Full text of "Technograph"

See other formats

XI E. R.AFLY

OF THL
UNIVERSITY
Of ILLINOIS

620.5

V.83
cop. 2

REMOTE STORAGE

iia(ilil?Mi!fTil8!il

rUDENT ENGINEERING MAGAZINE • UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

am *cx , btu-f<f)c\. ay-^-bz _ cy+d;

muBiNKfiFm

I'lui/ -'u 'i5c7
UWVDISIiy OF ILLINOIS

GAME THEORY
OCEANOGRAPHY
INFINITY
SUMMER JOBS

If you think oceanography at Westinghouse
is a dry subject,
you may be aii wet.

Practically everybody in our Under-
seas Division takes to the water now
and then. Like these engineers at
the test pool in our new Ocean Re-
search and Engineering Center on
Chesapeake Bay.

Diving at Westinghouse is all in

a day's work — on projects like deep-
submergence systems, manned sub-
mersibles, sonar and underwater
weapons.

Ocean engineering is just one of
many areas at Westinghouse that
need your talents, your capabilities.

your interests. So what can you do
about it? Talk to the Westinghouse
recruiter when he visits your campus.
Or write to Luke Noggle, Westing-
house Education Center, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15221.

An equal opportunity employer.

You can be sure if it's Westinghouse

For
roialion...

Sealmaster Ball Bearing Units are quality built
to take high and normal operating tempera-
tures. They're designed with outstanding engi-
neering features and manufactured from
vacuum degassed steel and other selected high
grade materials to stand punishment day after
day. Available in a complete line of pillow
blocks, flange, take-up, and cartridge units.

Spherco Bearings and Rod Ends are available
in a wide range of styles, sizes, and materials.
Built-in quality insures long bearing life.

GET INFORMATION

For information on the complete line of
Sealmaster and Spherco Bearings, write for
Catalog 164 on your letterhead.

SEALMASTER

SEALMASTER BEARINGS

A DIVISION OF
STEPHENS-ADAMSON MFG. CO.

41 Ridgeway Ave. • Aurora, III. 60507

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH

ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS

TECHNOLOGY FOR TOMORROW

Electronlci Engineers

Systems Design &
Development
Instrumentation
Computer Technology
Nuclear Effects
(Field Engineering)

Mechanical Engineers

R&D Assignments in:
Advanced Machine
Design

Materials Engineering
Applied Mechanics
Analytical & Experi-
mental Stress Analysis

IM n NUCLUll PIDDUCnOH KiUS

Our work in advanced nuclear energy research re-
quires original thinking to develop technology for
the future.

Plowshare —

The use of nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes
is a typical example of one of our long range pro-
grams which requires the interaction of many engi-
neers and scientists. Practical applications include:
cratering experiments for use in harbor and canal
construction or modification; creating large under-
ground cavities for extraction and storage of fuel;
copper ore mining — fracturing of tons of low-grade
copper ore and its subsequent leaching and precipi-
tation as native copper.

Electronics Engineers —

Design and develop electronic systems necessary
for assessing the effects of experiments.

Mechanical Engineers —

Design, develop and install the nuclear explosives
and the diagnostics equipment to provide seismic
and shock data.

Solid State Scientists —

Investigate the structural changes brought about
by the excessive heat and pressure during a nu-
clear explosion so as to correlate the material prop-
erties with the history of the material and at the
same time obtain a better understanding of the
structure of matter.

Other Long Range Programs at LRL Include:
radiation effects on the biosphere; development of
controlled thermonuclear reactions; nuclear weap-
ons for national defense; and reactors for power
in space.

Additional Opportunities for Engineers:

*■

^^M

S-^^fej

i^S

^gi^0K0/^^^^^ ^■^■^V '^5

Kfl

Harbor ExcaTotion. Harbor: 4-200 KT at 8U0 ft. DOB. Area ~ 180
acres. Channel > 5 - 50 KT at 500 It. DOB minimum depth — 50
ft. MLW.

GAS RESERVOIR STIMULATION

We will be on campus to interview students in the Sciences
& Engineering on October 25.

Call your placement office for an appointment or write :
Personnel Department, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
University of California, P. O. Box 808, 80-78 Livermore,
California 94550

An Equal Opportunity Employer U. S. Citizenship Required

EB.'b o X* CB,-t> o X* y

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA

r/3

You'll do much more than watch.

As a young college grad joining Pan Am's team of range
professionals you'll get the best pad-side seat in the nation.
Before you know it, you'll be helping to engineer the track-
ing, telemetry, communications, data handling and display
systems— or providing launch and base support operations
—for many of the nation's major space shots along the
10,000 miles of the Eastern Test Range from Cape Ken-
nedy to the Indian Ocean.

You'll work with a lot of highly imaginative hardware and
systems engineering that is as advanced and complicated
as the space action we support. And you'll soon find that

you're equally comfortable with a wide range of specialties
(radar, telemetry, electrical, optics, command/control, tim-
ing, hydraulics, statistics, infrared, orbital mechanics,
structures, aeronautics, instrumentation, communications,
etc.).

Talk to your Placement Director. It could be your first step
to the Cape. Or write for more information to Manager of
College Relations, Dept. 305K Guided Missiles Range
Division, Pan American World Airways, Inc., 750 S. Orlando
Ave., Cocoa Beach, Florida. An Equal Opportunity Em-
ployer (M/F).

^^^ GUIDED MISSILES
^^^ RANGE DIVISION

PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS. INC.

Here's what we mean

when we say,

"Ryan is a better

place to work."

We mean that a pioneer aerospace
company still headed by the man
who founded it 45 years ago has got
to be a company that cares about its
people. T. Claude Ryan, founder and
chairman, is still at the office every
day. To him, Ryan employees are
friends. Old ones and new ones
alike. Ryan headquarters, combining
engineering and manufacturing fa-
cilities, are on the shores of San
Diego bay, where it all started in
1922.

We mean that a company so
rooted in aviation history is bound
to be a leader in vitally important
defense space programs. The out-
growth of the original Ryan Airlines,
Inc., that built the "Spirit of St. Louis"
in 60 days from a standing start will
always be ready to accept impos-
sible challenges. And ready to listen
to young men of vision who can
dream up answers to those chal-
lenges. Ideas are given a chance at
Ryan. So are the men who come up
with them.

We mean that a company which
led the world in the conception and
development of jet-powered target
drones is the kind of company where
daring and untried ideas come to
life. Over 3,000 Ryan Firebees, the
most versatile aerial targets ever
conceived, are in use with all three
branches of our armed forces, help-
ing to train our defenses against any
airborne threat. A super-sophisti-
cated, supersonic Firebee II will
soon be flight tested and enter
service.

We mean that a company whose
heart has always been in the wild
blue yonder would just naturally be
there when man reached for the
stars; that the products of its scien-
tists, engineers and technicians
would naturally play a key role in
our race for space. Ryan landing
radar systems made possible the
first soft landing on the moon. And
an advanced Ryan system will as-
sure a soft landing for the first man-
ned lunar visit. The men at Ryan
already have their eyes on the space
beyond the moon.

We mean that a company made
up of men who taught themselves to
fly straight up, while others said it
couldn't be done, is the sort of place
that puts no strings on a man's imag-
ination. Or barriers in the way of
way-out thinking. For over twenty
years Ryan has been amassing an
unmatched fund of technology in
vertical and short take off and land-
ing (V/STOL) aircraft. The list of ac-
complishments is long: Dragonfly,
1940.Vertijet, 1957.Vertiplane, 1959.
The present day XC-142A tilt-wing
and the XV-5A Vertifan. Ryan prod-
ucts can fly straight up. So can the
men who work there.

We mean that a company with a
strong and capable management—
whose business success has led to
majority ownership of large related
companies — is the kind of concern
that can match challenges with per-
manent opportunities. Ryan Aero-
nautical is majority owner of Conti-
nental factors Corporation and its
subsidiaries, suppliers of primary
power for both piston and jet air-
craft and agricultural, military, ma-
rine and industrial equipment. There
is nothing provincial about Ryan. In-
cluding subsidiaries, it operates 16
manufacturing facilities in the USA
and Canada.

We mean, also, that San Diego is
a better place to work— because it's
a better place to live. It's the surfing,
sailing, deep-sea fishing and golfing
capital of the country. It's clean, un-
crowded and friendly and you can
lead the good life year 'round. Its
great universities make education
one of its largest industries. Ryan is
an important and respected member
of this dynamic community ... a
community on the move.

R V A N

An equal opportunity employer.

This is what we mean
when we say, "Ryan is a
better place to work." The
4,500 men and women now
at Ryan know it is. And they
invite your inquiry. Check
with your placement office
for our campus visit, or
write to Mr. Harlow Mc-
Geath, Ryan Aeronautical
Company, Lindbergh Field,
San Diego, Calif. 92112.

Who has the

hottest steel
action going?

International Harvester, The first producer in the huge Chicago steel district to apply continuous casting commercially . . .
the first U. S. producer to cast basic oxygen furnace steel in billets on a commercial basis . . . operating the world's largest
billet continuous casting machine. . .and now with vacuum degassing. Bet you didn't know we produce steel... or that
we're already producing gas turbine engines to serve tomorrow's power needs. You know we make farm equipment and
trucks. Our name is a giveaway for the farm equipment. Our success in trucks is equally obvious. One heavy-duty truck
out of every three on the road today is an International. IH today is a leader in many diversified fields that multiply your
opportunities from raw steel, through production, to sales and service. Care to explore a few of our fields? Ask your College

Placement Office more about us International Harvester puts power in your hands

EQUAL OPPOR

Shell is a pair of sneakers— made from
our thermoplastic rubber.

Shell is a milk container— we were a
pioneer in the all-plastic ones.

Shell is a steel island— we are installing
deepwater platforms for drilling and produc-
ing offshore oil and gas.

Shell is a clear, clean country stream
—aided by our non-polluting detergent mate-
rials.

Shell is a space capsule control— ener-
gized by Shell's hydrazine catalyst.

Shell is food on the table— made more
plentiful by Shell's fertilizers.

Shell is mileage gasoline— developed
through Shell research.

Shell is a good place to build a career

Shell is an infegrated research, engineer- business, Shell offers an unusual spectrum

ing, exploration and production, manufac- of career opportunities. Why not find out

turing, transportation, marketing orgonlza- more about them by sending a resume to

tion with diverse technical operations and Manager, Recruitment Division, The Shell

business activities throughout the United Companies, Department E, 50 West 50th
States. To talented graduates in the y"rTT7^ Street, New York, New York 10020. An

scientific disciplines, engineering ondA^ ' AEquai Opportunity Employer.

THE SHELL COMPANIES^
Shell Oil Company/Shell Chemical Compan
Shell Development Company/Shell Pipe Line Corporation.

TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

These U.S. Air Force officers are

getting what they want out of hfe.

You can be one of them.

What are they doing? They are
performing a job of importance.
HcL^r after hour. Year after year.
Many of them will serve for 20 or
more years. The fruitful part of a
man's life.

Will yours be fruitful and creative?

Or just spent?

You're going to college to do some-
thing constructive, important. And
you can be sure of it, in the U. S. Air
Force.

Start now in the Air Force ROTO
program on your campus. Your Pro-
fessor of Aerospace Studies will
explain the variety of career opportu-
nities. Pilot. Navigator. Engineering,
Science. Administration.

If you get in on it, you get paid to
be part of the most exciting techno-
logical breakthroughs of all time.
You'll become a leader, an officer
in one of America's most vital organi-
zations...the U. S. Air Force.

You can be part of the Aerospace
Age when things are most exciting...
at the beginning. While you serve
your country, the whole universe will
open up to you.

There's a 2-year Air Force ROTC
program, and the 4-year program
has new attractive financial assist-
ance provisions.

Lots of men waste their working
years. But you don't have to be one
of them.

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

Box A, Dept. OEC 710

Randolph Air Force Base, Texas 78148

NAME

COLLEGE

(please print)

CLASS

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE

ZIP

Engineers, Mathematicians :

you should
consider a career

withNSA

. . . if you are stimulated by the prospect
of undertaiving truly significant
assignments in your field, working in
its most advanced regions.
. . . if you are attracted by the
opportunity to contribute directly and
importantly to the security of our nation.
... if >ou w ant to share optimum
facilities and equipment, including one
of the world's foremost computer/ EDP
installations, in your quest for a
stimulating and satisfying career.

The National Security Agency is
responsible for designing and
developing "secure" commimications
systems and EDP devices to transmit,
receive and process vital information.
The mission encompasses many
aspects of communications, computer
(hardware and software ) technology,
and information recording and storage
. . . and provides a Vi ealth of career
opportunities to the graduate engineer
and mathematician.
ENGINEERS will find work which is
performed now here else . . . devices
and systems are constantly being
developed w hich are in advance of any
outside the Agency. As an Agency
engineer, >'ou will carry out research,
design, development, testing and
evaluation of sophisticated, large-scale
cryptocommunications and EDP
systems. You may also participate in

related studies of electromagnetic
propagation, upper atmosphere
phenomena, and solid state devices
using ihe latest equipment for
ad\anccd research within NSA's fully
instriiiuenled laboratories.
M ATHEMA 1 iCIANS define,
formulate and solve complex
communications-related problems.
Statistical mathematics, matrix algebra,
and combinatorial anal\ sis are but a
few of the tools applied by Agency
mathematicians. Opportunities for
contributions in computer sciences and
theoretical research are also olfered.
Continuing your Education?
NSA's graduate study program may
permit you to pursue two semesters of
full-time graduate study at full salary.
Nearh' all academic costs are borne by
NSA. whose proximity to seven
universities is an additional asset.

Salaries and Benefits

Starting salaries, depending on
education and experience, range from
SiS.OtK) to $13,500. and increases
follow as you assume additional
responsibility. Policies relating to
vacations, insurance and retirement are
liberal, and \ou enjoy the advantages
of Federal employment without Civil
Service certification.
Another benefit is the NSA location,
betv\ een Washington and Baltimore,

which permits your choice of city,
suburban or country living and allows
easy access to the Chesapeake Bay,
ocean beaches, and other summer and
winter recreation areas.

Campus Interview Dates:

Nov. 7-8 & Feb. 19

Check nitli llie Placement Office now
la anani^e an interview witli NSA
representatives on campus. The
Placement Office has additional
information about NSA . or you may
write: Cliief, College Relations Branch,
National Security Ai;ency.
Ft. Ceon;e G . Meade. Maryland
20755, ATTN: M32!. An equal
opportunity employer, M&F.

national

security

agency

where imagination is the essential qualiftcaiion

OCTOBER 1967
Vol. 83; No. 1

TECHNOGRAPH

ECUTIVE BOARD

ARTICLES

)erl Jones . ,
0 Halpern
; Hinkle . .
n Brown . .
/rentx Heyda
n Serson . .
il Klein . . . .
■y Sobol . . .
Kunz . . .
n Bourgoin

Editor

Associate Editor

Business Manager

Managing Editor

. Production Manager

.... Photographer

Circulation Manager

. Circulation Manager

Engr. Council Repr.

.... Copy Editor

18 GAME THEORY

Gary Kobliska offers some mathematical answers about how to gamble
without really gambling.

26 INFINITY

Ann McCullough takes a refreshing look into the perplexing question
of infinity.

UDENT ENGINEERING

VGAZINE

DIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

36 THE SEA

John Bourgoin looks to the Sea for a solution to the growing problem
of limited resources.

aiman: Harold J. Schwebke, Univ-
ity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,
I United States Student Press As-
iation, 2117 S. Street, N.W., Wash-
Jon, D. C.

blished seven times during the year
ctober, November, December, Jan-
ry, February, March, and April),
fice 248 Electrical Engineering
ilding, Urbana, Illinois.

bscriptions S2.50 per year. Single
pies 40 cents. Advertising Represent-
ve — Littell- Murray -Bamhill, Inc.,
7 North Michigan .^venue, Chicago
, Illinois; 360 Lexington Avenue,
:w York 17, New York.

)pyright, 1966, by the Illini Publishing
>iiipany.

uered as Second Class matter, October
, 1920, at the Post Office at Urbana,
inois, under the Act of March 3,
.79.

47 SUMMER JOBS

Tom Brown offers a helping hand to the bewildered student in search
of a good summer job.

FEATURES

10 EDITORIAL

56 ENGINEERING CAMPUS

62 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

editorial

Are you preparing to be a professional Engineer? Few engineering students are.
Today, with technology increasing at such a fantastic rate, those in management
positions cannot have a thorough understanding of the applicability of new tech-
nical advances. It is becoming more and more difficult for them to optimally
adapt these developments to society's needs. Consequently, the engineer is repeat-
edly being called upon by his associates in other professions for his opinions
concerning the rates at which future technology should be expanded. Hence, a
need develops for the engineer to be proficient not only in his ability to apply
engineering skills but also in his ability to communicate and work effectively
with both technically and non-technically minded people.

It is time more engineering students realized that their professional development
must not be limited to academic achievement. It is equally important that the
student engineer strive to improve his judgement, his leadership abilities, and
above all, his skills of communication. One of the best places for the student
to embark upon a program of non-academic professional development is within
the activities of one of the many engineering societies on campus. No where else
in the college does the average student have the opportunity to discuss informally
with faculty members and representatives from industry the growing needs of
engineers. Too often, many student engineers become so desperately involved in
the race for grades that they ignore society's cry for engineers who can communi-
cate and lead.

Remember that the successful engineers of the future must not only find the
answers to tomorrow's problems but must be able to present their solutions in
such a way that they will be appreciated and utilized.

Are you preparing to be a professional engineer?

10 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

pROPESSiONALISM?
WHAT'S THAT?

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 11

■ -.-vi,"^?rif#

CIRCUITRY • CLAD METALS

AIRWAYS CONTROL • ALLOYING • AUTOMATION • AVIONIC SWITCHING • BONDED METALS • CAPACITORS • CERAMICS ^„„„^„,,^o rovcTai

.COMMUNICATIONS .COMPONENTS . COMPUTER ELEMENTS & PROGRAMMING . CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS • CONTROLS . CRYOGENICS . CRYSTAL

GROWTH S CHARACTERISTICS • CYBERNETICS . DATA RECORDING . DEVICE DEVELOPMENT . DIELECTRICS •piFFUSION

PROPAGATION . ELECTROCHEMISTRY . ELECTROLUMINESCENCE « ELECTROMECHANICAL PACKAGING • ELECTROMECHANICS

THERMICS . ELECTRON PHYSICS . ENERGY CONVERSION . ENVIRONMENTAL & QUALIFICATION TESTING

GEOMAGNETICS . GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION » GEOSCIENCES • GLASS TECHNOLOGY . GRAVIMETRY

. INFRARED PHENOMENA . INSTRUMENTATION . INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

PHENOMENA . MAGNETIC DETECTION . MECHANIZATION . METALLURGY

ELECTRONICS . NUCLEAR FUEL ELEMENTS . OCEANOGRAPHY

DIODES . ELASTIC WAVE

ELECTRO OPTICS • ELECTRO-

FERROMAGNETICS • GEODETIC SURVEYS •

HOLOGRAPHY . INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

INTEGRATED EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS . INTERCOMMUNICATIONS . LASER

METER MOVEMENTS « MICROWAVES . MISSILE ELECTRONICS

OPERATIONS RESEARCH & ANALYSIS • OPTICS • PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES

PHFUKTRV . PHYSICS . PI F/DEI FCTRlCS . PLASMA THEORY • PLATING • QUALITY CONTROL • QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

RECONNA SANC I REaiFIERS ^''r'e'fRACTORV MMERIALs". RELIABILITY . RESEARCH 4 DEVELOPMENT . RESISTORS .SEISMOLOGY .SEMICONDUCTORS
. SOLAR CELLS . SOLID STATE DEVICES . SOLID STATE DIFFUSION . SONAR • SOUND PROPAGATION . SPACE ELECTRONICS • SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS « TELEMETRY . THERMOELECTRICITY . THERMOSTATIC DEVICES . TRANSDUCERS . TRANSISTORS

NAVIGATION

PHYSICAL

RARE EARTHS

People
dorit just work

at
Texas Instruments

They make a career out of it.

It's true. People do make a
career out of Texas Instruments.
And we plan it that way.

Since World War II, TI has
grown 200-fold to a $580-million
billings level. Yet, with all this
growth, it has not been necessary
for us to go outside the company to
fill a principal managerial position.

You may be saying to yourself,
"That's fine, but can TI keep grow-
ing at a rate that will offer me the
same opportunities?"

Our answer is yes.

Yes, because we have set a new
growth goal — to become a $3-bil-
lion company in the ne.xt decade.

Yes, because one of our impor-
tant management responsibilities

is to conduct the business in such
a way that you retain your individ-
uality and can relate your own per-
sonal goals to those of the company.

And finally, yes, because you'll
find TI a different kind of com-
pany. Different in management
philosophy. Different in organiza-
tional structure. Different in the
way we seek and do business.

We have a comprehensive bro-
chure which will show you some
of the ways we are different, some
of the reasons why we can offer you
really exciting growth opportuni-
ties in a wide range of disciplines.

Then, if you like what you read,
we hope you'll fill out the resume
attached to the last page and mail

it to us. We welcome the oppor-
tunity to give you a comprehensive
look at Texas Instruments and what
we have to offer.

Continuing planned growth in
Research & Development, Mate-
rials, Components, Equipments and
Systems, and Services.

For you

Texas Instruments

INCORPORATED

Engineering

Growth

Opportunities

Nine thousand individuals form
the CB&I world-wide team. To-
gether, they conceive, test, de-
velop, prove, sell and build big
metal plate structures as well as
highly technical operating sys-
tems. And they do all of these
things well.

Above all, they think, create
and grow — on more than 200
construction sites; in half-a-
hundred offices, plants and lab-
oratories throughout the world.

With CB&I at home or abroad,
your career can point in five

general directions — Research,
Engineering, Manufacturing,
Field Construction or Sales —
in scores of challenging assign-
ments.

Interested? See your Place-
ment Director for more informa-
tion about career opportunities
with CB&I. Or write J. F. Chocole,
Director of Personnel, Chicago
Bridge & Iron Company, 901
West 22nd Street, Oak Brook,
Illinois 60521. Ask for CB&l's
28-page bulletin. Global Engi-
neering Opportunities.

Chicago Bridge & Iron Company

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Serving world leaders in the fields of Natural Gas, Nuclear Power, Aerospace,
Petroleum, Water Desalination, Steelmaking, Chemistry, Cryogenics, Hydroelectric
Power, Water Supply . . . and Many Others.

Use this page to jot down
what you know about Allied
Chemical. Doritlookat
it again until after youVe
talked to our interviewer.

Then see if you really knew
all that we're doing today.

Of course, it's no secret that things are to build an exciting career with a company

happening at Allied Chemical. We have a that'son the move.

new spirit. And a new president. Check your college placement office to

Sure, we want you to look over our litera- find out when the Allied Chemical interview-

ture. That's always a good idea. er will be on campus. If for some reason you

But you won't get the complete Allied can't meet with him.
Chemical story until you've talked to our write: Manager, Col-
interviewer, lege Relations, Allied
We're not going to promise you success. Chemical Corporation,
That's up to you. 40 Rector Street, New
But we will promise you the opportunity York, New York 10006,

AMied
(Tiemical

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Putj'oursdf
in our dace.

Step right into the oicture in the loading of a nuclear ^i^^ Wp sfnrtprl in hnilf^rs nnrl <;tt^nm cTpnpratinn

Step right into the picture in the loading of a nuclear
power core. Or into the design of a closed-circuit TV sys-
tem. Or a digital computer for the steel industry.

Tomorrow, who knows? You could be on the B&Wteam
that launches an entirely new product.

We're big enough ($560 million last year) to take on
some pretty exciting projects. But small enough to give
you a challenging job, not just desk space.

Come grow with us at Babcock & Wilcox.

We started in boilers and steam generation,
then moved on to atomic power stations, nuclear marine
propulsion, refractories, specialty steel, computers and
control systems, closed circuit TV and specialty machine
tools. (We still make the best boiler in America.)

Want to talk about the future? Your future? See your
placement officer. Or write to Manager, College Recruit-
ing, The Babcock & Wilcox Company, 161 East 42nd
Street, New York 10017. A good place to work and grow.

Babcock & Wilcox

16 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

Hughes announces new
openings on the

TECHNICAL STAFF.

Assignments exist for Engineers
graduating in 1967 with B.S.,
M.S. and Ph.D degrees in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

HUGHES-FULLERTON Engineering
Laboratories assignments range from
research to hardware development
and operational support of products
and systems in the field. Our current
activities involve the advanced tech-
nologies of phosed-orray frequency-
scanning radar systems, real-time
general purpose computers, displays,
data processing, satellite and surface
communications systems, surface-to-
air missile systems, and tactical air
weapons command/control systems.

For additional information on the
opportunities offered at HUGHES-
FULLERTON in Southern California-
end to arrange for a personal inter-
view with our Staff representatives,
please contact your College Place-
ment Office or write; Mr. D. K. Horfon,
Supervisor, Professional Staffing,
HUGHES-FULLERTON, P. O. Box
3310, Fullerton, California 92634.

On-campus interviews
November 8 &9

HUGHES

An equal opportunity employer — M & F / U.S. citizenship is required

GAME THEORY

''How to Gamble Without Really Gambling"

by Gary Kobliska

Game theory is a topic in mathematics about which
comparatively little has been written. The basic aspects
of game theory are relatively easy to understand, but
difficulties arise rapidly if one goes too far afield.
Bearing this in mind, we shall limit ourselves in this
article to the solutions of somewhat simple two-person
games. No rigorous approach to the subject will be
given so that the reader can gain some background
knowledge fairly easily.

Gary Kobliska is a junior
in Mathematics in the Col-
lege of Liberal Arts and
Sciences.

By "games" we mean not only those things which
are usually considered "games," such as golf or Mo-
nopoly, but in general any conflict between two or
more people in which they must make and carry out
their decisions. In this broader sense, we will include
such things as deciding who pays the luncheon check
in a group of people, and whether or not to outbid
your competitors at an auction. Two-person games
are, as the name implies, games in which only two
people participate, such as chess or tick-tack-toe. We
shall also adopt the convention of considering Nature
as a person and capable of making choices, such as
whether or not it will rain on next April 21. We shall
assume that each person will play rationally and will
try to maximize their winnings and minimize their
losses. Also, no player will be allowed to quit whenever
he feels like doing so. In this way we are guaranteed
to have an actual game to talk about, rather than a
group of people doing nothing.

Each game has a finite but perhaps undetermined
number of plays. A "play" consists of each person
making a decision and the final result. For example,
two players may each put up five dollars and then
cut the cards to see who wins. If neither cheats, they
have no influence upon the outcome. This action of
cutting and examining the cards and pocketing the
money will be considered a single play.

Now look at figure 1, the payoff matrix. This ma-
trix sums up the amount of dollars or pesos or units
of anything that Player 1 (Pi ) receives from Player 2
(P2). It also shows the strategies available to each
player, namely A, B, I, and II. If Pi plays strategy
A, and if P2 plays strategy I, then Pi receives 2 units
from his opponent. The numbers will always represent
what Pi wins, never what P2 wins. Note the signifi-
cance of a negative number: If Pi plays B and P2
plays II, then Pi receives -3 units; i.e.. Pi pays P2 3
units. Thus we can determine the value of any particu-
lar play. Note that since there are only two people
involved (and no external considerations), we always
know that whatever Pi wins, P2 must lose, and vice-
versa, so that the total sum of all commodities is
constant.

Figure 2 shows a different two-person game. We
shall now determine a solution for this game; i.e., we
shall determine in what proportion each player should
use his two strategies. First, look at the strategies
which Pi can play. If Pi decides upon A, the worst
that he can do is to receive only one unit. We write
the number "one" to the right of row A. Similarly,
we write a "two" to the right of row B since the worst
he can do there is to receive two units.

PtAYCR
I

'!"'

A
B

PIAYE*!

^'''>8

-3

-h

Payoff
Fic.

MATRIX
1

Fic

. 1

When we look at the possibilities open to P2, we
must remember that these positive numbers represent
his losses rather than gains. Thus the worst he can do
under strategies I and II is to lose two and four units
respectively. Going back to Pi's strategies, we see
that the better of these two choices is a gain of two
units and therefore circle the number two. Likewise,
the better of P2's strategies is a loss of only two units,
and this number is circled. Since the two circled
numbers are equal, we immediately know that Pi

18 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

should always play B, and P2 should always choose
strategy I. This, of course, results in a win of two units
for Pi. Because the two circled numbers are equal, the
game is said to have a saddle point.

Why are these strategies the best? The answer is
simple: If either player chooses his alternate strategy,
he will be worse off than before. For instance, if Pi
suddenly switches to A, he now wins only one unit
instead of two. Or, if Pi changes strategies, he loses
an extra unit. Readers who are famifiar with the idea
of a saddle point in calculus may draw some compari-
sons between the two ideas.

7 6

-I 4

ric.3

As mentioned abo\e, one property of a saddle point
is that neither player should change strategies. For
example, suppose that in the game of figure 3, strate-
gies B and I are being played. Now since both players
act rationally, it would immediately occur to Pi that he
could do better with strategy A than with B. So he
makes the change accordingly and then receives se\en
units after each play. P2 now realizes that he could do
better with strategy II than with I, and he therefore
switches to I. Now neither player wants to change his
strategy since any change could only be harmful. It
looks as if this game has a saddle point corresponding
to strategies A and II. This fact may be verified by
the first procedure given.

We have seen before what is meant by the value of
a particular play. It is simply the amount which PI
gains after any one play in the game. This value may
change as Pi and P2 change their strategies.

The value of the entire game, however, is a constant
that is determined as soon as we are told in what
proportions each strategy is played and the value of
each play. By the value of the game, we mean the
long-run mathematical expectation that Pi has. Of
course, this definition can be made more precise mathe-
matically, but the present one will be sufficient for our
purposes.

If every two-person game had a saddle point, we
would merely have to find it in order to solve the
game. But this is not the case. A quick check of the
game in figure 4a will show that it has no saddle
point. Now let's take the same game in figure 4b and
try a different procedure. Since the game has no
saddle point, it is evident that no single strategy will

be sufficient for either player. Thus each player must
play both his strategies in some fixed proportion.

in: I ^ ir

z A

8 6 4 (2) B

F.c.4a Fic. 4b

The derivation of the rule for finding this fixed
proportion is beyond the scope of this article, but the
rule is simple enough to be given here. First, look at
strategy A and find the difference between the two
possible values when P2 plays I and II. Here, 8 - 2 =
6. Note that the positive difference is always taken.
Write this number alongside the row for strategy B,
not A. Next, subtract the two numbers of strategy B
(6-4 = 2) and write this number after row A.

Repeat this procedure for the columns: Write 4
(6 - 2) at the bottom of column II, and write 4 (8 - 4)
under column I. These numbers represent the propor-
tions in which the strategies should be played. For
example, Pi should play strategies A and B in the
ratio 2:6, or 1:3, while P2 would mix his strategies
equally.

Now suppose that P2 mixes his strategies equally
but that Pi plays A. Then P2 would lose quantities
amounting to two and eight units approximately e-
qually; i.e., he would lose about five units on the
average after each play. If Pi decides to play B ex-
clusively, then P2 again loses five units on the average.
Then it seems intuitively obvious that P2 would lose
about five units per play against any mixed strategy of
Pi. This reasoning is correct, and the value of this
game is 5.

Let figure 5 be any two-person two-strategy game
which does not have a saddle point. Suppose that Pi
should play his strategies in the ratio w:x and P2
in the ratio y:z as determined by the rule given before.
Then the value of the game to PI can be shown to be

aw -t- ex bw -I- dx

cy + dz

-I-

w-(-x y+z y+z

To illustrate this, return to figure 4b, where a = 2,
B = 8, c = 6, d = 4, w = 2, X = 6, y = 4, z = 4.
Then the value of the game, as given by any one of
the above four fractions, is indeed 5. If one player
sticks to his best best strategy while the other adopts
a different one, the value of the game is not changed.
Thus it does not seem to be very important to adopt
a strategy as long as your opponent knows what he is
doing. This is actually the case in two-strategy games,

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 19

but in games where each player has three or more
strategies, any deviation from the best mixture of
strategies will usually result in unnecessary loss. Since
the determination of correct strategies for three-strategy
and higher games is somewhat more difficult, we
shall not pursue the subject any further.

One of the most simple games to analyze would be
that of matching pennies. Two players, each holding
a coin, place them on a table. If the coins are both
heads or both tails. Pi wins Pa's penny. If they don't
match, P2 gets the coin. We assume that both players
may decide whether to place their coins with heads or
tails showing. How should Pi play in order to win
the most (or lose the least)?

Right away we think that since there is no distinction
between heads and tails, they should both be played
equally. After all, if Pi plays heads more than half
the time, an astutue P2 would notice this and play
accordingly. So it seems as though the strategies of
heads (H) and tails (T) should be played in the same
proportion. Now let's turn to game theory to see if
we're right.

P, P.

a b

c d

1
. I

y ^

Fio. 5

Z 2.

Fis. 6

Figure 6 shows the payoff matrix for the game of
matching pennies. If Pi and P2 both play heads or
both tails, the result is +1 for Pi. If they play op-
positely, the value of the play is -1 for Pi. A quick
check by either method shows that there are no saddle
points, so we determine the proportions as before as
2:2 for both Pi and Pa. Thus heads and tails should
be played equally by both players, which is exactly
what we expected. By using the formula given before
with a = 1, c = -1, w = 2, X = 2, we see that the
expectation for the game is 0; i.e., the game is fair to
both players.

As the number of strategies or players increases, it
becomes very much more difficult to determine the
best combination of strategies for each player. Often,
as in the case of chess or checkers, it is not even
possible to list all the different possible plays. So
chess players can go on playing chess without having
to fear that someday a computer might completely
analyze the game. Although at this stage game theory
can easily analyze relatively simple situations which
may occur in warfare or economics, chess will probably
remain virtually untouched for years to come.

20 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

SO MANY OF EACH...

FROM ONE SOURCE

OF LAMINATED PLASTICS

FORMS

MOLDED LAMINATED

FABRICATED PARTS

CHEIVIICAL RESISTANCE-
Synthane is immune to most oils and
solvents as well as resistant to vari-
ous acid concentrations and salts.
It often has longer life per dollar,
including replacement cost.

PROPERTIES

MOISTURE RESISTANCE-
Certain grades of Synthane are spe-
cifically designed to retain a higti
percentage of ttieir electrical and
mectianical properties under ex-
tremely tiumid conditions.

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH-

An excellent electric insulator witti
low dissipation factor and low dielec-
tric constant, Synthane is easily
punched or machined into parts for
radio and electrical equipment.

HIGH

STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO-

Synthane weighs only half as much
as aluminum, yet is one of the plas-
tics highest in tensile, compressive,
flexural, and impact strengths.

GRADES

Kraft Paper Phenolic Grades
Alpha Paper Phenolic Grades
Rag Paper Phenolic Grades
Paper Base Plasticized

Resin Grades
Paper Base Phenolic Flame

Retardant Grades
Paper Base Epoxy Grades
Paper Base Epoxy Flame

Retardant Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Phenolic Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Melamine Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Phenolic Graphitized

Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Phenolic

Molycote Grades
Fine Weave Fabric Carbon

Inclusion Phenolic Grades
Cotton Mat Phenolic

Resin Grades

Asbestos Fabric Phenolic

Resin Grades
Asbestos Fabric Melamine

Resin Grades
Asbestos Fabric Phenolic (High

Temperature) Resin Grades
Asbestos Fabric Phenolic

Graphitized Grades
Asbestos Fabric Phenolic

Molycote Grades
Asbestos Mat Phenolic Grades
Asbestos Mat Phenolic (High

Temperature) Resin Grades
Nylon Fabric Phenolic

Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Continuous

Filament Silicone Grade
Glass Fabric Continuous

Filament Phenolic

Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Continuous

Filament Melamine

Resin Grades
Glass Mat Melamine

Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Epoxy Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Phenolic (High

Temperature) Resin Grades

[SYI>flTlANE]

CORPORATION

OAKS, PA. 19456

666-5011 Area Code 215. TWX 510-660-4750. Telex 084-5268
SYNTHANE-PACIFlC-518 W. Garfield Ave., Glendale. California 91204

\ don't MckoN so
BiuV. wuy
^. I "voo y»o ASK

T WAtJTEO
$6fn£THlM6 TO ?iAY
\TlC-TAC-T0e oMi HOW

f^ANY VEAW

.Xil^l

Opportunity

has many faces

at Boeing

1. Supersonic Transport. Boeing has won
the design competition for America's
supersonic transport. The Boeing design
features a variable-sweep wing, titanium
structure and other new concepts and
innovations.

4. USAF Minutcman II. Compact, quick-
firing Minuteman missiles are stored in
blast-resistant underground silos ready
for launching. Boeing is weapon system
integrator on Minuteman program.

2. NASA Apollo/Saturn V. America's
moon rocket is the largest, most powerful
in the free world. It is moved on a trans-
porter as big as a baseball diamond.
Boeing builds first stage booster, generat-
ing thrust equivalent to 160 million hp.

5. Boeing/N'ertol Helicopter. Twin turbine
Boeing/Vertol helicopters are now in mili-
tary or commercial service in the U.S. and
many parts of the world. Two of the
largest helicopter programs in the free
world are under way at Boeing.

3. Boeing 747. The 747 is the largest air-
plane ever designed for commercial service.
It will carry from 350 to 490 passengers
and be the first jet with promenade-deck
roominess, staterooms, lounges.

6. Boeing 737. America's newest, most
advanced short-range jet will provide more
head and shoulder room than any other
comparable jet. It will carry up to 113
passengers, cruise at 580 mph, operate
from shorter runways.

7. NASA Lunar Orbiter. First U.S. space-
craft to orbit the moon, to photograph
earth from the moon and to photograph
far side of moon. The Orbiter, designed
and built by Boeing, has already sent back
more moon information than had been
learned in past 50 years.

8. USN PGH (Patrol Gunboat-Hydrofoil).

Designed and being built by Boeing, this
seacraft will be first powered by water-jet
for U.S. Navy. Boeing's hydrodynamic
research facilities include system which
can test watercraft shapes at actual speeds
up to 100 knots.

^^^''I^.

9. USAF SRA.M. New U.S. Air Force
short-range attack missile, now being
designed and developed by Boeing, is a
supersonic air-to-ground missile with
nuclear capability. Boeing also will serve
as system integration and test contractor.

These are some of the challenging
aerospace programs at Boeing that can
provide you with a dynamic career
growth environment.

You may begin your career in applied
research, design, test, manufacturing,
service or facilities engineering, computer
technology, or administration. You may
become part of a Boeing program-in-
being, or be assigned to a pioneering new
project.

Further, if you desire an advanced
degree and qualify, Boeing will help you
financially with its Graduate Study
Program at leading universities near
company facilities.

See your college placement office or
write directly to: Mr. T. J. Johnston, The
Boeing Company, P.O. Box 3707, Seattle,
Washington 98124. Boeing is an equal
opportunity employer.

DIVISIONS : COMMERCIAL AIRPLANE . SPACE . VERTOL

MISSILE Sl information SYSTEMS • WICHITA
ALSO, BOEING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

Depends on the giant. Actually, some giants are just regular
kinds of guys. Except bigger.

And that can be an advantage.

How? Well, take Ford Motor Company. We "re a giant
in an exciting and vital business. We tackle big problems.
Needing big solutions. Better ideas. And that's where you
come in. Because it all adds up to a real opportunity for young
engineering graduates like yourself at Ford Motor Company.

Come to work for us and you'll be a member of a select
College Graduate Program. As a member of this program,
you won't be just another "trainee" playing around with
"make work " assignments.

You'll handle important projects that you'll frequently
follow from concept to production. Projects vital to Ford.
And you'll bear a heavy degree of responsibility for their
success.

You may handle as many as 3 different assignments in
your first two years. Tackle diverse problems. Like figuring
how high a lobe on a cam should be in order to yield a certain
compression ratio. How to stop cab vibration in semi-trailer
trucks. How to control exhaust emmission.

Soon you'll start thinking like a giant. You'll grow bigger
because you've got more going for you.

A network of computers to put confusing facts and
figures into perspective.

Complete testing facilities to prove out better ideas.

And at Ford Motor Company, your better ideas won't
get axed because of a lack of funds. (A giant doesn't carry a
midget's wallet, you know.)

Special programs. Diverse meaningful assignments. Full
responsibility. The opportunity to follow through. The best
facilities. The funds to do a job right. No wonder 87% of the
engineers who start with Ford are here 10 years later.

If you're an engineer with better ideas, and you'd like
to do your engineering with the top men in the field, see the
man from Ford when he visits your campus. Or send your
resume to Ford Motor Company, College Recruiting De-
partment.

You and Ford can grow bigger together.

<^^

WhafsitUke
to engineer

for a giant?

Rather enlarging!

They're making lots of
dough at Nabisco...

and a better
Tiger at Humble

with the help of Foxboro instrumentation

Cookies and gasoline are but two of the
products Foxboro instruments help make
better. We could name lots of others —
clothing, paper, steel, chemicals — all fund-
amental to high living standards.

Our people find the world of process con-
trol a rewarding place to live and work, a
place where individual talent and initiative
are recognized.

Professionals like you are finding just the
opportunities they've been looking for with

Foxboro — a fast growing company in a
a nondefense industry.

Talk to your Placement Officer. Look
through the Foxboro Capabilities Brochure
in his office . . . then let us tell our story
in person. Write:

Mr. W. W. BROWN
College Personnel Relations
The Foxboro Company
Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035

An Equal Opportunity Employer

tOXBORO.

Specialists m Process and Energy Control

OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES. PLANTS IN USA. • CANADA • MEXICO • ENGLAND • FRANCE • NETHERLANDS • JAPAN . AUSTRALIA

The first year at Univac

you'll probably get more out of us

than we'll get out of you.

|aybe you won't call your first year with us
an advance seminar (with pay). But that's
what it often amounts to.

For one thing, you'll learn more about the
working aspects of your field here in six months
than you could learn in two years of schooling.
You'll work with men who developed the first
computers. Men who remain respected author-
ities in every area of computer technology, and
who enjoy sharing their knowledge with the
young. You'll be faced not with busy work, but
with projects that demand innovation and imag-
ination.

If, during that initial 12 months, you happen
to make a significant contribution, you'll be
rewarded accordingly. But the point is, we don't
expect it. All we expect is that you keep an open
ear and an open mind; that you work hard to

develop as an individual. (We'll help you further
your education — should you decide on advanced
study.)

Go to work in the big league Twin Cities— the
business, industrial and technical center of the
Upper Midwest.

UNIVAC

FEDERAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

2750 WEST SEVENTH BLVD.
ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 55116

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER M/F

^'SPER^V RAI\D

• • J •

by Ann McCullouah

We begin with a folk-saying, "There are always two
possibilities." Since each choice made brings two new
alternatives, it suggests this picture of infinity:

There are intimations of infinity designed especially
for children. Japanese artisans make wooden dolls that
open up and contain a similar doll, inside of which is
another doll and so on through a sequence of five or
six.

Poets have also employed the word in ways that are
not far removed from mathematical aspects of infinity.
Juliet's line about her love for Romeo, "the more I
give to thee, the more I have," exaggerates a charac-
teristic property of cardinal infinities. Blake's image,
"to hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity
in an hour," corresponds to the mathematical fact that
a segment as short as the palm's lifeline has as many
point on it as an infinitely long line.

Very instructive are the metaphysical arguments of
Zeno directed to the conclusion that physical motion is
impossible. He proposed four questions or paradoxes
dealing with the concept then current that a line is
composed of an infinite number of points. The first of
Zeno's paradoxes stated that there can be no motion,
for in order to transverse any distance whatever, it is
necessary to reach the midpoint of that distance before
reaching the end, and to do this, one must transverse
half of the half-distance before reaching the midpoint,
and so on, ad infinitum. It is said that one of his
auditors tried to refute this point by walking across the
lecture room to prove that motion does exist.

The second paradox is related to Achilles and the
tortoise. Even though Achilles was able to run faster
than the tortoise, if the tortoise were to start first, he
would never be overtaken, for by the time that Achilles
reached the spot A where the tortoise was a moment
ago, the tortoise would be at B, a little further along.
When Achilles reached B, the tortoise would be at C,
and so on.

The third paradox showed that a moving object is
always at rest, for at any instant it is in a fixed
position, that is, it is at rest. Since this is true at every
instant, it is true for all instants and the object never
moves.

The fourth paradox stated that if the points on a line
A were moving to the left and those on C to the right

while those on B remained stationary, then in traversing
any given distance a point C passes twice as many
points in A as it does in B. In other words, a unit
length of one line may have on it twice as many points
as a unit length of another line.

The general bearing of these paradoxes, then, was
that if a quantity is infinitely divisible its parts become
zero, and the sum of these parts is zero also; for other-
wise the individual parts have definite size and the sum
of an infinite number of them is infinity.

Let us now turn to the mathematical conception.
Aristotle, in keeping with his tenet that the unknowable
exists only as a potentiality, refused to recognize a
proper infinity (one that is actually realized or com-
pleted). Arguing that a body must have form and there-
fore must be bounded, he concluded that the bounded
cannot be infinite. He distinguished between two kinds
of potential infinities: one in arithmetic in the direction
of successive addition (infinitely large) and one in
geometry in the direction of successive division (infinitely
small). In connection with the latter, he inveighed
against those geometers of the time who upheld a
doctrine in which a line segment is composed of in-
finitely many fixed infinitesimals or indivisibles. In
spite of his denial of an infinitesimal in arithmetic, his
reference to division by O is virtually equivalent to the
consideration of the infinitely large; just as there can be
no such thing as the ratio of a line segment to a point,
Aristotle held, "there is no proportion between some-
thing and nothing." The quotient of an non-zero num-
ber divided by zero is infinite.

Whereas Greek logical rigor resulted in avoidance of
specific reference to infinities in mathematics, the Hindus
showed no such qualms. Thus it is that the earliest
clear-cut reference to the infinite in Arithmetic occurs
in the Vija-Ganits:

Statement: divided 3, divisor 0, quotient 3/0. This
fraction, of which the denominator is cipher, is
termed an infinite quantity. In this quantity con-
sisting of that which has cipher for its divisor,
there is no alteration, although many be inserted or
extracted; as no change takes place in the infinite
and immutable God.

In many theologies, God has been conceived of as
infinite in knowledge, power, and goodness; but the
theological and metaphysical infinities are not clearly
defined, and it has been argued that knowledge of the
infinite is impossible. Nevertheless, the case for a
proper infinity has been maintained by the recognition
of the possibility of the existence of that which is not
subject to the laws of reasoning and is not compre-
hensible to the mind.

The struggle between the logical mind (which saw
contradictions in the conception of infinity) and the
mystic tendency (which exempt the conception from the
laws of ordered reasoning) was of particular interest to
medieval scholastic philosophers. One of the contribu-
tions of the later Middle Ages to the problem was the

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 27

argument that infinity has its own laws, and that it is
wrong to attribute to it properties that hold for finite
quantities. Scholars of the 13th and 14th centuries
recognized two kinds of infinity: a categorematic infinity,
in which the infinite magnitude or quantity is actually
realized, and a syncategorematic in which a quantity
can be increased without limit. The apparent sophisms
concerning infinity are resolvable if one recognizes
that arguments with respect to infinity do not proceed
as do those involving finite quantities. In particular, a
finite part can have no ratio to an infinite whole, for
otherwise the addition of a part to the whole would
result in no change in magnitude.

The infinitude of the universe was argued by astrono-
mers and theologians following the work of Copernicus.
Of greater significance is the resolution of the nature of
infinity made by Galileo. Every positive integer, he
pointed out, has one and only one perfect square. Con-
versely, every perfect square is the square of one and
only one positive integer. In a sense, then, there are
just as many perfect squares as there are positive
integers; yet, paradoxically, this would contradict the
axiom that the whole is greater than any of its parts,
inasmuch as not all of the positive integers are perfect
squares, and the perfect squares form part of all the
positive integers. Instead, he simply concluded that more
than, equal to, and less than do not apply to infinite
qualities.

Wallis, in arithmetizing, the method of indivisibles,
for the first time introduced the modem symbol
for infinity. Although this adds little to the understand-
ing of the concept, the availability of a convenient
notation encouraged mathematicians to use infinitely
large and infinitely small with little critical interpretation.

A period of rigor that came in the 19th century
achieved a relatively satisfactory solution by basing both
the integral and the differential calculus upon the
concept of a limit. The expression entering to integral
and differential calculus seemed to require only the
improperly infinitesimal and the improperly infinite.
The variables are potentially infinitely small and they
become less than any given quantity, or potentially
large in that they become larger than any preassigned
magnitude.

The differential calculus has postulated the existence
of infinitely small magnitudes of varying orders — a
first differential, a second differential, and so on in-
definitely, but it was Augustin Couchy who rendered
precise the concept of "order" of an infinitesimal. If:

lim f(x) = 0, then the function f(x) is said to be in-
finitesimal with respect to x and if lim f(x) = k = 0,

the number n is called the order of the infinitesimal
f(x) with respect to x. An infinitesimal here is a de-
pendent variable, and not a fixed quantity, and hence
it is equivalent to what Aristotle designated as a
quantity potentially infinitely small.

Bonanzo was fascinated by paradoxed that existed in
the completed infinite. He called attention once to
Galileo's paradoxes for infinite sets where a proper
subset can be put into a 1:1 correspondence with the
whole set. The set v of whole numbers between 0 and
12 can be paired with a subject x of real numbers 0
through five by the relation 12x — 5v. For every x,
there is a v, and for every y there is an x. No infinite
set, he concluded, can have this property, whereas all
finite sets enjoy it.

Dedekind defined an infinite aggregate as: a system
S is said to be infinite when it is similar to a proper
part of itself; in the contrary case, S is said to be a
finite system.

Cantor went far beyond the definition of infinite
sets and developed an arithmetic of transfinite numbers.
Cantor noted his new arithmetic by the introduction of
a new notation, abandoning entirely the old symbol.
The set of all integers he designated by (aleph null).
Aleph null is the smallest of all transfinite numbers.
It has no immediate predecessor, inasmuch as the
removal of one natural number from the set still leaves
us with a set that can be made to correspond to the
original. Nor do we get a new transfinite number
simply by adding 1 to aleph null. One of the most
striking results of Cantor's sets is the demonstration
that there are transfinite numbers beyond aleph null.
The set of all rational fractions can be put into a
1:1 correspondence with the positive integers, hence this
set also has the transfinite number aleph null. The class
of all algebraic numbers, likewise, can be put into a
1:1 correspondence with the positive integers, and it
too is represented by aleph null. Cantor found, on the
other hand, that the real numbers are so numerous
that they constitute a set with a higher transfinite
number "c", known as the number of the continuum.
This is the number of the class of all points on a line
or curve, or on a segment of a line or curve. He
showed that points in an area however large can be
matched against the points on a line segment, no
matter how small and hence in these cases the trans-
finite number is still "c". Still larger than "c", never-
theless, is the set of all functional relationships, the
transfinite number of which is denoted by "f".

It is known that there is no transfinite below aleph
null. Thin out the rational numbers as one will — as
by taking only every billionth natural number — the
set still has the transfinite number aleph null. Whether
there are transfinite numbers between aleph null and c,
and "c" and "f", is not known. But aggregated of
larger transfinite numbers can be created, and the
process can be continued indefinitely. There is no
"last" transfinite number.

The proper infinity, through Cantor, has been es-
tablished in mathematics. But Cantor's theory of sets
does not provide for an infinitesimal and modern
quantum mechanics makes questionable the existence
in nature of a proper infinitesimal. As stated by mathe-
maticians however, no one will drive us out of the
paradise created for us by Cantor.

28 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

A multitude of careers, in fact. And we'd like cruiting team will get in touch with you to talk
to discuss them with you. So you'll have a bet- about the whys, whats and wherefores of a

ter idea of what a Bell System engineering
career is all about, we'd like to send you a
copy of "Communications— a challenging
future for you."

Then later a member of the Bell System Re-

Bell System engineering career.

Send to: College Employment Supervisor.
American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 195
Broadway, Room 2116A, New^
York, New York 10007.

(®).AJ&T

NAME

ADDRESS

COLLEGE

MAJOR

PHONE NO.

PREFERRED LOCATION U.S.A.

THIS IS A CAREER

DISGUISED

AS A COUPON

engineers

CONSIDER YOUR FUTURE
CONSIDER BECHTEL

Bechtel Corporation has been a world leader in Engineering,
Project Management and Construction for two thirds of a cen-
tury, serving industry and government in such areas as con-
ventional and nuclear power, metallurgical processing plants,
refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants, pipelines, various
hydro-related applications, mass transportation facilities, and
land use and development.

Bechtel is committed to meet the challenge of advancing tech-
nology through continuing technical excellence in areas such as:

■ saline water conversion ■ urban planning

■ mass transportation ■ pollution control

■ nuclear energy ■ extraction of under-waterresources

Bechtel engineers provide complete professional services, from
economic feasibility studies and conceptual estimates to design,
construction and pre-operational plant testing and start-up.
Bechtel encourages and supports continuing education and pro-
fessional development. Internal technical and management
development programs in Engineering, Estimating, and Con-
struction provide the engineer with maximum opportunity for
personal and professional development. A tuition refund plan
and professional fee reimbursement program are also provided.
If you are a Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Civil, Metallurg-
ical, Mining, or Nuclear Engineer and want to learn more about
a career in engineering and design, conceptual estimating, or
construction, see your college placement officer or contact:
Richard S. Jamar, Jr., College Relations
Bechtel Corporation
Box 3965, San Francisco, California 94119

BECHTEL
CORPORATION

Engineers & Builders for Industry
SAN FRANCISCO • Los Angeles
New York • Gaithersburg, Md.
Houston • Toronto • Paris
London • The Hague • Melbourne

An equal opportunity employer

In the next few years, Du Pont engineers and
scientists will be working on new ideas and products
to improve man's diet, housing, clothing and shoes;
reduce the toll of viral diseases; make light without
heat; enhance X-ray diagnosis; control insect plagues;
repair human hearts or kidneys; turn oceans into
drinking water. . .

and anything else that you might think of.

The 165-year history of Du Pont is a history of its
people's ideas — ideas evolved, focused, and engineered
into new processes, products and plants. The future
will be the same. It all depends upon you.

You're an individual from the first day. There is no i

formal training period. You enter professional work
immediately. Your personal development is stimulated
by real problems and by opportunities to continue
your academic studies under a tuition refund program.

You'll be in a small group, where individual
contributions are swiftly recognized and rewarded.
We promote from within.

You will do significant work, in an exciting
technical environment, with the best men in their fields,
and with every necessary facility.

Sign up today for an interview with the Du Pont
recruiter. Or mail the coupon for more information
about career opportunities. These opportunities lie both
in technical fields— Ch.E., M.E., E.E.,
I.E., Chemistry, Physics and related
disciplines — as well as in Business
Administration, Accounting
and associated functions.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.)
Nemours Building 2500—1
Wilmington, Delaware 19898

Please send me the Du Pont Magazine along with
the other magazines I have checked below.

n Chemical Engineers at Du Pont
n Mechanical Engineers at Du Pont
ZZ Engineers at Du Pont
D Du Pont and the College Graduate

-Degree expected-

My address^
City

KOEHRING...

a place to go places

Koehring is on the grow. And has plenty of room for
the right people to grow along. Thirteen divisions.
Affiliates around the world. And hundreds of exciting

products are in the making for many of the world's

most exciting markets: Construction

Hydraulics

working

Plastics

Pulp and Paper

Material Handling ,-4^^^^^ * Metal-
Sales are fast approaching the

$200 million mark, if you are looking for opportunity,

here is an open door. Walk right in. You'll find Koehring

means business.

Koehring has a growing need for engineers — mechanical,
industrial or civil interested in design, manufacturing or
sales. Send resume to Mr. Foster Shoup, Personnel Di-
rector, Koehring Company, 3026 W. Concordia Avenue,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201.

KOEHRING

Koehring Company

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201

Buffalo-Springfield Division, Springfield, Ohio • Hartmann Hydraulics Division, Racine, Wisconsin • HPM Division, Mount
Gilead, Ohio • C. S. Johnson Division, Champaign, Illinois • Koehring Division. Milwaukee, Wisconsin • Ko-Cal Division,
Stockton, California • Larkin Packer Division, Waxahachie, Texas • Parsons Division, Newton, Iowa • PCM Division, Port
Washington, Wisconsin • Prodex Division, Fords, New Jersey • Schield Bantam Division, Waverly, Iowa • Thew-Lorain
Division, Lorain, Ohio • Koehring-Waterous Ltd., Brantford, Ontario • Affiliates throughout the world.

We
want

a guy

who keeps a level head.

Dictionaries define hurdling as jumping over a hurdle in a race.
Obviously, Webster never made the track team.
"A good hurdler never jumps," the experts tell us. "He tries
to duplicate the movements of sprinting. The head stays level.

It's never higher over the hurdle than it is between them."
A level head helps overcome any obstacle. Take bearing problems.
They're best approached by a person with training, determination

and the ability to think things through.
Are you such a person? When you run up against a tough problem, are you
able to take it in stride? And do you like the challenges of rugged
competition, and the rewards that come from winning?
Then write The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton, Ohio 44706.
Ask our Manager of College Relations to give you a tryout.

On your campus...

Oct. 25, 26 & Feb. 28, 29

A Timken Company representative
would like to talk to you!

TIMKEN

The Timken Company manufactures

tapered roller bearings, fine alloy

steel and removable rock bits.

DOES THIS BLANK, EMPTY,

THEN

SEND,
(

STun

248 ELECTIJ

URB//

34 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

TE SPACE BOTHER YOU ?

UP!

rORIES

!STO:

RING BLDG.

1I8OI

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 35

The Sea

What about its Resources ?

by John Bourgoin

Considering the enormous sums of money spent on
space research today, it seems unreasonable that we
should have neglected a great unknown inner space
much closer to us — the sea. There is fourteen times
as much surface water as land above sea level. Scien-
tists are looking to the sea as the only really hopeful
solution to the ever increasing world problems of waste
disposal, food, mineral resources, fuel, and, of course,
water. Necessity is causing the nation to develop an
increased awareness of the potential and urgentness of
the development of the sea's resources. As the problem
of finding fresh water becomes increasingly more ser-
ious, the most obvious solution is desalination of sea
water. By 1980, our fresh water needs will double to
400 billion gallons per day. Even now New York City
uses one billion gallons daily. Industry takes 270 tons
of water to make one ton of steel and 4,700 tons of
water to make but one ton of synthetic rubber. The
sea is the only practical source of the enormous
amounts of water that we will consume later in this
century. Thus, economical desalination methods and
equipment must be developed. Studies of the ocean
surface and water currents reveal more about climates,
and probes of the floor of the sea unlock the secrets
of the continental evolution. From the study of marine
life it is possible to gain a great deal of insight into
the evolution and structure of other animals, including
human beings. Yet until recently there was little or-
ganized work being done on studies of the sea. Advanc-
ing technology is solving many of the problems of
deep sea research and thereby stimulating discoveries
in all the diverse areas of marine science.

The science of the seas, oceanography, draws on
several branches of science: geology, meterology, biolo-
gy, chemistry, physics, geophysics, geochemistry, me-
chanics, and mathematics. It is an environmental science
which attempts to chart the ocean floors including the
rocks and sediments, to understand the interaction be-
between the sea and atmosphere, to study the behavior
of its animals and organisms, and to explore the
chemistry and physics of the sea water and sea floor.
Because of the complex vertical and horizontal move-
ments of the ocean waters, it is necessary to study all
the oceans together as a single unit. Oceanic study
unites these sciences because of the complex interactions
of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the
oceans.

John Bourgoin, a senior in
Electrical Engineering, is an
Honors student as well as
the Copy Editor of the Tech-
nograph.

Some phases of oceanographic research can be car-
ried out in the laboratory and the data room (as is
done at the University of Illinois by Professor Adrian
Richards' group). Obviously, though, man must go
out to sea with vessels especially built for research to
obtain samples. Such surveys and studies require ex-
tremely careful planning because of the high cost in-
volved in outfitting a research ship. The ship must be
300 tons or more if it is to take data very far from
the shore line. It must be equipped with adequate
laboratories and deck space for preliminary analyses so
that new discoveries will not be passed without obtain-
ing additional information. Furthermore, it must have
the machinery required for handling the complex and
heavy data-taking equipment which is lowered to the
ocean depths. Such equipment includes coring devices,
echo sounders for depth measurement and plots of
profiles of the ocean floor, heat probes for measuring
the flow of heat from the earth's interior, hydro-
photometers for measuring the light scattering in the
water, and deep sea cameras. A large amount of po-
sitioning equipment is also required because of the
accuracies required when charting an unknown region.
Inertial guidance systems are now so accurate that a
ship can determine its position to within about ten
meters of its true position. Sounding devices can be
used to give a good picture of the temperature strata
within the ocean as well as the layers of earth beneath
the ocean floor. Strata with different temperatures have
different densities. These strata are often well defined,
and the sound waves are partially reflected at the
interface between the two strata. Thus, it is possible
to map the temperature strata, and therefore the cur-
rents, from the surface. Seismic measurements of the

36 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

Built by VVestinghouse, this large seawater plant and the adjacent electric power plant make the U. S. Naval Base at Guantanamo
Bay, Cuba, completely self-sufficient for both Its fresh water needs and its electrical power supply. The water conversion plant
produces 2.2 million gallons a day of fresh water from the Caribbean Sea. (NAPS)

ocean subfloor use the same principle. Such measure-
ments are usually carried out with the aid of two
ships, one running on a fixed course and the other
stationary. The moving ship drops explosive charges
into the water while the second ship records the re-
flected or refracted sound waves. Another device which
aids in seismic data taking is a very high energy acous-
tic probe. With this instrument, scientists can take
soundings which give them information about the
strata of rock below the sediment and water covers.
Actual physical and chemical analyses of these strata
are dependent upon the samples of the strata. These
samples are obtained by inserting tubes directly into
the ocean floor. The material that is brought back to
the surface in these tubes is largely undisturbed. Using
incremental techniques, oceanographers can take samples
100 meters or more into the sediment.

Man knows very little about the sea. Apart from the
huge job of charting and mapping the ocean floor and
currents, very little is known about deep sea currents
and what causes them. Oceanographers know virtually
nothing about the effect of tides in the deep sea. An-
other unexplored problem is that of the heat exchange
between the sea and the sky, a determining factor in
the weather and the ocean circulation.

It is interesting to note that the climate of the past
million years or so can be studied with relative ease
in the ocean. Using radioactive dating methods and
geochemistry, scientists can determine climatological
variations to a high degree of accuracy. Cores only
500 meters deep can reveal several million years of
history. A core to the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho),
which is about three miles below the ocean floor,
could reveal much information about the origin of

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 37

the earth.

The marine biologist has a great opportunity to
study a wide variety of aspects of animal life. Com-
munities of fauna, distribution of the species, and the
zonation of animals on the shore and in the ocean
are virtually untapped. The food resources of the sea
are potentially greater than those of land because the
oceans receive nearly three times as much life giving
radiation from the sun (due to their relative surface
area) as does the land. Plankton and other food or-
ganisms which fish feed upon abound. A knowledge
of the currents which carry these organisms and the
conditions under which fish thrive in the oceans should
tell us much about finding more of the huge schools
of fish that exist in the seas. A more thorough know-
ledge of the chemistry and environment will lead to
cultivations of fish not totally unlike the keeping of
animals on land. New and more efficient methods of
catching fish will be devised. Some of the newer ways
use sonar to spot schools of fish, chemical baits, and
"fences" of air bubbles to trap the fish. The use of
plankton directly as food must also be researched.

The oceans are a great source of energy and min-
erals. Sea water is virtually a limitless source of deuter-
ium which powers the fusion reactions of the hydrogen
bomb. Tidal energies have already been harnessed.
There are many possible cycles for generating power
from the movement of tides, but the most basic is the
pure generation cycle. As the tides rise and fall, water
is let in and out of a very large reservoir. At high
tide, the reservoir is full. As the tide begins to fall,
water is let out of the reservoir through turbines which
drive generators. When the reservoir level has fallen to
a level too low to maintain turbine horsepower, the
generation stops. As the tides begin to rise, the blades
on the turbine wheels are reversed and water flows
through the turbines again this time into the reservoir
until the high level is once again reached. The obvious
disadvantage is the long time lag between tides during
which no power is being generated. Pumping — gener-
ating cycles have been worked out which counteract
this difficulty. Although they exist in far too dilute
amounts to extract economically at present, the minerals
found in the oceans' three hundred million cubic miles

This is the Oak Ridge National Laboratory concept of a dual-purpose plant for desalting water and producing electricity. The large,
rectangular building would house a multistage flash evaporator capable of producing 250 million gallons per day of fresh water
from the sea, according to Anaconda American Brass Company. The sphere is the nuclear powerhouse in which a reactor produces
steam to heat the seawater and to generate electricity.

Fresh water from salt . . . one artist's solution!

38 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

(Drawing courtesy Anaconda American Brass)
(NAPS)

It^s possible that Celanese
wonH appeal to your

**tnless YouVe Ambitious, Flexible, Creative, Imaginative, etc.*

If you rebel at the idea of being dropped into a pro-
fessional slot, you're our kind of person.

We need competent, imaginative, flexible individ-
uals. Because we're that kind of company. We
encourage our people to take risks, to find novel —
even off-beat— approaches to
technical, managerial and
marketing problems. We
believe that only a bold,
creative staff can con-
tribute to the continued
growth of a corporation
that is already bold and
creative.

Maybe that's why Chemical Weel<
magazine, in awarding us the Kirk-
patrick Award for Management
Achievement, titled the arti-
cle "Portrait of a Win-
ner." And wrote
"Keys to Celanese
Corporation's vic-
tory: an alert, ag-
gressive manage-
mentteam, explicit
planning and well-
defined roles."

ance. Not on how old you are or
how long you've been with us. By
the same token, we do not have
formal training programs. We
do have a very deep interest
in giving you as much respon-
sibility, and in pushing you
along just as fast and far
as you can go.

If this sounds
goodtoyou, discuss
^ us with your faculty
^^^ jJBL ^'^'^ placement of-
^^Bk m^^^ ficer. And see our
^^^^■p^B^^ representative when
he is on your campus.
Or write to: John B.
Kuhn, Manager of University Recruit-
ment, Celanese Corporation, 522
Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10036.

an equal opportunity employer

CELANESE

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH

of water represent a fantastic source which may be
tapped when those on land become depleted or when
methods are devised to extract them economically.

Perhaps the most pressing problem that the oceans
can solve is that of water shortage. The human body
can tolerate only a maximum of a two per-cent saline
solution. The average saltiness of the oceans is three
and one-half per-cent. Throughout the ages the prob-
lems of desalting ocean water were problems of cost.
However, with the pressing needs for efficient methods
of desalination, technology has reached the stage where
economical fresh water from the sea is possible. Plants
in operation now are turning out fresh water for around
one dollar per thousand gallons. Industry leaders be-
lieve that they could build desalting plants from fifty
to one-hundred fifty million million gallons per day
capacity that would produce fresh water in the thirty
to forty cent range. The long range goal is twenty-cent
water. As a comparison, the average cost of purified
fresh water, delivered, in U. S. communities today is
forty-two cents per thousand gallons, although figures
vary considerably from city to city.

The chief method of desalination is distillation. Dis-
tillation is recorded in history' as far back as Aristotle.
However, only recently has it been used on the large
scales needed for fresh water in cities. The market for
desalination plants has grown tremendously in the past
two decades. Government appropriations for the re-
search of desalination techniques have skyrocketed.

In the big desalination plants now operating or in
the planning stages, the chief method of desalination,
multi-stage flash distillation, is an adaptation of the
basic principle of distillation. Here's how it works:

Seawater is heated and fed into a chamber where
the pressure is lowered. A portion of the water "flashes"
into vapor which is condensed on the outer surface of
the heat exchanger tubes. The resulting condensate is
suitable for potable or industrial water. The process is
repeated through many stages at decreasing pressures, to
provide a large volume of desalted water.

One of the drawbacks of the present desalination
plants is the enormous amounts of metal required for
condenser tubing. For example. Anaconda American
Brass Company, a major supplier of copper alloy
condenser tubes for desalination plants, estimates that
for one particular plant under design, a total of thirty
million pounds of copper-nickel tubes will be required.
That amounts to about 18,000 miles of tubing. Thus,
the search for better methods is essential if sea water
is to be desalted on the huge scales required for sup-
plying the needs of future populations and industries.
The old saying "Water, water everywhere, but not a
drop to drink" may soon be obsolete.

Oceanographic research and development shows prom-
ise of tremendous growth during the next few years and
is a field worthy of consideration for study.

"That's a dam site better than the other one!'

40 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

What is there left for you to discover?

Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, built a com-
munications system across his empire some
six centuries before the Christian Era. On each
of a series of towers he posted a strong-
voiced man with a megaphone. By the 17th
century, even a giant megaphone built for
England's King Charles II
could project a man's voice
no further than two miles.
This same king granted
Pennsylvania to Admiral
William Penn as a reward
for developing a fast, com-
prehensive communications
system - ship-to-ship by
signal flags.

We waited for the com-
bined theories of Maxwell,
Hertz, Marconi and Morse before men could
transmit their thoughts by wireless, though
only in code. Only after Bell patented his
telephone and DeForest designed his audion
tube could men actually talk with each other
long-distance. Today nations speak face-to-face
via satellite. Laser-beam transmission is just
around the corner. Yet man still needs better

ways to communicate across international
boundaries.

In a world that has conquered distance,
in a world whose destiny could hinge on
seconds, man is totally dependent on the
means which carry his voice and thought. It
is this means that we in Westem Electric,
indeed the entire Bell System, have worked
on together since 1882.

Our specialty at Western
Electric is the manufacture
and installation of depend-
able, low-cost communica-
tions systems for both
today and tomorrow. And to
meet tomorrow's needs, we
will need fresh new ideas.
Yourideas.Thereis still much
for you to discover right
here at Western Electric.

Paths of Progress at W. E. for Engineers and Scientists:
Applied Math & Computer Systems Manufacturing Engineering
Manufacturing Research Plant Engineering

& Development Industrial Engineering

General Management Systems Equipment Engineering

Engineering Management Military Engineering

Consider your future in communications. Get the details from our
brochures. Then see your Placement Office and meet us on campus.
Or write to Manager of College Relations, Western Electric Co., Room
2510A, 222 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 10038.We are an equal opportunity
employer with plants and service centers from coast to coast.

Western Electric

MANUFACTURING I SUPflY UNIT Of THE Bfll SYSTIM

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 41

y!mc

'x^l

:x-.J-

How do you stop the ravages of cancer? Or control
the weather? Can natural resources be synthesized?
How do you unlock the secrets of the ocean?
These, and many more questions of vital importance
to society, need answers.

It is Varian's business to find these answers, through
the design and production of scientific instruments
and components. This requires an atmosphere where
creativity is unhampered by rigid procedures, where
technical breakthroughs and accelerated professional
growth are commonplace. And this atmosphere
is what Varian provides.

For example, all Varian employees are invited to
frequent seminars conducted by renowned
scientists from leading universities and industry.
They are exposed to the latest scientific thinking and
receive stimulating cross-learning exposure in a variety
of fields, not necessarily related to company
technologies. They're also able to continue their
education, with tuition reimbursement, at the accredited
universities and colleges near every Varian location.
And your scope isn't limited at Varian. For example,

we led in the commercial developmen
of the Klystron power tube, invented the
Vaclon pump and pioneered the commercial development
and application of linear accelerators, Nt^R spectrometers,
spectrophotometers, and gas chromatographs, to mention
just a few. Further, Varian research is findmg new uses
for electronics principles in commercial applications,
increasing man's understanding of life processes, using
microwaves in heating and processing, and much more.
■You're invited to come along.

Positions offering hard work and intellectual stimulation
exist, at all degree levels, for physicists, chemists, and
electrical and mechanical engineers. You pick the
department — research, development, design,
manufacturing, or service engineering — and the area —
California, New York, New Jersey, or H/lassachusetts.

For additional information about the opportunities
at Varian, write to: David A, Hamlin, Manager,
Corporate Professional Staffing, Varian Associates,
611 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, California 94303.

An equal opportunity employer

Varian has a lot of questions for you to answer.

b^f s talk about y

...yes, you've studied hard to gW^where you are today, and now you want
to put your education to work in the best possible way. But are you ready
to accept individual responsibility? If you are. you can go as far and asfast
as your talents can carry you at Garrett-AiResearch, Los Angeles.

Why? Because at Garrett you have the opportunity to work on entire
systems as well as specialize in just one phase or discipline.

Since our engineering staff is smaller than those of comparable com-
panies, your efforts receive much more recognition —thus, you increase your
knowledge and capabilities more rapidly.

You can take an active part in research, design, or development that
leads to production of actual hardware for sophisticated aerospace systems
and subsystems.

Our product lines include environmental systems, electronic flight infor-
mation and control systems, heat transfer systems, secondary power systems
for missiles and space, electrical systems, and specialized industrial systems.

And, at AiResearch, you can make as much money as any engineer in a
comparable spot and get all the plus benefits of a top company.

Are you ready? AiResearch is ready for you.

See our representative when he comes to your campus, or write to Mr. T. E. Watson. AiResearch Manufacturing
Division. The Garrett Corporation. 9851 Sepulveda Blvd.. Los Angeles. Calif. 90009. -- eqjai cpportur.ir/ en-.plo/er

fastest growing

♦Whirlpool Is expanding Into
electronics after a majority
stock purchase in Warwick
Electronics Inc., one of the
leading companies In this field.

r'worS °;ro'=s'"arf beU adde. cons.an,,,^

♦Whirlpool IS revolutionizing the storage and distri-
bution of perishable fruits and vegetables. Its Tectrol
Systems create atmospheres that prolong freshness

,nt IS

pTO'

,duc\ng
(Sterns

300VS

U^e

SupP

S^^S^^

*)y'T>'poo

-°-^-^'Ki^e._,_^^^

Confused because so many firms promise you just about the
same career advantages? Our suggestion: forget all the w/ords
and concentrate instead on what's actually happening at the
companies you're considering. That's why this ad of ours simply
lists some of the exciting

things going on right novi^
at Whirlpool Corporation...

Whirlpool

Contact:

Manager, Corporate Recruiting

Administrative Center

Whirlpool Corporation

Benton Harbor, Mich.

Atmosphere for Achievement

If you are contemplating a career in
aerospace, your next ten years are
critical ones. The exposure you get
to major projects, the caliber of your
associates, the quality and availability
of educational institutions for advanced
study, and the recognition you get for
personal achievements will all count
heavily toward building your
reputation and your income.

At Convair you will find management
sensitive to the importance of your
personal development and you
will work in an atmosphere of
achievement side by side with some
of the most capable people in our
industry— the people who developed
Atlas-Centaur and other space age

equipment and systems which are
making headlines the world over. You
will have access to four highly rated
colleges and universities for advanced
study. Your assignments will be
selected from more than one hundred
key study and development projects.

A variety of outstanding career
opportunities are yours at Convair
in the following areas of concentration:
aeronautical, electrical, electronic and
mechanical engineering; engineering
mechanics and engineering physics.

Engineers will be assigned to
the following areas: advanced systems,
systems analysis, space sciences, life
sciences, information sciences,
scientific data processing, aero-

ballistics, dynamics, thermodynamics,
guidance, structures, mechanical
design, electrical design, reliability,
test engineering and materials
research.

See your placement officer to arrange
a personal on-campus interview with
our representatives, or write to

Mr. J. J. Tannone, Supervisor,
Professional Placement and Personnel,
Convair Division of General Dynamics,
5625 Kearny Villa Road, San Diego,
California 92112.

CaENERAL DYNAMICS

Convair Division

Let's Talk

Aerospace Careers

October 25

To talk to a Bendix Instruments and Life
Support Division representative, sign up
at your engineering placement office.

Bendix

Aerospace
Products

An equal opportunity employer

SUMMER JOBS- Why Start Now?

by Tom Brown

An article concerning summer jobs published in the
middle of the fall may seem like Technograph's first
six-month late article; but before believing this tempt-
ing thought, consider that this article concerns the
summer of 1968. For summer technical jobs now seem
more plentiful than ever, and the opportunity for
students to significantly advance themsehes through
summer employment has never been greater.

Tom Brown, a senior in
Civil Engineering, is cur-
rently the Managing Editor
of the Technograph.

The ad\antages of summer work for the student are
many. Of course, every student can use the money he
makes during a summer's work. These jobs also pro\ ide
the opportunity for students to make contacts concern-
ing permanent employment. Not only does a summer
job provide experience in applying formal course work,
but it can also make following courses much more
interesting. A summer job may even be a major factor
in a student's decision about his post graduation
plans. Thus as Prof. J. O. Kopplin, Chairman of the
Engineering Honors Council, says, "Summer employ-
ment is a very \aluable part of the student engineer's
education."

Traditionally, employers have offered summer jobs for
the purpose of recruiting and analyzing prospective
employees. Also, offering summer work has not hurt
the public relations of many concerns. About four
years ago, according to Mrs. Pauline Chapman, Di-
rector of the College of Engineering Placement Office,
a major upswing in the number of summer technical
jobs began. Mrs. Chapman cites two major recruiting-
oriented reasons for this surge. First, the demand for

graduate engineers is far exceeding the supply. Em-
ployers of engineers feel they must make their names
known to the graduate engineer. The second reason is
summer employment began appearing more and more
on the lists of reasons for accepting permanent posi-
tions. In the Placement Office's 1967 graduate report,
"worked summer for company" appeared as the sixth
most common reason for accepting a position. Re-
sponsibility, draft deferment, and benefits are among
the twenty-six reasons listed as less common.

Although the College of Engineering can help a stu-
dent acquire a summer job, the task of finding this
employment ultimately lies with the student. The place-
ment Office has summer application forms available
for many companies and government agencies. How-
ever, Mrs. Chapman emphasizes that many employers
would rather receive a personal letter of inquiry about
summer employment than a standard placement form.
The personal letter indicates student initiative, a very
important quality to many employers. Prof. Kopplin
points out that advisers will usually write recommenda-
tions for their students. Especially sophomores, with
few technical courses, should seek their adviser's counsel
about summer employment. He also emphasized that
the initiative belongs to the student, that is employers
want inquiries from students first and then recommen-
dations from advisers.

The range of summer jobs available is about as wide
as it is indefinite. Mrs. Chapman indicates that most
companies do not ha\e real sophisticated programs
because the number of summer employees is usually
determined only after the yearly budget is determined.
Therefore, no general deadline for applications exists.
Deadline dates range from fall to early summer, and it
remains to the individual student's initiative to obtain
information about particular employers. One generaliza-
tion that can be made is that government jobs should
be applied for early because security clearance is often
needed.

Summer jobs also range in their degree of challenge
and interest. Early thought about the type of work
desired and inquiry into this type of work has led to

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH .47

interesting summers for engineering students. The fol-
lowing comments were made by Jon Whittaker, senior
in civil engineering. Jon search for and found a job in
the field he is interested in, and the result was a very
satisfying summer.

. . . this program is to allow the future college graduate
an opportunity to get a "good look" at the company, and
at the same time, allow the company to evaluate the
student's potential and determine whether his interests and
capabilities will benefit the company. Assignment of a
challenging and well planned project, guidance and evalua-
tion from a trained and competent supervisor, and es-
tablishment of goals and responsibilities were several
"tools" used to judge my performance.

I consider the opportunity afforded me an excellent one.
The experience I gained in the understanding of the
business world was beneficial, the evaluation by a trained
supervisor of my abilities and strengths was invaluable,
and the successful completion of a very necessary and
challenging job was rewarding.

Special opportunities are available to students wish-
ing to participate in the lAESTE (International Associa-
tion for the Exchange of Students for Technical Ex-
perience) program. This program offers students the
opportunity to broaden their cultural background by
working with pay in a foreign country for an eight to
twelve week summer period. Although students should
expect total costs, including transportation, traveling,
and living expenses to exceed their wages, this exper-
ience has proven invaluable to those who have taken
part. This issue of Technograph contains an article

by Madison Post, senior in Electrical Engineering and
Math, concerning his experience in the lAESTE pro-
gram. His article reveals the enthusiasm this exper-
ience evokes. Students may obtain more information
about this program in the Associate Dean's office,
101 Engineering Hall.

Another possibility for summer experience is under-
graduate research within the College of Engineering.
Presently the National Science Foundation sponsors
undergraduate research projects in two departments,
civil enginering and chemical engineering. Mike Leifer,
senior in civil engineering, relates details about this
program in an article also in this issue of Technograph.
The College of Agriculture also has sponsored a sum-
mer research program with projects concerning any
application of science to agriculture. Engineering stu-
dents are eligible to and have participated in this pro-
gram. Prof. J. R. Lodge is the chairman of this pro-
gram and additional information may be obtained from
him.

Thus, the sources of summer opportunities for student
engineers are plentiful, and all that is needed to tap
these sources is a little initiative. Some thought and
inquiries can lead to a summer of enjoyment and
satisfaction. If the memory of a boring and unenjoyable
summer job is still fresh, start thinking now about mak-
ing next summer's work a satisfying and profitable
experience.

48 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

Summer Job in
Germany

by Madison Post

' 'International Association for the Exchange of Students
for Technical Experience" sounds pretty dry, I know.
One year ago I filled out a one-page questionnaire
requesting a job in Germany, Switzerland, or England
for the upcoming summer. I didn't e.xpect much to
happen. Today I can say I owe f A ESTE the best three
months of my life.

■Anyone with technical background can apply just as
I did, and he will have a 70% or better chance of
being accepted into the I A ESTE program. My sum-
mer's experience is a fine illustration of what lAESTE
has to offer.

The job offered to me was better than any I had
heard of in the States. As a would-be senior in E.E.
and Math I wanted summer employment that coincided
with my interests in school, that would give me an in-
sight into what industry was doing in my field, and
(naturally) that paid well. lAESTE took my requests
to the exchange table in New York. Here, jobs offered
to foreign trainees by American firms are exchanged for
jobs offered U. S. students by foreign industry. I was
offered a position by Blaupunkt Radio, the largest
European manufacturer of automobile radios, at their
location in Hildesheim, Germany. The job paid DM

3.50 per hour, which converts to about 90^ per hour,
but is equivalent to earning $2.00 per hour because of
the lower German standard of living. I was given seven
days to accept or decline. After an exchange of letters
with Blaupunkt in which they explained more specifically
the position offered, and I expressed my desires more
in detail, I found myself with a job as a technician-
trainee in "Entwicklung Farbfernsehen" (developmental
color television), exactly the type of thing I wanted to
do. A three week vacation in the middle of the summer
for private traveling and sightseeing was part of the
package. Blaupunkt, as do many European firms,
closed down for three weeks to give everyone a va-
cation at once, however jobs were still available during
the vacation. lAESTE, in conjunction with the German
AST A, later arranged also for a seven-day tour of
Berlin for all foreign trainees in Germany for only $15.
Other trainees from the States whom I met on the
plane going over had similar luck in getting jobs,
although some accepted offers in fields different than
their major because the countries they requested did
not offer employment in their fields.

I A ESTE chartered two 727 jets for each flight, over
and back, and asked only $265 for the round trip
second class — cheaper than student flights! One flew
the New York-Amsterdam circuit, the other the New
York-Brussels route. It was not required to take the
chartered flight, but nearly everyone did.

Blaupunkt arranged for my room but I had to pro-
vide meals. Rent cost $22 a month for a room with a

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 49

family two miles from the factory. I purchased a large
hot meal at noon from Blaupunkt for $1.50 per week
and prepared my other meals cold at home.

The experience of working for Blaupunkt was too
good to be true. The factory itself is located in the
beautiful Hildesheimer Forest. No one from America
would recognize it as a factory in that setting. 1 built
test equipment which researchers designed, aligned and
measured experimental circuits, and had free time to
study, prod around, and ask questions of the engineers,
who were all about. Before arriving in Hildesheim I
was extremely afraid of the technical language barrier
which I was positive existed. Actually most technical
words are similar in all languages. People I worked
with were well-educated and knew English, also a
crutch 1 saved for emergencies. At the end of the
traineeship I could read easily most technical books
and could communicate intelligibly with my friends.
All the latest test equipment was also available — most
of it American. 1 not only learned a great deal about
European color television but acquired practical know-
ledge through circuit construction and grew to deeply
appreciate the German frame of mind. My ability to
speak the language, of necessity, increased greatly. My
job was not only enjoyable and well-paying but it was

immensely valuable in terms of education — an educa-
tion one cannot get in school.

During my vacation I met a group of Marquette
University students studying in Hildesheim. We took a
twelve-day tour of South Germany, France, Switzer-
land, and Austria — a never to be forgotten trip.
Several of us also went to the Niirburg Ring for the
German Grand Prix. Americans, both tourists and
servicemen, were there in great numbers.

It is not at all difficult to be a trainee with lAESTE,
and I heartily encourage anyone and everyone with
technical background to apply. Not only do European
countries participate in this international exchange but
nations in the Near East, Africa, South Pacific, and
Asia also exchange trainees. A registration fee of $35
is required, $20 of which is refunded if the student is
not placed. Insurance for the summer costs $12 and a
person must be properly immunized. It is best to have
a working knowledge of the language of the country
applied for but the requirement may be waived. Forms
for application are available from:

lAESTE/US
866 United Nations Plaza
New York. N. Y. 10017

STRENGTH

One of the outstanding properties
of Malleable iron Castings

One of the first considerations in design-
ing a metal part is its strength to perform
a given function.

In most instances, the second question
is always how to provide the necessary
strength ... at the lowest possible fin-
ished cost. On both counts, Malleable
iron castings offer exceptional advan-
tages. Here is why:

Malleable castings are available in two
general types (ferritic and pearlitic) and
In 9 ASTM grades that range in tensile
strength from 50,000 to 100,000 PSI.
Tensile strength figures represent the
load at which materials fail. Yield strength
and fatigue strength are amongthe more
important engineering yardsticks.

Yield strength represents the point at

which materials exceed the elastic limit.
Fatigue strength is the greatest stress
which can be sustained when the load is
applied repeatedly. As indicated by the
table below. Malleable has an advantage
over steel in fatigue strength and yield
strength when grades of identical tensile
strength are compared.

TENSILE YIELD FATIGUE

1020 Steel 75,000 PSI 48,000 PSI 34,000 PSI
50007 Pearlitic 75,000 PSI 50,000 PSI 37,000 PSI
Malleable Iron

Strength and Cost — Malleable iron has
been described as providing more strengh
per dollar than any other metal. There
are many factors which contribute to this

reputation. Malleable can be cast close

to finish shape, thereby reducing or elim-
inating machining operations. What ma-
chining must be done can be accom-
plished quickly because Malleable iron is
the most easily machined of all ferrous
metals of comparable hardness.

This is a pearlitic Malleable iron universal
joint yoke for an automobile. Subjected
to repeated torque as the car reverses,
speeds up and slow? down, these high
strength parts have an enviable record
for reliability and service. One automaker
reports no warranty claims on this part
for the past seven years!

MALLEABLE FOUNDERS SOCIETY • UNION COMMERCE BUILDING
CLEVELAND, OHIO 44115

iiwiiici:

Masters, fields of:
Engineer Electrical
and Engineering,

Doctoral Aerospace
Degrees Engineering,
Mechanical
Engineering,
Physics and
Mathematics

Educational stipend,
dependent allowance,
all academic expenses,
professional salary,
employee benefits and
travel allowance. Value of
these ranges from
approximately $7,500
to$l 2,000 annually.

Be one of the more than a hundred students
to win this outstanding opportunity. You will
study at a prominent university through the
Hughes Fellowship Program. Work-study and
full-study academic year plans are offered.
You will gain professional experience with full-
time summer assignments in Hughes research
and development laboratories. You may take
advantage of a variety of assignments through
planned rotation.

Requirements: B.S. degree for Masters Fellow-
ships; M.S. degree for Engineer and Doctoral
Fellowships; U.S. citizenship; grade point aver-
age of 3.0 or better out of a possible 4.0;
selection by Hughes Fellowship Committee.

For additional information, complete and air-
mail form tO:

Dr. Arnold M. Small, Director, Scientific Edu-
cation, Hughes Air- , ,

craft Company, P.O.
Box 90515, Los An-
geles, Calif. 90009. ^jGHTs";r»""cTA;;"c

An equal opportunity employer— M & F

HUGHES

Dr. Arnold M. Small, Hughes Aircraft Company

P.O. Box 90515, Los Angeles, Calif. 90009

Please send me information about Hughes Fellowships.

Nanne (pr

nted):

Address

City

state

Zip

1 am interested in

obta

ning- n Masters D Eng

neer O Doctoral

degree in

the field
expect)

1 have (or

a Bac

helors degree in

(Field)

(Mo., Yr.)

from

(Institution)

GPA is

out of possible

Also have (or expect) Masters degree in

(Field)

(Mo., Yr.)

from

(Institution)

GPA is

u s

out of possible

CITIZENSHIP IS REQUIRED

When life was easy . . . the end of the world was three blocks away (as

far as mom would let you skate). Things have sure picked up since then . . .

you can not only travel to the ends of the earth today — but to the moon

tomorrow.

At Teletype we're working on tomorrow, and we need bright, aggressive

individuals to work with us. We need the kind of kids that explored every

inch of those three blocks yesterday — to explore every mile of the road to

tomorrow — a tomorrow
which will demand the
best in message and data
communications.

Electrical. Mechani-
cal, Industrial, Chemical,
Metallurgical Engineer —
whatever yourfield, you'll
find an exciting future at
Teletype. To find out more

about us, and where you fit into the picture, talk to the Bell System Recruiter

when he visits your campus — or write:

REMEMBER
WHEN?

TELETYPE

machines that make data move

TELETYPE CORPORATION

College Relations Department A45
5555 W. Touhy Avenue • Skokie, Illinois 60076

An Equal Opportunity Employer

PRODUCT
GROUP

LOCATIONS HAVING
CURRENT OPENINGS

Olin

MAJOR PRODUCTS
PRODUCED

DISCIPLINE
REQUIREMENTS

TYPE OF WORK
PERFORMED

CHEMICALS
—Inorganic
-Organic &
Specialty
—Agricultural

Augusta, Ga.
Brandenburg, Ky.
Charleston, Tenn.
Joliet, III.
Lake Charles, La.
Little Rock, Ark.
Mcintosh, Ala.
New Haven, Conn.
Niagara Falls, N.Y.
Pasadena, Texas
Rochester, NY.
Saltville, Va.

Chlor-Alkali Products

Ammonia

Phosphates

Urea

Nitrogen

Acids

Hydrazine

Petrochemicals

Insecticides

Pesticides

Polyurethane

Carbon Dioxide

Animal Health

Products
Automotive Chemicals
Other derivatives

ChE

Chemistry

Accounting

Business Adm.

Transportation

Marketing

Process Development,
Design, Maintenance,
Planning. Scheduling,
Production, Sales,
Accounting,
Marketing.
Financial Analysis,
Distribution,
Project Engineering
(Plant Startups
Construction),
Research Engineering,
Technical Service

METALS

—Aluminum

-Brass

— Ormet, Corp.

Burnside, La
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Gulfport, Miss.
Hannibal, Ohio
East Alton, III.
New Haven, Conn.
Sedalia, Mo.

Alumina
Aluminum

Aluminum Extrusions
Aluminum Sheet, Plate,

Coils
Brass Fabricated Parts
Sheet & Strip -Brass
Roll Bond
Wire & Cable

ChE

Metallurgy

Met Engineering

Accounting

Business Adm

Ind Tech.

Ind Mgmt.

Manufacturing

Production

Sales

Maintenance

Finance

Metals R&D

FOREST PRODS,
PAPER & FILM
— Olinkraft, Inc.
— Ecusta
-Film

West Monroe, La.
Pisgah Forest, N C.
Covington, Indiana

Carbonizing Paper
Fine Printing Papers
Specialty Paper

Products
Cigarette Paper &

Filters
Cellophane
Kraft Bags
Kraft Paper
Kraftboard Cartons
Corrugated Containers
Olinkraft Lumber

ChE

Chemistry
Pulp & Paper

Tech.
IE
ME

Mathematics
Business Adm.
Accounting

Marketing

Process Engineering

Plant Engineering

Research & Dev.

Statistician

Systems Engineering

Production

Management
General IE
Design and

Development
Accounting

WINCHESTER-
WESTERN

East Alton, III.
New Haven, Conn.
Marion, III.
Kingsbury, Ind.

Sporting Arms
Ammunition
Powder Actuated tools
Smokeless Ball

Powders
Solid Propellants
Safety Flares
Franchised Clubs

Ind. Tech.

Mathematics

ChE

Accounting

Business Adm.

Marketing

Personnel Mgt.

Physics

Ind. Mgmt.

Production Control

Purchasing

Manufacturing

Plant Engineering

Sales

Financial Analysis

Personnel

Marketing

R&D

If you find this chart interesting,
weVe interested*

For additional information about Olin,

please contact your Placement Office or write Mr. Monte H. Jacoby, College Relations Officer,

Olm. 460 Park Avenue. New York, N.Y. 10022. Olin is a Plan for Progress company and an equal opportunity employer (M &. F).

•.^V»aP<*^

.vv^er.

gwe

a^<^ ° vM-vepe

bo^^

.rea^e

ea^t«><-

,sr(^e'

*2^

^V.eOP-

vNe^e

,ooes

gwe

sn^o'

,ott>

^^5b^"<---

,ot^e

eas\ef

oo<^;l!.e.pe^^^'

oe^-.^^S^-^^^'^

acl^«^3

v<e'

UNION
CARBIDE

\ooV-

c»>?S,>«rP»>°«So.'"«;J>'

^%D#5^

appw-.

'^'sc,

o^e^.

i-CQ

„.g>^js>^:^<**

'ifp.

iNY

vo »vr ^ sva^^'^

Got an idea?

Detroit Edison's interested

1. Edison engineer, Dick Popeck, wanted to find
a more effective method of determining tine
amount of pole decay.

2. Dick's idea: Measure the time required for
sound to travel through a pole. Sound takes
longer to traverse a decayed pole.

3. Transistorized circuitry was designed. And a
Sonic Pole Tester was buiit and tested.

4. Ed Mines, Director of Research, (left) discusses
patent coverage with inventor Dick Popeck.

New ideas grow at Detroit Edison. The picture story
here shows the progress of one, from its concep-
tion through its development, to finalization.

The development of the sonic pole testing de-
vice* has benefited the company and the young
inventor both economically and professionally. The
device helps Detroit Edison serve the electric in-
dustry's customers better and more economically.

Uses for the sonic pole tester range from the
examination of wooden railroad bridges to the de-

termination of the soundness of standing timber.

Detroit Edison's forward looking management
... its engineering and research facilities . . .
along with its liberal patent policy . . . make it an
ideal place for the young man with ideas.

If you are interested in putting your ideas and
energies to work— write to George Sold, The Detroit
Edison Company, 2000 Second Avenue, Detroit,
Michigan 48226, or visit the Edison representative
when he interviews on campus, "u.s. patent Applied for

DETROIT EDISON

THE INVALUABLE EXPERIENCE OF
NSF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

Does the idea of doing research work as an under-
graduate awe or frighten you ? It surely frightened me
when the opportunity arose. After a full summer of
work under a National Science Foundation Under-
graduate Research grant, however, I am able now to
speak, student to student, of the wealth of oppor-
tunities and experiences available under this program.
If you are interested at all after reading this report,
and if you will just exert enough effort to call Dr.
R. N. Wright for further information, you may find an
opening for yourself. NSF opportunities exist in the
civil engineering and chemical engineering departments.

Participating in the NSF research project means a
student is on his own; he picks his own project and
he does it his own way. One selects a professor with
related interests as an adviser, and for the first few
weeks (or even months!) this adviser may be the only
encouragement the student has. It is important to
realize from the start that everyone is aware that
students are new to research, and the first lessons come
hard on how to handle it. It is equally important to
know that sometime some light will break through,
and from then on the student's own excitement and
enthusiasm will help him progress.

Two regular semesters and one twelve week summer
session are used to complete the work. Of course, the
two regular semesters are used for background read-
ing, getting organized, and writing a report. Most of
the actual work is done in the summer session when
students can devote full time to their projects. Ap-
proximately ten hours a week are expected of students
the other two semesters. One should not let the time
required bother him, though. If little time is put in
at the beginning, one will find himself making up for
it later when his interest has really been kindled.

The monetary rewards are substantial also. Students
receive $150 each semester and $1200 for the twelve
week summer session. This pay compares favorably with

many engineering jobs in this area, especially when
one realizes that every penny of the $1500 is tax free!
Also, students receive course credit ranging from three
to nine hours, depending on how well they do.

There are side benefits which I personally feel are
as valuable as the above. If one wants to continue for
a Master's Degree, he has a project which is already
organized and which can be extended toward his
Master's thesis. An NSF project also looks good on
applications, either for graduate school or for a job.
One will come to know personally many professors in
his field, and this can be valuable now or later since
these professors may write recommendations on his
behalf. One meets all kinds of people through his
work, ranging from other students and non-academic
employees to professional men. These people, too,
can be of valuable service and interesting to know.

Last, but not least, these projects can be fun and
immensely self-satisfying. A student may not achieve
the goals he originally aimed for, but the experiences
gained are invaluable. The only way to know what
I am trying to convey is to look into the oppor-
tunities yourself and give it a try. If you are interested,
see or call Dr. R. N. Wright, 3213 Civil Engineering
Building, 333-1328, or see your own adviser. I do hope
some of you will try !

U OF I RANKS HIGH IN DEGREES

The University of Illinois ranks second in the nation
in the number of Bachelor's Degrees conferred in en-
gineering, third in total engineering degrees, and ninth
in Masters Degrees, according to a report by the
United States Office of Education covering 160 schools
conferring 5 1 ,795 engineering degrees for the academic
year of 1965-66. The top five schools were:

Purdue 1,477

MIT 1.283

Illinois 1,177

Berkeley 1.089 i

Michigan 1,074 '

56 TECHNOGRAPH

October, 1967

Engineering Bachelor's Degrees totaled 35,815, and
the top five schools were:

Purdue 945

Illinois 754

Michigan 615

Newark 603

Penn. Slate 578

Doctor's Degrees in engineering totaled 2,303, and
the top schools were:

MIT 173

Illinois 114

Berkeley 114

Stanford 106

Purdue 95

Michigan 74

National total for engineering Master's Degrees was
13,677, and the top schools were:

MIT 676 NYU 420

Southern California 509 Michigan 385

Stanford 508 Cornell 336

Berkeley 466 Illinois 309
Purdue 437

Though a total of 101,467 degrees granted is im-
pressive, and an even greater number of degrees was
granted last year, there is still a shortage of engineers
in industry. A direct result of this shortage is the
steady rise in salaries for starting engineers, now at
$723 a month, up from $688 for last year at this
time.

The lure of high paying jobs has taken its toll of
potential graduate students. The percentage of students
continuing their education beyond the bachelor's level is
down from last year, as shown in a report for 1967
by Mrs. Pauline V. Chapman, college placement director.
Last year the percentage was 30%; in 1964 40% of the
graduates pursued higher degrees. This year the percent-
age was a low 27%.

TO ALL INTERESTED ENGINEERING STUDENTS:
IVIL ENGINEERING DEDICATION CONFERENCE

The Department of Civil Engineering invites you to
attend their Dedication Conference on November 9-10.
The conference program will include the following
sessions and events with the theme A Look Ahead into
the Next Century of Civil Engineering Education and
Practice.

NOVEMBER 9 (ThuTsdny): Rock Mechanics
Session: Alumni Luncheon (All are wel-
come); Water Resources Session: and the
even'mgDedication Dinner with Dr.Laurits
Bjerrum as the guest speaker.
NOVEMBER 10 (Friday): Systems Engin-
eering Session: Dedication of the new Civil
Engineering Buildingat 11:30 A. M. with
Governor Otto Kerner officiating; Dedi-
cation Luncheon: and Tours and Exhibits
in the new building.

Information as to the technical sessions and meal
events you plan to attend is needed. Ladies are wel-
come and their reservations are also desired. Please
send your reservations or requests for further inform-
ation to:

PROFESSOR ELLIS DANNER
205 Engineering Hall
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801

indicating which technical sessions and which meal
events you will attend.

October, 1967

TECHNOGRAPH

SYMBOL DEPLETION

We've almost lost a good word, and we hate to see it go.
The movie industry may feel the same way about words such as colossal,
gigantic, sensational and history-making. They're good words — good sym-
bols. But they've been overused, and we tend to pay them little heed. Their
effectiveness as symbols is being depleted.

One of our own problems is with the word "opportunity." It's suffering sym-
bol depletion, too. It's passed over with scant notice in an advertisement.
It's been used too much and too loosely.

This bothers us because we still like to talk about opportunity. A position
at Collins holds great potential. Potential for involvement in designing
and producing some of the most important communication systems in
the world. Potential for progressive advancement in responsibility and
income. Unsurpassed potential for pride-in-product

That's opportunity.

And we wish we could use the word more often.

Collins representatives will visit your campus this year. Contact your
College Placement Office for details.

COMMUNICATION /COMPUTATION /CONTROL

An equal opportunity employer.

COLLINS RADIO COMPANY / DALLAS, TEXAS • CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA • NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA • TORONTO, ONTARIO
Bangkok • Franklurt • Hong Kong • Kuala Lumpur • Los Angeles • London • Melbourne • Mexico City • New York • Pans • Rome • Washington • Wellington

Can there be this kind of excitement in engineering ?

A high-performance car in a four-wheel drift around the first
turn at \^ atkins Glen'' tvpifies the excitement of sportscar racing . . .
precision machinery and human skill in cool coordination.
Is it an exaggeration to suggest there should be an analogous
excitement in vour engineering career? In engineering, too,
professional skill is constantly pitted against variables of
mathematics, materials and men. And the pace can be fast.
This is the kind of engineering excitement Xerox can offer you:

• a strong drive into new areas and new technologies in a
variety of fields . . . imaging, data handling, graphic arts, education

• a growth pattern stimulating in itself . . . total operating revenues
up from S25 million in 1957 to over S500 million in 1966; research and
development expenditures, at S45 million in 1966, up 36'^c over 1965

• a professional environment and esprit which you have to
experience to believe

• both long-range technical aims and day-to-day
engineering problems on a scale to satisfy any engineer.

Sound unlikely? Check it out and see. Your degree in Engineering or

Science can qualify you for some intriguing openings at Xerox, in

fundamental and applied research, engineering, manufacturing and

programming.

See your Placement Director or write to Mr. Roger \ ander Ploeg,

Xerox Corporation, P.O. Box 1995. Rochester, New York 14603.

An Equal Opportunity Employer (-M/F),

XEROX

Try Xerox and see

Spectrogram helps

of materials used in xerography.

*1 hour's drive south of Rochester

Agriculture

Animal Health

Pharmaceuticals

Fibers and Textiles

GAS

\w^JWBB5BS!Sllilit!t'''1'rt\ JL r

Automotive

Want to work for a
rapidly growing,
multi-industry supplier?

We have a job
for you with a
bright future-
let's tall( about it.

Coatings

Water Treatment

We make over 2,500 chemical products that various
industries use to make better consumer products.
There are 13,000 of us working together— 1,500 in
research alone. Whether you are interested in re-
search, engineering, production or marketing we
have work for you that will test your talents. You
can progress in responsibility as fast as you

Interview Date : November 2-3

demonstrate your capabilities. We are looking for
people now who will be our management leaders in
a few years. If you are ambitious, willing to work
hard and are a graduate in an engineering disci-
pline, we would like to talk with you— we could
both benefit. Be sure to arrange an interview when
our representative visits your campus.

ROHMn
IHRRS^

PHILADELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA 19105

Micro-electronics are being applied at a vastly expanding rate in
products manufactured at the RCA Victor Home Instruments Divi-
sion. This engineer is using sophisticated test equipment to examine
the performance characteristics of an integrated circuit in our
development laboratories.

RCA in Home Entertainment

Engineering at RCA Victor Home Instruments Divi-
sion involves many areas of advanced electronics and
other disciplines such as chemistr\-, phxsics, metal-
lurgy and computer science.

The continuous growth and inno\'ations in e\ery
area of electronics have made RCA a leader in this
field. To continue this record of success, we are look-
ing for EE, ME and IE graduates for positions in
Corporate Programs including Design and Develop-
ment, Manufacturing, Operations Research, Finance,
Management Information S\stems and Purchasing.

We welcome the opportimit\' to review your per-
sonal interests and career objectives, and show you
how RC.\ can further your individual de\elopment and
growth in many fields, such as: Home Instruments,

Communications, Solid-State Devices, Computers,
Control S\stems. Radar, Weather and Communication
Satellites, Broadcast Studio Equipment, Conversion
Receiver and Power Tubes, Laser and Electro-Optic
Devices. Microw.i\e Sxstems, Medical Electronics,
Graphic Systems.

See your college placement director, or write to
College Relations, Radio Corporation of America,
Cherry Hill, New Jerse\- 08101

An Equal Opportunity Employer

The Most Trusted Name in Electronics

WpS TO THE ED^

.^.

'^J

To the Editor:

In the April issue of the Technograph, Joe Temphn
wrote that he feU G. E. 104 was a course in which
the teacher was being graded instead of the student.
Since the instructor grades the drawings, the student
has to "learn the teacher not the book....". Mr.
Templin feels that the students are being graded "on
what our teacher knows."

I think Mr. Templin missed the whole purpose of the
course. Drafting is an individualistic art that is gov-
erned by rules that differ from teacher to teacher; from
company to company. When a person is employed by
a company as a draftsman, he finds that each company
has its own standards of good drafting practices. He
must be able to adapt himself to the rules, or else the
the work he produces will be wasteful and useless to
his employer. The same holds for G. E. 104. Part of
the course is learning the methods for solving the
problems, and the other part is learning to produce
what the instructor wants.

Peter Vallandigham

Sophomore in Mechanical Engineering

To the Editor:

The Student Branch of IEEE was in danger of ex-
haustion last spring. The organization lacked student
support and would not respond to the efforts made by
its officers. The same is true now. Of the more than
1200 undergraduate students in Electrical Engineering
only 37 are members of the Student Branch of IEEE.
Actually, most undergraduates have never heard of
IEEE — the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc. All electrical engineering graduate stu-
dents and faculty make use of the variety of magazines
IEEE publishes, but contribute little time to the Stu-
dent Branch. The success and reconstruction of our
Student Branch must begin with the students because
the Student Branch, as the name implies, was chartered
for the student. Only through student participation can
the IEEE be a success and generate more faculty par-
ticipation. The question, then, arises — How do we
reconstruct the IEEE Student Branch? But first, let us
introduce IEEE.

The Student Branch of IEEE was first chartered on
January 28, 1931 as the combined section of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) and
the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE). The AIEE and
IRE merged in 1963 and became the Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). Student
Branches were established at universities and colleges
with the purpose of "the dissemination of knowledge of
the theory and practice of all aspects of electrical
engineering, electronics, radio, allied branches of en-
gineering or the related arts and sciences as well as the
furtherance of professional development of the student."
The Student Branch of IEEE is then a technical society
dedicated to the electrical engineering profession.

Reconstruction begins with new officers who can
offer enthusiasm and a creative imagination. The se-
lection of officers last spring seemed at first rather
difficult since only two IEEE members submitted appli-
cations for office. Ten James Scholars in Engineering
were recommended as officers upon the request of the
IEEE Student Branch Counselor, Professor Egbert.
None of the students interviewed were IEEE members
nor famihar with IEEE. Now the executive council for
the Student Branch of IEEE is composed of seven
officers all with ambition and an unprecedented creative
imagination. Since their election last May, the executive
council has met three times. A new philosophy for
student programs has been initiated and preparations
for a successful year are well under way.

The new philosophy is threefold. First, we seek more
student participation in programs and activities. Our
goal is to let more students share in planning and
supervising IEEE events. This is done by appointing
student committee chairmen for each activity and
rotating among the members the responsibility of in-
troducing our various speakers at the branch meetings.
Second, we seek a different type of program for our
meetings. Students will not participate or attend meet-
ings when the program is a technical lecture which may
be above their level. The classroom is the place for
lecture and five days a week is enough. For this reason
we have picked programs which offer non-technical
topics of student concern and technical presentations
based upon demonstrations of interest to students.

62 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

Lastly we strive toward professional development. Our
interpretation of professional development includes those
activities which mix business and pleasure. Student
participation rests upon friendships among the students
and very few friendships are made between students
in classes, especially at the freshman and sophomore
levels where many engineering students take common
programs.

Our, philosophy has been initiated. For the first
time in its history the IEEE Student Branch held a
summer meeting. On July 25, 1967 eighty-eight sum-
mer students turned out to see Prof. Don Bitzer
demonstrate and explain his new plasma display panel.
A graduate student, Roger Johnson, introduced the
speaker. The program was a success, and the officers
obtained valuable experience for the fall. Before school
started this fall, Steve Taylor, a student IEEE member
accepted chairmanship for the IEEE picnic. Faculty
attendance was unprecedented at the picnic, and though
the faculty won the football game and two out of three
volleyball games, everyone enjoyed the Sunday afternoon.
Hopefully, the picnic will become an annual affair so
students can meet informally with the instructors and
both can enjoy the competitive sports.

This is only the beginning of the 1967-68 academic
year for the Student Branch of IEEE. We hope electri-
cal engineering students will take the opportunities
offered by their Student Branch. Furthermore, we hope
all engineering students will participate in their technical
and professional societies. These societies reveal new
horizons of technical and professional merit. General
McArthur has said, "There is no such thing as security,
only opportunity." Take this opportunity to participate
in your engineering technical society and secure your
future. The classroom provides only a part of your
education.

Donald Brewer

Chairman
IEEE

To the Editor:

Although the subject of this letter has been stated
many times in the past, it is again necessary to throw
some light on a "darkened" area in the engineering
curricula. This area is the instruction in our basic
physics courses, 106, 107, and 108.

In "A Mandate for Change — Physics" of last
December's Technograph, the staff presented a reason-
able argument for modifications in the physics depart-
ment. They did not, however, include one vital area of
instruction which is as important and, in some in-
stances, more important than the long, drawn-out
derivations of formulae. This area is the testing of the
students' knowledge of the course material.

A student can often benefit more by a test which
adequately and honestly measures his ability than from
one that is designed to "weed out" the superior stu-
dents from the average by means of questions which
are at times so abstruse as to completely lose both the
student as well as his quiz instructor in a hopeless
state of confusion. Tests should not be of the mere
"plug in the numbers and crank out the answer" type,
but instead, should be designed with the concept that
a student learn as he's taking an exam. He should be
able to gather previously learned information to form
new concepts and then be able to apply these concepts
to the given problem. This is only partially what is
being done.

I know of several incidents where a lecturer who had
designed a test was disturbed to find the mean on that
particular exam to be around 50% instead of the an-
ticipated 30% or 40%. What is to be proven by such
tests? One lecturer has stated that these exams are
built to seek out the "cleverest" student. What of the
other pupils?

American education, unlike that of the U. S. S. R. ,
is (supposedly) geared to the average student. At times
I find this hard to believe. I have come to this school
to learn and, frankly, find it difficult at times because
of barriers such as those imposed by the physics de-
partment.

If this letter influences even one physics instructor,
we are that much closer to a solution to this confusion.
It is my sincere feeling that physics could be both en-
joyable as well as challenging as has been stated many
times in the past. I only wish that the physics depart-
ment would take more time in evaluating its policies
before presenting its material to the student.

Jim Thompson

Sophomore
Civil Engineering

>i^-

SLIDE RULE

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 63

If you're looking for -

1. Routine work assignments

2. A job without responsibility

3. A"9 to 5" atmosphere

Fme!
ButnotatFMC

At FMC Chemicals, growth in sales volume has been unprecedented in recent years.
Everybody has contributed to .this growth . . . through research, manufacturing
innovation and unique marketing techniques ... the result of new ideas, resourceful-
ness and hard work. Would you fit in a team like this? If so we have a challenge
unequalled in the chemical industry.

We need people for:

Sales

Process Engineering
Maintenance Engineering
Design Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Mining Engineering
Project Engineering

With disciplines in any
of the following:

Chemists -B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Chemical Engineers - B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Mechanical Engineers — B.S.
Mining Engineers — B.S.
Industrial Engineers — B.S.
Electrical Engineers — B.S.

At these locations :

Sales

Research and Development

Manufacturing

Nationwide

Princeton. Carteret, N.J.
Baltimore, Md., Middleport, N.Y.

Buffalo, N.Y.
Vancouver, Wash.
Green River, Wyo.
Carteret, N.J.
Lawrence, Kansas

S. Charleston, Nitro, W.Va.
Modesto, Newark, Calif.
Pocatello, Idaho
Baltimore, Md.
Newport, Ind.

Would you like to learn more about how you can contribute to FMC's progress?
Write to Recruiting Manager Industrial Relations Dept .CM, Chemical Division

FMC CHEMICALS

1 633 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10017

® An Equal Opponunily Employer

Vic Lechtenberg..

President "'^nN!

Anchor Construction Co. X'^l

Omaha, Nebraska

''Sewers built with Dickey Coupling Pipe
stay built. ..long after they are paid for."

"Any contractor has to make a profit to stay in busi-
ness. But, he can go out of business while he's
making a profit (for lack of work) if he doesn't do a
good job and use quality material. That's why I use
Dickey Coupling Pipe. It's the one sure way to build
durable sewers and make a profit, too. This pipe in
the ground, is out of sight— out of mind."

Vic Lechtenberg said this . . . and he said more.
"Taxpayers certainly don't want to pay for doing the
job all over again in 1 0 to 1 5 years because the pipe
failed. As far as I'm concerned, there's only one way
to avoid this.

Build sewers with the kind of pipe you people make
. . . clay. And that new urethane Coupling you've
come out with is the finest factory-made joint I've
ever worked with."

If it's made of clay it's good . . .

Mr. Lechtenberg is right . . . Dickey Coupling Pipe
is the finest material available for sanitary sewers.
It can't rust, rot, corrode or disintegrate, it handles
any kind of normal wastes . . . residential or indus-
trial. The Coupling, like the pipe, is resistant to acids,
alkalis, solvents, gases and micro-organisms nor-
mally found in sewers.

Be sure to select Dickey Coupling Pipe. It takes the
gamble out of sewer construction.

ICKESY

sanitary glazed clay pipe

W. S. DICKEY CLAY MFG. CO.

BIRMINGHAM. ALABAMA . FT. DODGE. IOWA . KANSAS CITY.
MISSOURI . MERIDIAN. MISSISSIPPI . ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI
SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS . TEXARKANA. TEXAS-ARKANSAS

if it's made by Dickey it's better

ENGINEERING
GRADUATES HI
Looking for the perfect
place to work???

Shere ain't hardly
any such animal!!!

No, the perfect job or place to work ... is as elusive as the Foun-
tain of Youth. This multiple hybrid, patchwork creature simply
does not exist. Yet, we are convinced the Naval Ship Missile
Systems Engineering Station has much to interest you in that
direction. For example, we offer an excellent, smog-free, year-
around climate, (thirty miles from Santa Barbara) generous vaca-
tion and sick leave plans; opportunities for earning educational
degrees up to the PhD level, as well as project responsibility and
personal achievement recognition. Rapid career growth / salary
increases are provided through our career development program.

As an expanding organization, engaged in equipment and systems
engineering both ashore and at sea with the Navy's surface
missile system ships . . . we offer a variety of stimulating assign-
ments. They include such areas as systems equipment engineer-
ing • computer/data processing • weapons performance evaluation
• missile launching, handling and stowage ... to name but a few.

So, if you're graduating with at least a BS degree in electronic,
mechanical, electro-mechanical, electrical or general engineering
and looking for a place to grow . . . consider the Missile Engi-
neering Station. We're not exactly perfect, but we have much
in our favor. At least, we'd like the chance to convince you. Fair
enough? If you agree, why not stop by and see us on Campus
on one of the dates below:

ON CAMPUS NOVEMBER 7
or write or cnlJ (collect) jerry Winkler Dept. 121-Z

NAVAL SHIP MISSILE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING STATION

Port Hueneme, California 93041, Area Code 805

Phone 982-4324 or 982-5124

An Equal Opportunity Employer/U.S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED

20-HOUR
WORK WEEK

NO INCOME TAX

SIX-MONTH
VACATIONS

RAISES ONCE
A MONTH

STIMULATING
ASSIGNMENTS

PHD'S FOR
THE ASKING

ALWAYS YOUR
OWN BOSS

RAPID CAREER
GROWTH

BEST CLIMATE
IN THE WORLD

YOUR NAME ON
EVERY PROJECT

JOIN THE
IDEA CORR

Right now, hundreds of engineers, chem-
ists, and physicists are exploring their own
ideas at NCR. We encourage them because
we consider idea-people as the backbone of
technological advancement in our field of
total business system development.
And it works. Business Management maga-
zine, in its list of "emerging ideas of
1956," credits NCRwith two out of seven:
pioneering in laser technology for record-
ing data, and development of our new PCMI
microform system.

Whether you're a seasoned pro, or an
ambitious self-starter, and whatever your
degree, if the excitement and satisfaction
of start-to-finish idea development appeal
to you, you'll go far with NCR. And so will
your ideas.

Here's a good idea to start with: write to
T. F. Wade, Executive and Professional
Placement, NCR, Dayton, Ohio 45409.
An Equal Opportunity Employer.

NCR

THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER CO.

October, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 67

Come
ehanqe

You'll find plenty of opportunities to kick
the status quo around at IMonsanto. With
over 1,000 products (and new ones coming
from research all the time), many deci-
sions have to be made and many prob-
lems solved. So your opportunities for
initiating changes of Avorld-^vide impor-
tance are practically unlimited.

At Monsanto you'll start using your
professional training working with the
most capable men in your field. You'll be
tackling many meaningful problems in
an organization where contributions are

readily recognized. And because Monsanto
has one of the greatest growth rates in
the industry, the chances of seeing your
ideas come to life are excellent.

This year, Monsanto needs more than
1,000 professional people of all degree
levels . . . and from almost every academic
area. If the challenge to come change us
(and perhaps the world) intrigues you,
sign up at your placement office to see
the Monsanto recruiter. Or wTite to Mgr.
of Professional Recruiting, Monsanto Co.,
800 N. Lindbergh, St. Louis, Mo. 63166.

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

Koddk advertises to the engineering profession

That v\e pay well and can alTiird the best is ti>i> obvious to
belabor. As an inducement to practice your profession for us,
what more can we offer than money and good working con-
ditions? Wc can offer c /io/( <■— both at the beginning and later
on when you have learned more about yourself. Our diversi-
fication and pattern of organization make choice feasible.

Some engineers are strongest on theory. We are big enough
to need that kind. More engineers are intuitive gadgeteers,
despite a first-class engineering education. We need more of
that kind. To illustrate a few of the different kinds of systems
among which, for example, our mechanical engineers can

•*/\ film emulsion coating mn-
chine is unique. /( needs consid-
ernl)/y' more deJicole nd;uslmen(s
Ihnn n ^250 ivatch. but it's five
stories high and a b/ock long.
There is no other place you can
take a course in how to build
them bigger nnd belter, but big-
ger and better they are getting. >'

move, wc shiiu here how results of the work are presented
to the public. Accompaining comments are from the boss
engineers.

Correspondence with a view to joining us should be di-
rected to Eastman Kodak Company, Business and Technical
Personnel Dept., Rochester, N.Y. 14650.

An employer that needs mechanical, chemical, and electrical en-
gineers for Rochester, N.Y., Kingsport, Tenn., Longview, Tex.,
and Columbia, S.C, and offers equal opportunity to all. A policy
of promotion from within has long been maintained.

• 'The simplicity of design in our
simpler cameras only looks that way.
The engineer is balancing off the
stringent demands of light-sensitive
materials against what millions of
non-technical people the world around
can afford to pay for the idea that
good times are picture times. And
they u'on 't tolerate disappointment any
more than do buyers of our cameras
and projectors farther up the price
range, who get fine instruments at a
lot less than instrument prices, if

"Down here at Tennessee Eastman
(in Kingsport, Tennessee) we me-
chanic.il engineers take over the
polymers that our chemical engi-
neering brethren deliver through
their pipes and turn them into mir-
acle libers. Then we send out our
own mechanical engineering patrols
to where the looms and sewing ma-
chines are working, just to make
sure the ladies don"t lose their faith
in miracles.??

Aerospace photography, as in our Lunar Orbiter assign-
ment, differs in that we push reliability to lengths that
would be wasteful and ridiculous for other photographic
systems work.//

r *i^r ^j^^^^k

\ printing house discovers that our
rand of photolithographic film cuts
leir costs by requiring fewer moke-
vers. Why should this be so? You
light trace it all back to a mechanical
ngineer using our analog computer
»r three-dimensional heat-transfer cal-
jlations for the polyester casting
heel that the film base came from.)?

With today's volume of demand for medical care,
mechanical engineers had to put an end to hand-
dipping of x-ray film. Our idea of an m.e.'s responsi-
bility IS big enough to cover not only mechanical
drive systems but also fluid mechanics (as in recir-
culation and temperature control for corrosive pho-
tographic solutions), air hydraulics (recirculation
and temperature control of heated air), industrial de-
sign (styling for a medical environment), and plenty
of interfacing vi/ith the electrical circuitry people.? 7

General Electric
engineers and scientists
are helping to satisfy the
needs of society...

General Library
Serials Dept.
220-S Library
Champaign, 111.

3 Copies

61320

like beautiful cities

A technical career at General Electric can put
you in the position to help beautify our cities.

Inquisitive minds in research and advance
development at G.E. are evolving many concepts
to give our cities a clean, all-electric look.
Design engineers are translating concepts into
components and systems, while manufacturing
engineers are developing the methods and machines
that bring designs into being as useful products.

Technical marketing specialists are working w/ith
electric utilities and city planners to give
mushrooming urban landscapes like Phoenix,
Atlanta and Chicago, a bright, all-electric face.

Urban living has already begun to change as a
result of the contributions made by General
Electric engineers and scientists, contributions
like air and water purification systems, underground
power equipment to preserve nature's beauty,
all-electric heating facilities, rapid-transit
systems, and a hundred more.

You can help develop new products and concepts,
new facilities, processes, and manufacturing
systems, or new applications and markets in
your technical career with General Electric.
For more information write: D. E. Irwin,
Section 699-20, Schenectady, New York 12305.

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

An Equal Opportunity Employer

:).i>

NOVEMBER 1967

1DENT ENGINEERING MAGAZINE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

^;^^=^.

^-^ -~-:^

CITIES (1)F THE ftlTURt

■-feSWr*,.

:;»^v^

Jobs that just might change the world

Move people through rush hours at
80 mph. Westinghouse built the experi-
mental transit expressway in Pittsburgh.
And we are building the computerized
controls for the San Francisco mass-
transit system that will be the model for
others throughout America. We're look-
ing for people to help us build equipment
that will move people as they've never
been moved before.

Desalt the world's oceans

Westinghouse has 73 water-desalting
units operating or on order around the
world. Now we need people to help us
design and build facilities that can de-
salt 150 million gallons a day— and solve
some of the toughest water-supply prob-
lems we've ever tackled.

Build a city from scratch-the way a
city should be built.

Westinghouse has just purchased an
embryo city. We're looking for people
to help us rebuild many of the existing
cities in America. We can do it— Westing-
house now provides more products, sys-
tems and services for construction than
any other single company.

These graduates needed: Engineering,
Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, En-
gineering Administration, Industrial Tech-
nology, Business & Liberal Arts.

These graduates needed: Engineering,
Physical Sciences. Social Sciences, En-
gineering Administration, Industrial Tech-
nology, Business & Liberal Arts.

Tap trie atom with the company that
started it all. Westinghouse supplies some
of the largest nuclear generating plants in
the world. We are building nuclear rocket
engines. Our reactors power nuclear sub-
marines. But this is only the start. We
need people for some of the most fas-
cinating projects we've ever attempted.

These graduates needed: Electrical En-
gineering. Chemical Engineering, Materi-
als Science, Physical Sciences. Industrial
Engineering, Engineering Mechanics, Me-
chanical Engineering, Civil Engineering.

I aKe a UlVe and explore the ocean
20,000 feet down. Westinghouse is devel-
oping a fleet of self-propelled undersea
vehicles. In them we will dive deep, ex-
plore, salvage and probably discover
more than any other single company in
oceanography. We need adventurers to
join the quest that has already taken us
all over the world.

Fly to Mars

When the first expeditionary vehicle takes
off, Westinghouse will be there.

We are building the nuclear engine for
voyages into deep space— to Mars and
Venus and beyond. The jobs are exotic.
We need more people to help us now.

These graduates needed: Electrical En-
gineering, Mechanical Engineering, In-
dustrial Engineering, Chemical Engineer-
ing, Engineering Mechanics, Marine
Engineering, Structural Engineering, Ce-
ramics, Nuclear Engineering, Materials
Science, Physical Sciences.

These graduates needed: Electrical En-
gineering, Mechanical Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Materials Science.
Marine Engineering, Ocean Engineering
& Science,

These graduates needed: Electrical En-
gineering, Mechanical Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Materials Science,
Nuclear Engineering, Aerospace Engi-
neering, Physical Sciences.

Want to change the world? Your best
opportunity lies with a company like
Westinghouse. Contact L. H. Noggle,
Westinghouse Education Center, Pitts-
burgh, Pa. 15221— or see the Westing-
house interviewer on your campus.

An equal opportunity employer.

You can be sure if it's Westinghouse

If you're a good,

play-it-safe thinker^

ififitha

step-at-a-tlme philosophy...

you're not geared for the pace of things at Celanese.

No other major corporation in our industry has grown so
fast. In the last ten years, sales have zoomed from $286.4
million to over $1 billion.

But that's just the beginning of the beginning.

We have a lot of serious growing to do. Right now. And
some substantial, ground-floor opportunities to offer you.
If you can help us grow.

We need competent, imaginative, flexible people — with
degrees in chemistry, chemical or mechanical engineer-
ing, physics, or industrial engineering. People who can be-
come a part of our continuing leadership in areas such as
acetyl chemicals, vapor-phase and liquid-phase oxidation
processes, fiber technology. And many more.

Frankly, we expect a lot. But we offer even more

CELANESE

Like rewards based on performance— not on how old you
are, or how long you've been with us. By the same token,
we do not subject you to long formal training programs.
We do have a deep interest in helping you grow just as
fast as you can. And in giving you as much responsibility
as you can handle.

We believe that is the reason for our success — and as-
sured growth — in international markets for chemicals,
fibers, plastics, coatings, petroleum and forest products.

If a pace like this sounds good to you, discuss us
with your faculty and placement officer. And see our
representative when he is on campus. Or write to: John
B. Kuhn, Manager of University Recruitment, Celanese
Corporation, 522 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 10036.
an equal opportunity employer

Here's what we mean

when we say,

"Ryan is a better

place to work."

We mean that a pioneer aerospace
company still headed by the man
who founded it 45 years ago has got
to be a company that cares about its
people. T. Claude Ryan, founder and
chairman, is still at the office every
day. To him, Ryan employees are
friends. Old ones and new ones
alil<e. Ryan headquarters, combining
engineering and manufacturing fa-
cilities, are on the shores of San
Diego bay, where it all started in
1922.

We mean that a company so
rooted in aviation history is bound
to be a leader in vitally important
defense/space programs. The out-
growth of the original Ryan Airlines,
Inc., that built the "Spirit of St. Louis"
in 60 days from a standing start will
always be ready to accept impos-
sible challenges. And ready to listen
to young men of vision who can
dream up answers to those chal-
lenges. Ideas are given a chance at
Ryan. So are the men who come up
with them.

We mean that a company which
led the world in the conception and
development of jet-powered target
drones is the l<ind of company where
daring and untried ideas come to
life. Over 3,000 Ryan Firebees, the
most versatile aerial targets ever
conceived, are in use with all three
branches of our armed forces, help-
ing to train our defenses against any
airborne threat. A super-sophisti-
cated, supersonic Firebee II will
soon be flight tested and enter
service.

We mean that a company made
up of men who taught themselves to
fly straight up, while others said it
couldn't be done, is the sort of place
that puts no strings on a man's imag-
ination. Or barriers in the way of
way-out thinking. For over twenty
years Ryan has been amassing an
unmatched fund of technology in
vertical and short take off and land-
ing (V/STOL) aircraft. The list of ac-
complishments is long: Dragonfly,
1940.Vertijet, 1957.Vertiplane, 1959.
The present day XG-142A tilt-wing
and the XV-5A Vertifan. Ryan prod-
ucts can fly straight up. So can the
men who work there.

We mean that a company with a
strong and capable management—
whose business success has led to
majority ownership of large related
companies — is the kind of concern
that can match challenges with per-
manent opportunities. Ryan Aero-
nautical is majority owner of Conti-
nental Motors Corporation and Its
subsidiaries, suppliers of primary
power for both piston and jet air-
craft and agricultural, military, ma-
rine and industrial equipment. There
is nothing provincial about Ryan. In-
cluding subsidiaries, it operates 16
manufacturing facilities in the USA
and Canada.

R V A N

An equal opportunity employer.

Depends on the giant. Actually, some giants are just regular
kinds of guys. Except bigger.

And that can be an advantage.

How? Well, take Ford Motor Company. We're a giant
in an exciting and vital business. We tackle big problems.
Needing big solutions. Better ideas. And that's where you
come in. Because it all adds up to a real opportunity for young
engineering graduates like yourself at Ford Motor Company.

Come to work for us and you'll be a member of a select
College Graduate Program. As a member of this program,
you won't be just another "trainee" playing around with
"make work" assignments.

You'll handle important projects that you'll frequently
follow from concept to production. Projects vital to Ford.
And you'll bear a heavy degree of responsibility for their
success.

Soon you'll start thinking like a giant. You'll grow bigger
because you've got more going for you.

A network of computers to put confusing facts and
figures into perspective.

Complete testing facilities to prove out better ideas.

And at Ford Motor Company, your better ideas won't
get axed because of a lack of funds. (A giant doesn't carry a
midget's wallet, you know.)

You and Ford can grow bigger together.

C^^

Whafsitlike
to engineer
fora^ant?

Rather enlarging!

SPACE-AGE POT ROAST

One of our out-of-this-world products is a new sys-
tem for dining beyond the pull of gravity . . . where
food crumbs float around and water won't pour. It
provides astronauts with everything from shrimp
cocktail to pot roast to apricot pudding!

This food is freeze-dehydrated and vacuum pack-
aged in special flexible bags. The astronaut adds a
few squirts of water from a special metering gun
. . . kneads the mixture . . . then squeezes the food
into his mouth.

Whirlpool scientists are accustomed to work-
ing on new concepts in living convenience, in
fact, most of the appliances we manufacture today
were considered pretty "far-out" when our engi-
neers first began perfecting them. This includes
such things as automatic dishwashers, refrig-

erators that stay frost-free and make ice cubes
automatically, clothes dryers that sense when the
desired degree of dryness is reached, a vac-
uum cleaning system piped inside the walls of
a home.

These are but a few of the major appliances
made by Whirlpool . . . leading manufacturer in
this field. Last year our production totaled over
5,700,000 units. A decade from now, we expect to
more than double that volume by providing space-
age appliances of a variety and utility which can
scarcely be imagined today!

Life is always presenting new problems which
require imaginative answers. In our new research
building, soon to be completed, we'll be better
equipped than ever to provide them.

Contact; Manager, Corporate Recruiting

Whirlpool Corporation Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022

An equal

opportunity

employer

Whirlpool

X CORPORATION

Can there be this kind of excitement in engineering?

A high-performance car in a four-wheel drift around the first
turn at Watkins Glen* typifies the excitement of sportscar racing . . .
precision machinery and human skill in cool coordination.
Is it an exaggeration to suggest there should be an analogous
excitement in your engineering career? In engineering, too,
professional skill is constantly pitted against variables of
mathematics, materials and men. And the pace can be fast.
This is the kind of engineering excitement Xerox can offer you:

• a strong drive into new areas and new technologies in a
variety of fields . . . imaging, data handling, graphic arts, education

• a professional environment and esprit which you have to
experience to believe

• both long-range technical aims and day-to-day
engineering problems on a scale to satisfy any engineer.

Sound unlikely? Check it out and see. Your degree in Engineering or

Science can qualify you for some intriguing openings at Xerox, in

fundamental and applied research, engineering, manufacturing and

programming.

See your Placement Director or write to Mr. Roger Vander Ploeg,

Xerox Corporation, P.O. Box 1995, Rochester, New York 14603.

An Equal Opportunity Employer (M/F).

XEROX

Try Xerox and see

*1 hour's drive south of Rochester

Ail those memories of cliildhood . . . discovering . . . doing . . . just existing —
everything was a new, exciting experience. It's hard to grow up to the
everyday grind — and harder still to look forward to working at the same
thing day after day.

At Teletype there is no "everyday grind" . . . we're working on tomorrow's
equipment today. As a Bell System Company, today's equipment is just a
memory to us. The need for new message and data communications equip-
ment keeps us on our
toes, striving for new
ideas and methods con-
stantly. To keep up with
new trends we need
young, vital engineers in
all fields — men who have
memories of past discov-
eries— and the look of to-
morrow in their eyes. To
discover how you can fit into the company of tomorrow, talk to the Bell
System Recruiter when he visits your campus — or write:

REMEMBER
WHEN?

TELETYPE

machines that make data move

TELETYPE CORPORATION
College Relations Department A46
® 5555 W.Touhy Avenue • Skokie, Illinois 60076

n Equal Opportunity Employer

Join us

and express

yourself.

We'll give you all the paper you need. And a chance to put something on it.
Of your very own. D We'll even give you a place to put it. With plenty of room
for the mistakes you're bound to make along the way. D You'll have the time
you need, too. To try. And try again. One more time. Then one more. Until
you solve' each problem to your own satisfaction. D We're not afraid to let
you wage the creative struggle for a successful idea. Within yourself. Or with
us. D We'll give you every chance to know that glorious satisfaction that
comes when you find the answer to a challenging problem. D And we'll reward
you. n With our very choicest paper. D The green kind.

Meanwhile, pick up any old piece of paper and write for more informa-
tion to Harry L. Sheehy, Recruiting Coordinator, American Oil Com-
pany, Dept. 19-K, 910 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60680

An equal opportunity employer.

Somehow we think the^e lads have promise.

They look about ready for the really big league, where Bethlehem Steel

has always fielded a winning team. You. too, can learn the score, by readmg

"Careers with Bethlehem Steel and the Loop Course." Pick up a copy

at your placement office, or write Manager of Personnel,

Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pa. 18016.

An equal opportunity employer in the Plans for Progress Program

BETHLEHEM STEEL

BETHKHEM
STEEL

NOVEMBER 1967
Vol. 83; No. 2

TECHNOGRAPH

KECUTIVE BOARD

ARTICLES

)bert Jones .
an Halpern
;x Hinkle . .
)m Brown . .
;iwrence Heyda
,hn Serson . .
I.ul Klein . . . .
ury Sobol . . .
.ff Kurtz . . .
,hn Bourgoin
Ilwyn Englof .

Editor

Associate Editor

Business Manager

Managing Editor

. Production Manager

.... Photographer

Circulation Manager

. Circulation Manager

Engr. Council Repr.

.... Copy Editor

. . . Asst. Bus. Mgr.

16 CITIES OF THE FUTURE

Alan Halpern gi\es us a glimpse at the cities of the future.

22 ENGINEERING FOR THE 21st CENTURY

Robert Giert: explains the program for the 1968 Engineering Open
House.

rUDENT ENGINEERING

AGAZINE

NIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

'lairman: Harold J. Schwebke, Uni-
rsity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-
1, and United States Student Press
ssociation. 2117 S. Street, N. W.,

[ashinglon, D. C.

'ibiished seven times during the year

)ctober, November, December, Jan-

iry, February, March, and April ).

ffice 248 Electrical Engineering

jilding, Urbana, Illinois.

ibscriptions S2.50 per year. Single
ipies 40 cents. .Advertising Represent-
ive — Littell- Murray -Bamhill, Inc.,
17 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago
, Ilhnois; 360 Lexington Avenue,
ev, York 17, New York.

FEATURES

10 EDITORIAL

38 ENGINEERING CAMPUS

jpynght, 1967, by the Illini Publishing
)mpany. Champaign, Illinois.

ntered as Second Class matter, October
I, 1920, at the Post Office at Urbana,
inois, under the Act of March 3,

179.

COVER

The futuristic city on the cover is TEMENOPOLIS
ONE, designed in the Graduate Urban Design
Studio of the University of Illinois.

editorial

Every two weeks a group of students and faculty assemble to discuss new
problems and ideas in engineering education. This group is called the Student-
Faculty Liaison Committee. It is a college-wide committee comprised of students
and faculty from every department. Within this group such needed innovations as
six hours of free electives for every curriculum and a pass-fail system of grading
have taken roots and grown into realities.

The student members of this committee are traditionally: the TECHNOGRAPH
Editor; the President of Engineering Council; and a few student leaders. It is
true these students are in most instances more aware of the changing needs of
engineering education than the average student. Nevertheless it is impossible for
this handful of student leaders to know and to present to the faculty and administra-
tion the opinions and ideas of the entire student body. At best they can represent
only a handful of opinions.

A few weeks ago during a meeting of the Student-Faculty Liaison Committee
this problem of acquiring true student opinion was brought up. It is not a new
problem and this is certainly not the first time it has been given serious thought.
In fact one might wonder if the problem really deserves consideration since most
students seem to have little interest in educational affairs. However possibly some
students do have ideas on how their department or College could be improved but
simply do not know where to voice them. To all students the Student-Faculty
Liaison Committee offers an invitation to attend one of their meetings and
present these ideas. Contact Dean Wakeland or the TECHNOGRAPH Editor
for dates of the meetings.

In the college, the Student-Faculty Liaison Committee is without a doubt the
most active and influential committee in which students have a chance to participate.
Hopefully now more students will realize they do have a place where they can
express their opinions and get some action!

10 TECHNOGRAPH October, 1967

STUPENT' FACULTY

LIAISON COMMITTEE

BUT A REED, THE WEAKEST IN NATURE,
BUT HE IS A THINKING REED."

-Blaise Pascal, Pensees(1670)

What was true to Pascal, 297
years ago, is true today.

Westvaco is searching for think-
ing men. Men with engineering
and scientific degrees at all levels.

All we ask is one thing: You
know how to tfiink througfi prob-
lems. Problems like these:

Exploit the coherence of a laser
and its concentrated power prop-
erties.

Determine the constrained-
maximum of one of five outputs
connected non-linearly to ten var-

iable inputs which are intercon-
nected at random, adapt it to a
real-time computer control of a
paper machine system — and then
specify, design, install, and run
the computer/ machine complex.

And many more. Because paper
manufacturing is dynamic busi-
ness with big challenges.

Westvaco is a large, diversified
manufacturer of paper, packag-
ing and chemicals, offering op-
portunities nationwide and
abroad.

See our campus representative.
Or write for information to: Pro-
fessional Employment Coordi-
nator, West Virginia Pulp and
Paper, Westvaco Building, 299
Park Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. 10017.
An equal opportunity employer.

|V^ West Virginia
ITI Pulp and Paper

This RCA scientist points a tweezer at an experimental F.\f radin
transmitting gallium arsenide device so smalt it is almost invisible.

RCA in Electronic Components and Devices

When you select the Company that you want to join,
consider how important it is for your future career to
join the leader. For example, in this one area alone-
Electronic Components and Devices— you will find
that RCA has set standards of engineering excellence,
in an environment for learning, that is second to none.

We are looking for EE, ME and IE graduates for
positions in Corporate Programs including Design and
Development, Manufacturing, Operations Research,
Finance, Management Information Systems and
Purchasing.

We welcome the opportunity to review your per-
sonal interests and career objectives, and show you
how RCA can further your individual development
and growth in many fields, such as: Home Instru-

ments, Communications, Solid-State Devices, Com-
puters, Control Systems, Radar, Weather and
Communication Satellites, Broadcast Studio Equip-
ment, Conversion Receiver and Power Tubes, Laser
and Electro-Optic Devices, Microwave Systems, Med-
ical Electronics, Graphic Systems.

See your college placement director, or write to
College Relations, Radio Corporation of America,
Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08101.

An Equal Opportunity Employer

The Most Trusted Name in Electronics

Some say we specialize in power . . .
power for propulsion . . . power for
auxiliary systems . . . power for aircraft,
missiles and space vehicles . . . power for
marine and industrial applications . . .

i WL

. . . they're right. And wrong.

It might be said, instead, that we specialize in people, for
we believe that people are a most
important reason for our company's success. We act
on that belief.

We select our engineers and scientists carefully. Motivate
them well. Give them the equipment and facilities only a
leader can provide. Offer them company-paid,
graduate-education opportunities. Encourage them to push
into fields that have not been explored before. Keep them
reaching for a little bit more responsibility than they can
manage. Reward them well when they do manage it.

You could be one of the reasons for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's
success ... if you have a B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. in:
MECHANICAL • AERONAUTICAL • ELECTRICAL

• CHEMICAL • CIVIL • MARINE • INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING • PHYSICS ♦ CHEMISTRY • METALLURGY

• CERAMICS • MATHEMATICS • STATISTICS

. COMPUTER SCIENCE • ENGINEERING SCIENCE

• ENGINEERING MECHANICS.

And we could be the big reason for your success. Consult
your college placement officer— or write Mr. William L.
Stoner, Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft,
East Hartford, Connecticut 06108.

Pratt & Whitney Rircraft

CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS EAST HARTFORD. CONNECTICUT

DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP.

AIRCf

An tqual Opportunity Employe

ENGINEERING FOR THE 21st CENTURY

By Robert Gieriz

Robert Giert: is the Gen-
eral Chairman for the 1968
Fngineering Open House.
Bob, a senior in Engineering
Mechanics, is also a member
of Engineering Council.

For over fifty years Engineering Open House has
been an integral part of student activities in the Col-
lege of Engineering. This is the centennial year which
makes visitors particularly welcome. Our engineering
students, as well as our visitors, will have an oppor-
tunity to participate in the wide variety of Engineering
Open House events on March 7, 8, & 9.

Engineering Open House is going to be a prominent
part of the Centennial Celebration. The exhibits, de-
signed and displayed by students, will show visitors
what an interesting and exciting field engineering has
come to be over our first century. Let me emphasize,
however, that our purpose isn't to show visitors a
historical sketch of engineering. In fact, our theme is
Engineering for the 21st Century. We will show our
visitors what is being done on current and developing
engineering problems. How do we build in the ocean?
What do we do about air and water pollution? What
are the hopes for medical electronics? Does lUiac IV
think? Exhibits and lectures answering questions such
as these will explain the technological world in which
we live.

Tours through DCL, CSL, and the "Black Box" will
both enchant and inform our visitors. A discussion with
the tour will show guests how engineering technology is
constantly changing. Often high school students have
the idea that engineering is just a matter of playing
with the right "laws"; they don't realize that new
"laws" are being implemented constantly.

As usual, anyone from anywhere is invited to attend.
This year, however, we are also making arrangements

for approximately 1000 special guests. The program
will provide direct contact with high school students
who are qualified to become engineering students and
their counselors. Each guest will have an individual
student or faculty host with whom he can attend dem-
onstration classes and laboratories. Centennial Cele-
bration events, and a dinner sponsored by the College
of Engineering. We hope that this personal contact
will give visitors a first hand view of engineering educa-
tion and of the background necessary to pursue an
engineering career.

The program for the sp)ecial guests promises to be an
exciting one. On Thursday March 7 they will attend an
address by Mr. Daniel P. Moynihan. He was for-
merly Assistant Secretary of Labor and is presently
head of the M. I. T. -Harvard Joint Center for Urban
Studies. Time has called him "the most controversial
of urban analysts."

Also on Thursday our special visitors will attend a
panel discussion with some of our distinguished engi-
neering alumni. These men will be returning from the
mysterious world of industry to tell guests what engi-
neers do "on the outside". Guests will discover that
not all engineers do research; some of them venture
into sales, production, design, and management. These
programs and many others will be of interest to both
selected guests and those fortunate few chosen as hosts.

How can you as an engineering undergraduate profit
from the activities on this weekend?

You could volunteer to be the host of a high school
student who has interests similar to your own. You
would help make a great weekend for someone, and
you would participate in an interesting and informative
program as well.

You might want to work on an actual exhibit within
your particular department. Students who have created
exhibits in the past have gained a better insight into
the challenges of their field.

You could also work behind the scenes as a member
of the Central Committee. As a member of the Central
Committee you will be an integral part of creating the
most massive event on the Engineering Campus.

No matter where you work, you profit from the ex-
perience. If you would like further details, please feel
free to contact me.

16 TECHNOGRAPH

November, 1967

lASER DEMQMSTR^iOH

"These engineering open house exhibits get more lavish every year.

The less you've heard about us the better.

IMaybe you think that's a funny way
) talk to you.

But we don't think it is.

Many people think we're only a bij,"-
hemical company.

Chemicals being the biggest thing
•e have.

But what we'd really like you to
now is that we're also a forest prod-
cts company. Olinkraft.

Plu.s a lightweight paper company.
Icusta.

Plus a packaging film company.

And that we're an aluminum com-
pany. And a brass company.

And a sporting arms and ammuni-
tion company. (You've heard about
Winchester? That's us.)

The reason we're telling you all this
is that the competition to get you is
awfully tough.

And a big corporation that can offer
you the choice of a dozen smaller com-
panies, has an edge.

But don't let this steer you away
from chemicals, if that's on your mind
There's everything here from inorgan-
ics and organics to specialty and agri-
cultural.

Now you've heard more aljout us.
That's better.

You can do two things now. ileet
with your Placement Oliicer. Or write
Monte H. Jacoby. our College Relations
Officer, here at Olin, ICO ^^i*
Park Ave., N. Y 10022. %^11I1

You1l do much more than watch.

As a young college grad joining Pan Am's team of range
professionals you'll get the best pad-side seat in the nation.
Before you know it, you'll be helping to engineer the track-
ing, telemetry, communications, data handling and display
systems— or providing launch and base support operations
— for many of the nation's major space shots along the
10,000 miles of the Eastern Test Range from Cape Ken-
nedy to the Indian Ocean.

You'll work with a lot of highly imaginative hardware and
systems engineering that is as advanced and complicated
as the space action we support. And you'll soon find that

Talk to your Placement Director. It could be your first step
to the Cape. Or write for more information to Manager of
College Relations, Dept. 30 5 K Guided Missiles Range
Division, Pan American World Airways, Inc., 750 S. Orlando
Ave., Cocoa Beach, Florida. An Equal Opportunity Em-
ployer (M/F).

GUIDED MISSILES
^^ RANGE DIVISION

PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS. INC.

Get vour career nyo^iing

Ik.,-,, tevm, a ""•.''°*,' „rt,„„its and

=.<*r":::»t;:s .x«»-■■■7
,i„d-.»,alUtOslcoGetv« ^_^^„^„

„.„, oat «,.*.■-*»;;;,,,„, eto...

Division of General Motors,
Kokomo, Indiana

„[ [JCELLE""

ixrr''^o^

r.y

For
rotation...

Spherco Bearings and Rod Ends are available
in a wide range of styles, sizes, and materials.
Built-in quality insures long bearing life.

GET INFORMATION

For information on the complete line of
Sealmaster and Spherco Bearings, write for
Catalog 164 on your letterhead.

SEALMASTER

SEALMASTER BEARINGS

A DIVISION OF
STEPHENS-ADAMSON MFG. CO.

41 Ridgeway Ave. • Aurora, III. 60507

DR. CONSTANTINOS DOXI \niS

"No matter which way we
look at the city, we will
discover that it is in a
crisis . . . It is time for us
to understand that the way
we are going to live in
the cities of the future de-
pends on the decisions we
take now. "

DR. MARGARET MEAD

"The choices we make now
and the amount of concrete
that we put down are going
to determine the pattern of
the lives of the next gener-
ation. "

DR. VICTOR URQUIDI

" When dealing with the
city, we are not dealing
with just land, bricks, or
concrete, but with people,
human beings who must live
and work together. "

CITIES OF

The crisis of the American City is now. The air is
polluted, the traffic congested, the inhabitants dissatisfied.
The city is truly one of the greatest and most complex
technological and social challenges our generation will
face. Recently, Lions International sponsored a sym-
posium concerning the city of the future. Alan Halpern
was invited to attend and report for the Engineering
College Magazine Associated membership.

The City — our generation's Great Frontier. To
Shakespeare, "the city is people; to Henry Adams, it
was "a great unpleasant body"; to Thoreau, it was a
place to be avoided," which he did; To Theodore
Dreiser, it was a "handsome woman with a cruel
mouth"; to Thomas Jefferson, it was a "pestilence to
the morals, the health, and the liberties of man"; to
Laurence Halprin, the city is "a total environment for
the total process of living"; to 70% of Americans, it is
home. Plato feared the disorder and confusion of the
city while Aristotle thought the "best Hmit to the
population of a city is the largest number which suffices
for the purposes of life and can be taken in a single
view".

Today, though, one thing about the city is clear, the
cities of the world are in trouble, a crisis is at hand, a
crisis which next to the pursuit of peace and the pres-
ervation and perpetuation of our resources is exceeded
by none.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CITY

Even with our eyes on the horizon, it is totally
relevant that we have an understanding of how our
cities grew to their present state. Urban societies and
those in which people lived in high densities first
appeared about 3500 B. C. Cities evolved when man
rose above the agricultural subsistence level. It was
division of labor followed by the development of
technology and social organization that formed the
basis for urban life. As Lewis Mumford writes, "In
taking form, the ancient city brought together many
scattered organs of common life and within its walls
promoted their interaction and fusion. Through its
concentration of physical and cultural power, the city
heightened the tempo of human intercourse and trans-
lated its forms that could be stored and reproduced.
The city became capable of transmitting a complex
culture from generation to generation."

22 TECHNOGRAPH November, 1967

PR. PKTKR H \LI.

"// is possible lo regard the
American Far West as a sort
of vision of the entire western
world about the rear 2000. "

DR. JAMES ROl SK

' ' The only legitimate pur-
pose for our cities is to
grow better people, more
concerned, inspired, fulfilled
— more loving people.

DR. M\S\TOSfll M\TSLSHITA

"The very survival of hu-
manity is dependent upon
world wide urbanization."

By Alan Halpern

THE FUTURE

It was not until the 19th century, however, that
large scale urbanization took place. Forged by the
advent of industrialism, impro\ed agriculture, trans-
portation, and communication, vastly fewer numbers
were needed for. agriculture. Only through this surplus
can societies emerge and prosper. The city became a
magnet — a meeting place for trade, mutual benefit,
and protection. A German contemporary of Thomas
Jefferson, Justus Moeser, observed that "specialized
division of labor forces workers to live in big cities."
And so it was, with great waves of migration from the
country to the city center where workers came for
employment. Industries and business services in turn
located there because of the accessibility of a variety
of goods, services, and labor.

Until automobiles, travel in the city was by means
of hoof or foot, which according to Hans Blumenfeld,
placed a realistic limit of about 3 miles radius for the
city. Until elevators were invented, a limitation was
also placed on the vertical expansion as well. The city
continued to grow in this fashion, with shops, homes,
industrial plants all clustered, covering every foot of
property. The automobile and mechanized transporta-
tion changed all this, however, and the American city

has how entered a new stage of development. The
migration from the rural areas still continues in bur-
geoning numbers, but in addition there is a counter
trend, a powerful centrifugal migration from the city
to the suburbs. The interaction of these two trends has
produced a new breed of settlement whose influence
extends far beyond the traditional boundaries of a
city, "where the city flows into suburbs, and the
suburbs flow into other suburbs and become the un-
planned crazy quilt of magalopolis." The forces are
already present in 14 areas of the world for the for-
mation of giant megalopolises, housing tens of millions
of people, including in our country the East Coast
Corridor, an area between Detroit and Chicago, and
the West Coast region.

THE GREAT FRONTIER

Our civilization has come to the fork in the road,
unprepared, only to discover that history has provided
us not with roadmaps and blueprints, but mere vestiges
of a sometimes splendorous, sometimes downtrodden
past. In 1905, the average speed of travel to cross
New York City during the rush hour was 9 mph — it
is still the same. We are confronted with the very

November, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 23

startling reality that the cities of the present are not as
livable as those of the past. We are moved to ask
whether this is progress.

Of the city, one critic has written :

Vou praise the men who feasted the citizen and
satisified their desires, and people say that they
have made the city great, not seeing that the
swollen and ulcerated condition of the state
is to be attributed to the elder statesmen:
for they have filled the city full of harbors
and docks and walls and revenues and all that
have left no room for justice and temperance.

The critic's words were not directed at our cities,
although they are relevant, but to a city of a golden
age. The city was Athens and the critic Socrates.
History is testimony to the oft-repeated cycle of ex-
pansion and disintegration of nations unprepared to
consider or meet the challenges of the future.

The vast slums of the city speak of its cruelty, the
racial ghettos of its callousness, the traffic congestion
of its obsolescence, the sprawling perimeter of its
cancerous growth, the air pollution of its danger to
health, the crime and rioting of the dissatisfaction and
alienation of its inhabitants. To one urbanologist,
our cities are ugly, incoherent, yjrawling, cultural
wastelands — anti-cities.

THE SYMPOSIUM —

A "SUFFICIENTLY BOLD STEP"

It was on this stage that the panelists spoke at the
symposium: our physical en\ironment in turmoil, our
people more impatient, our lives unjustifably more
complex, and in our possession the resources to shape
the quality of American life in almost any fashion we
choose.

In an effort to contribute its share to the better-
ment of our cities and the lives of its inhabitants.
Lions International sponsored a three day symposium
in San Juan, Puerto Rico, to discuss the problems and
formation of the city of the future. It was a significant
step by an international service organization, recognizing
that although piecemeal contributions are worthwhile,
they are inadequate, that regardless of the extent of
one's commitment, truly effective plans must be com-
prehensive.

DR. MARGARET MEAD

Dr. Margaret Mead is the Curator of Ethnology of
the American Museum of Natural History and Pro-
fessor of Anthropology at Columbia University. She is
considered to be the most famous living anthropolo-
gist in the world today. Her major interest is the
study of contemporary culture in the light of the
perspective gained by examining small homogeneous
stable societies.

i'%imf :

The Swedish government has taken the lead in c
they have built high density communities linki

THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF THE SMALL CITY

Dr. Margaret Mead, the opening speaker for the
symposium, called for the preservation of the small
city. Dr. Mead directed her comments to the small
city, believing that "in its regeneration and creation
lies the answer to many of our urban ills. The small
city can give the people from the country a chance at a
job, a chance at decent living, a chance at leisure.
Is what's happening to the cities in the world inevitable?
Are we inevitably bound for the megalopolis? Is every
country in the world going to be dominated by a few
very large cities that gradually absorb about all the
arable land and become worse and worse?"

To all of these questions. Dr. Mead responded in

24 TECHNOGRAPH November, 1967

PHOTO BY SWEDISH INFORMATION SERVICE

ommunities. As an alternative to sprawling suburbs,
<d to each other by modern mass transit facilities.

the hands of the next generation." However, she
lamented, "if we let soil erode and if we pollute the
water, if we kill our lakes and poison our atmosphere,
we are doing something that may not be reversible
at all."

Her attitude, however, was one of concerted optimism,
that "what man has made, man can change," but she
added that "there is no possibility of simple national
solutions to the whole problem of cities. A city is
considered stagnant if it is not growing, but with this
growth comes the complexity and the chaos that have
vexed modern urban communities. The problem for
the small city is," as Dr. Mead explained, "to grow
in quality without necessarily growing in quantity of
population. Size is not the determining issue, for a
city must have its quota of cultural institutions, uni-
versities, libraries, museums ... a city without has no
soul."

"The small city with a clear stamp of development is
the ideal place to produce the leaders of the nation."
The suburbs came under sharp criticism for their seg-
regated living, both economic and racial, conditions
not generally prevalent in the small city. "Think of
growing up all your life and never meeting anybody
but junior executives."

In Dr. Mead's opinion, "one of the things that the
present urban living is doing is cutting people off from
an understanding of the whole — a whole city, a whole
country, and we have to give it back to them if we
want to produce the kind of people we need."

DR. PETER HALL

Dr. Peter Hall is a professor at the London School of
Economics and Political Science where he specializes in
geography with particular reference to regional planning.
He is regarded as perhaps the outstanding young city
planner in Great Britain.

THE URBAN CULTURE

AND THE SUB-URBAN CULTURE

the negative, with a qualified answer. "If we think
this is inevitable, v\e will plan for perfectly horrible
bee hives, but if we think it is not, I believe that we
have a choice, but we are not going to have it for
very long." Dr. Mead emphasized, as did all the
speakers, the very precipitious position our generation
holds. "The choices we make now and the amount of
concrete that we put down in particular places are
going to determine the pattern of the lives of the next
generation. We are in an extraordinarily responsible
spot."

Dr. Mead continued in her very perceptive description
of our present position. "Perhaps the best thing that
one can say about any generation is that they didn't
let anything irreversible happen, that they haven't lied

Dr. Peter Hall presented a penetrating analysis of
the contrasts between European and American urban
and suburban cultures. It was Dr. Hall's purpose to
explore these differences and discern their influences
for our future. "Although all urban communities have
many common characteristics, they also exhibit re-
markably different physical expressions. A traveler
viewing the North American urban landscape is over-
whelmed by the scale of the development, by the
apparently endless sprawl of suburbs in the East
Coast magalopolis, by the vast networks of freeways
which link them. Observing Europe, on the other
hand, he is suprised by the puniness of the develop-
ment, by its toytown-like quality, by the planned
precision."

November, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH

In Britain, Dr. Hall relates, "the government deter-
mined upon a vigorous policy of regional planning to
limit the further growth of London. Remarkable as it
may seem, they succeeded in stopping the growth by
the creation of a green belt, 5 miles wide, around the
city to be used for agriculture and recreation facilities."

Whereas European communities ha\e grown in high
density centers usually linked by rapid transit system
such as the new suburbs of Sweden, American com-
munities have continued the sprawl, a pattern so
radically different as to be a different type of culture,
the suburban culture.

"The new American scene is characterized for its
waste, increased commuter time, for its basic lack of
form where each building is treated in isolation, nothing
binding it to the next. To this roadside civilization of
the gas station and the hamburger stand, this taste-
less, exuberant, sprawling culture has been given the
word: goop. This form is most prevalent in California
where the whole concept of a city has lost its signif-
icance to become known as the nonplace urban realm
by many." The opinions of urban specialists concerning
the progress of suburban living are by no means un-
animous for as the moderns argue, "new systems of
communication have exploded the centuries-old associa-
tion between propinquity and communication." The
contrast between Southern California and centralized
Europe is extremely important, for as Dr. Hall notes,
"California had by 1925 reached the general li\ing
standards, and in particular the level of car ownership
of Europe in the 1960's. It is possible therefore to
regard the American Far West as a sort of vision of
the entire western world about the year 2000." This is
an extremely profound observation, for if this is to be,
we must ask ourselves whether the suburban culture
represents an improvement or an impoverishment of
human life and human possiblilites in comparision
with the old urban culture. To some, the suburb offers
a desirable life style, while many contend it is a life
of homogeneity, conformity, and an atropy of diversity.
The academic debate will continue, but the burgeoning
suburban population seems to indicate that the ad-
vantages outweigh the shortcomings as far as the
consumer is concerned.

The importance of system planning and comprehen-
sive control was never more necessary for as Dr. Hall
emphasized, "It will be the task of the planner to
offer choice to the indi\idual. This enhanced choice to
the indi\idual can only be achieved, paradoxically,
through a greater degree of government intervention."

The preservation of individual identity in a city of
millions is truly the task of our generation. We must
design a city which as Lewis Mumford relates "will
make man at home with his deeper self and his larger
world.

PHOTO BY KAISER ALUMINUM AND CHEMICAL CORP.

DR. MASATOSHI MATSUSHITA

Dr. Masatoshi Matsushita is the former President of
Rikkyo University in Tokyo, Japan. He is a recognized
authority in both International Law and International
Relations.

CITY REBUILDING AS NATIONAL PLANNING

Dr. Masatoshi Matsushita looked to the future of
his country, Japan, only to find very grim consequences
of the extension of the present trends. "The very
survival of humanity is dependent on world wide ur-
banization. The city of the future must be prepared
to deal with the rising population. Cities must be
built in international context."

"There is a likelihood," Dr. Matsushita prophesied,
"that Tokyo will someday be a city of 200,000,000
people." In the view of many experts, this is not only
possible, but altogether likely. Replacement of trans-
portation by communication is the central feature
which will allow cities to reach this size. The advent
of 3-D color television and other advanced techniques
which may replace our telephone systems, will in
Dr. Matsushita's opinion "eliminate the need for
businessmen to lea%e home." In years to come, auto-
mation and technological advance may allow a man
to work only an hour a day, and this will be done
from his home. The important question of whether
our civilization will be able to move from a work
ethic to a leisure ethic becomes quite pertinent for our
discussion of the future.

DR. VICTOR URQUIDI

Dr. Victor L. Urquidi is a consultant to the Ministry
of Finance for Mexico and a consultant on develop-
ment for the Bank of Mexico. He has played a leading
role in developing the Central A merican Common Market
Organization.

THE UNDERDEVELOPED CITY

Dr. Urquidi commenced his presentation with the
obvious, but often neglected fact that "when dealing
with the city, we are not dealing with just land, bricks,
or concrete but with people, human beings who must
live and work together." Working as a development
economist in the underdeveloped city, he pointed out
the very real possibility of the permanently under-
developed city, for it is in the underdeveloped countries
that 2 billion people reside, a number which will grow
to 4.7 billion by 2000 A.D. At this time, the less
de\eloped countries will contain three-quarters of the
world's developed resources and industry.

"Latin America," in Dr Urquidi's view, "is poor
and run-down with splashes of wealth interspersing
ugly slums. The nations are beset with the premature
city, reception centers of poor and rural migrants . . .

November, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH

PHOTO BY GENERAL ELECTRIC

Many architects foresee whole cities prolecied under the umbrella of giant domes. R. Buckminster Fuller, inventor
of the Geodesic Dome has predicted that a dome oxer Manhattan Island would pay for itself by the savings of air-
conditioning and snow removal.

Slum dwellers may number '/» to '/: in many of the
larger cities. To say that the problem is insoluble may
not be far off the mark if present attitudes persist, for
town planning in Latin America is almost non-existent;
most solutions are short term solutions to problems
that have not been adequately defined.

"However, one of the most serious obstacles to
progress is that the countries are being forced to adopt
the aspirations and patterns of high income countries
and made victims of rural political systems." In Dr.
Urquidi's opinion, "the city dwellers cannot be regarded
as contemporary or middle class groups. Urban planning
which in the past has been devoid of economic content
and unconcerned with the present starting conditions
of the city, must become an integral part of the social
process. If there is to be progress, city government
must come within the scope of national planning.

Concepts will require significant revision, for we are
challenging a system, a society which has failed to
respond to the needs of the people."

MR. JAMES ROUSE

Mr. James Rouse is President of the Rouse Company,
a mortgage, banking and real estate development firm.
The Rouse Company has financed over a billion dollars
in real estate developments. Mr. Rouse was formerly
a member of President Eisenhower's Advisory Committee
on Housing.

CITIES THAT WORK FOR MAN —
VICTORY AHEAD

Why not build a whole city? Absurd, one might
respond, but to Mr. James Rouse and his firm, the
idea was not only inviting, but challenging. "Couldn't
such a city be not only beautiful, but also more

28 TECHNOGRAPH November, 1967

profitable to build?" Prodded by their answer, the
Rouse Company focused on the immense problems
and out of their intensive research effort has grown
Columbia, a completely planned city between Washinton,
D. C. and Baltimore, which in 11 years will house
110,000 people. Columbia, as Mr. Rouse states, "offers
no startling innovations, no special genius, no big
discoveries. It simply puts to work knowledge that is
all around us. We seek to plan a city intelligently for
the people who live in it. We believe it will be a beau-
tiful, intensely human, lively, effective city.

"In the remainder of this century, we will build
new in our cities the equivalent of all that has been
buih since Plymouth Rock. It is an opportunity to
plan and develop the new one half of American cities
free of the mistakes of the past, responsive to the needs
of the future.

"What is happening now," laments Mr. Rouse "is
that our cities grow by sheer chance. By this irrational
process, non-communities are born, formless places
without order, an irresponsible dissipation of nature's
endowment and of man's hope for dignity, beauty, and
growth." Americans have strangely grown accustomed
to the disorder and inefficiency of our cities. "There
is a state of mind about the American city. We have
come to subconsciously accept the state as evitable
. . . Sprawl is thought to be better than slum. We
lack the organized capacity in .\merica, at the present
time, to produce good new communities. There is no
General Motors, no IBM in city-building. No one has
the capacity to undertake research and development in-
vestment to produce new communities that will match
our knowledge and our needs."

THE HISTORY OF COLUMBIA

Realizing that the bits and pieces approach had
failed, Mr. Rouse set out to prove that "there was a
compatability between public purpose and private profit
in producing a well-planned new city." A profit was a
prime objective, but by using the dynamics of the
market system, dreams were hauled into focus, biases
tempered, and if successful the myth that it is not
economic to produce a good environment would be
dispelled. The city had four objectives; (1) To build a
complete city, not just a suburb, (2) To respect the
land, preserving the streams, the trees, the natural
landscape, (3) To provide the best possible environment
for the growth of people, and (4) To make a profit.

The city was born out of what came to be known as
the "Columbia Process." "It is a process that begins
with an honest attempt to learn what might work best
for the people who will live there and then to discover
by physical planning and by study and negotiation with
leaders in the schools, and churches, in the health,
cultural, and recreation institutions how these best
hopes might be acheived."

DR. CONSTANTINOS DOXIADIS

Dr. Constantinos A. Doxiadis is considered by many
to be the world's greatest living urban planner. He is
particularly known for his invention of "Ekistics".
the science of human settlements. Dr. Doxiadis 's firm
has planned and rearranged cities which now affect
some 60 million lives all over the globe. At present,
his firm is involved in an extensive study of the Greater
Detroit area.

HOW TO BUILD THE CITY OF THE FUTURE

"No matter what we say about how bad the cities of
the present are — and they are bad; no matter what we
say about the causes of the trouble we are in — and
we are in trouble; no matter what dreams or plans we
make for the city of the future, unless we face the
problem of how to build the city of the future, we will
never achieve anything. We will continue living under
bad conditions in bad cities and we will suffer more."
This statement by Constantinos Doxiadis is a challenge
which he has made and accepted himself, to identify
the problems and to set out to solve them.

To accomplish this task. Dr. Doxiadis has faced the
problems in a systematic way, in stages asking himself
a series of questions: (l)What is the city? (2) What is
happening to our cities today? (3) How do we realize
the city of the future? and (4) How do we build that
city?

To Dr. Doxiadis, the word "city" is an outgrown
term, for what should be used is the term "human
settlement". "The era when the city was a unit of
habitat very clearly defined in space has passed. The
city has turned into a dynamic, growing organism."

To determine what is happening to our cities, one
need look at its five elements: Nature, Man, Society,
Shells ( buildings ), and Networks ( roads, electrical
systems, etc. )

THE URBAN STAGE

"The city may be viewed from many different angles
by many experts, but no matter which way we look
at the city, we will discover that it is in a crisis. We
contaminate the air, we pollute the water. Man, the
creator of the city has lost his freedom in it. The
city no longer operates with the same efficiency as in
the past. In fact the result is that our city turns into a
city which is not as good as the city of the past. The
problems which started as structural problems turned
into a problem of the succession of economic and
social classes and finally has turned into a racial
problem, ... a confusing situation from which all
citizens will suffer . . . certainly those of the lowest
income groups who by necessity fall into the worst
areas of the city.

November, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 29

Dr. Doxiadis emphasized, that "it is time for us to
understand that the way we are going to live in the
cities of the future depends on the decisions we take
now ... for not only is the city of the present bad,
but what we build today is leading to a city which
will be much worse than the present ones. We cannot
predict, we have to decide; We cannot only complain,
we have to build."

THE HUMAN SCALE

Dr. Doxiadis points out that we must measure the
city in terms of human values. The average American
citizen spends 76% of his lifetime at home and only
24% away from it. He spends 36% sleeping, 20%
working, and 10% eating, dressing, and bathing. He is
left with 34% of his life for leisure and pleasure. If
man spends I'/i hours commuting, it is his leisure time
which is sacrificed. "The major problem of existing
plans is that they extrapolate existing trends. If Thomas
Edison believed in extrapolation, we would be here
with a better oil lamp."

"It is completely realistic to foresee one huge universal
city which would be called the 'ecumenic city' or
Ecumenopolis. This city will be extra-human in dimen-
sions; our great challenge is to turn it into a human
one. To accomplish this, the city should consist of
human communities which should serve as cells.

"The conception of the city of the future does not
guarantee an understanding of it in all its parts, much
less the understanding of how we are going to move
from the cities of the present to the city of the future,
but this is our task. To organize, to plan. It is im-
portant to see every urban organism as a whole, to
build systems of cities, to insure growth in accordance
with the needs of life."

THE PROBLEM OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION

The function of any transportation system is to
move people and goods from one location to another
as quickly, efficiently, and as cheaply as possible. At
present our highways are overloaded and congested,
our mass transportation inconvenient and irregular.
If there is to be any solution it must be a comprehen-
sive one, approaching transportation as a system of
interrelated activities. The recognition that transpora-
tion systems possess a city-forming role has often been
neglected. The New York subway of 1905 opened
up the Bronx. Today, expressways are allowing the
the growth of suburbs and housing developments.

CHANGE IS NOT NECESSARILY PROGRESS

The opening of a freeway has often increased demand
until congestion on the freeway increases the travel
time to what it was before the freeway existed.

John Dyckman, writing in "Scientific American"
states that the "growth of urban population itself is
likely to produce a situation in which scale effects
rule out present modes of transportation."

In a half-hour drive from the University of Puerto
Rico to the hotel, a distance of about five miles. Dr.
Doxiadis and this author discussed the difficulties and
possible alternatives to the present chaos. Being from
Greece, he nad naturally consulted the oracle at Delphi
concerning this problem and the answer, in typical
cryptic form, was "Prospects of survival no death of
city." Then, as Dr. Doxiadis relates the story, he sat
down and envisioned the alternatives to the future
of transportation, choosing in particular a trip from
Delphi to New York City.

Many architects foresee
whole cities protected under
the umbrella of giant domes.
R. Buckminster Fuller, in-
ventor of the Geodesic Dome
has predicted that a dome
over Manhattan Island would
pay for itself by the savings
of air-conditioning and snow
removal.

"*^^.._l

1^^^^

^p^

■■■^■i""

^ L

EwSS^^

f^^^'^,■^r^^J,

mMM

• ^-^*^^

^ J?'*^*''^

30 TECHNOGRAPH November, 1967

By one \ision, he takes a helicopter from Delphi to
the rocket port at Athens, from there, after a 20
minute flight, he lands at New York rocket port.
There he boards an airplane which after a 30 minute
wait in line takes him to the newest airport 50 miles
from downtown. Guided by radar and great projectors
through the thick smog, he reaches his hotel after
four hours. His trip has again verified one of the new
laws of transportation: the longer the distances, the
shorter the time needed to cover it.

On the other hand, he foresees the possibility of
travel in a plastic bubble. Stepping into the bubble at
his hotel room, the bubble is automatically transported
through an underground tube to the rocket port, loaded
on the rocket, unloaded in New York, and by another
tube, he is brought up to his hotel room. The impor-
tant point is that the facilities have developed to the
point that they only serve man without imposing their
existence on him.

OF MEN AND MACHINES

These projections are, of course, long range, but
there is something that can and must be done to
alleviate our present congestion. The present highway
systems, in the opinion of Dr. Doxiadis, are partial,
self-defeating and short-term solutions to the program.
The solution will be realized by moving automobiles
through vast, underground tunnels, which will have
facilities for moving all the cars at very high speeds,
slowing them gradually as they reach their destination,
where they may resume driving on their own power.
A study by the Rand corporation and an independent
one by Dr. Doxiadis have shown that by 1975 tunnel
construction will be cheaper than present highways.
"The cities will be unclogged because the cars will
be removed fast enough." Unfortunately, Dr. Doxiadis
believes that 15 years will elapse before any significant
move in this direction is implemented in our country.

THE AGE OF URBANIZATION

It therefore becomes apparent that the future of our
cities and the future of our nation and our civilization
are inextricably bound. Senator Abraham Ribicoff, in
his probe of the Federal Role in Urban Affairs asked
this very insightful question: "Why, when the massive
resources of our government have been poured into the
cities for the past 20 years, when many dedicated
people have worked with such resolve, do we have an
urban crisis of such proportions?" We are beginning to
recognize that we cannot let the momentum of the
past and the assumptions which governed our cities
continue to dominate their future, for as we have seen
our contemporary solutions just have not worked.

We must not only rebuild and revitalize our present

Some of our
best engineers are
still students.

Take the head of one of our
Systems Sections. He puts in a work-
crammed week riding herd on the
development of AC's new Ship's
Self-Contained Navigation System
(SSCNS). But come Tuesday nights,
he's down at the university ihe'll
have his Ph.D. next June). He's one
of our top engineers. Still a student.
He's typical of our moonlighting
"student" engineers who spend their
workdays on advanced projects like
Apollo. LM, Titan III. MAGIC
series on-board computers, Carousel
IV (AC's inertial navigator for
Boeing's new 747 jet), a fire-control
system for the Main Battle Tank
(a joint U.S. -Federal Republic of
Germany Program i.

Then there's another kind of
student engineer. He's in college
somewhere completing his degree.
He strives for the top grade in his
class. And usually makes it. He has
no intention of calling his education
(jLiits when he graduates. He's got his
feet on the ground and his eyes on
the stars. He, too. may one day be
one of our best engineers.

Could we be talking about you?

We try to make self-improvement
easy \x\ AC Klectronics— where we
specialize in research, development
and production of guidance, naviga-
tion and control systems for military,
space and commercial applications.

Our Career Acceleration
Program, covering both technical and
management preparation, helps pave
the way upward in your career. Our
Tuition Plan pays your tuition costs
when you complete college-level
courses. Full General Motors
career benefits along the way are
another plus.

If you're completing vour P..S.
or M.S. in E.E., M.E., Math or
Physics, ask your college placement
othcer about a General Motors /AC
on-campus interview for positions at
all three AC Electronics locations-
Milwaukee, Boston and Santa
Barbara. Or write directly to
Mr. R. W. Schroeder, Director of
I'rofessiona! and Scientific Employ-
ment, AC Electronics Division,

Milwaukee,

AC ELECTRONICS

Wiscor
5;i201.

§ r KftNTkiClT/ i/£CTOR v|

w : ANGt-LA'v ^^o^^cNTU^^ H^

■

VE^TcU H^ R ^ y ■ ' gM

(CONTINUED ON NE.XT PAGE)

November, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH

cities, we must in the next 35 years provide more
housing than has existed in the history of our nation.
Our planning must be provident, massive, and com-
prehensive. We must not just react to problems as we
have in the past, we must anticipate them.

THE CITY AND THE MYTH

The city is a complex system. In the view of Robert
Wood, "a multi-component, multi-input, multli-output,
multi-purpose set of structures." The conclusion of a
report of scientists and engineers who were called to-
gether by the Department of Housing and Urban De-
velopment was that "Our woes have resulted quite
largely from our frequent indifference to the interaction
between the many systems in the machinery that make
the city tick." In no other area is the gap between
human knowledge and application so vast. It will be
the engineer and the city planner who will be called
upon to rennovate our present cities and plan our new
ones. This is a group of men who must be as much
concerned with the man as with the building. There
must be what science advisor Donald Hornig calls "A
gnawing at the conscience of the technical community".

not size, that makes a city. To diversity, it owes its
essential magnetism; it is the richness of experience and
the variety of opportunity that draws men to seek the
city. This same diversity binds them to its spell. It is to
the preservation and creation of diversity that the city
will owe its future life."

To achieve the "city of man", our institutions, our
planning concepts must be drastically altered. A com-
prehensive philosophy must emerge. Only if our plans
are powerful and comprehensive will they be able to
guarantee freedom, diversity, dignity and opportunity
for all our citizens.

Human values must not fall at the cost of efficiency
in the city of the future. "The magnitude of the effort
must be matched by the quality of the planning." We
would be wise to note the words of Edwin Markham
in "Man Making":

Why build these cities glorious
If man unbuilded goes?
In vain we build the world, unless
The builder also grows.

TECHNOLOGY AND THE CITY

All engineers will be forced to become human engi-
neers, possessing the necessary knowledge of an indi-
vidual's needs and the effect of technology on the indi-
vidual in fulfilling those requirements. It is an absolutely
essential responsibility. To believe otherwise is to ignore
what 5000 years of unplanned urban growth have
taught us. The city of the future offers one of the
greatest challenges technology will ever face.

WHO WILL DECIDE WHAT?

We will actually have the power to decide what our
environment will be. The alternatives are numerous,
but it is apparent that our cities will not be formed by
one sector of the population, be it government, private
industry, or universities. With such power, the deceptively
simple question, "Who will decide what?" becomes
one of paramount importance. Science and technology
unguided by political sophistication and social under-
standing created the nuclear arms race, incredible popu-
lation growth denied the resources which technology can
furnish have brought part of the world to the brink of
starvation. The decisions must be made by those capable
of viewing technology on "the human scale."

MAN AND THE CITY

Of greatest importance is the effect of the city on the
individual, for as Churchill has written, "We shape our
cities then our cities shape us."Our cities must be built to
enhance the individual, not crush him with anonymity,
to enrich his life, not stultify his creativity. Kaiser
Aluminum News has written of the city: "It is diversity,

Alan Halpern, the author, was fortunate in being able to
talk with many of the panelists. In this picture are.
from the left. Dr. Peter Hall. Dr. Victor Urquidi. Dr.
Constantinos Doxiadis, and Halpern. Alan is a senior in
electrical engineering, a former Editor of the Technograph.
the publisher of HORIZONS IN ENGINEERING, a
member of the Student-Faculty Liaison Committee of
the College of Engineering, and a member of Tau Beta
Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, Omicron Delta Kappa.

TECHNOGRAPH

November, 1967

Come
cUanae

You'll find plenty of opportunities to kick
the status quo around at Monsanto. With
over 1,000 products (and new ones coming
from research all the time), many deci-
sions have to be made and many prob-
lems solved. So your opportvmities for
initiating changes of world-wide impor-
tance are practically unlimited.

At Monsanto you'll start using your
professional training working with the
most capable men in your field. You'll be
tackling many meaningful problems in
an organization where contributions are

readily recognized. And because Monsanto
has one of the greatest growth rates in
the industry, the chances of seeing your
ideas come to life are excellent.

This year, Monsanto needs more than
1,000 professional people of all degree
levels . . . and from almost every academic
area. If the challenge to come change us
(and perhaps the world) intrigues you,
sign up at your placement office to see
the IMonsanto recruiter. Or write to Mgr.
of Professional Hccriiiting, Monsanto Co.,
800 N. Lindbergh, St. Louis, Mo. 63166.

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

ENGINEERING
GRADUATES I II

Looking for the perfect
place to work???

(here ain't hardly
any such animal!!!

No, the perfect job or place to work ... is as elusive as the Foun-
tain of Youth. This multiple hybrid, patchwork creature simply
does not exist. Yet, we are convinced the Naval Ship Missile
Systems Engineering Station has much to interest you in that
direction. For example, we offer an excellent, smog-free, year-
around climate, (thirty miles from Santa Barbara] generous vaca-
tion and sick leave plans; opportunities for earning educational
degrees up to the PhD level, as well as project responsibility and
personal achievement recognition. Rapid career growth / salary
increases are provided through our career development program.

ON CAMPUS NOVEMBER 7
or write or call (coJJectJ jerry Wink/er Dept. 321-Z

NAVAL SHIP MISSILE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING STATION

Port Hueneme, California 93041, Area Code 805

Phone 982-4324 or 982-5124

An Equal Opportunity Employer/U.S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED

THREE HOUR
LUNCHES

NO INCOME TAX

SIX-MONTH
VACATIONS

RAISES ONCE
A MONTH

STIMULATING
ASSIGNMENTS

PHD'S FOR
THE ASKING

ALWAYS YOUR
OWN BOSS

RAPID CAREER
GROWTH

BEST CLIMATE
IN THE WORLD

YOUR NAME ON
EVERY PROJECT

ALLIS-CHALMERS

A unique

combination

of capabilities

UNIQUE . . . Because Allis-Chalmers serves so many industries in so many vital ways.
No other manufacturer researches, develops, builds, markets, installs and services as
many products and processes for as many specialized needs as does Allis-Chalmers.
Our unique combination of capabilities serves all major industries including
agriculture, electric utility, mining, metals, construction, cement, chemical, pulp and
paper, food, material handling, general industry and aerospace.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN TO YOU? . . . Simply this: If you want to work for a
company with a broadly diversified range of engineering opportunities . . . with an
on-the-job growth program . . . with an opportunity to continue your education
through a liberal tuition refund program . . . with industry's most flexible training
program, send for a copy of our latest career booklet. Expect a prompt reply.

\A/RITE: caLLEC3E RELATIONS, ALLIS-CHALMERS, MIL\A/AUKEE, \A/I S C O IM S IIM , B3S01

^\ ALLIS-CHALMERS

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

SYMBOL DEPLETION

One of our own problems is with the word "opportunity." It's suffering sym-
bol depletion, too. It's passed over with scant notice in an advertisement.
It's been used too much and too loosely.

That's opportunity.

And we wish we could use the word more often.

Collins representatives will visit your campus this year. Contact your
College Placement Office for details.

COMMUNICATION /COMPUTATION /CONTROL

An equal opportunity employer.

COLLINS RADIO COMPANY / DALLAS, TEXAS • CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA • NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA • TORONTO, ONTARIO
Bangkok • Frankfurt • Hong Kong • Kuala Lumpur • Los Angeles • London • Melbourne • Mexico City • New York • Pans • Rome • Washington • Wellington

^o■^^

*-«f,-"5ro:o«,e

\\V.e '^ ' ote-

*i:^5?s52?s^ss--^

,,V^as-;;,^^\\P^^^

(^■>\®^ notoO-i^

^^5^t:srsir,,^.::^

sfjas
500

'i:i;*>

B^^

ra^'

:a^r^^°.e.^^^°r.e\03^

B.ef-Ve-^sn>

UNION

,atoo'

20^-;:,,ooto\^-.^^,,.oi---,,,oo
200^

y.a<i^°''

oes^'

^nd

io\e^^^";;6o\^'^''

r^f

O'Sc

°^^«^co«

^nef^'^^c.xiW®'

P4/vy

\ea?'^

U of I PROFESSOR VISITS SCIENCE CENTERS IN

RUSSIA

by Gary Sobol

From September 4th through 16th, Dr. Holonyak, a
professor and leading researcher at the University of
Illinois, presented seminars and visited laboratories in
the U.S.S.R. Dr. Holonyak was invited to Russia by
the Russian .Xcademy of Sciences, all expenses incurred
in Russia being paid by the Russian Academy. Funds
for travel to and from the U.S.S.R. were supplied by
the National Science Foundation.

Dr. Holonyak points to a tiny phosphide laser which
he built.

Born in Zeigler, 111., Dr. Holonyak received his B.S.
in Electrical Engineering in 1950, his M.S. in 1951, and
his Ph.D. in 1954, from the University of Illinois. Before
being inducted into the Army, he spent a year at Bell
Telephone Laboratories, where he held a position in the
transistor development department. In 1957 he joined
the Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory of the General
Electric Company after which he came back to the U of I.

Dr. Holonyak's main area of interest is the solid
state field, specifically semiconductors. For the past 15
years he has been involved in research in semiconductors
and most recently has conducted research in this field
with graduate students at the U. of I.

Dr. Holonyak is co-author of a book entitled.
Semiconductor Controlled Rectifiers, published in 1964;
and is the editor of the Prentice-Hall series of books
entitled. Series in Solid State Physical Electronics.
There are now six books in this series with several
more being readied for publication.

During his visit to Russia, Dr. Holonyak presented
seminars at the Lebedev Institute in Moscow, the
Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad and the Institute
for Semiconductors in Kiev. All three of his lectures
concerned research work on semiconductors here at the
U of I. In addition to visiting the laboratories of these
three institutes, he also visited the laser laboratory of
Academician Basov, a Nobel prize winner for his con-
tributions to laser theory and application.

Dr. Holonyak observed that the laboratories as well
as the people who worked in them were very much like
the labs and the people here in the U.S. He found that
there were many young people working in the labs
with definitely more professionally trained women than
are found in laboratories of a comparable type here in
the U.S. The laboratories were part of the Academy of
Sciences and not part of any university. The only
university students found in the laboratories were
those working on their doctorate theses. The Russian
laboratory equipment was not as elaborate as ours. Dr.
Holonyak mentioned that the equipment looked, to some

38 TECHNOGRAPH November, 1967

extent, "home made". However he quickly added that
though their equipment was perhaps not as lavish as
ours, it was definitely adequate. Overall Dr. Holonyak
found that in many areas of semiconductor research,
the Russians are just as advanced as we are in the U.S.
He found their theoretical thinking to be very good,
and only in experimental work are we still a little ahead.

Dr. Holonyak looks over an apparatus he uses in
the experimental investigation of semiconductor lasers.

When he was not speaking in one of his three seminars
or visiting the laboratories, Dr. Holonyak took in
many of the sights of Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev.
He found that he liked the sights of Leningrad best.
He said that the people were extremely friendly and
not too hard to talk to, since Dr. Holonyak speaks
some Russian. By the end of his two week visit, he
could converse fairly well. In each of his lectures he
began by speaking a few sentences in Russian. This,
plus the help he gave the translator in translating some
of his lecture into Russian, always brought a big smile
from the audience.

Because the Russians had translated the book written
by Dr. Holonyak and his co-authors, he received some
rubles in royalties. However, rubles are not allowed to
be taken out of the U.S.S.R., and since the Russian
Academy paid for all his expenses. Dr. Holonyak
decided to leave his money in a Russian bank for later
use. One of the Russians jokingly commented on this
action by saying that Dr. Holonyak was a capitalist in
the U.S.A. and now a capitalist in the U.S.S.R.

Though this was not Dr. Holonyak's first opportunity
to give a seminar in a foreign land — while serving in
the Army in Japan he gave a number of lectures — it
was one of his most exciting experiences. Not every-
one has such an opportunity to travel to the U.S.S.R.

LAS & BUSINESS COURSES: ARE THEY
REA LL Y I M PORTA NT TO THE ENGINEER ?

by Gary Slutsky

What opportunities in industry will you have when
you graduate? How important is having an advanced
degree considered? Are liberal arts courses really neces-
sary, or are they just a waste of time? A group of
speakers from the college, industry, and government
discussed these and other questions before a group of
about three hundred engineering students at the first
annual Engineering College Conference Combined
Societies Meeting, October 10, at the lUini Union. The
theme of the discussion was "Will Industry Want Me?"
A question and answer session followed the speeches.

D. F. Waggoner, Director of Salaried Personnel
Placement for General Motors, explained the roles
of co-operative and training programs in industry. He
stated that training was not to be treated as beneath
the status of a college graduate but as a tool to help
him do his job better. Training is essential to the
understanding of how your job affects other areas of
the manufacturing operation, and other phases of the
business. "Industry wants a person who is a specialist,
but who thinks like a generalist," he said. Waggoner
warned against the "management attitude," personified
by the young man with the masters degree in Business
Administration who wants to be in charge of engineers
before he has had any practical engineering experience.

Diametrically opposed views were presented on the
necessity of the engineer having an LAS background as
well as knowledge of engineering. Speaking against the
necessity of engineers taking- LAS courses was H. E.
D'Orazio, Illinois Bell Telephone. Mr. D'Orazio de-
fined an engineering education as all engineering work
(mathematics, computer science, technical subjects) and

D. F. Waggoner speaking with two students after
the panel discussion.

November, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 39

no liberal arts and sciences courses. The man who
pursues this course of study was defined as a competent
engineer, an "engineering practitioner." He went on to
say that success is based on opportunity which is
determined by industry's demands, that industry wants
the "engineering practitioner" he had defined, and that
a person's academic background must enable him to
fit the largest number of available jobs. "In most
cases today," he concluded, "the successful manage-
ment career is one that follows the engineering route."

Hal D'Orazio (center) discusses with Dean Everiii
points of a practical engineering education as Prof.
Dobrovolny and Marv Smaller look on.

Mr. H. W. Turner, sales manager in the Instrumenta-
tion Department at Heath Company, eloquently pre-
sented the case for taking LAS courses along with one's
technical courses. Mr. Turner said, "How liberal your
education is depends on where you are going." He
stated that if one is going to do purely technical work
one doesn't need LAS, but such a person is highly
expendable; technology advances and makes him obsolete.
Mr. Turner stressed the fact that an LAS background
makes one a better communicator. He is comfortable
socially and professionally (representing his company at
conferences and public speaking engagements) when
dealing with people. He is more able than is his counter-
part without an LAS background to let others know
what a job is and what must be done. The engineer
who is a good manager is the one with a liberal
education.

Mrs. Pauline Chapman, director of the College Place-
ment Office, stressed the importance of attitude. She
said, "It's not what education you have, but what you
do with it when you get out of school that makes the
difference." She warned, as Mr. Waggoner had before,
about wanting to manage too soon after obtaining a
position. She then outlined what attitudes the young
engineer should have to get ahead in industry.

Professor R. A. Jewett of the Department of General
Engineering gave a short speech on the roles of the
professional engineering societies. All engineering stu-
dents were encouraged to join a student society in their
particular field of study to gain further insight into the
expectations of industry.

"There goes Melvin again — always trying
40 TECHNOGRAPH November, 1967

draft.'

What^s a good
engineer like you
doing in a local

Bell Telephone
Company?

Well, here are a few things you can do: designing, installing and maintaining advanced connmunica-

_, J J ■ J X • X- XI tions services for government, industry and home customers

Plan and design data communications networks. ,, , , i i „

^ in the area served by your local company.

Engineer microwave relay, telemetry and switching You will be given immediate responsibility with a chance to

systems. prove your potential early. And from then on you'll have every

A^w:<.<, o^w ^^r.<^..it n« f„t-,i ^.^mm..n:.,<^4.inr.<^ <...^t<.mcr opportunity to advance your career as rapidly as you can.

Advise and consult on total communications systems. kk j j ^- j j

You may work with the Telephone Company in your home

Advance your education-at our 18-month work-study g^ea or with any one of the other 21 Bell System Companies

course at Bell Telephone Laboratories, or our data jn other parts of the country.

communications school at Cooperstown, N.Y., or one |f yo^.jj n^e to be in the forefront of rapidly developing

of many colleges we send men to for advanced study. communications changes and innovations, call or write:

Anticipate and plan the future of communications. Personnel Manager, College Employment _

American Telephone & Telegraph Company ^^^^ j*^p ^r
The opportunities for working with a Bell Telephone 195 Broadway, Room 211 6A f j^ ) /V1<R»T

Company are endless, and challenging . . . and now! New York, New York 10007 \~'^ !m>^3„^^,E„

You will work with the scientists and engineers at Bell P^°"^- Area Code 212- 393-3687

Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric Company or contact your local Bell Telephone Company,

■•^'*'*

"I never feel like a rookie"

"Sure it's my first year with B&W, but I've been too
busy to think about that. I've been working in my field
all along, and the training sort of blends right in."

If Randy Trost sounds like a B&W booster, you
should hear what his supervisor says about him.

We're looking for aggressive, talented young engi-
neers hke Randy. We want you if you want significant
responsibility from the start. In fact, we need more
engineers than ever before. That's because we're grow-
ing faster. Sales were $560 million last year. Up 17
per cent.

That's how it's been from the beginning. We started

Randy Trost, Wisconsin '67

out making steam generation equipment. That led to
atomic power stations, nuclear marine propulsion
equipment, refractories, specialty steel, machine tools,
computers, and closed-circuit TV. (And we still make
the best boiler in America.)

If you'd like to talk with Randy Trost about B&W,
call him collect at our facility in Lynchburg, Virginia,
AC 703 846-7371.

In the meantime, be on the lookout for the B&W
recruiter when he visits your campus.

The Babcock & Wilcox Company, 161 East 42nd
Street, New York, New York 10017.

Babcock & Wilcox

Casey Forbes

Water & Sewer Superintendent
Springdale, Arkansas

"I'd recommend Dickey Coupling Pipe any time
because I'm convinced it's the best."

When new sewers were built in Springdale, Ar-
kansas, two years ago, Dickey Coupling Pipe was
selected by the Water & Sewer Commission. Casey
Forbes tells why.

"We aren't a big city and our income from system
revenues is somewhat limited. We have to be sure
we invest carefully. To do this, we always consider
more than initial cost.

"In the case of our municipal sewers, we considered
all costs applicable to the project, not just the cost
of construction but the cost of operation and main-
tenance. From past experience, the balance favored
Dickey pipe.

"We knew this pipe would last . . . that it would
resist acids that have a tendency to collect in the

If it's made of clay it's good

system. And, the urethane joint Dickey has prevents
the entrance of roots because the joints are tight.
Also, our treatment costs would be held to a mini-
mum because we wouldn't be handling ground
water. We knew from the experience of other com-
munities, too, that we could depend on Dickey Cou-
pling Pipe. So, it was approved by the Commission."

Not much to add to what Casey Forbes said . . .
except, use Dickey Coupling Pipe for your sanitary
sewers.

I^^2v£ajb sanitary glazed clay pipe
W. S. DICKEY CLAY MFG. CO.

BIRMINGHAM. ALABAMA • FT. DODGF. IOWA • KANSAS CITY.
MISSOURI • MERIDIAN. MISSISSIPPI • ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI
SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS • TEXARKANA. TEXAS-ARKANSAS

if it's made by Dickey it's better

Engineering

Growth

Opportunities

Above all, they think, create
and grow — on more than 200
construction sites; in half-a-
hundred offices, plants and lab-
oratories throughout the world.

With CB&I at home or abroad,
your career can point in five

general directions — Research,
Engineering, Manufacturing,
Field Construction or Sales —
in scores of challenging assign-
ments.

Chicago Bridge & iron Company

An Equal Opportunity Employer

t's talk about yoti...

,yes, you've studied hard to g^l^here you are today, and now you want
to put your education to work in the best possible way. But are you ready
to accept individual responsibility? If you are, you can go as far and as fast
as your talents can carry you at Garrett- AiResearch, Los Angeles.

Why? Because at Garrett you have the opportunity to work on entire
systems as well as specialize in just one phase or discipline.

Since our engineering staff is smaller than those of comparable com-
panies, your efforts receive much more recognition— thus, you increase your
knowledge and capabilities more rapidly.

You can take an active part in research, design, or development that
leads to production of actual hardware for sophisticated aerospace systems
and subsystems.

And, at AiResearch, you can make as much money as any engineer in a
comparable spot and get all the plus benefits of a top company.

Are you ready? AiResearch is ready for you.

See our representative when he comes to your campus, or write to Mr. T. E. Watson, AiResearch Manufacturing
Division, The Garrett Corporation, 98S1 Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90009. An equal opportunity employer

pppp"'"

CERAMICS • CIRCUITRY • CLAD METALS

AIRWAYS CONTROL • ALLOYING • AUTOMATION • AVIONIC SWITCHING • BONDED METALS • CAPACITORS --„„,„„,. ,.„vnr-i:Mir.; . rov^TAI

• COMMUNICATIONS • COMPONENTS • COMPUTER ELEMENTS & PROGRAMMING . CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS •CONTROLS * CRYOGENICS .CRYSTAL
GROWTH SCHARACTERISTICS • CYBERNETICS • DATA RECORDING • DEVICE DEVELOPMENT .DIELECTRICS .DIFFUSION .Dl
PROPAGATION . ELECTROCHEMISTRY . ELECTROLUMINESCENCE . ELECTROMECHANICAL PACKAGmG.LECTROMECHANICS. ELECTRO^

THFRMICS • ELECTRON PHYSICS • ENERGY CONVERSION . ENVIRONMENTAL & QUALIFICATION TESTING . FERROMAGNETICS •„CEODETIC SURVEYS .
GEOMAGNETICS. GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION • GEOSCIENCES . GLASS TECHNOLOGY . GRAVIMETRY .HOLOGRAPHY .INDUSTRIAL ENGINEW^
.INFRARED PHENOMENA . INSTRUMENTATION • INTEGRATED CIRCUITS . L^SJEGRATED EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS •l^/ERCOMMUNICAT|0,^S. LASER
PHENOMENA . MAGNETIC DETECTION . MECHANIZATION . METALLURGY . METER MOVEMENTS .MICROWAVES . l«ISSaEEUCTRONICS. NAVIGATION
FIFCTRONICS . NUCLEAR FUEL ELEMENTS . OCEANOGRAPHY . OPERATIONS RESEARCH & ANALYSIS . OPTICS . PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES « PHYSICAL

Fu"cui^>Bv". PHYSICS • PIF7nF] FCTRirS • PIASMA THEORY • PLATING . QUALITY CONTROL . QUANTUM ELECTRONICS . RADAR . RARE EARTHS
RECoTna'sSANCE^I'r^CTIFIe'rI'S'rEFRACTORY materials"'." reliability . REsIaRCH & DEVELOPMENT . RESISTORS .SEISMOLOGY . SEMICONDUCJORS
. SOLAR CELLS • SOLID STATE DEVICES • SOLID STATE DIFFUSION . SONAR . SOUND PROPAGATION . SPACE ELECTRONICS
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS • TELEMETRY • THERMOELECTRICITY . THERMOSTATIC DEVICES • TRANSDUCERS

TRANSISTORS

People
dorit just work

at
Texas Instruments

They make a career out of it.

It's true. People do make a
career out of Texas Instruments.
And we plan it that way.

Since World War II, TI has
jrrown 200-fold to a $580-million
billings level. Yet, with all this
Krowth, it has not been necessary
for us to go outside the company to
fill a principal managerial position.

You may be saying to yourself,
"That's fine, but can TI keep grow-
ing at a rate that will offer me the
same opportunities?"

Our answer is yes.

Yes, because we have set a new
growth goal — to become a $3-bil-
lion company in the next decade.

Yes, because one of our impor-
tant management responsibilities

is to conduct the business in such
a way that you retain your individ-
uality and can relate your own per-
sonal goals to those of the company.

And finally, yes, because you'll
find TI a different kind of com-
pany. Different in management
philosophy. Different in organiza-
tional structure. Different in the
way we seek and do business.

Then, if you like what you read,
we hope you'll fill out the resume
attached to the last page and mail

it to us. We welcome the oppor-
tunity to give you a comprehensive
look at Texas Instruments and what
we have to offer.

Continuing planned growth in
Research & Development, Mate-
rials, Components, Equipments and
Systems, and Services.

For your copy of this compreh

story of TI,

Texas Instruments

INCORPOR AT ED

engineers

CONSIDER YOUR FUTURE
CONSIDER BECHTEL

Bechtel is committed to meet the challenge of advancing tech-
nology through continuing technical excellence in areas such as:

■ saline water conversion ■ urban planning

■ mass transportation ■ pollution control

■ nuclear energy ■ extraction of under-waterresources

Bechtel engineers provide complete professional services, from
economic feasibility studies and conceptual estimates to design,
construction and preoperational plant testing and start-up.
Bechtel encourages and supports continuing education and pro-
fessional development. Internal technical and management
development progrsmis in Engineering, Estimating, and Con-
struction provide the engineer with maximum opportunity for
personal and professional development. A tuition refund plan
and professional fee reimbursement program are also provided.
If you are a Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Civil, Metallurg-
ical, Mining, or Nuclear Engineer and want to learn more about
a career in engineering and design, conceptual estimating, or
construction, see your college placement officer or contact:
Richard S. Jamar, Jr., College Relations
Bechtel Corporation
Box 3965, San Francisco, California 94119

BECHTEL
CORPORATION

Engineers & Builders for Industry

SAN FRANCISCO • Los Angeles
New York • Gaithersburg, Md.
Houston • Toronto • Paris
London • The Hague • Melbourne

An equal opportunity employer

Here in the hills of East Tennessee we are known as
and the atmosphere is sort of different

Eastman

Ladies' picnic on a Thursday afternoon in Warrior's I'ath Stale I'ark near kingsport. Tenn. Down in the
valley the chemical engineering is as up to date as any on earth, but the tensions of the big cities seem slow
to penetrate the hills of East Tennessee. Some call this isolation and like it. Some wouldn't. We offer choice.

You may have first heard of Kodak when you were eight
years old and grandpa pointed a camera at you. In Kings-
port, Tenn., Longview, Tex., and Columbia, S.C., there
are 15,000 of us who make no cameras and no photo-
graphic film but turn out fibers, plastics, and chemical
ingredients for a hundred other industries. In fact, we can
offer no less a variety of chemical engineering opportuni-
ties in those communities than in Rochester, N. Y., where
we produce our renowned photographic goods for enjoy-
ment, for business, for education, and for the professions.
Although many Kodak chemical engineers eventually
move into production or management functions, none
start there. First assignments are in development and
process improvement, or systems and research. A chemi-

cal engineer might also make full use of his professional
competence in liaison with our customer companies, in
which case he is in marketing and had better count on
moving around quite a bit. Otherwise wc are so set up
that we can give an engineer all the opportunity for ad-
vancement he wants without ever asking him to change
communities.

We make the same promise to mechanical, electrical,
and industrial engineers, by the way.

Drop a note about yourself to Business and Technical
Personnel Department, Eastman Kodak Company,
Rochester, N.Y. 14650. If you have any geographical
preferences or any other category of preferences in work,
mention them. We are an equal-opportunity employer.

And here, just to be specific, are what occupy the chemical engineers down in the valley:

RATHliR SPECIAL

Solid-phase polynicriztition

High-temperature vapor-phase pyrolysis

Liquid-phase ;iir oxidations

Non-Nculonian flow

Drying of lucky pastes

Extrusion of hot, viscous, Icmperattire-
sensilive materials

Design of systems for melt- and solvent-spinning

Oxidation of ethylene to acelaldchyde
and ethylene oxide

Oxo process

Olefin polymerization

Vapor-phase dehydrogenalion

MORE GENERAL

Design of pilot plant and plant equipment from
laboratory data and basic chemical
engineering unit operations

Drying operations for fibers, plastics, and chemical:

Viscous flow and heat transfer

Chemical kinetics rale models

Dispersion systems

Mixing studies

Use of computer hardw are and software in
plate-to-plate distillation program,
hydraulic design, heat-exchanger
design, mass transfer equipment
design, retiction simulation

is terrible
today!"

". . . Accident in the left hand lane of the Queens-Midtown access ramp.
Right lanes moving slowly. Fifteen minute delay at the Brooklyn Battery
Tunnel. Lincoln Tunnel backed up to the Jersey Turn-
pike. Extensive delays on Route 46 in the Ft. Lee area.
That's the traffic picture for now, Bob."
However, technical people at GE are doing something about it.
Development and design engineers are creating and improving elec-
tronic controls and propulsion systems to guide and power transit trains at
160 mph. Application engineers are developing computerized traffic control
systems. Manufacturing engineers are developing production equipment and
new methods to build better transportation products. And technical marketing
specialists are bringing these products and systems to the marketplace by
working with municipal and government agencies.

Young engineers at GE are also working on the solutions to thousands of
other challenging problems — products for the home; for industry; systems for
space exploration and defense. When you begin considering a career starting
point, think about General Electric. For more information write for brochure
ENS-P-65H, Technical Career Opportunities at General Electric. Our address
is General Electric Co., Section 699-22, Schenectady, New York 12305.

<1) .-^
C I,

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

^i?c^

DECEMBER 1967

ECHNOGRAPH

i'UDENT ENGINEERING MAGAZINE • UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

DEC 21 19&7

"THE FOOT OR THE CENTIPEDE?"

Westinghouse is looking for imaginative people
to help make cities wonderful to live in.

•..'?',,»'^

There has never been such a tre-
mendous need for building as there
is today, and never such a permis-
sive atmosphere for new ideas.

But it isn't enough to just build.
We have to make cities easier to
reach, easier to work in, efficient and.

above all, attractive and exciting.

Westinghouse is developing new
ways to heat, light and cool buildings
— new ways to start from scratch and
build complete new cities.

You name it, there's a project at
Westinghouse that needs your tal-

ents. So what can you do about it?
Talk to the Westinghouse recruiter
when he visits your campus, or
write Luke Noggle, Westinghouse
Education Center, Pittsburgh, Penn-
sylvania 15221.

An equal opportunity employer

You can be sure if it's Westinghouse

Ml hat's a down-to-earth

outfit like us
doing way out here?

For a company with a name like International Harvester we're pretty far out. Right now we're making antennae for space-
craft, and we're developing an intricate communications plant to be left on the moon by the Apollo astronauts. We're
already producing gas turbines— and an ingenious jet aircraft ducting system that makes possible takeoffs and landings in
about the space between the chicken coop and the farmhouse. We're also leaders in motor trucks, farm equipment, con-
struction equipment— three vital fields for tomorrow. Now our broad exploration of power is leading us in many other exciting
directions. All of them spell more opportunity for you. Get more details at your College Placement Office. How about soon?

■I International Harvester puts power in your hands

CAPACITORS • CERAMICS • CIRCUITRY • CLAD METALS

AIRWAYS CONTROL • ALLOYING • AUTOMATION • AVIONIC SWITCHING • BONDED METALS --„„.,„„, o rovnrcMirc . f-nv^TOl

.COMMUNICATIONS • COMPONENTS • COMPUTER ELEMENTS & PROGRAMMING . CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS • CONTROLS * CRVO^ENICS •CRYSTAL
GROWTH rCHARACTERISTICS • CYBERNETICS • DATA RECORDING • DEVICE DEVELOPMENT . DIELECTRICS . DIFFUSION • DJOpES' ELASTIC WAVE
PrS^AGAt%n. ELECTROCHEMISTRY . ELECTROLUMINESCENCE . ELECTROMECHANICAL PACKAGmG.ELECTROMECHANICS. ELECTRO 'l',['^f°,

THERMICS . ELECTRON PHYSICS . ENERGY CONVERSION • ENVIRONMENTAL S. QUALIFICATION TESTING • FERROMAGNETICS * ^GEODETIC SURVtYb •
rFOMAGNETICS. GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION . GEOSCIENCES • GLASS TECHNOLOGY • GRAVIMETRY • HOLOGRAPHY • INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
"°IN RAR"i"pHEN0"Er^' 'iNSTRUMENTATiSn • INTEGRATED CIRCUITS • INTEGRATED EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS ' '^/ERCOMMUNICAT,o.S . U ER
PHENOMENA . MAGNETIC DETECTION . MECHANIZATION . METALLURGY . METER MOVEMENTS .MICROWAVES • "'SmE ELECTRONICS • NAVIGATION
ELECTRONICS • NUCLEAR FUEL ELEMENTS • OCEANOGRAPHY • OPERATIONS RESEARCH & ANALYSIS • OPTICS • PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES •PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY . PHYSICS .PIEZOELECTRICS . PLASMA THEORY . PLATING • QUALITY CONTROL • QUANTUM ELECTRO_NIC_S , • RADAR • RARE EARTHS
RECONNAISSANCE • RECTIFIERS . REFRACTORY MATERIALS « RELIABILITY • RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT • RESISTORS
• SOLAR CELLS • SOLID STATE DEVICES • SOLID STATE DIFFUSION . SONAR • SOUND PROPAGATION
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS • TELEMETRY • THERMOELECTRICITY •

People
dorit just work

at
Texas Instruments

They make a career out of it.

It's true. People do make a
career out of Texas Instruments.
And we plan it that way.

You may be saying to yourself,
"That's fine, but can TI keep grow-
ing at a rate that will oflFer me the
same opportunities?"

Our answer is yes.

Yes, because we have set a new
growth goal — to become a $3-bil-
lion company in the next decade.

Yes, because one of our impor-
tant management responsibilities

is to conduct the business in such
a way that you retain your individ-
uality and can relate your own per-
sonal goals to those otthe company.

And finally, yes, because you'll
find TI a different kind of com-
pany. Different in management
philosophy. Different in organiza-
tional structure. Different in the
way we seek and do business.

Then, if you like what you read,
we hope you'll fill out the resume
attached to the last page and mail

it to us. We welcome the oppor-
tunity to give you a comprehensive
look at Texas Instruments and what
we have to offer.

Continuing planned growth in
Research & Development, Mate-
rials, Components, Equipments and
Systems, and Services.

Texas Instruments

1 \C ORPOR ATED

Good old Osberi. We like his style.

And you, too, ought to be thinking career. Read our booklet, "Careers with
Bethlehem Steel and the Loop Course." It's one of the few books on your required
reading list that you won't have to pay for. You can pick up a copy at your
placement office, or get one by writing to Manager of Personnel,
Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pa. 18016.

An equal opportunity etnployer in the Plans for Progress Program

BETHLEHEM STEEL

bethbehem

STEEL

why engineering students graduate to Lockheed, progress is a matter of

degrees. But, that's only the beginning. At Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, we're working on wideworld...
otherworld . . . upperworld . . . and subworld projects. D We're pretty high on space . . . we've got Agena to prove it.
And, when it comes to ballistic missiles, Polaris and Poseidon show an arc of triumph. We think deeply, too...
consider our deep submergence vehicles, for example. And, just to show you our feet are solidly on the ground,
we're working on advanced land vehicles. Information? Business, government and industry get it out of our
systems. D For more information write to: Mr. R. C. Birdsall, Professional Placement Manager, P.O. Box 504,
Sunnyvale, California 94088. Lockheed is an equal opportunity employer. LOC K. H k

MISSILES S. SPACE COMPANY

Here's what we mean

when we say,

"Ryein is a better

place to work."

T 'W^ '-^^JW^

We mean that a company made
up of men who taught themselves to
fly straight up, while others said it
couldn't be done, is the sort of place
that puts no strings on a man's imag-
ination. Or barriers in the way of
way-out thinking. For over twenty
years Ryan has been amassing an
unmatched fund of technology in
vertical and short take off and land-
ing (V/STOL) aircraft. The list of ac-
complishments is long: Dragonfly,
1940 Vertijet, 1957.Vertiplane, 1959.
The present day XC-142A tilt-wing
and the XV-5A Vertifan. Ryan prod-
ucts can fly straight up. So can the
men who work there.

We mean that a company with a
strong and capable management—
whose business success has led to
majority ownership of large related
companies — is the kind of concern
that can match challenges with per-
manent opportunities. Ryan Aero-
nautical is majority owner of Conti-
nental Motors Corporation and its
subsidiaries, suppliers of primary
power for both piston and jet air-
craft and agricultural, military, ma-
rine and industrial equipment. There
is nothing provincial about Ryan. In-
cluding subsidiaries, it operates 16
manufacturing facilities in the USA
and Canada.

R V A N

An equal opportunity employer.

DECEMBER 1967
Vol. 83; No. 3

TECHNOGRAPH

XECUTIVE BOARD

obert Jones . .

Editor

Ian Halpern

.\ssociate Editor

ex Hinkle . .

Business Manager

3m Brown . .

Managing Editor

iwrenee Heyda

. Production Manager

)hn Serson

.... Photographer

lul Klein ....

Circulation Manager

ar> Sobol . . .

. Circulation Manager

■ff Kurtz . . .

Engr. Council Repr.

j)hn Bourgoin

.... Copy Editor

|jry Slutsky . . .

.Eng. Campus Editor

TUDENT ENGINEERING
lAGAZINE
NIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

hairman: Harold J. Schwebke, Uni-
;r5ii\ of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-
n, and United States Student Press
ssociation. 2117 S. Street, N. W .,
.a^hl^gton, D. C.

ublished seven times during the year
Dciober, November. December, Jan-
ar\ . February, March, and .\pril ).
'ftice 248 Electrical Engineering
uildmg, Urbana, Illinois.

ubscriplions S2.50 per year. Single
Dpies 40 cents. .Advertising Represent-
;i\e — Littell -Murray- Bamhill, Inc.,
?7 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago
1. Illinois; 360 Lexington .Avenue,
leu ^ ork 17, New York.

op\ right, 1967. by the lllini Publishing
ompany. Champaign, Illinois.

ntered as Second Class matter, October
3, 1920, at the Post Office at Urbana,
linois, under the Act of March 3,

879.

ARTICLES

16 MODERN SCIENCE AND CHRISTIAN BELIEF

Can miracles occur? Jim Moore discusses the religious problem of
science and the supernatural in the context of contemporary scientific
knowledge.

22 MEASUREMENT AND METRIC

George Conway explains the need and source for measurement
standards.

28 ENGINEERING A NEW DIMENSION

Mickey Mindock discusses the purpose of the National .Academy of
Engineers.

34 G. E. OFFERS LAW COURSES

In an interview with Professor Paul Karlstrom. Larry Dittmer inquires
about law courses for engineers.

FEATURES

8 EDITORIAL

36 ENGINEERING CAMPUS

\\FR\GE CIRCULATION— 5400;
endors— 50, Mail — 1250, Total paid
-l.'OO; Free distribution — 4000

editorial

As one begins asking students and faculty what they think of our advising
programs, it quickly becomes apparent that few are satisfied. Certain faculty feel
the problem is that students do not have sufficient initiative to help themselves
by consulting their advisors more often. In the words of Professor Edward Ernst
of the E. E. Department in a letter to Technograph last spring, "We need to
communicate to our students that if they utilize the services of their advisor,
they will be able to enjoy a more rewarding educational experience." To many
students such an invitation appears shallow. Advising often seems to be confined
to preregistration periods and has come to mean instructions on how to fill out
their #2 IBM card.

Several advisors have given students the impression that advising is really a
burden placed upon them by their department, and unless the student has a
really serious problem, they would appreciate not being bothered. Ideally, advisors
and advisees should meet even when students do not have overwhelming problems.

It was quite discouraging to find that with all the college-wide committees in
Engineering, we do not have a committee to study the tremendous problems of
advising. Surely, some departments do have groups that occasionally measure the
success of their advising programs, but student dissatisfaction implies they have
failed. It is time for the College's administration, rather than the individual
departments, to take a long hard look into this issue.

Technograph strongly recommends that the College appoint someone to investi-
gate all aspects of our advisory system. Furthermore, it is our feeling that for
such an effort to be most effective, the person appointed to head the inquiry
should be someone not presently connected with the College. We think he must
be a person who can be entirely objective and who will not hesitate to issue
criticism when and where it is needed. Right now the College of Engineering at
The Ohio State University has a graduate psychology student working on their
advising problems. If our College could find a similar individual who has some
understanding of the particular problems associated with undergraduate education,
we would have our man.

The students who have been discussing this problem are impatient. They would
like to see the advisory system overhauled as quickly as possible, either through
the institution of the above proposal or the implementation of a better one from
the Dean's Office.

8 TECHNOGRAPH December, 1967

December, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 9

If you want a career with the only
big computer company that makes
retail data systems complete
from sales registers to computers,
where would you go?

Guess again.

It's NCR, and this is not the only surprise you may get if
you take a closer lool< at NCR.

We're a company alive with new ideas, research, de-
velopment. A year never passes without NCR increasing its
investment in research. We have hundreds of engineers,
chemists, and physicists exploring their own ideas for the
company that's willing to wait and let them do it.

Take a closer look and you'll see that NCR makes com-
puters, electronic accounting systems, highly sophisticated
solid-state communications systems for space and defense
applications, and you'll see that even our good old cash reg-
isters have become advanced information machines for
businessmen.

In a list of "emerging ideas of 1966," Business Manage-
ment magazine credits NCR with two out of seven: pioneer-
ing in laser technology for recording data, and development
of our new PCMl microform system that puts the Bible on
a projector slide.

When you start looking, look closely at NCR. NCR can sur-
prise you; maybe you have some surprises for us. Write to
T. F. Wade, Executive and Professional Placement, NCR,
Dayton, Ohio 45409.

NCR

An Equal Opportunity Employer.

Get, oar career wo^fing

silicon devices. New r ^^^^^ „,

P-^-^^---rsro:eweople.ElecUical

Suur9is..PhvsicalChe..ts.

ChaUenge-bene?>s-sa r ^^^j^g

tind'emallatDelcoGeVO^^^ ,^

,ow> Get together w.hn-^^

DWision of General Motors,
Kokomo, Indiana

punier -'^^

SATELLITE TRACKING SYSTEMS

EARTH STATIONS FOR COMSAT

RARE EARTH PHOSPHORS

VIDEOTELEPHONES

MICROWAVE CARRIER SYSTEMS

COLOR TELEVISION

LASER RESEARCH

CABLE TELEVISION

ELECTRONIC SWITCHING EQUIPMENT

FLASHCUBES

MISSILE TRACKING SYSTEMS

ENERGY STORAGE

BLACKBOARD BY WIRE TEACHING SYSTEMS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

INCANDESCENT AND FLUORESCENT LAMPS

SEMICONDUCTORS

ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES

TELEVISION PICTURE TUBES

RECEIVING TUBES

ELECTRONIC SHIELDS

MISSILE LAUNCH CONTROL SYSTEMS

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

AIRPORT LIGHTING

And you still call us a phone company?

We really don't mind.

After all, it wasn't that long ago that we were just in the telephone business. But
now, because we're involved in so much more, we need bright college graduates
with practically any kind of degree, whether it's in Engineering or Commerce.

Ask your placement director about us. The misunderstood phone company at
730 3rd Avenue, N.Y. 10017.

General Telephone & Electronics

SYLVANIA ELECTRIC PRODUCTS ■ LENKURT ELECTRIC • AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC CO. ■ TELEPHONE COMPANIES
IN 33 STATES • GENERAL TELEPHONE DIRECTORY CO ■ GT&E LABORATORIES • GT&E INTERNATIONAL

Galliano Orfei

Chairman of the Board

Orfei and Sons, Inc.

St. Paul, Minnesota />■

rKz^y^m^'

s—nj-

-L_J

"We found by actual experience
that Dickey's urethane joint is tops."

That's what Galliano Orfei said when asked about
the various materials used for pipe joints. He also
said, "When you listen to everybody's story, it's
hard to know why a sewer pipe joint made of one
particular material is better than another.

"But the thing that sold me on urethane is that it
retains its compression. I know from experience
that any other material just won't do this.

"I also know that joints under constant compression
assure sewers that will remain tight. This means a
lot to a community because sewage treatment costs
are rising and any ground water that enters the line
has to be treated, too. This just makes treatment
costs that much higher."

Mr. Orfei's reaction to the Dickey urethane Coupling
is typical of thousands of others. In addition to the

If it's made of clay it's good . . .

superior compression characteristics, this urethane
Coupling offers many other advantages. High load-
bearing capacity . . . resilient hardness stability . . .
sustained flexibility . . . immunity to cold flow . . .
resistance to the acids, alkalis, sewer gas and indus-
trial wastes normally found in sewers.

There's no question about it . . . urethane is un-
equaled for sewer pipe joints. That's why it's used
exclusively for the Dickey Coupling.

X^^JI^Ca aT sanitary glazed clay pipe
W. S. DICKEY CLAY MFG. CO.

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA • FT. DODGE. IOWA . KANSAS CITY.
MISSOURI • MERIDIAN, MISSISSIPPI • ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI
SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS • TEXARKANA, TEXAS-ARKANSAS

if it's made by Dickey it's better

BUT A REED, THE WEAKEST IN NATURE,
BUT HE IS A THINKING REED."

-Blaise Pascal, Pensees (1670)

What was true to Pascal, 297
years ago, is true today.

Westvaco is searching for think-
ing men. Men with engineering
and scientific degrees at all levels.

All we ask is one thing: You
know how to think through prob-
lems. Problems like these:

Exploit the coherence of a laser
and its concentrated power prop-
erties.

Determine the constrained-
maximum of one of five outputs
connected non-linearly to ten var-

iable inputs which are intercon-
nected at random, adapt it to a
real-time computer control of a
paper machine system — and then
specify, design, install, and run
the computer/ machine complex.

And many more. Because paper
manufacturing is dynamic busi-
ness with big challenges.

Westvaco is a large, diversified
manufacturer of paper, packag-
ing and chemicals, offering op-
portunities nationwide and
abroad.

ff West Virginia
ITI Pulp and Paper

Model of TIROS M—an RCA second generation nudtiscnsnr, earth-
staJiilizcd spacecraft. The primary meteorological mission for the
TIROS yi system is to provide a condnmition of the daylipht cloud-
cocer missions of the two types of TOS (TIROS Operational System)
spacecraft and, in addition, to provide a nipht-time cloud-cover-
obsercation capability for both real time and global data.

RCA in Aerospace and Defense

The most significant benefit to mankind from meteoro-
logical satellites has been the dramatic impro\ement
in the dail\' observation of the earth's weather sys-
tems. With earth-orbiting satellites, the weather o\er
the entire earth is viewed daily. The more than 30
spacecraft and major systems built by RCA have
accumulated a total of nearly 20 years in outer space.
You will find in this one area alone— Aerospace and
Defense— RC.\ has set standards of engineering excel-
lence that are second to none.

We are looking for EE, ME and IE graduates for
positions in the Corporate Programs including Design
and Development, Manufacturing, Purchasing. Oper-
ations Research, Finance and Management Informa-
tion Systems.

\\'e welcome the opportunit>' to review your per-
sonal interests and career objectives, and show you
how RCA can further your individual development

and growth in many fields, such as: Home Entertain-
ment Products, Communications, Solid-State Devices,
Computers. Control S\stems, Radar. Weather and
Communications Satellites, Broadcast Studio Equip-
ment, Conversion. Receiver and Power Tubes, Laser
and Electro-Optic Devices. Microwave Systems, Med-
ical Electronics, Graphic S\ stems, etc.

See \our college placement director, or write to
College Relations, Radio Corporation of .America,
Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08101.

All Equal Opportunity Employer

The Most Trusted Name in Electronics

CHRISTIANITY

vs. SCIENCE

Part 1.

TECHNOGRAPH

MODERN SCIENCE AND CHRISTIAN BELIEFS
I. Miracles

This article is the first of a series by Jim Moore
discussing the relationship between modern science and religion.

One invariably jars the emotional status quo of a scientific or religious
community when discussing the traditional warfare between science and
theology. 1 Whether you are disinterested or doctrinaire, permit me therefore
to engender a bit of controversy by presenting the front line action in what
has been an intriguing and variegated battle of wits between secular scientists
and Christian theologians. This month I wish to discuss the conflict over the
miraculous element in Christianity. ^ The point in dispute can be put in six
Anglo-Saxon syllables: Can miracles occur? Later, the implications of the
answer to this question will be explored.

It is best initially to consider several examples of antisupernatural argument.
James Harvey Johnson of the Thinkers Club begins the polemic.

Religious beliefs are against common sense. There is no
god, just because priests say so. There are no angels,
devils, heavens, hells, ghosts, witches, nor miracles. These
superstitious beliefs are promoted for the purpose of making
the gullible believe that by paying money to the priest
class they will be favored by one of the gods. There is
nothing supernatural — nothing contrary to natural law. 3

If you are even slightly perceptive you have already determined that the
title of Johnson's organization is a misnomer. Common sense arguments
carry no philosophical-scientific weight in that they are wholly uncritical.
Moreover his crass indictment of organized religion reveals his baleful ignor-
ance of historic religious convictions and the psychology of religious belief.
Hence we turn to fairer intellectual climes in the writing of A. J. Carlson,
Nobel prize-winning geneticist and humanist pamphleteer.

By supernatural we understand information, theories, be-
liefs and practices claiming origins other than verifiable
experience and thinking, or events contrary to known
processes in nature, .. .contrary to facts now known, or
rendered untenable, as possibilities, by known facts...
science and miracles are incompatible. *

December, 1967

This is indeed a plausible statement by a famous
scientist. It merits consideration together with the view
of eminent New Testament scholar, Rudolf Bultmann.

The whole conception of the world which is presupposed
in the preaching of Jesus as in the New Testament gener-
all> is ni>lhological; . . . the conception of the intervention
of supernatural powers in the course of events; and the
conception of miracles, ... This conception of the world
we call mythological because it is different from the con-
ception of the world which has been formed and developed
bv science ... modern science does not believe that the
course of nature can be interrupted or, so to speak, per-
forated by supernatural powers. =

Here, surprisingly enough, we find a humanist and a
Christian in agreement on an issue so often in debate
between their respective schools of thought. Howe\er
Bultmann does not hold the historic Christian conviction
regarding miracles and consequently we should expect
this concurrence. (The fact that Bultmannian views have
become popular in contemporary theology may account
for a recent de-escalation in the warfare of science with
Christian theology.)

Together with the simple pejorative and influentially
eminent views on the miraculous we must also consider
David Hume's classic philosophical argument which
constitutes the backbone of most arguments against
miracles.

Now of course we must agree with Hume that if there is
absolutely "uniform experience" against miracles, if in
other words they have never happened, why then they
never have. I'nfortunately, we know the experience against
them to be uniform only if we know that all the reports
of them are false. And we can know all the reports of
them to be false only if we know already that miracles
have never occurred. In fact, we are arguing in a circle.^

Alternatively it must be observed that the assumption
of a rigid system of natural law is tantamount to
denying the possibility of miracles. Indeed, Hume
tacitly assumed what he attempted to prove.

So much for circularity. The argument cannot be
informative but may we not admit the existence of an
immutable system of naturaWaw?

Men of the Newtonian epoch viewed the universe as
a closed playing field in which scientists knew all the
rules. Natural law was seen to be a structure latent in
the universe which was being progressively uncovered.
When exposed and mathematically formulated, this law
allegedly enabled scientists and philosophers to prescribe
what could and what could not happen. * "For, once
the main reasoning of classical physics had been ac-
cepted as the a priori of physical investigations, the
belief arose, through an obvious though false extrapola-
tion that it was absolute, i.e. valid for all time, and
could neverbe modified as a result of new experiences."^

A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature; and as a
firm and unalterable experience has established these laws,
the proof against a miracle, from the very nature of the
fact, is as entire as any argument from experience can
possibly be imagined . . . Nothing is esteemed a miracle if it
ever happens in the common course of nature. It is no
miracle that a man, seemingly in good health, should die
on a sudden; .. .But it is a miracle that a dead man
should come to life; because that has never been observed
in any age or country. There must, therefore, be a uniform
experience against every miraculous event, otherwise the
event would not merit that appellation, li

Finally we have a succinct, unequivocal repudiation of
miracles which combines the preceding views and lends
them the intellectual weight of a renowned philosopher
and analyst.

What have we disco\ered in these statements? We
have learned that nothing occurs contrary to the "known
processes." the "course," or the "laws" of nature
because "firm and unalterable experience has established
these laws." That is, an immutable a priori causal
scheme has delimited the phenomena of the universe
by barring events which have never been observed to
happen. In fact, according to Hume (whose argument
we may take as representative), a miracle is any event
which does not occurl

Is there a cogent reply to this position? C. S. Lewis
offers us one example.

"God is dead . . . He just enrolled in Engineering . . ."
December, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 17

However with the advent of the Einsteinian era scien-
tists were confronted with the vicissitudes of so-called
natural law in an uncharted and unobstructed universe.
J. W. Sullivan makes this point in extenso in his book,
The Limitations of Science.

What is called the modern "revolution In science" consists
in the fact that the Newtonian outlook which dominated
the scientific world for nearly two hundred years, has been
found insufficient. It is in process of being replaced by a
different outlook, and, although the reconstruction is by
no means complete, it is already apparent that the philo-
sophical implications of the new outlook are very different
from those of the old one. '"

Today scientists admit that no one knows enough about
"natural law" to say that any event is necessarily a
violation of it. They agree that an individual's non-
statistical sample of time and space is hardly sufficient
ground on which to base immutable generalizations con-
cerning the nature of the entire universe. Today, what
we commonly term "natural law" is in reality our
inductive descriptions of natural phenomena. These
theories of varying certainty must continually be brought
before the bar of the facts which they are alleged to
describe. "

Can miracles occur? The key to the answer is the very
experience which Hume (falsely) maintained was uni-
form and absolute. There is no a priori method of de-
termining whether miracles have occurred. Rather, the
way to determine that anything happens is to investigate
specific, alleged events in their own right. Observation
is of the essence of scientific method and the collective
experiences and investigations of mankind must be de-
cisive both in validating scientific theories and in
verifying the occurrence of miracles.

Certainly miracles could (and may) occur if they have
occurred. Determining whether miracles have occurred
is the duty of historical investigation rather than philo-
sophical speculation.

FOOTNOTES

' Detailed information is available in A. D. White's monu-
mental work, A History of the Warfare of Science with
Theology. 2 volumes. New York; Dover Publications, Inc.,
1960.

^ It would be impossible here to consider the question of the
miraculous in all religions and cults. However the principles
to be set forth are general and apply to all miracle claims.
For a thorough treatment of alleged miracles throughout the
history of Christianity, see Warfield's work Miracles Yesterday
and Today (formerly Counterfeit Miracles) Grand Rapids,
Mich.: Wrn. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1965.

■^ "Religion Is a Gigantic Fraud" published by The Thinkers
Club, Bo,\ 2832, Dept. RG, San Diego 12, California.

■* "Science and the Supernatural" published by The American
Humanist Association.

5 Rudolf Bultmann, Jesus Christ and Mythology (New York;
Scnbner's, 1958), p. '15.

<' David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

(LaSalle, Illinois; The Open Court Press, 1958), pp. 126-127.
The remainder of Hume's argument should be carefully read.
This quotation is sufficient to indicate his dubious premises.

^ C. S. Lewis, Miracles (New York; MacMillian Paperbacks,
1947), p. 105.

^ Edwin A. Burtt, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern
Science (Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Books,
1954), pp. 297-299.

^ Werner Heisenberg, Philosophic Problems of Nuclear Science

(Greenwich, Conn.; Fawcett Premier Books, 1966), p. 24.
This is an excerpt from a lecture originally published in
Naturwissenschaften 1934, 22 Jahrg., Heft 40.

'0 J. W. N. Sullivan, The Limitations of Science (New York:
Mentor Books, 1963), p. 138. For an excellent, semi-technical
survey of the implications of research in modern theoretical
physics, see the published lectures given at Oxford University
in Trinity Term 1958 and reprinted as Turning Points in
Physics New York; Harper Torchbooks, 1961.

Max Black, Critical Thinking (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965), pp. 303-304.

Jim Moore is a senior in Elec-
trical Engineering. He will
attend Trinity Evangelical
Divinity School, Deerfield,
Illinois, in the fall of 1968.

18 TECHNOGRAPH December, 1967

IT ONLY TAKES A YEAR TO KNOW IF YOU CAN MAKE IT WITH THE BELL SYSTEM

The day you come to work for us, you are given a job you
might think your boss should do. And we'll give you a year
to prove, in action, that you're management material.

As an engineer you'll have a chance to solve difficult
technical problems and show how the results could affect
the entire company. Or as a manager you'll take charge
of a group of experienced telephone people.

Your boss will be there. To counsel you when you ask.

■ But, even more importantly, to gear your assignments to

'your talents. So you can advance as quickly as possible

' into projects that further stretch your ability . . . and your

imagination.

It's a tough assignment, but you'll find out where you
stand within a year.

Like to be one of the college graduates we challenge
this year?

Be sure to make an appointment with your Bell System
recruiting representative when he visits your campus.
Or write:

Personnel Manager, College Employment
American Telephone & Telegraph Company, 195 Broadway
Room 2116A, New York, N.Y. 10007.

Positions are available throughout the U.S.
Please include your geographic preference.

®AT&T

Some say we specialize in power. . .
power for propulsion . . . power for
auxiliary systems . . . power for aircraft,
missiies and space vehicles . . . power for
marine and industrial applications . . .

they're right. And wrong.

It might be said, instead, that we specialize in people, for
we believe that people are a most
important reason for our company's success. We act
on that belief.

You could be one of the reasons for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's
success ... if you have a B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. in:
MECHANICAL • AERONAUTICAL • ELECTRICAL
. CHEMICAL • CIVIL • MARINE • INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING • PHYSICS • CHEMISTRY • METALLURGY
. CERAMICS • MATHEMATICS • STATISTICS
. COMPUTER SCIENCE • ENGINEERING SCIENCE
• ENGINEERING MECHANICS.

Pratt & Whitney Rircraft

CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS EAST HARTFORD. CONNECTICUT

DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP.

AIRCF

An Equal Opportunity Employe

MEASUREMENT

and METRIC

George Conway is a sopho-
more in General Engineering.
He is a member of Delta Phi
Fraternity and is a member
of the Illinois fencing team.

When the cave man crawled out into the sun, he
looked at its position to tell the time of day. He
measured something. Man has always been measuring
the world around him. Today, man is not satisfied with
the sun as the measure of time or a human thumb as
the unit of length. He must have precise control over
measurements if the industrial empire is to survive.

When man first started to build machines and con-
struct buildings, he did not need elaborate standards to
provide a workable sawmill or a wooden, one-room
house. His buildings were crude and simple, and his
tools and materials were rough and probably hand-
produced. Now, things have changed; the measuring
system no longer deals with the clearance of a water-
wheel and its supports or a door and its frame. It
must now calculate and produce the hairline fits between
a gyroscope and its mountings. It must measure the
exact second in which a planet is a minimum distance
away from earth. The accuracy of every type of mea-
surement, from foot to amperes, has increased and must
continue increasing.

The need for this increased accuracy is a by-product
of the complex interplay between industries and nations.
In the past, different countries have had the same name
for a unit although the units were not equivalent. Little
confusion existed because most products were hand-
made by one person, and he could regulate his own
tolerances and control his own lengths however he
fancied. Today, the process of mass production has put

by George Conway

great demands on the measurement system of every
nation. When several companies make parts for one
machine they all must fit perfectly in order to have a
working product. The space industry alone requires
measuring devices of the utmost accuracy. The guiding
rockets for the space craft must be fired with a specific
thrust for a time which is measured in fractions of a
second. Each one of these measurements requires count-
less previous ones with even closer limits.

Ahhough it is almost unnoticed by people who have
little connection with industry and commerce, measure-
ment has been shown to be of great importance. Men
who must produce and design the complex machinery,
buildings, and bridges in modem society must recognize
this importance. Engineers are constantly plagued with
tolerances and clearances. Chemists are worried over
weights and times of reactions. Physicists are concerned
with forces and sensitive electrical apparatus. Business-
men are seeking the most profit with the best quality.
All of these designs and problems depend on measure-
ments.

Recognizing that measurements are a necessary part
of an industrial society, who determines the standards
of measurement? The usefulness of national and inter-
national standards bureaus becomes apparent. The
agency which American businessmen and industrial
leaders are most interested in is the National Bureau of
Standards. This Federal agency is not so much con-
cerned with regulation of which system a business uses
as it is concerned with the accuracy of the standards of
that system. The Bureau's main function is to see that
the standardization system of the nation is performing
what it was set up to do, that is, helping the American
industrial community. In serving the measuring needs
of industry and research, it provides them with actual
instruments or with the means of producing instruments
which will provide accurate measurements. To insure
that standards are complied with, the Bureau also
checks products to see if they meet specifications.

Along with the calibration of industrial standards to
national standards, the Bureau is constantly striving to
provide betterstandardsof its own. Such better standards
are affected less by temperature, humidity, and other
factors than the older ones. The platinum bar was an

22 TECHNOGRAPH December, 1967

excellent length standard for its time, but lengths a
thousand times more accurate now are needed for day-
to-day activities. The new length standard is the wave
length of the krypton-86 lamp kept at 346 degrees below
zero. The significance of the lamp is that firms can
produce their own apparatus for setting up their own
length measurements. This provides quicker, more effi-
cient use of industries' time and money and insures an
accurate product. Other reproducible standards, such as
the cesium clock, are also available to those who wish
to use them. Although such devices require minor
periodic checks, they enable research and development
to be self-reliant in conforming to a national standard.

The National Bureau of Standards provides the nation
with a common set of standards for every type of
measuring. Research could not progress nearly as fast
if the standards it used were not uniform and accurate.
Industry would find parts that did not fit or machines
that would not work if it were not for a set of stan-
dards. Even though the National Bureau of Standards
does not produce anything, research and industry could
not survive without it.

The National Bureau of Standards works well for the
United Stales, but it is only part of the international
system of measurement control. The recognized inter-
national authority on weights and measures is the Inter-
national Organization of Weights and Measures. This
organization has the power to define the units of mea-

16^^

j9>"-ft";I»'-?

AA/S.

Wo Jones, a 'silly millimeter' longer is not right!

surements and to supervise the standardization of these
measurements. The organization, founded in Paris in
1875, recognizes only the metric system. However, the
United States is a member of the International Organi-
zation because in 1893 the United States began defining
its measurements in terms of the metric system.

Another standardization agency is the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its primary
purpose is to promote the development of industrial,
commercial, engineering, and safety standards. There
are fifty-one nations, including the United States, in the
ISO. The organization mainly examines and proposes
new standards for member nations. The nations are in
no way bound to the directives of the ISO but its
recommendations are given much attention.

As otie looks at these international organizations, it
soon becomes evident that the basic measuring system
is the metric system. Even the countries that are not
on the metric system define their units in terms of
metric units. One may wonder why the metric system is
becoming the dominant measuring system or if it is
really that much better.

Indeed these questions are difficult to answer. One
system is probably no better than another as long as it
can be applied to the situation. But, there are some
advantages which, while they are not of the greatest
importance, do make the metric system easier to handle.
Since the United States uses decimal numbering, it
seems foolish not to have its measuring system deci-
malized. It is also much easier to compare length,
volume, and weight when they have a direct relationship
to each other as in the metric system. Finally, and
most important, the basic unit of length of the metric
system is taken from an unchanging physical standard,
the earth.

Since the founding of the metric system in 1791,
eighty-two nations have adopted it. The table shows the
countries using the metric system and when they adopted
it. It is apparent that the system was not accepted by
many people until almost one hundred years after it was
conceived. Nevertheless, most of the major nations in
the world now use the metric system. The only two big
countries that do not are the United States and Great
Britain, and that situation is being changed.

1975 is the English target date for complete change-
over to the metric system. However, little action has
been taken by the English yet. When the change in
systems comes, manufacturing and commercial industries
will be most affected. Consequently, industry is leading
the small progress which is being made. Industry is
giving its operators charts which use both the metric
and English standards to familiarize them with the
units. The construction industry is slowly changing its

December, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 23

THE 82 NATIONS OF THE WORLD
THAT HAVE ADOPTED
THE METRIC SYSTEM

Laos

Viet Nam

Saudi Arabia

Ethiopia

Japan

Greece

India

Sudan

■ can Republic

Jordan

China (Taiwan)

Egypt

Albania

Korea

China (Mainland)

Iraq

Indonesia

Thailand

Syria

Lebanon

Turkey

Iran

Russia

Libya

Afghanistan

Morocco

Lithuania

Haiti

Estonia

Malta

Latvia

Poland

nnan-

Phil

lippmes

Panama

Venezuela

Cambodia

El Salvador

Nicaragua

Honduras

Guatemala

Denmark

Costa Rica

Congo

San Marino

Iceland

Paraguay

Mexico

Tunisia

Uruguay

Finland

Bulgaria

Sweden

Argentina

Romania

Yugoslavia

Norway

Cuba

Seychelles

Switzerland

Liechtenstein

Hungary

Czechoslovakia

Austria

Brazil

Germany

Ecuador

Spain

Peru

Bolivia

Chile

Italy

Monaco

Colombia

Portugal

Algeria

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Belgium

France

24 TECHNOGRAPH December, 1967

plans and specifications to the metric system. Education
of the people about the metric system must also be
carried to the schools. The problem is that textbooks
have yet to be revised. One of the big problems will be
with fasteners and threads. Industry must either change
the sizes of the threads and fasteners or use the same
ones with odd metric sizes. No one looks forward to
either prospect.

As yet, England has not passed any laws declaring
when the use of the metric system will be mandatory.
Without these and other laws regulating the use of the
metric system, the change-over may take much longer
than the 1975 target date.

Someday the entire world will be on one system.
International trade will be conducted much more effi-
ciently, and research will be more easily transmitted

from one country to another. Industry will expand to
better plant sites without fear of problems in double
standards. The metric system will probably be the sys-
tem because it does possess a few advantages, including
the greatest popularity today.

The term measurement has many different meanings
to different people. It may mean the size of a can of
vegetables or the distance to the nearest town. It may
also mean the clearance of a bridge or the balancing of
a rocket in space. Every person has some connection
with the measuring system, either through direct control
or everyday use. Measuring systems are the mark of a
civilization; the degree of accuracy and use of the sys-
tem is a measure of the level of the society. Without
measurement, the world of today with all its modern
conveniences could never have been produced.

' ,^EYl>A

December, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 25

Doesn't it seem like yesterday when you took everything in the house apart.
First the toy cars and trucks . . . then your electric train . . . finally moms
toaster. You caught it for that, but you found out how everything worked,
and later why.

At Teletype we're looking for answers too — on a bigger scale, and we
need bright young engineers to help us find those answers. As one of the
nation's largest manufacturers of message and data communications equip-
ment and a member of
the Bell System, we need
the kind of minds that
can take apart a problem
and find the answer to
tomorrow's equipment.

If you're an Electri-
cal. Mechanical. Indus-
trial. Chemical or Metal-
lurgical Engineer with a
need to find the answer — we need you. Talk to your Bell System recruiter
when he visits your campus, or write for more information to:

REMEMBER
WHEN?

TELETYPE

machines that make data move

TELETYPE CORPORATION

College Relations Department A47

5555 W. Touhy Avenue • Skokie. Illinois 60076

An Equal Opportunity Employer

There is a growing need for nonferrous metals.
To grow with it, contact Anaconda.

Robert Lindsay (BSME, U. of Kansas '64) is quality
control supervisor of Anaconda Aluminum Com-
pany's plant in Louisville, Ky.

Joel Kocen (BS Commerce, Wash. & Lee '59; LLB,
Wash. & Lee '61) left, is senior tax analyst at
Nev; York headquarters of Anaconda.

David Madalozzo (BSEE, Bradley '61) is plant en-
gineer of the new Anaconda Wire and Cable Com-
pany mill in Tarboro, N.C.

^Alvin Cassidy (BA Econ., Bellarmine '54; MBA,
U. of Louisville '59) is director of financial planning
of Anaconda Aluminum Company, Louisville, Ky.

Robert Zwolinsl(i (BSME, Rutgers '57) is chief
mechanical engineer with Anaconda Wire and
Cable Company, New Yorl(.

Willard Chamberlain (BE Metal. Eng., Yale '53) is
manager of Anaconda American Brass Company's
Valley Mills, Waterbury and Ansonia, Conn.

Robert Ingersoll (BS Geol., Montana Tech. '51
MS Geol., Montana Tech. '64) right, is senior geol
ogist, Anaconda's mining operations, Butte. Mont

Thomas Tone (BS Mining, U. of Arizona '62) is
foreman of the furnace dept. at the electrolytic
copper refinery in Perth Amboy, N.J.

Richard Symonds (BS Metal., U. of Nevada '57) is
superintendent of the lead plant at Anaconda's
smelter in Tooete, Utah

Jay Bonnar (BS Met., M.I.T. '57; MS Ind. Mgmt,
M.I.T. '62) left, is research administrator of
Anaconda American Brass Company's research
and technical center, Waterbury. Conn.

Wilson McCurry (BSc, Arizona State 64) is an
assistant geologist in Anaconda's new mines
dept , currently working on development of the
Twin Buttes mine near Tucson, Ariz

Terrence McNulty (BS Chem., Stanford '61; MS
Metal , Montana Tech '63, DSc Metal., Col. School
of Mines '65) is senior research engineer, extrac-
tive metallurgical research, Tucson, Ariz.

Anaconda American Brass Co., Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., Anaconda Aluminum Co.

For information about your opportunity at Anaconda, write:
Director of Personnel, The Anaconda Co., 25 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10004. Equal opportunity employer. "122

ENGINEERING

Today's engineers are beginning to realize that there
is a new dimension to engineering problems. Gordon
Brown, Dean of the School of Engineering at M.I.T.
defines "Doing Engineering" as "practicing the art of
the organized forcing of technological change." ' Now
more and more engineers are beginning to consider the
effect changes are having on society. William Linvill,
Head of the Department of Engineering Economic
Systems at Stanford University remarked at the CSL
dedication, "The technological changes ahead are so
vast and their consequences are so drastic that chaos is
likely to result unless some systematic coordination is
acjiieved." } The engineer of the new dimension is
realizing that it is becoming his responsibility as a pro-
fessional to guide technological change and, equally as
important, the consequences of this change. "The
Engineer-Manager may eventually surpass the pro-
fessional politician to determining the destiny of the
world," predicts Chauncy Star, the new dean of UCLA's
College of Engineering.

Mickey Mindock is a senior
in Engineering Physics from
Kankakee, Illinois. Last year
he served as President of
Engineering Council.

What are the changes that will be affecting the future
of man? W. L. Everitt, Dean of the College of Engi-
neering at the University of Illinois has summarized
them into two general challenges to the engineer: ^

1. The Challenge of the Knowledge Explosion

2. The Challenge of the Population Explosion

When we realize that "90% of all scientists who ever
lived are living now; * the amount of technical informa-
tion available doubles every ten years; throughout the
world about 100,000 journals are published in more

than 60 languages, and the number doubles every 15
years" ^ we can see the tremendous challenges of the
knowledge explosion.

One way that Everitt mentions to control this ex-
plosion is through interdisciplinary cooperation. "While
the education of engineers must provide depth so that
they may contribute, it must also provide breadth so
they may communicate. We need to develop meaningful
communication between engineers and other educated
people, so we may understand them, and they may
understand us."

Not only does the knowledge explosion encompass
the knowledge of the solutions to problems but also the
knowledge that there are many more problems to be
solved. Today we are faced with deciding which prob-
lems are the most important to solve in order to guide
society into the future. Dr. Glen Seaborg, Chairman of
the Atomic Energy Commission tells an interesting
anecdote that illustrates the challenge of "The Importance
of the Relevant." A little boy was taken by his father
to the zoo for the first time. "When they visited the
lion house, the father went into some detail on just
how ferocious a beast the lion was. Following a rather
vivid description of what the lion might do if he escaped
from his cage, he concluded, 'And if that hon should
get out of his cage he would not only tear me all
apart, he would also eat me all up.' Then he asked the
terrified youngster if he had any questions. The little
boy did. 'Daddy,' he said, 'if that bad lion should get
out of his cage, tear you all apart and eat you all up,
what bus should I take home?' " ^

We are probably more familiar with the "Challenges
of the Population Explosion." Among these Dean
Everitt emphasizes need for an adequate food supply.
He stated that "our surplus could change to scarcity,
and even famine, as it has in many other parts of the
world."

Another challenge of the population explosion is
urbanization. James W. Rouse, builder of the sociolog-
ically engineered city of Columbia, Maryland, estimates
that "We face the addition of 70,000,000 people to our
cities over the next 20 years — a new Toledo each
month ... we convert over 1 ,000,000 acres of land each
year from agricultural to urban use ..." s

28 TECHNOGRAPH December, 1967

Considering that there are Umited sources of energy
available from fossil fuels we are confronted with de-
ciding on the "Optimum Use of Resources." Closely
allied with the challenge of using the resources of nature
are the problems of using the resources of man. Engi-
neers will need to consider the welfare of those workers
whose jobs are overtaken by automation or technologi-
cal change.

How are the engineers of the new dimension meeting
these challenges and what methods are they using to
solve them? The organized beginnings to solving these
problems take formal root in the establishment of the
National Academy of Engineering.

Before looking at the NAE let us consider its history
and, in particular, the history of its father organization,
the National Academy of Science. The NAS, whose
purpose is to encourage research and the diffusion of
scientific knowledge and to advise the federal govern-
ment on matters of science and technology, was founded
during the Civil War when Abraham Lincoln was
President. The NAS got off to a slow start mainly be-
cause the United States was not deeply concerned with
science. During World War I things began to change.
The United States was faced with the problem of the
technical preparation of the armed forces and also the
need to develop technical products formerly coming
from Europe whose supply had been cut because of the
war. President Woodrow Wilson turned to the National
Academy of Science for advice. Stimulated by this, the
Academy formed within its organization the National
Research Council, consisting of representatives of leading
scientific and technical societies, for the purpose of ad-
vising the government. The functions of the NRC in-
cluded the stimulation of research in the sciences and
the application of science with particular emphasis on
military and industrial problems connected with the
national defense.

It was another war. World War II, and the need for
weapons research that focused part of the attention of
the government back on engineering. Many scientists
stepped out of their usual roles and became systems
engineers or managers which led to the development of
the atomic bomb and radar. Many new government-
sponsored laboratories were created during this period
including the radiation labs at M.I.T. and Berkeley, and
the AEC labs at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos.

After World War II the great emphasis on science and
technology remained. A technological race arose between
the Soviet Union and the United States exemplified by
nuclear devices, space vehicles and now antiballistic
missiles. The NAS greatly increased its influence on
national policy during this period.

Some distinction must now be made between the
scientist and the engineer. The prime role of science is
in seeking knowledge and understanding it for its own
sake, but as Dean Lawrence H. O'Neill of Columbia
University said, "Engineering is not science ... Engi-
neering is a user of science, even a contributor of
science; but its purpose is essentially different. That
purpose is to apply scientific knowledge — in fact,
knowledge of any kind — to make men's lives richer,
safer, less burdernsome, happier." One of the founding
committees of the NAE gives this definition, "The
engineer solves problems by the application of science
and technology, and where old technology is inadequate,
he translates new scientific knowledge into new tech-
nology to create new systems and facilities."

"He wants to talk to a civil engineer about rebuilding
his image ! "

December, 1967 TECHNOGRAPH 29

Keeping the distinction between the scientist and the
engineer in mind it is easy to see why there arose a
general dissatisfaction among the engineers with the
NAS. The NAS was the main adviser to the govern-
ment on problems of science and technology, and yet
the NAS did not recognize proportionately the same
number of engineers as scientists. The main division of
the National Research Council was the engineering di-
vision which had to solicit advice from engineers who
were not members of the NAS. In addition, engineers
were becoming increasingly concerned about their public
image and loss of prestige. They were becoming identified
with other disciplines, and many were erroneously identi-
fied by the public as scientists.

For these reasons the idea of a National Academy of
Engineering started to take root. In 1962 the Engineers
Joint Council and the National Academy of Sciences
held a joint committee meeting on the National Academy
of Engineering. It was agreed that in the NAS the
"affective organization and conditions of operation pre-
cluded effective participation of engineers in matters re-
lated to national technological programs and policies."

Committees were then established to study the pros
and cons ofaNational Academy of Engineering including
ways of organization and establishment. Finally, on

December 5, 1964, the National Academy of Sciences
adopted the articles of organization for the National
Academy of Engineering. The new organization is inde-
pendent and autonomous in its organization and the
election of its members. It is closely coordinated with
the National Academy of Sciences in its advisory
activities.

In the spirit of cooperation that exists between engi-
neer and scientist Dr. Kinzell, the new President of the
NAE, and Dr. Sietz, President of the NAS, issued a
joint statement declaring, "We look forward to a long
and beneficial association which will serve the engineer-
ing community, the scientific community, and the nation
as a whole."

The objects of the National Academy of Engineering
are printed at the end of this article along with a list
of some of the recent committees that have been
formed. The first object of the NAE is, "To provide
means of assessing the constantly changing needs of the
nation and the technical resources that can and should
be applied to them, to sponsor programs aimed at
meeting these needs; and to encourage such engineering
research as may be advisable in the national interest."
This is the new dimension of engineering.

OBJECTS OF THE
NA TIONA L ACA DEM Y OF ENGINEERING

To provide means of assessing the constantly changing
needs of the nation and the technical resources that can
and should be applied to them; to sponsor programs
aimed at meeting these needs; and to encourage such
engineering research as may be advisable in the national
interest;

To explore means for promoting cooperation in engi-
neering in the United States and abroad, with a view to
securing concentration on problems significant to society
and encouraging research and development aimed at
meeting them;

To advise the Congress and the executive branch of
the Government, whenever called upon by any depart-
ment or agency thereof, on matters of national import
pertinent to engineering;

To cooperate with the National Academy of Sciences
on matters involving both science and engineering;

To serve the nation in other respects in connection
with significant problems in engineering and technology;
and

To recognize in an appropriate manner outstanding
contributions to the nation by leading engineers.

"Whole tribe save many moons to send you to place
called Illinois. How come bridge you build fall
down?"

THE

SOME OF THE A CTIVITIES OF
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING

1. Committee on Public Engineering Policy

30 TECHNOGRAPH

December, 1967

2. Ad Hoc Committee on Control of Wastes in Air,
Water and the Land

3. Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board

4. Committee on Scientific and Technical Communica-
tion

5. Environmental Studies Board

6. Study of Science, Engineering and Regional De-
velopment

7. Committee on Ocean Engineering

8. Committee on Earthquake Engineering Research

9. Committee for the Development of Criteria for Non-
Rail Transit Vehicles

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS MEMBERS OF
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERS

Nathan M. Newmark *
Ralph B. Peck
Chester P. Siess

* Founding members

Head, Department of
Civil Engineering

Professor of Foundation
Engineering

Professor of Civil
Engineering

William

C. Ackerman

Illinois State Water

Survey

Don U.

Deere

Professor of Civil
Engineering

Wilham

L. Everitt*

Dean, College of
Engineering

Edward

C. Jordan

Head, Department of
Electrical Engrg.

FOOTNOTES

' Gordon Brown, "Modern Education in Science and Engi-
neering — Pace Setter of Industrial Technology," a presenta-
tion delivered at the 1964 Long Range Planning Conference
Oct. 21-23, Palo Alto, California.

- William Linvill, "Man, Technology, and Society," a presen-
tation given at the dedication of the Coordinated Science
Lab Oct. 17, 1967, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

^ W. L. Everitt, "We are Being Challenged," presented at the
dedication of the Engineering Center, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado, May 6, 1966.

Kaiser Aluminum News, Vol. 24, No. I, p. 5.

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Science and Our Society, United
States Atomic Energy Commission Division of Technical
Information, May, 1966. p. 34.

From statement of James W. Rouse, President Community
Research and Development, Inc. before the Housing Sub-
committee, House Banking and Currency Committee on
HR 12946, Title II, Land Development and New Communities,
March 25, 1966.

CIVIL ENGINEERS:

Prepare now for your future in highway
engineering. . . get the facts on The Asphalt
Institute's new computer-derived method
for determining structural design of Asphalt
pavements for roads and streets

Today, as more and more states turn to modern Deep-
Strength* Asphalt pavement for their heavy-duty highways,
county and local roads, there is a growing demand for engi-
neers with a solid background in the fundamentals of Asphalt
technology and construction.

Help to prepare yourself now for this challenging future by
getting the latest information on the new Thickness Design
Method developed by The Asphalt Institute. Based on exten-
sive statistical evaluations performed on the IBM 1620 and
the mammoth IBM 7090 computers, accurate procedures for
determining road and street structural requirements have
been developed.

All the facts on this new method are contained in The As-
phalt Institute's Thickness Design manual (MS-1). This help-
ful manual and much other valuable information arc included
in the free student library on Asphalt construction and tech-
nology now offered by The Asphalt Institute. Write us today.
♦Asphalt Surface on Asphalt Base

THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE

College Park, Maryland

Thickness Design Charts like this (from the MS-1 manual)
are used in this new computer-derived method. This chart
enables the design engineer quickly to determine the
over-all Asphalt pavement thickness required, based on
projected traffic weight and known soil conditions.

THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE
College Park, Maryland

Please send me your free student library on Asphalt con-
struction and technology, including full details on your
new Thickness Design Method.

Name_

_Class_

Address.
City

:/fR^^^B

iM,

^^^^rV'-^.^^j

Engineering

Growth

Opportunities

Above all, they think, create
and grow — on more than 200
construction sites; in half-a-
hundred offices, plants and lab-
oratories throughout the world.

With CB&I at home or abroad,
your career can point in five

general directions — Research,
Engineering, Manufacturing,
Field Construction or Sales —
in scores of challenging assign-
ments.

Chicago Bridge & iron Company

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Serving world leaders In the fields of Natural Gas, Nuclear Power, Aerospace,
Petroleum, Water Desalination, Steelmaking, Chemistry, Cryogenics, Hydroelectric
Power, Water Supply . . . and Many Others.

Lef s talk about you .

...yes, you've studied hard to ^M^here you are today, and now you want
to put your education to work in the best fDossible way. But are you ready
to accept individual responsibility? If you are, you can go as far and as fast
as your talents can carry you at Garrett-AiResearch, Los Angeles.

Why? Because at Garrett you have the opportunity to work on entire
systems as well as specialize in just one phase or discipline.

Since our engineering staff is smaller than those of comparable com-
panies, your efforts receive much more recognition -thus, you increase your
knowledge and capabilities more rapidly.

You can take an active part in research, design, or development that
leads to production of actual hardware for sophisticated aerospace systems
and subsystems.

And, at AiResearch, you can make as much money as any engineer in a
comparable spot and get all the plus benefits of a top company.

Are you ready? AiResearch is ready for you.

See our representative when he comes to your campus, or write to Mr. T. E. Watson, AiResearch Manufacturing
Division, The Garrett Corporation, 9851 Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles. Calif. 90009. An equal opportunity employer

G. E. OFFERS LAW COURSES

By Larry Dittmer

The practicing engineer has responsibihties to his
society and to his employer. While many of these re-
sponsibihties are not spelled out in black and white,
others are written laws, and the engineer should be
aware of them.

The General Engineering department at Illinois offers
survey courses in law covering patents, contracts and
specifications, and a general course in engineering law.
In order to better understand the content of these
courses and their importance to the engineering student,
I talked with Paul Karlstrom, who teaches the course
in engineering law.

Paul Karlstrom is a successful attorney with fifteen
years of experience in the general practice of law in
Champaign. As an undergraduate he earned his way
primarily by working as a jazz musician and presently
is secretary of the Champaign Federation of Musicians.

/ asked Mr. Karlstrom to describe the engineering law
courses offered by the General Engineering department.

G. E. 292 is entitled Engineering Law and although
it deals substantially with the law of contracts and the
mechanics of contracting procedures, it is broadly law
for the non-lawyer in any field who, before he goes out
into this cold world in any profession or vocation, cer-
tainly needs to have something more than the layman's
knowledge of law. This course is intended to give the
student a general picture of the whole field of law;
especially those subjects that would apply primarily to
anyone in the field of business and industry, eliminating
some of those areas which might be considered more
social law.

G. E. 290 is somewhat more specialized in that it
covers contracts and specifications, almost exclusively.
We do not cover the area of specifications in the 292
course.

There is also a course (G. E. 282) which deals ex-
pressly with the law of patents and patent procedures.

What is an example of the type of problem that you
discuss in 292?

I think the students who take the course often find
interesting our discussion of the role of the expert
witness in the course of a trial. Most practicing engi-

Larry Dittmer is a junior
from Carthage, Illinois. He
is studying Electrical Engi-
neering and is a member of
Marching Illini and College
Young Republicans.

neers sometime in their career are involved in acting
as an expert witness in a trial matter. Many lawsuits
are based on contracts or relationships that involve
highly technical engineering terms. The trial of a law
suit is fundamentally a presentation of factual evidence
to a jury, and no layman can properly present a tech-
nical engineering matter without consulting with some
expert. That's where the engineer comes in. He must
educate the attorney on the technical matters involved
in his lawsuit before trial. He is then important on the
witness stand as the expert witness who explains tech-
nical matters, and renders opinions on technical ques-
tions. He is also essential during the entire course of
the trial to consult with the lawyer from time to time,
advising, for example, what questions might be asked
the opposing expert witness in order to impeach his
testimony. So, as I said, I believe the students taking
the course find this discussion of the role of the expert
interesting.

Are there many lawyers who have a background in
engineering and who specialize in the combined fields?

34 TECHNOGRAPH

December, 1967

With the current emphasis on the sciences, generally,
I'm sure there will be many, many more. Of course
there are many now. It has always been recognized that
an engineering undergraduate degree is an excellent
background for law, particularly for one who expects
to work in the broad field of industrial law or, more
specifically, in the field of patent law. Some of the
seniors in my class I find are considering or definitely
planning to go to law school. I think the engineering-
law combination will become more and more common.

You can, of course, \isualize the importance in a
corporation of a lawyer who has an engineering back-
ground. The non-engineer lawyer, for instance, in draw-
ing contracts for a corporation is certainly going to
have to call in a specialist to give him the necessary
terminology and technical language, whereas the lawyer
with an engineering background is his own expert in
this respect.

With respect to my course as it applies to engineers,
I often start the course by telling the class that while
they are in the course as senior engineers, it is the
type of course that any individual, working toward a
degree in any field might well have. I think that it is
a shame that any college graduate does not have some
business law course. We do not try to give the student
enough knowledge to deal with his complicated legal
problems, but enough knowledge so he recognizes, at
least, when he does have a legal problem. By the time

many legal problems are brought to a lawyer they are
much more complex than they would be had they been
promptly brought to his attention.

Don't most students expect to be pushing a slide rule
and doing math problems when they get out of school?

Yes. I don't think they realize that as they move up
the ladder they become more and more involved in the
business world and assume more and more responsi-
bility. This leads us to the interesting law of agency,
or employee-employer relationships.

There is quite a difference between an employer-
employee relationship and a principal-agent relationship.
As you work in the relationship of an employee you
owe a rather small degree of fidelity to your employer;
there is no great position of trust and confidence exist-
ing between the two, as far as the law is concerned.
But as this employee becomes, in the eyes of the law,
an agent, then he assumes a much heavier legal respon-
sibility to the principal.

Do you think that the engineering program here tends
to smother the student with technical information and to
leave him at loss as to the legal significance of what he
is doing?

I believe this may be at least partially true. Certainly
the graduating senior should have had a part of his
course of study devoted to areas of broad concern, in-
tended to equip him to use intelligently the great store
of technical knowledge that he has acquired.

GROWING

One of the outstanding characteristics
of the Malleable Castings Industry.

The Malleable iron industry began its
growth in 1826 with the development of a
unique cast material by a Yankee genius
named Seth Boyden. Malleable was her-
alded by pre-Civil War America as the iron
which "could be hammered and shaped
without breaking." But in time, as markets
changed and technologies advanced, the
material made the transition from wagons
and cannons to cars and rocket heads, up-
grading its applications from simple struc-
tural parts to highly reliable mechanical
components.

In 1965 and again in 1966, sales of
Malleable castings were over 1.1 million
tons, the best years in the industry's long
history.

The chart at right shows the projectea
Malleable growth curve in its four major
markets through 1972. These figures were

developed after an extensive survey of in-
dustry customers, and indicate that Malle-
able will soon be a 1.4 million ton-a-year
industry. And this growth is matched by
increasing opportunities for technically
trained people.

76",-

PROJECTED INCREASE IN
SHIPMENTS BY MARKET

ELECTRICAL
EOUIPMfNT

50%-

AGRICULTURAL J^ 0»

EQUIPMENT ^

25*-

/^^:^^^i

0^^

^\^ ' CONSTRUCTION

■"^ MACHINERY

1966

1967 13 '2

Currently, the average American new car
uses 120 pounds of Malleable castings,
some of which are shown above. Reading
up, they include a connecting rod, bearing
retainer, air conditioner clutch, joint yoke
planet carrier, housing cover, non-slip
differential case, and the calipers mounted
on a disc brake.

For more information, write for a copy of
"Malleable Iron, Material for America on
the Move."

MALLEABLE FOUNDERS SOCIETY . UNION COMMERCE BUILDING
CLEVELAND, OHIO 44115

MALLEABLE

FEEDING THE FUTURE:

"Food and Engineering for a Changing World"

Dr. R. W. Stephenson, Head of the Process Engi-
neering Research Department of General Mills, Inc.,
lectured in the auditorium October 26 on the food
problems facing the world. His speech was one in a
series (of University of Illinois Centennial Lectures)
given as the Freshman Lecture Series for G.E. 100.

The world's food problem will be easy to define in
the future, according to Dr. Stephenson. There is no
simple way to produce all the food necessary in tomor-
row's world. There will not be enough food to feed this
world's mushrooming population unless some major
advances occur soon in farming and processing tech-
nology, in food products-waste materials conservation
and efficiency, and in the invention of totally new kinds
of foods. For a satisfactory long range solution, major
advances in all these areas must occur.

The problem in the United States is much less severe.
This is because our technological advances have been
outstanding. Less than 10% of America's population
are farmers, whereas 40% to 60% of lesser developed
nations' populations farm. In America food processing
is BIG business — almost all foods produced in the
United States are processed in some way. It is the
largest industry in the U.S., accounting for over $100
billion each year. The problem in the United States
actually is not that of growing enough food, but of
producing the right (popular) kinds of food. America is
becoming diet- and health-conscious, and convenience in
foods is stressed, not to mention the fact that people
here are particular in what they buy. We are eating
better than ever before.

The United States is able to accommodate these
changes and demands with the following technologies:

1) Freeze-drying. This is used for dehydrated food prod-
ucts. It is accomplished through the application of high

vacuum and controlled temperature to produce sublima-
tion.

2) Cryogenics. This low temperature processing is done
with liquid nitrogen. It has some distinct advantages
over mechanical refrigeration.

3) Aseptic Processes. "Sterilization" of foods can be
done by high temperatures for short times. This main-
tains desirable qualities in the food, such as color, tex-
ture, and flavor,

4) Aglomerating Techniques. This involves drying a sub-
stance so as to give instant solubility.

5) Electrodyolosis. The removal of certain ions in solu-
tion in the food. For example, some acidic ions are re-
moved from citrus fruits to sweeten them.

However, the rest of the world is not so lucky as the
United States. They have relatively few machines and
modern plants. It is estimated that the world's population
will double by the year 2000. There is no way we and
the other major developed nations can solve the prob-
lem — we have not enough potential to handle the
problem, such as new land yet unopened to cultivation.

The speaker then noted two ways to look at solving
the problem: a short range solution, good for approxi-
mately one generation, after which presumably the
world will again be short of food; and a long range
future development of totally new foods. This short-
range solution is part direct and part indirect approach.
We can increase the use of fertilizer and insecticides
and farm mechanization. These are musts all over the
world. Because of farm mechanization, for example,
California rice growers are actually 270 times as efficient
as Asian rice growers. The problem of food shortage can
be alleviated indirectly by minimizing the population
explosion; by educating farmers in new farming tech-
niques; and by improving the sanitation and conserva-
tion of food, which means eliminating rats, obtaining
(better) refrigeration and canning facilities.

36 TECHNOGRAPH

December, 1967

The long range solution to food shortage must involve
the introduction of totally new foods and nutrients. Al-
ready some new processesha\e been de\ eloped, including
one called fiber spinning. Many synthetic fabric fibers
are produced by this method. A mash is made from
some forage crop with the necessary te.xture, usually soy
beans. E.xtra proteins and chemicals are added, and the
mash is brought to the proper \iscosity. Then it is
forced through the tiny holes of the spinnerets to become
threadlike material. This substance, after coloring and
fla\or ha\e been introduced, is then wo\en into what-
ever food product is desired to be synthesized — ham,
frankfurters, scallops, chips for snacks, etc.

There are other areas of importance in the future de-
velopment of new foods. Synthesis of nutriments and ex-
traction of protein from petroleum and micro-organisms
is being examined, as well as artificial photosynthesis.
No discussion of food shortage and its solution can be
complete without mention of the ocean. The ocean al-
ready is a major source of food, but its potential ability
to feed the world is \irtually untouched.

"/ wouldn't be in engineering today if ii had not
been for my father . . . Damn him anyway. "

DR. LAURITS BJERRUM GIVES DEDICATION
DINNER A DDRESS

by Tom Brown

An appeal for the preservation of the art of civil
engineering highlighted the recent Civil Engineering
Building Dedication Dinner address given by Dr. Laurits
Bjerrum. Dr. Bjerrum, Director of the Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute and world renowned in the
field of soil mechanics and foundation engineering,
spoke about "Lessons for the Future from Failures of
the Past."

The failures Dr. Bjerrum chose to speak about were
not due to negligence but were failures of projects
which were completed with the consultation of some of
the world's outstanding engineers. The lessons to be
learned from these failures indicate that more than
conscientious application of standard and accepted
engineering practice is sometimes needed to prevent
failures.

One lesson these failures have taught Dr. Bjerrum is
that details must be recognized. That is, a certain
phenomenon may be an insignificant detail in most
projects but a controlling factor in others.

The theory used to solve the practical problems of
any project must also be critically evaluated. Dr.
Bjerrum' s example was a project in which the accepted
theory of the problem was applied faultlessly. How-
ever, after a failure occurred, the consulting engineer
refused to admit that the theory was incorrect. Lack of
critical evaluation prevented the engineer from believing
that the standard and accepted theory could be in-
correct in this one case.

The limitations of the design used must be known.
The simple fact that a given design has not failed in
the past does not mean that this design considers
every facet of the problem correctly. The design may
be grossly incorrect, and yet prevailing conditions may
have prevented a failure. The application of this design
when these conditions are not present would lead to
failure.

A fourth lesson to be learned is that the important
properties of each project must be recognized. That is,
the engineer should not look for the problems he wants
to find but should examine the project objectively and
determine the true problems involved. Correct solutions
of non-existent problems are of little value.

Dr. Bjerrum then postulated that these four lessons
are part of the art of ci\il engineering. The true civil
engineer is more than an applied mathematician because
he practices the art of civil engineering after he has
mastered these lessons.

December, 1967

TECHNOGRAPH 37

Dr. Bjerrum paid the University of Illinois a compli-
ment by stating that it had been a leader in educating
civil engineers who practiced the art of civil engineering.
His final remark was that the dedication ceremonies
for the new building should be accompanied by a re-
newed dedication to preserve the art of civil engineering.

power sources for remote parts of the earth and on
other planets and space. The concepts discussed in this

seminar create a fascinating area of concern for future
graduates whose job it will be to develop the necessary
materials for such important undertakings.

MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY SEMINAR SERIES

The department of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum
Engineering is sponsoring a series of technological
seminars during this fall semester. These seminars are
being presented by nationally-known men in the metal-
lurgy department of the Battelle Memorial Institute of
Columbus, Ohio.

The purpose of this series is to give the participating
students and staff some insight on the application of
engineering fundamentals to real problems engineers
have or will have in materials processing and design.
Today, more and more time must be spent preparing a
student engineer with the ever-growing number of
fundamental engineering concepts. This leaves less time
for the student to understand the problems he will face
in industry. This special seminar series is one of the
forerunners in this all-important phase of engineering
education. Although this program was set up as a
metallurgical engineering seminar for seniors and grad-
uate students, participation or attendance by students
in other curricula is encouraged. Mechanical and in-
dustrial engineers and T.A.M. students find that many
of the seminar topics are very useful and applicable to
their fields.

Probably one of the more interesting lectures coming
up is on January 8th entitled "Fibre Composite Ma-
terials. "Dale Niesz, the lecturer, will discuss the widen-
ing expanse of metallic filament-reinforced materials.
Mr. Niesz' research has been in the direction of de-
veloping materials with these high-strength fibre matrices
which give the best combination of required properties
for specific uses. Of special importance is the idea of
uniform properties throughout the material.

The speakers for this series are guests from the staff
at Battelle Memorial Institute. This private, non-profit
establishment has research projects underway that re-
quire a total expenditure of about $90 million a year.
The Institute now has branch laboratories in all parts
of the world, with the prime effort in the direction of
research for industry and government.

This seminar series in the Metallurgical Engineering
department appears to be a very good start toward the
total preparation of University of Illinois engineers for
the challenges that all engineers must face. Perhaps the
idea will be carried to other engineering departments in
the near future.

Every Monday at three o'clock in 119 MMB, the
seminars are conducted by men of extremely high
calibre in their fields of research. For instance, the
first lecture was entitled, "Materials for Civilian Power
Reactors," and was presented by J. G. Connor. Mr.
Conner was employed by the U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission as a metallurgist in the Fuels and Ma-
terials Development Branch before going to Battelle.
His present position is Technical Advisor in the Ma-
terials Engineering Department at Battelle.

In this seminar, the evolution of nuclear energy and
the development of civilian power reactors was dis-
cussed. Mr. Connor spoke about materials problems
of power reactors. This seminar set the scene for the
remaining lectures because it initiated the introduction
of materials and materials processes discussed in follow-
ing seminars.

The topics of the seminars cover a wide field of
interests. William Kortier presented his lecture, "Radio-
isotopic Thermoelectric Generators" in October. This
covered the future and present problem of electric

I'm not sure, but his computer output reads,
ha . . . You lose!"

■Ha,

38 TECHNOGRAPH

December, 1967

It^s possible that Celanese
won^t appeal to your

** tnless You>e Ambitious, Flexible, Creative, Imaginative, etc.*

If you rebel at the idea of being dropped into a pro-
fessional slot, you're our kind of person.

Maybe that's why
magazine, in awardinc
Patrick Award for Ms
Achievement, titled the
cle "Portrait of a Win-
ner." And wrote
"Keys to Celanese
Corporation's vic-
tory: an alert, ag-
gressive manage-
mentteam, explicit
planning and well-
defined roles."

If you have a professional degree in chemistry,
chemical, mechanical or industrial engineering,
physics or marketing, Celanese has a lot to offer you.
Frankly, we also expect a lot. But
the rewards are based on perform-
ance, Not on how old you are or
how long you've been with us. By
the same token, we do not have
formal training programs. We
do have a very deep interest
in giving you as much respon-
sibility, and in pushing you
along just as fast and far
as you can go.

If this sounds
good to you, discuss
us with your faculty
and placement of-
ficer. And see our
representative when
he is on your campus.
Or write to: John B.
uhn. Manager of University Recruit-
ent, Celanese Corporation, 522
fth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10036.

equal opportunity employer

CELANESE

Ifyou^re looking for responsibility

r2-ri

see

IX/lagna^v^^^

No matter what your field of inter-
est, if you work for Magnavox, re-
sponsibility comes early. We're a
fast growing organization — from
S200"million to over $150 million
in five years without major acqui-
sition— and, with Magnavox, you
can grow just as fast.
Responsibility plus
At ^Magnavox. more than hard work
is expected . . . you'll be encouraged
to grow as a professional ... to ex-
tend your formal education (at our
expense) and, informally, to partic-
ipate in company-sponsored contin-
uing education courses. And you'll
be encouraged to use your knowl-
edge ... to rethink old problems for
better solutions ... to resolve new
problems that have never been
answered before.
Many opportunities at
Magnavox
Magnavox produces fine television

(both color and monochrome) and
stereophonic sound equipment for
home use. as well as workhorse elec-
tronic svstems for defense . . . radio
communications for Army, Navy
and Air Force: radar; electronic
countermeasures and counter-coun-
termeasures : sonobuoys and data
])rocessors for the Navy's antisub-
marine warfare program : advanced
satellite navigation receivers; and
specialized systems for data storage,
retrieval and transmission.
More than just Mork
Magnavox has jjlants in Indiana.
Illinois. California. Tennessee. Mis-
sissippi and North Carolina and. no
matter which one you join, you're
close to good living. Big league
sports, both professional and ama-
teur . . . participation sports to
stretch vour o\\n muscles. Excellent
cultural facilities ... or the chance
just to relax and live a little. Excel-

lent schools . . . excellent residential
areas. With Magnavox, you're not
onlv close to. but can afford, the
better things in life.
If you're looking; for
respon^ibility plus
See your College Placement Office
for full information on career op-
portunities at Magnavox. Or write
T. P. O'Brien. College Relations
Coordinator, The Magnavox Com-
pany. 2131 Bueter Road, Fort
Wayne, Indiana 46803.

Magnavox needs professionals now
in the areas of:

Chemical Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Physics

Production Engineering

An equal opportunity employer
m/f.

From Building 56

we make industrial engineering

theory work

...and if you've had

too much of theory

there's this plant

Choice is what we are in a position to emphasize. We can
offer choice within each engineering discipline: mechan-
ical, chemical, electrical, industrial.

In the case of the industrial engineer, for example, the
choice open is the difference between the practice of
industrial engineering at Building 56 and at the brand
new .Apparatus and Optical Di\ision complex now staffing
up. Both are in the Rochester area. Both come under a
top management that has demonstrated financially the
value of leading the field in applying the most advanced
concepts of your profession.

You'd find, however, that some of your colleagues at
Building 56 go in a bit more for publishing and presenting
papers than do the industrial engineers of our A&O
Di\ision. In Building 56 you hear more about behavioral
and motivation studies as a guide to job design, about
multiple regression technique, about mathematical model
building. True, this talk doesn't stop many a Building 56
industrial engineer from swinging over to one of the intra-

mural client departments for a climb up to where the big
ship is steered. And some choose not to swing.

At .A&O Division the house motto reads: "The indus-
trial engineer's job is to recognize the need for a change.
devise the change, sell it to the people, and then help the
people obtain near-perfection in the change." The change
is for cost reduction without jeopardy to quality or quan-
tity. Pride is taken in "turning on a dime." and talk is of
the task team of manufacturing engineer, design engineer,
and industrial engineer who battle things out at the pre-
production stage of the most complex color printer
or the simplest family-type camera.

Drop a note about \(iur preference to Busi-
ness and Technical Personnel Department,
Eastman Kodak Company,
Rochester. N.Y. 14650.

An equal-opportunity empi
ing also a choice of Uicatio
Rochester. N.Y.. Kingsport,
Tenn.. Longview. Tex.,
and Columbia, S.C.

"Traffic

is terrible
today!"

". . . Accident in tlie left hand lane of the Queens-Midtown access ramp.
Right lanes moving slowly. Fifteen minute delay at the Brooklyn Battery
Tunnel. Lincoln Tunnel backed up to the Jersey Turn-
pike. Extensive delays on Route 46 in the Ft. Lee area.
That's the traffic picture for now, Bob."
However, technical people at GE are doing something about it.
Development and design engineers are creating and improving elec-
tronic controls and propulsion systems to guide and power transit trains at
160 mph. Application engineers are developing computerized traffic control
systems. Manufacturing engineers are developing production equipment and
new methods to build better transportation products. And technical marketing
specialists are bringing these products and systems to the marketplace by
working with municipal and government agencies.

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

:^^

JANUARY 1968

ECHNOGRAPH

rUDENT ENGINEERING MAGAZINE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

^u\ja'^ri'(

ona*

ftB

-5^9^^

INFORMATION • A PROBLEM

Jobs that just might change the world.

Put power stations

on the moon with the company that
is developing atomic power plants to
operate in remote areas with no external
fuel. On the moon — or on other stations
in deep space — these units will provide
the power to sustain life over long peri-
ods of time. There are few precedents to
lean on in space project work. Which in-
dicates the type of individuals Westing-
house is looking for.

Make rOOmtor 132 miinon new Amer-
icans with the company that is doing
something right now to provide homes
for the children expected to be born in
the next three decades. Westinghouse is
developing new ways to heat, light and
cool buildings, new ways to start from
scratch and build complete new cities.
What we're looking for now is city
builders.

These graduates needed: Mechanical
Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
Aerospace Engineering, Physical Sci-
ences, Nuclear Engineering, Chemical
Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering.

Double America's electric

POWeiwith the company that is invest-
ing S370 million to expand manufactur-
ing facilities for power equipment. You
see why when you realize that America's
power needs are going to double by
1980. But added plant capacity isn't the
complete solution. We're also develop-
ing the most advanced equipment de-
signs the electric industry has ever
seen. That's where you come in.

These graduates needed: Engineering,
Con3;:'jction Technology, Physical Sci-
ences, Social Sciences, Engineering Ad-
ministration, Industrial Technology.

Come to the ladies' aid with the

company that developed the only elec-
tric range that cleans its own oven and
also broils both sides of a steak at once.
Westinghouse makes appliances that win
praise from industrial design groups and
housewives. So we're looking for people
who know the practical side of dishwash-
ing, for instance, as well as the theory
of ultrasonic cleaning.

These graduates needed: Civil Engineer-
ing, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
Business & Liberal Arts, Chemical En-
gineering.

These graduates needed: Mechanical
Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Bus-
iness & Liberal Arts, Industrial Technol-
ogy, Industrial Arts.

See in the dark with the company

that perfected Side Look radar. It does
everything from taking high-resolution
aerial reconnaissance images on a dark
night to mapping natural resources. If
you're interested in plotting new break-
throughs in radar technology, get with
the company that started it all.

These graduates needed: Physical Sci-
ences, Electrical Engineering, Mechani-
cal Engineering, Chemical Engineering.

laKe OTT with the company that pro-
vides electric power systems for most
of the commercial jet aircraft in the free
world. Westinghouse reliability has cut
airborne electric power system mainte-
nance costs 50% in five years. Now the
job is to design and build electric power
systems for some of the largest and
fastest aircraft the world has ever seen.

These graduates needed: Electrical En-
gineering, Mechanical Engineering, In-
dustrial Engineering, Chemical Engi-
neering, Metallurgical Engineering.

Want to change the world? Your best
opportunity is with a company like West-
inghouse. Contact Luke Noggle, West-
inghouse Education Center, Pittsburgh,
Pa. 15221 — or see the Westinghouse
recruiter on your campus.

An equal opportunity employer.

You can be sure if it's Westinghouse

Come with us
and do
something meaningful.

Rack up paper clip after paper clip. As you enjoy
the painful search for new ideas.
To what end? The satisfaction of getting involved in
a company already deeply involved in the world
and its people.

Our Farm Centers help boost productivity at home
and feed the world abroad. Our petroleum products
are prime movers on earth, in the stratosphere,
in the ionosphere. Our Total Energy applications
provide economical power, heat, and light to
more and more people.
The world-wide demand for new products and
applications is constantly accelerating. We're
meeting it with new answers to old questions
and unique solutions for unique problems.
We need your answers, your solutions. In
Research and Development, or Manufac-
turing, or Marketing, or Administration.
And we'll give you the time, the stimulation,
the opportunity you need.
And we don't skimp on paper clips.

Do something meaningful now.
Write Harry L. Sheehy, Recruiting
Coordinator, American Oil Company,
Dept. 19-C, 910 South Michigan
Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60680

An equal opportunity employer

Punchcards
are for

payrolls.

Not for people.

Not ot Phillips. Sure, we're big. And we know
thoto lot of companies our size run their person-
nel operations likeo computer dating bureau.
But not us. We don't even like the word "person-
nel." "People" is ourword. And that'sthe way
we treatyou, ond that's what we're looking to
hire. People, not simply grades or standings in a
class. People who ore interested in things like
engineering ond chemistry and physics and

mathematics and oil exploration and produc-
tion. People who see all the advantages and
oil the diversity in the areas of petroleum, fuel
and lubricants. Peoplewhowanttodothings
with plastics, rubber, fertilizers, LP-gas, petro-
chemicals, packaging, carbon black, fuel
cells, and other much-needed products. People
who want to solve the problems of on increasing
population, an expanding world. Problems, ulti-
mately, of helping other people. We encour-
age this kind of involvement, personal ortechno-
logicol, because we're a people type of com-
pany. The type of company where you can keep
moving— upward, of course,- laterally if there's
some other dimension you want to explore. Our
slogan is, "at Phillips 66, it's performance that
counts." And thot'sfor real. At Phillips you're
nevero punchcard. You're people. Like us. Why
notgettogether? Write James P. Jones, 1 04
Fronk Phillips BIdg., Phillips Petroleum Company,
Bortlesville, Oklahoma 74003.

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER \ PHILLIPS

You1l do much more than watch.

As a young college grad joining Pan Am's team of range
professionals you'll get the best pad-side seat in the nation.
Before you know it, you'll be helping to engineer the track-
ing, telemetry, communications, data handling and display
systems— or providing launch and base support operations
— for many of the nation's major space shots along the
10,000 miles of the Eastern Test Range from Cape Ken-
nedy to the Indian Ocean.

You'll work with a lot of highly imaginative hardware and
systems engineering that is as advanced and complicated
as the space action we support. And you'll soon find that

Talk to your Placement Director. It could be your first
step to the Cape. Or write for more information to Manager
of College Relations, Dept. 305A, Aerospace Services
Division, Pan American World Airways, Inc., 750 S. Orlando
Ave., Cocoa Beach, Florida. An Equal Opportunity
Employer (M/F).

^^ AEROSPACE SERVICES DimiON

^^<.-»-^

^^s^

Pan American World Airways, Inc.

If you want a career with the only
big computer company that makes
retail data systems complete
from sales registers to computers,
where would you go?

Guess again.

It's NCR, and this is not the only surprise you may get if
you take a closer look at NCR.

In a list of "emerging ideas of 1966," Business Manage-
ment magazine credits NCR with two out of seven: pioneer-
ing in laser technology for recording data, and development
of our new PCMI microform system that puts the Bible on
a projector slide.

When you start looking, look closely at NCR. NCR can sur-
prise you; maybe you have some surprises for us. Write to
T. F. Wade, Executive and Professional Placement, NCR,
Dayton, Ohio 45409.

NCR

An Equal Opportunity Employer.

Depends on the giant. Actually, some giants are just regular
kinds of guys. Except bigger.

And that can be an advantage.

Come to work for us and you'll be a member of a select
College Graduate Program. As a member of this program,
you won't be just another "trainee" playing around with
"make work" assignments.

You'll handle important projects that you'll frequently
follow from concept to production. Projects vital to Ford.
And you'll bear a heavy degree of responsibility for their
success.

Soon you'll start thinking like a giant. You'll grow bigger
because you've got more going for you.

A network of computers to put confusing facts and
figures into perspective.

Complete testing facilities to prove out better ideas.

And at Ford Motor Company, your better ideas wont
get axed because of a lack of funds. (A giant doesn't carry a
midget's wallet, you know.)

If you're an engineer with better ideas, and you'd Hke
to do your engineering with the top men in the field, see the
man from Ford when he visits your campus. Or send your
resume to Ford Motor Company, College Recruiting De-
partment.

You and Ford can grow bigger together.

<^^

Whafs itlike
to engineer

for a giant?

Rather enlarging!

Here's what we mean

when we say;

"Ryan is a better

place to work."

We mean that a company with a
strong and capable management—
whose business success has led to
majority ownership of large related
companies — is the kind of concern
that can match challenges with per-
manent opportunities. Ryan Aero-
nautical is majority owner of Conti-
nental Motors Corporation and its
subsidiaries, suppliers of primary
power for both piston and jet air-
craft and agricultural, military, ma-
rine and industrial equipment. There
is nothing provincial about Ryan. In-
cluding subsidiaries, it operates 16
manufacturing facilities in the USA
and Canada.

R Y A N

An equal opportunity employer.

JANUARY 1968
Vol. 83; No. 4

TECHNOGRAPH

:XECUTIVE BOARD

vobert Jones

Editor

ilan Halpern

Associate Editor

lex Hinkle . .

Business Manager

om Brown . .

Managing Editor

awrence Heyda

. Production Manager

ohn Serson . .

.... Photographer

aul Klein ....

Circulation Manager

Jary Sobol . . .

. Circulation Manager

eff Kurtz . . .

Engr. Council Repr.

ohn Bourgoin

.... Copy Editor

rary Slulsky . . .

Eng. Campus Editor

ITUDENT ENGINEERING

MAGAZINE

JNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

:hairman; Harold J. Schwebke, Uni-
ersity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-
in, and United Slates Student Press
Association, 2117 S. Street, N. W.,
Vashington, D. C.

ublished seven times during the year
October, November, December, Jan-
lary, February, March, and April).
)ffice 248 Electrical Engineering
iuilding, Urbana, Illinois.

lubscriptions $2.50 per year. Single
opies 40 cents. Advertising Represent-
live — Littell -Murray- Bamhill, Inc.,
'37 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago
1, Illinois; 360 Lexington Avenue,
"lew York 17, New York.

Intered as Second Class matter, October
0, 1920, at the Post Office at Urbana,
Uinois, under the Act of March 3,
879.

WERAGE CIRCULATION— 5400;
Vendors— 50. Mail — 1250, Total paid
-1300; Free distribulion^4000

ARTICLES

14 INFORMATION: HOW WE WILL FIND IT

Cheryl Trapp and Madison Post explain the past and present of
information retrieval systems.

22 CHRISTIANITY VS. SCIENCE PART II

Can a dogmatic belief in God be reconciled with an open-minded,
scientific outlook on the Universe?

32 HOW TO CROSS GREEN STREET: A SUGGESTION

Ed Black's poll of non-engineering students reveals some interesting
concepts about engineering.

38 THE HONORS PROGRAM IN PERSPECTIVE

The Engineering College Honors Program is described and dissected
in this illuminating and penetrating article by Alan Halpern and
John Bourgoin.

FEATURES

EDITORIAL

46 ENGINEERING CAMPUS

COVER

The love-letter reproduced on the cover was written
with a knife on a strip of bark by a girl of the Yukagirian
tribe in northeastern Siberia. The whole if its sad story
was told in the one ideograph. First published in 1896,
it can be found in "Voices in Stone," a Viking Press
book authored by Ernest Doblhofer.

You'll manufacture nothing.
But create much...
as an Air Force Systems
Command civilian.

As a civilian scientist or engineer in the Air Force
Systems Command, you'll be working with ideas, rather
than with "things." And you'll be working on projects
technologically years ahead of usual industry
involvements. Because the AFSC initiates projects long
before contracting out to vendors for production.

The mission is a challenging one: research,
development and testing of aerospace weapons systems,
satellites, boosters, space probes, and associated
systems. The disciplines required include electronic,
aerospace, mechanical, electrical, industrial, chemical,
nuclear, materials and general engineering, mathematics,
physics and chemistry. The goal: assuring the Air Force's
continuing aerospace supremacy.

Creative challenge is just one of the advantages of
Air Force Systems Command careers. There are many
others. Your particular job assignment, for instance,
begins on the day you're liiied, net after a lengthy training
period ... so you learn by doing. There's plenty of room
for you to grow, both in responsibility and in competence,
because the AFSC's R&D effort is among the world's
largest. You may choose from a wide range of
geographical locations in the U.S. And the benefits of
Career Civil Service-including vacation and sick
leave, retirement plans, insurance, job security,
and excellent opportunities for government
financed graduate and post-doctoral studies-are
hard to beat.

If you're interested in a career on the
frontiers of scientific and engineering
knowledge, join us in the Air Force Systems
Command. Obtain additional information by
contacting your Placement Office to arrange for
an interview when a Systems Command
representative visits your campus, or write or
visit the Civilian Personnel Office at any of the
Systems Command locations listed.

Aeronautical Systems Division

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Dayton, Ohio "?5433

Electronic Syslerns Division

L. G. Hanscon-i f-'ield

Bedford, Massachusetts 01731

Air Force Contract Management Division

AF Unit Post Office

Los Angeles, California 90045

Air Force Flight Test Center

Edwards Air Force Base
Edwards, California 93523

Air Force Missile Development Center

Holloman Air Force Base

Alamogcrdo, New Mexico 88330

Air Force Eastern Test Range

Patrick Air Force Base
Cocoa Beach, Florida 32925

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Kirtland Air Force Base
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117

Air Proving Ground Center

Eglin Air Force Base
Valparaiso, Florida 32542

Air Force Western Test Range
Vandenberg Air Force Base
Lompoc, California 93437

Rome Air Development Center
Griffiss Air Force Base
Rome, New York 13442

Aerospace Medical Division

Brooks Air Force Base
San Antonio, Texas 78235

Space & Missile Systems Organization

AF Unit Post Office

Los Angeles, California 90045

An Equal

Opportunity

Employer

editorial

A college education must be a complete learning experience. Unfortunately for
most engineering students it has come to mean much less.

When the freshman engineering student first arrives at the University, he is no
more apathetic than any other freshman. Like all beginning students, the engineer
is scared but quite anxious to get involved. However, time being at a premium,
the student engineer learns quickly that he must "pull his mind together" by
setting aside many of the ideas he was exposed to on south campus. He must
concentrate almost completely on his engineering courses if he expects to survive
the ordeal of an engineering education. For the greatest part of his college career,
the student's everyday associates will be comprised predominantly of engineering
students and faculty. And because our faculty seems quite disinterested in encouraging
students to question engineering's interplay with the rest of society, few new ideas
reach the ears of the student engineer. He is caught in a web of apathy.

If it does not seem feasible to incorporate more LAS courses into our curricula,
we must at least begin to discuss more readily in our classrooms the "why's and
"what for's" of our studies. Engineering as it is being taught seems to be nothing
more than techniques on how to mechanically solve physical problems. The college
is producing engineers who are highly trained technicians but too often complete
"social flunk outs."

In this issue of Technograph is an article entitled "How to Cross the Street: A
Suggestion" which confirms that engineering students neither know how nor see
the need to exchange ideas with the rest of the campus. No doubt this is due to
the apathetic environment that exists north of Green Street.

Only after our faculty begins to realize the importance of developing the "other
side" of the engineering student will the student himself realize the need. Likewise,
only then will the college come up to its rightful position as a contributing and
receiving member of this academic community.

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH

School was out and no one had to call you . . . you were up at dawn. So

many things to do — get out and work on the bike, find the rest of the gang

and take off to explore your own private universe.

The universe is bigger now, you think ahead instead of back. At Teletype

we're thinking ahead too. As a part of the Bell System and one of the world's

largest message and data
communications equip-
ment manufacturers we
have to. Maybe you'd like
to join in — we need in-
ventive young minds in
our engineering group to
help make our future as
great as our past. You
can find a future as bright

as those memories at Teletype. Contact your Bell System recruiter when he

visits your campus, or write to:

REMEMBER
WHEN?

TELETYPE

machines that make data move

TELETYPE CORPORATION

College Relations Department A48

5555 W Touhy Avenue • Skokie, Illinois 60076

An Equal Opportunity Employer

>.>^<l. '-).-.

■^1^,

%.-

'J'^

: ,u

Can there be this kind of excitement in engineering?

Try Xerox and see

An engineer operates the keyboard of an
information storage and retrieval system.

* incidentally, we're near some of the finest sl<iing in the country
with slopes to please beginners and challenge the experts.

You check your bindings again, adjust your goggles. .. then push off
in a fast schuss down the first leg, skis hissing against the powdered
snow. This is the excitement of skiing — pitting your experience and
skill against speed and the variables of a new, fast-dropping trail.*

Can there be a corresponding excitement in professional terms?
An exhilaration in matching your engineering talent against new
technologies? We think so. And we feel you can experience this type of
professional excitement at Xerox.

We're working on new concepts in iinaging and data handling and
graphic arts and education and many other areas. You've seen the
massive impact of past Xerox technical achievements on business and
industry. You can understand why, in the past three years alone,
we've put $100 million into research and development. And why the
climate for technical people here has to be experienced to be appreciated.

So if you feel that an engineering career should include a high level of
professional excitement and stimulation, look into what Xerox has to
offer. Your degree in Engineering or Science can qualify you for some
intriguing openings in fundamental and applied research,
engineering, manufacturing and prograinming.

See your Placement Director or write to Mr. Roger Vander Ploeg,
Xerox Corporation, P.O. Box 1995, Rochester, New York 14603.

XEROX

An Equal Opportunity Employer (M/F)

Engineering

Growth

Opportunities

Above all, they think, create
and grov\/ — on more than 200
construction sites; in half-a-
hundred offices, plants and lab-
oratories throughout the world.

With CB&I at home or abroad,
your career can point in five

general directions — Research,
Engineering, Manufacturing,
Field Construction or Sales —
in scores of challenging assign-
ments.

Chicago Bridge & Iron Company

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Use this page to jot down
what you know about Allied
Chemical. Doritlookat
it again until after yoifve
talked to our interviewer.

Then see if you really knew
all that we're doing today.

Of course, it's no secret that things are to build an exciting career with a company

happening at Allied Chemical. We have a that'son the move.

new spirit. And a nevi^ president. Check your college placement oflflce to

Sure, we want you to look over our litera- findoutwhentheAlliedChemical interview-

ture. That's always a good idea. er will be on campus. If for some reason you

But you won't get the complete Allied can't meet with him,
Chemical story until you've talked to our write: Manager, Col-
interviewer, lege Relations, Allied
We're not going to promise you success. Chemical Corporation,
That's up to you. 40 Rector Street, New
But we will promise you the opportunity York, New York 10006

Anied
^emical

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Decoding a love letter — Steps 1 . . . . 12

Girls are not supposed to
take the initiative. . .

. but my house .

You are going away
with a Russian woman.

.who holds you .

because I am in love . .

. she bars you from me .

. but I still love you .

. is wrapped in sadness .

. . and promises children .

. . . and because your house
already seems empty.

. . . and always will even if another
man comes along to love me.

The love-letter decoded above was written with a knife on a strip of bark by a
girl of the Yukagirian tribe in northeastern Siberia. Historically, the problem of
information exchange has been one of reproduction. However, modern technology
has alleviated this problem to the extent that the difficulty is now one of dis-
semination of the vast quantities of information available.

14 TECHNOGRAPH January, 1968

In 1700 Sir Isaac Newton undoubtedly spent many
nights at home leisurely reading papers and letters that
academies or fellow scientists sent him. Perhaps the
papers described theories, experiments, problems, or re-
search; or maybe they were informal replies to questions
and suggestions raised by Newton in earlier letters he
had sent. Such communication was fine, providing a
man had knowledgeable friends and access to the li-
braries of the academies. For the less fortunate soul
who was not in the limelight, the problem of keeping
informed was more acute. He could maintain no corre-
spondence with important men and probably had access
only to an institutional library.

the forms of soliciting from authors, advertising in news-
letters, and just guessing where articles may exist, is by
far the greatest task. Most materials come from well-
known research centers, but important works are en-
countered in psychology experiments working with rats,
in hospitals, in Switzerland, and other unusual places.
However incomplete the information is, a resume is
written for each document. The two keys to this resume
are the retrieval terms, phrases taken from a reference
book which describe all aspects of the document, and
the abstract or summary. Common retrieval terms are
academic performance, cognitive development, siblings,
and family life. Out of 3000 terms in the Thesaurus,

INFORMATION : HOW WE WILL FIND IT

By Madison Post and Cheryl Trapp

The Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century
only compounded the problems of the average informa-
tion seeker. Of course communications had been extended
since the Newtonian age, but the output of documented
experimentation and research papers had more than
kept pace. The industrial age introduced tons of addi-
tional documents into every field-military, pathology,
psychology, meteorology, physics, etc. — making the job
uf finding a certain article (or several articles about
some specific area) a headache supreme. At the same
time it became much more \ital for the academician, as
well as the manufacturer, to learn quickly of the new-
methods, processes, and research. Out of this confusion
specialized libraries arose, and the discipline of library
science evolved to cope with the problems of overlapping
fields and reams of information.

With the advent of microfilm and finally the computer,
prospects for making this information available were
further encouraged. At first both old and new documents
uere entered into the computer in such a way that it
acted much like a huge, speedy card catalogue. A person
wanting information became a librarian.

An innovation to this scheme came in the late 1950's
when computer languages capable of recognizing word
patterns were deployed in the information retrieval field.
An example of the use of such a language, Cobol
(Common Business Oriented Language), in a system
being used here at the University of Illinois may shed
light not only on the basic approach being used today
but also on the problems inherent in the approach.

The purpose of ERIC (Educational Resource Informa-
tion Center), a clearing house on Early Childhool Ed-
ucation located on West Pennsylvania Avenue, is to
gather, process, and make available all recently published
information from any field which may pertain to early
childhood education. Acquisition of documents, taking

Madison Post is a senior in
the five-year Engineering-
LAS curriculum. Madison
is majoring in Electrical
Engineering and Mathe-
matics and hails from
Springfield.

Cheryl Trapp is a Sopho-
more in Civil Engineering.
She is a member of the
Society of Women Engi-
neers.

about ten apply to any document, and these provide the
retrieval system with its usefulness.

Every month the resumes and documents from this
and seventeen other clearing houses in the system are
sent to North American Aviation for microfilming. Each
clearing house in the system receives and files a micro-
film copy of every resume and article. Via Cobol a
computer associates a document's title, author and date
with its retrieval terms.

One wishing to use the system might call the clearing
house and ask for a bibliography on "science curriculum
for four-year-old Head Start children." The retrieval
terms pre-school, curriculum, science, and Head Start
would be given to the computer, which would print out
the bibliography. After reading the list of articles and
authors, one may want to read an article or two. He
can go to any public source for the articles, or if the
document is not published publicly, he may read the
films at the clearing house and Xerox copies. The whole
process from telephoning to receiving the bibliography
takes less than 48 hours.

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 15

The problems of this retrieval system, which is very
typical of the majority of systems in use today, may be
tabulated as:

1) acquisition of a wide variety of documents from
varied sources

2) processing of the documents

3) condensation of the resumes of articles processed
at several clearing houses

4) production and storage of microfilms

5) oversupply and uncertainty in obtaining the re-
quired information

The fifth problem may not be readily apparent from
the above example, but suppose one wants information
about a specific problem in the science program for
Head Start children. Naturally he would think that the
article he desired could be found somewhere among the
Head Start articles, so his question was properly phrased.
But perhaps this problem is mentioned only in a docu-
ment which advocates a different approach to early ed-
ucation. The problem, about which information is desired,
may merely illustrate advantages of the different approach
over Head Start. The retrieval terms for this article may
or may not include Head Start. Obviously this person is
uncertain of receiving the information he wants, and he
is certainly given an oversupply of information.

With these deficiencies in mind, in September of 1967
a newly proposed information retrieval system. Cognitive
Memory, came into being at the University of Illinois.
The principle investigator is Heinz von Foerster. This
new approach will alleviate the burden of an oversupply
of information to the individual seeking an answer to a
question. The object of this system is to set up a com-
puter with self-organizing elements in such a fashion that
as a whole it will display some traces of intelligence.
"Intelligence" in this context means some degree of
abstraction, recognition, recall, learning, and adaptation.

In contrast to present information retrieval systems.
Cognitive Memory utilizes environmental situations which
are presented to the computer system and a form of
"memory." When one looks at the sky on a clear day,
his brain goes through some unique process of recalling
that the sky is blue. This is an example of cognitive
memory. When the Cognitive Memory system is devel-
oped, it will have its own unique method of making
"decisions" about environmental situations.

The eye detects various objects in nature and relates
them to the brain. The brain in turn determines what
the objects are. In a frog, for example, part of the retina
detects the curvature of the edge of dark objects.
Obviously this is an insect-detector since frogs live on
insects. The main purpose of this example is to illustrate

that given an insect, a detector can be devised which
detects this insect. Or more generally, if some structure
exists in an environment, a system may evolve which
can detect this structure.

Another example of cognitive memory concerns calcula-
tions of numbers. When numbers are considered in a
present day information retrieval system, the answers to
various calculations are determined by calling the "ad-
dress" of the result of a specific operation. Before com-
puters were built a person could made a multiphcation

X • Y

1 ...

...10

0...

1 ...

14...

21...

28...

35...

42...

49...

Fig. 1

table (fig. 1) for the numbers x and y. If this table were
to accomodate factors x and y up to an order of mag-
itude of n, using 8 ": by 11 inch paper, the thickness
D required for the multiplication table would be: i

D = n X 10 2n-6 cm.

For example, a 100 by 100 table has thickness, D =2
X 10 2= .2 mm. or about one page of paper. How-
ever, if n equals ten, D = 10 x 1014 = 1015 cm. This
thickness would be about one-hundred times the distance
between the sun and earth. A "librarian" moving with
the velocity of light would require on the average of
one-half day to look up a single entry in the book. A
Cognitive Memory computer would adapt; that is, it
would first learn by experience the operations required.
This system would change its internal organization as a
consequence of interaction with its environment. This
internal organization should remove uncertainties with
respect to predictions of future events in its environment.

When constructing a Cognitive Memory computer for
multiplication, the environment to which the computer
is to be exposed and what the computer is supposed to
learn must be determined. The environment is a reward

16 TECHNOGRAPH

January, 1968

system such that a rejuvenation of its parts occurs when
it comes up with a correct result. First it is assumed
that the computer has a built-in understanding of mul-
tiplication. The computer must now learn a number sys-
tem such as decimal or binary. This system should
"learn" because "learning" enables it to make inducti\e
inferences in order to compute future e\ents from past
experience.

The Coordinated Science Laboratory of the University
of Illinois, which is now engaged with Cognitive Memory,
proposes to conduct a research program to establish the
foundations for systems which premit symbolic discourse
in the form of natural language between man and
machine and to demonstrate the superiority of such sys-
tems over conventional information storage and retrieval
systems. Should this form of system ultimately be
realized in useful form, it would undoubtedly have ad-
vantages over current systems. One such advantage is
the acceptable form of requests. Presently a "quer>'"
consists of a document set in crude retrieval terms
which is similar to going to a grocer>' store for beer and
asking for something in bottles of a long cylindrical
shape. Of course the result may not be what was wanted.
In the normal use of language, a question has the func-
tion of describing the particular gap in one's knowledge
that needs filling. It is this form of query which is
appropriate for a Cognitive Memory system.

The group of faculty members from various departments
on this campus who are working on Cognitive Memory
have set up a six year plan for the development of a
Cognitive Memory system (Table I). This is by no
means a permanent timetable since research may either
speed up or slow down the present line of investigation.
The first step is to set up a data structure and test this
structure with present computer facilities. The concept
of "cellular logic" will be investigated at this time. By
the end of the second year, it is hoped that inter-system
structures will be finalized and that a computer system
will be rented or purchased. During the third year the
development of system programs may be initiated. The
fourth year will bring testing of the data structure. Re-
sults obtained during the first four years will be used
during the fifth year to modify system programs and to
expand the computer system. Finally, it is hoped that in
the sixth year the entire system may become operable.

The ground work has been laid for a much more effi-
cient information retrie\al system. However, the full
value of a Cognitive Memory system is far from realized
due to hmited knowledge of linguistic and cognitive
structures as well as present limitations of computing
systems.

1 Memory Without Record, Heinz von Foerster, 1965.

THEORY

SIMULATION

ON EXISTENT

COMP. FACIL.

HARDWARE
(HW)

SOFTWARE

SYSTEM

f
r
c
r
>

Data St
Syntax,

ructure
lidology

Data S
Interi

tructure
Ti HW

Finalize
Interim Syst
Architecture

Contemplate

Rental or

Purchase

Preparation of
Data Structure

Devel
of S
Proq

opment
vstem

rams

Svstens
Integration

Testing of
Interim Design

Evaluation of
System Tests

New Development
Based on

Tests

Possible

Expansion

of HW

Modifications

According to

Results

Evaluation

Debugging

Final Testing
and Operation

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH

If you're looking for -

1. Routine work assignments

2. A job without responsibility

3. A"9 to 5" atmosphere

Fine!
ButnotatFMC

At FMC Chemicals, growth in sales volume has been unprecedented in recent years.
Everybody has contributed to this growth . . . through research, manufacturing
innovation and unique marketing techniques ... the result of new ideas, resourceful-
ness and hard work. Would you fit in a team like this? If so we have a challenge
unequalled in the chemical industry.

We need people for:

Sales

Process Engineering
Maintenance Engineering
Design Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Mining Engineering
Project Engineering

With disciplines in any
of the foUowing:

Chemists - B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Chemical Engineers - B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Mechanical Engineers — B.S.
Mining Engineers — B.S.
Industrial Engineers — B.S.
Electrical Engineers — B.S.

At these locations:

Sales

Research and Development

Manufacturing

Princeton, Carteret, N.J.
Baltimore, Md., Middleport, N.Y.

Buffalo, N.Y.
Vancouver, Wash.
Green River, Wyo.
Carteret, N.J.
Lawrence, Kansas

S. Charleston, Nitro, W.Va.
Modesto, Newark, Calif,
Pocatello, Idaho
Baltimore, Md.
Newport, Ind.

Would you like to learn more about how you can contribute to FMC's progress?
Write to Recruiting Manager, Industrial Relations Dept .CM. Chemical Division

FMC CHEMICALS

633 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10017

® An Equal Opportunity Employer

Model of TIROS M—an RCA secoi^d generation multuensor, earth-
stahilized spacecraft. The primary meteorological mission for the
TIROS M si/stem is to provide a cond>inalion of the daylight cloud-
coier missions of the two types of TOS (TIROS Operational System)
spacecraft and, in addition, to provide a night-time cloud-cover-
observation capability for both real time and global data.

RCA in Aerospace and Defense

The most significant benefit to mankind from meteoro-
logical satellites has been the dramatic improvement
in the daily observation of the earth's weather sys-
tems. With earth-orbiting satellites, the weather over
the entire earth is viewed daily. The more than 30
spacecraft and major systems built by RCA ha\e
accumulated a total of nearly 20 years in outer space.
You will find in this one area alone— Aerospace and
Defense— RCA has set standards of engineering excel-
lence that are second to none.

We are looking for EE, ME and IE graduates for
positions in the Corporate Programs including Design
and Development. Manufacturing, Purchasing, Oper-
ations Research, Finance and Management Informa-
tion Systems.

We welcome the opportunit\' to re\iew \our per-
sonal interests and career objectives, and show you
how RCA can further your individual development

and growth in many fields, such as: Home Entertain-
ment Products, Communications, Solid-State Devices,
Computers, Control Systems, Radar, Weather and
Communications Satellites, Broadcast Studio Equip-
ment, Conversion, Receiver and Power Tubes, Laser
and Electro-Optic De\ices, Microwave Systems, Med-
ical Electronics, Graphic S\stems, etc.

See \our college placement director, or write to
College Relations, Radio Corporation of America,
Cherry Hill, New Jerse\ OSIOl.

An Equal Oppoitunity Employer

The Most Trusted Name in Electronics

They're focusing on closer
quality control at Kodak . . .

They're running faster
heats at Bethlehem . . .

with the help of Foxboro instrumentation

Film and steel are but two of the products
Foxboro instruments help make better. We
could name lots of others — clothing,
paper, chemicals — all fundamental to high
living standards.

Our people find the world of process con-
trol a rewarding place to live and work, a
place where individual talent and initiative
are recognized.

Pro/essionaJs iike you are finding just the
opportunities they've been looking for with

Foxboro — a fast growing company in a
a nondefense industry.

Talk to your Placement Officer. Look
through the Foxboro Capabilities Brochure
in his office . . . then let us tell our story
in person. Write:

Mr. W. W. BROWN
College Personnel Relations
The Foxboro Company
Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035

An Equal Opponunity Employer

tOXBORO.

Specialists m Process and Energy Control

OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES. PLANTS IN U.S.A. • CANADA • MEXICO • ENGLAND • FRANCE • NETHERLANDS • JAPAN • AUSTRALIA

PRODUCT
GROUP

LOCATIONS HAVING
CURRENT OPENINGS

Olin

MAJOR PRODUCTS
PRODUCED

DISCIPLINE
REQUIREMENTS

TYPEOFW/ORK
PERFORMED

CHEMICALS
—Inorganic
—Organic &
Specialty
—Agricultural

Augusta. Ga.
Brandenburg, Ky.
Charleston, Tenn.
Joliet, III,
Lake Charles, La.
Little Rock, Ark.
Mcintosh, Ala.
New Haven, Conn,
Niagara Falls, N,Y.
Pasadena, Texas
Rochester, N,Y.
Saltville, Va.

Chlor-Alkali Products

Ammonia

Phosphates

Urea

Nitrogen

Acids

Hydrazine

Petrochemicals

Insecticides

Pesticides

Polyurethane

Carbon Dioxide

Animal Health

Products
Automotive Chemicals
Other derivatives

ChE

Chemistry

Accounting

Business Adm.

Transportation

Marketing

Process Development,
Design, Maintenance,
Planning, Scheduling,
Production, Sales,
Accounting,
Marketing,
Financial Analysis,
Distribution,
Project Engineering
(Plant Startups
Construction),
Research Engineering,
Technical Service

METALS
—Aluminum
— Brass
— Ormet, Corp.

Burnside, La,
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Gulfport, Miss,
Hannibal, Ohio
East Alton, III,
New Haven, Conn.
Sedalia, Mo.

Alumina
Aluminum

Aluminum Extrusions
Aluminum Sheet, Plate,

Coils
Brass Fabricated Parts
Sheet & Strip — Brass
Roll Bond
Wire & Cable

ChE

Metallurgy

Met, Engineering

Accounting

Business Adm,

Ind Tech.

Ind, Mgmt,

Manufacturing

Production

Sales

Maintenance

Finance

Metals R&D

FOREST PRODS,
PAPER & FILM
— Olinkraft, Inc.
— Ecusta
-Film

West Monroe, La.
Pisgah Forest, N C.
Covington, Indiana

Carbonizing Paper
Fine Printing Papers
Specialty Paper

Products
Cigarette Paper &

Filters
Cellophane
Kraft Bags
Kraft Paper
Kraftboard Cartons
Corrugated Containers
Olinkraft Lumber

ChE

Chemistry
Pulp & Paper

Tech.
IE
ME

Mathematics
Business Adm.
Accounting

Marketing

Process Engineering

Plant Engineering

Research & Dev.

Statistician

Systems Engineering

Production

Management
General IE
Design and

Development
Accounting

WINCHESTER-
WESTERN

East Alton, III,
New Haven, Conn.
Marion, III
Kingsbury, Ind.

Sporting Arms
Ammunition
Powder Actuated tools
Smokeless Ball

Powders
Solid Propellants
Safety Flares
Franchised Clubs

Ind. Tech.

Mathematics

ChE

Accounting

Business Adm.

Marketing

Personnel Mgt.

Physics

Ind. Mgmt.

Production Control

Purchasing

Manufacturing

Plant Engineering

Sales

Financial Analysis

Personnel

Marketing

R&D

If you find this chart interesting,
we're interested*

For additional information about Olin,

please contact your Placement Oflice or write Mr. Monte H. Jacoby, College Relations Officer,

Olin, -ibO Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022. Olin is a Plan for Progress company and an equal opportunity employer (M &. F).

CHRISTIANITY

vs. SCIENCE

By Jim Moore

Part 2.

Last month we saw that philosophical speculation can never determine
whether miracles occur. Rather than the armchair philosopher, the scientist
and historian must answer the miracle question. Furthermore we saw that
miracles are not intrinsically impossible events. That is, miracles do not occur
only if one so defines non-occurring events. But if miracles in the ordinary
sense of the word may occur, then this fact calls for a clarification of the
word "miracle."

What distinguishes events that merit the appellation "miracle?" The signifi-
cance of events that are normally called miracles does not lie in the fact that
they violate a rigid, universal framework of natural law, but in the fact that
they are coniextually unique — and that their uniqueness lends prestige or
authority to a miracleworker, (providing that an agent is involved). By con-
textually unique it is meant that the events were extraordinary and/or unique
within the culture or epoch in which they occurred, (e.g. A first century
story relates that two men see each other and communicate with each other
between Rome and Athens by looking and speaking into an unusual metal
box.) In light of this clarification a miracle can be at least tentatively defined
to be a unique event of great significance within a certain historical context.

STARTING POINTS

The subject of this article is the revelation of the Christian God and man's
rational competence to know Him. As we shall see, the unique claims of
Christianity rest here. The question of miracles is logically prior in that
miraculous events are intimately involved with the validation of the Christian
belief in God. In order to show the correlation between miracles and Christian
theism we must first digress to discuss the nature of the problem of science
and Christian theism and to reveal the scientific-philosophical procedure by
which we, as engineers or prospective scientists, may effect a solution.

In approaching the problem of theism versus science and the philosophy
of science one encounters a multiplicity of statements relating the nature of
the problem. John Hick offers us an eloquent and instructive example.

The sciences have cumulatively established the autonomy
of the natural order. From the galaxies whose vastness
numbs the mind to the unimaginable small events and
entities of the subatomic universe, and throughout the
endless complexities of our own world which lies between
these virtual infinities, nature can be studied without any
reference to God. The universe investigated by the sciences
proceeds exactly as though no God exists. '

But the obvious question remains: Does it follow from
this account that there is no God, or can an open-
minded, scientific outlook and a dogmatic. Christian
theism be reconciled?

It seems to be too much to ask engineers and pros-
pective scientists to commit intellectual hari-kari by
blindly affirming the existence of an invisible and in-
tangible God. These are men who work with the "stuff"
of the world and their "belief in the theories and laws
which describe its behavior is predicated on an intimate
acquaintance with objective data accruing from careful
experiment. To plunge into a morass of fuzzy-minded,
non-evidential religious belief is, for the thoughtful en-
gineer and scientist, to embrace a disconcerting incon-
sistency between daily life and religious practice — dis-
concerting because the dichotomy of the secular (scientif-
ic) and the sacred (religious) appears to be an unsup-
ported presupposition which the thoughtful engineer
and scientist must question.^

This problem of scientific belief challenges us to
consider the primary philosophical issue of presup-
positions. Every argument and methodology has them.
Therefore it is imperative that we understand that
there are at least two kinds of people in the world:
those who have presuppositions and admit them and
those that have them and do not admit it. Of course
the latter group is more dangerous in that their sovereign
decisions unwittingly distort the conclusions which they
draw from their universe of data.

To alleviate the perversion caused by inadmissible
or otherwise unknown presuppositions, effective scientists
and engineers consciously adopt presuppositions with
minimum factual content. They assume that: (1) know-
ledge is possible. (2) the universe is orderly. (3) men
report their conclusions honestly.^ As empiricists these
men use their presuppositions to justify investigation of
the universe. Theories and models are then constructed
imaginatively and checked inductively in attempts to
render the resultant data intelligible. Finally a world-view
is constructed from the processed data.'' Observation,
Correlation, and Experimentation — in short, this is the
procedure followed by scientists and engineers in search
of truth about the universe. ^

THE THEOLOGIAN'S SYNTHESIS

If we cannot accept the existence of God by blind
faith and retain our intellectual respectability and, if we
understand the presuppositions and methodology em-
ployed in our quest for truth, then what sort of reason-
able systhesis can we expect which will be relevant to a
rational belief or disbelief in the Christian God? The
philosopher Paul Schlipp frankly relates the synthesis
we cannot expect.

There can be no "science" of God. God may be a claim
of (more or less) reasonable failh; He may be a (more or
less valid) metaphysical hypothesis (and all metaphysics is
purely speculative); He may even be the answer to some-
one's "religious" need. But, in the very nature of the case
(i.e., because He is thought of as infinite, whereas man
and all man's knowledge are only finite), He cannot be
the object of scientific analysis and investigation.*

Is Schlipp correct? Is science to be short-circuited in a
search for God? Surely he must admit that science
offers the would-be believer firm epistemological ground
on which to stand for its ground (scientific method) has
supported the intellectual weight of scientists (both
Christian and non-Christian) throughout centuries of
research and technological progress. Let us see if
theologians have stood on this ground where the grass
appears to be decidedly greener than on prairies of
unverifiable subjective experience and mystically intuitive
God-claims.

On the one hand we have theologians who have swal-
lowed Schlipp' s statement. In the temple of the mind
where Einstein held his "gedanken experiments" '' these
theologians slaughter their intellects on the metaphysical
altar they have erected to G O D — a linguistic symbol
which is meant to connote "being" that is undetectable
and wholly unverifiable either by tangible, historical
contact or by a theoretical thought experiment. * But
the sheer folly of this cult will become apparent if we
describe a similar situation. What would we think of a
physicist who believed in the existence of undetectable,
wholly unverifiable particles which he called "glerps?"
Very little, I expect, when we discover that the evidence
which the physicist submits for the particles' existence
is no more than his compelling, irrational, and evidently
mystical feelings. Perhaps his belief was elicited by mere
indigestion! Consequently, the Christian theologian must
be able to distinguish " the Lord on high" from both
gastronomical pie and metaphysical pie in the sky. In
the last analysis only scientific method will rescue
theologians and physicists from the snare of nonsensical
discourse and mystical thought life. » Let us see why
this is true.

Theoretical construction must be subject to specific,
factual investigation if it is to aid man's world-view and
if, in fact, it is to make sense. If one seeks to theorize
where verification is impossible in fact or in principle
(as with glerps and gods) he is left to sheer speculation
and blithering pseudo-statements, (note Schlipp's view-
point) This is the case because statements which propose
the existence of glerps and unverifiable gods are not
genuine assertions. Such propositions may indeed con-
stitute a peculiar kind of "language game" but how
can one determine whether the game represents reality
at all? "^ One must face the fact that these proposi-
tions are compatible with anything and everything and

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 23

therefore they say precisely nothing. They are neither
true nor false because there are no truth conditions
relevant to establishing their truth or falsity. There is
no "check-up" procedure relevant to determining their
truth or falsity. At best they tell us of the psychological
conditions of the people who uttered them. Hence, if
one is to make sense when speaking of God or of
particles he must be certain that his assertions can be
checked in some objective fashion. '^ Checking is
accomplished by scientific method.

However many Christian theologians refuse to succumb
to Schlipp's logic. They have left their ivory towers of
theologizing and are embracing the down-to-earth verifi-
cation criteria of the modern scientist. They rely on an
empirically verifiable God and objective attestation to
the veracity of his revelation to man. They insist on
discovering and assimilating these facts by scientific
method. They have concluded that absolutes, whether
ethical or spiritual, cannot be obtained by analyzing the
human situation from within. As a consequence, particu-
lar revelation is seen to be the touchstone for man's
knowledge of absolute truths — a palpable word from
outside the human situation. '^

Two factors have aided this doctrinal development.
First, these theologians realize that they must make
sense when speaking of the reality of God and therefore

their assertions must be amenable to some sort of
objective verification. Second, it appears that absolute
ethical and spiritual truths will never be derived from
the human situation because every human being is
caught up in the flux of life. There is no absolute
resting place within the human situation from which
one can gain a comprehensive, absolute perspective on
the universe. Consequently one must seize upon an
empirical manifestation of the God who speaks to
man — the God whose statements constitute absolute
ethical and spiritual truth. '^

If however there has been an empirical manifestation
of God then obviously (contra Schlipp) there can be a
science of God in some sense of the word science. In-
deed, there may be a basis for rational belief in God.
One might also expect that such a belief would be
akin to a scientist's acceptance of his empirical data as
recorded in a laboratory manual or as generalized by
a theory or law. But where shall we turn to find an
incarnation of God?

DATA ON DIETY

Scores of men throughout history have either claimed
to be God or have been elevated to that position in the
public opinion. Scores of men have met with ignominious
failure when compelled to validate their claim or the
claims of others for them. It is therefore interesting to
discover what sort of evidence would be required of a
pretender to Deity in order to substantiate his claim in
the mind of an engineer or scientist. It seems that al-
most no amount of evidence would be sufficient to
prove to me that Joe Schmo in my Physics lecture was
the controller of the universe and maker of heaven and
earth. Or could there be sufficient evidence? Those
theologians and laymen who believe in the Christian
God on scientific grounds have found sufficient evidence
to warrant unqualified belief in His existence and
personal reality.

In the orthodox tradition, Christianity avers that
God did, in fact, enter the finite flux of human endeavor.
By a series of unusual events nearly 2000 years ago in
the land of present-day Israel it is claimed that God
entered human history in a unique person known by
his contemporaries as Jesus of Nazareth. It is recorded
that this self-confessed God-man spoke absolute ethical
and spiritual truths and attested his claims and pro-
nouncements by performing miracles and, ultimately,
by returning to life after a brutal murder at the hands
of the religious authorities.

The historical data for these "laws" of Christianity
(analogous to physical laws of nature) were collected
by eyewitnesses at the time of the events and were
subsequently recorded in a "laboratory manual" of
primary source documents. The scientific Christian
theologian and layman begin with the precollected data

24 TECHNOGRAPH January, 1968

of history as found in the New Testament.'^ They
find the data to be free from systematic error and are
assured of their facticity and \eracity in the same way
that one may know the certainty of the events in
World War II beyond the shadow of a reasonable
doubt by reading (for example) Dwight Eisenhower's
Crusade in Europe. '=

W'e are now in a position to understand the centrality
of miracles to the Christian God-claim. First-centurN
men were as skeptical as we would be if confronted
with a claimant to deity. "^ Indeed, it is difficult to
concei\e of a modem man who would be allowed to
remain on the streets for three years after claiming to
be God. However, it is recorded that Jesus went about
doing remarkable things which we call miracles —
things which won him a tremendous following from
the ranks of his monotheistic countrymen.'" Through-
out his public ministn,' it was apparent that his ethical
and moral character was entirely congruent with his
claim to be God."" When asked for an ultimate sign
of his authority and godhead Jesus replied that he
would return to life from the dead.'* The documents
record the events of the ensuing resurrection and post-
resurrection appearances of Jesus in clinical detail.
Taken together with Jesus" claims, character and other
miracles, the resurrection constitutes the fundamental
\ indication of Christian theism. ^^

Experiment
In conclusion we go a step farther. Scientific method
is incomplete without experimental verification of hypo-
theses. Yet it is obvious that, in the case of Jesus,
historical experimentation qua science in efforts to
estabUsh a hypothesis concerning his identity is im-
possible. Therefore it is necessary to see what sort of
"experiments" men performed in Jesus' day in efforts
to estabhsh the full truth of what he claimed. .Although
men saw, touched and heard Jesus, their primary mode
of verification was becoming his personal friends —
becoming his disciples. In a personal relationship the
true character of any individual is revealed far more
clearly than by any list of data. Yet personal know-
ledge should never be set over against objective facts.
Rather, one begins to know a historical character
personally as he first learns of him objectively, the
data serving as a necessary check on any ensuing
existential experience.

With these thoughts in mind it is incumbent upon
men of today — especially those of us with the technical
tools of scientific method — to recognize that the same
Jesus who lived and spoke and died and (if his claims
are true) returned to life in proof of his claims — this
Jesus who lives today asks men to experiment as did
men of old by trusting him to be all he claimed to be
and by relating to him as disciples.'^'

The biblical tradition declares that God, the source from
which all existence comes, demands from man the response

and responsibility of a person, rather than the reaction of
a thing to external impacts. Christianity sharpens the
question by declaring that by the Incarnation, God him-
self entered into and participated in the career of man to
confront man with a Person whom man can accept or
reject, but toward whom he cannot be neutral. -'-

In that modern science has experienced a great
degree of success in discovering truthful relations about
the universe, it has contributed immeasurably to man's
ability to handle a problem as ostensibly complex and
controversial as belief in the Christian God. By applying
scientific methods we have seen that historical"observa-
tion" and a subsequent correlation of data are necessary
conditions for a meaningful and rational belief in any
god. In the case of Christian theism, personal "experi-
mentation" taken together with these two steps is both
necessary and sufficient to establish the certainty of
man's historic and personal encounter with God as
manifest in Jesus Christ. I am persuaded that until we
realize that facts and the faith of a scientist (in that
order) produce the unshakable trust of a rational belief
in this God, we shall be doomed to spiritual schizo-
phrenia in attempts to derive ultimate answers to
religious questions from the flux of human opinion.

NOTES

1 Philosophy of Religion (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963)
pp. 37-38.

1 D. M. Mackay, ed., Christianity in a Mechanistic Universe
(Chicago; Inter- Varsity Press, 1966), pp. 33-34. This symposium
of British scientists constitutes a lucid and competent survey of
the problem of Christian belief as related to the universe
described by the natural sciences.

3 Edward J. Carnell, An Introduction to Christian Apologetics
(Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.,
1948), p. 94. Also cf. David L. Dye, Faith and the Physical
World: A Comprehensive View (Grand Rapids, Michigan; Wm.
B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1966), pp. 33-50.

4 John W. Montgomery, "Constructive Religious Empiricism:
.An .Analysis and Criticism," in The Shape of the Past (Ann
Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Bros. Inc., 1962), pp. 265-266.

5 For a detailed discussion of scientific methods see Max Black,
Critical Thinking (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1965), chaps 17-19.

6 Paul .Arthur Schlipp, "Science, Theology and Ethical Religion,"
Zygon, I (June, 1966), 189-190.

7 Edwin L. Goldwasser, Optics, Waves, .\toms and Nuclei
(New York: W. A. Benjamin, Inc., 1965), pp. 195-196.

8 See Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, ' 1951), Vol. I, pp. 235-249. and John
Macquarrie, "How Can We Think of God" in New Theology
No. 3 ed. Martin E. Marty and Dean G. Peerman (New
York: Macmillan Paperbacks, 1964), pp. 47-52. This essay
first appeared in the July, 1965 issue of Theology Today.

9 Carl Henry has astutely observed that "from the objective-
transcendent personal God of Judeo-Christian theology, there-
fore, neo-Protestant interpreters have moved in recent genera-
tions to the nonobjective-lranscendent personal God (Barth
and Brunner), to the nonobjective-transcendent impersonal
Unconditioned (Tillich), to ihe nonobjecti\e-mylhological-tran-
scendenl personal God (Bultmann). to nonobjective-nontran-
scendent religion." If all objectivity has been lost then we

(Notes continued on Page 28)

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 25

Some say we specialize in power. . .
power for propulsion . . . power for
auxiliary systems . . . power for aircraft,
missiles and space vehicles . . . power for
marine and industrial applications . . .

. . . iheyre right And wrong.

It might be said, instead, that we specialize in people, for
we believe that people are a most
Important reason for our company's success. We act
on that belief.

You could be one of the reasons for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's
success ... if you have a B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. in:
MECHANICAL • AERONAUTICAL • ELECTRICAL

• CHEMICAL • CIVIL • MARINE • INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING • PHYSICS • CHEMISTRY • METALLURGY

• CERAMICS • MATHEMATICS • STATISTICS

• COMPUTER SCIENCE • ENGINEERING SCIENCE

• ENGINEERING MECHANICS.

Pratt & Whitney Rircraft

CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS EAST HARTFORD. CONNECTICUT

ISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP.

AIRCf

*r Iqual Opportunity Einplovi-

CHRISTIANITY VS. SCIENCE (Cont.)

have perforce lost all means of impartial evaluation of Chris-
tianity. Modern man is then in the lamentable religious
position where "no reason can be adduced for choosing one
faith or set of religious beliefs over its opposite, or, for that
matter, for choosing any at all on rational grounds." (Frontiers
in Modern Theology (Chicago: Moody Press, 1966). pp. 148-
149.)

10 See Fredrick Ferre, Language, Logic and God (New York;
Harper and Row, 1961), pp. 58-61. and Walter Kaufmann,
Critique of Religion and Philosophy (Garden City, New York:
Doubleday Anchor Books, 1961), pp. 173-181. Kaufmann
distinguishes between the assertions "God exists" and "God
really exists" and concludes that the latter has no clear
meaning whereas the former may be a meaningful component
of the universe of Judeo-Christian discourse (language game).

11 Antony Flew and Alasdair Maclntyre, eds.. New Essays in
Philosophical Theology (New York: Macmillan Paperbacks,
1964), pp. 78-95. Concepts derived by contemporary analytic
philosophers have proven useful in clearing up much of
today's jumbled religious jargon.

12 "In a moving symbolic novel. Mount Analogue, the late
surrealist Sanskrit scholar, philosopher and poet Rene Daumal
has one of his leading characters say: 'Experience has proven,
I told myself, that a man cannot reach truth directly, nor all
by himself. An intermediary has to be present, a force still
human in certain respects, yet transcending humanity in
others. Somewhere onour Earth this superior form of humanity
must exist, and not utteriy out of reach. In that case shouldn't
all my efforts be directed toward discovering it? Even if, in
spite of my certainty, I were the victim of a monstrous
illusion, I should lose nothing in the attempt. For, apart
from this hope, all life lacked meaning for me.' 'But where
was I to look? Where could I begin? I had already covered
the world, poked my nose into everything, into all kinds of
religious sects and mystic cults. But with all of them it came
down to the same dilemma: maybe yes, maybe no. Why
should I stake my life on this one rather than on that one?
You see, I had no touchstone' (tr. Roger Shattuck (New
York: Pantheon Books, 1960), p. 59). John W. Montgomery,
"Toward A Christian Philosophy of History," in Jesus of
Nazareth: Savior and Lord ed. Carl F. H. Henry (Grand
Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1966), pp.
239-240.

13 Metaphysical dualism applied here to a prior belief in God is
a philosophical a priori. In the words of Sir Robert Anderson,
"... it implies a double incompetance, the incompetance not
only of man to know God, but of God to make himself
known. But the denial of competance is the negation of
deity." (A Doubter's Doubts .\bout Science and Religion
(London: Pickering and Inglis, 3rd Ed., 1924).)

14 For an excellent and comprehensive study of the scientific
theologian's methodology see John W. Montgomery, "The
Theologian's Craft: A Discussion of Theory Formation and
Theory Testing in Theology," Journal of the American Scien-
tific Affiliation, .Will (September, 1966), 65-77, 92-95.

15 The eminent textual scholar Sir Fredrick Kenyon has written,
"So far from the New Testament text being in an abnormally
unsatisfactory state, it is far better attested than that of any
other work of ancient literature. Its problems and difficulties
arise not from a deficiency of evidence but from an excess of
it. In the case of no work of Greek or Latin literature do we
possess manuscripts so plentiful in number or so near the
date of composition." (Recent Developments in the Tcxtural
Criticism of the Greek Bible (London, 1933), pp. 74-75.)
Perhaps the best short work on the subject is F. F. Bruce's
The New Testament Documents: ,\re They Reliable (Chicago:
Inter-Varsity Press, 1967).

16 See Luke 5:17-26; John 7,8; John 20:24-31 for examples of
first-century scepticism.

17 Cf. John 11:45-48 That Jesus regarded Himself as no less than
Jehovah God of the Jews is patent in New Testament. See
John 8:56-59.

18 Cf. John 5:17-24; 10:22-39; 14:9. One of the most startling
aspects of Jesus' public image was that friend and foe alike
confessed his sinlessness and freedom from guilt. Pilate and
Herod, Luke 23:14,15; Judas, Luke 27:4; Malefactor, Luke
23:41; Roman centurion, Luke 23:47; Peter, Acts 3:14; I Peter
3:18; Stephen, Acts 7:52; John, I John 3:5; Paul, II Corin-
thians 5:21.

19 John 2:18-22; Matthew 12:38-40.

20 Beginning with Paul the Apostle (I Corinthians 15:14) men of
all ages have recognized this fact. Frank Morison set out to
disprove the resurrection and the sheer facticity of the event
drove him to God and to answer the only question for which
he could not conceivably rationalize an answer, namely, the
title of his book. Who Moved the Stone? (London: Faber and
Faber Ltd., 1959).

21 Cf. John 3:16-21; 8:12-36. An excellent exposition of the
New Testament data on this subject is available in John
Stott's Basic Christianity (Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press, 1964).

22 Emerson Shideler, Believing and Knowing (Ames, Iowa: Iowa
State University Press, 1965), p. 36.

"Look Doug ... It's a lot simpler to Just drink until
you can figure your capacity. "

28 TECHNOGRAPH January, 1968

If you're a good,
play-it-safe thinker^
uiiltha
step-at-a-time philosophy...

you're not geared for the pace of things at Celanese.

No other major corporation in our industry has grown so
fast. In the last ten years, sales have zoomed from $286.4
million to over $1 billion.

But that's just the beginning of the beginning.

We have a lot of serious growing to do. Right now. And
some substantial, ground-floor opportunities to offer you.
If you can help us grow.

Frankly, we expect a lot. But we offer even more

CELANESE

Like rewards based on performance — not on how old you
are, or how long you've been with us. By the same token,
we do not subject you to long formal training programs.
We c[o have a deep interest in helping you grow just as
fast as you can. And in giving you as much responsibility
as you can handle.

We believe that is the reason for our success — and as-
sured growth — in international markets for chemicals,
fibers, plastics, coatings, petroleum and forest products.

ENGINEERS & SCIENTISTS

TECHNOLOGY FOR TOMORROW

Our work in advanced nuclear energy research re-
quires original thinking to develop technology for
the future.

Plowshare —

Electronics Engineers —

Design and develop electronic systems necessary
for assessing the effects of experiments.

Mechanical Engineers —

Design, develop and install the nuclear explosives
and the diagnostics equipment to provide seismic
and shock data.

Solid State Scientists —

Other Long Range Programs at LRL Include:
radiation effects on the biosphere: development of
controlled thermonuclear reactions: nuclear v^eap-
ons for national defense; and reactors for power
in space.

Harbor Excavation. Harbor: 4-200 KT at 800 ft. DOB. Area~ 180
acres. Channel > 5 - 50 KT at 500 ft. DOB minimum depth — 50
ft. MLW.

Additional Opportunities
Electronics Engineers

Systems Design &
Development
Instrumentation
Computer Technology
Nuclear Effects
(Field Engineering)

for Engineers:
Mechanicol Engineers

R&D Assignments in:
Advanced Machine
Design

Materials Engineering
Applied Mechanics
Analytical & Experi-
mental Stress Analysis

m n NUCUU PIODUCnOR

GAS RESERVOIR STIMULATION

We will be on campus to interview students in the Sciences
& Engineering on February 27.

Call your placement office for an appointment or write:
Personnel Department, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
University of California, P.O. Box 808,80-78 Livermore,
California 94550

An Equal Opportunity Employer U. S. Citizenship Required

^13 O Z* ZK.'fc o x» y

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA

You can't buy this piece
in a steel warehouse

How do you accommodate multiple functions,
high non-uniform stresses and complex config-
uration in a single component made of standard
steel shapes? You don't . . . That's why this
power shovel body had to be cast-steel.

Only with the correct steel composition, and
Integra! one-piece construction, could the de-
signer be sure that the equipment would take
the punishing loads and shocks of heavy
construction work while maintaining the pre-
cise alignment of critical shafts and bearings.

Casf-sfee/ means design flexibility. In ad-
dition to offering an unlimited range of

.e o

shapes, it allows the engineer to put the metal
where it's needed for load-carrying ability...
Then too, cast-steel permits streamlined design
— design that minimizes stress-concentration at
sharp radii and corners. Can you match such
versatility with assembly methods? Don't try.
Want to know more about cast-steel? We're
offering individual students free subscriptions
to ourpublication"CASTEEL". . .Clubs and
other groups can obtain our sound film "En-
gineering Flexibility." Write Steel Founders'
Society of America, Westview Towers, 21010
Center Ridge Rd., Rocky River, Ohio 44116.

STEEL FOUNDERS' SOCIETY OF .A.MERIC^

Cast-Steel
for Engineering Flexibility

HOW TO CROSS GREEN STREET:

a suggestion

By Edwin Black

Edwin Black, a freshman majoring in English hails
from Chicago. He has numerous achievements in artistic
and freelance writing.

What is the mythical dimension that exists north of
Green Street? Cross that almost legendary boundary and
you enter a world of slide rules, computers, and co-
efficients. Wander past Green and you wander past the
last outpost of what students call the "with-it." The
tales go on and on and on, with the engineering
students that inhabit the stately buildings north of
Green Street just going on about their work and their
lives.

How does the rest of the university see the student of
engineering? Does he have an image? What is it? What
makes him similar to the other students? What makes
him different? To find out I circulated 300 question-
naires to men and women of all colleges and majors
outside the Engineering College and asked for their
honest opinions about engineering students.

The nature of the survey sought to poll opinion,
whether founded or not; in this way an image of the
engineering student could be seen. The survey was
concerned with the "picture" others had of engineering
students and why. Information about the interviewees'
college, major, age, housing, and regional origin was
supplied. Answers could not be divided on the basis of
any of these. However, there was a clear cut difference
between the sexes in answering. The women usually had
a greater knowledge of engineers than the men; this
could be explained by an abundance of female responses
indicating they had dated male engineering students,
and a complete lack of any men dating female en-
gineering students.

The "picture" most had of the engineering student
was one of a quiet student that stays pretty much
within his own circle — namely, other engineers. Half
of the men and most of the women indicated they felt
engineering students were quiet, while not one could
even imagine an engineer being loud. Furthermore,
most men and women saw engineers as unaggressive
and apathetic.

As a fellow student, the surveyed persons all thought
an engineering student was a very good student. Nearly
all answered engineering students seem to be more
devoted than others. Most of the men and women
also felt that engineering students took harder courses,
got higher grades, and took more credit hours on the
average. Almost 75% readily admitted they felt engi-
neering students were all around better students. One
female junior majoring in history remarked, "I don't
know what's different about them. They seem to be
more devoted. They're always in their studies."

Yet the laurels of their scholarship is soon negated
when that very scholarship consumes the student. Two
male freshmen majoring in chemistry remarked that
their only friends in engineering were from their dormi-
tory floor. "You don't meet them like you meet other
fellows," said one of them. "They keep to themselves
and you usually have few common interests with them,
unless you're an engineer too," said the other. The
survey indicated the students thought engineers would
make good friends, but many qualified their answers as
this sophomore fraternity member majoring in photog-

32 TECHNOGRAPH January, 1968

raphy did: "I'm sure they would be good friends to
have, but only to other engineers, or at least that's
my impression."

And it is definitely the impression engineering stu-
dents present that is responsible for the legends north
of Green. The problem lies in a technical obsession to
gobble up whole heaps of knowledge and training,
without allowing time for the swallowing. They immerse
themselves in an overload of credit and classroom hours.
Constant and diligent studying is mandatory to remain
above water with such a burden.

Two LAS juniors are shown commenting about engi-
neering students.

If this is the case, the engineering student is not
fulfilling his expectation as a human being; he is not
receiving that development so essential to later life.
He is merely fulfilling his requirement as a machine,
functioning as precisely as possible, unplugging when
the specific task is done. The average engineer does not
want to study a foreign language or literature. An
industrial engineer frankly remarked, "Why should I
study about English history or some type of poetry.
My job involves statistics, not poems or the study of
Kings and Queens of Great Britain." The engineer
then becomes a highly specialized machine only as
good as his programming. When that programming be-
comes obsolete or unnecessary, the engineering student
is left helplessly dwindling amidst a complex of useless
information. This can hardly be an acceptable state.

An industrial administration major said, "They don't
want to have anything to do with anything unless it is
somehow connected with engineers." On this question
most of the polled opinions said they thought engineers
participated in extra-curricular activities, although few
could cite any that were not connected with the En-
gineering College. Most of the men felt engineers would
benefit in an extra-curricular function, although 50%
of the women disagreed. In response to the question,
"Do you think engineering students are followers rather
than leaders?" Most males thought they were not while
50% of the women thought they were. However, inter-
views with many men indicated they had no real basis
for their answer. Most could not name an instance they
knew of where an engineering student performed ex-
ceptionally in any extra-curricular activity. The women,
on the other hand, could usually cite examples of a
lack of enthusiasm. One electrical engineering student
commented, "Why should we waste our time in things
that don't interest us?"

"It's not interesting to them," said a senior majoring
in biology. "That's what it is. Their interest lies in
engineering affairs and they ignore nearly everything
else." Another student remarked, "I think engineers
don't care about anything else because they're never
willing to go out of their little world." Most of the
interviewees said nearly the same thing — engineers
seem to be in their own little shell.

The consensus of the persons polled is that they see
an engineering student as one who is quiet, "in their
own world," and apathetic. They are a group of
students preoccupied with a credo of progress — and
they strive for excellence and perfection. Consequently
they involve themselves in their work and field as
entirely as possible. But the notion remains that the
university is a social and academic experience; this
is the notion lost to the student of engineering. And
ignoring this notion sets him apart from other students
at the university.

The engineering student concentrates on his tables,
designs, slide rules, and T squares, all articles of his
trade intended to ameliorate a society he quite often
refuses to participate in. The engineering student cannot
live in a world comprised of calculations alone. He
must cultivate the essentials of a good engineer (logic,
reasoning, and determination) and apply them as a
human being, and not merely as a human machine.

When a man looks only to one road, he is lost at
the detour. When a man walks down only one path, its
end is his own. As it stands, the engineering student,
knowing how to live on only one side of the street,
cannot cross over when he suddenly becomes interested
in the lights on the other side.

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 33

Well, there floes the old ball cjame.

No matter! As they climb the ladder of success at Bethlehem Steel, that lost
National Championship will be forgotten. You, too, ought to be thinking career.
Read "Careers with Bethlehem Steel and the Loop Course."
Pick up a copy at your placement office, or write to

Manager of Personnel, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pa., 18016.

An equal opportunity employer in the Plans for Progress Program

BETHLEHEM STEEL

BtTHKHEH
STEEL

the right idea.

1 7th-Century Space Flight.

Cyrano de Bergerac's science fiction
fantasy about a box propelled into space
by rockets came close to fact. Before the
end of this decade, Apollo and LM wi"
indeed be thrust to the moon by rockets,
guided by AC Electronics guidance and
navigation systems.

Navigation, Second -Century B.C.

Hipparchus's second-century astrolabe
was used for celestial navigation until the
mid-18th century. Today, ships still depend
on stars for guidance . . . through such so-
phisticated help as AC Electronics' computer-
ized Ships' Self-Contained Navigation System.

^i^MH^.j*

Turtle vs. Eagle, in 1776, the American
"Turtle" attacked the British flagship
"Eagle" in the first wartime submarine
action in history. Today, AC Electronics
contributes to both the defensive and the
scientific role of the submarine... with
guidance components aboard our Polaris
fleet, and with its own
undersea research vessel.

Leonardo's Tank. Leonardo da Vinci was one of
the flrst to envision the use of tanks in warfare.
Contributing to the advanced state-of-the-art in tanks,
today, is AC Electronics, with a computerized fire-
control system for military land vehicles.

Guidance Gets a Lift. Otto Lilienthal, 19th-century
German glider, proved that the future of flight lay
in man's ability to guide the aircraft. Tomorrow's
superjets will be guided inertially ... by
systems like AC Electronics' Carousel IV,
chosen for the Boeing 747.

At AC Electronics we believe every
great achievement starts with an idea. That's
why we put a premium on creativity, and
foster it through such innovations as our Career
Acceleration Program which lets you learn as you work.
Ask your college placement oflncer about a General
Motors/AC on-campus interview. Or write: Mr. R. W.
Schroeder, Dir. of Professional ._, ^, ^„-T-nr-iKiir^c«
and Scientific Employment, Box ^^ ELECTHDNICS
702, AC Electronics Division, Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin 53201.

An Efiual Opportunity Employer

engineers

CONSIDER YOUR FUTURE
CONSIDER BECHTEL

Bechtel is committed to meet the challenge of advancing tech-
nology through continuing technical excellence in areas such as:

■ saline water conversion ■ urban planning

■ mass transportation ■ pollution control

■ nuclear energy ■ extractionof under-waterresources

BECHTEL
CORPORATION

Engineers & Builders for Industry
SAN FRANCISCO • Los Angeles
New York • Gaithersburg, Md.
Houston • Toronto • Paris
London • The Hague • Melbourne

An equal opportunity employer

why engineering students graduate to Lockheed, progress is a matter of

degrees. But, that's only the beginning. At Locl<hoed Missiles and Space Company, we're working on wideworld ...
otherworld . . . upperworld . . . and subworld projects. D We're pretty high on space . . . we've got Agena to prove it.
And, when it comes to ballistic missiles, Polaris and Poseidon show an arc of triumph. We think deeply, too...
consider our deep submergence vehicles, for example. And, just to show you our feet are solidly on the ground,
we're working on advanced land vehicles. Information? Business, government and industry get it out of our
systems. D For more information write to: Mr. R. C. Birdsall, Professional Placement Manager, P.O. Box 504,
Sunnyvale, California 94088. Lockheed is an equal opportunity employer. LQC K. H E E D

MISSILES S. SRACE COMPANY

THE HONORS PROGRAM IN PERSPEct

IVE

By Alan Halpern and John Bourgoin

Alan Halpern and John Bourgoin, Technograph's roving
critics are seniors in electrical engineering. Both are
active participants in the Engineering Honors Program.
Alan is presently putting the final touches on a special
purpose digital computer built in the EE Project lab.
John has received a grant from the Bodine Fund and is
starting construction of a color organ also in the EE
Project lab.

The engineering profession needs scholars — people
who have the capacity for self teaching. The James
Scholars Program in Engineering strives to produce
these engineering scholars. Participation in the program
requires a 4.3 grade point average. Presently, there are
366 in the program. The keynote of the Honors Pro-
gram in Engineering is its flexibility. No one program
will be satisfactory to all honors students. To overcome
this basic problem, the honors Program assigns to each
student a special honors advisor. Every effort is made
for the student to keep the same advisor from the time
he enters the program until he graduates. Because the
program operates with a very minimum of rules and
regulations to insure flexibility, all major decisions con-
cerning the student's plan of study and his participation
in the program rest with the advisor. Only faculty
volunteers who are willing to devote the time necessary
to guide a small group of students through their under-
graduate years are enlisted as honors advisors.

WHAT CAN THE PROGRAM DO FOR YOU?

The major advantage of the Honors Program is that
the honors advisor has the necessary authority to make
changes to the student's program which both he and
the student deem advantageous. All that is required is
that the total number of hours substituted equal the
total number of hours replaced in the student's normal
curriculum. The criterion for judging the appropriate-
ness of a substitution is that the change results in a
more suitable and stronger program for the individual.

A second big advantage of the Honors Program is
the privilege of taking special honors courses and the
special honors sections offered widely in some depart-
ments. The special honors sections are generally taught
by some of the best instructors in the department and
are not bound to any special syllabus as are the regular
sections. Frequently, the honors sections will use a
different text than the regular sections. These sections
also provide the department an excellent proving ground
for experimental offerings of new material and new
approaches. The classes are usually much smaller than
regular sections and the class atmosphere is less formal
than usual. More personal attention is available. The
academic atmosphere is more stimulating. Another
advantage of the honors sections is that the same group
of students usually take advantage of the same sections
from year to year. Thus, the honors student gets to
know the guys in his classes fairly well. Continuing
friendships are much more easily established than in
regular sections where one may never see the same
person in more than one or two courses.

ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES

At the college level, various interdisciplinary courses
are administered along with special seminars and tutorial
conferences. These courses are listed in the catalog as
variable credit Engineering Honors Courses. Two of
the courses are primarily intended to introduce the
freshman to the engineering profession and to the roles
of the engineer in society. These are restricted enroll-

38 TECHNOGRAPH January, 1968

ment courses taught on a seminar basis by a faculty
member with significant professional experience. For
juniors or seniors, courses are taught to bring honors
students throughout the college together to study inter-
disciplinary subjects of current interest. Recent courses
have studied Systems Engineering, Space Vehicle Design,
and the Science of Engineering Materials. The offerings
change each semester. As an example, the recent work
on Space Vehicle Design, which was focused on the
Gemini Vehicle, brought in fifteen speakers from govern-
ment and various aerospace industries. These speakers,
who were directly involved with the Gemini Program,
brought to the class real-life engineering problems, many
of them involving design decisions which greatly con-
tributed to the success of the course. The current year
long Systems Design Project is a team effort considering
the problems of the blind. With the students selecting
their own leaders along with the project objectives and
schedule, the project is a unique undertaking.

Finally, the Honors Program provides seminars within
the several departments for the upperclassmen. These
seminars are designed to provide the honors students

'It wants a date!'

with information on graduate school, research opportun-
ities within the university and up-coming courses.

The Engineering Honors Council, composed of thirteen
faculty and three student members has the responsibility
of administering the College Honors Program. The
duties include the planning of future honors course
subjects, the selection of graduating seniors to be
awarded "highest honors", and the planning of the
Allerton Honors Conference. This two-day conference,
held in the spring of the year at Allerton Park, pro-
vides a concentrated exposure to a topic not normally
covered in classes. The student-faculty interaction during
the conference has been a rewarding experience for both
students and faculty alike. The topics for the conference
have been Direct Energy Conversion and Ocean Engi-
neering. The topic for this year's conference is in the
process of being decided.

A CRITICAL VIEW OF THE PROGRAM

There is by no means a consistency in the quality,
extent, and interest in the Engineering Honors Program
throughout the College of Engineering. The information
distributed by the College Honors Council shows that
EE offers 11 courses, ME offers 2, CE offers 3, AeroE
offers 2, AgE offers 1, and GE offers 1, in addition to
5 courses offered under the heading Engineering Honors.
We recognize that it does not pay nor is it practical for
many of the smaller departments to offer large numbers
of honors courses, but there is no excuse whatsoever
as far as mechanical engineering and civil engineering
are concerned.

To acquire information for this article, we spoke
with many students representing the major departments.
From these discussions, a concensus arose which leads
us to believe, quite assuredly, that the following results
are a reasonably accurate description of the state of the
program in the College of Engineering.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

There is little doubt in our minds or those of the
students interviewed that the Electrical Engineering
Honors Program is by far the best in the college. The
program has developed a sequence of laboratory courses
designed to teach the theory and practicality of experi-
mentation. They can be taken in place of the customary
lab courses. These labs give the student more freedom
and more extensive equipment than is found in the
regular labs.

The advisors have made the critical assumption that
the students are here for the opportunity of educating
themselves in the most effective manner for their own
individual needs and interests. By assuming this and
not destroying the rapport with the belief that the
students are trying to "pull the wool over the eyes of
the college", they have taken a bold step forward.

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 39

One student remarked, "The program has provided
the time, academic credit and the opportunity to be-
come involved in research projects and special courses."
Another commented that, "The program enables me to
make my education mine, not what some bureaucrat
thinks it should be. It's the greatest."

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The description of the department and the program
in Mechanical Engineering were less than complimentary.
"A new idea hasn't come out of there since I've been
here." lamented one senior. Offering only two courses,
one of these being the honors project lab, this depart-
ment has been painfully remiss in providing the oppor-
tunities for which the program was established.

Perhaps the mood of the situation could best be
expressed by a comment of an ME student. "It's about
time the department came up with a worthwhile honors
program. I didn't realize there was any real advantage
until I spoke with some of my friends in EE."

CIVIL ENGINEERING

The civil engineering program was best described by
one senior in the department: I have been in the
Honors Program for three years, and the honors
sections I've taken were the most interesting and in-
formative civil engineering courses I've had. But why
does the department offer honors sections in only
three courses? The consistency of the department's
honors advising system also leaves something to be
desired. I know of specific cases where one advisor
did not hesitate to approve a substitution while another
categorically denied the same substitution.

It was the concensus that the department's honors
program has possibilities, but as yet it seems to have
reached only token implementation.

RECOMMENDATIONS

As a result of our study, we make the following
recommendations:

1. The College must demand that those departments
which appear negligent in their implementation of their
honors program infuse new energy into the program.

2. Because of the success of the substitution privilege
and the gross misuse of the petition system by indi-
vidual departments, the College should consider giving
considerably more discretionary power to the individual
advisors, a step which should accomplish significant
improvements.

3. The exceptional success of Engineering Honors 196
as a substitute for GE 100 should be clearly demon-
strative since GE 100 as it is presently structured will
never succeed. The feasibility of a course of this type
for all freshmen possibly utilizing talented seniors and
graduate students should be considered. In any case,
the course should carry 1 or 2 hours credit as does
EH 196.

4. The honors program should initiate more experi-
mental courses of an interdisciplinary nature. The
Systems Design Project is an excellent first step, but
much more is needed. Perhaps, courses could be under-
taken to study cybernetics, transportation, air pollution,
the systems approach to social problems and urbanization.

5. One of the essentials of the program is student
participation, not only in the courses, but in the
planning. Academic activism is completely relevant and
necessary. Students have a responsibility to inform the
department if a course has been bad in the hopes of
discontinuance or change; if a course has been par-
ticularly valuable, as a stimulus for similar courses and
an indication to the instructor of his success, or if a
group of students desire a particular course. Students
have been somewhat remiss in providing this informa-
tion, but departments have been irresponsible in failing
to solicit and use their ideas.

'It's nice mein herr, but how can I wear my slide rule?"

40 TECHNOGRAPH January, 1968

*,r

How
good are you
on the turns?

A strong stroke isn't enough to win in freestyle swimming.
Experts say: "Watch the turns."
"A champion won't touch with his hand," they tell us. "He begins his
overhead tumble with a downward stab of his right arm, twists as his feet
hit, then explodes forward with a powerful pushoff."
Their conclusion: "Experience and smart coaching develop a championship turn."
We believe it. That's why we've put together the most experienced and
best-coached team of bearing and steel engineers in the world. To make
doubly sure that Timken bearings give our customers a perfect turn.
If you're up to facing the challenges of modern industry, if you've got the initiative,
ingenuity and training to thrive on tough problems, join the team.

Write The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton, Ohio 44706.
Tell our Manager of College Relations thatyou'd like to talk it over.

On your campus... I

Feb. 28, 29, 1968 |

A Timken Company representative I
would like to talk to you!

TIMKEN

THE TIMKEN COMPANY MANUFACTURES TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS, FINE ALLOY STEEL AND REMOVABLE ROCK BITS.

we led in the commercial development
of the Klystron power tube, invented the
Vaclon pump and pioneered the commercial development
and application of linear accelerators, NMR spectrometers,
spectrophotometers, and gas chromatographs, to mention
just a few. Further, Varian research is finding new uses
for electronics principles in commercial applications,
increasing man's understanding of life processes, using
microwaves in heating and processing, and much more.
You're invited to come along.

For additional information about the opportunities
at Varian, write to: David A. Hamlin, Manager,
Corporate Professional Staffing, Varian Associates,
611 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, California 94303.

An equal opportunity employer

Varian has a lot of questions for you to answer.

Do you think
a bright young engineer

should spend

his most imaginative years on

the same assignment?

Neither do we.

That's why we have a two-
year Rotation Program for
graduating engineers who
would prefer to explore several
technical areas. And that's why
many of our areas are organ-
ized by function — rather than
by project.

At Hughes, you might
work on spacecraft, communi-
cations satellites and/or tacti-
cal missiles during your first
two years.

All you need is an EE, ME
or Physics degree and talent.

If you qualify, we'll arrange for
you to work on several different
assignments. . .and you can
help pick them.

You may select special-
ized jobs, or broad systems-
type jobs. Or you can choose
not to change assignments if
you'd rather develop in-depth
skills in one area.

Either way, we think
you'll like the Hughes ap-
proach.

It means you'll become
more versatile in a shorter

time. r T

(And your i HUGHES !
salary will ' J

show it.) """AEmo^rllz'^.l^lZZV"'''

Some of the current openings at Hughes:

Microwave & Antenna Engineers
Electro-Optical Engineers
Microcircuit Engineers
Space Systems Engineers
Missile Systems Engineers
Guidance &. Controls Engineers
Spacecraft Design Engineers
Weapon Systems Engineers
Components & Materials Engineers
Circuit Design Engineers
Product Design Engineers

For additional information,
please contact your College
Placement Director or write:

Mr. Robert A. Martin
Head of Employment
Hughes Aerospace Divisions
11940 W.Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City, California 90230

U.S. Citizenship is required
An equal opportunity employer

CAMPUS
INTERVIEWS

February 21 & 22

Contact College Placement

Office to arrange interview

appointment.

Get your career mov/nff

,„d.a.o"<"l^'«""™';p,.,,ams...»™

ChaUenge-benei.s-saar ^^^^^j^g

DELCO RADIO

DW,s-,on of General Motors.
Kokomo, Indiana

>-l ♦ -/r^ttlflf* , ., ?'v'"

"I never feel like a rookie"

"Sure it's my first year with B&W, but I've been too
busy to think about that, I've been working in my field
all along, and the training sort of blends right in."

If Randy Trost sounds like a B&W booster, you
should hear what his supervisor says about him.

We're looking for aggressive, talented young engi-
neers like Randy. We want you if you want significant
responsibility from the start. In fact, we need more
engineers than ever before. That's because we're grow-
ing faster. Sales were $560 million last year. Up 17
per cent.

That's how it's been from the beginning. We started

Randy Trost. Wisconsin '67

If you'd like to talk with Randy Trost about BiW,
call him collect at our facility in Lynchburg, Virginia,
AC 703 846-7371.

In the meantime, be on the lookout for the B&W
recruiter when he visits your campus.

The Babcock & Wilcox Company, 161 East 42nd
Street, New York, New York 10017.

Babcock & Wilcox

NEW ADDITION TO U. OF I.
CYCLOTRON PLANNED FOR 1968

By John Barra

The University of Illinois cyclotron will get a new
feature next year which will increase the precision of
the accelerator by four times. The physics department
is planning to add an analyzing magnet onto the
present model sometime in 1968. The addition of the
analyzing magnet will result in an improved energy
resolution during the acceleration of various nuclear
particles.

The cyclotron, officially known as the Nuclear Re-
search Laboratory, has been in existence at the Uni-
versity of Illinois in one form or another since 1936.
In 1936, the University constructed a prototype model
of the world's first fixed energy cyclotron in which a
beam of particles could be extracted. From this proto-
type, a full-scale model was built in 1940 and was
operated for 18 years.

The 1940 model, however, contained one major
drawback as experimentation became more advanced.
Because it was a fixed energy machine, the cyclotron
could accelerate given particles at only one energy level.
This condition provided a limit to the amount and type
of experimentation that could be accomplished.

In 1958, Professor James S. Allen, the present di-
rector of the Nuclear Research Laboratory, supervised
the construction of the first variable energy cyclotron,
utilizing the same magnet employed in the 1940 model.
This spiral ridge cyclotron contains spiral shims which
provided stability in the spiraling orbits of the particles
and an aid in the focusing of the beams. Hence, the
particles could be accelerated at various energies, allow-
ing more precise experimentation and greater numbers
of experiments.

This variable energy cyclotron is presently in operation
today. The variable energy range of alpha particles, for

example, during acceleration is between four million
and fifteen million electron volts. The exact energy at
any given acceleration can be measured with the
accuracy of plus or minus 80 thousand electron volts.
The proposed addition of the analyzing magnet will
allow for energy resolution in the vicinity of plus or
minus only 20 thousand electron volts.

Presently, experimentation in the cyclotron at the
Nuclear Research Laboratory is conducted by the
students and staff of the physics department. Six grad-
uate students are currently conducting research projects
using the accelerator. These projects involve nuclear
spectroscopy, the study of the effective forces within
the nucleus. Funds for the maintenance of the cyclotron
and the research projects are supplied primarily by the
U. S. Office of Naval Research which shows a great
interest in experimentation of this nature. The physics
department itself is also a financial contributor to the
Nuclear Research Laboratory.

How the Cyclotron Works

The cyclotron was first developed because of the
growing interest in studying nuclear structures and
examining the very minute nuclear particles. A cyclo-
tron has a source of particles which are released and
accelerated through a magnetic field. When the particles
reach a certain acceleration, they leave the cyclotron
through an opening. A beam of these highly accelerated
particles can be aimed at an object such as a piece of
metal foil. Whenever a particle comes into contact with
the nucleus of an atom in the foil, another particle
in the nucleus is "kicked out" of that nucleus. Such
measurements as energy and mass of these nuclear
particles and the number of particles "kicked out" for
each particle emitted from the cyclotron can be made.

Most of the particles accelerated in the cyclotron are
positive. However, the nucleus which is to be pene-
trated is likewise positive. Therefore, the particles must
be accelerated fast enough to overcome the repulsive

46 TECHNOGRAPH January, 1968

forces of the nucleus (Coulomb's Law). Since the
nucleus is so small in relation to the actual size of
the atom, only a small percentage of the accelerated
particles can collide with it. Consequently, an enormous
amount of particles must be emitted in order for a
large quantity of collisions to be observed. The present
cyclotron at the U. of I. will emit as many as 10 13
particles per second. Finally, the metal foil at which
the particles are directed must be thin enough for the
particles to pass through without losing a great deal
of energy. The foil which is used can be made to be
as thin as one one hundred-thousandths of an inch.
However, particles with exceptionally high energy have
been known to penetrate as much as one millimeter of
an object.

NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR UNDERGRADS INE.E.

by Fred Jaeger
The scope of the Electrical Engineering Department
is so large that few undergraduates have the opportunity
to discover all of its fields. New and exciting courses
are still being added to make the department even more
encompassing. Areas that were recently open only to
pure research, and perhaps graduate study, have now
filtered down to undergraduates. Students particularly
interested in these "new" areas may now get a glimpse
of them at the undergraduate level.

One new area for advanced undergraduate study is
Quantum Electronics. The Quantum Electronics field
centers around the development of the laser which has
become an important source of electromagnetic waves.
Ever since C. H. Townes thought of resonating the
radiation of atoms to produce coherent emissions, lasers
have undergone tremendous research and development.
Many types of lasers have arisen from the basic laser
principle. Atoms are excited in a long, narrow column
with mirrors at both ends. One of these mirrors is
partially transparent. Only that emission which is travel-
ing perpiendicular to the mirrors and is in line with the
length of the enclosed column will be reflected back and
forth, building up a high energy density. Some of this
energy escapes through the partially transparent mirror.
The result is a coherent, monochromatic beam of light.

The research being done with lasers includes rapid
heating, radiation effects on materials, holography (three
dimensional photography), communication uses (includ-
ing modulation and demodulation at laser frequencies),
and the study of scattering, wave interference, and
polography. One can easily see the potential of quantum
electronics.

Now, a Quantum Electronics Project course as well
as an introductory course in Quantum Electronics is
being offered at the University of Illinois. This is quite
an achievement, considering the first laser was built in
1960. Prof. N. Holonyak, Jr. instituted EE 387, Intro-
duction to Quantum Electronics. Prof. H. Merkelo,

with the backing of the National Science Foundation
and the entire Electrical Engineering staff, was the chief
driving force behind the development of the Quantum
Electronics Projects course here. Prof. Merkelo super-
vises the projects and teaches EE 271, Projects and
Lectures in Quantum Electronics. Lectures are given at
the beginning of the semester, and each student chooses
a project. As the course proceeds, the student works
on his project, doing research on his own. Later in the
course. Prof. Merkelo continues with his lectures and
the students also lecture on their individual projects.
Throughout the course, individual research and planning
is emphasized.

WILLIS NAMED TAU BETA PIS OUTSTANDING
FRESHMAN

By Don Hanson

Jeffrey O. Willis was recognized as the "Outstanding
Freshman in Engineering" at the Tau Beta Pi fall ini-
tiation banquet of December 15. Dean Wilham L.
Everitt introduced Jeff and presented him with a certifi-
cate, the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, and the
Feynman Lectures on Physics.

Tau Beta Pi is a distinguished national engineering
honorary. As such, it seeks to encourage academic ex-
cellence and a spirit of liberal culture among engineering
students and professionals.

Implementing its ideals, the Illinois Alpha Chapter
annually appoints a committee to designate the out-
standing freshman engineering student of the previous
year. The committee selected Jeff WiHis for the award,
which is based on academic record and a personal
interview.

Mr. Willis lived in Mount Prospect, Illinois, before
moving to New Jersey, where he was valedictorian of a
class of 575 at Bloomfield High School. Upon entering
the University of Illinois Jeff proficiencied rhetoric 101
and continued to excel throughout the year by earning a
near perfect A average. He is majoring in engineering
physics and hopes to go into research in that field. His
hobbies include music, photography, and fencing.

At its fall banquet Tau Beta Pi initiated thirty-five
pledges. To be nominated for membership a first semes-
ter junior must have at least a 4.75 grade point average
and be of unquestionable character. The grade point
requirement is progressively lower for advanced students.
All nominees are required to write a pledge essay, the
best of which is selected for a national contest by
Professor McClintock of general engineering. After re-
viewing the essays of the fall 1967 pledge class. Professor
McClintock spoke in glowing terms of the engineering
students new sense of social responsibility. The essays
dealt with such topics as "The Engineer in Public
Affairs," "The Engineer as a Conservationist," and "The
Effects of Technology on People and their Environment."

January, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 47

SYMBOL DEPLETION

One of our own problems is with the word "opportunity." It's suffering sym-
bol depletion, too. It's passed over with scant notice in an advertisement.
It's been used too much and too loosely.

That's opportunity.

And we wish we could use the word more often.

Collins representatives will visit your campus this year. Contact your
College Placement Office for details.

COMMUNICATION /COMPUTATION /CONTROL

An equal opportunity employer.

COLLINS RADIO COMPANY / DALLAS. TEXAS • CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA • NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA • TORONTO, ONTARIO
Bangkok • Frankfurt • Hong Kong • Kuala Lumpur • Los Angeles • London • Melbourne • Mexico City • New York • Pans • Rome • Washington • Wellington

THERE'S A REVOLUTION (JET)
IN THE MAKING

Stop for a minute and think about the
supersonic revolution in air travel that
will take place in 1971. Then give some
more thought to the revolution itself.
The new jets and the speeds they will
travel. The passenger and freight termi-
nals that must be expanded to handle
the huge loads that will descend from
the giant transports.

Where does TWA fit into this revolu-
tion? Leading the innovators. We were
the first airline to order U.S. -built
supersonic transports when they were
still on the drawing boards. Our new
fully automated cargo terminals are al-
ready planned to circle the globe.

Be a part of this revolution, and make
a contribution to the dynamic changes
under way right now.

Right from the beginning, you'll be
thrown into hardware-oriented engi-
neering in many ways tougher than its
design and research cousins. Problems
like analyzing stresses in aircraft struc-
tures, evaluating power plant and
aircraft performance, developing new
maintenance and overhaul procedures,

designing tools and specifying equip-
ment requirements, designing plant
layouts— all demanding activities. Not
"ivory tower" problems, but rewarding
in equal measure, for you'll see your
ideas in action.

Begin to see what we have to offer?

The next generation of jets can fur-
ther speed your TWA career. And as
you move ahead, you'll soon see that
time isn't all that flies.

BS and MS degree candidates in
mechanical, electrical, aeronautical and
industrial engineering are invited to
arrange for campus appointments
through their placement office, or write
directly to Mr. ). A. Ciacobbe.

Trans World Airlines

605 Third Avenue

New York, New York 10016

An Eqiul Opporlunily Employer (M&F)

Engineers, Mathematicians :

you should
consider a career

withNSA

... if you are stimulated by the prospect
of undertaking truly significant
assignments in your field, working in
its most advanced regions.
... if you are attracted by the
opportunity to contribute directly and
importantly to the security of our nation.
... if you want to share optimum
facilities and equipment, including one
of the world's foremost computer/ EDP
installations, in your quest for a
stimulating and satisfying career.
The National Security Agency is
responsible for designing and
developing "secure" communications
systems and EDP devices to transmit,
receive and process vital information.
The mission encompasses many
aspects of communications, computer
( hardware and software ) technology,
and information recording and storage
. . . and provides a w calth of career
opportunities to the graduate engineer
and mathematician.
ENGINEERS will find work which is
performed nowhere else . . . devices
and sN'stcms are constantly being
developed w hich are in advance of any
outside the Agency. As an Agency
engineer, you will carry out research,
design. de\clopment, testing and
evaluation of sophisticated, large-scale
cryptocomniunications and EDP
systems. You may also participate in

related studies of electromagnetic
propagation, upper atmosphere
phenomena, and solid state devices
using the latest equipment for
advanced research within NSA's fully
instrumented laboratories.
MATHEMATICIANS define,
formulate and solve complex
communications-related problems.
Statistical mathematics, matrix algebra,
and combinatorial analysis are but a
few of the tools applied by Agency
mathematicians. Opportunities for
contributions in computer sciences and
theoretical research are also olTcred.
Continuing your Education?
NSA's graduate study program may
permit you to pursue two semesters of
full-time graduate study at full salary.
Nearly all academic costs are borne by
NSA, whose proximity to seven
universities is an additional asset.

Salaries and Benefits

Starling salaries, depending on
education and experience, range from
$8,000 to $13,500. and increases
follow as you assume additional
responsibility. Policies relating to
vacations, insurance and retirement are
liberal, and \ou enjoy the advantages
of Federal employment without Civil
Service certification.
Another benefit is the NSA location,
between Washington and Baltimore,

which permits your choice of city,
suburban or country living and allows
easy access to the Chesapeake Bay,
ocean beaches, and other summer and
winter recreation areas.
Campus Interview Dates:
February 19

Check with the Placement Office now
to airani;e an interview with NSA
representatives on campus. The
Placement Office has additional
information ahoiit NSA . or you may
write: Chief. College Relations Branch,
National Security Agency,
Ft. Geori,>e C. Meade. Maryland
20755. ATTN: M321. An equal
opportunity employer, M&F.

national

security

agency

where imagination is the essential ciiialificuii

shell is a pair of sneakers— made from
our thermoplastic rubber.

Shell is a milk container— we were a
pioneer in the all-plastic ones.

Shell is a steel island— we are installing
deepwoter platforms for drilling and produc-
ing offshore oil and gas.

Shell is a clear, clean country stream
—aided by our non-polluting detergent mate-
rials.

Shell is a space capsule control— ener-
gized by Shell's hydrazine catalyst.

Shell is food on the table— made more
plentiful by Shell's fertilizers.

Shell is mileage gasoline— developed
through Shell research.

Shell is a good place to build a career

Shell is an integrated research, engineer- business, Shell offers an unusual spectrum

ing, exploration and production, manufoc- of career opportunities. Why not find out

turing, transportation, marketing organiza- more about them by sending a resume to

tion with diverse technical operations and Manager, Recruitment Division, The Shell

business activities throughout the United Companies, Department E, 50 West 50th
States. To talented graduates in the ^/'^T'Thv Street, New York, New York 10020. An

scientific disciplines, engineering andA^ ' AEqual Opportunity Employer.

THE SHELL COMPANIES^
Shell Oil Company/Shell Chemical Compan
Shell Development Company/Shell Pipe Line Corporation.

If ,

you re

looking

for

responsibility^ see l\/lag

»i^:}(iUt4^'*'''

No matter what your field of inter-
est, if you work for Magnavox. re-
sponsibility comes early. We're a
fast growing organization — from
S200 million to over $150 million
in five years without major acqui-
sition— and, with Magnavox. you
can grow just as fast.
Responsibility plus
At Magnavox, more than hard work
is expected . . . you'll be encouraged
to grow as a professional ... to ex-
tend your formal education (at our
expense) and, informally, to partic-
ipate in company-sponsored contin-
uing education courses. And you'll
be encouraged to use your knowl-
edge ... to rethink old problerris for
better solutions ... to resolve new
problems that have never been
answered before.
iMany opportunities at
Magnavox
Magnavox produces fine television

(both color and monochrome") and
stereophonic sound equipment for
home use, as well as workhorse elec-
tronic systems for defense . . . radio
communications for Army, Navy
and Air Force: radar; electronic
countermeasures and counter-coun-
termeasures; sonobuovs and data
processors for the Navy's antisub-
marine warfare program ; advanced
satellite navigation receivers: and
specialized systems for data storage,
retrieval and transmission.
More than just work
Magnavox has jilants in Indiana.
Illinois. California. Teiniessee. Mis-
sissippi and North Carolina and. no
matter which one you join, you're
close to good living. Big league
sports, both professional and ama-
teur . . . participation sports to
stretch your own muscles. Excellent
cultural facilities ... or the chance
just to relax and live a little. Excel-

lent schools . . . excellent residential
areas. With Magnavox. you're not
only close to, but can afford, the
better things in life.
If you're looking for
respon^ibility plus
See your College Placement Office
for full information on career op-
portunities at Magnavox. Or write
T. P. O'Brien. College Relations
Coordinator, The Magnavox Com-
pany. 2131 Bueter Road, Fort
Wayne, Indiana 46803.

!\Iagnavox needs professionals now
in the areas of:

Chemical Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Physics

Production Engineering

An equal opportunity employer
m/f.

Kodak

This is the image of a

Kodak
mechanical engineer

Correct, literally. But misleading because

Larr\' Wood's job is not typical of Kodak

engineers in general. Most of them get to handle

a camera— assembled or disassembled— only at home or

on vacation. Unless they happen to be personally hipped

on cameras (which Larry once told us he is).

Diversification has been going on here for a long, long
time. That's why we can give an engineer plenty of solid
ground for choice— at the outset and later. If his personal
feelings incline him away from devoting his talents to fun
things like cameras, he gets just as good a chance to
demonstrate his capacity for higher responsibility through
work in the 72 9f of our business that has nothing to do
with fun cameras. He may be solving problems in the
packaging of bulk vitamins for dairy cattle or designing
spinnerets for polyolefin hay baler twine or making x-ray
processing machines run faster so that society can get
more use out of its short supply of doctors.

Kodak itself really serves as a magnificently eflfective
machine through which M.E.'s and other engineers can
apply their talents against society's demands. There can
be no more valid excuse for Kodak's continued existence.

The engineer's duty consists of constantly
improving eft'ectiveness. Here are five ways-
each suiting a different personality makeup— to
fit in:

1. Designing new products and better performance into the
established ones.

2. Figuring out the best possible ways to manufacture the
products.

3. Applying pure reason through mathematical tools to make
the laws of physics serve human needs, not oppose them.

4. Creating the right physical tools, the right plants to house
them, and the right services to keep them functioning.

5. Getting out to where the products are being used, showing
the users how to get their money's worth, and bringing back word
on how to do even better in the future.

If you want more specific details than that, we are very
glad. Just communicate with
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Business and Technical Personnel Department
Rochester, N.Y. 14650

An employer that needs mechanical, chemical, industrial, and
electrical engineers for Rochester, N.Y.. Kingsport, Tenn., Long-
view. Tex., and Columbia, S.C, and offers equal opportunity to
all. choice of location, and geographical stability if desired. A
policy of promotion from within has long been maintained.

"Traffic

is terrible
today!"

01 J
0» M

O M (M

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

UDENT ENGINEERING '

MARCH 1968

'<=:RSITY of ILLINOIS

'lE^

r • Li3./:n/ OF \d

mir*^

^ 7 1958

Thomas, I pay you a hundred and fifty dollars a week to be
my chauffeur, now don't just sit there ... do something.

Late for dinner again.
My wife'll shoot me.

Will you watch that right fender, huh, Mac???

I hate people.

Especially people who drive cars

Just what I need. A guy in a
helicopter broadcasting to me
on my car radio that there's
a traffic jam right where I'm
sitting and listening to my
car radio.

Do these people realize I'm a 25 thou a year man? Move!

Wheel I think I'm addicted to truck exhaust fumes.

The same to you, Charlie!

John, Darling, the pains

are coming

a little quicker now.

To solve America's man-sized traffic jams,
Westingliouse needs man-sized minds.

We have already built the first com-
pletely automated experimental
transit expressway in Pittsburgh . . .
been awarded contracts for the pro-
pulsion and control system for the
160-mph New York-to-Washlngton

train . . . and a completely automated
control system for San Francisco's
Bay Area Rapid Transit System.

Transportation Is just one of many
areas at Westlnghouse that needs
your talents, your capabilities, your

interests. Talk to the Westlnghouse
recruiter when he visits your campus.
Or write Luke Noggle, Westlnghouse
Education Center, Pittsburgh, Penn-
sylvania 15221.
An equal opportunity employer

You can be sure if it's Westinghouse

How Western Electric gets uplift from a downdraft

Picking something up
by blowing a stream of
air down on it may
seem rather round-
about. But if you want
to pick that something
up without touching it,
it turns out to be a
most successful way.

The something in question is a
paper-thin, eggshell-fragile slice of
silicon destined for transistors. To
touch it IS likely to contaminate it,
and probably to break it Tweezers
are extremely risky. Even a vacuum

pickup is dangerous.

And so the engi-
neers at Western Elec-
trie's Engineering Re-
search Center invoked
the Bernoulli principle
and solved the prob-
lem. They developed a
s"-'" " pickup device that

directs a thin stream of air down
onto the slice. The air flows out
across the slice and since /( is mov-
ing and the air below the slice is
not, the pressure below is greater
than the pressure above and the

slice floats. And it doesn't touch
the head because the air is, after
all, blowing down. Wire guides keep
the slice from slipping off.

So now the workers in our tran
sistor plants can pick up silicon
slices handily, without worrying
about breaking or contaminating
them. That our engineers reached
back to a classical principle of
physics to help them do it only
shows the extent of the ingenuity
Western Electric applies in its job
of manufacturing communications
equipment for the Bell System.

fm) Western Electric

'■**=•' HANUFACIURING i SUW*' UNIT Of IHE BELL SYSTEM

For more information write to Manager of College Relations. Western Electric Co , Room 2510A, 222 Broadway. tSew York. N Y, 10038 An equalopportunily employer.

USAF SRAM. New U.S. Air Force short-
range attack missile, now being designed
and developed by Boeing, is a supersonic
air-to-ground missile with nuclear capabil-
ity. Boeing also will serve as system inte-
gration and test contractor.
NASA Apollo/Saturn V. America's moon
rocket will carry three astronauts to the moon
and return them to earth. Boeing builds 7.5
mil lion -pound -thrust first stage booster, sup-
ports NASA in other phases of the program.
Boeing 747. New superjet (model shown
above) Is the largest airplane ever designed
for commercial service. It will carry more
than 350 passengers at faster speeds than
today's jetliners, ushering in a new era in
jet transportation.

NASA Lunar Orbiter. Designed and built by
Boeing, the Lunar Orbiter was the first U.S.
spacecraft to orbit the moon, to photograph
earth from the moon and to photograph the
far side of the moon. All five Orbiter launches
resulted in successful missions.
Boeing 737. Newest and smallest Boeing
jetliner, the 737 is the world's most advanced
short-range jet. It will cruise at 580 mph.
and operate quietly and efficiently from
close-in airports of smaller communities.
USN Hydrofoil Gunboat "Tucumcari". De-
signed and being built by Boeing, this sea-
craft will be first of its kind for U.S. Navy.
Powered by water jet, it is capable of speeds
in excess of 40 knots. Other features include
drooped or anhedral foils, designed for high
speed turns.

U.S. Supersonic Transport. Boeing has won
the design competition for America's super-
sonic transport. The Boeing design features
a variable-sweep wing, titanium structure
and other new concepts and innovations.
CH-47C Chinook Helicopter. Boeing's new-
est U.S. Army helicopter is in flight test at
Vertol Division near Philadelphia. Other
Boeing/Vertol helicopters are serving with
US, Army, Navy and Marine Corps.
USAF Minuteman II. Compact, quick-firing
Minuteman missiles are stored in blast-
resistant underground silos ready for launch-
ing. Boeing is weapon system integrator on
Minuteman program.

Opportunity has many faces at Boeing.

Shown above are some of the challenging aerospace programs at Boeing that

can provide you with a dynamic career growth environment.

You may begin your career in applied research, design, test, manufacturing,

service or facilities engineering, or computer technology. You may become

part of a Boeing program-in-being, or be assigned to a pioneering new project.

Further, if you desire an advanced degree and qualify, Boeing will help you

financially with its Graduate Study Program at leading universities near

company facilities.

See your college placement office or write directly to: Mr. T. J. Johnston,

The Boeing Company, P.O. Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124. Boeing is

an equal opportunity employer.

DIVISIONS Co

There is a growing need for nonferrous metals.
To grow with it, contact Anaconda.

Robert Lindsay (BSME, U. of Kansas '54) is quality
control supervisor of Anaconda Aluminum Com-
pany's plant in Louisville, Ky.

Joel Kocen (BS Commerce, Wash. & Lee '59; LLB,
Wash. & Lee '61) left, is senior tax analyst at
New York headquarters of Anaconda.

David Madalozzo (BSEE, Bradley '61) is plant en-
gineer of the new Anaconda Wire and Cable Com-
pany mill in Tarboro, N.C.

"Alvin Cassidy (BA Econ., Bellarmine '54; MBA,
U. of Louisville '59) is director of financial planning
of Anaconda Aluminum Company, Louisville, Ky.

Robert Zwolinski (BSME, Rutgers '57) is chief
mechanical engineer with Anaconda Wire and
Cable Company, New York.

Willard Chamberlain (BE Metal. Eng., Yale '53) is
manager of Anaconda American Brass Company's
Valley Mills, Waterbury and Ansonia, Conn.

Robert Ingersoll (BS Geol , Montana Tech. '51
MS Geol., Montana Tech '64) right, is senior geol
Ogist, Anaconda's mining operations, Butte. Mont

Thomas Tone (BS Mining, U. of Arizona '62) is
foreman of the furnace dept. at the electrolytic
copper refinery in Perth Amboy, N.J.

Richard Symonds (BS Metal., U. of I
superintendent of the lead plant
smelter in Tooele, Utah,

Jay Bonnar (BS Met., M.I.T. '57; MS Ind. Mgmt.,
M.I.T. '62) left, is research administrator of
Anaconda American Brass Company's research
and technical center. Waterbury. Conn.

Wilson McCurry (BSc, Arizona State '64) is an
assistant geologist in Anaconda's new mines
dept., currently working on development of the
Twin Buttes mine near Tucson, Ariz.

Terrence McNulty (BS Chem., Stanford '61; MS
Metal., Montana Tech, '63; DSc Metal., Col. School
of Mines '66) is senior research engineer, extrac-
tive metallurgical research, Tucson, Ariz.

Anaconda American Brass Co., Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., Anaconda Aluminum Co.

For infoimation about your opportunity at Anaconda, write:
Director of Personnel, The Anaconda Co., 25 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10004. Equal opportunity employer. "122

You keep hearing about "advancing the state of the art." But you seldom hear it defineo
Simply put, it means adding something to existing knowledge. That's OK, so far as
goes. But we at Ryan believe the "art" in the phrase should stand for "original." In oi
book, innovation is the key to expanding a technology. It goes beyond just adding t
known data. It's talent to see ahead, to anticipate a future need, and determination t
do something about it. We live by the philosophy: "Tomorrow's Technology Today." Yo
see evidence of that in the firsts we have racked up in Jet Target Drones, in V/STQ
Science, in Space Age Electronics. To keep the firsts coming, we continuously see
believers in the art of innovation. When a Ryan representative visits I r y A N
your campus, ask what we mean, "being first is a Ryan tradition." | — ^ 1

ii<; Marrh ?1 . If vou miss our visit.

1r. Harlow MrGPath. Rvan Aeronautical Company, Lindbergh Field, San Diego, Calif. 92112

It^s possible that Celanese
won^t appeal to you!'

'* Unless You*re Ambitious, Flexible, Creative, Imaginative, etc.^

If you rebel atthe idea of being dropped into a pro-
fessional slot, you're our kind of person.

Maybe that's why Chemical Week
magazine, in awarding us the Kirk-
patrick Award for Management
Achievement, titled the arti-
cle "Portrait of a Win-
ner." And wrote _
"Keys to Celanese
Corporation's vic-
tory: an alert, ag-
gressive manage-
mentteam, explicit

planning and well- ^^^^^^^g^y
defined roles."

If you have a professional degree in chemistry,
chemical, mechanical or industrial engineering,
physics or marketing, Celanese has a lot to offer you.
Frankly, we also expect a lot. But
the rewards are based on perform-
ance. Not on how old you are or
how long you've been with us. By
the same token, we do not have
formal training programs. We
do have a very deep interest
in giving you as much respon-
sibility, and in pushing you
along just as fast and far
as you can go.

If this sounds
goodtoyou, discuss
us with your faculty
and placement of-
ficer. And see our
representative when
he is on your campus.
Or write to: John B.
Kuhn, Manager of University Recruit-
ment, Celanese Corporation, 522
Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10036.

an equal opportunity employer

CELANESE

SYMBOL DEPLETION

One of our own problems is with the word "opportunity." It's suffering sym-
bol depletion, too. It's passed over with scant notice in an advertisement.
It's been used too much and too loosely.

That's opportunity.

And we wish we could use the word more often.

Collins representatives will visit your campus this year. Contact your
College Placement Office for details.

COMMUNICATION /COMPUTATION /CONTROL

An equal opportunity employer.

COLLINS RADIO COMPANY / DALLAS, TEXAS • CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA • NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA • TORONTO. ONTARIO
Bangkok • Frankfurt • Hong Kong • Kuala Lumpur • Los Angeles • London • Melbourne • Mexico City • New York • Paris • Rome • Washington • Wellington

FEBRUARY 1968
Vol. 83; No. 5

TECHNOGRAPH

EXECUTIVE BOARD

ARTICLES

Robert Jones . .
\lan Halpern
illwyn Englof. .
Fom Brown . .
.awrence Heyda
lohn Serson . .
»aul Klein . . . .
jary Sobol . . .
eff Kurtz . . .
'ohn Bourgoin
}ary Slulsky . . . .

EdiCor

Associate Editor
Business Manager
Managing Editor
, Production Manager
. . . . Photographer
Circulation Manager
. Circulation Manager
Engr. Council Repr.
. . . . Copy Editor
Eng. Campus Editor

STUDENT ENGINEERING

lAAGAZINE

JNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

rhairman: Harold J. Schwebke, Uni-
ersily of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-
in, and United States Student Press
Vssociation, 2117 S. Street, N. W.,
Vashington. D. C.

'ublished seven times during the year
October, November, December, Jan-
lary, February, March, and April).
)ffice 248 Electrical Engineering
tuilding, Urbana, Illinois.

ubscriptions $2.50 per year. Single
opies 40 cents. Advertising Represem-
tive — Littell -Murray- Bamhill, Inc.,
37 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago
1, Illinois; 360 Lexington Avenue,
Jew York 17, New York.

opyright, 1967, by the lllini Publishing
ompany. Champaign, Illinois.

12 THE NUCLEAR POWERED FOOD FACTORY

"APOLLO OF THE 1970'S"

Don Hanson describes an exotic but desperately needed approach
for feeding the hungry masses in developing countries.

20 SIXTY YEARS BACK . . . SIXTY YEARS FROM TOMORROW

Edwin Black takes a tour of engineering campus with Professor
Emeritus Ellery Paine, a man who has much to tell about how
the faculty, students, and the physical plant of our college have
changed and have not changed.

28 THE ST. PAT TRADITION...IN THE BEGINNING

Curt Wrechert reveals several accounts of the foundation of the
St. Pat tradition.

36 SURVEYING AND AMERICAN HISTORY

Tom Berns discusses the significance of surveying in an historical
context.

42 AFTER FOUR YEARS or THE WALKING DEAD

Rex Hinkle offers some concrete suggestions on how the student
societies could take steps to improve themselves.

FEATURES

ENGINEERING CAMPUS
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

ntered as Second Class matter, October
3, 1920, at the Post Office at Urbana,
linois, under the Act of March 3,

879.

vVERAGE CIRCULATION— 5400:
endors— 50, Mail — 1250, Total paid
-1300; Free distribution— 4000

COVER

Twenty-five years ago Enrico Fermi established the
first nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago. To
commemorate the anniversary Henry Moore unveiled the
12-foot-high bronze statue of "Nuclear Energy" which
marks the original site.

"I wanted to work for
a small company. It may
sound crazy, but that^s
why I went with IBM!*

"When I was in school, I dreaded the thought
of working for some huge company where I'd
be just another number," says IBM's Jim Hamil-
ton. (Jim, who has a B.S. in Electrical Engineering,
is a Systems Engineering Manager in Marketing. )

"At the same time, I knew there were definite \

advantages in working for a large firm. So as I inter-
viewed each company, I checked into the degree of
individuality I could expect there.

"One of the main reasons I picked IBM was their de-
centralization. They've got over 300 locations throughout the
country. Which to me means a big company witli a small-
company atmosphere."
IBM's small team concept

"Actually, there's plenty of decentralization even within each
location. For instance, in science and engineering, they use a
small team concept. It means, no matter how large the proj-
ect, you work individually or as part of a small team— about
four or five people.

"In marketing, I was pretty much my own boss even
before I became a manager. As a systems engineer, it's up to
you to find the solution to a customer's problem, and
then see it's carried out in the optimum way. You
work with the customer every step of the way."

There's a lot more to the IBM story than Jim has
mentioned.

For more information, visit your campus
placement office or send an outline of your inter-
ests and educational background to I. C. PfeiflFer,
IBM Corporation, Dept. E, 100 South Wacker
Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606.
We're an equal opportunity
employer.

V. A

What^s a good
engineer like you
doing in a local

Bell Telephone
Company?

Well, here are a few things you can do: designing, installing and maintaining advanced communica-

Plan and design data communications networks. ^'°?' '^'"'^^^ for government, industry and home customers

m the area served by your local company.

Engineer microwave relay, telemetry and switching You will be given immediate responsibility with a chance to

systems. prove your potential early. And from then on you'll have every

Advise and consult on total communications systems. opportunity to advance your career as rapidly as you can.

,. . 1- i ,„.... . You may work with the Telephone Company in your home

Advance your educat.on-at our 18-month work-study ^^ea or with any one of the other 21 Bell System Companies

course at Bell Telephone Laboratories, or our data

in other parts of the country.

communications school at Cooperstown, N.Y., or one |f y^..^ ^^e to be in the forefront of rapidly developing

of many colleges we send men to for advanced study. communications changes and innovations, call or write;

Anticipate and plan the future of communications. Personnel Manager, College Employment

T-, ^ ,^. , American Telephone & Telegraph Companv ^m\. —^ ^_

The opportunities for working with a Bell Telephone 195 Broadway, Room 21 16A f ^S^l MXTShT

Company are endless, and challenging . . . and now! New York, New York 10007 ^ss^i^ Z^f„!^,JI^,

You will work with the scientists and engineers at Bell Phone: Area Code 212 • 393-3687 ^—^

Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric Company or contact your local Bell Telephone Company.

Thie ^world

is full of

willing people:

Some ^villing' to work,

Ttie rest willing to let them.

(Robert Frost)

At Whirlpool, all our engineers are willing and able to
make their own significant contributions. That's be-
cause they take their work seriously. . . . Whether it's
assisting in the development of food, water and waste
management systems for NASA or helping housewives
get their dishes cleaner.

Whirlpool is where innovation is seldom uttered, but
always seen . . . where motivation is part of our way
of life . . . where preparation for the future is daily
routine.

Whirlpool

An equal opportunity employer

^/,

• »■

S I *'

-v;'v>.- ;

PEOPLES GAS HAS A PLACE FOR YOU IN THE
CITY OF TOMORROW

We're getting ready for tomorrow. We have to. We're responsible for helping Chicago
become the city of tomorrow. We need the talent, ambition and dreams of today's graduate
engineers. Young men who can handle the problems of urban expansion. Who can create
solutions on a drawing board or out in the field. Who can manage the implementation of
their solutions. Men who want to find their way to high-level management positions.

If this is the opportunity you've been preparing for, interview with The Peoples Gas Light
and Coke Company of Chicago. An Equal Opportunity Employer.

PEOPLES rt GAS
NORTH SHORE

Peoples also has openings for academic majors in Accounting,
Business Administration, Economics, Finance, Home Economics,

Liberal Arts, Marketing, Mathematics and Statistics.

THE
NUCLEAR POWERED FOOD

"apollo of the 1970's"

by Donald A . Hanson

Donald Hanson is a third
year electrical engineering
major who hails from Glen
Ellyn. He is actively in-
volved in IEEE, Tau Beta
Pi. Eta Kappa Nu, and the
college honors council.

"Today twelve thousand people died of hunger in
the world. Tomorrow another twelve thousand will
die." '

These deaths are merely a warning of unprecedented
famines whose horror may shake the undeveloped
countries to their roots. These deaths are a warning
whistle of the locomotive barreling down upon us,
which William and Paul Paddock describe in Famine —
1975! America's Decision: Who Will Survive?

A locomotive is roaring full throttle down the track.
Just around the bend an impenetrable mudslide has oozed
across the track. There it lies, inert, static, deadly. ^

The locomotive is the unchecked population explo-
sion which is rampaging through the earth's food
supply. The treacherous landslide is the stagnant pro-
duction of food in the developing countries where the
population increases are the most serious. Paddock
systematically analyzes the technologies which might be
employed to avert the famines. However, the momentum
inherent in agricultural production is far too great to
permit rapid change. "The collision is inevitable. The
famines are inevitable." ^

Ironically, some men are still the slaves of nature
in their primitive struggle to feed themselves, while
others are the conquerers of even nature's powerful
nuclear forces. Attempting to resolve this paradox,
Alvin M. Weinberg, Director of Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, envisages what he calls the nuclear powered
agro-industrial complex. ■* Yet realizing this conception
will challenge to the utmost both man's ability to
develop technology and his perseverance to apply it to
one of the gravest social problems of our time.

THE EXOTIC FOOD FACTORY

The nature of the nuclear powered agro-industrial
complex is basically this: Employing advanced breeder
reactors (much larger and more sophisticated than are
in operation today), the sea can be desalted or deep
reservoirs of water can be tapped to irrigate previously
unproductive arid land. The by-product electricity gen-
erated by the reactor can be used for industrial pro-
cesses such as the electrolytic formation of hydrogen,
which in turn can be used to produce ammonia fertil-
izer. On site laboratories will investigate the optimum
quantities and times for applying water, fertilizer, and
pest control chemicals. High-yield grain crops will be
planted in blocks at least twice a year according to
regular schedules. With continuous production, at any
given time certain blocks will be in the process of
being planted, others fertilized, many watered, and some
harvested. Thus the agro-industrial complex is a highly
regulated, rational approach to agriculture which can
appropriately be dubbed as an exotic "food factory." *

GRAIN CROPS 43%

ARID LAND

(WARM AND

FERTILE)

36.8%

R. Philip Hammond. Director of the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory Nuclear Desalination Program, uses this
chart to illustrate the abundance of fertile arid land.

12 TECHNOGRAPH February, 1968

The artist 's conception of a coastal desert food factory shows a large nuclear reactor for desalting the sea and
generating electricity. In addition to supplying fresh water for irrigation, the reactor could be the nucleus of an
industrial complex. Installations of this type may in the future feed millions of people.

WHEAT BLOWING IN THE DESERT WIND

There are good reasons for belie\ing in the potential
value of such food factories. Since the agriculture will
be extremely well regulated, the crop yields will likely
be close to their genetic potential. Recently, great
success has been obtained in developing new varieties
of wheat, corn, and rice. For example, the use of new
short-stemmed, rust resistant, high-yielding varieties of
wheat has converted Mexico from an importer to an
exporter of wheat.

There are also great possibilities for the sunny deserts.
A desert irrigated by a river is among the most pro-
ductive land available. Recall that the four ancient
civilizations sprang up along the Nile, the Indus, the
Tigris-Euphrates, and the Yellow rivers. By irrigation
these peoples were able to stabilize their agriculture
and hence their way of life.

Today there is no shortage of deserts, but there is a
shortage of rivers to water them. R. Philip Hammond,
who directs the desalination program at Oak Ridge

National Laboratory, summarizes
potential of the deserts:

his belief in the

According to UNESCO, the supply of warm, fertile,
acce^bible arid land exceeds se\eral fold the total land now
u^ed for our major food crops. Less than a fifth of our
food crop land is presently irrigated. Yet this portion
produces the majority of crops. More than a third of all
arid land is close enough to the sea to be irrigated from
that source. 6

Thus food factories strategically placed along the
potentially fertile, coastal desert regions in the Middle
East, Latin America, Australia, and India could supply
the basic foodstuffs for millions of people.

"THE IMMACULATE PRINCIPLE"

The technology required to irrigate vast areas of
desert using sea water must at best be considered
formidable. The primary task at hand is the develop-
ment of the advanced breeder reactor. Yet nuclear
technology is an infant. Just twenty-five years ago

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 13

Enrico Fermi established the first nuclear chain reaction
at the University of Chicago (the sculpture on the
cover commemorates this event) '' Now the time sched-
ules have been compressed. Developing the advanced
breeder is according to Fortune magazine "almost as
though jet engines were under test and supersonic
transports sketched out before (Lindbergh's) Lone Eagle
left New York."* Yet the fast pace is well worth the
effort as Fortune vividly describes:

Today's nuclear reactors are substitutes, used because they
provide lieat at less cost than coal or oil. Tomorrow's
machines are the instruments of revolution. Some of them,
called breeder reactors, will create more nuclear fuel than
they burn. The miplications of this seeming reversal of the
laws of nature are such that the alchemists" dream of
changing lead to gold can be regarded as a petty aspira-
tion. The breeders promise to deliver vast quantities of
energy at such low cost that they will have a cascading
effect on all industry, on man's efforts to gather food and
build shelter, and on the fabric of society itself. Scientists
and technicians, in a frustrating search for some way to
describe the changes that their work portends, speak
glowingly of air-conditioning Africa and heating the sub-
arctic. 9

No less grandiose are the dreams to reverse the natural
course of rivers so that fresh water will flow back from
the sea into the deserts.

To the scientist the concept of the breeder reactor is
"an immaculate principle." '" The fuel rods contain
radioactive plutonium (Pu239) and stable uranium
(U238). During nuclear fission a neutron will split a
Pu239 atom, which will release energy and several
other neutrons to continue the chain reaction. How-
ever, a neutron striking a U238 atom will be absorbed,
creating a new Pu239 atom. In an advanced breeder
about three Pu239 atoms will be formed for every two
destroyed.

Yet applying this principle is a "mechanical engi-
neer's nightmare." " Requiring a sophis'ticated cooling
method, most breeder designs include streams of liquid
sodium, a tricky substance that will burst into flame
when exposed to water and will corrode most metals

when contaminated with oxygen. Furthermore, "fast"
breeder reactors, with neutrons traveling at speeds of
10' mph, are difficult to control.

By comparison today's conventional reactors are safe,
reliable items of commerce. They are cooled by either
pressurized or boiling water. This coolant also acts as
a moderator to slow the neutrons down to "thermal"
speeds by molecular collisions. Although these reactors
are highly competitive with fossil fuels, they have rather
poor thermal and fuel efficiencies.

The University of Illinois does nuclear engineering re-
search with its TRIGA reactor. The power reactors of
the future will be of much greater scale.

The TRIGA reactor has a circular array of fuel elements
inside its core. At full power the core is illuminated
with the blue-green glow of Cerenkov electron radiation.

THE ECONOMICS OF SURVIVAL

Completely interwoven with the requirements of
exotic technology for the nuclear powered agro-industrial
complex is the consideration of economic feasibility.
People in developing countries cannot buy food they
cannot afford.

Obviously water will be a precious item in the com-
plex. Using today's technology of desalination, the
Metropolitan Water District dual-purpose plant in Los
Angeles is expected to produce water at about 22(^/1000
gallons and electricity at about 2.7 mills/kwh. For-
tunately, this technology is progressing at a rapid rate
so that, with a cheap energy source, water could be
made available for irrigation at a few pennies per
person per day. '^

As the price of energy drops, the number of heavy
chemical processes, which can competitively use this
clean energy as its ultimate raw material, increases

14 TECHNOGRAPH

February, 1968

rapidly. The profit gained by the industrial aspect of
the complex will substantially increase the attractive-
ness of the food factory venture. Furthermore, it will
provide jobs for many people and stimulate regional
development in the entire complex vicinity. Hence, the
motivation for developing that extremely cheap source
of energy, the advanced breeder reactor, is great.

Complexes powered by advanced breeder reactors
must be considered "long term" projects. However,
even the "near term" complexes powered by present
day reactors appear surprisingly attractive. The details
of a near term complex were studied during the sum-
mer of 1967. 13

A variety of crops would be grown on 140,000 acres of
irrigated desert. Ammonia, phosphorous. . . , chlorine, and
salt would be manufactured. The total investment (includ-
ing a 2000 Mw-electrical reactor and a 500 million gallons
per day desalting plant) comes to about $900 million. The
annual value of products produced is $330 million, of
which $100 million are agricultural products. The profit
on the venture is computed to be $136 million per year,
or l5"o of the capital investment. ^*

present the importer of S6 billion dollars worth of food
annually, could become an exporter of food!" '^

The task ahead, toward realizing such a dream, is a
difficult one, but the stakes are high. If in the future
the famines, which threaten to ravage the developing
countries, are to be prevented, then developments such
as the nuclear powered agro-industrial complex must be
immediately pursued with the same enthusiasm and
effort so characteristic of the Apollo space mission.
Weinberg concludes, "I would certainly hope that out
of studies such as this would come some sensible
project that could . . . capture the imagination of a
war-weary world." i^

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to thank Dr. Alvin Weinberg for
supplying the materials upon which most of this article
is based.

The picture of "Nuclear Energy" shown on the front
cover was donated by the Editor of Argonne News,
Argonne National Laboratory.

"THE APOLLO OF THE 1970'S"

The plans for the future, however, are far more
grandiose. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of con-
trolled nuclear energy, Alvin Weinberg speculated with
his fellow scientists on the social impact of their work.
As an example he mentioned the Uttar Pradesh of
India with its vast resources of ground water. Using
the breeder reactor to pump water up from the ground
and into the far off fields of the food factories, Wein-
berg speculated that this Indian province "could in-
crease its food production at least four-fold and
possibly twice that. Now ... if the scheme were ex-
tended to include the entire Ganges Basin . . . India, at

Alvin M. Weinberg, Director of Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, is one of the founding fathers of controlled
nuclear energy. He is presently concerned with develop-
ing the advanced breeder reactor which could revolu-
tionize man's ability to gather food.

FOOTNOTES

I Rep. Harold D. Colley, as quoted by Felix Belair, Jr.,
New York Times, February 23, 1966, as quoted by Paddock,
Famine-1975!, p. 11.

2 William and Paul Paddock, Famine-19751 America's De-
cision: Who Will Survive? (Boston: Little, Brown, and Com-
pany, 1967) p. 9. This highly readable, poignant book concludes
with a surprising suggestion for American foreign policy in
times of food crises.

3 Ibid.

4 Alvin M. Weinberg, "The Coming Age of Nuclear En-
ergy," a presentation before the Eleventh Session, General
Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna,
September 28, 1967, and "The Nuclear Powered Agro-Induslrial
Complex," a presentation before the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, United States Senate, Washington, D. C, October 19,
1967.

5R. Philip Hammond, "Desalted Water for Agriculture,
"Review, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Summer, 1967.

6 Ibid.

7 "Moore Sculpture Commemorates The Day," Argonne
News, Argonne National Laboratory, December-January, 1968.

8 "The Next Step Is the Breeder Reactor," Fortune, March,
1967, p. 121.

9 Ibid.
lOlbid.

11 Ibid., quoted from an anonymous reactor manufacturer.

12 Weinberg.

13 The study of the complexes was conducted at Oak Ridge
National Laboratory under the guidance of Professor E. A.
Mason of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Weinberg
discusses the conclusions.

14 Weinberg.

15 Weinberg as delivered at the University of Chicago on
December 2, 1967 and reported in Argonne News, January, 1968.

16 Weinberg. The subtitle "Apollo of the I970's" was used by
Weinberg in his address to the AMU conference on nuclear
engineering held at Argonne National Laboratory, August, 1967.

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 15

Shell is a pair of sneakers— made from
our thermoplastic rubber.

Shell is a milk container— we were a
pioneer in the all-plastic ones.

Shell is a steel island— we are installing
deepwoter platforms for drilling and produc-
ing offshore oil and gas.

Shell is a clear, clean country stream
—aided by our non-polluting detergent mate-
rials.

Shell is a space capsule control— ener-
gized by Shell's hydrazine catalyst.

Shell is food on the table— made more
plentiful by Shell's fertilizers.

Shell is mileage gasoline— developed
through Shell research.

Shell is a good place to build a career

Shell Is an integrated research, engineer- business, Shell offers an unusual spectrum

ing, exploration and production, manufac- of career opportunities. Why not find out

turing, transportation, marketing organlza- more about them by sending a resume to

tion with diverse technical operations and Manager, Recruitment Division, The Shell

business activities throughout the United Companies, Department E, 50 West 50th
States. To talented graduates in the y"rTT7^ Street, New York, New York 10020. An

scientific disciplines, engineering andA ' AEqual Opportunity Employer.

THE SHELL COMPANIES^
Shell Oil Company/Shell Chemical Compon
Shell Development Company/Shell Pipe Line Corporation.

Depends on the giant. Actually, some giants are just regular
kinds of guys. Except bigger.

And that can be an advantage.

How? Well, for one thing, you've got more going for
you. Take Ford Motor Company. A giant in an exciting
and vital business. Thinking giant thoughts. About develop-
ing Mustang. Cougar. A city car for the future.

Come to work for this giant and you'll begin to think
hke one.

Because you're dealing with bigger problems, the
consequences, of course, will be greater. Your responsibiUties
heavier. That means your experience must be better — more
complete. And so, you'll get the kind of opportunities only a
giant can give.

Giants just naturally seem to attract top professionals.
Men that you'll be working with and for. And some of that
talent is bound to rub off.

Because there's more to do, you'll learn more. In
more areas.

You'll develop a talenj for making hard-nosed, imagina-
tive decisions. And you'll know how these decisions affect
the guts of the operation. At the grass roots. Because you'll
have been there.

If you'd like to be a giant yourself, and your better
ideas are in finance, product engineering, manufacturing,
marketing and sales, personnel administration or systems
research, see the man from Ford when he visits your campus.
Or send your resume to Ford Motor Company, College
Recruiting Department.

You and Ford can grow bigger together.

C%^

What' s it like

toivork
foir a ^ant?

Id like a big job please.

Ifyou^re looking for responsibility

ly^

i^-T^Ai^-i4j.y^i\-2dt ^^

\ >»^ W^

-•«> '^Siit A \^

i.,\f

see

IVI a g n a^v^^^

No matter ^^•llat your field of inter-
est, if you work for ^lagnavox, re-
sponsibility conies early. T^'e're a
fast growing organization — from
$200"'million to over S150 million
in five years without major acqui-
sition— and, with Magnavox, you
can grow just as fast.
Responsibility plus
At Magnavox, more than hard work
is expected . . . youU be encouraged
to grow as a professional ... to ex-
tend your formal education (at our
expense"! and, informally, to partic-
ipate in company-sponsored contin-
uing education courses. And you'll
be encouraged to use your knowl-
edge ... to rethink old problems for
l)etter solutions ... to resolve new
problems that have never been
answered before.
Many opportunities at
Magnavox
Magnavox produces fine television

(both color and monochrome) and
stereophonic sound equipment for
home use, as well as workhorse elec-
tronic systems for defense . . . radio
communications for Army, Navy
and Air Force; radar; electronic
countermeasures and counter-coun-
termeasures; sonobuoys and data
])rocessors for the Navy's antisub-
marine warfare program : advanced
satellite navigation receivers; and
specialized systems for data storage.
retrieval and transmission.
More than just work
Magnavox has plants in Indiana,
Illinois. California. Tennessee, Mis-
sissippi and North Carolina and. no
matter which one you join, you're
close to good living. Big league
sports, both professional and ama-
teur . . . participation sports to
stretch your own muscles. Excellent
cultural facilities ... or the chance
just to relax and live a little. Excel-

lent schools . . . excellent residential
areas. With Magnavox, you're not
only close to. but can afford, the
better things in life.
If you're looking for
responsibility plus
See your College Placement Office
for full information on career op-
l)ortunities at Magnavox. Or write
T. P. O'Brien. College Relations
Coordinator, The Magnavox Com-
])any. 2131 Bueter Road, Fort
Wayne, Indiana 46803.

Magnavox needs professionals now
in the areas of:

Chemical Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Physics

Production Engineering

An equal opportunity employer
m/f.

want technological growing room?

How ahout 10^
cubic miles of it?

Furnishing elbow room for new ideas is
an old story at the Electric Boat Division
of General Dynamics. It's been that way
ever since we built the first submarine
for the Navy in 1900. Then, as now, the
only limit on performance is the level of
technology. And today, as we adapt new
space-age techniques to undersea ex-
ploration, the entire ocean— one billion
cubic miles— is fast becoming a vast
area of new technological opportunity.
And it's not just the technology, though
of course you'll be involved in state-of-
the-art developments in electronics, nu-
clear propulsion, structural dynamics,
metallurgy, to name a few. Equally im-
portant is the systems approach we're
applying to all phases of submarine con-
struction, from original concept, through
procurement, construction, inventory
control, all the way through to testing
and sea trials.

We have a lot to show for it. Our research
sub, STAR III, can already gather data at

depths of up to 2,000 feet. The AUTEC I
and ALVIN II, now in construction, are de-
signed to operate at 6,500 feet and will
be completely equipped with the most
sophisticated equipment including two
bow manipulators, lights, closed-circuit
TV, cameras, obstacle avoidance sonar,
fathometer and communications sys-
tems. And in addition, we are designing
and building the NR-I, the world's first nu-
clear powered research submarine.

So it's no wonder that Electric Boat Div-
ision is the acknowledged specialist for
all phases of submarine building, over-
haul and repair. And that we've been as-
signed to develop the submarine design
that all other yards will be following when
converting Polaris submarines for Posei-
don operation.

Speaking of development, we have a
"people development" program designed
to spot your special capabilities— to help
you move, to progress, even to change
your product area or technical discipline
if that's what it takes to increase the
certainty of your success. Part of it,
is one of the most extensive and far-
sighted educational, study and post
graduate programs ever offered by any
company, to encourage continued aca-
demic proficiency. Hundreds of people
in our Division participate every year.

Living and working in Groton, Connecti-
cut is a rewarding experience in itself.
For in this unique nautical community
you are not only close to the men and
women who build and sail submarines,
but to all the abundant pleasures of the
sea. {Not that you're far from more met-
ropolitan pleasures if that's your prefer-
ence).

Degrees required: BS or advanced degree
in naval architecture or aeronautical,
chemical, civil, electrical, industrial,
management, marine, mechanical and
metallurgical engineering. Positions are
also available for graduate students in
math, physics, psychology and applied
mechanics.

If you are earning one of these degrees
and would like to make a contribution to
the new aqua-space technologies we're
developing here, make a date through
your Placement Office to see our repre-
sentative. Or write for a new informative
brochure to Mr. Donald K. Whynott.

GENERAL DVNAMiCS

Electric Boat Division

E9 WEistem Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340

An Equal Opportunity Employer (M/F)

U.S. Citizenship is required.

bv Edwin Black

SIXTY YEARS BACK . . .

SIXTY YEARS FROM TOMORROW

Edwin Black, freshman
English major, enjoys writ-
ing both non-fiction and
creative articles.

The winter snow had given him very little difficulty.
He had seen ninety-two winters before this one when he
walked over a mile in the sub-zero January cold to our
interview at the lUini Union. He introduced himself at
the place we were to meet. "Hello, I'm EUery Paine. I
hope I'm not late." "Only five minutes," I said.
"Well, I've been alive ninety-two years now and I
guess five minutes isn't too bad." He sat down and
checked the time on a watch two hundred years old his
father had given him. "You want me to talk about the
College of Engineering. Well, I've been with it for
sixty years now. I was born in Connecticut in 1875. I
remember a lot of things about the University of Illinois.
I came here in 1907 . . ."

Ellery Paine came here in 1907 from a small eastern
institution where he was professor of electrical engi-
neering. To satisfy his wife, who disliked the area, he
moved. "The University of Illinois seemed to be a
place that was on the rise and I thought I would have
a future there." But Ellery had to enter as an assistant
professor, "... one step down in rank, but I made my
wife happy."

In 1909 Paine became the acting head of the Electrical
Engineering Department. He held the post for six
months when it was awarded to Ernst Berg. Berg
resigned in 1913 and Paine took his place, maintaining

the office for thirty-one years until his retirement as
Professor Emeritus. A man called Everitt took his place.

When we toured the Engineering Campus it was so
cold the chemicals in our photographer's polaroid
froze; it didn't bother Ellery who insisted on staying
outside describing points of memory. "I remember the
year this honorary key was. . . "

It was a little after Ellery retired as department head
that Tau Beta Pi presented the honorary key to the
College of Engineering. Going further back Ellery
recalls the old Electrical Engineering Building. It has
since been remodeled and is known as the Electrical
Engineering Research Laboratory. "I had an office up
there. It was under the attic and I had a clear view of
the boneyard from my window. I never used the office
much, but one of the times I did I saw some fraternity

Edwin Black talks with Ellery Paine in Illini Union.

20 TECHNOGRAPH February, 1968

pledge jump right into the boneyard water. When he
came out you could smell him a quarter of a mile
away."

Inside Engineering Hall EUery remembers one of his
favorite classrooms. It was 106 Engineering Hall. "I
used to teach there for years. But a while back they
had a Dean who didn't like walking upstairs where the
old Dean's office was." Ellery's classroom was changed
to a Dean's office. "Now it's Dean Everitt's office.
It's on the first floor so the Deans don't ha\e to walk
so much now."

The students and staff of the Electrical Engineering De-
partment pose during the spring of 1911 on the steps of
what was the Electrical Engineering Building.

"I never had Dean Everitt as a student but I had
some of the other members of the staff. Miller, Martin,
Fett, they were all my students. "I could tell you some
things about some of my students . . . !

One of Ellery's students was a bright boy but could
not concentrate on his assignments and was contem-
plating leaving the field of engineering. "I gave him
some advice on concentrating and apparently he was a
success. Later he became the President of the Carnegie
Institute." EUery remembers one student in particular
that never wanted to do any work, "But what he did
do was outstanding. I always complimented his intelli-
gence if only he could apply it more often." The
student did and became the President of U.S. Steel
Corporation.

"I had one student who was really a smart chap. . . "
He used to sit and dream in class. He kept saying he
was waiting for a time, a right time, and then he
would show everybody! When the Depression came
and everything was as cheap as could be he took his
life savings and bought an entire factory. Applying a
process he developed he mass manufactured his own

invention at a fraction of the cost during other times.
The microswitch. his invention, has become today one
of the most essential parts of any automation system.
"And he did show everybody. He became the success
he said he would. Students are really all the same, if
you look at them sixty years ago or sixty years ahead.
There are problems and ..."

Sixty years back the Electrical Engineering depart-
ment was a small group of men and not even one
woman. When Paine retired the staff only numbered
thirty-five. Great leaps of progress have ameliorated
this condition. Today the staff includes 280 men and
women. The subjects are much more diverse today than
they were sixty years back when no one could possibly
imagine professors of biology or astronomy in the
College of Engineering. Students then were faced with
essentially the same problems if not more than students
of today. They are usually arduous and conscientious.
Engineering students today "...are not 'social flunk-
outs.' They are no different from the fellows I taught
over a half -century ago."

Speaking about engineering students in relation to
their fellow university students EUery Paine said this.
"Today's boys Uke yesterday's boys merely follow
their own interest. They fall under criticism because
they don't argue Uke students of other colleges do. An
inteUigent engineer knows arguments don't get any-
where. When engineers have a difference of opinion it
can be tested in the lab and you can see and touch the
solution. Verbal arguments can't be won. Especially if
both parties are stubborn does this apply." \Vhen
asked: doesn't this make the engineering student a lot
too scientific and a little too human, EUery replied,
"He's of course very human. He's like anyone else, a
specialist. If he wasn't a specialist he couldn't function
the way he does and our society would stand dormant."

Abo\e is the Electrical Engineering Building in 1911.
Parked in front of it is Ernst Bert, EUery Paine' s
predecessor as the head of the Electrical Engineering
Department.

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 21

Ellery Paine, himself, has two government patents on
methods of testing high voltage cables but he says the
greatest scientific experiment he ever participated in
tested an invention by someone else. "Professor Tyko-
ciner asked me to assist in the experiment because. . ."
Because an important professor left his position at
the university to work for Westinghouse Corporation,
an essential opening in the electrical engineering depart-
ment had to be filled immediately. Paine offered the
job to a young refugee from the Russian Revolution.
His name was Tykociner. Paine recognized him as a
genius. Very soon after Tykociner's arrival at the
University of Illinois he revealed a wild scheme that
nearly everyone thought was absurd, except Ellery
Paine. Paine aided Tykociner in his experiments for
months. At last it was achieved; Tykociner had suc-
ceeded in making a motion picture film with sound.
"And Tykociner asked me to make the first sound-on-
film recording, the first sound movie star you might
say. Not knowing what to say I said the first thing
that came into my head: 'Four score and seven years
ago...' " They wrote letters of solicitation to Holly-
wood but were merely scorned. "They said the sound-
on-film process would ruin the movie industry. Then a
man called Eastman bought the invention. He later
developed the Eastman-Kodak Co."

Paine points to a display about the first sound film and
repeats the very words he used for the first sound-on-
film recording: Four score and seven years ago . . .

Walking by the research laboratories Paine recalled
the difficulties of research. "The problem was we had
no money. Today the faculty places more emphasis on
research than they did when I was department head.
Now we have all the money we need. There are all
kinds of grants from all different sorts of places for
fantastic sums that go into hundreds of thousand of
dollars."

When asked what he thought of the notion that
today's faculty isn't as concerned with the students as
the faculty was a half-century ago Ellery commented:
"Hogwash!" Expounding on his articulate response,
Paine said: "There has always been a great interest in
the young men. The faculty has always actively helped
the students in any way they can. Sixty years ago it
was the same. We took an interest in our students. I
wouldn't have become a teacher if that was not the
case. There has always been a great deal of guidance
and I think there always will be. It is one of the
attachments of the profession. As long as there are
teachers the student can feel someone takes an interest
in him."

When asked if he thought the College of Engi-
neering lacked or needed anything Ellery laughed and
said, "Well now, they have just marvelous teachers;
they always had them but now there are more of
them. The facilities are just improved 200%. If today's
students only knew how hard it was to get many
things done then, they might not take many things for
granted. Today we have equipment that we could never
afford before; our government has given us a great
boost there. We have the facihties to carry on our
work that we never had before; and it's not just engi-
neering I'm talking about here. It's any student at this
university, no matter what field. All you have to do is
look around and you'll see some new building or
another going up."

I asked him what he saw in store for the future
after seeing what was in store for the last ninety-two
years. "Well now, as you know the societies are ever-
changing," he answered. "I have seen the changes
having been alive almost a century. I've taken part in
some of the changes personally. And I think that, in
the majority, these changes are due to engineering and
scientific technological advance. And I think that it is
the engineer's responsibility to supply the advance that
enables the world to progress." I interrupted, "But
doesn't some of the 'progress' actually serve to defeat
and ruin society? Can you think of any technological
'advances' man could have done without?"

"Social problems are not our field," he immediately
replied. "We deal in ideas and progress, and we do it.
We give this to mankind and put it at his disposal.
He does with it as he chooses. Let the sociologist work
out the social problems. But this is not to say that we
are not conscious of society or its problems. Even

22 TECHNOGRAPH February, 1968

myself, my greatest joy aside from watching my grand-
children grow is watching my former students and
examining how they have affected the world. Students
like the ones I mentioned or some I didn't mention.
That is my satisfaction as a teacher. My greatest
satisfaction as an engineer is to see the results of the
progress we have presented mankind with, whether I
helped with it or not."

As we walked back to the Illini Union I thanked him
for his time. I said, "Is there anything at all you would
like to add, sir?" "Can I say anything I want?" "Any-
thing," I said. "Well now, it's this one thing that
concerns me and you, too. I'm an engineer and I have
seen the relationship between man and his world. I
have lived a long, long time. I have seen a lot of
people and lot of things in that time. There is one
advance that man can make that would equal all the
technological progress you can imagine. And that is
for the black man and the white man to live together
without hostility or hate ..."

He said that there was hostility between the races
sixty years back and man had not advanced since that
time. He said he saw it at this university when he
came here in 1907 and he sees it still today. "It's a
disgrace to mankind's intelligence to see one man
hated by another for no other reason than color,
especially at a place like this that boast logic and
reason. I see it on the engineering campus as well as
the other campuses on the university here." It is
deplorable that man has learned to live with the most
inhuman elements of Nature, but has not even learned
to live with his fellow man. "After sixty years here,"
he said, "after ninety-two years of life," he said,
"this is the area that I think man needs progress in
most — and it won't come about as a result of tech-
nological advance; there is no machine we can invent
that can bring it about" He turned up his collar

when the gusts of wind were too much for that cold
day. That was EUery Paine' s picture sixty years back
from today . . . sixty years from tomorrow he hopes
the picture will be different. "If you want to print my
last words to you, print these: Men can't go anywhere
without each other." He walked away back into the
cold, refusing to let the freezing wind bother him.

EUery Paine, Professor Emeritus, stands proudly at 92
years of age.

■M't

"What we got here is a failure to communicate."

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 23

....t.

fie^'

Can there be this kind of excitement in engineering?

Try Xerox and see

You check your bindings again, adjust your goggles . . . then push off
in a fast schuss down the first leg, skis hissing against the powdered
snow. This is the excitement of skiing — pitting your experience and
skill against speed and the variables of a new, fast-dropping trail.*

We're working on new concepts in imaging and data handling and
graphic arts and education and many other areas. You've seen the
massive impact of past Xerox technical achievements on business and
industry. You can understand why, in the past three years alone,
we've put SlOO million into research and development. And why the
climate for technical people here has to be experienced to be appreciated.

See your Placement Director or write to Mr. Roger Vander Ploeg,
Xerox Corporation, P.O. Box 1995, Rochester, New York 14603.

* Incidentally, we're near some of the llnest skiing in the country
witti slopes to please beginners and challenge the experts.

XEROX

An Equal Opportunity Employer (M/F)

What does a
NASA project have to do
with flipping tractors?

A lot. At International Harvester, down-to-earth safety problems with tractors are being solved with space-age techniques.
IH engineers checking roll bar stresses in tractor roll-overs use the same basic radio telemeter that gathers data from
rockets. But IH involvement with the space age doesn't stop here. Special International'"' trucks filter rocket fuels. Exotic
IH metal fabrications are used in building rockets. When you join IH, you're joining a leader in the important fields for
tomorrow's world. Fields as basic and challenging as farm equipment and trucks. Fields as new as aerospace and gas
turbine power. Any company can turn you on. But few are in as. many basic industries as International Harvester.
Our diversification multiplies your opportunities. Ask your College Placement Office for more information about us.

International Harvester puts power in your hands

Be frustrated. As only a participant can be. D We'll give you every opportunity to participate. To
stretch your mind. To struggle with a problem until you get mad. Until you solve it. And get the
credit you deserve. D We don't promise the world. Or the moon. Just the satisfaction of using your
talents. Day after day. D Whether you're in research and development, marketing, refining,
planning and engineering, or administration, n Your pencils are waiting. D That's what we prom
ise. If it's enough, write our Recruiting Coordinator, American Oil Company, Dept. 3-N,^^
910 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60680. American oil company (american

AMERICAN) ■

Come with us
and be fulRlled.

I don't have two years' experience.
I have one year twice*'

Some people get experience in
a job.

Other people get older.

There's a big difference. And it
all depends on where you work, and
with whom you work. You can start
some place that has all the proper
systems engineering credentials —
significant contracts, modern
physical plant, and the usual fringe
benefits — and find yourself a
couple of years later, just a couple
of years behind.

Or, you can come to a place like
MITRE and get experience. And
grow. We have the credentials, of
course. (We happen to think
they're the best. ) But we have
something more. An attitude. We
want you to get the best systems
experience in the business. We
want to share what we know with
you, want you to absorb it as fast
as you can. The quicker you grasp
things, the quicker things get done.
The more experience you get, the
faster you grow.

And that's to our mutual benefit.

Here's the kind of experience
you can get.

MITRE is pioneering in the
design and engineering of complex
information, sensor, command,
control and communications sys-
tems for the United States Govern-
ment. Our assignments include
prominent military electronic
systems such as the Airborne
Warning and Control System, the
Back-up Interceptor Control
System for SAGE, and the
National Military Command
System, as well as civilian systems
for future national air traffic
control and high speed ground
transportation.

These projects represent some
of the most important systems
work of our time, and require
advanced thinking on a broad
range of scientific problems and
the technologies needed to solve
them.

THEI

MITRE

An Equal Opportunity Employer {Male & Female)

There are openings for Members of
the Technical Staff in suburban
Boston, Washington, D.C., Atlantic
City, Colorado Springs, and
Florida.

Salary? Benefits? They're com-
petitive, of course. Moreover, we
have an excellent Advanced Studies
Program. (118 MITRE employees
are presently working toward
advanced degrees at nearby educa-
tional institutions including
Harvard, Boston University,
Boston College, Brandeis, North-
eastern, MIT, and Tufts.)

This should give you an idea
about MITRE. About what we do,
how we think, and what it might
be like to work with us. If you'd
like to know more about us, and
have a degree (preferably ad-
vanced ) in electronics, mathemat-
ics or physics, we'd like to hear
from — and about — you.

Write: Mr. L.J. Glinos, College
Relations Coordinator, The
MITRE Corporation, Box 208
CCP, Bedford, Massachusetts.

Formed in 1958 . . . pioneer in the design and development of command and control systems . . . MITRE serves as technical advisor and syS'
iems engineer for the Electronic Systems Division of the Air Force Systems Command arui provides technical assistance to the Federal Avia-
tion Administration, the Department of Defense, the Department of Transportation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

THE ST. PAT TRADITION...

in the beeinnins

The remarkable discovery that St. Patrick was an
engineer was made by a group of engineering students
at the University of Missouri in March, 1903 or 1904,
depending on which account one believes. Out of this
discovery has grown the St. Pat tradition. The celebra-
tion which began as an unscheduled student frolic has
become, over the years, an elaborate program of events
in the course of which old Saint Patrick himself appears
to dub certain of his devotees "Knights of Saint
Patrick" and to crown a local coed as Queen for the
ensuing year.

The first published record concerning St. Patrick the
engineer appeared in the University of Missouri Daily
Tribune on March 17, 1903. In an article entitled
"In Memory of St. Patrick" it is stated that the
following resolutions were adopted by the engineering
classes of the University:

Whereas, It has been (he custom of certain uniformed
ministers of the gospel to declare at \arious times the
practices and beliefs of our worthy St. Patrick, it was
deemed advisable that the question of his origin and life
should be definitely and fore\er settled, and

Whereas, In order to set at rest all controversy upon
this subject an investigation by eminent authorities was
set on fool, and

Whereas, The investigation has proved eminently suc-
cessful the result of \\hich was to establish beyond any
doubt of council that St. Patrick was an engineer.

It is therefore

Resolved, That every engineer, senior, junior, sophomore,
and freshman, do each year on the day of St. Patrick
refrain from all duties and attendance upon classes and
spend the day in observing the memory of our pioneer
brother.

It is therefore

Resolved, That each year in the Department of Engi-
neering, on the day of St. Patrick a holiday is declared.
Signed: Senior, Junior, Sophomore, Freshman.

The 1903 issue of the Missouri Saviiar carries this
record by one "Leto:"

As for the 17th, upon examination of the Erse Chroni-
cles by Rooney-the-Mick, the following note was found:
"Erin Go Bragh," which translated into English means
"St. Patrick was an Engineer." i .^issisted by the band
the engineers took the day off, and the Engineering Profs,
took a grade or two off.

by Curl Wrechert

Another account supporting 1903 as the founding year
was given by Omer Denny who graduated from the
University of Missouri in 1904:

On a warm spring day in 1903, a small group of stu-
dents of the classes of 1903 and '04 were in the Engi-
neering Library, ostensibly for the purpose of study. It
was the time of year for spring fever and in this group
it had reached epidemic stage. I cannot recall the names
of all these students but someone e.xpressed the necessity
of a holiday, and since St. Pat's day was near at hand
it was chosen as the dav.

A final account in defense of '03 was given by Lee
Elmer Philbrook of the class of 1904.

V\e were all inclined to have spring fever and wishing
for a holiday. There was no holiday near, the only day of
special consequence was St. Patrick's day and that was
not a recognized holiday. Someone said that St. Patrick
was an engineer and proceeded to prove it mathematically.
I believe he set it up in the order of a theorem in geome-
try and I am quite sure it ended with Q.E.D. We were
all agreed that the proof was mathematically correct and
that we should celebrate his birthday by taking a holiday.

I "Erin Go Bragh," is actually an old Irish battle cry meaning,
"Ireland Forever."

28 TECHNOGRAPH

February, 1968

The case supporting 1904 as the founding of the
engineer's celebration of St. Pat's day is not so well
documented. But Charles K. Martin of the class of
1905 has given this stirring account:

Homer Haggard was quite a popular student in school.
He was on the football team and either in 1904 or 1905
he was captain on the team, and being red-headed and
with an Irish disposition, he was one of the fellows thai
you like to kid. Dr. Stewart began by asking Mr. Haggard
why he was in class on a day like that, and Homer
asked him why he asked that question, and his repl\
was something like this, "You are Irish, aren't you, and
this is the seventeenth of March. Didn't you know that
St. Patrick was an engineer?" Homer asked him how
come and Dr. Stewart replied, "Didn't he engineer the
snakes out of Ireland?"; then Dr. Stewart continued,
"You fellows ought to take a holiday and celebrate the
occasion."

One strange detail of this account is the fact that
Homer Haggard has no recollection of this incident.

Regardless of the date of the actual beginning of the
engineer's celebration of St. Pat's day, the truth about
St. Patrick is that he was probably born in what is
now northern France. His first visit to Erin was evidently
about 400 A.D., as a captain of a band of Irish raiders.
He was sold into servitude in Erin and remained there
for six years. Not strange it was that he then heard,
as he slept one night, a voice ordering him to escape
from his master. This he did and made his way home
to northern Gaul, performing a few miracles along the
way. In his homeland he became a monk and was, it

is said, trained by some of the notable saints of the
period. He traveled about Europe, ever increasing in
sanctity and learning, often hearing the admonition of
angels and occasionally tossing off a miracle, or so the
story runs. Eventually he was ordained as a bishop,
and presumably, on this occasion received the name
Patricious. Meanwhile the future Saint had decided to
return to the island of his early captivity as an apostle
to the pagan Irish. This he was able to do in 432 A.D.,
with papal authorization. At this time Patricious was
about 44 years of age. His great work in Ireland during
the remainder of his life has been told and retold many
times, and records or legends link his name with hun-
dreds of places in his adopted land. The evidence is
that he was a powerful preacher, an excellent organizer,
and a devout worker in the Church.

The knighting of certain students and St. Pat's Ball
were natural outgrowths of the engineers celebration of
St. Pat's day. Since 1906, when all graduating engineer-
ing students at the University of Missouri were named
Knights of St. Pat, many different ceremonies and re-
quirements for knighthood have been developed on
engineering campuses across the nation. And St. Pat's
Ball is a yearly occurrence on almost every engineering
campus.

The beginnings of the engineering St. Pat tradition
are indeed humble, but they cannot be described as
uninteresting. No matter whose description of the
beginning one chooses to believe, the origin of the
tradition is almost as much a legend as St. Patrick
himself.

'Hey look, Joe. the Jefferson Airplane!"

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 29

. . . iheyre right. And wrong.

It might be said, instead, that we specialize in people, for
we believe that people are a most
important reason for our company's success. We act
on that belief.

You could be one of the reasons for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's
success ... if you have a B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. in:
MECHANICAL • AERONAUTICAL • ELECTRICAL

• CHEMICAL • CIVIL • MARINE • INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING • PHYSICS • CHEMISTRY . METALLURGY

• CERAMICS • MATHEMATICS • STATISTICS

• COMPUTER SCIENCE • ENGINEERING SCIENCE

• ENGINEERING MECHANICS.

Pratt & Whitney Oircraft

CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS EAST HARTFORD. CONNECTICUT

IIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP.

AIRCF

An tquat Opportunity Employer

DROP (VERVnilMG!

Pick up a copy of "Careers with Bethlehem Steel and the Loop Course"

at your placement office.* Sign up for an interview when our recruiters visit your campus.

They're looking for prospects with pizzazz. Do you measure up?

*0r write to Manager of Personnel, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pa. 18016.

An equal opportunity employer in the Plans for Progress Program

BETHLEHEM STEEL

BETHLEHEM

st|el

We've added new dimensions
to the pilot's view

You can do tlie same
for your career at Norden

The extraordinary precision of Norden's advanced radar system has brought
about safe lower-than-ever flight for military aircraft using Norden's unique
phase interferometry technique. A three dimensional display, oriented to the
real world, gives the pilot a near equivalent to a clear weather windshield
view. Contour map displays are available for both pilot and navigator.

If it's an advanced concept in radar, pilot displays,
telecommunications, ground support equipment, pre-
cision components and computer techniques, Norden
engineers are pioneering it. Applications run the gamut
of advanced underwater, shipboard, aircraft and space

vehicle systems as well as ground support complexes.

With Norden, you can gain broad exposure to tech-
nical aspects of a problem through our method of
assigning projects to problem-solving teams. Our cor-
porate-financed Graduate Education Program provides
qualified engineers ample opportunity to continue for-
mal education at nearby academic institutions.

Norden's ideal location, in Fairfield County, Con-
necticut offers an environment for living that's second
to none — a rare combination of cultural and sports
activity the year 'round and only 41 miles from the
heart of New York City.

There are openings in Research, Development and
Manufacturing. Electrical Engineers, Mechanical Engi-
neers, and Physicists graduating in 1968 are invited
to contact your College Placement Officer to arrange
an on-campus interview. Or forward your resume to:
Mr. James E. Fitzgerald, Technical Employment Man-
ager, at Helen Street, Norwalk, Connecticut 06852.
An Equal Opportunity Employer (M/F).

Norden

United
Qircraft

Let's Talk

Aerospace Careers

March 7

To talk to a Bendix Instruments and Life
Support Division representative, sign up
at your engineering placement office.

Bendix

Aerospace
Products

An equal opportunity employer

1 he less you ve heard about us the better.

Maybe you think that's a funny way
to talk to you.

But we don't think it is.

Many people think we're onl\- a bi.e
chemical company.

Chemicals being the big^cest thing
we have.

But what we'd really like you to
know is that we're also a forest prod-
ucts company. Olinkraft.

Plus a lightweight paper company.
Ecusta.

Plus a packaging film company.

And tliat we're an aluminum com-
pany. And a brass company.

And a sjiorting arms and ammuni-
tion company. (You've heard about
Winchester? That's us.)

The reason we're telling you all this
is that the competition to get you is
awfully tough.

And a big corporation that can offer
you the choice of a dozen smaller com-
panies, has an edge.

But don't let this steer you aw;
from chemicals, if that's on your min
There's everything hero from inorga
ics and organics to specialty and agi
cultural.

Now vou've heard more about i
That's better.

You can do two things now. Me
with your Placement Ofhcer. Or wri
Monte H. Jacoby, our College Rchif ii 1
Officer, here at Olin, 1(;() ^^
Park Ave., N. Y 10022.

Olii

BOOK of tyURVEYs

JULY 21

• -"^l^

s: a

^ j^

suRnmo

and miRICAH HISTORY

In the study of the history of the United States many
observations of a seemingly insignificant nature come to
light concerning the men who formed the destiny of
America. These observations might seem insignificant in
themselves, but when viewed from a collective point of
view, an interesting coincidence of meaning can be drawn.

One of these observations is the evidence of a definite
connection between several American patriots, the destiny
of America they helped form, and the art and science
of land surveying. Surveying was the forerunner of
today's engineering profession and as such was one of
the first instances where mathematics and science were
used to solve practical problems.

The surveyor in early America was a man of great
importance for he held the key to wealth and power,
control ofland ownership. In many colonies (later states),
it was necessary for a surveyor to lay out all claims
before ownership could be certified. Thus, many influ-
ential people took this job as a public service and to
forestall unscrupulous activity, as well as to increase
their own holdings.

by
Thomas B. Berns

Due to the characteristics of life in early America
almost all prominent citizens had contact with surveying
and land management of some sort. However, the
connection is most evident in the lives of George
Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln,
who had much more than a passing interest and ac-
quaintance with surveying. These three American presi-
dents actually served as land surveyors and there is
evidence that their experience with surveying affected
their lives and the future of the country which they
helped build.

George Washington first became involved with sur-
veying of a responsible nature at 16 years of age, when
he crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains in the company
of James Genn, a veteran surveyor, and George William
Fairfax, agent for the proprietor of the lands. He re-
corded this venture in his diary, yourwa/ o/A/j Journey
Over the Mountains. While Surveying for Lord Fairfax,
Baron of Cameron, in the Northern Neck of Virginia,
Beyond the Blue Ridge, in 1747-8.

36 TECHNOGRAPH February, 1968

George Washington was examined by William and
Mary College in 1749, and at the age of 17 was com-
missioned surveyor for newly formed Culpeper County,
Virginia. Qualifying at a time when settlement was
extending rapidly up the Shenandoah Valley, he was in
a position both to accumulate fees in cash for laying
out the claims of others and to patent land of his own
amounting to approximately 1,000 acres by 1750. Once
commissioned, Washington was authorized to survey in
any county in Virginia, and he was profitably occupied
until the fall of 1751 when he sailed for the Barbados
to attend to family matters. He later resumed surveying
and continued to practice surveying throughout his life
except when public service prevented.

The heritage of surveying was well established in
Thomas Jefferson's family, since his father, Peter, had
been Deputy Surveyor of Albemarle County, Virginia
under Joshua Fry and his great grandfather had like-
wise been a surveyor. Thus, it is not surprising to find
that the faculty minutes of WiUiam and Mary of
October 14, 1773, state that the "President and Masters
unanimously agreed that Mr. Thomas Jefferson be
appointed surveyor of Albemarle and that he be allowed
to have a Deputy". Indications are that he spent little
time in this occupation, but did own a theodolite and
surveyed his own lands and those of his close relatives.

Due to Jefferson's wide range of interests and his
scientific mind, he probably was capable of surveying
on a much higher plane of precision and competency
than most practicing surveyors. It was his scientific
approach to surveying combined with the practical
knowledge gained from his family heritage and personal
involvement that helped him formulate the basis of the
land surveying system used in the United States to this
day, as will be discussed later.

In June of 1775, George Washington was called upon
by the Continental Congress to serve as General of the
Continental Army. Washington's knowledge of terrain,
gained through his years of practical schooling in sur-
veying, mapping, and geographical exploration, gave
him full appreciation of the need for cartographic in-
formation. He was immediately and painfully aware of
the nearly total lack of this vital source of intelligence
and repeatedly implored the Congress for assistance
in finding qualified personnel because, "The want of
accurate maps of the country which has hitherto been
the Scene of War has been of great disadvantage
to me . . . .".

In July, 1777, the Continental Congress finally em-
powered General Washington to employ geographers and
surveyors. There is evidence that the maps Washington
received from his surveyor-scouts aided the American
cause greatly in the latter part of the Revolutionary War.

As Governor of Virginia during the latter years of the
Revolutionary War, Thomas Jefferson received and

interpreted much intelligence about the British, French,
and American forces, and there is no doubt his survey-
ing background aided him in converting this intelligence
to maps and military information.

In 1784, under the Articles of Confederation, a com-
mittee was formed with Thomas Jefferson as chairman
to devise a means of disposing of the western lands.
The basic system of rectangular land surveying was
adopted as proposed by Jefferson's committee and is
the basis of the land surveying system used in the
United States today.

In 1803, on the eve of the Louisiana Purchase,
Jefferson, then President, set in motion a succession of

t)M^^fiieSe>

^AT-d- c A^a-r--^

Facsimile of Map of One of Washington's Earliest
Surveys: Part of the Mt. Vernon Estate on the Potomac
River

geographical explorations and surveys that were largely
responsible for securing for the United States the
country to the Pacific Coast. Of these expeditions,
Zebulon Pike's expeditions from St. Louis up the
Mississippi and from St. Louis toward Santa Fe are
prominent. However, the most significant was the Lewis
and Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean which opened
the Pacific Northwest to the United States. It was also
during his years as President that Jefferson set up the
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Department,
which was in charge of surveying and mapping all the
public lands.

Thus, it was the leadership of a man knowledgeable
in the meaning and value of maps and surveys that
allowed the United States to validly claim the Oregon
Territory and to set up an agency which helped open
the frontier to settlers.

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 37

As the country passed from infancy into adolescence,
the art and science of surveying likewise continued to
grow and expand. The basic principles based upon
trigonometry, algebra, and existing law did not change,
but the equipment and methods increased in sophisti-
cation with the rest of the technical world.

In the latter part of 1833, a young man named
Abraham Lincoln, having lost a bid for a seat in the
Illinois Legislature, secured a job as Deputy County
Surveyor in Sangamon County, Illinois. Lincoln, who
was then 22, knew nothing about surveying, but bor-
rowing books from the county surveyor and studying
on his own, went to work as a surveyor. He became
proficient as a surveyor as witnessed by the plats and
field notes signed by him and continued in surveying
until 1836. He left this field to continue studying law
and to spend more time in politics since in 1834 he had
been elected to the Illinois General Assembly.

It is interesting to note here that Lincoln had been
defeated in his bid for a legislative seat in 1832 after
returning from the Black Hawk War, but after engaging
in surveying for approximately one year he was success-
ful in his second try for a seat in the legislature. It
would be naive to assume that his activity in surveying
was the sole cause for this change in his electoral
fortunes, but by having mastered the mathematics and
requirements for such an important professional post,
he no doubt raised his standing in the community no
small amount. Another consideration which made sur-
veying important to Lincoln at the time was that he
was getting paid for both learning and building his
political future while working as a surveyor.

In Lincoln's law career too, his surveying background
paid him dividends. In 1859 he was called upon to
render a decision on how the section was to be legally
divided into quarters. It seems that the sole reason he
was called upon in this case was his surveying exper-
ience. There is some evidence also that this background
helped him obtain clients concerned with land trans-
actions and mill rights.

Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860, and
thus was the Commander-in-Chief of the Union Army
during the Civil War. The knowledge of mathematics,
map reading and reconnaissance gained while a surveyor
no doubt aided him in functioning as Commander-in-
Chief, and helped him formulate the plans for the
Transcontinental Railroad and westward expansion
undertaken while he was in office.

In addition to the obvious documented cases of how
surveying influenced the making of America through
the lives of these three men, there is one other con-
sideration possibly more important than all the others,
namely, that of character building.

Success in surveying necessitates close observation,
intelligent investigation, judicious weighing of evidence,

self-rehance, prompt decision, as well as the thorough
understanding of mathematics and the law pertaining
to surveying. It would be hard to imagine that the
characters of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln were
not at least partially shaped and molded by their early
experiences in surveying. Each was affected by surveying
in a different way, but the fact that it helped make
them the leaders that made America great is undeniable.

In summary, it is interesting to note that if a choice
had to be made as to who were the three men who had
done the most to make America the great country it is
today, it would be easy to choose George Washington,
Thomas Jefferson and Abraham L'mco\n, all suneyors,
and thus, in a sense, engineers in America's youth.

BIBLOGRAPHY

Clement, Donald B. "Public Land Surveys -History and Accom-
plishments." Surveying and Mapping, SVIII (1958), 213-219.

"The College of William and Mary and Surveying

in Early Virginia." Surveying and Mapping, SVIII (1958)
179-185.

Dix, Walter S. "Surveying-Yesierday-Today-Tommorrow." Sur-
veying and Mapping, XXXVIII (1963), 109-113.

Enos, Z. A. The Early Surveyors and Surveying in Illinois.

Springfield: Springfield Printing Company, 1891.

Friis, Herman R. "Highlights in the First Hundred Years of
Surveying and Mapping and Geographical Exploration of
the United States by the Federal Government 1775-1880."
Surveying and Mapping, XVIII (1958), 186-206.

Maulthauf, Robert P. "Early Instruments in the History of
Surveying; Their Use and Their Invention." Surveying and
Mapping, XX (1958), 399-414.

Pattison, William David. Beginnings of the American Rectangular
Land Survey Ststem 1784-1800. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1957.

Rayner, W. H. and Milton O. Schmidt. Surveying: Elementary
and Advanced. Princton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrad Com-
pany, 1957.

"Surveyor's Day Celebrated at Historic College of

William and Mary." Surveving and Mapping, XVIII (1958),
65-70,

"Tracing Washinton's Footsteps." Surveying and

Mapping, L (1966), 97-99

Thomas Berns is a senior
from Piano, Illinois. He is
studying Civil Engineering
and was the recipient of the
Rayner Award of the Civil
Engineering Department
for 1967.

38 TECHNOGRAPH February, 1968

'1 never feel like a rookie"

Randy Trost. Wisconsin 67

"Sure it's my first year with B&W, but I've been too
busy to think about that. I've been working in my field
all along, and the training sort of blends right in."

If Randy Trost sounds like a B&W booster, you
should hear what his supervisor says about him.

That's how it's been from the beginning. We started

If you'd like to talk with Randy Trost about B&W,
call him collect at our facility in Lynchburg, Virginia,
AC 703 846-7371.

In the meantime, be on the lookout for the B&W
recruiter when he visits your campus.

The Babcock & Wilcox Company, 161 East 42nd
Street, New York, New York 10017.

Babcock & Wilcox

There's no ceiling on this classroom.

Or on engineering careers eitiier.
We've set up our development pro-
gram to move you along as fast as
possible . . . vi/ith the entire Eastern
Test Range for your classroom. It's
only 9 months long and stresses on-
the-job training. It is highly individual
and as there's a lot of technology to
assimilate in a short time, we\e kept
classroom learning to a minimum.
We've found from past experience
that what you learn in the classroom
(broad theory in areas like tracking,

and celestial mechanics) is easier
to absorb if you see it in action.

There's a lot of action to witness.
And you'll have some of the nation's
top range pros on our technical staff
to guide you through instrumentation
systems such as trajectory measure-
ments: telemetry; communications;
data display, transmission, process-
ing and analysis; command and con-
trol; and timing synchronization.

It won't be long before you're a

Range Pro— an all-around creative
engineer responsible for the success-
ful coordination of the thousands of
details that go into supporting the
country's space launches.

For more information, write to tVlan-
ager of College Relations, Dept. 305B,
Aerospace Services Division, Pan
American World Airways, Inc., 750 S.
Orlando Avenue, Cocoa Beach, Flor-
ida. An Equal Opportunity Employer,
(M&F)

M^ AEROSPACE SERVICES DimiON

*«SB»

Pan American WarldAirwa/s,lnc.

3^>

Trail-blazers find
recognition at Raytheon

Looking for excitement, adventure, opportunity
for creativity? Look into Raytheon where new fron-
tiers are being explored from inner to outer space
... in underwater acoustics, radar, space and infor-
mation systems, and missiles . . . where a healthy mix
of commercial and government business, including
education systems, provides stability and new hori-
zons for growth.

Opportunities abound. Promotion from within
is policy, not propaganda. Case in point.: Raytheon
President, Thomas L. Phillips, who began his career
16 years ago as an engineer at Raytheon's Missile
Systems Division.

Some people don't want to be president. For
them, Raj-theon has a unique salary plan which
pennits technical, non-supervisory personnel to equal
the financial gains of those who choose to move up
in management.

For those who wish to continue their education.
a liberal policy for reimbursement of tuition has been
established. And Raytheon's 41 plants and labora-
tories are located within easy access of major colleges
and universities.

Opportunities exist not only in technical areas,
but also in business and financial management.

You've spent years preparing for the "right"
job . . . now take time to select the "right" company.
For a copy of Raytheon's latest brochure, or to
arrange an on-campus interview, contact your place-
ment director or write: Manager of College Rela-
tions, Raytheon Company, Lexington, Mass. 02173.

Aji Equal Opportunity Employer

RAYTHEON

EICULtNCE IN ElECTDONICS

AFTER FOUR YEARS

b>'

. K^^

Hi*^

kle

THE WALKING DEAD

Last spring at a meeting of the Student-Faculty Liason
Committee, Dean Wakeland suggested that TECHNO-
GRAPH was not perfect. After many talks and much
study the staff reached the conclusion that in some
cases TECHNOGRAPH was trying to do some things
which were already being done better by others. This
article suggests that the engineering societies and the
engineering college take a look at themselves. Here,
too, there seems to be much that is inferior duplication.

Rex Hinkle is a senior in
electrical engineering and
has been active in student
engineering societies.

The best example of a very poor copy of what
someone else is already doing is the usual society
program. Why should anyone spend two hours listening
to a lecture about some new engineering development
or process when he can read about it in one of his
favorite technical magazines in about twenty minutes?
How in the world did it become estabhshed that in
order for a meeting to be successful, it must have
a lecturer?

Membership in a society should provide two services.
One is providing a member with the society's national
publication which informs him of recent technical
developments. The other is the opportunity to meet
students, faculty, and professional men in his field of
study. The latter is what the local society can provide.

Societies could sponsor informal get-togethers of
students and faculty at lunchtimes, between classes, and
on weekends. Possibly cooperating instructors would
agree to invite a few students into their homes two or
three times a year (different students each time). This
would be of special help to underclassmen.

Adoption of proposals similar to the above would
make bi-weekly meetings unnecessary. Instead societies
could spend their time sponsoring suppers, picnics, and
other special events. Regular meetings should be for
officers, committees, and other groups who have a
special purpose for meeting. Meeting for the sake of
meeting is a waste of time.

A couple of years ago at a meeting of society presi-
dents one student leader asked for suggestions on how
to attract students to his society. However, immediately
following this request, he said in effect, "We do not
want freshmen and sophomores in our society because
we sponsor free plant visits, and we wouldn't have
enough money if freshmen and sophomores went."
This is an extreme example of one reason why the
societies are "walking dead." The enthusiasm of some
of the freshmen and sophomores working on Engineering
Open House has demonstrated that underclassmen are
often just waiting for an opportunity to do something
in their college. In later years when the homework
routine becomes established, it is much more difficult
to get them involved, especially after they have been
ignored for two years.

Societies, indeed, have little contact with underclass-
men. Freshmen who indicate an interest in a society
are often not contacted. Also the society meeting
notices are posted only in the department buildings,
and unfortunately many underclassmen rarely enter
these buildings. Furthermore, the meeting topics are of
little interest to anyone.

The locked doors of many societies' offices symbolize
their attitude. These offices are reserved for those who
have keys. Although an ego-inflater for a chosen few,
needing a key makes it difficult for anyone else to
stop in and see what is happening. Even upperclassmen
sometimes have difficulty in finding out how to join.
Instead of having to see an officer or attend a meeting
to join, why not ask the secretary in each department
office to take applications for membership? Further-
more, why not have a dozen or more student members
act as "membership takers?" The names of these
people could be posted and read in classes. Students
could then ask these representatives questions about
their respective societies and determine for themselves
whether they are worth joining. To recruit underclass-
men societies could set up tables at G. E. 100 lectures
and also send out a newsletter with application blank
enclosed to all students in the departments. Here again
most departments would be glad to help.

A society does not have to be lack-luster and boring.
This year IEEE and several other societies made sincere
attempts to create interest in their programs. Yet they
must keep in mind that they can not thrive by only
reiterating ideas originally presented much more effec-
tively by professional organizations.

The main purpose of the student societies is to help
students understand what their fields involve. It seems

42 TECHNOGRAPH February, 1968

that practically every freshman and sophomore engi-
neer has doubts about his chosen field. Unless he has
worked with engineers during the summer, he has very
little experience to help him decide how to prepare
himself for his career. In fact he has few reasons to
substantiate the branch of engineering he chose.

The college has stated that more entering engineering
students actually graduate than entering students of
other colleges. What the college does not state is that
entering engineering students are to a large extent
convinced that engineering is the profession for them.
Few high school students consider engineering unless
they are near the top of their class and are proficient
in math and science. Those who are unsure of what
they want to do in life or are pushed into college by
their parents usually pick a college such as L. A. S.
Instead of being content in leading the pack, the
Engineering College should be concerned about why the
catch-all commuter is not so far behind the express.

Dean Wakeland has stated that it is not the function
of G.E. 100 to show students what certain fields of
engineering involve. Furthermore, he says that this
objective could never be attained without greatly ex-
panding the course. But how can students learn about
specific fields?

A senior in Aeronautical engineering has suggested
that the college sponsor mandatory field trips to plants.

W-

"Damn, did you ever try to think of a joke about
engineers?

Although expensive so is the plan to spend $10,000 to
bring high school students to campus. It does little
good to recruit freshmen just to have them transfer to
a different college. Companies would be quite willing to
back field trips, and it would not be difficult to find
plants close by to visit. There are many in Danville and
Decatur. Day long trips to Peoria and the Chicago
areas would also be feasible.

These trips should be well planned by educators who
have had experience in industry. They should not be
equipment tours but glimpses of people on the job.
Students should be able to ask questions and should be
informed of the training required and the future of the
different jobs. In order to help improve future tours,
students should be quizzed about what they have
learned from each tour.

Each engineering student should be required to take
perhaps three trips and should receive credit. The trips
could be combined with three or four class sessions to
give one or two hours credit. During the classes
speakers from industry and from the college could
describe their respective offerings. Most of these class-
room sessions should be broken up by departments.
Perhaps a few, though, could discuss the problems of
society and the role the engineer can play.

The college should have someone with experience in
industry to coordinate the program and to set up the
tours. This program should be given top priority and
should be staffed accordingly. It should be constantly
re-evaluated and should not rely only on the tours to
do the job. Other ideas should be tried if and when
suggested. Some classes in the College of Agriculture
take similar trips already. If the Engineering College
has doubts about the feasibility of such an idea, it
might be able to receive some help from its south
campus neighbor.

To obtain the credit hours to make room for such a
program, most departments could drop or combine
some lab courses. In fact some departments already
offer a combined lab program for honor students. For
long-range plans several hours could be gained by
ehminating the duphcation of the basic physics courses
and later courses in the departments. By allowing the
corresponding departments to teach what is presently
included in physics 106, 107, and 108, underclassmen
would obtain both an introduction to engineering
campus and a reduction in the number of hours
required for graduation.

It is hoped that a trial program will be in effect by
the fall of this year. Most of these proposals can be
started "through channels" which seem to take several
years. Work on the changes in the courses and hours
can be started now though. The new Dean of Engi-
neering would then have some basic proposals to
consider, and he can determine the final course of the
program.

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 43

engineers

CONSIDER YOUR FUTURE
CONSIDER BECHTEL

Bechtel is committed to meet the challenge of advancing tech-
nology through continuing technical excellence in areas such as:

■ saline water conversion ■ urban planning

■ mass transportation ■ pollution control

■ nuclear energy ■ extractionof under-waterresources

Bechtel engineers provide complete professional services, from
economic feasibility studies and conceptual estimates to design,
construction and pre-operational plant testing and start-up.
Bechtel encourages and supports continuing education and pro-
fessional development. Internal technical and management
development programs in Engineering, Estimating, and Con-
struction provide the engineer with maximum opportunity for
personal and professional development. A tuition refund plan
and professional fee reimbursement program are also provided.
If you are a Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Civil, Metallurg-
ical, Mining, or Nuclear Engineer and want to leam more about
a career in engineering and design, conceptual estimating, or
construction, see your college placement officer or contact:
Richard S. Jamar, Jr., CoUege Relations
Bechtel Corporation
Box 3965, San Francisco, California 94119

BECHTEL
CORPORATION

Engineers & Builders for Industry
SAN FRANCISCO • Los Angeles
New York • Gaithersburg, Md.
Houston • Toronto • Paris
London • The Hague • Melbourne

An equal opportunity employer

The first year at Univac

you'll probably get more out of us

than we'll get out of you.

Maybe you won't call your first year with us
an advance seminar (with pay). But that's
what it often amounts to.

develop as an individual. (We'll help you further
your education— should you decide on advanced
study.)

Go to work in the big league Twin Cities — the
business, industrial and technical center of the
Upper Midwest.

UNIVAC

FEDERAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

2750 WEST SEVENTH BLVD.
ST. PAUL. MINNESOTA 5511B

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER M/F

JL.

SPER^Y RAI\D

Got an idea?

Detroit Edison's interested.

1. Edison engineer, Dick Popeck, wanted to find
a more effective method of determining the
amount of pole decay.

3. Transistorized circuitry was designed. And a
Sonic Pole Tester was built and tested.

2. Dick's idea: Measure the time required for
sound to travel through a pole. Sound takes
longer to traverse a decayed pole.

IHBiil^Sf^'. w^w

§11

ir 1

4. Ed Mines, Director of Research, (left) discusses
patent coverage with inventor Dick Popeck.

New ideas grow at Detroit Edison. The picture story
here shows the progress of one, from its concep-
tion through its development, to finalization.

The development of the sonic pole testing de-
vice* has benefited the company and the young
inventor both economically and professionally. The
device helps Detroit Edison serve the electric In-
dustry's customers better and more economically.

Uses for the sonic pole tester range from the
examination of wooden railroad bridges to the de-

termination of the soundness of standing timber.

Detroit Edison's forward looking management
... its engineering and research facilities . . .
along with its liberal patent policy . . . make it an
ideal place for the young man with ideas.

DETROIT EDISON

Animal Health

Pharmaceuticals

Fibers and Textiles

Want to work for a
rapidly growing,
multi-industry supplier?

We have a job
for you with a
hright future...
let's talk ahout It.

Water Treatment

Vis

Interview Date : March 14-1.")

demonstrate your capabilities. We are looking for
people novo who will be our management leaders in
a few years. If you are ambitious, willing to work
hard and are a graduate in an engineering disci-
pline, we would like to talk with you— we could
both benefit. Be sure to arrange an interview when
our representative visits your campus.

ROHMn

iHRnsEa

PHlLADELPHia. PENNSYLVANIA 19105

BARDEEN ASSUMES PRESIDENCY

Prof. John Bardeen of the University of Illinois
assumed the presidency of the American Physical Society
January 30 at the society's annual business meeting in
Chicago. Prof. Bardeen has been a member of the
physics and electrical engineering faculties since 1951,
and he is also a member of the Center for Advanced
Study.

In 1956 Prof. Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize as
co-inventor of the transistor, and since he has received
wide acclaim for the B-C-S theory explaining super-
conductivity. Among numerous other honors he received
the National Medal of Science in 1965.

The January 29-February 1 meeting marked the first
time that the American Physical Society and American
Association of Physics Teachers met together. More
than 800 technical papers reported advances in particle,
atomic, nuclear, solid state, low temperature, and
plasma physics.

Five members of the university's physics department
delivered papers. Prof. David G. Ravenhall appeared
before the nuclear division; Prof. David Pines, solid-
state division; Prof. Hans Frauenfelder, nuclear division;
Prof. Edwin L. Goldwasser, particles and fields division;
and Prof. Jeremiah D. Sullivan, particles and fields
division.

CRACKING CONCRETE HAS COME TO BE QUITE
A PROBLEM

Engineers here at the University of Illinois are looking
for a way to prevent winter damage to the concrete
decks of multiple-span bridges. The damage is caused
by water getting into minute cracks in the concrete and
freezing.

This problem plagues highways from coast to coast.
Last summer crack damage required extensive repairs
on Chicago expressways and resulting traffic bottlenecks.

The latest idea to prevent these cracks from forming
is to shake the wet concrete after it is poured. To
investigate this idea the university has received a $100,
000 research contract from the Federal Highway Re-
search Board. Professor Hubert K. Hillsdorf of the
department of civil engineering and Professor James L.
Ott of the department of theoretical and applied mechan-
ics are in charge of the project. The purpose of the
research is to learn whether cracks can be prevented
by using a slow setting concrete and going back after
the whole floor is poured to agitate the concrete with
pneumatic tools to compact the material into a crack-
free surface. The project is scheduled to run 18-months
and will include laboratory and field tests.

Four engineering graduate students and two under-
graduates will work with Hillsdorf and Lott. The two
undergraduates, both Sophomores, are Kenneth Malten
of Des Plaines, Illinois and David Stumpf of Waterloo,
Illinois.

"Well, I was pretty sure I had calculated the potential
just right, because there was definitely a charge on the
collector, but just when I began to increase the gain,
the resistance went up enormously — that's when she
hit me!"

48 TECHNOGRAPH February, 1968

OPEN HOUSE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
ANNOUNCES PROJECT A WARDS

Engineering Open House with all its turmoil and
confusion is March 8 and 9 this year.

The Open House Central Committee has developed
new categories and criteria for judging of this year's
exhibits. Cash awards, trophies, and certificates will
be gi\en to the following categories:

1. Two awards to the two society e.xhibits that best
describe the academic life of an undergraduate
engineer in a given field at the UI-$75 and $50.

2. Three awards to the exhibits that best explain
the role of engineering in our society-SlOO, S50,
and $25.

3. Three awards to the exhibits that best represent
engineering research in a gi\en area or field of
engineering-$100, $50, and S25.

4. Three awards to the exhibits that best explain
principles of engineering science-$100,$50, and
$25.

The criteria forjudging these exhibits will be:

Theme 20%

Aesthetic quality 10%

Visual presentation 25%

Oral presentation 30%

Explanation

Discussion
Overall opinion 15%

Those persons interested in competing for these
awards should pick up forms in 106 Engineering Hall,
fill them out completely, and return them by March I
in order to be eligible. Any information concerning
Open House can be obtained from any of the Central
Committee members listed below.

Bob Giertz General Chairman

Ray Klinger. . . . Special Guests Coordinator

Bob Bower Tours

John Funk Awards and Exhibits

Liz Koranyi High School Visitation

Llyn Granzow

John Urbance Information

Ellwyn Englof Traffic

Bill Burrzinski

Vivian Brosey Publicity

Csaba Kohalmi Space

John Hughes Graphic Arts

George Elmos Safety

DUCTILITY

One of the outstanding properties
of Malleable Iron Castings

Ductility is a property which provides Malleable iron with a vital safety margin for parts
under stress.

A special heat conversion process transforms the material from brittle "white iron"
to a tough, ductile metal with 10-18% elongation in two inches for ferritic grades, 2-10%
for pearlitic malleables. Ductility Is important for two reasons:

2. A ductile material can be formed in
presses, and Malleable castings are com-
momly punched, roll threaded, joined to
other parts, or otherwise formed to meet
design requirements.

A well-known application is the Malleable
differential housing on an automobile.
On many cars steel tubes are rammed
into each of the side ports of the Malleable
differential housing to create the axle
housing. The Malleable expands slightly
to accept the tubes . . . then holds them
rigidly for the life of the automobile.
Despite the anticipated road jolts, the
only joining operation is a small puddle
weld to maintain alignment of the tubes.

1. It guards against sudden failure of a
material. Undera static overload, a ductile
part will deform gradually, giving visual
evidence that failure is occuring. Impact
will create sudden deformation, but un-
less the overload is far above anticipated
levels, the part will stay in one piece.

The faith which engineers place in
Malleable castings for shock applications
is typified by the bridge rail posts pic-
tured at the right. More than 30 states
now specify Malleable for these posts
because tests show the material can
absorb greater impact than lightweight
metals.

MALLEABLE FOUNDERS SOCIETY . UNION COMMERCE BUILDING
CLEVELAND, OHIO 44115

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 49

Isotropic* steel
for improved performance

Isotropy is what the designer of this highly-
stressed 335-pound tractor yoke had in mind
when he specified cast-steel.

Not taken in by the shopworn "fiber" or "flow
line" argument, he knew that road-building
equipment is subjected to shock loads of high
magnitude — in several different directions — so
that he could not gamble with a construction
where toughness, impact and fatigue proper-
ties are not uniform in all directions.

Cast-steel also allowed the designer of
this tractor yoke plenty of engineering flexi-
bility ... He didn't have to worry about fitting

n 01

together cumbersome wrought shapes, and he
could put metal precisely where he wanted it
for load-catrying ability, to avoid possible areas
of stress concentration . . . And he could choose
the steel composition which would give him
optimum strength/cost ratio.

Want to know more about cast-steel? We're
offering individual students free subscriptions
to our publication "CASTEEL". . . Clubs and
other groups can obtain our sound film "En-
gineering Flexibility." Write Steel Founders'
Society of America, Westview Towers, 21010
Center Ridge Road, Rocky River, Ohio44116.

'Isotropic: Equal properties In all directions

STEEL FOUNDERS' SOCIETY OF A.MERICA

Cast-Steel
for Engineering Flexibility

study transonic flow and make good grades.

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0
-0.5

0.5

SLENDER-BODY THEORY
ALL THREE WINGS

Like Captain.

Take a look at any campus. Big. Small. Rural. Urban. You
see the same thing: guys and gals. Same books. Same looks.
Same hopes.

And you are there.

Some students really jam in every bit of opportunity they
can grab hold of. Some just drift through.

Which are you?

Here's a good tip: If you join the Air Force ROTC program
on your campus you'll know you're grabbing a big opportunity.
Financial assistance is available. You'll graduate as an officer—
a leader on the Aerospace Team. You have executive respon-
sibility right where it's happening. Where the space-age break-
throughs are. You'll be able to specialize in the forefront of
modern science and technology— anything from missile elec-
tronics to avionics. You can also be a pilot. You won't get lost
in some obscure job with no future.

You'll also enjoy promotions and travel.

So graduate with our blessings.

And a commission.

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
ROTC (A.U.) BLDG. 500 (ARTOI)
Maxwell AFB, Alabama 36112
Interested in Flying n Yes n No

NAME

AGE

COLLEGE

MAJOR SUBJECTS

CAREER INTERESTS

HOME ADDRESS

CITY STATE

ZIP

EC-82

•sz's:^^

Get vour career mcing

3,fc.nd»c«. »«>«"'*'■ ',„jpw,.l

r,c wlarv-community. '<ou ii
ChaUenge-benef. -san^ ^^^^^^„„,,„9
,ind'emaUatDelcoGetYO ^ ^^^^j,3„
.owlGettogetherwnho ne ^^^^

DELCO RADIO

. ,1 NAntorS,

„< fipneral Motors,
Division o1 beneici

Kokomo, Indiana

„.„.OFt.CE.aNCt

[c::jSX^^^

mm^rir J-tTT-

Atmosphere for Achievement

At Convair you will find management
sensitive to the importance of your
personal development and you
will work in an atmosphere of
achievement side by side v/ith some
of the most capable people in our
industry— the people who developed
Atlas-Centaur and other space age

Engineers will be assigned to
the following areas: advanced systems,
systems analysis, space sciences, life
sciences, information sciences,
scientific data processing, aero-

ballistics, dynamics, thermodynamics,
guidance, structures, mechanical
design, electrical design, reliability,
test engineering and materials
research.

See your placement officer to arrange
a personal on-campus interview with
our representatives, or write to

Mr. J. J. Tannone, Supervisor,
Professional Placement and Personnel,
Convair Division of General Dynamics,
5625 Kearny Villa Road. San Diego,
California 92112.

C3ENERAL DYNAMICS

Convair Division

San Diego, California
An Equal Opportunity Employer

A better beer
from Miller..

A finer finish from
Deering Milliken..

with the help of Foxboro instrumentation

Textiles and beer are but two of the prod-
ucts Foxboro instruments help make better.
We could name lots of others — clothing,
paper, steel, chemicals — all fundamental to
high living standards.

Our people find the world of process con-
trol a rewarding place to live and work, a
place where individual talent and initiative
are recognized.

Pro/essionals like you are finding just the
opportunities they've been looking for with

An Equal Opportunity Employee

Foxboro — a fast growing company in a
a nondefense industry.

Talk to your Placement Officer. Look
through the Foxboro Capabilities Brochure
in his office . . . then let us tell our story
in person. Write:

Mr. W. W. BROWN

College Personnel Relations
The Foxboro Company
Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035

I'OXBORO.

Specialists in Process and Energy Control

OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES. PLANTS IN U.S.A.

ENGLAND • FRANCE • NETHERLANDS • JAPAN • AUSTRALIA

Vers to the edi^

.^.

'^j

^g5i

To the Editor:

"Christianity vs Science" in Dec. 1967 magazine is
excellent.

There are various sets of natural laws; for example,
physical laws governing airand water are quite different.
Air will not hold you up, yet you can float on water
and be supported easily. A stick held in air will appear
straight, yet when half immersed in water it will appear
to have a break in it. You can walk easily and swiftly
on dry ground, yet in shallow water you will tire
quickly. These are natural laws which seem to contra-
dict each other. We know they are all physical laws
applied to different situations. And physical laws in
space are still different, for in space heavy objects are
weightless. These are not MIRACLES. They are physi-
cal laws in all cases but in different applications.

The miracles of healing, reading thoughts in another
person's mind, prayer projected into reality, foretelling
of specific events, angelic visitors, dreams revealing
existing or future events in distant places, hearing
voices that consoled or guided, are recorded in Biblical
literature, and in the lives of Christian saints, and in
the legends of all people everywhere. Such "miracles"
constitute a folk-knowledge.

It is an awareness by certain persons of certain
events. It is a sensitivity which transcends our normal
understanding of time and space. It is as though we
saw not the ship, but the wake in the water, not the
airplane but the thin silver streak behind it. And under
specific circumstances we can be aware of the event
not after but before it happens. Thus space and time
are transcended and a "miracle" occurs.

This awareness has been known to certain persons of
greater sensitivity in every civilization, in every period
of history. This is a folk-knowledge and a truth. It is
nice to know that the scientists and theologians are
finally catching up.

Theologians had an interesting attitude. They believed
and preached about the "miracles" in the Bible, but
they denied the existence of miracles today. If miracles
were true then, they should occur today. If they do not
exist today, they were lies in Bible times. The theolo-
gians never told us what year the miracles were turned
off.

Florence D. Kuhn

4925 North Normandy Avenue

Chicago 60656 Illinois

To the Editor:

I must commend Technograph for pointing out in its
December issue the existence of the three law courses
offered by the General Engineering Department: 282,
290, 292. Having taken both GE 282 and GE 292, I
certainly recommend that all engineering students give
serious consideration to these two courses — not only
for their value in future engineering pursuits, but also
for the introduction to general legal affairs and the
opportunity to meet members of the legal profession
that they provide. I am certain that GE 290 deserves
similar consideration.

The non-technical courses offered in the College of
Engineering seem to suffer from a general lack of
knowledge on the part of the engineering student body
as to their content and value. Technograph might
remedy this situation by presenting a series of articles
describing these worthwhile non-technical courses, per-
haps replacing the series being written by the magnilo-
quent Mr. Moore.

John L. Welch

Senior

Electrical Engineering

February, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 55

When life was easy . . . the end of the world was three blocks away (as

far as nnom would let you skate). Things have sure picked up since then . . .

you can not only travel to the ends of the earth today — but to the nnoon

tomorrow.

At Teletype we're working on tomorrow, and we need bright, aggressive

individuals to work with us. We need the kind of kids that explored every

inch of those three blocks yesterday — to explore every mile of the road to

tomorrow — a tomorrow
which will demand the
best in message and data
communications.

Electrical, Mechani-
cal, Industrial, Chemical,
Metallurgical Engineer —
whatever your field, you'll
find an exciting future at
Teletype. To find out more

about us, and where you fit into the picture, talk to the Bell System Recruiter

when he visits your campus — or write;

REMEMBER
WHEN?

TELETYPE

machines that make data move

TELETYPE CORPORATION

College Relations Department A45
5555 W. Touhy Avenue • Skokie, Illinois 60076

An Equal Opportunity Employer

why engineering students graduate to Lockheed, progress is a matter of

MISSILES a. SPACE COMPANY

THE ARMY CORPS OF ENC3INEERS

offers you a challenging civilian career with:

I The world's foremost and largest engineering organization

in the construction field, pioneering new and advanced engineering
practices and concepts.

orgc

zation whose work spans virtually the entire
engineering, including comprehensive planning

range of mod

for development of water and related land resources of entire
river basins; design and construction of multi-unit, multi-purpose,
integrated systems that encompass navigation, flood control and
major drainage, hydroelectric power generation, municipal and in
dustrial water supply, irrigation, water quality control, beach ero
sion control and hurricone protection, woter-oriented recreation,
preservation and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and natural beauty
values; and planning, design, and construction of complicated, ad
vonced-concept military structures such as the Nike-X anti-missile
system, launch facilities and bases for the intercontinental ballistic
missiles, airfields, housing, schools, laboratories, and nuclear power
facilities. In addition are the allied fields of cartography, geodesy,
mathematics and engineer intelligence.

M An organizotion that recognizes each engineer as an in-
dividual, providing well-rounded career development programs
with on-the-job troining; courses at government expense in colleges,
universities, and seminars as necessary to assure steady progression
to top professional and managerial levels; encouragement and as-
sistance in attaining professional registration and recognition; and
on opportunity to win national and international awards.

I An organization with offices and projects in nearly every one
of the 50 States and in many foreign countries that encourages
employees to further their development by accepting new and chal-
lenging assignments.

I An organization which provides excellent rates of pay with
liberal fringe benefits, including generous retirement annuity, com-
plete health and life insurance coverage, poid vocation leave,
military training leave with pay, generous sick leave; and special
pay awards for outstanding performance and suggestions that im-
prove operoting efficiency.

If you're thinking this is all too good to be true, you're wrong!
All of the above is available to you in a civilian engineer career
with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. If you ore interested, you
con get further information from the Chief of Engineers, Department
of the Army, Washington, D. C. 20315.

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

\A/RITE FOR AN ILLUSTRATED BROCHURE "YOUR CAREER

the right idea.

1 7th-Century Space Flight.

Cyrano de Bergerac's science fiction
fantasy about a box propelled into space
by rockets came close to fact. Before the
end of this decade, Apollo and LM will
indeed be thrust to the moon by rockets,
guided by AC Electronics guidance and
navigation systems.

Navigation, Second-Century B.C.

Hipparchus's second-century astrolabe
was used for celestial navigation until the
mid-lSth century. Today, ships still depend
n stars for guidance . . . through such so-
isticated help as .\C Electronics' computer-
ized Ships' Self-Contained Navigation System.

I*^^.^^^/'

Turtlevs. Eagle. In 1776, the American
"Turtle" attacked the British flagship
"Eagle" in the first wartime submarine
action in history. Today, AC Electronics
contributes to both the defensive and the
scientific role of the submarine... with
guidance coinponents aboard our Polaris
fleet, and with its own
undersea research vessel.

Leonardo's Tank. Leonardo da Vinci was one of
the first to envision the use of tanks in warfare.
Contributing to the advanced state-of-the-art in tanks,
today, is AC Electronics, with a computerized fire-
control system for military land vehicles.

Guidance Gets a Lift. Otto LiJienthal, 19th-century
German glider, proved that the future of flight lay
in man's ability to guide the aircraft. Tomorrow's
superjets will be guided inertially ... by
systems like AC Electronics' Carousel IV,
chosen for the Boeing 747.

At AC Electronics we believe every
:reat achievement starts with an idea. That's
why we put a premium on creativity, and
foster it through such innovations as our Career
Acceleration Program which lets you learn as you work.
Ask your college placement oflicer about a General
Motors/AC on-campus interview. Or write: Mr. R. W.
Schroeder, Dir. of I'rofessional
and Scientific Employment, Box
702, AC Electronics Division, Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin 53201.

An E<iual Opportunity Employer

AC ELECTRONICS

You'll manufacture nothing.
But create much...
as an Air Force Systems
Command civilian.

Creative challenge is just one of the advantages of
Air Force Systems Command careers. There are many
others. Your particular job assignment, for instance,
begins on the day you're iiired, not after a lengthy training
period ... so you learn by doing. There's plenty of room
for you to grow, both in responsibility and in competence,
because the AFSC's R&D effort is among the world's
largest. You may choose from a wide range of
geographical locations in the U.S. And the benefits of
Career Civil Service — including vacation and sick
leave, retirement plans, insurance, job security,
and excellent opportunities for government
financed graduate and post-doctoral studies— are
hard to beat.

Aeronautical Systems Division

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Dayton, Ohic "15433

Electronic Systems Division

L. G. Hanscon-i F"ield

Bedford, Massachusetts 01731

Air Force Contract Management Division

AF Unit Post Office

Los Angeles, California 90045

Air Force Flight Test Center

Edwards Air Force Base
Edwards, California 93523

Air Force Missile Development Center

Holloman Air Force Base

Alamogcrdo, New Mexico 88330

Air Force Eastern Test Range

Patrick Air Force Base
Cocoa Beach, Florida 32925

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Kirtland Air Force Base
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117

Air Proving Ground Center

Eglin Air Force Base
Valparaiso, Florida 32542

Air Force Western Test Range
Vandenberg Air Force Base
Lompoc, California 93437

Rome Air Development Center
Griffiss Air Force Base
Rome, New York 13442

Aerospace Medical Division

Brooks Air Force Base
San Antonio, Texas 78235

Space & Missile Systems Organization

AF Unit Post Office

Los Angeles, California 90045

An Equal

Opportunity

Employer

Top grades as a kid, to get into college.
Then the matter of survival through
four or five years of engineering study.
Soon, with luck, the battle will be won.
A full-fledged engineer
has been created,

ready

to
serve

the boss!

AND HE HAD BETTER BE READY FOR YOU. Bosses
who think hke caricuturcs lack the capacity to run important
operations that call for the brightest operating talent that a
stepped-up educational system turns out. The new talent that
may or may not choose to make itself available takes a care-
ful look at the carrots being offered.

Once we decide we like that bright new talent— and we
decided that quite a while ago— it becomes necessary to put
up with their demands. Aside from the expected attrac-
tive package of salary, benefits, and advancement plan, the
ones we have chosen to chase often demand in addition an
opportunity to try their newer and subtler ways of thought
against old problems. As it happens, we need this type badly,
because we have plenty of stubborn old problems, plenty of
financial incentive to crack them, and a very stable platform
for launching new ventures that take a little while to pay off.
(The latter must not be underrated as an attraction.)

Sweeping generalizations are no more reliable for the

Class of 1968 than for the boys of '38. Not all '68"s finest
engineering minds disclaim knowledge of how to handle a
screwdriver nor shun empiricism. We offer excellent carrots,
along with money, to engineers with a knack for making
things work even when they can't explain why.

EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY

Business and Technical Personnel Department
Rochester, N. Y. 14650

We seek mectianical, chemical, industrial, and
engineers. In Rochester, N.Y., we make photogr;
ntm-photopraphic proikicts. In Kingsport, Tenn., o
Tennessee F.aslman Cimipany makes fibers, plastics,
and irulusliial Lheniicals. In Longview, Tex., our
Texas Hastnian Company does pelrochcmislry,
and in Columbia, S. C, our Carolina East-
man Company has a new fibers plant
Everywhere we olTer equal opporln-
nily lo all and geographical slabilily
I.i Ihose who wani il.

elect
:iphic

General Electric
engineers and scientists
are helping to satisfy the
needs of society...

General Library
Serials Dept.
22Q-S Library

3 Copies,

like beautiful cities

A technical career at General Electric can put
you in the position to help beautify our cities.

Technical marketing specialists are working with
electric utilities and city planners to give
mushrooming urban landscapes like Phoenix,
Atlanta and Chicago, a bright, all-electric face.

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

An Equal Opportunity Employer

f^fn'^

MARCH 1968

RAPH

(ENT ENGINEERING MAGAZINE • UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

ESTdOO £

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

Jobs that just might change the world.

o3V6 IIV6S with the company whose
portable EKG Miniscope goes to the
scene of a heart emergency, saves hours
when seconds are precious. We need
more people to help us develop sophis-
ticated medical equipment ranging from
devices that automatically monitor a pa-
tient's condition to ultrasonic cleaners.

Join the underground movement

and help beautify America. Westinghouse
underground distribution equipment in
places like Seattle and Dallas has put
wires out of sight so people can enjoy the
scenery again. Westinghouse is working
on ideas that will change the face of the
American City. We're after a pretty spe-
cial kind of person to help us.

Explore the ocean floorwith the

company that's going down to 20,000 feet.
The latest addition to Westinghouse's
fleet of submersibles is a vehicle that will
help us dive deeper and probably dis-
cover more than any other company in
oceanography. We'd like to discover tal-
ented people who want to come along.

These graduates needed; Electrical Engi-
neering, Mechanical Engineering, Physi-
cal Sciences, Business & Management
Sciences.

ledCn KluS who must learn five
times as much as kids did forty years
ago, Westinghouse has just created a
new company to explore teaching prob-
lems, devise new methods, machines
and systems to help students learn
more than students ever learned before
—and learn it better. We want the bright-
est people around— and even for them
it won't be easy.

These graduates needed: Physical Sci-
ences, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Civil Engineering & Indus-
trial Engineering.

Work with computers with the

company that automates industry's most
complicated processes. Westinghouse
Prodac computer control can start, stop,
track, control things in steel mills and
complete chemical plants. Now Westing-
house is being asked to tackle more of
the critical processes in industry. We're
looking for the most creative tacklers we
can find.

These graduates needed: Electrical En-
gineering, Mechanical Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Materials Sci-
ence, Marine Engineering, Ocean Engi-
neering & Science.

Cledn up the 3ir with the company
that is taking the fumes out of power
generation. Westinghouse built the first
nuclear generating plant. We need more
people to help us fight air pollution by
building the largest, most advanced nu-
clear power stations in the world.

These graduates needed: Electrical Engi-
neering, Industrial Management, Com-
puter Sciences, Social Sciences, Mathe-
matics, Educational Psychology.

These graduates needed: Industrial Man-
agement, Computer Sciences, Electrical
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, In-
dustrial Engineering, Business & Liberal
Arts.

These graduates needed: Electrical En-
gineering, Mechanical Engineering, In-
dustrial Engineering, Industrial Tech-
nology, Chemical Engineering, Civil En-
gineering,

Want to change the world? Your best op-
portunity lies with a company like West-
inghouse. Contact L. H. Noggle, Westing-
house Education Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
15221— or see the Westinghouse inter-
viewer on your campus.

An equal opportunity employer.

You can be sure if it's Westinghouse

KHow

^^ good are you
on the turns?

Write The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton, Ohio 44706.
Tell our Manager of College Relations thatyou'd like to talk it over.

TIMKEN

THE TIMKEN COMPANY MANUFACTURES TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS, FINE ALLOY STEEL AND REMOVABLE ROCK BITS.

"What I like about IBM is the
autonomy. I run my department
pretty much as though
it vs^ere my own business"

"Tell some people you work for a big company, and right
away they picture rows of gray steel desks with everybody
wearing identical neckties.

"Well, that's the stereotype. When you look at the reality,
things arealotdifferent. (This is GeneHodge,B.S.E.E.,
an IBM Manager in Development Engineering.)
"IBM has over 300 locations. They believe in decentral-
ization, and they delegate the authority to go with it.
To me, it's more like a lot of little companies than one
big one.

"Take my owai situation, for example. I act as a kind of
entrepreneur for my department. I decide if we should
bid on certain government contracts for my group and
then develop the proposal strategy. Of course, upper man-
agement reviews my decisions, but to a great extent I run
my own show.

"Another thing that makes this like a small company is the
close relationship with your boss. You're almost always hii-ed
by the manager you're going to report to. And you work for
him on your own or in a small team. It's part of his job to know
your long term goals and help you reach them.
"This same interest in the individual also shows up in IBM's educa-
tional programs. I'm getting my Master's now, and IBM's paying
the entire cost, and some of the class time is on company time."
Gene's comments cover only a small part of the IBM
story. For more facts, visit your campus placement
office. Or send an outline of your career interests
and educational background to I. C. Pfeif-
fer, IBM Corp., Dept. E, 100 S. Wacker
Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60606. We're
an equal opportunity employer.

ALLIS-CHALMERS

A unique

combination

of capabilities

UNIQUE . . . Because AHis-Chalmers serves so many industries in so many vital ways.
No other manufacturer researches, develops, builds, markets, installs and services as
many products and processes for as many specialized needs as does Allis-Chalmers.
Our unique combination of capabilities serves all major industries including
agriculture, electric utility, mining, metals, construction, cement, chemical, pulp and
paper, food, material handling, general industry and aerospace.

>A/RITE: COLLEGE RELATIOIMS, ALLIS-CHALMERS, MILWAUKEE, WISCOIMSIIM, 53201

ALLIS-CHALMERS

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

/ou keep hearing about "advancing me siaie ui me oi i. l^u. y^^ ^^.^^ ^--

Simply put, it means adding something to existing knowledge. That's OK, so far as i
.oes But we at Ryan believe the "art" in the phrase should stand for "original." In oui
book, innovation is the key to expanding a technology. It goes beyond just adding t|
known data. It's talent to see ahead, to anticipate a future need, and determination t
do something about it. We live by the philosophy: "Tomorrow's Technology Today." Yo(
see evidence of that in the firsts we have racked up in Jet Target Drones, in V/STO
Science, in Space Age Electronics. To keep the firsts coming, we continuously seel
believers in the art of innovation. When a Ryan representativ^visits I RYAN
your campus, ask what we mean, "being first is a Ryan tradition." {__

Speaking
of art...

0s:,, 4 la.*.

HBB^^^^

i^^H

We'll be on campus March 21. If you miss our visit, write Mr. Harlow McGeath, Ryan Aeronautical Company, Lindbergh Field, San Diego, Calif.

Put ssoiiie real i*aii«|e in voiir career

Start as an Assistant Project Engineer

In just 6 months with Pan Am at Cape
Kennedy you can cover as much technical
ground (and space) as many graduates
hope to be able to cover in 6 years. For
Pan Am's Aerospace Services Division has
been continuously responsible since 1953
for the engineering, operation and main-
tenance of Cape Kennedy and the Air
Force Eastern Test Range (ETR).

You start in Pan Am's unique engineer-
ing training program with complete brief-
ings by each of our engineering managers
... in telemetry, frequency control and
analysis, command and control, data dis-
play, radar, data processing and analysis,

location systems, electro-optics. You then
select the 4 areas that intrigue you most
and you work in them, one after the other,
for 6-week periods as an Assistant Project
Engineer. And this is no empty title. The
on-the-job training phase of this engineer
development program gives you actual
contritDuting assignments involving instru-
mentation hardware or systems support-
ing the nation's space launches at Cape
Kennedy. The entire Eastern Test Range
is your classroom, and the best range pros
in the business are your instructors.

Formal instruction includes briefings
on range instrumentation concepts, ad-
ministrative approaches and engineering
techniques that are the heart of a suc-

cessful ETR program.

In addition, a down-range tour gives you
a concrete understanding of the scope of
our entire operation, including a 10,000-
mile-long laboratory of instrumentation
ships and tracking stations.

So you can see that with all this range
in so short a time, you'll be able to tell ex-
actly where you want to go in your career.

For more information, see your Place-
ment Director, or write to Managei of
College Relations, Dept. 305C, Aerospace
Services Division, Pan American World
Airways, Inc., 750 S. Orlando Avenue,
Cocoa Beach, Florida. An Equal Opportu-
nity Employer, M&F.

AEROSPACE SEmCBS DimiON

Pan American liVarid Airways, Inc.

OUR GROWTH AND YOURS

You may not be particularly im-
pressed by the fact that our staff
has gone from less than 50 to over
3500 in the past fifteen years. But
we'd like you to know about the growth
behind that growth — the growth of our
people, more than one-third of whom are
professional engineers and scientists.

Our people have grown because they
have found satisfying work in a relatively
small segment of a relatively large and
important company. They are involved in
programs with high continuity factors,
experiencing the satisfactions derived
from doing significant work in an ad-
vanced area of electronics.

Perhaps you are the kind of person to
grow with us. Here you'll find the reasons
we've attracted good people. Not the
least of these is the exceptional environ-
ment of the San Francisco Peninsula,
where the climate is as good as any you'll
find in the West, and where your children
will benefit from the exceptional public
schooling available in the area.

Check us out; compare the opportu-
nity here with that available anywhere
else. If we look good to you and you look
good to us, it could be the beginning of
the most important phase of your career.

BS/MS ME
BS/MS/PhD EE
BS/MS IE
MS/PhD statistics/Math

See your college placement office for our
brochure.

Campus Interviews

March 21-22

Career opportunities exist in the follow-
ing areas:

E. W. Systems • Countermeasure Sys-
tems and Techniques • Systems Vulner-
ability • Intercept and Detections Sys-
tems • Operations Research • Reconnais-
sance Systems • Broadband Antennas •
HF/VHF Receivers • Transmitters • Trans-
ceivers * Signal Processing • Microwave
Optics • Microwave Devices • Solid State
Circuits • Advanced Instrumentation •
High Speed Digital Data Handling Sys-
tems • Broadband Millimeter Wave Tech-
niques • Electronic Packaging.

Choice of California locations: Our R&D
facility on the San Francisco Peninsula in
Mountain View or our manufacturing fa-
cility in the beach city of Santa Cruz.

SYLVANIA

GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS

An Equal Opportunity Employer

MARCH 1968
Vol. 83; No. 6

TECHNOGRAPH

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Editor

Associate Editor

Business Manager

Managing Editor

. Production Manager

.... Photographer

Circulation Manager

. Circulation Manager

Engr. Council Repr.

.... Copy Editor

Eng. Campus Editor

I Robert Jones
I Alan Halpern
I Ellwyn Eiiglof. .

Tom Brown . .
! Lawrence Heyda

John Serson . .

Paul Klein ....

Gary Sobol . . .

Jeff Kurtz ...

John Bourgoin
) Gary Slutsky . . .

STUDENT ENGINEERING

MAGAZINE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

I Chairman: Harold J. Schwebke, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-
i sin, and United Slates Student Press
Association, 2117 S. Street, N. \V.,
Washington, D. C.

Published seven times during the year
(October, November, December, Jan-
uary, February, March, and April).
Office 248 Electrical Engineering
Building, Urbana, Illinois.

Subscriptions $2.50 per year. Single
copies 40 cents. Advertising Represent-
ative — Liltell -Murray- Bamhill, Inc.,
737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago
11, Illinois; 360 Lexington Avenue,
New York 17, New York.

Entered as Second Class matter, October
30, 1920, at the Post Office at Urbana,
Illinois, under the Act of March 3,
1879.

AVERAGE CIRCULATION— 5400;
Vendors— 50, Mail — 1250, Total paid
— 1300; Free distribution — 4000

ARTICLES

14 THE ENGINEERING STUDENT'S SQUARE DEAL — A JOKER

Echvin Black reveals that academic credit can be gained by doing
interesting undergraduate research.

20 "ENGINEERING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT"

Donald Hanson describes the challenges of urban engineering, which
will be the topic of the Allerton Honors Conference of April 5th and 6th.

26 WHERE LIES THE PROBLEM?

Jeffrey Kurtz discusses the problem of highway accidents in the light
of an interview with Professor Jeffrey O'Connell, a noted autonobile
safety critic.

30 TO SEEK A BETTER COLLEGE

"at everv crossroad — on the road that leads to — the future — each
progressive spirit — is opposed by — a thousand men appointed — to
guard the past

FEATURES

8 EDITORIAL

34 ENGINEERING CAMPUS
42 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

COVER

This cover reproduces the actual sketches upon
which George Morris based the design of his under-
graduate research project. For more details about
this interesting project, see page 14.

editoriat

"... the great enemy of the
truth is very often not the
lie — deliberate, contrived,
and dishonest — but the
myth, persistent, persua-
sive, and unrealistic."

John F. Kennedy

The grades you get in College that you know about are
supposed to indicate something about your intelligence and
mental abilities. We have just learned that you are also
given grades that you probably don't know about. They
are supposed to indicate something about your personality
and your abilities to get along with and communicate
with others. These latter "grades" are solicited from
your instructors and compiled by computer to be shown to
recruiters who might hire you.

Students are rated as Outstanding (Top 3%), Excellent
(Next 12%), Good (Next 40%), Fair (Next 35%), and
Poor (Last 10%) in the following insightful categories:
Personality, Judgment, Industry, Initiative, Leadership,
Cooperation, Appearance, Oral Expression, and Written
Expression.

One new faculty member was appalled at being re-
quested to evaluate his students in this manner. "Why
should I be asked to judge a student on his verbal ability
when I have him two hours a week in a laboratory? The
categories are not only absurd, but it is grossly unfair to
the student and an invasion of his privacy."

That the procedure is statistically invalid is unquestion-
able and incontro\ertible. That it is a monumentally
unreliable and deceptive measure is certain. By purporting
to accurately measure immeasureable qualities, going even
so far as to utilize data processing techniques, and by
using a numerical procedure merely for the purpose of an
administratively facilie "handy-dandy personality index",
the system is doing a serious disservice to the College of
Engineering by bringing into question the actual integrity
and reputation of the institution. An institution of this
stature cannot afford to pay such a price.

We are appalled and concerned as each of you should
be. At best, any evaluation or grade is somewhat inequit-
able, but to quantify that which cannot be and should not
be quantified under the guise of objectivity and fairness,
particularly when a student's career is at stake, is just
plain irresponsible.

To insure the continued integrity of the College of
Engineering, and to protect its students from statistical
folly, we of the TECHNOGRAPH staff urge and recom-
mend that the practice be curtailed immediately. *

*If you are a graduating senior, the placement office will
provide you with a copy of the data compiled on you.

Tx^

^'Wtl),.

'^^r

EXACT DIAGRAM

OF THE

STUDENT EVALUATION

PROCEDURE

School was out and no one had to call you . . . you were up at dawn. So

many things to do — get out and work on the bike, find the rest of the gang

and take off to explore your own private universe.

The universe is bigger now, you think ahead instead of back. At Teletype

we're thinking ahead too. As a part of the Bell System and one of the world's

as those memories at Teletype. Contact your Bell System recruiter when he

visits your campus, or write to:

REMEMBER
WHEN?

TELETYPE

machines that make data move

ru-

TELETYPE CORPORATION

College Relations Department A48

5555 W. Touhy Avenue • Skokie, Illinois 60076

A Bell System Company

An Equal Opportunity Employer

There's new muscle
in roadbuiiding!

Full-Depth ^ Deep-Strength
Asphalt pavements

14 8dV8nt896S Of 1- Lower stress on subgrade.

StrUCtUPfllly dCSlSnBd ^- (deduce total pavement structure thickness.

FUlI'DBPth ASPhfllt ^' ^^^^ many lower quality aggregates usable.

nawomonfc 4. Are frost resistant and do not lose strength during the
HHvwmviitv.i. critical spring-thaw period.

5. Protect subgrade from rain during construction, reduce
construction delays due to bad weather.

6. Permit haul traffic on base without damage.

7. Prevent water accumulation in pavement courses, mini-
mize need for costly subsurface drainage.

8. Permit large reduction of granular material customarily
used in shoulder and base construction.

9. improve surface riding qualities.

10. Provide for stage construction.

11. Aid uniformity of compaction.

12. Can be built faster and easier than any other pavement
type.

13. Are more economical to build and to maintain.

14. Provide a safer driving surface.

FULL-DEPTH Asphalt pavement is an asphalt pavement in
which asphalt mixtures are employed for all courses above
the subgrade or improved subgrade. FULL-DEPTH Asphalt
pavement is laid directly on the prepared subgrade. Ta — a
mathematical symbol used in The Asphalt Institute struc-
tural design formula to denote FULL-DEPTH.

THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE

College Park, Maryland 20740

Cross-section of Full-Depth Ta Deep-Strength Asphalt pavement

SHOULDER-

TRAVEL WAY

-|-* SHOULDER -H

ASPHALT SURFACE & BASE

(Base— one or more courses)

^^^^

PREPARED SUBGRADE

■':^S^^&i

you^re

looking

for

responsibility^ see IX/lcigna^x/'^:

No matter what your field of inter-
est, if you work for Magnavox. re-
sponsibility comes early. We're a
fast growing organization — from
$200 million to over $450 million
in five years without major acqui-
sition— and, with Magnavox, you
can grow just as fast.
Responsibility plus
At Magnavox, more than hard work
is expected . . . you'll be encouraged
to grow as a professional . . . to ex-
tend your formal education (at our
expense) and, informally, to partic-
ipate in company-sponsored contin-
uing education courses. And you'll
be encouraged to use your knowl-
edge ... to rethink old problerris for
better solutions ... to resolve new
problems that have never been
answered before.
Many opportunities at
Magnavox
Magnavox produces fine television

(both color and monochrome) and
stereophonic sound equipment for
home use. as well as workhorse elec-
tronic systems for defense . . . radio
communications for Army, Navy
and Air Force; radar; electronic
countermeasures and counter-coun-
termeasures; sonobuoys and data
processors for the Navy's antisub-
marine warfare program : advanced
satellite navigation receivers; and
!-])ecialized systems for data storage,
retrieval and transmission.
More than just work
Magnavox has plants in Indiana.
Illinois, California, Tennessee. Mis-
sissippi and North Carolina and. no
matter which one you join, you're
close to good living. Big league
sports, both professional and ama-
teur . . . participation sports to
stretch your own muscles. Excellent
cultural facilities ... or the chance
just to relax and live a little. Excel-

lent schools . . . excellent residential
areas. With Magnavox. you're not
only close to, but can afford, the
jjetter things in life.
If you're looking for
responsibility plus
See your College Placement Office
for full information on career op-
portunities at Magnavox. Or write
T. P. O'Brien, College Relations
Coordinator. The Magnavox Com-
pany, 2131 Bueter Road, Fort
Wayne, Indiana 46803.

Magnavox needs professionals now
in the areas of:

Chemical Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Physics

Production Engineering

An equal opportunity employer
m/f.

why engineering students graduate to Lockheed, progress is a matter of

degrees. But, that's only the beginning. At Lockheed IVlissiles and Space Company, we're working on wideworld...
otherworld . . . upperworld . . . and subworld projects. D We're pretty high on space . . . we've got Agena to prove it.
And, when it comes to ballistic missiles, Polaris and Poseidon show an arc of triumph. We think deeply, too...
consider our deep submergence vehicles, for example. And, just to show you our feet are solidly on the ground,
we're working on advanced land vehicles. Information? Business, government and industry get it out of our
systems. D For more information write tO: Mr. R. C. Birdsall, Professional Placement Manager, P.O. Box 504,
Sunnyvale, California 94088. Lockheed is an equal opportunity employer. # €^^^jf( f^ F ^ F%

MISSILES A SfACe COMfJKNY

The Engineering Student's Square Deal -

A JOKER

"The Special Problems course is our joker in a deck
of cards," says Dean Wakeland. "Like a joker in a
deck of cards, Special Problems courses cover many
situations." They insure variety, provide for individual
needs, promote experimentation, and appeal to unusual
interests. It is the squarest deal the engineering student
can be dealt.

Every department in the Engineering College main-
tains certain Special Problems courses designed to
promote undergraduate research and give the willing
student an opportunity to participate in actual labora-
tory research. The projects may deal with special

Edwin Black, freshman
English major, is a pro-
fessional free lance writer
and reporter.

interests of the student or may be assigned. Credit,
ranging from one-half to four hours, is received for the
work. At the disposal of the student is the expert
guidance and aid of selected members of the faculty
and millions of dollars of the most sophisticated lab
equipment in the world. The student is faced with new
problems whose solutions cannot usually be found in
the tables. The student must make educated judgments
and observe the results of his judgments. The result is
an opportunity to test known principles or investigate
new ideas relying on personal talent, technical know-how,
and trained judgment. This invaluable and incomparable
experience is taken advantage of by only a few students
in each department. Yet participation is by no means
limited to the honors' student or the upperclassman —
the only prerequisite is interest and the only stipulation
is initiative. Three examples of such initiative are the
projects of Stephen Kaplan, Jerry Bonnett, and George
Morris.

During the fall semester of 1967 a 23 year-old senior
in Aeronautical Engineering named Stephen Kaplan
applied to Dr. Charles Bond to work in the Magneto-
hydrodynamics Laboratory. "Gas dynamics has always
interested me," says Kaplan, "and particularly MHD,

14 TECHNOGRAPH

March, 1968

which is a relati\ely new field and where practically all
the lab work involves new concepts." At first Kaplan
merely wanted to assist in the lab work and observe
procedure in order to become more acquainted with
the research he was so interested in. "When I began I
had no idea it would turn into the full-scale research
it did."

Stephen Kaplan. Aero-
nauiical Engineering siit-
dent from Highland Park,
observed the stability of
an electric arc in a new
wav.

Shortly after the term began Kaplan had an idea that
he wanted to investigate. He wanted to observe the
stability of an electric arc as it interacted with a con-
ductive copper plate in a thermionic rail accelerator.
The project was approved by Dr. Bond who availed
all the facilities of the MHD Lab (run under the
auspices of the Navy) to Kaplan for his study. "It sure
exposed me to a lot of new situations. Often I couldn't
e.\plain a certain occurrence. There were times I could
not coordinate the data or interpret my findings. There
was plenty of frustration but in the end I always felt
a big feeling of accomplishment. I knew I had made
my own conclusions based on my own data. The great
thing about one of these projects is that the work is
yours — totally yours." Kaplan's experiment sparked
so much interest that he was soon requested to write
a report of his work which he is trying to publish.
.After presenting the report. An Investigation of the
Stability of the Electric Arc Interaction with a Solid
Body in Thermionic Rail Accelerator, there was even
some controversy over the conclusions. "I put in about
eight hours of lab work pier week on the average and
received two hours of credit; but more important, I
received excellent preparation for on-the-job lab research,
and this will be impressive when I go for my interviews."

Kaplan's findings in the experiment was that the
electric arc remained stable despite an interaction with
a solid body. He is anxious for a job in propulsion
system design. When he applies he has the strong
support of his initiative behind him, a recommendation
thcemployer values. This is something George Morris
knows.

These unique pictures taken with a special Fasta Camera
reveal the stability of the electric arc that interacts with
a solid body. In this thermoonic rail accelerator the
Mach speed (M) and angles are shown to remain
constant before and after the interaction.

A part-time Mechanical Engineering student, George
Morris applied to Dr. Carl Larson for entrance to
ME 293, a Special Problems course at the under-
graduate level for Mechanical Engineers. By doing this,
he was able to satisfy the technical elective requirement
for graduation. "I was intrigued by the Design Problem
Contest then offered by the American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers. I wanted very much to tackle it.
They wanted a design for an eight-station rotary
vacuum-forming device, and 1 wanted to see if I had
the ability to give them something impressive."

During the spring semester of 1966 the part-time
senior devoted twenty-five hours a week of spare time
at home to the project. He received three credit hours
from the college. "As soon as Dr. Larson gave me the
go-ahead and approved my project I sat down to work.
I held down a full-time job plus my nine academic
hours while doing the project. At first, just everything
went wrong. "Primarily, the difficulty was in planning
an eight-station vacuum-former. Morris chose poly-
propalene, among the hardest plastics and the most
difficult to work with, for his machine.

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 15

The design had the apparatus automatically feed
itself 1000 ft. rolls of the polypropalene plastic, cut
them to length, heat (temperature control by radiation
thermometer), form, trim, and eject a molded piece of
plastic which could be conveyed to a station for a
leakage-test. The machine used both "male" and
"female" molding procedures (a concave mold is a
"female" mold and a convex mold is "male") in a
vacuum. Action was regulated by a Geneva mechanism,
which controlled indexing.

This original rotary design was submitted to the
ASME contest. It was adjudged the second best design
in the nation, for which Morris received $250 prize
money. University honors were numerous since Morris
had been only the second undergraduate in the Uni-
versity's history to receive the award.

George says, "This Special Problems course is just
fantastic. It elevates you from the everyday routine to
go into a project using your own arms and legs to
swim. In my case it satisfied my requirement, helped
me win a great prize, and really gave me an oppor-
tunity to exercise a willingness to design something on
that scale. There's a great sense of achievement in this
work, and something to look back upon."

Professor Lee Sentman of the Engineering College
had this to say: "The Special Problems course presents
a unique dilemma to the student. His answers depend
entirely on the material he has gathered. He must
function as he would were this on-the-job research;
considerations include time, materials, costs, and pro-
cedural factors, as they would in any professional
research." Jerry Bonnett's entire experiment was con-
cerned with time, materials, procedural, and cost factors.

Part-time student George
Morris from Peoria is em-
ployed by the university as
a non-academic employee
while pursuing his studies
as an undergraduate in
Mechanical Engineering.

Jerry Bonnett's project was begun in the summer of
1967 when he collected all his data. The study is still
in progress as the final analysis and write-up are still
under evaluation by the tester. The senior in Agri-
cultural Engineering embarked upon his project to
satisfy his requirement for an undergraduate research
paper.

"I live in Havana, Illinois, a city in Mason County.
I've been interested in irrigation systems for a long

while now because my father deals with their sale."
Bonnett had noticed that sandy-textured soil held very
little rainfall. Moreover, during the growing season when
rain is needed the most, it comes in the smallest
amounts of the entire year. Periods of drought in
Mason County have necessitated supplementary irriga-
tion for maximum crop yields.

"Since several irrigation systems were being used in
my county, I had an idea for a project to conduct a
comparative study of the different systems." In the
spring semester of 1967 Bonnett applied for a fellow-
ship through the Special Problems course. He was
granted $60 per week to carry on a time and motion
study of six different irrigation systems in Mason
County. All the equipment he could not get was
supplied through the Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment.

Mason County resident
Jerry Bonnett made a study
of his counties irrigation
methods.

"I was pretty sure my study was unique since most
irrigation studies are performed in arid areas and
rarely are they done in humid areas. I considered area
capacity (acres/hour), labor requirements, water dis-
tribution uniformity, and a number of other data.
Although all the data has been compiled the results
are not completed yet. When they are completed, I will
receive four hours in credit for the forty hours per
week I offered to my work. I admit there was a lot of
hard work, but every time you did something it made
you feel like you did something all on your own and it
make your work seem significant ..."

The work is significant. Bonnett's project is one of
many that are conducted through the Special Problems
courses. What are they good for? They are good for
the engineering student that needs a joker to help him
in this game. They can develop that special penchant
for propulsion studies, that fascination for transistors,
that need for extra knowledge in computer design, that
release from five-days-a-week-class, eight-hours-a-day-
textbook. The Engineer's joker enables him to achieve
something more than classroom hours and study time.
It puts him into the heart of the action for which he
must wait so long. The Engineer has this joker at his
disposal; he may as well play his hand and win for
a change.

16 TECHNOGRAPH March, 1968

Who
are you with?

Monsanto

It's reassuring to have a good name behind you.
But a name is only a handle which describes the
quality of people working for it. Monsanto is swiftly
expanding in exciting directions. Monsanto needs
more of the same high caliber personnel it presently
employs— both graduating students and experienced
men and women. Engineers, scientists and college
graduates at all degree le\els are wanted, and op-
portunity for growth is an understatement! If you
are talented : if you have big ideas : if you'd be proud
to say, "I'm from Monsanto," we really ought to get
together. Meet the Man from Monsanto when he
visits your campus. Or write: Monsanto Company,
Manager, Professional Recruiting, Dept. CL 698,
St. Louis, Mo. 63166.

An equal opportunity employer

JOIN THE
IDEA CORR

Right now, hundreds of engineers, chem-
ists, and physicists are exploring their own
ideas at NCR. We encourage them because
we consider idea-people as the backbone of
technological advancement in our field of
total business system development.
And it works. Business Management maga-
zine, in its list of "emerging ideas of
1966," credits NCRwith two out of seven:
pioneering in laser technology for record-
ing data, and development of our new PCMI
microform system.

Whether you're a seasoned pro, or an
ambitious self-starter, and whatever your
degree, if the excitement and satisfaction
of start-tofinish idea development appeal
to you, you'll go far with NCR. And so will
your ideas.

Here's a good idea to start with: write to
T. F. Wade, Executive and Professional
Placement, NCR, Dayton, Ohio 45409.
An Equal Opportunity Employer.

THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER CO.

Depends on the giant. Actually, some giants are just regular
kinds of guys. Except bigger.

And that can be an advantage.

Come to work for us and you'll be a member of a select
College Graduate Program. As a member of this program,
you won't be just another "trainee" playing around with
"make work" assignments.

You'll handle important projects that you'll frequently
follow from concept to production. Projects vital to Ford.
And you'll bear a heavy degree of responsibility for their
success.

Soon you'll start thinking like a giant. You'll grow bigger
because you've got more going for you.

A network of computers to put confusing facts and
figures into perspective.

Complete testing facilities to prove out better ideas.

And at Ford Motor Company, your better ideas won't
get axed because of a lack of funds. (A giant doesn't carry a
midget's wallet, you know.)

You and Ford can grow bigger together.

C^^

Whafsitlike
to engineer

foira^ant?

Rather enlarging!

THE ALLERTON HONORS CONFERENCE

WILL SEEK TO ILLUMINATE AN IMMINENT

CHALLENGE FOR THE YOUNG ENGINEER : i

ENGINEERING and

br Donald A. Hanson

Donald Hanson (senior, EE). William Veatch (senior.
Physics) and Stuart Wilkening (junior, GE), as student
members of the college honors council, are assisting
Professor J. O. Kopplin in planning the Allerton Honors
Conference to be held April 5th and 6th.

The engineer has learned to manipulate his physical
environment with the aid of his knowledge of how
nature behaves, that is, with the aid of his ability to
represent physical processes quantitatively. He can de-
scribe the current flow in a minute integrated circuit,
and he can calculate the power efficiency of a mighty
diesel engine.

Unfortunately, the engineer has not had a corres-
ponding success in molding his social environment. This
failure is partly due to a lack of knowledge of human
affairs and partly due to a lack of agreement about
human goals. In other words, from the engineer's
point of view, he has traditionally not been able to
represent the nature and goals of human affairs quan-

titatively. Hence, human affairs have traditionally never
been the subject of the engineer's endeavors.

This lack of social responsiveness is changing. The
expedience of the politician, the abstraction of the
intellectual, the sensitivity of the artist, the service
of the do-gooder have all failed to alleviate the im-
pending crises in human affairs. In the face of despera-
tion, the engineer must contribute his abilities in de-
veloping a new, broad, far-sighted, systems approach
of dealing with certain human problems.

The engineering profession has been quite influential
in developing the systems approach applied to complex
military and space systems. In these applications sys-
tems analysis, systems planning and systems coordina-
tion are crucial, since the contributions of many spe-
cialized people and parts must add up to the desirable
result. Technically, the systems approach means under-
standing the overall system, representing the system
using mathematical models, defining the goals of the

The Allerton House is part
of a 1500 acre estate do-
nated to the University of
Illinois by Robert A llerton
in 1946. '

20 TECHNOGRAPH March, 1968

JRBAN DEVELOPMENT

system in terms of mathematical criteria to be opti-
mized, studying the response of the system using
computer simulation, and finally, manipulating the
actual system in a desirable fashion using modern
technology ... Ob\iously, this approach is essential in
controlling the Apollo system. But now consider a
transportation system or an architectual development
system or other urban systems with all their complex
interrelationships. To what extent can these systems be
represented and regulated using engineering concepts?

This is the question to which Professor von Foerster
will address himself in the first session of the annual
Allerton honors conference, which this year will deal
with thetopicof "Engineeringand Urban Development."
Von Foerster's talk is entitled "Potentials and Limits of
Engineering Concepts in Problems of Human Affairs."
He is a professor of Electrical Engineering and Bio-
physics and head of the Biological Computer Laboratory
at the University of Illinois. However, his contributions
extend far beyond narrow technical disciplines. His
unique Austrian style, his wide experience, and his
deep insight have made him a well-known figure on the
U of I campus. For the second session, von Foerster
promises to bring one of his expert friends from
Washington, D. C, to deal with the underlying causes
of urban problems.

The Allerton conference will be held this year at the
beginning of Easter vacation, April 5 and 6. A bus will
leave campus at about 2:10 P.M. Friday to go to
Allerton Park. After the registration and welcome
address by Dean Everitt, Professor von Foerster will
begin at 4:00. The second session will follow dinner.
The late evening is free for discussion, exploring, or
sleeping. On Saturday there will be two sessions in the
morning and two in the afternoon. The conference will
conclude at 6:00 after dinner, at which time a bus
will return to campus. A Humble Oil Company grant
of several thousand dollars will cover all the expenses
of the conference.

Saturday morning Professor John G. Duba will discuss
"The Effectiveness of Government in Shaping the Urban
Environment." Professor Duba is particularly qualified
to discuss this topic, since for many years he led a half
dozen government committees dealing with the urban
environment of Chicago. He is now head of the Civil
Engineering Department, professor of environmental
engineering, and director of the center for urban en-
vironmental studies at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.

Following these general remarks on concepts, causes,
and effectiveness in dealing with urban problems, will
be presentations analyzing the specific urban systems of
transportation, pollution, structures, and growth. Study-

"Girl wiih a Scarf" is an appealing speciment of
coniemporary an displayed in Mr. Allerton' s Brick
Garden.

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 21

Displayed at Krannert Art Museum's "Century for Design" exhibit is Temenopolis II, which will be located west
of Chicago, just south of Route 66. near Argonne Laboratories. The buildings will be liberated from the servient
relationship to the roadway. Roofed-over and climate-controlled environment are being considered. Places of work,
shopping, education, and recreation may very often be within walking distance from the private dwellings.
Temenopolis II will include a large scale university center.

ing other urban systems of great importance such as
law enforcement, public care, and education will be
left to the student as an exercise (not really).

"Metropolitan Transportation Systems Planning" will
be critically evaluated by Professor Britton W. Harris,
who heads the environmental studies laboratory of the
University of Pennsylvania. Transportation systems are
a prime example of a problem intimately woven into
human affairs and defintely requiring a systems approach
solution. The goals of a transportation system not only
include functional efficiency' but also both the pro-
vision to meet the needs for the future and the welfare
of the individuals and social groups who feel its impact.

Next, Mr. Vinton W. Bacon will speak about the
problems and challenges associated with urban air and
water pollution. Mr. Bacon is General Superintendent,
Metropolitan Sanitary district of Chicago. His vast
experience allows him to speak as a prophet predicting
the consequences of this grave problem.

The last speaker will be Professor Alexander Tzonis
of the department of architecture at Harvard. He will
discuss urban structures and growth and then react

to the conference as a whole with comments and
conclusions.

In addition to the official speakers, several special
guests in the field of urban development will be present,
along with many U of I professors. The Allerton con-
ference offers an opportunity for the junior and senior
honors students in engineering to meet with their
faculty, to have an enjoyable experience with their
fellow students in an ideal atmosphere, and to discuss
a timely topic with experts in the field.

As is portrayed at the Krannert Art Museum exhibit
on the urban crisis, this is the "Century for Design."
The purpose of the exhibit is "to communicate the
urgency and essence of environmental problems and to
demonstrate how enlightened design may contribute
to bring about a higher quality of life for the 21st
century man."

Many young engineers like to work with people and
are concerned about their welfare. For these engineers
the opportunity to apply engineering know-how to the
creative development of the cities is a fantastically
interesting and vital challenge.

22 TECHNOGRAPH March, 1968

IT ONLY TAKES A YEAR TO KNOW IF YOU CAN MAKE IT WITH THE BELL SYSTEM

The day you come to work for us, you are given a job you
might thinly your boss should do. And we'll give you a year
to prove, in action, that you're management material.

Your boss will be there. To counsel you when you ask.
But, even more importantly, to gear your assignments to
your talents. So you can advance as quickly as possible
into projects that further stretch your ability . . . and your
imagination.

It's a tough assignment, but you'll find out where you
stand within a year.

Like to be one of the college graduates we challenge
this year?

Be sure to make an appointment with your Bell System
recruiting representative when he visits your campus.
Or write:

Personnel Manager, College Employment
American Telephone & Telegraph Company, 195 Broadway
Room 2116A, New York, N.Y. 10007. /^v

Positions are available throughout the U.S. ( JSR. J /\IS^I

Please include your geographic preference. VZvyf in,! »..«:,«hi co«p.«.

Some say we specialize in power. . .
power for propulsion . . . power for
auxiliary systems . . . power for aircraft,
missiles and space vehicles . . . power for
marine and industrial applications . . .

. . . they're right And wrong.

It might be said, instead, tinat we specialize in people, for
we believe that people are a most
important reason for our company's success. We act
on that belief.

You could be one of the reasons for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's
success ... if you have a B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. in:
MECHANICAL • AERONAUTICAL • ELECTRICAL

• CHEMICAL • CIVIL • MARINE • INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING • PHYSICS • CHEMISTRY • METALLURGY

• CERAMICS • MATHEMATICS • STATISTICS

• COMPUTER SCIENCE • ENGINEERING SCIENCE

• ENGINEERING MECHANICS.

Pratt & Whitney fiircraft

CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS EAST HARTFORD. CONNECTICUT

DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP.

AIRCF

An Equal Opportunity Employe

WHERE LIES THE PROBLEM ?

By Jeffrey Kurtz

One of the major causes of death in this country
is the automobile. In recent years many attempts have
been made to minimize this problem. Dr. Jeffrey
O'Connell, a law professor at the University of Illinois,
is noted for his activity in automobile safety. TECH-
NOGRAPH interviewed Dr. O'Connell early this year.

Highway accidents can be grouped under three general
causes: human failure, highway inadequacies, and me-
chanical failure. Each of these has a definite part in
the problem, but Dr. O'Connell feels that the major
aspect is that of mechanical failures.

He grants that a human can have failings — poor
eyesight, limited reaction speed, and especially emotional
problems. People often hurry, throwing caution to the
wind; or they are upset by other drivers or conditions.
Since people will not change, a car should be designed
for passengers, not vice versa.

This country has millions of miles of roadways, and
continual improvement is a costly and time-consuming
task. Considering the safety derived from each dollar
spent, roadway improvement is not the most feasible
approach to the problem.

This brings up the mechanical solution. There are
thousands of cars on the road today, and new cars are
being produced each year. Older cars are scrapped at a
lower rate than new cars are produced. If cars were
constructed to stringent safety regulations they would
last longer, be safer, and reduce auto deaths. Rather

Jeffrey Kurtz, a sopho-
more in Mechanical En-
gineering from A rlinglon
Heights, is presently the
TECHNOGRAPH Engi-
neering Council Represen-
tatixe.

26 TECHNOGRAPH

March, 1968

than putting out money to rebuild all of the resources,
as would be the case with highway repair, the money
should be spent on the new cars. True, this would
raise the prices of cars, but the increase would be on
all manufacturers so no one producer would suffer.

A possible help to traffic problems could be found in
mass transportation. This is a new field and large-scale
operations are not yet operable. However, the auto-
mobile has come to be a vital part of the American
way of life, and it will always be a principal mode of
transportation in this country.

Dr. Jeffrey O'Connell con-
tinues to point the finger
at mechanical automobile
failures as the major cause
of highway accidents.

potentially dangerous should have the same regulations
placed upon it.

The National Safety Council is underfinanced and
therefore understaffed. In order to make recommenda-
tions to an industry it must have qualified personnel
to determine problems and solutions. Unless the council
pays salaries as high as the industry it cannot get the
necessary talent to advise manufacturers.

The consumers in this country are often said to
control what is produced. Dr. O'Connell advises that if
people write letters to the manufacturers expressing
their views and concern about safety, the problem
would probably be attacked by a willing industry.

What is the engineer's part in this situation? Presently
an engineer joins a company and does what they
dictate; this is the natural union between employee and
employer. What is needed is for the engineer to recog-
nize his duty to society as a person whose decision
controls the lives of many people. His duty is to design
a car that will satisfy customers' wants, while providing
for their own good.

No doubt the automobile will continue to be some-
what of a hazard, but with some effort on the part of
the manufacturer, the consumer, and the engineer, the
situation would be greatly improved.

What is being done to make vehicles safer? Surpris-
ingly little. Since the highway safety act Detroit manu-
facturers have generally complied with the government's
regulations. However, the improvements have come
only with constant prodding, and few ideas have come
from Detroit. In some respects, states Dr. O'Connell,
manufacturers seem to invite trouble. Cars are being
built for speed, and are named for excitement, and
power (Mustang, Wildcat, and Cougar, to name just
a few). It often appears that the main deterrent to care-
lessness, offered in cars, is guaranteeing maximum
damage for minimum mistakes.

One may argue that he can always get into a hazard-
ous situation, and power is necessary to get out. This
is partially true, but power and speed should be
differentiated. It is possible, says Dr. O'Connell, to
have high acceleration without a top speed of 120 mph.
Most states have a maximum speed limit of 70 mph.
Perhaps, if necessary safety improvements were made
on automobiles, speed limits could more closely approx-
imate automobile capabilities.

The right of the government to regulate features on
cars is often questioned, but it should not be difficult
to understand. Many things in the United States are
regulated. Drugs, weapons, and all other modes of
transportation must be inspected and approved before
the public is allowed to use them. Certainly it is not
unreasonable that a machine so widely used and so

There's still hope for girls like us Mildred. All we have
to do is wait til Friday afternoon, then just stroll
through the engineering campus.

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 27

Mondays never look
the same to Bob Byse

When you're breaking ground on a new idea at Delco, you don t see a bt of your own

desk For Bob Byse, design engineering means work with two dozen solid

nrofessionals . . . people whose specialties range from microelectronics

to model making to production. Wherever the project leads, Bob Byse is on his way.

And every skill is at his disposal. Right through full production.

And beyond. If there's trouble shooting under dealer warranty three years from now,

Bob Byse is still the man we'll call for. That's why no two Mondays

ever look alike to Bob Byse and his colleagues at Delco.

The question is . . . can you say the same? Take a good hard look at how your

responsibility shapes up, compared with Bob's. In fact, why not discuss ,t with us.

By letter or telephone. Collect. Area Code 317/459-2808.

Contact; Mr. C. D. Longshore, Supervisor, Salaried Employment,

Dept 300, Delco Radio Division of General Motors, Kokomo, Indiana.

DELCO
RADIO

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS
KOKOMO, INDIANA

Anaconda is moving,

So are the people who are making it happen.

David A, Heatwole (MS Geol., U. of Arizona '66) is a geol-
ogist doing geological and geochemical work with an
Anaconda exploration team in the southwest US and Mexico

James F. Lynch (BS Mining E., U. of Missouri, '61) is a gen-
eral foreman at Anaconda Wire and Cable Company's plant in
Marion, Indiana.

Marie C. Vecchione (MS Phys. Chem., Yale '62) is an ana-
lytical chemist in Anaconda American Brass Company's re-
search and technical center, Waterbury, Connecticut.

Marian T. Boultinghouse (BS Geol., Indiana U. '59) is sheet
mill superintendent at Anaconda Aluminum Company's plant
in Terre Haute, Indiana.

A few years ago these young people were still in school. Today they are specialists in their fields.
Growing with Anaconda. To find out about available opportunities in your field, write: Director
of Personnel. The Anaconda Company, 25 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10004.

Equal opportunity employer.
Anaconda American Brass Co., Anaconda Wire and Cable Co., Anaconda Aluminum Co.

"An institution may hold itself to the highest standards
and yet already be entombed in the complacency that
will eventually spell its decline. "

John Gardner

"... there is little demand for radical changes in aca-
demic programs.

Final Report on the
Goals of Engineering Education

TO SEEK A BETTER COLLEGE

bv ALAN HALPERN and MICKEY MINDOCK

"An Institution which demands and gets the highest
quaUty in its laboratories has shown itself to be impotent
in the face of mediocre teaching in the classroom."

A great learning institution is a place where experi-
ment and innovation in undergraduate education are
strongly encouraged and practiced. The Honors Program
has launched some remarkably good courses, but what
it learned from these efforts does not seem to be
contagious. The atmosphere of excitement which should
be found in the classroom is not there; in its place is
one that tends to induce apathy, stifle creativity, and
encourage reproducibility instead of understand. Instead
of excitement, we find boredom. Yet, there appears to

In all likelihood, there is not a faculty member in
the College of Engineering who could get a license to
teach in most Illinois high schools or grade schools.
The fact that an individual has a PhD in engineering
generally testifies to his technical competence, but it
says nothing about his alpility to communicate his
knowledge to others and to create enthusiasm and
interest in the process. The answer of the Physics
Department to the criticism of the TECHNOGRAPH
(Dec, 1966) concerning the teaching in the elementary
physics courses was basically, "Sure, we want to
teach a good course, but we don't know how." How
much does the College really care about effective
teaching? One of the things that is obvious is that an
institution that is renowned for its research efforts is
apparently not in the least interested in doing research
on its educational practices. This is not only a paradox;
it is an absurdity. An institution which demands and
gets the highest quality in its laboratories has shown
itself to be impotent in the face of mediocre teaching
in the classooom.

Mickey Mindock and Alan Halpern are two of the
College's most knowlegdeable and responsible critics.
Mickey is a former President of Engineering Council
and Alan is former Editor of the TECHNOGRAPH.

30 TECHNOGRAPH March, 1968

be no real interest for the improvement in teaching or
for the provision of an effective mechanism to make it
possible. Undergraduate education in the College though
generally quite conscientous, often very good, and
occasionally brilliant, commands neither the attention
nor the status it deserves. It is not a problem which
can be solved on an indi\idual basis. A faculty com-
mittee at Cornell University has concluded: "Left
primarily to the individual initiative and resources,
attempts at innovation are neither frequent, far reaching,
nor particularly daring." "There are professors," says
Paul Dressel, writing in Issues In Higher Education,
"who knowing full well that they could do better,
interpret academic freedom as inclusive of the privilege
to teach as badly as they wish."

There is one committee in the College of Engineering
on Teaching Improvement. According to the Chairman,
the committee has met six or seven times this year,
concentrating primarily on video-taping and teacher
evaluation in the General Engineering Department.
Lacking significant college support and any compre-
hensive \ision and plan for change, the committee has
floundered, with the result that its efforts are virtually
inconsequential. And yet, this evaluation, the primary
one on which the College relies, was assessed by an

"Gee, Boss, the computer has replaced so many people
here, I'm continually surprised that I still have my job!"

expert from the Office of Instructional Resources as
follows: "The content obviously does not cover many
areas that seem to be considered appropriate indices of
teaching effectiveness. . . Did the student feel he learned
anything? This area of attitude is not touched upon."

An engineering student spends four to five years here
before receiving his degree, during which he spends
something like 2600 hours in class. It is a small portion
of his life, but a most important one; it is at the
university, hopefully, that an individual develops his
capacity for lifelong learning, where he learns habits
and attitudes, where he enlarges his horizons, where he
acquires the discipline for critical thinking. As John
Gardner observes, "Education at its best will develop
the individual's inner resources to the point where he
can learn, and will want to learn, on his own."

Because we are concerned about continuing education
and do not believe that we are learning the needed
habits and attitudes, we have very strong objections to
the way o^r educational programs are being conducted.
But we are, concerned with learning, not teaching. Too
often, instructors are satisfied to sacrifice enthusiasm
for rigor,- understanding for fact, perspective for specific.
Many think of the mind as a storehouse to be filled
rather than an instrument to be developed. It is the
students in the classrooms who know if they are
learning or not, and as such are the most capable of
judging the weaknesses and strengths of both instructors
and courses. The students, given the opportunity, can
provide specific, honest, and concise comments on
whether they are learning or not. They can say whether
the course is fascinating, boring, or worthwhile — which
is what the individual instructor and the College in
general obviously need to know. What the College
needs, at least as a first step, is a "good" evaluation,
one used not just at the end of a course but two or
three times during the semester, so that the professor
may have had the advantage of "instantaneous feedback"
and may take immediate action to improve his teaching.

The point is that the faculty of the College has not
convinced the students that undergraduate education is
considered to be of great importance. The present
evaluation form of the College is infrequently used and
even we admit that it is generally useless. The university
has facilities for assisting any department or college that
wishes to create an evaluation form. This wouldn't seem
to us to be a particularly difficult or expensive thing to
do in view of the benefits that might be provided.

"Great buildings and expensive laboratories can
never make a great university; great teachers do. One
can recognize them by the vision, the inspiration, they
give to the men they teach." This was said by Hardy
Cross, one of the truly great instructors in the College
of Engineering of the past. Professor Cross left the
university in 1936 — have we forgotten since then what
he knew?

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 31

Graduating EE's.

You'll go farther,
faster at EC!

Here are 6 good reasons why your career gets off
to a faster start that carries you farther at ECl
in sunny St. Petersburg, on Florida's sub-tropical
Gulf Coast.

1. IMPORTANT PROGRAMS — ECl has a reputa-
tion for pushing the state-of-the-art in electronic
communications and developing sophisticated
equipment and systems that exceed specifica-
tions. For instance. ECl developed the world's
first 1-KW airborne UHF transmitter, the first
airborne electronic switching system and the
first solid-state multiplex system designed spe-
cifically for airborne use. As a result, ECl gets
chosen to work on the critical programs and you
get to grapple with important problems that
demand creative solutions.

2. VISIBILITY — ECl is large enough to let you fol-
low your imagination, but small enough to make
sure you and your ideas don't go unnoticed.

3. RESPONSIBILITY — Being a medium size com-
pany, ECl delegates more responsibility to each
individual. You'll get meaty engineering as-
signments developing advanced circuitry, real-
time satellite communications, and ultra-reliable
equipment plus setting new standards in micro-
miniaturization. You'll grow faster because of it.

4. VERSATILITY — ECl engineers work on projects
from applied research and advanced develop-
ment through prototype and product design.
You'll learn more at ECl.

5. PROMOTABILITY — You'll do more and learn
more at ECl. And, you'll be known for your ac-
complishments. As a result, you'll find promo-
tions come faster.

6. STIMULATING ENVIRONMENT — At ECl you'll
work with leading figures in communications,
and you'll be encouraged to take advantage of
ECl's full tuition refund program for postgraduate
studies. You'll work with the most modern instru-
mentation and laboratory facilities available.
And, you'll enjoy spending your leisure time in
sunny, sub-tropical St. Petersburg as much as
you'll enjoy your job.

INVESTIGATE ECl

Be sure you investigate the opportunities that await
you at ECl. Write to Ken R. Nipper, Supervisor of
Professional Placement, P.O. Box 12248, Electronic
Communications, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida 33733.
Or, arrange an interview on your campus through
your college placement office.

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
ST. PETERSBURG DIVISION

An equal opportunity employer (M & F).

Can you cut costs
without cutting corners?

The designer of this six-wheel diesel locomotive
truck frame did... that's why he chose casf-sfee/.

Using smooth fillets and fairings possible
only with casting, he eliminated stress concen-
tration caused by the corners and angles of
wrought structures. To keep weight low without
sacrificing strength, he varied section thick-
ness, concentrating steel at the points of maxi
mum stress.

And with cast-steel he got substantial sav-
ings in the bargain. One-piece construction
eliminated assembly costs. Holes, slots and
channels were cast-in directly. With the

XI- 10

greater dimensional control inherent in casting,
finishing costs on the 8x18 foot frame were cut
to a minimum . . . Compare this with the tedious
assembly, machining and finishing work that
goes into a welded or bolted structure.

Want to know more about cast-steel? We're
offering individual students free subscriptions
to our quarterly publication "CASTEEL." . . .
Clubs and other groups can obtain a sound
film "Engineering Flexibility." Just write
Steel Founders' Society of America, West-
view Towers, 21010 Center Ridge Road,
Rocky River, Ohio 44116.

STEEZ. FOXJNDERS' SOCIETY OF ikl^EItlCilk

Cast-Steel
for Engineering Flexibility

CHARGED PARTICLE RESEARCH

Some of the most interesting research in the Electri-
cal Engineering department is that being done in the
charged particle laboratory. It dwells around the study
and observation of extremely small charged particles.
There are three major areas of experimentation:

1. Ion propulsion for space vehicles

2. Study of the actions of ions on metallic
surfaces.

3. General study of minute liquid particles.

The research on ion propulsion is done in the fol-
lowing manner: a tiny jet of charged gallium-indium
alloy particles is forced from a needle-like apparatus
ane

and electrically directed away from the source at tre-
mendous speeds. The beamwidth, thrust, and kinetic
energy of these ions are carefully studied as they speed
through the deflection plates. Although these particles
are of low mass, their high energy gives them interesting
space vehicle applications. With the use of these ion
generators as engines, travel through outer space could
be made much easier. The ion engines would not
be especially useful for direct propulsion, but for
balancing the drag of orbiting satellites and steering
vehicles their low power would prove very efficient.
One gram of gallium-indium "fuel" could keep a
satellite in perfect orbit for months.

However, problems in ion engine use give rise to the
second type of research being done. This is the study
of the effects ions have on metal surfaces. When ions
are expelled from an ion engine, they can soon corrode
parts of the mechanism and cause serious difficulties.
The men in this lab are testing different metals for
their endurance against ion corrosion. Such problems
are also present in devices as common as tungsten
light bulbs and vacuum tube filaments. If a solution

to this problem could be found, the life of a vacuum
tube could be greatly extended.

The next type of research is perhaps the most repres-
entative of the entire laboratory. This is the investiga-
tion of properties of many types of liquid particles in
general. A device presently being built is one which will
be able to suspend a single charged droplet in an
electric field for observation. Characteristics such as
motion, surface tension, and rate of evaporation can
be seen in detail with this machine.

The study of water droplets is very useful. From it
we learn how clouds form and how precipitation
occurs. At the present, so little is known about cloud
formation that scientists cannot even explain how rain
forms and falls as rapidly as it does. A better under-
standing of water particles might lead to uses such as
artificial rain making over desert areas.

The lab also studies collision of particles. When a
particle of water in the 1 to 10 micron region is
generated, it exhibits some very strange properties.
For example, its surface tension becomes so high that a
collision with another droplet results in an elastic
collision rather than a coalition. Great amounts of
energy must be put into water droplets of this size to
cause simple condensation.

The generation of small uniform globules has dozens
of everyday applications. The spreading of insecticides
and weed killer is done through the use of tiny drop-
lets. Aerosol sprays, spray paints, and automobile
carburetors are all made possible through particle
research. Presently Xerox is testing out copiers which
spray ink rather than stamp it. Not only is printing
of this type done faster, but it is easier to read. A
final but extremely important use of particle research
might be in the elimination of smog. If scientists can
learn more about the formation and properties of smog
particles, there is a better chance that we can control
this health hazard.

34 TECHNOGRAPH

March, 1968

WATER VAPOR LASER STUDIED AT ELECTRICAL
E\GI\EERI.\G RESEARCH LAB

by John A. Bcirra

E\er since Galileo first attempted to measure the
\elocity of light using lanterns, scientists all o\er the
world have continually tried to increase the accuracy of
this measurement. Many sophisticated instruments ha\e
been developed for that purpose. The velocity of light,
which is appro.ximately 3 x 10 8 meters per second, has
to date been determined with an accuracy of about one
part in 10 6.

Howe\er. the interest and scientific \alue of this
quantity ha\e compelled scientists to strive for an e\en
more accurate measurement. Research in the field of
lasers resulted in a significant step in that direction. In
1964, a water \apor laser was de\ eloped by three
English scientists. This laser, which uses water \apor in-
stead of a monatomic gas, produces wa\elengths in the
far infrared region, a region of the electro-magnetic
spectrum which up to the present time has received
little investigation. Scientists hope that accurate measure-
ments in this region of the spectrum with the water
vapor laser will make possible a measurement of the
velocity of light with nearly 100 times greater accurac\
than previously achieved.

However, before such a measurement can be made, a
great deal more research with the new laser must be
conducted. The University of Illinois is actively con-
tributing to such experimentation. Ever since 1965 when
the University constructed its first water vapor laser.
Professor Paul Coleman of the Electrical Engineering
Department has directed extensive research with this
laser. In a joint effort with Assistant Professors William
Jeffers and Donald Akitt, graduate research studies are
being conducted with five laser systems now in opera-
tion in the Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory.

A water vapor laser is about twice as long as most
lasers. The research team at the U of I is studying the
processes which are going on inside this laser. They
study things as excitation and relation phenomena in
the molecular gases since they are important to any
understanding of the laser. The research at the Univer-
sity of Illinois has produced the highest peak radiation
intensity ever generated in the far infrared region. Using
about four kilowatts of power at 28 microns, Mr. Carl
Johnson, a doctoral candidate in Electrical Engineering,
is studying far infrared-induced nonlinear effects in
solids.

In addition to the possibility of an improved measure-
ment of the velocity of light, the water vapor laser has
raised the possibility of other engineering and scientific
applications. Coherent radiation in the far infrared
region generated by the laser opens a new field of re-
search. Only a few of the many possibile uses for the
water vapor laser are secure communications systems.

signal measurements, and the study of chemical and
bio-chemical reactions. As research continues in this
field, many new avenues of study are likely to open.

Professor Coleman, however, has not only studied the
wavelengths produced by the water vapor laser, but he
has been a part of research of wavelengths of all sizes.
Ever since his college years at MIT, Professor Coleman
has witnessed and actively participated in the discovery
of wavelength- through a great part of the electro-
magnetic spectrum. At the end of World War II, this
field had advanced to the place that coherent radiation
at wavelengths as small as 8000 microns (K Band) had
been produced.

Between World War II and 1960, this boundary
progressed by only a factor of eight. In 1960 a large
jump was made due to the progress in Quantum Elec-
tronics. In that year the ruby laser was first demon-
strated, yielding large amounts of coherent light at 0.69
microns (dark red). However, this discovery left an
unstudied spectral region between 1000 and 0.69 microns.
This frontier was soon settled with the advent of gas
lasers using monatomic gases, ions, and molecular gases.
Today, we have scientists like Professors Coleman,
Jeffers, and Akitt at the University of Illinois taking
advantage of the developing possibilities to study lasers
and materials in the far infrared region.

A wcuer vapor laser used in the Elecirical Engineering
Research Laboratory.

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 35

THE X-RA Y MICROSCOPE

by Mike Feldman

A microscopic chemical analysis, and in particular, a
non-destructive analysis, can be of great value to
everyone from metallurgical and ceramic engineers to
agronomists and dentists. The Materials Research Lab-
oratory has an X-ray Microprobe for non-destructive
analysis of one micron diameter locations on a wide
variety of solid samples.

The Microprobe operates on relatively simple prin-
ciples. An electron beam is focused to a point on the
sample, and the atoms at that point become excited
and emit x-rays. The frequency of the x-rays is char-
acteristic of the particular element excited. The relative
intensity of a given frequency of x-rays from the excited
part of the sample is proportional to the precent of the
given element at that spot. The Microprobe has three
x-ray spectrometers, each of which can be set to read
the intensity of x-rays of three frequencies corresponding
to three different elements. By comparing these intensities
to those of samples of pure elements, the amounts of
the elements in question can be calculated to within
1% of actual values for any particular one micron spot
on the surface of the sample.

The Microprobe can be used in various ways. It can
be used to do spot analyses across a sample with the
spectrometers set for a known element and for sus-

' You you . . . (S)*# engineering clod!'

pected impurities. In this way one obtains an analysis
of structures that are responsible for certain properties
of the sample.

The electron beam can also be scanned, and the
intensity of a given frequency read out on an oscillo-
scope. This display can be photographed to give a
micrograph which shows the distribution of any element
heavier than nitrogen. These scanned pictures can be
varied to give from about SOX to 12,000X magnification!
Another technique that is often used has a scanning
process similar to the above, but counts the number of
electrons scattered back from each point. The brightness
of the trace is roughly proportional to the atomic
weights of the elements present. This kind of picture
is used to show the major structural features of the
sample and to help determine the composition of
irregularities.

These techniques are applied to a wide variety of
problems. Much of the work being done with the
Microprobe has to do with the study of impurities
in metals. The probe is used to find which impurities
increase the performance of the metal, as well as those
which are detrimental. These studies have already led
to improved metal processing. The probe is being used
to study the corrosion of ceramic materials under ex-
treme conditions such as reactor cores and metal cast-
ing feed tubes. An unusual study in agronomy was
done on near-microscopic particles of iron-manganese
found in the soil. The migration of certain chemicals
into these particles was analyzed, and it was found that
the migration was related to the climate the soil was
exposed to. Another interesting study was done on
teeth. It was found that the concentration of fluoride
decreased in the vicinity of decayed spots.

The X-ray Microprobe shows great flexibility and an
expanding future as well as a wide range of applica-
tions. Besides the counters for quantitative study and
the various modes of the oscilloscope output, an analog
to digital converter and a magnetic memory are being
incorporated in the instrumentation. In the quantitative
analysis phase, the bulk of calculations for correction
of data is so great that it must be done by computer,
and generally the amount of data is so great that the
IBM 360 is the only computer on campus big enough
to process it. When time share becomes available, the
Microprobe operator can feed the data to the computer
as it is available, and this would ehminate the need to
record thousands of data points by hand and then
punch the data into cards. Thus the X-ray Microprobe
is not only diverse in its applications, but it is ex-
panding in its capabilities.

36 TECHNOGRAPH March, 1968

"But, of course, I'm in engineering . . . didn't you notice my white socks?"

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 37

USAF SRAM. New U.S. Air Force short-
range attack missile, now being designed
and developed by Boeing, is a supersonic
air-to-ground missile with nuclear capabil-
ity. Boeing also will serve as system mte-
gration and test contractor.
NASA Apollo/Saturn V. America's moon
rocket Will carry three astronauts to the moon
and return them to earth. Boeing builds 7.5
million- pound -thrust first stage booster, sup-
ports NASA in other phases of the program.
Boeing 747. New superjet (model shown
above) is the largest airplane ever designed
for commercial service. It will carry more
than 350 passengers at faster speeds than
today's jetliners, ushering in a new era in
jet transportation.

NASA Lunar Orbiter. Designed and built by
Boeing, the Lunar Orbiter was the first US.
spacecraft to orbit the moon, to photograph
earth from the moon and to photograph the
far side of the moon. All five Orbiter launches
resulted in successful missions.
Boeing 737. Newest and smallest Boeing
jetliner, the 737 is the world's most advanced
short-range jet. It will cruise at 580 mph,
and operate quietly and efficiently from
close-in airports of smaller communities.
USN Hydrofoil Gunboat "Tucumcari". De-
signed and being built by Boeing, this sea-
craft will be first of its kind for U.S. Navy.
Powered by water jet, it is capable of speeds
in excess of 40 knots. Other features include
drooped or anhedral foils, designed for high
speed turns.

U.S. Supersonic Transport. Boeing has won
the design competition for America's super-
sonic transport. The Boeing design features
a variable-sweep wing, titanium structure
and other new concepts and innovations.
CH-47C Chinook Helicopter. Boeing's new-
est U.S. Army helicopter is in flight test at
Vertol Division near Philadelphia. Other
Boeing/Vertol helicopters are serving with
U.S. Army, Navy and Marine Corps.
USAF Minuteman II. Compact, quick-firing
Minuteman missiles are stored in blast-
resistant underground silos ready for launch-
ing. Boeing is weapon system integrator on
Minuteman program.

Opportunity has many faces at Boeing.

Shown above are some of the challenging aerospace programs at Boeing that

can provide you with a dynamic career growth environment.

You may begin your career in applied research, design, test, manufacturing,

service or facilities engineering, or computer technology. You may become

part of a Boeing program-in-being, or be assigned to a pioneering new project.

Further, if you desire an advanced degree and qualify, Boeing will help you

financially with its Graduate Study Program at leading universities near

company facilities.

See your college placement office or write directly to: Mr. T. J. Johnston,

The Boeing Company, P,0. Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124. Boeing is

an equal opportunity employer.

Tn f]

and anything else that you might think of.

You're an individual from the first day. There is no i

You'll be in a small group, where individual
contributions are swiftly recognized and rewarded.
We promote from within.

You will do significant work, in an exciting
technical environment, with the best men in their fields,
and with every necessary facility.

Sign up today for an interview with the Du Pont
recruiter. Or mail the coupon for more information
about career opportunities. These opportunities he both
in technical fields— Ch.E., M.E., E.E.,
I.E., Chemistry, Physics and related
disciplines — as well as in Business
Administration, Accounting
and associated functions.

MPU^

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.)
Nemours Building 2500—1
Wiknington, Delaware 19898

Please send me the Du Pont Magazine along with
the other magazines I have checked below.

n Chemical Engineers at Du Pont
_] Mechanical Engineers at Du Pont
^j Engineers at Du Pont
□ Du Pont and the College Graduate

Name

Class Major Degree expecte<L_

My address.
City

S!v'

V^.

■\^

"I never feel like a rookie"

"Sure it's my first year with B&W, but I've been too
busy to think about that. I've been working in my field
all along, and the training sort of blends right in."

If Randy Trost sounds like a B&W booster, you
should hear what his supervisor says about him.

That's how it's been from the beginning. We started

Randy Trost, Wisconsin '67

If you'd like to talk with Randy Trost about B&W,
call him collect at our facility in Lynchburg, Virginia,
AC 703 846-7371.

In the meantime, be on the lookout for the B&W
recruiter when he visits your campus.

The Babcock & Wilcox Company, 161 East 42nd
Street, New York, New York 10017.

Babcock & Wilcox

This RCA scientist points a tweezer at an experimental FM radio transmitting gallium arsenide device so small it is almost invisible.

RCA in Electronic Components and Devices

When you select the Company that
you want to join, consider how
important it is for your future career
to join the leader. For example, in
this one area alone — Electronic
Components and Devices — you will
find that RCA has set standards of
engineering excellence, in an
environment for learning, that is
second to none.

We are looking for EE, ME and IE
graduates for positions in Corporate
Programs including Design and

Development. Manufacturing,
Operations Research, Finance,
Management Information Systems
and Purchasing.
We welcome the opportunity to
review your personal interests and
career objectives, and show you how
RCA can further your individual
development and growth in many
fields, such as: Home Instruments,
Communications, Solid-State Devices,
Computers. Control Systems, Radar,
Weather and Communication

Satellites. Broadcast Studio
Equipment, Conversion Receiver and
Power Tubes. Laser and Electro-Optic
Devices. Microwave Systems. Medical
Electronics, Graphic Systems.
See your college placement
director, or write to College Relations,
RCA, Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08101.
We are an Equal Opportunity
Employer.

ncii

VePS to the EDg

To The Editor:

Since I have been in charge of the advising program
in the College of Engineering for the past several years,
I feel it appropriate to comment on your editorial
which appeared in the December issue of the ILLINOIS
TECHNOGRAPH. I do not write to defend our present
advisory system as I think it is one of the strongest on
campus but to acquaint you with the present advisory
program and with the improvements made within the
past several years. After reading your article a number
of concerned staff members called and Dean Everitt
discussed the contents with me the day it appeared. By
and large engineering staff members take pride in the
present advising program and are vitally concerned
about its effectiveness.

For staff members, participation in the advisory sys-
tem is one of their many expected duties; however, for
students, participation in such a program is purely
voluntary. We have been somewhat discouraged by the
relatively large number of students who do not wish to
avail themselves of the advisory program available. It is
our responsibility to provide a meaningful and satisfac-
tory advising system but, on the other hand, it is not
our duty to force advisement on the students. Personally,
I have been discouraged by the fact that the "Advising
System" was to have been discussed on two different
dates in the Student-Faculty Liaison Committee (of
which you are a member) and on each day not enough
students attended to make the presentation worth-
while. Thus it was neither discussed nor studied prior
to your editorial.

Before commenting on certain aspects of the system,
I would like to point out that all of us — students and
staff ahke — are interested in making any improve-
ments possible. If this can be best accomplished by
having others study our system and make recommenda-
tions then we would welcome such participation.

Your editorial states "we do not have a committee to
study the tremendous problems of advising" and this is
not the case. The Program Committee in the College of
Engineering is specifically charged with the problems of

advising and registration. This committee has provided
real 4eadership in the past as witnessed by the fact that
it established an Advance Enrollment Program in the
College long before such a system was adopted within
the University. The committee has also developed a
number of registration methods and evaluational pro-
cedures which have been adopted on an All-University
basis. Further, in the past five years no college has
made more changes in its advisory program seeking im-
provement than the College of Engineering.

The College Advisory Program is make up of four
major advisement efforts —

(1) advisement and advance enrollment of new
freshmen admitted to the College,

(2) advisement and advance enrollment of new
transfer students admitted to the College,

(3) advisement of Honors students in the
College, and

(4) advisement of all continuing engineering
students in the College.

All of these activities are carried on through a depart-
mentally oriented system with the exception of the first
area — the advisement and advance enrollment of new
freshmen.

A group of special advisers are selected to advise in-
coming freshmen and advance enroll them during the
summer period. These advisers evaluate the student's
high school background and use the results of a variety
of placement and ability tests to place the student in
courses commensurate with his ability and achievement.
The advisers have been trained to use a high degree of
personal judgement in their evaluations to insure that
students are not placed in courses too advanced for
them but at the same time at a level at which they will
not be required to repeat work previously taken. All
measurements of this program indicate a high degree of
success in placing incoming students both in terms of
their performance and in terms of their personal
satisfaction.

42 TECHNOGRAPH

March, 1968

The evaluation, advising, and registration of incoming
transfer students requires a very high degree of personal
attention and individual placement. The evaluation and
registration of transfer students is handled by our most
experienced advisers in the College, all of whom have
been trained and are capable of evaluating transcripts
from other schools. At the time of transfer a degree
evaluation is made oh each student so that he has a
clear understanding of the requirements remaining for
graduation. The transfer students are advised by a staff
member from their major area in engineering.

The College Honors Council has taken the responsibil-
ity of providing a meaningful advisory system for
honor students and the honors advisory system is well
coordinated with the total college advisory system. As a
part of the College Honors Program, the honors advisor
has been given considerable freedom in making course
substitutions and providing other special opportunities
for honors students. The article "The Honors Program
in Perspective" in the January issue of TECHNO-
GRAPH indicates a fairly high degree of satisfaction
with the honors program and with the advising methods.

By far the largest effort is that in the advisement of
continuing students in the College who do not fall in
one of the other areas mentioned. The advisers have
been charged to bring to the attention of each student
opportunities which e.xist both on and off campus.
Further, they are responsible for advising the student
regarding degree requirements, course changes, selec-
tion of electives, and can be instrumental in helping the
student to formulate variations in his program which
can be approved through petitions.

The first of the four areas listed above is administered
by the Associate Dean's Office directly. But the latter
three areas are primarily the responsiblity of each
department within the College of Engineering. We have
established in each department an advising leader which
we refer to as the "Chief Adviser". The Chief Adviser
is responsible for the departmental advising program
and is expected to make adviser assignments, evaluate
new transfer students, implement curriculum changes
and course changes, evaluate special student requests,
and serve as a general trouble shooter for the de-
partment.

All engineering students are assigned to individual
advisers and they are informed of this assignment
either by mail or through the posting of lists on college
and departmental bulletin boards. Advisers are con-
tinually informed of the student's progress through up-
dated copies of his transcript and graduation require-
ments, course change notices and results of petition
action.

In the past five years some of the changes that have
been made are a complete rewriting of all adviser
guidance materials, establishment of regular meetings
with advisers throughout the College, development of a

data system to provide all advisers with extensive up-
to-date information regarding their advisees, a feedback
system to determine the effectiveness of our advising
program at the freshmen level, and all advisers have
been asked each year to criticize or suggest ways in
which the advising system might be improved. Four
years ago we asked each graduating senior to evaluate
our advising system and give suggestions for improve-
ment. Each year since that time we have sought the
advice of our advisers to improve the system. In each
case, changes have been made based on these evalua-
tions. Thus, there has been more than an occasional
measure of the success of our advising program as in-
dicated in your editorial.

Three years ago an "Adviser's Manual" wasdeveloped
which outlined the specific duties of an adviser as well
as information on special opportunities to be brought to
the advisees attention. This Manual, a copy is enclosed,
has encouraged at least two other colleges on campus
to develop similar booklets.

Many might not think of the Engineering Placement
Office as a part of the advisement program but it is
an important portion of the advisement a student
receives. Through this office he is assisted in the selec-
tion of his first professional employment and many
students also gain summer work experience opportu-
nities through this source. The Placement Office provides
extensive information on opportunities available.

I realize that there are some difficulties in our
present advisory program but believe your statement
that "few are satisfied" is too broad. Perhaps a
definitive article in TECHNOGRAPH on the advisory
system might provide students with a better under-
standing of the system and improve both student and
staff response. Further, I would suggest that Engi-
neering Council, or its appointed group, make a study
of the present system and make recommendations for im-
provement. Constructive criticism is certainly welcomed.

Cordially,

H. L. Wakeland

Associate Dean

In Reply:

Your office is to be commended for its work in
improving registration methods and evaluational proce-
dures within the College. Every advisor is equipped with
the latest in statistical evaluational techniques and
counseling manuals. However, an advisor is only as
good as the guidance he gives his students. If the
student and his advisor seldom meet, it is doubtful if
the advisor can be called a good advisor. The fact is,
advisors and advisees seldom meet, few advisors really
know their students, and our well-structured, greatly
admired advisory system is just not doing the job.

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 43

Unitl a way can be found to establish closer ties
between advisors and advisees, students will continue to
not avail themselves of the advisory program. Only
through real friendships will conversations flow easily,
problems be solved, and students begin to fully utilize
the knowledge and resources of the advisors.

You state the problems of the advisory program were
neither discussed nor studied prior to the December
editorial. This is not true. Many hours were spent
interviewing students and the consensus was that most
students do not look to their advisors for guidance.
It was then that TECHNOGRAPH proposed that a
professional study of the advising program be made.
The fact that TECHNOGRAPH did not first approach
the Student-Faculty Liason Committee before printing
its proposal is not critical. This is especially true when
one considers that at the February 22nd meeting of the
Committee, the advising problem was brought up,
TECHNOGRAPH submitted its proposal, and not one
member of the Committee commented. In fact, at the
same meeting a vote was taken to decide areas of study
for the semester and advising was rejected.

Several Honors' advisors have, indeed, been able to
communicate with their students for one very good
reason. Because the honor's advisor has the power to
make course substitutions, he become immediately
attractive and useful to the student. Consequently, the
honors student consults his advisor even if a personal
relationship does not exist. In a sense, with his power
the advisor has lured the student into his office. On
the other hand, non-honors' advisors do not have the
freedom to make course substitutions. They must find
some other method to develop friendships with their
advisees.

Do we need to give more advisors the power to sub-
stitute courses? Should advisors attempt to develop a
relationship with students by making their first few
meetings compulsory? Should the manner in which
advisors first approach new advisees be analyzed? We
do not know the answers to our advising problems, but
we are convinced the answers do not lie in improved
counseling manuals or refined registration and evalua-
tion methods. Once again, TECHNOGRAPH proposes
that a professional study of the advisor-advisee relation-
ship be undertaken.

Advising is and will continue to be a personal matter.

TECHNOGRAPH STAFF

To The Editor:

In the January issue, Edwin Black gave the engi-
neering student some suggestions for crossing Green
Street. The idea, as I gather, is that by spending all

of one's time or all of one's interest on one side of
the street that you become less of a total human being
and more of a machine. I agree wholeheartedly. I
suggest as a first step in remedying this situation that
all non-engineering students be required to take GEIOO
and then to choose 12 credit hours of courses from a
list of engineering courses of general nature.

I think Mr. Black is going about his cross-over in
the wrong direction. I believe that most engineering
students know and understand more about the South
side of Green Street than vice versa. As a senior in
Civil Engineering I have taken courses in History,
Political Science, Psychology, Economics and Geology
not to mention the Rhetoric, Chemistry, etc. that are
required of most students. These courses are in the
general stream of LAS curricula and more in line for
history majors than engineers. However, I have yet to
see an English major in any of my TAM courses and
none have appeared in any CE courses. The imbalance
of understanding is quite as Mr. Black indicated, but
his suggestion tends to apply the means for correction
to the wrong side of the street.

A great many of his comments were well aimed. We
engineering students are technically oriented. We have to
be to survive. It is true that the average engineer does
not want to study a foreign language or literature,
main tenets of LAS, but how many Lit. majors want
to study Pavement Design or Soil Mechanics? True,
the comparison is not quite fair, but it illustrates the
point that many engineers who really want to take
courses south of the Great Divide would like to make:
If you want to graduate in four or even five years you
can't take the time. It only takes one or two "busy
work" courses to make that extra humanities course
with seven assigned books almost impossible.

The comment that there are fewer engineers in extra-
curricular activities is well taken. Generally, we don't
have either the time nor inclination for we are busy, as
you say, gobbling whole heaps of knowledge and
training. But, in our defense, if you were to compare
the number involved in some activity on a percentage
basis I am sure that you will find the engineer holding
his own. It is often assumed that half the campus is
engineers, but as I understand it we represent only
about one-quarter at most. And even then who is to
say that the student who places studies over activities
is hurting his future and his intellectual well-being?

The engineering student is being pushed hard to
keep up with the rapidly advancing technological world
but I don't think without some regard to the total
human being. The best solution I can offer is this:
Edwin Black, let's both cross Green Street: I'll show
you what interest me in CE and you show me what
keeps you in the English Department.

Thomas B. Berns

44 TECHNOGRAPH

March, 1968

To The Editor:

I'm writing this in the interest of clarification and in
defense of a class of students; a class contrived, and in
a sense condemned by individuals who choose to believe
that people who go to make it are in some way
innately different from themselves. I am referring to the
people "North of Green street" who, apparently in the
minds of some, seem to be capable in their own
restricted spheres of enlightenment and interests, but
who fail pitifully when challenged to participate in
intellectual gymnastics with fellow students, not of the
Engineering College.

First of all, it seems unreasonable to me to refer to
these students as "the engineers" for we are all men,
and not one of us is exactly like another. Moreover,
I tend to think that the characteristics common to the
whole of mankind are more diffuse throughout this
group than some may care to recognize. This is an
assertion with which many, I should think, would
agree.

Still it cannot be denied that there is a real difference
between the engineering and non-engineering student.
This difference is not, however, one born out of some
deeply rooted mental or psychological schism separating
the two, but, in my opinion, is simply due to a relatively
minor variation in their individual cultivated interests.
What, to my mind, many people fail to recognize is
that there is no real hierarchy of status among those

things which go to make up the world, its history, and
future. Those events and eras in which mankind has
been involved are not all that could be called the
World. Man is not the point on which focuses the
divine gaze of eternity, nor is any other facet of being
which comprises existence. If we can remove those
romanticisms which color our thinking we can see that
there is a Universe of worlds within our own, each
worthy of investigation, each as extensive as the next.

That an engineer studies physical aspects of existence
is no more unusual or narrow of mind than a humanist's
study of the human aspect of existence. Is it not true
that a strict humanist who condemns an engineer for
his narrowness of range is himself guilty of the same
narrowness? Let me hasten to say that I don't believe
there exists what I've referred to as a strict humanist
just as I must say there is not such a thing as a "pure
engineer."

Because I recognize that the term "engineer" has
come to mean more than it should I do not like to
refer to myself as such. I will only say that I, as is
everyone, am a man of many interests, one of which
simply predominates. It would be to our benefit that in
recognizing our differences we be aware of our like-
nesses as men, for all men though different are alike.

Respectfully,

Leo G. Dewey

College of Engineering

Depart, of Aero. Eng.

March, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 45

WeVe got the

little pond

you're looking for...

If you are looking for the opportunity that can only
be offered by a large corporation . . . one that will
oifer you an interesting position now and not three
to five years from now . . . investigate what Auto-
matic Electric has to offer!

Automatic Electric is the telephone company that
stresses youth and the development of new ideas in
electronic systems. Our project groups are small be-
cause we want to avoid that "little frog in a big
pond" feeling.

We have positions for you in applied research,
design, development and manufacturing, if you're a
degree candidate in any of the following fields:

Mechanical Engineering Physics
Electrical Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Chemical Engineering

Find out how you can take a dip in one of our exciting

Mathematics
Computer Science

little "ponds" . . . have a talk with the man from
Automatic Electric. He'll also tell you about our
educational program, with tuition paid when you
attend graduate classes at one of the many colleges
in our area. Or, you may enroll at one of the courses
we hold on our own premises to earn credit toward
an advanced degree.

See your placement director to arrange a personal
interview, or write to James G. Cobban, Manager,
Professional Employment, Automatic Electric
Company, Northlake, Illinois 60164.

AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC

SUBSIDIARY OF GENERAL TELEPHON E & ELECTRONICS

an equal opportunity employe

; I

the right idea.

17th-century Space Flight.

Cyrano de Bergerac's science fiction
fantasy about a box propelled into space
by rockets came close to fact. Before the
end of this decade, Apollo and LM will
indeed be thrust to the moon by rockets
guided by AC Electronics guidance and
navigation systems.

Navigation, Second-Century B.C.

Hipparchus's second-century astrolabe
was used for celestial navigation until the
mid-18th century. Today, ships still depend
on stars for guidance . . . through such so-
isticated help as AC Electronics' computer-
ized Ships' Self-Contained Navigation System.

Turtle vs. Eagle. In 1776, the American
"Turtle" attacked the British flagship
"Eagle" in the first wartime submarine
action in history. Today, AC Electronics
contributes to both the defensive and the
scientific role of the submarine... with
guidance components aboard our Polaris
fleet, and with its own
undersea research vessel.

At AC Electronics we believe every
great achievement starts with an idea. That's
why we put a premium on creativity, and
foster it through such innovations as our Career
Acceleration Program which lets you learn as you work.
Ask your college placement ofl^cer about a General
Motors/AC on-campus interview. Or write: Mr. R. W.
Schroeder, Dir. of Professional
and Scientific Employment, Box
702, AC Electronics Division, Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin 53201.

AC ELECTRONICS

Equal Opportunity Employer

You'll manufacture nothing.
But create much...
as an Air Force Systems
Command civilian.

The mission is a challenging one: research,
development and testing of aerospace weapons systems,
satellites, boosters, spyce probes, and associated
systems. The disciplines required include electronic,
aerospace, mechanical, electrical, industrial, chemical,
nuclear, materials and general engineering, mathematics,
physics and chemistry. The goal: assuring the Air Force's
continuing aerospace supremacy.

Creative challenge is just one of the advantages of
Air Force Systems Command careers. There are many
others. Your particular job assignment, for instance,
begins on the day you're h.red, not after a lengthy training
period... so you learn by doing. There's plenty of room
for you to grow, both in responsibility and in competence,
because the AFSC's R&D effort is among the world's
largest. You may choose from a wide range of
geographical locations in the U.S. And the benefits of
Career Civil Service- including vacation and sick
leave, retirement plans, insurance, job security,
and excellent opportunities for government
financed graduate and post-doctoral studies— are
hard to beat.

If you're interested in a career on the
frontiers of scientific and engineering
knowledge, join us in the Air Force Systems
Command. Obtain additional informiation by
contacting your Placement Office to arrange for
an interview when a Systems Command
representative visits your campus, or write or
visit the Civilian Personnel Office at any of the
Systems Command locations listed.

Aeronautical Systems Division

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

Dayton, Ohio 45433

Electronic Systems Division

L. G. Hanscom Field

Bedford, Massachusetts 01731

Air Force Contract Management Division

AF Unit Post Office

Los Angeles, California 90045

Air Force Flight Test Center

Edwards Air Force Base
Edwards, California 93523

Air Force Missile Development Center

Holloman Air Force Base

Alamogordo, New Mexico 88330

Air Force Eastern Test Range

Patrick Air Force Base
Cocoa Beach, Florida 32925

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Kirtland Air Force Base
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117

Air Proving Ground Center

Eglin Air Force Base
Valparaiso, Florida 32542

Air Force Western Test Range
Vandenberg Air Force Base
Lompoc, California 93437

Rome Air Development Center
Griffiss Air Force Base
Rome, New York 13442

Aerospace Medical Division

Brooks Air Force Base
San Antonio, Texas 78235

Space & Missile Systems Organization

AF Unit Post Office

Los Angeles, California 90045

An Equal

Opportunity

Employer

John C. Heiman.

a typical Kodak m
industrial engineer

Elwood R. Noxon,

a typical Kodak
industrial engineer

What was crucial six months ago?
Hard to remember.

Six months is a long time to a Kodak industrial engineer. Much happens. Men like
these carry on as if the whole company— top to bottom and stem to stern, cameras
to industrial adhesives. food emulsifiers to check microfilmers— were a big laboratory
for the practice of industrial engineering under the best of conditions. Management
finds it pays to let them think so. Happy, they make their advance as strictly pro-
fessional industrial engineers or hide their industrial engineer's insignia and use their
skills to take over other functions in the organization.

Apart from the common denominator of an employer that appreciates industrial
engineers and can always use more of them than we get. Heiman and Noxon lead
very different working lives. Without assuring these gentlemen against the possibility
that six months hence they will have traded specialties, here's the contrast:

Heiman is an accomplished simulation man, a thinker in Fortran,
a builder of models for the big computer to manipulate.

He made a good score lately when given six weeks to overhaul
the reasoning behind the design of a chemical manufacturing
system that had evolved over the last five years as a multi-channel
processing plant with problems in line interference and flexibility.
He and a colleague, checking each other, spent three weeks
writing a program that covered building size, reactor size, product
flow, and auxiliary equipment. Debugging took another three
weeks. All the while a third man was collecting experience data
from the old production area.

The experience data were converted into Monte Carlo input
distributions. Various configurations of the proposed production
equipment were studied in thirty computer experiments, each
simulating twelve weeks of operation.

Result: a system costing 3% more than the original but with
25% more capacity, plus proof that certain manifold connections
between reactors wouldn't work.

Noxon works on mechanical goods. He pities industrial engineers
who don't get to collaborate with their mechanical engineer
partners right from when a project still consists of only rough
sketches. He does get called into his projects that early.

His place is in the middle. At his extreme left is the design
engineer who created the product idea. Next sits the manufac-
turing engineer, devising ways for the production boss to trans-
form the idea into reality at the required volume. To the quality-
control engineer at the other end of the table is entrusted the
whole reputation of the company as it rides on the proposed new
product. Between him and Noxon, the production boss awaits
instructions. Noxon's job is to sell cost awareness right and left.
Unless each of the five gets in his licks, there will be trouble.

Noxon can't stay in the conference room all day. The action
is on the factory floor. In putting together job designs, learning
curves, and space requirements for the 1970 line, he cannot
ignore the ongoing commitment to 1969 product and the lively
remnant of '6X production. And cost reductions had better con-
tinue when Noxon and his teammates study the "audit assembly"
movies from initial production.

Industrial, chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineers who find their profession interesting
and would like to practice it in a way that best suits their individual makeup should talk to
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Business and Technical Personnel Department
Rochester, N.Y. 14650

In Rochesler, N.V. we make photographic and non-photographic products. In Kingsporl. Tenn. our Ti
Eastman Company makes fibers, plastics, and industrial chemicals. In Longview, Tex. our Texas East
Company does petrochemistry. Everywhere an equal-opportunity employer offering a broad choice of
professional work and local conditions, with geographical mobility only for (hose who want it.

Dan Johnson has a flair
for making things.

Just ask a certain family in Marrakeck, Morocco.

A solar cooker he helped develop is now making hfe
a little easier for them — in an area where electricity is
practically unheard of.

The project was part of Dan's work with VITA
(Volunteers for International Technical Assistance)
which he helped found.

Dan's ideas have not ahvays been so practical. Like
the candlcpowered boat he built at age 10.

But when Dan graduated as an electrical engineer
from Cornell in 1955, it wasn't the future of candle-
powered boats that brought him to General Electric.
It was the variety of opportunity. He saw opportunities
in more than 130 "small businesses" that make up Gen-
eral Electric. Together they make more than 200,000
different products.

At GE, Dan is working on the design for a remote
control system for gas turbine powerplants. Some day
it may enable his Moroccan friends to scrap their solar
cooker.

Like Dan Johnson, you'll find opportunities at Gen-
eral Electric in R&D. design, production and technical
marketing that match your qualifications and interests.
Talk to our man when he visits your campus. Or write
for career information to: General Electric Company,
Room 80 IZ, 570 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y.

10022 699-23

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER (M F)

^l/.^

APRIL 1968

TUDENT ENGINEERING

LTY OF ILLINOIS

W. L. EVERin

\\\^

V\^V\K«^

^\\^^

\^^'^

i^^.

,^^vv»»V%

to ri

lO CD

Doesn't it seem like yesterday when you took everything in the house apart.
First the toy cars and trucks . . . then your electric train . . . finally mom's
toaster. You caught it for that, but you found out how everything worked,
and later why.

If you're an Electri-
cal, Mechanical, Indus-
trial, Chemical or Metal-
lurgical Engineer with a
need to find the answer — we need you. Talk to your Bell System recruiter
when he visits your campus, or write for more information to:

REMEMBER
WHEN?

TELETYPE

machines that make data move

ru-

TELETYPE CORPORATION

College Relations Department A47

5555 W. Touhy Avenue • Skokie, Illinois 60076

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Western Electric gets a fast fix on magnetics.

Anyone planning to use a mag-
netic material for anything more
subtle than picking things up had
better know its hysteresis curve.
That's the curve that shows how
much magnetic flux is induced in
a material by applied magnetizing
forces of either polarity. Western
Electric uses many kinds of mag-
netic materials in the communica-
tions equipment we build for the
Bell System. And for very subtle
purposes indeed.

So we draw a lot of hysteresis
curves. And, by old test methods
it could take
draw even one

Since flux

the materials we use produce very
weak forces, people have been try-
ing for years to work out a hystere-
sigraph that will get these forces
to move a recording pen. Until re-
cently, the closest anybody had
come was one of our engineers.
His device employed a galva-
nometer, a mirror, a pair of photo-
cells, a servo amplifier and motor,
and an elaborate set of balancing
and positioning controls. It drew
nice curves, but the slightest vi-
bration threw it off, and getting it

set to go again took time, skill, and
infinite patience.

The same engmeer who devised
that hysteresigraph recognized the
possibilities of a newly developed
device called an electronic opera-
tional amplifier. He designed a
new, all-electronic hysteresigraph
around it that draws accurate
curves in about five minutes,
needs hardly any adjusting, and is
completely indifferent to vibration.

This is the kind of continuing in-
ventiveness Western Electric brings
to its job as manufacturing and
supply unit of the Bell System.

^ Western Electric

For more information write tO: Manager of College Relations, Western Electric Co., Room 251 OA, 222 Broadway. New York, NY 10038. An equal opportunity employer.

You keep hearing about "advancing the state of the art." But you seldom hear it define
Simply put, it means adding something to existing knowledge. That's OK, so far as
goes. But we at Ryan believe the "art" in the phrase should stand for "original." In o
book, innovation is the key to expanding a technology. It goes beyond just adding
known data. It's talent to see ahead, to anticipate a future need, and determination
do something about it. We live by the philosophy: "Tomorrow's Technology Today." Y(
see evidence of that in the firsts we have racked up in Jet Target Drones, in V/ST(
Science, in Space Age Electronics. To keep the firsts coming, we continuously se(
believers in the art of innovation. When a Ryan representative visits I r y A N
your campus, ask what we mean, "being first Is a Ryan tradition."

Speaking
of art...

^f *••*■■■.<!.

*vi\.

welcome your inquiry about Ryar, opportur„ties. Write Mr. Harlow McGeath, Ryan Aeronaut,ca, Company, L.ndbelgTneTs^^^^^

APRIL 1968
Vol. 83; No. 7

TECHNOGRAPH

■XECUTIVE BOARD

lobert Jones Editor

Uan Halpern . . Associate Editor
illwyn Eiiglof. . . Business Manager
om Brown . . . Managing Editor
.awrence Heyda . Production Manager

ohn Serson Photographer

'aul Klein .... Circulation Manager
}ary Sobol .... Circulation Manager
eff Kurtz . . . Engr. Council Repr.
ohn Bourgoin .... Copy Editor
lary Slulsky . . . .Eng. Campus Editor

ITUDENT ENGINEERING

MAGAZINE

INIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

'hairman; Harold J. Schwebke, Uni-
ersily of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-
in, and United Stales Student Press
association, 2117 S. Street, N. VV.,
Vashingion, D. C.

'ubiished seven times during the year
October, November, December, Jan-
lary, February, March, and April).
)ffice 248 Electrical Engineering
luilding, Urbana, Illinois.

ubscriptions $2.50 per year. Single
opies 40 cents. Advertising Represent-
tive — Littell-Murray-Bamhill, Inc.,
37 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago
I, Illinois; 360 Lexington Avenue,
Jew York 17, New York.

opyrighl, 1967. by the lllini Publishing
bmpany. Champaign, Illinois.

entered as Second Class matter, October
0, 1920, at the Post Office at Urbana,
llinois, under the Act of March 3,
879.

WERAGE CIRCULATION— 5400;
Vendors— 50, Mail— 1250, Total paid
-1300; Free distribution — 4000

ARTICLES
10 THE UNFORGETTABLE MAN: W. L. WHATSHISNAME

TECHNOGRAPH renews an illustrious career as Dean Everitl retires.

20 UNTIL WE ALL SHALL WORK AS ONE TOWARD A MUTUAL GOAL

"The First Teacher Award"

Edwin Black's latest article reveals the story behind the first student
award for teacher excellence.

26 LIFE OR DEATH FOR ENGINEERING SOCIETIES?

"The Spirit Reincarnate"

This review of this year's IEEE activities may provide some interesting
ideas for society programs.

FEATURES

6 EDITORIAL

30 ENGINEERING CAMPUS

35 BOOK REVIEW

37 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

COVER

Retiring Dean William Everiit as sketched by
Larry Heyda, TECHNOGRAPH artist.

editorial

Being the Dean of the College of Engineering must be a lonely
job. It requires planning, decisions, and, surely, many regrets about
things that could have been done better. It does not permit an
overwhelmingly strong relationship with the students, because the
voices of the faculty members are louder and because not many
students have the nerve to air their complaints to the top man.

For the last nineteen years, the top man has been W. L. Everitt,
who became Dean of the College of Engineering in 1949 — be-
tween World War II and the Korean conflict. It was a time of flux
for engineering education. There were many signs that engineers who
had received the traditional machine shop — foundry — nuts-and-
bolts education were finding it difficult to stay abreast of the rapid
changes of technology. Also governmental agencies were becoming
interested in offering financial support to basic research efforts that
could produce new knowledge and more engineering Ph.D.'s. The
overriding questions were: How could broader, more fundamental
programs be designed, and how would it be possible to engage in
governmental research efforts without completely sacrificing the
goals of engineering education?

Under Dean Everitt's leadership, educational programs were
broadened and made more fundamental, and the research programs
were increased from their pre-Korean war support to millions of
dollars annually — and Illinois' graduate programs in engineering
grew proportionately. Not wishing to lose contact with his students
or faculty members, the new dean declared an "open-door policy"
for his office, an offer that was taken advantage of over the years
more often by irate people than happy ones.

Possibly exhibiting something of the masochistic side of his nature,
but claiming that he did not wish to lose contact with the students
of the College, he made it clear that he welcomed students' opinions,
and he sohcited the help of Engineering Council and TECHNO-
GRAPH. He got what he asked for: these students attacked such
things as the Honors Program, the advisory system, and the fact
that there were no students seated on the College's committees —
and he hstened. The Honors Program was redesigned, the advisory
system was revised, and students were seated on most of the
College's committees.

Dean Everitt has had many national achievements. He has been
president of all of the major engineering organizations you ever
heard of (ASEE, ECPD, COEE, IRE) and a few that you haven't
heard about. He was a founding member of the National Academy
of Engineering, and he has received more awards, medals, and
honorary degrees than most of us would beheve possible. But we
honor him for local, small, perhaps even Mickey Mouse achieve-
ments: he has listened to and respected the opinions of the students
of his own College.

We think the next Dean, whoever he may turn out to be, has a
big pair of shoes to fill.

If you want a career with the only
big computer company that makes
retail data systems complete
from sales registers to computers,
where would you go?

Guess again.

It's NCR, and this is not tine only surprise you may get if
you take a closer look at NCR.

In a list of "emerging ideas of 1966," Business Manage-
ment magazine credits NCR with two out of seven: pioneer-
ing in laser technology for recording data, and development
of our new PCM! microform system that puts the Bible on
a projector slide.

When you start looking, look closely at NCR. NCR can sur-
prise you; maybe you have some surprises for us. Write to
T. F. Wade, Executive and Professional Placement, NCR,
Dayton, Ohio 45409.

NCR

An Equal Opportunity Employer.

Model of TIROS M — an RCA second generation multisensor, earth-stabilized spacecraft. The primary meteorological
mission for the TIROS M system is to provide a combination of the daylight cloud-cover missions of the two types of TOS
(TIROS Operational System) spacecraft and, in addition, to provide a night-time cloud-cover-observation capability
for both real time and global data.

RCA in Aerospace and Defense

The most significant benefit to
mankind from meteorological
satellites tias been ttie dramatic
improvement in the daily observation
of the earth's weather systems. With
earth-orbiting satellites, the weather
over the entire earth is viewed daily.
The more than 30 spacecraft and
major systems built by RCA have
accumulated a total of nearly 20 years
in outer space. You will find in this
one area alone — Aerospace and
Defense — RCA has set standards of
engineering excellence that are
second to none.

We are looking for EE, ME and IE
graduates for positions in the
Corporate Programs including Design
and Development, Manufacturing,
Purchasing, Operations Research,
Finance and Management
Information Systems,
We welcome the opportunity to
review your personal interests and
career objectives, and show you how
RCA can further your individual
development and growth in many
fields, such as: Home Entertainment
Products, Communications,
Solid-state Devices, Computers,

Control Systems, Radar, Weather and
Communications Satellites,
Broadcast Studio Equipment,
Conversion, Receiver and Power
Tubes, Laser and Electro-Optic
Devices, Microwave Systems, Medical
Electronics, Graphic Systems, etc.
See your college placement
director, or write to College Relations,
RCA, Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08101.
We are an Equal Opportunity
Employer.

RGil

Exerpts from "THE INEVERITTABLE CONCLUSION", presented April 18.
Edited by Donna Erwin.

In the year of his retirement, we present a picture-history of the Ufe of our Dean

"the unforgettable man"

- w. 1. whatshisname

Even as a child one could see
evidence of the foresight that would
make him great. He was the first
hippie.

Bill Whatshisname was born April 14,
1900, in Baltimore. This has made it
easy for him, as a man who has never
been especially good with numbers, to
remember his age from year to year.

Later on his family decided he was a boy.

In 1918, overcome with patri-
otism and a suspicion that his
name might come up any day, he
enlisted in the Marine Corps as a
private.

In 1922 he was pleased and
surprised to be commissioned as
a 2nd Lieutenant ... in another
outfit — the Army Signal Corps.

He also got his first degree in 1922 — from Cornell University.

He met Dorothy there.

The trousers he wore to graduation had one of those new-fangled zippers.

It didn't work very well.

One day Dorothy showed up for a picnic
dressed like this. . .

She brought some friends. . .

What a nice surprise!

■I

Mjl

iT^ ♦/ J M

^^^^3|^H

[

'' ^Hi^^^^^^B

After the wedding
they went to a nice
place. . .

and dressed like Bonnie and Clyde while they were there.

In 1926 he got his second
degree — this time from the
University of Michigan. He still
had the same trousers.

In 1933 he got his third degree
from Ohio State.

Although they had three children, they collected pets. . .

\''\"'/>L i-'^i-H^-

of all kinds.

As Dean, he began
to lead the College to-
ward the study of more
basic fundamentals. . .

helping it get more modern
facilities . . .

and caused this to be built — whatever it was.

He was very good at getting money for the College.

Over the years he remained involved
in various military and government
organizations. Here he had a mustache.

He even tested new Air Force planes . ,

with occasional
bad results.

He became a familiar face .

r ''^^l

^^H

^^m. -^

^^ ^^^^^Bd^^^l

l^^v'

^H^^^^l

I^HIK

:^...A:,

In many engineering organizations.

Although he started at the bottom .

In some of them he became quite high.

As Dean, he always
lilced the students. He
especially liked talking
to freshmen.

He always had a pleasant smile
for students, even when they ob-
jected to his policies. 0

But he was not a pushover when they got out of hand .

and Dorothy always
stood by his side.

But the Dean was best known as
a warm human being who would
always try to help students who got
into trouble. If and when he could
have the right sort of conversation
with the miscreants' father, he
would offer forgiveness ....

and celebrate in his own way
after they left his office.

We will never forget Dean Whatshisname.

A multitude of careers, in fact. And we'd lil<e cruiting team will get in touch with you to talk
to discuss them with you. So you'll have a bet- about the whys, whats and wherefores of a
ter idea of what a Bell System engineering Bell System engineering career,
career is all about, we'd like to send you a Send to; Personnel Manager, College Em-
copy of "Communications— a challenging ployment,AmericanTelephoneandTelegraph
future for you." Co., 195 Broadway, Room^^v

Then later a member of the Bell System Re- 2116A, New York, N.Y.10007.(^ffi^j /\ffit|

NAME

ADDRESS

COLLEGE

MAJOR

PHONE NO.

PREFERRED LOCATION U.S.A.

THIS IS A CAREER

DISGUISED

AS A COUPON

Ifyou''re looking for responsibility

m'S^K

v0^^

r,-E^

Ar2-i =\jj^2ri.2il A i^

see

IVIag

No matter what your field of inter-
est, if you work for Magnavox, re-
sponsibility comes early. We're a
fast growing organization — from
S200 million to over S-150 million
in five years without major acqui-
sition— and, with Magnavox, you
can grow just as fast.
Responsibility plus
At Magnavox, more than hard work
is expected . . . you'll be encouraged
to grow as a professional ... to ex-
tend your formal education (at our
expense ) and, informally, to partic-
ipate in company-sponsored contin-
uing education courses. And you'll
be encouraged to use your knowl-
edge ... to rethink old problems for
better solutions ... to resolve new
problems that have never been
answered before.
Many opportunities at
Magnavox
Magnavox produces fine television

(both color and monochrome) and
stereophonic sound equipment for
home use, as well as workhorse elec-
tronic systems for defense . . . radio
communications for Army. Navy
and Air Force; radar; electronic
countermeasures and counter-coun-
termeasures ; sonobuoys and data
processors for the Navy's antisub-
marine warfare program : advanced
satellite navigation receivers; and
specialized systems for data storage,
retrieval and transmission.
More than just work
Magnavox has plants in Indiana.
Illinois. California. Tennessee, Mis-
sissippi and North Carolina and, no
matter which one you join, you're
close to good living. Big league
sports, both professional and ama-
teur . . . participation sports to
stretch your own muscles. Excellent
cultural facilities ... or the chance
just to relax and live a little. Excel-

lent schools . . . excellent residential
areas. With Magnavox, you're not
only close to. but can afford, the
better things in life.
If you're looking for
responsibility plus
See your College Placement Office
for full information on career op-
portunities at Magnavox. Or write
T. P. O'Brien. College Relations
Coordinator, The Magnavox Com-
pany. 2131 Bueter Road, Fort
Wayne, Indiana 46803.

Magnavox needs professionals now
in the areas of:

Chemical Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Physics

Production Engineering

An equal opportunity employer
m/f.

why engineering students graduate to Lockheed, progress is a matter of

degrees. But, that's only ttie beginning. At Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, we're working on wideworld...
otherworld . . . upperworld . . . and subworld projects, D We're pretty high on space... we've got Agena to prove it.
And, when it comes to ballistic missiles, Polaris and Poseidon show an arc of triumph. We think deeply, too...
consider our deep submergence vehicles, for example. And, just to show you our feet are solidly on the ground,
we're working on advanced land vehicles. Information? Business, government and industry get it out of our
systems. D For more information write to: Mr. R. C. Birdsall, Professional Placement Manager, P.O. Box 504,
Sunnyvale, California 94088. Lockheed is an equal opportunity employer. # f%^/^f^^PW^

A4ISSILES a. SPACE COMPANY

BAYNE

GORDON

UNTIL WE ALL SHALL WORK AS

" The First Teacher Award "

In alphabetical order, they are Associate Professor
James Bayne, Mechanical Engineering; Instructor John
P. Gordon, Electrical Engineering; Professor Wallace
M. Lansford, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; and
Assistant Professor Shung-Wu Lee, Electrical Engi-
neering. These four were selected by the students to
receive highest honorary recognition for teaching excel-
lence. Bayne, Gordon, Lansford, and Lee are the first
recipients of the Engineering Teacher Award. The
teachers formally receive their awards at a banquet
May 2.

This project was in the planning only a semester
ago. Since that time the Engineering Council has
worked with the idea constantly in an attempt to make
it operational for this semester. A committee of five
council men — Al Decho (chairman), Ray Rossbacher,
Jim Skogsberg, Joe Stephano, and Dave Turner — was
charged with devising a system of fair teacher evalua-
tion and implementing it. After months of debate an
evaluation formula was agreed upon.

Two thousand, four hundred engineering students
were polled; sophomores, junions, seniors. Each one
received a survey sheet with spaces for two nominations
or more, if desired. Those who signed their names
were assured of complete anonymity. The committee
received noninations for over 150 different teachers. A
weighing system was determined, based on a ratio of
the number of students a teacher had over a two-year
period against the number of nominations he received.
Therefore, if a teacher taught only 100 students in a
two-year period, ten votes for him would equal 100
votes for a teacher that had taught 1000 students in a
two-year period. All but fifty teachers were eliminated.

A questionaire was supplied to each student presently
enrolled in the classes of the fifty teachers. Seven
questions were asked. They covered areas of teaching
techniques, instructor attitudes, and over-all ability.
The questions could be answered to indicate any of
five degrees of excellence. The most excellent response
to a question would make it worth five points and

20 TECHNOGRAPH April, 1968

LANSFORD

LEE

ONE TOWARD A MUTUAL GOAL

by Edwin Black

progressively lower to a single point for a poor rating.
With each question worth a possible five points, a
perfect score would have been thirty-five. The highest
score attained by a single teacher was 34.1. The same
weighing system was employed to make scores relative
to the sizes of the classes. Of the fifty teachers there
were twenty-two that scored far above the rest.

The remaining twenty-two teachers could each have
been a winner. Al Decho said, "It was extremely
difficult to pick one from the twenty-two superior
nominees we had. This was the hardest part of the
entire evaluation. We elected to award four teachers
instead of just one. Even with this modification the
final selection was a problem." Each of the twenty-two
teachers was reviewed on an over-all basis. Taken into
consideration were specific remarks made by students
on the questionaires in the area provided, areas of
comparative excellence in the ratings, the weighing
system, and the consultation of the various student
engineering societies. Finally, four men were chosen as

the most outstanding in the over-all opinion of their
students, the committee, and the student societies.

Bayne — "I'm overwhelmed. It's really gratifying."
Wakeland — "This is the first formal honor from the
students bestowed upon their teachers." Bokenkamp —
"... and it's one of the best things for the college . . ."
Gordon — "In my opinion this is the ultimate recogni-
tion from the student." Opperman — " . . .a great
award of honor and recognition. . ." Jeff, an electrical
engineer — "These are really among the best teachers
I know; I'm glad they got the award." Lansford —
"This is a high honor coming from the students.
They're the ones that really know if you're really
teaching well." Ron, a mechanical engineer — "...
think it's about time we engineers showed some ap-
preciation for the way we are taught." Lee — "I can
say I did not expect this. But I am very happy. Very,
very happy." Decho — "We thought it would demon-
strate that the students are concerned with the way
they are taught. I think it will serve to bring the

April, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 21

A! Decho and his committee are
shown here counting the votes.

students and the faculty closer and make each more
conscious of the other." Smeller — "We feel this can
possibly shorten the existing gap between the faculty
and the student body. Of course, it was extremely
difficult to pick these four . . ." Mark, a theoretical and
applied mechanical engineer — "I couldn't vote, but I
can say that if I would have, that at least one of the
winners would have been my choice. Over-all I'd say
these four really deserve the honors they're receiving."
Craig, a general engineer — "Having been in the
college for four years, I can say that the selections
look fair as well as accurate. Matter of fact, I voted
for Bayne, myself. .

"I'm overwhelmed," said Associate Professor Bayne.
Having earned both his B.S. and M.S. at the Univer-
sity of Illinois, Bayne began teaching courses in machine
design in 1947. He teaches courses in machine design
presently and credits his success to the following
attitude; "The keynote is flexibility. I believe that if at
first you don't succeed you should try again. Your
explanations aren't worth a penny if the students can't
understand them. And if the students can't understand
a particular concept there is no use going on; it only
means they'll understand the next concept that much
less. Therefore, if one approach to a concept does not
reach the other, by all means try others until you have
either exhausted possible approaches, or (as we hope)
gotten through to the class."

Of course, sometimes the teachers enthusiasm for
his students can be discouraged. "Picture the first day
of class," says Bayne. "You've just explained the
requirements of the course and the grading system.
You covered just what will be expected of the student
and when. And when you're done you ask if there
are any questions. Invariably, the first hand will
inquire, 'Now that I know what you expect, sir, do

you know if there are any other sections in this
course at this hour.'

"But on the whole I can say that I have really
enjoyed my students. I hope that I have been a good
influence upon them." We hope so; some of his best
students were Jack Hering and Carl Larsen.

" . . . iJtimate recognition from the student," said
Instructor Gordon. Although he had received his B.S.
and M.S. at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he chose to
work for his doctorate at the University of Illinois. He
came here in 1965 when he began teaching courses in
introductory circuits. He now teaches circuit analysis
courses. Gordon says that in his classes so much
depends upon the students enjoying the lectures;
"...therefore I usually insert a certain amount of
levity into my lectures. Of course, the test of the
lecture is in the class participation. I demand that
everyone participate in class discussion.

"Not all teachers are interested in teaching students.
Some are actually concerned with only their research
and consider teaching a chore. Others are really con-
cerned with their role as a teacher. Therefore this
means so much to a man like me who likes young
people and enjoys teaching. I hold this student recogni-
tion far above a departmental recognition, which
really doesn't reflect the attitude of the students at all."
Gordon's approach to his classes is simple and straight-
forward and can be best summed up by his statement,
"You can't be successful unless you enjoy what you're
doing. And unless you're having fun, it seems there
can be no enjoyment."

"This kind of thing can be a real incentive to the
rest of the faculty," said Professor Lansford. Lansford
was born in 1900 and earned his three degrees at the

22 TECHNOGRAPH April, 1968

University of Illinois, and had joined their staff in the
experimental station by the time he was twenty-nine.
In 1929, his courses were introductory phases in the
Theoretical and applied mechanics. Today he teaches
courses in fluids. "My basic theory on teaching is that
work is demanded of any student if he is to learn.
And when a fellow gets a credit from one of my
courses you know he's worked.

"If I have an approach it's this: The first four to
six weeks is important. That's when you have to set
the pattern of what the work is. If you're gruff the
first six weeks, you can bet the rest of the semester
will run smoothly; it's only then that you can ease up.
In my dass everything in the lectures and everything
in the text is the student's responsibility. Impress this
upon them at the start and there won't be a need to
growl at the end about being way behind."

Lansford's only criticism of the teaching system
today is the practice of distinguishing between honors
and non-honors classes. He feels removing all the
brighter students is an actual setback to the slower
students who need a sense of competition. "I don't
like the idea of separating the bright ones from the
slower ones. I don't believe in intellectual integration
or segregation. If you just leave the classes alone you
will get a nice proportion."

To his credit Lansford has almost forty years of
teaching. Out of his classes have come many fine
students that have been quite successful. Several of his
students have become vice-presidents of firms like
U.S. Steel or Western Union. In addition, Lansford
has the distinction of having taught about a half of
the T.A.M. Department, and men like Roberts, Kessler,
Murdock, Mosborg, Briscoe. In his hydralics class of
several years ago he boasted his best student to be
James Bayne.

"This is significant because no one knows if a
teacher is teaching well or not. Most teachers spend
much of their time in research and pay little attention
to teaching," said Assistant Professor Shung-Wu Lee.
Coming to America in 1962 with a B.S. he had
received in Formosa, Lee earned his M.S. and Ph.D
at the University of Illinois. In 1967 the twenty-eight
year old electrical engineer received a position with the
faculty. He teaches circuits.

"My philosophy of teaching has appeared to be
successful. First, I discourage class note-taking. I feel it
distracts from actual teaching and understanding. I
prefer my students to pay careful attention and ask
about anything they don't understand. I also follow
the text closely to minimize the necessity for note-
taking. Another practice I find extremely helpful is to
memorize the names of each of the class members; I
do this within a few weeks after the beginning of the
term by studying a seating chart. And if the students

should fall asleep during one of my lectures, which
can happen, I sometimes tell a funny story to regain
their attention."

One of Lee's greatest problems in achieving success
as a teacher was in overcoming the worries he had
about his foreigh accent. A native of China, Lee felt
his accent would be a handicap and actually work
against his efforts. "But after speaking to the depart-
ment head. Professor Jordon, I was convinced my
accent might actually be an aid. He told me his best
teacher used to be a stutterer. Because both a stutterer
and a newcomer to the language would speak very
slowly the students would pay greater attention to
what was being said. I hope I can continue to be an
effective teacher."

These four — Bayne, Gordon, Lansford, and Lee,
deemed by the college as the most outstanding — receive
their very special award early in May when the award
will take on a second significance. It was the decision
of the committee to make the award itself a com-
memoration of the years of dedicated service to the
college of its retiring dean, William L. Everitt. The
teacher award is a bust of the Dean. Each of the four
winners will receive a bust, and every winner in
successive years will receive a bust. Decho — "It only
seemed fitting that the man who contributed so much
to the college should be honored in this way."

And this is just another move, another step, up a
ladder toward excellence for the college of engineering.
The teacher award is an innovation for progress.
Progress, the credo of the engineer, is unstoppable.
Another year, another step, toward the goal of the best
education offerable. Another year, another step, until
we shall all be like one working toward a mutual goal.

Edwin Black is a fresh man
English major. This is his
fourth article for TECH-
NOG RA PH.

April, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 23

• • •

THE NURTURING OF PROFESSIONAL INTEGRITY

The scientists and engineers who make up
Booz'Allen Applied Research Inc. work
in an atmosphere uniquely suited to the
fulfillment of their professional goals.
Project teams composed of specialists
representing every pertinent discipline
approach problems through the creative
interaction of diverse minds. A synthesis
is reached which broadens the outlook
of the researchers far more than any
summary of isolated insights.

Their assignments are broad and deep,
ranging from undersea warfare systems
development to aerospace engineering
and astronautics studies. The sophisticated
methodology brought to bear on each
problem further contributes to individual
growth in professional attainment.

No corporate proprietary interests intrude
on research objectivity.

Our growing, international organization now
encompasses more than thirty scientific
and engineering specialties. The majority of
our 500 staff members are professionals
of advanced competence and experience.

Booz'AIIen Applied Research Inc. has grown
to established leadership in the field of
scientific and technical services. Within this
environment of growth, opportunities for
increased individual responsibility have
more than kept pace.

If you are interested in learning more about
Booz'Allen Applied Research Inc., contact
Mr. Ronald C. Williams, Director of
College Relations.

BOOZ • ALLEN APPLIED RESEARCH inc.

135 South LaSalie Street,, Chicago, llhnois 60603, Phone (312) 372-1728
CHICAGO/ KANSAS CITY/WASHINGTON, D.C./LOS ANGELES
An equal opportunity employer

How about

teaming up with tiie
icing of tiie road?

International Harvester. We take a back seat to nobody. We're the world's largest producer of heavy-duty trucks.
One out of every three on the road today is an International. Roll with us. We're rolling in high gear in farm and
construction equipment, too. There will be another three billion mouths to feed in this world in your time. And
by the time you reach middle age, the new construction will dwarf today's most ambitious projects. It's a mush-
rooming world, with International Harvester right on top of it. Our biggest challenge for tomorrow is to provide an
ever-increasing number of machines to meet the world's increasing demands for basic mechanical power. If you're
graduating now, you couldn't have picked a better time to join us. Ask your College Placement Office more about us.

Lj International Harvester puts power in your hands

Arv £OuAL GfrOKTUMT^ EMFLOiEK

■:'^mi&* >

i '^

ilH OR PiATH for engineering societies

" W( SPIRIT ReiHCARHAU "

by Donald E. Brewer
and Donald A. Hanson

The skeleton-headed creatures were staring through
our faces. At any instant the police were ready to snap
into action. However, the student branch of the In-
stitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers did
successfully protect Commander John Hammack , Direc-
tor of the Illinois Selective Service System, from a
massive organized demonstration.

Indeed, this year's colorful and refreshing history of
IEEE makes for a fascinating story. Yet from the
exciting episodes we have learned some clues as to how
an engineering society can further the professional
development of its students.

Right from the beginning of the fall term, the
student branch encouraged closer student-faculty rela-
tionships and strengthened student friendships by spon-
soring a student-faculty picnic at Illini Grove. All
participants deemed the picnic was a success except,
perhaps, Marty-K, which failed to sell 600 sandwiches,
and Professor Verdeyen, who broke his finger in a
Softball game.

As soon as the picnic was cleaned up. Chairman
Don Brewer went to the drawing board to design a
rather special award. The result was an inspiring
plaque and an impressive image orthican, or television
camera tube, which were enclosed in a plexiglass case
on a walnut base. On October 21, 1967 this marvel
was presented to Bob Hope. At the airport the student
branch welcomed Hope to the campus and made him
an honorary member of IEEE. Such recognition was

justified because of the role electronic equipment and
communication systems had played in his success.

Commander John Hammack was not quite as warmly
welcomed at the University. Last November IEEE
invited him to an open meeting at the Union to answer
any questions about the, at that time, "new" draft
laws. On the day of the meeting Don Brewer was
called from a mathematics lecture to attend an urgent

Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Brewer meet Bob Hope
at the U. of I. airport.

26 TECHNOGRAPH April, 1968

meeting at the Chancellor's Office. The discussion
centered around security measures to ensure an orderly
meeting and the University's jurisdiction in controlling
and disciplining students who might disrupt the pro-
gram. Concern was for the rights of the demonstrators.
That evening when Commander Hammack rose to
speak, so rose forty skull-painted, black -hooded, ugly
creatures. They intended to maneuver a flag-draped
coffin into the meeting but were thwarted by Dean
Wak eland, who indiciated to security officers that the
coffin was noi part of the program.

Believe it or not!

Two weeks later Dean Everitt spoke about "Men
Who Play God" to get IEEE back to its normal, high-
quality meetings. Following his presentaton Don
Hanson awarded him an IEEE custom-built electronic
crystal ball for his contributions to engineering students
and electrical engineering. The crystal ball communicates
via flickering neon blubs driven by interacUng relaxation
oscillators. By rubbing the surface of the crystal, one
can influence the light patterns which are being trans-
mitted. A potentiometer on the back of the walnut
base controls the pattern repetition rate to allow the
viewer to "tune in." The concept of interacting relaxa-
tion oscillators was developed by Dr. Babcock of the
Biological Computer Laboratory.

Perhaps the most enjoyable activity for everyone in-
volved was the senior-faculty banquet organized by
Chuck Smiley. The students and faculty interchanged
roles to produce the skit, "The Process of Synthysizing
an Electrical Engineer" or "The Electric Field of
Study". Mocking the student who burned his draft
card at the Hammack meeting, Dean Everitt, disguised
in a long, curly, flamboyant red toupee, protested the
change of the units of cycles per second to Hertz by
burning his IEEE card. Following the skit Dean Everitt
advised engineers to be wary of marriage by performing

his piano and song routine of "The Bald-Headed End
of a Broom".

Through these entertaining activities lEEEestablished
its unique character as a progressive student society.
However, the real task of IEEE was to communicate
its character and enthusiasm to its members. The
challenge was met with four humorous newsletters,
much publicity, and a complete record of society
activities on slides. Imagine eternally capturing Dean
Everitt standing on his head at the senior-faculty
banquet to prove that not all engineers wear white
socks. If a picture is worth a thousand words, IEEE
has quite a windy argument for attending the National
Electronics Convention held annually in Chicago. The
demonstrations and lectures held there help the student
perceive the state of his art. Thus, our activities were
a vehicle to encourage student interest and participation
in his professional society.

The societies offer a tremendous opportunity for
students to informally discuss their interests, problems,
educational development, and career objectives with
experienced faculty and guest speakers. Hence, IEEE
invites and introduces a number of faculty at each of
its meetings. If student societies are to be of any value,
they must provide a "coupling" between the student,
his engineering department, and the real world.

Concluding the senior-faculty banquet. Professor von
Foerster asked the question, "Where do we go from
here: Up or Down? Up or down has deep religious
implications. Right or left has nasty political connota-
tions. Backward is unforgivable. Ergo, we must go
FORWARD! Student societies, move!

The IEEE officers show off the marvel they presented to
Bob Hope. From left to right are George Elmos, Don
Hanson, Jim Simpson, Joe Dale, Don Brewer, Prof.
Egbert, Art Feinberg, and Jack Hammond.

April, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 27

"The excitement in
engineering doesn't all
happen in a development lab^

"I found that out when I started selling computers.
"Obviously, they're expensive. Nobody's going to buy one un-
less I can show him why it'll be worth the investment. (This is
Bob Shearman, Mechanical Engineer, an IBM Medical Repre-
sentative in Marketing.)

"My customers happen to be doctors and scientists. Naturally,
I have to find out what their problems are before I can hope to
build a case for installing a computer. That's what I find excit-
ing. This whole process of helping somebody solve a knotty
problem.

"For example, one of my installations is at a cancer research
institute. A problem came up when they decided to build a
radio therapy suite about a block away from the computer.
The doctors wanted to communicate with the computer right
from a patient's bedside.

"The general solution was easy enough. We knew we'd have to
use some sort of remote terminal. But from then on it was a
process of exploration. I asked a lot of questions, dug up a lot
of facts, and generally helped the customer arrive at a detailed
definition of his problem. Then I worked closely with
IBM and the customer until we had the right ter-
minals installed and functioning. ' .

"In a job like this, you use your engineering back-
ground all the time. Whether you're defining a
problem or showing the customer how our
equipment can help solve it."
Bob's comments cover only a small part of what
IBM offers an engineering student who likes to
work with people. For more facts, visit your cam-
pus placement office. Or send an outline of your ca-
reer interests and educational background to Irv
Pfeiffer, IBM Corporation, Department E, 100 South
Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. W^
We're an equal opportunity employer. J LJ □

\(#

USAF SRAM. New U.S. Air Force short-
range attack missile, now being designed
and developed by Boeing, is a supersonic
air-to-ground missile with nuclear capabil-
ity. Boeing also will serve as system inte-
gration and test contractor.
NASA Apollo/Saturn V. America's moon
rocket will carry three astronauts to the moon
and return them to earth. Boeing builds 7.5
million -pound -thrust first stage booster, sup-
ports NASA in other phases of the program.
Boeing 747, New superjet (model shown
above) is the largest airplane ever designed
for commercial service. It will carry more
than 350 passengers at faster speeds than
today's jetliners, ushering in a new era in
jet transportation.

NASA Lunar Orbiter. Designed and built by
Boeing, the Lunar Orbiter was the first U.S.
spacecraft to orbit the moon, to photograph
earth from the moon and to photograph the
far side of the moon. All five Orbiter launches
resulted in successful missions.
Boeing 737. Newest and smallest Boeing
jetliner, the 737 is the world's most advanced
short-range jet. It will cruise at 580 mph,
and operate quietly and efficiently from
close-in airports of smaller communities.
USN Hydrofoil Gunboat "Tucumcari". De-
signed and being built by Boeing, this sea-
craft will be first of its kind for U.S. Navy.
Powered by water jet. it is capable of speeds
in excess of 40 knots Other features include
drooped or anhedral foils, designed for high
speed turns.

U.S. Supersonic Transport. Boeing has won
the design competition for America's super-
sonic transport. The Boeing design features
a variable-sweep wing, titam'um structure
and other new concepts and innovations,
CH-47C Chinook Helicopter. Boeing's new-
est U.S. Army helicopter is in flight test at
Vertol Division near Philadelphia. Other
Boeing/Vertol helicopters are serving with
U.S. Army, Navy and Marine Corps,
USAF Minuteman II, Compact, quick-firing
Minuteman missiles are stored in blast-
resistant underground silos ready for launch-
ing. Boeing is weapon system integrator on
Minuteman program.

Opportunity has many faces at Boeing.

Shown above are some of the challenging aerospace programs at Boeing that

can provide you with a dynamic career growth environment.

You may begin your career in applied research, design, test, manufacturing,

service or facilities engineering, or computer technology. You may become

part of a Boeing program-in-being, or be assigned to a pioneering new project.

Further, if you desire an advanced degree and qualify, Boeing will help you

financially with its Graduate Study Program at leading universities near

company facilities.

See your college placement office or write directly to: Mr. T. J. Johnston,

The Boeing Company, P,0, Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124, Boeing is

an equal opportunity employer.

DIVISIONS Co

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS GETS PERPETUAL
MOTION MACHINE

by Dick Poynter

A perpetual motion machine is a machine which,
after initially being put into motion, will continue
forever to remain in motion without any external force
acting upon it. Down through the centuries countless
scientists and physicists have tried to create one of
these fantastic machines that won't stop running.

The U of I has a device which may be the closest
thing yet to being a perpetual motion machine. It is a
superconductor. A superconductor is made by super-
cooling a metal rod almost to absolute zero (about
419° F.). As the temperature of a pure metal rod
approaches absolute zero, its electrical resistance de-
creases. It will finally reach a point where the resistance
is so close to zero that an electric current passes
through it with no detectable loss; the current flows
indefinitely in a closed circuit. A circuit such as this
has had exactly the same current in it for the past
twenty years in a University of Illinois lab, and there is
no reason to think that it will not continue.

Research concerning superconductors is being con-
ducted in a lab in the basement of the Materials
Research Laboratory. I visited this lab and watched a
sample of metal being tested. Two experimenters, Jon
Carlson and Dan Gutman, explained their work. They
were conducting tests on the thermal conductivity of
Niebium. The basis of these experiments was founded
in 1957 when Professor Bardeen of the University and
two graduate student assistants formulated a theory of
superconductivity on the basis of atomic physics. This
theory was better than previous theories in that it
predicted temperature and magnetic field dependence of
thermal conductivity. Carlson and Gutmar are testing
this theory by measuring the thermal conductivity to

see if the sample does have the predicted dependence.

A pure sample of Niobium is used when checking
the theory. The purer the sample the less resistance at
low temperatures. Resistance of the sample at room
temperature was determined by putting the sample in
a complicated circuit of voltmeters, ammeters, and
potentiometers. The Niobium sample must be cooled
to a temperature below 9.25° K. before it will assume
superconductor qualities. This temperature is reached
by using a cryostat, a device like two vacuum-type
thermos bottles, one inside another. The larger has
liquid nitrogen in it. The liquid nitrogen, which is at
a temperature of 77° K., completely surrounds the
smaller flask and acts as an insulator. The inner
container is filled with liquid helium, at 4.2° K., cold
enough to cool the sample to the desired temperature.
The Niobium, on a stainless steel tube which has
four wires attached to it so a current can be sent through
it and voltage across it measured, is then placed in
the liquid helium, and subjected to an electric current.
If no resistance is detected, then it is suitable as a
superconductor.

There are several practical uses for superconductors.
They could become an important part of computer
circuits. Certain components with no resistance at all
would be invaluable. Superconductors would make
excellent permanent magnets, because they are very
economical. Transmission of electrical power from
coast to coast would be possible through superconduct-
ing wires which are properly insulated.

There is no limit to the uses for a superconductor.
Perhaps one will be developed into a perpetual motion
machine. The only answer is to continue the research
of superconductors.

30 TECHNOGRAPH April, 1968

ASTRONOMY DEPARTMENT GETTING NEW
EAR AND EYE

By Mike Feldman

At the present time the Astronomy Department has
only one observation facility — the 400 foot radio-
telescope near Danville. This is a transit instrument;
its reflector is built into the ground and it can only be
focused in a north-south direction. To be observed, a
given source must be overhead, and it must be fairly
high above the north or south horizon. This telescope
is being used to map radio sources by recording signals
as the earth turns.

Optically, research observation for the department
must be done by outside observatories. Most observa-
tion will be taken over by a 40-inch reflector now
being built by a firm in Texas. The observatory,
which is partially completed, is located 40 miles south
of Urbana near Oakland, Illinois. The telescope will
be used mostly for spectroscopic work, and it will be
used for some direct photography and photo-electric
intensity analysis. The research schedule for the ob-
servatory is already filled far into the future.

Construction on the Oakland Observatory will be
done in a few months and the telescope will be de-
livered in July. Work on the radio telescope will
continue through the summer, and it is expected to be
completed late next fall. The work is contracted by an
engineering firm, but much of it is to be done with
student help.

N^r

t i^r

Above is an anisi's conception of the 120 foot radio-
telescope under construction near Danville.

To supplement the 400 foot telescope, a 120 foot
steerable dish is now under construction. Although this
telescope is less sensitive and has poorer resolution
than the 400 foot telescope, it is much more versatile.
It can be brought up to bear quickly on most parts of
the sky, it can track an object across the sky for long
periods of time, and the listening frequency can be
easily changed. The telescope is not only steerable but
will be mounted on tracks so that its distance from the
400 foot telescope can be varied and the two can be
used as an interferometer. This usage gives much better
resolution and positional data, and correlation of data
can ehminate signal irregularities due to inherent idio-
syncrasies in the particular antenna. The 120 foot
telescope will be used primarily to confirm data from
the 400 foot telescope, but its mobility and versatility
enable it to be used for small projects and to react
quickly to new discoveries.

G. E. DEPARTMENT SUCCESSFUL IN
DEVELOPING INTEGRATED DESIGN SEQUENCE

by John Barra
Over a year and a half ago, the General Engineering
Department at the University of Illinois initiated an
educational program with an integrated design sequence
in order to update the curriculum with respect to the
needs of the General Engineering students and the
employing industries. A four-step program was begun
in September of 1966 with the aid of a three-year
Ford Foundation Grant totaling $120,000. Now, after
one year in operation, this program has just undergone
a review by the General Engineering Department and
has been termed a huge success.

The first of four parts in this overall program is an
attempt to better perpetuate the College of Engineering,
especially the General Engineering Department. One of
the major weaknesses of the engineering curricula has
been that engineering students have had no vehicle for
identification and motivation in engineering at the
freshmen level. No courses were offered which allowed
freshmen to experience any involvement in actual engi-
neering practices. Hence, many students became dis-
couraged, resulting in a large transfer rate out of the
College of Engineering.

The General Engineering Department, in the first
step of their updating program, therefore introduced
a freshmen level design course, G.E. 104 — the first
of the seven courses in the sequence. This course
proved to be a great success in its first year. Not only
were the freshmen general engineers exposed to engi-
neering design, but also a selected number were allowed
to actually participate as assistants in senior project
designs. These freshmen gained both valuable experience
and a stronger motivation while proving to be of great
value to the senior engineers.

April, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 31

Another major facet of the program is to have a
number of the general engineering professors prepare
case studies and supplemental notes which would be of
practical value in the seven design courses. In order for
this to be done, however, released, paid time had to be
given to the professors so that they could work on
these studies and notes. The Ford Grant offered the
monetary aid to provide this released time.

The third part of the program deals with the rela-
tionship between the engineering college and the indus-
tries. Staff member aid provided travel funds via the
Ford Grant to visit various industries in an attempt to
gather information to prepare the case studies for the
design courses. These visits allowed the General Engi-
neering Department to better coordinate its design
courses according to the needs and patterns of indus-
tries which might employ general engineering students.

The final portion of the program under the Ford
Foundation Grant is financing design engineers from
various industries to come to the University to work
directly with the staff and students in preparing design
projects and studies. The design engineers brought
various design problems from their companies for
senior students to study. In this way a service was
provided for the staff, students, and the industries,
strengthening the ties between each other.

"You won't believe this Ed, but this guy's been stabbed
with a slide-rule. ' '

The seven courses of the design sequence range from
graphics and analysis to component and project design.
This sequence, stressing the interdisciplinary aspects of
engineering design, gives consideration to all scientific,
economic, and engineering factors. In the organization
of the design sequence, much attention has been given
to the needs of both the students and the industries.

The significance of this is that the integrated design
sequence produced will better prepare the general engi-
neer for his future, whether in engineering design or
any other secondary field he chooses. Through this
program, the relationship between the General Engi-
neering Department and industry has been strenthened,
both gaining a better insight into each other's needs.
The fact that the Ford Foundation offered $120,000 to
finance this program indicates industry's growing inter-
est in programs of this nature.

NEW ANTENNAS FOR SPA CE & DEFENSE

by Alan Bettner

America's increased use of the radio spectrum has
resulted in sudden demands for special types of radio
antennas. Engineers at the Universityof Illinois Antenna
Research Laboratory are designing several types of
antennas for use on space vehicles, guided missiles,
and commercial communications equipment.

In designing a particular antenna, the engineer has
four factors of prime importance to consider:

1. Beamwidth, or the amount of radiation an antenna
will throw in a given direction. The narrower the
beamwidth, the higher the gain in a certain direction.

2. Bandwidth, which is the range of frequencies for
which the antenna is capable of operating efficiently.

3. Polarization, the direction of the electric field in
the plane perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.

4. Compactness and weight.

It is physically impossible to have all of these factors
ideal in one antenna, but it is possible to maximize
two or more to full advantage. This is the goal of the
men at the laboratory.

Professor P. E. Mayes recently supervised over the
designing of a flush mounting frequency independent
antenna for use on aircraft and missiles. Where stream-
lining is necessary, this is an ideal antenna because
none of it protrudes outward.

The antenna itself is a series of slots cut into sheet
metal, each of which resonates at a different frequency.
However because radiation is produced both below

32 TECHNOGRAPH April, 1968

and above the slots, a way to force aJl the radiation
away from the vehicle was needed. This was accom-
plished by placing below each slot a metal cavity of
special dimensions. As the signal attempts to radiate
inward, it is reflected by the cavity and travels outward
from the traveling aircraft. Although this method
greatly increases the efficiency of the antenna, it is
still not considered to be highly directive.

The next type of antenna being constructed is a
series of high gain helical dipoles. The theoretical
research on this antenna is being done by Fred
Ziolkowski, a graduate student.

According to Ziolkowski, the major advantage of this
array is its small size and high gain. Narrow beamwidth
is achieved by using two, 3/2 wavelength dipoles placed
a few feet apart. The antenna now resembles the
common Yagi television antenna but possesses two
elements rather than a dozen or more. To decrease the
length of the individual dipoles, the wire is wound into
a spiral helix which is only about five feet long.
The antenna not only has high gain, but excellent
portability.

Practical uses for this antenna are numerous. Helical
mobile antennas are already available commercially. The
helix array also has outer space applications such as
satellite tracking or low power communication.

A third type of antenna is perhaps the most interesting
to look at because it is shaped like a huge ice-cream
cone. Intense work on this conical antenna has been
done by Prof. J. D. Dyson. Dyson began with the
study of the wave pattern emitted from a spiral shaped
wire in a single plane. The bandwidth of the spiral
was very good, but its directivity was poor. However,
when the spiral was wrapped around a cone, the wave
pattern suddenly shifted into the direction the cone
pointed! Here was an antenna with good gain and
extremely large bandwidth.

The polarization of conical radiator is very unique,
for the electric field rotates in the direction of spiral at
the frequency of the input signal. (On a regular antenna
the polarization remains constant.) To receive this
rotated signal well, another cone with the same direc-
tion of spiral is needed. This may seem like a disad-
vantage, but it has several possibilities in discriminatory
wave detecting systems. With improvement we may be
able to produce a radar system which will not be
disturbed by rain or snow, but will respond to an
enemy aircraft.

All of the antennas being designed at the Antenna
Research Laboratory have valuable future applications.
With the growing use of the U.H.F. regions of the
radio spectrum for defense and outer space exploration,
these new antennas offer great possibilities for com-
munication on bands never before used.

Research

opportunities

in highway

engineering

The Asphalt Institute suggests
projects in five vital areas

Phenomenal advances in roadbuilding techniques dur-
ing the past decade have made it clear that continued
highway research is essential.

Here are five important areas of highway design and
construction that America's roadbuilders need to know
more about:

1. Rational pavement thickness design and materials
evaluation. Research is needed in areas of Asphalt rhe-
ology, behavior mechanisms of individual and com-
bined layers of the pavement structure, stage construc-
tion and pavement strengthening by Asphalt overlays.

Traffic evaluation, essential for thickness design, re-
quires improved procedures for predicting future
amounts and loads.

Evaluation of climatic effects on the performance of
the pavement structure also is an important area for
research.

2. Materials specifications and construction quality-con-
trol. Needed are more scientific methods of writing spec-
ifications, particularly acceptance and rejection cri-
teria. Additionally, faster methods for quality-control
tests at construction sites are needed.

3. Drainage of pavement structures. More should be
known about the need for sub-surface drainage of As-
phalt pavement structures. Limited information indi-
cates that untreated granular bases often accumulate
moisture rather than facilitate drainage. Also, indica-
tions are that Full-Depth Asphalt bases resting directly
on impermeable subgrades may not require sub-surface
drainage.

4. Compaction of pavements, conventional lifts and
thicker lifts. The recent use of much thicker lifts in
Asphalt pavement construction suggests the need for
new studies to develop and refine rapid techniques for
measuring compaction and layer thickness.

5. Conservation and beneficiation of aggregates. More
study is needed on beneficiation of lower-quality base-
course aggregates by mixing them with Asphalt.

For background information on Asphalt construc-
tion and technology, send in the coupon.

I THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE

College Park, Maryland 20740

OFFER OPEN TO CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS
AND PROFESSORS

THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE, College Park, Maryland 20740

Gentlemen: Please send me your free library
on Asphalt Construction and Technology.

City

State

7.ip Cn,\f

April,

, 1968

TECHNOGRAPH 3

Graduating EE's. . .

You'll go farther,
faster at EC!

Here are 6 good reasons why your career gets off
to a faster start that carries you farther at ECl
in sunny St. Petersburg, on Florida's sub-tropical
Gulf Coast.

1. IMPORTANT PROGRAMS — ECl has a reputa-
tion for pushing the state-of-the-art in electronic
communications and developing sophisticated
equipment and systems that exceed specifica-
tions. For instance, ECl developed the world's
first 1-KW airborne UHF transmitter, the first
airborne electronic switching system and the
first solid-state multiplex system designed spe-
cifically for airborne use. As a result, ECl gets
chosen to work on the critical programs and you
get to grapple with important problems that
demand creative solutions.

2. VISIBILITY — ECl is large enough to let you fol-
low your imagination, but small enough to make
sure you and your ideas don't go unnoticed.

4. VERSATILITY — ECl engineers work on projects
from applied research and advanced develop-
ment through prototype and product design.
You'll learn more at ECl.

5. PROMOTABILITY — You'll do more and learn
more at ECl. And. you'll be known for your ac-
complishments. As a result, you'll find promo-
tions come faster.

INVESTIGATE ECl

Be sure you investigate the opportunities that await
you at ECl. Write to Ken R Nipper. Supervisor of
Professional Placement, P.O. Box 12248. Electronic
Communications, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida 33733.
Or, arrange an interview on your campus through
your college placement office.

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
ST. PETERSBURG DIVISION

An equal opportunity employer (M & F).

c^i^

BOOK REVIEWS

A Descriptive Inventory of the Arts and Sciences

By Joseph T. Tykociner, 1967:
reviewed by Alan Halpern

During the next generation, the store of man's
knowledge will more than double, the world's popula-
tion will be two and one-half its present size, and our
generation will be called upon to sohe some of the
most complex problems to date. The "explosion of
knowledge" and the implosion of our world make it
singularly important that we systematically pursue and
utilize knowledge in an effectise and wise fashion. The
difficulty and sophistication required for the search
of an accurate model of Nature have produced the
specialist and with this trend has come a foreboding
threat.

One of the earliest to foresee the dangers of speciali-
zation was Professor Joseph Tykociner, now an Emeri-
tus Professor in Electrical Engineering. As he recalls,
"On a leave of absence during my sabbatical year
(1927-28), I found myself deeply concerned with certain
fundamental ideas that might serve as a basis for
creativity in general and for research in particular...
As the conception of a systematized knowledge of
research crystallized in my mind, the need arose for a
unified system of knowledge embracing all the branches
and subdivisions of the arts and sciences."

The science of Zetetics was formulated to "de\elop
a generalized, comprehensive view (so that)... man
will be in a better position to appreciate the necessity
for growth in the various arts and sciences and to
evaluate their roles in shaping the future. The goal of
Zetetics is to provide an overview, an index to the
interrelationships of knowledge. It is to observe and
define that, as one poet has written; Thou canst not
disturb a flower without troubling a distant star. The
Zeteticist is a generalist, one prepared to consider the
"spin-off" and the social impact of technical discoveries.

In his previous book, An Outline of Zetetics, Pro-
fessor Tykociner sets forth a description and general
philosophy of the system. In this subsequent volume,
he provides the structure necessary to "facilitate the
search for interrelationships among the various fields
of knowledge, revealing gaps and then suggesting new
problems for research." The book consists of lists of
the subdivisions of knowledge which are functionally
defined and logically interrelated. There are 1500 items,
each accompanied by a brief, identifying description
and a denotion of other areas which will be affected
by developments in this field.

Our age requires that we approach and solve prob-
lems fully cognizant of the implications for other por-
tions of our lives. The automobile may solve the trans-
portation issue, but it has polluted the air, and because
of lack of foresight in the big cities, it has not even
adequately soKed that problem. Engineers are particu-
larly susceptible to purblind specialization. In the past,
the great frontier has allowed inefficiency and myopia,
but we are living with the polluted air, and water, the
congested highways, the depleted forests and ugly urban
sprawl which are the results.

The Zetetic system offers a philosophy, an absolute
approach to the fundamental framework for the ex-
pansion of knowledge and the building of a cohesive
society. The system, however, does not nor can it ex-
plicitly presage which gaps should be explored first.
By pointing out gaps in our knowledge, the system
identifies, within the realm of knowledge, areas which
have been overlooked, but no indication is given for
the direction of that "one step beyond." Presently,
using system analysis, however, the Zetetic approach is
being incorporated into our thinking and our planning.
The ever-increasing influence which technology exerts
on society makes it mandatory that engineers look
carefully beyond the lab.

April, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 35

so MANY OF EACH...

FROM ONE SOURCE

OF LAMINATED PLASTICS

FORMS

MOLDEDLAMINATED

FABRICATED PARTS

PROPERTIES

CHEWllCAL RESISTANCE-

Synthane is immune to most oils and
solvents as well as resistant to vari-
ous acid concentrations and salts.
It often has longer life per dollar,
including replacement cost.

MOISTURE RESISTANCE-
Certain grades of Syntfiane are spe-
cifically designed to retain a higfi
percentage of tfieir electrical and
mechanical properties under ex-
tremely humid conditions.

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH-

An excellent electric insulator with
low dissipation factor and low dielec-
tric constant, Synthane is easily
punched or machined into parts for
radio and electrical equipment.

HIGH

STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO-

Synthane weighs only half as much
as aluminum, yet is one of the plas-
tics highest in tensile, compressive,
flexural, and impact strengths.

GRADES

Kraft Paper Pfienolic Grades
Alpha Paper Phenolic Grades
Rag Paper Phenolic Grades
Paper Base Plasticized

Resin Grades
Paper Base Phenolic Flame

Retardant Grades
Paper Base Epoxy Grades
Paper Base Epoxy Flame

Retardant Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Phenolic Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Melamine Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Phenolic Graphitized

Grades
Coarse & Fine Weave Cotton

Fabric Phenolic

I\/lolycote Grades
Fine Weave Fabric Carbon

Inclusion Phenolic Grades
Ccftton Mat Phenolic

Resin Grades
Asbestos Paper Phenolic

Resin Grades

Asbestos Fabric Phenolic

Resin Grades
Asbestos Fabric Melamine

Resin Grades
Asbestos Fabric Phenolic (High

Temperature) Resin Grades
Asbestos Fabric Phenolic

Graphitized Grades
Asbestos Fabric Phenolic

Molycote Grades
Asbestos Mat Phenolic Grades
Asbestos Mat Phenolic (High

Temperature) Resin Grades
Nylon Fabric Phenolic

Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Continuous

Filament Silicone Grade
Glass Fabric Continuous

Filament Phenolic

Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Continuous

Filament Melamine

Resin Grades
Glass Mat Melamine

Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Epoxy Resin Grades
Glass Fabric Phenolic (High

Temperature) Resin Grades

[SYNTHANE]

CORPORATION

OAKS, PA. 19456

666-5011 Area Code 215, TWX 510-660-4750, Telex 084-5268
SYNTHANE-PACIFIC-518 W. Garfield Ave., Glendale. California 91204

Vers to the zm

^Ji

To The Editor:

I have just recently become acquainted with the
student rating system currently employed by the College
of Engineering. I am appalled that a college of such
distinction would employ such an insult to modern
education. The current rating form, system and sub-
stance could only ha\e been prepared by engineers
for use by engineers. I personally would be ashamed
to let a reasonably intelligent social socientist see the
criteria of the judgment form or anything else connected
with the system.

The present system, described to students in the last
issue of TECHNOGRAPH (Editorial, March, 1968),
gives an indication of the subjectiveness of the judg-
ments forced on instructors. There is space on the
rating form for the statement of no opinion but the
form would not be distributed without the expectation
of a judgment. It is no wonder that the rating system
— supposedly not played down by the college — is not
listed among the University's student ser\ices.

The material compiled by the ratings, a copy of
which is given to graduating seniors, is presented to
any company inter\'iewing the student and requesting
the information. It is also true that the system sees
very limited use. The question remains: Does the
limited use of such a facility warrant its existence in
the face of its many and obvious faults?

If the system sees sufficient use to warrant its
existence, let it remain as a service to interviewing
companies, but let it change its scope, format, and
procedures. If it sees such limited use that the cost of
its existence is not really warranted, let interviewing
companies be provided with a list of faculty members
who have instructed a particular student and let this
present travesty disapjxar. The administration of the
College of Engineering has been remarkably silent
regarding details of the system and its operation. If
justification of a system does exist, it should be articu-
lated, but justification of the present system is and
must be lacking.

There is a student committee studying possible alter-
natives to the present system. They have already

accumulated considerable information in addition to the
opinions of professionals in the fields of testing,
counseling and the evaluation of students. Let this
committee propose a solution, but also let its existence
enjoin the College of Engineering to suspend its present
system and hold its records from release.

Respectfully submitted,
Charles H. Ludmer

To The Reader:

Saturday, March 16, a group concerned with engi-
neering education met in the Faculty Lounge of the
Union. The group, informally calling itself the Ad Hoc
Committee on Engineering Education Reform, was
composed mainly of students, with some graduate
assistants, faculty, and administrators. After about a
three-hour bull session, the group broke up with few if
any concrete proposals.

So why report on another of the never-ending bull
sessions which led to nothing? Well, the fact is this
bull session did lead to something, for since March 16
several meetings of a smaller group of students have
taken place. Now this smaller group is starting to study
specific problems of engineering education at Illinois.
By the time this letter is published, hopefully most of
you will have had the right to comment about some of
the group's immediate proposals.

The long-range plans of this committee are to re-
search several areas of engineering education from a
student point of view. Then, after these investigations
are complete, specific proposals will be developed. How
many engineering students have had questions answered
with an unsubstantiated "No"? How many engineering
students feel that their education is encouraging them
only to be good technicians? How many engineering
students feel their education encourages them to identify
problems and their parameters as well as simply solving
problems when all the parameters are given?

All these questions are pertinent for they have an
effect on the future of the engineering profession. They
deserve some of your thought and some of your action.

Orin Ireland

April, 1968 TECHNOGRAPH 37

SATELLITE TRACKING SYSTEMS

EARTH STATIONS FOR COMSAT

RARE EARTH PHOSPHORS

VIDEOTELEPHONES

MICROWAVE CARRIER SYSTEMS

COLOR TELEVISION

LASER RESEARCH

CABLE TELEVISION

ELECTRONIC SWITCHING EQUIPMENT

FLASHCUBES

MISSILE TRACKING SYSTEMS

ENERGY STORAGE

BLACKBOARD BY WIRE TEACHING SYSTEMS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

INCANDESCENT AND FLUORESCENT LAMPS

SEMICONDUCTORS

ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES

TELEVISION PICTURE TUBES

RECEIVING TUBES

ELECTRONIC SHIELDS

MISSILE LAUNCH CONTROL SYSTEMS

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

AIRPORT LIGHTING

And you still call us a phone company?

We really don't mind.

Ask your placement director about us. The misunderstood phone company at
730 3rd Avenue, N.Y. 10017.

General Telephone & Electronics

SYLVANIA ELECTRIC PRODUCTS ■ LENKURT ELECTRIC • AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC CO. • TELEPHONE COMPANIES
IN 33 STATES • GENERAL TELEPHONE DIRECTORY CO. • GT&E LABORATORIES • GT&E INTERNATIONAL

For
rotation...

Sealmaster Ball Beaz-ing Units are quality built
to take high and normal operating tempera-
tures. They're designed with outstanding engi-
neering features and manufactured from
vacuum degassed steel and other selected high
grade materials to stand punishment day after
day. Available in a complete line of pillow
blocks, flange, take-up, and cartridge units.

For motion
transfer
or linkage.

Spherco

Bearings & Rod Ends

Spherco Bearings and Rod Ends are available
in a wide range of styles, sizes, and materials.
Built-in quality insures long bearing life.

GET IIMFORMATION

For information on the complete line of
Sealmaster and Spherco Bearings, write for
Catalog 164 on your letterhead.

seaiJIAaster

SEALMASTER BEARING DIVISION
STEPHENS-ADAMSON MFG. CO.

p. O, BOX 1588 ■ AURORA, ILLINOIS 60505

FUTURES

Career opportunities
unlimited in the
Malleable castings
industry.

Fatigue Life Analysis. Eutectic Cell
Size. Carbon Equivalent Determina-
tions. Those titles represent just a
few areas of current investigation by
Malleable foundries into methods of
improving their product and its
method of production. Research has
produced literally volumes of new
and useful data in recent years . . .
so much so that there is a dearth of
engineering talent to put this know-
ledge to work.
Many important changes are just

around the corner. Computer control
of melting cycles will soon be applied
on a practical basis. Die casting of
iron may be coming out of the theory
stage. The pace of new discoveries
will be just that much faster in the
years ahead.

Take a hard look at a career in
the Malleable castings industry.
Malleable foundries are of a size
where you will have the opportunity
to put your top skills to use almost
immediately. It's a growing industry,

as witnessed by the $75 million
expansion program now under way.
Its future is as bright as that of its
major customers — producers of
cars, trucks, and other transporta-
tion products, farm, construction
and other types of machinery.
The image of the foundry labora-
tory as a cubbyhole is being shat-
tered. Pictured above is one of
several new laboratory facilities built
by producers of Malleable castings
in the last few years.

MALLEABLE FOUNDERS SOCIETY • UNION COMMERCE BUILDING
CLEVELAND, OHIO 44115

The company that creates ideas like DIAL SOAP

has exciting new assignments in the wings for an up-and-coming

PROJECT ENGINEER

1. This is a position with a new Chicago-area processing plant where
you can prove your merit in equipment selection, construction bid-
ding and analysis, facility start-up, training, presentations to man-
agement, and many other challenging areas.

2. As a mechanical or chemical engineering major your present
curriculum has already prepared you for our manufacturing
organization.

3. Armour Grocery Products Company, part of the Armour family,

is a major growth division. You will be part of an engineering team
with broad advancement potential if you are willing to accept major
challenges early in your career.

Professional development opportunity at Armour includes progressive
responsibilities, performance review, corporation-wide promotions.

Call or write (including resume) in confidence to me:
Tom Paulick

ARMOUR GROCERY PRODUCTS CO.

P.O. Box 4309, Chicago, Illinois 60680
(312) 346-4700

An equal opportunity employer.

loin a firm that'll
give you executive
responsibility your
first day at work.

Now, that's a pretty funny thing for a
civilian firm to say. A boss? Right out of
college? The first day?

But the Air Force can make such offers.

As an officer in the world's largest
technological organization you're a
leader. Engineer.Scientist. Administrator.
Right where the Space Age break-
throughs are happening.

Or how about the executive respon-
sibility of a test pilot clocking 2,062 mph
in a YF-12Ajet?

That could be you, too.

But you don't have to be a pilot in the
Air Force to move fast. With your college
degree you zip into Officer Training
School, spin out an officer, speed on
your way as an executive, in the fore-
front of modern science and technology.
Right on the ground.

The Air Force moves pretty fast.

Think it over. A man's career can
sometimes move pretty slow.

United States Air Force

Box A, Dppt.OEC-84

R.inclolph Air Force Base, Texas 781-18

PLEASE PRINT

GRADUATE DATE

MAinU SUBIECT

CAREER INTERESTS

llf)\lE AnnRESS

Dan Johnson has a flair
^ for making things.

Just ask a certain family in Marrakeck, Morocco.

A solar cooker he helped develop is now making life
a little easier for them — in an area where electricity is
practically unheard of.

The project was part of Dan's work with VITA
(Volunteers for International Technical Assistance)
which he helped found.

Dan's ideas have not always been so practical. Like
the candlepowered boat he built at age 10.

At GE, Dan is working on the design for a remote
control system for gas turbine powerplants. Some day
it may enable his Moroccan friends to scrap their solar
cooker.

Like Dan Johnson, you'll find opportunities at Gen-
eral Electric in R&D, design, production and technical
marketing that match your qualifications and interests.
Talk to our man when he visits your campus. Or write
for career information to: General Electric Company,
Room 80 1 Z, 570 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y.

10022 699-23

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER (M, F)

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Technograph"

See other formats