associa- 
tion Awards  Banquet  that  the  aim  of 
college  education  is  not  the  amassing  of 
information,  but  the  enlarging  of  mental 
capacities  to  enable  an  individual  to  use 
the  information  he  gained  at  college. 

With  these  two  statements  in  mind, 
let  us  see  what  could  be  done  to  actually 
educate,  and  not  train,  the  people  at- 
tcnd'iig  our  colleges  and  universities. 
I'irst,  the  undergraduate  curriculum 
should  consist  of  basic  and  general 
courses.  A  large  amount  of  technical 
and  specialized  cour.ses  should  only  be 
taught  in  graduate  schools.  A  po.ssible 
solution  to  the  old  complaint  about  the 
narrowness  of  engineers  would  be  to 
make  engineering  curricula  of  five  year 
duration.  The  present  trend  of  under- 
graduate engineering  schools,  which  are 
most    often    accused    of    not    offering    a 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


49 


\M'II-r()uiuInl  cmiiM'  i>t  stiul>,  is  to  i-oii- 
tinually  k«'p  adding  more  technical  and 
specialized  courses  to  the  already  over- 
loaded undergraduate  program.  If  the 
engineering  school  at  this  university 
were  changed  to  a  five  year  school,  it  is 
almost  a  certainty  that  the  extra  \ear 
would  he  composed  almost  entirelx  of 
more  technical  courses,  althougli  the 
main  reason  many  educators  ami  per- 
sonnel directors  in  industry  would  want 
an  extra  year  for  engineering  education 
is  to  add  the  lacking  non-technicai  or 
liberal  arts  courses.  Several  of  my  in- 
structors have  mentioned  that  many  of 
the  pre.sent  engineering  courses  were 
taught  in  graduate  school  when  tiny 
went  through  their  schooling.  These 
courses  ha\e  now  pushed  their  way  into 
the  undergraduate's  curriculum,  often, 
I  am  afraid,  at  the  expense  of  a  non- 
technical or  liberal  arts  electixe.  Some 
work  should  be  definiteh'  done  in  this 
area  to  stop  the  trend  of  technical  spe- 
cialization and  turn  it  into  a  trend  of 
education. 

Second,  se\iT;d  reipnred  courses  in 
present  or  contemporary  world  events 
should  be  offered  by  colleges  and  luu- 
versities  to  all  of  their  undergraduates. 
A  very  noticeable  trend  in  our  nation  at 
this  time  is  the  ignorance  and  disinter- 
est of  the  people  in  world,  national,  and 


local  aft'aiis.  'riii>  lack  of  intere>t  and 
knowledge  is  ipiite  evident  in  the  cam- 
pus counterpart  —  student  govertuiient. 
Student  Senate  at  this  university  has 
long  admonished  the  student  for  his 
apathy  in  governmental  affairs.  Perhaps 
Student  Senate  could  work  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  uni\ersit\  in  offering  these 
courses  in  go\ernmeiit  :\i\i\  world  af- 
f;iirs  and  use  the  uni\ersir\  .is  a  small 
model  on  which  the  students  on  this 
camnus  could   practice   and   learn. 

Third,  a  series  of  one  course  in  con- 
temporary, creative,  or  out-of-field  writ- 
ing should  at  least  be  offered  and  possi- 
hi\  be  require<l  in  certain  colleges.  Tau 
ISef.i  Pi  recognizes  the  need  for  this 
t\pe  of  practice  and  education  in  re- 
quiring as  a  pledge  duty  the  writing  of 
a  non-technical  essay  of  which  this  paper 
\()u  are  reading  is  an  example.  The  rec- 
ognition of  this  problem,  however,  does 
not  necessarily  bring  about  a  solution. 
Those  engineers  elected  into  Tau  Reta 
Pi  do  need  this  type  of  experience ;  but, 
surely  the  other  people  in  engineering 
need  this  experience  as  much  if  not  more 
than  those  persons  actually  participating 
as  pledges.  A  course  of  this  type  should 
be  required  of  all  engineers,  possibly  a 
full  year  after  Rhetoric  102.  This  pro- 
gram would  be  applicable  to  other  col- 
leges whose  graduates  also  need  a  good 


FATIGUE 

SPIN 

RIG 

inei 

mpress 

d  al 

to 

d 

ive 

balls  oro 

und   th 

e  bo 

re  ol 

a 

test  cy 

inder 

to 

de 

er- 

mine  cyl 

nder  s 

stoti 

c  fat 

9U 

e  life. 

JEI  ENGINE  BEARING  TESTING  MACHINE  tests 
main  rotor  ball  bearings  under  actual  operating 
conditions  of  load  and  lubrication. 


Fafnir  works  with  "unknowns"  to  come 
up  with  ball  bearings  you'll  need! 


In  many  fields  of  industry  and  technology, 
progress  depends  in  large  measure  on 
solving  increasingly  complex  ball  bearing 
problems.  Bearing  materials  and  lubricants 
have  yet  to  be  perfected  that  can  take  cer- 
tain temperature  extremes.  Higher  speeds 
and  heavier  loads  pose  formidable  prob- 
lems. So  does  miniaturization. 

To  help  its  research  engineers  probe 
the  unknowns  in  these  and  other  areas, 
The  Fafnir  Bearing  Company  maintains  the 
most  up-to-date  facilities  for  metallurgical 
research,  and  bearing  development  and  test- 


ing. It  is  another  reason  why  you  are  likely 
to  find  Fafnir  ready  with  the  answers — 
should  bearing  problems  some  day  loom 
large  for  you.  Worth  bearing  in  mind.  The 
Fafnir  Bearing  Company,  New  Britain, 
Connecticut. 

Write  for  booklet,  "Fafnir  Formula  For  Solving 
Bearing  Problems"  containing  description  of  Fafnir 
engineering,  research,  and  development  facilities. 

FAFNIR 

^^BALL    BEARINGS 

^—^     MOST  COMPLETE  LINE    IN   AMERICA 


cimimaiul  ot  spoken  and  written  I'.iiglisli 
in  lelds  other  than  their  own  area  ot 
specialization. 

Educators  prominent  in  this  area 
could  certainly  come  up  with  more  pro- 
found suggestions  than  those  which  1 
ha\ e  offered  ;  yet,  I  feel  that  these  sev- 
eral suggestions  expan<led  and  fitted  info 
the  pre.sent  educational  system  here  ,ire 
certainh'  needed  in  the  light  of  com- 
ments similar  to  the  oik-s  pre\iousl\  ad- 
vanced and  to  the  read'ly  apparent  dis- 
satisfaction of  industr\  with  present 
college  graduates.  With  our  present 
world  becoming  so  specialized  and  tech- 
nical, we  must  make  sure  that  our  col- 
lege graduates  do  not  become  just  a 
small  cog  or  bolt  in  the  great  machine  of 
American  technology.  Our  college  grad- 
uates must  be  educated,  prepared  to 
think  and  soKe  the  complex  problems  of 
our  day  which  cut  across  man>'  fields 
and  specialties.  If  we  do  not  start  to 
remedy  this  problem  of  education  \ery 
soon,  the  bigger,  impossible  problems  of 
our  society  might  be  approached  as  ob- 
served by  this  take-off  on  Edgar  Guest's 
aforementioned  quote ; 

They  gave  hiiii  the  jo/>  that  loiildii't  hi- 
duiic . 
Ill   siiiihd  iind  noil  rii/ht  ta  it. 
Ill-    1(11  kicd    the    jdh    that    loiildii't    he 
done . 
.hid  found  that   he   eonldn't  do   it. 


Pirate's  Pirate 

The  theft  and  republication  of  books 
b\  Russia  has  long  angered  Western  au- 
thors and  publishers — and  now  the  So- 
\  iets  themselves  are  learning  how  it 
feels  from  the  Red  Chinese.  The  Chi- 
nese Communists  have  proved  to  be 
pirate's  pirates  by  stealing  and  reprint- 
ing not  only  Western  books  but  Rus- 
sion   texts  as  well. 

Melon  On  A  Stick 

Watermelon  on  a  stick  may  be  the 
newest  national  frozen  confection  fad 
next  Summer  if  a  Texas  company  is  able 
to  expand  its  opertaions  fast  enough. 
The  company  now  ships  chilled  "melon 
squeezings"  in  4,000  gallon  tank  trucks 
to  dozens  of  creameries  and  other  plants 
in  its  area  for  final  processing. 

Alcohol  With  Water  Chaser 

A  slug  of  alcohol  may  play  a  signi- 
ficant role  in  bringing  approximately 
1  ^O-billion  barrels  of  untapped  U.  S. 
oil  to  the  surface.  A  professor  of  pe- 
troleum and  natural  gas  engineering  be- 
lieves the  alcohol  slug,  followed  by  a 
w  aterfiood,  may  be  one  solution  to  the 
oil  industr\'s  secondar\'  recoverv  prob- 
lem. 


50 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


HE  MAKES  HIS  ENGINE  STALL 


Charles  Domke  (right)  is  one  of  the  few  men  we  know  wlio  takes  a  positive 
deliglit  in  having  his  engine  stall  in  sub-zero  weather.  He  and  Mechanic 
Verland  Stout  change  gasoline  blends  frequently.  When  the  engine  stalls,  they 
try  another  blend.  Their  objective,  of  course,  is  to  find  the  perfect  gasoline 
under  various  climatic  and  road  conditions — and  the  true  test  is  on  the  road  itself! 

The  gasoline  that  performs  best  in  icy  conditions  will  cause 

engine  difficulty  in  hot  weather.  Standard  gasoline  formulas  are 

changed  twelve  times  a  year  to  assure  peak  performance  in  every 

season.  Mixtures  also  differ  from  one  geographical  location  to 

another  in  order  to  offer  customers  more  gasoline  value  for  their  dollar. 


...SO  yours 

won't! 

Charles  Domke  lias  one  of  the  world's  most  un- 
usual jobs.  He  tricx  to  have  engine  trouble! 

He's  a  Project  Automotive  Engineer  at 
Standard  Oil.  In  all  kinds  of  weather— hot,  cold, 
wet,  dry,  low  barometer,  high  barometer — he 
goes  driving.  First  thing  you  know,  he'll  stop 
and  change  fuel,  put  in  a  different  blend  of 
gasoline  to  see  what  happens.  If  it  stalls,  he 
doesn't  call  a  tow  truck.  He  just  puts  in  an- 
other blend  of  gasoline. 

You  might  say  he  makes  his  engine  stall ...  so 
yours  won't! 

What  Mr.  Domke  and  other  automotive  en- 
gineers learn  from  these  constant  experiments 
is  used  to  give  you  gasoline  that  is  blended  es- 
pecially for  the  region  of  the  country  in  which 
you  live  and  also  for  the  season. 

It  may  surprise  you  to  learn  that  12  or  more 
seasonal  changes  are  made  in  Standard  gasoline 
every  year!  It  is  adjusted  for  temperature, 
humidity,  altitude  and  other  factors  that  affect 
ua.'^oline  performance  in  your  area. 

.\  pioneer  in  petroleum  research.  Standard 
'  111  is  famous  for  its  "firsts"  in  petroleum  prog- 
ress. Since  our  first  research  laboratory  opened 
Til  years  ago,  our  scientists  have  been  respon- 
sible for  many  major  petroleum  advances— from 
making  a  barrel  of  oil  yield  more  gasoline  to  dis- 
covering a  way  to  get  more  oil  out  of  the  earth. 

Charles  Domke  and  other  scientists  at 
Standard  Oil  and  its  affiliated  companies  are 
searching  continually  for  ways  to  make  oil 
products  serve  you  better. .  to  make  petroleum 
more  useful  to  more  people  than  ei'cr  before! 

What  makes  a  company  a  good  citizen? 

For  a  company,  good  citizenship  is  more  than 
obeying  the  law  and  paying  taxes.  It  is  looking 
ahead,  planning  for  the  future,  making  im- 
provements. America  has  grown  to  greatness 
on  research  conducted  bv  private  business  for 
the  benefit  of  all. 


S  T  A  X  II  A  It  II    OIL    CO  >l  I*  A  .\  V 


standard) 


THE  SIGN  OF  PROGRESS 
THROUGH  RESEARCH 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


51 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  The  Staff 


Seven  Tips  on  How  to  Get  Better 
Results  from  Tape  Recorder 

^'our  (laiii;htcr  lias  Midi  a  sweet  little 
voice  that  you  simply  must  put  it  c)ii 
tape.  You  do — and  she  sounds  like  a 
beatnik  on  a  binge. 

This  can  be  avoided  if  \ou  follow 
these  seven  hints  on  how  to  get  better 
results   from   \our   tape   recorder. 

1.  Avoid  hand-holding  the  micro- 
phone. Mike  stands,  both  Hoor  and 
table  models,  are  preferable.  Don't 
place  the  microphone  on  the  same  t.ible 
with  the  recorder  nv  on  .1  piano,  radio 
or  TV  cabinet. 

2.  Make  sure  to  record  at  the  proper 
volume  level.  Too  high  or  too  low  le\els 
will  create  distortions. 

3.  Record  the  speaking  voice  at  a 
speed  of  3.7 S  ips.  Hut  it  is  advisable  to 
record  music,  both  vocal  and  i  nstru- 
mental,  at  7.5  ips. 

4.  To  avoid  feedback,  place  the  mi- 
crophone so  that  the  sound  from  the 
speaker  is  not  directed  toward  it.  Keep 
the  mike  away  from  audible  hum  fields 
such  as  those  produced  by  fluorescent 
lamp  ballasts  and  the  like. 

X  Keep  tapes  away  from  excessive 
heat  and  dampness,  and  do  not  store 
tape  near  electrical  appliances  or  mo- 
tors which  may  generate  magnetic  fields. 

6.  Do  not  wind  the  tape  too  tightly 
when  you  store  it.  Be  sure  the  tape  is 
wound  evenly,  and  make  sure  to  rcw  iiid 
at  least  once  every  six  months. 

7.  Don't  be  afraid  to  experiment  and 
make  mistakes.  One  unique  advantage 
of  a  tape  recorder  is  that  you  erase  mis- 
takes simply  by  re-recording. 


52 


Survey  on  Engineering  Writing 
Under  Way 

A  siir\e\  to  find  what  management 
is  doing  to  help  technical  people  com- 
municate better  is  being  made  by  the 
Technical  Writing  Improvement  So- 
ciety (TWIS).  Underlying  the  survey 
is  the  desire  to  find  why  industry  is  not 
doing  more  to  help  their  key  profes- 
sionals— particLilarly  engineers  —  write 
better.  The  survey  results  are  expected 
to  show  if  the  reasons  are  financial,  lack 
of  instructors,  lack  of  books  and  other 
teaching  materials,   etc. 

Questionnaires  are  being  sent  bv 
TWIS  to  more  than  l.(H)()  of  the  coun- 
try's top  firms  in  all  industries.  The  sur- 
vey is  being  directed  bv  John  L.  Kent, 
TWIS  Executive  Secretary.  TWIS  is 
a  national  organization  of  educators, 
tr.ide  journal  editors,  industrial  writers 
and  editors,  and  iiianagenient  people, 
founded  in   lO.SS. 

In  announcing  the  sur\e\,  Kent  s.aul 
that  industrial  management  is  one  (jf 
the  four  factors  which  educators  feel 
have  a  bearing  on  the  quality  of  writ- 
ing. The  other  three  are  (  1  )  the  eng:- 
neer  himself,  (2)  the  editors  who  ac- 
cept engineers'  writing,  and  (3)  the 
schools  and  colleges  which  ha\e  helpeil 
educate  the  engineer. 

Results  are  to  be  published  b\  TWIS 
this  June. 

New  Repellents 

A  dusf-iepelleiit  for  paint  and  a 
water-repellent  for  clothing  are  promis- 
ing new  developments.  The  paint-pro- 
tector is  a  colloidal  silica  preparation 
that   "fills   the   pores   of   a   paint   surface 


to  produce  a  slickness  so  total  that  there 
is  \irtually  nothing  tor  dirt  to  adhere 
to."  The  water-repellent  treatment 
"\\  ithstood  se\  en  days  of  continuous  24- 
lioiii"  raint.ill  without  showing  any 
w.itei'  penetration." 

Mobile  Lounge 

I'.issengers  at  the  now-abuilding 
1  )iilles  Intei'national  Aii|iort  outside 
Washington,  D.  C".,  will  he  ferried 
I  rom  teiiiiinal  to  pl.incs  in  "mobile 
lounges."  The  \ehicles  will  he  self-pro- 
pel le<l,  lia\e  controls  at  both  ends  for 
tia\el  in  either  direction,  and  be  self- 
le\eling  to  adjust  to  airliner  door  sills. 
Average  passenger  trek  from  car  to 
pl.me  will  be  cut  from  1,6(10  to  350  feet. 

Electronic  Warehouse 

.A  giant  Milwaukee  mad  order  house 
li.is  sl.ished  its  two  biggest  costs — 
li,i|ierwork  and  physical  assembly  of  or- 
ders— by  an  estimated  #250,000  a  year 
through  automation.  Two  electronic 
computing  systems  used  to  sort  and 
process  orders  have  enabled  a  reduction 
of  the  firm's  warehouse  staff  from  200 
to   20. 

Fish  Finder 

A  Massachusetts  electronics  company 
has  developed  a  portable  depth  and  fish 
finder  for  use  by  sports  fishermen  in 
boats  as  small  as  dingies.  The  transistor- 
ized fathometer  can  operate  off  a  port- 
able battery  or  the  battery  of  a  power 
boat,  has  .a  depth  range  of  120  feet, 
and  will  (lin-point  both  bottom  depth 
and    an\    intervening   schools  of   fish. 

New  TV  Tube 

A  pale  green  glow  emitted  by  the 
radar  screens  is  the  onh'  source  of  light 
in  an  airport  radar  room.  All  day,  every 
day,  observers  in  this  darkened  room 
scan  the  scopes  to  insure  that  air  traffic 
is  safely  routed. 

Without  disrupting  these  vital  oper- 
ations, WDSU-TV,  Channel  6,  New 
()rleans,  recently  took  its  viewers  into 
the  radar  room  of  the  new  Terminal 
Huilding  at  Moisant  International  Air- 
port. The  telecast  from  this  darkened 
room  was  made  possible  by  the  use  of 
(leneral  Electric's  new  super-sensitive 
television  camera  tube. 

The  e\ent  was  one  of  a  series  of  high- 
l\  successful  local  "remote"  telecasts 
using  this  type  (iL-7629  image  orthicon 
for  black-and-white  for  the  first  time  in 
regidar  on-the-air  service.  WDSl  -1  \ 
technicians  were  amazed  by  the  abilit\ 
of  this  tube,  to  pick  up  a  usable  pictui'e 
in  abscdute  minimum  "existing  light' 
conditions. 

New  Orleans'  St.  Louis  Cathedral, 
on  hist(u-ic  Jackson  Square,  was  the  site 
of  another  important  telecast  using  this 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


new  image  orthicon.  WDSU-TV's  tra- 
ditional Christmas  Eve  telecast  of  Mid- 
night Mass  was  marked  by  the  best  re- 
sults ever  this  year.  Understandably,  the 
use  of  TV^  lights  for  this  remote  is  out 
of  the  question.  Engineering  personnel 
were  prepared  to  switch  to  a  regular 
t\  pe  5820  tube  if  the  light  conditions  in 
the  Catheilral  caused  disturbing  "burn- 
ins,"  or  "highlights."  However,  no 
change  was  necessary;  results  were  ex- 
cellent. 

The  new  tube  also  was  used  on  a 
telecast  from  the  Christ  Church  Cathe- 
dral, a  location  with  very  little  available 
light.  Again,  the  picture  quality  was  far 
better  than  could  be  e\|iected  with  the 
"=i82()"  tube. 

Still  another  "night-into-day"  success 
story  was  chalked-up  d  u  ring  the 
WDSL-TV  coverage  of  the  dramatic 
Democratic  primary  run-off  on  January 
9,  in  which  Jimmy  Davis  defeated  de- 
Lesseps  Morrison.  A  one-camera  remote 
from  the  Jefferson  Parish  courthouse 
picked  up  reactions  of  crowds  and  can- 
didates that  were  missed  during  first 
primary  coverage   using  a   regular  tube. 

WDSU-TV  Chief  Engineer  Lindsey 
Riddle  was  well  pleased  with  the  re- 
sults obtained  with  the  new  tube  during 
the  remote  telecasts  and  studio  experi- 
ments. 

Radioactive  Waste 

The  luiclear  energy  industr\'  cm  de- 
velop in  a  rational  way  without  being 
"bottle-necked"  or  "liamsfnuig"  by 
trouble  in  ilisposing  of  ]adioacti\e 
wastes,  an  Atomic  Energy  Comnu'ssion 
spokesman  said. 

.'\ddressing  a  University  of  Illinois 
sanitary  engineering  conference  that  has 
"Radiological  Aspects  of  Water  S Lip- 
plies"  as  its  theme,  J.  A.  Lieberman, 
chief.  Environmental  and  Sanitary  En- 
gineering, AEC  Division  of  Reactor 
Development,   said: 

"The  management  of  railioacti\e 
wastes  which  includes  their  handling, 
treatment  and  disposal  is  a  general  prob- 
lem whose  thread  runs  thi'ough  the  com- 
plete fabric  of  nuclear  energy  opera- 
tions.  .   .   . 

"In  the  peaceful  day-to-day  ap|ilica- 
tion  of  the  benefits  of  nuclear  technol- 
ogy, the  disposal  of  radioactive  wastes 
potentially  represents  perhaps  the  major 
'non-beneficial'  effect  on  the  public  anrl 
Its  resources. 

"More  mone\'  probabh'  has  been 
spent,  and  more  scientific  and  technologi- 
cal effort  concentrated  on  facilities, 
operations,  and  research  with  regard  to 
this  industrial  waste  than  on  any  in- 
liustrial  contaminant  we  have  known. 
At  the  present  time  at  Atomic  Energy 
Commission  installations,  there  is  an  in- 
vestment of  approximately  $200,000,0()() 
in   facilities  for  the  hnndling,  treatment 


and  diNposal  of  the  wastes,  while  the 
estimated  annual  operating  cost  tor 
these  facilities  is  appro\imatel\  is(),(KI(l,- 
000." 

Methods  of  keeping  waste  from  hav- 
ing harmful  effects  center  around  two 
major  concepts,  "concentrate  anil  con- 
tain" and  "dilute  and  disperse." 

Lieberman  stressed  that  "the  manage- 
ment of  disposal  of  radioactive  wastes 
is  not  a  single  problem  with  a  single 
solution.  It  varies  widely,  depending 
upon  the  specific  nature,  concentration 
and  quantity  of  radioactive  materials  in- 
volved, and  on  the  specific  environment 
in   which   it  must   be  considered." 

However,  some  methods  which  are 
being  used  with  some  effectiveness  in 
varying   kinds  of  situations   include: 

— Use  of  the  "diluting  power  of  th.e 
environment  to  some  extent  in  hamlling 
low-level   waste. 

— "Conversion  of  waste  to  solids  by 
one   of   several   methods. 

— "Storage  of  solids  in  selected  geo- 
lo'u'ca!  strata  with  major  emphasis  on 
salt   beds. 

— "Disposal  of  liquids  into  geological 
strata — either  deep  wells  or  salt  beds. 

— "Disposal  of  liquids  or  solids  into 
the  sea. 

"The  conversion  to  solids  and  storage 
of  these  wastes  in  salt  formations  seemed 
to  be  the  most  favored  possibility  at  this 
time,"  Leiberman  added,  referring  to 
recent  Washington  hearings  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

".Although  one  has  to  be  \er\'  care- 
ful to  distinguish  between  aspiration, 
reality  and  speculation  in  this  field,  it 
is  our  own  strong  feeling  that  the  devel- 
opment program  has  thus  far  found 
solutions  to  ^ome  of  the  waste  problems 
and  at  least  indicated  solutions  to 
others." 

The  U.  of  I.  Sanitary  Engineering 
Conference  is  conducted  by  the  U.  of  I. 
Department  of  Civil  Engineering  and 
Division  of  University  Extension,  with 
the  Division  of  Sanitary  Engineering, 
Illinois  Department  of  Public  Health. 
Proceeilings  will   be  published. 

Milling  During  Transfer 

|-,\h:ui>t  manitold  castings  can  now  be 
completely  finished  in  a  machine  that 
not  only  saves  floor  space  hut  permits 
simple  alterations  to  meet  part  design 
changes.  Designed  and  built  b\'  The 
Cross  Company,  Detroit,  Mich.,  this 
machine  mills  all  flange  faces  of  mani- 
folds while  they  are  being  transferreil 
and  does  machining  operations  in  both 
stations.  Any  change  of  the  tailpiiie 
flange  angle  —  which  usually  changes 
with  each  new  vehicle  model  —  can  be 
accommodated  by  changing  the  fixturing 
and  the  angle  of  just  one  head  in  one 
of  the  stations. 

.A    two-position    livture,    mounted    on 


the  shuttle,  is  lo.ided  with  two  parts  in 
the  first  station.  One  raw  casting  is 
clamped  with  the  four  exhaust  port 
flanges  up.  A  partially  finished  casting 
IS  turned  end  for  end.  rotated  approxi- 
mately ')(l  deg  and  clanipe<l  with  the 
tailpipe  flaive  up.  The  fixture  locates 
the  unmachined  part  on  cast  surfaces 
and  will  accommodate  normal  casting 
variations.  The  semifinished  part  is  lo- 
cated bv  two  milled  surfaces  and  two 
drilled  holes. 

After  the  automatic  c\cle  is  initiated, 
fhe  pallet  moves  to  the  second  station. 
During  the  transfer,  the  parts  pa.s  under 
rid  are  machined  b\'  three  inserted-blade 
carbide-tipped  milling  cutters.  The  ex- 
haust port  flanges  pass  under  a  roughing 
and  finishing  cutter.  Only  one  cutter  is 
needed  on  the  tailpipe  flange  since  finisli 
re^Tm'iements  are  not  as  rigid  because  the 
tailpipe  (its  into  a  machined  opening,  di- 
recting the  hot  gases  away  from  the 
gasketed  joint. 

In  the  second  station,  the  t;iiliiipe 
HaiT'e  holes  of  the  raw  ca-ting  are 
drilled  b\  an  angular  head.  The  same 
holes  in  the  se:iiifinislied  part  are  tapped 
by  tools  mounted  on  the  same  short  ver- 
tical column  as  the  mil'ing  cutters.  With 
normal  part  design  changes,  it  would 
on!\  be  necessary  to  change  the  angle  of 
the  tailpipe  flange-drilling  head.  Because 
of  standard  component  ilesign,  this  is  a 
compartively  simple  m.atter.  Eixturing 
changes  would  depend  on  the  angular 
change. 

The  parts  are  shuttled  back  to  the 
first  station  in  rapid  traverse  f(u-  the 
final  machining  operations.  To  prevent 
scuffing  of  the  milled  SLirfaces,  the  mill- 
ing cutters  are  lifted  about  '  ,s  inch  dur- 
ing the  period  of  the  return  movement. 

In  this  station,  the  eight  exhaust  port 
flange  holes  of  the  r.iw  casting  are 
drilled  and  the  central  opening  in  the 
tailpipe  flange  of  the  semifinished  part 
is  finished  with  a  two-step  boring  tool 
using  carbide  cutters. 

At  the  end  of  this  automatic  cycle, 
the  operator  removes  the  finished  part, 
transfers  the  .semifinished  part  to  the 
second  fixture  position  and  inserts  a  raw 
part  in  the  first  position.  Each  back-and- 
forth  cycle  of  this  machine  produces  one 
finished  manifold  ami  the  production 
rate  is  20  |iarts  per  hour  at  IIIO', 
etficiencv  while  producing  truck  mani- 
folds. 

Space  'Bicycle' 

S|iacemen  may  spend  a  good  part  of 
their  time  pedaling.  One  researcher  says 
a  human  passenger  in  a  space  vehicle 
could  supply  some  of  his  own  power  by 
a  pedal  operated  generator  to  .save  the 
weight  and  space  used  by  other  power 
sources  such  as  batteries.  In  addition,  it 
would  provide  a  form  of  exercise  and 
possibly  help  relieve  tension. 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


53 


I 


''Fenton!  Quick!'' 


54 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Summer  jobs  often   lead  to  rewarding  careers  at  Du  Pont 


THIS  SUMMER... 


ON-THE-JOB    TECHNICAL    TRAINING    AT    DU  PONT 


Pictured  are  a  few  of  the  many  Du  Pont 
plants  and  laI)oratories  across  the  country 
where  selected  technical  students  roll  up 
their  sleeves  during  summer  vacation  and 
put  their  college  training  to  practical  use. 

Most  of  the  assignments  are  similar  to 
work  the  employees  are  likely  to  do  after 
graduation.  Next  summer,  for  example,  a 
chemical  engineering  student  may  go  to 
work  on  a  catalyst  recovery  project.  A 
mechanical  engineering  trainee  may  be- 
come engrossed  in  a  challenging  hydraulic 
study.  A  promising  young  chemist  may 
tackle  a  problem  in  organic  chemistry. 

In  short,  each  man  is  given  a  regular 
plant  or  laboratory  assignment  commen- 
surate with  his  education  to  date.  And,  as 
with  permanent  employees,  the  student's 
training  is  personalized  and  tailored  to  fit 
his  background  and  interests  .  .  .  even  to 
the  location  he  prefers,  as  far  as  practical. 

This  program  has  proved  of  benefit  both 
to  students  and  to  Du  Pont.    It  gives  stu- 


dents an  opportunity  to  increase  technical 
knowledge  and  to  learn  how  to  put  college 
training  to  use  in  industry.  It  gives 
DuPont  a  chance  to  observe  men  who  will 
soon  be  graduating  in  science  and  engi- 
neering. Many  of  these  summer  associa- 
tions are  stepping  stones  to  rewarding 
careers  with  this  company. 

Juniors,  seniors  and  graduate  students 
will  be  given  technical  assignments.  Op- 
portunities are  in  chemical,  mechanical, 
electrical  and  metallurgical  engineering; 
also  in  physics  and  mathematics.  Candi- 
dates should  write  at  once  to  E.  I.  du  Pont 
de  Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.),  2420  Nemours 
Building,  Wilmington  98.  Delaware.  Open- 
ings are,  of  course,  limited. 

There  are  opportunities  also  for  men 
who  have  completed  tlieir  freshman  and 
sophomore  years,  as  laboratory  assistants 
or  vacation  relief  operators.  They  should 
apply  direct  to  the  Du  Pont  plant  or 
laboratory  location  of  their  choice. 


OTK 


BETTER  THINGS  FOR  BETTER  LIVING  .  .  .  THROUGH  CHEMISTRY 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


55 


Biggest  thirst  in  the  universe 


i 


Each  6,000,000  pound  thrust  rocket  ship  now  being  planned  for  manned 
interplanetary  exploration  will  gulp  as  much  propellant  as  the  entire  capac- 
ity of  a  170  passenger  DC-8  Jetliner  in  less  than  4  seconds!  It  will  consume 
1,140  tons  in  the  rocket's  approximately  2  minutes  of  burning  time.  Required 
to  carry  this  vast  quantity  of  propellant  will  be  tanks  tall  as  8  story  buildings, 
strong  enough  to  withstand  tremendous  G  forces,  yet  of  minimum  weight. 
Douglas  is  especially  qualified  to  build  giant-sized  space  ships  of  this  type 
because  of  familiarity  with  every  structural  and  environmental  problem 
involved.  This  has  been  gained  through  18  years  of  experience  in  producing 
missile  and  space  systems.  We  are  seeking  qualified  engineers  and  scien- 
tists to  aid  us  in  these  and  other  projects.  Write  to  C.  C.  LaVene,  Box  600-M, 
Douglas  Aircraft  Company,  Santa  Monica,  California. 

Dr.    Henry  Ponsford,   Chief,   Structures   Section,   discusses   valve   and 

fuel  flow  requirements  for  space  vehicles  with    ^^ll^l    AQ 

Donald  W.  Douglas,  Jr.,  President  of    l/UUULMd 


MISSILE  AND  SPACE.  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  DC-8  JETLINERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMB  ■  GROUND  SUPPORT  EQUIPMENT 


56 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


.  a  liaiul  in  tliiiif^s  li 


Reaching  into  a  lost  world 

. . .  jor  a  plastic  you  use  every  day 


Massive  creatures  once  sloshed  tlirough  endless  swamps,  feeding  on 
huge  ferns,  luxuriant  rushes  and  strange  pulp-like  trees.  After  ruUng  for  100  million 
years,  the  giant  animals  and  plants  vanished  forever  beneath  the  surface  with 
violent  upheavals  in  the  earth's  crust.  Over  a  long  period,  they  gradually  turned  into 
great  deposits  of  oil  and  natural  gas.  And  today.  Union  Carbide  converts  these  vast 
resources  into  a  modern  miracle — the  widely-used  plastic  called  polyethylene. 

Millions  of  feet  of  tough,  transparent  polyethylene  film  are  used  each 
year  to  protect  the  freshness  of  perishable  foods  such  as  fruits  and  vegetables.  Scores 
of  other  useful  things  are  made  from  polyethylene  . . .  unbreakable  kitchenware,  alive 
with  color  .  .  .  bottles  that  dispense  a  fine  spray  with  a  gentle  squeeze  .  .  .  electrical 
insulation  for  your  television  antenna,  and  even  for  trans-oceanic  telephone  cables. 

Polyethylene  is  only  one  of  many  plastics  and  chemicals  that  Union 
Carbide  creates  from  oil  and  natural  gas.  By  constant  research  into  the  basic  ele- 
ments of  nature,  the  peojjle  of  Union  Carbide  bring  new  and  better  products  into 
your  everyday  life. 


Learn  about  the  exciting  work 
going  on  now  in  plastics,  car- 
bons, chemicals,  gases,  metals, 
and  nuclear  energy.  Write  for 
"Products  and  Processes" 
Booklet  H,  Union  Carbide 
Corporation,  30  E.  42nd  St., 
New  York  17.  N.  Y.  In  Canada, 
Un  ion  Carbide  Canada  Lim  ited, 
Toronto. 


...  a  hand 
in  things  to  come 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


57 


//mmw 

mm. 


Since  its  inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  under  the  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


.THE  EXPLORATION  OF  SPACE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  inter- 
planetary space;  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


~  We  do  these  things  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosity  of 
Man.  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himsell  questions  and 
then  setting  out  to  lind  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  getting 
these  answers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
hove  sometimes  surprised  even  the  scientist. 

"Who  can  tell  what  we  will  find  when  we  get  to  the  planets  ? 


Who,  at  this  present  time,  can  predict  what  potential  benefits 
to  man  exist  in  this  enterprise?  No  one  con  say  with  any  accu- 
racy what  we  will  find  OS  we  fly  farther  away  from  the  earth, 
first  with  instruments,  then  with  man.  It  seems  to  me  that  we 
ore  obligated  to  do  these  things,  as  human  beings'.' 

DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Director,  JPL 


CALIFORNIA        INSTITUTE       OF       TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

A  Reseorch  Facility  operated  for  the  National  Aeronautics  anct  Space  Administration 
PASADENA,  CALIFORNIA 

Employment  opportunities  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interested  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •  MICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •  COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •   ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 

STRUCTURES  •   CHEMISTRY   •    INSTRUMENTATION   •   MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  our  immediate  consideraiion.  Inferviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  at  the  Laboratory. 


58 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


For  the  man 
who  likes  to  make 

his  own 
career  decisions 


The  AlHs-Chalmers  Graduate  Training  Course 
is  based  on  freedom  of  opportunity.  You  will 
have  up  to  two  years  of  practical  training  to 
find  the  right  spot  for  yourself.  At  the  same 
time,  you  enjoy  a  steady  income.  You  can  ac- 
cept a  permanent  position  at  any  time  —  when- 
ever you  can  show  you  are  ready. 

You  help  plan  your  own  program,  working 
with  experienced  engineers,  many  of  them  grad- 
uates of  the  program.  Your  choice  of  fields  is 
as  broad  as  industry  itself  —  for  Allis-Chalmers 
supplies  equipment  serving  numerous  growth 
industries. 

A  unique  aspect  of  the  course  is  its  flexibility. 
You  may  start  out  with  a  specific  field  in  mind, 
then  discover  that  your  interests  and  talents  lie 
in  another  direction.  You  have  the  freedom  to 
change  your  plans  at  any  time  while  on  the 
course. 

esign  •  Development  •  Manufac- 
Service. 


Types  of  jobs:  Research  ■ 
turing   •  Application   •  Sole 


Industries:  Agricultur< 
Electric   Power   •   Nude 


Pope 


Equipment:  Steam  Turbines  •  HycJroulic  Tu 
•  Transformers  •  Electronics  •  Reoctors  ' 
Tractors  •  Earth  Movers  •  Motors  •  Control 


rbines  •  Switchgeor 
Kilns  •  Crushers  • 
•  Pumps  •  Engines: 


Freedom  of  Opportunity  ojiens  the  doors  to  chal- 
lenging and  interesting  careers.  Among  them  is 
our  Nuclear  Power  Division,  with  an  engineering 
staff  in  Washington,  D.  C,  a  new  research  and 
development  center  in  Greendale.  Wis.,  and  an 
important  research  effort  at  Princeton  University 
involving  power  from  the  hydrogen  atom.  For  de- 
tails on  the  opportunities  available,  write  to  Allis- 
Chalmers,  Graduate  Training  Section,  Milwaukee 
1,  Wisconsin. 


ALLIS-CHALMERS  <^ 


FEBRUARY,   1960 


59 


BRAIN    TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


A  familiar  txin-  ot  logic  |ii)mt  ma\  he 
callfd  the  "coloieii-hat"  variety  after 
the  followini;  best  -  known  example. 
Three  men :  A.  1?  and  Care  blirulfold- 
ed  and  told  that  either  a  red  or  a  sireeii 
hat  will  he  placed  on  each  of  them. 
After  thi.s  is  <l()ne,  the  blindfolds  are  re- 
moved ;  the  men  are  asked  to  raise  a 
hand  if  the>-  see  a  red  hat.  and  to  lea\e 
the  room  as  soon  as  the\'  are  sine  of 
the  color  of  their  own  hat.  All  three 
hats  happen  to  be  red.  so  all  three  men 
raise  a  hand.  Se\eral  minutes  go  by 
\mtil  C.  who  is  more  astute  than  the 
others,  leaves  the  room.  How  did  he 
deduce  the  color  of  his  hat? 

Another  class  of  jiopular  logic  puz/les 
involves  truth-telling  and  lying.  The 
classic  example  concerns  an  explorer  in 
a  region  inhabited  b\  the  usual  two 
tribes;  the  members  of  one  tribe  al- 
ways lie,  the  members  of  the  other  al- 
ways tell  the  truth.  He  meets  two  na- 
tives. "Are  you  a  truth-teller?"  he  asks 
the  tall  one.  "Goom,"  the  native  re- 
plies. "He  say  'Yes',"  explains  the  short 
nati\e.  who  speaks  English,  "but  him 
big   liar."   What   tribe   did    each   belong 


When  Professor  Stanislaw  Slapenar- 
ski.  the  Polish  mathematician,  walked 
down  the  down-moving  escalator,  he- 
reached  the  bottom  after  taking  50  steps. 
As  an  experiment  he  then  ran  up  the 
same  escalator,  one  step  at  a  time,  reach- 
ing the  top  after  taking  125  steps.  As- 
suming that  the  professor  went  up  fi\e 
time  as  fast  as  he  went  down  ( that  is. 
took  five  steps  to  e\'ery  one  steii  before), 
and  that  he  made  each  trip  at  a  con- 
stant speed,  how  many  steps  would  be 
visible  if  the  escalator  stopped  running? 

*  »        » 

An  absent  -  minded  bank  teller 
switched  the  dollars  and  cents  when  he 
cashed  a  check  for  Mr.  Brown,  giving 
him  dollars  instead  of  cents,  and  cents 
instead  of  dollars.  After  buying  a  five- 
cent  newspaper,  l?rown  <lisco\ered  that 
he  had  left  exactly  twice  as  much  as  his 
original  check.  What  was  the  amount 
of  the  check? 

*  »       * 

Hrainteasers  courtesv  Sricii/ifii  .1  nicri- 


The  answers  for  these  hi  .linteasers 
will  apiiear  next  month.  The  answers  to 
last   month's   problems    follow. 

The  ;imount  spent  by  eacli  individual 
is   a   square   number,   and    the   difference 
of    the    expenditure    within    each    family 
is  63  shillings.  The  first  step  is  to  find 
3  sets  of  squares  that  differ  b\   53.  The 
required  numbers  are: 
32-31  ==63 
12=-  9==63 
8=-  P=63 

The  integers  in  the  first  column  rep- 
resent expenditures  b\  the  husbands;  in 
the  second  column,  by  the  wi\es.  Now 
we  have  to  pick  the  integers  that  differ 
b\-  2?i  and  11.  It  is  easily  seen  that 
Anna  (31)  is  the  wife  of  Hendrick 
(?>2)  \  Katrun  (9)  is  the  wife  of  Elas 
(12)  ;  (nirtrun  (1)  is  the  wife  of  Cor- 
nelius   (8). 


30 

39 

48 

1 

10 

19 

28 

38 

47 

7 

9 

18 

27 

29 

46 

6 

8 

17 

26 

35 

37 

5 

14 

16 

25 

34 

36 

45 

13 

15 

24 

33 

42 

44 

4 

21 

2:> 

32 

41 

43 

3 

2 

79 

31 

40 

49 

2 

11 

20 

The    required    number    is    enormous, 
but  it  can  be  found  by  "hnite  force." 

Since  we  do  not  know  how  nian\- 
digits  there  are  in  the  lequired  integer, 
we  will  represent  them  b\  A,  H,  C  .  .  . 
as  read  from  right  to  life.  Then  the  in- 
teger is  one  of  form  as  follows: 
(1.)  A-f-lOB  +  lOOC...  +10>'-iZ 
where  /;  is  the  number  of  digits. 

Let   us  take  A   as   the   tenuinal    digit 
to  be  transferred.  When   it  is  placed  at 
the  other  end,  the  integer  becomes: 
(2.)  B+10C+100D...+10"-=Z 

10"- 'A 

The  stipulation   is  that    (1.)    is  to  be 
4/5  of   (2.).   (Remember  that  the  digits 
are    represented    in    reverse    of    the    way 
they  are  written. )  Then — 
(3.)  A+IOB+IOOC  . . .  +10"-iZ= 
4  '5   (B  +  IOC...  +10»-=Z+ 

KK'A) 

Clearing  of   fractions  and   cxp.inding, 
we  have — 
(4.)  5A-f  50B+500C  . . .  +5 

(10"-'Z)  = 


4M+40C... +4(1()"-^Z)  + 

4(1()"-'A) 
Now  collect  the  A  terms  on  the  right, 
all  othei'  terms  on  the  left — 
(X)  46(B+10C...  +10"--Z)  = 
A[4(10»-')-5] 
From    (5)    it  follows  that  the  right- 
hand  member  is  divisible  by  46.  In  other 
words  we  must  find  \alues  for  A  and   n 
such  that — 

(6.)  A[410"-)-5]  _ 

2  X  23  .      .    1 

will  be  integral.  Since  the  expression  in 
brackets  is  odd,  it  is  not  divisible  b\'  2  ; 
therefore   A    is    divisible    by   2,    and    we 
can  write — 
(  7. )  A=2,  4,  6,  or  8 

Since  A  is  not  divisible  by  23,  the  ex- 
pression in  brackets  must  be.  The  expan- 
sion of  this  expression  for  values  of  n 
1,  2,  3  .  .  .  gives  35,  395,  3995,  etc. 
To  find  the  first  of  these  terms  divisible 
bv  23,  set  up  a  long  division  in  form — 
(8.)  23)  399... 95 (17... 
23 

169 
164 

59  etc. 

Bring  down  9  from  the  di\idend  each 
time,  until  a  remainder  of  11  is  reached, 
,so  that  the  final  5  can  be  brought  down 
(since  115  23x5).  This  turns  out  to 
be  a  lengthy  matter,  but  it  is  mere 
.•■rithmetic.  The  smallest  quotient  ob- 
tainable is — 
( 9 ) .  1 73,913,043,078,260,869,565 

By  taking  A^2,  we  ha\e  the  smallest 
integer  that  satisfies  the  conditions: 
( 10).  2,173,913,043,078,260,869,565 

Three  other  answers  can  be  obtained 
by  setting  A  equal  to  4,  6  and  8.  In 
each  case,  as  is  seen  from  (6.)  number 
(9.)  has  to  be  multiplied  by  half  of  A 
to  make  up  the  balance  of  the  integer. 

The  minimum  number  of  sets  that 
could  have  decided  the  tournament  was 
15,  totaling  90  games  (4).  One  extra 
set  was  played  in  the  first  round  (3), 
leaving  one  game  to  be  accounted  for. 
One  set  in  the  tournament  must  have 
been  won  by  7-5.  Bancroft  lost  his  first 
match  by  6-4  and  7-'i  (7.)  Franklin 
reached    the   finals   where   he   lost    (8.) 


60 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Since  he  won  the  unique  7-5  set,  his 
Hrst-round  opponent  was  Bancroft. 

Other  first  round  pairings  were  Aber- 
cronibie  vs.  Devereau  (3),  and  (jormley 
vs.  Egglestoii  (9).  The  remaining  two 
entrants  must  ha\e  been  paired:  Haver- 
toril  vs.  Chadwick. 

The  winners  in  the  first  round  were 
Haverford  (3),  Franklin  (8),  Eggles- 
tnn  and  Devereau    (6). 

In  the  second  round  Eggleston  did 
not  meet  Haverford  (1),  nor  did  he 
meet  Frankhn,  for  Franklin  vs.  Ban- 
croft and  Eggleston  vs.  Gorniley  were 
in  different  halves  of  the  original  brack- 
et (2).  Therefore,  Eggleston  met  Dev- 
ereau, and  Haverford  met  Franklin. 
The  winners  were  Devereau  (6)  and 
Franklin  (8). 

Devereau  won  tiie  final  match  from 
Franklin  by  6-4,  h-4.  and  ti-4    (8). 

Gulls  Plague  City  Dump 

Gulls  may  force  Diduth,  Minn.,  to 
close  its  city  garbage  dimip.  The  scaven- 
ging gulls,  defying  bombs,  buckshot  and 
thicker  coverings  of  dirt,  are  considered 
a  hazard  to  planes  using  a  nearby  air- 
port. They  ha\e  flown  into  jet  intakes 
and  coUuleil  with   radar  equipment. 

Paint  Kills  Bugs 

.A  paint  that  kills  insects  which  alight 
on  it  recently  has  been  developed.  The 
paint  is  applied  by  conventional  tech- 
niques. Insect-killing  power  is  said  to 
last  as  long  as  the  paint  itself. 


Electronic  'Old  Man' 

.\ew  Hampshire's  famous  "Old  Man 
of  the  Mountains,"  the  natural  rock  for- 
mation that  inspired  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne to  write  "The  (jreat  Stone 
Face,"  is  being  protected  from  the 
weather  by  modern  electronic  equip- 
ment. Engineers  have  installed  strain 
gages  on  the  steel  rods  used  to  reinforce 
the  stone  face  to  measure  shifts  in  the 
formation  of  the  rock. 

Belt  Saves  Roads 

Old  conveyor  belts,  which  had  been 
discarded  by  a  mining  firm,  now  are 
being  used  to  protect  the  surface  of  a 
road  from  tractor-type  machinery.  The 
company's  operations  lie  on  either  side 
of  a  black-top  road  and  the  old  belts, 
laid  across  the  road,  prevent  crawler- 
type  machinery  fi'om  damaging  the  pave- 
ment. However,  the  belting  does  not 
interfere  with  normal  road  traffic. 


Rumpus  Room  Shelter 

The  latest  twist  in  bomb  shelters  is 
a  walnut  paneled  room  designed  to  serve 
as  a  guest  room,  rumpus  room  or  work- 
shop when  not  being  used  as  a  shelter. 
It  uses  the  basic  design  approved  by 
the  Office  of  Civil  Defense  Mobiliza- 
tion, but  it  adds  such  refinements  as 
convertible  sofas,  vinyl  floors,  finished 
walls,  a  television  set  and  cabinets. 


Hat  Radio 

Latest  idea  In  company  communica- 
tion is  a  two-way  radio  in  a  safety  hel- 
met which  has  a  sound-cancelling  micro- 
phone for  efifective  transmission  when 
surrounding  noise  level  is  high.  The 
radio,  about  the  size  of  a  cigaret  pack 
and  weighing  two  pounds  including  two 
small  batteries,  has  a   1  ,(100-f()ot  range. 

Arctic  Buildings  Self-Rising 

Two  huge  steel  buildings  that  pull 
themselves  up  by  their  own  bootstraps — 
in  this  case,  built-in  hydraulic  jacks — 
are  features  of  new  Distant  Early 
Warning  Line  construction  in  the  Arc- 
tic. The  two-story,  133-by- 144-foot 
structures  stand  on  "stilts"  19  feet 
above  Greenland's  ice  cap  and  are  raised 
b\-  the  jacks  three  feet  each  year.  This 
keeps  them  from  being  buried  b\-  drift- 
ing and  accumulating  snow,  which 
builds  up  on  the  cap  one  \ard  each  year. 

Steam  Welding 

Steam  weKling  is  the  latest  idea  in 
shieded-arc  systems — where  gases  usual- 
ly are  used  to  protect  the  weld  from  im- 
purities such  as  oxygen — in  the  Soviet 
L'nion.  Russian  engineers  say  tests  show 
that  water  vapor  becomes  a  protective 
medium — providing  a  large  quantity  of 
moisture  at  the  joint — that  prevents 
weld  porosity  and  improves  over-all 
quality. 


To  students  who  want  to  be 

SUCCESSFUL  highway  engineers 


There's  a  real  need  for  qualified  men  in  America's 
100  billion  dollar  highway  program.  It's  a  big  job. 
For  example,  for  the  new  Interstate  Highway  Sys- 
tem alone,  35,000  miles  are  still  to  be  built. 

Choice  assignments  await  engineers  at  every  level. 
They  will  go  to  the  men  who  prepare  for  them. 

As  part  of  that  preparation,  you  must  have  basic 
material  on  Asphalt  Technology.  For  if  you  don't 
know  Asphalt,  you  don't  know  your  highways. 

Asphalt  is  the  modern  paving  for  today's  and 
tomorrow's  roads.  Asphalt  surfaces  more  than 
4/5ths  of  all  roads  and  streets  in  the  country. 

We  have  put  together  a  special  student  portfolio 
to  meet  that  need  for  information  on  Asphalt.  It 
covers  the  Asphalt  story,  origin,  uses,  how  it  is 


specified  for  paving  .  .  .  and  much  more.  It  is  a 
worthwhile,  permanent  addition  to  your  profes- 
sional library. 

It's  yours,  free.  Send  for  it  today.  Prepare  now  for 
your  future  success. 


THE  ASPHALT  INSTITUTE 

Asphalt  Institute  Building.  College  Park,  Maryland  '  '        ^ 

Gentlemen :  '^ 

Please  send  me  your  free  student  portfolio  on  Asphalt 
Technology. 


r.t  isi 

"iTATP 

FEBRUARY,   1960 


61 


62 


i.  1 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


''we  need. . . 

men  who  can  write  .  ,  .  or  learn  to  write;  cover  fast -breaking 
neivs  around  the  world;  develop  into  editors  running  top 
business  and  engineering  magazines.'^ 


Robert  K.  Moffett 

Assistant  to  the  Editorial  Director 

McGraw-Hill  Publishing  Company 


"Buck"  Moffett  is  looking  for  engineering  graduates 
who  can  come  up  as  fast  in  business  and  technical 
journalism  as  he  did  himself. 

Buck  was  trained  on  Business  Week,  Factory,  and 
Fleet  Owner,  handling  everything  from  rewrite  to  field 
assignments.  With  experienced  McGraw-Hill  editors 
to  show  him  how,  he  rose  rapidly  from  trainee  to 
assistant  editor  to  associate  editor  to  managing  editor 
of  Fleet  Owner. 

Now  Assistant  to  the  Editorial  Director  of  ^NIcGraw- 
Hill,  he's  looking  for  engineering  graduates  who  want 
to  rise  to  the  top  of  their  industry— in  publishing. 

This  is  no  job  for  the  engineer  who  wants  to  spend 
his  life  in  a  corner  on  one  part  of  one  project.  You  work 
with  the  new . . .  the  experimental . . .  the  significant. 

It  will  be  up  to  you  to  interpret  today's  advanced 
developments  for  thousands  of  readers.  Whichever 
McGraw-Hill  magazine  you're  assigned  to,  an  indus- 
try will  be  looking  to  you  for  the  word  on  the  latest 


in  that  field— and  what  it  may  mean. 

In  line  with  this,  you  may  also  be  interested  in  the 
McGraw-Hill  Tuition  Refund  Plan.  All  of  our  editors 
have  the  opportunity  to  continue  their  education  in 
their  chosen  fields.  The  company  pays  half  the  cost. 
Physics,  economics,  aerodynamics— whichever  will 
help  you  go  the  furthest  in  your  career. 

Is  writing  experience  required?  It  helps,  but  if  you 
like  to  write— and  engineering  is  your  profession— 
that's  the  main  thing. 

Buck  Moffett  will  cover  as  many  colleges  as  he  can 
in  person.  Ask  your  placement  director  when  he'll  be  at 
yours.  If  he  hasn't  been  able  to  get  your  campus  on  his 
itinerary,  write  direct. Tell  us  about  your  background, 
college  record,  outside  activities  and  why  you  would 
be  interested  in  a  career  in  engineering  journalism. 

Write  to:  Assistant  to  the  Editorial  Director, 
McGraw-Hill  Publishing  Company,  Inc.,  330  West 
42nd  Street,  New  York  36,  New  York. 


— »:- 


Mc  Graw-Hill 


PUBLICATIONS 


McGRAW-HILL     PUBLISHING    COMPANY,    INC.,    330    WEST    42nd     STREET,    NEW    YORK    36,N.Y. 

FEBRUARY,  1960  63 


Begged,  Borrowed,  and  .  . 


Edited  by  Jack  Fortner 


■rilK  I. IFF.  OF  A  jOKK 

Hi,th — A  frcshinaii  thinks  it  up  :hu1 
lauj;lis  out  loud,  wakinsi  two  Sopho- 
niori-s  in  the  back  row. 

Aiic  3  minutes — Freshman  tells  it  to 
a  Senior,  who  answers:  "It's  funny,  but 
I've  heard  it  before. 

Aj;e  1  (lay — Senior  turns  it  in  to  a 
eolle^e  ma-'-azine   as  his  own. 

Aije  2  days — Editor  thinks  it's  ter- 
rible. 

.Asie  10  days — Editor  has  to  Idl  ma>i- 
a/,ine,  so  joke  is  printed. 

Age  1  month — Thirteen  college  com- 
ics reprint  it. 

Ao-e  3  years — Seventy-six  radio  come- 
dians discover  it  simultaneously  and  tell 
it  accomiianied  bv  howls  of  mirth  from 
the  b()\s  in  the  orchestra  (,<S.()()  per 
howl). 

.Age  10  years — Professors  start  tell- 
ing it  in  class. 

A  motorist  broke  down  in  a  loneh 
part  of  Illinois  pork  country  and  found 
refuge  for  the  night  in  a  farmhouse. 
The  next  morning,  his  breakfast  was 
served  a  large  bowl.  As  he  ate  he  found 
that  he  was  verrrry  popidar  with  a 
small  pig  which  kept  nu//ling  him  af- 
fectionately. 

'Fhe  farmer's  explanation — "Wal,  it 
ain't  you  the  pig  likes.  It's  jest  that 
you're  a-using  his  bowl  mister!" 

Salesman:  "This  model  has  a  top 
speed  of  one  hundred  miles  an  hour  ;ind 
she'll  stop  on  a  dime." 

Prospect:  "What  happens  after 
that?" 

S:desm,ui:  " .\  little  putty  knife  comes 
out  and  scrapes  you  oft'  the  windshield." 

'Fhe  unusually  high  birthrate  in  a 
suburb  near  om'  city  as  recently  ex- 
plained. Every  morning  at  6:15  the  ex- 
press comes  roaring  through  town  blow- 
ing its  whistle. 

It's  too  early  to  get  out  of  bed,  and 
too  late  to  go  back  to  sleep. 

'Fhe  'Fechnograph  is  a  great  publication 
'Fhe  school  gets  all  the  fame, 

'Fl>e  printer  gets  all   the  money. 
And    the  staff   gets  all    the   blame! 


64 


'Fhe  Professor  ot  English  and  the  In- 
structor of  Engineering  were  dining  to- 
gether in  the  Faculty  Cafeteria.  During 
the  course  of  the  meal  the  fonner 
spoke : 

"I  had  a  rather  pecidiar  answer  in 
class  today.  I  asked  who  wrote  the 
'Merchant  of  Venice,'  and  a  rather 
young  freshman  rejilied.  'I'le.ise,  su,  it 
wasn't  me!" 

"Ha  ha  ha!"  laughed  the  Eugineei- 
iiiL'  Instructor,  "and  I  suppose  the  lit- 
tle rascal  did  it  all  the  time." 

A  young  engineer  took  his  girl  to 
an  open  air  opera  one  beautiful,  warm, 
summer  evening.  During  the  first  act 
he  found  it  necessary  to  excuse  himself. 
He  asked  the  usher  where  the  men's 
room  might  be  found. 

"'Furn  to  your  left,  and  walk  down 
to  the  big  oak  tree,  and  there  it  is." 

The  young  engineer  did  as  he  was 
told  anil  in  ilue  time  letiinied  to  his 
seat. 

"Is  the  second  act  over  yet?"  he 
asked   his  girl. 

"Vou  ought  to  know,"  she  replied, 
"\(iu   «ere   in   it." 

A  girl  finished  with  her  bath  ami  was 
just  stepping  on  the  scales  to  weigh 
herself.  Her  husband  returned  home  un- 
expectedly and  entered  through  the  back 
door.  Seeing  what  his  wife  was  doing  as 
he  passed  the  batlirooni  door,  he  ex- 
claimed, ".Well,  dear,  how  many 
pounds  today?"  With(uit  turning  her 
head,  she  replied,  "I'll  take  73  pounds 
todav,  and  don't  you  dare  pinch  me 
with    those   tongs." 

'Fhree  eminent  doctors  were  brag- 
ging .among  tliemseKes  one  day.  Said 
The  first,  "I  grafted  an  arm  on  a  fel- 
Idw  and  now  he  plays  tennis  like  a 
pro."  S.iid  the  second,  "1  grafted  a  leg 
on  a  m.in  and  now  he  runs  on  the  (Olym- 
pic team."  'Fhe  third  took  the  cake 
with.  "1  once  grafted  a  smile  on  a  jack- 
ass ami   now  he  is  in  Student  Senate. 

Some  girls  go  in  for  necking — others 
go  out   for  it. 

Who  was  tliat  lady  you  were  obscene 
with   la^f  night? 


A  patient  at  .a  mental  hospital  who 
hail  been  certified  cured  was  saving 
LM)od-b\    to  the  head   psychiatrist. 

"And  what  are  you  going  to  do  when 
\(iu  '.'vx  out  in  the  world?" 

"Well  I  may  go  back  to  I',  of  I.  and 
fiii'sh  mv  CE  course.  Then,  1  liked  the 
.Arm\-  before,  so  I  may  enlist  again.  He 
paused  a  moment  and  tbouidit.  "'Fhen, 
a'_;ain,    1   may  be  a  teakettle." 

He  grabbed   me  by  my  slender  neck 

1   could  not  yell  or  scream. 

He  dragged  me  to  his  bedroom 

Where  we  could   not  be  seen. 

He  threw  aside  my  flimsy    wraps 

And  gazed  upon   mv   form. 

1   was  cold  and  chilly. 

He  was  nice  and  warm. 

He  pressed  bis  feverish  lips  to  mine 

I  could  not  make  him  stop. 

He  drank  my  very  life  away — 

I    could   not   call    a   cop. 

He  made  me  what   I   am  today — 

Hateil,   used    up,   thrown    away. 

'Fliat  is  why  you  see  me  here — 

An  empty  broken  bottle  of  beer. 

The   eager   relatives   gathered    for   the 
reading   of    the    will.    It    contained    one    ' 
sentence:  "Being  of  sound  mind,  1  spent 
e\ery  damn  cent   1   had," 

A  wise  man  has  observed  that  people 
who  live  in  gla.ss  houses  shouldn't.  Hut 
then,  they  might  as  well — e\eryone 
knows  they  do. 

A  small  boy  leading  a  donkey  passed 
a  Marine  camp.  A  couple  of  marines 
wanteil  to  have  some  fun  with  the  lad. 
"What  are  you  holding  on  to  your 
brother  so  tight  for  sonny?"  said  one 
of  them. 

"So  he  won't  join  the  Marines,"  the 
youngster  replied. 

Student:  Wh\  didn't  I  make  100  on 
mv  history  exam  ? 

Prof:  You  remember  the  question, 
"Why  did  the  pioneers  go  into  the  wil- 
derness?" 

Student:   Yes. 

Prof:  Well,  your  answei',  while  \ci\ 
interesting  was   incorrect. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


By  setting  templates  of  standard 
components  on  photo-sensiti\e 
paper  and  exposing  it,  hours  of 
hand  drafting  are  saved. 


With  this  plotter,  stereo  aerial 
photos  become  contour  maps,  show 
highway  routes,  mineral-bearing 
formations,  volume  of  coal  piles. 


Slides  give  the  sales  staff  cjuick 
understanding  of  the  engineering 
superiority  of  their  product — equip 
them  with  facts  for  their  customers. 


From  drawing  board 
to  shipping  platform... 

Photography  works 
forth 


Photographs  of  freight  cars  as  loaded  and  as 
received  provide  information  for  engineers  to 
develop  better  loading  practices  (as  well  as 
data  for  damage  claims). 


e  engineer 


Whatever  your  field,  you  will  find  photography 
increasing  in  importance.  It  works  for  the  research 
scientist,  the  production  engineer,  the  sales  executive, 
the  administrator.  It  speeds  engineering,  expedites 
quality  control.  It  trains,  and  teaches,  and  sells.  It 
will  help  you  in  whatever  you  do. 


EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


Careers  witli  Kodak 


With  photography  and  photographic 
processes  becoming  increasingly  impor- 
tant in  the  business  and  industry  of 
tomorrow,  there  are  new  and  challeng- 
ing opportunities  at  Kodak  in  research, 
engineering,  electronics,  design,  and 
production. 


If  vou  are  looking  for  such  an  inter- 
esting opportunity,  write  for  infor- 
mation about  careers  with  Kodak. 
Address:  Business  and  Tcchiiiral 
Per.sonncl  Department, 
Eastman  Kodak  Company, 
Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


One    of    a    series 


hilerview  with 

General  Electric^s  Earl  G,  Abbott, 

Manager — Sales  Training 

Technical   Training   Programs 
at  General  Electric 


Q.  Why  does  your  company  have  train- 
ing programs,  Mr.  Abbott? 

A.  Tomorrow's  many  positions  of  major 
responsibility  will  necessarily  be  filled  by 
young  men  who  have  developed  their 
potentials  early  in  their  careers.  General 
Electric  training  programs  simply  help 
speed  up  this  development  process. 

In  addition,  training  programs  provide 
graduates  with  the  blocks  of  broad  ex- 
perience on  which  later  success  in  a 
specialization  can  be  built. 

Furthermore,  career  opportunities  and 
interests  are  brought  into  sharp  focus 
after  intensive  working  exposures  to 
several  fields.  General  Electric  then  gains 
the  valuable  contributions  of  men  who 
have  made  early,  well-considered  deci- 
sions on  career  goals  and  who  are  con- 
fidently working  toward  those  objectives. 

Q.  What  kinds  of  technical  training  pro- 
grams does  your  company  conduct? 

A.  General  Electric  conducts  a  number 
of  training  programs.  The  G-E  programs 
which  attract  the  great  majority  of 
engineering  graduates  are  Engineering 
and  Science,  Manufacturing,  and  Tech- 
nical Marketing. 

Q.  How  long  does  the  Engineering  and 
Science  Program  last? 

A.  That  depends  on  which  of  several 
avenues  you  decide  to  take.  Many  gradu- 
ates complete  the  training  program  dur- 
ing their  first  year  with  General  Electric. 
Each  Program  member  has  three  or  four 
responsible  work  assignments  at  one  or 
more  of  61  different  plant  locations. 

Some  graduates  elect  to  take  the  Ad- 
vanced Engineering  Program,  supple- 
menting their  work  assignments  with 
challenging  Company -conducted  study 
courses  which  cover  the  application  of 
engineering,  science,  and  mathematics  to 
industrial  problems.  If  the  Program  mem- 
ber has  an  analytical  bent  coupled  with  a 
deep  interest  in  mathematics  and  physics, 
he  may  continue  through  a  second  and 


third  year  of  the  Advanced  Engineering 
Program. 

Then  there  is  the  two-year  Creative 
Engineering  Program  for  those  graduates 
who  have  completed  their  first-year 
assignments  and  who  are  interested  in 
learning  creative  techniques  for  solving 
engineering  problems. 

Another  avenue  of  training  for  the 
qualified  graduate  is  the  Honors  Program, 
which  enables  a  man  to  earn  his  Master's 
degree  within  three  or  four  semesters  at 
selected  colleges  and  universities.  The 
Company  pays  for  his  tuition  and  books, 
and  his  work  schedule  allows  him  to  earn 
75  percent  of  full  salary  while  he  is  going 
to  school.  This  program  is  similar  to  a 
research  assistantship  at  a  college  or 
university. 

Q.  Just  how  will  the  Manufacturing 
Training  Program  help  prepare  me  for 
a  career  in  manufacturing? 

A.  The  three-year  Manufacturing 
Program  consists  of  three  orientation 
assignments  and  three  development 
assignments  in  the  areas  of  manufacturing 
engineering,  quality  control,  materials 
management,  plant  engineering,  and 
manufacturing  operations.  These  assign- 
ments provide  you  with  broad,  funda- 
mental manufacturing  knowledge  and 
with  specialized  knowledge  in  your 
particular  field  of  interest. 

The  practical,  on-the-job  experience 
offered  by  this  rotational  program  is  sup- 
plemented by  participation  in  a  manu- 
facturing studies  curriculum  covering 
all  phases  of  manufacturing. 

Q.  What  kind  of  training  would  I  get 
on  your  Technical  Marketing  Program? 

A.  The  one-year  Technical  Marketing 
Program  is  conducted  for  those  graduates 
who  want  to  use  their  engineering  knowl- 


edge in  dealing  with  customers.  After 
completing  orientation  assignments  in 
engineering,  manufacturing,  and  market- 
ing, the  Program  member  may  specialize 
in  one  of  the  four  marketing  areas:  appli- 
cation engineering,  headquarters  market- 
ing, sales  engineering,  or  installation  and 
service  engineering. 

In  addition  to  on-the-job  assignments, 
related  courses  of  study  help  the  Program 
member  prepare  for  early  assumption  of 
major  responsibility. 

Q.  How  can  I  decide  which  training 
program  I  would  like  best,  Mr.  Abbott? 

A.  Well,  selecting  a  training  program  is 
a  decision  which  you  alone  can  make.  You 
made  a  similar  decision  when  you  selected 
your  college  major,  and  now  you  are 
focusing  your  interests  only  a  little  more 
sharply.  The  beauty  of  training  programs 
is  that  they  enable  you  to  keep  your 
career  selection  relatively  broad  until  you 
have  examined  at  first  hand  a  number  of 
specializations. 

Furthermore,  transfers  from  one  Gen- 
eral Electric  training  program  to  another 
are  possible  for  the  Program  member 
whose  interests  clearly  develop  in  one 
of  the  other  fields. 

Personalized  Career  Plantiiiif! 
is  (General  Klectric's  term  for  the 
selection,  plareineitt.  and  pro- 
fessional development  of  engi- 
neers and  scientists.  If  yon  nonid 
like  a  Personalized  Career  Plan- 
ning folder  u-hicli  describes  in 
more  detail  the  Company's  train- 
ins  proiirams for  technical  arailn- 
ates,  write  to  Mr.  Abbott  at  Sec- 
tion 959-1.3,  General  Electric 
(knnpany,    Sclienectady  5,  l\.   1. 


Progress  fs  Our  Most  Important  Product 

GENERAL  AeLECTRIC 


Mnois 

TECH 


'!(.!VfHSITr  «F  IllHIOfli 

MAY  1 1 1960 


GRAPH 


^^^^^^A    T-.   7-OL.AN 


UnOBr  TirGy  the  performance  of  men  and  machines  depends  on  what  they  are  made  of.  United  States  Steel 
makes  the  materials  for  the  machines,  whether  it's  a  very  tough  armor  plate,  or  heat-resistant  alloy,  or  Stainless  Steels. 

You  might  be  interested  in  some  of  the  USS  steels  developed  specifically  for  aircraft  and  missiles: 
USS  Strux,  an  alloy  steel  with  close  to  300,000  psi  tensile  strength  primarily  for  aircraft  landing  gears; 
USS  Airsteel  X-200,  an  air-hardenable  alloy  steel  with  230,000  psi  yield  strength  for  aircraft  sheet  and  missile 
applications;  USS  12MoV  and  USS  17-5  MnV  Stainless  Steels  for  high-speed  aircraft  and  missiles; 
Stainless  "W",  a  precipitation-hardenable  Stainless  Steel. 


New  special  metals,  new  methods  for  making  them,  present  an 
exciting  challenge.  Men  willing  to  accept  this  challenge— civil, 
industrial,  mechanical,  metallurgical,  ceramic,  electrical  or  chemi- 
cal engineers  — have  a  future  with  United  States  Steel.  For  details, 
just  send  the  coupon. 

djsS)  United  States  Steel 

USS  Is  a  registered  Iradeniark    ^^^^^ 


United  States  Steel  Corporation 
Personnel  Division 
525  William  Penn  Place 
Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania 

Please  send   me  the  booklet,  "Pattis  of  Opportunity.' 
Name 


Address^ 
City 


NAVY  PIER  STAFF 

Associate  Editor 

Sheldon  H.  Altman 

Associate  Business  Manager 

Michael  Murphy 

Editorial  Staff 

Irwin  E.  Tuckman 
Arvydas  Tamulis 
Eileen  Markham 


Editor 

Dave  Penniman 
Business  Manager 

Roger  Harrison 
Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 
Jim  Fulton 

Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William  Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan,  Director 
Gary  Waffle 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 
Advisors 

R.  W.  Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.  DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.   C.   McClintock 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Stanley  Stynes 
Wayne  State  University,  Detroit,  Michigan 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illmois  Technojraph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Louis- 
iana Tech  Engineer,  Manhattan  Engineer, 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  Technic,  Min- 
nesota Technolog,  Missouri  Shamrock,  Ne- 
Bluepr  


Quad) 

rangle,    : 

Mnrth 

1   Dakota    Er 

eer,   North- 

weste 

m     Eng 

ineer 

Nr 

.tre     D, 

Technical 

Kevie 

w.     Ohi 

o     State 

*er 

Oklahoma 

State 

Engine* 

■r,  O 

regor 

1  State 

le. 

chnical  Tri- 

1     angle, 

,    Pittsbi 

irgh 

Skys 

craper. 

Pi 

irdue    Engi- 

neer. 

KPl     EnKin 

Rochester 

Indicator, 

i      SC   Engineer, 

Kos 

e  Technic,   Sou 

them  Engi- 

'      neer. 

Spartan 
Washi' 

Lnp 

ineer 

,  Texa; 

i  A 

&  M  Engi- 

1     neer. 

ngton 

Kr 

WSC     Tech- 

1     noraeter,    \Va 
\      Engineer. 

yne 

Eng. 

ind 

Wisconsin 

THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  Number  6 


March,  1960 


Table  of  Contents 

Editorial 9 

Pier  Personalities 13 

U.  S.  and  British  Schools A,  J.  Tamulis  16 

Fable  of  the  Barnyard E.  Markham  17 

State  Street  Lighting S.  Altman  19 

Museum  of  Science  and  Industry M.  Murphy  21 

Raw  Material   Inventory I.   E.   Tuckman  23 

Engineering   Firsts I.   E.   Tuckman  30 

Skimming  Industrial  Headlines 35 

News  from  the  Pier 38 

Brainteasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  45 

The  Strange  Science  of  Seeing 48 


Cover     .     .     . 

During  the  eight  months  in  which  Ti'clniniirdpli  is  published, 
contributions  come  from  the  Navy  Pier  branch.  Last  year  an 
issue  of  Tcchno^raph  was  completely  written  and  edited  by 
Chicago  engineering  students.  This  7  i'ch>i<)i>itipli  is  the  second 
such  issue.  Again  all  contributions  come  from  the  Chicago  branch 
of  the  University.  The  "Pier"  students  sincerely  hope  you  enjoy 
this  issue  and  hope  to  make  it  a  yearly  custom. 


Copyright.  1960,  by  Illini  Puhlishing  Co.  Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc- 
tober, November,  December,  January,  February,  March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
ofRce  at  LJrbana,  Illiii.iis,  under  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879.  Office  2li  Engineering 
Hall,  Urbana,  Illiniii^.  .'^ubscriiniims  $l..iO  per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  All  rights 
reserved  by  The  Illinois  TichiunirapU-  Publisher's  Represent.ative  —  Littcll-Murray- 
Barnhill,  Inc.,  737  North  Micliigaii  Avenue.  Chicago  11,  111.,  369  Lexington  Ave., 
New  York  17,  New  York. 


:-.'^Si;^f€iJ? 


—  &»',^«*.''.  'C,  -\ 


Getting  beneatli 

the  surface  of  things . . . 


Throiifih  a   nciily  developed  \-ray  diffriiclioit    technique  that  extiiniiies 
streti.s-iiidiift'il  clKiiiaes  in  the  spiiciiiii  Itelireen  nlonis,  General  Motor.s  liesearrli 
physicists  are  iinir  able  to  determine  residual  stresses  below 
the  surface  of  hardened  steel  in  25%  of  the  lime  prerionsly  required. 


Rodiii  to  t^row  shmilil  lie  \(iiir  most  basic  requiii'tni'iit  in  seokiiig  a  [Kisitioii. 

This  is  where  General  Motors  ofll'ers  you  an  exceptional  advantage. 

Depending  upon  your  own  capabilities  and  enthusiasm, 

vou  uill  lind  \irluallv  limitless  opportunity  to  move  within  a  single  CM  division 

or  lo  (ilhci-  (h\isioiis  or  lo  a  staff  activity.  Fields  of  work  at  General  Motors  vary  from 

astronautics  to  automobiles,  household  appliances  to  ii)ck<'t  propulsion, 

inerlial  guidance  to  isotope  research — to  mention  a  few. 

General  Motors  offers  (inancial  assistance  to  employees  who  wish  to  enter 

or  progress  in  postgraduate  studies.  And  undergraduates  may  gain  from  work  experience 

in  tbi'  summer  cmplovmciil  program. 

Before  you  make  vour  linal  I'liiploymeiit  decision, 

ask  your  placenicril  oiriccr  about  General  Motors,  or  write  to 

General  Motors.  Salaried  Personnel  Placement,  Personnel  Staff.  Detroit  2.  Michigan. 


(ilv\KI{AL  MOTORS 


GM  positions  now  available   in   these  fields  for  men  h-ilding   Bachelor's.  Master's  and    Doctor's  degrees:   Mechanical,  Electrical,  Industrial,  Metallurgical,   Chemical, 
Aeronautical  and  Ceramic  Engineering  •  Mathematics  •  Industrial  Design  •  Physics  •  Chemistry  •  Engineering  Mechanics  •  Business  Administration  and  Related  Fields. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


...NEWS  IS  HAPPENING  ATNORTHROP\ 

Take  this  3-Minute  Quiz  to 
help  you  determine  your  future 


1.  What  part  of  the  country  has  the  best  future  for  your 
type  of  work? 

2.  What  part  of  the  country  offers  an  outstanding 
opportunity  to  enjoy  your  leisure  ? 

3.  Where  can  you  work  and  still  earn  advanced  degrees  ? 

4.  How  important  to  you  is  the  challenge  of  opportunity 
—  and  salary  that  matches  your  achievements  ? 

5.  Where  can  you  work  with  outstanding  men  in  your  field? 


FIVE  IMPORTANT  QUESTIONS... 
NOW  CONSIDER  THESE  ANSWERS: 


1.  If  your  interests  are  in  the  fields  of 
electronics  or  the  aircraft/missile 
industry,  you  will  want  to  join  the 
outstanding  scientists  and  engineers 
in  the  space  age  center  of  the  world 
-  Southern  California. 

2.  If  you  work  at  Northrop  you  will 
live  in  Southern  California  -  famous 
for  its  year-round  vacation  climate. 
Here  you're  close  to  the  beaches, 
mountains  and  desert  where  you  can 
tnjoy  an  active  life  in  the  sunshine. 

3.  Northrop  encourages  you  to  work 
for  advanced  degrees  and  to  keep 
current  with  the  latest  developments 
in  your  chosen  field.  With  Northrop's 
program,  you  will  continue  to  learn 
while  you  earn  with  no-cost  and  low- 
cost  education  at  leading  Southern 
California  institutions. 

4.  At  Northrop  you  will  work  with 
the  newest,  most-advanced  research 


and  test  equipment.  And  with  over 
30  operational  fields  from  which  to 
choose  you  can  apply  your  talents  to 
the  work  you  enjoy-in  the  fields  best 
suited  to  your  inclinations. 
At  Northrop  you  will  earn  what  you 
are  worth.  With  this  growing  com- 
pany you  receive  increases  as  often 
as  you  earn  them.  And  these  increases 
in  salary  are  based  on  your  own  indi- 
vidual achievements. 
Northrop's  vacation  and  fringe  bene- 
fits are  extra  liberal. 
5.  Men  you  work  with  at  Northrop 
are  acknowledged  leaders  in  their 
fields. They  are  selected  because  they 
have  the  skill  to  guide  younger  men. 
These  are  men  who  know  how  to 
delegate  authority,  encourage  your 
progress,  and  assure  you  of  your 
fair  share  of  credit  for  engineering 
achievements. 


ITS  NOT  TOO  EARLY  TO  PLAN  YOUR  FUTURE. 
WHICH  OF  THESE  3  DIVISIONS  OF  NORTHROP 
ARE  BEST  FITTED  TO  YOUR  TALENTS? 


NORAIR  DIVISION  is  the  creator  of 
the  USAF  Snark  SM  62  missile  now 
operational  with  SAC.  Norair  is  cur- 
rently active  in  programs  of  space 
research,  flight-testing  the  USAF- 
Northrop  T-38  Talon  trainer  and 
Northrop's  N-156F  Freedom  Fighter. 
RADIOPLANE  DIVISION,  creator  of 
the  world's  first  family  of  drones,  pro- 
duces and  delivers  pilotless  aircraft 
for  all  the  U.  S.  Armed  Forces  to 
train  men,  evaluate  weapon  systems, 


and  fly  surveillance  missions.  Today 
Radioplane  is  readying  the  recovery 
system  for  Project  Mercury. 
NORTRONICS  DIVISION  is  a  leader  in 
inertial  and  astronertial  guidance 
systems.  Nortronics  explores  infra- 
red applications,  airborne  digital  com- 
puters, and  interplanetary  naviga- 
tion. Other  current  programs  include 
ground  support,  optical  and  electro- 
mechanical equipment,  and  the  most 
advanced  data-processing  devices. 


Write  today  for  complete  information  about  your  future  at  Northrop. 

NORTHROPX 


C  O  R  P  a  RA  Tl  O  N  ' 


Engineering  &  Scientific  Personnel  Placement  Office 

Northrop,  P.O.  Box  1525,  Beverly  Hills,  California 


F.  Kelly,  W.  J.  Miller,  and  J.  P.  Tobin  of  the  Westlnghouse  Atomic  Power  Department  lift  the  "core  plate" 
off  the  nuclear  core  for  the  first  U.S. -built  power  reactor  designed  for  use  abroad  (Mol,  Belgium). 

Waltz  Mill  Experimental  Reactor  helps 
Westinghouse  engineers  solve  problems 


The  new  Westinghouse  Testing  Reactor  at  Waltz  Mill, 
Pa.,  provides  engineers  with  complete  facilities  for  an- 
alyzing the  effect  of  nuclear  radiation  on  various  mate- 
rials, processes  and  designs.  If  a  Westinghouse  engineer 
is  working  on  develoj)ment  of  atomic  fuels  or  the  design 
of  reactor  components  for  an  atomic  power  plant,  he 
can  count  on  help  from  the  men  at  Waltz  Mill. 

The  Westinghouse  Te.sting  Reactor  is  one  of  only  two 
such  privately  owned  reactors  in  the  country.  It  pro- 
vides a  high  radiation  field  comparable  to  that  of  a 
working  reactor,  and  in  addition  has  special  controlled 
environment  loops  for  the  study  of  radiation  effects  at 
high  temjieratures  and  pressures.  Work  presently  being 
carried  out  here  for  other  departments  of  the  company 
includes  studies  of  thermionics,  crystal  structure,  and 
thermoelectric  effects  as  well  as  the  work  on  atomic 
reactor  designs  and  fuels. 


The  young  engineer  at  Westinghouse  isn't  expected 
to  know  all  the  answers  .  .  .  our  work  is  often  too  ad- 
vanced for  that.  Instead,  his  abilities  and  knowledge  are 
backed  up  by  specialists  like  those  at  Waltz  Mill. 

If  you  have  ambition  and  ability,  you  can  have  a 
rewarding  career  with  Westinghouse.  Our  broad  product 
line,  decentralized  operations,  and  diversified  technical 
assistance  provide  hundreds  of  challenging  opportuni- 
ties for  talented  engineers. 

Want  more  information?  Write  today  to  Mr.  L.  H. 
Noggle,  Westinghouse  Educational  Department,  Ard- 
more  &  Brinton  Roads,  Pittsburgh  21,  Pennsylvania. 

you  CAN  BE  SURE. ..IF  ITS 

Westinghouse 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Why  diversification  makes  a  better  all-around  man 


Divi  RsiFicATioN  ot  effort  makes  for  versatility — and  ver- 
satility pays  oft'  in  business  as  well  as  on  the  athletic 
field.  We've  found  that  to  be  especially  true  here  at  Koppcrs. 

Koppers  is  a  widely  diversified  company — actively  en- 
gaged in  the  research  and  production  of  a  wide  range  of  re- 
lated and  seemingly  unrelated  products,  such  as  remarkable 
new  plastics,  jet-engine  sound  control,  wood  preservatives, 
steel  mill  processes,  dyestuffs,  electrostatic  precipitators,  coal 
tar  chemicals,  anti-oxidants  and  innumerable  others. 

Because  we  are  diversified,  our  work  is  interesting.  Through 
a  system  of  lateral  movement,  our  engineers  and  manage- 
ment personnel  are  given  the  opportunity  to  learn  many  of 
the  diverse  operations  at  Koppers.  The  result?  Versatility. 

While  you  are  moving  laterally  at  Koppers,  you  are  also 
moving  up.  Your  responsibilities  are  increased.  Your  ability 
is  evaluated  and  re-evaluated.  And  you  are  compensated 
accordingly. 

You  don't  have  to  be  with  Koppers  for  20  years  before  you 


get  somewhere.  If  you  have  ability,  ideas,  spark — you'll  move 
ahead,  regardless  of  seniority  or  tenure. 

At  Koppers,  you'll  stand  on  your  own  two  feet.  You'll  get 
responsibility,  but  you'll  also  have  free  rein  to  do  the  job  the 
way  you  think  it  should  be  done.  No  one  will  get  in  your  way. 

Koppers  is  a  well-established  company — a  leader  in  many 
fields.  Yet,  it's  a  forward-looking  company,  a  young  man's 
company.  Perhaps,  your  company. 

Why  not  find  out?  Write  to  the  Manager  of  Manpower 
Planning,  Koppers  Company,  Inc.,  Pittsburgh  19,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Or,  see  your  College  Placement  Director  and  arrange 
an  appointment  with  a  Koppers  representative  for  the  next 
recruiting  visit. 


KOPPERS 


MARCH,   1960 


.  diversification 


These  specialized  electronics  systems 
are  an  important  part  of  Collins'  con- 
tribution to  advancements  in  military 
and  commercial  communication. 

Collins  was  selected  over  several  com- 
panies because  it  could  do  the  job  — 
economically,  with  excellent  c(juipment, 
and  provide  capable  engineering  assist- 
ance for  all  phases. 

Collins  needs  engineers  and  physicists 
to  keep  pace  with  the  growing  demand 
for  its  products.  Positions  are  challeng- 
ing. Assignments  are  varied.  Projects 
currentlv  underway  in  the  Cedar  Rap- 
ids Division  include  research  and  de- 
velopment in  Airborne  communication, 
navigation  and  identification  systems, 
Missile  and  satellite  tracking  and  com- 


munication,  Antenna   design.   Amateur 
radio  and  Broadcast. 

Collins  manufacturing  and  R&D  in- 
stallations are  also  located  in  Burbank 
and  Dallas.  Modern  laboratories  and  re- 
search facilities  at  all  locations  ensure 
the  finest  working  conditions. 

Your  placement  office  will  tell  you 
when  a  Collins  representative  will  be 
on  campus. 

For  all  the  interesting  facts  and  fig- 
ures of  recent  Collins  de\elopments 
send  for  \-our  free  copies  of  Signal,  pub- 
lished ([uarterly  by  the  Collins  Radio 
Companv.  Fill'  out  and  mail  the  at- 
tached coupon  today.  You'll  receive 
every  issue  published  during  this  school 
year  without  obligation. 


iCOLUNSt 


i 

'^ 

^ 

■■■■■■■■m 

FREE  J 

' 

>^ 

3 

■ 

Pro 
Co 
Ce 

Pie 
du 

Na 

fessionol  Placeme 
tins  Radio  Compo 
Jar  Rppids,   Iowa 

ase   send   me   eac 
ing   this   school   y 

nt,  . 

ny, 
1  Collin 

s  Signal  published    ■ 

Address 

City 

Stote                           ■ 

College  or  University 

Major  degree 

Minor                          ■ 

■ 
Graduation  date                                                                 _ 

COLtlNS  RADIO  COMPANY      .      CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA      .      DAtLAS.  TEXAS     .     BURBANK,  CALIFORNIA   hi 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Interior  of  Saran  Wrap*   plant. 


DOW  is   tomorro^w-minded 


product 


Publishing  a  complete  list  of  Dow  products — all  700 
odd  of  them  —  is  an  elusive  project.  By  the  time  such 
a  list  was  off  the  press,  new  names  would  have  to  be 
added  to  bring  the  list  up  to  date.  The  reason:  develop- 
ment of  new  products  is  the  order  of  the  day  at  Dow, 
every  day  of  the  working  year. 

These  new  products  are  developed  to  meet  the  needs 
of  the  many  industries  Dow  serves.  Today's  problems 
in  manufacturing  and  processing  must  be  solved,  and, 
as  these  industries  advance,  new  chemicals  and  materials 
will  be  needed  to  implement  tomorrow's  technology.  At 
Dow,  research  and  development  aim  at  anticipating 
these  future  needs  .  .  .  thus  a  "tomorrow-minded" 
attitude  toward  products  is  always  evident. 

The  product  group  of  Dow  Agricultural  Chemicals,  for 
example,  has  expanded  manyfold  in  recent  years 
through  a  vigorous  research  and  developmental  pro- 
gram. In  the  early  '50's  it  consisted  of  two  or  three 
products.  Today  it  includes  many  varieties  of  weed 
killers,  fertilizers,  fumigants,  insecticides,  feed  additives 
and  animal  health  aids.  A  new  crab  grass  killer  has 
recently  made  its  debut,  first  in  a  series  of  new  "ag 
chem"    products   slated    for    the    homeowner   market. 

Dow's  work  in  automotive  chemistry  is  typical  of  the 


"tomorrow-minded"  attitude.  Dow  currently  supplies 
a  number  of  chemicals  and  plastics  materials  to  auto 
makers — latex-based  metal  primers,  antifreeze,  uphol- 
stery materials  and  brake  fluids,  to  name  a  few.  But  a 
quick  tour  through  Dow's  two  Automotive  Chemicals 
Laboratories  would  reveal  that  Dow  will  be  ready  with 
the  right  chemicals  and  plastics  for  the  job,  no  matter 
which  way  future  automotive  design  goes!  One  under 
development,  for  example,  is  a  chemical  that  cools  the 
engine  by  continuous  boiling. 

One  of  the  most  outstanding  success  stories  at  Dow  is 
that  of  Separan",  a  product  developed  to  fit  into 
industry's  future.  This  chemical  is  a  flocculant,  or 
"settler"  of  solids  in  solution.  Perhaps  "super  floc- 
culant" would  be  a  better  description  because  Separan 
takes  minutes  to  do  jobs  that  formerly  took  days. 
Introduced  in  1955,  it  has  gained  widespread  recognition 
in  mining,  pulp  and  paper  and  other  industries. 

In  such  a  climate  of  creativity  and  tomorrow-minded- 
ness,  new  opportunities  at  Dow  are  constantly  opening 
up  for  people  who  have  their  eyes — and  their  thoughts 
— on  the  future.  If  you'd  like  to  know  more  about  the 
Dow  opportunity,  please  write:  Director  of  College 
Relations,  Department  2426FW,  the  dow  chemical 
COMPANY,  Midland,  Michigan.  'trademark 


THE     DO-W     CHEMICAL     COMPANY       •       MIDLAND,     MICHIGAN 

MARCH,   1960 


[ROcms}^  lF^iF(o>(^(UJc 


f(o)lF^OO(^irD 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


From  the  Pier  Desk 


The  Widening  Gap  .  .  . 

It  becomes  more  and  more  evident  to  the  sensitive  engineering  student 
as  he  advances  in  his  undergraduate  years,  that  there  is  a  gap  in  the  knowledge 
available  with  this  type  of  education.  The  four-year  engineering  college  seems 
to  be  producing  more  trained  technicians  and  tradesmen  than  engineering 
graduates  with  university  training. 

There  is  certainly  nothing  wrong  with  an  honest  trade  or  a  skilled  tech- 
nical ability,  bul  the  job  of  the  university  is  to  train  men  for  responsible  places 
in  society  and  if  possible  instill  a  quest  for  learning  and  knowledge.  How  can 
this  be  done  with  the  present  "liberal"  background  available  in  engineering? 

As  the  curriculum  now  stands  it  is  very  possible  to  go  through  four  years 
of  "education"  without  opening  your  mouth  to  express  an  opinion.  Engineers 
come  off  the  production  line  without  a  command  of  their  native  tongue,  without 
the  ability  to  communicate  in  writing,  sometimes  without  even  a  rudimentary 
idea  of  the  current  world  situation,  and  certainly  without  the  more  sophisticated 
attributes  of  a  cultural  background. 

Certainly  you  can  go  through  life  without  knowing  what  mokes  Beethoven 
or  Shakespeare  great,  but  you  can  also  live  without  knowledge  of  the  laws  of 
thermodynamics.  Each  is  important  in  its  own  way.  However,  a  knowledge  of 
both  mokes  your  education  that  much  more  complete. 

What  is  the  answer  to  this  sorry  situation?  Many  fine  engineering  schools 
have  attempted  to  "humanize"  their  engineers  by  expanding  the  curriculum  to 
five  years.  This  is  certainly  a  step  in  the  right  direction.  It  is  much  better  than 
13  hours  of  non-tech  electives  in   140  hours  of  credits. 

Among  the  schools  to  make  this  step  ore  MIT  and  Cornell,  names  familiar 
to  most.  The  combined  liberal  arts-engineering  program  available  at  this  uni- 
versity shows  a  progressive  attitude  at  Illinois.  However,  to  go  a  step  further, 
it  is  the  responsibility  of  the  university  to  acquaint  its  students  with  their  cultural 
heritage.  This  would  force  some  to  take  "dem  reodin"  courses  and  some  even  to 
"like  dem  reodin"  courses.  We  can  delegate  the  responsibility  of  producing  tech- 
nicians and  tradesmen  to  industry  and  trade  schools. 

—  Sheldon  Altmon 


MARCH,   1960 


^M/e 


DRIVE  AND  CONTROL  IDEAS 
FOR  ENGINEERS 


Tips  on  better 
designing  with 
flexible  shafts 


REMOTE   CONTROL   AND   POWER    DRIVE: 


Retractable  hard  top  simplified  by  flexible  shafts. 


In  the  Ford  Fairlane  500  Skyliner,  the  roof 
retracts  into  the  trunk,  and  the  trunk  lid 
closes  and  locks.  All  this  is  done  auto- 
matically, within  40  seconds.  Powering  this 
ingenious  mechanism  are  six  3  16"  high 
speed,  remote  control  flexible  shafts,  driven 
by  three  reversible  electric  motors. 

The  use  of  flexible  shafts  enabled  the 
designerstouseonly 
one  motor  to  drive 
each  pair  of  actu- 
ators, thus  solving 
synchronization 
problems  and  at  the 
same  time  cutting 
down  on  the  number 
of  motors  needed. 

Flexible  shafts 
(1)  and  (2)  rotate  the  trunk  lid  locking 
screws  m  and  out  of  engagement.  Flexible 
shafts  (3)  and  (4)  drive  a  pair  of  screw-jack 
actuators  to  raise  or  lower  the  trunk  lid. 
Flexible  shafts  (5— not  shown)  and  (6)  drive 
a  pair  of  actuators  and  their  associated 
linkage  to  raise  or  retract  the  roof. 


'# 


POWER    DRIVE: 

Powering  a  movable  component  ■  .  ■ 

is  easily  accompiislied  witti  flexible 
shafts.  Position  of  barrel  type  feeder 
on  this  new/  Detroit  Pow/erScrevi/driver 
is  highly  adjustable,  because  it  is 
driven  by  a  flexible  shaft.  Power  take- 
off is  at  the  main  drive  motor. 


COUPLING  : 

Solve  alignment  and 
vibration  problems... 

with  S.  S.  White  cou- 
pling shafts  —  short 
pieces  of  flexible 
shafting  without  com- 
panion casings.  Here 
is  one  being  used  be- 
tween an  adjustable 
pulley  and  a  gear 
pump. 


Now  available 

THE  S.  S.  WHITE  FLEXIBLE  SHAFT  HANDBOOK 

New  4th  Edition. . .  Send  for  your  free  copy! 

This  authoritative  handbook  has  been  recently  revised  to 
include  new  selection  and  application  data  for 
S.  S.  White  Standard  . . .  Pre-engineered . . .  Custom-designed 
flexible  shafts.  A  guide  to  product  design. 


10 


;.  S.  WHITE  INDUSTRIAL  DIVISION 

DEPT.  02.  10  EAST  40tri  STREET 

NEW  YORK   16,  N.  Y. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


United  Air  Lines  pilots  review  flight  plan  calculated  by  Bendix  G-15  Computer  at  UAL's  Operating   Base,   Denver,  Colorado. 

BENDIX  COMPUTERS ...  AND  HOW  TO  FIGURE 
YOUR  FUTURE  AS  A  PROFESSIONAL  ENGINEER 


Jet  air  line  speeds  bring  new  com- 
plications to  the  problems  the  air- 
line captain  must  solve.  Helping 
him  to  prepare  and  follow  his  Flight 
Plan  are  two  important  Bendix'^' 
contributions:  (1)  The  Bendix  G-15 
Computer,  which  makes  pre-flight 
calculations  of  wind,  weather,  fuel, 
and  load  in  seconds;  and  (2)  air- 
borne Bendix  Doppler  Radar,  which 
gives  the  pilot  instant,  constant 
navigation  data  that  previously  re- 
quired continual  manual  calculation. 

Similar  Bendix  scientific  and  engi- 
neering advances  are  geared  to  the 
entire  modern  industrial  complex. 
Opjiortunities  for  the  engineering 
graduate  are  nearly  limitless. 

BENDIX  HAS  24  DIVISIONS,  4  SUBSIDI- 
ARIES—Coast  to  coast,  Bendix  activ- 
ities are  decentralized— and,  at  the 
same  time,  generally  adjacent  to  the 
industries  they  serve.  There  is  great 
latitude  in  choice  of  work  area  for 
the  young  engineer. 

SIZE    AND    STABILITY  -  In    terms   of 


MARCH,   1960 


corporate  size,  Bendix  ranks  in  the 
top  GO  industrial  firms  (dollar  sales) 
in  the  United  States.  In  fiscal  1959, 
Bendix  sales  totalled  more  than 
$080,000,000.  An  investment  in 
future  sales  was  the  $120,000,000 
in  engineering  expenditures. 

DIVERSE  PRODUCTION  AND  RESEARCH 

—  The  graduate  engineer  has  a 
chance  to  specialize  with  Bendix. 
He  can  probe  electronics,  nuclear 
physics,  heat  transfer,  ultrasonics, 
aerodynamics,  power  metallurgy  — 
and  a  long  list  of  other  challenging 
fields.  Or,  he  can  aim  for  bi'oader 
areas  of  mathematics,  research,  ad- 
ministration, and  management. 

CHANCE  TO  LEAD  -  Bendix  is  a  di- 
versified engineering-research- 
manufacturing    firm.    Bendix 


products  include:  Talos  and  Eagle 
guided  missiles;  Doppler  radar 
systems  for  aircraft  navigation ; 
numerical  control  systems  for 
machine  tools;  power  steering  and 
power  brakes  for  automotive 
vehicles;  nuclear  devices;  flight 
control  systems  for  aircraft ;  satel- 
lite controls.  More  important  to  you, 
as  an  engineering  graduate,  are  the 
vast  numbers  of  new  projects  now 
being  planned  —  projects  to  which 
you  can  contribute  your  knowledge 
and  ingenuity. 

BENDIX  IS  SYNONYMOUS  WITH  ENGI- 
NEERING—At  Bendix,  you  can  join 
an  engineering  stafl^  of  more  than 
12,000  people-5,000  of  them  grad- 
uate engineers. 

Bendix  offers  you  a  chance  to 
exercise  your  engineering  degree 
in  a  real  engineering  capacity.  See 
your  placement  director  or  write  to 
Director  of  University  and  Scientific 
Relations,  Bendix  Aviation  Corpo- 
ration, 1108  Fisher  Building, 
Detroit  2,  Michigan. 


A  thousand  diversified  products 


11 


The  word  space  commonly  represents  the  outer,  airless  regions  of  the  universe. 
But  there  is  quite  another  kind  of  "space"  close  at  hand,  a  kind  that  will  always 
challenge  the  genius  of  man. 

This  space  can  easily  be  measured.  It  is  the  space-dimension  of  cities  and  the 
distance  between  them  .  .  .  the  kind  of  space  found  between  mainland  and  off- 
shore oil  rig,  between  a  tiny,  otherwise  inaccessible  clearing  and  its  supply 
base,  between  the  site  of  a  mountain  crash  and  a  waiting  ambulance— above  all, 
Sikorsky  is  concerned  with  the  precious  "spaceway"  that  currently  exists  be- 
tween all  earthbound  places. 

Our  engineering  efforts  are  directed  toward  a  variety  of  VTOL  and  STOL 
aircraft  configurations.  Among  earlier  Sikorsky  designs  are  some  of  the  most 
versatile  airborne  vehicles  now  in  existence;  on  our  boards  today  are  the  ve- 
hicles that  can  prove  to  be  tomorrow's  most  versatile  means  of  transportation. 

Here,  then,  is  a  space  age  challenge  to  be  met  with  the  finest  and  most  practical 
engineering  talent.  Here,  perhaps,  is  the  kind  of  challenge  you  can  meet. 


rilKORSKY 
AIRCRAFT 


For  information  about  careers  with  us,  please  ad- 
dress Mr.  Richard  L.  Auten,  Personnel  Department. 


One  of  the  Divisions  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation 
STRATFORD,   CONNECTICUT 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Pier  Personalities  .  . 


AN  INTERVIEW 

with  Ogden   Livermore 


Mr.  Ogtlen  Li\einiore,  assistant  pro- 
fessor in  physics  at  the  Chicago  Under- 
graduate Division  of  the  University  of 
Illinois  and  a  former  advisor  for  Tiih 
is  one  of  the  original  stalwarts  of  the 
academic  staff  at  our  Lake  Shore  insti- 
tution. 

Horn  on  November  17,  1809,  Mr. 
Lixermore  has  been  interested  in  physics 
as  far  back  as  he  can  remember.  His  in- 
terest extends  into  the  limitless  practical 
applications  associated  with  this  science. 
His  hobby  as  he  calls  it  is  "gagetry  and 
gimmickr\."    In    his    youth    he    used    to 


%-^ 

0 

*■•'. 
^ 

^i. 

M^ 

f 

W/ri^Tt 

Hr^^  I 

y 

py^ 

m    •    ' 

Professor  Livermore 

tinker  around  cars,  and  became  familiar 
enough  with  them  to  invent  a  few  ac- 
cessories. His  inventions  include  a  radi- 
ator curtain  and  a  hand  operated  therm- 
ostat for  the  car ;  both,  he  claims,  made 
long  before  they  ever  came  out  on  the 
market. 

l'rofess(jr  Lisermore  who  li\es  with 
his  wife  in  Chicago's  suburban  Evanston 
has  developed  his  hobby  to  include  vari- 
ous household  gadgets.  One  of  Mr.  Liv- 
ermore's  latest  inventions  is  a  special 
support  for  a  ladder.  The  windows  on 
his  house  are  so  tall  that  if  a  ladder  were 
placed  at  the  bottom,  the  top  of  the 
window  could  not  be  reached.  This 
makes  washing  them  difficult.  He  solved 
the  problem  by  the  use  of  his  special 
brace.  The  brace  enables  the  ladder  to 
be  placed  at  various  heights  on  the  win- 
dow without  leaning  against  the  glass. 
Mr.  Livermore  very  proudly  sketched 
the  brace  and  it's  application  for  this  re- 
porter. His  hobby  has  led  to  the  con- 
struction of  man\-  of  the  lecture  demon- 


stration   "toys"    for   the    physics    depart- 
ment. 

Mr.  Livermore  received  his  B.S.  in 
Chemical  Engineering  from  Illinois  in 
1922.  He  also  has  received  an  M.A. 
from  Northwestern  in  Education  and 
studied  physics  and  worked  in  metal  re- 
search  at   I.I.T. 

His  teaching  career  started  in  1937, 
and  has  covered  everything  from  kinder- 
garten up.  Second  graders  are  his  favor- 
ites. He  loves  to  talk  with  people  and 
he  finds  that  "the  second  graders  are 
grownup  enough  to  talk  to,  but  not 
grownup  enough  to  take  offense." 

Mr.  Livermore  came  to  the  Pier  in 
1946  when  it  opened.  He  remembers 
when  the  teachers  had  to  walk  across  a 
plank  bridge  that  was  over  a  gully  of 
water  in  the  corridor  on  the  way  to  the 
lunchroom.  That  first  year  was  a  hectic 
one.  Remodeling  had  not  been  complet- 
ed yet  and  there  weren't  enough  chem- 
istry teachers  to  go  around.  Although 
he  had  been  hired  as  a  physics  instructor, 
Mr.  Li\ennore  taught  quant.,  qual.,  and 
begirmim;  chemistry. 

Mr.  Livermore  was  the  first  sponsor 
tor  Tech.  at  the  Pier,  and  ran  it  success- 
fully for  eight  years.  Because  of  his 
work  on  Tech  the  Dean  of  Women  pre- 
sented him  \\-ith  a  handsome  pin  that  he 
proudlv  wears.  With  the  pin  came  a 
membership  in  The  Activities  Honorary 
Society. 

When  asked  why  he  took  up  teach- 
ing his  first  words  were  "I  like  to  show 
oft."  But  this  is  very  misleading.  Mr. 
Livergood  "likes  personalities."  He  is 
the  type  of  instructor  who  meets  every 
one  of  his  students  individually.  He 
takes  a  very  personal  interest  in  them 
and  all  their  problems.  His  hobby  has 
enabled  him  to  reach  students  and  help 
them  to  understand  problems  in  physics. 
This  helpfulness  and  un\isual  friendli- 
ness won  him  honorary  membership  in 
Omega-Beta-Pi,  a  pre-med  scholastic 
fraternity  at  the  Pier,  and  Phi-Eta- 
Sigma. 

Professor  Livermore  feels  that  his 
term  as  an  integral  part  of  the  Chicago 
campus  has  been,  to  say  the  least,  an 
enjoyable  one.  He  feels  that  our  engi- 
neering school  is  one  of  the  best.  The 
only  improvement  that  he  can  see  would 
be  the  addition  of  a  few  more  yoinig 
ladies  to  boost  morale  and  the  decor 
(.Amen). 


Take  advantage  of  the 

MECHANICAL 
ADVANTAGE 


The  screw  is  a  combination  of  two 
mechanical  principles:  the  lever, 
and  the  inclined  plane  in  helical 
form.  The  leverage  applied  to  the 
nut  combines  with  motion  of  the  nut 
around  the  bolt  to  exert  tremendous 
clamping  force  between  the  two. 

One  of  the  greatest  design  errors 
today,  in  fact,  is  failure  to  realize 
the  mechanical  advantages  that 
e.xist  in  standard  nuts  and  bolts. 
Smaller  diameters  and  less  costly 
grades  of  fasteners  tightened  to 
their  full  capacity  will  create  far 
stronger  joints  than  those  utilizing 
bigger  and  stronger  fasteners  tight- 
ened to  only  a  fraction  of  their 
capacity.  Last  year,  one  of  our  engi- 
neers showed  a  manufacturer  how 
he  could  save  $97,000  a  year  simply 
by  using  all  the  mechanical  advan- 
tages of  a  less  expensive  grade. 

When  you  graduate,  make  sure 
you  consider  the  mechanical  advan- 
tages that  RB&W  fasteners  provide. 
And  make  sure,  too,  that  you  con- 
sider the  career  advantages  RB&W 
offers  mechanical  engineers  — in  the 
design, manufacture  and  application 
of  mechanical  fasteners.  If  you're 
interested  in  machine  design  — or 
sales  engineering,  write  us  for  more 
information. 

RUSSELL,  BURDSALL  &  WARD 
BOLT  AND  NUT  COMPANY 

Port  Chester,  N.  Y. 


115  year 


MARCH,   1960 


13 


Space  exploration  will  really  come  of  age  when  manned  rockets  can  leave 
earth,  accomplish  their  missions  and  return  without  disposing  of  parts  of 
themselves  en  route.  This  breakthrough  depends  on  the  rapid  development 
of  both  nuclear  rocket  engines  and  the  space  vehicles  capable  of  using 
them.  Douglas  is  putting  forth  a  major  research  effort  in  the  area  of  manned 
nuclear  space  ships.  Every  environmental,  propulsion,  guidance  and  struc- 
tural problem  is  being  thoroughly  explored.  Results  are  so  promising  that 
even  if  the  nuclear  engine  breakthrough  comes  within  the  next  five  years, 
Douglas  will  be  ready  to  produce  the  vehicles  to  utilize  this  tremendous  new 
source  of  space  power!  Douglas  is  seeking  qualified  scientists  and  engineers 
for  this  and  other  vital  programs.  Write  to  C.C.  LaVene,  Box  600-M,  Douglas 
Aircraft  Company,  Santa  Monica,  California. 

Elmer  Wheaton,  Engineering  Vice  President,  Missiles  and  Space  Systems, 

goes  over  new  space  objectives  that  will  be  made  possible  by  nuclear 

propulsion  with  Arthur  E.  Raymond,  Senior   j^^ll^l    A  O 

Engineering  Vice  President  of  1^  w  iJ  w  LMO 

MISSILE  AND  SPACE  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  DC-8  JETLINERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMB  ■  GROUND  SUPPORT  EQUIPMENT 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


This  huge  research  center  at  Whiting,  Indiana,  is  only 
part  of  .Standard  Oil's  research  faciUties.  A  recently 
completed  technical  service  and  quality  control  lab- 


oratory, not  shown  here,  is  the  largest  laboratory  of 
its  kind  in  the  country.  In  addition,  large  research 
laboratories  are  operated  by  several  affiliates. 


Where  the  fuels  of  the  future  are  born! 


From  time  to  time,  we  are  asked  if  gasoline 
and  oil  today  really  are  better  than  they  were 
five  or  ten  years  ago.  People  can't  see  the 
difference,  smell  it,  or  feel  it. 

The  answer  is  an  emphatic  yes.  And  this 
aerial  view  of  Standard  Oil's  research  center 
at  Whiting,  Indiana,  is  graphic  evidence  of 
the  extensive  research  work  that  goes  on  be- 
hind the  scenes  day  in  and  day  out. 

Thousands  of  research  experts— chemists, 
engineers,  and  technicians — work  together  in 
Standard's  modern  laboratories,  improving 
present  fuels  and  lubricants  and  developing 
new  ones  for  cars  that  will  not  be  a  reality 
until  about  1965!  Rocket  fuels,  too,  are  being 
developed.  Standard's  development  of  clean- 


burning,  highly-reliable  solid  fuels  has  been  a 
real  con  tribu  tion  to  America's  missile  program. 

Since  our  first  research  laboratory  opened 
69  years  ago,  research  scientists  of  Standard 
Oil  and  its  affiliated  companies  have  been  re- 
sponsible for  many  major  petroleum  advances 
— from  making  a  barrel  of  oil  yield  more  gas- 
oline to  discovering  a  way  to  revive  almost-dry 
wells.  Each  process  had  the  effect  of  adding 
billions  of  barrels  to  America's  oil  reserves. 

At  Standard  Oil,  scientists  have  an  oppor- 
tunity to  work  on  a  wide  variety  of  challeng- 
ing projects.  That  is  one  reason  why  so  many 
young  men  have  chosen  to  build  satisfying 
careers  with  Standard  Oil. 


STANDARD    OIL  COMPANY 

910    SOUTH    MICHIGAN    AVENUE,   CHICAGO    80,   ILLINOIS 


THE   SIGN   OF   PROGRESS.. 
THROUGH    RESEARCH 


MARCH,   1960 


15 


U.S.  and  British  Schools 


By  Arvydas  J.  Tamulis 


Ri-ceiitly,  much  has  been  said  about 
our  educational  system,  and  especially 
in  comparison  with  the  systems  of  other 
countries.  No  longer  does  the  public  of 
this  country  pose  the  question  of  whether 
Johnny  can  read,  but  their  primary  con- 
cern was  whether  Johnny  can  read  bi-r- 
ter  than  Ivan.  Lest  1  bore  you  with 
the  much  worn  out  auestlon  of  onr 
school  system  versus  Nikita's  little  n-d 
school  house,  perhaps  it  woidd  be  of 
interest  to  note  the  comparison  of  tiie 
education  a  student  receives  in  Amer- 
ica as  compared  with  his  English  speak- 
ing contemporary  in  England. 

At  the  mention  of  education  in  Brit- 
ain, one  immediately  thinks  of  the  time- 
honored  names  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, and  their  outstanding  positions 
as  places  of  learning  in  the  world.  A 
notable  fact  to  bring  out  here  is  that 
Britain,  with  a  population  of  31  mil- 
lion, has  only  <SS,()(H)  students  in  uni- 
versities while  the  U.  S.,  with  a  popu- 
lation of  178  million,  has  3.4  million 
students  in  colleges  and  universities. 
Comparing  the  proportion  of  population 
to  those  attending  universities,  the  U.  S. 
places  first,  with  Russia  second,  and 
Hritain  towards  the  bottom  of  the  list 
as  the  25th.  In  search  of  a  reason  for 
the  small  amount  of  students  on  the  uni- 
versity level  in  Britain  we  must  start 
at  the  beginning. 

The  British  child  usually  starts  in  a 
primary  school,  a  U.  S.  equivalent  of 
public  grade  school,  for  children  aged 
from  5  to  10.  Between  the  ages  of  10 
and  1 1  a  child  takes  an  intelligence  test 
known    as    the    11-plus.     If     he     ranks 


among  the  top  25','  of  the  students  he 
is  then  admitted  into  what  is  called  a 
grammar  school,  a  L'.  S.  equiva'ent  of 
a  junior  and  senior  high  school.  T  h's 
school  is  intended  as  a  preparation  for 
the  luiiversity  and  is  much  more  diffi- 
cult than  its  counterpart  in  the  U.  S. 
1 1  the  child  does  not  rank  high  in  this 
ll-nliis  exam,  he  is  th"n  sent  to  a  sec- 
ondary modern  school,  a  school  stress- 
in';  vocational  training  and  his  educa- 
tion ends  at  the  a-e  of  13  or  \h.  This 
is  considered  by  many,  even  the  British- 
ers themselves,  as  an  evil  in  the  educa- 
tional system.  At  the  afre  of  eleven  the 
future  of  the  chi'ld  is  set.  The  ma-s  of 
the  British  ponnlation  is  denied  a  hi-rh- 
er  education.  The  so  called  late  devel- 
opers, and  others  potentiallv  good  for 
college  are  turned  aside.  It  is  true  that 
in  svich  a  wav  univers'ties  assure  them- 
seKes  of  good  material,  but  such  a  s\s- 
tem  hurts  the  country  as  a  whole  by 
letting  other  good  material  for  college 
-lip  awav  not  to  speak  of  the  injustice 
done  to  the  child. 

Now  those  that  are  admitted  into 
these  grammar  schools  find  a  tovurh  cur- 
riculum awaiting  them.  This  school  is 
geared  high  to  prepare  the  student  for 
the  university,  eliminating  the  gap  so 
apparent  between  our  high  schools  and 
the  college  level  school.  In  thefe  schools 
the  student  must  choose  a  field,  either 
science  or  the  arts,  at  about  the  age 
of  14  or  15.  Then,  if  he  shows  a  prefer- 
ence for  the  arts,  a  great  emphasis  is 
placed  on  language  whereby  he  may 
take  two  or  three  languages.  If  a  stu- 
dent prefers  science  at  15,  at  the  latest, 


CERAMISTS  &  CERAMIC  ENGINEERS 

Do  yotr  have  an  idea  that  you  would 
like  to  develop  and  produce? 

We  want  a  new  product  to  manufacture,  and  we  will  back  the 
right  fellow  and  the  right  idea  with  a  small  factory  and  laboratory 
and  the  ability  to  furnish  any  other  help  needed,  especially  good 
successful  business  experience.      Address  '/'/;(    Tci  lino /j rap li — Box  b 


he  takes  up  chemistry  and  physics.  Then, 
usually  at  the  age  of  IS,  he  may  enter 
the  luiiversity.  All  along  the  student  is 
worked  to  capacity. 

Without  going  deeph'  into  the  all 
familiar  American  educational  system, 
the  most  glaring  evil  asserted  by  man\ 
educators  is  the  gap  created  between 
high  school  and  college.  On  the  whole 
the  colleges  of  this  country  attempt  to 
keep  the  standards  high  and  are  raising 
them  all  the  time  in  order  that  the  com- 
pletely educated  man  of  the  American 
system  mav  hold  his  head  high  anvwhere 
in  the  world.  On  the  other  hand  the  high 
schools  attempt  to  take  everyone  and 
push  them  through  the  mill  at  the  cost  of 
lowering  the  standard.  The  trend  in 
America  is  to  follow  the  Dewey  system 
of  education  which  places  the  student  in 
the  center  and  around  him  builds  the 
cvu'riculum,  the  principles  of  education. 
If  the  student  does  not  want  an\  more 
mathematics  above  arithmetic  and  in- 
stead wants  to  substitute  the  proverbial 
basket-weaving  course,  so  be  it.  While 
in  England,  as  well  as  the  other  Euro- 
pean countries,  the  principle  of  educa- 
tion, of  learning,  is  placed  in  the  center, 
and  the  student,  if  he  wishes  to  ad- 
vance in  his  studies,  must  adapt  him- 
self. 

Which  course  is  better  to  follow  is 
hard  to  say.  On  both  sides  we  have  good 
points  as  well  as  bad.  A  happy  medium 
may  be  called  for,  a  system  permitting 
the  majority  the  chance  at  education, 
yet  keeping  the  principles  high  so  the 
svstem  would  not  suffer. 


Paris  in  Plastic 

Spring  has  come  in  Paris — in  a  plas- 
tic wrapper.  Parisian  flower  sellers  have 
set  up  shop  in  transparent  tents  in  the 
winter-swept  city  streets. 


Stainless  Steel  Fuel  Tanks 

Tests  are  now  being  conducted  on 
AM-355  stainless  steel  for  use  on  spe- 
cial fiiel  containers  for  solid  fuel  rock- 
ets. It  is  a  special,  new  type  precipita- 
tion hardening  stainless  steel  made 
especially  for  use  in  super-speed  aircraft 
and  missile  parts  which  give  the  high 
strength-to-weight  ratio  to  the  fuel  cas- 
ings. 


16 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


A    Fable   of   the    Barnyard 


By  Eileen  Markham 


Of  liilc  I  hiivt-  hiirjiiic  lOnviiKid  tliiit 
the  must  vti/iiiih/f  thiiK/s  arc  those 
Iniit/ht  IIS  in  our  childhood.  One  of  the 
most  strikint/  carry-overs  of  those  fileas- 
(int  days  is  the  close  corelation  ln- 
tivecn  the  neighhorhood  park  sand  liox 
and  the  foundry  classrooms.  Thus.  I 
feel  it  miyht  he  of  interest  to  us  all 
if  ire  ii'crc  to  go  hack  and  read  some 
of  the  stories  ice  read  as  cliildren.  But, 
I  f;iicss  that  might  he  a  little  boring 
as  most  of  us  have  already  reail  the  same 
stories.  So.  I've  iiritten  a  ueiv  one — a 
ffd'le  that  might  he  of  interest  to  all  of 
us.  It  is,  as  ire  knrnr  the  typical  fable 
to  be.  an  animal  story.  May  I  present  to 
you  a  TrcHN'OGRAPH  first: 

Once  upon  a  time  in  the  barnyard 
tiiere  was  a  horse  and  a  nude.  All  their 
li\es  they  lived  the  day  by  day  way  of 
the  barn\;n"d.  Let's  look  at  one  sueh 
day. 

Early  in  the  morning  the  barnyard 
was  in  a  state  of  complete  quiet.  Not 
a  soul  had  stirred.  The  sun's  rays  began 


to  penetrate  the  light  strealced  sk:\-.  And 
then  we  see  a  tired  rooster  begin  to 
stir.  As  he  slowly  lumbered  to  the  fence, 
his  feathers  perkeil  up.  Finally  on  the 
accustomed  peich,  his  song  began.  The 
hen  house  awoke  befoie  the  barn  an  1 
then,  at  last,  the  lights  in  the  hous:- 
flickered  on.  In  the  barn  the  mule  and 
horse  paced  back  and  forth  waiting  lor 
their  breakfast.  (It  was  late  again.)  Im- 
patiently the  mule  tried  to  open  tie 
feed  bin  lock  with  his  teeth.  Just  as  it 
started  to  give,  the  farmer's  son  came 
in  with  their  meal.  Aftei'wards  rlieir 
real   day  began. 

Before  lunch  they  didn't  have  much 
to  do — just  run  and  play  in  the  su,i. 
Hut  then  the  children  came  out  to  play. 
So,  the  mule  and  horse  gave  them  rid-js. 
The  horse  would  stand  still  (as  hors;'s 
do)  and  wait  for  them  to  mount.  Then 
he'd  take  them  around  the  small  pad- 
dock at  a  slow  pace.  That  mischievous 
mule,  however,  used  to  stand  still  just 
until  Teddy  got  half-way  onto  his  back, 
then    he'd    begin   to   walk.    He   made   a 


game  of  it.  Thus,  despite  his  lack  of 
glamour  (mules  are  ugly)  he  became 
his  young  master's  faxorite.  It  became 
almost  a  game,  sometimes  Ted  and  Joan 
would  mount  and  ride  him,  other  times 
the\-  could  not.  He  even  did  tricks  (with 
some  persuasion).  All  the  while  his 
friend  the  horse  concentrated  on  his 
slow  but  beautifidly  uneventful  ride 
a'ong  the  path. 

The  obvious  result  was  an  extra  lump 
of  sugar  for  supper.  Sometimes  the  mule 
would  get  another  by  taking  it  out  of 
Joan's  pocket.  And  the  horse  got  his 
customarv  pat  on  the  head  in  thanks 
f(n'  his  dutiful  task. 

I  could  go  on,  but  I  think  my  point 
has  been  ma  le.  The  individualist  who 
strives  to  please  can  cope  with  more  sit- 
uations than  the  conformist.  Hence  the 
parallel  in  engineering.  When  we  go  out 
into  the  business  world — maybe  the 
straight  "A"  man  who  knows  his  sub- 
ject backwards  and  forwards  will  get  a 
higher  starting  rate.  But,  when  we've 
((Continued  on   Page  2S) 


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MARCH,   1960 


17 


STATE   STREET   LIGHTING 


By  Sheldon  Altman 


Chicago's  Start"  Street  has  doiic  it 
again.  It  has  regained  the  title  of  the 
most  brilliantly  lighted  street  in  the 
world.  The  74  lighting  standards  that 
accomplish  this  task  spread  for  o\er 
seven  blocks.  Seventy  poles  extend  from 
Lake  Street  south  to  Van  Buren,  ac- 
counting for  5,300  feet  of  lineal  street 
area.  Four  more  lights  were  added 
south  of  Van  Buren  in  front  of  the 
Sears   Roebuck   store. 

The  poles  are  a  basic  tree  design,  ha\ - 
ing  four  curved  arches  growing  from 
the  tree  "tnmk."  The  pole  also  has 
three  containers,  30  inches  in  diameter 
for  the  tree's  flowers. 

This  standard  was  fabricated  b\'  I  n- 
ion  Metal  Company  of  Canton,  Ohio 
and  is  composed  of  17  major  parts.  The 
fabrication  of  the  standards  was  a  cus- 
tom job.  It  required  special  mandrels  for 
forming  and  specially  selected  plant  per- 
sonnel were  used  to  hand  bend  the 
curved  arms  of  the  pole. 

The  central  branch  is  of  5  If)  inch 
steel.  It  tapers  from  12  inches  diameter 
at  the  bottom  to  eight  inches  in  diameter 
at  the  top.  The  base  of  the  standard  is 
34  inches  in  diameter  at  the  ground 
line.  The  side  walk  luminaire  is  24  feet 
above  the  ground  ;  the  two  side  mounts 
.-.re  34  feet  above  the  ground  and  the 
center  mount  reaches  to  36  feet. 

The  lumenaire  is  now  a  standard 
( leneral  Electric  flourescent  lumenaire 
with  special  modifications.  It  is  designed 
to  accommodate  6  six  foot  power  groo\e 
flourescent  lamps. 

The  flourescent  lamps  are  effected  by 
temperature  so  that  a  self-enclosed  air 
circidating  system  is  incorporated  in  the 
luminaire.  This  is  the  first  luminaire 
to  be  equipped  with  its  own  "air-condi- 
tioning" system.  The  air  moving  equip- 
ment consists  of  a  centrilical  hlowei' 
il riven  by  a  unit  bearuig  motor  with  a 
recirculating  fan  on  the  opposite  siiaft 
end  of  the  motor.  The  motor  is  a  shad- 
ed-pole  type  designed  for  long  life  and 
infrequent  oiling. 

In  case  of  fan  failure  a  thermostat 
cuts  off  the  top  two  lamps  to  prevent 
o\erheatiiig.  The  motor  is  controlled  by 
a  second  thermostat  which  opens  at  20 
degrees    F   and   closes   at   40   degrees    F. 

.^   modification    for   State   Street   also 


consists  of  a  special  compounding  of  a 
plastic  enclosing  globe  which  makes  the 
outline  of  the  tubes  during  the  daytime 
but  provides  for  efficient  light  transmis- 
sion during  night  operations. 

One  luminaire  produces  55,800  lu- 
mens of  light ;  each  pole  provides  223,- 
200  lumens  of  light  using  the  present 
lamp.  When  relamping  is  done  the  new 
double  power  grooved  lamp  will  be 
used.  This  will  raise  each  lumenain-'s 
output  to  62,000  lumens  and  each  pole's 
output  to  248,000  lumens.  This  will 
produce  an  average  lighting  intensity  on 
the  street  of  over  15  foot  candles  even 
though  20  per  cent  of  the  light  is  beamed 
upward    on    building    facades. 

Radio  equipment  is  used  extensiveh" 
in  the  State  Street  lighting  facilities. 
This  is  another  first  in  street  lighting. 
The  system  is  operated  by  radio  utiliz- 
ing a  30-watt  input  transmitter  broad- 
casting in  the  27  megacycle  banij.  The 
transnutter,  located  on  the  third  floor 
of  Carson  Pirie  Scott  and  Co.,  has  astro- 
nomical time  clocks  which  automatically 
turn  on  all  four  lumenaires  at  dusk, 
turn  off  the  lower  lumenaires  at  mid- 
night, and  turn  the  remaining  fixture  off 
at  dawn.  Separate  time  clock  control  is 
also  provided  for  turning  festoon  light- 
ing (such  as  that  used  of  Christmas 
decorations)  on  and  oft.  Manual  push 
buttons  are  provided  so  that  the  system 
can  be  operated  without  use  of  the  time 
clocks  if   desired. 

There  are  actually  two  transmitters 
so  that  if  one  should  fail  the  .second  can 
be  utilized.  The  transmitter  antenna  is 
of  the  loaded  dipol  type  and  is  approxi- 
mately  eight    feet   long. 

The  receivers  are  located  in  the  bases 
of  the  poles.  They  are  also  equipped 
with  an  "air-conditioning"  system.  (len- 
eral Idectric  calrod  heating  units  in- 
stalled at  the  base  of  each  pcde  main- 
tain correct  operating  temperature  for 
the  radio  receivers  so  that  they  will 
function  under  severe  weather  condi- 
tions. 

Twenty-eight  receivers  are  used  and 
each  receiver  serves  alternately  two  or 
three  poles.  If  the  receivers  shoidd  fail 
to  function  the  lights  can  be  operated 
maiuially    from    the   base. 

To    operate    the     radio    broadcasting 


station  a  license  was  obtained  from  the 
FCC  under  their  business  category  and 
it  is  renewed  yearl\. 

The  lumenaire  reflector  design  pro- 
vides for  an  upward  component  of  light 
representing  about  20  per  cent  of  total 
light  output.  This  was  done  to  provide 
a  cheerful  atmosphere  for  the  entire 
shopping  area,  both  vertically  and  hori- 
zontall\'. 

Each  pole  costs  S7,5(IO  installed.  The 
city  contributed  $1,200  toward  each 
pole,  the  balance  being  paid  b>'  the 
merchants  on  the  street.  The  merchants' 
contribution  was  assessed  on  the  basis 
of  net  front  feet  of  store  area  along 
State  Street  on  a  six-year  amortization 
basis.  The  city  contribution  is  what  a 
normal  city  light  s\stem  would  cost  to 
install  and  maintain. 

Every  three  months  the  poles  are  serv- 
iced. The  lumenaires  are  cleaned,  de- 
fecti\e  lamps  are  replaced,  aiul  instru- 
ment testing  is  performed  on  all  radio 
equipment. 

This  unique  lighting  system  has  an 
output  of  nearly  3,300  lumens  per  lineal 
foot  of  roadway,  three  times  the  in- 
tensity of  the  next  highest  system. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  how  this  sys- 
tem came  into  existence.  In  the  early 
1920s  the  merchants  of  State  Street  de- 
cided that  their  street  would  have  more 
than  just  the  normal  lighting  facilities. 
They  wanted  a  street  that  would  be 
known  around  the  world. 

In  cooperation  with  Commonwealth 
Edison  and  the  best  illumination  engi- 
neers of  the  day  they  developed  this  sys- 
tem. On  October  24,  1926,  this  system, 
owned  and  operated  by  the  merchants, 
was  put  into  operation  as  President 
Coolidge  pressed  a  golden  telegraph  key. 

But  times  change  and  a  lighting  sys- 
tem that  is  second  to  none  in  1926  is 
far  from  that  position  within  25  years. 
It  began  to  show  signs  of  old  age,  and 
excessive  maintainance  costs  combined 
with  the  fact  that  it  was  no  longer  the 
queen  of  streets  again  brought  the  State 
Street  merchants  together  with  a  com- 
mon bond.  A  new  lighting  system  was 
again  their  mutual  interest.  What  was 
needed  was  a  light  system   that  would  : 

1.  .Make  State  Street  the  brightc■^r 
street  in  the  world. 


MARCH,   1960 


19 


STATE   STREET 
LIGHTING 


2.  Would  Ix-  ail  arti^ti^.■  ami  tuiu'tion- 
al  achievt-'ment. 

3.  Yield  a  light  which  would  not 
distort  color  (for  display  window  pur- 
poses) ;    increase    siI-t'"   <"■   '"S'^"*'"    '■'"Hcc- 


tioiis  in  store  windows;  and  one  that 
would  be  up  to  ilate  with  comintj  d- 
luniination   trends. 

4.  Would  furnish  building  and  up- 
ward illumination  as  well  as  street  light- 
inir. 

These  are  pretty  toutrh  conditions  tor 
any  light  s\steni  to  meet.  Robert  O. 
Burton,  a  Chicagoan  with  extensive  ex- 
perience in  interior  and  lighting  design, 


had  his  design  selected  from  over  lOU 
different  designs  studied  in  the  two  year 
planning  of  the  renovated  street.  The 
simplicity  of  his  form  and  its  highly 
imaginative  design,  sets  a  lasting  im- 
pression in   illumination   design. 

The  current  svstem  went  into  opera- 
tion Nov.  13,  1959,  (3.^  years  after  the 
first  of  the  State  Streets)  giving  Chica- 
go another  major  civic  achievement. 


State  Street  taken  the  night  of  the  opening  ceremony, 
had   been   blocked  to  traffic 


/hen  the  street 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


CHICAGO'S  MUSEUM  OF 
SCIENCE  and  INDUSTRY 


By  Michael  Murphy 


Just  west  of  the  lakefront  on  57th 
Street  stands  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
buildinjis  in  the  world,  Chicago's  Mu- 
seum of  Science  and  Industry.  The  idea 
for  a  nuiseum  of  this  t\pe  was  conceived 
hy  Julius  Rosenwald,  president  of  Sears, 
Roebuck  and  Co.,  being  prompted  by 
the  inquisitiveness  of  his  son,  William. 
While  Mr.  Rosenwald  and  his  son  were 
in  (jermany  in  1920,  William  was  fas- 
cinated by  the  famous  Deutsch's  mu- 
seum of  science  and  industry.  Rosen- 
wald set  out  to  found  a  nuiscum  like 
it  in  Chicago. 

The  site  of  the  museum  is  the  Fine 
Arts  Building  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  of  1893.  The  building 
was  of  Greek  Classic  style  but  with  a 
modern  layout.  Many  of  the  features 
of  the  fabulous  striictm'e  were  copied 
from  the  Erechtheion,  one  of  the  tem- 
ples on   the  Acropolis,  Athens,  built  in 


the  3th  century,  H.C.  The  original 
building  was  constructed  of  heavy  brick 
walls  with  plaster  coverings  on  the  in- 
side and  outside.  After  the  Columbian 
Exposition  the  building  was  used  as 
museiun  which  contained  a  collection  of 
works  which  was  mainl)'  assembled  from 
the  Exposition.  The  name  of  the  niu- 
seiun  was  the  Field  museum  now  known 
as  the  Chicago  Natural  History  mu- 
seum. In  1920  the  Field  nuiseum  left 
its  slowly  deteriorating  building  for  a 
new  home  at  its  present  location  in 
Grant  Park.  Rosenwald  decided  to  re- 
store the  building  and  to  use  it  as  the 
location  for  a  museum  of  science  and 
industry.  He  offered  $3,000,000  for  its 
restoration  and  the  south  park  district 
added  another  $3,000,000  to  this  which 
was  acquired  through  a  bond.  Later  gifts 
hy  the  Rosenwald  family  brought  their 
total  contribution   to  $7,000,000. 


The  rebuilding  of  the  structure  con- 
sisted mainly  of  replacing  the  exterior 
of  the  building  with  Indiana  limestone 
and  interior  with  marble.  All  pillars 
which  were  originallv  iron  were  re- 
[ilaced  with  stone.  The  man\'  skylights 
were  replaced  with  domes  of  tile  and 
copper.  One  striking  feature  of  the  ex- 
terior of  the  building  is  the  24  Carya- 
tids which  are  supporting  columns  that 
have  the  form  of  draped  female  figures 
and  are  13  feet  tall.  Reproductions  of 
the  sculptured  panels  which  adorned 
the  famous  Parthenon  ornament  cast 
and  west  pavilions.  Some  330,000  cubic 
feet  of  stone  weighing  28,000  tons  make 
vip  the  building.  The  structure  contains 
13,000,000  cubic  feet  of  space  and  oc- 
cupies 263,000  square  feet  (approxi- 
mately six  acres)  of  land.  The  Hoor 
space  and  exhibit  space  of  the  museum 
amount  to  600,000  square  feet  and  ap- 
proximately 400,000  square  feet  re- 
spectively. The  building  consists  of  three 
pavilions.  The  central  pavilion  offers 
space  for  exhibits,  offices,  reference  li- 
brary, cafeteria,  lunch  rooms,  kitchen, 
receiving  room,  and  workshops.  In  the 
east  pavilion  can  be  found  exhibits, 
studios,  and  storage  space  \\hile  located 
in  the  west  pavilion  are  exhibits,  and 
auditorium  seating  1000  and  a  lecture 
hall  seating  300. 

The    Museum  of   Science  and    Indus- 


MARCH,   1960 


21 


rry  is  :iM  I'lliicational  institution,  the 
imrposc  lit  which  is  to  acquaint  thi-  jivn- 
cial  public  with  science  and  its  applica- 
t'dn  to  inilustrial  processes.  An  inscrip- 
tion in  the  Central  Rotumla  reaiis.  "Sci- 
ence Discerns  the  Laws  of  Nature — 
Industry  Applies  Them  to  the  Needs 
of  Man."  An  explanation  of  tliis  in- 
scription is  thoroughh-  carried  nut  In 
the  niuseiun. 

W'iien  the  museum  lirst  opened  its 
do')rs  in  I'Hd  tliere  were  onh  a  tew 
exhibits  scattered  throus^hout  the  spa- 
cious building.  This  unimpressive  atmo- 
-.■ihciT  residted  in  the  museum  facing  a 
linancial  crisis.  The  trustees  of  the  mu- 
seum called  upon  Maior  Lenox  R.  Lohr 
to  remed\-  the  situafon.  ^Lnor  Lohr 
who  graduated  from  Cornell  I  nixersitv 
was  a  member  of  the  L.  S.  Arnn  Corns 
of  Engineers  for  twcKc  \ears.  His 
work  previous  to  bein";  called  upon  bv 
the  iiuiseum  trustees  was  that  of  i'en- 
eral  manager  of  A  Centurv  of  Prog- 
ress, the  1033-34  Chicago  World's  Fair 
and  he  also  was  president  of  the  Na- 
tional  Broadcasting  Compaiu'. 

Major  Lohr's  main  objecti\e  was  to 
remove  the  boring  atmosphere  general- 
ly associated  with  a  mu-eum.  He  re- 
viewed the  characteristics  of  other  mu- 
seums and  settled  upon  some  definite  re- 
sults. Smoking  is  permitted  throughout 
the  building  and  benches  are  provickd 
for  visitors  who  become  wear\. 

Due  to  the  trcmendi)\is  cost  of  most 
exhibits  which  are  worth  \iewing,  the 
help  of  American  industr\  was  enlisteil. 
As  anyone  can  see  the  ,id\  ertising  which 
is  accomplished  by  a  company  having 
an  exhibit  at  the  museum  would  more 
than  pay  for  the  cost  of  the  exhibit. 
About  fifty  per  cent  of  the  exhibits  are 
sponsored  by  industry.  An  exhibit  by 
some  organization  is  permitted  by  in- 
vitation only  and  then  only  under  cer- 
tain circumstances.  Although  the  name 
of  th"  company  sponsoring  the  exhibit 
can  be  used  freeh'  in  the  exhibit  no 
mention  of  excellence  compared  to  other 
brand  names  is  allowed.  The  com|i;m\ 
pays  no  fee  for  the  space  used  but  must 
pay  for  the  complete  construction  and 
maintenance  of  the  exhibit  and  for  any 
demonstrators  which  are  needed.  Ex- 
hibits are  kept  for  a  period  of  three  or 
five  years  depending  upon  .igreemen*^. 
If  longer  periods  of  exhibition  aie  de- 
sired the  compaiu'  must  agree  to  keep 
the  exhibits  up  to  date.  One  exhibit, 
that  of  the  Bell  Telephone  Compain 
changes  thirty  per  cent  of  its  material 
a  year.  The  museum  has  about  an  equal 
number  of  its  owai  exhibits.  These  in- 
clude among  other  things  a  full  scale 
operating  coal  mine,  the  captured  (ler- 
man  submarine  L^-5(15,  a  full  scale 
model  entitled  "Yesterday's  ^L^in 
Street"  and  m;ui\    more. 

The  majority  of  exhibits  feature  such 


22 


things  as  life,  motion,  or  visitor  pai'- 
ticipation.  It  is  this  st\le  of  exhibit 
which  mainly  accounts  tor  the  large 
luuuber  of  visitors  to  the  nuiseum  year- 
ly. In  l')S')  the  luunber  of  visitors 
amounted  to  2,547,231  which  w  ,is  a 
sizeable  increase  over  the  =;i(i,S4,S  pi'o- 
ple  wlu)  visited  the  nuiseum  in  l')4ll. 
In  l')4()  the  aver;ige  stay  of  a  visitor  w:is 
^S  minutes  but  in  l''S9  it  was  3  hours, 
12  minutes.  People  came  from  everv 
state  in  the  uiudii  ,ind  I  rom  the  District 
(if  Colundiia  and  manv  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

The  nuiseum  has  an  operating  co  t 
of  about  :J;8()(),l)(H)  a  year.  To  meet  this 
expenditure  the  museum  has  four 
sources  of  income  —  contributions  from 
industi'V,  income  from  securities,  taxes 
levied  bv  the  park  district  and  profit' 
from  admission  to  the  submarine,  cn.d 
mine,  the  Microworld  and  from  th- 
sale  of  souvenirs  and  from  the  cafeterui. 
Although  Julius  Rosenwald  gave  >?,- 
000  000  to  start  the  museum  he  left 
no  endowment — believing  each  gener.i- 
tion  should  provide  for  itself. 

One  industrial  exhibit  of  partlcular 
interest  is  the  B.  F.  Goodrich  exhibit 
which  features  a  "guillotine."  The  pur- 
pose of  this  guillotine  is  to  show  the 
strength  of  a  tubeless  tire.  A  34  pound 
blade  is  dropped  from  a  height  of  30 
feet  onto  the  tire  with  the  resulting 
force  equal  to  that  of  a  car  traveling 
00  miles  per  hour  and  striking  a  curb. 
In  the  Radio  Corporation  of  Amer- 
ica exhibit  visitors  stand  in  front  of 
color  television  cameras  and  see  them- 
selves on  color  receivers.  The  exhibits 
also  show  \arious  phases  of  the  science 
of  color. 

Another  fascinating  industrial  exhibit 
is  that  of  the  International  Harvester 
Company's  simulated  160  acre  fami. 
This  exhibit  is  complete  with  model 
buildings,  animals  and  people.  An  ex- 
hibit along  similar  lines  is  that  of  Swift 
and  Co.  The  title  of  this  exhibit  is 
food  for  life  and  a  farmer  is  employe  1 
full  time  to  help  maint;iin  it.  Every  d.ay 
100  chicks  are  hatched  in  this  exhibit 
and  young  ducks,  lambs,  and  pigs  are 
replaced  about  every  three  or  f<iur 
weeks. 

Cieneral  Motors  exhibit,  "Motorama" 
emphasizes  interchangeable  assembly 
and  its  importance  in  modern  industry. 
This  exhibit  tells  the  storv'  of  the  lirst 
vehicles  and  traces  their  development 
through  the  years  leachiig  to  niodeiii 
luxury  cars  of  today. 

'Fhe  Santa  Fe  railroad  has  an  ex- 
hibit which  delights  everyone.  It  is  an 
operating  scale  model  of  the  whole 
Santa  Fe  railroad  sy.stem  extending 
from  Chicago  to  California.  Everything 
is  shown  in  precise  detail  from  the  wheat 
covered  plains  of  the  midwest  to  the 
rich  fruit  producing  Imperial  vallev  of 
California. 


The  museum  itself  maintains  a  large 
number  of  permanent  exhibits.  Perhaps 
the  most  famous  of  these  is  a  full  scale, 
opei.-iting  coal  ii'ine.  .After  paying  a 
s:ii;ill  admission  tee  the  visitors  to  the 
co;il  mine  are  led  into  ,iii  elevator  and 
descend  "600  feet"  into  the  earth. 
Actually  the  elevator  descends  only  a 
short  distance  hut  the  slow  motion  of 
the  elevator  and  the  fast  moving  cables 
seen  through  the  elevator  give  the  ap- 
pear.-ince  of  a  lide  deep  into  the  earth. 
This  is  followed  by  a  ride  on  a  small 
underground  railroad  of  the  same  type 
u  ed  in  actual  mines.  Next  are  demon- 
strations and  lecture's  in  v.irioiis  phases 
of  coal  mining. 

.Another  ponuhar  prrnianent  exhibit  is 
tint  of  the  I  -SOt  (lermaii  submarine. 
This  submarine  which  was  captured  bv 
'"American  Naval  forces  during  World 
War  II  wa-.  brought  to  Chicago  a  few 
years  ago  as  a  memorial  to  the  people 
who  lost  their  lives  while  fighting  Ger- 
man submarines.  The  sub  was  towed  to 
Chiuuzo  throindi  the  Great  Lakes  and 
moved  across  the  outer  drive  to  its  final 
resting  place  next  to  the  museum.  The 
visitors  are  first  brought  to  a  room 
which  contains  various  articles  such  at 
log  books,  clothing  and  other  object? 
found  on  the  sub.  Next  the  visitors  enter 
the  sub  through  its  side  and  are  lead 
through  various  compartments  as  the 
lecturer  describes  the  sub's  history  and 
operation.  The  sub  has  been  restored  to 
a  point  where  it  is  practically  the  same 
as  it  was  during  the  years  that  it  hunt- 
ed for  Allied  shipping.  As  the  visitors 
leave  the  sub  thev  pass  through  a  cor- 
ridor which  contains  a  periscope  mount- 
ed in  such  a  manner  that  the  viewer 
can  see  out  into  the  outer  drive. 

A  must  for  every  visitor  is  the  ex- 
hibit entitled  "Aliracle  of  Growth." 
This  exhibit  was  prepared  with  the  as- 
sistance of  the  professional  colleges  of 
the  University  of  Illinois.  Pictures  and 
diagrams  serve  to  illustrate  the  process 
of  human  reproduction.  This  exhibit 
also  contains  a  transparent  plastic  fig- 
ure of  a  pregnant  woman  showing  a 
full  term  fetus  ready  for  birth.  An- 
other exhibit  in  the  medical  science  sec- 
tion is  "The  Transparent  Woman."  As 
a  demonstrator  lectures  concerning  this 
exhibit  various  internal  organs  of  the 
model  light  up.  Other  exhibits  in  this 
section  of  the  museum  are  a  16  foot 
model  of  a  human  heart  which  can  be 
cnteicd.  .As  a  person  walks  through  the 
heart  a  recording  of  an  actual  heart 
heat   is  heard. 

All  of  the  exhibits  are  created  in 
such  a  manner  so  that  the  average  per- 
son is  able  to  clearly  understand  them. 
.Many  students  in  scientific  fields  have 
received  their  initial  inspiration  from  i 
visit  to  the  Chicago  Museum  of  Sci- 
rnce  and  Indiistiv. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


I 


Raw  Material  Inventory  for 
the  Steel  Industry 


By   Irwin   E.  Tuckman 


The  newspapers  often  cany  stories  as 
to  the  approximate  inventories  of  the 
\arious  producers  of  steel.  The.\'  inform 
the  public  as  to  the  importance  of  a 
stable  supph'  in  the  warehouses,  and  the 
fact  that  if  the  sup|ily  dwindles  prices 
rise. 

Hut  the  steel  companies  ha\e  another 
mxentory,  an  inventory'  tiiat  rises  for 
about  8  months  each  year  and  falls  the 
rest  of  the  year.  The  public  doesn't  read 
about  it,  but  it  is  harder  to  measure 
and  much  easier  depleted  than  the  ware- 
house inventory.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  factors  in  tiie  production  of 
steel.  This  is  the  raw  material  iinen- 
tory. 

Near  the  blast  furnaces  of  a  steel  re- 
finery are  mounds  of  iron  ore,  coal  and 
limestone.  These  mounds  appear  to  be 
small  mountains  and  hills  within  the 
confines  of  the  refinery.  They  can  be 
compared    to   the   pile   of   coal    that   was 


dumped  in  the  alley  for  the  heating  of 
an  apartment  building.  If  that  pile  of 
coal  were  enlarged  about  six  times  it 
would  be  a  very  small  mound  in  the 
stockpile  of  raw  materials  at  a  steel  re- 
finery. 

To  weigh  tiie  stockpile  to  rind  out 
how  much  there  is,  is  out  of  the  ques- 
tion. Yet  by  the  use  of  engineering  the 
tonnage  can  be  measured  with  as  little 
as  one  to  two  per  cent  error. 

Most  of  the  iron  mined  in  this  coun- 
try comes  from  the  Mesabi  Range  of 
Eastern  Minnesota,  the  Clinton  Range 
which  runs  from  New  York  through 
the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  Alabama, 
and  Wisconsin  and  Michigan.  7*5';  of 
the  ore  comes  from  the  Mesabi  Range 
and  the  Lake  Superior  region. 

The  ore  is  transported  down  the 
Great  Lakes  on  special  barges  to  the 
furnaces  located  nearby.  About  85't  of 
all  the  iron  and  steel  used  in  the  United 


States  is  made  in  those  states  adjacent 
to  the  Great  Lakes.  In  winter  parts  of 
the  waterway  freeze  up,  cutting  off  a 
major  supply  of  ore.  For  only  8  months 
out  of  the  \ear  are  the  lakes  navigable, 
and  during  this  short  time  enough  ore 
must  be  stored  up  to  keep  the  fiu'naces 
going  all  \ear  'round.  This  time  ele- 
ment is  the  reason  behind  the  import- 
ance of  knowledge  of  the  in\entor\'  of 
the   law   materials. 

Formerly  a  crew  of  engineers  used  to 
go  out  to  the  stockpiles  and  measure 
the  height  of  the  mounds  of  raw  m;i- 
terials.  This  operation  took  three  to 
four  weeks.  Then  they  woidd  spend 
about  six  weeks  figuring  the  volume  of 
the  stockpile.  From  the  volume  and  the 
density  of  the  raw  materials  an  estimate 
was  made  as  to  the  number  of  tons  of 
iron  ore,  coal  for  coke,  and  limestone 
available.  An  error  of  8%  was  con- 
sidered good.  But  an  over  estimation  of 
more  than  8'r'  could  throw  the  jiroduc- 
tion  schedule  for  a  loop. 

Several  years  ago  a  new  method  of 
aerial  survey  was  introduced.  It  was 
new  to  the  steel  industry  but  old  to 
the  army.  Originalh'  used  in  World 
War  II  with  .^-I)  photography,  photo- 
grammetry  was  able  to  obtain  accurate 
details  of  enemy  installations  and  indus- 
trial plants.  Since  then  it  has  been  used 
(Continued  on  Page  26) 


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:®[S 


/vi.-iii  11  I  mni't^m>m-iwym 


MARCH,   1960 


23 


engineers 


Automatic  systems  developed  by  instrumentation 

engineers  allow  rapid  simultaneous  recording 

of  data  from  many  information  points. 


Frequent  informal  discussions  among  analytical 

engineers  assure  continuous  exchange  of  ideas 

on  related  research  projects. 


and  what  they  c: 

The  field  has  never  been  broader 
The  challenge  has  never  been  greater 

Engineers  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft  today  arc  concerned 
with  the  development  of  all  forms  of  flight  propulsion 
systems— air  breathing,  rocket,  nuclear  and  other  advanced 
types  for  propulsion  in  space.  Many  of  these  systems  are  so 
entirely  new  in  concept  that  their  design  and  development, 
and  allied  research  programs,  require  technical  personnel 
not  previously  associated  with  the  development  of  aircraft 
engines.  Where  the  company  was  once  primarily  interested 
in  graduates  with  degrees  in  mechanical  and  aeronautical 
engineering,  it  now  also  requires  men  with  degrees  in 
electrical,  chemical,  and  nuclear  engineering,  and  in  physics, 
chemistry,  and  metallurgy. 

Included  in  a  wide  range  of  engineering  activities  open  to 
technically  trained  graduates  at  all  levels  are  these  four  ' 
basic  fields: 

ANALYTICAL  ENGINEERING  Men  engaged  in  this  i 
activity  are  concerned  with  fundamental  investigations  in 
the  fields  of  science  or  engineering  related  to  the  conception 
of  new  products.  They  carry  out  detailed  analyses  of  ad- 
vanced flight  and  space  systems  and  interpret  results  in 
terms  of  practical  design  applications.  They  provide  basic 
information  which  is  essential  in  determining  the  types  of 
systems  that  have  development  potential. 

DESIGN  ENGINEERING  The  prime  requisite  here  is  an 
active  interest  in  the  application  of  aerodynamics,  thermo- 
dynamics, stress  analysis,  and  principles  of  machine  design 
to  the  creation  of  new  flight  propulsion  systems.  Men  en- 
gaged in  this  activity  at  P&WA  establish  the  specific  per- 
formance and  structural  requirements  of  the  new  product 
and  design  it  as  a  complete  working  mechanism. 

EXPERIMENTAL  ENGINEERING  Here  men  supervise 
and  coordinate  fabrication,  assembly  and  laboratory  testing 
of  experimental  apparatus,  system  components,  and  devel- 
opment engines.  They  devise  test  rigs  and  laboratory  setups, 
specify  instrumentation  and  direct  execution  of  the  actual 
test  programs.  Responsibility  in  this  phase  of  the  develop- 
ment program  also  includes  analysis  of  test  data,  reporting 
of  results  and  recommendations  for  future  efltort. 

MATERIALS  ENGINEERING  Men  active  in  this  field 
at  P&WA  investigate  metals,  alloys  and  other  materials 
under  various  environmental  conditions  to  determine  their 
usefulness  as  applied  to  advanced  flight  propulsion  systems. 
They  devise  material  testing  methods  and  design  special 
test  equipment.  They  are  also  responsible  for  the  determina- 
tion of  new  fabrication  techniques  and  causes  of  failures  or 
manufacturing  difficulties. 


Under  the  close  supervision  of  an  engineer, 

final  adjustments  ore  made  on  a  rig  for 

testing  an  advanced  liquid  metal  system. 


Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft... 


Exhaustive  testing  of  full-scale  rocket  engine  thrust  chambers  is 
carried  on  ot  the  Florida  Research  and   Development  Center. 


For  further  information  regarding  an  engineer- 
ing career  at  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft,  consult 
your  college  placement  officer  or  write  to  Mr. 
R.  P.  Azinger,  Engineering  Department,  Pratt  & 
Whitney  Aircraft,  East  Hartford  8,  Connecticut. 


PRATT     &     VlfHITNEY    AIRCRAFT 

Division   of   United   Aircraft   Corporotion 

CONNECTICUT   OPERATIONS  -  East   Hartford 

FLORIDA  RESEARCH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  CENTER  -  Palm  Beach  County,  Florida 


(llontiniud  from   I'agc   J.ij 
by  I'lifjineers  to  survey  land  in  the  phin- 
niiifi  ot   hif;h\va\s. 

Hy  the  use  ol  plintosiraninicriy  a  to- 
pofiraphie  map  can  lie  niaJe.  Tills  map 
shows  the  confiKii ration  or  shape  of  the 
land  surface  of  an\  area  with  much 
detail.  Due  to  the  detail  iinoKed  it  is 
a  map  ot  small  area  as  compared  to  a 
^eo<;raphic  map,  and  therefore  is  per- 
fect for  the  stock  piles.  The  map  is 
made  up  of  contour  lines.  On  a  steep 
slope  the  lines  are  close  together  and  on 
a  gentler  one  they  are  further  apart. 

There  are  four  basic  steps  in  the 
aerial  in\entor\  of  a  raw  material  stock- 
pile. 

I.  The     Plane 

At  a  height  of  1650  feet  directly  o\er 
the  stockpile,  a  camera  in  the  plane 
takes  a  series  of  photographs  with  ,i 
55'(  overlap.  When  a  matching  paii 
of  the.se  photographs  is  projected  on  a 
screen  a  3-D  picture  of  the  area  is  ob- 
tained. The  scale  used  for  mea.surement 
of  a  stockpile  area  is  obtained  hy  using 
known   distances   between   markers. 

II.  The  map. 

The  negati\es  of  the  photographs  are 


used  to  make  positive  prints  on  glass 
plates.  The  pair  of  plates  are  put  in  a 
stereoscopic  plotter,  which  projects  them 
together  on  a  small  white  screen.  The 
two  positives  are  each  projected  in  dif- 
ferent colois,  one  red  and  one  blue.  I  he 
plottei'  operator  \xeais  red  anil  blue 
glasses  similar  to  those  used  tor  Mew- 
ing .vl)  movies.  The  stock|iile  then  ap- 
peals in  3-D  to  the  operator  and  he  can 
distinguish  the  peaks  and  \alle\s  ,is  the\ 
actually  are. 

-A  bright  dot  is  superimposed  on  the 
picture.  The  dot  is  contiolled  by  the 
operator.  He  can  adjust  it  to  appear 
at  any  elevation.  The  dot  is  moved  hy 
a  tracing  table  to  which  a  pencil  point 
is  attached.  By  moving  the  dot  along 
the  pile  so  that  it  always  touches  the 
surface  of  the  slopes  of  the  nioimds,  the 
operator  causes  the  pencil  to  draw  a 
contour  line  at  the  bottom  of  the  pile, 
and  by  moving  up  two  feet  with  each 
successive  line  to  the  top  of  the  stock- 
pile an  accurate  topographic  map  of  the 
pile  is  constructed. 

III.  Measuring  the  map. 

A  plainmeter  measures  square  area 
within  an  irregular  outline,  and  b\  its 
use  the  area  of  the  stockpile  is  obtained. 


With  the  counters  set  at  zero  tin 
operator  places  the  glass  covered  viewci 
on  the  first  contour  line.  He  follows  the 
line  with  a  ilot  in  the  viewer.  After  fol- 
lowing the  line  through  the  ma])  he 
procedes  to  the  ni-\t  ele\ation  line  and 
so  on   throiighdiit   the  map. 

A  dial  registers  figures  as  the  \iewer 
goes  from  ele\ation  to  ele\atioii  and 
around  the  map.  The  figures  are  then 
interpreted  by  means  of  a  scale,  giving 
an  accurate  tabulation  of  the  area  with- 
in the  contour  lines. 

I\'.    Final  Analysis. 

The  rest  of  the  calculating  is  tloiie 
by  machines.  The  volume,  the  density 
of  the  material,  and  an  allowance  for 
the  \anations  of  slope  of  the  stockpile 
are  all  taken  into  consideration.  The 
result  is  an  estimate  of  tonnage  within 
one  to  two  per  cent  error. 

This  accuracy  and  the  time  sa\cd 
make  the  jobs  of  the  men  who  make  up 
the  production  schedule  much  easier 
than  the  old  method. 

The  steel  industry,  using  aviation, 
3-D  photography,  map  making,  calculat- 
ing machines,  and  engineers,  "just  for 
an  inventory"  keeps  production  at  a 
constant   rate. 


//?(5/\/ 


5T0L-K     P/LE 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


i^'^^ 


Dick  Ernsilorff  ^tiulies  a  microwave  site-layout  chart  atop  a  moun- 
tain near  Orting.  in  western  Washington  state.  On  assignments  like 
this,  he  often  carries  |25,000  worth  of  equipment  with  him. 


'        / 


wmm 


kW^i^*' 


Here,  Dick  checks  line-of-siglu 

mirror-flashing  and  confirms  reception  by  portable  radio.  Using  this 

technique,  reflections  of  the  sun's  rays  can  be  seen  as  far  as  50  miles. 


He  wears  two  kinds  of  work  togs 


For  engineer  Richard  A.  Ernsclorff,  the  "uniform  of  the 
day"  changes  frequently.  A  Monday  might  find  him  in  a 
checkered  wool  shirt  on  a  Washington  or  Idaho  mountain 
top.  Wednesday  could  be  a  collar-and-tie  day. 

Dick  is  a  transmission  engineer  with  the  Pacific  Tele- 
phone and  Telegraph  Company  in  Seattle.  Washington.  He 
joined  the  company  in  June.  1956.  after  getting  his  B.S.E.E. 
degree  from  Washington  State  University.  'T  wanted  to 
work  in  Washington,"  he  says,  "with  an  established,  grow- 
ing company  where  I  could  find  a  variety  of  engineering  op- 
portunities and  could  use  some  imagination  in  my  work." 

Dick  spent  21-)  years  in  rotational,  on-the-job  training, 
doing  power  and  equi])ment  engineering  and  "learning  the 
business."  Since  April.  VJ^').  he  has  worked  with  micro- 
wave radio  relay  systems  in  the  Washington-Idaho  area. 

When  Dick  breaks  out  his  checkered  shirt,  he's  headed 
for  the  mountains.   He  makes  field  studies  involving  micro- 


wave systems  and  SAGE  radars  and  trouble-shoots  any 
problem  that  arises.  He  also  engineers  ''radar  reinoting" 
facilities  which  provide  a  vital  communications  link  be- 
tween radar  sites  and  Air  Force  Operations. 

A  current  assignment  is  a  new  11.000  mc  radio  route 
from  central  Washington  into  Canada,  utilizing  reflectors 
on  mountains  and  repeaters  (amplifiers I  in  valleys.  It's  a 
niillion-dollar-|)lus  project. 

"I  don't  know  where  an  engineer  could  find  more  inter- 
esting work,"  says  Dick. 

*  *  * 

You  might  also  find  an  interesting,  rewarding  career  with 
the  Bell  Telephone  Companies.  See  the  Bell  interviewer 
when  he  visits  your  campus. 

BELL  TELEPHONE  COMPANIES  HMl 


Dick  slops  by  the  East  Central  Office  building  in  Seattle  to  look 
at  some  microwave  terminating  equipment.  It's  involved  in  a  4000 
megdcvtle  racho  re  la\  s\stem  \h  tween  Seattle  and  Portland,  Oregon. 


In  the  Engineering  Lab  in  downtown  Seattle.  Dick  calibrates  and 
aligns  transmitting  and  receiving  equipment  prior  to  making  a  path- 
oss  test  of  microwave  circuits  between  Orting  and  Seattle. 


MARCH,   1960 


27 


A  FABLE  OF  THE  BARNYARD 


( (joiiliniiiil  frijin    I'agi     17 J 

been  out  in  the  competitive  field  tor  u 
few  days  or  weeks  or  months  or  years 
things  will  be  different. 

The  man  who  can  adapt  to  every  sit- 
uation, the  one  who  knows  moie  than 
how  to  solve  the  necessary  equation,  the 
one  who  has  taken  electives  which  reacii 
tar  from  his  field  will  excel.  I  might 
even  add  that  those  who  really  become 
proficient  in  extra-curricular  pastimes  by 
joining  teams  and  clubs  have  an  even 
greater  edge. 

The  really  apparent  parallel  is  iden- 
tical to  that  of  our  friends:  the  mule 
and  horse.  The  horse  was  efHcient  and 


\ielchn^.  He  >uppr(•^M•d  his  own  ideas 
to  please  the  children.  H\it  he  was  not 
exciting  to  them.  He  didn't  have  the 
ingenuity'  to  go  beyond  his  training.  The 
potential  is  equally  bestowed  on  the 
horse  and  the  mule  to  give  children  the 
ideasure  of  a  ride  in  the  afternoon.  Yet 
one  of  them  was  the  favorite — I'd  even 
call  him  a  "leader."  This  is  compar- 
able to  our  plight  as  engineers.  We 
have  equal  resources  in  engineering. 
Our  required  courses  must  be  mastered. 
However,  in  fields  outside  the  technical 
area,  there  is  a  tendency  to  siougii  off. 
We  must  use  these  socio-humanistic 
fields  to  convey  our  engineering  task 
to  others. 


We  must  realize  our  own  make-up, 
physical,  mental,  and  spiritual.  These 
non-technical  areas  are  also  the  ke\  to 
getting  along  with  your  boss — knowing 
his  limits  and  those  of  your  co-workers 
and  helpers. 

These  and  many  other  factors  are 
needed  in  an  engineer.  We  have  a  re- 
sponsibility to  the  world  we  create  with 
our  automation  that  goes  beyond  the 
knowledge  that  an  eIe\ator  cable  will 
break  with  so  much  tensile  stress.  We 
must  know  if  the  people  who  will  ride 
in  that  elevator  are  physically  able  to 
cope  with  the  elevator's  new  facets.  We 
m\ist  know  if  they  can  withstand  its 
acceleration,  or  understand  its  self-op- 
erative features.  This  may  open  a  whole 
new  field  of  human  engineering. 


I 


Yours? 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


RCA  REPORTS  TO  YOU 


NEW  ELECTRONIC  "BRAIN"  CELLS 
FIT  IN  THE  EYE  OF  A  NEEDLE 


Basic  building  block  for  compact, 
electronic  "thought  savers"  will 
serve  you  in  your  office,  in 
defense -someday,  in  your  home 

•  Today,  science  not  only  is  working  on  lahor-sa\ing 
devices — but  on  thought-saving  devices  as  well. 

These  "thought  savers"  are  electronic  computers 
— wonder-workers  that  free  us  from  tedious  mental 
work  and  are  capable  of  astoundingly  rapid  compu- 
tations. Naturally,  the  more  compact  these  computers 
can  be  made,  the  more  applications  they  can  have. 
Not  only  in  industry,  defense  and  research — but  in 
the  oflTice  and  ultimately  in  the  home. 

"Squeezing"  exacting  components 

A  big  ad\'ance  has  recently  been  made  liy  RC.^ 
research  towards  making  these  "thought  sa\'ers" 
smaller  than  ever  before,  for  broader  than  ever  use. 

Take,  for  example,  the  new  "logic"  circuit  which 
actually  fits  in  the  eye  of  a  needle.  It  is  a  new 
computer  component  developed  by  RCA. 

Today,  the  electronic  functions  of  this  micro- 
miniature device  require  a  whole  fistful  of  wires, 
resistors,  transistors  and  condensers. 

These  tiny  units  will  calculate,  sort,  "remember," 
and  will  control  the  flow  of  information  in  to- 
morrow's computers.  Yet  they  are  so  small  that 
100,000,000  of  them  will  fit  into  one  cubic  foot! 

Cutting  computers  down  to  home  size 

This  extreme  reduction  in  size  may  mean  that  some- 
day cigar-box-size  electronic  brains  may  help  you  in 
your  home — programming  your  automatic  appli- 
ances, and  keeping  track  of  household  accounts. 

Remarkable  proaress  in  micro-miniaturization  is 
another  step  foncard  hv  RCA  —  leader  in  radio,  tele- 
vision, in  communications  and  in  all  flt'Ctronics — for 
home,  office,  and  nation. 


Needle's  eve  linltis  eleelroiiie  "brain"  eells —  Photograph  shows  how 
new  RCA  "logic"  element  can  be  contained  in  the  eye  of  a  sewing  needle. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 

THE   MOST    TRUSTED    NAME    IN    ELECTRONICS 


MARCH,   1960 


29 


ENGINEERING    FIRSTS 


By  I.  E.  Tuckman 


BOY  MEETS  SLIDE   RULE 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


MASTERING  THE  SLIDERULE 


FIRST  EXAM 


"Maybe    I'll    look    it    over    tonight" 


NEXT  DAY 


MARCH,   1960 


31 


FIRST  PHYSICS  LAB 


FIRST   E.E.    LAB 


/ 


'j; 


^ 


M 


dy-  c' 


^) 


'WORKS,    DOESN'T    IT?" 


I  think  I'll  open  a  hot  dog  stand" 


FIRST  JOB 


'WE  STRESS   INDIVIDUALITY" 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


•  The  small  gas  turbine  is  an  important  aircraft  and  weight  mark  it  as  an  important  power  source 
support  item  used  primarily  for  starting  jet  engines  for  common  commercial  use.  AiResearch  is  the 
and  providing  on-board  auxiliary  power.  The  high  largest  producer  of  lightweight  gas  turbines,  ranging 
compressed  air  and  shaft  outputs  for  its  small  size  from  30  H.P.  to  the  850  H.P.  unit  pictured  above. 

EXCITING    FIELDS   OF   INTEREST 

FOR   GRADUATE    ENGINEERS 

Diversity  and  strength  in  a  company  offer  the  and  other  electronic  controls  and  instruments, 

engineer  a  key  opportunity,  for  with  broad  knowl-  •  Missile  Systems — has  delivered  more  accessory  power 

edge  and  background  your  chances  for  responsibil-  units  for  missiles  than  any  other  company.  AiResearch 

ity  and  advancement  are  greater.  is  also  working  with  hydraulic  and  hot  gas  control 

The  Garrett  Corporation,  with  its  AiResearch  systems  for  missile  accessory  power. 

Divisions,  is  rich  in  experience  and  reputation.  Its  *  Environmental  Control  Systems  —  pioneer,    leading 

diversification,  which  you  will  experience  through  developer  and  supplier  of  aircraft  and  spacecraft  air 

an  orientation  program  lasting  over  a  period  of  conditioning  and  pressurization  systems, 
months,  allows  you  the  best  chance  of  finding  your  Should  you  be  interested  in  a  career  with  The 

most  profitable  area  of  interest.  Garrett  Corporation,  see  the  magazine  "The  Garrett 

Other  major  fields  of  interest  include:  Corporation  and  Career  Opportunities"  at  your 

•  Aircraft  Flight  and  Electronic  Systems — pioneer  and  College  placement  office.  For  further  information 
major  supplier  of  centralized  flight  data  systems  write  to  Mr.  Gerald  D.  Bradley... 


¥HE 


/AiResearch  Manufacturing  Divisions 


Los  Angeles  45,  California  •  Phoenix,  Arizona 
i  Systems,  Packages  and  Components  for:    AIRCRAFT.    MISSILE,   nuclear    and    industrial   APPLICATIONS 

I      MARCH,  1960  33 


I 


Nosing  Us  ivay  duivn  to  earth,  X-15's  skin  of  a  high-Nickel-containing  alloy  will  glow  with  the  dull  cherry  red  of  a  tossed  rivet. 

Inco-developed  alloy  to  help  X-15 
carry  first  man  into  space 

Alloy  perfected  by  Inco's  continuing  research  program 
will  help  new  rocket  plane  withstand  destructive  heats 


When  the  first  manned  rocket  plane 
streaks  in  from  space,  temperatures 
may  build  up  to  as  high  as  twelve 
hundred  degrees. 

The  ship's  nose  and  leading  edges 
heat  to  a  dull  glowing  red  in  seconds. 
At  this  destructive  temperature, 
X-15's  metal  skin  could  weaken, 
could  peel  off. 

Aircraft  research  personnel  found 
the  answer  to  this  high-temperature 
problem  in  one  of  a  family  of  heat- 
treatable  nickel-chromium  alloys 
developed  by  Inco  Research.  It  with- 


stands even  higher  temperatures 
than  1200°F! 

Remember  this  dramatic  example 
if  you're  faced  with  a  metal  problem 
in  the  future.  It  may  have  to  do  with 
product  design,  or  the  way  you  make 
it.  In  any  event,  there's  a  good  chance 
Inco  Research  may  help  you  solve  it 
with  a  Nickel-containing  alloy. 

Over  the  years,  Inco  Research  has 
successfully  solved  a  good  many 


metal  problems,  and  has  compiled  a 
wealth  of  information  to  help  you. 
You  may  be  designing  a  machine 
that  requires  a  metal  that  resists 
corrosion,  or  wear,  or  high  tempera- 
tures. Or  one  that  meets  some 
destructive  combination  of  condi- 
tions. Inco  Research  can  help  supply 
the  answer.  Help  supply  the  right 
metal,  or  the  right  technical  data 
from  its  files. 

When  you  are  in  business,  Inco 
Nickel  and  Inco  Research  will  be  at 
your  service. 

The  International  Nickel  Company,  Inc., 
New  York  5,  N.Y. 


Inco  Nickel 


makes  metals  perform  better  longer 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  The  Staff 


New  Flagging  Tape 

A  new,  \ci>atili.-  plastic  flagging  tape 
was  iiitrniiuceil  by  Keiiffel  &'  Esser  C(i. 
Made  of  tough,  vinyl  plastic  in  fne 
\iviii  colors,  it  acts  as  a  high-visibilit\ 
marker   for   identification    piu'poses. 

Its  far-reaching  uses  include  locating 
bi)un(lar\  lines,  stakes,  stations,  land- 
marks, center  lines,  property  and  utilit\ 
lines    and    danger   areas. 

Ideally  suited  for  engineers,  survey- 
ois,  real  estate  firms,  utility  companies. 
buiUlers.  contractors  and  exploration 
companies,  the  weather  and  wind- 
resistant  tape  tears  clean,  takes  pencil 
and  ball  point  pen  markings  and  re- 
mains supple  at  temperatures  as  low  as 
minus  M)  degrees  F. 

The  tape  conies  in  red,  yellow,  blue, 
white  and  orange.  It  is  furnished  in 
loUs  4  inches  in  diameter,  Ij^-'nch 
wide,   M)i)   feet  in   length. 

Hints  on  Interviewing 

After  accepting  job^,  graduating  stu- 
dents shovdd  not  continue  interviewing. 
College  placement  officers  should  not  re- 
strict the  number  of  interviews  a  stu- 
dent has. 

These  are  two  suggestions  among 
many  in  the  first  revisions  of  "The 
Principles  and  Practices  of  College  Re- 
cruiting," a  six-page  leaflet  published  by 
the  College  Placement  Council,  Inc., 
Hethlehem,  Pa.,  and  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  the  United  States,  Wash- 
ington. The  leaflet  lists  mutual  obliga- 
tions of  students,  employers,  and  place- 
ment officers.  The  Council  and  the  Na- 
tional   Chamber   are   sending   the    leaflet 


to  i.3lHl  college  placement  officers  and 
,1, ()()()  top  business,  college,  and  govern- 
ment  executives. 

With  business  booming  again,  the 
Council  and  Chamber  expect  a  boom  in 
the  number  of  interviewers  arriving  on 
college  campuses  in  the  next  few 
months  to  talk  with  the  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  senior  and  graduate  stu- 
ilents  in  the  class  of  1960.  The  Council 
and  Chamber  expect  that,  as  during  the 
hectic  1957  recruiting  season,  the  short- 
age of  top  quality  science  graduates  will 
continue. 

The  two  organizations  emphasize  that 
departure  from  commonly  accepted 
practices  were  few  in  1957.  They  be- 
lieve that  a  trend  toward  serious  in- 
fractions was  averted  by  the  suggestions 
in  the  first  joint  statement.  Howe\er, 
they  point  out  that  in  1958  and  in  19 59 
the  business  recession  caused  a  slacken- 
ing in  recruiting  competition.  The  leaf- 
let states  that:  "It  is  in  the  best  inter- 
ests of  students,  colleges,  and  employers 
alike  that  the  selection  of  careers  be 
made  in  an  objective  atmosphere  with 
complete  understanding  of  all  facts." 

Specific,  mutual  obligations  of  col- 
lege students,  placement  officers,  and  in- 
terviewers  are   listed.    For  exam|ile: 

"When  a  student  is  invited  to  visit 
an  employer's  premises  at  the  employer's 
expense,  he  should  include  on  his  ex- 
pense report  only  those  costs  which  per- 
tain to  the  trip.  If  he  visits  several  em- 
ployers on  the  same  trip,  costs  shouhl 
be  prorated  among  them.  .  .  . 

"The  (college)  Placement  Ofl'icer 
and  faculty  members  should  counsel 
students    but    should    not    unduly    influ- 


ence them  in  the  selection  of  jobs.  .  .  . 

"l-'mplou'rs  should  not  raise  (salary) 
offers  already  made,  except  when  such 
action  can  be  clearly  justified  as  sound 
industrial  relations  practices:  such  as, 
when  an  increase  in  hiring  rate  is  re- 
quired on  an  over-all  basis  to  reflect 
salary  adjustments  in  the  employing  or- 
ganization." 

The  College  Placement  Coimcil 
serves  the  eight  Regional  Placement  As- 
sociations of  the  I'nited  States  and 
Canaila.  Business,  industry,  and  govern- 
ment personnel  officers  and  college 
placement  directors  are  members.  The 
Chambei-  is  composed  of  3,450  business, 
trade,  and  professional  organizations 
\\hicli   haxe   a  membership  of  2,750,000 

hM^i^(■^^    mcU. 

Ductile  Iron  Pipe  Production 
Seen  Tripling  This  Year 

I'loduction  of  ductile  iron  pipe  will 
triple  this  year  and  by  1961  it  will  climb 
to  100.000  tons  annually.  This  predic- 
ti<in  by  The  International  Nickel  Com- 
pan\.  Inc.,  is  based  on  the  rapidly  ex- 
panding use  of  this  new  engineering  ma- 
terial for  water  mains;  in  undergromid 
gas  distribution  system;  and  for  pipes 
aboard    tankers   and   in   chemical    plants. 

Two  recent  major  installations  in 
ChicajTO — one  for  gas  distribution,  the 
other  for  water — point  up  the  trend  in 
favor  of  ductile  iron.  Some  21.000  tons 
of  this  metal,  which  combines  the 
strength  and  ductility  of  carbon  steel 
with  the  corrosion  resistance  of  gray 
cast  iron,  will  be  used  for  pipe  this  year. 

FoUowini  successful  underground  in- 
sallations  of  ductile  iron  pipe  on  a  pilot 
basis  to  test  its  resistance  to  ground  set- 
t'ement  and  traffic  stresses.  Peoples  Gas 
Light  ;uid  Coke  Company  of  Chicago 
is  now  \ising  many  hundreds  of  thous- 
ands of  feet  of  this  pipe  in  sizes  rang- 
ing from  six  to  30  inches  throughout  its 
gas  distribution  system. 

"Ductile  pipe  possesses  an  impact 
strength  from  12  to  15  times  that  of 
pipe  produced  from  gray  cast  iron  and, 
therefore,  will  withstand  much  greater 
shocks  resulting  from  heavy  traffic," 
James  L.  Adkins,  chief  technical  engi- 
neer of  Peoples  Gas,  reports.  "The 
greater  strength  and  bendability  of  duc- 
tile iron  pipe  permit  it  to  withstand 
much  heavier  beam  loading  and  greater 
deflections  without  failure." 

Magnetic  Roasting  in  Production 
Of  Iron  Ore 

The  gaseous  .selective  reduction  proc- 
ess employed  by  The  International 
Nickel  Company  of  Canada  as  a  stage 
in  the  recovery  of  high-grade  iron  ore 
from  nickeliferous  pyrrhotite,  was  de- 
scribed. A  closely  allied  procedure, 
magnetic  roasting  of  iron  oxides,  is 
considered  to  be  one  of  the  most  prom- 


MARCH,  1960 


35 


ising  methods  for  beneficiating  the  l(n\  - 
grade  iron  ores  of  the  Lake  Supiiidr 
region. 

Large-scale  iiiagneti/.in^  rd.isring  is 
being  practiced,  employing  a  noNcI  pinc- 
ess  invented  and  dexeloped  by  INCt'. 
In  this  procedure,  pre-heated  hematite 
is  subjected  to  a  controlled  reducing 
roast  in  kilns  l.i  feet  in  diameter,  using 
gas  generated  by  the  partial  combustion 
ot  hea\\-  fuel  oil  or  natural  gas  in  a 
concurrent  gas-solid  operation.  These 
are  the  laigcst  known  gaseous  reduc- 
tion   kilns   in    the   wculd. 

The  hot  hematite  feed  is  luoduccd 
Irom  nickeliferous  p\rrhotite  in  lluul- 
hcd  roasters  26  feet  in  diameter.  I  he 
roasters  incorporate  another  concept  in- 
\ented  and  developed  hy  Inco  which 
results  in  uniipiel\-  high  roaster  capacit>' 
co'i.cidental  with  a  high  degree  of  sid- 
phur  elimination  and  a  high-quality  sid- 
pluu'   dioxide   oft-gas. 

After  remo\al  of  nickel,  copiier  ;uul 
cobalt  from  the  kiln  product  by  leach- 
ing, the  almost  pure  magnetic  is  ag- 
glomerated on  balling  discs  and  fired  on 
an  8-foot-\vide  traveling  grate  pellet 
sintering  machine.  The  final  product 
consists  of  pellets  one  inch  in  diameter 
analyzing  68  per  cent  iron,  considered 
to  be  the  highest  quality  tonnage  iron 
ore  produced  on  the  North  American 
continent. 

Advanred  Infrared  Sensistors 

l.ockhccil  Aircraft  Corporation  re- 
ports development  of  an  infrared  device 
so  sensitive  it  can  detect  the  presence 
of   a   glowing  cigarette   miles   away. 

Applications  of  infrared  theory  in  a 
major  new  Lockheed  research  program 
have  brought  forth  a  similar  device  for 
West    Germany's    F-KHG    Starfighters. 

Robert  A.  Bailey,  California  Divi- 
sion chief  engineer,  said  the  research 
product  provides  fire  control  systems 
with  "nudtiple  advantages"  over  equip- 
ment now  installed  in  modern  military 
aircraft. 

"Meeting  all  requirements  for  super- 
sonic fighter  use,  it  is  smaller  and  light- 
er, more  reliable  and  more  accurate 
than  similar  instruments  in  current  use; 
in  addition,  it  is  operable  both  da\-  .ind 
night,"  Bailey  said. 

Designed  to  supplement  electronic 
tracking  gear,  it  will  provide  measure- 
ment of  angular  target  movement  after 
initial    radar    contact. 

Full  Power  Reached  by  Nation's 
First  Dual  Reactor 

Two  pre.ssuri/.ed  water  reactors  of 
the  land-ba.sed  prototype  nuclear  power 
plant  for  large  surface  ships  have  op- 
erated in  parallel  at  full  power  at  Idaho 
Falls,  Ida.  The  plant,  known  as  the 
AlW  prototype,  is  the  nation's  first 
nuclear  power  plant  to  have  two   reac- 


36 


tors  powering  one  propeller  shaft.  De- 
signed as  the  forerunner  of  the  power 
plants  for  two  Navy  combatant  ships 
now  under  construction,  the  guided 
nu'ssile  cruiser.  Long  Beach,  and  the 
aircraft  carriei",  l'"nterpri>e,  the  ,'\1W 
i>  the  largest  naval  nucle.ir  pciwcr  plant 
in  opeiation.  Full  power  was  achie\e<l 
Septendier   1  \    l')S<). 

The  .MW  protot\pe  power  plant  was 
designed  ,ind  developed  by  Westing- 
house  I'lectric  Corporation  at  the 
.Atonu'c  F.nergy  Commission's  Bettis 
l,[h(ir;itor\',  Pittsburgh,  imder  the  direc- 
tKin  of  .-md  in  technical  cooperation 
with   the   Na\al    Rc.ictors   liianch   ot   the 

Af:c. 

Philip  N.  Ross,  general  manager  of 
the  Bettis  atomic  power  laboratory,  em- 
phasized that  the  AlW  prototype  full 
scale  test  of  the  reactor,  reactor  system, 
steam  plant  systems  apparatus,  and  con- 
trols will  provide  important  technical 
information  on  over-all  plant  perform- 
ance. 

The  two  AlW  reactors  along  with 
all  the  primary  coolant  systems  are 
housed  in  an  exact  replica  of  a  ship's 
hull  section.  Newport  News  Shipbuild- 
ing and  Dry  Dock  Company,  Newport 
New^s,  W.  Va.,  was  responsible  for  the 
construction  of  the  ship's  hull  and  the 
installation  of  nuclear  and  propulsion 
plant  components. 

The  cruiser,  Long  Beach,  which  was 
launched  July  14,  1959,  will  use  two 
AlW  type  atomic  reactors  in  its  pro- 
pidsion  plant,  while  the  carrier.  Enter- 
prise, will  utilize  eight  of  these  reactors. 

Economy  of  Gravel  Roads 

Gravel  or  crushed  stone  roads  are 
economical  when  traffic  volume  is  low, 
but  beyond  a  certain  limit,  potholing 
and  washboarding  raise  maintenance 
costs  to  an  extent  that  more  expensive 
surfacing  is  cheaper,  Prof.  Eugene  Y. 
Huang,  LTniversity  of  Illinois  civil  en- 
gineering department,  told  the  Highway 
Research  Board. 

He  reported  an  investigation  con- 
ducted under  the  U.  of  I.  Engineering 
Experiment  Station  in  cooperation  with 
the  Illinois  State  Division  of  Highways 
and    V.  S.  Bureau  of   Public  Roads. 

(navel  roads  stiulied  by  Prof.  Huang 
were  more  resistant  to  potholing  and 
crushed  stone  to  washboarding.  Both 
conditions  are  caused  by  traffic.  Good 
ilrainage  helped  by  maintenance  of  road 
crown  and  shoidders  helps  keep  down 
these  avito-shaking  and  teeth-jolting  de- 
loini.-itions  of  the  surface,  he  said. 

Potholes  result  when  an  auto  tire 
passing  over  a  soft  spot  in  the  roadway 
splashes  out  fine  materials,  then  bounces 
out  the  loosened  larger  materials.  Holes 
S  or  6  inches  deep  result. 

Washboarding  resvdts  when  a  wheel 
passing  over  a  soft  roadway  hits  a  small 
obstruction,      bounces,      pushes     surface 


materials  a  bit,  and  bounces  again  until 
oscillations  stop.  Effect  is  compounded 
by  one  vehicle  after  another,  and  a  cor- 
rugated surface  results. 

Xundier  of  vehicles  causing  such 
roadway  deformation  may  be  as  low  as 
So  a  day,  Prof.  Huang  said.  The  de- 
formities develop  rapiilly  when  traffic 
densities   ^n   lievnnd   41111   vehicles   a   day. 

New  Metal  Etching  Control 
Material  Described 

A  new  Iv-Intiiiduced  control  material 
for  metals-working  industries  which  em- 
ply  etching,  photo  milling,  or  plating 
techniques  is  now  available. 

Kod.ik  .Metal-Etch  Resist  was  devel- 
oped to  assist  in  accurate  and  economi- 
cal control  of  the  removal  of  superflu- 
ous and  hai'd-to-get-at  metal  from  in- 
process  pieces  through  etching  or  chemi- 
cal milling.  It  is  expected  to  have  far- 
reachmg  applications  in  space-age  indus- 
tries which  work  largely  with  alumin- 
um and  titanium. 

Kodak  Metal-Etch  Resist  protects  the 
surface  of  the  in-process  piece  in  those 
areas  where  the  removal  of  metal  is  not 
required  or  is  undesirable.  The  entire 
surface  of  the  piece  is  first  coated  with 
Kodak  Metal-Etch  Resist.  The  piece  is 
then  exposed  to  high-intensity  light, 
from  a  carbon-arc  or  mercury-vapor 
lamp,  through  a  photographically  pre- 
pared line  negative  which  "masks"  the 
piece,  passing  the  high-intensity  light  to 
areas  which  require  protection  and  ex- 
cluding it  from  areas  to  be  worked. 
This  exposure  forms  an  image  of  the 
desired  pattern.  After  treatment  with 
Kodak  Metal-Etch  Resist  Developer, 
the  protected  areas  will  resist  the  action 
of  the  etching  solutions. 

Because  it  is  a  non-conducting  ma- 
terial which  adheres  readily  to  a  num- 
ber of  metals,  Kodak  Metal-Etch  Re- 
sist is  expected  to  be  widely  used  also 
In  plating  to  permit  the  plating  of  a 
piece  In  specific  areas,  while  excluding 
the  plating  from  other  areas. 

'Plastic'  Transportation 

A  C.madian  company  is  using  plas- 
tic balls  to  Hoat  wood  chips  down  the 
Frazer  River.  If  the  experiment  proves 
to  be  successful,  this  method  may  elimi- 
nate the  need  to  purchase  1,500  gon- 
dola-type rallw.iv  cars  to  transport  the 
huge  volume  of  chips. 

'Punctures'  Help  Tires 

A  tire  companv  is  puncturing  its  tires 
with  thousands  of  tacks  before  offering 
them  to  consumers.  The  company  has 
found  an  even  spread  of  tiny  holes  on 
the  tread  gives  a  tire  a  crepe-like  quality, 
lets  the  tread  touch  every  dent  and 
bump  on  a  slipperv'  road  and  develops 
m:ixun\im   traction. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


I 


why  Frank  G.  selected 

HAMILTON 
STANDARD 


■pRANK  G.  has  now  chosen  a  company  to  launch  his  en- 
■*■  gineering  career.  Previously  we  have  shown  you  how  he 
gave  Hamilton  Standard  a  thorough  looking-over.  He  was 
impressed  by  the  spectrum  of  skills  built  into  Hamilton 
Standard's  products  and  the  advanced  planning  program 
that  predicts  future  technical  and  economic  trends.  Also  he 
learned  that  participation  in  small  project,  design  or  analy- 
sis groups  permitted  unusual  latitude  to  express  his  ideas 
and  to  get  a  job  done. 

CONCLUSION— Hamilton  Standard  offered  career  satis- 
faction and  management  potential. 

Frank  noted  that  Hamilton  Standard,  and  United  Air- 
craft Corporation,  offer  the  country's  finest  privately  owned 
research  laboratories.  Hamilton  Standard  is  well  diversified. 
Products  range  from  tiny  thermoelectric  generators  for  sat- 
ellites to  the  complex  environmental  conditioning  system 
for  the  Convair  880.  And,  of  course,  the  picturesque  Con- 
necticut countryside  promises  leisuretime  living  at  its  best 
. .  .  with  New  York  and  Boston  just  a  few  hours  away. 
CONCLUSION— Hamilton  Standard's  facilities,  products 
and  locale  are  superior. 


GRADUATE  STUDY  COMPLETES  THE  PICTURE 

Frank  G.  considers  Hamilton  Standard's  graduate  study 
program  the  finest  in  the  industry  .  .  .  and  this  sealed  the 
verdict.  Knowing  that  the  continuation  of  his  studies  will 
enhance  his  opportunities  for  advancement,  Frank  plans  to 
take  advantage  of  the  company's  tuition-paid  study  pro- 
gram at  a  choice  of  universities  such  as  Rensselaer,  Yale, 
Trinity,  Columbia.  Yes,  Hamilton  Standard  scored  high  on 
Frank  G.'s  "career  exam." 

CONCLUSION-Whcther  you  are  an  EE,  ME,  AE  or 
MET  why  not  take  a  good  look  now? 

Write  to  Mr.  R.  J.  Harding  for 
"ENGINEERING   FOR   YOU   AND   YOUR   FUTURE" 


HAMILTON  STANDARD 

DIVISION  OF  \ 

UNITED    AIRCRAFT    CORPORATION 


-fe.^ 


Every  type  of  technical  talent  has  helped  create 
lence  of  Hamilton  Standard's  products  including 
dynamics,  vibration,  servomechanisms,  electronic: 


the  Engineering  Excel- 
aerodynamics,  thermo- 
;,  structures,  reliability. 


Assistant  Project  Engineer  Don  Coakley,  BSME  M.l.T.  '52,  points  out  per- 
formance test  reading  of  a  turbo  compressor  unit  to  Senior  Test  Engineer 
Dick  Wilde,  BSME  Yale  '56,  Test  Engineer  Jim  Holsing,  BSME  Brown  '59, 


BRADLEY   FIELD  ROAD,   WINDSOR   LOCKS,   CONNECTICUT 


MARCH,   1960 


Connecticut  offers  one  of  the  country's  most  desirable  living  areas. 
Choose  from  city,  suburban  or  urban  homesites  .  .  .  unlimited  recrea- 
tional and  cultural  facilities. 


37 


NEWS  FROM 

NAVY  PIER 


U.I.C 


Student 
Uprising, 


.\  pic-planiu-(l  ilciiKinstiatidn  by  stu- 
ilcnt  It-ailiTs,  liilfillcd  a  promise  nuulc 
last  year  in  tlu-  Ma\i)r'>  office  on  the 
occasion  of  the  sruilcnr  inarcli  last 
sprint;. 

It  was  proniiscil  last  \cai  that  the  stii- 
lients  would  a^ain  protest  it  no  concrete 
action  were  made  towaril  school  re- 
location. 

The  demonstration  liei^an  with  a 
funeral  procession  and  niin-k  coffin  beini: 


carrieil  to  the  east  end  of  the  pier.  A 
ind  the  coffin 
with  it  flavor 


38 


short   eidojix    was   s;i\en 

slii!  into  tile  lake  carryinf 

Daley's  promises   for  action.  The  cofiin 

wouldn't  break    throufrh  the  ice  because 

as  one  student  out  it,  "this  showed  the 

weakness  and   shallowness  of  the  proiii- 

i:cs  made  h\    the   \!a\or." 

After  this  loud  hut  onlerly  proces- 
sio:i  about  .^0  cars  proceeded  in  a  solemn 
line  to  Garfield  Park,  one  of  the  pro- 
nosed  locations,  and  •>  cornerstone  was 
laid.  It  read:  "Let  it  be  known  that  we, 
the  students  of  the  Universitv  of  Illi- 
nois at  Chicaaro  do  hereby  claim  this 
land  for  a  new  UIC  site  on  the  10th  day 
of  March,  Anno  Domini,  1960." 

The  press  covera'^e  inchided  all  the 
Chicasro  daili-s  "Newsweek  Maga/.ine" 
pjul  XHC  and  CBS  news  commentators. 

60-Story  Cylinders 

Two  cylindrical  60-story  apartment 
towers,  the  world's  largest  residential 
structures,  will  be  built  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Chicago  River  between  State 
and  Dearborn. 

This  unprecedented  center  will  in- 
clude a  10  story  office  structure,  a  wide 
plaza  and  sculpture  garden  facing  the 
river,  a  theater,  a  marina  for  700  small 
boats,  a  restaurant,  an  ice-skating  rink, 
a  swimming  pool  and  an  18  story  garage. 
The  project  is  called  Marina  City. 

Construction  for  the  project  will  start 
this  summer.  Architect  Bertand  Gold- 
berg, 46,  a  Harvard  graduate,  and  one 
time  student  of  Mies  van  der  Robe,  de- 
votes the  first  IS  stories  to  a  spiral  raiiip 
for  automobiles,  and  the  top  40  stories 
to  pie  shaped  apartments,  each  with  its 
own  balcony. 

The  cost  for  the  project  will  be  $36 
million  and  will  be  financed  by  AFL- 
CIO  Building  Service  Employees'  In- 
ternational Union.  The  money  will  be 
taken  from  the  Union's  health  and  wel- 
fare funds  to  build  up  the  central  city 
where  the  members  have  their  jobs.  A 
5  per  cent  retuiii  on  the  investment  will 
be    guaranteed    the    union    under    Title 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


//mmiy 

mm. 


Since  its  inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  underthe  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


THE   EXPLORATION  OF  SPACE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  inter- 
planetary space;  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


"We  do  these  things  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosity  of 
Man.  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himself  questions  and 
then  setting  out  to  find  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  getting 
these  answers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
have  sometimes  surprised  even  the  scientist. 

"Who  can  tell  what  we  will  find  when  we  ge(  to  the  planets? 


Who,  at  thii 


present  time,  can  predict  what  potential  benefits 
man  exist  in  this  enterprise  ?  No  one  con  say  with  any  accu- 
y  what  we  will  find  as  we  fly  fariber  away  from  the  earth, 
I  with  instruments,  then  with  man.  II  seems  to  me  that  we 
obligated  to  do  these  things,   os  human  beings'.' 

DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Director,  JPL 


CALIFORNIA       INSTITUTE       OF      TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

A  Research  Facility  operated  for  the  Notional  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administrotion 
PASADENA,  CALIFORNIA 

Employment  opportunities  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interested  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •   MICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •  COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •  ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 
STRUCTURES  •  CHEMISTRY  •  INSTRUMENTATION  •  MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  our  immediate  considerafion.  Interviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  at  f/ie  Laboratory. 
MARCH,  1960 


39 


WHO'S 
<*ARRIVED" 


E.  L.   DISBROW 

TriSlale  College,  Angola,  Ind.  '51 

^H  0  DISBROW  exemplifies  the  opportunity  to  grow  with  a  young, 
growing  company.  Now  District  Manager  of  the  Dunham-Bush  ISIinne- 
apoMs  ofiice.  he  supervises  widespread  engineering  activities  of  a  group 
of  sales  engineers  representing  a  multi-product  technical  line. 

Engineering  degree  in  hand,  Ed  went  to  work  for  Heat-X  (a  Dunham- 
Bush' subsidiary  f  as  an  Application  Engineer.  Successive  steps  in  the 
Dunham-Bush  main  office  and  as  Sales  Engineer  in  the  New  York 
territory  brought  him  to  his  present  managerial  capacity. 

A  member  of  Belle  Aire  Yacht  Club,  Ed  leads  a  pleasant  life  afloat 
and  ashore  with  his  wife  and  two  boys. 

Equally  satisfying  is  Ed's  job.  In  directing  calls  on  consulting  engi- 
neers, architects.  pFant  engineers,  wholesalers,  contractors  and  building 
owners,  he  knows  he's  backed  by  the  extensive  facilities  of  Dunham- 
Bush  laboratories,  ^'ou  can  see  him  pictured  above  on  a  typical  call, 
inspecting  a  Minnesota  shopping  center  Dunham-Bush  air  conditioning 
installation. 

Ed's  success  pattern  is  enhanced  by  the  wide  range  of  products  he 
represents.  For  Dunham-Bush  refrigeration  products  run  from  com- 
pressors to  complete  systems;  the  range  of  air  conditioning  products 
extends  from  motel  room  conditioners  to  a  hospital's  entire  air  condi- 
tioning plant.  The  heating  line  is  equally  complete:  from  a  radiator 
valve  to  zone  heating  control  for  an  entire  apartment  housing  project. 
The  Dunham-Bush  product  family  even  includes  highly  specialized  heat 
transfer  products  applicable  to  missile  use. 


DunHflin/BUSfl 


AIR    CONDITIONING,     REFRIGERATION, 

HEATING     PRODUCTS     AND     ACCESSORIES 

Dunham-Bush,  Inc. 

WEST     HARTFORD     10,    •     CONNECTICUT,     •      U.S.A. 

^i^l^M^B^^HB^^     SAIES  Offices  LOCATED  IN   PRINCIPAl   CITIES     ^^B^^^^^^^^^^^ 


40 


Scvfii  ot  the  National  Housing  Aii. 
Lntil  now  iinion.s  have  been  investinjj; 
these  funds  largely  in  government  se- 
curities. 

.'Xrchitect  (joldberg  has  raised  the  896 
projected  apartments  well  above  city 
noise  and  dust,  while  providing  garage 
space  underneath  for  every  family.  The 
rooms  open  on  a  wide  living  room, 
opening  on  a  wider  balcony,  to  the  wide 
arc  of  the  hori/on  and  strike  an  im- 
mense contrast  with  the  boxlike  rigidity 
of  most   city  structures. 

Goldberg  has  adopted  a  trunk  and 
branch  construction,  "foliated  forni 
rather  than  the  usual  post-and-beam 
construction"  ( the  building  will  be  sup- 
ported from  its  core,  rather  than  b\'  a 
box-like  framework).  This  combats  the 
high  wind  force  at  this  height.  Rents 
will  start  at  51  1  ^   a  monrii. 

Use  Radioactivity  in  Search  for  Water 

Atomic  tracers  are  being  used  in  an 
effort  to  locate  and  measure  new  reliable 
sources  of  underground  water. 

This  information  was  released  in  a 
report  by  the  Atomic  Energy-  Commis- 
sion and  the  U.  S.  Geological  Surve\. 

Research  projects  to  develop  the  new 
atomic  techniques  for  discovering  water 
resources  are  underway  in  New  Jer.sev, 
Wisconsin  and  New  Mexico. 

Tritium,  an  atomic  substance  injected 
into  the  atmosphere  in  nuclear  bomb 
tests,  is  being  used  by  the  researchers. 
Raindrops  are  "tagged"  so  that  they 
may  be  traced  as  they  find  their  way 
into    underground    water    reservoirs. 

Raindrops  have  an  affinity  for  absorb- 
ing minute  and  harmless  quantities  of 
tritium  from  nuclear  fallout  in  the  at- 
mosphere. 

Music  Gap! 

Saul  Karsunsky,  a  communication  en- 
gineer and  musical  scholar  has  designed 
an  electronic  luusical  instrument  called 
a  crystadia.  This  was  reported  by  the 
Soviet  news  agency  Tass.  Tass  reports 
th.at  the  instrument  produces  sounds 
like  wind  instruments  "of  very  unusual 
and    original    timbres.' 

The  Light  Fantastic 

Argonne  national  laboratory  near  Le- 
mont  is  doing  research  with  a  giant 
"Atomic  Spotlight"  which  penetrates 
living  tissue  with  beaius  of  colored 
light. 

In  years  to  come,  a  treatment  of  one 
colored  light  may  soothingh'  put  one 
to  sleep  or  another  atomic  light  ma\ 
change  ones  mating  habits. 

The  light  was  built  by  Dr.  Charles 
F.  Ehret  of  Argonne's  division  of  bio- 
logical and  medical  research,  who  calls 
it  a  biological  spectrograph.  He  is  using 
it  to  study  the  effects  of  various  colored 
light — both     visible     and     invisible — on 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THESE  MEN 

HAVE  ONE  THING  IN  COMMON 
...BESIDES  SUCCESS 


HARRY  SUMNER,  Sales  Engineer,  B.S.  In  Business 
Administration,  University  of  South  Carolina 


RICHARD  C.  WILSON,  Assistant 
Manager  of  Distribution,  B.S.  in 
Aeronautical  Engineering,  Uni- 
versity of  Kansas 


LAWRENCE  M.  DUNN,  Manager  of 
Architectural  Department,  Sales  Devel- 
opment Division,  B.S.  In  Mechanical 
Engineering,  iovi^a  State  University 


GUSTAV  0.  HOGLUND,  Division  Chief  of  Alcoa  Process  Development  Labora- 
tories, B.S.  In  Aeronautical  Engineering,  University  of  Michigan 


THOMAS  R.  GAUTHIER,  Cleve- 
land Works,  Chief  Metallurgist, 
B.S.  In  Chemical  Engineering, 
Iowa  State  University 

hese  men  huve  a  faith.  An  abiding     #1  -       ^  At^^^^BBlH   faith.  It's  in  tho  future  of  a  metal.  Aluminum. 

hey  all  are  department  heads  at  Aluminum  Company  of  America.  They  all  started  with  Alcoa  as  young  men  fresh 
ut  of  college.  They  all  have  prospered  as  Alcoa  has  prospered. 

hey  all  have  received  their  promotions  on  merit  .  .  .  the  same  merit  which  has  contrilnitod  signally  to  Alcoa's  status 
lis  the  Twentieth  Century's  outstanding  corporate  success  story. 

loday,  the  prospects  for  a  new  employee  at  Alcoa  are  even  brighter,  even  more  challenging  than  they  were  when  these 
len  first  went  to  work.  This  is  because  the  prospects  for  Alcoa  and  for  ahimiiium  are  brighter. 

I  a  dynamic  future  in  this  kind  of  corporate  environ- 
iient  interests  you,  contact  your  placement  officer  to 
jrrange  an  interview.  For  more  details,  write  for  our 
iree  booklet,  A  Career  For  You  With   Alcoa.  Write 

1  .  ^,  ,,.  .  rn/AAi  -o-ii*  For  exciting  drama  walch  "Alcoa  Presents"  every 

LiUminum   (  Ompany  Ot    America,    810   Alcoa   CUllUing,  Tuesday  ABC-TV  and  the  Emmy  Award  wmmns 

ittsburgh  19,  Pa.  "Alcoa  Theatre"  alternate  Mondays,  NBC-TV 


Your  Guide  to  Ihe  Best  in  Alunnr 


Follow    he     eader 


IS  no  game 


with  Delco.  Long  a  leader  in  automotive  radio  engineering  and 
production,  Delco  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors  has  charted  a 
similar  path  in  the  missile  and  allied  electronic  fields.  Especially,  we  are 
conducting  aggressive  programs  in  semiconductor  material  research, 
and  device  development  to  further  expand  facilities  and  leadership 
in  these  areas.  Frankly,  the  applications  we  see  for  semiconductors  are 
staggering,  as  are  those  for  other  Space  Age  Devices:  Computors  .  .  . 
Static  Inverters  .  .  .  Thermoelectric  Generators  .  .  .  Power  Supplies. 

However,  leadership  is  not  self-sustaining.  It  requires 
periodic  infusions  of  new  ideas  and  new  talent — aggressive  new  talent. 
We  invite  you  to  follow  the  leader — Delco — to  an  exciting, 
pi'ofitable  future. 

If  you're  interested  in  becoming  a  part  of  this  challenging 
Delco,  GM  team,  write  to  Mr.  Carl  Longshore.  Supervisor — 
Salaried  Employment,  for  additional  information— or  talk  to  our 
representative  when  he  visits  your  campus. 


N--  /Delco  Radio  Division  of  General  Motors 


»w^ 


KOKOMO.  INDI.A.NA 


42 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


New  products  lead  to 
better  jobs  at  Du  Pont 


BLUBBER  OR  RUBBER? 


It  looks  like  a  whale,  but  it's  actually  a 
king-size  collapsible  container  for  carry- 
ing liquids  and  powders.  Bags  like  this 
are  made  of  fabric  woven  with  DuPont 
"Super  Cordura"*  high-tenacity  rayon 
yarn,  coated  with  Du  Pont  neoprene  syn- 
thetic rubber;  capacity:  3,000-20,000 
gallons.  They  are  among  the  most  dra- 
matic and  practical  advances  in  indus- 
trial packaging. 

DuPont  has  made  many  contributions 
to  this  field  and  to  practically  every  kind 
of  business  or  industry  you  can  name. 
Naturally,  all  this  diversified  activity 
creates  many  interesting  jobs.  Jobs  in 
research.  Jobs  in  production.  And  jobs 
in  sales  and  marketing.  Good  jobs  that 
contribute  substantially  to  the  steady 
growth  of  DuPont  and  the  peo|)le  who 
are  the  company. 


*  "Super  Cordur 


For  qualified  bachelors,  masters  and 
doctors,  career  opportunities  are  today 
greater  at  Du  Pont  than  ever  liefore. 
There  is  an  interesting  future  in  this 
vigorous  company  for  metallurgists,  phys- 
icists, mathematicians,  and  electrical 
and  mechanical  engineers,  as  well  as  for 
chemists  and  chemical  engineers. 

If  you  join  DuPont.  you  will  be  given 
a  project  assignment  almost  at  once,  and 
you  will  begin  to  learn  your  job  by  doing 
it.  Advancement  will  come  as  rapidly  as 
your  abilities  permit  and  opportunities 
develop.  DuPont  personnel  policy  is 
based  on  our  belief  in  promotion  from 
within   the  company   on   a  merit   basis. 

If  you  would  like  more  information 
about  opportunities  at  DuPont,  see  your 
placement  oflicer  or  write  E.  I.  du  Pont  de 
Nemours  &  Co.  (Inc.),  2120  Nemours 
Building,  Wilmington  98,  Delaware. 

s  rcgislcred  tradi  mark  for  Us  hUlh-lctmritii  ration  yarn 


MPOK 


Better  Things  for  Better  Living  .  .  .  through  Chemistry 


MARCH,  1960 


43 


c 


A    DOOR  IS  OPEN  AT  ALLIED  CHEMICAL  TO 


Opportunities  for  professional  recognition 


If  you  feel,  as  we  do,  that  the  publication  of  technical 
papers  adds  to  the  professional  stature  of  the  individual 
employee  and  his  worth  to  his  company,  you  will  see  why 
Allied  encourages  its  people  to  put  their  findings  in  print. 
Some  recent  contributions  from  our  technical  stall  are 
shown  below. 

It's  interesting  to  speculate  on  what  you  might  publish 
as  a  chemist  at  one  of  our  I  2  research  laboratories  and 
development  centers.  The  possibilities  are  virtually  limit- 


less, because  Allied  makes  over  3,000  products— chemi- 
cals, plastics,  fibers— products  that  offer  careers  with  a 
future  for  chemists,  chemistry  majors  and  engineers. 

Why  not  write  today  for  a  newly  revised  copy  of  "Your 
Future  in  Allied  Chemical."  Or  ask  our  interviewer 
about  Allied  when  he  next  visits  your  campus.  Your 
placement  office  can  tell  you  when  he'll  be  there. 

Allied  Chemical,  Department  j6-R2 
61  Broadway,  New  York  6,  New  York 


SOME  RECENT  TECHNICAL  PAPERS  AND  TALKS  BY  ALLIED   CHEMICAL  PEOPLE 


"What  is  a  Foam?" 

Donald  S.  Otto.  National  Aniline  Division 
Aincriiun  Munaxcincnt  Associaiitin  Seminar  on  Polymeric 
Packaging  Materials 

'Electricailv  Insulating.  Flexible  Inorganic  Coatings  on 


Metal  Produced  by  Gaseous  Fluorine  Reactions" 
Dr.  Robert  W.  Mason,  General  Chemical  Research 
Laboratory 

American  Ceramic  Society  Meeting,  Electronic  Division 

"Gas  Chromatographic  Separations  of  Closing  Boiling 


"Isocyanate  Resins" 

Leslie  M.  Faichney,  National  Aniline  Division 

Modern  Plastics  Encyclopedia 

"Concentration  of  Sulphide  Ore  by  Air  Float  Tables- 
Gossan  Mines" 

R.  H.  Dickinson,  Wilbert  J.  Trepp,  J.  O.  Nichols, 
General  Chemical  Division 

Engineering  and  Mining  Journal 

"Urethane  Foams" 


\* 


Isomers" 

Dr.  A.  R.  Paterson,  Central  Research  Laboratory 

Second  International  Symposium  on  Gas  Chromatography 
at  Michigan  State  University 

"Correlation  of  Structure  and  Coating  Properties  of 


Polyurethane  Copolymers" 

Dr.  Maurice  E.  Bailey.  G.  C.  Toone.  G.  S.  Wooster, 
National  Aniline  Division:  E.  G.  Bobalek.  Case  In- 
stitute of  Technology  and  Consultant  on  Organic 
Coatings 

Gordon  Research  Conference  on  Organic  Coatings 

'Corrosion  of  Metals  by  Chromic  Acid  Solutions" 

Ted  M.  Swain,  Solvay  Process  Division 

Annual  Conference  of  the  National  Association  of 
Corrosion  Engineers 

"Use  of  Polyethylene  Emulsions  in  Textile  Applications"        "Sulfur  Hexafluoride" 


Dr.  Maurice  E.  Bailey,  National  Aniline  Division 

For  publication  in  a  book  on  modern  plastics  by 
Herbert  R.  Simonds 

"The  Booming  Polyesters" 

James  E.  Sayre  and  Paul  A.  Elias,  Plastics  and  Coal 
Chemicals  Division 

Chemical  &  Engineering  News 

"7',  2',  4'— Trimethoxyflavone" 

Dr.  Sydney  M.  Spatz  and  Dr.  Marvin  Koral,  Na- 
tional Aniline  Division 

Journal  of  Organic  Chemistry 

"Physical  Properties  of  Perfluoropropane" 

James  A.  Brown,  General  Chemical  Research  Lab- 
oratory 


Journal  of  Physical  Chemistry 


Robert  Rosenbaum,  Semet-Solvay  Division 

D.  D.  Gagliardi,  Gagliardi  Research  Corporation 

American  Association  of  Textile  Color ists  &  (  hemists 


Dr.  Whitney  H.  Mears,  General  Chemical  Research 

Laboratory 

Encyclopedia  of  Chemical  Technology 


BASIC  TO 
AMERICA'S 
PROGRESS 


DIVISIONSi    BARRETT    •    GENERAL   CHEMICAL    •    NATIONAL   ANILINE    •    NITROGEN    • 
PLASTICS  AND   COAL  CHEMICALS-  SEMET-SOLVAY  ■  SOLVAY  P  ROCESS  •  1  NTE  R  N  ATI  ON  AL 


44 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRAIN    TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


The  following  teasers  are  quite  popu- 
lar and  are  typical  of  the  variety  iin(il\- 
ing   logic. 


A  doctor  met  a  good  friend  who  was 
a  ]aw\er  and  said,  "I  just  saw  three 
women  walking  along  the  street.  The 
sum  of  their  ages  is  twice  mine,  and  the 
product  of  their  ages  is  2450.  What  are 
their  ages?"  The  lawyer  replied,  "I 
can't  tell."  The  doctor  then  added, 
"The  oldest  is  younger  than  you  are." 
(None  are  older  than  one  hundred). 


I'lobably  after  graduation  from  high 
school,  plane  geometry  faded  into  the 
background  for  you.  Here's  a  chance 
for  you  to  see  how  much  you  can  re- 
member about  it.  See  if  you  can  find 
the  fallacy  in  this  proof  that  all  tri- 
angles are  isosceles. 

1.  Construct  any  triangle  ABC. 

2.  Put  in  AG  so  as  to  bi.sect  angle 
CAB.  Angle  CAG  =  Angle  GAB. 

3.  Construct  the  perpendicular  bisec- 
tor of  CB. 

4.  Name  the  point  O  at  which  the 
bisector  of  CB  intersects  AG,  and  D 
the  mid-point  of  CB. 

5.  Construct  OC  and  OB.  OC  = 
OB. 

6.  Construct  OE  perpendicular  to 
AC  and  OF  perpendicular  to  AB. 
,()EA  =  /OFA. 

7.  OA=  OA. 

iS.  Triangle  AE(^  similar  to  triangle 
AFO.   (s.a.a.— s.a.a.) 

q.  OE  =  OF. 

10.  Angle  OEC  =  Angle  OFB  = 
Rt.  Angle. 


1 1.  Triangle  OEC  similar  to  triangle 
OFB.    (hyp.  leg  ^  hyp.  leg). 

12.  AE  =  AF;  EC  =  FB. 

13.  AC  =  AB. 

14.  Therefore   every   triangle   is   isos- 
celes. 


Stop,  if  you've  heard  of  the  three  mis- 
sionaries and  the  three  cannibals.  Again 
it's  a  question  of  crossing  a  river  in  a 
boat  which  holds  only  two  men.  The 
complication  is  that  although  each  of 
the  missionaries  can  row,  only  one  of 
the  cannibals,  the  cannibal  king,  can  do 
so.  Naturally,  you  must  never  let  the 
cannibals  outnumber  the  missionaries 
on  either  side  of  the  river. 


Suppose  that  we  have  a  bucket  con- 
taining a  gallon  of  water  and  a  keg  con- 
taining a  gallon  of  wine.  We  measure 
out  a  pint  of  the  wine,  pour  it  into  the 
water,  and  mix  thoroughly.  Then  we 
measure  out  a  pint  of  the  mixture  from 
the  bucket  and  pour  it  into  the  keg.  Is 
there  now  more  or  less  water  in  the  keg 
than  there  is  wine  in   the  bucket? 


Here  are  the  answers  to  last  month' 
teasers. 


C  asks  himself:  Can  my  hat  be  green? 
If  so,  then  A  will  know  immediately 
that  he  has  a  red  hat,  for  only  a  red 
hat  on  his  head  would  cause  B  to  lift  his 
hand.  A  would  therefore  leave  the  room. 
B  would  reason  the  same  way  and  also 
leave.  Since  neither  has  left,  C  deduces 
that  his  own  hat  must  be  red. 


A  systematic  approach  would  be  to 
jot  down  the  foiu-  possibilities  —  TT, 
TL,  LT,  LL — then  eliminate  the  pairs 
that  are  inconsistent  with  the  premises. 
A  quicker  solution  is  reached  if  one  has 
the  insight  to  .see  that  the  tall  native 
must  answer  "Yes"  regardless  of  wheth- 
er he  lies  or  tells  the  truth.  Since  the 
short  native  told  the  truth,  he  must  be 
a  truth-teller  and   his  companion  a  liar. 


Let  /;  be  the  number  of  steps  visible 
when  the  escalator  is  not  moving,  and 
let  a  um't  of  time  be  the  time  it  takes 
Professor  Slapenarski  to  walk  down  one 
step.  If  he  walks  down  the  down-moving 
escalator  in  SO  steps,  then  ri  —  50  steps 
have  gone  out  of  sight  in  50  units  of 
time.  It  takes  him  125  steps  to  run  up 
the  same  escalator,  taking  five  steps  to 
e\ery  one  step  before.  In  this  trip,  125 — 
/;  steps  ha\e  gone  out  of  sight  in  125/5, 
or  25,  units  of  time.  Since  the  escalator 
can  be  presumed  to  run  at  constant 
speed,  we  have  the  following  linear 
equation  that  readily  yields  a  \alue  for 
n  of  100  steps: 


50 


125 


50 


25 


To  determine  the  value  of  Brown's 
check,  let  -v  stand  for  the  dollars  and  v 
for  the  cents.  The  problem  can  now  be 
expressed  bv  the  following  equation: 
lOOy  +  ;(.  _  5  =  2  (  WQx  +  y).  This 
reduces  to  98.v  —  199a-  =  5,  a  Diophan- 
tine  equation  with  an  infinite  number  of 
integral  solutions.  Only  one  solution, 
however,  meets  the  problem's  condition 
that  the  value  of  y  be  less  than  100. 
This  solution  is:  .v^31  and  }■  =  63, 
m.iking  Bi'own's  check  $31.63. 


MARCH,    1960 


In  the  field 
of  Sports 


JjsJ  is  there,  too . . 


Paint,  glass,  plastic  and  fiber  glass  products  of  Pittsburgh  Plate 
Glass  Company  and  chemicals  by  PPG's  subsidiary,  Columbia- 
Southern  Chemical  Corporation,  are  used  to  make  better  sports 
equipment  and  more  attractive  sports  centers. 
These  products  include  such  items  as: 

•  Special   finishes  for  baseball   bats,   tennis  rackets,   gym   floors, 
bowling  alleys. 

•  Herculite®  heat-tempered  glass  for  basketball  backboards  and 
protective  partitions. 

•  Fiber  glass  and  Selectron®  plastic  for  fishing  rods,  golf  clubs, 
boat  hulls. 

•  Chemicals  for  processing  leather  and  other  materials  for  soccer 
balls,  football  helmets,  baseball  gloves. 

•  Pittsburgh  Paints®  and  Color  Dynamics®  to  protect  and  beau- 
tify stadiums,  arenas  and  other  sports  centers. 

Throughout  the  sports  world — and  your  world — PPG  products 
serve  as  the  useful  result  of  man's  imagination.  It  could  be  your 
idea  that  sparks  the  next  product  advance  in  one  of  the  countless 
fields  where  today  PPG  solves  tomorrow's  challenge. 
The  door  is  open — for  your  imagination,  your  career,  your  secu- 
rity. .Simply  contact  your  Placement  Officer  or  write  to  Manager  of 
College  Relations.  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  C:ompany,  One  Gateway 
Center,  Pittsburgli  22,  Pa. 


PAINTS   •   GLASS   •   CHEMICALS   •   BRUSHES   •   PLASTICS   •   FIBER  GLASS 


TTSBURGH        PLATE        GLASS        COMPANY 


46 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Energy  conversion  is  our  business 


An  orientation  to  home? 
Domain  orientation? 
The  secret  of  a  lodestone? 
The  cosmic  ray  accelerator? 
An  aspect  of  a  unified  field? 

Fundamental  to  Allison's  business 
—  energy  conversion  —  is  a  complete 
familiarity  with  magnetism  in  all 
its  forms.  This  knowledge  is  essen- 
tial to  our  conversion  work. 

Thus  we  search  for  a  usable  defini- 
tion of  magnetism— not  only  what  it 
is,  but  why  it  is.  And  to  aid  us  in  our 
search,  we  call  upon  the  capabilities 
within  General  Motors  Corporation 
and  its  Divisions,  as  well  as  the  spe- 
cialized talents  of  other  organiza- 
tions and  individuals.  By  applying 
this  systems  engineering  concept  to 
new  research  projects,  we  increase 
the  effectiveness  with  which  we  ac- 
complish our  mission— exploring  the 
needs  of  advanced  propulsion  and 
weapons  systems. 


Want  (0  know  afioul  YOUR  opportunities  on 
the  Allison  Engineering  Team?  Write:  Mr.R.C. 
Smith,  College  Relations,  Personnel  Dept. 


LUSON 

Division  of  General  Motors, 
Indianapolis,  Indiana 


MARCH,   1960 


Al 


The  Strange  Science  of  Seeing 


Through  telescopes,  it's  now  possible 
to  see  stars  that  are  inillions  of  billions 
of  miles  away.  Through  microscopes,  we 
can  take  pictures  of  particles  so  tiny 
that  a  million  billion  of  them,  clustered 
together,  would  be  invisible  to  the  naked 
e\e.  We've  devised  electronic  e\'es,  e\en 
supersonic  eyes,  but  in  spite  of  all  the 
progress,  one  great  question  is  still  not 
fully  answered  : 

"How  much  liuht  is  reijuiied  for  see- 
ing?" 

Architects  aiul  interior  decorators 
have  to  guess  at  the  ,ui--wer  all  the  time, 
llow  much  light,  for  example,  should 
conu-  from  the  fixture  on  the  kitchen 
ceiling?  With  too  little  light,  things 
become  somewhat  harder  to  find.  The 
likelihood  of  dropping  a  dish  or  knock- 
ing over  a  bowl  increases.  Without  the 
full  amount  of  light  she  needs,  the 
housewife  subconsciously  becomes  an- 
noyed —  and  her  annoyance  rise  to  the 
level  of  consciousness  if  she  stays  in  her 
kitchen  long  enough. 

But  too  much  light  can  be  just  as 
bad  —  and  ha\e  the  same  effects.  The 
room  takes  on  the  appearance  of  an  ex- 
cessively light  photograph.  There's  too 
little  distinction  between  light  and  dark. 
(Hare  rankles  the  nerves. 

Those  who  plan  lighting  for  store 
windows  face  the  same  problem.  Use 
too  little  light,  and  people  won't  notice 
the  wares ;  too  much  and  the  wares  will 
be  hard  to  see. 

A  major  advance  in  the  seeing  science 
came  with  the  development  of  the  foot- 
candle,  today  the  most  widely  accepted 
unit  of  light  measurement.  A  foot- 
candle,  logically  enough,  is  the  amount 
of  light  produced  by  a  standard  candle 
at  a  distance  of  one  foot. 

So — how  many  foot-candles  do  you 
need  ?  "As  many  as  \-ou  can  get  without 
burning  your  hair,"  was  the  answer  in 
days  when  the  fire  was  the  sole  source 
of  indoor  illumination.  A  variation  of 
this  answer  applied  to  the  gaslight  and 
early  electric  days.  But  soon,  when  it 
became  possible  to  get  iiiorc  than  enough 
light,  seeing  scientists  answered  the 
question  based  on  the  size  of  the  detail 
to  be  .seen.  Knitting,  for  example,  is  a 
small  detail  relative  to  washing  clothes. 

A  major  breakthrough  in  the  science 
of  seeing  came  in  the  late  1920's  when 
the  team  of  Cobb  and  Moss  recognized 
that,  in  addition  to  size  of  detail,  other 


factors  hail  a  hearing  on  the  amount  of 
light  >ou  lu'fd  : 

1.  How  much  contrast  is  there  be- 
tween the  detail  and  the  background  ? 
You  need  somewhat  more  light  to  wash 
white  clothes  in  a  white  tub  tliaii  you 
need  foi'  blue  jeans  in  the  same  tub.  \i 
you're  knitting  a  black  sweater,  you 
need    more    light    if   voii're    using   black 


need    if    voii're    usins 


needles    than 
white  ones. 

2.  What's  the  time  interval  of  seeing? 
The  retl  traffic  light  may  be  bright 
enough  now,  but  if  it  were  to  flash  on 
for  just  an  instant — instead  of  remain- 
ing lit — it  would  have  to  be  far  strong- 
er. 

During  the  years  since  Cobb  and 
Moss  stated  their  findings,  many  other 
men  contributed  to  determining  opti- 
mum illumination  levels.  Names  like 
Luckiesh,  Weston,  and  Blackwell  be- 
came well  known  as  experts. 

Recently,  Dr.  H.  Richard  Blackwell, 
Director  of  the  Vision  Research  Labora- 
tories, l^niversity  of  Michigan,  devel- 
oped a  new  method  for  determining  the 
illumination  required  for  various  seeing 
tasks.  At  the  core  of  his  method  is  his 
"Concept  of  Visual  Capacity" — a  con- 
cept that  takes  into  account,  in  figuring 
out  how  much  light  is  needed  for  a 
given  task,  how  long  the  eye  must  rest 
on  the  thing  being  seen.  If  an  eye  can 
see  and  recognize  something  in  a  second, 
it  has  the  capacity  of  assimiliating  four 
bits  of  information  in  one  second.  One 
ASP  (assimilation  per  second)  means 
that  the  eyes  take  one  full  second  to 
see  the  task,  and  10  APS  means  that  it 
can  see  the  task  in  one  tenth  of  a  second 
(or,  to  put  it  in  another  way,  the  eye 
can  see  a  succession  of  ten  of  the  things 
in  one  second). 

Thanks  to  Blackwell's  concept,  it  is 
now  possible  to  be  much  more  accurate 
in  determining  how  much  light  is  need- 
ed for  a  given  seeing  task.  Blackwell 
found,  for  example,  that  reading  the 
writing  of  a  group  of  sixth  graders  who 
used  a  No.  2  pencil  required  63  foot- 
candles  for  five  APS.  To  read  the  writ- 
ing of  a  stenographer  who  uses  a  No.  3 
(lighter  than  No.  2)  pencil,  Blackwell 
found  that  76  foot-candles  are  needed. 
And  to  read  a  fovnth  carbon  copy  of  a 
letter  requires  133  foot-candles. 

But  these  seeing  tasks  are  easy  com- 
pared   with    some    tasks.    To    notice    a 


brown  stain  on  a  gray  cloth,  for  exam- 
ple, took  1100  foot-candles.  A  brown 
spot  on  a  red  necktie  required  2400  foot- 
candles;  And  in  a  textile  mill,  spotting 
a  broken  thread  on  a  spinner-bobbin  re- 
(jiu'red  light  equivalent  to  that  of  2'1()0 
candles  one  foot  away ! 

Who  cares  about  these  findings?  Al- 
most nobody.  Yet,  almost  everyone  will 
benefit.  Schools  will  be  better  lighted, 
thus  promoting  education  and  saving 
youthful  eyes.  Factories  will  also  have 
more  correct  levels  of  illiunination, 
boosting  both  safety  and  production. 
Stores  will  be  more  attractive  and  sell 
more  goods.  Offices  will  be  disrupted 
with  fewer  errors,  homes  by  fewer  argu- 
ments ilue  to  eye-strain. 

These  predictions  of  better  things  to 
come  are  no  pie-in-the-sky  day-dreams; 
applications  are  already  imderway.  The 
Illuminating  Engineering  Society,  for 
example,  has  already  published  the  new, 
more  accurate  figures  indicating  required 
levels  of  illumination.  And  now  that  it's 
known  how  much  light  should  be  cast, 
for  example,  on  the  desk  of  a  school 
child,  science  has  even  devised  a  method 
for  maintaining  that  level  of  light  con- 
stantly— automatically  boosting  the  out- 
put of  electric  light  when  natural  light 
declines,  decreasing  electric  light  as 
natural  light  increases.  Designed  by  Su- 
perior Electric  Company,  the  device  is 
called  a  Lumistat  and  actually  does  with 
light  what  a  thermostat  does  with  heat ! 
The  complete  system  is  known  as  the 
Luxtrol  Automatic  Light  Controller. 

Of  comse,  much  research  work  in 
the  lighting  field  remains  to  be  done. 
Still  unanswered  are  such  questions  as 
how  much  extra  light  is  needed  for  old- 
er eyes  .  .  .  what's  the  best  way  to 
light  our  roads  for  peak  seeing  efficiency 
.  .  .  how  can  we  answer,  with  even 
greater  accuracy,  the  question  of  how 
much  light  is  required  for  a  given  task? 

Of  one  thing,  though,  we  can  be 
sure!  Thanks  to  Moss  and  Cobb's  rec- 
ognition of  what  determines  how  much 
light  we  need,  thanks  to  Blackwell's 
concept  and  careful  supporting  experi- 
mentation, thanks  to  ingenious  Lumistat 
and  Luxtrol  Automatic  Light  Control- 
ler— and  thanks  to  scientists,  who  will 
provide  us  with  the  advances  of  the  fu- 
ture— we  will  soon  be  seeing  more  at- 
tractive sights  .  .  .  through  eyes  that 
are  less  often  sore. 


48 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Though  the  building  is  not  ycl  buih.  lliu 
is  a  view  from  one  of  the  apartments. 


How  to  look  out  a  window  before  the  building  is  up 


With  180  "view'apartments 
to  sell,  the  developers 
of  The  Comstock 
turned  to  photography 
to  get  a  jump  on  sales 


/\  feature  of  The  Comstock,  San 
Francisco's  new  co-operative  apart- 
ments on  top  of  Nob  Hill,  will  be 
the  spectacular  panoramic  views 
of  the  Bay  area  from  their  picture 
windows. 

How  could  these  views  be  spread 
before  prospective  buyers — before 
the  building  was  up?  The  devel- 
opers, Albert-Lovett  Co.,  found  the 
answer  in  photography.  From  a 
gondola  suspended  from  a  crane, 
color  photos  were  made  from  the 
positions  of  the  future  apartments. 
Now,  the  sales  representative  not 


only  points  out  the  location  of  a 
possible  apartment  on  a  scale 
model,  but  shows  you  the  view 
from  your  window  as  well. 

Photography  rates  high  as  a 
master  salesman.  It  rates  high  in 
other  business  and  industry  tasks, 
too.  The  research  laboratory,  the 
production  line,  the  quality  control 
department  and  the  office  all  get 
work  done  better  and  faster  with 
photography  on  the  job. 

Whatever  your  field,  you  will 
find  photography  can  save  you 
time  and  cut  costs,  too. 


EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


(:Am:i-:KS  wnii  kodak 


With  photography  and  photographic  proc- 
esses becoming  increasingly  important 
in  the  business  and  industry  of  tomorrow, 
there  are  new  and  challenging  opportu- 
nities at  Kodak  in  research,  engineering, 
electronics,  design  and  production. 


If  )ou  are  looking  for  such  an  inter- 
esting opportunity,  write  for  infor- 
mation about  careers  with  Kodak. 
Address:  Business  and  Technical 
Personnel  Dept.,  Eastman  Kodak 
Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y 


One    of   a    series 

hitorview  ivith 

Ccneral  Electric^s  Earl  G,  Abbott, 

Manager — Sales  Train ing 

Technical   Training    Programs 
at  General  Electric 


Q.  Why  does  your  company  have  train- 
ing programs,  Mr.  Abbott? 

A.  Tomorrow's  many  positions  of  major 
responsibility  will  necessarily  be  filled  by 
young  men  who  have  developed  their 
potentials  early  in  their  careers.  General 
Electric  training  programs  simply  help 
speed  up  this  development  process. 

In  addition,  training  programs  provide 
graduates  with  the  blocks  of  broad  ex- 
perience on  which  later  success  in  a 
specialization  can  be  built. 

Furthermore,  career  opportunities  and 
interests  are  brought  into  sharp  focus 
after  intensive  working  exposures  to 
several  fields.  General  Electric  then  gains 
the  valuable  contributions  of  men  who 
have  made  early,  well-considered  deci- 
sions on  career  goals  and  who  are  con- 
fidently working  toward  those  objectives. 

Q.  What  kinds  of  technical  training  pro- 
grams does  your  company  conduct? 

A.  General  Electric  conducts  a  number 
of  training  programs.  The  G-E  programs 
which  attract  the  great  majority  of 
engineering  graduates  are  Engineering 
and  Science,  Manufacturing,  and  Tech- 
nical Marketing. 

Q.  How  long  does  the  Engineering  and 
Science  Program  lost? 

A.  That  depends  on  which  of  several 
avenues  you  decide  to  take.  Many  gradu- 
ates complete  the  training  program  dur- 
ing their  first  year  with  General  Electric. 
Each  Program  member  has  three  or  four 
responsible  work  assignments  at  one  or 
more  of  51  different  plant  locations. 

Some  graduates  elect  to  take  the  Ad- 
vanced Engineering  Program,  supple- 
menting their  work  assignments  with 
challenging  Company -conducted  study 
courses  which  cover  the  application  of 
engineering,  science,  and  mathematics  to 
industrial  problems.  If  the  Program  mem- 
ber has  an  analytical  bent  coupled  with  a 
deep  interest  in  mathematics  and  physics, 
he  may  continue  through  a  second  and 


third  year  of  the  Advanced  Engineering 
Program. 

Then  there  is  the  two-year  Creative 
Engineering  Program  for  those  graduates 
who  have  completed  their  first-year 
assignments  and  who  are  interested  in 
learning  creative  techniques  for  solving 
engineering  problems. 

Another  avenue  of  training  for  the 
qualified  graduate  is  the  Honors  Program, 
which  enables  a  man  to  earn  his  Master's 
degree  within  three  or  four  semesters  at 
selected  colleges  and  universities.  The 
Company  pays  for  his  tuition  and  books, 
and  his  work  schedule  allows  him  to  earn 
75  percent  of  full  salary  while  he  is  going 
to  school.  This  program  is  similar  to  a 
research  assistantship  at  a  college  or 
university. 

Q.  Just  how  will  the  Manufacturing 
Training  Program  help  prepare  me  for 
a  career  in  manufacturing? 

A.  The  three-year  Manufacturing 
Program  consists  of  three  orientation 
assignments  and  three  development 
assignments  in  the  areas  of  manufacturing 
engineering,  quality  control,  materials 
management,  plant  engineering,  and 
manufacturing  operations.  These  assign- 
ments provide  you  with  broad,  funda- 
mental manufacturing  knowledge  and 
with  specialized  knowledge  in  your 
particular  field  of  interest. 

The  practical,  on-the-job  experience 
offered  by  this  rotational  program  is  sup- 
plemented by  participation  in  a  manu- 
facturing studies  curriculum  covering 
all  phases  of  manufacturing. 

Q.  What  kind  of  training  would  I  get 
on  your  Technical  Marketing  Program? 

A.  The  one-year  Technical  Marketing 
Program  is  conducted  for  those  graduates 
who  want  to  use  their  engineering  knowl- 


edge in  dealing  with  customers.  After 
completing  orientation  assignments  in 
engineering,  manufacturing,  and  market- 
ing, the  Program  member  may  specialize 
in  one  of  the  four  marketing  areas;  appli- 
cation engineering,  headquarters  market- 
ing, sales  engineering,  or  installation  and 
service  engineering. 

In  addition  to  on-the-job  assignments, 
related  courses  of  study  help  the  Program 
member  prepare  for  early  assumption  of 
major  responsibility. 

Q.  How  can  I  decide  which  training 
program  I  would  like  best,  Mr.  Abbott? 

A.  Well,  selecting  a  training  program  is 
a  decision  which  you  alone  can  make.  You 
made  a  similar  decision  when  you  selected 
your  college  major,  and  now  you  are 
focusing  your  interests  only  a  little  more 
sharply.  The  beauty  of  training  programs 
is  that  they  enable  you  to  keep  your 
career  selection  relatively  broad  until  you 
have  examined  at  first  hand  a  number  of 
specializations. 

Furthermore,  transfers  from  one  Gen- 
eral Electric  training  program  to  another 
are  possible  for  the  Program  member 
whose  interests  clearly  develop  in  one 
of  the  other  fields. 

I'erf«niali:ed  Career  Planning 
is  (.eneral  Elevlric's  term  for  the 
nelerlion,  placement,  and  pro- 
fessional development  of  eniii- 
neers  and  scientists.  If  yon  iionld 
like  a  Personalized  Career  Plan- 
ninti  folder  nhich  describes  in 
more  detail  the  Company's  train- 
ing proaramsfor  technical  gradu- 
ates, tirite  to  Mr.  Abbott  at  Sec- 
tion 959-13,  General  Electric 
Company,   Schenectady  5,  ^V.  Y, 


Vrogress  Is  Our  Most  Important  Product 

GENERAL  AeLECTRIC 


;  ^4.^jjc 


'^fLLINOIS  April  •  25/ 

TECHNOGRAPH 


'INIVhRSfTyOfHiHBfls 


UnOBr  TITBy  the  performance  of  men  and  macfiines  depends  on  what  they  are  made  of.  United  States  Steel 
makes  the  materials  for  the  machines,  whether  it's  a  very  tough  armor  plate,  or  heat-resistant  alloy,  or  Stainless  Steels. 

You  might  be  interested  in  some  of  the  USS  steels  developed  specifically  for  aircraft  and  missiles: 
USS  Strux,  an  alloy  steel  with  close  to  300,000  psi  tensile  strength  primarily  for  aircraft  landing  gears; 
USS  Airsteel  X-200,  an  air-hardenable  alloy  steel  with  230,000  psi  yield  strength  for  aircraft  sheet  and  missile 
applications;  USS  12MoV  and  USS  17-5  MnV  Stainless  Steels  for  high-speed  aircraft  and  missiles; 
Stainless  "W",  a  precipitation-hardenable  Stainless  Steel. 


New  special  metals,  new  methods  for  making  them,  present  an 
exciting  challenge.  Men  willing  to  accept  this  challenge— civil, 
industrial,  mechanical,  metallurgical,  ceramic,  electrical  or  chemi- 
cal engineers— have  a  future  with  United  States  Steel.  For  details, 
just  send  the  coupon. 

djsS)  United  States  Steel 

USS  is  a  registered  trademarl^    ^^^^^^ 


United  States  Steel  Corporation 
Personnel  Division 
52S  William  Penn  Place 
Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania 

Please  send   me  the  booklet,  "Paths  of  Opportunity.' 
Name 


Address^ 
City 


Editor 

Dave  Penniman 

Business  Manager 

Roger  Harrison 

Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 

Editorial  Staff 

George  Carruthers 
Steve  Dilts 
Jeff  R.  Golin 
Bill  Andrews 
Jeri  Jewett 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 
Jim  Fulton 

Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William  Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan,  Director 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 

Advisors 

R.  W.  Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.   DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.   C.   McClintock 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  No.  7 


April,  1960 


Table  of  Contents 

ARTICLES: 

The  Radio  Proximity  Fuse Donald  J.  Blattner  10 

The  Wullenvi'eber   Radio 

Direction    Finder lohn   W.    Kravcik  13 

Radar  Speed  Meters Verner  K.   Rice  26 

New  Super  Conductors 38 

FEATURES: 

From   the   Editor's   Desk 7 

The   Deans'  Page 22 

Skimming  Industrial  Headlines 34 

Brainteasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  37 

Book  Review  Section 40 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman:  Stanley  Stynes 
Wayne  State  University,  Detroit,  Michigan 
Arl<ansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal.  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technocraph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Louis- 
iana Tech  Engineer,  Manhattan  Engineer, 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  Technic,  Min- 
nesota Technolog,  Missouri  Shamroclc,  Ne- 
braska Blueprint,  New  York  University 
Quadrangle,  North  Dakota  Engineer,  North- 
western Engineer,  Notre  Dame  Technical 
Review,  Ohio  State  Engineer,  Oklahoma 
State  Engineer,  Oregon  State  Technical  Tri- 
angle, Pittsburgh  Skyscraper,  Purdue  Engi- 
neer, RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator, 
SC  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Southern  Engi- 
neer, Spartan  Engineer,  Texas  A  &  M  Engi- 
neer, Washington  Engineer,  WSC  Tech- 
nometer,  Wayne  Engineer,  and  Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


Cover 

The  theme  of  this  issue  is  Electronics.  Barb  Polan  has  begun 
the  theme  with  the  cover  and  Don  Blattner  picks  it  up  on  page 
10  with  his  article  on  Proximity  Fuses. 


mImii  riii.hviii 


rill.li,li.il    .  r.;lil 


the 


(Oc- 

I„ln-,        \m\.  ml,.  ,  ,     I I,,,.     linn.M.,,     M.in.iiv,     M.n.li,     A|..il     ,mm1      \l.n)     l>v     the    Illini 

PuMi-liniL'     I    M,iii,,,m        InKP.l     ,i-     -,..,,,-1     J.i--      iiiill,i,     ii,.m1„i        '■'<.      I''_'ll,     at     the     post 

oHici'  :it  fTli.ini,  III11M.1-.  iman  ill,  Ail  ,.i  M.ii.li  i.  IsT'i  I  illuH-  _' 1  .S  Engineering 
Hall.  rrl..'in:i,  llliiiHi..  Slll,■.cripli,.n^  $1..SII  j.er  year.  Single  C(i|iy  2S  cents.  All  rights 
reserved  by  1  hr  Illinois  TcchnoorapU.  Publisher's  Representative  —  Littcll-Murray- 
lianihill.  inc..  7.^7  -Xurth  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago  II,  II!.,  .^69  Lexington  Ave., 
Ni-w    Vi.rk    17.    .\\w    York. 


Engineer  C.  A.  Booker  and  Technician  L.  G.  Szarmach  run  an  optimizing  control  test 
to   achieve   the    highest    profit    rate   for   a    simulated   chemical   distillation   process. 

The  New  Products  Laboratories  help  j 

the  Westinghouse  engineer  verify  his  theories 


The  engineer  at  Westinghouse  can  rely  on  the  New 
Products  Laboratories  to  help  verify  his  theories.  These 
laboratories  at  Cheswick,  Pennsylvania,  contain  a  group 
of  advanced  engineering  development  personnel  who 
can  converse  in  both  the  language  of  the  fundamental 
scientist  and  of  the  designer. 

These  laboratories,  through  their  diverse  scientific 
activities,  aid  the  work  of  engineers  in  all  departments 
of  the  corporation  and  provide  a  means  to  convert  theory 
into  i)roven  equii^ment.  Among  the  many  projects  which 
have  come  into  being  through  the  New  Products  Labora- 
tories are  thermoelectric  power  generation,  thermoelec- 
tric refrigation,  ultrasonic  cleaning,  and  OPCON,  a  new 
concept  in  [jrocess  control  systems.  OPCON  (optimizing 
control )  has  proven  successful  in  the  chemical  processes 
industry.  Other  possible  applications  include  the  petro- 
leum, steel  and  paper  industries. 

The  young  engineer  at  Westinghouse  isn't  expected 


to  know  all  the  answers  .  .  .  our  work  is  often  too 
advanced  for  that.  Instead,  his  abilities  and  knowledge 
are  backed  up  by  specialists  like  those  in  the  New 
Products  Laboratories. 

If  you  have  ambition  and  ability,  you  can  have  a 
rewarding  career  with  Westinghouse.  Our  broad  product 
line,  decentralized  operations,  and  diversified  technical 
assistance  provide  hundreds  of  challenging  opportuni- 
ties for  talented  engineers. 

Want  more  information?  Write  today  to  Mr.  L.  H. 
Noggle,  Westinghouse  Educational  Department,  Ard- 
more  and  Brinton  Roads,  Pittsburgh  21,  Pennsylvania. 

you  CAN  BE  SURE. ..IF  n's 

Westinghouse 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Separathig  tlic  clcmcni^.. . 

to  form  new  and  better  metals 


In  their  searvh  for  slrontier,  loiitihvr,  or  more  henl-resislanl  iiit'liillir  tniilerials, 
Gencrtil  Motors  Reaearch  chemists  use  the  new  anion  exchantie  resin  technique 
to  obtain  exact  analyses  of  complex  experinivnlal  alloys. 


Looking  for  a  job  with  an  cxcciilidnal  fulurcy  Aii'  you  ink'rfstcil  in  clci-li-onics  .  .  . 

metals  ...  jet  propulsion  .  .  .  aulonioliik-s  .  .  .  inertial  guidance  syslenisy  These  are  just  a  few 

of  many  exciting  fields  of  science  and  engineering  at  General  Motors. 

Opportunities  are  virtually  endless  at  GM.  Progress  can  be  rapid  for  men  who  have 

ability,  enthusiasm  and  potential.  You  grow  as  you  learn,  moving  up  lluough  your  department 

and  division,  or  over  to  other  divisions. 

GM  provides  financial  aid  if  you  go  on  for  your  Master's  or  Doctor's.  Also,  uiulergrads 

can  work  at  GM  during  the  summer  and  gain  wdrthwhile  experience. 

For  all  the  details  on  a  rewarding  career,  see  your  Placement  Olficei-  or  write  to  Gi 

Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan. 


d  Motors, 


(iENERAL  MOTORS 


GM  positions  now  available  in  these  fields  for  men  holding  Bachelor's,  Master's  and  Doctor's  degrees:  Mechanical,  Electrical,  Industrial,  Metallurgical,  Chemical, 
Aeronautical  and  Ceramic  Engineering.  Mathematics.  Industrial  Design.  Physics.  Chemistry.  Engineering  Mechanics.  Business  Administration  and  Related  Fields 

APRIL,  1960 


for  35  years,  Hersey  Meters  have  been  equipped  with  JENKINS  VALVES 


Century-old  Hersey-Sparling  Meter  Company 
does  everything  possible  to  make  good  its  slo- 
gan —  You  can't  buy  a  better  Water  Meter 
than  Hersey.  One  example  is  seen  in  a  rule 
that  any  part  of  the  meter  not  made  by  Hersey 
must  be  obtained  from  sources  which  have 
Hersey's  own  policy  of  making  the  Best.  For 
valves,  Hersey's  standard  for  quality  has  been 
JENKINS  for  35  years. 

Hersey-Sparling's  customers,  like  the  buyers 
of  any  equipment  that  incorporates  valves,  see 
the  famous  Jenkins  DIAMOND  trade-mark  on 


the  valves  as  a  sure  sign  that  nothing  has  been 
spared  in  assuring  reliability  and  low  mainte- 
nance costs.  Architects,  engineers,  contractors 
and  operating  men  are  bound  to  respect  equip- 
ment that  carries  the  valves  they  so  often  specify 
to  assure  trouble-free  piping  systems. 

Of  course,  valves  of  less  quality  can  be 
had  for  a  little  less  money.  But  it  is  worth 
remembering  that  Jenkins  Valves,  so  widely 
known  for  reliability,  cost  no  more  than  any 
good  valves.  Jenkins  Bros.,  100  Park  Ave., 
New  York  17. 


T  F  IV  K  T  N  S      VA  T   V  F   S       ^*W!^        ^^^"^  trusted  trade-mark  m  THE  VALVE  WORLD 

4  THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BENDIX  COMPUTERS ...  AND  HOW  TO  FIGURE 
YOUR  FUTURE  AS  A  PROFESSIONAL  ENGINEER 


Jet  air  line  speeds  bring  new  com- 
plications to  the  problems  the  air- 
line captain  must  solve.  Helping 
him  to  prepare  and  follow  his  Flight 
Plan  are  two  important  Bendix'''^ 
contributions:  (1)  The  Bendix  G-15 
Computer,  which  makes  pre-flight 
calculations  of  wind,  weather,  fuel, 
and  load  in  seconds;  and  (2)  air- 
borne Bendix  Doppler  Radar,  which 
gives  the  pilot  instant,  constant 
navigation  data  that  previously  re- 
quired continual  manual  calculation. 

Similar  Bendix  scientific  and  engi- 
neering advances  are  geared  to  the 
entire  modern  industrial  complex. 
Opportunities  for  the  engineering 
graduate  are  nearly  limitless. 

BENDIX  HAS  24  DIVISIONS,  4  SUBSIDI- 
ARIES—Coast  to  coast,  Bendix  activ- 
ities are  decentralized— and,  at  the 
same  time,  generally  adjacent  to  the 
industries  they  serve.  There  is  great 
latitude  in  choice  of  work  area  for 
the  young  engineer. 

SIZE   AND    STABILITY  -  In    terms   of 


APRIL,  1960 


corporate  size,  Bendix  ranks  in  the 
top  60  industrial  firms  (dollar  sales) 
in  the  United  States.  In  fiscal  1959, 
Bendix  sales  totalled  more  than 
$680,000,000.  An  investment  in 
future  sales  was  the  $120,000,000 
in  engineering  expenditures. 

DIVERSE  PRODUCTION  AND  RESEARCH 

—  The  graduate  engineer  has  a 
chance  to  specialize  with  Bendix. 
He  can  probe  electronics,  nuclear 
physics,  heat  transfer,  ultrasonics, 
aerodynamics,  power  metallurgy  — 
and  a  long  list  of  other  challenging 
fields.  Or,  he  can  aim  for  broader 
areas  of  mathematics,  research,  ad- 
ministration, and  management. 

CHANCE  TO  LEAD  -  Bendix  is  a  di- 
versified engineering-research- 
manufacturing    firm.    Bendix 


products  include:  Talos  and  Eagle 
guided  missiles;  Doppler  radar 
systems  for  aircraft  navigation ; 
numerical  control  systems  for 
machine  tools;  power  steering  and 
power  brakes  for  automotive 
vehicles;  nuclear  devices;  flight 
control  systems  for  aircraft;  satel- 
lite controls.  More  important  to  you, 
as  an  engineering  graduate,  are  the 
vast  numbers  of  new  projects  now 
being  planned  —  projects  to  which 
you  can  contribute  your  knowledge 
and  ingenuity. 

BENDIX  IS  SYNONYMOUS  WITH  ENGI- 
NEERING—At  Bendix,  you  can  join 
an  engineering  staff  of  more  than 
12,000  people-5,000  of  them  grad- 
uate engineers. 

Bendix  offers  you  a  chance  to 
exercise  your  engineering  degree 
in  a  real  engineering  capacity.  See 
your  placement  director  or  write  to 
Director  of  University  and  Scientific 
Relations,  Bendix  Aviation  Corpo- 
ration, 1108  Fisher  Building, 
Detroit  2,  Michigan. 


A  thousand  diversified  products 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


From  the  Editor's  Desk 


Recent  Developments  .  .  . 

This  little  poem  is  for  the  benefit  of  those  soon  to  leave  our  institutional 
education  with  their  green  box  in  hand.  We  hope  it  will  prepare  them  for  what 
may  come. 

There  otiee  ivtis  a  young  engineer- 
In  the  fifth  year  of  his  t/reiit  aireer 
Sti//  nhle  and  keen 
II  itii  a  ill  (if  tin//  niai  hine 
\  (it   his  salary   hail  i/roiin 
Just   his   rear. 

I'he  firm  had  another,  J  hear 
If  ho  varied  his  eollei/e  eareer 
fie  deheateil.  he  ivrole 
For  this   rag.   p/ease   note 
.\'nir   he  is  ehief  engineer. 

—Dr.   Paul   I).   Holtzman 

Nuff  said?  (Dr.  Holtzman  by  the  way,  is  the  head  of  the  rhetoric  depart- 
ment at  Penn  State  University.) 

I  was  surprised  to  hear  several  students  complain  because  we  have  drop- 
ped the  joke  page.  Actually,  we  found  through  a  recent  survey  that  it  is  was 
disliked  more  passionately  than  it  was  liked,  so  we  thought  best  to  discard  it. 
We  hope  that  those  who  so  violently  opposed  the  magazine  for  this  reason  will 
now  sit  down  and  read  the  technical  articles  with  as  critical  an  eye  as  they  read 
the  jokes.  We  could  use  some  constructive  criticism  on  the  articles. 

It  WGS  pleasing  to  find  that  the  much  talked  about  "Ugly  American"  was 
not  only  a  "good  guy,"  but  also  an  engineer.  Read  this  book  if  you  have  time. 
It's  an  interesting  study  in  diplomatic  blunderings  by  Americans. 

If  I  seem  to  ramble,  it's  because  I  don't  have  my  mind  on   my  work.   I  got 

married  April  10th,  and  who  wants  to  write  editorials  to  bearded  slide-rule  toters 

at  a   time   like  this. 

-WDP 


Why  diversification  makes  a  better  all-around  man 


TAivrRsiFiCATioN  of  cfTort  makes  for  versatility — and  ver- 
■^  satility  pays  off  in  business  as  well  as  on  the  athletic 
field.  We've  found  that  to  be  especially  true  here  at  Koppers. 

Koppers  is  a  widely  diversified  company — actively  en- 
gaged in  the  research  and  production  of  a  wide  range  of  re- 
lated and  seemingly  unrelated  products,  such  as  remarkable 
new  plastics,  jet-engine  sound  control,  wood  preservatives, 
steel  mill  processes,  dyestuffs,  electrostatic  precipitators,  coal 
tar  chemicals,  anti-oxidants  and  innumerable  others. 

Because  we  are  diversified,  our  work  is  interesting.  Through 
job  rotation,  our  engineers  and  management  personnel  are 
given  the  opportunity  to  learn  many  of  the  diverse  activities 
at  Koppers.  The  result?  Versatility. 

While  you  are  moving  laterally  at  Koppers,  you  are  also 
moving  up.  Your  responsibilities  are  increased.  Your  ability 
is  evaluated  and  re-evaluated.  And  you  are  compensated 
accordingly. 

You  don't  have  to  be  with  Koppers  for  20  years  before  you 


get  somewhere.  If  you  have  ability,  ideas,  spark — you'll  move 
ahead,  regardless  of  seniority  or  tenure. 

At  Koppers,  you'll  stand  on  your  own  two  feet.  You'll  get 
responsibility,  but  you'll  also  have  free  rein  to  do  the  job  the 
way  you  think  it  should  be  done.  No  one  will  get  in  your  way. 

Koppers  is  a  well-established  company — a  leader  in  many 
fields.  Yet,  it's  a  forward-looking  company,  a  young  man's 
company.  Perhaps,  your  company. 

Why  not  find  out?  Write  to  the  Personnel  Manager, 
Koppers  Company,  Inc.,  Room  230,  Koppers  Bldg.,  Pitts- 
burgh 19,  Pennsylvania.  Or,  see  your  College  Placement 
Director  and  arrange  an  appointment  with  a  Koppers  rep- 
resentative for  the  next  recruitinc  visit. 


KOPPER 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


POWER  NEEDS  PIONEERS 
...  as  much  today  as  ever 


PIONEERING  is  a  key  word  at  Wisconsin  Electric  Power  Company.  The  Company's 
future  as  a  power  utility  was  entrusted  to  the  imaginative  minds  of  its  engineers  when 
it  decided  to  incorporate  the  experimental  pulverized  fuel  boilers  (1904  photo  above  left) 
into  Lakeside  power  plant.  This  experiment  soon  resulted  in  record  boiler  efficiency  and 
won  world-wide  acceptance.  Today's  275,000  kw  unit  5  at  Oak  Creek  power  plant  (above 
right)  is  an  example  of  the  Company's  continuing  reliance  on  pioneering  ideas  to  pro- 
vide power  with  ever-increasing  efficiency  and  economy.  Among  the  imaginative  solutions 
to  problems  at  unit  5  are:  turbines  with  the  floor  line  at  the  center  of  the  turbine  —  solv- 
ing a  space  problem;  motor  actuated  hangers  to  control  stress  in  the  main  steam  pipe; 
silo-type  bins  for  coal  storage  —  eliminating  stress  problems  and  cutting  construction 
costs;  aerodynamically  tested  duct  work  to  reduce  pressure  loss  between  the  dust  collec- 
tor and  fans,  and  specially  designed  finned  aluminum  tubes  —  heated  with  bled  steam. 

We  invite  your  questions  about  engineering  opportunities  in  all  fields  —  excellent  pos- 
sibilities for  you  to  pioneer  in  power. 

WISCONSIN     ELECTRIC     POWER     COMPANY     SYSTEM 


Wisconsin    Electric    Power   Co. 
Milwaukee,   Wis. 


Wisconsin    Michigan    Power    Co. 
Appieton,    Wis. 


Wisconsin    Natural    Gas   Co. 
Racine,    Wis. 


APRIL,  1960 


The  Radio  Proximity  Fuse 


Secret  Weapon  of  World  War  II 

By  Donald  J.  Blattner 


fie 


Japaru'si-     airplanes     wliiih     attacked 

Pearl     Harbor    on    December    7,     l')41, 

scored  1')  torpedo  bits  on  American  war- 
ships, undaunted  by  the  ineffectual  anti- 
aircraft fire  thrown  au;ainst  them.  Two 

days  later,  other  Jap  planes  caught  the 

British    capital    ships    Pr'uuc    of    ll'/i/is 

and    Rifiiilsc   off   the   coast   of    Malaya 

and  quickly  sank  them.  During  the  year 

that  followed,  in  a  series  of  air-sea  bat- 
tles highlighted   by  the  epic  encounters 

in  the  Coral  Sea  and  at  Midway,  U.  S. 

and    Japanese    aircraft    inflicted    heavy 

losses  on  each  other's  surface  veij^els. 
The  balance  of  battle  swung  in  favor 

of  the   U.   S.  with   dramatic  ^iddenncss 

on  January  5,    1943  when  a  Jap'Aichi 

99  dive  bomber  flew  within  range  of  the 

I'SS    Helena's    five-inch    gun!j.    On    tlie 

second  salvo  the  Japanese  plane  crashed 

in  flames.  The  shells  fired  by  the  Helena 

were  of  a  new  type;  mounteeL-in  the  tip 

of  each  one  was  a  tiny  radio  transmit- 
ter/receiver which   caused   the   shell    to 

explode  as  it  came  close  to  its  intepided 

target.  The  tiny  radie-^et  was  callfd  a 

"proximity  fuse."  It  defended  the  L  .  S. 

fleet   against  Japanese  aircraft,   enabling 

our  planes  to  concentrate  on  offense;  it 

helped  save    London    from    V-1     robot 

bombs;  and  it  contributed  to  the  defeat 

of  the  Nazi  armies  iriyrtnJ^attle  of  the 

Bulge.    Its   dexastaUj^Kf^  arrival     on    the 

battle  fields  of  \Voy)(i/\Var  II  was  th 

timeh'    result   oiJfr"?ww'wiii)iiliV£iiiiw 

devel()pn«*H^--tM^am^_T2ie  whole  proj-       ,ing  molded    into  the   plastic  tip   of   the 

ect  was  shrouded  in  secrecy  tcir^earihac  -  fu«cr'^fre"'m"Tfg '  !lll'(1    Ttif    l5(KtT~of"  tKe""' 

shell  itself  served  as  the  radiating  sys- 
tem, and  were  excited  by  a  high  fre- 
quency vacuum  tube  oscillator.  The 
presence  of  a  target  body  within  the 
radiation  pattern  changed  the  energy  ab- 
sorption of  the  antenna,  cau.sing  a 
change  in  oscillator  plate  current.  This 
change  of  current  was  amplified  in  sev- 
eral tiny  \acuum  tubes  and  made  to  send 
a  current  through  an  electric  blasting 
cap,  thus  detonating  the  shell. 

This  seemingly  simple  device,  actual- 
ly fantastically  difficult  to  make  opera- 
ti\e  in  the  tiny  space  and  rugged  en- 
vironment of  a  shell,  multiplied  the  ef- 
fcctixeness  of  the  Na\y's  anti-aircraft 
fire.  While  the  first  trickle  of  proximity 
fuses  were  reaching  the  Pacific  fleet, 
only  one  out  of  four  AA  shells  fired  had 
a  proximity  fuse,  yet  these  few  account- 


curacy  to  insure  bursts  at  the  height  and 
range  desired.  Shells  travel  several 
hundred  feet  in  one-tenth  of  a  second, 
so  in  practice  the  explosion  might  occur 
anywhere  along  a  1000  ft.  path.  Thus 
h.-mdicapped,  artiilerv'  fire  was  unable  to 
follow  the  coimtours  of  terraui,  and 
anti-aircraft  was  "good"  when  it 
brought  down  one  plane  for  e\ery  2.^00 
shots. 

A  fuse  operated  by  proximity  rather 
than  by  contact  or  by  timing  was  a  sim- 
ple enough  idea,  ^ut  to  develop  an  oper- 
able device  for  mass  production  was  in- 
credibly difficvilt.  All  combatants  in 
World  War' 1 1  attempted  it,  but  the 
owl\'  successful"*  development  of  prox- 
imity fusts  for  shells  was  American. 
les  Phinney  Baxter  Jird,  historian  of 
(Office  of  Scientific  Research  and  De- 
velopment, has  written  that,  except  for 
the  development  of  the  atomic  bomb, 
developnwlt  of  the  proximity  fuse  con- 
stituted the  most  remarkable  scientific 
achievement  of  the  war. 
'  The  fuse  had  to  be  sensit 
in  operation,  safe 
ly  detonated  whe 
ence  of  a  tar 
tern  were  not. 
fragmentation 
be  mere 
tro\"in 


ed  for  more  than  half  of  all  enemy 
planes  shot  down  by  anti-aircraft  fire. 
As  the  gunners  became  more  accus- 
tomed to  the  new  devices,  the  ratio  of 
improvement  grew  even  greater. 

To  the  Army,  the  proximity  fuse  of- 
fered an  ideal  means  of  opening  holes  in 
enemy  lines  for  advancing  troops.  All 
bursts  inflict  most  damage  to  troops  in 
trenches  and  foxholes  when  exploded  at 
the  proper  height.  Shells  fitted  with 
radio  proximity  fuses  could  deliver  uni- 
form bursts  at  the  preferred  height  re- 
gardless of  variations  in  terrain,  bad 
weatljif,  or  darkness.  There  was  danger, 
however,  that  the  enemy  migljt  recover 
a  dud  and  be  able  to  duplicate  the  fuse 
in  time  fT>  use  it  against  us.  THtrefore, 
the  Qimbined  Qii^fs  of  Staff  main- 
roximit\'  fuses  coidd 
,ater,  where  there 
of  compromising  the 


he    Ci)i 


and  rapid 

instant- 

le  pres- 

pat- 

1    to    the 


en 

of  194i^-3-tl1s"threat--t(iJ:he  area; 

the  forces  destined  to  ijiyade  No 


the  enemy  might  turn  our  weapon 
against  us;  exposure  of  our  bomber  for- 
mations to  enemy  proximity-fused  fire 
coidd  have  imperiled  allied  mastery  of 
the  air. 

In  nulitary  terminology,  the  device 
that  explodes  a  shell  is  called  a  fuse. 
Prior  to  the  development  of  the  prox- 
imity fuse,  two  types  of  fuses  were  iti 
use:  contact  fuses,  exploded  by  contact 
with  their  target;  and  time  fvises,  set  to 
explode  a  fixed  time  after  being  fired. 
Contact  fuses  were  satisfactory  for  use 
against  ships,  tanks,  and  strong  biuld- 
ings.  For  anti-aircraft  and  anti-person- 
nel fire,  time  fuses  were  used,  set  to  ex- 
plode the  projectile  at  a  point  w  here  the 
maximum  number  of  fragments  would 
pass  through  the  target.  The  difHcult\ 
was  to  set  the  fuses  with  sufficient  ac- 


ule  tha 
be    fii;^jLonly 
would  ^  no   risk 
device. 

Secret   intelligeflte   that   the   (jermans 

prep_ariiig    to    use robot     bombs 

ainst  London  ;t«d  tha^Swtsinf  south- 
ern Kngland  \v<is^  recened  iil^the  fall 
where 
I  mj/ade  Aormandy 
wei'g^athering,  imperiled  the  success  of 
rVip>o;ieat  cross  channel  operation.  De- 
'  information -ctincerning  the  buzz 
was  sped  fp'om  allied  intelligence 
proximity  fuse  labora- 
nths  before  the  first  V-1 
IjimrfTTeTi  on  LngiaTKr.  X  iromplete 
«Tockup  of  the  robot  bomb  was  con- 
structed and  hinig_JijXij:^&li~tft:-i^to^\'f  s 
near'AlbilS^mcfue,  New  _,Mexico.  Tests 
were  made  to  find-T\*lilch  model  prox- 
imity fuse  woidd  function  best  against 
these  targets.  The  Combined  Chiefs  of 
Staff"  relaxed  their  rules  to  permit  the 
use  of  the  fuses  against  the  new  Nazi 
menace.  Three  months  before  the  first 
buzz  bomb  fell  on  British  soil,  a  ship- 
ment of  proximity  fuses  arrived  in  Eng- 
land. Inuring  the  second  week  in  July, 
anti-aircraft  guns  with  SCR-584  radars 
and  M-9  predictors  were  concentrated 
on  the  Channel  coast  (where  duds  and 
early  bursts  would  not  be  dangerous  to 
civilians).  In  the  first  week  of  prox- 
imity fuse  operation,  2'\'^'c  of  targets 
shot  at  were  destroyed,  46*^  in  the  sec- 
ond. hV',  in  the  third  and  79','  in  the 
fourth.    On   the   last   da\-   of   the   80-day 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


V-1  siege,  104  were  detected  by  early 
warning  radar,  but  only  4  reached  Lon- 
don. Sixteen  failed  to  reach  the  coast, 
14  were  shot  down  by  the  R.A.F.,  2 
were  enmeshed  by  barrage  balloons,  and 
anti-aircraft  fire  destroyed  68. 

After  the  invasion  was  launched,  the 
(.'iiinbined  Chiefs  released  proximit\' 
tuscs  for  the  defense  of  the  artificial 
".\Iullberr\ "  harbors  constructed  ofif 
tlie  Normandy  beaches,  and  later  off 
Cherbourg,  but  no  general  release  for 
use  over  land  was  permitted.  The  Army 
was  eager  for  their  use,  however,  so 
careful  estimates  were  made  of  the  short- 
est possible  time  in  which  (jerniany  or 
japan  might  duplicate  the  fuse.  FinalK, 
the  Allied  High  Command  determined 
to  use  it  for  howitzer  fire  in  an  offen- 
sive planned  for  December  26,  1944. 
I'efore  this  offensive  could  be  launched, 
h()\ve\er,  the  Germans  beat  us  to  the 
punch,  starting  the  great  struggle  known 
as  the  Battle  of  the  Bulge.  Fortunately, 
proximity  fuses  were  on  hand  to  stem 
the  German  advance  toward  Meuse  and 
the  threat  to  Lipg*.»As  familiarity  with 
the  fuse  and  appreciatTNi^__of  its  capabil- 
ities grew,  i/s  use  was  ex>emlpJ  from 
anti-aircraft 'and  howitzer  applications 
arrassing  and  inte/diction 
;md  in  fog  as  well  tis  coun- 
perations  anai+^'patt*^  of 
introduction 


The  author  is  shown  preparing  a  sketch  of  a  proximity  fuse  for  an  artillery 
shell. 


to  mcluile 
file  b\-  nigl 
ter-batter\ 
tile    front.    TF 


the  proximity  fuse  had  a  dexastatin 
tect  on  the  Nazis.  Prisoners  of  wf 
characterized  our  artillery  as  the  most 
demoralizing  and  destructive  ever  en- 
countered. The  terrific  execution  in- 
llicted  and  the  consternation  resulting 
trom  night  and  day  bombardment  con- 
tributed materially  to  victor\'  in  the 
Uulge.  In  the  offensives  that  followed, 
notably  the  crossings  of  the  Rhine,  and 
in  the  defense  of  Antwerp  against  V-l's 
the  proximity  fuse  continued  to  pro\e 
its  worth.  It  was  used  to  great  effect  in 
the  Mediterranean  theatre  and  in  the 
heavy  fighting  on  (Okinawa  and  Luzon. 
Near  the  end  of  the  war,  a  radio  prox- 
imity fuse  developed  for  the  Army's  81 
mm  mortar  increased  effectiveness  of 
mortar  fire  by  10  or  twenty- fold. 

For  the  Air  Force,  proximity  fuse 
hombs  and  rockets  were  de\eloped,  al- 
though they  could  not  be  used  until  it 
was  certain  that  (jermany  and  Japan 
would  not  have  time  to  duplicate  them 
tor  use  against  us.  They  were  first  used 
with  great  effect  by  bombers  of  the 
7th  Air  Force  asainst  Iwo  Jima  in 
i'ehruary  1945.  They  paralyzed  enemy 
AA  and  mortar  fire  on  this  and  other 
occasions  in  the  Pacific,  European  and 
.Mediterranean  theatres.  P  r  o  x  i  m  i  t  y- 
fused  general-purpose,  fragmentation, 
an<i  Kel-gas  bombs  were  used  with  dead- 
1\  effect  b\  the  12th  Air  Force  in  Italy 
against  personnel  and  materiel  shielded 
from  ordinary  ground  bursts.  In  the 
strikes  by  the  Third  Fleet  against  Japan 


near  the  end  of  the  war,  about  one-third 
of  all  bombs  dropped  by  the  carrier 
|ilanes  had  proximity  fuses. 

The  complexity  and  magnitude  of  the 
proximity  fuse  program  rank  it  among 
the  scientific  achievements  of  World 
War  II.  A  radio  transmitter  receiver, 
complete  with  its  power  supplies,  had 
*^o  be  fitted  into  a  space  about  the  size 
2?"-a~-^onventional  radio  receiving  tube. 
A^slie'^waje  time,  it  had  to  be  made 
rugge<r>Hmj^-..h)  withstand  the  shock 
of  firing  an?S<j^£~'T'eutrifugal  force  of 
rotation  as  the  shetK^Min  tH^ight 
tiny  electron  tubes  uselt-4l^re  ""^, 
components  most  vulnerabIe'"-Sii, 
forces.  Not  only  could  the  tin\ 
not  break;  their  delicate  cathodes, 
and  grids  had  to  maintain  alignmen 
lest  the  performance  of  the  tube  be  im 
paired  or  destroyed.  The  requirements 
of  extreme  ruggedness  applied  not  only 
to  tubes,  but  to  batteries,  condensers, 
resistors,  switches  and  all  the  other 
variegated  components.  Plastic  molding 
techniques,  using  casting  resins  to  holdj 
the  many  parts  in  place  were  developei 
for  ruggedization  of  the  entire  fuse  as 
sembly.  A  miniature  dry  battery  able  to' 
stand  the  shock  of  firing  from  the  gun 
was  developed  biit  scaling  to  ever  small- 
er sizes  for  smaller  shells  was  difficult, 
and  shelf  life  was  a  problem.  Therefore, 
a  batter\-  was  developed  using  a  liquid 
electrolyte  stored  in  a  glass  container. 
The  glass  was  broken  by  the  firing  of 
the  shell  and  the  spin  of  rotation  after 
firing  spread  the  electrolyte  into  the 
battery  plates.  For  unrotated  projectiles 
such  as  bombs,  rockets,  and  mortar 
shells,  a  propeller-driven  generator  was 
used  in  lieu  of  batteries. 

Fidl  production  was  begun  in  Janu- 
ary, 1942.  Standards  of  performance 
were  the  highest  ever  set  for  .assembly 
line  technique!!.  For  example,  every  tube 


manufactured  was  spun  in  a  centrifuge 
to  ,ui  acceleration  of  20,000  Cj  and 
hundreds  of  thousands  were  shot  from 
guns  in  quality  control  tests.  By  Sep- 
tember 1942,  production  of  proximity 
fuse  shells  had  reached  400  per  day. 
In  the  middle  of  November  4500  shells 
were  sent  out  to  the  Pacific  to  the  ships 
most  likely  to  see  early  action.  The 
Japanese  plane  which  flamed  into  the 
ocean  from  1  IcUnii's  first  shots  on  Janu- 
the  effect 
land/-.4Mi  .iud  air  (V  the  proximity 
the  peak 
-fourth  of 
ction  facili- 
ythe  plastic 
lion  fuses 
ith  ;    over 


|cion  \Laf«^"ai^eil„ouT  under  c 
•<urity"co>i^iv1is:   *^ach   succi 
>i/c 
(nv.  1( 


ucces- 

was     per- 

ke\J,  room.  Few 


tiieil  in  a  diffsi* 

lividuals  knjyh-  lyliat  the  Vnil  proi 
most  I'Um'^  fiid;  tli-it\th";-  were 
wfVking  onj'il^uiie  .vil!;^ljiipments  of 
profcimity  fuses  were  ai'co.mpanied  by 
armed  guards,  and  iiO-pfrsonnel  were 
permitted  to  leave  shi|is  transporting  the 
fuses  until  each  shell  had  been  .accounted 
for. 

The  tiny  rugged  tubes  developed  for 
pro\iniit\'  fuses  still  find  some  use  today 
in  rockets  and  missiles,  although  they 
have  been  largely  superseded  by  the 
post-war  transistor.  Casting  resin  tech- 
niques are  now  standard  in  rugged 
equipments.  Probably  the  outstanding 
contribution  of  the  proximity  fuse  pro- 
gram to  electronic  technology  is  the 
now-ubiquitous  printed  circuit;  first  de- 
veloped for  proximitN'  fuses,  these  wide- 
h'  used  circuits  remind  electronics  peo- 
ple of  the  days  when  radio  fuses  stood 
between  the  free  and  slave  worlds. 


APRIL,  19d0 


11 


The  word  space  commonly  represents  the  outer,  airless  regions  of  the  universe. 
But  there  is  quite  another  kind  of  "space"  close  at  hand,  a  kind  that  will  always 
challenge  the  genius  of  man. 

This  space  can  easily  be  measured.  It  is  the  space-dimension  of  cities  and  the 
distance  between  them  .  .  .  the  kind  of  space  found  between  mainland  and  off- 
shore oil  rig,  between  a  tiny,  otherwise  inaccessible  clearing  and  its  supply 
base,  between  the  site  of  a  mountain  crash  and  a  waiting  ambulance— above  all, 
Sikorsky  is  concerned  with  the  precious  "spaceway"  that  currently  exists  be- 
tween all  earthbound  places. 

Our  engineering  efforts  are  directed  toward  a  variety  of  VTOL  and  STOL 
aircraft  configurations.  Among  earlier  Sikorsky  designs  are  some  of  the  most 
versatile  airborne  vehicles  now  in  existence;  on  our  boards  today  are  the  ve- 
hicles that  can  prove  to  be  tomorrow's  most  versatile  means  of  transportation. 

Here,  then,  is  a  space  age  challenge  to  be  met  with  the  finest  and  most  practical 
engineering  talent.  Here,  perhaps,  is  the  kind  of  challenge  you  can  meet. 


DIKORSKY 
AIRCRAFT 


For  information  about  careers  with  us,  please  ad- 
dress Mr.  Richard  L.  Auten,  Personnel  Department. 


One  of  the  Divisions  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation 
STRATFORD,   CONNECTICUT 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THE  WULLENWEBER   RADIO 
DIRECTION   FINDER 


At  The  University  of  Illinois 


By  John  W.  Kravcik 


For  quite  a  few  years  a  research  pro- 
gram in  radio  direction  finders  has  been 
Soina:  on  at  the  l'niversit\'  of  Illinois 
under  the  sponsorship  of  the  (^fHce  of 
Naval  Research.  The  program  has  been 
one  of  research  and  not  one  of  desiginnt!; 
specific  eqiu'pment. 

As  earlv  as  1946  research  in  the  field 
of  radio  direction  findino;  was  going  on 
here  at  the  L  iiiversity  of  Illinois  under 
the  direction  of  Profes-or  E.  C.  Jordan, 
now  head  of  the  Electrical  Engineering 
Department  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois. Various  experiments  and  studies 
have  led  up  to  the  existing  status  of 
radio  direction  finding  research  now  in 
progress.  This  report  will  be  mainh' 
concerned  with  an  explanation  of  the 
Wullenweber  system,  the  research  that 
has  gone  on  concerning  the  Widlen- 
\veber-T\pe  Antenna  Array;  and  also 
to  a  lesser  extent  the  Adcock  Radio 
Direction   I-'inder  for  comparison. 

Although  the  evaluation  of  the  Wul- 
lenweber radio  direction  finder  has  not 
\et  been  completed,  indications  are  that 
it  is  very  much  superior  to  any  other 
known  type  of  direction  finde'\  Man>' 
changes  in  design  are  now  being  con- 
sidered which  will  improve  the  Wullen- 
weber system.  The  Wullenweber  sys- 
tem was  designed  and  built  by  the  Fed- 
eral Telecommunications  Lab.  and  con- 
structed under  the  supervision  of  the 
L  niversit\'  of  Illinois. 

Direction  finders  can  be  classified 
into  two  broad  areas.  One  area  is  the 
fixing  of  a  transimtter  from  a  known  re- 
ceixing  site  and  the  other  is  fixing  of  a 
receiver  location  from  a  known  trans- 
mitter. The  type  of  direction  finding 
that  will  be  discussed  in  this  paper  will 
be  the  type  that  is  concerned  with  get- 
ting the  bearing  of  a  signal  by  evaluat- 
ing the  direction  of  propagation  at  a  re- 
ceiving point  rather  than  evaluating  the 
time  of  arrival.  The  latter  is  usually 
used  in  navigation  system  such  as  loran 
or  inverse  loran. 

One  of  the  earliest  methods  u-ed  to 
measure  the  direction  of  arrival  of  a 
radio  wa\e  was  a  loop  antenna.  H:d- 
anced,  shielded  loop  antennas  were  satis- 
factory for  low  frequency  ground  wa\es, 
but  the  rotating  loop  left  very  much  to 


be  desired  at  higher  frequency  iono- 
spherically   propagated   signals. 

The  Adcock  system  is  the  successor 
to  the  loop  antenna,  and  until  the  ad- 
vent of  the  Wullenweber,  was  the  best 
and  most  commonly  used  system  for 
radio  direction  findings.  Fig.  1  is  a  block 
diagram  of  the  Adcock  system.  The  sys- 
tem is  deiined  as  a  4-elemcnt  Adcock 
antenna  system,  1ft  feet  in  diameter,  and 
is  used  in  conjunction  with  a  twin  chan- 
nel receiver  and  cathode  ray  tube  gonio- 
meter. This  type  of  system  is  known  as  a 
small  anerture  radio  direction  finder. 
The  difference  between  a  large  and 
small  aperture  system  lies  in  the  fact 
that  in  a  small  aperture  the  largest  di- 
mension of  the  antenna  system  is  one 
wave  length  !  The  main  downfall  in 
the  Adcock  system  is  multipath  propa- 
gation, or  in  other  words,  the  same  sig- 
nal arriving  from  two  different  direc- 
tions. 

The  Wullenweber  radio  direction 
finder  has  now  been  completed  by  the 
University  of  Illinois  and  is  in  the  test- 
iiig  stage.  The  idea  for  the  Widlen- 
weber  was  first  concived  bv  the  (Ternian 
Naval  Ministry  during  World  War  II. 
Two  systems  were  put  into  operation 
with  a  high  degree  of  success.  1  he 
evaluation  by  the  (jermans  showed  that 
the  wide  aperture  Wullenweber  had 
definite  operational  advantages  over  any 
other  known  direction  finder. 

The  technique  used  in  the  Wullen- 
weber is  basically  a  method  wherein 
the  equi\'alenr  pattern  of  a  mechanicd- 
ly  rotating  planar  array  of  antennas  is 
obtained  by  a  number  of  fixed  antenna 
elements  symmetrically  placed  in  a  cir- 
cle, behind  which  is  a  circular  array  of 
reflectors.  In  other  words,  two  concen- 
tric circles  are  formed,  the  one  with  the 
larger  diameter  being  the  antenna  ar- 
ray. The  purpose  of  the  reflectors,  nat- 
urally, being  to  block  any  sirnal  from 
being  received  from  the  back  side  of 
the  antenna. 

Fig.  2  shows  :<n  air  \iew  of  the  Wul- 
lenweber site  which  is  located  south  of 
Horuhille.  Illinois.  The  project  direc- 
tor for  the  Wullenweber  is  Dr.  Hay- 
den.  A  close  look  at  Fig.  2  will  reveal 
the  two  concentric  arrays  mentioned  pre- 


viously. The  inner  arrav  which  is  much 
larger  in  height  is  the  reflecting  screen. 
The  outer  array  which  shows  as  white 
poles  on  the  photo,  is  the  antennas. 

In  order  to  convert  the  configuration 
into  a  rotating  planar  array,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  select  a  segment  of  adjacent  an- 
tenna elements  and,  in  effect,  rotate 
elertricalh'  the  sector  around  the  array 
by  some  means  of  commutation.  It  is  also 
necessary  to  insert  delay  lines  so  that 
the  rignals  from  the  various  antennas 
will  arrive  at  a  common  mixing  point 
in  phase,  and  thus  be  additive.  Fig.  3 
illustrates  the  principle  involved.  It 
shows  a  group  of  five  antennas  placed 
on  an  arc  of  a  circle,  and  a  signal  source 
placed  a  sufficient  distance  so  that  it 
can  be  considered  planar.  As  can  be 
seen,  the  signal  arrives  first  at  the  ele- 
ment in  plane  1  and  then  at  certain  time 
intervals,  later  at  planes  2  and  3.  There- 
fore, in  order  to  achieve  the  planar  ef- 
fect the  signals  from  antennas  1,  2  and 
4  must  be  delayed  b\  the  time  required 
for  the  wave  to  p.-iss  from  place  1  to 
plane  3. 

Now  in  order  to  get  .?ft(l  coverage 
all  the  elements  are  coimected  to  a 
switching  device  known  as  a  goniometer 
wb.ich  contains  the  delay  lines  and  is  lo- 
cated in  the  center  of  the  array.  It  is 
a  commutator  type  device.  The  rotor  se- 
lects a  predetermined  number  of  adja- 
cent antenna  elements  progressively 
picking  up  one  and  droppmg  one  ele- 
ment as  it  rotates,  thus  gi\in'T  .?(-!) 
co\erage.  This  signal  is  then  fed  to  some 
type  of  indicator  such  as  a  rotating  yoke 
cathode  rav  tube  set  up  and  the  signal 
is  displaved  visually  on  a  cath.oile  ray 
tube.  The  type  of  display  can  usu.ally 
be  cither  a  maximum  or  ludl  tvpe  dis- 
play on  the  cathode  ra\'  tube.  The  rota- 
tion of  the  >oke  and  the  goniometer  are 
svnchronized,  gi\ing  a  true  indication 
of  the  bearing  on  the  scope. 

The  Wullenweber  direction  finder 
can  be  broken  down  into  the  following 
component  parts: 

1.  Antenna  Elements  .and  Screen 

2.  Cables 

3.  Goniometer 
-k   Receiver 

S:   Indicator 


APRIL,   1960 


13 


-XNC0N11M6-  Sl6-KyAL_ 


--[      Othode-  Rav  lugE       Cathooe  RA^TuBe 


^L-OcLK     PfA<3-RAM      OF     A^^oclK      I^.  P.  P. 


Fig.  1 


6.  Indic'itnr  Control  Unit 

7.  Iiuliciitor  Sci\o  System 

The  system  was  designed  to  operate 
in  the  range  of  frequencies  of  4  to  I  f) 
mc. 

In  designing  the  Wullcnwcbei-  tin- 
first  problem  met  was  to  decide  upon 
the  diameter  of  the  array.  Many  factors 
entered  into  the  determination  of  the 
diameter  of  the  arra\',  the  three  most 
important  ones  being  sensitivity  in  an- 
gular activit)-,  frequency  range  ami 
economy.  It  was  felt  that  in  onler  to 
get  any  worthwhile  improvement  in  a 
large  aperture  system  over  a  small 
aperture  system,  it  was  necessary  to 
make  the  diameter  of  the  array  at  least 
one  wave  length  at  the  low  frequency 
range.  After  careful  consideration  the 
diameter  of  1  ()()()  feet  was  choosen.  ( )ne 
himdred  twenty  antennas  would  be  re- 
q\iired  for  this  dimension. 

The  next  important  step  was  to  se- 
lect a  site  upon  which  to  bvn'ld  the  sys- 
tem. An  area  of  40  acres  was  sufficient 
for  the  arra\'  alone,  but  a  total  area 
of  360  acres  was  needed  because  the 
surrounding  terrain  must  be  completely 
free  of  obstructions.  After  months  of 
searching  for  a  suitable  site,  one  was 
finally  found  about  10  miles  southwest 
of  Champaign.  I'reliminar\-  sur\cying 
and   excavating   were   contracted   out    to 


local  firms  by  the  University.  The  an- 
tenna arrav  construction  began  in  late 
1056. 

The  supporting  poles  for  the  reflect- 
ing screen  are  75  feet  long.  One  hun- 
ilreti  t\vi-nt\  poles  were  set  into  the 
ground  ahciut  0  feet  deep.  Boom  boards 
were  then  hung  between  the  poles  to 
support  the  ground  wires.  The  ground 
wires  were  then  suspended  from  the 
boom  boards  every  J/>  degree  and  at- 
tached to  a  grovmd  mat  of  2  X  2  copper 
ground  mesh.  Normalh'  better  groimd- 
ing  would  be  required,  but  the  conduc- 
tivity of  the  soil  at  the  site  is  extremely 
high.  All  the  above  mentioned  work 
was  done  h\  local  contractors. 

The  antemias  (folded  dipoles)  were 
designed  here  at  the  University  b\'  the 
people  connected  with  the  project.  Most 
of  the  design  was  done  on  a  model  basis. 

The  .-uitennas  were  then  constructed 
.md  set  into  place  on  2X2  foot  con- 
crete found.-itions.  The  height  of  the 
.■mteiuias  ,-ire  appro\imatel\'  U)  feet.  A 
coupling  box  mounted  at  the  base  of 
each  antenna  was  iiro\ided  to  house  the 
coupling  translormer,  element  terminat- 
ing resistors,  and  cable  termination.  Nat- 
urally, 120  coupling  boxes  were  re- 
quired. These  boxes  are  air  tight,  water- 
proot,  met.al  contamcrs.  In  or<ler  to  as- 
sure   that    the    components   contamed    in 


the  boxes  are  kept  dry,  the  boxes  are 
pressurized  (at  15  p.s.i.)  with  dehumidi- 
fied air.  In  order  to  supply  the  coupling 
boxes  with  dry  air  under  pressure,  there 
must  be  a  source  of  dry  air  to  each  box. 
This  problem  was  solved  by  using  a 
y^"  Phelps-Dodge  Styroflex  cable  which 
has  an  inner  conductor  of  solid  copper 
and  an  outer  conductor  of  a  seamless 
aluminum  tube.  The  inner  conductor  is 
supported  by  helical  polystyrene  tape. 
The  outer  conductor  is  covered  by  a 
polyethylene  jacket.  This  type  of  cable 
also  has  to  be  pressurized.  Therefore, 
since  one  end  of  the  cable  terminates 
m  the  coupling  box,  the  cable  could  he 
used  as  a  dry  air  supph'  for  the  boxes. 
This  t\pe  of  cable  was  available  in  con- 
timious  lengths  long  enough  to  meet 
the  requirements  without  splicing.  It  is 
also  rugged,  of  very  low  loss,  and  rela- 
tively easy  to  install.  Since  the  manu- 
facturing tolerance  on  the  \elocity  o1 
the  cable  is  2'',,  cutting  the  cable  by 
physical  length  woidd  not  have  been 
satisfactory.  The  cables  were  ready  to 
be  cut  before  the  operations  building 
was  built,  therefore,  the  initial  cut  of 
the  cable  was  ilone  b\'  physical  measure- 
ment. The  cables  were  measured  and 
then  ,1  few  feet  were  added  for  toler- 
.ince. 

For  each   cable   a   ,i    foot   deep   trench 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Fig.  2.  The  advantages  of  a  wide-apertive  direction-of-propagation  measuring  device  are  studied  by  radio  direc- 
tion finding  researchers  with  this  Wullenweber  system,  which  has  a  diameter  of  1000  feet. 


was  dug  and  the  cables  were  buried. 
Each  90  degree  sector  of  cable  was  fo- 
cused to  a  point  about  100  feet  from 
the  center  of  the  array.  At  this  point 
a  large  rectangular  hole  was  dug  to  coil 
excess  cable  lengths.  From  here  all  the 
cables  are  enclosed  in  a  2  foot  diameter 
drainage  pipe  which  extends  into  the 
basement  of  the  operations  buihlini;. 
The  final  cut  of  the  cables  was  made  b\ 
using  electrical  measurements.  This  was 
done  by  short  circuit  impedance  meas- 
urements at  10  mc.  Since  the  cable  im- 
pedance varies  with  temperature  it  was 
necessary  to  make  the  final  cut  after 
the  cables  had  been  buried  and  the  tem- 
perature was  a  constant  through  out 
the  cable.  Two  dehumidifiers  are  used 
to  supply  the  dry  air  to  the  cables. 

All  of  the  terminal  equipment  such 
as  delay  lines,  goniometer,  recei\ers,  and 
indicator  s\stem  were  designed  and  pro- 
sided  by  the  Federal  Telecommunica- 
tions Laboratories,  a  division  of  Inter- 
national Telephone  and  Telegraph. 

The  delay  lines  were  provided  in  two 
sets,  low  and  high  band,  which  are 
mounted  on  the  goniometer.  The  low- 
band  delay  lines  co\er  the  frequency 
range  of  4  to  S  mc  and  the  high  band 
covers  the  range  of  frequencies  from  8 
to  16  mc.  A  goniometer,  which  is  a  ro- 
tating, commutation  type  device  is  lo- 
cated in  the  basement  of  the  operations 
building.  It  is  basically  a  capacitive  type 
of  de\'ice.  Each  of  the  120  antenna 
cables  are  connected  to  a  stator.  The 
stator  is  in  the  form  of  a  cylinder,  whose 
( ('.'iiiliiiiu/l  on   Pai/c   17) 


Fafnir  Ball  Bearings  help  turbojets 
set  new  performance  records 


A  recent  article  in  a  leading  newspaper  quoted 
airline  executives  to  the  effect  that  Pratt  and 
Whitney  Aircraft  jet  engines  are  proving  to  be 
the  most  reliable  ever  put  into  commercial 
planes. 

In  designing  these  jet  engines,  Pratt  & 
Whitney  Aircraft  looked  to  The  Fafnir  Bearing 
Company  as  a  major  source  for  main  rotor 
thrust  bearings,  generally  regarded  as  among 
the  critical  engine  components,  and  one  of  the 
most  exacting  to  produce.  Each  ball  bearing  is 
custom-built  and  rigorously  tested.  Tolerances 
are  held  to  the  millionths-of-an-inch. 

P&WA  turned  to  Fafnir  because  of  Fafnir's 
long  experience  in  the  design  and  development 
of  aircraft  bearings.  Fafnir  established  an  air- 


craft division  thirty  years  ago,  the  first  in  the 
industry,  and  through  it,  is  keeping  pace  with 
the  revolutionary  changes  in  aircraft  design. 
To  help  solve  this  and  other  ball  bearing 
problems,  Fafnir  maintains  the  most  up-to-date 
facilities  for  metallurgical  research,  and  bear- 
ing development  and  testing.  Fafnir  may  be 
able  to  help  you  some  day.  Worth  bearing  in 
mind.  The  Fafnir  Bearing  Company,  New 
Britain,  Connecticut. 


FAFNIR 

BALL    BEARINGS 

Most  Complete  Line  in  America 


APRIL,   1960 


15 


New  styles  for  the  man-about-space 


Every  time  a  space  traveler  leaves  home  (earth),  he  has  to  wrap  himself  in 
the  complete  environment  necessary  to  his  physiological  and  psychological 
well-being.  Styling  sealed  space  capsules  to  suit  man's  every  requirement 
has  been  a  major  project  at  Douglas  for  more  than  ten  years.  Forty  basic 
human  factors  arecis  were  explored  in  these  studies.  Now  Douglas  engineers 
have  evolved  plans  for  practical  space  ships,  space  stations  and  moon 
stations  in  which  men  can  live  and  work  with  security  thousands  of  miles 
from  their  home  planet.  We  are  seeking  qualified  engineers  and  scientists 
who  can  aid  us  in  furthering  these  and  other  out-of-this-world  but  very  down- 
to-earth  projects.  Write  C.  C.  LaVene  Box  600-M,  Douglas  Aircraft  Company, 
Santa  Monica,  California. 


Dr.  Eugene  Konecci,  Head,  Life  Sciences  Section,  reviews  a  new  concept 
in  space  cabin  design  with  Arthur  E.  Raymond, 
Senior  Engineering  Vice  President  of 


DOUGLAS 


MISSILE  AND  SPACE  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  DC-8  JETLINERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMBB  ■  GROUND  SUPPORT  EQUIPMENT 

16  THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


( C.iiiiliiiiii  <l  from  Pdi/c  Ij) 
<liameter  is  about  two  fi't't,  witli  12l) 
separate  segments.  The  rotor,  which  is 
c\HndricaI  in  shape  also  fits  inside  of 
the  stator  and  rotates  at  600  RPM. 
Provisions  were  built  into  the  goni- 
ometer so  that  it  is  able  to  feed  more 
tlian  one  indicator  at  a  time. 

The  receiver  supplied  with  the  termi- 
nal equipment  was  a  Signal  Corps  t\pe 
15C-1147-A.  It's  performance  has  beon 
\er\-  unsatisfactory  and  has  ^"ince  hem 
replaced.  A  discussion  of  th's  will  be 
presented  later  in  the  paper  when  the 
oxcrall  system  evaluation  and  recom- 
mendation will  be  discussed. 

The  indicator  unit  makes  use  of  a 
Id-inch  magnetically-deflected  cathode 
ra\'  tube,  whose  beam  is  radially  de- 
flected b\-  a  deflection  coil  which  is  ro- 
fUed  in  synchronism  with  the  goni- 
ometer. Synchronism  between  the  deflec- 
tion yoke  and  gon'ometer  is  maintained 
b\  a  servo  system  which  uses  three 
wire  synchro  units  as  the  error  sensing 
dc\  ice.  The  bearing  of  a  signal  may  be 
read  by  lining  up  the  ciu'sor  with  the 
pattern  on  the  face  of  the  tube.  Fig. 
4  shows  the  t\pe  of  displays  that  the 
s\stem  puts  out.  As  mentioned  previ- 
ously, two  types  of  displays  can  be  ob- 
tained— the  maximum  and  the  null  t\ne. 
Fig.  4A  shows  the  maximum  and  Fig. 
41?  shows  the  null  type  pattern. 

(^n  the  indicators  furnished  for  use 
with  this  system,  automatic  recording  is 
accomplished  by  gearing  to  the  ciiror 
a  digital  shaft  position  encoder.  This  en- 
coder is  used  to  control  the  piuiching 
of  paper  tape  bv  a  Teletvpe  tape  punch. 

On  March  12,  1958,  the  first  test 
was  made  on  the  completed  system.  The 
test  run  was  verv  successful.  Bearings 
taken  on  station  WWV  agreed  to  with- 
in 0.2  degrees  of  the  calculated  bearin;!;. 
Fvntber  tests  were  made  using  the  fol- 
lowing procedure:  A  target  transmitter 
was  located  in  a  ieep  station  wagon  a 
distance  of  two  miles  or  more  from  the 
site.  A  red  kytoon  was  flown  above 
the  jeep.  The  bearing  of  the  k\toon  was 
then  measured  with  a  surveyor's  transit 
from  a  point  on  the  roof  of  the  building 
exactly  in  the  center  of  the  arra\'.  At 
each  location  of  the  target,  transmitter 
signals  were  transmitted  on  each  inte- 
gral megacNcle  frequency  between  4  and 
20  mc.  The  indicated  bearing  was  read 
by  the  operator  not  aware  of  the  true 
bearing  to  the  nearest  J4  degree. 

Results  of  this  test  were  again  very 
gratifiyng.  For  the  most  part  the  er- 
rors were  less  than  ^  degree,  with  only 
occasional  points  being  in  error  by  more 
than  one  degree.  Admittedly,  the  meth- 
od of  getting  the  so-called  true  bearing 
of  the  transmitter  by  using  a  transit  is 
open  to  criticism.  Further  tests  will  be 
made  using  some  type  of  air  craft  as 
the  target  transmitter  carrier.  This  will 
he   of   interest   because  most   of   the   sig- 


Sie-NAL     SOURCE 


MIXING- 
POINT 

DliDZ,D3jD4,D5=  DELAY    LINES 

FIGURE  5 

WULLEN     WEBER   ARRAY 


nals  picked  up  by  the  system  are  not 
ground  waves,  but  reflected  waves.  1  he 
problem  of  getting  the  true  bearing  ot 
the  target  transmitter  again  arises.  1  he 
only  solution  .seems  to  be  the  use  of  a 
very  large  radar  system.  More  tho\iglit 
is  being  given  to  this  problem  since  a 
large  radar  setup  would  prove  verv  cost- 

ly. 

The  sensitivity'  or  efHciency  of  the 
system  was  the  next  area  of  investiga- 
tion. The  overall  efHciency  of  the  an- 
tenna system  depends  primarih-  on  the 
efHciency  of  the  antenna  elements  and 
on  the  efficiency  of  the  goniometer.  The 
efHciency  of  the  feed  cables  is  so  high 
compared  to  the  other  devices  that  its 
effect  on  the  o\erall  efficienc\'  is  negli- 
gible. It  was  found  that  the  in  the 
anteruia  elements  is  about  d  oi'  7  db  at 
nud range,  while  the  loss  in  the  goiu- 
ometer  is  about  2.?db.  Another  interest- 
ing point  found  was  that  the  high  frc- 
quenc\-  range  of  the  system  was  linu'ted 
by  the  delay  lines,  and  not  the  antennas 
as  was  previously  thought.  The  an- 
tennas cut  off  at  about  25  mc  and  the 
delay  lines  about  16  mc.  Therefore,  the 


weake  t  link  in  the  system  seems  to  be 
the  goniometer. 

It  seems  e\ident  that  the  accurac\'  of 
the  Wullenweber  system  will  be  con- 
siderably better  than  that  of  the  small 
apertm-e  Adcock  s>stem.  The  Wullen- 
weber also  has  another  distinct  ad- 
vantage over  the  Adcock  in  that  it 
is  much  easier  to  read  visu.ilK  the  bear- 
ing of  a  signal.  In  the  .Adcock  sxstem 
one  cannot  tell  \\here  a  signal  is  coming 
from  if  the  station  is  not  identified. 
This  is  so  because  on  the  Adcock  indi- 
cator a  double  looped  pattern  is  dis- 
play ed.  (See  Fig.  4c).  The  display  of  a 
nndtipath  signal  is  very  hard  to  read 
from  the  Adcock  while  from  the  Wul- 
lenwebei-  it  is  quite  simple. 

A  cure-all  has  not  been  f<iund  in  the 
development  of  the  Wullenweber,  it  has 
its  pitfalls.  The  sensitivitx  of  the  .Ad- 
cock is  much  better  than  that  of  the 
Wullenweber.  Sensitivit\  of  the  W'ul- 
lenwebcr  could  be  improved  by  reilesign 
of  the  goniometer.  The  other  area  of 
comparison  that  hasn't  been  mentioned 
vet  is  the  comparative  costs  of  the  two 
systems.  No  actual  cost  figures  are  a\ail- 


APRIL,  1960 


17 


WULLEM     UJEBER    MAXIMUM    TYPE     INDICATOR 


FIGURE    4B 

WULLEN     WEBER     MULL      TYPE      INDICATOR 


zna 


able  for  the-  Ailojik  system  nor  are  any 
available  for  the  termination  equipment 
in  the  Wullenwebei'  setup.  Figures  are 
available  for  the  Wullcnueher,  exclud- 
iiifl  all   termination  cciuipment. 

The  cost  yiwvw  below  tor  the  W'ul- 
lenweher  only  includes  the  hardware  for 
the  antenna  s\stem,  the  cost  of  prepar- 
ing the  site  for  installation  of  the  ar- 
ray, and  the  installing  of  the  array. 
This  total  cost  amoimted  to  $198,0011. 
A  reasonable  estimate  for  an  Adcock 
svstcni,  again  excluding  termination 
eipiipment,  would  be  about  :;';,?(), 000. 
Another  point  to  consider  is  that  the 
termination  equipment  of  the  Wullen- 
weber  is  much  more  complex  than  that 
of  the  .'\dcock  and  therefore,  would 
co>r  nian\  times  moie  than  that  of  the 
Adcock.  From  the  above  then,  one  can 
see  that  the  economics  of  the  two  sys- 
tems is  an  important  factor. 

As  for  the  future  of  the  Wullen- 
weber,  there  are  man\'  things  that  are 
under  consideration.  Below  are  listed 
some  of  the  more  important  ones  along 
with  some  of  the  changes  that  have  al- 
ready been   made. 

1.  C.\)nsideration  of  using  the  new 
t\  pe  of  exponential  t\pe  of  antenna  that 
has  b?en  dexeloped  here  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois.  This  would  change  the 
range  to  2  to  32  mc. 

2.  Redesign  of  the  dela\'  lines  to  meet 
the  above  frequency  reqiurements. 

3.  I  sing  an  inducti\e  t\pe  goniom- 
eter instead  of  the  capacitive  t\pe  so  as 
to  reduce  losses. 

4.  L  sing  a  transistorized  switching 
circuit  to  replace  the  goniometer. 

3.  Obtaining  a  digital  computer  to  be 
installed  as  part  of  the  system  so  as  to 
increase  the  speed  of  data  handling. 

U.  Redesign  of  the  inchcator  to  make 
It  more  stable. 

Although  the  full  capabilities  of  the 
Widlenweber  ha\e  not  \et  been  realized 
it  is  believed  that  the  potentials  of  the 
system  are  tremendous  as  compared  to 
any  other  type  of  direction  finder.  It 
will  he  interesting  to  note  in  the  future 
whether  or  not  the  Wullenweber  direc- 
tion finder  will  be  developed  to  its  full 
extent. 


FIGURE     4C 

ADCOCK       INDICATION 


Wanted:  Stamplickers 

I  ncle  Sam  is  probably  amassing  the 
world's  largest  collection  of  trading 
stamps  after  ordering  its  drivers  to  turn 
them  in  whenever  they  come  with  gaso- 
line bought  on  government  credit.  The 
(General  Services  Administration  is  ne- 
gotiating for  cash  refunds  from  stamp 
companies,  but  one  problem  remains: 
Who's  going  to  lick  and  enter  the 
stamps  into  books. 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Pushbutton  Curls 

WdiiH'n  soon  will  be  sporting  push- 
button curls,  re\eals  Chemical  Week, 
McCjiaw-Hill  publication.  Two  com- 
panies will  market  aerosol  permanent 
wave  kits  which  are  designed  to  give 
hair  waxes  at  the  Hick  of  a  button. 

Candles  for  Defense 

The  lowly  candle  is  considered  vital 
to  U.  S.  national  defense.  A  recent  Fed- 
eral Government  study,  made  to  deter- 
mine their  availability  in  case  of  attack, 
disclosed  that  the  1.1  billion  candles 
made  at  52  plants  each  year  in  the  U.S. 
would  suppl\'  light  to  one  room  in  all 
dwellings  for   137  hours. 

Engineering  Interns 

A  college  professor  predicts  that  in- 
ternships and  residencies  now  standard 
in  the  meilical  profession,  may  soon  be 
adopted  b\  the  engineering  profession. 
He  states  that  the  last  25  years  have 
produced  so  much  new  and  professional- 
ly valuable  scientific  knowledge  that 
graduate-le\el  instruction  is  increasingly 
important.  He  expects  off -campus  grad- 
uate-le\el  teaching  to  become  an  integral 
part  of  the  total  education  program. 

Tomorrow's  City 

A  British  version  of  toniorrow-'s  city 
will  solve  traffic  problems  by  featuring 
roads   at   rooftop   level. 


Built-in  Bomb 

rampeiing  and  pilferage  of  coin- 
operateil  machines  had  reached  such 
heights  that  one  company  has  begvin 
building  small  tear-gas  bombs  into  its 
machines. 

Airport  Problem 

It  the  niai  nrunuay  ot  the  Aki(Jii 
.Municipal  Airport  is  extended  as  plan- 
ned, it  will  intersect  with  a  single-track 
spur  of  a  railroad.  Officials  are  expected 
to  build  a  tunnel  for  the  railroad,  since 
an  airport  runway  with  railroad  cross- 
ing gates  seems  highh   impractical. 

Artistic  Pipe  Fittings 

.An  industrial  suppl\  firm,  with  an 
e\e  on  the  welded  art  constructions  now- 
found  in  modern  museums,  recently  ran 
a  contest  for  the  most  intriguing  use  of 
pipe  fittings.  Wiruiing  entry  was  a  pack- 
age of  eight  fittings  and  eight  pieces  of 
pipe  assembled  into  a  sukkah — a  tent- 
like  structure  used  in  the  Jewish  re- 
ligious ceremony  of  the  Harvest  Season. 

Light,  Tough  Plastic 

Japanese  scientists  at  Kyoto  Inixer- 
sity  have  developed  a  plastic  that  is  liglit- 
er  than  aluminum  an  dharder  than  steel. 
The  synthetic  resin  is  made  from  for- 
malin, a  petroleum  and  coal  derivati\e, 
and  could  be  used  for  gearing,  and  other 
machine,  aircraft  and  missile  parts. 


Blind  Man  Beats  Machine 

A  hliiul  m^p(■ct(ll  re>t^  tiiu  ball  bear- 
ings— nine  wouKI  lit  side  by  side  on  an 
aspirin — made  by  a  New  Hampshire 
bearing  company  for  missile  gyroscopes 
and  electronic  brains.  The  blind  man's 
sensitive  touch  can  detect  vibrations  that 
distinguish  good  bearings  from  rejects 
better  than  the  complex  electronic  sys- 
tem which  was  designed  to  do  the  job. 

Hats  'Cost'  $13,660 

It  is  costing  North  Carolina  ;/;l.i,(ibO 
to  allow  its  troopers  to  wear  hats  while 
on  patrol  car  duty.  In  a  recent  bidding, 
the  dealer  offering  the  lowest  bid  had 
models  that  were  too  small  to  accom- 
modate troopers  plus  hats.  The  state 
had  to  pa\'  the  extra  sum  to  buy  cars 
that  fit  hat-wearing  patrolmen. 

Stick-On  Paint 

Painting  now  can  be  as  easy  and  neat 
as  applying  an  adhesive  bandage.  The 
developer  says  his  product  is  "pure 
paint"  that  comes  sealed  in  a  sandwich 
between  two  layers  of  paper.  To  use, 
a  person  strips  off  the  bottom,  sticks  the 
paint  down  and  then  remo\es  the  pro- 
tective cover. 

Popcorn  Packing 

Popped  popcorn  is  used  as  packing  to 
protect  lamps  from  damage  during  ship- 
ment, according  to  Purchasing  Week. 


Don't  ever  trust  a  coed. 
You'll  be  sorry  if  you  do. 
Don't  listen  to  their  double  talk 
That's  my  advice  to  you. 
They  come  to  this  here  college 
Just  to  get  themselves  a  man; 
With  one  for  every  four  of  us 
It's  simple  how  they  can. 
As   Sophs   they've   good   intentions. 
They're  satisfied  with  one; 
But  time  instills  a  greedy  lust. 
They  add  two  more  for  fun. 
It's  one  against  two  others. 
Which  starts  a  "battle-royal." 
They  rake  in  all  the  profits 
As  a  pirate  does  his  spoil. 
Wake  up  you  merry  gentlemeti. 
And    get   this   through   your   dome 
If  you  must  have  a  date  at  all 
Take  out  that  girl  at  home. 


Plan  YOUR  FUTURE  with 


Charles  Thornton,  Ga.  Tech..  Sarbiet  Singh,  India 

We  ofFer  a  training  course  to  college  graduates 
in  Mechanical  Engineering. 

Get  details  of  this  practical  training  course  now, 
and  prepare  yourself  for  a  career  In  the  field  of 
commercial   and    industrial   refrigeration. 

Ask  for  Bullefin  412. 


IS  (MO 

■■fi-i;i*i  n  I  M  J^  I'lTW-ow 


APRIL,  1960 


19 


James  Elam  (M.S..  Tiinhic  '5.9)  is  slud\jinz  various  tcchnicjiics  of  speech  analysis  at  IBM. 
Tlic  objective  of  this  work  is  voice-machine  "ommunication. 


He's  breaking  through 
sound  barriers  to 
find  new  applications 
of  human  speech 

It  is  believed  that  once  clear,  distinct  signals  can  be  obtained  from 
human  speech  sounds,  the  human  voice  can  be  used  for  direct  com- 
munication with  machines.  James  Elam  is  working  in  this  direction. 

Voice-Machine  Communication  Problems 

The  problems  in\'oh  ed  are  tormiduiile.  Macliine  "understanding" 
of  human  speech  will  be  limited  by  both  the  sensitivity  and  the 
number  of  electronic  "recognizers"  of  speech-sound  patterns  that 
can  be  built  into  the  machine.  To  further  complicate  matters,  the 
human  voice  is  capable  of  making  an  almost  infinite  variety  and 
subtlety  of  sound  patterns.  Only  in  tlieory  could  a  machine  be  built 
that  could  recognize  all  of  them. 

A  Solution  in  "Phonemes"? 

To  further  this  work  on  voice-machine  communication,  James 
Elam  is  studying  various  techniques  of  speech  analysis.  In  one 
scheme,  recordings  are  made  of  voices  reading  words.  These  are 
then  examined  in  their  frecjuency  spectrum,  and  a  power  within 
discrete  bands  is  plotted.  The  plots,  or  spectrograms,  are  used 
to  break  down  words  into  basic  sounds  called  "phonemes."  Each 
phoneme  has  a  separate  and  distinct  pattern  and  is  capable  of  giv- 
in<T  a  clear  signal.  It  is  hoped  that  these  signals  can  be  used  to 
communicate  directly,  through  an  audio  input,  with  machines. 

Fascinating  Assignments 

Because  of  its  exciting  future  possibilities,  James  Elam  finds  his 
work  fascinating. 

If  you  would  like  to  employ  your  talents  in  areas  where  exciting 
future  possibilities  are  all  part  of  a  day's  work,  then  you  might 
consider  the  opportunities  offered  by  IBM.  When  our  representa- 
tive comes  to  your  campus,  he  will  be  glad  to  give  you  information 
about  opportunities  m  research,  development,  nianufacturine  antl 
other  areas  at  IBM. 


IBM 


INTEUNATIONAI.   BUSINESS   M.^CUINES  COKPOHATION 

Your  Placement  Officer  can  tell  >ou  when  an  IBM  representative  ^^•ill 
next  visit  your  campus.  Or  vou  mav  write,  outlining  brieflv  vonr  hack- 
ground  and  interests,  to:  Manager  of  Technical  Employment,  IBM 
Corporation,  Dept.  846,  590  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  22,  New  \ork. 


The  Dean  s  Page . . . 

The  Objective  of  an    Engineering   Education 


By  W.  L.  Everitt 
Dean  of  Engineering,  University  of  Illinois 


Your  editor  invited  me  to  write  an 
editorial  tor  the  Technofiraph.  An  edi- 
torial is  intended  primarily  to  pass  out 
advice,  which,  in  turn,  has  its  danjjers 
as  indicated  by  an  essa\  on  Socrates, 
which  a  high  school  student  wrote  in 
three  short  sentences: 

Socrates  was  a  teacher. 

He  went  .about  telliiifi  people  what 
to  do. 

They  poisoned   him. 

What  is  the  \alue  cit  \ciur  college 
education?  There  has  been  too  nuich 
evaluation  recently  in  terms  ot  statistics 
such  as — 

The  hifih  school  fjiaduate  who  does 
not  go  to  college  earns,  on  the  average, 
.\  dollars  during  his  lite.  A  college 
graduate  earns,  on  the  average,  \  dol- 
lars. Hence,  tile  value  of  a  college  edu- 
cation is : 

(Y  — X)    dcdlars 

While  this  is  no  doubt  an  encourage- 
ment to  families  who  have  sacrificetl 
and  strugglecl,  or  are  considering  doing 
so,  to  help  their  children  through  col- 
lege, it  is,  in  fact,  stuff  and  nonsense. 
The  real  values  of  a  college  education 
do  not  lie  here.  Even  if  there  were  no 
such  place  as  college,  those  who  now 
go  to  college  would  earn,  on  the  aver- 
age, more  than  those  who  do  not,  simply 
because  college  is  a  sorting  mechanism 
of  a  kind,  admittedly  inadequate,  such 
that  the  graduates  of  college  are  on  the 
average  more  ambitious,  more  eager  and 
able  to  learn,  and  have  more  family  sup- 
port and  backing.  But  certainly,  this 
sifting  process  would  not  in  itself  justify 
the  cost  of  the  plant,  facilities,  person- 
nel, and  student  time  now  dedicated  to 
higher  education.  Other.  sim|>ler  nieairs 
could  be  devised. 

Is  the  value  of  your  education  then 
that  you  ha\e  learned  how  to  be  happ\  ? 
.Matiy  believe  that  this  is  a  worthy  ma- 
jor objective  in  life.  Hut  1  am  afraid 
that  the  ignor.int  an<l  the  dumb  are 
often  found  among  the  world's  happiest 
creatures.    Furthermore,   happiness  is  an 


elusive  quality.  Those  who  spend  their 
lives  seeking  it  never  find  it,  for  dedica- 
tion to  this  search  implies  excessive  in- 
terest in  self,  and  the  selfish  are  never 
happy. 

Is  a  college  education  justified  then 
in  terms  of  the  knowledge  of  facts  you 
ma\  gain?  I  doubt  if  an\'  of  you  will 
know,  when  you  graduate,  as  many  facts 
,is  are  outlined  in  one  volume  of  a  24- 
\'  o  1  u  m  e  encyclopedia.  Furthermore, 
some  of  the  facts  you  learn  will  never 
be  used,  some  will  become  obsolete,  and 
unfortunately,  some  of  them  are  just  not 
so.  (^f  course,  an  encyclopedic  knov\'l- 
edge  of  facts  and  the  abilit>  to  recall 
them  instantly  might  help  \ou  on  a 
quiz   show? 

( )ne  cm  also  hope  that,  with  the 
facts  which  you  acquire,  you  will  gain  at 
least  the  basis  for  wisdom  and  judgment, 
more  important  because  these  terms  im- 
ply knowledge  plus  understanding. 

Is  there  even  a  danger  in  college?  H 
we  are  given  a  false  confidence  in  our 
.selectivity,  our  intellectual  acumen,  or 
our  knowledge,  we  can  well  end  up 
"smart  alecks  with  no  scn.se"  who  do 
not  take  pains  or  time  to  use  good  judg- 
ment. 

Dr.  A.  W.  Hull  of  the  (ieneral  Elec- 
tric Company  once  gave  a  defimtion  of 
the  purpose  of  a  college  education  which 
I   like.  It  was: 

"The  \alue  of  a  college  education  is 
that  it  gi\es  one  confidence  in  his  ability 
to  learn.  ' 

But  confidence  in  one's  abilit\'  is  not 
enough.  One  needs  also  the  desire  and 
energy  not  only  to  learn,  but  to  relate 
and  apply  what  one  has  learned  to  the 
needs  of  men.  .'\bility  to  learn  and  re- 
late should  be  one  of  the  results  of  your 
college  education,  ilesire  and  energy  you 
must  still  suppl\-  N'ourself. 

In  view  of  the  explosive  expansion 
of  technology,  engineering  education 
especially  has  faced  a  most  difficidt  task. 
We  ha\'e  had  to  recognl/e  that  tlie  edu- 
cation III   ,in  engineer  is  a  three-w;iv  re- 


sponsibility. The  engineering  college  or 
Institute  mirst  teach  what  It  best  can, 
stressing  particularly  fiuidamentals  or 
principles  of  widest  po.sslble  applica- 
tions:— the  "why"  and  not  the  "how." 
The  student's  employer  after  graduation 
must  make  provision  for  Instruction  in 
the  "how,"  the  applications  to  a  particu- 
lar job  or  Industry.  But  most  of  all, 
the  Individual  must  carry  on  a  continual 
program  of  self-education  to  fill  out 
those  deficiencies  which  he.  himself, 
must  recognize.  It  is  no  excuse  In  pro- 
fessional life  to  be  satisfied  with  Ignor- 
ance of  any  needed  knowledge,  or  per- 
nu't  a  lack  of  understanding  to  continue 
long  simply  because  you  did  not  take 
a  course  In  the  subject. 

An  Illiterate  young  man  came  to  this 
country  without  funds  and  so  found  it 
necessary  to  go  right  to  work.  He  start- 
ed out  driving  a  garbage  wagon,  but 
being  of  a  frugal  nature,  he  soon  owned 
It.  Next,  he  bought  a  garbage  truck, 
then  a  fleet  of  trucks  and  ultimately  ob- 
tained the  contract  for  garbage  disposal 
for  a  large  seaboard  clt\'  requiring  a 
fleet  of  scows.  One  da\'  he  heard  that 
there  were  complaints  on  where  the 
scows  were  dumping.  He  went  out  to 
look  the  matter  over  and  fell  off  one  of 
his  scows  and  drowned.  At  the  funeral, 
his  wife  was  asked  by  a  friend,  "Did 
Stanislaus  lea\e  you  well  fixed  ?"  She 
replied,  "Oh,  yes,  he  left  about  ten  mil- 
lon."  The  friend  remarked,  "To  think, 
Stanisaus  left  ten  million  dollais  and 
he  never  even  learned  to  read  or  write.  " 
And  his  wife  said,  "Nor  swim." 

You  are  going  to  have  to  learn  to 
swim  by  yourself.  In  this  complicated 
and  rapidly-moving  world,  we  not  only 
need  to  swim  in  a  familiar  environment 
but  also  have  the  courage  to  plunge 
into  strange  ones.  \'our  engineering  edu- 
cation should  then  gi\e  you  a  desire  to 
continue  as  a  student  throughout  your 
life,  confidence  In  your  abllit\  to  grow 
intellectualh ,  aiul  the  courage  to  at- 
t.ack   the   unknown. 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


What  happens  to  your  career... 
after  you  join  Western  Electric? 


You'll  quickly  find  the  answer  is  giuicth.  The  signs  of 
progress  —  and  opportunity  —  are  clear,  whether  your 
chosen  field  is  engineering  or  other  professional  work. 
There  is  the  day-to-day  challenge  that  keeps  you  on 
your  toes.  There  are  new  products,  new  areas  for  activ- 
ity, continuing  growth,  and  progressive  programs  of 
research  and  development. 

For  here  telephone  science  is  applied  to  two  major 
fields  —  manufacture  and  supply  for  the  Bell  Telephone 
System,  and  the  vitally  important  areas  of  defense 
communications  and  missile  projects. 

You'll  find  that  Western  Electric  is  carccr-mindcd  . . . 
and  (/oi/-minded!  Progress  is  as  rapid  as  your  own  indi- 
vidual skills  permit.  We  estimate  that  8,000  supervisory 
jobs  will  open  in  the  next  ten  years  —  the  majority  to  be 
filled  Ijy  engineers.  There  will  be  corresponding  oppor- 
tunities for  career  building  within  research  and  engi- 


neering. Western  Electric  maintains  its  own  full-time 
all-e.\penses-paid  engineering  training  program.  And 
our  tuition  refund  plan  also  helps  you  move  ahead  in 
your  chosen  field. 


Opportunities  exist  for  electrical,  mechanical,  indus- 
trial, civil  and  chemical  engineers,  as  well  as  in  the 
physical  sciences.  For  more  information  get  your  copy 
of  Consider  o  Career  of  Western  £/ec(ric  from  your 
Placement  Officer.  Or  wri:e  College  Relations,  Room 
200D,  Western  Electric  Company,  195  Broadway,  New 
York  7,  N.  Y.  Be  sure  to  arrange  for  a  Western  Electric 
interview  when  the  Bell  System  team  visits  your  campus. 


MANUFACTURING  AND  SUPPLY 


UNIT   OF   THE   BELL  SYSTEM 


Principal  manufacluring  locations  at  Ctiicago,  III:  Kearny,  N.  J.;  Baltimore,  Md.:  Indianapolis,  Ind  ;  Ailentown  and  Laureldaie.  Pa,;  Burlington,  Greensboro  and  Winston-Salem.  N.  C; 
Buffalo,  N.  Y,;  North  Andover,  Mass ,  Lincoln  and  Omaha,  Neb.;  Kansas  City,  l^o  ;  Columbus.  Ohio  Oklahoma  Cily,  Okla.,  Engineering  Research  Center,  Princeton,  N,  J,;  Teletype 
■"■orp,.  Chicago  14,  III.  and  Little  Rock,  Ark.  Also  W.  E.  distribution  centers  in  32  ollles  and  Installation  headquarters  In  16  cities.  General  headguarlers;  195  Broadway,  New  York  7,  N.Y 


APRIL,  1960 


23 


'Weldable'  Concrete 

|\ii-,^i.i  ^l.l^n^  llu'  <lc\i-lnpnH'[it  of  ;i 
•'ui-lilablc-"  CDiK-irte  with  a  !;;rain  stnu- 
turt-  similar  to  that  of  niotal.  '1  he  ma- 
tciial  is  sail!  to  be  fk-xibk-,  ahrost  as 
s-roiit:  as  cast  iron,  aiul  laii  be  "wi'K!- 
i\\"  by  chemically  softciiiiif;  ailjoininj; 
concrete  surfaces,  then  ioiiiiiifC  them 
imder  hi^h  pi-essuie. 


Suspend  Roof  Like  Bridge 


■jh 


.  huih 
for  the  l''<it>  Winter  OKmpics  at 
Squaw  Valley,  Calif.,  is  suspended 
from  cables  slunji  over  steel  towers  in 
much  the  same  way  as  suspension 
hridses  are  supported.  The  roof  span 
is    ,^(HI    feet — the    length    of    a    football 


fiel 


111   the  stadium  will   seat  S.dtld. 


been  de- 
right  it- 
position. 


New  Plastic  Lifeboat 

A  new  pla  tu-  lilehoat  has 
vcloped  in  Cicrmany  that  will 
self  automatically  from  any  , 
The  lifeboat  is  completely  enclosed  and 
its  four  hatchways  can  be  hermetically 
sealed  so  that  the  lifeboat  is  watertight. 
I'lastic  bubble  sections  on  the  top  of 
the  lifeboat  offer  complete  visibility. 


Fuel  Consumption  Cut 

Fuel  consiunption  is  said  to  be  re- 
duced 20  per  cent  by  a  dual-carburetor 
system  developed  in  Russia.  The  system 
originally  was  designed  for  an  enguie 
for  cold  climates  where  diesels  are  hard 
to  start.  Russia  claims  this  system  ex- 
ceeds even  the  diesel  in  economy. 


NEW  PREFIXES  FOR  UNITS 

The  National  Bureau  of  Standards  has  decided  to  follow  the  recom- 
mendations of  the  International  Committee  on  Weights  and  Measures  to 
use  new  prefixes  for  denoting  multiples  and  sub-multiples  of  ^'^fj^^ 
CommitteG  adopted  the  prefixes  at  its  meeting  in  Pans  m  the  fall  of  1958. 
In  addition  to  the  8  numerical  prefixes  in  common  use  which  are  given 
in  the  table  below,  the  Committee  expanded  the  hst  by  adding  the  4 
prefixes  marked  with  an  asterisk.  Thus,  for  example,  10'-  farad  is  called 
1    picofarad,  and  is  abbreviated  1    pf. 

I.IULTIPL3S  AND 
^;iJ3-MULTirLE'o 


10 

10^ 

10^ 

10' 
10' 
10 

10 

10' 

10" 

10 

10 

10 


12 


-1 


-6 
-9 
-12 


PREFIXES 

GYMBOLLS 

tera 

m  i|> 

giga 

G* 

mega 

M 

kilo 

k 

hecto 

h 

deka 

dk 

deci 

d 

centi 

c 

milli 

m 

micro 

u 

nano 

n*fc 

pico 

p  ^ 

CERAMISTS  &  CERAMIC  ENGINEERS 

Do  you  have  an  idea  that  you  would 
like  to  develop  and  produce? 

We  want  a  new  product  to  manufacture,  and  we  will  back  the 
right  fellow  and  the  right  idea  with  a  small  factory  and  laboratory 
and  the  ability  to  furnish  any  other  help  needed,  especially  good 
successful  business  experience.      Address  Tin    Tnlino^/raph—Box  b 


Scooting  to  Work 

\V'nrker>  in  the  next  few  years  may 
he  using  a  motori/,ed  scooter  for  travel- 
ing in  large  plants.  A  scooter,  designed 
by  a  college  student,  now  beats  the 
smallest  foreign  car  tor  fuel  economy, 
using  only  three  ounces  of  gasoline  iin 
,1  ten-minute  run.  To  start  the  engine, 
rider  places  one  foot  on  platform,  pushes 
(iff  with  the  other.  He  holds  a  handle 
and     leans    in    the    desired    direction    to 


Jets  Clear  Snow 

Air  Force  jets  are  using  sonic  booms 
to  set  of^f  safe  snowslidcs  along  a  high- 
wav  in  (Glacier  National  Park.  The 
pl.ines  crash  the  sound  barrier  o\er  ac- 
cumulations of  snow  overhanging  the 
highway.  The  bipst  triggers  the  slides, 
making  it  safe  to  remove  snow  from  the 
road. 

Smallest  Radio-Phonograph 

A  ja|iane.se  compain  has  ilesigned  the 
smallest  radio-phonograph  —  small 
enough  to  be  held  in  one  hand.  The 
radio-phonograph  weighs  45  ounces  and 
has  demensions  of  7>^  by  5>^  by  two 
inches.  It  uses  a  micro-motor,  seven 
transistors,  two  diodes  and  a  thermistor. 

Blisterproof  Paint 

A  Canadian  paint  company  has  intro- 
duced a  plastic-based  outside  paint  which 
cuts  application  time  in  half  and  is  more 
blisterproof  than  any  other  type.  The 
acrylic-latex  paint  has  "pores"  and 
"breathes"  like  the  human  skin,  prevent- 
ing the  build-up  of  moisture  vapor  be- 
neath it  that  usually  causes  blisters. 

Worker  Wives  Work 

A  Chicago  consultant  in  human  mo- 
tivation ad\ises  businessmen  to  solve 
employee  production  problems  by  talk- 
ing to  workers'  wives.  If  management 
can  convince  a  wife  that  the  quality  of 
her  husband's  work  contributes  to  her 
security,  the  husband  is  sure  to  get  the 
message,  he  sa\'s. 


TV  Help  for  Dentists 

Dentists  soon  may  be  using  a  tele- 
vision camera  for  inspecting  their  pa- 
tients' mouths.  Th"  camera  in  a  proto- 
type closed-circuit  T\^  system,  has  a  lens 
located  at  the  end  of  a  probing  cable 
and  permits  a  distortion-free,  magnified 
image  of  any  part  of  a  patient's  mouth. 

Worst  Diets 

Teen-age    girls    have    the   worst    diets 

low    in    calcium,    iron,    thiamine    and 

vitamins— reports      P^ood      Engineering. 
McCjraw-Hill   publication. 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


24 


This  "windniiH"  or  turliine,  spun  by  hot  sas,  powers  the  turhorar.  For  surli  a  hot 
spot,  designers  depend  on  Nickel  to  help  them  solve  heat-resistance  problems. 


How  Inco  Nickel  is  helping  develop 
the  new  gas  turbine  car  of  tomorrow 


It  will  be  power-parked:  the  gas  turbine 
engine  in  your  dream  car  of  the  future 
and  tomiprriiws  Irncks  and  buses. 

Onlv  one  Npark  |iliig— 
runs  on  kt-i-osene 
This  new  engine  is  much  lighter,  smaller. 
It  has  far  fesver  parts.  No  pistons.  No  water 
system.    Only    one    spark    plug.    Runs    on 
lower-grade  fuels. 

Not  yet  in  production ! 
Before  the  car  is  a  showroom  reality,  engi- 
neers face  a  number  of  problems. 
One  problem— the  one  Inco  is  helping  with 
—  is  metals.  Strong  and  economical  metals 
to  resist  beat  and  corrosion. 
Gas  turbines  operate  at  up  to  160fl°F.  These 
temperatures  step  up  corrosion  of  metals, 
promote   troublesome   distortions.  So   the 
job  is  to  develop  practical  alloys  able  to 
carry  the  load— alloys  that  can,  at  the  same 
time,  offset  the  corrosives,  resist  the  distort- 
ing forces  found  at  jet-high  temperatures. 
How  far  has  Inco  research  gone 
in  its  search  for  prurliral  alloys? 
Difficult  as  they  are.  the  problems  of  metal 
performance    at    high    temperature    are    a 

APRIL,    1960 


familiar  story  at  Inco.  Inco  research  has 
dealt  with  them  for  years.  And  come  up 
with  solutions  in  the  gas  turbine  and  in 
many  oilier  fields.  In  conventional,  atomic, 
and  thermionic  power.  In  petrochemistry. 
In  heat  treating.  In  jet  aviation.  In  mis- 
silry.  Even  in  Hollywood's  8000°F  carbon- 
arc  "suns." 


Inco's  files  contain  a  wealth  of  metal  infor- 
mation .  .  .  over  S(KI,OII(l  indexed  and  cross- 
referenced  case  histories,  for  example. 
Keep  this  in  mind  against  the  day  you 
may  need  information.  P i960.  Inco 

The  International  NickeK^ompany.Inc. 
New  York  5,  N.  Y. 


^  International  Nickel 


mo. 


The  Inlernalional  Nickel  Company,  Inc.,  is  the  U.  S.  affiliate  of  The  Inlernalional  Nickel  Company 
of  Caiia.la.  l.imiteil.  I'ro.lucer  of  hico  Nickel.  Copper,  Col.ah,  Iron  Ore,  Tellurium,  Selenium.  Sulfur 
ami  Plalinuni.  I'allu.lUim  and  Oilier  Precious  Mclals. 


25 


Tran^NrMtXe,- 


Retewev 


Fig.    1 


\r\\\:\a.\  Vo^^'^ 


RADAR    SPEED    METERS 


By  Verner  K.  Rice 


I'lior  to  a  ffw  \i'ars  after  tlie  second 
World  War  tlie  only  method  that  mail 
had  to  detcriiiiiic  the  speed  of  a  moving; 
vehicle,  when  he  was  not  in  the  vehicle, 
was  to  time  its  travel  between  two  lixed 
points  over  a  known  distance.  With  the 
invention  of  Radar  and  its  ultimate 
utilization  for  commercial  purposes  we 
have  come  up  with  a  nifty  little  device 
called  a  Radar  Speed  Meter.  The  p\ir- 
pose  of  this  article  is  to  discuss  the 
method  of  operation  of  speed  radar,  to 
talk  brieHy  of  two  different  kinds  of 
speed  radar,  and  to  see  what  factors  af- 
fect its  accuiaiy  and  linw  they  can  he 
eliminated. 

RAn.'\R,  which  is  short  for  Radio 
Detection  and  Ranging,  in  its  general 
aspects  consists  of  a  transmitted  pulse 
of  radio  frequency  energy  directed  to- 
ward a  target,  a  portion  of  which  is  re- 
flected from  the  target  and  returns  to 
the  received  which  shares  a  common  an- 
tenna with  the  transmitter.  The  echo 
is  picked  up  on  the  receiver  and  convert- 
ed into  a  form  that  is  suitable  for  mak- 
ing time  measurements  to  determine  the 
range  to  the  target.  At  the  extremely 
high  frequencies  iiscd  in  radar,  in  the 
microwave  region,  radio  waves  beha\e 
like  light;  they  are  transmitted  to  and 
reflected  from  the  target  in  a  str.iigln 
line.  Thus  the  direction  of  the  rad.ir  ,in- 
teiuiae  indicates  the  direction  of  the  tar- 
get. 

A  Radar  Speed  Meter,  while  it  uses 
a  reflected  radio  wa\e  to  deteniiine  the 
speed  of  a  \chicle,  uses  a  little  iliHcr- 
ent    phenomena    for    it's    operation    than 


the  ordinary  search  type  of  radar.  A 
Radar  Speed  Meter's  transmitter  trans- 
mits a  continuous  wave  in  contrast  to 
the  puLsed  type  of  transmission  that  is 
used  in  the  ordinary  search  radar.  A  ve- 
hicle moving  in  a  beam  of  reflected  sig- 
nal either  up  or  down  depending  on 
whether  the  vehicle  is  approaching  or 
going  away  from  the  transmitter.  This 
shift  in  frequency  of  the  reflected  wave 
is  called  Doppler  Effect  and  is  propor- 
tional to  the  speed  of  the  vehicle.  Actual- 
ly, the  name  Radar  Speed  Meter  is  a 
misnomer.  A  speed  meter  that  uses  radio 
waves  in  the  above  manner  to  deter- 
mine a  vehice's  speed  should  be  called 
a  Doppler-Radar  Speed  Meter. 

Figure  1  shows  how  Doppler  Effect 
works. 

The  r.-ular  transiuitter  located  on  the 
left  in  the  figure  sends  out  a  train  of 
contiinious  radio  waves,  that  propagate 
to  the  left  at  a  constant  velocity.  The 
wave  A  hits  the  nicuing  \ehicle  at  the 
indicated  iiu'tial  point  and  sends  back 
tow.ard  the  recei\er  the  reflected  wa\e 
A'. 

After  the  first  wave  hits  the  \ehicle 
at  the  initial  point  the  vehicle  continues 
to  move  toward  the  transmitter  thus 
causing  the  wa\e  H  to  hit  the  car  a  lit- 
tle sooner  than  it  would  ha\c  if  the  cai' 
had  remained  stationary  at  the  initial 
point.  This  action  will  cause  the  re- 
Hected  waves  A'  and  IV  to  be  a  little 
closer  together  than  the  original  waves 
,'\  and  H.  Since  the  transmitted  and  re- 
flected waves  are  traveling  at  the  same 
\elocit\    there    will    he   luore   waves   per 


second  cutting  the  receiving  anteiuia 
than  were  transmitted.  The  increase  in 
the  number  of  waves  per  second  con- 
stitutes an  increase  in  frequency  over  the 
transmitted  frequency.  Thus  the  fre- 
quency of  the  reflected  wa\e  will  vary 
in  proportion  to  the  speed  of  the  rellect- 
ing  object. 

The  frequency  \aries  according  to  the 
following  equation. 

c  +  v 

R= T 

C  — V 

R   is   the   recei\ed  signal   frequenc\'  in 
cycles  per  second. 

T    is    the    transmitted     frequency    in 
cvcles  per  second. 
'  C    is    the    velocity    of    light    1S'(),()()0 
miles  per  second. 

V    is    the    velocity    of    the    \ehicle    in 
nules  per  second. 

A   sample   calculation     \v\\\     illustrate 
the  use  of  the  above  foriutia. 

(n'ven:T=  1  (f.SiS, 0(10, (10(1. 0(1    CPS 
C  =  186,000  MPS 
V  =  6S  MPH  O.OISOS  MPS 


R  = 


ISdOOO+aOlSOS 
186000— 0.01805 


(10525000000.00)  = 
10,525,0()2,041.()0  CPS 

2041  CPS           CPS 
=.31 


65  MPH  MPH 

( (',itntiniit<l   nil    I'lit/c  32) 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


RCA  REPORTS  TO  YOU; 


NEW  ELECTRONIC  "BRAIN"  CELLS 
FIT  IN  THE  EYE  OF  A  NEEDLE 


Basic  building  block  for  compact, 
electronic  "thought  savers"  will 
serve  you  in  your  office,  in 
defense  -  someday,  in  your  home 

•  Today,  science  not  only  is  working  on  labor-saving 
devices — but  on  thniight -saving  devices  as  well. 

These  "thought  savers"  are  electronic  computers 
— wonder-workers  that  free  us  from  tedious  mental 
work  and  are  capable  of  astoundingly  rapid  compu- 
tations. Naturally,  the  more  compact  these  computers 
can  be  made,  the  more  applications  they  can  ha\'e. 
Not  only  in  industry,  defense  and  research — but  in 
the  office  and  ultimately  in  the  home. 

"Squeezing"  exacting  components 

A  big  advance  has  recently  been  made  by  RCA 
research  towards  making  these  "thought  savers" 
smaller  than  ever  before,  for  broader  than  ever  u.se. 

Take,  for  example,  the  new  "logic"  circuit  which 
actually  fits  in  the  eye  of  a  needle.  It  is  a  new 
computer  component  developed  by  RCA. 

Today,  the  electronic  functions  of  this  micro- 
miniature device  require  a  whole  fistjul  of  wires, 
resistors,  transistors  and  condensers. 

These  tiny  units  will  calculate,  sort,  "remember," 
and  will  control  the  flow  of  information  in  to- 
morrow's computers.  Yet  they  are  so  small  that 
100,000,000  of  them  will  fit  into  one  cubic  foot! 

Cutting  computers  down  to  home  size 

This  extreme  reduction  in  size  may  mean  that  some- 
day cigar-box-size  electronic  brains  may  help  you  in 
your  home — programming  your  automatic  a|)pli- 
ances,  and  keeping  track  of  household  accounts. 

Remarkable  progress  in  micro-miniaturization  is 
another  step  forward  by  RCA — leader  in  radio,  tele- 
vision, in  communications  and  in  all  electronics— for 
home,  office,  and  nation. 


INeedlo's  eye  liolils  t'lcctroiiio 

new  RCA  "logic"  element  can  be 


lirain"  cells 

contained  in 


Piiotograph  shows  how 
the  eye  of  a  sewing  needle. 


RADIO  CORPORATION  OF  AMERICA 

THE    MOST    TRUSTED    NAME    IN    ELECTRONICS 


APRIL,  1960 


27 


Synthane  makes  and  fabricates 
laminated  plastics 


We  have  the  facilities;  the  know-how  is  free 


Consider  these  three,  of  many,  rea- 
sons why  it  is  to  your  advantage  to 
let  us  fabricate  your  laminated 
plastics  parts. 

First,  we  have  the  facilities  for  the 
job.  Saws,  millers,  drills,  lathes, 
punch  presses,  planers,  sanders.  Hun- 
dreds of  them.  Many  are  standard 
machine  tools  modified  to  machine 
laminated  plastics  quickly  and  easily. 


Others  are  special,  designed  primarily 
for  the  high-speed  production  possi- 
ble with  laminated  plastics. 

Second,  behind  the  machines  are 
people  who  know  practically  every 
trick  in  the  book  for  turning  out  a 
first-class  job  fast.  They  also  know 
what  to  avoid  doing. 

Finally,  it  will  hardly  pay  you  to 
handle     your     own     fabrication — in 


You  fiir)iish  the  print — ive'll  furnish  the  part 


terms  of  money,  in  headaches,  in 
possible  errors,  waste  or  delays.  Call 
a  Synthane  representative  near  you 
for  a  quotation — you'll  find  him  in 
any  principal  city  or  write  Synthane 
Corp.,   13    River  Road,  Oaks,  Pa. 

[SYNTHANE] 


CORPORATION 


OAKS,  PENNA. 


Sheets   •    Rods    •    Tubes   •    Fabricated  Parts 
Molded-laminated   •   Molded-macerated 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


special  im 


everyone 


Hey,  there!  You  with  the  freshly-starched  diploma  in 
your  hand!  Discouraged  with  your  first  hard  look  at  this 
topsy-turvy  world?  Think  someone  chopped  out  the  rungs 
in  the  ladder  of  success?  Think  opportunity  is  dead? 

Don't  you  believe  it!  Today,  opportunity  under  Ameri- 
ca's free  enterprise  system  is  more  alive  than  ever!  With- 
in the  next  few  years,  you'll  see  space  travel  programs 
accelerate  and  inspire  now  unheard-of  products.  You'll 
see  standards  of  living  go  up.  You'll  see  exciting  new 
jobs  created  out  of  nowhere. 

Take  our  own  business,  for  example.  Oil.  In  the  next 
few  years,  we  know  Standard  Oil  will  create  a  cornucopia 
of  new  products  and  new  processes.  And  that  means 
opportunity!  But  it  takes  time,  work,  and  study  to  turn 
opportunity  into  advancement.  People  who  are  wiHing 
to  put  forth  the  extra  effort  to  prepare  for  greater  re- 


sponsibility will  find  opportunity  awaiting  them. 

Is  opportunity  dead?  Whenever  we  hear  that  question, 
we  think  of  the  thousands  of  people  who  won  promotions 
last  year  at  Standard  Oil  and  the  fact  that  most  of  our 
oflicers  and  directors  since  this  company  started  have 
come  up  through  the  ranks.  No  Standard  job  is  too  big 
a  target  for  any  employee... if  he  listens  for  opportu- 
nity's knock  and  is  ready  for  it  when  it  comes. 

Opportunity  dead?  Not  by  a  long  shot! 

WHAT  MAKES  A  COMPANY  A  GOOD  CITIZEN?  One  way 

to  judge  is  by  a  company's  economic  effect  on  a  com- 
munity. Is  it  growing?  Is  it  progressive?  Will  it  provide 
opportunities  for  advancement?  For  the  five  years  from 
1954  to  1959,  Standard  spent  $1.4  billion  on  new  facilities. 
Expenditures  like  these  help  to  create  new  opportunities. 


STANDARD  OIL  COMPANY^ 


(stanp«rd) 
the  sign  of  progress. 

THROUGH  RESEARCH 


APRIL,  1960 


29 


mm. 


Since  its  Inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  underthe  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


THE   EXPLORATION  OF  SPACE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  inter- 
planetary space;  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


"We  do  these  things  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosity  of 
Man.  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himself  questions  and 
then  setting  out  to  find  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  getting 
(fiese  onswers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
hove  sometimes  surprised  even  the  scientist. 

"Who  con  tell  what  we  will  find  when  we  get  to  the  planets  ? 


A  Re 


of  ffii: 


jn  predict  what  potential  benefits 
s?  No  one  can  say  with  any  accu- 
•  fly  farther  away  from  the  earth, 
leems  fo  me  that  we 


ent  time, 

man  exist  in  this  enterpr. 

y  what  we  will  find  as  v 

f   with   instruments,   then 

obligated  to  do  these  things, 

DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Dircclor,  JPL 


CALIFORNIA       INSTITUTE       OF      TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

scorch  Facility  operoled  for  the  Notionol  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administrotion 
PASADENA.  CALIFORNIA 

f mploymenf  opporfun/f/'es  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interested  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •  I^ICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •   COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •  ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 

STRUCTURES  •   CHEMISTRY  •    INSTRUMENTATION   •   MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  our  immediate  consideration.  Interviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  at  the  Laboratory. 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ENGINEERS 
CHEMISTS 
PHYSICISTS 
MATHEMATICIANS 


LOOK  TO  DUPONT! 

Today  is  a  time  of  rapid  growth  and  expansion  at 
DuPont.  Development  activities  are  being  accel- 
erated, and  new  processes  are  being  installed  at 
plants  new,  old  and  under  construction. 
This  creates  need  for  technical  graduates:  chemists 
(all  specialties),  physicists,  mathematicians;  engi- 
neers of  almost  every  specialty— chemical,  mechan- 
ical, industrial,  electrical,  metallurgical. 

LOCATIONS:  Eastern  half  of  U.  S.  primarily 

REQUIREMENTS:  Recent  Bachelor's,  Master's  or 
Doctor's  degree 

Write  to  .  .  . 

2420-4  Nemours  Building 

E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Company  (Inc.) 

Wilmington  98,  Delaware 


Mm: 


BETTER  THINGS  FOR  BETTER  LIVING  . . .  THROUGH  CHEMISTRy 


APRIL,  1960 


31 


SPEED  METERS 

( (^ontiini:  il  friii/i    I'tit/t    26) 

This  shows  th;it  there  is  a  change  of 
apprn\iniatcl\  }\  cycles  per  secnnd  per 
mile  per  hour  ot  speed,  tor  tiiis  paiticii- 
iar  transmitter   tre(|iienc>. 

The  returnirifx  echo  tre(]ueiicy  to- 
gether with  a  small  amount  of  tiic 
transmitted  frequency  are  fed  into  the 
mixer  stage  of  the  receiver,  where  they 
are  hetrod\iu'd  or  heat  together  to  pro- 
duce a  sum,  difference,  and  the  two 
original  frequencies.  These  frequencies 
are  fed  into  a  low-pass  filter  to  elimin- 
ate all  but  the  difference  frequency.  The 
difference  frequencN  is  selected  because  it 
m.ikes  possible  the  use  of  audio  fre- 
cpiency  amplifier  and  detector  circuits. 
.Audio  frequency  circuits  are  iiuich 
easier  to  design  and  construct  than  the 
ultra  ultra  high  frequency  circints  that 
would  be  necessar\  if  the  sum  frequenc\ 
were  used.  The  output  of  the  filter  is 
amplified  and  then  sent  through  a  cir- 
cuit that  gives  an  output  proportional 
to  the  applied  frequency.  The  output  of 
tlic  frequency  measuring  circuit  oper- 
ates a  meter  or  strip  chart  recorder  that 
is  calibrated  in  miles  per  hour. 

Most  of  us,  if  we  drive  a  car,  have 
at  one  time  or  another  passed  an  un- 
marked car  sitting  along  side  of  the 
highway  with  a  small,  oli\e-drab  colored 
bo\  sitting  on  a  tripod  next  to  it,  or 
maybe  sitting  on  the  ledge  over  the 
back  seat  pointing  at  the  traffic,  or  per- 
haps peeking  out  of  a  partially  opened 
trunk.  Whether  we  knew  it  or  not  at 
the  time  we  were  being  checked  b\ 
a  radar  speed  meter. 

This  particidar  model  radar  speed 
meter,  made  by  the  Automatic  Signal 
I^ivision  of  Eastern  Industries  Inc.,  was 
one  of  the  first  speed  radar  iised  by  our 
state  police.  The  radar  operates  at  a 
frequency  of  2,4S3  megacycles  and  is 
accurate  to  within  plus  or  minus  2'', 
from  0  to  1(10  miles  per  hour.  The  re- 
ceiver-transmitter are  packed  in  a  sin- 
gle case  together  with  the  amplifiers 
and  detector  and  indicating  circuits,  the 
unit  is  portable  and  can  be  opeiated  off 
of  12(1  volt  AC  or  a  12  volt  battery. 
A  block  diagram  of  this  speed  radar  is 
shown  in  figure  2. 

The  oscillator  employes  a  2C40  in  a 
idtra  ultra  high  frequenc\  circuit  to 
feed  a  coaxial  hybrid  mixer  assembh. 
Part  of  the  output  of  the  oscillator  is 
picked  off  in  the  mixer  assembly  and 
used  as  the  local  oscillator  signal,  the 
rest  is  fed  out  to  the  antenna  system 
where  it  is  radiated  into  the  traffic  pat- 
tern. The  anteima  system  is  made  up  of 
eight  dipoles  arranged  to  give  a  direc- 
tive radiation  pattern.  The  returning 
echo  signal  is  hetrodyned  with  the  local 
oscillator  signal  in  the  mixer  assembly, 
and  then  the  difference  frequency  is  fed 


32 


into  a  series  of  broad-band  cascaded 
audio  amplifiers  to  the  grid  of  the  fre- 
quency measuring  circuit.  The  frequen- 
cy measuring  circuit  is  one-half  of  a 
12AU7  connected  as  a  grid  limited 
audio  amplifier.  See  figure  ?i  for  a  sche- 
matic diagram  ot  the  tre(|ueiK'\  meas- 
uring circuit. 

The  incoming  signal  Es  drives  tin- 
tube  from  a  full  conduction  condition 
into  cutoff,  as  the  tube  is  cutoff  by  the 
incoming  signal  the  voltage  across  the 
tube  rises  to  the  value  of  B  plus.  This 


higher  operating  frequencv,  and  allow^ 
the  transmitter  to  be  placed  in  ,i  nuuh 
smaller  space. 

Another  advantage  of  using  a  kly- 
stron for  the  oscillator  is  that  the  fre- 
quency is  more  stable.  The  antenna 
structure  of  this  radar  is  a  good  ileal 
different  from  that  of  the  first  piece  ot 
eijuipment.  The  antenna  is  a  tapered 
piece  of  plastic  that  is  attached  to  the 
ejid  of  the  wa\e  guide  that  comes  out  of 
the  klystron.  The  antenna  shapes  radia- 
ted energy  into  a  cone  that  is  seven  and 


ANTIJNNA 


COAXIAL 

HYBRID 
MIX-^R 


BROAD 

BAND 

AI-'PLIPIERS 


OSCILLATOR 


\oltage  rise  which  occurs  at  the  fre- 
quency of  the  incoming  signal  is  placed 
across  the  RC  circuit  of  Rl  and  CI. 
The  input  impedance  of  the  RC  circuit 
as  seen  b\'  the  output  of  the  tube  is  a 
function  of  the  frequency.  As  the  fre- 
quency of  the  incoming  signal  rises  the 
impedance  of  the  RC  circuit  decreases 
and  the  current  through  the  resistor  Rl 
increases  giving  a  voltage  drop  across 
Rl  that  ri.ses  in  proportion  to  the  ap- 
plied signals  frequency.  The  voltage 
across  Rl  is  read  on  a  conventional 
VTVM  circuit  whose  meter  is  calibra- 
ted directly  in  miles  per  hour.  The  func- 
tion of  the  two  diode  limiters  is  to  in- 
sure that  no  reverse  voltage  is  read 
across  the  resistor  Rl  which  would  cause 
the  meter  to  read  backwards  and  might 
damage  it. 

Another  more  recent  Radar  Speed 
.Meter  that  the  avithor  has  had  the  op- 
portunitN'  to  work  with  is  the  radar 
speed  timer  built  by  the  .Muni  Quip 
Corporation. 

The  equipment  is  a  good  deal  smaller 
than  the  first  unit  and  is  built  in  two 
separate  sections.  The  receiver-transmit- 
ter is  housed  in  an  aluminum  housing 
that  is  circidar  in  shape  and  about  the 
size  of  an  automobile  spotlight.  The  re- 
ceiver-transmitter is  connected  to  the 
amplifier  and  frequency  measuring  chas- 
sis by  two  short  lengths  of  cable.  The 
transmitter  uses  a  klystron  tube  for  the 
oscillator,  which  makes  possible  a  much 


FREQUllIJCY 
KEASURING 

DETECTOR 


INDICATING 
DEVICE 


Fig.  2 


one-half  degrees  wide  on  either  side  of 
center.  The  receiving  antenna  is  simi- 
lar in  shape  to  the  transmitting  one  and 
lies  directly  below  it.  The  incoming  sig- 
nal is  hetrodyned  with  the  local  oscil- 
lator in  a  crystal  mixer  assmbly  in  the 
receiver-transmitter  chassis  and  then  fed 
into  the  amplifying  and  frequency  meas- 
uring chassis.  This  equipment  operates 
at  a  frequency  of  10,525  megacycles 
with  a  maximum  radiated  power  of  50 
milliwatts  and  is  accurate  to  within  2','i 
from  0  to  100  miles  per  hour. 

Now  that  we  ha\e  iliscussed  the 
theory  of  operation  of  a  Radar  Speed 
Meter  and  two  different  types  of  Radar 
Speed  Meters,  what  are  the  princi- 
ple sources  of  error?  The  principle 
sources  of  error  in  Radar  Speed  Meters 
result  from  shifts  in  carrier  frequency, 
frequency  measurements  and  meter  in- 
accuracies, and  errors  in  reading  either 
due  to  parallax  or  human  error.  An- 
other error  results  from  the  fact  that 
the  speed  read  by  the  meter  is  not  the 
linear  speed  of  the  vehicle  relative  to 
the  ground.  Reference  to  Fig.  4  shows 
that  the  speed  of  the  vehicle  relative  to 
the  point  P,  where  the  receiver-trans- 
mitter is  located,  is  equal  to  Vo  Cos(^, 
and  is  negligible  for  small  value  of 
theta.  This  factor  however  limits  the  dis- 
tance that  the  received-transmitter  can 
be  placed  from  the  road  and  still  give 
accurate  readings.  This  factor  of  error 
is  always  in   fa\or  of  the  il river  and  al- 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


(    ) 


Fig.  3 


ways  understates  the  true  speed. 

Carrier  frequency'  drift  results  in  a 
very  small  error  in  readings  assuming 
that  drift  is  limited  to  1  !VIC,  which  is  a 
reasonable  assumption  with  a  well  reg- 
ulated power  supply  and  a  klystron  that 
has  a  cavity  that  is  fixed  in  dimensions 
and  subjected  to  small  temperature  vari- 
ations. 


Parallax  errors  which  result  when 
the  operator  does  not  look  directh'  down 
on  the  meter  needle,  can  be  largely 
eliminated  by  making  the  meter  needle 
small  and  placing  it  as  close  as  possible 
to  the  calibrations  on  the  meter  face. 
Parallax  can  give  errors  of  plus  or 
minus  .5  to  1.5  miles  per  hour. 

Operator    errors,    like    the    poor,    are 


alwa\s  with  us,  and  there  is  nut  too 
much  that  can  be  done  about  them,  ex- 
cept to  make  the  meter  calibration  as 
clear  as  possible  and  very  easy  to  read. 
In  summary  the  advances  in  radar 
technology  have  given  \is  a  very  port- 
able, accurate,  and  jam  proof  piece  of 
equpiment  that  can  be  used  to  measure 
speed. 


KoM^ 


Vo  <G:^0-^Spe:EO  R£AP>  On  RXi>A^ 


-h 


TkA^/^MlTTeI< 


Fig.  4 


APRIL,  1960 


33 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  The  Staff 


Lockheed  X-7  Retires  to  UCLA 

The  Lockheed-built  Air  Force  X-7, 
which  holds  the  free  world's  speed  and 
altitude  records  for  air-breathing  mis- 
siles, is  joining  the  "teaching  staff"  at 
UCLA. 

Converted  into  a  space  age  teaching 
tool,  the  X-7  was  contributed  by  the 
Air  Force  to  L^CLA  where  the  missile 
is  being  installed  at  the  uni\ersity's 
engineering  building  on  the  Wcstwood 
campus. 

This  X-7,  an  early  special  edition 
now  several  years  (dd,  was  built  at  the 
Van  Xuys  plant  of  the  Lockheed  Mis- 
siles and  Space  Division  at  an  original 
cost  of  $1.5  million.  However,  fast- 
changing  developments  in  the  field  have 
made  this  older  version  obsolete  and, 
rather  than  scrapping  this  earl\  .\-7, 
the  Air  Force  decided  to  tuiri  it  o\er 
to  UCLA  where  its  \al\ie  as  teaching 
equipment  is  estimated  at  more  than 
$100,000. 

Prior  to  being  sent  to  L'CLA  tin- 
mis.sile  was  repainted  and  refurbished 
by  Lockheed,  which  also  contributed  the 
display  stand. 

-•Accepting  the  3<S-font  missile  on  be- 
half of  the  university,  Prof.  Wendell 
A.  ALison,  vice  chairman  of  the  depart- 
ment of  engineering,  said: 

"The  X-7  will  be  of  great  value  for 
instruction  and  research  in  the  fields 
of  electronics  and  instrumentation  and 
will  be  especially  useful  to  engineering 
students  planning  to  specialize  in  air- 
craft and   missile  research." 

Primary  purpose  of  the  X-7,  who.se 
speed   record   is  in  the  neighborhood  of 


MHH)  miles  per  houi",  is  to  test  new- 
developments  in  ramjet  engines  and 
other  components  for  ad\anced  Air 
Force  interceptor  missiles  such  as  the 
Bomarc. 

The  X-7  now  at  L'CLA  is  equipped 
with  instrumentation  that  includes  an 
automatic  pilot,  guidance,  telemetary, 
and  recovery  systems.  It  has  a  Id-foot 
wing  span   and    a  20-inch    diameter. 

This  particidar  missile  was  part  of  a 
special  X-7  program  that  led  to  the 
de\elopment  of  underwing  rocket  boost- 
ers, a  new  recovery  system,  drag  para- 
chute clani-shell  doors,  and  introduction 
of  a  hydraulic  system  for  the  autopilot. 
Much  of  this  was  applied  to  the  later 
Q-5  Kingfisher  target  missile  and  to  a 
more  advanced  version  of  the  X-7,  both 
of  which  are  now  in  Hight  programs 
at  the  Air  Force  and  Armv  bases  in 
New    Mexico. 

Air-Cooling  for  Hydrogen  Lamps 

.A  new  air-cooled  hydrogen  lamp  lias 
been  developed  by  Syivania  Ligiiting 
Products  for  incorporating  into  the 
Hydrogen  Arc  Illunu'nator  produced  by 
Bausch   iSc   Lomb  Optical    Co. 

The  chief  advantage  of  this  ie\ised 
system  using  the  Syivania  lamp  o\er 
water-cooled  systems  is  the  elimination 
of  a  water  supply  and  the  tube  break- 
age that  could  result  from  a  necessarily 
complex  arrangement  of  supply  and 
drainage  tubes. 

The  illuminator  is  designed  for  use 
with  several  models  of  the  B  «S;  L 
Grating  Monochromator,  whenever  a 
relativelv    high,    intense    source    of    con- 


tinuous illumination  is  required  in  the 
ultraviolet  region  of  the  spectrum. 
Kquipped  with  the  Sylvam'a  lamp,  the 
M  t^'  L  Ilhnninator  combines  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  long-life,  air-cooled  hy- 
drogen lamp  with  a  power  supplv  w  iiich 
converts  the  alternating  current  line 
\oltage  into  direct  current.  This  con- 
version results  in  a  valuable  increase  in 
light  output  and  a  steady  direct  current 
source  for  use  with  rotating  sectors 
without  introduction  of  harmful  strobo- 
scopic  effects  that  can  occur  wiien  tuned 
AC  amplifiers  are  used. 

The  design  of  the  Svlvania  lamp  and 
file  B  1^  L  power  source  will  prolong 
lamp  life,  reduce  unwanted  atomic  spec- 
tra from  the  metallic  parts  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  lamp  and  permit  higher 
radiation    intensity. 

The  new  lamp  is  designeii  for  wide- 
spread use  in  the  field  of  spectropho- 
tometry as  a  source  for  measurement 
of  L  V  absorption  of  organic  and  inor- 
ganic materials. 

In  addition,  the  Svlvania-equipped  B 
&  L  Illuminator  can  play  an  integral 
part  in  such  specialized  studies  as: 
(  1  )  fluorescence,  a  source  for  e.xciting 
radiation  in  order  to  study  emission 
characteristics  of  materials;  (2)  phos- 
phorescence, a  special  type  of  fluores- 
cence which  characterizes  decay-time  in 
excited  materials  and  (3)  ultraviolet 
reflectance,  which  is  used  as  a  source  to 
measure  the  diffused  and  specular  re- 
flectance of  materials  such  as  optical 
coatings. 

In  educational  and  research  fields, 
the  illuminator  is  used  an  an  idtraviolet 
source  for  studying  the  general  optical 
properties   of    materials. 

Railroad  Comeback 

Railroads  in  Cjermany  and  Italy  still  * 
think  they  have  a  future.  In  Germany, 
94  per  cent  of  the  3,320  railroad  bridges  i\ 
destroyed  and  damaged  in  the  war  have  J 
been  rebuilt.  In  Italy,  a  five-year  plan 
of  railway  electrification  will  end  next 
year  with  4,800  miles  of  the  country's 
l(),0()0-mile  rail  net  using  kilowatts  in- 
stead of  coal. 

Stretching  A  Point 

The  2">ll  million  pounds  of  gum 
chewed  a  year  by  Americans  would  en- 
circle the  earth  60  times  if  f(unied  into 
one  stick.  And,  it  could  be  stretched  to 
Mais. 

Slanted  Parliament 

The  British  Minister  of  Works  ad- 
mits that  two  of  Parliament's  towers 
aren't  in  top  form.  The  329-foot-high 
Big  Ben  tower  and  the  336-foot-high 
Victoria  are  each  15  inches  out  of 
plumb.  Fngineers  believe  it  ma\-  be  due 
to  wartime  bombing. 


34 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Power  for  Arkansas 

Mure  than  14  feet  in  diameter  and 
M)  feet  lonir.  this  steel  frame  will  house 
the  world's  largest  36()()-rpm  turbine- 
generator.  The  unit  is  now  under  con- 
struction at  the  Westinghouse  Electric 
Corporation's  East  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
plant. 

Rateil  at  ,iS4,l)(l()  kilovolt  amperes, 
the  completed  unit  is  scheduled  to  be 
delivered  to  the  Arkansas  Power  and 
Light  Company's  new  station  near  Hel- 
ena during  the  summer  of  1960. 

The  325,000-kilowatt  steam  turbine 
to  drive  the  generator  is  being  built  at 
the  \Vestinghouse  plant  in  Lester,  I'a. 

Revolutionary  Aircraft  Landing 
System 

A  new  and  revolutionary  instrument 
landing  system  for  aircraft  is  under  de- 
velopment by  Boeing  Airplane  Com- 
pany. It  weighs  less  than  10  pounds 
and  costs  only  a  fraction  of  present  sys- 
tems in  operation. 

The  Boeing  technique  requires  onh' 
the  addition  of  two  small  units  to  auto- 
matic direction  finding  equipment 
(ADF  receivers)  cmrently  used  on 
most  aircraft  plus  two  radio  "homer  bea- 
cons"  on   the   ground. 

Present  all-weather  navigation,  ap- 
proach and  landing  systems  require 
ground-based  radar  or  very  high  fre- 
quency (VHP)  radio  navigational  aids 
costing  millions  of  dollars  each  and 
normallv  foimd  oidv  at  major  improved 
fields. 

The  Boeing  system  had  its  beginning 
in  1958  when  research  engineers  were 
tossed  this  problem :  Develop  a  method 
of  low  altitude  navigation  and  landing 
aircraft  on  unimproved  fields  in  zero- 
zero  conditions  without  the  aid  of  lights, 
complex  ground  equipment  and  groimd 
station  persotuiel.  In  addition,  the  equip- 
ment on  the  ground  had  to  be  light- 
weight, inexpensive,  extremely  portable 
and  operable  by  luitrained  personnel. 

Because  of  its  line  of  sight  limitations, 
VHP  radio  transmission  is  extremely  re- 
stricted at  low  altitudes.  Due  to  this, 
Boeing  researchers  turned  to  low  fre- 
quency channels.  By  solving  two  prob- 
lems the  low  frequency  signal's  ten- 
dency to  follow  the  earth's  curvature 
would  make  it  ideal  for  low  altitude 
communications. 

The  problem  areas  were:  Static  en- 
countered on  low  frequency  channels 
can  induce  bearing,  or  heading  inaccur- 
acies. Also,  during  "blind"  landings  the 
pilot  doesn't  have  time  to  continually 
compute  his  position — infonnation  nor- 
mally provided  by  the  more  complex 
ground   stations. 

The  basic  Boeing  idea  calls  for  in- 
stallation of  two  "homer  beacons"  on 
the  gro\ind.  Transmitting  a  steady,  low 


frequency  signal,  one  beacon  would  be 
placed  on  the  centerline  of  the  runway's 
departure  end  and  the  other  at  a  known 
distance  to  the  left  or  right  at  the  ap- 
proach  end. 

To  operate  with  the  beacons,  the  air- 
plane's standanl  ADP  receivers  woidd 
need  a  special  filter  and  coupler — both 
weighing  less  than  six  pounds.  The  fil- 
ter, after  screening  information  coming 
out  of  the  ADP,  provides  the  system 
with   a   true   heading. 

The  coupler,  a  tiny  but  ciiticalh'  ac- 
curate "brain,"  then  examines  all  avail- 
able data  and  supplies  the  same  intelli- 
gence to  the  pilot,  except  for  altitude, 
that  normally  is  given  by  ground-based 
na\igational  and  landing  aids. 

Sigjials  from  the  beacons  are  chan- 
neled through  the  new  system  to  at  in- 
strument continuously  showing  the  pilot 
his  exact  location  in  reference  to  the 
runway  regardless  of  wind.  The  "third 
dimension,"  continual  and  exact  alti- 
tude information,  is  supplied  by  the 
plane's  radar  altimeter  W'hile  the  ADP 
coupler  reports  constantly  the  number  of 
feet   remaining  before  touchdown. 

Correlating  his  altitude  and  distance- 
to-touchdown  information  with  what  he 
sees  on  a  visual  display  instrument,  the 
pilot  can  bring  his  aircraft  down  safe- 
ly without  ever  looking  outside. 

The  new  system  already  has  com- 
pleted more  than  40  hours  of  flight  test- 
ing, including  60  successful  approaches. 
Pive  of  the  approaches  tenninated  in 
blind  touchdowns  on  the  runway.  De- 
\eloped  basically  for  military  operations, 
Boeing  considers  potential  widespread 
application  exists  for  both  commercial 
and   private  flying. 


from  test  temperature  as  measured  si- 
multaneously by  nine  thermocouples 
(one  in  the  center  and  one  in  each  cor- 
ner) was  plus  or  minus  0.5  degrees  F 
at  150  degrees  F,  and  plus  or  minus 
4.0  degrees  1'"  at  ^HD  degrees  F  and 
1000  degrees  F. 

The  temperature  range  of  the  oven 
is  125  degrees  P  to  1000  degrees  F, 
with  a  heat-up  time  of  room  tempera- 
ture to  725  degrees  P  in  one  lioin-;  to 
1000  degrees  P  in  3^j  hours,  with  only 
2500  watts  maximum  electrical   input. 

Durability  (under  conditions  of  use) 
and  ease  of  cleaning  were  other  factors 
weighed  in  choosing  stainless  steel  for 
the  oven's  interior,  according  to  the 
manufactiM'er. 

Overall  exterior  dimensions  are  i-i'/j 
inches  wide  by  42  inches  high  by  33 
inches  deep.  The  interior  work  area 
measm'es  20  inches  wide  by  19  inches 
high  by  LS  inches  deep.  Weight  is  ap- 
proximately 200  pounds. 

The  oven's  operation  is  simple.  Con- 
trols are  located  on  the  front  panel 
above  the   door.   The  controls   include : 

( 1 )  an  electronic,  thermistor  type,  tem- 
perature controller  which  is  connected 
to  a  10-tvnn  helical  potentiometer  with 
panel-mounted  dial  (graduated  from  0 
to    1000)    for   t]ne   temperatm'e   setting; 

(2)  a  controller  which  cycles  the  heat- 
ers to  produce  a  pre-determined  average 
wattage  (adjustable  from  approximately 
6  per  cent  to  100  per  cent  of  total  heat- 
er wattage);  (3)  a  master  switch  atid 
pilot  light;  (4)  an  adjustable  safety 
thermostat  to  prevent  accidental  o\er- 
heating. 

The  exterior  design  permits  stacking 
of  o\ens,   if  desired. 


Constant  Heat  for  Lab  Ovens  King  Solomon's  Furnaces 

Keeping  an  o\en  hot  isn't  much  of  a 
job.  But  keeping  it  at  the  exact  same 
heat  for  long  periods  is  a  task  that  calls 
for  unsual  cqiu'pment.  Many  labora- 
tories, specialized  businesses,  and  indus- 
trial plants  need  such  ovens.  The  Amer- 
ican Instrument  Company  has  just  in- 
troduced a  piece  of  eq\n'pment  to  answer 
this  special  need. 

The  new  oven  has  approximately  four 
cubic  feet  of  work  space,  with  an  all- 
stainless  steel  interior,  including  the  in- 
side panel  of  the  door.  The  stainless 
is  a  contributing  factor  to  two  of  the 
oven's  outstanding  features — constant 
and  vmiform  heat. 

In  a  laboratory  test,  a  temperature 
recording  of  a  thermocouple  suspended 
in  the  center  of  the  oven  for  approxi- 
mately four  hoins,  showed  a  constanc\ 
of  plus  or  mimis  0.5  degrees  F  at  1^0 
degrees  F,  500  degrees  F,  and  100  de- 
grees F.  Electric  resistance  heaters  are 
located  in  all  six  walls,  weighted  ther- 
mally to  produce  maximum  temperature 
uniformity.     The     maxinuim     deviation 


A  real  claim  to  fame  of  King  Solomon 
is  the  copper  blast  furnace  complex  he 
built  in  the  Arabah  desert  in  Palestine. 
The  furnaces  were  similar  in  construc- 
tion to  modern  Bessemer-system  smelt- 
ers invented  a  century  ago  and  each 
could  smelt  14  cubic  feet  of  material  at 
one  time. 

Where  There's  Smoke  .  .  . 

There's  no  lire  in  a  new  waste  re- 
ceptacle that  \ises  smoke  to  put  out 
flames.  When  a  fire  starts  in  the  re- 
ceptacle, its  smoke  is  diverted  back  to- 
wards the  flames,  cutting  off  oxygen  and 
putting  nut  the  (ire. 

Gracious  Living 

Mass  production  has  come  to  the  out- 
house. An  alunu'mnn  outhouse,  original- 
ly conceived  for  public  parks  and  for- 
ests, has  drawn  "amazing  response" 
from  farmers.  A  63/.-by-5^-foot  model 
costs  $300. 


APRIL,  1960 


35 


From  school . . .  through  job . . . 

to  professional 
achievement 


America's  colleges  and  universities  give  engineering  students  excellent  training  in  basic 
disciplines.  But  this  is  only  a  preliminary  to  a  professional  career.  Future  success  depends 
largely  upon  wise  choice  of  job  opportunities.  The  U.  S.  Naval  Ordnance  Laboratory,  White 
Oak,  offers  young  engineers  outstanding  opportunities  .  .  .  the  opportunities  that  really  count. 

In  considering  your  job  situation,  look  into  training  and  graduate  programs,  research 
and  working  facilities,  challenge  of  assignments,  and  professional  advancement  opportunities. 
You  will  be  pleased  to  learn  how  well  a  position  with  the  U.  S.  Naval  Ordnance  Laboratory, 
White  Oak,  meets  your  needs. 


TRAINING  PROGRAM  OFFERS  BREADTH 

NOL.  White  Oak,  has  a  one  year  rotational 
training  program  under  which  an  employee 
is  given  four-month  assignments  in  research, 
engineering,  and  evaluation  departments  .  .  . 
and  a  voice  concerning  assignment  upon 
completion  of  the  program. 

ASSIGNMENTS  ARE  CHALLENGING 

Assignments  are  a\ailable  in  aeroballistics; 
underwater,  air  and  surface  weapons;  explo- 
sion and  chemistry  research:  physics  and 
applied  research;  and  mathematics  ...  and 
the  employee  has  a  voice  in  selecting  the  field 
of  his  choice  even  during  his  training  program. 

GRADUATE  PROGRAM  TIES  IN  WITH 
SIGNIFICANT  PROJECTS 

The  graduate  program,  under  supervision  of 
the  University  of  Maryland,  permits  an  em- 
ployee to  obtain  advanced  degrees  while 
working.  Many  courses  are  conducted  in  the 
Laboratory's  own  conference  rooms,  and 
employees  are  given  generous  time  to  attend 
these  courses.  Highly  significant  projects  for 
theses  and  dissertations  are  available,  of 
course. 


OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  PROFESSIONAL 
ADVANCEMENT 

The  Laboratory  retains  patents  in  employee's 
name  for  professional  purposes,  and  for 
commercial  rights  in  some  instances.  Attend- 
ance at  society  meetings  is  encouraged,  and 
there  are  ample  opportunities  to  engage  in 
foundational  research. 


EQUIPMENT  AND  FACILITIES  TOP-FLIGHT 

The  Laboratory  has  some  of  the  finest  equip- 
ment available  anywhere  for  research  and 
development  work.  The  Laboratory's  loca- 
tion at  White  Oak,  Silver  Spring,  Maryland 
is  in  an  attractive  and  dynamic  suburb  of 
Washington,  D.  C. ...  an  atmosphere  con- 
duci\e  to  the  best  of  living  and  working 
conditions. 

Position  vacancies  exist  for  persons  with 
Bachelor,  Master  or  Doctoral  degrees,  with 
or  without  work  experience,  at  starting 
salaries  ranging  from  $5,4.^0  to  S7,510.  For 
additional  information,  address  your  inquiry 
to:  Employment  Ofiicer,  L).  S.  Naval  Ord- 
nance Laboratory,  White  Oak,  Silver  Spring, 
Maryland. 


M®& 


U.S.  Naval  Ordnance  Laboratory 

White  Oak      •      Silver  Spring,  Maryland 


36 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRAIN   TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


Gi\eii  nine  conis,  one  of  which  i'^ 
counterfeit  and  too  liglit,  finil  a  meth- 
od of  finding  the  counterfeit  h\'  bal- 
ancing the  coins  against  each  other  on 
a  pan  balance;  there  is  a  limit  of  two 
trials. 


The    next    three    teasers    are    courtesy 
of  S(ii>!/i/i(    .1  iii(>iicin. 


Professor  Merle  White  of  the  mathe- 
matics department,  Professor  Leslie 
Black  of  philosophy,  and  Jean  Hrown, 
a  young  stenographer  who  worked  in  the 
university's  office  of  admissions,  were 
lunching  together. 

"Isn't  it  remarkable,"  observed  the 
lady,  "that  our  last  names  are  Black, 
Brown  and  White  and  that  one  of  us 
has  black  hair,  one  brown  hair  and  one 
white." 

"It  is  indeed,"  replied  the  person  with 
black  hair,  "and  have  \ou  noticed  that 
not  one  of  has  hair  th.at  matches  his 
or  her  name?" 

"By  golly,  you're  right!"  exclaimed 
Professor  White. 

If  the  lady's  hair  isn't  hroxxii,  what 
color  is  it? 


A  square  formation  of  Arnn  cadets, 
50  feet  on  the  side,  is  marching  fonvard 
at  a  constant  pace.  The  company  mas- 
cot, a  small  terrier,  starts  at  the  center 
of  the  rear  rank,  trots  forwaid  in  a 
straight  line  to  the  center  of  the  front 
rank,  and  then  trots  back  again  in  a 
straight  line  to  the  center  of  the  rear. 
At  the  instant  he  returns  to  his  position 


at  the  rear,  the  cadets  lia\e  advanced 
exactl)'  50  feet.  Assunu'ng  that  the  dog 
trots  at  constant  speed  and  loses  no 
time  in  turning,  how  many  feet  does 
he  tra\el  ? 

If  \'ou  sohe  this  problem,  which  calls 
for  no  more  than  a  knowledge  of  ele- 
mentary algebra,  you  may  wish  to  tackle 
a  much  moiT  difficult  version  proposed 
b\'  the  famous  puzzlist,  Sam  Boyd.  In- 
stead of  moving  forward  and  back 
through  the  marching  cadets,  the  mas- 
cot trots  with  constant  speed  around 
the  outside  of  the  s(]uare,  keeping  as 
close  as  possible  to  the  square  at  all 
times. 

(  For  the  problem  we  assume  that  he 
trots  along  the  perimeter  of  the  squaie. ) 
As  before,  the  formation  has  marched 
t()  feet  by  the  time  the  dog  returns  to 
the  rear.  How  long  is  the  dog's  path  ? 
If  the  reader  does  not  want  to  get  in- 
\(il\ed  with  fifth-degree  equations,  he 
had  better  not  attempt  this  second  ver- 
sion. 


In  H.  G.  Wells'  novel  Tin  First 
Men  III  !lic  Mddii  our  natural  satellite 
is  found  to  be  inh.-ibited  by  intelligent 
insect  creatures  who  live  in  caverns  be- 
low the  surface.  These  creatures,  let  us 
assume,  have  a  >init  of  distance  that  we 
shall  call  a  "lunar."  It  was  adopted  be- 
cause the  moon's  surface  area,  if  ex- 
pressed in  square  liinars,  exacth'  equals 
the  moon's  \olunie  in  cubic  Ulnars.  1  he 
moon's  diameter  is  _',]()(!  miles.  How 
many  miles  long  is  a  lunar? 


Here  are  the  answers  to  last  month': 
teasers. 


I  he  iiuiiihcr  24^11  ni;i\  be  di\ided 
into  the  following  prime  factors:  1,  2, 
5,  5,  7,  7.  Of  all  the  possible  permuta- 
tions and  combinations  of  these  six  num- 
bers to  yield  three  numbers  which  sum 
to  less  than  one  hundred,  there  are  onl\ 
two  sets  which  have  the  same  sum:  (  ^, 
11),  40)  and  (7,  7,  51)).  The  identical 
sum  would  be  the  reason  wh\  the  law- 
yer would  not  know  ;it  first.  The  doc- 
tor must  be  .■>_'.  Since  the  oldest  woman 
is  younger  than  the  lawyer  and  the 
lawyer  was  able  to  tell  their  ages,  the 
lawver  must  be  50,  and  the  women  must 
be  40,  1(1,  and  5. 


The  fallacN  of  the  proof  that  all  tri- 
angles are  isosceles  is  that  the  construe 
tion  is  only  possible  for  an  isosceles  tri- 
angle or  an  equilateral   triangle. 


The  king  t;ikes  oxer  a  cannibal  and 
returns  to  take  o\er  the  other  one.  He 
returns  and  two  nussionaries  go  over. 
One  missionary  comes  back  with  a  can- 
nibal to  take  over  the  king  and  to  bring 
back  the  other  cannibal.  Then  two  mis- 
sionaries go  over,  and  the  king  makes 
two  trips  to  bring  over  his  tribesmen. 


There  is  exacth  the  same  .-imount  ot 
water  in  keg  as  there  is  wine  in  the 
bucket.  Regardless  of  the  proportions 
of  wine  an<l  water  transferred — and  re- 
gardless of  the  number  of  exchanges — 
if  the  two  containers  first  held  equal 
volumes  of  pure  liquid  and  eventually 
are  left  with  equal  volumes  of  mixtures, 
equal  amounts  of  wine  and  water  have 
changed  pl.aces. 


APRIL,  1960 


37 


Proud  of  your  School? 


WORKING  TOOLS. 


A.W.FABER 
CASTELL 

helps  the  hand  that 
shapes  the  future 

#9000  Castell  Pencil 
with  world's  finest 
natural  graphite  that 
tests  out  at  more  than 
99%  pure  carbon. 
Exclusive  microlette 
mills  process  this 
graphite  into  a  drawing 
lead  that  lays  down 
graphite-saturated, 
non-feathering  lines  of 
intense  opacity.   Extra 
strong  to  take  needle- 
point sharpness  without 
breaking  or  feathering. 
Smooth,  100%-  grit- 
free,  consistently 
uniform,  8B  to  lOH. 

#9800  SG  LOCKTITE 
Tkl-A-Grade  Holder, 
l)erfectly  balanced, 
lightweight,  with  new 
no-slip  functional  grip. 
Relieves  finger  fatigue. 
Unique  degree 
indicating  device. 

#9030  imported  Refill 
Leads,  matching 
exactly  #9000  pencil 
in  quality  and  grading, 
7B  to  lOH,  packed  in 
reusable  plastic  tube 
with  gold  cap. 

A  man  advancing  in 
his  career  just 
naturally  gravitates  to 
Castell,  world's  finest 
drawing  pencil.  You'll 
be  wise  to  begin  now. 

f(.yi  J  mR- CASTELL 

Pencil  Co.,  Inc.,  Newark  3,  N.  J. 


New  .  .  . 

Super  Conductors 


rraiiiuni  —  tin-  lunlcar  tucl  tliat 
made  possible  large-scale  usclul  atomic 
power — has  yielded  a  new  "lamily"  of 
hcmieal  compounds  amonp;  the  most 
niiiipic  in  science.  The  new  iirain'um 
compounds  belong  to  a  group  of  sub- 
stances called  supcrconiinctors — mater- 
ials characterized  by  the  remarkable 
ability  of  permitting  an  electric  current, 
once  startetl  in  them,  to  tlou'  in  uniii- 
minishcd   strenf:th   forever. 

The  new  superconductors  were  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  B.  S.  Chandrasekhar, 
physicist  in  the  metallurgy  department 
of  the  Westinghousc  Research  Labora- 
tories, and  Dr.  J.  K.  Ilulm,  manaj-er 
of  the  Laboratories'  solid  state  phys'cs 
•iepartment. 

The  superconductors  were  found  dur- 
ing research  on  the  electrical  resistance 
of  uranium  alloys  at  temperatures  less 
than  one  degree  above  absolute  zero — 
459  degrees  below  zero  Fahrenheit. 

The  new  superconductors,  four  in  all, 
include  the  first  ever  known  to  contain 
manganese  and  iron,  two  elements  that 
always  have  been  considered  alien  to 
the  existence  of  superconductivity.  All 
are  known  as  "intermetallic  com- 
pounds" and  are  alloys  of  uranium  and 
one  other  metal. 

"Superconductixity  is  among  the 
most  startling  phenomena  in  all  physical 
science,"  Dr.  Hulm  said.  "It  occurs  in 
various  metals  and  alloys  at  very  low 
temperatures.  For  reasons  that  are  not 
now  well  understood,  the  electrical  re- 
sistance of  these  materials  suddenly 
drops  to  about  one-millionth  of  one- 
billiontli  of  its  normal  value.  Electric 
currents  flow  in  them  undiminished  and 
apparently  forever. 

"One  can  readily  visualize  the  im- 
mense practical  importance  of  this  be- 
havior if  it  could  be  made  to  occur  at 
reasonably  high  temperatures,"  he  said. 
"Such  superconductors  would  make 
possible  electrical  and  electronic  devices 
not  now  even  visualized,  and  would 
re\oIutionize  the  practices  and  products 
of  these  industries  as  we  know  them 
today.  The>'  are  beginning  to  find  ap- 
plication in  midget  computers  u.seful  for 
airborne  control  of  rockets  and  mis- 
siles. 

"Because  of  the  \\i(lespread  applica- 
tion as  a  nuclear  fuel,  the  mctallurg\- 
r)f    uraruuni   :uul    its   allo\s  has   been   e.\- 


38 


tensi\el\'  explored.  Hut  no  comparable 
rcsearcli  li.is  been  carried  out  on  the 
electrical  propeitics  of  these  materials. 
Our  purpose  was  to  study  the  unique 
electrical  resistance  of  uranium  alloys 
down  to  very  low  temperatures  and  to 
continue  a  basic  investigation  of  super- 
conductivity that  has  been  pursued  in 
these  laboratories  for  many  years. 

"The  measurements  of  electrical  re- 
sistance," Dr.  Hulm  said,  "were  made 
on  uranium-molybdciuim  and  uranium- 
niobium  aIlo>s  that  ha\e  been  stabilized 
in  crystal  structure  by  heating  to  16^11 
degrees  Fahrenheit  for  24  hours  and 
rapidly  quenching  in   water. 

"The  alloys  showed  surprising  tem- 
perature-resistance behavior.  Contrary 
to  all  known  alloys,  their  elecficnl  re- 
sistance became  progressively  larger  as 
the  temperature  was  decreased  all  the 
way  down  to  one  or  two  degrees  abo\e 
absolute  zero,  at  which  temperat\ues 
they  became  superconductors.  The  su- 
perconductivity," Dr.  Hidm  said,  "also 
w.as  surprising  in  view  of  the  rise  in 
electrical  resistance  preceding  it.  Corre- 
lation of  the  superconductivity  and  re- 
sistivity data  has  thrown  new  light  on 
the  electronic  structure  of  the  atoms 
making  up  the  alloys,"  he  declared. 

To  probe  more  deeply  into  the  super- 
conducting behavior  of  uranium  alloys, 
the  Westinghouse  scientists  then  studieil 
a  group  of  "intermetallic  compounds." 
Such  compoimds  form  when  uranium  is 
chemically  combined  with  such  metals 
as  ahmiinum,  manganese,  iron,  cobalt, 
and  nickel.  It  was  from  these  studies 
that  the  completely  new  superconduct- 
ors emerged. 

"Fo\ir  undiscovered  superconductors 
were  found  among  the  intennetallic 
compounds  containing  cobalt,  manga- 
nese and  iron,"  Dr.  Hulm  reported. 
"Of  special  interest  is  the  fact  that 
two  of  them  are  the  first  superconduct- 
ing compounds  ever  known  to  contain 
manganese  and  iron. 

"Heretofore,  the  presence  of  these 
two  elements  has  been  regarded  as 
'death'  to  the  supercoiulucting  state. 
That  theory  is  no  longer  acceptable. 
Indeed,  these  new  superconductors  not 
only  are  a  reality,  but  may  be  among 
the  most  useful  in  superconductor  re- 
search.' 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Zj 


•  Flij^lit  data  systems  are  e^M-nlial  i-qiii|iiiR'iil  lor  inents.  Pioneer  in  this  and  otiiei  lli^lit  ami  electronic 
all  modern,  high  speed  aircraft.  In  the  AiResearch  systems,  AiResearch  is  also  working  with  highly  sen- 
centralized  system,  environmental  facts  are  fed  to  a  sitive  temperature  controls  for  jet  aircraft,  autopilot 
central  analog  computer  (above),  which  in  turn  indi-  systems,  submarine  instrumentation,  transistorized 
cates  to  the  pilot  where  the  aircraft  is,  how  it  is  amplifiers  and  servo  controls  for  missile  application, 
performing,   and   makes   automatic   cf)ntrol    adjust-  and  ion  and  radiation  measuring  devices. 

EXCITING    FIELDS    OF    INTEREST 
FOR    GRADUATE    ENGINEERS 


Diversity  and  strength  in  a  company  offer  the  engi- 
neer a  key  opportunity,  for  with  broad  knowledge 
and  background  your  chances  for  responsibility  and 
advancement  are  greater. 

The  Garrett  Corporation,  with  its  AiResearch 
Divisions,  is  rich  in  experience  and  reputation.  Its 
diversification,  which  you  will  experience  through 
an  orientation  program  lasting  over  a  period  of 
months,  allows  you  the  best  chance  of  finding  your 
most  profitable  area  of  interest. 

Other  major  fields  nf  interest  include: 

•  Missile  Systems  —  has  delivered  more  accessory 
power  units  for  missiles  than  any  other  company. 


AiResearch  is  also  working  with  hvdraulic  and  hot 
gas  control  systems  for  missiles. 

•  Environmental  Control  Systems — piimeer,  leading  devel- 
oper and  supjilicr  of  aircraft  and  spacecraft  air  con- 
ditioning and  pressurization  systems. 

•  Gas  Turbine  Engines — world's  largest  producer  of  small 
gas  turbine  engines,  with  more  than  8,500  delivered 
ranging  from  .->()  to  8S()  horsepower. 

Should  you  be  interested  in  a  career  with  The 
Garrett  Corporation,  see  the  magazine  "The  Garrett 
Corporation  and  Career  Opportunities"  at  your  Col- 
lege placement  office.  For  further  inforrnalion  write 
to  Mr.  Gerald  D.  Bradley . . . 


THE 


/AiResearch  Manufacturing  Divisions 


Los  Angeles  45,  Cdlijornia  •  Plioenix.  Arizona 
I  Systems,  Packages  and  Components  for:   AIRCRAFT,    missile,    nuclear   and   industrial   applications 

j      APRIL,  1960 


39 


BOOK  REVIEW  SECTION 


MALLEABLE   IRON   CASTINGS 

by  the  Malleable  Founders  Society.  The  Ann  Arbor  Press,   Inc., 
Ann  Arbor,  Michigan.    1960.  526  p.   ($10.00). 


.Malleable  iron  C"a>tmi;s.  a  eomprc- 
hciisi\c  and  up-to-date  handbook  on  one 
of  America's  most  \ersatlle  eii<iineeriiifj 
materials,  is  now  a\ailable  to  the  metal- 
working  publie. 

I'ublished  by  .Malleable  Founders  So- 
ciety, the  work  reflects  the  authoritati\e 
knowledge  of  the  malleable  industry's 
foremost  found r\  technicians  and  cast- 
ing designers. 

The  editors  ha\e  taken  into  account 
the  industry's  great  progress  in  recent 
years,  expantiing  the  content  of  new 
publication  by  more  than  40',  o\er  the 
previous  edition,  published  in    1'144. 

New  emphasis  has  been  given  to  the 
description  of  pearlitic  malleable  iron. 
This  steel-like  material  offers  greater 
hardness  and  wear-resistance  than  fer- 
ritic   malleable,   but   has   sufficient   duc- 


tility and  machinabiliry  to  make  it  ideal 
for  many  moving-part  applications — 
gears,  crankshafts,  sprockets  and  hubs. 

Since  machinability  is  one  of  malle- 
able iron's  outstanding  characteristics, 
this  subject  is  also  covered  in  detail.  In- 
cluded in  the  machining  chapter  are 
discussions  of  all  the  basic  operations — 
turning,  drilling,  boring,  milling  anil 
taiiping. 

The  chapter  includes  ten  representa- 
tive ca.se  histories  in  which  each  opera- 
tion in  the  processing  sequence  is  illus- 
trated. Data  such  as  tool  feeds  and 
speeds,  rake  angles,  etc.  accompany  each 
of  these  drawings. 

While  it  covers  the  basics  of  foundr\' 
operation  the  handbook  is  al.so  designed 
to  help  the  engineer  in  design  of  metal 
components;    the    purchasing    agent    in 


materials  selection  and  the  production 
planner  in  processing  malleable  castings. 

Om-  metalworking  authority,  W.  S. 
I'ellini,  Superintendent  of  the  Metal- 
lurgy Di\ision  of  the  United  States 
Naval  Research  Laboratory,  says  of  the 
handbook  .  .  .  "it  is  quite  evident  that 
no  pains  have  been  spared  in  develop- 
ing concrete  factual  information  while 
retaining  a  high  degree  of  readability." 

In  addition  to  the  material  on  Pearl- 
itic Malleable  and  Machining,  chapters 
are  ile\oted  to  Uses  and  Products,  Me- 
chanical and  Physical  Properties  of 
Standard  Malleable,  Design,  Metallur- 
gy. Manufacture,  and  Alloyed  Malle- 
ables.  Price  of  the  new  handbook  is 
^lO.OO.  It  is  available  from  Malleable 
Foimders  Society,  7S1  Union  Com- 
merce   Huilding,    Cleveland    14,   Ohio. 


Design  for  your  future! 

Learn  how  to  build  the  new 
DEEP  STRENGTH 

Asphalt  pavements 

If  you're  going  into  Civil  Engineering,  it  will  pay 
you  to  keep  a  close  eye  on  Asphalt  design  devel- 
opments. 

Here,  for  example,  is  the  latest  from  Oklahoma 
...  one  of  the  new,  DEEP-STRENGTH  Asphalt 
pavements  the  state  is  using  on  Interstate  40. 
This  one  is  outstanding  because  its  base  is  8  inches 
of  hot-mixed — hot-laid  sand-Asphalt  ...  no  coarse 
aggregate. 

Why  8  inches?  Why  not  6  or  10?  What  did  engi- 
neers do  to  insure  good  drainage?  What  factors 
set  the  design? 

The  Asphalt  Institute  answers  questions  like 
these  .  .  .  keeps  you  abreast  of  all  the  latest  in  the 
design  of  Asphalt  Highways,  the  most  durable 
and  economical  pavements  known.  Would  you 
like  our  new  booklet,  "Advanced  Design  Criteria 
for  Asphalt  Pavements",  or  our  "Thickness  De- 
sign Manual"?  Write  us. 


Ribbons  of  velvet  smoothncs'^ 
ASPHALT  paved  Interstate  Highivays 


^ 


THE  ASPHALT  INSTITUTE 

Asphalt  Institute  Building,  College  Park,  Maryland 


40 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


If  your  sights  are  set 


on  electronics- 


With  the  IBM  Sage  computer,  Air  Force  personnel  view  computer- 
generated  displays  projected  in  the  Command  Post. 


-youll  find  Photography  at  Work  with  you 


The  engineer  working  in  elec- 
tronics finds  photography  one  of 
his  most  valuable  tools.  For  ex- 
ample, he  uses  camera  and  film 
to  capture  and  study  the  fleeting 
transient  on  the  oscilloscope  face. 

X-rays  and  film  provide  him 
with  a  check  on  the  internal  in- 
tegrity of  sealed  components. 
Even  intricate  circuits  can  be 
printed  and  miniaturized  by 
photographic  methods. 

There's    hardly    a    field    on 


which  you  can  set  your  sights 
where  photography  does  not  play 
a  part  in  simplifying  work  and 
routine.  It  saves  time  and  costs 
in  research,  on  the  production 
line,  in  the  engineering  and  sales 
department,  in  the  office. 

So  in  whatever  you  plan  to 
do,  take  full  advantage  of  all  the 
ways  photography  can  help. 

CAREERS  WITH  KODAK: 
With    photography    and    photo- 
graphic  processes   becoming   in- 


EASTMAN     KODAK     COMPANY 

Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


creasingly  important  in  the  business 
and  industry  of  tomorrow,  there 
are  new  and  challenging  oppor- 
tunities at  Kodak  in  research,  en- 
gineering, electronics,  design,  sales, 
and  production. 

If  you  are  looking  for  such  an 
interesting  opportunity,  write  for  in- 
formation about  careers  with  Kodak. 
Address:  Business  and  Technical 
Personnel  Department, 
Eastman  Kodak  Company. 
Rochester  4,  N.Y. 


One    of    a    series 


III  tor  view  with 

General  Eleelric^s  Earl  G.  Abbott, 

Man  a^er — Sales  Tra in  ing 

Technical   Training   Programs 
at  General  Electric 


Q.  Why  does  your  company  have  train- 
ing programs,  Mr.  Abboff? 

A.  Tomorrow's  many  positions  of  major 
responsibility  will  necessarily  be  filled  by 
young  men  who  have  developed  their 
potentials  early  in  their  careers.  General 
Electric  training  programs  simply  help 
speed  up  this  development  process. 

In  addition,  training  programs  provide 
graduates  with  the  blocks  of  broad  ex- 
perience on  which  later  success  in  a 
specialization  can  be  built. 

Furthermore,  career  opportunities  and 
interests  are  brought  into  sharp  focus 
after  intensive  working  exposures  to 
several  fields.  General  Electric  then  gains 
the  valuable  contributions  of  men  who 
have  made  early,  well-considered  deci- 
sions on  career  goals  and  who  are  con- 
fidently working  toward  those  objectives. 

Q.  What  kinds  of  technical  training  pro- 
grams does  your  company  conduct? 

A.  General  Electric  conducts  a  number 
of  training  programs.  The  G-E  programs 
which  attract  the  great  majority  of 
engineering  graduates  are  Engineering 
and  Science,  Manufacturing,  and  Tech- 
nical Marketing. 

Q.  How  long  does  the  Engineering  and 
Science  Program  last? 

A.  That  depends  on  which  of  several 
avenues  you  decide  to  take.  Many  gradu- 
ates complete  the  training  program  dur- 
ing their  first  year  with  General  Electric. 
Each  Program  member  has  three  or  four 
responsible  work  assignments  at  one  or 
more  of  61  different  plant  locations. 

Some  graduates  elect  to  take  the  Ad- 
vanced Engineering  Program,  supple- 
menting their  work  assignments  with 
challenging  Company-conducted  study 
courses  which  cover  the  application  of 
engineering,  science,  and  mathematics  to 
industrial  problems.  If  the  Program  mem- 
ber has  an  anal>-tical  bent  coupled  with  a 
deep  interest  in  mathematics  and  physics, 
he  may  continue  through  a  second  and 


third  year  of  the  Advanced  Engineering 
Program. 

Then  there  is  the  two-year  Creative 
Engineering  Program  for  those  graduates 
who  have  completed  their  first-year 
assignments  and  who  are  interested  in 
learning  creative  techniques  for  solving 
engineering  problems. 

Another  avenue  of  training  for  the 
qualified  graduate  is  the  Honors  Program, 
which  enables  a  man  to  earn  his  Master's 
degree  within  three  or  four  semesters  at 
selected  colleges  and  universities.  The 
Company  pays  for  his  tuition  and  books, 
and  his  work  schedule  allows  him  to  earn 
75  percent  of  full  salary  while  he  is  going 
to  school.  This  program  is  similar  to  a 
research  assistantship  at  a  college  or 
university. 

Q.  Just  how  will  the  Manufacturing 
Training  Program  help  prepare  me  for 
a  career  in  manufacturing? 

A.  The  three-year  Manufacturing 
Program  consists  of  three  orientation 
assignments  and  three  development 
assignments  in  the  areas  of  manufacturing 
engineering,  quality  control,  materials 
management,  plant  engineering,  and 
manufacturing  operations.  These  assign- 
ments provide  you  with  broad,  funda- 
mental manufacturing  knowledge  and 
with  specialized  knowledge  in  your 
particular  field  of  interest. 

The  practical,  on-the-job  experience 
offered  by  this  rotational  program  is  sup- 
plemented by  participation  in  a  manu- 
facturing studies  curriculum  covering 
all  phases  of  manufacturing. 

Q.  What  kind  of  training  would  I  get 
on  your  Technical  Marketing  Program? 

A.  The  one-year  Technical  Marketing 
Program  is  conducted  for  those  graduates 
who  want  to  use  their  engineering  knowl- 


edge in  dealing  with  customers.  After 
completing  orientation  assignments  in 
engineering,  manufacturing,  and  market- 
ing, the  Program  member  may  specialize 
in  one  of  the  four  marketing  areas:  appli- 
cation engineering,  headquarters  market- 
ing, sales  engineering,  or  installation  and 
service  engineering.  j 

In  addition  to  on-the-job  assignments, 
related  courses  of  study  help  the  Program 
member  prepare  for  early  assumption  of 
major  responsibility. 

Q.  How  can  I  decide  which  training 
program  I  would  like  best,  Mr.  Abbott? 

A.  Well,  selecting  a  training  program  is 
a  decision  which  you  alone  can  make.  You 
made  a  similar  decision  when  you  selected 
your  college  major,  and  now  you  are 
focusing  your  interests  only  a  little  more 
sharply.  The  beauty  of  training  programs 
is  that  they  enable  you  to  keep  your 
career  selection  relatively  broad  until  you 
have  examined  at  first  hand  a  number  of 
specializations. 

Furthermore,  transfers  from  one  Gen- 
eral Electric  training  program  to  another 
are  possible  for  the  Program  member 
whose  interests  clearly  develop  in  one 
of  the  other  fields. 

Personalized  Career  I'luiinitig 
is  General  Electric's  term  for  the 
selection,  platenient,  and  pro- 
fessional development  of  engi- 
neers and  scientists.  If  you  iiould 
like  a  Persoinilized  Career  Plan- 
ning folder  nhich  describes  in 
more  detail  the  Company's  train- 
ing programs  for  technical  gradu- 
ates, nrite  to  Mr.  Abbott  at  Sec- 
tion 959-13,  General  Electric 
Company.   Schenectady  5,  iV.  1. 


Progress  fs  Our  Most  Imporfanf  Product 

GENERAL  AeLECTRIC 


INOIS 


May  •  25^ 


TECHNOGRAPH 


What  kind  of  a  person 

would  read  a  book 

like  this? 


This  book  isn't  fancy.  Its  actual  size  isn't  much 
bigger  than  what  you  see  here.  But  it  tells  a  lot 
about  U.S.  Steel.  Its  operations.  Facilities. 
Growth.  Working  benefits.  It  gives  a  rough  idea 
of  the  Corporation's  many  career  opportunities. 
(Imagine  how  many  engineers  are  needed  in  a 
company  this  size.)  A  reader  won't  find  any 
flowery  phrases  in  this  book  about  success. 
That  part  is  up  to  the  individual.  U.S.  Steel 
wants  men  with  drive  and  initiative  who  aren't 
afraid  of  competition.  A  lot  of  people  like  that 
have  already  read  this  book.  They  work  for  us 
now.  Are  you  that  kind  of  person?  Send  the 

coupon.  USS  is  a  registered  trademarif 


United  States  Steel 


f^y^y/y>yuO/^/^ 


BasicFacts 

about 
ir.S.STEE£ 


United  States  Steel  Corporation 
Personnel  Division 
Room  6085,  525  William  Penn  Place 
Pittsburgh  30,  Pennsylvania 

Please  send  me  ttie  free  booli,  "Basic  Fads  about  U.S.  Steel." 


Name 


Address- 
City 


Editor 

Dave  Penniman 

Business  Manager 

Roger  Harrison 

Circulation  Director 

Steve  Eyer 

Editorial  Staff 

George  Carruthers 
Steve  Dilts 
Jeff  R.  Golin 
Bill  Andrews 
Jeri  Jewett 

Business  Staff 

Chuck  Jones 
Charlie  Adams 
Jim  Fulton 

Photo  Staff 

Dave  Yates,  Director 
Bill  Erwin 
Dick  Hook 
Scott  Krueger 
Harry  Levin 
William  Stepan 

Art  Staff 

Barbara  Polan,  Director 
Jarvis  Rich 
Jill  Greenspan 

Advisors 

R.  W.  Bohl 
N.  P.  Davis 
Wm.  DeFotis 
P.  K.  Hudson 
O.  Livermore 
E.   C.   McClintock 


THE  ILLINOIS 

TECHNOGRAPH 


Volume  75,  No.  8 


May,  1960 


Table  of  Contents 

ARTICLES: 

Wankel's  Wonder Pote   Thelander  6 

Power  From  Solar  Energy lack  L.  Diederich  13 

Automation  and  Transfer  Machines Max  E.  Zuigley  18 

Inertia!    Guidance M.    Staloff  22 

Hydraulic  Valve  Lifters J.   R.  Marchetti  27 

FEATURES: 

From  The  Editor's  Desk 5 

The  Deans'  Page H.  L.  Wakeland  10 

Skimming   Industrial  Headlines Edited  by  The  Staff  30 

Brainteasers Edited  by  Steve  Dilts  31 


MEMBERS  OF  ENGINEERING 
COLLEGE    MAGAZINES    ASSOCIATED 

Chairman;  Stanley  Stynes 
Wayne  State  University,  Detroit,  Michigan 
Arkansas  Engineer,  Cincinnati  Coopera- 
tive Engineer,  City  College  Vector,  Colorado 
Engineer,  Cornell  Engineer,  Denver  Engi- 
neer, Drexel  Technical  Journal,  Georgia  Tech 
Engineer,  Illinois  Technograph,  Iowa  En- 
gineer, Iowa  Transit,  Kansas  Engineer, 
Kansas  State  Engineer,  Kentucky  Engineer, 
Louisiana  State  University  Engineer,  Louis- 
iana Tech  Engineer,  Manhattan  Engineer, 
Marquette  Engineer,  Michigan  Technic,  Min- 
nesota Technolog,  Missouri  Shamrock,  Ne- 
braska Blueprint,  New  York 
Quadrangle,  North  Dakota  Engin 
western  Engineer,  Notre  Dame 
Review.  Ohio  State  Engineer, 
State  Engineer,  Oregon  State  Techni< 
angle,  Pittsburgh  Skyscraper,  Purdui 
neer,  RPI  Engineer,  Rochester  Indicator, 
SC  Engineer,  Rose  Technic,  Southern  Engi- 
neer, Spartan  Engineer,  Texas  A  &  M  Engi- 
neer, Washington  Engineer,  WSC  Tech- 
nometer.  Wayne  Engineer,  and  Wisconsin 
Engineer. 


;er,  North- 
Technical 
Oklahoma 
al  Tri- 
Engi- 


Cover 

old  man  Sol  is  the  source  of  useful  povv^er  we  are  beginning 
to  learn.  Barb  Polan  also  has  found  in  him  a  source  for  our  last 
cover  of  the  year.  For  more  details  on  the  sun  see  page  13. 


Copyright.  1960,  by  Illini  Publishing  Co.  Published  eight  times  during  the  year  (Oc; 
tober,  November,  December,  lanuary,  February,  March,  April  and  May)  by  the  Illini 
Publishing  Company.  Entered  as  second  class  matter,  October  30,  1920,  at  the  post 
crtici'  at  I'rli.iiKi.  Illiiinis.  umler  the  .'Vet  of  March  3,  1879.  Office  215  Engineering 
Hall,  rrliana.  inin..i,  Suhvcnptions  $1.50  per  year.  Single  copy  25  cents.  All  rights 
i<s,.v<il  bs  III,  llhn.^is  I  .cluioiiraph.  Publisher's  Representative — Littell-Murray- 
Haniliill.  fm  .  TC  \.alh  \1  uliiKan  Avenue.  Chicago  11,  111.,  ,?69  Lexington  .\ve.. 
\.«    "I'liil,    ir.    \.«    N.iik 


road  testing 

the  Fkebkd 


...with  a  computer 


Engineers  at  the  General  Motors  Research 
Laboratories  electronicalh/  simulate  the  steer- 
ing response  of  Firebird  III  irith  analog  com- 
puter equipment. 

Would  you  likr  to  work  with  computers,  the 
brain  child  oi'  luathcniatics?  How  about  metal- 
lurgy? Solid  slate  physics?  Automobiles?  Inertial 
guidance?  1(  you're  a  scientist  or  engineer  at 
General  Motors,  you  may  work  in  one  of  these 
fields  or  dozens  of  others,  just  as  exciting,  just 
as  challenging. 

There's  real  opporlunity  here.  No  roadblocks 


either.  Real  opportunity  to  move  up,  increasing 
your  knowledge  and  responsibility,  perhaps  shift- 
ing to  another  department  or  division  to  develop 
furtlier  skills. 

CM  provides  financial  aid  for  those  who  go 
on  to  postgraduate  studies.  And  for  undergrads, 
there's  a  summer  program  with  which  they  can 
gain  valuable  experience. 

For  more  information  on  a  rewarding  future 
with  GM,  see  your  Placement  Officer  or  write  to 
General  Motors,  Salaried  Personnel  Placement, 
Personnel  Staff,  Detroit  2,  Michigan. 


GENERAL  MOTORS 

GM  positions  now  available  in  these  fields  for  men  holding  Bachelor's,  Master's  and  Doctor's  degrees:  Mechanical,  Electrical,  Industrial,  Metallurgical,  Chemical,  Aero- 
nautical and  Ceramic  Engineering  •  Mathematics  •  Industrial  Design  •  Physics  •  Chemistry  •  Engineering  Mechanics  •  Business  Administration  and  Related  Fields 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


ONLY  12  INCHES  WIDE... 


Tom  Speer,  Senior  Engineering  Research  Supervisor  at  Stand-  whirl  around  to  reveal  wear  patterns  and  other  vital  infornia- 
ard  Oil,  inspects  one  of  the  12  sections  in  a  new  miniature  tion.  (INSET)  Ruler  shows  wear  pattern  after  strip  has 
road  tester.  Under  simulated  weather  conditions,  four  wheels        taken  pounding  from  tires  during  rain,  freeze,  thaw  and  heat. 

...THIS  'ROAD'  CARRIES 

WORLD'S  HEAVIEST  TRAFFIC! 


Say  good-bye  to  washboard  pavements  and 
chuck  holes — their  doom  may  be  sealed! 

Key  weapon  in  the  war  on  costly  road  dam- 
age is  a  new  miniature  highway  developed  in 
the  Standard  Oil  research  laboratories  in 
Whiting,  Indiana.  It  is  only  12  inches  wide  and 
44  feet  in  circumference,  but  it  carries  heavier 
loads  than  any  highway  in  the  world.  This  Tom 
Thumb  turnpike  will  eventually  lead  to  meth- 
ods of  building  longer-lasting,  smoother,  safer 
highways.,  .at  far  less  cost  to  taxpayers. 

Four  wheels  whirling  around  hour  after  hour 
can  give  it  any  degree  of  traffic  intensity  de- 
sired. Pressure  that  corresponds  to  the  weight 
of  the  heaviest  trucks  can  be  applied  to  the 
wheels.  To  simulate  actual  traffic,  the  wheels 
are  placed  on  braking  and  acceleration  90  per 
cent  of  the  time.  Automated  electronic  equip- 
ment can  quickly  change  "road  conditions" 


from  desert  dry  to  cloudburst  drenched. "Road 
conditions",  too,  can  be  changed  from  freezing 
to  thawing. 

Within  weeks,  the  new  test-tube  roadway 
can  determine  what  happens  to  roads  during 
years  of  use  in  all  kinds  of  weather.  It  can  pre- 
test paving  formulas  and  techniques,  and  may 
show  how  to  eliminate  washboard  pavement 
and  chuck  holes.  Savings  in  highway  research 
alone  may  run  into  millions  of  dollars.  Even 
larger  savings  in  auto  and  road  repairs  and 
possibly  in  gasoline  taxes  are  in  sight. 

This  test-tube  roadway  is  just  one  of  the 
many  exciting  developments  at  Standard. 
Every  day,  scientificresearch,  pure  and  applied, 
points  the  way  to  new  or  improved  products. 
This  work  holds  great  challenge  and  satisfac- 
tion for  young  men  who  are  interested  in  scien- 
tific and  technical  careers. 


STANDARD  OIL  COMPANY 

910   SOUTH   MICHIGAN  AVENUE,  CHICAGO   80,  ILLINOIS 


standard) 

THE  SIGN  OF  PROGRESS... 
THROUGH  RESEARCH 


MAY,    1960 


From  the  Editor's  Desk  . 


The  Merry -Go -Round . . . 


"Professor  Flugg,  what  should  we  do  about  students  who  use  files  in 
our  course?"  Professor  Flugg  leans  back  in  his  plush  conference  chair  to  the 
right  of  the  chairman.  It  is  time  for  the  committee  on  student  activities  and 
coffee  testing  to  convene  for  the  final  time  before  resting  up  for  next 
semester. 

"Hak-kaff!  Well,  Professor  Course  (known  affectionately  by  the  students 
as  Ole  Abee)  I  think  we  should  go  to  all  the  fraternities  and  collect  their 
files.    Those    are    the    offenders." 

Professor  Snap  awakes  from  a  drouse  long  enough  to  mumble  something 
about  MRH  having  a  more  complete  set  on  his  course,  but  he  is  ignored 
because    he    talks    in    his    sleep    anyway. 

Course  raps  his  spoon  on  his  coffee  cup  and  wakes  Snap  along  with 
three  other  professors  who  wandered  in  for  the  coffee.  "Gentlemen,  I  heard 
an  amusing  suggestion  the  other  day.  One  of  our  grad  students  wanted  to 
know    why    we    didn't    change    our    exams    each    semester!" 

The  crowd  breaks  up  at  this  point  chuckling  over  the  joke  they  just 
heard.    Re-write    indeed! 


"Say,  Joe,   what  are  you  going  to  take  next  semester?" 

"Well,  I've  got  a  file  in  199  that's  pretty  good,  but  I  hear  that  steam 
engines  aren't  the  coming  thing  any  more  so  I  guess  I'll  hove  to  take 
something  else.  You  know  any  good  courses?  ("Good"  loses  something  in 
translation,    but    it    is    close    to    easy). 

"Yeah,  I  took  one  lost  semester,  219,  but  somebody  stole  my  file  and 
I  had  to  do  most  of  the  work  in  it.  I  ended  up  knowing  enough  that  I  didn't 
even    have   to   use   a    pony   for  the   final.   Talk   about  wasted    time. 

"Gee,  that  must  have  been  bad.  You  made  up  a  file  after  the 
semester    was    over    though,    didn't    you?" 

"Yeah,  I  did,  but  I  can't  loan  it  to  you.  The  instructor  wanted  it  to  give 
to   a   grad   student   who  was   going    to   help    him    teach    next   semester." 

"That's  Okay,  I  hear  the  boys  are  going  to  get  together  on  Tuesday 
nights  for  219.  They've  got  the  old  lab  reports  and  they're  going  to  carbon 
them  up  for  everybody.  Professor  Course  won't  have  to  spend  as  much  time 
grading  them  that  way.  Standardization  is  the  key  to  fcst  checking,  you 
know. 

"That's  right  but  you'd  better  be  careful,  I  hear  this  grad  student 
wants  to  change  some  of  the  problems.  Chances  are  he  won't  though.  I 
think  they  still  hove  a  few  hundred  copies  of  the  old  exams  to  use  up  first. 
Besides,    nobody    would    take   the    course    if    he    did. 

This   story    lasts   for  four  years   but   you    know    the   way    it   goes. 

A.    Hypocrite 


MAY,  1960 


WANKEL'S  WONDER 

Amazing  Conception  in  I.  C.  Engine  Design 

By   Pete  Thelander 


The  last  fi-w  weeks  of  the  1950's  saw 
the  amiouiicement  of  a  significant  new 
engine.  It  combines  the  smoothness  of 
the  turbine  engine  with  the  efficiency 
of  the  piston  engine.  Hut  its  greatest 
attribute  is  its  utter  siniphcity:  it  has 
only  two  rotating  parts! 

This  ilraniatically  clever  device  is  the 
brainchild  of  Dr.  Felix  Wankel  antl 
is  the  result  of  thirty  year's  work  in 
the  field  of  sliding  seals.  Perhaps  Dr. 
Wankel's  greatest  contribution  prior  to 
his  rotaty  combustion  engine  was  his 
cylindrical  rotary  valve  used  in  some 
of  Germany's  World  War  II  aircraft 
engines. 

The  West  (ierman  motorcycle  manu- 
facturing firm  of  Neckarsulm  Werke 
undertook  the  original  development  of 
the  rotary  combustion  idea  and  ran  the 
first  experimental  engine  in  February, 
1937.  The  following  year  Curtiss- 
Wright  Corporation  was  licenced  to  de- 
velop the  engine  in  this  countr\. 

Description 

.A  goodly  portion  of  the  energy  re- 
leased by  the  fuel  in  a  piston  engine 
never  reaches  the  crankshaft  as  u.seful 
power.  It  goes,  instead,  into  accelerating 


and  decelerating  the  rather  extensive  re- 
ciprocating masses;  pistons,  valves, 
springs,  pushrods,  etc.  This,  in  turn, 
requires  a  heavy  structure  to  absorb  the 
resultant   pounding. 

Dr.  Wankel's  engine,  having  oidy  a 
powershaft  and  rotor,  does  away  with 
all  this  stop-and-start  motion  complete- 
ly. The  powershaft  is  basically  a  round 
bar  with  a  circular  eccentric  tangent  to 
it.  The  rotor  is  shaped  like  an  equi- 
lateral triangle  with  its  sides  bowed  out. 
It  has  a  hole  in  the  center  so  that  it 
can  rotate  on  the  eccentric  of  the  power- 
shaft.  At  one  edge  of  this  hole  is  an 
internal  gear.  The  center  of  the  bowed- 
out  sides  is  recessed  to  increase  the  com- 
bustion volume,  and  each  corner  of  the 
triangle  is  slotted  to  accept  a  spring- 
backed  wiper  which  effects  a  seal  be- 
tween the  rotor  and  the  casing. 

The  casing  is  composed  of  two  side 
plates  which  bolt  to  a  center  secf'on. 
At  the  center  of  each  side  plate,  a  hole 
is  bored  that  acts  as  a  bearing  in  wb.ich 
the  power-shaft  may  turn.  Around  one 
of  these  bearings,  a  gear  is  afixed  to  the 
inside  of  the  plate.  This  external  gear 
meshes  with  the  internal  gear  in  the 
rotor  and  has  exactly  two-thirds  ,is  man\' 


teeth  as  the  rotor  gear. 
,The  inside  contour  of  the  center  sec- 
tion is  defined  by  the  vertices  of  the 
rotor  as  it  "walks"  around  the  gear  on 
the  side  plate.  The  resultant  shape, 
called  an  epitrochoid,  is  a  short,  squat 
o\  al  with  a  slightly  "pinched  "  waist. 

Such  an  arrangement,  of  course,  is 
not  balanced,  so  two  counterweights  are 
splined  to  the  shaft  outside  of  the  cas- 
ing. Fuel  is  metered  to  the  air  by  a  con- 
ventional carburetor  a  n  d  inhaled 
through  a  port  in  either  the  center  sec- 
tion or  one  of  the  side  plates.  The 
burned  gases  are  exhausted  through  a 
second  port  in  the  center  section.  Also 
located  in  the  center  section,  is  the  sin- 
gle spark  plug.  The  engine  may  be  either 
water-cooled  or  air-cooled. 

In  operation,  the  vertices  of  the  rotor 
remain  in  contact  with  the  casing,  form- 
ing three  chambers  which  increase  and 
decrease  in  volme  as  the  rotor  "walks" 
around  the  fixed  gear.  When  the  rotor 
is  in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  2,  cham- 
ber A  will  be  at  a  minimum  voliuiie.  In 
this  sketch  the  shaft  is  cross-hatched 
and  the  eccentric  is  defined  by  the  tips 
of  the  gear  teeth  on  the  rotor. 

As  the  shaft  rotates,  the  rotor  "walks" 


intake   rort 


fixed   external  (;:ear- 


exhaust   port 
casing  center  section 
countenviglit 


1    side  plate 

\  \        internal 


counter.vsi;:ht 
^ — side   ]-l?.te 


spark  plug 


-rotor 


FIG.  1 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


exhaus  t 


eccentric 


shaft 


intake 


spark  i^luj 


FIG.  2 


around  the  fixed  gear,  and  the  chamber 
increases  in  volume.  The  intake  port  is 
uncovered  so  that  fuel-air  mixture  is 
drawn  into  the  chamber  (Fig.  3).  The 
port  is  covered  again  as  the  chamber 
nears  maximum  volume  (Fig.  4).  This 
much  of  the  cycle  has  taken  one  com- 
plete revolution  of  the  powershaft. 

During  the  next  180'  of  shaft  ro- 
tation, the  mixture  is  compressed  as  the 
chamber  goes  through  another  minimum 
volume  (Fig.  5).  The  fuel-air  mixture 
is  now  ignited,  and  the  expanding  gases 
drive  the  rotor  and  shaft  until  the 
chamber  has  reached  maximum  volume 
again. 

The  tip  of  the  rotor  then  passes  over 
the  exhaust  port,  allowing  the  burned 
gases  to  escape  (Fig.  6).  The  chamber 
continues  to  decrease  in  volme  exhaust- 
ing the  combustion  products.  The  port 
is  closed  as  the  chamber  reaches  its  mini- 
mum volvime,  completing  the  cycle,  and 
the  intake  begins  to  open  again. 

This  complete  cycle  has  taken  three 
revolutions  of  the  powershaft.  The  other 
two  sides  of  the  rotor  have  been  going 
through  the  same  cycle  in  sequence. 
Thus  a  power  impulse  is  provided  dur- 
ing each  powershaft  re\olution. 

Performance 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  during 
the  360°  of  shaft  rotation  during  which 
any  chamber  is  being  charged,  the  intake 
port  is  open  about  315°,  or  87 Tf  of 
the  time.  Such  long  duration  of  inhal- 
ing (and  exhaling)  periods  permits  very 
high  rotational  speeds.  NSL's  small  ex- 
perimental engine  has  been  run  up  to 
17,000  rpm  which  is  comparable  to  the 
speed  of  gas  turbine  units.  Successful 
reduction  gearboxes  have  been  developed 
for  gas  turbines,  so  these  high  speeds 
should  pose  no  new  problems. 

XSl's  basic  engine  has  a  swept  vol- 


ume' of  fifteen  cubic  inches  and  delivers 
43  hp  at  8,000  rpm.  The  engine  is  said 
to  have  a  very  smooth  flat  power  cune, 
so  it  is  reasonable  to  assume  approxi- 
mately this  power  can  be  maintained 
up  to  twice  this  speed.  It  is  reported  to 
be  so  smooth  in  operation  that  a  glass 
of  water  placed  on  the  running  engine 
does  not  have  any  ripples  in  its  smface. 

This  fifteen  cubic  inch  engine  is  about 
a  foot  in  diameter  and  weighs  35  pounds. 
It  is  made  of  cast  iron,  but  there  is  no 
reason  why  it  could  not  be  made  of 
aluminum,  reducing  the  weight  to  the 
neighborhood  of  20  povmds.  So  even  in 
cast  iron  form  this  engine  has  a  vcr\ 
good  power-to-weight  ratio,  1.23  hp  for 
each  pound  of  engine  weight. 

In  comparison,  the  Volkswagen  en- 
gine displaces  66  cubic  inches,  develops 
36  hp,  and  weighs  198  pounds.  This 
represents  a  power-to-weight  ratio  of 
only  .18  hpib.  A  typical  aircraft  piston 
engine  delivers  about  .5  hp/lb.,  while 
the  gas  turbine  will  produce  around  2 
hp/lb. 

Curtiss  -  Wright  Corporation,  the 
American  licensee,  has  exclusive  world- 
wide rights  to  aircraft  use  of  this  amaz- 
ing new  engine.  Work  at  Curtiss- 
Wright  is  centered  aroiuid  a  unit  with 
a  swept  \'olume  of  sixty  cubic  inches. 
The  following  performance  figures  have 
been   published"  concerning  this  unit: 

Compression  ratio:  7.5  to  I. 

Power:  100  hp  at  5500  rpm. 

Torque:  100  ft-lb  at  200()-6000rpm. 
Max.   rpm:  8000. 

Weight:   100  lb. 

Material:  cast  iron. 

Specific  fuel  consumption:  .47  lb  hp- 
hr. 

This  is  seen  to  correspond  to  a  power- 
to-weight  ratio  of  exactly  1.00  hp  lb. 
The  same  engine  with  a  peripheral  in- 
take port  rather  than  a  side  port  devel- 


oped    124    hp    at    6S0U    rpm.    or     1.24 
hp   lb. 

Another  common  basis  for  comparing 
engines  is  the  power  produced  by  each 
cubic  inch  of  displacement.  Automotive 
engineers  have  been  striving  for  years 
to  reach  the  magical  figure  of  1  hp/  cu 
in.  A  few  modern,  high-performance  en- 
gines approach  this  figure.''  For  the 
XSU  engine,  this  ratio  is  2.87  hp/cu. 
in.  Curtiss-Wright's  engine  produces 
1.67  and  2.05  hp  cu  in.  for  the  side 
port  and  iieripheral  port  models,  re- 
spectixely. 

Design    Features 

T  he  principal  design  problem  to  date 
has  been  that  of  sealing  the  combustion 
chamber.  Spring-backed  wipers  at  the 
vertices  of  the  rotor  have  been  reason- 
ably satisfactory  in  sealing  the  joint  be- 
tween the  rotor  and  the  center  section. 
Like  the  rings  and  valves  in  a  piston 
engine,  these  seals  will  probably  be  the 
parts  most  prone  to  wear.  The  engine's 
designers  are  understandably  reluctant 
to  divulge  details,  consequently,  even 
less  is  known  about  the  method  used  to 
seal  the  sliding  point  between  the  rotor 
and  the  side  plates. 


FIG.  3 

While  no  specific  claims  are  being 
made,  durability  is  said  to  be  above  aver- 
age. This  seems  reasonable  in  view  of 
the  extreme  simplicity  of  the  design. 
Curtiss-Wright  has  run  its  engine  for 
300  hours  under  load,  then  disassem- 
bled it  for  inspection  and  run  it  another 
100  hours. 

Means  of  extracting  more  power  from 
a  given  size  unit  appear  to  be  somewhat 
limited.  The  sides  of  the  rotor  can  be 
bowed  out  farther  to  increase  the  com- 
pression ratio  with  a  slight  sacrifice  in 
swept  volume.  Increasing  the  diameter 
of  the  eccentric  for  a  given  size  rotor 
woidd  increase  the  swept  volme  and  re- 
quire a  more  oval,  narrower-waisted 
casing.  This  method  also  increases  the 
distance  between  the  axis  of  the  shaft 
and  that  of  the  eccentric.  The  resultant 
of  the  combustion  pressure  forces  on  the 
rotor,  would,  therefore,  act  at  a  greater 
distance  from  the  axis  of  the  shaft.  This 
should  result  in  improved  torque  out- 
put.   A    limit    is    rapidly    reached    here, 


MAY,  1960 


We  don't  believe  in  cogs.  We 
believe  in  individual  people  — 
particularly  when  it  comes  to 
mechanical  engineers.  We  don't 
assign  them  to  drawing  boards. 
We  assign  them  to  projects  :  in 
machine  design,  in  assisting 
customers  on  proper  fastening 
design,  in  sales  engineering, 
or  all  three,  if  they  prefer.  If 
you  don't  like  the  idea  of  being 
a  cog,  then  write  to  us  before 
you  graduate.  Liberal  benefits, 
as  you  would  expect  from  a  115 
year  old  company  that's  the 
leader  in  its  field. 

RUSSELL  BURDSALL&WARD 
BOLT  AND   NUT  COMPANY 

Port  Chester,  N,  Y. 


RBW 


however,  as  the  material  left  in  the  rotor 
soon  becomes  insufficient  to  hold  itself 
tojiether  under  the  stress  of  centrifugal 
torce. 

.■\  \er\  i)b\  ious  niethod  of  raisinj;  the 
power  produced  is  simply  to  put  another 
eccentric  on  the  powershaft  and  provide 
a  second  rotor  and  casing.  .'Xgain.  prac- 
tical complications  will  probably  limit 
tiiis  "stackiiif;"  to  four  units. 

This  engine  is  also  readily  adaptable 
to  supercharging  and  fuel  injection.  By 
combining  all   these  techniques,  a  whole 


FIG.    4 

famil\-  of  engines  covering  a  wide  range 
of  powers  can  be  built  arotuid  a  single 
basic  rotor-and-casing  unit. 

On  the  basis  of  power-to-weight  ratio 
and  space  required,  the  Wankel  engine 
is  far  out  in  front  of  the  piston  engine. 
.A  gas  turbine  may  have  a  comparable, 
or  sligiitly  better,  power-to-weight  ratio, 
but  its  high  operating  temperatures  and 
numerous    blades    lead    to    several    verv 


FIG.    5 

(litTicult  problems.  Turbine  blades  ha\e 
to  retain  their  shape  and  strength  at 
temperatures  up  to  1800  to  2000°?'. 
Costly  new  metals  had  to  be  developed 
before  turbines  became  practical. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  hottest  parts 
of  this  new  engine  reach  only  200  to 
.■?00"F,  according  to  the  Curtiss-Wright. 
This  is  well  within  the  structural  limit 
of  aliimini[m  which  loses  its  strength  at 
relatively  low  temperatures.  A  further 
problem  might  be  that  of  chamber  dis- 
tortion due  to  combustion  temperature 
and  pressure.  NSU's  metalurgical  re- 
search  and   Curtiss-Wright's  endurance 


tests  tend  to  disjirove  that  this  will  he  a 
serious  problem,  however. 

Piston  engines  have  a  large  number 
of  parts  that  have  to  be  macliined  to 
close  tolerances;  turbines  have  many 
blades  that  require  even  greater  pre- 
cision ;  but  onlv'  the  rotor  and  the  in- 
side of  the  casing  need  to  be  precision 
machined  in  the  Wankel  engine.  Ordi- 
nary mainifacturing  tolerances  arc  ade- 
quate for  other  components. 

.Neither  N'SL'  or  Curtiss-Wright  is 
quoting  prices,  but  production  versions 
of  the  engine  are  expected  to  be  competi- 
tive with  the  engines  they  are  designed 
to  replace. 

Low  octane  gasolme  and  even  diesel 
oil  are  satisfactory  fuels.  With  no  hot 
spots,  this  engine  is  virtually  immune  to 
detonation.  As  mentioned  before,  con- 
ventional automotive  or  aircraft  car- 
buretors work  very  well.  Throttle  re- 
sponse is  good  due  to  the  small  rotating 
mass. 

Conclusion 

Much  work  still  needs  to  be  done, 
but  this  engine  does  hold  much  promise. 
Right  now  efforts  are  being  concentrated 
on  improving  low-speed  performance. 
Early   use  of   the  engine   is   expected    to 


FIG.    6 

be  in  applications  that  do  not  require 
great  speed  variation,  such  as  industri- 
al generators  and  pumps. 

Curtiss-Wright  is  expected  to  have 
its  industrial  version  in  production  by 
the  end  of  the  year,  and  NSU  plans  to 
start  producing  rotary  combustion  en- 
gines within  two  years. 

Volkswagen  is  reportedly  very  inter- 
ested in  the  project,  so  perhaps  the  first 
major  change  in  the  venerable  old  beetle 
car  will  be  a  switch  to  this  revolution- 
ary new  power  plant. 

Bibliography 

"Engine  With  Two  Moving  Parts 
Developed  for  Aircraft  -  Auto  Use," 
Aviation   irvek.   Nov.   30,    1959,   p.   33. 

'Tower  Without  Pistons,"  Time, 
Dec.  28,  1959,  p.  45. 

"Revolutionary  Engine  From  XSL  ," 
Sports  Cars  Illustrated.  Jan.,  I960,  p. 
72. 

"Tomorrow  is  Here,"  Sports  Cars 
Illtatrated.  Feb.,    1960,   p.   57. 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


DEPENDABILITY 
of  shifter  fork 
improved  by  designing 
it  to  be  FORGED 


By  designing  the  shifter  fork  of  his  transmission  to  be  forged, 
a  manufacturer  of  eartlimovers  eliminated  costly  equipment  breakdowns  in  the 
field  because  of  fork  failure.  Factor  of  safety  was  increased  even  while 
weight  and  over-all  costs  were  being  f/ecreased. 

Parts  scrapped  because  of  voids  uncovered  after  much  high-cost  machining 
are  eliminated  .  .  .  forgings  are  naturally  sound  all  the  way  through. 
Forgings  start  as  belter  metal  .  .  .  are  further  improved  by  the  compacting 
hammer-blows  or  high-pressure  of  the  forging  process. 

Design  your  parts  to  be  forged  .  .  .  increase  strength  'weight  ratio, 
reduce  as-assembled  cost,  improve  performance.  Literature  to  help  you  design, 
specify,  and  procure  forged  parts  is  available  on  request. 


VOf^XJiATU     iXh      <K,    A^iXxjJb     pCUtfc  ,     dJiAAJ\^Y\^    Jltx   Xo    X>€/     [^OKCIIUll 


Drop  Forging  Association  •  Cleveland  13,  Ohio 


MAY,   1960 


The  Dean 's  Page . . . 


Russ  Martin,  C.E. 


ENGINEERING 

atid 

ATHLETICS 

•if        lir 


By  H.   L.  Wakeland 
Associate  Dean  of  Engineering 


sum   Viiki-\kli,   I.i;. 


"He's  An  E!ngineer?"  (Occasionally 
you  will  hear  this  question  asked  during 
a  college  ball  game  when  a  player  makes 
an  exceptional  play.  The  general  public 
today  has  a  great  tendency  to  associate 
all  college  athletes  with  mental  medi- 
ocrity, overgrown  brawn  and  profes- 
sionalism. Publicly  aired  cases  of  unde- 
sirable recruiting  tactics  and  illegal  sup- 
port of  college  students  has  unfortun- 
ately slandered  many  high  level,  sin- 
cere and  deserving  college  students  that 
have  had  the  gumption  to  participate  in 
an  athletic  activity  as  well  as  their  school 
work. 

Engineering  students  at  the  L  nivcr- 
sity  of  Illinois  have  shown  that  it  is 
possible  to  be  a  good  engineering  stu- 
dent and  also  participate  in  varsity 
sports.  They  have  illustrated  that  enjji- 
neering  education  and  college  athletics 
can  be  compatible  and  they  certainly 
have  not  stood  for  mental  or  scholastic 
mediocrity. 

Of  the  260  students  listed  in  varsity 
eligibility  lists  this  year,  40  or  15.4'^,' 
of  them  were  enrolled  in  the  College  of 
Engineering.  These  40  students  had  an 
average  grade  point  of  3.67  which  by 
College  of  Engineering  standards  ranks 
them  above  the  all  engineering  student 
average  of  3.54  and  would  place  them 
in  the  upper  40*^;  of  the  engineering 
classes.  This  grade  point  also  places 
them  considerably  above  the  all  Liu'ver- 
sity  average  of  3.49.  Scholastically,  the 
highest  ranking  athlete  on  these  lists  in 


cross  country,  golf,  swimming,  wrest- 
ling, and  football  were  engineers.  On 
the  varsity  football  eligibility  list  five  of 
the  six  top  students  scholastically  were 
engineers.  Following  is  a  breakdown  of 
the  engineers  participating  in  each  niajor 
sport  and  their  scholastic  averages. 

The  high  mental  calibre  of  these  stu- 
dents is  also  indicated  by  their  average 
high  school  percentile  rank  which  places 
them  in  the  upper  20';  of  their  high 
school  classes. 

It  is  estimated  that  approximately  75 
engineers  participated  on  freshmen 
teams  this  year.  Of  these  75  students — 
26  reported  for  football  and  7  for  bas- 
ketball. Their  composite  record,  shown 
be'ow,  is  not  as  high  as  upperclassmen 
engineers  on  the  varsity  squads. 


Of  the  26  reporting  for  freshman 
football,  15  received  freshman  numerals 
and  four  of  the  seven  reporting  for  bas- 
ketball received  numerals.  Through 
competition,  both  scholastic  and  athletic, 
the  number  of  engineers  participating  in 
sports  is  reduced  from  the  freshman 
year  to  the  senior  year.  Students  unable 
to  carry  a  sport  along  with  their  engi- 
neering studies  are  bluntly  advised  to 
drop  sports  participation.  Though  the 
freshman  scholastic  average  of  athletes 
is  not  high,  it  will  improve  as  man\ 
drop  athletic  competition  of  their  own 
volition  or  are  advised  to  do  so. 

Each  year  there  are  engineering  fresh- 
men who  distinguish  themsehes  athleti- 
cally. During  the  past  four  \ears  engi- 
( Conliniicd   nil   Piii/f    12) 


ENGINEERING  STUDENTS  LISTED  ON  VARSITY  ELIGIBILITY  LISTS 


K  iiinbci 

of 

Average 

E 

nginc 

ers 

Si  ho/astir 

IU(/h  Sehool 

Varsity  Sport 

Pa, 

ticipating 

Average 

Pereentile 

Football 

11 

3.63 

84 

Baseball 

7 

3.23 

S2 

Tennis 

4 

4.(iS 

94 

Basketball 

3 

3.50 

8(1 

Cross  Country 

3 

3.77 

78 

Fencing 

3 

3.91 

94 

Oojf 

2 

4.01 

81 

Swimmmg 

2 

3.S=i 

81 

Track 

2 

3.  Ml 

97 

Wrestling 

2 

3.72 

93 

Gymnastics 

1 

4.(111 

79 

Total 


40 


3.67 


81.5 


10 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


•    Shown  above  is  a  ireoii  refrigeration  system  for  manned  flight  environmental  control  systems,  Garrett 

the  Boeing  707.  Through  its  unique  design,  a  10-ton  designs  and  produces  equipment  for  air-breathing 

cooling  capacity  is  provided  at  one-tenth  the  weight  aircraft  as  well  as  the  latest  space  vehicles  such  as 

of  commercial  equipment.  The  leading  supplier  of  Project  Mercury  and  North  American's  X-15. 

DIVERSIFICATION    IS   THE    KEY   TO  YOUR    FUTURE 


Company  diversification  is  vital  to  the  graduate  cngi- 
neers  early  development  and  personal  advancement 
in  his  profession.  The  extraordinarily  varied  experi- 
ence and  world-wide  reputation  of  The  Garrett 
Corporation  and  its  AiResearch  divisions  is  supported 
by  the  most  extensive  design,  development  and  pro- 
duction facilities  of  their  kind  in  the  industry. 

This  diversification  of  product  and  broad  engineer- 
ing scope  from  abstract  idea  to  mass  production, 
coupled  with  the  company's  orientation  program  for 
new  engineers  on  a  rotating  assignment  plan,  assures 
you  the  finest  opportunity  of  finding  your  most  profit- 
able area  of  interest. 

Other  major  fields  of  interest  include: 


major  supplier  of  centralized  flight  data  systems  and 
other  electronic  controls  and  instruments. 

•  Missile  Systems  —  has  delivered  more  accessory 
power  units  for  missiles  than  any  other  company. 
AiResearch  is  also  working  with  hydraulic  and  hot 
gas  control  systems  for  missiles. 

•  Gas  Turbine  Engines  —  world's  largest  producer  of 
small  gas  turbine  engines,  with  more  than  8,500 
delivered  ranging  from  30  to  8.50  horsepower. 


See  the  magazine,  "The  Garrett  Corporation  and 
Career  Opportunities,"  at  your  college  placement 
office.  For  further  information  write  to  Mr.  Gerald 


Aircraft  Flight  and  Electronic  Systems  — pioneer  and     D.  Bradley  in  Los  Angeles. 


THE 


AiResearch  Manufacturing  Divisions 

Los  Angrlrs  IS.  (Mlijarnnt  •  I'lun-nix.  Arizona 


Systems.  Packages  and  Components  for:    AIRCRAFT.     MISSILE.     NUCLEAR    AND     INDUSTRIAL    APPLICATIONS 
MAY,   1960  11 


ENGINEERS    AND 
ATHLETICS.  .  . 

( (jOiitiniiid  friDii   I'ngt     10) 

lU'i'ts  ha\i'  rcccivfil  cither  tliicc  or  four 
ot  thf  I  I  KriNliiiu-ii  Si'holastic  AtliK-tic 
Awards  pri'si-iiti'il  each  \car.  These 
awards  arc  sjiven  to  the  lili;hest  raiikinj; 
freshman  in  each  sport. 

•Any  student  considering  an  enj;ineer- 
ing  education  and  also  wanting  to  par- 
ticipate in  a  varsity  sport  should  not  he 
deceived  by  these  statistics.  This  com- 
bination is  not  for  the  student  who  is 
lackadaisical  or  complacent  or  willing  to 
do  only  enough  to  "get  by."  This  com- 
bination of  ed\ication  and  athletics,  like 
any  other  combination  of  education  and 
student  activities  is  for  the  alert — the 
aggressive — the  ambitious  student  who 
realizes  that  with  achievement  comes 
sacrifice.  The  College  of  Engineering  is 
justly  proud  of  the  students  who  dis- 
tinguish themselves  scholastically  and 
athletically  as  it  is  proud  of  engineers 
making  similar  achievements  in  oth^-r 
student  activities.  The  college  has  al- 
ways emphasized   scholarship     first     and 


ENGINEERS  REPORTING  FOR  FRESHMEN  FOOTBALL  AND  BASKETBALL  SQUADS 

.  IviKU/C 

\  II  III  her  Si'h'iimtii  llii/h  School 


Freshman  Sport 


Reporting 


iverage 


Percentile 


Football 
Hasketbali 

2(. 

7 

3.17 

79.6 
7S.h 

Combineil 

averages 

3.21 

79.3 

activities  second  and  will  continue  to  do 
so.  It  shoidd  be  known  tiiougli.  that  this 
group  of  athletes  is  not  a  stumbling, 
mediocre,  overgrown  group  ol  athletes 
being  subsidized  to  "stay"  in  school  but 


rather  aie  a  high  level  group  of  stu- 
dents willing  to  work  and  having  the 
ability  and  desire  to  prepare  theni- 
seKes  for  their  future  opportunities  in 
engineering  and  society. 


ENGINEERS  RECEIVING  FRESHMEN  SCHOLASTIC  ATHLETIC  AWARDS 

School    Year    1956-57 


School   Year   W55-56 
Robert  G.   Hreckenridge — Tennis 
Ronald   S.   Nietupski — Football 
Thomas  H.  Gabbard — Wrestling 

School    Year    li>57-5S 
Lars  F.   Henriksen — Football 
Howard  W.  Hill— Golf 
Roger  A.   Sedjo — Wrestling 


Alan    !•".   Gosnell — Basketball 
John  A.  Uronson — Football 
Robert   \I.   Lansford — Tennis 
Stephen  B.  Lucas — Wrestling 

School    Year   1^58-59 
Stanley  F.  Yukevich — Football 
(jeorge  \L   Fisher — Baseball 
Michael  K.  Yates — Swimming 
John   C.  Zander — Wrestling 


We're    Looking   for 

NEW   STAFF   MEMBERS 

for  Next  Year's 

TECHNOGRAPH 


IF  YOU  ARE 

•  EDITORIAL 

•  PRODUCTION 

•  BUSINESS 


[INTERESTED      "I 
AND/OR  I 

TALENTED       J 


IN  THESE  FIELDS 

•  CIRCULATION 

•  ART  and  MAKE-UP 

•  PHOTOGRAPHY 


Conlact  Us  at  215  Civil  Engineering  Hall 
Between  3  and  5  P.M. -Phone  Uni.  Ext.  2493 


12 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


THE   PROSPECTS  OF   POWER 
FROM  SOLAR   ENERGY 


By  Jack  L.  Diederick 


The  idea  of  harnessing  the  power  of 
the  sun  has  interested  both  fantas\' 
writers  and  serious  scientists  for  a  long 
time.  Their  interest  is  easy  to  under- 
stand. In  two  days  the  earth  recei\es 
in  sunh'ght  more  energ>'  than  is  stored 
in  all  the  known  reser\es  of  fossil  fuels. 
Time  and  again  men  have  devised 
schemes  for  tapping  sun-energ\'  directly, 
usually  by  focusing  to  heat  something, 
such  as  the  boiler  of  a  steam  engin?. 
None  of  these  attempts  to  convert  sun- 
light into  power  has  e\er  achieved  com- 
mercial success. 

Yet  all  over  the  world  there  is  a 
clamor  for  more  energy.  Scientists  in 
many  lands  are  making  a  concentrated 
effort  toward  finding  ways  of  putting 
the  sun's  energy  to  work  niiu'e  directly, 
more  efficiently,  and  on  a  nuich  broadv'r 
scale. 

Our  Sun  As  A  Source 

The  sun  is  a  huge  incandescent  ball 
kept  at  temperatures  of  a  million  de- 
grees or  more  by  atomic  and  nuclear  re- 
actions. Radiation  spreads  from  the  sun 
in  all  directions;  the  earth,  93,000,000 
miles  away,  is  in  line  to  receive  only  a 
small  fraction  of  this  energy.  Of  the 
radiation  directed  to  our  planet,  only  a 
small  proportion  gets  through  our  at- 
mosphere and  clouds  and  reaches  the 
earth's  surface.  Half  of  the  radiation 
received  is  in  the  form  of  visible  light 
which  can  bring  about  chemical  reac- 
tions ;  the  other  half  of  the  energy,  which 
cannot  be  seen  and  is  chemically  inac- 
tive, provides  radiant  heat.  Both  forms 
of  the  sun's  energy,  however,  can  be 
used  for  heating  and  for  the  operation 
of   an   engine. 

Actualh'  the  sun  is  the  source  of  all 
our  conventional  forms  of  energ)':  coal, 
oil,  natural  gas,  wind,  water — not  to 
mention  food.  The  sim  showers  on  earth 
30,000  times  as  much  energy  as  we  are 
now  using  for  all  purposes.  Why  then, 
one  asks,  is  it  so  difficult  to  utilize  this 
boundless  source  of  energy  more  direct- 
h?  The  answer  is  that  in  most  cases 
it  is  not  difficult  but  is  simply  uneco- 
nonucal.  The  patent  offices  of  all  nations 
are  full  of  devices  to  harness  sunshine. 
Many    of    these    could    produce    useful 


power,  but  their  output  would  be  so 
small  that  it  would  not  justify  the 
cost  of  the  equipment. 

Although  the  amount  of  sunshine  that 
falls  on  the  earth  is  very  large,  it  is 
also  spread  very  thin.  Thus  any  attempt 
to  produce  solar  power  means  collecting 
the  energy  falling  on  a  large  area.  This 
is  the  main  reason  for  the  high  cost. 

In  areas  of  the  world  where  fuel  is 
expensive  because  it  must  be  brought 
great  distances,  solar  power  uiu'ts  may 
be  economical.  An  enterprising  Italian 
company  is  actually  marketing  a  small 
solar  engine  for  such  locations.  In  Cen- 
tral Australia  where  sunshine  is  plenti- 
ful and  fuel  must  be  brought  by  truck 
some  1,000  miles  from  the  coast,  the 
use  of  solar  engines  for  pumping  water 
and  similar  purposes  is  close  to  being 
economically  sound. 

In  other  parts  of  the  world,  there 
are  two  ways  in  which  the  present  far 
from  adequate  methods  can  be  im- 
proved :  first,  by  raising  the  efficiency  of 
the  actual  conversion  of  the  solar  ener- 
gy, and  secondly,  by  developing  "collec- 
tors" which  are  not  prohibitively  expen- 
sive to  manufacture  on  a  large  scale. 

At  present  there  are  several  devices 
which  have  been  developed  for  the  trans- 
formation of  solar  energies  into  useful 
forms.  Most  are  in  the  embryonic  stages, 
however,  and  are  far  from  perfected. 
With  certain  refinements  these  devices 
might  well  become  extremely  useful  and 
valuable  to  mankind. 

Photo-cell  Possibilities 

In  recent  years  there  has  been  hope- 
fid  progress  in  exploiting  the  possibili- 
ties of  the  photo-electric  cell.  This  de- 
vice is  fairly  familiar  to  us  today  in  the 
form  of  the  photographic  light  meter, 
the  automatic  door  opener,  and  many 
other  similar  uses.  The  photo-electric 
cell  transforms  light  energy  directly  into 
electrical  energy;  however,  it  can  de- 
liver only  about  one  half  of  one  per  cent 
of  the  energ)'  it  absorbs. 

Engineers  and  scientists  have  thought 
that  this  conversion  efficiency  is  much  too 
low  to  be  of  an\'  practical  value  in  mak- 
ing the  photoelectric  cell  of  any  com- 
mercial   worth    for    the    production    of 


power.  But  now  the  Bell  Telephone 
Laboratories  have  developed  a  new  pho- 
toelectric cell — or  solar  battery,  as  it  is 
called — which  is  twenty  times  more  ef- 
ficient than  the  usual  cell.  This  new  cell 
is  capable  of  deriving  electric  power 
from  the  sunlight  at  a  rate  of  ninety 
watts  per  square  yard  of  collector  sur- 
face. 

A  photoelectric  cell  is  an  extension  of 
some  of  the  principles  invohed  in  trans- 
istors. Basically  it  works  like  this:  The 
element  silicon,  which  has  four  valence 
electrons  and  is  very  stable,  is  combined 
with  small  amounts  of  the  elements 
arsenic  and  boron,  haxing  fi\e  and 
three  valence  electrons  respectiveh. 
These  two  added  elements,  wlien  ab- 
sorbed into  the  crystalline  structure  of 
the  silicon,  create  an  electrically  unstable 
situation.  The  arsenic  attaches  its  four 
valence  electrons  to  the  neighboring  sili- 
con crystal  but  has  one  luiattached  elec- 
tron left  over.  The  boron  does  just  the 
opposite :  being  short  one  valence  elec- 
tron, it  attaches  itself  squarely  to  the 
silicon  atoms. 

An  analog}'  can  he  drawn  between 
this  situation  and  a  bridge  party  where 
there  is  not  the  correct  luunber  of  play- 
ers to  fill  all  the  tables.  For  example,  if 
all  the  tables  were  filled  except  one 
which  had  three  players  instead  of  four, 
there  would  be  one  vacancy.  If  one 
"dummy"  player  were  to  move  from 
one  of  the  other  tables  to  fill  the  va- 
canc\,  he  would  leave  a  \acancy  at  his 
table. 

This  has  a  dual  effect — not  only  has 
the  player  moved  positions  but  so  has 
the  vacancy:  i.e.,  the  player  who  moved 
is  at  a  different  table  now  and  so  is  the 
unoccupied  chair.  Therefore,  in  this 
"unstable"  bridge  situation  there  is  a 
constant  movement  of  both  players  and 
of  vacancies. 

The  same  situation  exists  in  the  sili- 
con-arsenic-boron crystalline  structure. 
The  extra  "pla\er"  is  the  extra  valence 
electron  from  the  arsenic  atom  and  the 
"vacancy"  is  that  left  by  the  lack  of  a 
fourth  boron  valence  electron.  As  the 
"players"  or  electrons  are  negatively 
charged,  the  "vacancies"  must  then  have 
the    effect    of    a    positive    charge.    There 


MAY,  1960 


13 


thni  exists  a  stati-  of  iiiistalilc  i-quilibri- 
iiiii. 

When  light  falls  upon  this  alioN  aiui 
the  photons  of  lijiht  ciu-isin  arc  absorhcil, 
the  eiiiiilibrium  is  liisturbed.  Klcctroiis 
aiul  vacancies  begin  to  How  and  to  set 
up  an  electrical  potential  within  the 
substance  which,  if  properly  tapped,  will 
produce  an  electric  current.  Kach  pho- 
ton of  light  absorbed  creates  an  electron- 
vacancy  pair.  Not  all  wavelengths  of 
light  have  the  energy  to  dislodge  elec- 
trons, of  course,  and  some  wavelengths 
have  too  much  energy  for  efficient  use. 
About  45','  of  the  energy  in  the  total 
spectrum  of  the  sunlight  can  be  trapped 
by  such  a  photoelectric  solar  battery.  He- 
cause  of  va-ious  other  losses  in  the  con- 
struction of  such  a  battery.  howe\er,  it 
can't  convert  more  than  29'',  of  tlv.- 
net  sunlight  energy  reaching  it. 

The  question  that  now  comes  to  mind 
is:  will  its  efficiencN'  of  conversion  be 
great  enousrh  to  make  this  solar  battery 
conuiierciallv  applicable?  For  exampl", 
can  a  rural  housekeeper  now  install  one 
of  these  systems  and  then  ignore  or  quit 
his  commercial  electricity  supph  com- 
pletely? To  do  this  he  would  have  to 
provide  for  some  means  to  store  the 
energy  converted  during  the  day  so  that 
it  would  be  available  for  use  at  niglit. 
This  would  necessitate  storage  batteries 
of  high  enough  capacity  to  store  about 
two  weeks  supply  of  power  in  prepara- 
tion for  a  stretch  of  cloudy  weather. 

.-Ml  in  all,  this  would  require  about 
one  ton  of  storage  batteries  costing  ap- 
proximately $500  and  yearly  main- 
tenance charges  of  iicarK  $1,11(10.  This 
example  shows  that  solar  energy  is  def- 
initely not  "free"  power  and  that  large 
scale  commercial  applications  of  photo- 
electric power  are  not  everywhere  feas- 
ible right  now.  However,  it  is  not  safe 
to  assume  that  the  solar  battery  will  be 
of  no  use  with  further  development. 

Communications 

In  fact,  it  appeals  that  there  are  going 
to  be  many  applications  in  the  field  of 
communications  for  the  photoelectric 
source  of  power.  Communications,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  are  idealh  suited  for 
the  solar  battery:  small  power  demand, 
often  in  remote  inaccessible  spots  where 
there  is  no  available  power  from  other 
lines.  In  these  uses  the  solar  battery  has 
one  great  advantage  over  the  dry  cell: 
the  solar  units  will  never  run  down  be- 
cause it  is  recharged  an<l  fueled  by  tlic 
sun. 

The  actual  power  consumed  h\  each 
telephone  is  only  about  1/20  of  a  watt. 
If  a  solar  battery  is  used  in  conjunction 
with  long-lived  storage  batteries,  it  can 
actuate  a  telephone  installation  for  years 
without  attention.  The  Southern  Rell 
Telephone  Company  in  Americus,  Geor- 
gia, put  into  operation  in  1955  the  first 
successfid  commercial  solar  batterv.  This 


converts  the  sun's  energy  directly  and 
efficiently  into  substantial  amounts  of 
electricity.  The  Hell  System  contends 
that  this  de\ice  is  fifteen  times  as  effici- 
ent as  the  best  previous  solar  energy 
CDinerters. 

The  unit  is  now  being  used  on  sev- 
eral lines  «here  amplifiers  are  needed  to 
maintain  the  strength  of  the  signal,  but 
where  there  are  no  power  sources  with- 
in a  reasonable  distance.  On  clear  and 
even  somewhat  overcast  days  the  collec- 
tor draws  enough  power  for  its  opera- 
tion from  the  sunlight  and  dixcrrs  the 
rest  of  the  energ\-  to  a  storage  batter> 
which  supplies  the  power  during  the 
hours  of  darkness.  The  whole  unit  gen- 
erates enough  power  for  the  effective 
continuous  operation  of  the  system  at 
10  watts,  suppUing  eight  phones  on  a 
rural  line. 

Solar  Furnaces 

Another  interesting  adaptation  of 
solar  power  is  the  solar  furnace.  In 
Mont-Louis,  France,  in  the  Pyrenees 
Mountains,  is  located  a  factory  which 
manufactures  refractory  furnace  linings. 
Very  high  temperatures  are  necessary 
for  this  process,  as  the  refractory  ma- 
terials have  a  very  high  melting  pout. 
Heat  is  usually  obtained  from  electric 
arc  furnaces,  but  this  particular  factory 
has  been  using  solar  fvu'iiaces  at  a  25 '^i 
lower  cost  than  for  the  electric  arc 
method. 

The  apparatus  consists  of  two  large 
mirrors  to  gather  and  concentrate  the 
rays  of  the  sun.  A  flat  mirror  is  mount- 
ed on  a  motor-powered  swivel  so  as 
always  to  direct  the  rays  into  the  para- 
bolic reflector.  This  steps  up  the  effec- 
tive energy  falling  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth  by  a  factor  of  20,000,  pro- 
ducing temperatures  in  excess  of  5400° F 
(iron  melts  at  2800°F).  Its  equivalent 
power  is  75  kilowatts;  comparable  elec- 
tric arc  furnaces  would  require  a  gener- 
ator  driven    b\-   .-i    1000    HP   motor. 

Domestic  Use 

Another  \ery  important  potential  use 
of  solar  power  is  in  the  field  of  domestic 
heating  and  air-conditioning  luiits.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  the  Federal  (lovernment 
expects  a  market  for  13  million  solar 
heating  plants  by  1975.  In  New  York 
there  are  already  two  houses  which  have 
had  operative  solar  heating  systems  since 
1949,  both  working  quite  satisfactorily. 

One  method  is  to  heat  air  by  the 
rays  in  glass  collectors  outside  the  house. 
The  air  is  then  circulated  to  the  heat 
storage  area  where  it  is  absorbed  in  bins 
of  spec'al  salts.  Then  when  heat  is  need- 
ed in  the  home,  a  combined  radiant  and 
hot  air  heating  system  transfers  the  en- 
ergy from  the  salt  bins  to  the  living 
areas.  Usually  a  standard  commercial 
heating  luu't  is  also  provided  as  an  auxili- 
ary supph    in  case  of  many  cloudy  days 


or  excessive  heat  demands  during  the 
early  morning  hours.  Another  method  of 
heat  storage  sometimes  used  instead  of 
salts  is  a  very  large  water  tank  in  the 
b;isement  which  wdl  absorb  and  retain 
heat.  Thvrc  is  still  some  doubt,  how- 
ever, as  to  whether  a  pure  solar  heating 
s\stem  will  be  completely  self-sufficient 
in  northern  latitudes. 

Sometimes,  to  reduce  over-all  costs, 
solar  heating  and  an  air-conditioning 
s\srem  are  combined.  The  air-coiulition- 
ing  function  is  just  the  opposite  of  the 
heating  fiuiction.  Hot  air  is  pumped  ovit 
of  the  living  area  during  the  day,  stored 
in  the  heat  storage  area,  and  the  stored 
heat  expelled  to  the  outside  at  night. 
A  system  like  this  is  actually  in  opera- 
tion  today. 

Evaluation 

To  summarize,  it  may  be  said  that 
u>ing  solar  energv  to  supply  low-temper- 
ature heat  is  alreadv  economical  in  many 
circiuiistances,  and  a  large  increase  in 
the  number  of  houses  heated  and  cooled 
by  solar  energy  can  be  expected  in  the 
next  few  years.  The  production  of 
power  from  the  sun  by  means  of  a  heat 
engine  is  still  uneconomical  in  most 
areas.  Advances  in  methods  of  collector 
design  show  promise  of  improving  the 
economics  to  a  point  at  which  solar  en- 
ergy will  be  worth  while  in  many  areas 
where  cheap  conventional  fuels  are  not 
available.  Even  today  it  is  economical 
in  a  few  extreme  cases.  Among  the  non- 
thermal processes,  photosynthesis  may 
one  day  offer  another  reasonable  method 
of  harnessing  sunshine.  Large-scale 
power  operations  by  the  photoelectric 
process  will  be  significant  only  if  im- 
proved methods  are  developed  which 
will  reduce  the  cost  of  the  apparatus 
significantly. 

Efforts  in  solar  research  have  thus  far 
been  limited,  and  problems  are  many. 
No  new  era  of  solar  energy  properties 
is  just  around  the  corner.  Years  of  re- 
search and  development  are  necessary. 
Hut  the  basic  concepts  are  within  our 
grasp  and  without  much  doubt  can  be 
brought  to  realization  in  the  forseeable 
future. 

REFERENCES 

Business  Week:  "Sun  Powered  Photu- 
System,"  Oct.  S,  '55,  p.  90. 

Pofiiilar  Sc'uncc:  "New  Siui  Furnaces 
May  Cool  Houses,  Too."  Vol.  166, 
June,  1955. 

Pof>ii/)ir  Sricnrr:  "The  Latest  In 
Solar  Power,"  Vol.  168,  January,  1956. 

Scicntifif  American:  "Solar  Fac- 
tories," Vol.  39,  Februar\-,  1956. 

Srienlific  Aineriean:  "What  Is  The 
Future  of  Solar  Energy?"  Vol.  39, 
Jiuie,    19  56. 

Srienlific  American:  "Progress  In 
Solar  Power,"  Vol.   l')\  July.   1956. 


14 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


complete  instrumentation  for  NASA's  Project  Mercury 

COLUNS  ELECTRONICS 


The  reality  of  MeDonnell's  manned  sat- 
ellite will  be  a  great  milestone  in  NASA's 
exploration  of  space.  Collins  Radio  Com- 
pany is  proud  to  participate  in  Project 
Mercury  by  supplying  the  complete  elec- 
tronics system,  including  orbital  radio 
voice  conimimication,  a  command  system 
for  radio  control,  a  telemetry  data  system, 
a  Minitrack  beacon  system,  a  transponder 
beacon  system  for  precision  tracking,  and 
a  rescue  radio  voice  and  beacon  system. 

Collins  needs  engineers  and  physicists  to 
keep  pace  with  the  growing  demand  for  its 
products.  Positions  are  challenging.  Assign- 
ments are  varied.  Projects  currently  under- 
way in  the  Cedar  Rapids  Division  include 
research  and  development  in  Airborne 
communication,  navigation  and  identifica- 


tion systems.  Missile  and  satellite  tracking 
and  communication.  Antenna  design,  Ama- 
teur radio  and  Broadcast. 

Collins  manufacturing  and  R&D  in- 
stallations are  also  located  in  Burbank 
and  Dallas.  Modern  laboratories  and  re- 
search facilities  at  all  locations  ensure  the 
finest  working  conditions. 

Your  placement  office  will  tell  you  when 
a  Collins  representative  will  be  on  camp\is. 

For  all  the  interesting  facts  and  figures 
of  recent  Collins  developments  send  for 
your  free  copies  of  Sipnal,  published  quar- 
terly by  the  Collins  Radio  Company.  Fill 
out  and  mail  the  attached  coupon  toda\'. 
You'll  receive  every  issue  published  during 
tliis  school  year  without  obligation. 


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Collins  Radio  Company, 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa 


Please  send 
during   this  s 


ne  each  Collii 
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COLLINS  RADIO  COMPANY 
MAY,  1960 


•      CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA      •      DALLAS,  TEXAS      •      BURBANK,  CALIFORNIA     h 


Address 

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College  or  University 

Major  degree 

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Graduation  date 

■■■■■■■■■■I 

laDBHBBaBB 

15 


The  care  and  feeding  of  a 


It  takes  more  than  pressing  a  button  to  send  a  giant  rocket  on  its  way. 
Actually,  almost  as  many  man-hours  go  into  the  design  and  construction 
of  the  support  equipment  as  into  the  missile  itself.  A  leading  factor  in  the 
reliability  of  Douglas  missile  systems  is  the  company's  practice  of  including 
all  the  necessary  ground  handling  units,  plus  detailed  procedures  for  system 
utilization  and  crew  training.  This  complete  job  allows  Douglas  missiles  like 
THOR,  Nike  HERCULES,  Nike  AJAX  and  others  to  move  quickly  from  test 
to  operational  status  and  perform  with  outstanding  dependability.  Douglas 
IS  seeking  qualified  engineers  and  scientists  for  the  design  of  missiles, 
space  systems  and  their  supporting  equipment.  Write  to  C.  C.  LaVene, 
Box  600-M,  Douglas  Aircraft  Company,  Santa  Monica,  California. 
Alfred  J.  Carah,  Chief  Design  Engineer,  discusses  the  ground  installation 
requirements  for  a  series  of  THOR-boosted  space  r\A||/^|  AQ 
probes  with  Donald  W.  Douglas,  Jr.,  President  of   l/UUULMO 


MISSILE  AND  SPACE  SYSTEMS  ■  MILITARY  AIRCRAFT  ■  DC-8  JETLINERS  ■  CARGO  TRANSPORTS  ■  AIRCOMB-^ 


16 


I  GROUND  SUPPORT  EQUIPMENT 

THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


"I  found  I  could  be  an  engineer 
—  and  a  businessman,  too" 


William  M.  Stiffler  majored  in  mechanical 
engineering  at  Penn  State  University  —  but  he 
also  liked  economics.  "I  wanted  to  apply  en- 
gineering and  economics  in  business."  he  says, 
"and  have  administrative  responsibility." 

Bill  got  his  B.S.  degree  in  June.  1956.  and 
went  to  work  with  the  Bell  Telephone  Com- 
pany of  Pennsylvania  at  Harrisburg.  During 
his  first  two  years,  he  gained  on-the-job  ex- 
perience in  all  departments  of  the  company. 
Since  June.  1958,  he's  been  working  on  trans- 
mission engineering  projects. 

Today,  Bill  is  getting  the  blend  of  engineer- 
ing and  practical  business-engineering  he 
wanted.  "The  economic  as])ects  of  each  proj- 
ect are  just  as   important  as  the   technical 


aspects,"  he  says.  "The  greatest  challenge  lies 
in  finding  the  best  solution  to  each  problem  in 
terms  of  costs,  present  and  future  needs,  and 
new  technological  developments. 

"Another  thing  I  like  is  that  I  get  full  job- 
responsibility.  For  example,  I  recently  com- 
pleted plans  for  carrier  systems  between 
Scranton  and  four  other  communities  which 
will  bring  Direct  Distance  Dialing  to  cus- 
tomers there.  The  transmission  phase  of  the 
project  cost  almost  a  half-million  dollars  and 
was  'my  baby'  from  terminal  to  terminal. 

"Telephone  engineering  has  everything  you 
could  ask  for— training,  interesting  and  varied 
work.  res|)onsibility,  and  real  management 
opportunities." 


Bill  Stifllcr  and  many  college  men  like  liim  have  found  inter- 
esting careers  willi  the  Bell  Telephone  Companies.  There 
may  he  a  real  opportunity  for  you,  too.  Be  sure  to  talk  with 
the  Bell  interviewer  when  he  visits  your  campus  —  and  read 
the  Bell  Telephone  hooklet  on  tile  in  your  Placement  Odice. 


BELL 
TELEPHONE 
COIVIPANIES 


MAY,  1960 


17 


Automation  and  Applications 
of  Transfer  Machines 


Automation  is  an  integration  of  me- 
chanical, hydraulic,  pneumatic,  electri- 
cal, and  electronic  devices  to  perforin 
anil  control  operations  of  producti<in 
without  constant  human  inter\ention. 
Althoufih  the  word  itself  is  relatively 
new,  automation  is  the  gradual  e\olution 
and  application  of  tremendous  advances 
that  have  been  made  in  the  technology 
of  production.  These  advances,  in  turn, 
have  been  dependent  to  a  great  degree 
on  the  de\elopments  within  the  last  few 
\ears  in  the  field  of  electronics. 

Automation  is,  therefore,  an  extension 
of  the  concepts  of  the  Industrial  Revolu- 
tion. These  were  basically  the  substitu- 
tion of  machine  power  for  manpower, 
fiom  which  came  Eli  Whitney's  idea  of 
interchangeable  parts,  and  the  concepts 
of    mass    production    lines    developed    In 


6onfr'o\ 
El  e/77e rrr 


D- 


By  Max  E.  Zuigley 


Henr\-  I'Ord.  To  these  notions  ha\e  been 
added  that  of  incorporating  into  ma- 
chines the  thinking  processes  of  man. 
I'lu-n,  just  a>  mechanization  has  largely 
elimin.ited  the  need  for  man's  physical 
power,  auomation  will  eliminate  the 
need  for  the  mental  control  tasks  that 
were  previously  a.ssociated  with  this 
power. 

This  is  not  to  imply  that  all  of  man's 
work  is  finished.  It  is  rather  the  begin- 
ning of  an  era  in  which  the  duties  of 
workers  will  be  on  a  much  higher  plane 
than  before.  It  maiks  the  beginning  of 
an  era  in  which  tile  formulation  of 
ideas  and  design  and  maintenance  of 
machines  will  be  the  major  responsibili- 
ties, tasks  of  the  people  in  our  industrial 
force. 

Mechanization     and     automatic     ma- 


chinerv  have  been  available  for  years. 
Where,  then,  is  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween the  emplovnient  of  manually  con- 
trolled automatic  machinerv'  and  auto- 
mation? This  dividing  line  lies  in  the 
methods  employed  to  control  the  ma- 
chines and  in  the  materials  handling 
aspect  of  mechanized  operations. 

In  mechanized  production  operations, 
the  machines  that  are  used  must  be  in- 
dividually set  up  for  the  operations  to 
be  performed,  and  must  be  controlled 
by  an  operator.  The  inspection  of  the 
finished  product  as  it  comes  from  these 
machines  must  be  carried  out  manually, 
even  tbf)ugb  the  person  engaged  in  this 
inspection  ma\'  have  the  use  of  very  ad- 
vanced techniques.  In  this  process,  when 
the  finished  material  is  not  within  the 
(('.(intiniuil   on    Ptuic   20) 


Proc-t'- 


r'5e./7o//7f  ^/e/ve/?/ 


^— 


^  ©- 


c^'o/^^^'/     c/-    Muhsr^Z/i-I 


O/^^/^  ^  /i^^/^         ^^^'^^'''/ 


If^ ^ 


F, 


rvccbs 


.A 


^^iJ^'-  -k^^/A-A 


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<^^::i^^e<:7  -/.co/y     /^'-tr/y/rcV 


18 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


TIROS  satellite  orbiting  towards  ground  station  in  Eastern  United  States. 


RCA-BUILT "TIROS"  SATELLITE  REPORTS 
WORLD'S  WEATHER  FROM  OUTER  SPACE 


As  you  read  these  lines,  the  most  remarkable 
''weather  reporter"  the  world  has  ever  known 
hurtles  around  our  globe  many  times  a  day, 
hundreds  of  miles  up  in  outer  space. 

The  TIROS  satellite  is  an  orbiting  television  system. 
Its  mission  is  to  televise  cloud  formations  within  a  belt 
several  thousand  miles  wide  around  the  earth  and  trans- 
mit a  series  of  pictures  back  to  special  ground  stations. 
Weather  forecasters  can  then  locate  storms  in  the  making 
...  to  help  make  tomorrow's  weather  forecast  more 
accurate  than  ever. 

The  success  of  experimental  Project  TIROS  opens  the 
door  to  a  new  era  in  weather  forecasting — with  benefits  to 
people  of  all  lands.  This  experiment  may  lead  to  advanced 
weather  satellites  which  can  provide  weathermen  with  hour- 
by-hour  reports  of  cloud  cover  prevailing  over  the  entire 
world.  Weather  forecasts,  based  on  these  observations,  may 
then  give  ample  time  to  prepare  for  floods,  hurricanes, 
tornadoes,  typhoons  and  blizzards — lime  which  can  be  used 
to  minimize  damage  and  save  lives. 

Many  extremely  "sophisticated"  techniques  and  de- 
vices were  required  to  make  Project  TIROS  a  success — 
two  lightweight  satellite  television  cameras,  an  infra-red 


horizon-locating  system,  complex  receiving  and  trans- 
mitting equipment,  and  a  solar  power  supply  that  collects 
its  energy  from  the  sun  itself.  In  addition  to  the  design 
and  development  of  the  actual  satellite,  scientists  and 
engineers  at  RCA's  "Space  Center"  were  responsible 
for  the  development  and  construction  of  a  vast  array 
of  equipment  for  the  earth-based  data  processing  and 
command  stations. 

Project  TIROS  was  sponsored  by  the  National  Aero- 
nautics and  Space  Administration.  The  satellite  pay- 
load  and  ground  station  equipment  were  developed  and 
built  by  the  .\stro-Elcctronic  Products  Division  of  RCA, 
under  the  technical  direction  of  the  U.  S.  Army  Signal 
Research  and  Development  Laboratory. 

The  same  electronic  skills  which  made  possible  the 
success  of  nmri's  most  advanced  weather  satellite  are  em- 
bodied in  all  RCA  products — RCA  Victor  black  &  white 
and  color  television  sets,  radio  and  high-fidelity  systems 
enjoyed  in  millions  of  American  homes. 


THE  MOST  TRUSTED 
NAME  IN  ELECTRONICS 

RADIO     CORPORATION     OF    AMERICA 


MAY,  \9i0 


19 


ENGINEER 

WHO'S 

''ARRIVED" 


E.  L,   DISBROW 

^^^  Tri-Slate  College,  Angola,  Ind.  '51 

Bh  d  DISBROW  exemplifies  the  opportunity  to  grow  with  a  young, 
growing  company.  Now  District  Manager  of  the  Dunham-Bush  Minne- 
apolis office,  he  supervises  widespread  engineering  activities  of  a  group 
of  sales  engineers  representing  a  multi-product  technical  line. 

Engineering  degree  in  hand.  Ed  went  to  work  for  Heat-X  (a  Dunham- 
Bush  subsidiary)  as  an  Application  Engineer.  Successive  steps  in  the 
Dunham-Bush  main  office  and  as  Sales  Engineer  in  the  New  York 
territory  brought  him  to  his  present  managerial  capacity. 

A  member  of  Belle  Aire  "V'acht  Club,  Ed  leads  a  pleasant  life  afloat 
and  ashore  with  his  wife  and  two  boys. 

Equally  satisfying  is  Ed's  job.  In  directing  calls  on  consulting  engi- 
neers, architects,  plant  engineers,  wholesalers,  contractors  and  building 
owners,  he  knows  he"s  backed  by  the  extensive  facilities  of  Dunham- 
Bush  laboratories,  ^'ou  can  see  him  pictured  above  on  a  typical  call, 
inspecting  a  Minnesota  shopping  center  Dunham-Bush  air  conditioning 
installation. 

Ed's  success  pattern  is  enhanced  by  the  wide  range  of  products  he 
represents.  For  Dunham-Biish  refrigeration  products  run  from  com- 
pressors to  complete  .systems:  the  range  of  air  conditioning  products 
extends  from  motel  room  conditioners  to  a  hospital's  entire  air  condi- 
tioning plant.  The  heating  line  is  equally  complete:  from  a  radiator 
valve  to  zone  heating  control  for  an  entire  apartment  housing  project. 
The  Dunham-Bush  product  family  even  includes  highly  specialized  heat 
transfer  products  applicable  to  missile  use. 


AIR    CONDITIONING,     REFRIGERATION, 

HEATING      PRODUCTS     AND     ACCESSORIES 

Dunliam-Bushp  Inc. 

WEST     HARTFORD     10,    •     CONNECTICUT,     •      U.  S.  A. 


SAIES  OFFICES  lOCATED  IN  PRINCIPAl  CITIES 


(Continued  from  P/it/c   IS) 
limits   of   the   (icsignateil    tolerances,    the 
operation    of    the    machine   must    he   ad- 
justfil   to  correct   the  deviation. 

Ill  the  use  of  automatic  machinery 
which  has  automatic  testing  devices  as 
an  integral  part  of  the  processing,  faulty 
parts  may  also  be  rejected  by  the  test- 
ing device  and  the  operation  halted,  or 
.some  sort  of  warning  de\ice  ma\  he 
used  to  make  the  operator  aware  that 
adjustment  is  necessary. 

Open   vs.  Closed  Loops 

The  two  s\.sti-ms  abose,  which  com- 
prise the  major  portion  of  present  pro- 
duction facilities,  are  known  as  open- 
loop  systems.  .Automation  employs  what 
is  known  as  a  closed-loop  system,  in 
which  the  input  to  the  process  and  the 
process  itself  are  controlled  h\  the  re- 
sults of  testing  the  output.  The  figure 
on  page  18  shows  the  basic  principles  of 
the  open  and  closed-loop  systems. 

The  simplest  examples  of  the  closed- 
loop  system  are  the  flyball  governor  and 
the  thermostat.  As  the  speed  of  the 
shaft  o:i  which  the  governor  is  mounted 
is  increased,  the  weights  are  lifted  by 
centrifugal  force,  and  through  the  prop- 
er linkage  these  weights  activate  a  \al\e 
which  increases  or  decreases  the  amount 
of  steam  entering  the  steam  eiiT'iie.  In 
the  case  of  the  thermostat,  a  thcmo- 
couple  is  used  to  activate  the  switch  of 
the  heating  unit.  In  each  of  these  cases, 
however,  it  can  be  seen  that  the  output 
of  the  system  directly  controls  the  input, 
and  these  are  therefore  closed-loop  sys- 
tems. 

In  the  application  of  automation  to 
production  processes,  several  combina- 
tions of  the  factors  of  production  arc 
possible,  but  all  employ  the  same  basic 
principles.  Machines  which  perform 
multiple  operations  may  be  of  several 
basic  types,  the  choice  of  which  depends 
upon  considerations  of  space,  relative 
position  in  the  entire  production  opera- 
tion, and  economy.  These  machines 
which  load,  move  the  material  through 
different  phases  of  the  operation,  per- 
form the  different  operations,  carry  on 
inspection,  and  unload  the  finished  pro- 
duct are  known  as  transfer  machines. 

Transfer  Machines 

Most  transfer  machines  are  controlled 
by  computer,  either  analog  or  digital. 
Analog  computers  are  so  named  because 
they  set  up  physical  models  in  order  to 
solve  problems.  In  the  electronic  ana- 
log computers  these  models  are  in  the 
form  of  voltages.  The  chief  advantage 
of  the  analog  computer  is  the  fact  that 
the  device  need  be  no  more  complicated 
than  the  problem  or  model  that  it  deals 
with.  Another  advantage  is  the  fact  that 
the  analog  computer  gives  continuous 
and  instantaneous  solutions  to  the  prob- 
lems presented. 

The  digital  computer  is  a  much  more 


20 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


t^i  no. ) 
Xnt>pt^  flop 


complicated  inacliinc-  tlian  the  analog, 
but  is  capable  of  solviii";  much  more 
complex  problems.  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  fact  that  these  machines  are 
designed  to  solve  problems  by  perform- 
ing mathematical  operations  on  the  data 
supplied.  Because  of  this,  there  is  a  time 
lapse  between  the  feeding  of  the  infor- 
mation to  the  machine  and  the  solution 
of  the  problem.  With  increasing  refine- 
ments in  the  design  of  this  type  of  ma- 
chine, howver,  the  time  for  the  opera- 
tions is  being  measured  in  millisecoiuls, 
and  in  very  advanced  machines  in  micro- 
seconds, so  that  their  use  is  becoming 
more  and  more  widespread. 

Machine-Tool  Uses 

In  the  use  of  computers  to  control 
machines,  the  sequence  of  operations  to 
be  performed  is  recorded  on  punched 
or  magnetic  tape.  These  instructions  are 
read  into  the  computer,  and  are  stored 
in  its  memory  circuits.  The  computer 
then  controls  the  operations  of  the  ma- 
chine by  referring  to  these  instructions 
in  the  proper  sequence. 

In* most  transfer  machines  electronic 
inspection  devices  relay  any  deviations 
from  prescribed  conditions  to  the  con- 
trolling computer,  which  in  turn  makes 
adjustments  to  the  operation,  correcting 
for  the  deviations.  The  above  sketch 
shows  a  schematic  diagram  of  a  sequence 
of  operations  controlled  in  this  manner. 

Transfer  machines  with  this  type  of 
control  may  be  of  two  types,  unitized 
or  sectionized.  The  unitized  machine 
operates  as  a  complete  unit,  and  in  order 
to  shut  down  one  phase  of  the  operation 
the  entire  machine  must  be  stopped.  In 
the  sectionized  machine,  groups  of  re- 
lated operations  are  built  in  different 
sections,  so  that  one  section  can  be  in- 
operative without  affecting  the  others. 
In  these  machines,  reserve  banks  of  the 
material  in  process  are  kept  on  hand  for 
each  section,  so  that  if  a  section  is  shut 
down  the  sections  performing  the  subse- 
quent operations  can  draw  material  from 
the  reserves  and  total  production  will 
not  be  affected. 

In  connection  with  the  sectionized 
machine  a  device  called   a  toolorometer 


is  used.  This  is  an  .uitomatic  tool  pro- 
gramming method  whereby  a  memory 
device  keeps  track  of  the  number  of  op- 
erations that  each  tool  has  performed. 
At  a  predetenuined  number  of  opera- 
tions the  toolorometer  then  automatical - 
h'  stops  the  section  in  which  the  tool 
is  located,  to  allow  for  tool  replacement. 
At  the  same  time  other  tools  in  the  sec- 
tion which  are  close  to  their  change 
times  can  be  replaced,  thus  eliminating 
tile  need  for  fvirther  stoppages.  Down 
time  due  to  tool  changing  and  break- 
age is  a  big  factor  in  limiting  the  num- 
ber of  operations  that  a  transfer  ma- 
chine may  be  designed  for,  and  there- 
fore such  controls  are  very  important. 

In  the  materials-handling  phase  of 
the  transfer-machines  operation  the  ma- 
terial to  be  processed  moves  through  the 
machine  on  pallets  or  on  some  sort  of 
conveyor.  If  the  pallet  system  is  used, 
the  material  is  clamped  into  blocks  when 
it  enters  the  machine.  The  motion  of 
these  types  of  machine  is  intermittent, 
as  the  movement  must  stop  while  the 
operations  are  being  performed.  In  some 
machines  movement  is  constant,  the  ma- 
terial moves  through  the  machine  on 
conveyors,  and  is  pushed  into  the  heads 
of  the  various  tools  by  loading  and  un- 
loading devices. 

The  use  of  transfer  machines  is  seem- 
ingly imlimited.  Our  industry  has  just 
scratched  the  surface  in  adapting 
these  machines  to  our  production.  As  an 
example  of  some  of  the  uses  of  trans- 
fer machines:  in  1956  the  Plymouth  V-S 
engine  line  consisted  of  one  transfer  ma- 
chine 560  feet  long,  and  two  cylinder 
head  assembly  lines  126  feet  long.  The 
three  lines  were  coordinated  and  timed 
to  produce  150  finished  engines  per  hour. 

Ford  V-8  engine  blocks  were  pro- 
duced by  a  transfer  machine  350  feet 
long  which  performed  555  separate 
operations  and  turned  out  100  parts  an 
hour.  The  Russians  have  a  plant  where 
aluminum  ingots  are  taken  in  one  end 
and  at  the  other  enil  aluminum  pistons 
are  sorted  into  four  sizes,  inspected, 
greased,  wrapped  in  paper,  and  packed 
in  boxes  of  six.  All  operations  are  car- 
ried  out   automatically,    and    this   plant 


produces  3.^0(1  pistons  in  .'i  twenty-four 
hour  i\<\\  with  a  work  fence  of  onh'  m'ne 
men  per  shitt. 

Other  Applications 

Automation  is  not  limited  to  the  use 
of  transfer  machnies  in  the  mdustries 
mentioned,  but  rather  to  every  phase  of 
business.  In  the  fields  of  data  processing 
and  the  flow  processes  in  the  chemical 
industry,  completely  automatic  opera- 
tions are  being  utilized.  In  transporta- 
tion, railroads  are  practicing  automatic 
handling  of  cars  in  \ards  from  central 
control   computers. 

With  its  implications  of  less  work  to 
be  done,  automation  has,  for  some  time, 
been  a  controversial  subject  for  discus- 
sion between  labor  and  management.  It 
is  being  used  more  and  more,  however, 
and  just  as  mechanization  and  mass 
production  methods  enabled  us  to  raise 
our  standard  of  living  constantly  and  at 
the  same  time  have  more  leisure,  so 
automation  will   further  this  trend. 

RKFKRKXCES 

CidddiiKiii .  L.  Lduilon.  "Man  and 
•Automation,"  Penguin  Books,  Ltd., 
Harmondsworth,  .Middlesex,  England. 

J  line  Stephen.  "The  Automatic  Fac- 
tor\ ,  '  Instruments  Publishing  Com- 
pan\-,    Pittsburgh    12,   Pennsylvania. 

Riisinoff,  S.  £.,  "Automation  in  Prac- 
tice," The  American  Technical  Society, 
Chicago,  Illinois. 

The  Inslltutinn  of  Pi  ndiietion  Kn^i- 
neers.  "The  Automatic  P^actory,  What 
Does  It  Mean."  E.  &  F.  N.  Spon  Ltd., 
London,  England. 

Miehi(/fin  Stale  I'niversity .  "Ail- 
dresses  (liven  at  The  Centennial  S>ni- 
posium."    East    Lansing,    Michigan. 


"Doc,  vou've  got  to  help  me.  Last 
night  I  drank  two  ipiarts  of  stolen  gold 
paint." 

"(niod  Heavens!  How  do  you  feel 
now?" 

"Guilty." 


MAY,  1960 


21 


INERTIAL  GUIDANCE 


By  M.  Staloff 


In  tliis  the  so  callcil  ;i.<j;c  of  inissili's, 
<;uiilaiUT  systems  of  various  typi-s  art-  of 
the  utmost  importance.  It  goes  without 
sa\ing  that  a  inissle  doesn't  consist  sole- 
1\  of  a  power  plant  and  a  warhead  or 
whatever  else  its  pa\  load  may  he.  There 
must  be  some  wa\  of  iruidini;  the  ma- 
chine to  its  destination.  This  is  the  scic 
function  and  reason  for  beinf;  of  the 
jjuidance  system.  The  work  bcin";  done 
in  this  Held  is  an  important  part  of 
militar\  ordnance  and  civilian  spac- 
projects. 

There  are  various  basic  types  of  guid- 
ance systems  in  use  and  in  development. 
Some  of  these  are:  the  beam  rider  s\  - 
tem,  the  homing  system,  the  command 
system,  the  baseline  system  and  the  in- 
ertial  guidance  system.  The  first  three 
mentioned  are  used  primarih  for  nio\- 
ing  target  applications  and  dencnd  on 
some  sort  of  response  to  stimidi  either 
originating  from  or  reflected  fiom  the 
moving  tars-et  by  a  ground  ra'ar  sta- 
tion. The  last  two  systems  baseline  and 
inertia!,  are  used  for  fixed  taru;ers.  Ra- 
dar again  plays  the  major  role  in  the 
baseline  system.  The  three  moving  tar- 
get systems  and  the  baseline  then  all  de- 
pend on  radar.  The  big  disadvantage 
with  this  is  that  these  systems  arc  sus- 
ceptible to  enemy  jamming.  The  remain- 
ing system,  the  inertial  space  guidance 
s\stem,  is  a  completely  self  contained, 
automatic  and  jamproof  means  of  guid- 
ing a  missile  to  its  target  or  an  aiiplanr 
to  its  destination. 

The  inertial  guidance  system  shall  be 
discussed  here  vmder  three  main  topics: 
the  basic  idea,  refinement  to  the  basic 
system,  and  a  brief  ilcscription  of  some 
of  the  less  familiar  components. 

'Ihe  inertial  guidance  system  carries 
within  itself  all  the  information  neces- 
sary to  guide  the  machine  to  its  target 
or  destination,  that  is,  the  location  of 
the  target  and  an  internal  means  for 
sensing  deviations  from  an  arbitrary 
path  to  the  target.  The  inertial  naviga- 
tion system  is  essentially  a  form  of  dead 
reckoning  device.  This  means  that  the 
geographic  position  of  the  starting  point 
and  destination  must  be  known  and  set 
into  the  equipment.  The  system  is  then 
capable  of  determining  and  supplying 
the  following  information:  a)  geogra- 
phic position  of  the  vehicle  at  any  time, 
b)    grouiul    velocity    and    track,    c)    the 


distance  traveled  .ind  distance  remain- 
ing to  the  destination,  d)  the  direction 
to  destination,  e)  attitude  of  the  ma- 
chine. This  information  is  utilized  by 
computeis  to  furju'sh  an  output,  finally, 
to  serve  motors  which  control  the  ve- 
hicle. The  major  components  needed  to 
accomplish   this  job  are  as  follows: 

1  )  Acceleronieters.  These  are  the 
basic  sensing  elements. 

2)  Integrators.  Mechanical  or  elec- 
tronic devices  which  are  capable  of  per- 
forming integrations. 

.1)  (jyro  stabilized  platform.  This 
maintains  the  acceleronieters  horizontal 
anil  isolates  them  from  aircraft  attitude 
changes. 


yaw.  The  acceleronieters  produce  an 
output,  usually  electrical,  which  is  pro- 
portional to  the  ■acceleration.  This  out- 
put is  ted  into  .an  integratoi  which 
yields  distance  ti.'ucled.  This  outjiut  is 
then  fed  into  the  spherical  trigonometric 
computer  which  corrects  the  distance 
and  its  output  is  tlien  used  to  drive 
ser\o  motors. 

The  basic  s\stcm,  as  has  been  men- 
tioned, is  simplicity  itself.  The  real 
work  in  making  a  practical,  workable 
system  comes  in  in  problems  of  correc- 
tions and  accuracy.  An  example  of  the 
kind  of  accuracy  needed  is  indicated  b\' 
the  fact  that  Minneapolis-Horie\well 
chose  the  site  of  their  new  plant,  which 
is  engaged  exclusively  in  this  work,  on 
the  F"lorida  west  coast  because  the 
ground  foimdation  is  sand.  A  sand  foun- 
d;ition  offers  a  very  stable  platform  in 
that  it  ab.sorbs  and  does  not  transmit 
earth  disturbances  such  as  earth  quake 
waves,  which  may  be  not  at  all  discern- 
able  except  to  a  very  sensitive  seismo- 
graph. However  even  distvnbances  as 
minute  as  these  cannot  be  tolerated  in 
the  manufacture  of  some  of  the  delicate 
components. 

One   major   fault   with   the   basic  sys- 


{i/£^oc/7-y)        (/^/sr^'Mce) 


FIG.    1 


4)  Spherical  trigonometric  computer. 
Converts  distance  traveled  to  corre- 
sponding changes  in  latitude  and  longi- 
tude for  the  particular  latitude.  This  is 
necessary  due  to  the  fact  that  the  dis- 
tance between  meridians  of  longitude 
decreases  with  increasing  latitude. 

The  basic  theory  underlying  inertial 
space  navigation  is  straightforward  and 
appealing  in  its  simplicity.  A  first  and 
second  integration  of  acceleration  yields 
respectively  velocity  and  distance.  If 
suitable  means  are  employed  for  sensing 
the  acceleration,  performing  the  re- 
quired integrations,  and  processing  this 
data  into  useful  information,  then  the 
job  of  navigation  can   be  accomplished. 

Shown  in  Fig.  1  is  a  block  diagram 
of  the  basic  .system.  Acceleronieters  are 
moiuited  on  a  gyro  stabilized  platform 
which  isolates  the  acceleronieters  from 
aircraft  motions  such  as  pitch,   roll  and 


tem  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  gyros  sta- 
bilize the  platform  housing  the  acceler- 
onieters in  space  and  cannot  stabilize 
with  respect  to  an  earth  reference  such 
as  horizontal.  It  is  necessary  to  main- 
tain the  acceleronieters  absolutely  hori- 
zontal because  if  they  were  allowed  to 
experience  and  respond  to  a  component 
of  acceleration  due  to  gravity,  they 
would  liaxe  no  way  of  distinguishing 
gravitv'  from  an  acceleration  of  the 
craft,  arul  \vo\dd  produce  erroneous  out- 
puts. 

This  problem  is  sohed  in  every  in- 
ertial guidance  system  by  the  utilization 
of  a  physical  principle  investigated  in 
1923  by  a  (lerman  professor  of  applied 
mechanics.  Dr.  Maxmilian  Schuler.  Dr. 
Schuler  put  forth  the  concept  of  the 
'84  !VIiniite  Pendidum'.  Briefly  the  idea 
involveil  here  is  as  follows:  An  ordinary 
pendulum    is,   of   cour.se,    not   subject   to 


22 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Vertical  accelerations  when  in  the  equi- 
librium position.  When  subjected  to 
horizontal  accelerations  of  its  point  of 
suspension,  however,  it  is  displaced  from 
equilibrium.  A  change  in  direction  of 
motion  e\en  without  a  change  in  speed 
can  cause  the  pendulum  to  deflect  as 
this  also  constitutes  an  acceleration.  This 
is  more  or  less  intuitively  obvious  as  one 
can  imagine  the  effects  on  a  pendulum 
suspended  in  a  moving  train  which  is 
either  undergoing  a  change  in  speed  or 
a  change  in  direction.  In  either  case  it 
would  deflect.  It  can  be  shown  that  the 
pendulum  would  be  unaffected  by  spuri- 
ous accelerations  under  one  condition ; 
namely  that  the  length  of  the  pendulum 
be  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  earth! 
Underthis  condition  the  point  of  suspen- 
sion of  the  bob  could  be  moved  about 
without  any  deflection  of  the  bob  from 
the  equilibrium  position.  The  reason  for 
this  is  that  the  pendulum's  center  oi 
gravity  is  at  the  center  of  the  earth  anil 
hence  remains  at  rest.  This  is  a  very 
interesting  result  but  certainly,  it  seems 
of  only  academic  value  as  it  would  be 
a  bit  inconvenient  to  carry  around  such 
a  pendulum.  The  value  of  all  this  lies 
in  the  fact  that  any  pendulum  system 
which  has  a  natural  period  of  oscilla- 
tion equal  to  this  so  called  earth  pen- 
dulum, would  exhibit  this  same  inde- 
pendence of  linear  accelerations.  From 
the  equation  for  the  period  of  a  pen- 
ulum,  T  =  2'7:\/L  (^i.  the  period  is 
found  to  be  approximately  84  minutes — 
thus  the  name  84  minute  pendulum. 

These  results  are  all  very  interesting 
but  how  do  they  help  us  in  our  inertial 
guidance  problem?  Previously  it  was 
mentioned  that  the  trouble  with  our 
basic  svstem  was  that  it  could  not  ref- 


/ 


-TTisirnsisTS^is^ 


y  ///////////  y/  /  y  y  yyy^' 


/y 


/ 


CI 


FIG.  3 


erence  the  acceleronieters  with  respect  to 
the  earth's  surface,  and  that  this  was 
necessary  in  order  to  isolate  them  from 
the  effects  of  gravity.  The  significance 
of  Schuler's  84  minute  pendulum  is 
that  it  is,  essentially,  a  vertical  deter- 
mining device.  The  refined  inertial  sys- 
tem operates  in  the  following  manner: 
The  accelerometer  platform  is  mount- 
ed on  the  gyro  stabilized  platfonii  on  an 
axis  about  which  it  can  be  rotated.  As 
the  vehicle  moves  around  the  earth,  a 
signal  from  the  .second  integrator  out- 
put (distance)  is  fed  back  to  servo 
motors  which  rotate  the  accelerometer 
platform  with  respect  to  the  gyro  sta- 
bilized platform,  a  number  of  degrees 
identical  with  the  angular  displacement 
of  the  vehicle.  When  this  signal  is  fed 
back  to  the  accelerometer  platform,  the 


FIG.  2 


whole  combination  of  gyro  stabilized 
platform,  accelerometers,  integrators, 
and  servos  acts  as  an  undamped  pen- 
dulum. If  this  system  is  constructed  to 
have  the  84  minute  period,  then  it  will 
be  vertical  seeking  and  contin\ie  to  main- 
tain its  position  horizontal  to  the  local 
vertical. 

The  building  blocks  of  which  the 
complete  inertial  guidance  system  is  com- 
posed are,  for  the  most  part,  standard 
aircraft  components  which  have  found 
previous  applications  in  instrumentation 
and  autopilots.  In  eluded  in  this  cate- 
gory are  such  items  as  gyros  and  servo 
mechanisms.  Two  devices  which  may  not 
be  as  familiar  and  therefore  deserve 
some  mention  are  the  accelerometer  and 
the  integrator. 

The  accelerometer  whose  function, 
as  has  been  previously  explained,  is  to 
sense  acceleration  and  deliver  an  output 
proportional  to  this  acceleration — is  es- 
sentialh'  a  simple  de\icc. 

One  form  of  accelerometer,  as  illus- 
trated in  the  sketch,  might  be  a  mass 
supported  on  a  horizontal  platform. 
Two  end  springs  are  attached  which  lie 
along  an  axis  in  the  direction  of  the 
component  of  acceleration  it  is  desired 
to  measure.  Attached  to  the  mass  is  a 
potentiometer  slide  which  governs  an 
output  voltage.  As  the  unit  is  subject- 
ed to  a  linear  acceleration,  the  mass  will 
be  displaced  to  a  new  equilibrium  posi- 
tion imtil  the  acceleration  stops  at  which 
time  the  mass  will  be  returned  to  the 
null  position  by  the  action  of  the 
springs.  If  the  potentiometer  is  linearly 
wound,  the  output  voltage  will  be  pro- 
portional to  the  displacement  of  the 
mass  which  is  in  turn  pid|iortional  to 
the  displacement  ot  the  mass  wliich  is 
in  turn  proportional  to  the  acceleration. 
This  form  of  accelerometer  is  limited  in 
the  range  of  accelerations  to  which  it 
can  accurately  respond  by  such  factors 
as  friction  and  spring  constant.  In  mis- 


MAY,  1960 


23 


silc  applications  the  required  range  ot 
aioelerations  nia\  be  as  liijili  as  100,- 
000:1. 

A  niucli  better  acceleronieter  can  be 
made  employing  an  'electrical  spring.' 
This  iorm  is  sliown  in  tlie  loliowing 
sketch. 

I  nder  the  intluence  of  a  linear  ac- 
celeration, the  petuiuliim,  wliich  is  :it- 
tached  to  the  motor  case  is  deHected. 
It  a  voltage  is  then  applied  to  the  motor 
armature  causing  it  to  rotate  in  the 
proper  direction,  a  torque  opposing  the 
pendulum  motion  is  developed.  A  vo't- 
a'c  just  large  enough  to  produce  a 
torcpie  whicii  e.\act!\-  cancels  the  torque 
iliic  to  the  pendulum  is  applied  and  the 
pendulum  maintains  its  equilibrium 
po  ition.  The  toripie  produced  by  the 
armature  rotatioji  is  pro|iortional  to  the 
;ip|ilied  voltage  and  hence  the  applied 
volra'.'e  will  be  proportional  to  tl^e  ac- 
celeiation  which  caused  the  pendulum 
to  detlect.  This  type  of  accelerometer 
has  no  springs  to  be  concerned  with  and 
the  bearings  can  be  made  relatively  fric- 
tionless. 

There  are  \ari(ius  devices  which  are 
capable  of  performing  the  mathematical 
operation  of  integration.  The\  can  be 
either  mechanical  or  electrical  in  na- 
ture. The  most  commonly  used  are  elec- 
trical or  electronic  devices.  The  one  in 
particular  I  shall  describe  is  the  type 
used    in    electronic   analog   computers. 

This  integrator  is  simply  a  high  gain, 
direct  -  coupled,  operational  amplifier 
with  a  capacitor  in  a  feeilback  loop.  To 
sec  how  this  amplifier  can  integrate  it 
is  necessary  to  look  at  the  equations  that 
can  be  written.  In  the  following  circuit 
it  is  assumed  that  the  amplifier  draws 
on  current  at  its  input  grid. 


/f 


^^- 


tempteil  to  present  a  clear  workable  pic-  to  convert  it   into  a  workable  one,   and 

ture  of  the  inertial   guidance  system   by  third   a   brief   description  of   two  of   the 

means  of  three  main  topics,   h'irst  a  pre-  majoi'  components.   It  is  hoped   that   tin- 

sentation  of  the  basic  theor\,  second  dis-  subject  has  been  presented  to  the  reader 

cussion   of    refinement   of   the   b.isic   unit  in    a   cleai'   and    understandable   manner. 


/='<SA/£?l/^  f//^ 


FIG.  4 


Using  cperatcr  notation:    S   -  J^    =  '^yC^/t 


^  (  ^   ^  sc)   -  ^,'  (^)   -  ^c   (sc)  - 


O 


y^ 


_  ^  (^  ^sc)  -  ^.-  (^^)  -  ^.  esc)  -  a 


It  is  seen,  then  that  the  output  of  the 
integrator  is  approximately  equal   to  the  ZT      —    — 

negative   integral,   with    respect   to  time,  " 

of  the  input.  The  approximation  which  { 

depends  on  the  gain  of  the  amplifier, 
is  a  good  one  as  typical  gains  for  this 
t\pe  of  amplifier  are  10''  to  10^. 

.Another  possible  integrating  device  is  ^^o  ^  — 
the  ordinary  a.c.  tachometer  generator. 
The  tach  generator  is  caused  to  rotate 
at  .such  a  speed  that  it  produces  a  volt- 
age which  cancels  out  the  .signal  volt- 
age   which    it    is    required    to    integrate.  

The  speed  of  armature  rotation   is  then  <<^<p    ~ 

proportional  to  the  signal  voltage  and 
the  total  number  of  armature  revolu- 
tions over  a  period  of  time  is  propor- 
tional to  the  integral  of  the  signal  volt- 
age. 

In    conclusion,    then,    it    has    been    at- 


^ 


^c- 


/9  ^^^  / 


SC/? 


■T^^ 


Equations   for   circuit   shown    in   first   column 


24 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


//fmmi.\ 

mm. 


Since  its  inception  nearly  23  years  ago, 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  has  given 
the  free  world  its  first  tactical  guided  mis- 
sile system,  its  first  earth  satellite,  and 
its  first  lunar  probe. 

In  the  future,  underthe  direction  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration, pioneering  on  the  space  fron- 


...THE   EXPLORATION  OF  SPACE 

tier  will  advance  at  an  accelerated  rate. 
The  preliminary  instrument  explora- 
tions that  have  already  been  made  only 
seem  to  define  how  much  there  is  yet 
to  be  learned.  During  the  next  few  years, 
payloads  will  become  larger,  trajectories 
will  become  more  precise,  and  distances 
covered  will  become  greater.  Inspections 


will  be  made  of  the  moon  and  the  plan- 
ets and  of  the  vast  distances  of  inter- 
planetary space:  hard  and  soft  landings 
will  be  made  in  preparation  for  the  time 
when  man  at  last  sets  foot  on  new  worlds. 
In  this  program,  the  task  of  JPL  is  to 
gather  new  information  for  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  World  and  Universe. 


"We  do  these  things  because  of  the  unquenchable  curiosity  of 
Man.  The  scientist  is  continually  asking  himself  questions  and 
then  setting  out  to  find  the  answers.  In  the  course  of  geffing 
ffiese  answers,  he  has  provided  practical  benefits  to  man  that 
have  sometimes  surprised  even   the  scientist. 

"Who  can  tell  what  we  will  find  when  we  get  to  the  planets? 


Who,  at  this  present  time,  can  predict  what  potential  benefits 
to  man  exist  in  this  enterprise  ?  No  one  con  say  with  any  accu- 
racy what  we  will  find  as  we  fly  farther  away  from  the  earth, 
first  with  instruments,  then  with  man.  It  seems  fo  me  that  we 
ore  obligated  to  do  these  things,  as  human  beings'.' 

DR.  W.  H.  PICKERING,  Director,  JPL 


CALIFORNIA       INSTITUTE      OF      TECHNOLOGY 

JET    PROPULSION    LABORATORY 

A  Reseorch  Focility  operated  for  the  Notional  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration 
PASADENA.  CALIFORNIA 

fmp/oymenf  opporfun/f/es  for  Engineers  and  Scientists  interested  in  basic  and  applied  research  in  these  fields: 

INFRA-RED  •  OPTICS  •   MICROWAVE  •  SERVOMECHANISMS  •  COMPUTERS  •  LIQUID  AND  SOLID  PROPULSION  •   ENGINEERING  MECHANICS 

STRUCTURES  •   CHEMISTRY  •    INSTRUMENTATION   •   MATHEMATICS  AND  SOLID  STATE  PHYSICS 

Send  professional  resume  for  our  immediafe  consideration.  Interviews  may  be  arranged  on  Campus  or  at  the  Laboratory. 


MAY,  1960 


25 


VALVE    MECHANISM 


P.USK 
ROD 


FCLLCV.'E? 
(YaLVE 
LIFTER) 


ROCKER 


FIG.   1 


26 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


The  Why  and  the  How  of  .  .  . 

HYDRAULIC  VALVE   LIFTERS 


By  J.  R.  Marchetti 


In  Older  to  realize  the  need  for  such 
a  device  as  the  hydraulic  valve  lifter, 
the  operation  of  the  overhead  valve  au- 
tomobile engine  before  this  innovation 
was  introduced  must  be  considered.  The 
following  diagram  (figure  1)  illustrates 
a  commonly  employed  automotive  valv- 
ing  mechanism  in  which  each  valve  is 
operated  by  a  rotating  cam  which  im- 
parts linear  motion  to  a  follower.  The 
follower  or  "valve  lifter"  then  actuates 
a  push  rod  and  rocker  arm  which  in 
turn   operates   the  valve. 

The  effectiveness  of  this  type  system 
has  been  well  proven.  It  is  used  in  boats, 
planes,  trains,  and  nearly  every  other 
machine  that  employs  an  overhead  valve 
internal  combustion  engine. 

However,  this  vahing  mechanism  is 
no  longer  popular  in  American  automo- 
biles because  of  its  inherent  ability  to 
produce  noise.  And  why  is  this  so?  Sim- 
ply because  of  the  fact  that  an  unre- 
strained metal  part  tends  to  expand  as 
it  is  heated.  This  means  that  in  order 
for  the  mechanism  to  function  properly 
at  engine  operating  temperatures  a  little 
"slack"  must  be  allowed  to  exist  in 
the  system  when  it  is  cold.  It  is  this 
"slack"  or  "lash,"  as  it  is  termed,  that 
results  in  the  undesirable  noise. 

If,  however,  the  exact  amount  of  re- 
quired slack  could  be  determined  and 
employed,  the  engine  would  produce  this 
noise  only  when  cold  and  it  w-ould  be 
more  severe  under  this  condition.  But 
due  to  mass  production  requirements, 
this  is  not  practicable  as  the  proper 
amount  of  lash  may  differ  with  each 
engine. 

As  a  result  of  this,  the  manufacturer 
must  include  a  small  additional  value 
of  lash  in  order  to  be  certain  that  each 
valve  train  contains  the  necessary- 
amount.  For  if  sufficient  lash  were  not 
present  in  the  system  when  cold,  the 
valves  would  be  prevented  from  closing 
completely  at  operating  temperature, 
and  the  undesirable  result  of  this  con- 
dition  is   an   extremely  short   valve   life. 

Rut  how  does  all  this  aft'cct  the  auto- 
mobile owner?  Most  probably  it  an- 
noys him  extremely  upon  starting  his 
engine  and  may  continue  to  do  so  con- 
siderably as  he  drives  down  the  high- 
way, for  each  time  a  cam  pushes  open 
a  valve  this  lash  is  taken  up  with   a  re- 


sounding "click."  The  combined  effect 
of  a  dozen  or  more  \al\e  trains  all 
clicking  continuously  may  well  be  con- 
sidered  as   a  nuisance. 

This  "tappet  noise,"  as  it  is  common- 
ly referred  to,  was  for  many  years  either 
ignored  or  accepted  as  a  necessary  evil 
by  the  majority  of  automobile  owners. 
But  the  consumer  who  purchased  the 
more  expensive  and  luxurious  automo- 
bile demanded  that  it  operate  more 
quietly.  And  so  it  was  in  this  type 
of    automobile    there    first    appeared    an 


ingenious  gadget  which  at  last  did  away 
with  "tappet  noise." 

This  clever  little  device  replaced  the 
solid  cam  follower  and  completely 
eliminated  valve  lash  and  noise  at  all 
engine  temperatures.  As  its  operation 
was  based  upon  the  incompressibility  of 
a  liquid,  it  was  labeled  the  "hydraulic 
valve  lifter"  although  it  did  not  actu- 
ate the  valves  hydraulically  in  the  usual 
sense  of  the  word. 

It  did,  however,  open  the  valves  quiet- 
( ('.ontinticd  on  Page  29) 


HYDRAULIC   VALVE    LIFTER 


OIL 


BALL 


SPRING- 
(COMPF^SSED) 


PUSH  ROD 
(::0T  PART 
OF   lifter; 


':SH  ROD 
SEAT 


RETAINER 


BODY 


FIG.  2 


MAY,  1960 


27 


The  word  space  commonly  represents  the  outer,  airless  regions  of  the  universe. 
But  there  is  quite  another  Icind  of  "space"  close  at  hand,  a  kind  that  will  always 
challenge  the  genius  of  man. 

This  space  can  easily  be  measured.  It  is  the  space-dimension  of  cities  and  the 
distance  between  them  .  .  .  the  kind  of  space  found  between  mainland  and  off- 
shore oil  rig,  between  a  tiny,  otherwise  inaccessible  clearing  and  its  supply 
base,  between  the  site  of  a  mountain  crash  and  a  waiting  ambulance— above  all, 
Sikorsky  is  concerned  with  the  precious  "spaceway"  that  currently  exists  be- 
tween all  earthbound  places. 

Our  engineering  efforts  are  directed  toward  a  variety  of  VTOL  and  STOL 
aircraft  configurations.  Among  earlier  Sikorsky  designs  are  some  of  the  most 
versatile  airborne  vehicles  now  in  existence;  on  our  boards  today  are  the  ve- 
hicles that  can  prove  to  be  tomorrow's  most  versatile  means  of  transportation. 

Here,  then,  is  a  space  age  challenge  to  be  met  with  the  finest  and  most  practical 
engineering  talent.  Here,  perhaps,  is  the  kind  of  challenge  you  can  meet. 


niKORSKY 
AIRCRAFT 


For  informoKon  about  careers  with  us,  please  ad- 
dress Mr.  Richard  L.  Auten,  Personnel  Department. 


One  of  the  Divisions  of  United  Aircraft  Corporation 
STRATFORD,   CONNECTICUT 


28 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


Hydraulic  Valve  Lifters  .  .  . 

(Conluuud  fi',N!  I'agt  27) 
ly  and,  for  this  reason,  was  gradually 
adopted  by  the  auto  manufacturers  as 
the  overhead  valve  engine  became  al- 
most universally  employed.  At  present 
all  of  the  major  American  automobile 
producers  use  the  hydraulic  valve  lifter 
and,  although  the  device  has  been  some- 
what altered  and  refined  since  its  intro- 
duction, the  basic  principle  of  opera- 
tion remains  unchanged. 

Let  it  be  understood  at  this  point 
that  the  following  discussion  refers  spe- 
cifically to  neither  the  earliest  nor  the 
most  modern  hydraulic  lifter,  but  has 
been  chosen  rather  as  perhaps  the  most 
representative. 

As  the  diagram  (figure  2)  illustrates, 
the  lifter  consists  of  seven  principle  parts 
as  labeled. 

The  plunger  and  the  body  are  ground 
to  very  close  limits  and  are  selectively 
fitted  to  obtain  free  movement  with  the 
least  possible  clearance,  in  order  to  con- 
trol the  leakage  of  oil  from  the  lower 
chamber  within  very  close  limits.  The 
spring  exerts  enough  force  to  take  up 
all  lash  between  parts  in  the  valve  train 
without  affecting  positive  seating  of  the 
valve.  The  check  valve  ball  seats  in  the 
plunger  hole  and  the  retainer  limits  its 
travel  to  a  few  thousandths  of  an  inch. 

In  operation,  the  plunger  and  lower 
chamber  are  kept  filled  with  oil  being 
supplied  through  a  passage  in  the  push 
rod.  When  the  valve  lifter  is  on  the 
cam  base  circle  the  spring  raises  the 
plunger  to  eliminate  the  lash  in  the 
valve  train.  If  the  lower  chamber  is  not 
completely  filled  with  oil  at  this  time, 
oil  will  run  down  through  the  feed  hole 
past  the  check  valve  to  fill  the  chamber. 

As  the  rotating  cam  raises  the  lifter 
body,  the  pressure  created  in  the  lower 
chamber  closes  the  check  valve  so  that 
the  plunger  and  push  rod  seat  move  with 
the  body.  Force  is  then  transmitted  to 
the  push  rod,  rocker  arm,  and  valve 
without  lost  motion.  As  the  parts  of  the 
valve  train  expand  due  to  heat,  the 
volume  of  oil  in  the  lower  chamber  of 
the  lifter  is  automatically  adjusted 
through  the  check  valve  to  compensate 
for  these  changes  and  to  maintain  zero 
valve  lash  at  all  times. 

Return  to  figure  1  and  mentally  re- 
move the  solid  metal  cam  follower.  Now 
fit  snugly  into  its  place,  in  order  to  re- 
move all  lash,  a  cam  follower  which 
realizes  that  the  parts  of  the  valve  train 
will  expand  as  the  temperature  rises. 
As  this  expansion  occurs,  this  new  fol- 
lower will  shorten  itself  by  the  same 
amount  and  maintain  the  snugly  fitting 
condition  that  existed  in  the  valve  train 
when  the  engine  was  cold.  The  new  fol- 
lower will  then  facilitate  smooth  and 
quiet  valve  train  operation  at  all  engine 
temperatures.  This  device  is  referred  to 
as  a  Hydraulic  Valve  Lifter. 


'Say   Emmy!   You   best  give  them   fellers  at  Cape  Canaveral  another  call!" 

I/OU  Don't  Have  to  Join  the 
Service  for 

TRAVEL  — ADVENTURE 
EDUCATION 

FRICK   COMPANY   offers  a   training   course  for  a 
small   select  group  of  trainees  each  year. 

The  additional  experience  and  training  gained  in 
this  refrigeration  course  will  guarantee  your  future 
in  this  fast  growing  field. 

Frick  graduates  are  associated  with  ai!  types  of 
large  industry,  all  over  the  world. 

Find  out  how  you  too  can  join  this  select  group 
of  refrigeration  experts. 

IVzite  .   .   . 

for  details  and  applications  for  the  Student 
Training  Course  today  .  .  . 


MAY,  1960 


29 


Skimming 

Industrial 

Headlines 


Edited  by  The  Staff 


Infrared  Seeing 

A  new  iiitraied  system  sensitive 
enough  to  see  moving  objects  near  room 
temperature  s()lel\'  by  means  of  the  in- 
\isible  heat  rays  they  emit  has  been  ile- 
xeloped  by  scientists  of  the  Westing- 
liouse  research  laboratories  in  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.  Known  as  the  phothermionic 
imau;e  converter,  the  all-electronic  de- 
vice changes  the  infrared  radiation  emit- 
ted by  an  object  into  a  visible  picture 
on  a  television  screen.  The  speed  with 
which  it  responds  to  infrared  is  rough- 
ly equal  to  that  of  the  liuman  eye  to 
\isibie  light. 

Disclosure  of  the  infrared  imaging 
device  was  made  at  the  winter  meeting 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  by  Dr.  Ma\  (larbuny,  head 
of  the  team  of  Westinghouse  research 
scientists  that  developed  the  system.  The 
development,  first  in  a  series  of  svich  de- 
vices, was  sponsored  maitdy  by  the 
Wright  Air  Development  Center  of 
the  L'.  S.  Air  Force. 

Dr.  (larbuny  described  the  Westing- 
house  phothermionic  image  converter  as 
operating  on  infrared  radiation  of  rela- 
tively long  wavelengths.  Such  radiation 
is  emitted  by  comparatively  cool  objects 
such  as  the  human  body.  Hotter  objects, 
for  example  those  that  actually  glow  red 
hot,  emit  more  energetic  radiafons  of 
shorter  wavelength  in  the  "near"  infra- 
red, and  are  easier  to  detect. 

"Infrared  is  becoming  increasingly  im- 
portant, particularly  in  its  military  ap- 
plications," Dr.  Garbuny  pointed  out. 
"Infrared  systems  are  used  for  missile 
guidance,  fire  control,  reconnaissance 
and  warning  systems.  Their  outstanding 


advantage  is  that  they  are  undetectable 
by  the  enemv.  No  telltale  signals  are 
broadcast.  All  objects  abo\e  the  temper- 
atme  of  absolute  zero  constantly  enut 
infrared  radiatio:i,  and  infrared  systems 
simply  pick  up  these  naturally  occurring 
signals  through  space. 

"These  systems  operate  upon  th:' 
broad  principle  of  sensing  the  heat  ener- 
gy radiated  by  a  body  and  converting  it, 
by  means  of  some  form  of  heat-sensitive 
detector,  into  equivalent  electrical  sig- 
nals that  can  be  amplified  and  made 
visible  to  the  human  eye.  The  tradition- 
al method  has  been  to  use  a  sensiti\e 
crystal,  or  infrared  cell,  to  detect  the 
radiation,  and  a  mechanical  scanning 
system  to  make  the  image  visible. 

"The  newer  approach  is  an  all-elec- 
troiuc  imaging  system,  because  such 
a  device  has  the  potential  advantages  of 
faster  response,  higher  sensitivity  and 
better  picture  detail.  The  photothermi- 
onic  converter  is  an  important  step  in 
bringing  this  type  of   system   to   reality. 

"It  is  sensitive  enough  to  detect  mov- 
ing objects  near  room  temperature  when 
they  exhibit  temperature  differences  of 
approximately  20  degrees  Fahrenheit. 
This  is  just  about  the  spread  between 
the  temperature  of  the  human  body  and 
that  of  the  average  living  room.  In  addi- 
tion, the  system  is  fast  enough  to  follow 
the  movement  of  such  objects  with  the 
same  speed  as  a  normally  visible  ob- 
ject is  followed  b\  the  unaided  luuuan 
eye." 

The  key  compoiu'ut  in  the  newly  an- 
nounced system.  Dr.  (iarbuny  said,  is  a 
unique  infrared-sensitive  detector,  or  ret- 
ina.  The   retina   is   a   three-la\er   saiid- 


wich  only  a  few  nu'llionths  of  an  inch 
thick.  The  center  la\er  of  the  sandwich 
is  an  ultra-thin  support  film  of  alum- 
inum oxide  about  one  nullionth  of  an 
inch  thick.  This  iilm  is  made  b\  chenii- 
cally  dissolving  away  all  of  the  alunu'n- 
um  metal  in  a  piece  of  suitably  treated 
household  aluminum  foil,  leaving  only 
the  thin  layer  of  aluminum  "rust"  which 
coats  the  foil's  surface. 

The  front  surface  of  the  oxide  film 
is  coated  with  an  even  thinner  layer  of 
nickel,  deposited  in  such  thickness  that 
it  strongly  absorbs  infrared  radiation. 
The  back  surface  of  the  film  is  coated 
with  a  thin  layer  of  a  photoemitting  ma- 
terial called  cesium  bismuth — a  chemical 
compound  capable  of  releasing  electrons 
when  light  shines  upon  it.  Of  key  im- 
portance is  the  fact  that  the  photoemit- 
ter's  ability  to  release  electrons  luider 
the  stimulus  of  light  varies  with  its  tem- 
perature, changing  two  or  three  per  cent 
for  every  degree  its  temperature  changes. 

To  increase  the  over-all  sensitivity 
and  performance  of  the  detector,  it  is 
cooled  to  a  temperature  of  about  180 
degrees   below  zero   Fahrenheit. 

"In  use,  the  infrared  radiation  from 
an  object  is  focused  on  the  heat-absorb- 
ing layer  of  the  retina,  forming  a  tem- 
perature pattern  of  the  scene,"  Dr.  Gar- 
bvMiy  explained.  "This  temperature  pat- 
tern transfers  through  the  thin  support 
layer  to  the  photoemitting  surface,  where 
it  can  be  perceived  simply  by  scan- 
ing  a  spot  of  light  across  the  surface.  As 
the  light  spot  scans  the  photoemitting 
surface,  many  or  few  electrons  flow 
from  the  surface  in  exact  conformity 
to  the  heat  pattern  on  it.  These  elec- 
trical signals  are  then  amplified  and  fed 
to  a  standard  television  picture  tube, 
where  a  visible  picture  appears.  Thus,  a 
point  by  point  description  of  the  temper- 
ature scene  is  created  on  the  television 
screen." 

Two  Westinghouse  research  physi- 
cists, T.  P.  VogI  and  J.  R.  Hansen, 
joined  in  leading  the  technical  develop- 
ment of  the  photothernu'onic  image  con- 
\erter.  Dr.  (larburu'  reported. 

Moon  Reflector 

L  ni\ersity  of  Illinois  scientists,  hav- 
ing used  the  moon  as  a  radio  wave  re- 
flector for  more  than  a  year,  now  are 
going  to  study  how  large  an  area  of 
the  sphere  actually  is  doing  the  reflect- 
ing- 

They're  going  to  feel  out  the  width 
of  the  area  by  using  radio  fingers 
stretched  ovit  into  space  in  the  antenna 
pattern  of  a  sensitive  radio  receiver 
known   as  an  interferometer. 

The  study  will  be  undertaken  next 
month  under  sponsorship  of  the  Army 
Signal  Corps  by  Prof.  Harold  D.  Webb 
of  the  electrical  engineering  depart- 
ment, with  Prof.  George  W.  Swen- 
(  ( ,''iiitiini<  il  oil   Pnyc  32) 


30 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


BRAIN   TEASERS 


Edited  by  Steve  Dilts 


This  month  thf  brainteasers  are  in  the 
form  of  an  "Aptitude  Test"  ;  but,  be 
careful,  for  the  questions  are  trickier 
than  they  appear.  The  answers  can  be 
found  with  the  answers  to  last  month's 
teasers.  Score  yourself  as  follows: 

16  correct — genius. 

10  correct — normal. 

8  correct — sub-normal. 

5  correct — idiot. 

1.  If  you  w-ent  to  bed  at  8:00  o'clock 
at  night  and  set  the  alarm  to  get  up  at 
9:00  o'clock  in  the  morning,  how  many 
hours  would  this  penuit  you  to  sleep? 

2.  Do  the\'  have  a  4th  of  July  in 
England? 

3.  How  man\  birthda\s  does  the  av- 
erage man  ha\  e  ? 

4.  Why  can't  a  man  li\ing  in  Wins- 
ton-Salem, N.  C,  be  buried  west  of 
Mississippi   river? 

5.  If  you  had  only  one  match,  an! 
entered  a  room  in  which  there  was  a 
kerosene  lamp,  an  oil  heater,  and  a 
wood  burning  store,  which  woidd  you 
light  first? 

6.  Some  months  have  30  days,  some 
have  31,  how  many  have  28  days? 

7.  If  a  doctor  gave  you  3  pills  and 
told  you  to  take  1  every  half  hour,  how 
long  would  they  last  you  ? 

8.  A  man  builds  a  house  with  four 
sides,  and  it  is  rectangular  in  shape. 
Each  side  has  a  Southern  exposure.  A 
big  bear  comes  wondering  by.  What 
color  is   the   bear? 

0.  How  far  can  a  dog  run  into  the 
woods  ? 

10.  What  4  words  appear  on  every 
denomination   of   L.   S.   coins? 

11.  What  IS  the  mininuini  number  of 
active  baseball  players  "on  the  fiehl  " 
during  any  part  of  an  inning?  How 
many  outs  in  each  inning? 

12.  I  have  in  my  hand  2  U.  S.  coins 
which  total  53c  in  value.  One  is  not  a 
nickel.  Please  bear  that  in  mind.  What 
are  the  two  coins  ? 

13.  A  farmer  had  17  sheep.  All  but 
nine  died.  How  many  did  he  have  left? 

14.  Divide  30  by  y\  and  add  10. 
What  is  the  answer? 

15.  Two  men  play  checkers.  The\' 
played  five  games  and  each  man  wins 
the  same  number  of  games.  How  could 
this  happen? 


U).  Take  two  apples   from  three  apples 
and  what  do  you  have? 

17.  An  archaeologist  claimed  he 
found  some  gold  coins  dated  46  B.  C. 
Do  you  think  that  he  did  ? 

18.  A  woman  gives  a  beggar  50c.  The 
woman  is  the  beggar's  sister,  but  the 
beggar  is  not  the  woman's  brother.  Why 
is  this? 

19.  How  many  animals  of  each  spe- 
cies did  Moses  take  aboard  the  ark 
with  him? 

20.  Is  it  legal  in  X.C.  for  a  man  to 
marry  his  widow's  sister? 

21.  What  word  is  misspelled  in  this 

test  ? 

if        s        it- 
Here  are  the  answers  to  last  month's 
teasers  and  for  the  "Aptitude  Test." 

Take  three  random  groups  of  three 
each  and  balance  two  of  the  groups 
against  each  other.  If  one  of  the  groups 
contains  the  counterfeit  coin,  the  group 
is  spotted ;  if  they  balance,  the  third 
group  contains  the  counterfeit.  From 
the  spotted  group  take  any  two  coins  and 
balance  them ;  the  lighter  coin  is  the 
counterfeit  if  they  don't  balance;  other- 
wise, the  third  coin  is  the  one. 

The  assumption  that  the  "l;uly"  is 
lean  Brown,  the  stenographer,  quickh' 
leads  to  a  contradiction.  Her  opening  re- 
mark brings  forth  a  reply  from  the  per- 
son with  black  hair,  therefore  Brown's 
hair  cannot  be  black.  It  also  cannot  be 
brown,  for  then  it  would  match  her 
name.  Therefore  it  must  be  white.  This 
leaves  brown  for  the  color  of  Professor 
Black's  hair  and  black  for  Professor 
White.  But  a  statement  by  the  person 
with  black  hair  prompts  an  exclamation 
from  White,  so  they  cannot  be  the  same 
lierson. 

It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  assume 
that  Jean  Brown  is  a  man  and  that 
either  Merle  White  or  Leslie  Black  is 
the  lad\-.  (All  three  given  names  are 
used  for  both  sexes. )  Either  assumption 
leads  to  the  conclusion  that  Black's  h.iir 
is  white.  White's  hair  is  brown  and 
Brown's  hair  is  black.  The  lady's  hair 
is  thus  either  white  or  brown.  If  it  isn't 
brown,  the  problem  asks,  what  color  is 
it?  Answer:  Professor  Black  is  a  platin- 
um blonde. 

A    general    formula    tor    this    type    ot 


problem  can  be  deri\ed  as  follows.  Let  ^ 
be  the  length  of  the  formation  of  cadets, 
and  assume  that  they  march  this  dis- 
tance in  one  unit  of  time.  The  dog's 
trotting  speed  (in  the  same  distance  and 
time  units)  is  d.  Let  /  be  the  time  it 
takes  the  dog  to  trot  from  the  rear  to 
the  front  of  the  moviiip:  formation,  and 
i  the  distance  of  this  forward  trot.  As 
the  illustration  below  indicates,  the  dis- 
tance of  the  return  trip  is  /  —  s.  This 
same  distance  can  be  expressed  in  a  dif- 
ferent way.  The  dog's  entire  trip  takes 
one  unit  of  time,  so  the  time  it  takes 
the  dog  to  trot  back  is  clearly  (1  — /). 
We  can  therefore  write  the  following 
equation  : 

d{\—t)^j  —  s 

Expanding   the    left    side    and    substi- 
tuting dt  for  /  on  the  right  gives: 
d  —  dt  ==  dt  —  s 

By  the  time  the  dog  reaches  the  front, 
the  cadets  will  have  gone  a  distance  of 
St.  Therefore  the  dog's  total  distance 
forward  must  equal  s  plus  the  st  feet 
that  the  cadets  have  moved  by  the  time 
the  dog  reaches  the  front  rank.  This  en- 
ables us  to  substitute  s  -\-  st  for  dt  in  the 
last  equation.  The  resulting  equation 
simplifies   to: 

1  he  rij'ht  side  of  this  equation  is  now 
substituted  for  d  in  the  equation  dt  = 
.r  -f  st  to  vield  : 

t(s-lr2st  =  s  +  st  

In  solving  the  above  equation  the  st 
terms  cancel  out,  and  /  is  found  to  have 
a  value  of  1  '\/2.  The  dog's  total  dis- 
tance is  now  easily  shown  to  be  s  -\-syJ2 
that  is,  the  length  of  the  marching  for- 
mation phis  the  same  length  times  the 
square  root  of  two.  In  this  particular 
case  J-  ==  50  feet,  so  the  dog  travels  a 
little  more  than  120.7  feet. 

The  answer  to  Sam  Loyd's  version 
in  which  the  dog  trots  around  the  mov- 
ing  square,    is   209.07  -\-   feet. 

The  \olume  of  a  sphere  is  4-3  times 
the  cube  of  the  radius.  Its  surface  is  4Tr 
times  the  square  of  the  radius.  If  we  ex- 
press the  moon's  radius  in  "lunars"  and 
assume  that  its  surface  in  square  lunars 
equals  its  volume  in  cubic  lunars,  we  can 
deternviie  the  length  of  the  radius  sim- 
ply by  eq\iating  the  two  formulas  and 
sohing   for   the   \.-ilue  ot    the   radius.    Pi 


MAY,  1960 


BRAIN  TEASERS  . 


I  ('.(inliniKil   jniiii    P 


M) 


L.nKil>  (Hit  iin  biitli  sides,  ami  we  liiul 
that  the  raihus  is  thrtr  luiiais.  '1  In- 
iiuHJti's  ratlins  is  l.dSO  miles,  so  a  huiai 

niusr  he  ,?()(•  miles. 

»        »        » 

1.  One  hour. 

2.  Yes. 

3.  One  per  year. 

4.  He  is  alive. 

5.  The  match. 

6.  All  of  them. 

7.  One  hour:  one  now,  the  second 
after  a  half  hour,  ami  tlie  last  at  the 
end  of  an  iiour. 

S.  White  polar  bear. 

'I.  Intil  he  is  completely  in  the 
woods ;  then  he  is  running  thrmu/li  the 
woods. 


111.  I  nited  States  of  .America;  In 
(  Mul  We  Trust. 

11.  Zero;  si\  outs;  /.ero  /iiHvf  lie- 
rween  the  top  and  bottom  of  tlie  inning. 

12.  Nickel  and  fifty  cent  piece— one 
of  these  isn't  a  nickel. 

13.  Nine. 

14.  Seventy. 

15.  They  were  playing  other  men. 

16.  Two  apples. 

17.  No;  since  Christ  had  not  yet 
lived,  the  symbol,  H.C,  was  not  yet 
used. 

IS.   The  beggar  is  the  woman's  sister. 

19.  Moses  didn't  take  any;  Noah  did. 

20.  He  can't  since  he  is  dead. 

21.  U'onihrini/  should  be  jitiiitliririf; 
in  No.  8. 


MORE  INDUSTRIAL  SKIMMING 


son  Jr.  of  electrical  engineering  and 
astronomy  as  consultant. 

H  the  moon  were  a  polished  ball, 
signals  would  be  reflected  from  a  tiny 
point.  Since  it  is  not,  they  bounce  back 
toward  earth  from  a  fair  sized  part  of 
the  rough  surface.  The  radius  of  the 
area  has  been  estimated  as  much  as  one- 
third  the  radius  of  the  moon. 

To  find  out,  the  Evans  Signal  Labor- 
atory, Fort  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  will 
beam  a  r.idio  signal  at  the  moon.  As  it 
bounces  back  to  earth,  this  signal  will 
be  received  at  the  University. 

The  radio  interferometer  has  a  re- 
ceiving pattern  like  the  spread  fingers  of 
a  hand.  Every  time  the  moon  passes 
over  one  of  the  fingers  the  signals  will 
come  in  strong;  between  fingers  it  will 
drop  oflf. 

By  adjusting  these  radio  fingers  into 
space,  the  engineers  will  feel  out  the 
width  of  the  reflective  area  and  meas- 
ure it. 

Camera-Binocular 

One  of  the  latest  gadgets  developed 
in  Japan  is  a  binocular  that  takes  pic- 
tures. The  camera  has  an  f  :3.7  lens  and 
a  30-exposurc  magazine.  The  binocular 
has  400  millimeter  1.8  teleconversion 
lenses  and  magnifies  15  times. 


t  C'intiiiiu  il  fro/i'  I'll//,    .^(1 ) 

Credit  Card  Complaint 


A  San  Francisco  appliance  dealer 
complained  over  lunch  in  a  restaurant 
recently  that  nobody,  except  banks  and 
women,  likes  bank  credit  cards,  because 
they  cost  retailers  a  percentage  of  their 
profits.  "We  could  fight  the  banks,  but 
women  would  rather  argue  with  the 
old  man  after  charging  a  purchase  than 
try  to  get  money  from  him  in  advance," 
he  said.  The  dealer  then  paid  the  check 
with  his  credit  card. 

Chemistry  Goes  To  Hollywood 

A  new  era  in  high  school  chemistry 
will  be  unveiled  when  the  image  of 
Prof.  John  C.  Bailar  Jr.,  University 
of  Illinois  chemist  and  president,  Amer- 
ican Chemical  Society,  appears  on  a  mo- 
tion picture  screen  to  introduce  a  proj- 
ect sponsored  by  that  society  and  made 
possible  by  the  Fund  for  Advancement 
of  Education  and  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica  Films  Inc. 

He  will  be  introducing  a  series  of 
160  half-hour  long  sound-color  motion 
picture  films  which  present  an  entire 
one-year  high  school  chemistry  course. 
The    films    are    intended    for   classroom 


CERAMISTS  &  CERAMIC  ENGINEERS 

Do  you  have  an  idea  that  you  would 
like  to  develop  and  produce? 

We  want  a  new  product  to  manufacture,  and  we  will  back  the 
right  fellow  and  the  right  idea  with  a  small  factory  and  laboratory 
and  the  ability  to  furnish  any  other  help  needed,  especially  good 
successful  business  experience.      Address  Thi    'J'li  h/irji/mph — Box  6 


use.  They  include  closcups  of  experi- 
ments and  scenes  of  chemical   plants. 

Prof.  Bailar  will  attend  the  preinier 
showing  along  with  government,  educa- 
tional, and  scientific  leaders,  science 
writers,  and  other  representatives  of 
science  and  the  public. 

In  his  introductory  remarks.  Prof. 
Bailar  points  out  that  "The  American 
Chemical  Society  is  directly  concerned 
not  only  with  training  of  professional 
chemists  and  chemical  engineers,  but 
also  with  the  problem  of  acquainting 
every  high  school  student  with  the 
meaning  and  importance  of  chemistry. 

Teacher  in  the  filmed  series  is  Prof. 
John  F.  Baxter,  University  of  Florida, 
whom  Prof.  Bailar  presents  as  "the 
classroom  colleague  for  every  teacher 
who  uses  the  films." 

"As  president  of  the  American  Chem- 
ical Society,"  says  Prof.  Bailar,  "I  be- 
lieve this  project  will  make  a  signifi- 
cant contribution  to  improvement  of 
high  school  chemistry,  and  thus  to 
strengthening  the  American  educational 
system." 

Costly  Mistake 

It  has  cost  the  Alaska  District  of  the 
Corps  of  Engineers  $210,000  to  find 
out  that  cold  weather  and  steel-framed 
windows  do  not  mix,  according  to  En- 
gineering News-Record.  Wood  frame 
windows  are  replacing  the  old  ones  at 
two  subarctic  Air  Force  bases.  It  was 
found  that  frost  builds  up  so  heavily 
on  the  steel  in  subzero  weather  that 
the  windows  are  rendered  useless  for 
illuminating   purposes. 

Smoke  Much? 

Puffing  a  cigarette  while  working  or 
driving  is  a  hindrance,  not  a  help, 
reports  Factory  Management  and  Main- 
tenance. Carbon  monoxide  gets  the 
blame.  The  bloodstream  absorbs  the  gas 
210  times  faster  than  oxygen.  It  takes 
only  3  per  cent  of  carbon  monoxide 
to  cause  measurable  impairment  of 
vision  and  depth  perception.  Heavy 
smoking  causes  a  carbon  monoxide  con- 
centration as  high  as  10  per  cent.  C)ne 
cigarette  adds  one-to-one-half  per  cent  of 
the  gas  to  your  system. 


It  was  the  sleepy  time  of  the  aft- 
ernoon. The  prof,  droned  on  and  on 
formulae,  constants  and  figures.  A  Ch. 
E.  Student  sitting  in  the  second  row, 
was  unable  to  restrain  himself  and  gave 
a  tremendous  yawn.  Unfortunately,  as 
he  stretched  out  his  arm  he  caught  his 
neighbor  squarely  under  the  chin, 
knocking  him  to  the  floor.  Horrified,  he 
bent  over  the  prostrate  form  just  in 
time  to  hear  him  murmur,  "Hit  me 
again,  Sam,  I  can  still  hear  him." 


32 


THE  TECHNOGRAPH 


If  your  sights  are  set 


on  outer  space- 


U.S.  Air  Force  I.C.B.M.  "Titan"  shown  in  the  vertical  test 
laboratory  at  the  Martin  Company,  Denver,  Colorado. 


you'll  find 

Photography 
at  Work 

with  you. 


From  the  time  a  scientist's  mind  first 
sparks  an  idea  for  exploring  space, 
photography  gets  to  work  with  him.  It 
saves  countless  hours  in  the  drafting 
stage  by  reproducing  engineers'  plans 
and  drawings.  It  probes  the  content 
and  structure  of  metals  needed  by 
photomicrography,  photospectrography 
or  x-ray  diffraction.  It  checks  the  opera- 
tion of  swift-moving  parts  with  high- 
speed movies — records  the  flight  of  the 
device  itself — and  finally,  pictures  what 
it  is  in  space  the  scientist  went  after  in 
the  first  place. 

There's  hardly  a  field  on  which  you 
can  set  your  sights  where  photography 
does  not  play  a  part  in  producing  a 
better  product  or  in  simplifying  work 
and  routine.  It  saves  time  and  costs  in 
research,  in  production,  in  sales  and 
in  office  routine. 

So  in  whatever  you  plan  to  do, 
take  full  advantage  of  all  of  the  ways 
photography  can  help. 

CAREERS  WITH   KODAK: 

With  photography  and  photographic  proc- 
esses becoming  increasingly  important  in  the 
business  and  industry  of  tomorrow,  there 
are  new  and  challenging  opportunities  at 
Kodak  in  research,  engineering,  electronics, 
design,  sales,  and  production. 

If  you  are  looking  for  such  an  interesting 
opportunity,  wn.^'tij";  information  about 
careers  with  Kodak.    \ddfe'=s:  Business  and 
Technical  Personnel  Dep>Hrtmer.t.  Eastman 
Kodak  Company,  Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


EASTMAN     KODAK     COMPANY 

Rochester  4,  N.  Y. 


TRADEMARK 


One    of   a    series 

Interview  ivitJi 

General  Electric^ s  Byron  A.  Case 

Manager — Emijloyee  Compensation  Service 

Your  Salary 

at  General  Electric 


Several  surveys  indicate  that  salary  is 
not  the  primary  contributor  to  job 
satisfaction.  Nevertheless,  salary  con- 
siderations will  certainly  play  a  big 
part  in  your  evaluation  of  career  op- 
portunities. Perhaps  an  insight  into  the 
salary  policies  of  a  large  employer  of 
engineers  like  General  Electric  will 
help  you  focus  your  personal  salary 
objectives. 

Salary — a  most  individual  and  per- 
sonal aspect  of  your  job — is  difficult  to 
discuss  in  general  terms.  While  recog- 
nizing this,  Mr.  Case  has  tried  answering 
as  directly  as  possible  some  of  your 
questions  concerning  salary: 

Q  Mr.  Case,  what  starting  salary  does 
your   company   pay    graduate   engineers? 

A  Well,  you  know  as  well  as  I  that 
graduates'  starting  salaries  are  greatly 
influenced  by  the  current  demand  for 
engineering  talent.  This  demand  es- 
tablishes a  range  of  "going  rates"  for 
engineering  graduates  which  is  no  doubt 
widely  known  on  your  campus.  Be- 
cause General  Electric  seeks  outstand- 
ing men,  G-E  starting  salaries  for  these 
candidates  lie  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
range  of  "going  rates."  And  within 
General  Electric's  range  of  starting  sal- 
aries, each  candidate's  ability  and 
potential  are  carefully  evaluated  to  de- 
termine  his   individual   starting   salary. 

Q  How  do  you  go  about  evaluating 
my  ability  and  potential  value  to  your 
company? 

A  We  evaluate  each  individual  in  the 
light  of  information  available  to  v  . 
type  of  degree;  demonstrated  sj^nc^  ar- 
ship: extra-curricular  contrib;irif,ti>  .work 
experience;  and  persf^.-al  ci'.>alities  as 
appraised  by  inter^-iewercj  and  faculty 
members.  These  coi-siderations  deter- 
mine where  within  G.E.'s  current  sal- 
ary range  the  engineer's  starting  salary 
will  be  established. 


Q  When  could  I  expect  my  first  salary 
increase  from  General  Electric  and  how 
much  would  it  be? 

A  Whether  a  man  is  recruited  for  a 
specific  job  or  for  one  of  the  principal 
training  programs  for  engineers — the 
Engineering  and  Science  Program,  the 
Manufacturing  Training  Program,  or 
the  Technical  Marketing  Program — his 
individual  performance  and  salary  are 
reviewed  at  least  once  a  year. 

For  engineers  one  year  out  of  col- 
lege, our  recent  experience  indicates  a 
first-year  salary  increase  between  6  and 
15  percent.  This  percentage  spread  re- 
flects the  individual's  job  performance 
and  his  demonstrated  capacity  to  do 
more  difficult  work.  So  you  see.  salary 
adjustments  reflect  individual  perform- 
ance even  at  the  earliest  stages  of 
professional  development.  And  this 
emphasis  on  performance  increases 
as  experience  and  general  competence 
increase. 

Q  How  much  can  I  expect  to  be  making 
after  five  years  with  General  Electric? 
A  As  I  just  mentioned,  ability  has  a 
sharply  increasing  influence  on  your 
salary,  so  you  have  a  great  deal  of  per- 
sonal control  over  the  answer  to  your 
question. 

It  may  be  helpful  to  look  at  the  cur- 
rent salaries  of  all  General  Electric 
technical-college  graduates  who  re- 
ceived their  bachelor's  degrees  in  1954 
(and  now  have  five  years'  experience). 
T'.eir  current  median  salary,  reflect- 
mg  both  merit  and  economic  changes, 
is  about  70  percent  above  the  1954 
median  starting  rate.  Current  salaries 
for    outstanding    engineers    from    this 


class  are  more  than  double  the  1954 
median  starting  rates  and,  in  some 
cases,  are  three  or  four  times  as  great. 

Q  What  kinds  of  benefit  programs 
does   your  company   offer,    Mr.   Case? 

A  Since  I  must  be  brief,  I  shall  merely 
outline  the  many  General  Electric  em- 
ployee benefit  programs.  These  include 
a  liberal  pension  plan,  insurance  plans, 
an  emergency  aid  plan,  employee  dis- 
counts, and  educational  assistance  pro- 
grams. 

The  General  Electric  Insurance  Plan 
has  been  widely  hailed  as  a  "pace 
setter"  in  American  industry.  In  addi- 
tion to  helping  employees  and  their 
families  meet  ordinary  medical  expen- 
ses, the  Plan  also  affords  protection 
against  the  expenses  of  "catastrophic" 
accidents  and  illnesses  which  can  wipe 
out  personal  savings  and  put  a  family 
deeply  in  debt.  Additional  coverages  in- 
clude life  insurance,  accidental  death 
insurance,  and  maternity  benefits. 

Our  newest  plan  is  the  Savings  and 
Security  Program  which  permits  eni-_ 
ployees  to  invest  up  to  six  ,'~',cent  of 
their  earnings  in  U.S.  S.ivmgs  ^  --nds 
or  in  combinations  of  Eorii:ua'''"d  Gen- 
eral Electric  stock.  These  savings  are 
supplemented  by  a  Company  Propor- 
tionate Payment  equal  to  50  percent 
of  the  employee's  investment,  subject 
to  a  prescribed  holding  period. 

//  yoii  Uf>iil)l  Itkf  <t  reprint  of  an 
inforttiiiliri'  (irlirh'  «'/i/;f /*»(/. ""//on' 
to  Evahntiv  Joh  Offers"  hy  Dr.  L. 
E.  Saline,  iirile  to  Seetitm  959-1 1, 
General  Electric  Co.,  Schenectady 
5,  iVf  If  York. 


I 


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