Telephone construction and methods and cost

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I

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TELEPHONE
CONSTRUCTION

METHODS AND COST

.p

BY

CLARENCE MAYER

, Chicago TeUphon* Co,

NET BOOK -This Book is sup-
plied to the trade on terms which do
not admit of discount.

THE MYRON C. CL4RK PUBLISHING CO.

instructing

APPENDIX B

Miscellaneous Cost Data on Pole Line and Under-
ground Conduit Construction.

(Pampii^d by ih. Editors of Engi^ing Contracting)

CHICAGO AND NEW YORK

THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO.

1Q08

TELEPHONE
CONSTRUCTION

Copyright 1908

By

Th8 Myron C. Clark Publishing OOw

PREFACE,

With the ever increasing knowledge of the value and essen-
tiality of construction costs, the need of actual cost records and a
practical and flexible system for their collection is generally rec-
c^nized. This is especially true of telephone construction.
Here, more than in almost any other class of construction, the
need of cost records is felt, because there are generally two or
more ways of accomplishing the same end.

The purpose of this book is to supply this need. In its pages
is explained the most approved method of doing telephone work,
giving costs of such work in all its details, and presenting a
simple, comprehensive and practical system for collecting, analyz-
ing and recording telephone costs. Forms for recoiding costs of

!^ every division of work are given, and the methods of computing,

proportioning and prorating costs of all kinds are explained. I

r- know of no work which treats of any considerable part of the

field covered by this book. Nearly all the matter is believed to

- be entirely new.

^ Beginning with a presentation of the advantages of cost

records to telephone companies and to contractors for telephone
work, I have endeavored to describe in successive chapters, the
methods of construction for pole-line, aerial and underground

•. cable, cable splicing, removing old line and renewal, underground

conduit, and miscellaneous structures. Costs are given for every
part of the work ; the costs being averaged from actual cost
records kept on mai\y hundreds of jobs by specially trained men
using a imiform system and working under my supervision.

The costs on conduit work are averaged from actual costs

kept on over 250,000 feet of underground main conduit and lat-

•••
m

190849

iv PREFACE.

erals and on over 550 vaults. The costs on other classes of
work are hased on similarly extensive records. Detailed costs of
installing one of the larp^est multiple duct conduits ever huilt,
comprising 824,862 duct feet of conduit and 318 vaults, are given
in Chapter VI.

Special attention has been paid to the .classification and item-
izing of the costs so that they may be used by telephone compa-
nies and contractors for telephone work in the preparation ana
the checking of estimates.

In the chapter on pole-line construction, the cost tables not
only give costs separately for each size and style of cross arm,
wire, anchor and for each size of pole set in each kind of soil,
but, in addition, tl^e tables give costs of each detail of construc-
tion work, such as — in the case of poles — cost of teaming, cost
of framing, cost of excavating, cost of setting and cost of super-
vision. The cost tables given in Chapter V give separately, costs
for each number of duct, each kind of soil and each method of
constructing main conduit and laterals, and for each size and
m.ethod of constructing vaults; and, in addition, the tables give
costs of each detail of work, such as teaming, excavating, mixing
concrete, laying tile, filling in. and supervision. Costs of almost
every kind of splice are given in Chapter III. This classifica-
tion and analysis is carried throughout every division of tele-
[)hone construction.

The costs are actual construction costs — not contract prices —
and have been used for making hundreds of estimates. As the
rates of wages, construction, and methods and system of collect-
ing and computing the costs are given for each division of tele-
phone construction, the costs m.av be easily revised for use bv
telephone companies and contractors for telephone work, even
where rates of wages or construction methods diflfer from those
shown in these pages.

In Chapter \''III is explained the method of using the costs in
making estimates, taking an actual job of large size and working
out the estimate in detail, with clear explanations of all consid-
erations to be kept in mind.

I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Herbert
J. Dietmeyer, who read the manuscript of Chapter III, and made

PREFACE. V

many good suggestions, and to others, to whom I ani indebted
for photographs.

Clarenxe Mayer.
Chicago, 111., July 30, 1908.

THE APPENDICES.
The appendices supplement the first part of the book. That
by Mr. Slippy, the well known telephone cost expert, gives costs
of both labor and materials for telephone construction. They
were collected by Mr. Slippy, acting as cost expert, from the
actual records of various telephone companies. In Appendix B
the publishers have assembled articles on methods and cost of
pole-line and underground conduit work from various sources.
As giving methods and costs of individual jobs these data will be
found distinctly helpful.

The Publishers,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. METHODS AND COST OP POLE LINE CONSTRUCTION 1
Construction Details: Poles — Cross Arms — Anchors. Stubs and
Anchor Guys— Push Pole Bracea— Wire Stringing. Collecting: and
Reporting Cost Data: Method of Collecting— Method of Reporting.
Method of Figuring Line Construction Cost: Method of Proportion-
ing Lost Time — Method of Proportioning Supervision and E:xpen8e —
Method of Proportioning Teaming. Construction Cost Data: Wages —
Classifications of Soils — Construction Costs.

CHAPTER n. METHODS AND COST OF CABLE CONSTRUCTION... 26
Construction Details: Sizes of Cable — Erecting Messenger — ^Aerial
Cable — Equipping Cable or Terminal Poles — Wiring Cable or Ter-
minal Poles— Roddlng Underground Cable — Main Underground Cable
— Lateral Underground Cable — Forms for Reporting Costs — Cable 4
Work Costs.

CHAPTER in. METHODS AND COST OF CABLE SPLICING 36

Classification and Definitions: Straight Splices — Bridge Splices —
Straight -Bridge Splices. Construction Details: Materials — Instruc-
tions for Making Splices — Straight Splices — Bridge Splices — Straight-
Bridge Splices — Changing Count — Aerial Cuts — Splicing Toll Cable
Into Cable Terminating in a Loading Coil on Pot— -Potheads for
Terminating Aerial Cables — Potheads for Connecting Main Cable to
Distributing Rack Cables— Connectinar Cables to Distributing Rack —
General Order of Making Splices. Forms for Reporting Costs: e:x-
planation — Method of Figuring Cable Splicing Costs. Cable Splicing
Cos^ Data.

CHAPTER IV. METHODS AND COST OP REMOVINO OLD LINE

AND OF RECONSTRUCTION 63

Removing Old Line — Removing Poles — Removing Cross-Arms —
Removing Wire — Removing Messenger — Removing Aerial Cable — Re-
moving Underground Cable. Reconstruction: Method of Recording
Costs — ^Method of Figuring the Cost of Removing Materials and of
Reconstruction — Construction Cost Data.

CHAPTER V. METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING UNDER-
GROUND CONDUIT 73

Hints on Cost Keeping Methods — Organization of Working Force.
Construction Details. Divisions of Underground Conduit Construc-
tion — McRoy Tile Conduit — Pump Log Conduit— Sewer Tile Lateral
Conduit — Vault or Manhole Construction. Forms for Recording Costs
of Conduit Work — Methods of Keeping Undei ground Conduit Con-
struction Costs — Method of Figuring Underground Conduit Costs —
Underground Conduit Cost Data.
CHAPTER VI. DETAILED COST OF CONSTRUCTING 824.862 DUCT
FEET OF UNDERGROUND CONDUIT AND 318 VAULTS IN

ONE JOB 129

Method of Collecting and Recording Costs — Comparison of Fore-
men — Vault Construction — Construction Cost Data.

CHAPTER Vn. MISCELLANEOUS COSTS AND SPECIAL DATA.... 146

Line Construction. Special Examples — Pulling Cable— Materials

and Labor Costs — Erecting Terminals— Fusing — Wheelbarrow Loads —

Shrinkage of Mortar and Concrete — Comparative Cost of Hand and

Machine Mixing — Materials and Labor In Concrete Vaults — Com-

garison of Different Duct Sections— Brick Vault Data — Costs Per
file of Farm Line— Costs Per Mile of Toll Line — Costs of Aerial
Cable — Costs of Underground Cable.

CHAPTER Vm. THE PRACTICE OF ESTIMATING - 164

Discussion of Various Systems for Collecting Cost Data — Esti-
mating Labor- -Estimating Material— Estimating Material to be Re-
moved—Summary—Forms for Estimating.

APPENDIX A. COST OF MATERIALS AND LABOR IN CON-
STRUCTING TELEPHONE LINE 190

Messenger Construction — Aerial Cable Construction — Underground
Cable Construction — Cable Splicing Underground— Terminals — Cable
Boxes — Exchange Poles Class A — E^Kchange Poles Class B — Exchange
Poles Class C— Toll Line Poles Class E— Farmer Line Poles— Wood
Anchor Logs— Wire Stringing— Underground Conduit Specifications-
Conduit Costs— Manholes.

vu

viii TAIII.Ii OF CONTENTS.

APPENDIX B. MISCBLLANEOCS COST DATA ON POLE LINE

AND UNDEKGROUND CONDUIT C0N:3TRUCTI0N Z:

CoBi of Two Short Telephone Lines— Labor Coat 0( High Power
TransmlBBlon Line— Cost uf EicavuHng Trolley Pole Holes by Ma-
chine—Method nnil Cost or Digging BOO Trolley Pole HoIbb- Elec-
trical Condull Construrllon at Memphla, Tenn.— Cost of ElectHcal
Conduits. Baltlmnre. Md.— Cost of Conslructlng Conduits In Sub-
way Retaining Walls.

LIST OF TABLES.
Table I. — Showing Standard Poles For Varlotis Kinds of Line Conetnic-

tion

Table II.— Showing Depths to Which Poles of Various Lengths are Set

In Earth and Rock

Table m. — Showing Dimensions of Anchor Logs Required for Different

Table IV.— Showing Proportioned Cost of Lost Time. Supervision and

Table V. — Showing I^portloned Cost of Lost Time. Teaming Supervision

erage Cost of SO-fl. Street or Alley Poles. -

_. . )8l ol 3i-ft. Street or Alley Poles

Table vm.— Cost of <0-ft. Street or AIIct Poles

Table tX.— Cost of 4S-(t. Street or Alley Poles

Table X.— Cost of 20-rt. Farm Line Poles

Table XL— Cost of J5-fl. Farm Line Poles

Table XII.— Cost Of SO ft. Farm Line Poles

Table XIII.— Cost of 30-ft. Toll Line Poles

Table XIV.— Cost of 35-tt. Toll Line Poles

Table XV.— Coat of <0-fl. Toll Line Poles

Table XVI.— Cost of 15-ft, Toll Line Poles

Table XVII.— Cost of SeJf-Sustainlng Poles With Grounfl Braces..

Table XVIU.— Cost of 30-ft, Self-sustaining Poles Set In Conerfte in

Table XIX.— Coal of 35-ft. Self -Sustaining Poles Set In Concrete ZO

Table XX.— Cost of Cross-ArniB i1

Table XXI —Cost of Anchors Including Anchor Guys 21

Table XXII.— Cost of Log Anchors IncUallnB. Anchor Guys 21

Table XXIII.— Cost of Guying and Setting ^tubs 21

Table XXIV.— Cost of Guying and Sttting Self -Sustaining Stubs In Con-

■TPta 21

jj'lng and Setting Self -Sustaining Stubs With

22

Table XXVI.— Cost of Push Pole Btnces 22

Table XXVII.— Cost of Wire Stringing ,..._ 22

Table XXVIII.— Cost of Line Ordei-s 22

Table XXIX.— Cost of Drops 23

Table XXX.— Cost of Erecting Messenger 34

Table XXXI.— Cost of Aerial Cnble Per Foot 35

Table XXXII.— Cost of Equipping Protected Cable Poles 3S

Table XXXin.— Cost of Eguipping rnprotecled Cable Poles 35

Table XXXIV.— Cost of Wiring Cable Poles S5

Table XXXV.— Cost of Rodding 35

Table XXXVI.-' ' '•"•■ -■ '-~^'- '*■-'-■ "-

..'Aerial. Tagged..

_. nderground

Table XLI.— Cost of fnderground. Not Tagged..

Table XLIV.— Cost <
Table XLV.— Cost ol
Table XLVI.— Cost i
Table XI, VI I, —Cost
Table XLVIIL— Coat

rnderground. Tagged.
—■-l. Not Taggeff...

Table U, ,. „ =.

Table Lll.— Cont of Stralght-Bridi

_'oEt"of"strar8ht-Brrjge Splices. Undergroun'S. Tnggedf.*"!"! 80

Table LIV.— Coat of Straight -Bridge Splices, Underground, Onto Work-
ing Cnble 61

Table LV.— Cost of Changing Counts, Aerial, Not Tagged 61

Table L\X-Cofit of Changing Counts. AerlaX on Working Cable. Tagged 61

Table LVII.— Coat of Changing Counts, T"nderground. Not Tagged 61

Table LVIII.— Cost of Changing Counts, Underground, on Workfng Cnble.

Tagged 6X

TABLE OF COXTENTS. ix

Table LIX.— Cost of AerUl Cuta 62

Table L.X.— Cost of Underground Cuts 62

Table L.XI.— Cost of Potheads 62

Table LXII.—Cost of Connecting Cable to Distributing Rack 62

Table LXIIL-^Cost of Removing Street and Alley Poles 69

Table LXl V.—Cost of Removing Farm Line Poles 69

Table LXV. — Cost of Removing Toll Line Poles 69

Table LXVI. — Cost of Removing Street and Alley Line Poles 69

Table LXVIL—Ccst of Removing Farm Line Poles 69

Table LXVIII.— Cost of Removing Toll Line Poles 70

Table LXIX. — Cost of Removing Cross-Arms 70

Table LXX.— Cost of Removing Wire 70

Table LXXI. — Cost of Removing Messenger 70

Table LXXIL— Cost of Removing Aerial Cable (Junked) 70

Table LXXIII.— Cost of Removing Aerial Cable (Recovered) 70

Table LXXIV.—Cost of Removing Underground Cable (Junked) 70

Table LXXV. — Cost of Removing Underground Cable (Recovered) 71

Table LXXVl.--Co8t of Moving Street and Alley Poles 71

Table LXXVII.— Cost of Moving Farm Line Poles 71

Table LXXVIIL— Cost of Moving Toll Line Poles 72

Table LXXIX.— Cost of ReplaoTng Cross- Arms 72

Table LXXX.— Cost of Rewiring Cable Poles 72

Table LXXXL— Average Cost of McRoy Tile Conduit Construction in

Cities 114

Table LXXXn. — Average Cost of Pump Log Conduit Construction in

Cities 114

Table LXXXm. — Average Cost of Sewer Tile Lateral Construction in

Cities 115

Table LXXXrv.— Average Cost of Brick Vault Construction in Cities 115

Table LXXXV. — ^Average Cost of Concrete Vault Construction in Cities. 115

Table LXXXVL— Average Cost of 68 Concrete Vaults. Size 3 116

Table LXXXVII.— Cost of McRoy Tile Conduit Construction 116

Table LXXXVUL—Cost of Brick Vault Construction 117

Table LXXXIX.— Cost of McRoy Tile Conduit Construction 118

Table LXXXIXa.— Cost of Brick Vault Construction 119

Table XC. — Cost of McRoy Tile Conduit Construction 120

Table XCI.— Cost of Brick Vault Construction 122

Table XCII.— Cost of McRoy Tile Conduit Construction 123

Table XCIII.— Cost of Brick Vault Construction 124

Table XCI V.—Cost of McRoy Tile Construction 125

Table XCV.— Cost of Brick Vault Construction 126

Table XCVI.— Cost of McRoy Tile Conduit Construction 127

Table XCVIL—Cost of Brick Vault Construction 128

Table XCVIIL—Cost of Toll Conduit 135

Table XCIX.--Average Labor Cost of Nine-Duct Class A McRoy Tile

Conduit Construction 136

Table C — ^Average Labor Cost of Elight-Duct McRoy Tile Conduit Con-
struction 136

Table CL— Average Cost of Six-Duct Class A McRoy Tile Conduit Con-
struction 136

Table CII.— Average Cost of Six-Duct Class B McRoy Tile Conduit Con-
struction 136

Table CIII.— Average Cost of Four-Duct Class A McRoy Tile Conduit

Construction 137

Table CIV.— Average Cost of Four-Duct Class B McRoy Tile Conduit

Construction 137

Table CV. — Labor Costs of Brick and Concrete Vault Construction 137

Table CVI. — Average Labor Costs of Concrete Vault Construction, Size

No. 8 137

Tal}le CVII. — ^Average Labor Costs of Concrete Vault Construction, Size

No. 1 138

Table CVIII. — Average Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction. Size

No. 4 138

Table CIX. — ^Average Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction, Size

No. 2 138

Table CX. — Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction, Size No. G 138

Table CXI. — Labor Costs of Special Brick Vault Construction 138

Table CXn. — Labor Costs of Special Brick Vault Construction 139

Table CXIII. — Average Labor (josts of Class A Brick Vault Construction. 139

Table CXrV.— Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction. Size No. 12 139

Table CXV. — Average Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction, Size

No. 10 , 139

Table CXVT.— Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction. Size No. 11 139

Table CXVII.— Labor Costs of Duct and Vaults, McRoy Tile Conduit

Construction 140

Table CXVIII. — Average Labor Costs of Conduit Work Done by Fore-
man A 140

Table CXIX. — Average Labor Costs of Conduit Work Done by Fore-
man B 140

X TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Table CXX. — Average Labor Costs of Conduit Work Done by Foreman C. 141
Table CXXI — Average Labor Costs of Conduit Work Done by Foreman D.141
Table CXXlI.--Average Labor Costs of Conduit Work Done by Fore

man E 142

Table CXXIII.— Average Labor Costs of Brick and Concrete Vaults Built

by Foreman A . ^ 142

Table CXXIV.— Average Labor Costs of Brick and Concrete Vaults Built

by Foreman B 142

Table CXXV. — Average Labor Costs of Brick and Concrete Vaults Built

by Foreman F 143

Table CxXVI.— Average Labor Costs of Brick and Concrete Vaults Built

by Foreman E ^ 143

Table CXXVn. — Average Labor Costs of Brick and Concrete Vaults Built

by Foreman E 143

Table CXXVIII.— Labor Costs Including Vaults, of Three-Duct Classes

A and B McRoy Tile Conduit Construction 144

Table CXXIX.— <:ost of Line Construction at Arlington Heights, Feb-
ruary. 1907 147

Table CXXX.— Cost of Line Construction, Wilmington District, Farm

Line, April, 1907 148

Table CXXXL— Cost of Pulling Underground Cable (Main) 148

Table CXXXII. — Total and Average Labor Material Costs of Line Orders,

Including Poles. Cross-Arms, Wire and Miscellaneous Material... 150
Table CXXXIII, — Comparison of Costs to Erect Drop Wires on Basis of

100- Ft. Drop Length and Four Drops on a Short Buck Arm with

Capacfty for Five Drops Each Way^. 151

Table CxXXrV. — Comparative Cost to Erect 15-Pair Terminal, Not

Including Fusing or Pole Balcony 152

Table CXXXV. — Cost of Fusing for Exchange Protection 152

Table CXXXVL— Miscellaneous Data 153

Table CXXXVII. — Comparative Cost of Mixing Concrete by Hand and by

Machine 154

Table CXXXVIII. — Quantities and Cost of Materials and Labor Required

In Concrete Vault Construction 156

Table CXXXIX.— Quantities and Cost of Material and Labor Required In

Brick Vault Construction 157

Table CXL. — Quantities and Cost of Material and Labor Required In

McRoy Tile Conduit Construction 158

Table CXLI.— Comparative Cost of a Mile of Farm Line on a Basis of 30

Poles to a Mile 159

Table CXLII. — Comparative Cost of a Mile of Toll Line on a Basis of 43

Poles to a Mile 160

Table CXLIII.— Comparative Labor and Material Cost to Erect 1.000 Feet

Underground Cable 161

Table CXLIV.— Comparative Labor and Material Cost to Erect 1.000 Feet

Aerial Cable 162

APPENDIX A.

Table T.— Cost of One Mile H. D. Copper on Class "A** Pole Line 218

Table II.— Cost of One Mile H. D. Copper on Class "B" Pole Line 218

Table III.— Cost of One Mile H. D. Copper Class "C" Pole Line 218

Table IV.— Cost of One Mile H. D. Copper on Class "D" or "E" Pole

Line 219

Table V.— Cost of One Mile No. 12 B. W. G. Steel Wire on Class "D"

or "E" 219

Table VI.— Showing Cost per Lineal Foot of McRoy Conduit In Place;

No Manholes 225

APPENDIX B.

Table I. — ^Wages Paid Labor, Baltimore Conduit Work 274

Table II. — Prices of Materials, Baltimore Conduit Work 275

Table III.— Cost of All Materials Used, Baltimore Conduit Work 275

Table IV. — Showing Details of General Construction Account Baltimore

Conduit Work 276

Table V. — Showing Unit Cost of Each Item of General Expense and

Construction Baltimore Conduit Work 276

Table VI. — Showing Percent. Cost of Labor at Unit Cost Baltimore Con-
duit Work 276

Table VII. — Number Cubic Yards of Earth Excavated E3ach Year Bal-
timore Conduit Work 277

Telephone Construction Methods

and Cost.

INTRODUCTION.

A system of cost keeping and a careful record of construc-
tion costs are almost indispensable in telephone construc-
tion. It is possible by the proper use of such a record of costs
to estimate the cost of all future proposed work with great ex-
actness. The advantages of this are manifold. The officers of
the company, first of all, have certain knowledge of the ex-
penditure to be provided for. Second, appropriations for new
work, while made with a fair margin for uncertainties, are
never excessive ; this holds the cost down, for it is the teach-
ing of experience, that when more money is allowed than is
necessary for the work there is a tendency to spend more than
is necessary. Again, in considering new ideas of construction,
the adoption of new specifications or tools, or the advisability
of building aerial or underground line, a decision based on
correct cost data will not only eliminate many expensive ex-
periments, but, other things being equal, meets the infallible
test of expediency. It would be simple to multiply proofs of
the advantages to the telephone company or to the construc-
tor for telephone construction of possessing carefully analyzed
cost data, but it seems needless to do so.

This volume treats in a practical way of methods of cost
keeping in telephone work, and gives records of the actual
labor costs of such work on hundreds of jobs under all ordi-
nary urban and rural conditions of telephone work. Costs
of materials are not given, for the reason that these mate-
rials are standard commodities whose quantities are given in
specifications and whose prices are obtainable from the manu-
facturers and dealers upon request. For convenience, the
labor costs of telephone work will be divided under the fol-

lowing heads: (i) Cost of Line Work; (2) Cost of Cable
Work; (3) Cost of Cable Splicing; (4) Cost of Reconstruc-
tion and of Removing Materials; (5) Cost of Underground
Work, and (6) Special Cost Data. These actual records of
cost will consist of both detail and average costs based on
work done by numerous foremen, under various conditions
and in both city and country. The system and the forms used
in collecting and recording these costs are described in detail
for each class of work.

CHAPTER I.
METHODS AND COST OF POLE LINE CON-
STRUCTION.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS.
Line construction as here considered comprises aerial line
construction only. The items composing aerial lines are:
Poles, cross-arms, anchors, stubs and anchor guys, push pole
braces, and wire stringing.

Poles,— The kinds of poles recorded are: Poles for street
and alley line; poles for farm line; poles for toll line; self-sus-

All ita-nt tff f,

II
Ji

"•S"'" J.

■*!
U

ii

t^l

i of CuCtlng Roots and Qalns in Standard Potes.

taining poles with ground brace, and self-sustaining poles
set in concrete. The size and spacing of the poles
for these several kinds of lines with co-ordinate data are
given in Table I. Figure i shows the method of cutting roofs
and gains in standard poles. Table II shows the depths to
which poles of various lengths are set in earth and in rock.
The method of setting self-sustaining poles with ground brace
is shown by Fig, 2.

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table I. — Showing Standard Poles for Various Kinds of

Line Construction.

Kind op Linb.

Ultimate ca-
pacity of line.

Toll.
40 to 60 wires

1-60 pr. 10 ga.

Alley.
20 wires.

Strbbt — (Note)

20 wires.

1-100 pr. 22 ga. or- ^ ^

2-50 pr. 22 ga. or 1-50 pr. 22

_ 1-60 pr. 19 ga. ca- g a - cables

cable on a Ibles on f inch on a No. 4

in. messenger {messenger. messenger.

Farm.

Height of
poles

Diameter
at top ...

Distance
between poles

No. of
Cross Arms. .

30 ft.

to
40 ft.

7 in.

to

Sin.

130 ft.

1

to
6

30 ft.

to

45 ft.

6 in.
to

7 in.

00 ft.

to
120 ft

30 ft.

to
45 ft.

1

to
2

6 in.
to

7 in.

126 ft.

18 wires.

25 ft.

to
30 ft.

6 in.

to
6 in.

6 wires.

20 ft.

1 or 2 alley

arms.
1 buck arm

160 ft.

3

5 in.

150 ft.

2 wires.

20 ft.

4 in.

150 ft.

1 arm

S
brackets

-"":*^-"**-

V

Dirw c hon
of ^tram

Fig. 2.— Self-Bustalulng Pole with Ground Brace.

Table TL— Showing Depths to Which Poles of Various Lengths are

Set in Earth and Rock.
Length of Pole. Depth In Ground. De,*lh In Rock.

20 ft,
25 ft.
30 ft.
35 ft.
40 ft.
45 ft.
50 ft.

ft.
4% ft.
5% ft

3
3

ft.
ft.

6
6

ft.
ft

3% ft

4

4

ft
ft.

6% ft
7 ft.

4% ft
4% ft.

Table III.— Showing Dimensions of Anchor Logs Required for

Different Depths.

Dimensions of Anchor Log.

Depth

of Excavation.
6 ft

Length.
5 ft.

5 ft

5 ft.

5 ft

8 ft.

4 ft

5 ft.

4 ft

8 ft

4 ft

10 ft

Diameter.
10 Ins.
16 Ins.
16 ins.
23 ins.
14 ins.
12 Ins.

POLE LINE,

ly

Street Line In Cify

I I I . I (^ I , I I UUUp

Aryrfty

^

J.

{tfr

rg

L-L_l

K

.1 i . iLg

r=

Rwrn^r

X

Iblf and ^trf^ Linps -
Suburbotm

I.MJ

1-J— ti

Line

)

Tprminal Pole for
Loncy, H^ovy Rovt^

Fig. 3. — Standard Cross-Arm Construction for Different Kinds of Lines.

a r^o

haM Anchor Loq.

Fig. 4. — Lioa: Anchors.

Cross-Arms. — Cross-arms are recorded as six-pin, ten-pin,
ten -pin alley and six-pin terminal arms. Fig. 3 shows the
standard constructions of cross arms for different kinds of
lines.

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Anchors, Stubs and Anchor Guys. — ^The kinds of anchors
and stubs recorded are : Stombaugh anchors, Miller anchors,
rock anchors, log anchors, anchored stubs, self-sustaining
stubs with ground braces, and self-sustaining stubs
set in concrete. Anchor guys, lugs, and pole protec-

i^pi^ww^w^l

^*S*H17f

Fig. 5.~Self-Su8taining Stub with Ground Braces.

tors are included with the anchor and stub. Log anchors
and stubs set in different kinds of soil are recorded separately.
The specified construction requires that anchor guys shall
be attached as shown by Figs. 4, 5 and 6. All excavation for
anchor logs is required to be 6 ft. when practicable. If it is

,.,^J..>.-..^l.AX.^/. \ ^■ >t V. •»-y\ ' /^.\sy<^JJ^.V > \\ -7C l

tfS^

Fig. 6. — Anchored Stub.

impracticable to obtain this depth on account of the nature of
the soil, the excavation is required to be not less than 4 ft.
deep. The size of the anchor log is required to be propor-
tioned to the strain taken by it and also to correspond to

POLE LINE. 5

the depth of the excavation according to Table III. The log
is required to be firmly anchored by covering it with planks,
logs or rocks, as shown by Fig. 4. Each guy stub is required
to be set in the ground to a depth of at least 6 ft. and to be
anchored, underbraced or set in concrete as shown by Figs.
5 and 6.

Push Pole Braces. — Push pole braces are constructed as
shown by Fig. 7. The butt is required to be set y/2 ft. in
the ground and to be supported on plank, large stone or solid
ledge.

Wire Stringing. — ^The following kinds of line-work are re-
corded under wire stringing: No. 12 galvanized steel for farm
line, No. 12 galvanized steel for toll circuits, .104 bare cop-
per for toll circuits, .104 bare copper for street and alley

Bolt

rtie fo¥

See f ton A^

2 Planff^^r Hfuiva-'^

rauch^A

>0

Fig. 7. — Push Pole Brace.

lines, line orders for city and village lines, line orders for
farm line, and running drops. Tieing-in and equipping is in-
cluded in wire stringing. Running drops is included in line
orders and also recorded separately. The methods followed
in stringing wire and tieing-in are specified as follows: The
wires shall be run out from reels. They shall be attached to a
running board, or boards, to the end or ends of which shall
be attached a running rope or wire. Where there are only
two wires to be run, the running board may be dispensed
with. Where a running board is used the reels of wire shall

6 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

be placed at one end of the section. When a pole is reached,
the wires shall be carried up the pole and placed inside the
pins of the proper arm. In the case of stringing wires from
reels on a wagon, the running board may be dispensed with
and the wires carried direct from reel w^agon up the pole and
placed inside the pins on the proper arm, as the poles are
reached. Wires shall be tied to insulators in the manner
shown in Fig. 8.

COLLECTING AND REPORTING COST DATA.

Method of Collecting. — The data are collected by a time-
keeper, inspector or cost man by keeping notes on the ground
in special memorandum books. Loose leaf memorandum

77e mm Gfms rtmot^d.

Cornpirft Tie.

MMiP before comttt^itcinai to WrafK
Fig. 8.— Manner of Tying Wire to Insulators.

books are best adapted for taking costs, and pages properly
ruled should be kept in hand for each kind of construction. A
sample page from this style of memorandum book is shown
by Fig. 9. The ruling and headings in the memorandum book
for any kind of construction correspond exactly to those of
the report blank for that kind of construction ; the forms of
report blanks for line construction are shown by Forms I to
II. Figure 9 shows a page of the memorandum book filled in
as it would be in the field. It w^ill be seen that when a man
changes from one division of pole line construction to an-
other, or when a change is made from one kind of construc-
tion to another, the time of change is noted opposite the
name of the man or men making the change and under the

POLE LINE.

Date 4/i/07

Location

Size S3'

Kind of Soil Hard Clay

No. Set 6

POLE LINE

Proportional Cost of Team

Lost Time

" *' *' Supervision

and Expense

Names

Foreman

Smith

Jones

.60

M

Black

WUson

Adams

Johnson

•40

Teaming and
Labor in Haul'g

Time

C'st

.98

Framing and
Stepping

Time C'sl

9.30 to 10
10.16 to
lOJO

66 M.

Digging and
Locating

Time

.31

.2S

Ji6

Team

Totals

.26

.60

31

.26

9.30 to to

"7/2 hr.

.B6

.60

LOO

U

9 to 9.30^
7/S hr.

8.30 to 9.30
10 to 10.16

11/4 hrs.

8.30 to 10.16
'^3/4 hrs.

8.30 to 9.30
10 to 10.16

1 1/4 hrs.

C'st

Setting

.26

.43

.70

Time

10.40 to 1 1
IcO M.

10.16 to 11
^/4 hrs.

8.30 to 10.16
1 3/4 hrs.

1 6/12

46

9.30 to 10.16
3/4 hrs.

9.30 to 10.16
^3/4 hrs.

8

10.16 to 11
3/4 hrs.

C'st

.33

.30

10.16 to 11
3/4 hrs.

10.16 to 11
o, 4 hrs.

.19

2J30

10.16 to 11
3/4 hrs.

4t/l2

.21

Total

Ti'e C'st

2\

«♦

.21

t\

M

1.07

1-00

2h

.19

19

t.43

2h

2h

.70

.70

.03

.63

16h

.60

6.48

Fig. 9. — Sample Page from Memorandum Book.

proper heading or headings. These data are figured either
on completion of the day's work or of the job. On account
of the small size of line gangs, which rarely exceeds 15 men,
an exact account of the work of each man is kept, five
minutes being used as the unit of time.

Method of Reporting. — Reports are made on the blank
forms indicated as Forms i to 11, on the completion of the
job. Both the total cost of the work and the average cost per
pole, cross-arm, etc., are shown for each job. The attempt
is made in this cost system not only to divide line construc-
tion into different divisions so that in estimating it will be

8 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

possible to figure the cost of so many poles, cross-arms or
miles of wire, but also to sub-divide each division so that the
data may serve as a check on excessive cost and as a guide
when considering different methods of accomplishing the
same work. The sub-divisions of each kind of construction
are the natural divisions as indicated by the form for setting
poles, (Form i). Here it will be noted that "framing'* (roof-
ing, boring and gaining) and "stepping" are not separated;
this is because the transition from one to the other is almost
impossible to note, making any division of the two a purely
arbitrary one. In the report forms each day's work is en-
tered on one line ; the total and average costs being shown
at the bottom of the form.

Referring to the blank forms illustrated : Form i is that
for setting street or alley poles ; exactly the same form is
used for farm line and toll line poles and self sustaining
poles with ground braces. Form 2 is used for recording the
setting of self-sustaining poles in concrete. In explanation
of these forms it may be stated that, in "framing" is included
roofing, gaining and boring and in "setting" is included filling
and tamping. Under "supervision and expense" is entered,
(i) cost of the foreman, timekeepers and such other member?
of the gang as supervise and keep account of work but as do
no manual labor, or such part of this time as no labor is done
other than of a supervisory character, and (2) charges for
car fare and incidentals. Inspectors, special cost men, and
office expenses are not included in the cost data, the idea
being to secure rather the cost of setting a pole in a certain
kind of soil or of erecting a cross-arm than the cost of a par-
ticular job which would be of little value in estimating.

The purposes of Forms 3 to 11 are stated in each case. In
explanation of Form 4 it may be noted that cutting logs and
attaching anchor rods are included in setting anchors. When
this form is used for Stombaugh anchors, the column "Dig-
ging or Drilling" is left blank; screwing the anchor into the
soil being included as "Setting Anchor." Attaching anchor
lugs and pole protectors is included in "Placing Guys." In
Form 5 "Placing Guy" includes the guy from the stub to the
pole but not the guy to the anchor.

POLE LINE.

AS' and Higher

Fonn 1.
Data Secured by

Setting Street or Alley Poles.

Order No.

Location Date

Foreman

100

No. of
Poles

Teaming

and

Labor in

1 Hauling

Framing Digging

and and
Stepping Locating

Setting

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Kind

of

Soil

No. of

Hours

Worked

1

Remarks

35'

46' and Higher

Form 2.
Data Secured by

Setting Self-Sustaining Poles

(In Concrete.)

Order No.

Location Date .

Foreman

100

O tn
4/

I Teaming
_^ and
^ o Labor in
^^ ' Hauling

Framing

and
Stepping

Digging

and
Locating

Mixing '
Concrete

Setting

and
Placing
Concrete

Sup.
and
Exp.

T

Total
Cost

Kind

of

Soil

No.

of

hrs.

W'r'k

Remarks

6 Pin
10 Pin

10 Pin. Alley
Terminal

Form 3.
Data Secured by

Erecting Cross-Arms.

Order No

Location Date 100

«

Foreman

No. of
Cross-arms

Teaming

and
Labor in
Hauling

Putting
on arms

Total
Cost

No. of
Hours
Worked

No.

of

Poles

Remarks

Stombaugh
Miller
Log
Rock

Form 4.
Data Secured by

Anchor Guys and Anchors.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

100

! Teaming
No. of and
Anchors Labor in
Hauling

'''Sging I s^ i p, i Sup. Total ^^^

Dr.mn« ; Anchor Guys | -^1 Cost | ^f„

_l I i

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

10

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION:

16'

2^
3<K

Form 6.
Data Secured by

Guying and Setting Stubs.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Stubs

Teaming

and
Labor in
Hauling

Digging

Setting
Stubs

Placing
Guy

Sup.
and
Exp.

I

Total
Cost

Kind

of

Soil

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

15'
2<K
25'
3(K

No. of
Stubs

Form 6.
Data Secured by

Guying and Setting Self-Sustaining Stubs.

(With Ground Brace.)

Order No.

Location Date

Foreman

Teaming

and
Labor in
Hauling

Digging

Setting
Stubs

Placing
Guy

Sup
and
Exp

Total
Cost

Kind

of

Soil

No. of

Hours

Worked

1

•

190

Remarks

Form 7,
Data Secured by

Guying and Setting Self-Sustaining Stubs.

(In Cloncretc.)

Order No.

location Date

Foreman

16'
20'
25'
30'

190

No.

of

Stubs

Teaming

and
Labor in
Hauling

Digging

Mixing
Concrete

Setting

and
Placing
Concrete

Placing
Guy.

Ind iTotal'Kind

Exp

Cost

Soil

No.
of

Mrs.
W'rk

Remarks

20'

25'
30'
35' and Higher

Form 8.
Data Secured by

Setting Push Pole Braces.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Braces

Teaming

and
Labor in
Hauling

Framing

Diggmg

and
Locating

Setting

Sup.
and
Exp

Total
Cost

Kind

of

Soil

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

POLE LINE,

II

Form 9.
Data Secured by

Wire Stringing.

No. 12 Gatv. Steel y .. t^ .

.080 Bare Copper Location Date.

. 104 Bare Copper Foreman

Order No.

190

Mi. of Wire
strung

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Stringing

and

Equip.

Super.

and

Exp.

Total
Cost

No. hrs.
Worked

Remarks

Farm

City or Village

Form 10.
Data Secured by.

Line Orders.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of

Line

Orders

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Stringing

and

Equip.

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. hrs.
Worked

City or Village Line
Farm Line

Form 11.
Data Secured by

Running Drops.

E.xchange Date.

Foreman

Order No.

100

No. of
Drops

Length of

Wire

used for

Drop

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Stringing

and
Equipping

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. hrs.
Worked

Remarks

METHOD OF FIGURING LINE CONSTRUCTION

COST.

If in a day's work of a line gang, only one size of poles in
one kind of soil were set — no cross-arms being erected or wire
strung — the method of figuring would require little explana-
tion. The entire expense of the team, foreman or lost time,
would be charged to the particular kind of work done; the
lost time being prorated and added to the different sub-di-
visions, as ''Framing," "Digging and Locating" and "Setting,"

12 TELEPfigXE CONSTRUCTION.

— {lost time never being charged to "Teaming and Labor in
Hauling.") and the men's time would be charged under the
columns corresponding with their work. This, however, is
rarely the case. A day's work of a line gang usually covers
different divisions of construction, often in various kinds of
soil. It is therefore necessary to explain tlie method of pro-
portioning the teaming, lost time, and supervision and ex-
pense. We will assume the day's work of a line gang, com-
posed of 6 men, i foreman at $4 and i team at $4, as shown by
the memorandum data book (see Fig. 9) to have been as
follows :

PIK. 10,— view Showing Method of Fig. 11.— View ghowlng Method of
Raising Pole. Slru;gh(eninB Pole.

No. of Hours

Setting 35-ft. poles in hard clay: Worked, Cost.

Ey men 15 $ 473

By foreman '/i .25

By team 1 .50

Erecting lo-pin cross-arms, by men 12 3.60

Stringing .104 copper wire, by men 18 5. 17

Supervision and expense on the work in

general, by foreman 7J4 3.75

Teaming on ihe work in general, by team. 7 3.50

Loss time on the work in general, by men.. 3 .<>o

Totals 64 $22.40

In this schedule by "Supervision and Expense on the Work
in General," is meant such part of the foreman's, assistant fore-

POLE LINE.

13

man's or timekeeper's time not .spent in doing manual labor,
but used in supervising the work, keeping accounts, etc. It
is obviously not pos.siblc when part of the gang is stringing
wire and part erecting cross-arms to say what minute the
foreman is supervising the wire stringing and what minute lie
is supervising the erection of cross-arms.

"Teaming on the work in general" means that part of the
time of the team which is used to haul the men and tools to
and from the jobs. If when going to and from jobs, besides
hauling the men and tools, some cross-arms or wire, etc., are
also hauled, there being no extra time used in hauling the
cross-arms or wire, the time should not be charged, entirely
to cross-arms, but should be charged proportionately on the
work in general.

PI,,. 12.— view Showing Method of tJslns Iron Barrel in DisginK Pule Holes
In Son Ground.

A line gang loses time getting from its station to a job or
from one job to another. Such time is charged to "General
or Lost Time," and \a proportioned over the <hfferent kinds
of construction work carried on during the day. At times
the work is in such^gihape that the entire gang cannot be
utilized. In such cases the men not working are charged
against the work being done at the time, i e., if waiting on
men framing, their time should be charged to framing, etc.
An example will ilhistrate the procedure followed :

Method of Proportioning Lost Time, — Assuming that the
lost time on the work in general was:

14 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Grade, Rate per hr. Hrs. lost. Cost.

I lineman $.34 ^4 $.17

1 lineman 40 '/i .17

2 combination men 28ea. J-^ ea. .28

2 groundmcn 25 ea. J4 ea. .25

Totals 3 $.90

and the number of hours actually worked by the men (ex-
cluding the foreman) was 6X8 — 3 (lost time) we have 45
hours. Dividing the cost of lost fime ($0.90) by the num-
ber of hours actually worked by the men (45), will give the
cost of lost time per "man hour" as $0.02, which multiplied by
the hours actually worked by thi* men, on each kind or di-

FlK- 13.— Removing Iron Barrel with Bars.

vision of construction, i. e., 15 (number of hours setting poles)
multiplied by $0.02 (cost of lost time per man hour) equals
$0.30. Continuing this operation, we have for "Cross-Arms"
$0.24, for "Stringing Wire" $0.36.

Now assuming the data on setting 35-ft. poles in hard clay
to have been as shown in Fig. 9, the cost of the different sub-
divisions is as follows:

Framing and stepping $0-45

Digging and locating 2.60

Setting 1.43

Total $44S

POLE LINE. 15

Dividing the cost of lost time {$0.30) by the cost of the
different sub-division {$4.48), we have 0.0669-I-, which multi-
plied by the cost of each sub-division gives the following:

Proportional
Cost of

Subdivisions. Cost. Lost Time. Total.

Framing and stepping ?o-45 $003 $048

Digging and locating 2.60 0.17 2.77

Setting 1.43 0.10 1.53

Totals $448 $0.30 $4.78

Fig. 14.— Removing Iron Barrel with Block and Tackle.

"Labor in Hauling" being the time consumed in going to a
store yard, sorting out the proper size poles, cros.s-arms, wire,
etc., loading them on the wagon and hauling them to the
job, the time lost by the gang between their station and work
should not be charged to this sub-division, but to the sub-
division of construction on which they are employed. If the
day was spent in setting poles the lost time should be
charged to "Framing and Setting," "Digging and Locating,"
and "Setting." It sometimes happens that the gang works
on digging or setting only; in such cases the lost time should
be charged to digging or setting as the case may he.

j6

TELEPHOSE COXSTRUCTIOS.

Method of Proportioning Supervision and Expense. — To
find the proportion of cost of the supervision and expense to
be charged to each division or kind of construction where su-
pervising and expenses of the work in general i» meant, divide
the cost of the supervision and expense ($3-75) by the cost
of the day's work inchiding lost time ($14.40), but not in-
cluding supervisors (foremen, etc.) or team, and multiply
by the cost, including lost time of each kind or division of
construction. The result will be as given in Table IV.

Method of Proportioning Teaming.— When the team is
used to haul men and tools to and from work or is standing at
a job, the expense being on the work in general, is propor-
tioned in the same manner as the "Supervision and Expense."

Summary. — The data on the day's work arc therefore as giv-
en bv Table V.

Fig. 15.— Retl tor V

Table IV. — Siioi

ItPBRV.S.O.N- AN.. Ex

KNSK.

Divition* or Kind

□f Coiulruction.

P

1

IM

1

fsWrESJi-i";"'

an

!l

1g

te.34

Stringing .104 CDi>|>cr wire

POLE LINE.

Table VI.— Avemace Cost of jo-Ft. Street m Alley Poles.

Tfiiimlng and Framing DlBglng SupervJslon Average

Uiborin nnd end and Cn<t

Hauling. SIei>|>lng. LuintlnB. Setting. Extiensi:, Per Full'.

Sand nr crr.vcl to r>I 10.20 10.49 t0.2E tO.^8 tI.S3

Clay and sand 0.57 0.16 0.48 0.2i 0.53 l.Sa

Sand and wuter D.Tl 0.19 D.:<7 0.3£ 0.30 -i.i^

Chty 0.88 0.19 0.69 0.38 0.47 2. SO

Clay and water 0.94 0.26 0.76 0.36 D.&l 2-83

Hurd May 1.01 0.17 flS 0.3! 0.39 3.01

Vpry i-mirKe gnivet. 0.93 0.18 l.£3 0.6O 0.62 3.62

QuIrkH'd nnd water 1.17 O.M 1.42 0.44 0.T2 4.00

Ruck 1.31 0.22 Z.48 0.73 1.27 6.01

Ruck and water 1.56 O.IO 3.39 0.94 l..^l T.60

Avenigc In nil eoIIb. 0,96 0.20 l.L'4 0.4T 0.71 3.r>8
Avenigc In nil aull

exceiit niek 085 0.20 0.82 O.aj 0.54 2.78

T.VBLE VI [.—Cost of js-Ft, Street oh Alley Poles.

Tp-irolngand Framing DlBglng Supervision Average

Labor In and and and Cost

Hauling. Steii[)lni{. Locating. Setting. Exiicnae. Per Pok'.

Sand nr gravel lO.r.O 10.26 J0.73 10.34 10.37 12.20

Sand and water 0.76 0.^7 0.83 0.36 0.57 2. 79

Clay 1.09 0.24 0.92 0.54 0.43 3.34

Clay and water 1.28 0.31 0.93 0.4S 0.50 . 3.49

Hard clay 1.31 0,30 1,07 0.,'p3 0,63 3.34

Very ooarse gravel. 1.36 0.33 1.34 0.80 O.T.I 4.40

Hard pan 1.41 0.32 1.36 0.74 0.76 4.39

guli-kcM nnd water 1.1? 031 1.69 0.67 0.64 ' 4.51

Rock* 1.47 0.32 2.91 O.M 1,38 6.97

Rock and water.... 1,59 0.31 3,53 1,04 1,T2 8,19
Average coat In all

soils 1-19 0.Z9 l.M 0,63 0,78 4,43

Average coHt In nil

soils except rufk, l.ll 0,38 1,12 0,55 0,58 3.64

•Note: When liolea are blasted the cost of d>'namlte la Included In
"Supervlaion and Cxiivnse."

Table VIII,— Cost of 40-FT. Street or Aflev Poles.

Teaming nnd Framing- Digging Supervision A vera ee

Labor In and and and Cn-ii

Hauling. Slopping. Locating. Setting. Expense. Per puliv

Sand or gravel 10.78 lo."?* 10.79 10,47 ln.,^3 1:^ 1.^

Band and waler 0.92 0.27 ' 0.90 0.37 0..-iit 3.25

Clay and water 1.23 0.2S 0.9S 0.63 O.Gl a.f.l

Clay 1.02 - 0.22 1.04 0,68 0,54 3,70

Hard cl.iy LSS 0.28 1.12 0.71 0.68 4.17

Very (■.inrse gravel. 1.35 0.30 1.42 0,89 O.7.-. 4.71

Quleks'ii anil water 1,41 0,^9 1,97 0.93 0,76 5.1!i

Rock 1.60 0,''l 2.99 0.92 1,45 7.27

Ttork and water 1.S2 27 3.72 1.12 1.71 3.67

Average ciist In all

Average cont In nil

•oils except rock. 1.16 0.27 1.17 0.67 0.64 3.91

i8

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table IX. — Cost

lleaming and
LAbor in
Hauling.

Sand or gravel. $0.95

Sand and water 1.03

Clay and water.... 1.18

Clay .: 1.21

Hard clay 1.45

Very coarse gravel. 1.47

Quicks'd and water 1.67

Rock 1.84

Average coat in all

soils 1.35

Average cost In all

soils except rock. 1.28

OF 45-Ft.

Street (

[)R Alley Poles.

Framing

Digging

Supervision Average

and

and

and

Cost

Stepping.

Locating.

Setting. Expense.

Per Pole.

10.33

$1.08

10.74 10.70

13.80

0.35

1.20

0.78 0.76

4.12

0.36

1.25

0.82 0.72

4.33

0.35

1.32

0.91 0.74

4.53

0.37

1.39

0.96 0.82

4.99

0.34

1.60

1.03 0.87

5.31

0.36

2.17

1.03 0.93

6.16

0.34

3.46

0.99 1.67

8.30

*

0.35

1.68

0.91 0.90

5.19

0.35

1.43

0.90 0.79

4.75

Table X. — Cost of 20- Ft. Farm Line Poles.

Teaming and Digging Supervision Average

LAbor in and and Cost

Hauling. Framing. Locating. Setting. Expense. Per Pole.

Sand or gravel $0.23 $0.07 $0.24 $0.12 $0.08 $0.74

Sand and water 0.23 0.05 0.25 0.14 0.09 0.76

Black soil 0.20 0.07 0.26 0.16 0.12 0.81

Black soil and water 0.24 0.06 0.33 0.10 0.11 0.84

Clay 0.35 0.05 0.32 0.12 0.13 0.97

Clay and water 0.33 0.06 0.35 0.12 0.15 1.01

Hard clay 0.35 0.07 0.69 0.17 0.23 1.51

Very coarse gravel. 0.37 0.05 0.74 0.19 0.26 1.61

Quicks'd and water 0.41 0.04 0.73 0.16 0.38 1.72
Average cost in all

soils 0.30 0.06 0.44 0.14 0.17 1.11

Note: Farm Lines are rarely built in rock. In the case of one or two
poles, the spans are lengthened or shortened to avoid rock. Where the
direct route is mostly rock some other route by which the rock may be
avoided is taken, although requiring more poles.

Table XL — Cost of 25-

Teaming and
Labor in

Hauling. Framing.

Sand or gravel $0.28 $0.12

Sand and water... 0.32 0.11

Black soil 0.31 0.14

Blk. soil and water 0.33 0.11

Clay 0.37 0.14

Clay and water 0.39 0.13

Hard clay 0.44 0.12

Very coarse gravel. 0.52 0.14

Quicks'd and water 0.60 0.10
Average cost in all

soils 0.40 0.12

Ft. Farm

Digging
and
Locating.

$0.32
0.34
0.32
0.39
0.47
0.50
0.75
0.82
0.86

0.53

Line Poles.

Supervision
and
Setting. E.xpense.

$0.16
0.14
0.18
0.20
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.24
0.28

0.19

$0.14
0.16
0.19
0.18
0.23
0.27
0.32
0.38
0.43

0.26

Av'ge

Cost per

Pole.

$1.02
1.07
1.14
1.21
1.40
1.46
1.81
2.10
2.27

1.50

Table XII. — Cost of 30- Ft. Farm Line Pole.

Teaming and Digging SupervLnlon Average

Labor in and and Cost

Hauling. Framing. Locating. Setting. Expense. Per Pole.

Sand or gravol $0.43 $0.16 $0.37 $0.22 $0.23 $1.41

Sand and water 0.41 0.17 0.43 0.21 0.26 1.48

Black soli 0.47 0.15 0.38 0.23 0.31 1.54

Clay 0.67 0.12 0.57 0.28 0.32 1.96

Clay and water 0.59 0.13 0.68 0.32 0.43 2.15

Hard clay 0.71 0.17 0.85 0.37 0.48 / 2.58

Verv coarse gravel. 0.72 0.14 0.99 0.44 0.37 2.66
Average cost in all

soils 0.57 0.15 0.61 0.30 0.34 1.97

Note: 30 ft. farm line poles cost less to set than city or alley poles
on account of the average Jobs being larger: poles are more easily located
and conditions for work better on a country ro^d than on a city street.

POLE LINE.

19

Table XIII. — Cost of 30- Ft. Toll Line Poles.

Teaming and Digging Supervision Average

Labor in and and Cost

Hauling. Framing. Locating. Setting. Expense. Per Pole.

Sand or gravel $0.42 $0.19 $0.41 $0.22 $0.29 $1.53

Sand and water 0^48 0.21 0.44 0.24 0.27 1.64

Black soil 0.44 0.19 0.46 0.27 0.26 1.62

Clay 0.61 0.24 0.69 0.35 0.23 2.12

Clay and wafer 0.63 0.22 0.73 0.37 0.24 2.19

Hard clay 0.83 0.26 0.84 0.34 0.41 2.68

Very coarse gravel. 0.91 0.19 0.98 0.38 0.44 2.90

Quicks'd and water* 1.47 o.2tf 1.4 > 0.92 0.70 4.80

Rock 1.30 0.27 2.17 0.71 1.08 5.53

Average cost in all

soils 0.78 0.23 0.91 0.42 0.44 2.78

Average cost in all

soils except rock. 0.72 0.22 0.75 0.39 0.36 2.44

•In setting poles in quicksand in the country iron sand barrels are used,

whereas in the city old lime or sugar barrels are used in place of sand
barrels, and are left in the holes. The cost of the old barrels which are left
in the holes should be charged to supervision and expense.

Table XIV.— Cost of 35- Ft. Toll Line Poles.

Teaming and Digging Supervision Average

Labor in and and Cost

Hauling. FYaming. Locating. Setting. Elxpense. Per Pole.

Sand or gravel $0.49 $0.27 $0.67 $0.33 $0.32 $2.08

Sand and water 0.47 0.29 0.71 O.'do 0.43 2.25

Black soil 0.62 0.26 0.74 0.38 0.40 2.4t)

Clay 0.58 0.30 0.80 0.51 0.36 2.55

Clav and water 0.78 0.27 0.93 0.66 0.43 3.07

Hard clay 0.92 0.28 1.01 0.54 0.52 3.27

Very coarse giavel. 1.10 0.30 1.21 0.58 0.61 3 80

Quicks'd and water 1.46 0.29 1.68 96 0.73 5.12

Rock 1.38 0.30 2.60 0.79 1.14 6.21

Average in all soIIh. 0.87 0.28 1.15 0.57 0.53 3.42
Average in all soils

except rock 0.80 0.28 0.97 0.54 0.48 3.07

Table XV.— Cost of 40-FT. Toll

Teaming and Digging

Labor in and
Hauling. Framing. Locating.

Sand or gravel $0.65 $0.30 $0.65

Sand and water 0.70 0.34 0.73

Clay 0.83 0.32 0.84

Clay and water 0.S7 0.30 0.89

Hard clay 0.94 0.36 1.06

Ver>' coarse gravel. 1.20 0.32 1.24

Quicks'd and water 1.68 0.37 1.70

Rock 1.80 ' 0.31 3.34

Average In all soils 1.08 0.33 1.31
Average in all soils

except rock 0.98 0.33 1.02

Line Poles.

Supervision Average

and

Co8t

Setting. Expense.

Per Pole.

$0.49 $0.42

$2.51

0.50 0.46

2.73

0.54 0.47

3.00

0.64 0.45

3.15

0.60 0.61

3.57

0.69 0.72

4.17

1.24 1.10

6.09

0.90 1.21

7.56

0.70 0.68

4.10

0.67

0.60

3.60

Table XVI.— Cost of 45-Ft. Toll Line Poles.

Teaming and Digging Supervision Average

I^ibor in and and Cost

Hauling. Framing. Locating. Setting. Expense. Per Pole.

Sand or gravel $0.82 $0.35 $0.90 $0.66 $0.60 $3.33

Clay 1.12 0.34 1.01 0.77 0.58 3.82

Hard clay 1.30 0.32 1.20 0.88 0.69 4.39

Quicks'd and water 1.98 0.30 3.86 1.44 1 20 8.84

Rock and water 2.60 0.34 7.49 1.19 1.82 13.44

Average cost in all

soils 1.56 0.33 2.89 0.99 0.99 6.76

Average cost in all

soils except rock. 1.30 0,33 1.74 0.94 0.78 5.09
Note: 45-ft. toll linos not being frequently built, sufficient data on which

averages could be based could not be had for some kinds of soil.

20 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table XVII. — Cost of Self-Sustaining Poles With Ground Braces.

Teaming and Framing Digging Supervision Average

Labor in and and and Cost
Hauling. Stepping. Locating. Setting. E^xpense. Per Pole.

Clay, poles 30 ft.... $0.7!) $0.47 $1.30 $0.44 $0.53 $3.53
Hard clay, poles 30

ft 1.07 0.51 1.53 0.46 0.65 4.22

Average in all soils,

poles 30 ft 0.93 0.49 1.42 0.45 0.59 3.88

Clay, poles S5 ft... O.S-* 0.48 1.24 0.54 0.64 3 74
Hard clay, poles 35

ft 1.19 0.50 1.57 0.58 0.71 4.55

Average in all soils,

poles 35 ft 1.02 0.49 1.40 0.56 0.68 4.15

Clay, poles 40 ft.... 1.12 0.54 1.56 0.79 0.72 4.73
Hard clay, poles 40

ft 1.54 0.52 1.77 0.76 0.80 5.39

Average in all soils,

poles 40 ft 1.33 0.53 1.67 0.77 0.76 5.06

Table XVIIL— Cost of 30-Ft. Self-sustaining Poles Set in Concrete.

Teaming Setting Super- Average

and Framing Digging and vision Cost

Labor in and and Mixing Placing and Per

Hauling. Stepping. Locating. Concrete. Concrete. Exp'se. Pole.

Sand or graveL.$1.10 $0.27 $0.82 $0.35 $0.75 $1.02 $4.31

Sand and water. 1.07 0.31 0.97 0.33 0.89 0.98 4.55

Clay 1.26 0.22 1.17 0.36 0.87 1.11 4. 19

Quicksand and

water 1.40 0.24 1.45 0.57 1.08 1.20 5.94

Average cost In

all soils 1.21 0.26 1.10 0.40 0.90 1.08 4.93

Table XIX.— Cost of 35-Ft. Self-Sustaining Poles Set in Concrete.

Teaming Setting Super- Average

and Framing Digging and vision Cost

Labor in and and Mixing Placing and Per

Hauling. Stepping. Locating. Concrete. Concrete. Exp'se. Pole.

Sand or gravel. .$1.04 $0.30 $0.86 $0.38 $0.79 $1.07 $4.44

Sand and water. 1.13 0.29 1.01 0.41 1.01 1.10 4.95

Clay 1.22 0.31 1.13 0.44 1.03 1.01 5.14

Quicksand and

water 1.48 0.34 1.52 0.62 1.22 1.28 6.46

Average cost in

all soils 1.22 0.31 1.13 0.46 1.01 1.12 5.25

Table XX. — Cost of Cross- Arms.

Teaming

and Labor Putting Supervision Av. Cost

in Hauling. on Arms. and Expense. Per C.Arm.

Six-pin $0,024 $0,074 $0,022 $0.12

Ten-pin 0.05 0.13 0.04 0.22

Ten-pin alley 0.07 0.20 0.07 0.34

Terminal 0.06 0.15 0.05 0.26

Table XXI. — Cost of Anchors Including Anchor Guys.
Item — Stombaugh. Miller. Hock.

Teaming and labor in hauling $0.11

Boring

Drilling

Setting anchor 0.20

Placing guy 0.23*

Supervision and expense 0.12

Average cost per anchor including guy 0.66

•No. 4 galvanized steel wiie used for guys; this anchor used for fann
line, t %-ln. strand used for guys.

$0.33

$0.34

0.73

• • • •

• * ■ •

0.90

0.13

0.19

0.31t

0.44t

0.34

0.17

1.84

2.14

POLE LINE.

21

Table XXII. — Cost of Yjoq Anchors Including Anchor Guvs.

Average

Super- Coat

Teaming and vision perAn-

I^bor in Setting Placing and chor. Inc.

Hauling. Digging. Anchor. Guy. Expense. Guy.

Sand or gravel $0.37 $0.81 $0.31 $0.37 $0.33 $2.19

Sand and water* .. . 0,56 1.71 0.91 0.20 1.57 4.95

Black soil 0.43 0.76 0.35 0.44 0.30 ^2.28

Clay 0.63 1.40 0.60 0.49 0.63 / 3.75

Clay and water 0.60 1.70 1.00 0.60 0.73 4.63

Hard clay 0.59 1.75 0.85 0.63 0.59 ;4.41

Hard pan 0.81 2.04 0.84 0.43 0.67 N«-.79

Very coarse gravel. 0.96 2.10 0.97 0.55 0.93 5.51

Quicks'd and water 0.87 2.30 1.19 0.65 1.10 6.20

Av. cost in all soils. 0.65 1.63 0.78 0.48 0.76 4.30

•Note — Hole often caves in if not sheeted.

Table XXIII. — Cost of Guying .^nd Setting Stubs.

Super- Average

Teaming and vision Cost per

I^abor in Setting Placing and Stub. inc.

Hauling. Digging. Stubs. (3uys, Expense. Guy.

15 Ft. Stubs-
Sand or gravel $0.37 $0.74 $0.26 $0.32 $0,36 $2.05

Clay 0.53 0.88 0.24 0.36 0.50 2.51

Clay and water 0.49 0.93 0.36 0.41 0.48 2.67

Hard clay 0.67 0.96 0.37 0.48 0.53 3.01

Av. cost In all soils. 0.51 0.S8 p.31 .0.39 0.47 2.56

20 Ft. Stubs-
Sand or gi-avel 0.41 0.73 0.32 0.31 0.35 2.12

Clay 0.49 0.96 0.34 0.35 0.48 2.62

Clay and water 0.54 1.04 0.44 0.42 0.43 2.87

Hard clay 0.65 1.05 0.42 0.39 0.59 3.10

Very coarse gi-av-l. 0.72 1.16 0.44 0.41 0.62 3.35

Av. cost in all soils. 0.56 0.99 0.39 0.38 0.49 2.81

25 Ft. Stubs-
Sand or gravel 0.69 0.79 0.47 0.41 0.52 2.88

Clay 0.76 0.86 0.54 0.39 0.64 3.19

Clay and water 0.74 1.01 0.59 0.46 0.66 3.46

Hard clay 0.89 T.IO 0.53 0.42 0.61 3.55

Av. cost m all soilb. 0.77 0.94 0.53 0.42 0.61 3.27

Table XXIV. — Cost of Guying and Setting Self-Sustaining Stubs in

Concrete.

Setting stubs
Teaming and Super- Av'go
and Mixing Placing vision Cost per
Labor in Con- Con- Placing and Stub Inc.
Hauling. Digging, crete. crete. Guys. Expense. Guy.
15 ft. Stubs-
Sand or gravel.. $0.88 $0.95 $0.38 $0.60 $0.37 $0.83 $4.01
Sand and water. 0.83 1.16 0.37 0.66 0.41 0.86 4.29

Black soil 0.77 0.97 0.41 0.69 0.38 0.74 3.86

Black soil and

water 0.99 1.00 0.36 0.64 0.39 0.91 4.29

Quicksand and

wat3F 1.08 1.41 0.43 0.93 0.43 0.98 5.26

Average cost in

all soils 0.91 1.10 .0.39 0.68 0.40 0.86 4.34

20 ft. Stubs-
Sand or sravel.. 0.86 1.02 0.45 0.68 0.41 0.89 4.31
Sand and water. 0.92 1.11 0.46 0.73 0.43 0.90 4.5.'

Black soil 0.83 0.98 0.40 0.76 0.37 0.86 4.20

Quicksand and

water 0.97 1.46 0..^6 1.07 0.36 0.94 5.16

Average in all

.soils 0.90 1.14 0.42 0.81 0..^9 0.90 4.56

25 ft. Stubs—

Sand or gravel.. 1.02 (L9S 0.52 0.7«; o. U 0.88 4.60

Sand and water. 1.08 1.06 0.46 0.84 0.37 0.96 4.77
Quick.sand iind

water , 1.22 1.50 0.41 1.12 0.43 0.9i' 5.67

Average in all

soils 1.11 1.18 0.46 0.91 0.41 0.94 5.01

.?2

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table XXV. — Cost of Guying and Setting Self-Sustaining Stubs

With Ground Braces.

Teaming Super- Average

and vision Cost per

Labor in Setting. Placing and Stub. Inc.

Hauling. Digging. Stubs. Guy. Expense. Guy.

15 ft.--

Clay 10.77 $0.94 |0.42 $0.39 $0.74 $3.26

Hard clay 0.86 1.18 0.40 0.35 0.83 3.62

Av. cost in all soils. . 0.82 1.06 0.41 0.37 0.78 3.44
20 ft.—

Clay 0.84 0.92 0.46 0.38 0.82 3.42

Hard clay 1.02 1.12 0.49 0.43 0.87 3.93

Av. cost in all soils. 0.93 1.02 0.48 0.40 0.85 3.68
25 ft.—

Clay 1.01 0.98 0.57 0.41 0.79 3.76

Hard clay 1.04 1.16 0.64 0.46 1.07 4.37

Av. cost in all soils. 1.03 1.07 0.60 0.44 0.93 4.07

Table XXVI. — Cost of Push Pole Braces.

Teaming Super-

and vision Average

Labor in and Cost per

Hauling. Framing. Digging. Setting. Expense. Brace.
20 ft.—

Sand or gravel $0.27 $0.18 $0.22 $0.28 $0.23 $1.18

Sand and water... 0.34 0.17 0.28 0.24 0.30 1.33

Black soil 0.30 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.26 1.38

Clay and water 0.43 0.19 0.31 0.26 0.37 1.56

Av. cost in all soils. 0.33 0.20 0.27 0.27 0.29 1.36
25 ft.—

Sand or gravel 0.28 0.26 0.29 0.25 0.26 1.34

Sand and water... 0.41 0.21 0.34 0.31 0.38 1.65

Black soil 0.27 0.14 0.32 0.24 0.23 1.20

Clay 0.63 0.17 0.38 0.27 0.49 1.84

Av. cost in all soils. 0.37 0.20 0.33 0.27 0.34 1.51

Table XXVII. — Cost of Wire Stringing.

Teaming and
Labor in
Hauling

No. 12 galv. steel for farm lines $0.89

No. 12 galv. steel for toll circuits... 0.99

.104 bare copper for toll circuits 1.18

.080 bare copper for street and alley
lines 1.22

Stringing Supervision Average

and and Cost

Equipping. Expense, per Mile.

$3.04
3.25
3.65

3.18

$0.90
0.72
0.80

0.66

$4.83
4.96
5.63

5.06

Note — The cost of trimming trees is not included in wire stringing. This
cost varies so greatly that averages are of no value. The reel shown in Fig.
15 was used to string most of the wire on which these costs are based.
On account of being equipped with a friction brake, adjustable to any size
coil, and designed for handling either one or two coils, this style reel was
found to facilitate wire stringing and reduce its cost.

Table XXVIII.— Cost of Line Orders.

Teaming and
Labor in
Hauling.

City or village lines $0.49

Farm lines 0.35

Stringing Supervision

and and

Equipping. Expense.

$1.60 $0.43

1.38 0.36

Average

Cost per

Line Order.

$2.52
2.09

Note — Line orders include only the cost of stringing and equipping the
line wire and drop to the house, necessary for a telephone installation, the
inside wiring and installation of telephone set being done by "Installers. "*
As the principal cost of line orders is in the equipping, they are averagfi!
by number of line orders instead of miles as in stringing wire. It niakcH
little difference in cost whether two. three or four 8i>ans of win- are strung
The average line order in ciile.s and villages requires four to five span.** nf
circuit, and for farm lines seven to eiJ<ht spans. In cities and villages to
complete the average line order very little work other than stringing win-
and setting one or two poles and cross arms is necessarj*. The Jobs being
small, the time lost between Jobs makes tl!H cost higher than on farm
lines where It usually requires one or two dav.^* woik foi- each line order.

POLE LINE, 2S

Table XXIX.— Cost of Drops.

Teaming and Stringlngr Supervision Average
Labor in and and Cost

Hauling. Equipping. Expense. per Drop

City and village lines $0.15 $0.54 $0.07 $0.7A

Farm lines 0.10 0.47 0.10 0.67

Note — When for a line order the stringing of a drop is all that is neces-
sary, it is put under "Drops" instead of "Line Orders. '

CONSTRUCTION COST DATA.

The data given in Tables VI to XXIX are average costs
based. on over io,ooo poles, cross-arms, anchors, etc., erected
on over 500 jobs in both city and country, and in all seasons
of the year. In general, winter work is found to average in
cost with spring work. In winter the frost makes digging
and setting more expensive and the cold increases the cost
of stringing wire, erecting cross-arms and work requiring
men to be on the poles. These drawbacks are balanced in the
spring by bad roads, muddy tools and slippery footing. Sum-
mer and fall work costs about 10 per cent, less than winter and
spring work.

Wages. — ^The rates of wages paid and on which the costs
in Tables VI to XXXVII are based are as follows:

Station gangs:

Foremen, per month $90.00 to $100.00

Timekeeper, per 8-hour day 2.25 to 2.50

Linemen, per 8-hour day ^ 2.95 to 3.25

Combination men, per 8-hour day 2.25 to 2.50

Groundmen, per 8-hour day 2.00 to 2.15

Teams, per 8-hour day 4.00 to 4.50

Floating gangs:

Foremen, per month and board 65.00 to 75.00

Timekeeper, per 8-hour day and board 1.25 to 1.40

Linemen, per 8-hour day and board 1.80 to 2.od

Combination men, per 8-hour day and board. 1.25 to 1.40

Groundmen, per 8-hour day and board i.oo

Teams, per 8-hour day and board 3.00 to 4.00

From 50 to 75 cts. per day are allowed for board of team
and $1 per day, including Sundays, i.s allowed for board of
each man. In the cost data given, the rate for men in floating
gangs is found by dividing the board per month. $30 or $31,
by the number of working days. 26 or 27, and adding the

24 TELEPHOXE COXSTRUCTION.

amount to their rate per day. Mistakes in construction such
as digging a hole in the wrong location are not included in
these averages.

Classifications of Soils. — Combinations of soil being almost
endless, the divisions assumed are necessarily, to some extent,
arbitrary. Loam is included with clay. When quicksand is
dry and does not run it is classed as sand. \"ery coarse gravel
includes clay and cobbles. If the soil is one-half hard clay
and one-half clay and water, it is classed as hard clay ; if one-
half hard clay and one-half clay, it is classed as clay and water.
The "average cost in all soils" and the "average cost of all
soils except rock" are figured as if each pole was set in a dif-
ferent kind of soil, whereas in most districts clay predom-
inates, except in the spring of the year, when the greatest per-
centage of the digging is in clay and water. In estimating
work, the average costs in those soils predominating in a dis-
trict should be used.

CHAPTER II.

METHODS AND COST OF CABLE CONSTRIXTIOX.

While cable requires more careful handling than wire, still
the percentage of linemen or other skilled labor necessary is
small, as a foreman at one end of the job and an assistant, or
lineman, at the other end, can readily supervise and direct the
work of the men. The average cost of labor per hour is
therefore 3 cts. to 5 cts. less than for line work. The aver-
age supervision, however, is higher on accoimt of cable work
beiny done mostly in large districts where foremen are better
paid than in small districts. This also applies to foremen
who install toll cable, they being experienced and highly
paid — men used for difficult jobs or work requiring very care-
ful handling.

Although the specification set forth the manner in which
cable is to be handled, still there is a greater chance for fore-
men to display judgment in cable work than in line work,
especially in the laying out of work. Line work can gen-
eralh'^ be dropped for the. day at almost any time, whereas, a
cable reel once opened, the cable must be erected or pulled in
the same day on account of its liability to injury.

Cable being the main arteries of a telephone plant in cities
and towns, no expense is spared to install it in the most ef-
ficient and permanent manner. The costs given are based on
high grade work, foremen being held responsible in any case
where the work is not standard.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS.
Sizes of Cable. — The cable referred to in these labor costs
is loose core, paper insulated, lead sheathed cable. The diam-
eter, thickness of sheath, and weight are as follows :

25

26

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

No. of
Pairs.

10

15

25

50
100
200
400
GOO

25

50
100
200
300

22 B. & S. (;age.
Outside Diam- Thickness of

cter, inches.

Shea

s«

t

€A

l»

H

!».

n

l*!

1

I'l

1

s

3t

1 i

i

2,'.

i

2 *

i

m B.

& S. Gage.

1

,'»

1 i

m

i

2t'.

i

2|

i

•y»/

^^uvu*/^•

M0t»¥»'tff'~-

Weight, lbs.,
per 100 ft.

59i

70

93
132
212i
400
606
802

142
228
444
581
751

Fig. 16. — Method of RpIicinK Messenuer Stra.id.

Erecting Messenger. — Messenger is. (i) No. 4 Steel Wire,
(2) J^-in. Strand, and (3) J^-in. Strand, constructed accord-
ing to the following specifications :

A No. 4 steel wire messenger shall be used to sustain 25
pr. 22 ga. aerial or lighter cables. The messenger shall be
secured to the pole with a No. 4 messenger support and a 7-
in. lag screw, tightly but carefully screwed up so as not to
strip the threads in the wood of the pole.

A }i'in, strand shall be used for the suspension of 25 pr.
19 ga. and 50 pr. 22 ga. aerial cables, and for 100 pr. 22 ga.
and 50 pr. 19 ga. aerial cables in spans not longer than 145 ft.
The strand shall be attached to the pole by means of a ^-in.
strand support and one 7-in. and one 4-in. lag screws.

CWLE WORK.

27

The J^-in. strand shall be used to sustain all aerial cables
heavier than 50 pr. 19 ga. or 100 pr. 22 ga., and for 50 pr. 19
ga. and 100 pr. 22 ga. in spans longer than 145 ft. The strand
shall be attached to the pole by means of a J/^-in. strand sup-
port and two 6-in. lag screws. The method of splicing strand
is shown by Fig. 16.

Aerial Cable. — Aerial cable is of the following kinds : 10 pr.,
22 ga.; 15 pr., 22 ga.; 25 pr., 22 ga. and 19 ga.; 50 pr., 22 ga.
and 19 ga. ; 100 pr., 22 ga. and 19 ga. ; 200 pr., 22 ga. and 19
ga. The specifications for aerial cable work are as follows :

Aerial cable may be erected by the use of capstan, by winch,
by horsepower, or by hand. The speed should not exceed 50
ft. per minute, and the armor of the cable should be inspected
carefully for imperfections as it is unreeled.

FiR. 17.— Method of Fastening Cable to Pole.

In setting up, cable should always be taken from the top
of the reel. The reel should be set up as nearly in line with
the lead wire as possible. For four spans or less, no lead
wire will be required. It is not advisable to pull lengths of
cable in excess of 1,000 ft.

After the reel is set up and the cable ready to be pulled, the
lagging shall be removed from the cable reel and the cable
rope shall be fastened to the end of the cable. In fastening the
rope to the cable either a clevis, wrapping of wire or marlin
should be used, depending upon the pull, size of cable, etc.
The cable rope must be provided with a swivel hook or ring.
The winch, capstan, or whatever device is used for pulling the
cable, shall be placed at the farther end of the run and suitably

28

TELIiFHOXH COXSTRUCTION.

braced. The end of the cable rope shall be carried to the
drum and wrapped about it.

The cable is attached to messenger wire by means of
standard cable clips. The clips shall be attached to the cal)le
by passing the double loop of marlin around the cable and
drawing the cable up through the loop. The clip shall be
attached to cable as it is unreeled and shall be spaced 15 ins.
apart for 200 pr., 22 ga. and 100 pr., 19 ga. cable, and be
spaced 20 ins. apart for all smaller cables. The method of
fastening the cable to the pole is shown in Fig. 17.

Where cable is liable to injury from chafing trees or poles,
buildings, etc., wooden cleats shall be placed around the cable
at such points as shown in Fig. 18. If it is necessary to pre-
vent slipping of cleats, rubber tape may be wrapped around
the ends of the cleats and cable.

Fig. 18.— Guard to Protect Cable from Cliaflng.

Equipping Cable or Terminal Poles. — The equipment used
on cable or terminal poles is as follow^s: 50 pr. protected ter-
minal boxes (with ground rods) ; 25 pr. protected terminal
boxes (with ground rods) ; 25 pr. unprotected terminal boxes ;
15 pr. unprotected terminal boxes, and pole seats. The speci-
fications for this w'ork are as follows:

Protected terminals shall be used where open wire lines
which are one mile or over in length take cable and where
cable is in close proximity to electric light or power wires.
On alley lines the terminal boxes shall be attached as shown
in Fig. IQ. On center arm lines the terminal boxes shall be

CABLE WORK.

29

attached to the pole below the bottom arm so as to clear the
lowest wires. Cable poles equipped with 25 or 50 pr. cable
boxes shall have pole seats which shall be attached as shown
in Fig. 20. Ground rods for protected boxes shall be a plain
iron rod !^-in x 5-ft., with 3 ft. of No. 12 N. B. S. soft copper
wire soldered to one end. Ground rods shall be driven into
the earth alongside of the pole so that the top shall be on a
level with the ground. A No. 6 copper wire shall be at-
tached to the No. 12 N. I'. S. wire and secured to the pole by
means of staples driven every 2 ft.

Wiring Cable or Terminal Poles. — This division covers the
cost of bridling line or open wires to cable boxes. The speci-
fications are as follows:

FiB. 19.— Melhod of Attaching T

No. 18 twisted pair rubber covered bridle or jumper wire
shall be used ia connecting line wires to cable boxes. The
bridle wires shall be attached to the pole between the cable
box and the cross-arms in a neat bunch, and shall he run
along the under side of the cross-arms through wooden cleats.

Redding Underground Cable. — The duct in which cable is
to be placed shall first be rodded. To the end rod shall be
attached a length of No, 12 steel wire, which shall be used to
pull into the duct the steel rope, used in pulling the cable.

Main Underground Cable. — I'ndcrground cable is of the
following kinds: 50 pr., 22 ga. and 19 ga. ; 100 pr,, 22 ga. and
ly ga. ; 200 pr.. 22 ga. and 19 ga. : 300 pr., 22 ga. and 19 ga. :
400 pr.. 22 ga. : 600 pr., 22 ga. ; 150 pr.. if* ga. : toll cable, and

30

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

I20 pr., J^-14 ga. and ^-16 ga. toll cable. The specifications
for underground cable work are as follows:

Tlie cable may be pulled by capstan, by winch, by horse
power or by hand, at a speed not to exceed 50 ft, per minute.
In setting up, the reel should be as nearly in line with the
duct as possible and ahead of the vault rather than back of
it, so that the cable will feed from the top of the reel. To the
end of the N'o. 12 steel wire which is pulled in when rodding
the duct, shall be fastened a steel rope which in turn shall be

Fig, 20, —Method of Attaching Pole Smta.

fastened to the cable by means of a cable clamp, wire hitch
or other approved method. Skids and sheaves shall he set up
as nearly as possible in a straight line from the mouth of the
duct. The cable should be fed in at a uniform speed and the
armor carefully inspected. Where the cable is z ins. or more
in diameter, the ducts should be swabbed with soapstone,
mica or graphite, except in the case of short straight runs.
Cable in passing through vaults shall be divided so that cable
entering the vault on either side of the center of the vault
shall be carried around that side of the vault to the duct
where it leaves vaults again, as shown in Fig. 21.

C.-LBLE WORK,

31

Lateral Underground Cable. — Lateral underground cable is
of the following kinds: 25 pr., 22 ga. and 19 ga. ; 50 pr.. 22 ga.
and 19 ga. ; 100 pr., 22 ga. and 19 ga., and 200 pr., 22 ga. and
19 ga. The specifications for this work are as follows:

Lateral cable shall be set up and pulled in the same man-
ner as main cable. Where the cable is i in. or over in diam-
eter, the duct should be swabbed with soapstone, mica or
graphite, except in the case of short, straight laterals, 100 ft.
or less.

Forms for Reporting Costs. — The manner in which the costs
are reported is shown by Forms 12 to 18 inclusive. The
method of collecting the data and figuring cable work costs
is similar to the method used for line construction, which has
been explained.

Flgr. 21. — Diagram Showing Method of Passlnsr Cable Through VaultM.

CABLE WORK COSTS.

With the exception of underground toll cable, the following
cost data. Tables XXX to XXXVTI, are based on work done
in cities and towns. The data were collected and figured on
the same principle as "Line Construction Costs,'* data on over
500,000 ft. of cable and messenger being used in drawing the
averages.

TELtFHONE COSSTRUCTIOS.

Fig. ja— Feeding Cable Into Vault,

Fig. 24.— PuIUnK Cable.

Fig. 25.— Placing Cable Box o

CABLE WORK.

33

No. 4 Steel Wire
I* Strand
Y Strand

Form 12.

Data Secured by

Erecting Messenger.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

160

No. Ft.
Erected

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Erecting

Super.

and

Expense

Total
Cost

No. hrs.
Worked

Remarks

Note: — ^The cost of erecting messenger, besides being reported separately, is included
in the cost of erecting aerial cable. On the forms used for reporting the cost of erecting
aerial cable, the teaming and labor in hauling, and supervision and expense of erecting
messenger are included respectively in the cost of teaming and labor in hauling, and super-
vision and expe^e of erecting cable. The cost of erecting messenger is reported in the
special column headed "Erecting Messenger."

10 pr. 22 Ga.

15 ** 22

25 " 19 or 22 Ga.

50 * 19 " 22 '•
100 " 19 " 22 "
200 " 19 " 22 *•

Form 13.
Data Secured by .

Aerial Cable.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

L90

No. Ft.

of
Cable

Teaming

and
Labor in

Hauling

Erecting
Messenger

Erecting
Cable

Total
Cost

No. hrs.
Worked

Super,
and
Exp.

Remarks

Size of Box..

Protected

Unprotected

Form 14.
Data Secured by

EgiTippiNG Cable Poles.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of

Poles

Equip'd

Teaming

and
Labor in

Hauling

Attaching
Cable Box

and
Gr'nd Rod

Attaching
Pole Seat

Super .
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Note: — No seat being attached to poles equipped with 15 pr. boxes the oorresopnding
column is left blank. When unprotected boxes are attached "Ground Rod" is erased.

Form 15.
Data Secured by

Wiring Cable Polks.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of

Pairs

Cut in

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Wiring

Super.

and
Expense

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

34

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

City
Country

Form 16.
Data Sectired by

RODDING.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of

Duct Feet

Rodded

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Rodding

Super.

and
Expense

Total
Cost

N«.of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

"f

Notb: — On account of the great dilTerence between the cost of redding conduit built
through the ootmtry, and conduit built in cities the data are kept separate. The reasons
for this difference in /wst are that very few vaults in the cotmtry districts have drainage or
sewer connections as in cities; this makes it necessary to ptunp out sJmost every vault
before roddtnif. The distance from the station to the work being mtyh greater in the
cotmtry than in city work, also increases the cost. The cost of rodding besides being re-
ported separately is included in the cost of installing underground cable; teaming, and
supervision and expense of rodding being included in the form for reporting "Underground
Cable" in the columns headed respectively "Teaming and Labor in Hauling," and "Super-
vision and Expense." Rodding is reported in the special column headed ' jR.odding."

60 Pr. 19 or 22 Ga.

100
200
300
400
600
160
120

19
19
19
19
19

22
22
22
22
22

From 17.
Data Secured by.

UXDKRGROUND CaBLK (MaIN).

Order No.

1 g Qn^ Location Date.

J-14 Ga. and i-16 Ga. Foreman

190

No .Ft.
pulled
in

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Rodding

Pulling

Remarks

26 Pr. 19 or 22 Ga.

60 " 19 " 22
100 " 19 " 22
200 " 19 " 22

Form 18.

Data Secured by

UXDEKCiROUND CaBLE (LaTKRAI.V

Order Xo.

Location Date.

Foreman

190

No. of
Later-
als

No. Ft.

Pulled

in

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Pulling

Super,
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Notb: — ^The average cost of lateral cable is figured per foot and per lateral, the cost
per lateral being foimd useful in estimating where the exact length of laterals is not known.
No rodding is necessary for laterals as they are wired when building.

Table XXX — Cost of Erecting Messenger.

Teaming and ^Supervision Average

Labor in and Cost

Hauling. Erecting. Expense. per Foot

No. 4 steel wire 10.0015 $0.0050 $0.0015 $0.0080

%-ln. strand 0.0011 0.0052 0.0010 0.0073

H-ln. strand 0.0013 0.0057 0.0012 0.0082

Note — ^No. 4 steel wire costs more to erect, comparatively, than strand
on account of the former being used to suspend small cable which is fre-
quently installed where interference from trees is bad. Erecting messenger
or cable through trees increases the expense considerably.

CABLE WORK,

35

Table XXXI.— Cost or Aerial Cable Per Foot.

Teaming and Supervision Average

Labor in Erecting Erecting and Cost

Hauling. Strand. Cable. Expense, per Foot.

10 Pr.— 22 Ga.« $0.0058 $0.0049 $0.0099 $0.0065 $0.0271

15 Pr.—22 Ga.» 0.0046 0.0048 0.0135 0.0045 0.0274

25 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0044 0.0051 0.0130 0.0042 0.0267

25 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0065 0.0047 0.0108 0.0050 0.0270

50 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0044 0.0054 0.0128 0.0039 0.0265

50 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0054 0.0057 0.0114 0.0034 0.0259

100 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0052 0.0058 0.0116 0.0035 0.0261

100 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0057 0.0064 0.0126 0.0034 0.0281

200 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0053 0.0062 0.0128 0.0037 0.0280

•See note on ''Erecting Messenger." Not sufficient data on 200 Pr, 19
Ga. to draw an average.

Table XXXII. — Cost of Equipping Protected Cable Poles.

Teaming Attaching

and Cable Box Attaching Supervision Average

Labor in and Pole and Cost

Hauling. Ground Rod. Seat. Expense, per Pole.

25 Pr. Box $0.26 $0.69 $0.32 $0.26 $1.43

50 Pr. Box 0.32 0.66 0.33 0.3^ 1.61

Table XXXIIL— Cost of Equipping Unprotected Cable Poles.

Teaming and Supervision Average

LAbor in Attaching and > Cost

Hauling. Cable Box. Expense. per Pole.

15 Pr. Box $0.17 $0.44 $0.15 $0.76

25 Pr. Box 0.20 0.46 0.18 0.84

Table XXXIV. — Cost of Wiring Cable Poles.

Teaming and Supervision Average

Labor in and Cost

Hauling. Wiring. Expense. per Pa,ir.

$0,027 $0,121 $0,019 $0,167

Table XXXV. — Cost of Rodding.

Teaming and Supervision Average

Labor in and Cost

Hauling. Rodding. Expense. per Foot.

City $0.0010 $0,003^^ $0.0016 $0.0062

Country 0.0018 0.0061 0.0019 0.0098

Table XXXVI, — Cost of Underground Cable (Main).

Teaming Super- Average

and Labor In vision and Cost

Hauling. Rodding. Pulling. Expense, per Foot.

5C Pr.— 19 Ga $0.0048 $0.0034 $0.0061 $0.0017 $0.0161

100 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0042 0.0037 0.0065 0.0018 0.0162

100 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0054 0.0039 0.0062 0.0019 0.0172

200 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0057 0.0036 0.0067 0.0015 0.0175

200 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0061 0.0031 0.0071 0.0021 0.0184

300 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0066 0.0036 0.0097 0.0018 0.0217

?.00 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0073 0.0030 0.0093 0.0024 0.0220

150 Pr.— 16 Ga. Toll Cable.. 0.0101 0.0058 0.0147 0.0043 0.0349

120 Pr.— %-14 Ga. and H-16

Ga. Toll Cable 0.0122 0.0068 0.0158 0.0048 0.0396

Noce: The weight of a reel of 120 Pr.— H-14 Ga. and '%-16 Ga. averages
between 3^ and 5 tons. The cable grip shown in Fig. 26 was used on some
Jobs in pulling in the cable. It reduces the cost, as it may be connected
and removed instantly, whereas a wire hitch takes some time to attach and
remove. It also is superior to a wire hitch because it does not injure the
cable and will rot pull off.

Table XXXVI I.— Cost of Underground Cable (Lateral).
Teaming Average

and Supervision Length Average

Labor in and Average of Cost

Hauling Pulling Expense Cost Laterals per
per Foot, per Foot, per Foot, per Foot, in Feet. Lateral.

25 Pr.— 22 Ga $0.0044 $0.0112 $0.0029 $0.0185 117 $2.17

50 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0063 0.0198 0.0042 0.030J 132 4.01

50 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0071 0.0226 0.0062 0.0359 123 4.42

100 Pr.- 22 Ga 0.0068 0.0220 0.0059 0.0347 126 4.36

100 P'-.— 19 Ga O.Olll . 0.0316 0.0064 0.0491 115 5.64

200 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0109 0,0310 0.0061 0.0480 112 5.39

200 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0138 0.0354 0.0076 O.O068 117 C 62

Note: 25 Pr.— 22 Ga. costs much less to install than other cable, as it
is always pislled in by hand, and its ^mall diameter and light weight make
it easily handled.

CHAPTER III.

METHOD AND COST OF CABLE SPLICING.

Of all outside construction the most delicate work is cable
splicing, and it requires the most skilled and careful labor.
The careless removal of the insulation from conductors has
been known to cause crosses which cost hundreds of dollars
to locate and clear. A splice when not properly made is al-
ways a source of "trouble cases" which are difficult to locate
and expensive to clear; but even the cost of locating and
clearing is small in comparison with the loss of revenue and
the annoyance to subscribers caused by the interruption of
service, especially when a main cable is in trouble. Above all
things, good splicing requires conscientious work, and on the
personnel of the men depends the quality of the splice. Cheap
splicing is not generally good splicing; therefore in estimating
the cost of splicing, no attempt should be made to force quick
work, which is nearly always expensive in the end.

The organization of splicer gangs is somewhat different
from line gangs ; the gangs being composed of a head splicer,
one or two splicers, and an equal number of helpers. Each
gang is assigned to a district and is stationed in the principal
town in the district. When necessary a gang is increased by
drawing from other gangs, and all men receive board when
working outside of the town in which they are stationed. The
head splicer usually splices or tests out when the gang is
small, little supervision being necessary.

A great deal of overtime is worked because of most splices
which cause interruption of the service being made at night
and also on account of splices being often worked on until
finished. This sometimes makes a splicer's wages per one-
half month between $60 and $100 dollars.

CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS.

Systematizing the costs of cable splicing is more difficult
than in any other branch of telephone construction ; first, be-

3^'

CABLE SPLICIXG, 37

cause of the jjeneral confusion in the names of the different
splices, and second, because of the endless combinations in
splicing. In order to avoid confusion, a leg of a cable box
will be referred to as a cable and two sections of a cable not
already spliced will be called two cables ; thus if tw-o sections
of a ioo-i)r. cable are to be spliced they will be referred to as
two loo-pr. cables. For the purposes of this chapter the splic-
ing of conductors will be used to indicate the kind of splice,
and splices will be referred to as follows :

Straight Splices. — (i) When all the conductors of two
cables are spliced together, each joint of conductors being
composed of tw^o wires ; (2) when the conductors of one
cable are spliced into a cable containing a larger number of
conductors, part of which are left **dead,** each joint of con-
ductors being composed of two wires ; and (3) where either
part or all of the conductors of two or more cables are spliced
into part or all of the conductors of another cable, each joint
of conductors being composed of two wires and the conduce
tors not spliced being left '*dead."

Bridge Splices. — (i) When all the conductors of three or
more cables are spliced together, each joint of conductors be-
ing composed of the same number of wires; (2) when all
the conductors of a cable are spliced into a cable composed of
one-half, one-quarter, etc., the number of conductors, each
joint of conductors being composed of like number of wires.

Straight-Bridge Splices. — When some of the conductors of
a cable are spliced, as described under **Straight Splice" and
some as described under **Bridge Splice."

There are endless combinations in splicing, as for example,
into a loo-pr. cable may be spliced a 10, 15, 25, 50 or
lOO-pr. cable, etc., or a 10, 15, 25 and 50-pr. cable, etc. Also
the splice may be straight, bridge, straight-bridge or change
of count ; it may be tagged or not tagged. In estimating it is
not necessary to have data on every possible splice. If data
showing the average cost of common and usual splices is ac-
cessible a very close estimate of any splice may be made.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS.

Materials. — The materials principally used in cable splic-
ing are: (i) Paper sleeves for covering the joints in each con-

38 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

ductor. The sleeves may or may not be boiled in paraffin
before received, but if they are damp, they should be boiled in
hot paraffin before using; (2) good commercial paraffin or
beeswax for drying the splice; (3) strips of muslin about 2 to
3 ins. wide for wrapping the core of the cable and binding
ends of a cable after the splice; (4) lead sleeves which shall
be pure lead, ^-in. in thickness.

The sizes of sleeve to be used for different size cables are
as follows:

For 2 Cables in a Straight Line.

No.

Inside Diam

Length.

:«^ vja.

Inside Diam.

Length.

of prs.

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

15

I

16

I

16

25

1/2

16

1K2

16

50

2

18

2

18

100

3

18

2^

18

200

3/2

20

3

20

300

4/2

22

3K2

20

400

• •

• •

3/2 •

22

600

• •

• •

4

26

For 2

^^ables

Forming

a "Y."

10

I

16

I

16

25

1/2

16

1/2

16

50

2/2

18

2K2

16

IOC

3K2

20

3/2

20

200

43^

22

4

20

300

4^

-2

4^

22

400

• •

• •

4/2

22

600

• •

• •

4>4

26

For splicing intermediate sizes a sleeve for next larger
size of cable is used. For splicing cables larger than are
given above, sleeves should be used of a length equal to about
eight times the outside diameter of the cable and with an in-
side diameter 01 about 50 per cent, greater than the outside
diameter of the cable.

Split sleeves are used in the following cases: (i) Where
cables form a double "V; (2) where on account of the posi-
tion or bends in the cables it is impossible to slip a sleeve
back and run it up in place again over the splice when it is
completed ; (3) where in splicing a branch cable into a work-

CABLE SPLICING. ' 39

ing cable, only the conductors to be spliced are cut, the other
conductors remaining in service and the old sleeve not being
used again on making the new splice.

Instructions for Making Splices. — If it is possible splices
should be finished and soldered up the day they are begun. If
the weather be dry, the splice may be left open over night,
provided it is protected from moisture by having a rubber
blanket or other suitable moisture-proof substance wrapped
around it. However, work on a splice in a moist place should
be continued until completed. It is recommended that the
splice be boiled out after splicing every 50 pairs, when moist-
ure is likely to get into the splices. When a cable is cut it
should be thoroughly dried and its ends sealed tight with
solder. Just as much care should be taken with a temporary
job as a permanent one.

If moisture has entered the end of a cable or if it is even
suspected that it has, a short piece of the cable should be
cut off and dipped into hot paraflSn. If moisture is present
it will be detected by a frying noise. The damp part of the
cable should be cut away gradually if it can be spared, and
each piece tested for moisture. If the length of the cable will
not allow the damp portion to be cut away, the exposed damp
portion shall be boiled out and then a portion of the lead
sheath of the cable cut and slipped over it and the new ex-
posed part boiled out. This process, known as slipping, shall
be continued until all moisture is expelled. Care must be
taken not to tear the insulation in slipping the sheath and all
joints shall be closed by the regular wiped joint. When it is
found that there is no more moisture present, the cable should
be spliced.

Whenever a cable is cut for any purpose and it is necessary
to leave the cable end, it should be thoroughly dried and
sealed with half and half solder, or the end turned down and
securely taped. Care should be taken to see that the joint is
made just as secure and air tight as if it is to be permanent.
The following splices namely straight, bridge and straight-
bridge are made exactly the same way in both aerial and un-
derground work. The same is true for "changing count" and
for "cuts."

40 TELEPHOSE COSSIRUCTION.

Straight Splices. — The following^ operations, in this order,
shall be performed in splicing two cables in a straigfht line.

(i) A light indentation shall be made in the sheath of each
cable with a clipping- knife to mark the point at which the
sheath is to be removed. This shall be made at a distance
from the end of each cable equal to the length of the lead
sleeve to be used. A portion of the sheath of each cable for
about four inches beyond this mark shall be scraped bright
and rubbed with tallow or something equally as good to keep
the cables clean during splicing. The sleeve for a distance
of about 4 ins. from each end shall be scraped bright and
treated in the same manner. The tallow acts as a flux in
making the joints.

(2) The lead sheath of each cable shall be cut on the
marks above described to a sufficient depth to break readily
on bending, and the ends removed. Care must be used in
removing the sheath not to injure the insulation.

(3) The core shall be bound tightly with narrow strips of
muslin at the end of the cable sheaths, packing the muslin
under the sheath as much as possible so as to prevent the
sheath from cutting the insulation on the conductors.

(4) As soon as possible after removing the lead sheath from
the cable, the cable should be boiled out with hot paraffin
until all the moisture is removed. The muslin binding should
be boiled also. Paraffin remaining in the core will form a seal
to keep all moisture out during the splicing. The tempera-
ture of the paraffin shall not be hot enough to scorch or in-
jure the insulation on the wires. In boiling out cables great
care must be exercised that the paraffin is not too hot. Paraffin
when too hot, not only injures the insulation of the cable con-
ductors, but is dangerous to life. If paraffin be heated so hot
that white fumes arise it should be allowed to cool before
being used. The paraffin should never be so hot as to in-
jure rubber insulated wire when immersed in it for one
niinute. In drying or boiling out a cable with paraffin, al-
ways begin at the cable sheath and work towards the center of
the splice or end of conductors, so as not to force moisture
under the lead sheath. The paraffin should be poured en

CABLE SPLICINu.

41

with a ladle, a pan or the pot being used to catch the paraffin
draining off.

(5) Next the lead sleeve shall be slipped over one of the
cables and pushed back out of the way.

(6) If several lengths of a cable are to be spliced at succes-
sive places, or in making the first splice on any cable, no
testing or tagging is necessary. The splice shall be made
without regard to the conductor assignment of the pairs, the
red wires being spliced to the red wires and the white wires
to the white wires. 'Pairs in corresponding layers should

Fig. 27.— Sequence of Operations In Making Straight Splices.

be spliced together. In all other cases it is necessary to
splice according to conductor assignment, and a battery shall
be put on one pair of conductors and this be picked up by the
splicer at the other end. This pair shall be used as a talking
pair and then the other pairs in the cable shall be selected in
a similar manner and tagged.

When branch splices are made on a working cable, care
must be taken not to unnecessarily disarrange the lay of con-
ductors. Particular care must be taken not to nick the wire
and not to cut the insulation anv more than- is necessarv. If

42 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

the insulation be cut it is liable to unwind from the wire,
causing crosses in the splice.

When a splicer is hunting pairs in a working cable of a
central battery exchange, he must connect a condenser in
series with his knife and head telephone. This is to prevent
him from causing the switchboard lamps of working lines
which he touches to flash, thus giving signals to the operator.
In all tagged splices the extra pair shall be so tagged when a
splice is completed that it may be readily accessible in clear-
ing trouble.

(7) The cables shall be lined up straight and securely fast-
ened, the distance between the ends being about three inches
less than the length of the lead sleeve.

(8) After the cables are lined up in position, the conduc-
tors shall be bent out of the way at the sheath and then
spliced in the following manner:

(9) Starting at the center or lower back side of the cables,
a pair of wires from each cable is brought together with a
partial twist, as shown in Fig. 27A, thus marking by the bend
in the pair the point at which the joint is to be made. Re-
move the insulation from both wires beyond the twist, care
being taken not to scrape the conductors. Slip on a paper
sleeve over each wire of one pair of conductors and push back
out of the way to make room for the joint.

The wires shall be connected by the ordinary twist joint.
The like wires from the two pairs to be spliced shall be
brought together at the point marked in the bend, and given
two or three twists as shown in Fig. 27B. The two wires are
now to be bent as shown and twisted together as if turning
a crank. The ends of the wires shall be cut oflP so as not to
leave the twisted wires shorter than i in. The twivSt shall
be bent down along the insulated wire and the paper sleeve
slipped over the joint as shown on Fig. 27D. The completed
joint is shown also.

Care should be taken in picking out pairs to be spliced to
take the center pairs first and to arrange the outer pairs about
them neatly. The wire joints shall be distributee! along the
length of the splice in order to keep the splice uniform in size
and shape.

CABLE SPLICING. 43

(10) When all the wire joints have been made the splice
shall be boiled out again with hot parafhn until all moisture
has disappeared. The parafiin should be applied as described
before, working towards the center of splice.

(11) The splice (while hot) shall be wrapped with strips
of muslin 2 or 3 ins. wide and compressed s.o as to be ad-
mitted into the lead sleeve. The splice must not be com-
pressed so tightly as to cause crosses in it. It will not be
necessary to boil the splice out again unless moisture has
gotten in during the wrapping with muslin. The muslin
must not be boiled in paraffin before wrapping.

(12) The lead sleeve shall be slipped into place before the
splice is cool. The ends of the lead sleeve, which should
overlap the ends of lead sheath on cables about lyi ins.,
shall be beaten down to conform with the cable sheath and a
wiped joint carefully made at each end. In making wiped

Fls- iS.— Completed Cable Splice.

joints, strips of gummed paper shall be used to limit the
joints. All wiped joints should be carefully inspected, using
a mirror, when necessary, to detect any imperfections in the
seal. Figure 28 shows a completed cable splice.

The method of making a joint in cable splices where the
size of the conductor is 16 gage or greater, shall be the
same as for the ordinary splice described above, except that
in the process of twisting the conductors together, one wire
shall be taken in each hand and each wire given five turns
around the other.

The method of making a straight splice when three cables
form a "Y," is generally the same as for splicing cables in a
straight line. The ends of the cables are prepared in the
same manner by removing the lead sheath from each cable
a distance equal to the length of the lead sleeve to be used.
The two cables forming a straight line are secured with the

^4 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

ends of the sheaths a distance apart equal to about 3 ins. less
than the length of the sleeve. Then the third cable shall be
lashed to one of the other cables (depending upon the direc-
tion in which the third cable is to be run) with ends of
sheaths even, and directly opposite to that on the single cable.

The method of making a straight splice w-hen four cables
form a double "Y" is generally the same as described above.
The ends of the cable are prepared in the same manner and
the cables lashed together as described in the method of
splicing three cables forming a **Y." The cables running in
the same direction are lashed together with ends of their lead
sheaths opposite each other. Spit sleeves shall be used on
such splice. The seam of the spit sleeve must be carefully
soldered, and the ends of the sleeve beaten down to conform
to the sheath of the cables and soldered with a wiped joint
at both ends. After finishing wiping the ends, the seam
should be touched up again to make certain that it is tight.

Bridge Splices.— The method of making a bridge splice is
the same as for a straight splice except that the wire joints
are made by twisting together like wires of three or more pairs
of conductors.

Straight-Bridge Splices. — Straight-bridge splices are made
in the same way as straight splices except that some wire
joints are made by twisting together like wires of three or
more pairs of conductors as in making a bridge splice, and
some wire joints are made by twisting together like wires of
two pairs of conductors as described in straight splicing.

Changing Count. — When in the redistribution of cable it
becomes necessary to change the assignment of conductors
of a branch cable to other conductors of a main cable it is
known as changing count. This splice is generally a tag
splice except when the conductors of the branch cable are to
be spliced into pairs left "dead."

The joint shall be blown by melting the wiped joint at
each end of the lead sleeve and the sleeve cut away or slipped
back if in condition to be reused. .Then a pair of conductors
shall be disconnected and joined to a pair of conductors on the
new count, this process" being continued until the change of
count is complete. The general method of making the splice

, CABLE SPLICING, 45

is otherwise the same as for a straij^ht splice, a bridge-splice
or a straight-bridge splice, depending on the number of wires
composing each joint of conductors.

When the change of count on a branch cable is made into
a working cable of which part of the conductors are not to be
cut, a split sleeve must be used if the old sleeve is not in
condition to be reused.

t is sometimes necessary to lengthen the conductors in
order to make the wires of sufficient length for resplicing.
This is done in the following manner:

A pair of conductors in the main cables is cut. To one
end of each conductor shall be spliced a short piece of bare
wire of the same size as the cable conductors. This wire
should be twisted about the insulation of the wire two or
three times to prevent its pulling back on the conductors.
The second end of the main conductor, the free end of the
bare wire and a like conductor of a pair in the branch cable
shall be twisted together, in the same manner already de-
scribed and covered with a paper sleeve, which shall be long
'enough to cover both ends of the bare wire.

Aerial Cuts. — When a branch cable is cut off of one cable
and spliced into another, it is known as a cut. In disconnect-
ing the cable the joint shall be blown in the same manner as
described for changing count. The conductors shall be dis-
connected by cutting or pulling apart and the joint sealed up
as usual. The branch cable splice is then made into the new
cable, the method of splicing being the same as for a straight,
a bridge, or a straight-bridge splice, depending on the number
of wires composing each joint of conductors.

Splicing Toll Cable Into Cable Terminating in a Loading
Coil or Pot. — The cost data on splicing toll cable into cable
terminating in a loading pot are based on splicing 120-pair,
14 gage or 120-pair, 16 gage into a 120-pair, 18 gage cable
terminating in a loading pot — 60 pair being taken from each
of two 120-pair one-half 14 gage and one-half 16 gage toll
cables, and splicing the balance (60 pairs from each toll cable)
straight through. The 14 gage part of the toll cable is spliced
into a cable terminating in a loading pot about every 7,000 ft.,
and the 16 gage part, about every 9,000 feet.

46 TELEPIIOXE COXSTRUC'i;iOX.

Each cable must first be tested for crosses, grounds and
insulation as is the case in splicing all toll cable. In splicing
toll cable into cable terminating in a loading pot the method
will be as follows :

The sheaths of cables are to be removed in the same man-
ner as described for three cable forming a Y, except that one
of the toll cables shall have its sheath removed for a distance
equal to about twice the length of the sleeve to be used. The
cable terminating in the loading pot shall be placed on top of
the toll cable which has had its sheath removed for a distance
equal to double that of the other toll cable, and shall be lashed
together with ends of sheaths even with each other. The
single toll cable shall be secured in a position directly oppo-
site to the other two cables with ends of sheaths a distance
apart equal to about 3 ins. less than the length of sleeve. The
conductors shall then be spliced in the same manner as for any-
straight splice except in the following particulars: The con-
ductors of the toll cable which is lashed to the cable terminat-
ing in the loading pot shall be looped up so as to bring them
in position for splicing into the cable which terminates in-
the loading pot.

In the process of twisting the conductors together one wire
shall be taken in each hand and each wire given five turns
around the other.

Where only part of each toll cable is to be spliced into cable
terminating in a loading pot and the balance spliced straight
through, the method of making the splice is the same as de-
scribed above except in the following particulars: The toll
cable which is lashed to the cable terminating in the load-
ing pot shall have the conductors which are to be spliced
straight through, cut off at a distance from the end of the
sheath equal to the length of the sleeve to be used and the
balance of the conductors shall be looped up as described be-
fore. The conductors of each toll cable which are to be
spliced straight through, shall be joined together at the bot-
tom of the splice in the manner described for straight splicing.

Potheads for Terminating Aerial Cables. — Aerial cables ter-
minate in a standard pothead on protected terminal boxes.
The pothead being attached to the terminal boxes when re-

CABLE SPLICING.

47

ceived from the manufacturer very few of these splices are
made by splicing gangs. Although no data on the cost of
these splices are on hand, thej- are explained on account of be-
ing work which cable splicers are sometimes required to per-
form.

In making aerial potheads only No. 22 gage okonite, twisted
pair wires shall be spliced to paper insulated lead covered
cables. The twisted wires are to have an insulation of 7/114
in. thick and one of each pair of wires to have a light cover
to be used as a tracer. The colors of the okonite wire and
wires of cable to be spliced to match, and the splice staggered
over a distance. The joints of conductors are to be covered

by paper sleeves. When the splice is finished, it is boiled out
with hot paraffin, beginning at the lead sheath ends and
working towards the center of the splice, in order to expel the
moisture. Then the splice shall be bound with hot muslin
just previously having been boiled out in hot paraffin, the
muslin strip to be about ^-'m. wide. After the splice is
tightly wrapped with the muslin strip, it is bound up with
waxed linen twine and the pothead castings pulled over same.
Care must be taken to see that none of the muslin or twine
stick above the line shown on drawing of pothead, Fig. 29,
and that no fibrous material is in the upper layer of the com-
pound. The pothead and cable are joined by a cast or sol-

48 TUUiPHOXB COXSTRUCriON.

dered joint. This must be absolutely tight and carefully in-
spected.

After arranging the splice in the pothead casting and ar-
ranging the okonite wires at the top of the casting so as not
to be in contact with each other, the pothead casting shall be
filled with ozite compound, or its equivalent, to within J4 in.
of its top. As the compound settles more shall be added to
keep it to height mentioned. The pothead casting should be
warmed to a temperature of 200° F. before filling same and
while the ozite compound is settling should be kept at a tem-
perature of about 140° F. The ozite compound must be a
perfect insulator, and must not shrink on cooling, or crack
at a temperature of lo** below zero. The ozite compound, or
its equivalent, must not flow under its own weight at a tem-
perature lower than 60° F., and it must be a perfect fluid at
220** F. The pothead is then filled to the top with Cimmerian
asphalt, or its equivalent, which seals the ozite, and prevents
it from flowing in hot weather. This compound must be flexi-
ble at a temperature of zero deg. Fahrenheit and melting
point of 200** F.

When the upper ends of the okonite wires are to be con-
nected to brass studs in the terminal boxes, both studs and
ends of wire must have been previously tinned by using acid
or salt flux, which has been neutralized with wood alcohol.
The wires can be soldered to terminal stud with plain or resin
flux solder.

Potheads for Connecting Main Cable to Distributing Rack
Cables. — Potheads for connecting main cable to distributing
rack cables are always made by a splicing gang. It is never
a tag splice, but is tested to find extra pairs. The distributing
rack cable shall be silk and cotton insulated, lead covered,
cither 20-pr. or 40-pr. cable. The method of making a pot-
head shall be as follows :

The main cable shall be prepared for splicing in the same
manner as for a straight splice, with the exception of the boil-
ing out process. In boiling the cable out, a mixture of about
one-half paraffin and one-half beeswax shall be used. ThlJ
ends of the silk and cotton distributing rack cables shall be
boiled out with the same mixture. When this mixture is used,

CABLE SPLICING. 49

the paper insulation is not so likely to crack, and it will not
be necessary to carry two pots for boiling and during splic-
ing — the paraffin for the paper insulated cable and the bees-
wax for the distributing rack cable. The ends of all the cables
to be spliced will be prepared in the same manner.

A lead sleeve of the proper size shall be slipped over the
main cable and the distributing rack cables passed through
the small wood disc. This disc is shown in Fig. 30, and is
drilled in each case, to correspond with the number of dis-
tributing rack cables to be spliced. The holes to be just large
enough to admit the cables and the disc to fit snugly inside

ili _„

Fig. 30.— Method of Sullclng Underground and Distributing Rack Cable.

the lead sleeve. The cables are then lined up as straight as
ixjssible and the splicing done the same as for a straight cable
splice. The wood disc which had been previously run up
on the distributing rack cables shall now be slipped down
just so that the lead sheath on the distributing rack cables
shall come flush with the bottom of the disc and the lead
sleeve y then run up so as to bring the top of the disc about
I in. below the top oi the lead sleeve. The lead sleeve is then
wiped to the main cable as usual.

X'pon the top of the wood disc shall be placed a layer of
fine dry sand one-half of an inch thick. l.'|>on the top of this

JO TELEPHOSE COSSTRUCTION.

layer of sand shall be placed a layer of wiping solder in the
proportions of i part tin to 2 parts lead, flush with the top of
the lead sleeve. Care should be taken to see that the layer
of lead is soldered perfectly tight about the lead sheath of
each cable and the lead sleeve covering the splice. When this
is done in a neat and mechanical manner the pothead will be
finished.

Connecting Cables to Distributing Rack. — From the pot-
head the distributing rack cables are carried either in a rack
or runway or vertically upward to the distributing rack, the
method depending upon the relative position of the pothead
rack below and the distributing rack alxjve. The pothead is
' always made after the cables are distributed on the rack.

The rack ends of the distributing rack cables are prepared
as follows: The lead sheath is removed from the ends of the
cables for a distance great enough to allow the conductors to
fan out properly upon the distributing block. The cable ends
are boiled out in beeswax until the moisture is removed in the
same manner as described for boiling out process in splicing
cables. At the butt of the lead sheath, waxed muslin will be
crowded under the sheath as closely as possible and the butt
of the cables wrapped tightly with waxed lacing twine. The
twine shall extend about Yi-m. back on the lead sheathing and
about J/j-in. onto the core of the cables. Then the core of the
cable shall be fanned out upon the distributing block and the
wire neatly laced in place with waxed lacing twiije.

After the cable has been prepared for fanning out the con-
ductors shall be passed through holes in the terminal block
in line with the clips to which they are to b" soldered. The

CABLE SPLICING. 51

wires shall be pulled tight enough to take out any slack and
cut off so as to project about a J4 '"■ beyond the end of the
clip to which it is to be soldered. The insulation shall then
be cut back about ^ in., and the wire brightened by scraping.
The end of the wire shall then be given one-half a turn
around the clip in the neck and soldered with one drop of flux
solder. The end of the wire shall not be soldered to the clip
but left projecting about 1/32 in. in order to afford plier hold
in case of removal. The method above described is illustraied
in Fig. 31.

The distributing rack cables shall then be taken up vertical-
ly into the center of the distributing rack and as close as pos-
sible to the arm upon which it is to be laced. The cables shall
be laced tightly to the horizontal arms of the distributing rack

Fig. 32,— View Showing Cable Readv Fig. 33—
. for Splicing.

with waxed lacing twine. When the distributing rack cables
have to cross arms or part of the frame at right angles and in
such a manner as to rest on them the frame shall be wrapped
with at least two layers of adhesive tape wherever contact
with the cable is made to prevent the grounding of the con-
ductors should the sheath be injured. When the cables are
carried above the distributing rack in a rack or runway, they
will distribute down vertically into the center of the dis-
tributing rack, as clo.se as possible In the block upon which
they are to be fastened.

General Order of Making Splices.^Spl icing a cable into a
working cable or a cable connected with the distributing rack
or the splicing together of two cables which are connected

';2

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

with counts, is generally a final splice and it is necessary to
test and tag all the cables spliced on account of subsidiary
splices being made prior to this splice. It is unnecessary in
splicing the leg of a terminal box or in splicing a lateral cable
into a main cable to tag the first splice when the main cable
has not been connected or spliced to any other cable.

After the several lengths of the main cable have been
spliced a leg of a terminal box or a branch cable — as the case
may be — is spliced into the main cable. It is generally best
first to splice in the terminal box or branch cable containing
the largest number of pairs, as this splice would otherwise
require the most tagging. The balance of the splices are then
made, each splice being tested and tagged. The amount of
pairs tagged depends on the size of the branch cable or ter-
minal box, and the number of pairs tested depends on the
size of the cables.

Diacram of Splice
Size of Cables
No. of Prs. Spliced

Form 19.
Data Secured by

Straight Splick.

(Aerial)

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

100

No. of Team-
Splices ing

Fram-
ing

Tagg-
ing &
Test-
ing

Splic
ing

I

Wip-
ing
Joints

Sup.
ami
Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
marks

Note: — "Framing" includes the cost of erecting the platform, cutting the sheath and
preparing the cables for splicing. "Splicing" includes joining the conductors, Ixjiling out,
wrapping and getting in shape to put on lead sleeve. "Wiping Joints" includes putting
lead sleeve in place and wiping joints.

Diagram of Splice
Size of Cables
No. of Prs. Spliced

Form 20.
Data Secured by

Bridge Splice.

(Aerial)

Location • Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

Tagg-

No. of Team-

Fram-

ing &

Splic- i

Splices ing

ing

Tesi-

iiiK

iin?

WiT»-
inK
Joinls

Sup.

and

Kxp.

Total
Co.sl

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
marks

Note:- Where a s;)Kce is ina<lc on a working cable the blowing of the joint is included
"Framing." A notation should be made under "Remarks" if the oplice is made on a

m f rammg
working cable.

CABLE SPLICING.

S3

Form 21.
Data Secured by *

Straight-Bridge Splice.

(Aerial) Order No

Diagram of Splice r ^- r^ ^

Size of Cables /Straight ^-~»*»°° ^*^«

No. of Prs. Splioed^Qfj^J^ Foreman

No. of
Splices

Team-
ing

Fram-
ing

Tagg-
ipg &
Test-
ing

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
Joints

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

190

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-

jnarks

Diagram of Splice

Size of Cables /Straight

No. of Prs. Spliced ^Bridged Foreman

Form 22.
Data Secured by

Changing Count.

(Aerial)
Location Date.

Order No.

190

No. of
Splices

Team-
ing

Fram-
ing

Tagg-
ing &
Test-
ing

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
Joints

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
marks

Note: — "Framing" includes the cost of blowing the joint, erecting the platform and
preparing cables for splicing.

Diagram of Splice
Size of Cables

bizc ot L^aoies /Straight ^^ —
No.of Prs. Spliced^ Bj4(]^ed Foreman

Form 23.
Data Secured by

Cuts.

(Aerial)
Location Date.

Order No.

190

No. of
Splices

Team-
ing

Fram-
ing

Tagg-
ing&
Test-
ing

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
Joints

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
marks

Note: — "Framing" includes blowing the joint and disconnecting wires, erecting plat-
form and preparing cables for new splice.

Diagram of Splice
Size of Cables
No. of Prs. Spliced

Form 24.
Data Secured by

Straight Splice.

(Underground)

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Splices

Team-
ing

Pump-
ing

Fram-
ing

Test-
ing &
Tagg-
ing

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
J'nts

Sup.
and
Exp

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
masks

Note: — Splicing of loading pot cables and toll cable are reported on this form.

54

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Diagram of Splice
Si«e of Cables
No. of Prs. Spliced

Form 26.
Data Secured by

Bridge Splice.

(Underground)

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Splices

Team-
ing

Pump-
ing

Fram-
ing

Test-
ing &
Tugg-
ing

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
J'nts

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
marks

Diagram of Splice
Size of Cables

bise ot cables (Straight
No. of Prs. Spliced^Bridged

Form 26.
Data Secured by

Straight-Bridge Splice.
(Underground)

Location Date.

Order No.

190

Foreman.

No. of
Splices

Team-
ing

T

Pump-
ing

Fram-
ing

Test-
ing &
Tagg-
mg

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
J'nts

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
marks

Diagram of Splice

Size of Cables ^Straight

No. of Prs. Spl iced |b ridged

Form 27.
Data Secured by

Changing Count.

(Undergroimd)

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Splices

Team-
ing

Pump-
ing

I I

Fram-
ing

Test-
ing &
Tagg-
ing

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
J'nts

Sup.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

r

Total

Hours

Worked

Re-
marks

Diagram of Splice

Size of Cables /Straight

No. of Prs. bphcedJBridged

Form 28.
Data Secured by

Cuts.

(Underground)

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of

Splices

Team-
ing

Pump-
ing

Fram-
ing

Test-
ing &
Tagg-
ing

Splic-
ing

Wip-
ing
J'nts

Sup.
and
Exp

Total
CoKt

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Workctl

Re

mark*-.

1

r

CABLE SPLICING.

55

Diagram of Splice
Size of Cables
No. of Prs. Spliced

Form 29.
Data Secured by.

POTHEAD.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Splices

Fram-
ing

Test-
ing &
Tagg-
ing

Splic-
mg

Wip-
ing
Joints

Sup.

and

Exp.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Woiiced

ToUl

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Note: — ^There is no coltunn for teaming on this form as this class of work is done in
telephone exchanges and the material is hauled by the line gang.

Form 30.
Data Secured by ,

Connecting Cable to Distributing Rack.

Order No.

No. Pairs Connected Location Date

Size of Cable Foreman

190

Placing

Cable

Bet.

Pothead

and

Rack.

I

Fram-
ing

Distribut-
ing Wires
on Rack
and Con-
necting to
Term.
Blocks.

Liu:-
ing

Solder-
ing
Wires

to
Term.
Blocks

Sup.
and
Ex-^.

Total
Cost

Extra

Hours

Worked

Total

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Notb: — ^No column for teaming is put on this form as this class of work is done in
telephone exchanges and the material is always hauled and stored on the premises by the
line gang. "Framing" includes stripping armour, boiling out with beeswax and preparing
cable for frame. "Lacing" includes lacing wires together, lacing cables to rack and to
runway.

FORMS FOR REPORTING COSTS.

The forms for reporting the cost of cable splicing
are shown in Forms 19 to 30. Very little explana-
tion of these forms is necessary as the divisions
compare with the actual division of splicing already de-
scribed. On most of these forms spaces for entering the num-
ber of pairs tested and the number of pairs tagged will be
found. Except in the case of splicing into working cable, no
separation is made in the cost data between the same kind
and size of tagged splices whether more or less pairs are
tested and tagged, as they average about the same in either
case. On account of it being necessary to pump out some
vaults before splicing, a special column for recording the
cost of pumping will be found on the forms for underground
cable splices. Unlike the forms used for line construction and
cable work, the forms used for cable splicing do not include

56 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

"labor in hauling" with "teaming" on account of practically
no labor being expended in hauling material.

Method of Figuring Cable Splicing Costs. — ^The method of
figuring cable splicing costs is the same as described for Line
Construction and Cable Work except that board is included
in "Supervision and Expense." This is done on account of
board being paid in addition to the regular wages only when
the splicers are working away from their station. Splicers
are required to return to their station each day when possible.
In this case board is allowed for one meal only.

CABLE SPLICING COST DATA.

Cable splicing costs, Tables XXXVIII to LXII, are based

on the following rate of wages :

Per 8-hour day.

Head splicers $340 to $3.70

Splicers 3.00 to 3.20

Helpers 1.75 to 2.00

Rigs (usually single) 2.50 to 3.00

Time and one-half is paid for overtime. There being prac-
tically no difference between the cost of splicing 19 gage and
22 gage cables they are not separated in the following cost
data. The cost of making several splices of the same kind
and size have been found to vary very little. Except when
the splicing is done by splicers who have worked all night,
usually splices of the same kind and size will not vary more
than 10 per cent.

The cost of splicing into working cable is kept separate
on account of being more expensive than splicing into other
cable. The difference is caused by it being necessary to test
and tag all cables spliced, the care used to prevent unneces-
sary interruption of service and also because the splice is
often worked on after regular hours for which splicers are
paid time and one-half.

The cost of blowing the joint of a working cable and the
cost of cutting the sheath off of cables in preparing for a
splice, are about equal.

In making a' change of count or a cut it is often necessary
to lengthen the conductors by splicing on a piece of wire of
the same gage. This adds considerably to the cost of splicing
conductors together.

CABLE SPLICING.

57

Table XXXVIII.— Cost of Straight Splices, Aerial, Not Tagged.

Super- Aver,
vision Cost
Number and Size of Cables Wiping and per

Spliced— Team'g. Fram'g. Spllc'g. Joints. Exp'se. Splice.

2-15 Pr $0.34 $0.42 $0.35 $0.50 $0.49 $2.10

2-25 Pr 0.31 0.51 0.52 0.60 0.37 2.31

2-50 Pr 0.58 0.57 0.82 0.57 0.60 3.14

2-100 Pr 0.62 0.76 1.44 0.62 1.02 4.46

2-200 Pr 0.77 0.97 3.08 0.70 1.60 7.02

1-15 Pr. Into 1-25 Pr., 10 Prs.

Left Dead 0.29 0.47 0.37 0.56 0.50 2.19

1-15 Pr. Into 1-50 Pr.. 35 Prs.

Left Dead 0.34 0.44 0.39 0.52 0.53 2.22

1-25 Pr. into 1-50 ^Pr., 25 Prs.

Left Dead jT. 0.41 0.42 0.58 0.54 0.49 2.44

1-50 Pr. Into 1-100 Pr., 50 Prs.

Left Dead 0.62 0.64 0.87 0.61 0.64 3.38

1-15 Pr. and 1-25 Pr. Into 1-50

Pr., 10 Pr. Left Dead 0.55 0.63 0.85 0.64 0.58 3.25

2-15 Pr. into 1-50 Pr., 20 Prs.

Left Dead 0.47 0.59 0.66 0.62 0.50 2.84

2-25 Pr. into 1-60 Pr 0.61 0.66 0.90 0.59 0.70 3.46

Note — ^A straight splice Is rarely made on a working cable. When an

extension Is necessary It is usually made by pulling in a new cable and

bridging it into a main cable. In the above data each section of cable is

referred to as one cable.

Table XXX IX. — Cost

Number

and Size of Ca- Team-

bles spliced. ing.

2-15 Pr $0.29

2-25 Pr 0.36

2-50 Pr 0.59

2-100 Pr 0.66

1-15 Pr. into 1-25 Pr.,

10 Prs. Left Dead... 0.31
1-25 Pr. into 1-50 Pr..

25 Prs. Left Dead... 0.39
1-50 Pr. into 1-100 Pr..

50 Prs. Left Dead... 0.60
1-15 Pr. and 1-25 Pr.

into 1-50 Pr., 10 Prs.

Left Dead 0.51

2-15 Pr. into 1-50 Pr.,

20 Prs. Left Dead... 0.49

OF Straight

Splices,

Aeriai

-, Tagged

.

Av'ge

Testing

Supervis-

Cost

Fram-

and

Wiping ion and

per

ing.

Tagging Splicing.

Joints.

Expense.

Splice.

$0.46

$0.44

$0.36

$0.44

$0.62

$2.61

0.44

0.53

0.49

0.46

0.64

2.97

0.55

1.02

0.77

0.60

0.70

4.13

0.78

1.66

1.49

0.60

1.11

6.30

0.48

0.48

0.40

0.50

0.60

2.77

9.50

0.69

0.54

0.46

0.64

3.21

0.60

1.08

0.82

0.60

0.73

4.43

0.63

0.96

0.79

0.66

0.70

4.26

0.58

0.79

0.62

0.65

0.59

3.72

Table XL. — Cost of Straight Splices, Underground.

(Cost of splicing 60 prs. from each of two 120 pr. %-14 gage and %-16
gage toll cables into a 120 pr. 18 gage cable terminating in a loading pot.
and splicing the balance straight through.)
Part of

Cable
Spliced
Straight
Through

Team-
ing.

14 Gage $1.04

16 Gage 1.01

Pump- Frara- Test- Splic- Wiping

ing. ing. ing. ing. Joints.

$0.62 $1.68 $1.80 $8.69 $1.82

0.64 1.64 1.86 8.88 1.79

Super-
vision
and
Ex-
pense.
$6.47
6.52

Average

Cost

per

Splice.

$22.12

22.34

Note — This class of work is generally done In the country. The super-
vision of a head splicer and board for the gang make the cost of "Supervi-
sion and Expense" high.

58

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table XLI. — Cost of Straight Splices, Underground, Not Tagged.

Av'ire

Supervision Cost

Number and Size of Team- Pump- Pram- Spllc- Wiping and per

Cables Spliced. ing. ingr- ing. ing. Joints. Expense. Splice.

2-50 Pr $0.46 $0.53 $0.49 $0.80 $0.45 $0.60 $3.33

2-100 Pr 0.59 0.56 0.60 1.42 0.49 0.86 4.52

2-200 Pr 0.59 0.58 0.87 2.86 0.57 1.38 6.85

2-300 Pr 0.61 0.55 0.91 3.67 0.61 1.59 8.04

1-25 Pr. Into 1-50 Pr..

25 Prs. Left Dead... 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.65 0.42 0.54 2.87
1-50 Pr. Into 1-100 Pr.,

50 Prs. Left Dead... 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.84 0.49 0.72 3.60
1-100 Pr. into 1-200 Pr.,

100 Prs. Left Dead... 0.58 0.57 0.76 1.51 0.54 0.94 4.90

Table XLI I. — Cost of Straight Splices, Underground, Tagged.

Number Testing Supervision Av'ge

and Size and and Cost

of Cables Team- Pump- Fram- Tag- Spllc- Wiping Ex- per

Spliced. In'g. Ing. ing. glng. Ing. Joints, pense. SpUoe.

2-50 Pr $0.42 $0.49 $0.51 $0.98 $0.78 $0.42 $0.64 $4.24

2-100 Pr 0.56 0.54 0.62 1.58 1.37 0.51 1.11 6.29

2-200 Pr 0.59 0.58 0.85 2.80 2.78 0.60 1.72 9.92

2-300 Pr 0.60 0.57 0.89 4.06 8.69 0.62 2.06 12.49

2-150 Pr. 16

Gauge Toll

Cable 0.96 0.61 0.92 1.56 2.87 0.63 3.17 10.22

2-120 Pr. H-14

and ^-13 Oa

Toll Cable...' 0.94 0.60 0.91 1.39 1.96 0.66 2.89 9.86

1-50 Pr. Into

1-100 Pr.. 50

Prs. Left

Dead 0.# 0.50 0.54 1.07 0.84 0.59 0.71 4.74

2-50 Pr. Into

1-100 Pr 0.57 0.54 0.83 1.62 1.44 0.67 1.16 6.83

Note — Toll cable is always tested for crosses, grounds and insulation, but
not tagged. Teaming and supervision and expense are higher for toll cable
than for other cable on account of the work being done in the country.

Table XLIII. — Cost of Bridge Spuces, Aerial, Not Tagged.

Number Supervision Average

and Size of Wiping and Cost per

Cables Spliced. Teaming. Framing. Splicing. Joints. Expense. Splice.

8-15 Pr $0.50 $0.61 $0.52 $0.64 $0.57 $2.84

3-25 Pr 0.62 0.65 0.87 0.62 0.70 3.46

3-50 Pr 0.64 0.63 1.61 0.68 0.81 4.37

Table XLIV. — Cost of Bridge Splices, Aerial, Tagged.

Number and
Size of
Cables
Spliced.

3-15 Pr.
3-25 Pr.
3-50 Pr.

Testing

and Wiping

Teaming. Framing. Tagging. Splicing. Joints.

..$0.53 $0.59 $0.74 $0.54 $0.65

.. 0.59 0.66 0.98 0.84 0.68

.. 0.66 0.69 1.71 1.58 0.71

Super-
vision Average
and Cost per
Expense. Splice.

$0.64 $3.69

0.76 4.51

1.06 6.41

Table XLV. — Cost of Bridge Splices, Aerial, Onto Working Cable.

Number and Size of Cables Spliced. .S .S

t t

1-15 Pr. Bridged onto a Splice of

2-15 Pr $0.64 $0.66

1-25 Pr. Bridged onto a Splice of

2-25 Pr 0.68 0.69

1-50 Pr. Bridged onto a Splice of

2-50 Pr » 0.72 0.70

1-100 Pr. Bridged onto a Splice of

2-100 Pr 0.78 0.77

n
cd .

C.S
to W

HH
$0.78

1.04

2.32

3.96

8P

M

0.
CO

$045
0.63
1.08
2.04

.?2

^^

$0.68

0.66

0.74

0.81

:«&

fcW

O.'O
CO OS

$0.64
0.72
1.30
1.76

8
• 2

$3.85
4.42
6.86

10.12

CABLE SPLICING.

59

Table XL VI.— Cost of Bridge Splices, Underground, Not Tagged.

Number

and Size

of enables

Spliced. Teaming. Pumping.

Framing.

Splicing.

Wiping
Joints.

Super-
vision Average
and Cost per
Expense. Splice.

3-50 Pr....$0.44 $0.50
8-100 Pr... 0.53 0.47
3-200 Pr... 0.58 0.53

$0.61
0.76
0.91

$1.56
2.78
5.37

$0.65
0.72
0.89

$0.78 $4.54
1.18 6.44
1.74 10.02

Table XLVII. — Cost of Bridge Splices, Underground, Tagged.

Number and Testing Supervision

Size of and and A-verasre

Cables Team- Pump- Fram- Tag- Splic- Wiping Ex- Cost per

Spliced. ing. ing. ing. ging. Ing. Joints, pense. Splice.

3-50 Pr $0.46 $0.48 $0.62 $1.52 $1.53 $0.66 $1.27 $6.54

8-100 Pr 0.42 0.52 0.74 2.39 2.52 0.70 1.58 8.87

3-200 Pr 0.63 0.52 0.87 3.72 4.39 0.82 2.02 13.47

Table XLVIII. — Cost of Bridge Spuces, Underground, Onto Working

Number and Size of ?

Cables Spliced. g

1-60 Pr. Bridged onto a
Splice of 2-50 Pr $0.69

1-100 Pr. Bridged onto a
Splice of 2-100 Pr 0.75

1-200 Pr. Bridged onto a
Splice of 2-200 Pr 0.69

Cable.

•a

oi

f

a

oc

O ai

I

0*

Framing.

Testing a
Tagging.

CI

t

'.I

O.P

Supervisi
and Bxpe

$0.53

$0.68

$2.26

$0.97

$0.76

$1.27

$7.16

0.49

0.73

3.79

1.82

0.82

1.83

10.23

0.61

0.86

5.82

3.68

0.81

2.26

14.73

Table XLIX. — Cost of Straight- Bridge Splices, Aerial, Not Tagged.

Number

and size

Number

Super-

of Branch

and Size

vision

Av'ge

Cables Spliced

of

and

Cost

into Main Main Cables

Team-

F*ram-

Splic-
ing.

Wipirg

Ex-

per

Cables.

Spliced.

ing.

ing.

Joints.

pense.

Splice.

1-15 Pr.

1-25 Pr.

$0.48

$0.48

$0.49

$0.67

$0.52

$2.64

1-15 Pr.

2-25 Pr.

0.51

0.52

0.63

0.65

0.59

2.90

1-15 Pr.

2-50 Pr.

0.54

0.59

1.17

0.68

0.63

8.66

1-15 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.63

0.72

1.82

0.68

1.05

4.90

1-26 Pr.

2-50 Pr.

0.5"

0.64

1.31

0.66

0.70

8.88

1-25 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.66

0.75

1.96

0.78

1.09

6.19

1-60 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.70

0.72

2.24

0.76

1.16

6.58

Table L. — Cost of Straight-Bridge Splices, Aerial, Tagged.

No. and size

of Branch

Number

Super-

Cables '

and Size

Testing

1

i^ision

Av'ge

Spliced

of

and

Wip-

and

Cost

into Main

Main Cables

Team-

Fram-

Tag-

Splic-
ing.

ing

Ex-

per

Cables.

Spliced.

ing.

ing.

ging.

Joints.

pense.

Splice.

1-15 Pr.

2-25 Pr.

$0.51

$0.54

$0.68

$0.66

$0.57

$0.64,

$3.60

1-15 Pr.

2-50 Pr.

0.44

0.54

1.24

0.95

0.61

0.90^

4.68

1-15 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.58

0.59

1.95

1.64

0.67

1.24

6.67

1-26 Pr.

2-50 Pr.

0.56

0.57

1.83

1.10

0.63

1.13

6.32

1-25 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.54

0.64

2.07

1.78

0.75

1.32

7.10

1-50 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.64

0.67.

2.29

1.97

0.79

1.41

7.77

2-15 Pr.

2-50 Pr.

0.59

0.69

1.46

1.83

0.88

1.19

6.14

2-15 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.63

0.73

2.10

1.85

0.90

1.37

7.68

2-25 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.62

0.74

2.40

2.10

0.85

1.46

8.17

1-60 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.69

0.81

2.57

2.31

0.89

1.65

8.92

6o

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table LI.— Cost op Straight-Bridge Spuces, Aerial, Onto Working

Cable.

No. and Slse .

of Branch

Super-

Oables

Testing

vision

Av'ge

Spliced

Slse Of

and

and

Cost

into Main

Main Team-

■ Fram

- Tag- Splic- Wiping Ex-

per

Cable.

Cable.

ing.

ing.

ging. ing. Joints, pense.

Splice.

1-16 Pp.

25 Pr.

10.58

$0.56

$0.90 $0.44

$0.69 $0.66

$3.83

1-15 Pr.

60 Pr.

0.61

0.50

1.43

0.63

0.72 0.96

4.85

1-16 Pr.

100 Pr.

0.67

0.62

2.80

0.74

0.70 1.19

6.22

1-25 Pr.

50 Pr.

0.64

0.59

1.52

0.76

0.74 1.02

6.27

1-26 Pr.

100 Pr.

0.68

0.62

2.69

0.86

0.79 1.26

6.90

1-50 Pr.

100 Pr.

0.78

0.70

3.06

.1.25

0.84 1.40

8.03

Table LII

. — Cost of Straight- Bridge Splices,

Underground, Not Tagged.

No. and Size Number

•

of Branch

and Size

Super-

Cables

of

vision

Av'ge

Spliced

Main

Wip- and

Cost

into Main

Cables

1

ream- Pump- Fram-

Splic-

ing Ex-

per

Cables

Spliced.

ing.

Ing. ing.

ing.

Joints, pense.

Splice.

1-25 Pr.

2-50 Pr.

$0.38 .

$0.46 $0.56

$1.24

$0.62 $0.74

$4.00

1-25 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.52

0.51 0.70

1.83

0.71 1.06

5.33

1-25 Pr.

2-200 Pr.

0.46

0.47 0.78

3.32

0.78 1.48

7.29

1-50 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

0.54

0.54 9.71

2.10

0.72 1.14

5.75

1-50 Pr.

2-200 Pr.

0.47

0.59 0.82

3.58

0.84 1.60

7.90

1-50 Pr.

2-300 Pr.

0.60

0.52 0.91

5.95

0.88 1.68

10.54

1-100 Pr.

2-200 Pr.

0.64

0.57 0.84

4.03

0.82 1.61

8.51

1-100 Pr.

2-300 Pr.

0.S7

0.55 0.98

6.21

0.91 1.74

10.96

1-200 Pr.

2-300 Pr.

0.59

0.61 1.06

6.86

0.84 2.06

12.01

Table LIII. — Cost of Straight- Bridge Splices, Underground, Tagged.

No. *nd Blse
of Branch
Oftbles Bplloed
IntolUln
0»bl«a.

1-25

1-25

1-25

1-50

1-50

1-50

1-100

1-100

1-200

1-25

1-50

1-25

1-50

2-25

2-50

1-50

1-100

1-50

1-100

1-50

2-100

1-25

1-50

1-160

Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.

Number

aod Slse of

Halo Cables

Spliced.

2-50 Pr.
2-100 Pr.
2-200 Pr.
2-100 Pr.
2-200 Pr.
2-300 Pr.
2-200 Pr.
2-300 Pr.
2-300 Pr.

2-100 Pr.

2-200 Pr.

2-100 Pr.
2-200 Pr.

. 2-200 Pr.
2-300 Pr.
2-300 Pr.

Team-
ing.

$0.41
0.47
0.51
0.50
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.62
0.59

0.53

0.56

0.49
0.53

0.61
0.64
0.69

Piimp-
lug.

$0.49
0.53
0.51
0.47
0.54
0.62
0.56
0.61
0.64

0.59

0.56
0.61

0.66
0.«4
0.68

Fram-
ing.

$0.59
0.68
0.79
0.73
0.84
0.94
0.83
1.01
0.99

Testing

and
Tagging.

$1.13
2.01
3.16
2.18
3.37
4.18
3.67
4.49
4.87

1.03

0.75
0.97

1.14
1.16
1.37

3.48

2.26
3.62

4.04
4.68
5.16

Bpl Ic-
ing.

$1.03
1.69
2.89
1.82
3.16
4.99
3.61
5.48
6.49

0.59 0.82 2.39 2.16

3.47

1.96
3.76

4.54
5.88
6.86

Wiping
Jolnta.

$0.56
0.64
0.67
0.62
0.69
0.78
0.72
0.66
0.71

0.83

U.91

0.87
0.91

0.89
0.94
1.17

Saperri-

non

and
Expeoae.

$1.02
1.30
1.71
1.36
1.79
2.28
1.84
2.41
2.63

1.87

1.41
1.92

AT'ge
CoaC

Splloe.
$5.M

7.32
10.24

7.68
10.99
14.36
11.77
15.28
16.92

1.50 8.82

11.91

8.30
12.32

2.20 14.08
2.68 16.62
2.91 18.83

f

2-200 Pr.

0.62 0.73 1.26 8.90 4.07 1.10 2.18 13.86

CABLE SPLICING.

6i

Table LIV. — Cost of Straight-Bridge Splices, Underground, Onto

Working Cables.

No. and Sice

of Bimneli

Cables Spliced

Into Main Sice of

Gable. Main Cable.

1-25
1-25
1-25
1-50
1-50
1-50

Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.

1-100 Pr.
1-100 Pr.
1-200 Pr.
1-25 Pr.

50
100
200
100
200
300
200
300
300

Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.

1-50
2-50
1-25
1-50

Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.

200 Pr.

200 Pr.
300 Pr.

Team-
ing.

$0.46
0.51
0.47
0.44
0.52
0.54
0.51
0.62
0.57

0.54 0.62

Pamp-

Fram-

\ng.

ing.

$0.52

$0.53

0.47

0.57

0.50

0.64

0.53

0.55

0.49

0.67

0.61

0.69

0.58

0.74

0.51

0.72

0.67

0.68

0.63
0.58

0.53
0.59

0.89

1.01
0.96

Testing

and
Tagging.

$1.36
2.74
3.74
3.06
4.19
5.30
4.70
6.82
7.06

4.33

4.17
6.51

Splic-
ing.

$0.72
0.80
0.87
1.18
1.23
1.31
2.06
2.14
3.70

1.84

2.16
1.97

Snperrl-
■lon

AVge
Cost

Wiping
JointB.

and
Expense.

SpliM.

$0.64

$1.08

$5.31

0.63

1.29

7.01

0.71

1.44

8.37

0.61

1.39

7.76

0.68

1.57

9.36

0.79

1.80

11.04

0.80

1.76

11.15

0.74

1.99

12.54

82

2.52

16.02

0.96

1.01
0.97

1.63 10.81

1.91
2.02

11.42
12.60

Note — ^All the data on straight -bridge splices, both aerial and under-
ground, Is based on splicing branch cables on separate counts. It makes
little difference in the cost, however, whether the branches are spliced on
the same or separate counts. In all the data on straight-bridge splices the
two sections of the continuous cable, when not already spliced, are entered
In the column, "Number and Size of Main Cables Spliced," as 2-25 Pr.,
2-50 Pr., etc. When the cable is already spliced, as in the data under
"Working Cables," it is referred to as 25 Pr., 50 Pr., etc.

Table LV.— Cost of Changing Counts, Aerial, Not Tagged.

Mo. of
Ho. and Size Palm No. of

of Branch 8 ice of Spliced Pairs Team- Fram-

Cables. Main Cable Straight. Bridged. Ing. ing.

1-25 Pr.* 100 Pr. 25 $0.68 $1.18

1-50 Pr. 100 Pr. .. 50 0.75 1.64

tThese splices were made onto pairs left dead.

^The main cable ended at the splice.

Table LVI. — Cost of Changing Counts, Aerial, on Working Cable,

Tagged.

Splic-
ing.

Wiping
Joints.

Superrl-

Mon

and
Expense.

$1.08
1.72

$0.69
0.64

$0.91
1.19

▲▼*ge

Cost

per

SpUoe.

$4.54
5.94

No. of

1

Superri-

Av'ge.

Ho. and Slxe

Pairs

No. of Test'ng

slon

Cost

of Branch

Sloe of

Spliced

Pairs Team- Fram-

and

Splic-
ing.

wiping

and

Bpfiee

Cables.

Main Cable.

straight. Bridged ing. ing. Tagging.

Joints.

Expense.

1-15 Pr.

50 Pr.

15 $0.70 $0.S0

n.28

$0.98

$0.61

$1.16

$5.48

1-25 Pr.

50 Pr.

• • • •

25 0.73 1.07

1.61

1.46

0.66

1.28

6.81

1-25 Pr.

100 Pr.

• • • •

25 0.86 1.24

2.88

1.57

0.71

1.61

8.82

1-60 Pr.

100 Pr.

• • ■ ■

50 0.84 1.53

3.21

3.06

0.69

1.90

11.23

Table LVIL— -Cost of Changing Counts,

Underground, Not Tagged.

No. of

SaperTl-
ston

AT'ge

Ho. and Size

Pairs

No. of

Cost

of Branch

Bice of

Spliced

Palm Team- Pump- ]

fram-

Spile- '

Wiping
JointB.

and

Spfies

Cables. Main Cable.

Straight. Bridged, ing. Ing.

ing.

Ing.

Expense.

1-25 Pr.«

100 Pr.

25

$0.59 $0.43

$1.11

$1.M

$0.58

$0.96

$4.70

1-25 Pr.

200 Pr.

m m

25 0.58 0.52

1.22

1.28

0.67

1.07

£.29

1-50 Pr.

200 Pr.

m •

50 0.67 0.49

1.62

1.91

0.69

1.30

6.68

tThese splices were made onto pairs left dead.

•The

main cable ended at the splice.

Table LVIII.— Cost of

Changing Counts^

, Uderground, on Working

Cable, Tagged.

1^

8.0

•

c

e

•o

«

•*4

ci

S

o. and Si
ranch Ca

ize of
ain Cabli

b. of Pai

pliced

traight.

b. of Pai

ridged.

earning,
umping.
raming.

esting an
agging.

1

a

iipervisio
id Exper

verage C
er Splice.

2PQ

c/sS

.^CflW

sn H (i* b

HH

CO

CO <a

<a«

1-25 Pr.

100 Pr.

25 $0.63 tO.57 $1.06

$2.74

$1.44

$0.67

$1.66

$8.77

1-26 Pr.

200 Pr.

36 0.74 0.62 1.18

3.79

1.63

0.64

1.79

10.39

1-60 Pr.

100 Pr.

50 0.83 0.71 1.34

3.11

2.99

0.71

1.86

11.66

1-50 Pr.

200 Pr.

50 0.72 0.68 1.43

4.12

3.18

0.69

2.08

12.00

1-100 Pr.

200 Pr.

100 0.84 0.61 2.66

4.88

6.21

0.73

2.67

17.40

1-100 Pr.

300 Pr.

100 0.79 0.62 2.70

5.74

6.63

0.70

2.91

18.89

62

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table LIX. — Cost of Aerial Cuts. ♦

o. and Size oi
ranch Cables

ize of Cables
T of which
ranches
ere Cut.

ize of Cables
ito which
ranches
ere Spliced.

o. of Pairs

pliced

traight.

b. of Pairs
ridged.

mm*

esting and
agging.

•

•

«

c

1

apervision
nd Expense.

verage Coat
er Splice.

^n

coon >

co.5m^

Zcoco

zn

H

b

HH

CO

CO OS

<:p4

1-15 Pr.

50 Pr.

60 Pr.

• • • ■

16

$0.67

$1.06

$1.03

$1.20

$1.01

$1.21

16.18

1-26 Pr.

60 Pr.

60 Pr.

t • ■ •

26

0.78

1.38

1.66

1.04

1.02

1.46
1.70

8.22

1-26 Pr.

100 Pr.

100 Pr.

• • ■ •

26

0.70

1.44

2.98

1.07

1.14

10.02

1-60 Pr.

100 Pr.

100 Pr.

■ • * ■

60

0.87

1.73

8.17

3.77

1.20

1.08

12.72

•See note on "underground cuts."

Table LX. — Cost of Underground Cuts.

No. and Size oi
Branch Cables

Size of Cables
off of which
Branches
were Cut.

Size of Cables
into which
Branches
were Spliced.

No. of Pairs

Spliced

Straight.

No. of Pairs
Bridged.

Teaming.
Pumping.

Framing.

Testing and
Tagging.

•

i

•a

Supervision
and Expense.

Average Coat
Per Splice.

1-25 Pr.

100 Pr.

100 Pr. . .

26 $0.66 $0.51 SI. 32

$2.82

11.91

$1.01 1

11.67

$9.90

1-26 Pr.

200 Pr.

200 Pr. . .

26 0.70 0.64 1.37

3.90

2.04

0.94

1.83

11.32

1-60 Pr.

100 Pr.

100 Pr. . .

60 0.02 0.47 1.69

3.12

3.64

1.08

1.94

12.48

1-60 Pr.

200 Pr.

200 Pr. . .

60 0.72 0.62 1.71

4.03

3.72

0.96

2.02

13.78

1-100 Pr.

200 Pr.

200 Pr. . .

100 0.78 0.68 2.67

4.80

5.53

1.03

2.66

18.16

1-100 Pr.

300 Pr.

300 Pr. . .

100 0.01 0.66 2.93

6.84

5.76

1.01

2.79

19.60

1-200 Pr.

200 Pr.

200 Pr. . .

200 0.73 0.69 3.31

6.89

8.13

1.08

3.24

22.97

2-26 Pr.

200 Pr.

200 Pr. . .

60 0.81 0.54 2.14

4.09

3.96

1.33

2.23

15.10

2-60 Pr.

200 Pr.

200 Pr. . .

100 0.83 0.63 2.78

4.74

6.73

1.49

2.58

18.78

Note — Cable off of which tl

le branches are cut is generally a W(

orking cable.

• •

Tabl

£ LXL— Cost Of Pot heads.

•

No. and

No.

and

Super-

Size of

Size of

Testing

vision

Av'ge

Main

Distributing

and

Wiping

and

Cost per

Cable.

Rack Cables. Fr;

aming. Tagging. Splicing

. Joints. Expense. Pothead.

100 Pr.

5-20 Pr.

$0.80 $0.48 $1.93

$0.86

$1.46

$3.63

200 Pr.

10-20 Pr.

1.28 0.61 8.76

0.99

3.00

9.64

300 Pr.

15-20 Pr.

2.80 0.82 4.94

1.

70

3.74

14.00

Tabi^ LXII

.—Cost Q]

? Connecting Cable to Distributing

Rack.

Distrlbating

Placing

»

Wires on

Slseor

Cable

Rack and

Polderinir Bnperriaion

AT^ge

Cable between Foihead Frain-

Connecting to

Wires to

and

Cost

Connected.

and Rack. \ng.

Terminal Blocks. Lacing. Terminal Blka. Expense.

per Cable.

100 Pr.

$3.90

$0.72

$1.22 12.27

$0.48

$2.30

$10.89

200 Pr.

6.61

1.17

2.01 5.30

0.72

4.38

19.19

300 Pr.

6.43

1.62

2.94 8.18

1.32

7.14

27.63

Average Cost of

Average

Connecting all

Cost

Size Cables

per Pair.

per Pail

• . • .260

.068

.103 .263

.042

.230

.962

CHAPTER IV.

METHODS AND COST OF REMOVING OLD LINE

AND OF RECONSTRUCTION.

Cost data on the removal of old line, or costs of removal,
as this work will be termed here, are valuable for many rea-
sons. They are of particular value, however, when consid-
ering the advisability of making changes in a telephone plant
or when deciding as to the relative expediency of build-
ing a line overhead or underground which must ultimately
be installed underground. This is a point that is often over-
looked in considering the advisability of keeping such costs.

In estimating the cost of changing the equipment of a
route from open wire to cable or from aerial to underground,
the main items to be taken into consideration are: The cost
of the new material plus the cost of installation ; the value of
the old material less cost of removal, and the value of the in-
crease in facilities. In the case of an exchange in a town or
village, the population of which is almost stationary and the
prospects of new business at a minimum, very little allow-
ance can be made for the value of any increase in facilities;
therefore, if the route to be changed is still in fair condition,
the question of expediency in making the change resolves
down to whether the value of the material removed less the
labor cost of removing will be much less than the cost of
the material and labor required in making the change.

Very often a new sub-division is opened in a section of the
city which is building up very rapidly, or an extension of an
elevated railroad or trolley line is built causing immediate
and prospective demands for telephone service, which neces-
sitate the building of a main feeding line which must now or
ultimately be installed underground. The question of the
most advisable way to build for the present depends upon
whether the cost of building overhead plus the cost of re-
moving material, interest on plant ,and depreciation, would

63

64 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

cause a saving in the intervening three or five years before
the line must be put underground.

Removing Old Line. — Material removed is either "junked"
or "recovered." When it is to be junked the work of remov-
ing is usually rough, requiring less skill than any other di-
vision of telephone work. Material to be recovered, however,
requires careful and skillful handling. The method of re-
moval requires very little explanation as in general it is the
reverse of the methods used for installing which have already
been explained. The work of removing material is done by
the construction gangs which are used for line work.

Anchors are rarely removed as the expense of removal is
more than the value of the article. Old poles and stub are
always removed no matter how valueless on account of being
unsightly and dangerous to traffic, and also, because it is the
policy of most companies to have as few poles standing as
possible.

Removing Poles. — Poles to be removed are dug up when
they are to be recoverd or when conditions are such that a
stub left in the ground would be unsightly or objectionable to
property owners. In other cases the poles are removed by
chopping so that the top of the stub is on a level with the
surface of the street or roadway. The method for removing
poles which are to be dug up is the reverse of the method de-
scribed for erecting poles. Poles to be removed by chopping
must be guyed with ropes, when possible, so that they may
be lowered gradually.

Removing Cross-Arms.— The method for removing cross-
arms is the reverse of the method described for erecting cross-
arms.

Removing Wire. — ^All wires to be removed are first untied
from the insulation on each cross-arm, and then test connec-
tors are removed. The wire must be removed by winding on
a take-up reel or other suitable appliance, not more than one
wire being removed at a time. When copper wire is to be re-
covered, special care must be taken in removing to prevent
kinks, bends, nicks, etc., in the wire.

REMOVING OLD LINE. 65

Removing Messenger. — ^The method for removing mes-
senger is the reverse of the method described for erecting
messenger.

Removing Aerial Cable. — In removing aerial cable, the
cable must be cut at each splice and securely sealed, unless
the cable is to be junked. The lead wire must be attached in
the same manner as in erection and the cable must be pulled
toward the reel. In transferring the hooks past the poles all
hooks shall be placed back upon the messenger except on the
lead wire where every fourth or fifth hook is sufficient.

Removing Underground Cable. — All underground cable to
be removed must be cut at each splice and have the ends of
the sections sealed, before they are removed from the
duct, unless the cable is to be junked. The apparatus
is placed at the vault from which the cable is to be pulled.
In place of the steel rope used in pulling in, a manila
rope is used on account of its greater flexibility. The vault
skids and sheaves are placed in the same manner as for
pulling in cable, and the manila rope passed over them in the
u^ual manner. To the end of the rope is attached a servage
strap made of manilla strand about i in. in diameter. This
strap is placed on the cable in the form of a noose which
grips the cable when pulled one way, but may be pushed
along the cable in the reverse direction. The strap is then
slipped around the end of the cable as close to the duct as
possible, and power applied to the pulling line. After the
cable has been moved a foot or two, the rope is slackened off
and the noose is again pushed forward against the duct. This
process is known as "luffing." The "luffing" is continued until
the cable is removed from the duct. As the cable is pulled
out, if it is to be recovered, it is reeled upon a reel placed
back of the manhole, so as to avoid unnecessary sharp turns.
If it is to be junked the cable is usually cut with an axe into
5 or 6 ft. lengths as it is being pulled out. |

RECONSTRUCTION.

Under reconstruction, only moving poles, replacing cross-
arms, and rewiring cable poles will be treated, as, with the
exception of these operations, reconstruction work generally
consists of removing old equipment and then installing new.

f

66 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

The data may easily be separated, and when estimating the
cost of erecting and the cost of removing material, they may
be more readily figured when the data on the new work and
old work are separated.

Moving poles is naturally a division of reconstruction, as
the poles are not hauled to or from the work as in remov-
ing or setting poles, or gained and roofed asTn new work. In
replacing cross-arms and rewiring cable poles the work of re-
moving the old material and installing the new cannot be
divided on account of there being no definite separation be-
tween the two parts of the work. It requires only one climb-
ing of a pole to remove an old cross-arm and to replace it
with a new one, or to remove old bridle wires and to replace
them with new wires. Then again, when replacing cross-arms
the work of removing is not always completed until after the
new cross-arm has been secured to the pole. It is therefore
obvious that it is not possible to compute separately the time
spent in removing the old equipment and installing the new.

The methods of moving poles, replacing cross-arms and re-
wiring cable poles have already been described both in erect-
ing and removing material, and the methods in general being a
combination of both, require no further description.

Method of Recording Costs. — The forms used for reporting
the labor costs of removing material and of reconstruction are
shown in Forms 31 to 39. These forms are divided in the
same style as the forms used for reporting line construction
and cable work costs. On account of the difference in the
cost of removing wire and cable when they are junked and
when they are recovered, caused by the extra skill and care
required in handling material to be recovered, the words
"junked and recovered," one of which is to be crossed out,
are printed on the forms.

Method of Figuring the Cost of Removing Material and of
Reconstruction. — The method of figuring the cost of remov-
ing material and reconstruction is the same as described for
line construction and cable work. Labor expended in hauling
removed material from the job to the store yard is included
in teaming.

REMOVING OLD LINE.

67

Construction Cost Data. — ^The rates of wages on which the
costs given in Tables LXIII to LXXX are based are the same
as for line construction costs. No separation is made of the
data on removing poles in the various kind of soil because the
quantity of soil excavated is so small that there is very little
difference in the cost of removing poles of the same size
whether set in one kind of soil or another. The average cost
of some divisions is not included in the following costs as
sufficient data on which averages could be based were not
available.

ay

45' and Higher

Form 31.
Data Secured by

Removing Street and Alley Line Poles.

Order No..
Location Date

190

Foreman.

No. of
Poles

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Chopping
or Dimng

and
Removing

Super.

and

Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Notb: — The forms for recording toll line and farm line poles are the same as this
except that the "size of poles" is different.

6 Pin
10 Pin

10 Pin (Alley)

No. of
Cross-

Arms

No. of
Poles

Form 82.
Data Secured by

Removing Cross-Arms.

Location Date.

Foreman '.

Order No.

100

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Removing

Super,
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Form 33.
Data Secured by.

Removing Wire.

No. 12 Gal V. Steel

.080 Bare Copper t .• t^ .

.104 Bare Copper Location Date.

Junked or Recovered Foreman

Order No.

100

No. Miles

of

Wire

Removed

No. of
Contacts
Removed

Teaming

Removing

Super.
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

•

Remarks

68

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

No. 4 Galv. Steel
1^ Strand
r Strand

Form 84.
Data Secured by

Removing Messenger.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

Ho. of Feet
Removed

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Removing

Super.

and

Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

I

Notb: — No separation is made in the data between messenger "iunked or recovered"
as the method for removal is the same in either case.

Form 36.
Data Secured by.

Removing Aerial Cable.

Order No.

Size of Cable . . Pr. . . Gauge
Jimked or Recovered

Location Date.

Foreman

190

No. of Feet
Removed

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Removing

Super.

and

Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Form 36.

Data Secured by

Removing U. G. Cable.

Size of Cable. .Pr. .Gauge
Junked or Recovered
Cut up or put on reel

Order No.

Location Date.

Foreman

190

No. of Feet
Removed

Teaming

and
Labor in
Hauling

Removing

Super.

and

Expi

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Sise of Poles. . . .
Street or Alley Line
Farm Line
Toll Line

Form 37.
Data Secured by.

Moving Poles.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Poles

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Digging

and
Locating

Moving

and
Resetting

I

Super,
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

Kind

of

Soil

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Notb: — "Digging" includes the excavating necessary to remove and reset poles, and
it also includes back-filling the holes out of which the poles were removed.

REMOVING OLD LINE.

69

6 Pin
10 Pin
10 Pin (AlleiT)

Form 38.

Data Seciired by

Replacing Cross-Arms.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of
Cross-
Arms

No. of
Poles

Teaming

and

Labor in

Hauling

Removing

and
Erecting

Super,
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Form 39.
Data Sectired by

Rewiring Cable Poles.

Location Date.

Foreman

Order No.

190

No. of Prs.
Bridle
Wires

cut in

No. of Prs.

Bridle

Wires

cut out

Teaming

Removing

& Running

Bridle

W^res

Super,
and
Exp.

Total
Cost

No. of

Hours

Worked

Remarks

Table LXIII. — Cost of Removing Street and Alley Line Poles.

Teaming and Dlgf^ing Supervision Average

Labor In and and Cost

Hauling. Removing. Expense. per Pole.

30 Pt $0.22 $0.58 $0.17 $0.97

35 Ft 0.26 0.76 0.19 1.21

40 Ft 0.37 0.96 0.31 1.64

45 Ft 0.48 1.32 0.40 2.20

Table LX IV.— Cost of Removing Farm Line Poles.

20 Ft $0.08 $0.18 $0.06 $0.32

25 Ft 0.16 0.32 0.12 0.60

30 Ft 0.24 0.64 0.16 0.94

Table LXV.— Cost of Removing Toll Line Polks.

30 Ft $0.26 $0.69 $0.15 $1.00

36 Pt 0.31 0.72 0.25 1.28

40 Ft 0.40 0.89 0.82 1.61

Table LXVL— Cost of Removing Street and Alley Line Poles.

Teaming and Chopping Supervision Average

Labor in and and Cost

Hauling. Removing. Expense. per Pole.

30 Pt $0.13 $0.31 $0 11 $0.55

35 Ft 0.17 0.41 0.13 0.71

40 Ft 0.24 0.53 0.17 0.94

Table LXVIL— Cost of Removing Farm Line Poles.

20 Ft $0.03 $0.09 $0.02 $0.14

25 Ft 0.07 0.16 0.06 0.29

70

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION

Table LXVIIL—Cost of Removing Toll Line Poles.

Teamlnj? and Chopping Supervision Averaere

Labor in and and Cost

Hauling. Remo\ ing. Expense. per Pole.

30 Ft $0.15 $0.28 $0.09 $0.52

35 Ft 0.20 0.44 0.14 0.78

40 Ft 0.27 0.58 0.20 1.06

Table LXIX.— Cost of Removing Cross-Arms.

Teaming and Suj)ervi8loii

Labor in and

Hauling. Removing. Expense.

6-Pln $0,015 $0,020 $0,011

10-Pln 0.025 0.041 0.013

10-Pln Alley 0.033 0.061 0.018

Average

Cost per

Cross- Arm.

$0,046
0.079
0.112

Table LXX. — Cost of Removing Wire.

Junked —

Teaming and
Labor in
Hauling.

No. 12 Galv. Steel $0.22

.080 Bare Copper..* 0.29

.104 Bare Copper 0.26

Recovered —

No. 12 Galv. Steel $0.27

.080 Bare Copper 0.39

.104 Bare Copper 0.44

Removing.

$0.72
1.07
1.17

$1.16
1.85
1.92

Supervision

and

Expense.

$0.16
0.21
0.26

$0.20
0.32
0.34

Av. Cost
per Mile
of Wire.

$1.10
1.57
1.69

$1.63
2.56
2.78

Table LXXL— Cost of Removing Messenger.

Teaming and Supervision Average

Labor in and Cost

Hauling. Removing. Expense. per Foot.

No. 4 Oalv. Steel $0.0003 $0.0021 $0.0002 $0.0026

%-ln. Strand 0.0006 0.0029 0.0002 0.0037

H-in. Strand 0.0007 0.0032 0.0003 0.0042

Table LXXII. — Cost of Removing Aerial Cable (Junked).

Teaming and Supervision Average

Labor in and Cost

Hauling. Removing. Expense. per Foot.

IB Pr.— 22 Ga $0.0026 $0.0072 $0.0018 $0.0116

25 Pr.— 22 Qa 0.0029 0.0069 0.0022 0.0120

50 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0025 0.0072 0.0024 0.0121

50 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0030 0.0076 0.0027 0.0133

100 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0032 0.0079 0.0027 0.0138

100 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0034 0.0083 0.0030 0.0147

Note — Removing aerial cable does not Include cost of removing strand.
Table LXXIII. — Cost of Removing Aerial Cable (Recovered).

Teaming and Supervision Average

Labor in and Cost

Hauling. Removing. Expense. per Foot.

15 Pr.— 22 Ga $0.0028 $0.0084 $0.0024 $0.0136

25 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0031 0.0080 0.0026 0.0137

50 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0029 0.0086 0.0027 0.0142

50 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0033 0.0089 0.0032 0.0154

100 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0032 0.0085 0.0030 0.0147

100 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0038 0.0091 0.0035 0.0164

Table LXXIV.— Cost of Removing Underground Cable (Junked)

Teaming and Supervision Average

Labor in '' and Cost

Hauling. Removing. Expense. per Foot.

22 Ga $0.0038 $0.0072 $0.0019 $0.0129

19 Ga 0.0043 0.0079 0.0021 0.0143

22 Ga 0.0041 0.0075 0.0017 0.0133

19 Ga ■ 0.00B4 0.0083 0.0024 0.0161

22 Ga 0.0056 0.0086 0.0019 0.0161

19 Ga 0.0061 0.0094 0.0026 0.0181

22 Ga 0.0073 0.0108 0.0029 0.0210

50 Pr.

ffO Pr.—

100 Pr

100 Pr

200 Pr.—

200 Pr.

300 Pr.—

REMOVING OLD LINE.

71

Table LXXV. — Cost of Removing

Teaming and
Labor in
Hauling.

25 Pr.— 22 Ga $0.0034

50 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0041

50 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0044

100 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0050

100 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0053

200 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0058

200 Pr.— 19 Ga 0.0064

300 Pr.— 22 Ga 0.0077

Underground Cable (Recovered).

Supervision

Average

and

Cost

Removing.

Expense.

per Foot.

99.0073

10.0018

$0.0125

0.0079

0.0017

0.0137

0.0084

0.0022

0.0150

0.0086

0.0023

0.0159

0.0093

0.0026

0.0172

0.0089

0.0022

0.0169

0.0099

0.0028

0.0191

0.0116

0.0083

0.0226

Table LXXVL— Cost of Moving Street and Alley Poles.

30-FT. poles.

Teaming and Digging Moving Supervision Average

Labor in and and and Cost

Hauling. Locating. Resetting. Expense, per Pole.

Sand or Gravel $0.42 $0.99 $0.43 $0.48 $2.32

Black Soil 0.57 0.96 0.42 0.54 2.49

Sand and Water 0.82 1.11 0.54 0.52 2.99

Clay 0.80 0.96 0.59 0.61 2.96

Clay and Water 0.86 1.23 0.51 0.50 3.10

Hard Clay 0.92 1.64 0.57 0.65 3.78

Coarse Gravel 0.96 1.95 0.87 0.60 4.38

Quicksand and Water 1.02 2.16 0.67 0.75 4.60

Average Cost in all Soils 0.80 1.38 0.57 0.58 3.33

35-FT. poles.

Sand or Gravel 0.44 1.12 0.59 0.64 2.69

Black Soil 0.61 1.08 0.51 0.53 2.73

Sand and Water 0.81 1.27 0.62 0.59 3.29

Clay 0.87 1.16 0.70 0.58 3.31

Clay and Water 0.91 1.32 0.67 0.64 3.54

Hard Clay 0.97 1.72 0.74 0.70 4.13

Coarse Gravel 1.04 2.03 0.89 0.73 4.69

Quicksand and Water 1.11 2.39 0.79 0.79 5.08

Average in all Soils 0.84 1.51 0.69 0.64 3.68

40-FT. POLES.

Sand or Gravel 0.69 1.30 0.87 0.63 3.49

Clay 0.88 1.42 0.98 0.70 8.98

Clay and Water 0.94 1.51 1.03 . 0.69 4.1T

Hard Clay 0.92 1.76 1.17 0.77 4.62

Quicksand and Water 1.29 2.11 1.99 0.89 6.28

Average Cost in all Soils 0.94 1.62 1.21 0.74 4.51

4'5-FT. poles.

Sand or Gravel 0.78 1.87 1.09 0.76 4.50

Clay 0.93 2.01 1.11 0.84 4.89

Table LXXVII. — Cost of Moving Farm Line Poles.

20-ft. poles.

Sand or Gravel $0.18 $0.49 $0.29 $0.17

Black Soil 0.16 0.46 0.27 0.19

Sand and Water 0.20 0.58 0.31 0.14

Clay 0.17 0.60 0.38 0.21

Clay and Water 0.24 0.67 0.34 0.16

Hard Clay 0.27 0.76 0.41 0.24

Coarse Gravel !.. 0.25 0.87 0.47 0.26

Average Cost in all Soils 0.21 0.63 0.35 0.20

25 -FT. poles.

Sand or Gravel 0.24 0.67 0.34 0.21

Black Soil 0.21 0.64 0.36 0.19

Sand and Water 0.27 0.76 0.40 0.26

Clay 0.19 0.85 0.45 C.27

Clay and Water 0.22 0.93 0.42 0.25

Hard Clay 0.31 1.17 0.44 0.31

Coarse gravel 0.31 1.24 0.61 0.37

Quicksand and Water 0.34 1.51 0.53 0.43

Average Cost in all Soils 0.26 0.97 0.43 0.29

$1.1.1
1.08
1.23
1.36
1.41
1.68
1.85
1.39

1.46
1.40
1.69
1.76
1.82
2.23
2.43
2.81
1.95

72

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table LXXVIIL— Cost of Moving Toll Line Poles.

30- FT. POLES.

Teaming and Digging Moving Supervision

Labor in and and and

Haallng. Locating. Resetting. Expense.

Sand or Gravel |0.39 $0.96 $0.45 $0.42

Black Soil 0.48 0.98 0.47 0.44

Sand and Water 0.66 1.07 0.51 0.46

Clay 0.72 0.98 0.54 0.53

Clay and Water 0.81 1.17 0.60 0.58

Hard Clay 0.84 1.56 0.58 0.54

Coarse Gravel 0.89 1.83 0.74 0.62

Quicksand and Water 0.98 2.07 0.68 0.67

Average Cost in all Soils 0.77 1.33 0.57 0.53

35-FT. POLES.

Sand or Gravel 0.45 1.08 0.52 0.49

Sand and Water 0.43 1.19 0.59 0.52

Clay 0.57 1.23 0.57 0.61

Clay and Water 0.66 1.27 0.68 0.54

Hard Clay 0.74 1.58 0.64 0.61

Quicksand and Water 0.98 2.47 0.83 0.70

Average Cost in all Soils 0.64 1.47 0.64 0.58

40-FT. POLES.

Sand or Gravel 0.71 1.34 0.81 0.66

Clay 0.69 1.39 0.95 0.72

Hard Clay 0.88 1.67 1.09 0.69

Average Cost in all Soils 0.76 1.47 0.95 0.69

Average

Cost

per Pole.

$2.22
2.37
2.70
2.77
3.16
3.52
4.08
4.40
3.15

2.54
2.78
2.98
3.15
8.57
4.98
8.3S

8.52
3.75
4.33
3.87

Table LXXIX.— Cost of Replacing Cross- Arms.

* Teaming and Removing Supervision

Labor in and and

Hauling. Erecting. Expense.

6-Pin $0.06 $0.29 $0.04

10-Pin 0.08 0.36 0.06

10-Pin Alley 0.09 0.42 0.07

Average

Cost per

Cross- Arm.

$0.39
0.50
0.58

Table LXXX.— Cost of Rewiring Cable Poles.

Removing Supervision Average

and Running and Cost

Teaming. Bridle Wires. Expense. i>er Pair.

.086 .190 .025 .850

CHAPTER V.

METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING UNDER-
GROUND CONDUIT.

The value of cost data on conduit construction is so obvious
to everyone owning, building or using conduit that no ex-
tended proof of the matter seems necessary. Some discussion
of cost keeping methods and of the advantages and disad-
vantages of various cost keeping procedures is desirable
however.

Hints on Cost Keeping Methods. — In devising a system for
obtaining costs of conduit construction special care should be
taken to avoid numerous, arbitrary, or indefinite divisions.
While it is desirable to have each division of construction sub-
divided as much as possible, so that the costs may be
analyzed and may be useful in figuring on new methods and
inventions which apply to only part of the work, still any
attempt to make complicated and arbitrary divisions increases
the liability of error, and if the subdivisions are too numerous,
cost men will find it almost impossible to secure accurate data.
With the large gangs, which are used in constructing conduit,
any system requiring the taking of costs every few minutes
must result in failure, as cost men will find their task almost
impossible of accomplishment and they will soon become dis-
gusted — no matter how conscientious they may be. In the
winter season it becomes almost a physical impossibility for
a man securing data on out-door work to take time and to
write every two or three minutes.

Many companies have what is known as a work report cost
system. In this system the foreman reports at the end of
each day the work accomplished and the time spent on each
part of the work. The worthlessness of this system will .be
readily perceived if we consider that data cannot be correctly
reported without notes being taken during the day, and that
it is improbable that any foreman will be able to take correct

73

74

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

notes on costs and to properly supervise the work. The task
may be accomplished in some ideal case, as when only one
division of construction is worked on during the day — ^which
rarely happens.

There are also costs obtained by timing for a few minutes
the excavating or the laying of tile or the mixing of concrete,
etc., and drawing conclusions from these data. Such a system
is so obviously inaccurate that it is hard to conceive how any-
one would dare to use the costs, yet many contractors and
telephone companies base their estimates on data secured in
this manner. The cost of mixing concrete for example, if
mixed by hand, must include the cost of moving the mixing
boards and other apparatus, and if mixed by machine, must
include the cost of moving the mixer, etc. Besides, if water
is carted to the work, ihis cost must also be included. There
is in any kind of construction, time expended in preparing for

Fig. 84. — ^McRoy Tfle, 2-Duct Conduit. Class "A* Construction.

work, which is as much a part of the cost as any of the time
spent in actual work, and this time cannot be secured by keep-
ing account of the work for a few minutes or even a few
hours.

In view of the essential nature of conduit construction costs
and of their recognized value, it is surprising that so few
attempts have been made to obtain costs based on a system
which is feasible. Usually data on a conduit job are obtained
in such a manner that they are of little use in estimating the
cost of other jobs where the multiple of duct, the soil or the
other conditions differ. Where several sections of a conduit
composed of different multiples arc built, no separation of the
various sections is made in gathering the data, or where a
separation is made of each different run of duct, no separation
is made of the sections built in clay, hard clay, sand, etc.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

75

Then again the data to be feasible should also have the cost
of each section separated when the pavement or location
varies.

Location is a matter of special importance in estimating. It
appears from a cursory investigation much cheaper to build
in a wide roadway than in a narrow alley, as in the case of
the former, the material may be more advantageously placed,
causing a minimum expense for rehandling. Also the exca-
vated earth may be placed so as to cause the least interference
in laying tile, placing concrete, etc., and so as to be most
convenient for the teams used in carting away the surplus.
When, however, it is considered that in most cases a trench
in an alley may be resurfaced in almost any style, while a
street, even if unpaved, must generally be left in a condition as
good as or better than the original, we see that the cost of

"T

%,

5

+

—

s

building in an alley — other things being equal — may be the
cheaper, as it often is. The relative position of the conduit
and street curb will also cause variation in cost. It is cheaper
to build next to the curb on asphalted streets than 2 or 3 ft.
away on account of the liability of injury to the asphalt be-
tween the trench and the curb by the caving in of the side of
the trench. Dangerous conditions for working, and rehand-
ling of material incident to its being inconveniently placed
will increase the cost of building a conduit in a street used by
a trolley, especially if the street is narrow. Building a con-
duit in a street where the grade has not been established is
often more expensive than building in paved streets as it is
sometimes necessary to excavate the trench 2 or 3 ft. deeper
than usual in order to provide for future changes in the street
level.

76

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

The question of what material shall be used in constructing
a conduit or the question of the expediency of adopting a new
device or new method requires a knowledge of the durability,
the tensile strength, the cost of material, and also the cost of
installation. Without this last item of information experi-
ments entailing a great loss of money cannot be avoided.
Almost every company owning conduits has built sections
using material which proved so espensive to install as to in-
crease the cost of conduit, although the reason for adopting
this material was to reduce the cost of construction. For
example, a method of installing vitrified clay tile known as
class "B" construction, which is explained in another part of
this chapter, has been and still is a standard method of con-
struction. As this method falls far below what is known as
class "A" construction in durability, in protection from injury

FUr. 37.— McRoy Tile, 4-Duct Conduit,
Class "A" Construction.

Plgr. 38.— MdRoy Tile. 5 -Duct Conduit,
Class "A" Construction.

by foreign excavations and in stability of alignment, the only
apparent object in building class "B" conduits would be their
cheapness. Without the assistance of cost data one may
readily conceive how class **B'' construction might be con-
sidered much cheaper than class "A," but if data on the cost
of constructing both classes are available, it is hard to con-
ceive how any company for the small increase in the cost of
installing class "A'' would be so short-sighted as to install
class **B." It is clear that a lack of proper cost data has been
responsible for the standardizing of the class "B" method of
construction, as this is the only explanation which accounts
for the mistake of its adoption.

Organization of Working Force. — Conduit work is done by
unskilled day labor. The organization of a gang is composed
of a foreman, one or more assistant foremen depending on the

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

77

size of the gang, a timekeeper, watchman, waterboys and
laborers. Usually the gang if large is subdivided in the same
order as the work, with an assistant foreman in charge of
each division. This system has many advantages. The con-
crete mixers soon learn the proper proportions of material to
use and the required consistency of the concrete, and also in
the other divisions of the work each man soon becomes pro-
ficient in his task; it increases economy in the handling of
labor, avoiding the loss of time incident to continual shifting
of men ; it aids assistant foremen in soon becoming acquainted
with their men, whereby they are able to eliminate men who
will not do their work ; it puts the foreman in a position to be
able to hold his assistants responsible for the work accom-

[■ «/-'' — It]

i DD 1

IPDD!

——'-4

Fig. ^0— McRoy Tile. T-Duct Conduit,

plished, and it facihtates the work in general, reduces the cost
and improves the construction.

Generally two or three men having had experience or show-
ing adaptability are selected for the work of laying tile, which
is the most important part of conduit construction. These
men are very often paid a trifle more than the balance of the
laborers in order to induce conscientious work.

A foreman of conduit construction, while requiring less
skill and technical knowledge than a foreman of either line or
cable construction, has more opportunity to exhibit his pro-
ficiency and ability as a foreman. By capable handling of men
and good judgment in laying out work, a good foreman may
complete work 20 per cent, cheaper than a man having equal
technical knowledge of construction but lacking ability as a
foreman. A cost man on a job has a tendency to increase the

78

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

volume of work accomplished. Rivalry is established between
the several foremen which spurs them to do their best. It
may be asserted as a general rule that a cost man on a job,
irrespective of the value of the data secured, is rather a
saving than an expense.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS.

In the construction of the conduit on which the following
data are based the tile used for main conduit was either
McRoy vitrified clay tile or creosoted pump log. The latter

Fig. 41.— McRoy Tile. 7-Duct Conduit,
Class **A" Construction.

Fig. 42.— McRoy Tile. 8-Duct Conduit,
Class "A'* Construction.

was installed in comparatively few instances. Its use was
generally confined to straight lateral built in separate trench
to a building or in the yards' and plant of a large works, and
where used the soil was very wet, or subsequent excavations
were expected, or the conduit was subject to constant shocks.
Some or all of these conditions were generally encountered
when installing conduit in the yards, under buildings or on the
site of prospective buildings in large plants where heavy
machinery is used, such as in a steel plant.

The McRoy tile used was i, 2, 3, 4 or 6-duct. Formerly
tile of larger cross section was used but their use has been
abolished by most companies on account of their weight,
which is approximately 8}^ lbs. per duct foot, increasing the
cost of laying and handling tile, and also on account of the
large percentage of breakage incident to the handling of
fragile material of great weight.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT,

79

One-duct McRoy tile was used only where conditions re-
quired a conduit cross section to be built up of a 2-duct and a
i-duct instead of a 3-duct, or of a 6-duct and a i-duct instead
of a 4-duct and a 3-duct or a 5-duct and a 2-duct. In no case
was McRoy tile installed where the conduit cross section was
one duct. Where main conduit is built one duct is rarely
installed, as the prospects are that where a main conduit is
required, eventually a greater multiple may be used, and the
cost of installing 2-duct is so little more than that of installing
I-duct that it is poor policy to install the latter. The excava-
tion, teaming, laying tile, filling in and repaving cost the same
for I-duct as 2-duct. The only difference in the cost of in-

z^«

— t^l' J

I
I

i

Fig. 43.— McRoy Tile. 8-Duct Conduit. Fig. 44.— McRoy Tile, S-Duct Conduit,
Claaa '"A" Construction. Class "A" Construction.

Stalling a i-duct tile and a 2-ducttile being in the cost of the
tile (.04 + 2% per duct foot) and a small amount for concrete
material and mixing concrete.

Except where i-duct tile was required in building up a
cross section of a specified multiple, the i-duct conduits built
were laterals constructed exclusively of 3-in. sewer tile or
creosoted pump log. The latter was rarely used. For the
benefit of those not familiar with this class of conduit a brief
description of laterals may be pertinent.

Lateral conduit, sometimes called subsidiary conduit, is so
named from the direction in which it runs to the main conduit.
Laterals are built in order to carry subsidiary cable under-
ground to a building or a pole. A lateral always ends in a
vault of the main conduit where the cable it carries is spliced

8o

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

into the main cable. Where the vault is built at street inter-
sections the lateral is installed in a separate trench if it runs
to a pole situated on a street running in an opposite direction
to the street on which the main conduit is built, or if the pole
is situated at the intersection of a cross street and an alley
running parallel to the street on which the main conduit is in-
stalled. If the lateral is to be built to a pole or building along
the line of the main conduit it is included in the main trench
to a point in front of the pole or building and then takes a
separate trench. Where a pole is situated in an alley running
parallel to the street on wHicb the main conduit is built« and it

Fig. 46.'McBoy Tile, 9-Duct Conduit, Fig. 46.— McRoy Tile. 10-Duct Con-
Cla88 "A" Construction. duit, Class "A" Construction.

is set midway between two streets, as is the case where only
one pole is used for block distribution, a lateral built to this
pole is generally included in the main trench to a point oppo-
site the pole and then run in a separate trench along the lot
line, if possible, to the alley.

Sewer tile is used in lateral construction because it serves
the purp^ose better than either McRoy tile or pump log and
because it is cheapest to install. Whereas the McRoy tile re-
quires a foundation in order to keep its alignment— dowel pins
not entirely serving this purpose — and both pump log and
McRoy tile require a trench that has a level bottom and is
wide enough to permit foot room ; sewer tile requires no con-
crete foundation, as the bell joints when cemented hold the
alignment sufficiently well for lateral construction, it may be
laid in a trench that is excavated in a V-shape, thereby saving

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT. 8l

time in excavating. The bottom of the trench may be very
uneven as the bell ends of sewer tile bridge the parts between
joints, and the only requirements in laying are that the end
of one tile shall fit .into the bell end of another. This may
readily be done by scraping away any excess earth with a
stick of wood. On account of the usual small diameter of
lateral cable the lateral conduit may be installed without spe-
cial regard to alignment, except when the lateral is very long;
whereas if McRoy tile is laid without care being used in align-
ment the armor of the cable would probably be cut or caught
on the ends of the ducts when pulling in the cable.

Fig. 18.— McRoy Tile, l^-Duct Con-
duit. Class "A" •CoDstructloti.

As it is required that lateral shall hav8 a curve of 90° at the
point where it leaves the main conduit trench and also at the
pole where the tile lateral ends, and as 90° sewer tile bends
are made whereas McRoy tile and pump log are only made in
straight length they do not fill all the requirements of lateral
construction.

The difference between the cost of McRoy tile and sewer
tile is small — generally depending on the freight to point of
installation. Where small quantities are required sewer tile
is usually cheaper. Pump log is more expensive than either
McRoy tile or sewer tile.

In the construction of main conduit the superiority of
McRoy tile as against sewer tile is generally conceded. It
forms a more flexible conduit, being readily increased in mul-

82

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

tiple; when laid in concrete — ^as is advisable in building con-
duit having a large cross section — it requires less concrete
than sewer tile; it forms a smoother duct for the passage
of large cable; it is not readily thrown out of alignment in
the work of laying tile or by foreign excavations on account
of its weight and flat surfaces, and it makes, in general, more
permanent construction, and it is cheaper to install unless the
multiple is small.

The formation of a conduit cross section is an important
matter, as it makes considerable difference in cost whether
an 8-duct run is composed of two 4-duct or a 6-duct and a
2-duct and whether the ducts are laid side by side or one on

Fig. 49.— McRoy Tile, 13-Duct Cpn-
dult. Class "A*' Construction.

Fig. 50.— McRoy Tile, 14-Duct Con-
duit, Class "A" Construction.

top of the other. The 4 and 6-ducts are made in 3-ft. lengths,
the 2 and 3-ducts in 2-ft. lengths. The 4 and 2-ducts require
one dowel pin and the 6-duct two dowel pins.

In comparing the cost of 8-duct conduits where one is com-
posed of a 6-duct and a 2-duct and the other is composed of
two 4-ducts, it will be seen that on account of the length of a
2-duct more burlap will be required in closing the joints of a
6 and 2 formation and more dowel pins are also required on
account of the use of a 6-duct. On account of its weight
(about 151 lbs.) the percentage of breakage in handling 6-duct
is larger than that of 4-duct, and it requires three men in
laying 6-duct (one man being used to pass the tile down to the

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

83

two men laying) where two men are all that is necessary for
4-duct on account of its lighter weight (about Yj less).

A 4-duct may be laid on any one of its four sides, while
either a 6-duct or a 2-duct must be laid on one of their two
narrow sides or two wide sides, depending upon the specified
formation of the conduit.

As frequently tile is not level on all sides, it will be seen
that the chances are a level side may be found when laying a
4-duct, where in the case of either a 6-duct or a 2-duct a level
side may not be found. This makes a difference in the cost of
laying tile, because it is sometimes necessary to throw out a
6-duct or a 2-duct. or scrape off the concrete foundation in
order to allow for the hump in tile.

-f

«,- ,

1

'?

1

1

i

dHHi

J

Comparing the methods of laying tile, it will be found that
a 6-duct laid "flat" (on one of its wide sides) with a 2-duct on
top, as shown in Fig. 43, requires the excavation of more cubic
yards of earth and the use of more concrete than two 4-ducts
laid side by side or one on top of the other as shown in Fig,
42; or a 6-duct laid on "edge" (on one of its narrow sides)
with a 2-duct on top, laid "flat" as shown in Fig. 44; or a 6-
duct laid "flat" with a 2-duct laid on "edge" against it. The
6-duct and 2-duct being evidently designed for laying "flat,"
when laid on "edge" are readily thrown out of alignment dur-
ing the progress of construction, especially when placing the
concrete around them.

84

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

Taking all these points into consideration it is clear that
two 4-ducts are laid with greater facility, form a more stable
construction and cost less for material and labor than a 6-duct
and a 2-duct formation, and in deciding whether to lay two
4-ducts side by side or one on top of the other, the preference
should be given to the former, because work is easier in a wide
trench ; and, as a rule, it is cheaper to dig wide than deep even
if the street is paved — repairing contractors charge for a yard
although the trench may be 15 ins. wide.

Materials. — The materials used in constructing the conduits
on which the costs given are based are as follows:

T

//fi*

DO
DD

1

I

i

DD
DD
DD

DD
DD
DD

1

^/^^, ^-.

Fig. 53.— McRoy Tile, 18-Duct Con-
duit, Class "A" Construction.

Fig. 54.— McRoy Tile, 20-Duct Con-
duit, Class "A" Construction.

(i) McRoy tile, used in building main conduits. It is
made of vitrified clay, in i, 2, 3 and 6-duct sizes. The i, 2 and
3-duct are 2 ft. long and the 4 and 6-duct 3 ft. long.

(2) Sewer tile, used in building underground laterals.
The inside diameter is 3 ins., the shell J4 in., and the length
2 ft. (See Fig. 79.)

(3) Creosoted pump log, used in building conduit where
the soil is very wet and frequent excavations liable. It is
made of yellow or Norway pine, creosoted. The section is
4j^ ins. square, with a 3-in. bore. Each log is provided with
mortise and tenon. Its length is 2 ft. to 8 ft.

(4) American Portland cement, crushed limestone, washed
gravel and torpedo sand, used in making concrete.

(5) Standard sewer brick, used in building manholes.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

8S

(6) Vault frame and cover, used as the name implies.

(7) Dowel pins, used to prci-erve alignment of McRoy
tile.

(8) Creosoted plank, used in class "B'' conduit construc-
tion and in lateral construction to protect from injury in sub-
sequent excavations. The sizes are i^ ins. x 9 ins, and ij/j
ins. X 45^ ins., various lengths.

(9) Burlap, used in covering joint of McRoy tile ; strips
6 ins. wide.

Tho of canay^

r

/.«'

■s:

CO f^

an

N

t

D

n

pan

<v

04

04

* —»

2-0

Fig. 55.— McRoy Tile. 22-Duct Con- Fig. 56.^McRoy Tile. 24-Duct Con-
dult. Class "A" Construction. dult, Class "A" Construction.

(10) St. Louis *'Y," used in connecting lateral to iron
lateral pipe at the base of a pole when the lateral drains to-
ward the pole. Fig. 80.

DIVISIONS OF UNDERGROUND CONDUIT CON-
STRUCTION.
McRoy Tik Conduit. — The trench for conduit shall be ex-
cavated to such a depth as will leave between the top of the
concrete or protecting plank over the conduit and the grade
of the street a distance of not le<s than 24 ins. Where con-
duit is laid in parkways a distance of not less than 18 ins.

86

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION

shall be maintained. Where obstructions are encountered and
it is desirable to construct the conduit above the obstructions,
the conduit may be so laid, provided that the top of the en-
closing concrete shall not be less than 12 ins. from the surface
of the street if such street is permanently paved on a concrete
foundation, and not less than 18 ins. from the grade of unim-
proved streets. In case the surface of an unimproved street
is below grade the conduit shall be so laid that the top of the
enclosing concrete shall be 4 ins. below the surface of the
street. A sufficient quantity of dirt shall be placed over the
conduit to form a covering of not less than 18 ins.

Fig. 57.— McRoy Tile, 2-Duct Conduit,
Class "B" Construction.

Flff. 58.— McRoy Tile, 3-Duct Conduit,
Class *'6" Construction.

The width of the trench shall be such as to permit con-
venient laying of the conduit and to allow between the duct
and the side of the trench a distance of not less than 3 ins.
The desirable formations and size of trenches for McRoy tile
are shown in Figs. 34 to 61, inclusive.

Before installing conduit the trench shall be opened to its
full depth for a distance of 200 ft. in advance of the conduit
being laid. The sides of the trench shall be cut clean and be
vertical from the bottom to a point level with the concrete on
the top of the duct formation. From this point to the surface
of the ground the sides of the trench may slope, if the soil is of
such a nature as to make this method less expensive than
shoring. Otherwise, where necessary, the sides of the trench
shall be shored to prevent caving.

Where it is necessary to include service pipes in the con-
crete protection of a conduit, such pipes shall be surrounded
by a split pipe of iron having a diameter of not less than

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

87

zyi ins. This method shall be followed in order to avoid dam-
age to the surrounding concrete through removal or replace-
ment of the service pipes.

The bottom of the trench shall be well tamped and leveled.
The trench shall be graded as follows : The summit shall be
midway between the vaults and shall be of a depth as will
allow 24 ins. between the top of the protecting plank or con-
crete and the grade of the street. The slope toward each vault
shall be not less than 30 ins. from the grade of the street.
Where it is impracticable to grade both ways from the sum-
mit, the grade may be continuous from one vault to the next.
If practicable, the summit for two consecutive lengths shall be
at the same vault and then at alternate vaults, so that the duct
in a vault will enter at the same level.

K d^—-^

^—-^

Fig. 69.— McRoy Tile, 4 -Duct Conduit,
Class *'B" Construction.

Fig. 60.— McRoy Ttle, 8-Duct Ccndult,
Class "B" Construction.

Conduit should be laid in a straight line. Where it is nece*:
sary to avoid obstructions or to conform to the changes in lint
of the street or alley, conduit may be laid so as to vary from
a straight line, but under no circumstances shall the conduit
be laid so as to form too sharp an angle or an S.

The method of installing class "A" construction, shown in
Figs. 34 to 56, inclusive, shall be as follows :

The trench shall first be prepared with a foundation of 3 ins.
of concrete, leveled and tamped. Upon this the tile shall be
laid. Insert the necessary dowel pins and place the next tile
in line, centering the tile by means of the dowel pins. Cover
the top and .«ides of each joint with a strip of burlap 6 ins.
wide to prevent the entrance of concrete into the duct.

The successive length of tile shall then be laid in similar
manner. When two or more sections are laid side by side all

88

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

joints shall be staggered. In joining 2, 3 or 6-duct sections at
least one dowel pin shall be used, or if the duct is designed for
more than one, two shall be used. When the tile is laid it is
enclosed at the sides and top with a wall of concrete 3 ins.
thick and well tamped.

If the conduit has a large cross section it will be built up in
tiers. When the first tier is laid and lined up the sides of the
trench shall be filled in with well tamped concrete to a thick-
ness of 3 ins. and to a height flush with the top of the tile.
The upper tiers shall then be laid successively, one upon the
other, in a manner similar to the first tier. The complete sec-
tion shall be covered with 3 ins. of well-tamped concrete, after
which the trench shall be refilled. In dumping concrete into
the trench and in laying tile care should be taken not to knock

r—

I /s*

Fig. 61.— McRoy Tile, 8-Duct Conduit, Class "B" Construction.

off earth into the trench. Any dirt falling onto the work
shall be carefully removed before proceeding with the con-
struction.

In refilling the trench the better part of the material exca-
vated shall be used. It must be well tamped into place and
the trench covered with a crown of 3 or 4 ins. If the street
is paved, all surplus must be gathered up and carried away,
and the displaced paving material shall be replaced tem-
porarily. After conduit runs are completed all ducts shall be
closed with wooden plugs (Figs. 64 and 65).

Concrete may be mixed by hand or by machine. If mixed
by hand it shall be done on a timber platform to prevent waste
of water and material, except where the following pavements
are encountered: (i) asphalt; (2) brick; (3) macadam; (4)
creosoted wood block. When mixing concrete on any of these

UNDERCROUXD COyDUIT. 89

pavements the street shall be swept clean for a place sufficient
to allow for mixing the concrete. The stone or gravel shall
first be placed in a layer about 4 ins. thick ; sand or screenings
added and spread out evenly, and the cement added and
evenly distributed. The dry mixture shall be turned over by
shovels at least three times so that it is thoroughly mixed.
Sufficient water shall be used so that when placed in a wheel-
barrow the concrete shall be very moist and in a semi-fluid
condition. All concrete shall be free from dirt or any foreign
material. Concrete shall be used within 2 hours of the time it
is mixed.

The proportions of materials to be used in mixing concrete
for conduit construction shall be as follows : If crushc<l stone
concrete is used, i part of American Portland cement, 4 parts
;4-in. screenings and 8 parts No. 3 C^-in.) stone. If gravel
concrete is used, 1 part American Ponland cement, 4 parts
sand and 8 parts gravel; i bag of cement shall be considered
I cu. ft.

The method of installing class "B" construction, shown by
Pigs. 57 to 61, inclusive, shall be the same as described for
class "A," except in the following particulars:

The tile shall be laid on a 4-in. bed of concrete. Upon the
top of the tile there shall be placed 2 ins. of earth, which shall
be free from large stone. Upon this layer of earth a Ij4-in.

90

TELEPHOSE COXSTRUCTIOX.

creosoted plank shall be laid of the same width as the conduit
formation. The tile joints shall be closed by means of strips
of biirlap which shall be placed around the tile so as to cover
the top aiid sides. The burlap shall be saturated with a thin
neat cement mortar, and shall be plastered on the sides and
top with J/2 in. of cement mortar mixed in the proportion of
1-2. The burlap shall be 6 ins. wide and of sufficient length
to overlap the width of the tile.

Pump Log Conduit. — The trench for pump log shall be ex-
cavated in the same manner as described for McRoy tile con-
duit construction. Pump log shall be laid directly upon the
bottom of the trench. Where two or more ducts are used thev

ng. 63.— Method of Extending Lateral Up Pole.

shall be laid so as to break joints. When the pump log is laid
and well settled in position, a creosoted plank lyi ins. thick
and of the width of the conduit shall be laid on top of the
ducts. There shall then be driven, one on either side, 3 in. x
i>4 in. X 3 ft. creosoted stakes. The stakes shall be sharpened
to a point and driven at intervals of 6 ft. with a 3-in. face par-
allel to the line of the conduit. The tops of the stakes shall be
fastened together by a cleat, of the same size as the stakes, cut
to length and drilled for two 3^ -in. wire nails. The trench
shall then be refilled. The method of laying pump log is
shown by Fig. 62.

S<wer Tile Lateral Conduit. — Laterals when laid in the
main trench, or in a separate trench, shall be single duct, 3-in.

uxniiRCRorxi) /. oxduit.

91

sewer tile. Connections between lateral laid in the main
trench and lateral laid in a separate trench shall be made with
standard bends of sewer tile. Where lateral is laid in the main
conduit trench it shall be located at the top of the conduic
formation and shall be included in the enclosing concrete.

Where lateral is laid in. separate trench the trench shall be
wide enough to permit convenient laying and of sufficient
depth to make the completed lateral with its protecting plank
at least 18 ins. below the grade of the street. Joints of lateral
shall be well protected with cement mortar or concrete. Over
the lateral, when laid in separate trench, shall be placed about
3 ins. of earth, which shall be free from large stones. This
earth shall be well tamped, and on top of this shall be placed
a creosoted plank, i}^ ins. x 9 ins., to prevent injury in sub-

p-^

Fig. 64.— Round Conduit Plug.

Fig. 65.— Square Conduit Plug.

sequent excavations. Where lateral is extended up a pole
with a curve and an iron pipe the manner of making such ex-
tension shall be that shown in Fig. 63. All lateral shall be laid
with the bell end of the tile pointing away from the vault.

Where joints are made between tile and iron pipe the joint
shall be wrapped with burlap to prevent the concrete from get-
ting into the interior of the pipe.

Lateral shall slope toward the vault. This slope, where
lateral is laid in a separate trench, shall be, when practicable,
not less than 9 ins. in 100 ft. In case it is impracticable to
grade toward the vault, the lateral may slope in the opposite
direction. In this case, if the lateral is to be extended up a
pole, a St. Louis "V shall be used at the base of the pole in
place of a curve. The St. Louis "Y" shall be placed with one
of its curved parts upward with end against the pole, and the

1,2 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

other curved part shall be placed downward after first having
excavated a hole of sufficient depth to allow for drainage.
The bottom of this hole shall be concreted.

All laterals shall be redded, fish wires of No. 12 galvanized
steel wire installed and ends closed with wooden plugs
(shown in Fig. 64), at the time of installation.

Fig. Sfl.— Cast Iron Cover for Vault.

Vault or Manhole Construction. — The location of a vault
shall be barricaded and excavation then made to such a depth
as to bring the bottom of the concrete too I7V^ ins. below
street grade. If the vault is built in advance of street im-
provements, the necessary information as to grade shall be
obtained from the city engineer. The excavation for brick

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

93

vaults shall be sufficiently wide and long enough to leave a
space of 6 ins. around the outside of the wall of the manhole
when finished.

In stiff clay, the excavation may be made of the outside
dimensions of the vault. The standard manhole or vault shall
be of either brick with a concrete bottom, concrete top and
cast iron frame and cover, or of concrete throughout, with cast
iron frame and cover. In size it shall be approximately of the
inner dimensions specified on the plan of the work. For

^^v^^

51

'4

"^K.

S'o^ '-H

I m

8^

t y^at "vT

i'

Fig. 67.— Vault Size 1 to be Used on Runs of 1 to 3 Ducts of Conduit when

not Intersected.

Straight runs the long dimensions of the vault shall be in the
line of conduit. . For intersections the long dimension of the
vault shall be in the line of the heavier run. For different
cross sections of conduit the desirable forms and dimensions
for vaults are shown by Fii:>s. 67 to ']?>, inclusive.

In constructing a vault the bottom of the excavation shall
first be tamped and a layer of concrete of the depth shown on
vault drawing, and of sufficient width and length to project
2 ins. beyond the foundation courses of brick, or the bottom

94

TELEPHONE COSSTRVCTIOX

of the concrete wall shall be placed, tamped and graded for
drainage. A sewer connection or other means of drainage
shall be provided wherever possible. If the vault is located on
high, well-drained, sandy soil, drainage may be secured by
placing one or two lengths of 6-in. sewer tile perpendicularly
into the ground from the bottom of the vault. Where possible
the vault shall be drained by a 6-in. sewer "P" trap in the
bottom of the vault with 6-in. sewer tile connection to the
sewer. If the water level of the sewer is higher than the bot-

Flg. 18,— Vault Stie 2

tom of the vault, sewer connections may be made through the
wall of the vault using a running sewer trap. A back water
trap shall be installed in all cases where the bottom of the
vault is less than 3 ft. above the top of the sewer, by which
the vault is to be drained. All drainage openings shall be pro-
vided with cast iron strainers set flush with the floor or wall
of the vault. Where the vault is drained through the floor, the
floor shall be laid so as to drain to the trap with a fall of not
less than i in. in 10 ft.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

95

In the case of brick vaults, the wall of the vault shall be
built up of hard burned sewer brick laid in cement mortar. In
dry weather brick shall be well moistened before using. Walls
shall be 9 ins. thick. The wall shall be built up, every sixth
course being laid as headers, to the height required. The top
course shall be laid as stretchers. The horizontal mortar
joints shall not exceed ^ in. and the vertical joints ^ in.
in thickness.

i
I

f \A- lis TV

to -»'A

■

I

1

\

%

>

J*. I — < . I *■-: L

I

9au/yMr

... 0'ArflMMMi

Fig. 69.— Vault Size 3 to be Used on Ruds of 4 to 8 Ducts of Conduit when not

Intersected.

The brick work shall be racked away around the entrance of
the ducts to afford room for turning cables when installed.
As the walls are built up cable support nipples of approved
type shall be installed in all vaults. No less than two sup-
ports shall be set in the walls parallel to the conduit run on a
level with each layer of ducts in non-intersected vaults. The
supports shall not be nearer than i ft. from the end of the
conduit and shall be placed symmetrically. All pipes en-
tering the vaults shall be well cemented into the brick work
and the inside of the vault walls well pointed up.

96 TELEPHOSE CONSTRUCTIOS.

When vaults are intersected at least one support nipple shall
be set in each wall between conduit runs on a level with each
layer of ducts and set as nearly as practicable at the central
point.

The walls of all concrete vaults shall be 6 ins. thick. The
concrete in the roof and floor shall be thoroughly tamped.
The concrete in the walls shall be uniformly and equally dis-
tributed within the forms, in layers not exceeding 6 ins. in

8 Ducu of Conduit i

thickness, each layer being thoroughly tamped in place. After
this the succeeding layer shall be at once applied, and the
operation continued until the walls have reached the required
height.

When the walls of the vault are finished and filled in and
around the outside, the wood form far the concrete top shall
be placed. The form shall he placed so as to make the center
of the manhole opening as nearly as possible over the center
line of the ducts, going both ways, and midway l>etween the

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

97

ends of the vault ; the lon<i; cd^e of the opening being parallel
to the main line of conduit.

In case a vault top is 7 ft. or more in length it shall be
strengthened by ^-in. x 3 x 3-in. T-iron, or other equivalent
reinforcing irons, placed approximately 2 ft. apart and parallel
to the short side of the vault top. Where T-irons are used
they shall be imbedded in the concrete with the st^m of the
T up and the bottom of the bar within i in. of the lower side

\j .

l>•^^•,^> ' •;■*::^ ' ^•:/>•^'■^ -• \ i

rfpr

Btkk

Pig. 71.— Vault Sl«e 5 to be Uaed on Runs of 9 to 12 Dncts of Conduit when

not Intersected.

of the concrete. An alternative method for reinforcing con-
crete roofs of vaults shall be as follows: J^-messenger strand
shall be cut to the outside width and length of the vault roof
and shall be set in the concrete on 4-in. centers about i in.
from the bottom of the concrete roof, both across the length
and width of the roof. Immediately under the center of the
bearing surface of the vault frame shall be placed two pieces
of J/^-in. strand side by side both lengthwise and across the
width of the vault roof.

98

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Fig. 72.— Vault Size 6 to be Used on Runs of 9 to IS Ducts of Conduit when

Intersected.

Fig. 73.— Vault Size 7 to be Used on Runs of 13 to 24 Ducts of Conduit wbMI

not Intersected.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

99

The forms used for building vault tops are shown by Fig.
8i. In the case of concrete vaults, openings for the entrance
of the ducts shall be made with the forms shown by Fig. 82.
These forms are made in two styles, collar and block. The
collar form shall be used where the ducts are already installed,
and the block form, where it is desired to leave an opening for
the entrance of future ducts. The collar form shall be placed
just over the ducts and against the vault form as shown on
Fig. 81, and shall be removed after the vault form has been
removed.

* rftrtrttM

FiS. 74. — ^Vault Size 8 to be Used on Runs of 13 to 24 Ducts of Conduit when

Intersected.

The forms shown by Fig. 83 shall be used to form openings
for the entrance of sewer tile where it is desirable to have a
beveled opening as in some cases where large cable is to be
installed in the sewer tile. These forms are also used to form
openings for the entrance of circular ducts.

The method of mixing concrete shall be the same as de-
scribed for conduit. The proportions of concrete mixtures for
vaults shall be as follows : If crushed stone concrete is used :
For floors of vaults, i part American Portland cement, 4

lOO

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

FIff. 75. — Vault Size 9. to be Used on Tondult Runs when Intorsooteil.

--IS

i« \

1

f!> :iiii

"I I I ^~t6' — ; n

( I I ^ a

«..i — ^ ,.ai- — r^^.

' if'' • *w#

I I ■» I

M^u LJ 1 i?*-

t

:LL

I ~

JJ

>"^. '• ' *'.:«:

■^ ■»*•■.,

"• * . V'

ft ■..■ o

•^•^v4

Fiff. 76.— Vault Size 10, Used for Installlngr 6 Loading Pots on Conduit Runs

when not Intersected.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT,

1 01

parts y^Aw, screenuigs and 8 parts No. 3 .(j4-in) stone; for
roofs and sides of vaults, i part American Portland cement, 3
parts Vj^'in, screenings, and 5 parts No. 3 (^-in.) stone. If
gravel concrete is used : For floors of vaults, i part American
Portland cement, 4 parts sand and 8 parts of gravel ; for roofs
and sides of vaults, i part American Portland cement, 3 parts
sand and 5 parts gravel.

I' I

//• 4'

Fig. 77.— Vault Size 11, Used for Installing 8 Loading Pots on Conduit Rune

when not Intersected.

Cement mortar shall be mixed on a closely laid timber plat-
form or in a wood box. The sand shall be spread on the
mixing platform to a thickness of 2 ins., the cement added and
evenly distributed and the materials turned over 3 times with
hoes. Sufficient water to make the mortar into a stiff paste
shall then be carefully added and the mixture turned over
3 times with hoes to thoroughly mix the material and dampen
every particle of cement. Mortar shall be used within 30
mins. of the time of adding the water. Cement mortar shall
be mixed in the proportion of I part American Portland
cement to 3 parts sand.

102 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

FORMS FOR RECORDING COSTS OF CONDUIT
WORK.

The forms used for reporting the costs of underground con-
duit construction are shown by Forms 40 to 44, inclusive.

In explanation of Form 40 it will be noted that separate
divisions are not made for handling and mixing concrete, and

dunipitig into trench, as in the method of accomplishing the
work it is not often practicable to separate the mixing from
the wheeling and dumping. On all conduit forms the division
for the cost of filling in includes the cost of the labor in load-
ing surplus earth on wagons, reinforcing the trench and clean-
ing up. The cost of laying tile, plank and placing concrete is

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

103

included in one division, as their separation would be difficult
and, on account of the manner in which this work is done, the

Fig. 80.— 3-in. St. Loula "T."

39Cfion AA

Fig. 81.— Forms for Building Vault Tops.

separation would considerably increase the work of cost men
without essentially increasing the value of the data. The di-

104

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTIOX.

vision for laying tile, on the form used for reporting sewer tile
lateral construction, includes hiixing concrete or mortar, this
being such a small item that its separation would be of no
value. On the form shown in Form 43 the cost of laying brick
includes the cost of mixing mortar and tending bricklayer.

The division for the cost of placing floor, on both the con-
crete and the brick vault forms, includes mixing and placing

?

t

Sectwn c-C ^•ction DO

Tig. 82.— Forma for Constructing: Openlrgs for tho "Entrance of Ducts Into

Concrete Vaults.

concrete ; and the division for the cost of placing top includes
mixing and placing concrete, filling in and resurfacing, labor
in loading svirplus earth, and placing frame and cover. On the
form used for concrete vault construction, the cost of placing
sides includes the cost of mixing and placing concrete and
filling in around the sides, when necessary.

6ecfion F-F.

5ecfion c-h

Pig. 83. — Forms for Constructing Openings for the Entrance of Circular

Ducts Into Concrete Vaults.

As in underground construction, generally the building of
vault, main conduit and sometimes laterals are carried on at
the same time, and large gangs are worked, it is not prac-
ticable to make more divisions of vault construction than
those shown in these forms, unless several cost men are em-
ployed in taking data c:i the job. This may be readily seen
from the following description of the usual method used in

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT. 105

constructing concrete vaults, which is very much the same
for brick vault construction.

A vault gang is generally composed of about 12 or 15 men,
an assistant foreman and a team. This gang either builds
vaults in advance or following the conduit gang. In either
case the two gangs are often widely separated. Six or eight
men are detailed to excavate vault, 2 or 3 being assigned to
each vault, depending on size and soil.

When several vaults are excavated, the balance of the vault
gang follow up the men excavating, and mix and lay the
concrete bottoms. By the time they have caught up to the
men excavating, the concrete bottom of the first vault will be
sufficiently dry for placing the sides. The forms are then set
up and concrete mixed and placed for all the vault sides.
The vault gang will then either start at the first vault and
complete same by placing the form for the concrete top,
mixing and placing the concrete, setting the iron frame while
the concrete is still wet, filling in around the top, resurfacing
the street and loading surplus earth ; or will place bottoms on
vaults which have been excavated since the sides were placed.

METHOD OF KEEPING UNDERGROUND CONDUIT

CONSTRUCTION COSTS.

In the method described for keeping costs of line and cable
construction, cable splicing, removing material and recon-
struction it is required that account shall be kept of the work
accomplished by each man in a gang. This is readily done, as
the gangs rarely exceed 12 or 15 men. In conduit work, how-
ever, this system is impracticable, as the gangs worked are
generally composed of 56 to 75 men, and sometimes are as
large as 125 men. The following system is therefore used for
keeping conduit construction costs:

A report of each day's work is entered on a conduit, vault or
laterar form, as the case may be. These reports are either
sent to the office each day or at the end of a job, depending
upon whether or not cost men are required to keep time as
well as costs, and whether the job is large or small. The
reports are tabulated and when the job is completed arc
totaled and averaged.

I06 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

The costs of unloading cars and distributing material, i. e.,
teaming, labor, and supervision, board and carfare, if any,
are added together and entered on the conduit, vault or lateral
form, as the case may be, in the column headed "Cost of Un-
loading and Distributing Material/' This cost is not included
in the total cost of each day's work, but is kept separate until
the job is completed on account of it being generally the case
where conduit and vaults are built on the same job that the
cost of unloading and distributing the concrete material for
the conduit and the vaults cannot be separated as cement,
sand t>r gravel, as the case may be, is not separated when
shipped.

The cost of unloading and distributing cement, sand, gravel
or stone is kept separate from other unloading and distribut-
ing charges and entered on the conduit form in the column
reserved for the cost of unloading and distributing material
with the word cement, sand, gravel or stone written alongside
of it in the **Remark" column. Upon completion of the job
this cost is prorated and included in the total cost of unload-
ing and distributing material for vaults and for conduit. The
volume of concrete as shown in the specifications for building
vaults and for building conduit is used as a basis for prorating
such cost of unloading and distributing concrete material.

Where mortar or concrete material is unloaded and dis-
tributed on job which includes conduit, vaults and lateral con-
structiort no attention need be paid to the proportion of such
unloading and distributing cost to be charged to lateral con-
struction, as the quantity of cement, sand or gravel used
is so small that it is of no importance in estimating. The
quantity of cement required for a lateral rarely exceeds }i of
a bag.

When material has once been distributed on the work, any
labor in moving material from one part of the job to another
part is charged, if tile, to laying tile ; if concrete material, to
mixing concrete, and the team used in such rehandling is in-
cluded in the cost of teaming on conduit, vaults, or lateral
construction, as the case may be.

In taking cost data, the divisions should be the same as the
form shown in Forms 40 to 44, inclusive. Costs are taken

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT. loy

every J^ hour except when in the judgment of cost keepers
the conditions of the work require that costs shall be taken
at more frequent intervals, where the gang is small or where
a foreman continually shifts his men, where they are taken
every lo or 15 minutes.

Separate data are kept for each section of conduit buik
where soil, pavement or cross section changes, where the loca-
tion changes from street to alley, or where on asphalted
streets the relative position of the conduit and curb changes.

Memorandum books ruled so that there is a column for each
Yi hour of a working day and a column on the extreme left
of the page for the date, as shown by Form 45, are used for

keeping costs of conduit or lateral construction. For conduit
construction, there should be a page each for teaming; exca-
vating; handling and mixing concrete and dumping into
trench; laying tile, plank and concrete; and filling in. Sim-
ilar pages are used for lateral construction.

In each V^ hour column, under the proper time heading and
on the line opposite the proper date on their respective page is
entered, every Yz hour, the number of teams working, or the
number of men excavating, etc. The driver is included with
the team.

A blue print plan of the work is kept on hand by cost men
for reference. Each vault on the plan is numbered consecu-
tively, and in making reports the space on the form reserved
for location shall be filled out with the numbers of the vaults
between which the conauit work was installed.

In filling out the location on lateral forms the vault from
which the lateral runs and the direction in which it runs from
the vault is stated. The location on vault forms is filled out
with the vault number shown on the blue print plan.

For vault construction, the memorandum books are ruled
with columns and headings as shown in Form 46. The
column on the extreme of the page is used for vault number
instead of date. The cost of each vault is kept separate.

TELEPHONE COSSTRUCTION.

Conduit CrouStciLon

McRoY TiLB Condi

Located Between Vaults No. . . .and No. .

. .Est. No....C1as

Form 42.

Sewer Tile Lateral Ciinstblitiun.

loo,ti™p>..,v..iiN... -ys'te? ni' =••."»

-

3 ' "3

• J

IE 1 !■«

i

■ ff

i !?

t-S

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1

4 i

,1 1

1

1

E

1

1

.^

ill

^1

1

1

Ml: \

1

~

UNDERGROVXD COXDUIT.

Lwktkm

Bbick Va

Form tS
ITLT CoSSTRl-.TlON.

1

"I

Mill

■ 1

II

li 1

1

i

3
|5

1

.

Form

Concrete Vai'lt

)ONRTR1X

no».

Ert.No

1

, ill

il is.M

i

1
li

1

ll

1
1

ll

il

Bill
iii

1

1

Form 48.

Excavating.

'-Uiiul

» '1 11

2 i'Sli/'a

i

2

S

2

i

2

) Hours

■

■

Jun* 3 11 30 » » 21 l» 23 K) 22 , 10 » 20 21 21

"

20

30

»|„

Form 40. 1
Pl-AciNi! Bottom.

Vault
No.

2

g I*

i'i

ill

2g ■ 3

(Vorkd

!

*

,1

e

•,•'•..

S

■ . . J

no

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

METHOD OF FIGURING UNDERGROUND CONDUIT

CONSTRUCTION COSTS.

Ill figuring the costs of underground conduit construction
the total Yi hours worked on each division of construction as
shown in the memorandum books is divided by 2 and multi-
plied by the rate of wages per hour. This will give the cost
of excavating, mixing concrete, etc.

5ecrian D-a

■^r-

Sir

BE

EC

* ■ ■ ■ ■

' r. ' " ' ~3 I

■ II I

I ■ I ■

I

3ectionA'A

Section C-C
Fig. 84.— Collapsible Steel Vault Form.

When during the day more than one kind of construction
was worked on, or where more than one vault has been built,
the method of finding the cost of supervision and expense,
board and carfare is as follows:

Assuming that 100 men (not including supervisors) have -
worked 9 hrs. each, and that the memorandum book shows:

600 hrs. worked on conduit.

100 lateral.

100 vault No. I.

100 vault No. 2.

900 hrs. worked.
Divide the total hours worked (900) into the cost of super-
vision and expense, which assume to be $9.00. This will give

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT,

I II

the cost per man-hour ($o.oi). Multiplying the cost of super-
vision per man-hour ($o.oi) by the number of hours spent on
each kind of construction, we have as follows :

Sectiorr B-ft.

5«c«on C-C

Fig. 85.— Collapsible Steel Vault Form for Octagonal Vaults.

No. Hrs. Supervision per Cost of

Worked.
600
100

Man-Hour. Supervision.

X $.01 = $6.00

X .01 =- 1. 00

X .01 = 1. 00

X .01 = 1, 00

Kind of Const.

Conduit

Lateral

Vault No.* I

Vault No. 2 100

Carfare and board may be found in the same way.
UNDERGROUND CONDUIT COST DATA.

The schedules shown herein comprise data on the labor cost
of constructing over 250,000 ft. of conduit and lateral, and
over 550 vaults.

The rates of wages on which the data given in Tables
LXXXI to XCVII are based are as follows:

112

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Per day of 9 hrs.

Foreman $3-5o to $4.00

Assistant foreman . : 2.50 to 3.00

Timekeeper 2.00 to 2.50

Watchmen 2.00

Waterboy i.oo

Laborers 2.00

Teams 5.00

Per hour.

Bricklayers $0.65 to $0.73

The regular hourly rate was paid for overtime.

- S'ff' -

II
1!

II
ii

44-

ii

^

II
II
-u.

II

II
Ii
ll

M

■4 i

I

JJ

i

!
I

r

J]

L
i

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1
1

5«:^Jon AA

Fig. 8G.— Wooden Vault Form.

Section B-8

In the work on which these costs were taken, Mc Roy tile,
cement, vault frames and cover, creosoted plank and pump
log was shipped in cars and unloaded and distributed by the
conduit gang. All other material was bought delivered on the
job. The cost of unloading and distributing material, there-
fore, does not include sand, gravel, stone, brick or sewer tile.

As in excavating almost any trench of more than a few hun-
dred feet, there are small portions where nature or kind of
soil varies, in drawing up these schedules, if a small percent-
age of the soil on a job was sand, wet clay, or hard clay, etc.,
and the balance clay, it is considered clay. No separation is

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT. 113

made in the schedules showing the average cost of installing
the different cross sections of conduit in cities, between the
conduit built in roadways and parkways, as there is very little
difference in the cost, because, in cities, the surface of park-
ways is usually grass and it is about as expensive to remove
and replace as the pavement of roadways, with the exception
of asphalt, which is replaced by paving contractors and not
included in the labor costs of resurfacing. The cost of unload-
ing and distributing material is not included in the schedules
showing the average cost of each different cross section of
conduit in cities, as in many cases cost men were not assigned
to a job until after material was distributed.

The data given in Table LXXXVI show the average cost
of 68 concrete vaults, size 3, the walls of which were built
with the collapsible steel vault form shown by Fig. 84.

It will be seen that the cost of these vaults was consider-
ably lower than the cost of the concrete vaults, size 3, given
in Table LXXXV. This lower cost is accounted for bv the
use of the steel form, which proved to be much cheaper to set
up and remove than the form shown by Fig. 86, which was
used in building the vaults on which the data given in Table
LXXXV are based.

The form is made in two sections, each section forming one
side of the vault wall and one-half of each end wall. The
end parts are hinged well back on the side parts so that they
swing inward immediately, and do not scrape or catch against
the concrete when opening. One of the two sections has its
end parts fitted with overlapping bars which are fastened as
shown, and hold the form rigid so that the use of braces is
not required. Two of these forms are used for building a
vault to the standard height.

Although no data on the cost of building vaults with the
form shown by Fig. 85 were available, it is given to show the
style of form used for building octagon shape concrete vaults.
The style of the form is similar to that shown by Fig. 84,
the end pieces and method of locking being the same.

In connection with the tables of averagies given above
records of cost of several individual jobs are given in Tables
LXXXVII to XCVII.

114

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

T.vnLE LXXXL— Average Cost of McRoy Tile Conduit Construction

IN Cities.

Conduit

CTOM

Rec-
ti n
No.
Dueta CI

2 A

3 A

3 B

4 A

i B

3 A
6 A

6 B

7 A

8 A

9 A

U A
12 A

OCMlOf

Taam-
ing
KIn'l of P«r

BoU Lio-Ft.

Clay $0.0267

Haid Clay. 0.0438

Averaflre .. 0.0352

Sand 0.0160

Slay 0.0174

ard Clay. 0.0223

Average .. 0.0186

Sand 0.0167

Clay 0.0163

Hard Clay. 0.0198

Average .. 0.0176

Sand 0.0298

Clay 0.0381

Hard Clay. 0.0259

Average .. 0.031S

Sand 0.0253

Clay 0.0276

Hard Clay. 0.0301

Average .. 0.0277

Sand 0.0300

Clay 0.0291

Average .. 0.0296

Sand 0.0234

Clay 0.0301

Hard c:ay. 0.0397

Average .. 0.0311

Sand 0.0315

Clay 0.0296

Hard Clay. 0.0380

Average .. 0.0330

Clay 0.0307

Sand 0.0246

Clay 0.0384

Hard Clay. 0.0401

Average .. 0.0344

Sand 0.0311

Clay 0.0299

Hard Clay. 0.0471

Average .. 0.0360

Sand 0.0402

Clay 0.0501

Average . . 0.0452

Sand 0.0422

Clay 0.0517

Hard Clay. 0.0476

Average .. 0.0472

Cost or HAodllns
Mid Mixing
Ooncret* Cost of
And LM[imrTil«,
Coat of Damping l*laiik Cotitof
BxrmvAt- Into and Fl.llng

lug Trenoh Ooncreto In
Per Per P«r Por

Lln.Fk Un.Ft. LlJuFt. Lln.Ft.

$0.0629
0.0705
0.0667
0.0588
0.0663
0.0770
0.0674
0.0593
0.0652
0.0781
0.0675
0.0904
0.1291
0.1547
0.1247
0.0917
0.1194
0.1601
0.12.37
0.1121
0.1507
0.1314
0.0911
0.1348
0.1602
0.1287
0.1127
0.1483
0.1587
0.1399
0.1429
0.1196
0.1547
0.1704
0.1482
0.1257.
0.1605
0.1782
0.1548
0.1464
0.1848
0.1656
0.1457
0.1911
0.2127
0.1832

$0.0297
0.0386
0.0342
0.0441
0.0536
0.0425
0.0467
0.0172
0.0189
0.0166
0.0176
0.0529
0.0490
0.0560
0.0526
0.0294
0.0282
0.0201
0.0259
0.0649
0.0620
0.0635
0.0614
0.0603
0.0583
0.0583
0.0227
0.0259
0.0204
0.0230
0.0693
0.0686
0.0702
0.0603
0.0664
0.0743
0728
0696
0722
0884
0779
0.0831
0.0787
0.0824
0.0760
0.0790

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

$0.0131
0.0133
0.0132
0.0294
0.0169
0.0125
0.0196
0.0178
0.0192
0.0199
0.0190
0.0296
0.0322
0.0330
0.0316
0.0190
0.0201
0.0242
0.0211
0.0342
0.0387
0.0364
0.0428
0.0212
0.0330
0.0323
0.0343
0.0360
0.0313
0.0339
0.0341
0.0302
0.0366
0.0327
0.0332
0.0287
0.0402
0.0423
0.0371
0.0493
0.0501
0.0497
0.0522
0.0498
0.0517
0.0512

$0.0440
0.0540
0.0490
0.0147
0.0503
0.0415
0.0355
0.0254
0.0492.
0.0521
0.0422
0.0201
0.0384
0.0602
0.0396
0.0350
0.0521
0.0572
0.0481
0.0501
0.0604
0.0552
0.0514
0.0820
0.0834
0.0723
0.0576
0.0801
0.0740
0.0706
0.0701
0.0717
0.0642
0.0823
0,0727
0.0733
0.0839
0.0876
0.0816
0.0812
0.0934
0.0873
0.0786
0.0948
0.1014
0.0916

Bnpet^

TlslOB

Por
LikFt.

$0.0310
0.0432
0.0371
0.0515
0.0367
0.0314
0.0398
0.0380
0.0406
0.0372
0.0386
0.0426
0.0447
0.0671
0.0515
0.0382
0.0416
0.0574
0.0457
0.0417
0.0481
0.0449
0.0591
0.0713
0.0698
0.0667
0.0601
0.0662
0.0742
0.0668
0.0768
0.0612
0.0708
0.0796
0.0705
0.0711
0.0S05
0.0C73
0.0730
0.0804
0.0902
0.0833
0.0781
0.0829
0.0887
0.0832

Total

Co«t

Per

Un.Ft.

$0.2074
0.2634
0.2354
0.2145
0.2412
0.2272
0.2276
0.1744
0.2094
0.2237
0.2025
0.2654
0.3315
0.3969
0.3313
0.2386
0.2890
0.3491
0.2922
0.3330
0.3S90
0.3610
0.3292
0.3997
0.4394
0.3894
0.3189
0.3861
0.3966
0.3672
0.4239
0.3759
0.4349
0.4654
0.4234
0.4042
0.4678
0.4921
0.4547
0.4859
0.5465
0.5162
0.4755
0.5527
0.5781
0.5354

Tomi

Per
DactFt

$0.1037
0.1817
0.11V7
0.0716
0.0804
0.0797
0.0759
0.0581
0.0698
0.0746
0.0675
0.0664
0.0829
0.0932
0.082^
0.0597
0.0722
0.0873
0.0731
0.0666
0.0778
0.072?
0.0549
0.0666
0.0732
0.0649
0.0532
0.0648
0.0661
0.0612
0.0606
0.0470
0.0344
0.058::
0.0532
0.0449
0.0520
0.0547
0.0505
0.0442
0.0497
0.0469
0.0396
0.0461
0.0482
0.0446

Table LXXXI I. —Average Cost of Pump Log Conduit Construction in

C1TIE.S.

Conduit Cost
Crow of
Rectlon. Team-
Kind of Sou. Mo. Ducti. ing.

Sand and Water.... 1 $0.0304

Clay 1 0.0281

Clay and Water 1 0.0331

Average 1 0.0305

Sand and Water 2 0.0334

Clay and Water 2 (KOSH

Average 2 <..032".

Sand and Water 4 0.0412

Clav 4 0.0487

Average 4 0.0449

Cost of

Total

Cost

Laying

Cost

Total

Cost

of Pump Log

of

Cost

J*'

Exoa.
▼atlng.

and
Flank.

Filling

ID.

Buner vi-
sion.

per
Un.rt.

Duot
Ft.

$0.0612 $0.0177 $0.0314 $0.0240 $0.1647 $0.1647
0.0574 0.0189 0.0247 0.0262 0.1553 0.1553

0.0818

0.0213

0.0386

0.0341

0.2089

0.2089

0.0668

0.0193

0.0316

0.0281

0.1763

0.1763

0.0843

0.0278

0.0397

0.0299

O.isial

0.1076

o.ior>4

0.0262

0.0411

0.0352

0.2396

0.1198

0.0949

0.0270

0.0404

O.or'26

0.2274

0.1137

0.1401

0.0411

0.0319

0.0496

0.3239

0.0810

0.1482

0.0490

0.0.'.37

0.0312

0.3308

0.0877

0.1442

0.0431

0.0328

0.0304

0.3374

0.084t

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

"5

Table LXXXIII. — Average Cost of Sewer Tile Lateral Constructcon

IN Cities.

Kind of Soil.

Sand

Clay

Hard Clay
Very Hard
Average
Clay

Conduit

CroM

Section.

No. DuotB.

Clay

Cost of
T«*inlnc.

$0.0099
0.0167
0.0234
0.0408
0.0227
0.0201

Cost of

Laying Cost

Cost of Tlle,Pluik of

and WllUng

Concrete. In.

▼fttlnff.
$0.0364 $0.0201

0.0467
0.0581
0.0720
0.0533
0.0709

0.0156
0.0198
0.0178
0.0183
0.0223

$0.0219
0.0260
0.0293
0.0311
0.0271
0.0502

Bnper-
▼laion.

$0.0291
0.0327
0.0302
0.0414
0.0333
0.0390

Total
Cost

£«r
in.
Ft.

$0.1174
0.1377
0.1608
0.2031
0.1547
0.2025

Total

Cost

per

Duct

Ft.

$0.1174
0.1377
0.1608
0.2031
0.1547
O.IOU

Table LXXXIV. — Average Cost of Brick Vault Construction in

Cities.

Cofit of Cost of CoMt of Cost of Cost of COKt of

Size Mo. Team- Beavat- Placioflr L«ylnir flaclng Supervi. Total

Kind of Soil. of Vaults. Ing. Ing. Floor. Brick. Top. sion. Cost

Sand 1 $2.80 $3.69 $0.94 $11.23 $3.18 $2.87 $24.71

Clay 1 3.28 4.56 0.73 11.39 3.69 3.04 26.69

Hard Clay 1 3.27 5.64 1.04 10.86 3.82 3.16 27.79

Average 1 3.12 4.63 0.90 11.16 3.56 3.02 26.89

Sand 2 2.97 3.81 1.15 10.71 3.34 3.01 34.99

Clay 2 3.47 4.48 0.92 11.22 3.48 3.41 26.98

Hard Clay.... 2 3.49 5.52 1.14 11.46 3.67 3.28 28.56

Average 2 3.31 4.60 1.07 11.13 3.50 3.23 26.84

Sand 3 2.62 3.85 1.12 12.63 2.55 3.10 25.87

Clay 3 3.64 4.52 1.26 11.47 3.76 3.56 28.81

Hard Clay 3 3.01 5.71 1.34 13.89 8.58 2.93 80.46

Average 3 3.09 4.69 1.24 12.66 3.30 3.20 28.18

Sand 4 3.62 4.54 1.82 14.41 4.07 4.12 32.58

Clay 4 4.06 5.78 1.76 14.28 5.83 4.57 36.3b

Hard Clay.... 4 4.85 7.51 2.23 14.12 4.32 4.98 38.01

Average 4 4.17 5.94 1.94 14.27 4.74 4.56 85.62

Sand 5 3.48 4.69 2.04 14.47 4.16 4.21 33.05

Clay 5 4.17 5.54 1.93 14.32 5.94 4.86 86.76

Average 5 3.83 5.12 1.98 14.39 5.05 4.54 34.91

Sard 6 4.01 4.76 2.33 - 14.35 4.34 4.51 34.30

Clay 6 3.90 5.71 2.04 14.57 5.66 4.22 86.10

Hard Clay.... 6 4.46 7.42 2.11 13.86 5.81 4.91 38.57

Average 6 4.12 5.96 2.16 14.26 5.27 4.55 86.82

Sand 8 6.27 6.27 3.06 18.27 5.98 5.64 45.49

Clay 8 6.90 8.04 2.87 18.94 6.40 6.87 50.02

Average 8 6.59 7.15 2.97 18.60 6.19 6.25 47.75

Sand n> 2.49 4.01 1.19 11.63 3.43 3.12 26.32

Clay 9> 3.57 4.72 1.21 11.22 3.59 3 44 27.75

Hard Clay 9» 3.68 5.43 1.07 11.56 3.86 3.52 29.12

Average 0» 3.40 4.72 1.16 11.47 3.62 3.36 27.73

Sand nt 3.19 4.27 1.26 12.04 4.01 3.61 28.38

Clay 9t 3.39 4.63 1.19 12.83 4.32 3.97 30.38

Average Ot 3.2a 4.45 1.23 12.43 4.17 .^79 29.36

Sand 10 7.94 16.43 3.96 26.14 7.27 10.74 72.48

Clay 10 9.12 18.74 4.67 24.82 8.02 12.02 77.39

Hard Clay 10 9.53 22.04 4.09 25.32 7.73 13.81 82.52

Average 10 8.86 19.07 4.24 25.43 7.67 12.19 77.46

Clay 11 10.52 26.02 5.34 30.96 8.52 15.11 96.47

Clay 12 9.93 2-1.64 5.83 32.11 8.36 14.04 95.91

Hard Clay 12 10.14 28.89 5.15 31.07 8.84 14.41 98.50

Average 12 10.03 27.27 5.49 31.59 8.60 14.23 97.21

•For 8 ducts or less. tFor 9 ducts to 12 ducts.

Table LXXXV. — Average Cost of Concrete Vault Construction in

Cost of
KlEONn. of Team-
Kind of Soli. Vaults. iiigr.

Kiind 1 $2.44

Clay 1 3.1«

Avorage 1 2.80

Sand 3 2.TS

Clay 3 3.2:]

Hard Clay 3 :{..".4

Average 3 3.18

Cities.

Cost of

Coat of

Cost of

Cost of

Exca rat-

Placing

Placing

P acing

Super-

Total

ing.

Floor.

Sides.

Top.

vision.

«:ost.

$3.79

$1.02

$4.41

$2.44

$2.11

$U:.21

4.:i8

0.«7

4.58

2.83

2.46

18 28

4. OS

0.9.'.

4..'')0

2.6:t

2.29

17.2.-,

3.i»l

1.22

5.79

•> •)')

2.51

18.43

4.60

1.14

.f..4S

:?..'.!

2.87

20.83

r..s.3

1.18

5.64

3. 12

2.82

22.48

4.78

1.18

5.64

3.05

2.73

20.56

Ii6

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

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CHAPTER VL

DETAILED COST OF CONSTRUCTING 834362 DUCT

FEET OF UNDERGROUND CONDUIT AND

318 VAULTS IN ONE JOB.

The following data give the costs of one of the largest
multiple duct conduits ever installed. It comprises 824,862
duct feet of conduit and 318 vaults. In securing these data
special attention was paid to accuracy and uniformity* A
competent cost man was assigned to each gang, and in some
cases, where gangs were large, two men were engaged in
keeping costs. Reports were made daily to the cost statis-
tician who had an office on the ground and who personally
supervised the taking of the costs. The work was divided
into three divisions, each division being subdivided into two
or three sections with a separate gang for each section. The
work commenced in June, and with the exception of a small
part, delayed on account of right of way trouble, was com-
pleted by November ist.

The system of figuring these costs and the forms used differ
in some respects from the forms and system already explained.
The form used for reporting the cost of concrete vaults has
a division for setting up and removing forms and a division
for mixing and placing concrete ; while on the form shown
by Form 44, the cost of setting up and removing forms is
included in both the cost of placing side and in the cost of
placing top, and the cost of mixing and placing concrete is
included in the three divisions— placing the bottom, the side
and the top.

On the form used for reporting the cost of l>rick vaults, the
cost of mixing concrete and mortar is included in one division,
and the cost of placing floor and top is included in another:
whereas, on the form shown by Form 43, the cost of mixing
mortar is included in cost of laying brick, the cost of mixing

129

130

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

concrete is separated and included in both the cost of placing
floor and in the cost of placing top ; and cost of placing floor
and top are separate divisions.

The divisions for entering the cost of placing floor and top
on the form used for reporting the cost of brick vaults, and the
divisions for entering the cost of mixing concrete on the form
used for reporting the cost of concrete vaults include the cost
of setting up the frame and resurfacing the street.

It was necessary to make an extra division for entering, the
cost of erecting and painting posts which were used to mark
the site of vaults built in country roads.

On all the forms supervision and expense includes carfare
and board, and it is entered in a column on the right cf the
column used for the total cost, because it has been included in
the total cost by prorating and adding it to the cost of each
division by the following method:

Assuming the cost of supervision and expense per man-hour,
having been found by the method explained in Chapter V, was
$o.oi, and that the memorandum book shows:

300 hrs. worked on excavating.
100 hrs. worked on mixing concrete, etc.
100 hrs. worked on laying tile. etc.
100 hrs. worked on filling in.

Multiplying the cost of supervision and expense per man-
hour ($0.01) by the number of hours worked on excavating,
mixing concrete, laying tile and filling in, we have the fol-
lowing :

Supervision and Cost
No. Hrs. Expense per of

Division of Const. Worked. . Man-Hour. Supervision.

Excavating 300 X .01 $300

Mixing concrete, etc.. . 100 X 01 i.oo

Laying tile, etc 100 X .01 i.oo

Filling in 100 X .01 1.00

Adding these proportions of supervision and expense to the
labor cost of the excavating, mixing concrete, etc., will give
the total cost of excavating, etc.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT. 131

The proportion of supervision and expense for each division
of vault or lateral construction is found by the same method.

The rates of wages paid on this work were the same as
those given in the previous chapter.

Table XCVIII is a summary of the entire work, showing
in detail average costs of each of the three divisions
of the job. The unloading and distributing cost on
Divisions i and 3 were higher than Division 2 on account of
having been further away from the freight depot. The freight
on material for Division i was high on account of being fur-
ther away from the shipping point than either Divisions 2 or 3,
and also on account of the quantity of creosote plank used, on
which freight rates are high. The supervision, traveling and
livery under the heading of expense were incurred by right of
way men, superintendent of construction and assistant super-
intendents.

Tables XCIX to CIV, inclusive, show the average labor
costs for installing each class and cross section of conduit by
the various foremen.

Table CV is a summary of the total and average labor costs
of each kind and class of vault built, and Tables CVI to
CXVI, inclusive, show the average labor costs of each class
of vault built by the various foremen.

Table CXVII is a summary of all the work done by each
foreman, comparing the total and average labor costs. This,
as well as the succeeding Tables CXVIII to CXXII, inclusive,
which show the average labor costs in detail of all the work
done by each foreman, and Tables CXXIII to CXXVII, in-
clusive, which show the average labor costs in detail of all the
vaults built by each foreman, are interesting comparisons of
the ability of foremen and are of value in proving the advisa-
bility of system in laying out work and handling men.

Table CXXVIII shows the labor cost of both classes of
3-duct conduit, with vault corresponding, built on Division i,
and is a comparison of the cost of the work completed by the
two foremen in charge. Both of these foremen had practically
the same soil and physical conditions to contend with.

Foreman B mixed concrete by hand and had a gang aver-
aging about 50 men, composed of Italians ; whereas, Foreman

t32 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTIOK.

E mixed concrete by machine, had a gang averaging about lOO
men, composed almost entirely of Americans, ranging in age
from 20 to 70 years, collected in a city settled by a religious
sect. The gang was collected in this city under an agreement
made with the officials in order to secure right of way for the
conduit. It will be seen that it cost Foreman E more to
handle, mix and dump concrete than Foreman B, although the
former mixed by machine where the latter mixed by hand.
This difference in cost is accounted for by the high cost of
handling and wheeling concrete incident to a poor class of
labor such aa employed by Foreman E.

The difference in the cost of excavation, and laying tile and
placing concrete is accounted for by the same reasons. The
lower cost of filling in on the work done by Foreman E is
accounted for by the method he used of filling in without
tamping and then running a 5-ton roller over the trench;
whereas, on the wt>rk done by Foreman B the trench was
filled in and tamped by hand.

As weekly reports of the costs and work completed by each
foreman were made, great rivalry existed between the various
foremen in an endeavor to make a record. This tended to in-
crease the amount of work accomplished and to develop ability
in the foremen.

Foreman A had more technical knowledge of conduit work
than any of the other foremen, but had no system in handling
men or laying out work. He continually shifted both laborers
and assistant foremen, used too many men in mixing and
handling concrete, and built vault far in the rear of the conduit
work. He mixed concrete by machine. He had a gang aver-
aging 100 men, -but could have accomplished more, propor-
tionately with a gang of 50 men.

Foreman B was formerly assistant to Foreman C. While he
used very much the same system of handling men and laying
out work as Foreman C, he was lacking in self-confidence
and in ability to drill men in the work. He frequently went
into a trench or a vault in order to show the method of accom-
plishing a task, whereas another foreman could explain the
work from the bank of the trench. He had gangs for mixing

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT. 133

concrete, laying tile and placing concrete, and for building
vaults. These gangs he rarely shifted, but the balance of the
men he continually changed from one part of the work to an-
other. He put little responsibility on his assistant foremen
and relied on himself to supervise the entire work. He built
vaults a short distance in the rear of the couvluit work. His
gang was composed of about 50 men. He mixed concrete by
hand.

Foreman C, although having practically no education, was
a genius in handling men and laying out work. While too
erratic to handle a large -gang, this foreman with 50 men could
accomplish more and cheaper work than any other foreman.
He built vaults along with the conduit, thereby economizing
in labor and cost. He mixed concrete by hand.

Foreman D was a competent foreman and had considerable
system in his method of working his men, but was inclined
to stretch out the gang over a great distance making it almost
impossible to supervise all the work. The vault, correspond-
ing to conduit built by Foreman D, were built by Foreman E,
but are included in the cost of building his section of conduit
for the purpose of comparison. The average gang employed,
by Foreman D was 90. He used a machine mixer.

Foreman E had at times a gang of 140 men, which he
handled with the same facility as most foremen would a gang
of 10 men. He did everything systematically. He divided his
gang into divisions corresponding with the work, put each di-
vision under an assistant foreman, and assigned them to a cer-
tain branch of the work and kept them on th;s branch day by
day, never shifting either a man or a gang except when re-
quired by the conditions of the work. He used a machine
mixer. He built vault as close behind the conduit work as
possible, it being not practical to build them along with the
trench on account of the amount of conduit installed each day
forcing the vaults — which take several days to build — in the
rear. This foreman installed 12,947 lin. ft. of 3-duct conduit in
one week with an average gang of 112 men. His highest run
for any one day being 2,808 lineal trench feet opened and 7,851
duct feet of 3-duct laid. He rarely gave orders to laborers

134 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

direct, as he held his assistants responsible for the men and the
work accomplished. He completed more work m less time
than any other foreman, although having the hardest condi-
tions of soil to contend with and having had a gang composed
of a poor class of labor, as explained before.

When it is considered that other things equal, the smaller
the cross section the more the cost, it will be seen that Fore-
man E, conditions notwithstanding, installed his part of the
work almost as cheap as any foreman, and he installed 6-duct,
Class A, where fair conditions were encountered, at a much
lower cost than any other foreman.

Foreman F built only vaults. For the purpose of compari-
son these vaults are included in the schedules with the sec-
tions of conduit to which they correspond.

In these data the conduit built in parkways crosses intersect-
ing roadways, but no separation was made of the part built in
roadways, as it was not practicable. There were also sections
where the soil varied for a short distance, but separate data
were not kept, on account of the very small difference in cost
which it made, and also as explained before, a percentage of
variation is always incident to a trench of any considerable
length.

The vaults, the costs of which are given in these tables,
were built with sectional wood forms shown by Fig. 86.
It will be seen that these forms are made in four sections,
two side and two end sections, both side and end sections
being fitted with grooved iron ends. For convenience in
handling, these forms are. made one-half the height of the
vault walls, so that two forms are required for building the
walls to the standard height. The form shown is used for
building size i vaults ; a similar form, of larger size, is used
for building size 3 vaults. In constructing vaults with, these
forms it is necessary to place braces between the two side
sections. O'Leary ditch braces are used for this purpose.

The method and forms used for building vault tops and
opening for the entrance of ducts were the same as explained
in the previous chapter.

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT.

135

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Table XCIX. — Average Labor Cost of Nine-Duct Class A McRoy

Tile Conduit Construction.

(Division 2, Clay Soil, Roadway Unpaved.)

g ' Total Cost -iij -3 Total Cort.

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A 3.004 27.036 .0395 .1793 .1741 .0J48 .2102 .6679 .0742 .0361 .7046 .0782

Table C. — Aver.ace Labor Cost of Eight-Duct McRoy Tile Conduit

Construction.

(Division 2, Hard Clay Soil, Parkway and Private Property.)

^ « Total Cost -o

g .^^ .J.J o's o>^gdC o grS o M -^ 3 oa.-s-c

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A 10,326 82,608 .0640 .1707 .0717 .0697 .1086 .4847 .0606 .0320 .^167

B 1,385 11.080 .0509 .2126 .0440 .0866 .0476 .3916 .0490 .0320 .4236

C 4.301 34.408 .0302 .1351 .0298 .0202 .0384 .2537 .0817 .0320 .2857 .0357

ToUl 16.012 128,096 .0538 .1647 .0580 .0536 .0845 .4146 .0518 .0320 .4466 .0558

*Por Lin. Ft. tPer Duct Ft.

Tadle CI. — Average Cost of Six-Duct Class A McRoy Tile Conduit

CONSTRUCIION.

(Divisions i, 2 and 3, Hard Clay Soil, Parkways.)

9 « Total Cost -o

s ':a^ q1 » 'I K a Si ^ S .s ^1 .s s^

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A 1.053 6.318 .0387 .1308 .1096 .0560 .1923 .5276 .0879.0240 .5516.0919

C 4.9911 29.949 .0620 .1549 .0479 .0468 .0687 .3803 .0634.0240 .4043.0674

E 21.325 127.950 .0242 .1381 .0384 .0284 .0490 .2781 .0464 .0580 .3361.0559

Aver.

Cost.. 27.369i 164,217 .0316 .1409 .0429 .0329 .0581 .3064 .0510 .0505 .3569.0594

♦Per Lin. Ft. fPer Duct Ft.

Kinds of »n and paven.«,t \ IV^ri^^'J^V^cl^/rr^^.y:^^^^^ '*"'■

Table CI I. — Average Cost of Si.k-Duct Class B McRov Tile Conduit

Construction.

(Divisions 2 and 3, Hard Clay Soil, Parkways.)

9 « Total Cost •o

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fa 2H ^fa UH UW OSQO o J § Ofc fa fa O^^QS * — "^t

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B 24,692 148.152 .0382 .1436 .0211 .0302 .0002 .2933 .0489 .0240 .3173 .0520

C 3.620 -21.720 .0345 .1665 .0176 .0276 .0324 .2786 .0464 .0240 .3026 .0504

D 3.874 23,244 .0267 .1699 .0292 .0420 .0600 .3278 .0546 .0626 .3904 .0050

Aver.

Cost 32.186 193.116 .0364 .1493 .0217 .0313 .0571 .2958 .0493 .0286 .3244 .0540
•Per Lin. Ft. fPer Duct Ft.

UNDERGROUND COND UI T

137

Table CIII.— Average Cost of Four-Duct Class A McRoy Tile Conduit

Construction.

(Division 3, Wet Clay Soil, Parkway.)

t« Total Cost •a

♦* ^ . ^ « of Duct. S M *:

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fa S5H S5fa cSh owcSsqoojS oE pu tS o^o^":^ *--A_t

D ftO 200 1574 .0250 .0822 .0224 .2370 .0592 .0418 .2788 .0697

B 3.047 12.188 .0182 .0864 .0381 .0414 .0409 .2250 .0562 .0418 .2668 .0667
Av«r.

Cost 3.097 12.388 .0179 .0875 .0379 .0413 .0406 .2252 .0563 .0418 .2670 .0667
*Per Lin. Ft. fPer Duct Ft.

Table CIV. — Average Cost of Four-Duct Class B McRoy Tile Conduit

• Construction.

(Division 3.)
» « Total Cost -o

i -a^ H s S £§?•« H s ^. S ill 5

6 ^-g ^i 'Sf "o? "Sgls og-cS 'Sg J I 'o'Srg-S 5

£ Zfl Zfc cSh ow-uSQu<S^§ Ufa 0! cK cSpqs *-^— t

IIIIIIIISS

D 7.335 29.340 .0074 .1552 .0244 .0331 .0295 .2496 .0624 .0417 .2913 .0728

E 16.464 65.856 .0371 .1515 .0295 .0243 .0531 .2955 .0739 .0418 .3373 .0843

Aver.

Cost 23.799 95,196 .0279 .1526 .0280 .0270. .0458 .2813 .0703 .0418 .3231 .0808

•Per Lin. Ft. tPcr Duct Ft.

v\r*A «f er^n ««^ r^ovomjMi* ) FoFcman D. hard clay, parkway.

Kind of soil and pavement ^ pofen.an E. very hard cUy. macadam roadway.

Table CV. — L.\bor Costs of Brick and Concrete Vault C )n.struction.

(Divisions i, 2 and 3.)

Siae Total Average No.

Kind. No. Cost. Co.st. Built. Size of Vaults.

Concrete 3 12.553.16 $22.39 114 5' x 3' 6* x 4' 6"

Concrete 1 1.567.05 15.07 104 y 6' x 4' 6' x 4' 6*

Brick 4 1.528.21 36.39 42 6' x 5' ' x 5' 6'

Brick 2 156.99 26.17 6 4' 6' x 4' 6' x 4' 6*

Brick 6 25.41 25.41 1 7' x 6' x 5' 6'

Brick Special 75.27 75.27 1 11' x 9' x 7'

Brick Special 65.91 65.91 1 T x 5' x 5' 6'

Brick Class A 182.46 36.49 5 6' x 5' 6* x 3' 6"

Brick 12 104.12 104.12 1 10' x 10' x 5' 6'

Brick 10 3.549.22 80.09 42 6' x 9' 2rx Tl"

Brick 11 115.85 115.85 1 6' xl3' 5'^x 7' 1'

Concrete and Brick Total $9,923.65 $ 31.21 318

Tacie CVI. — .Average Labor Costs of Concrete Vault Construction.

Size No. 3.
^Hard Clay Soil. Size of Vault, 5'x3'6"x4'6" — Divisions 2 and 3.)

"o c -c^

A $9.46 $11.50 $4.30 $18.46 $... $43.72 $9.35 15 132| 11

B 4.08 6.49 2.32 7.73 1.21 21.83 5.92 5i 50."h 14

C 1.42 4.63 1.12 3.30 1.22 11.69 2.41 4 35 6

F 5.02 5.97 1.37 9.32 1.21 22.89 6.26 6,'., 532S 25

E 3.57 S.iiG 1.42 7.59 1.24 19.38 3 59 9§a 47Ai 58

Av. Cost of all 4.41 6.29 1.77 8.81 1.11 22.39 4.95 8,V. 56§2 lu

138

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table CVII. — Average Labor Costs of Concrete Vault Construction.

Size No. i.
(Sand Soil. Size of Vatrit, 3' 6" x 4' 6" x 4' 6"— Division i.)

B $3.10 13.82 S0.87 $4.41 $2.19 $14.39 $2.69 4 851 47

B 3.76 3.66 1.84 5.17 1.20 15.63 2.12 4? 38| 57

Av. ofall.... 3.40 3.78 1.40 4.83 1.65 15.07 2.88 4} 87} 104

Table CVIII. — Average Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction,

Size No. 4.
(Hard Clay Soil. Size 6'x5'x5'6'' — Divifcions i. 2 and 3.)

A $11.68 $15.26 $5.46 $19.68 $3.89 $...$55.47 $14.34 17 128} 1

n 5.55 8.75 2.06 23.80 3.61 1.22 44.99 7.97 lO; 90 9

C 2.00 6.09 2.31 17.31 4.57 1.22 33.50 6.36 8 69i 2

F 6 50 9.46 5.08 10.92 4.63 1.22 37.81 10.74 10} 81^3 7

R 5.84 6.22 3.18 11.71 4.52 .54 32.01 6.48 7!i 6711 23

Av.Costofall 5.85 7.51 3.27 14.62 4.82 .82 36.39 7.69 881 76iS 42

Table CIX. — Average Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction,

Size No. 2.
(Sand Soil. Size of Vault, 4'6''x4'6'' x4'6"— Division i.)

g |§ ^ l^s ig §g-Sts g 1

B $2.97 $5.40 $1.45 $13.01 $3.34 $26.17 $1.77 8,', 74i 6

Table CX. — Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction, Size No. 6.
(Clay Soil. Size of Vault, 7'xyxo'6" — Division 2.)

A $6.81 $3.33 $10.61 $4.66 $25.41 $1.00 11 91 1

Table CXL — Labor Costs of Special Brick Vault Construction.
(Hard Clay Soil. Size of Vault. Ii'x9'x7' — Division 3.)

bc bc

M*Sc 0*0. «-*•- s

OH ow ooS oj ux§ S> H caS'Sh^:^ 2^ 2:

E $4.98 $80.09 $3.71 $19.50 $8.85 $1.24 $75.27 $9.84 29 286i 1

6

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT. 139

Table CXIL— Labor Costs of Special Brick Vault Construction.
(Hard Clay Soil. Size of Vault, 7' x 5' x 5' 6"— Division 3.)

« II -3 I • c * c . « S

£ $1.50 $24.47 $7.91 $18.19 $12.60 $1.24 $65.91 $20.48 19 168} 1

Table CXI 1 1. —Average Labor Costs of Class A Brick Vault

Construction.
(Clay Soil. Size, 6' x 5 J^' x 3 ^"—Division 2.)

u M 3jl II 111 I ml II ^^1 I

A $3.05 $9.53 $5.65 $12.90 $5.36 $36.49 $3.79 14] 105! 6

Table CXIV. — Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction, Size No. 12.
(Hard Clay Soil. Size of Vault, 10' x 10' x 5' 6" — Division 2.)

3

A $7.90 $30.99 $15.40 $24.75 $25.08 $104.12 $28.61 39 326 1

Table CXV. — Average Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction,

Size No. 10.
(Hard Clay Soil. Size of Vault, 6' x 9' 2]//' x 7' i" — Divisions i, 2 and 3.)

Foreman. „g ^| ^S ^^ JfS g g 3 | &|^ S^ X^ |

3fi 5w (ScSl cSJ ass l> ^ cgsl^ 1^ ;Sl z

a $16.31 $40.97 $15.87 $25.60 $9.87 $108.62 $33.77 29 220) 1

P 20.54 30.46 7.17 27.05 14.88 $1.22 101.32 25.20 251 228| 5

R 8.20 23.10 2.07 39.26 7.49 .33 80.45 10.85 2U| 199A 11

C 17.50 40.85 2.27 60.93 3.99 1.22 126.76 13.19 32 293 1

E 11.97 26.27 5.52 26.82 9.00 .52 80.10 14.70 21/", 196i'e 24

Av. Cost of

AU 12.24 26.64 4.98 30.88 9.21 .56 84.51 13.56 2283 203i*« 42

Table CXVL — Labor Costs of Brick Vault Construction, Size No. ii.
(Very Hard Clay Soil. Size of Vault. 6' x 13' 5" x / i"— Divi.sion 2.)

S -5 5 c ea d Ji *-' 5 c .£ «j c 3

^ • •S'sS m:roE « .2««4» O ^

g o-= o> ogrt S" o »;£ ciS _- uw^- "si^ "sJ ffi

&* OH OW OOS OJ 0&Ǥ S> H OiS^SfH Z^ ^z^ g;

P $17.00 $36.94 $8.53 $35.63 $16.53 $1.22 $115.85 $22.12 33 310i 1

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CHAPTER VII.
MISCELLANEOUS COSTS AND SPECLAL DATA.

The tables given in this chapter are a collection of data cov-
ering many kinds of telephone construction both aerial and
underground. Some of these tables were drawn up to facili-
tate estimating and others were used in deciding as to the
expediency of diflFerent methods. With the exception of those
showing the cost of certain jobs, the tables are based on data
collected and records kept on several thousand jobs. Only
the results of actual records are given, and as exemplified in
the case of the shrinkage of mortar and concrete shown herein
the percentage is much greater in the actual mixing than in the
theoretical mixing.

In the previous chapters the specifications explained in a
general way the quantities of materials used in the various
kinds of telephone construction. These quantities are usually
familiar to men engaged in constructing and estimating, but
there are some cases where there is a great diflference of
opinion as to the average amount of material required. In the
case of a mile of toll line or farm line, although the general
specifications may require that poles be set 130 ft. or 150 ft.
apart, as the case may be, on account of road crossings and
comers making it necessary to shorten spans, it rarely hap-
pens that a mile of line is built which does not require more
poles, cross-arms and other equipment than the number based
on poles set an equal distance apart. The question, therefore,
how many poles, cross-arms or anchors to a mile, requires a
knowledge of the records of many lines. The tables are based
on average quantities of materials and present prices of
standard materials of the best grade.

In gathering the cost data which form the subject of- the
previous chapters, some remarkably cheap work was, from
time to time, reported by cost men and. with the object of re-
ducing the cost of construction without lowering the standard,
special circular letters containing these data were sent to the

146

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS.

147

various foremen. They had the eflfect of spurring foremen on
to make a ^'record*' for cheapness in construction, as shown
by results of the work of some foremen after the receipt of
these circular letters.

Tables CXXIX and CXXX are examples of work of which
special reports were made; they show the labor costs of
constructing some farm lines. Although these jobs were very
cheaply built considering the nature of the soil and other
conditions, no effort was made by the foremen in charge to
make a "record,"' or no special kind of tool was used. In the
case of the jobs shown in Table CXXIX the frozen ground
was loosened with digging-bars and the balance of the hole ex-
cavated by means of spoon and shovel. Spoon and shovel was
used for excavating holes on the jobs shown in Table CXXX.
Where quicksand was encountered, sand barrels were used.
All the work was one or more miles distant from the stations
of the gangs, and on that account considerable time was lost
each day in getting to the jobs. This time is included in the
cost of the work. Both tables represent the record of con-
secutive days' work.

Table CXXIX.— Cost of Line Construction on Job 1.

20 ft. — 4 in. top Farm Line Poles.

Cost Cost Total

Teaming Cost Super. Cost Kind

No. Labor in Cost Dig. and Cost and Per of
Poles Haulisig. Framing. Locating. Setting. Exp. Pole.

Hours Remarks.

Soil. Worked. Mi. to job.

7
10

8
49
41

128 104
.20 .04
.21 .04
.25 .03
.80 .05

124
.23
.26
.26
.28

113 108 172 Soft Clay 9/,
.10 .11 .74 •• 134
.10 .08 .69 " lOf,
.uO .09 .72 " 63
.06 .10 .79 " 58}

1

4
1
7
3}

6* frost

6* "
12* '•
16' "

6* "

25 ft.

— 5 in. top Farm Line Poles.

8

10
5

8

.15 04
.26 .06
.33 .04
.26 .03

.36
.35
.40
.37

.13 .15 .83SoftClRy 5,"a
.15 .20 1.02 " 351
.11 .11 .99 " 9A
.12 .11 .89 " llj

1
1

H
6

6* frost
6' "
16' "
16* '•

Cost

Stombauch Anchors.

Teaming Cost Total
and Cost Super. Cost
No. Labor in Cost Placing and Per Kin'f
Anchors. Hauling. Setting. Guys. Exp. Anchor. Soil.

No.
Hours
Worked.

Remarks.
M». to job.

1

11

H

107 133 118
.07 .19 .13
.05 .13 .09

lOr, $04 Clay.
.OJi .4.')
.O.S .35

8J
38

2
7
5

80^ frost
12* ••

Cost

No. 12 Steel Wire.

Miles
Wire
Strung.

Teaming Cost

and Stringini?
Labor in and
Haulifig. Eauip.

Cost
Super. Total No.
and Ccst Hours
Exp. Per Mi. Worked.

No.
Lme
Orders.

Remarks.

6i ^

5

4

176
.58
.64

$2.01
2.69
2.88

139 $3.16 435
.64 3.91 40
.60 4.12 33

3
4
4

2\ Miles to iob.

4 "

8

148 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

Table CXXX. — Cost of Line Construction on Job 2, Farm Line.

80 ft. — 6 in. top Poles.
Cost of Cost of Cost of

Teaming Digging ' Super. Total No.

No. of Labor in Cost of and Cost of and Cost Kind of Hours
Poles. HauHng. Framing. Locating. Setting. Exp. Per Pole. Soil. Worked. Remarks.

1 8.43 8.06 8.48 8.36 8.16 81.88 Clay & Wat. 3i 3 Mi. to job

25 ft. — 6 in. top Poles.
22 .41 .00 .44 .24 .18 1.36 Clay & Wat. 45A UMi. tojcb

8 .26 .08 .38 .14 .00 .00 Loamft Wat. 15|i^ 1 "

4 .40 .06 .55 .33 .23 1.56 Quicksand. 12 U "

used bbls.
6 .32 .10 .43 .24 .14 1.23 Coarse Grav. llf 2 Mi. to job

6 in. top Poles.
45 .86 .06 .84 .18 .11 .05 Sand ft Wat. 74i 2 '

to ft. — 5 in. top Poles.

16 .24 .03 .17 .11 .05 .60 Sand & Wat. 191 3i "

22 .22 .03 .24 .12 .08 .69 Sand ft Wat. 31 tV Sl "

22 .25 .03 .23 .09 .06 .66 Sand & Wat. 321 8} "

321
15U

5 .41 .03 .83 .13 .17 1.57 Quicksand. 15U 3i

4 in. top Poles. used bbls.

14 .21 .02 .13 .10 .05 .51 Sand & Wat. 14 3i Mi. to job

Stombaugh Akchors.

Cost of Cost of ToUl No. of

No. of Cost of Cost of Placing Super. Cost Per Kind of Hours

Anchors. Teaming. Setting. Guy. & Exp. Anchor. Soil. Worked. Remarks.
2 8.02 8.03 8.06 8.02 8.13 Sand. ,\ 3i Mi. to job

Table CXXXI shows the labor cost in detail of pulling in
I20 pr. one-half 14-gage and one-half i6-gage toll cable. The
expense of hauling reels was large as the distance from the
freight depot averaged 3 miles, the roads were deep in clay
mud, and on account of their great weight a special team and
wagon at $7 per day was used to haul the reels. The expense
of pumping water was high on account of the vaults being
full of water. In one section of conduit, cable was pulled in
twice as the first cable had flaws in the armor. The cable
was pulled in by horsepower.

Table CXXXI. — Cost of Pulling Underground Cable (Main).

120 Pr., } - 14 Ga. and 1-16 Ga.

No. Ft.
Pulled.

Cost of

PulHng.

No. Men

Used in
Pulling.

Cost of
Rodding.

Cost of

Pumping

Water.

No.

Sections

Pulled.

Cost of
Pulling.
Rodding and
Pumping.

18.902
Average

8333.40
Per Ft.
8.0175

93

Per Day.

6 1-5

890.90
Per Ft.
8.0048

879.60
Per Ft.
8.0042

38

Per Day.

2 8-15

8508.00
Per Ft.
8 .0866

Hauling Rk

BLS.

Rbtu

RNING RbBLS.

No.

Reels

Hauled.

Cost of
HauHni?.

No. Men

Used in

Hauling.

No. Reels
Returned.

Cost of
Returning.

No. Men

Used in

Returning.

Total Coet

of
All Work.

39

8 2n.do

67

39

865.10

23

8 780.60

Per Reel,

No. Men
Per Reel,

Per Reel,

No. Men
Per Reel.

Average

85.40

2

81.67

23-39

8 .0411

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. 149

Table CXXXII shows in detail the total and average ma-
terial, including poles, cross-arms, wire and other equipment,
used in constructing line orders in several districts during
periods of from one month to 1J/2 years. They also show the
total and average cost of completed line orders for the several
districts, and the total and average cost in all districts. As the
cost of a line order is the part of a telephone installation
on which the most guessing is done, by reason of the indefi-
niteness of material and labor required, a table of this nature
will be found to be very valuable in drawing up new rate
schedules and telephone prospectives.

On account of the greater number of lines per square mile
already installed in District No. 2, new line orders required
less poles, cross-arms, wire and other materials than in any
other district. This accounts for the comparatively small cost
of line order in this district. The increase in the cost of mate-
rial for line orders in District No. 3 for 1907 over 1906 is ac-
counted for by the increase in the amount of material used per
line order, caused by a larger percentage of line orders being
installed in thinly settled sections where comparatively few
poles existed. An increase of 7 per cent, in wages taken in
connection with the greater quantity of material installed ac-
counts for the increase in labor cost. The line orders built in
District No. 4 were mostly farm lines, which, although requir-
ing a larger amount of material, cost less for material than city
lines on account of the smaller size poles and cross-arms and
cheaper kind of wires used. The labor cost is higher than foi
the city line orders on account of the greater quantity of
material installed.

The average length of drops in the different districts was as
follows :

District No. 1 201 ft.

District No. 2 170 ft.

District No. 3 106 ft.

District No. 3 99 ft.

District No. 4 244 ft.

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

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152 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table CXXXIll compares several methods of erecting drop
wires. Method "A" is the one generally used for erecting
drops for the line orders in the city districts, on which the data
in the previous table were based. Method "E" is based on the
use of comparatively new material, the qualities of which have
not yet been proven.

The fuses used are known as No. 46 critical current 8J/2
amperes, and are installed between the drop wire and rubber-
covered leading-in wire.

Table CXXXIV shows the comparative cost of is-pair ter-
minals. The wooden style has been found to be more acces-
sible in sleety weather when **trouble" is most frequent, as ice
does not form as readily on wood as metal.

Table CXXXIV.— Comparative Cost to Erect is-Pair Terminal, Not

Including Fusing or Pole Balcony.

No. 14

(grace) No. 8 Comparative Cost

Wooden. Iron. Can. Per Pair.

Pole Terminal Box $3 90 $4.00 $2.88 No. 8 Can $0.61

Splicing Material 70 .70 .70 Wooden 67

All Labor, including lost time 4 01 4 01 4.01 No. 14 Iron 58

$8.61 $8 71 $7.50
NoTB. — ^The wooden style permits fusing in the box. This will increase the cost if
fuses are added $0.14 per pair.

The cost of fusing for exchange protection is shown in
Table CXXXIV. The style of fuses used is known as No.
7-F — critical current Syi amperes.

Table CXXXIV.— Cost of Fusing for Exchange Protection.

Installing Fusb at Junction or Aerial and Undbroround.

Material. Labor.

One 60 pr. box in place $31 .00 $1 .00

One Splicing 1.50 8.10

One Balcony 1 . 60 ....

Pole Changing 8.00

$36.00 $7.70

7.70

Total ■. $42.70

Cost per pair . 85

Puaes per pair 0.14

$ 0.99 Say $1.00

The miscellaneous data composing Table CXXXVI will be
found useful in estimating lalx)r costs and material quantities
for conduit and vault construction.

The cost of unloading and distributing material is based on
data collected on many separate jobs. The average cost of
teams and labor was respectively $5.00 and $2.00 per day
of 9 hours.

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. 153

The data on the average load carried in a wheelbarrow are
based on actual tests made on numerous jobs without either
foremen or laborers having previous knowledge that the tests
were to be made. They show the average load carried by the
average day laborer on conduit work.

The shrinkage of mortar and concrete shown in this table
is based on data secured on many conduit jobs. A certain
percentage of this shrinkage is caused by loss of material while
mixing, incident to mixing on paved streets, rough boards and
windy days.

The quantity of mortar used per 1,000 bricks is based on
building vaults of sewer brick averaging 8 x 3^ x 2j4 ins. in
size ; the wall of the vaults being two bricks thick and every
sixth course being laid as headers, the horizontal mortar
joints being yi in. and the vertical joints }i in. in thickness.
Some of the mortar is lost over the back of the wall, some is
lost in handling and some is used in incidental work, such as
cementing in a sewer trap, etc. Where these figures have
been used in estimating the variance in quantity of mortar
actually used was less than 2 ou. ft. per vault.

The cost of mortar is based on the use of American Port-
land cement, washed gravel, and torpedo sand delivered on the
work.

Table CXXXVl.— Miscellaneous Data.

Cost or Unloading and Distributing Matbrial.

Cement, per bag 1.0228

Frames and Covers, each 38

Cost of Unloading and Distributing Tilb, Plank and Concrbtb pbk uvbal

foot of Conduit.
Conduit
Cross Section. Class A. Class B.

2 $.0092

3 . 011ft t.OlOO

4 .0134 .0116
6 .0180 .0160

Data on Avbraqb Load Carried in a Whbbl Barrow.

Capacity of wheel barrow 3 Cu. Ft.

Sand. Gravel or Stone, average load to wheel barrow 2| to 2| Cu. Ft.

Finished Concrete, average load to wheel barrow If to If Cu. Ft.

Data on Shrink agb op Mortar and Concrbtb.

Shrinkage of Mortar. 3 to 1 33.76 Cu. Ft. - 1 Yd.

Shrinkage of Concrete. 1-4-8 40 . 60 Cu. Ft. = 1 Yd. /based on washed

Shrinkage of Concrete, 1-3-6 38 . 63 Cu. Ft. - 1 Yd.\gravel concrete.

Data on Quantity and Cost of Mortar for 1,000 Bricks.

Quantity of Mortar to 1,000 Bricks . 00 Cu. Yds

Cost 2 to 1 Mortar for 1.000 Bricks $6. 81*

Cost 3 to 1 Mortar for 1.000 Bricks 4 . 88*

* Based on Cement S0.43i per bag. and sand Si. 00 per yard,
delivered on work.

154 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

Table CXXXVII shows the comparative labor cost of mix-
ing concrete by hand and by machine. These data were collect-
ed on conduit work where 6-duct or 8-duct was installed, ana
where the mixing gang worked all day. They show the cost
of mixing by several different foremen on five or six jobs each.
The data were secured without the knowledge of the foremen,
so that no attempt would be made to accomplish more than
average work. The days on which these data were taken were
selected without regard to any other conditions than that con-
crete be mixed all day and the weather be fair. The cost of
moving mixing boards and time consumed in getting tools
when starting work is included in the cost. Supervision and
expense are not included.

The advantage of mixing by machine when the work re-
quires the mixing of more than a small quantity of concrete
is clearly shown by these data.

Table CXXXVII.-Comparati\'e Cost of Mixing Concrete by Hand and

BY Machine.

Mixing by Machine. Average

Time used Average
Proportions No. Cu.Yd. No.of .No, No. of to Mix 1 Cu. Coat

No. of to a Mixing Concrete Men Hours Mixings Yd.Concrete per Cu.Yd
Poreman Mixings. Cu. Ft. Mixed. Used. Worked, per Hour. Minutes. Concrete.

A 1,586 l-3-e 880.87 6 120 13 10 10.385

B 060 1-3-6 230.54 6 61 26 16 0.382

C 528 f-3-6 126.80 5 27 10^ 13 0.260

D 1.140 1-3-6 273.77 5 79 14i 17 0.858

B 1.804 1-3-6 433.23 7 75 24 10 0.280

Aver'gs 6.018 1.445.21 52 362 17 15 0.380

Rates: Engineer, 13.00 for 9 hours; Laborers, $2.00 for 9 hours.

Mixing by Hand.

A 135 9-36-72 389.04 5 172 .78 27 10.401

B 211 3-12-24 202.68 4 133 1.50 39 0.588

C 604 3-12-24 580.20 5 283 2.13 29 0.543

D 161 6-24-48 309.31 6 ' 118 1.36 23 0.51

Aver'gs 1,111 1.481.23 6 706 1.57 20 0.53

Wages of Laborers. 82.00 for 9 hours.

In Tables CXXXVIII to CXL are shown in detail the
quantities of materials required for different size vaults and
various cross sections of conduit, as well as the labor and ma-
terial costs. The labor figures are based on the average cost of
installing over 1,500,000 duct feet of conduit and over 550

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. 155

vaults. The material figures are based on the quantities as
shown in the specifications in Chapter V on "Underground
Conduit Construction Costs." To these quantities, shown by
these tables, should be added 3 per cent, to 5 per cent, for
waste of material, depending upon the size of the job. As a
general rule the larger the job the smaller the percentage of
waste.

These tables have been used in estimating conduit work
and have been found to greatly facilitate the work, especially
when quick estimates were desired. The prices of materials
include freight, and in the case of sand and gravel include the
average cost of delivering on the job.

The comparative cost of a mile of farm line and a mile of
toll line are shown in Tables CXLI and CXLII, respect-
ively. The material quantities used in figuring these tables
are based on average quantities actually used in constructing
a mile of line as shown by records kept of many miles of both
toll and farm line. The prices of poles include the cost of
freight and labor cost of unloading and piling in pole yards.
The specifications require that poles used in toll construction
shall weigh 540 lbs. each. The labor cost is based on averages
shown in Chapter I.

Tables CXLIII and CXLIV show respectively the com-
parative cost of 1,000 ft. of underground cable and 1,000 ft. of
aerial cable, including splicing. These tables, as in the pre-
vious tables, are based on average quantities of material actu-
ally used in installing a thousand feet of cable as shown by
records kept of many miles of cable. The averages shown in
the chapters on "Cable Construction Costs" and "Cable Splic-
ing Costs" are used as basis for figuring labor. The number of
splices per 1,000 ft. is based on the average number shown
by records kept of cable installation. The labor of splicing
does not include the cost of cutting in subsidiary boxes and
cables, as they are cut in from time to time as the demands of
distribution may require, some of the cable boxes and sub-
sidiary cable not being cut in until several years after the
installation of the main cable.

156

TF.I.r.l'UOSE COSSTRi'CTlQK.

I III

8||l

Ills

Ills

3;:s

1

3.1.5 S »= " ^ *t: a >

6 ^

B ^11 '111

I .sjj sfiia

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS.

HSftS-r:S5Ser.,^-.

158

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

3is35S"S~S=-S !:i 5S5S SSSSSSSS 32

I i

:iffi

i.i^

5 I |SJ535lj 114

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. 159

Table CXLI. — Comparative Cost of a Mile o? Farm Line on a Basis

OF 30 Poles to a Mile.

20-ft. Poles, 4- In. Tops, Bracket Line, 2 Wires.

30 poles Q .75 (freight paid and unloaded) $ 22.60

2 ml. No. 12 galvanized steel wire @ |4.65 9.30

4 StombsLUgh anchors @ .50 2.00

No. 4 wire for anchor guys. No. 6 wire for lightning rods, tie wire,
Joints, glass, staples, spikes, brackets 2.27

Total cost material $ 36.07

Labor 39.30

Total cost $ 76.87

20-ft. Poles, 6- in. Tops, 1 Cross- Arm, 2 Wires.

80 poles 9 .95 (freight paid and unloaded) $ 28.60

2 mi. No. 12 galvanized steel wire @ |4.65 9.30

4 Stombaugh anchors @ .50 2.00

30 6-pin cross-arms @ .41 (complete) 12.30

No. 4 wire for anchor guys. No. 6 wire for lightning rods, tie wire.

Joints, glass, staples, spikes 2.51

Total cost material I 54.61

Labor 45.80

Total cost $100.41

20-ft« Poles, 6- in. Tops, 1 Cross- Arm, 4 Wires.

30 poles ® .95 (freight paid and unloaded) $ 28.60

4 mi. No. 12 galvanized steel wire @ $4.65 18.60

4 Stombaugh anchors ® .50 2.00

30 6-pin cross-arms @ .41 (complete) 12.30

No. 4 wire for anchor guys. No. 6 wire for lightning rods, tie wire.

Joints, glass, staples, spikes . . .' 3.81

Total cost material $ 65.21

Labor 55.46

Total cost $120.67

26-ft. Poles, 5-ln. Tops, 1 Cross-Arm, 2 Wires.

30 poles @ $1.35 (freight paid and unloaded) $ 40.50

2 ml. No. 12 galvanized steel wire @ $4.65 9.30

4 Stombaugh anchors @> .50 2.00

30 6-pln cross-arms @ .41 (complete) 12.30

No. 4 wire for anchor guys. No. 6 wire for lightning rods, tie wire.

Joints, glass, staples, spikes 2.51

Total cost material $ 66.61

Labor 60.80

Total cost $127.41

25-ft. Poles, 6- In. Tops, 1 Cross- Arm, 4 Wires.

30 poles @ $1.35 (freight paid and unloaded) $ 40.50

4 mL No. 12 galvanized steel wire @ $4.65 18.60

4 Stombaugh anchors @ .50 2.00

30 6-pin cross-arms @ .41 (complete) 12.30

No. 4 wire for anchor guys, No. 6 wire for lightning rods, tie wire.

Joints, glass, staples, spikes 3. SI

Total cost material $ 77.21

Lal>or 70.46

Total cost $147.67

l6o TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

\

Table CXLII. — G>MPAjtATivE Cost of a Mile of Toll Line on a Basis

OF 43 Poles to a Mile.

90- ft. Poles, 7- in. Tops, 36- in. Butt Cireum., 1 CroM-Arm, 2 Wires.

43 poles 16.70 (freight paid and unloaded) $288.10

43 10-pin cross-arms ^ .65 (complete) 27.96

2 ml. .104 bare copper wire @ $36.70 71.40

4 log anchor rods & .35 1.40

200' %" strand for anchor guys ® .0091 1.82

.04 ml. No. 6 steel wire for head guys ® $15.42 62

Guy lugs, pole protectors, glass. Joints, staples, No. 6 wire for light-
ning rods, tie wire 4.46

Total cost material $395.75

Labor 120.74

Total cost $516.49

30-ft. Poles, 7- In. Tops, 36- In. Butt Circum., 1 Cross- Arm, 4 Wires.

43 poles $6.70 (freight paid and unloaded) $288.10

43 10-pin cross-arms @ .65 (complete) 27.95

4 mi. .104 bare copper wire @ $35,70 142.80

4 log anchor rods ® .35 1.40

200^ %'' strand for anchor guys @ .0091 1.82

.04 mi. No. 6 steel wire for head guys @) $15.42 62

Guy lugs, pole protectors, glass. Joints, staples. No. 6 wire for light-
ning rods, tie wire 6.93

Total cost material $469.62

Labor 132.00

Total cost $601.62

30-ft. Poles, 7- In. Tops, 36- In. Butt Circum., 1 Cross- Arm, 6 Wires.

43 poles ^ $6.70 (freight paid and unloaded) $288.10

43 10-pin cross-arms @ .65 (complete) 27.95

6 mi. .104 bare copper wire @ $35.70 214.20

4 log anchor rods @ .35 1.40

200' %" strand for anchor guys @ .0091 1.82

.04 mi. No. 6 steel wire for head guys ® $15.42 62

Guy lugs, pole protectors, glass. Joints, staples, No. 6 wire for light-
ning rods, tic wire '. 9.30

Total cost material .' $543.39

Labor 141.50

Total cost $684.89

30-ft. Poles, 7- In. Tops, 38- in. Butt Circum., 1 Cross- Arm, 8 Wires.

43 poles @ $6.70 (freight paid and unloaded) $288.10

43 10-pin cross-arms # .65 (complete) 27.95

8 mi. .104 bare copper wire @ $35.70 285.60

4 log anchor rods @ .35 1.40

200' %" strand for anchor guys @ .0091 1.82

.04 mi. No. 6 steel wire for head guys @ $15.42 62

Guy lugs, pole protectors, glass, joints, staples. No. 6 wire for light-
ning rods, tie wire 11.67

Total cost malerial $617.16

Labor 150.50

Total cost $767.66

30-ft. Poles, 7- In. Tops, 36- In. Butt Circum., 1 Cross- Arm, 10 Wires.

43 poles @ $6.70 (freight paid and unloaded) $288.10

43 10-pin cross-arms @ .65 (complete) 27.95

10 miles .104 bare copper wire @ $35.70 367.00

4 log anchor rods @) .35 1.40

200' %" strand for anchor guys @) .0091 1-82

.04 miles No. 6 steel wire for nead guys @ $15.42 62

Guy lugs, pole protectors, glass. Joints, staph's. N.». G win- ft»r light-
ning rods, tie wire 13.94

Total cost material ". $690.83

Labor 159.50

Total cost $850.33

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. i6i

Table CXLIII. — Comparative Labor and Material Cost to Erect 1,000

Feet Underground Cable.

1,000 ft. 50 Pr.— 19 Qa.

1,000' 50 pr.— 22 ga. paper insulated cable @ .30 1300.00

8 vault cable supports & .12 96

Soapstone, solder, parafflne wax, muslin, candles, pasters, lead sleeves,

paper sleeves, gasoline, pasters and miscellaneous material 5.75

Total cost material $306.71

Labor, including splicing 42.76

Total cost 1349.47

1,000 ft. 100 Pr.— 22 Qa.

l.OOO' 100 pr.— 22 ga. paper insulated cable @ .31 $310.00

8 vault cable supports @ .12 r .96

Soapstone. solder, parafflne wax. muslin, candles, pasters, lead sleeves,

paper sleeves, gasoline, pasters and miscellaneous material 8.15

Total cost material $319.11

Labor, including splicing «i4.94

Total cost $364.05

1,000 ft. 100 Pr.— 19 Ga.

1,000' 100 pr. — 19 ga. paper Insulated cable @ .60 $600.00

S vault cable supports @ .12 96

Soapstone, solder, parafflne wax, muslin, candles, pasters, lead sleeves,

paper sleeves, gasoline, pasters and miscellaneous material 9.33

Total cost material $610.29

Labor, including splicing 59.34

Total cost $669.63

1,000 ft. 200 Pr.— 22 Qa.

1.000' 200 pr.— 22 ga. paper insulated cable @ .60 $600.00

8 vault cable supports @ .12 •. . . .96

Soapstone, solder, parafflne wax, muslin, candles, pasters, lead sleeves,

paper sleeves, gasoline, pasters and miscellaneous material 9.94

Total cost material $610.90

Labor, including splicing 61.70

I

Total cost $672.60

1,000 ft. 200 Pr.— 19 Qa.

1,000' 200 pr. — 19 ga. paper insulated cable @ .95 $950.00

8 vault cable supports ^ .12 96

Soapstone, solder, parafflne wax, mualin, candles, pasters, lead sleeves,

paper sleeves, gasoline, pasters and miscellaneous material 10.63

Total cost material $961.59

Labor, including splicing €9.50

Total cost $1,031.09

l62 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Table CXLIV. — Comparative Labor and Material Cost to Erect tooo

Ft. Aerial Cable.

1,000 ft. 26 Pr.— 22 Qa.

2 cable arms (complete) @ .81 .$ 1.62

2 % In. by 8 ft. log anchor rods @ AS 96

1 25 pr. protected cable box 28.00

4 anchor lugs & .285 1.14

16 pole protectors @ .031 50

600 Marlin cable hangers @ .00395 2.37

1250 ft. %-ln. messenger strand @ .00912 11.40

250 ft. No. 18 bHdle wire @ .00969 2.42

1000 ft. 25 pr.— 22 ga. paper insulated cable @ $10.46 104.60

1 balcony or seat 1.35

26 ft. No. 6 copper ground wire ^ .03 75

Clamps, cleats, messenger supports, side braces, ground rod, par-
afflne wax. lead sleeves, solder, pasters, paper sleeves, thim-
bles, miscellaneous material 3.88

Total cost material (153.99

Labor, including splicing 48.10

Total cost $202.09

1,000 ft. 25 Pr.— 19 Qa.

2 cable arms (complete) @ .81 « . .| 1.62

2 % in. by 8 ft. log anchor rods @ .48 96

1 25 pr. protected cable box 23.00

4 anchor lugs @ .285 1.14

16 pole protectors (& .031 50

600 marlin cable hangers @ .00395 2.37

1250ft. % in. messenger strand @ .00912 11.40

250 ft. No. 18 bridle wire @ .00969 2.42

1000 ft. 25 pr.— 19 ga. paper insulated cable @ .18 180.00

1 balcony or seat 1.35

25 ft. No. 6 copper ground wire @ .03 75

Clamps, cleats, messenger supports, side braces, ground rod, par-
afflne wax. lead sleeves, solder, pasters, paper sleeves, thim-
bles, miscellaneous material 3.99

Total cost material $229.50

/^bor, including splicing 48.40

Total cost $277.90

1,000 ft. 50 Pr.— 22 Qa.

2 cable arms (complete) @ $.81 $ 1.62

2 % in. by 8 ft. log anchor rods @ .48 96

1 25 pr. protected cable box 23.00

4 anchor lugs @ .285 1.14

16 pole protectors @ .031 50

600 marlin cable hangers @ .00395 2.37

1250 ft. % in. messenger strand ® .00912 11.40

250 ft. No. 18 bridle wire @ .00969 2.42

1000 ft, 50 pr.— 22 ga. paper insul. cable @ .185 185.00

1 balcony or seat 1.35

25 ft. No. 6 copper ground wire @ .08 75

Clamps, cleats, messenger supports, side braces, ground rod, par-
atnne wax, lead sleeves, -solder, pasters, paper sleeves, thim-
bles, miscellaneous material 4.08

Total cost material $234.59

Labor, including splicing 50.28

Total cost $284. 87

MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. 163

1,000 ft. 50 Pr.— 19 Qa.

2 cable arms (complete) ® $.81 % 1.62

2 % in. by 8 ft. log anchor rods @ .48 96

1 25 pr. protected cable box 23.00

4 anchor lugB @ .285 1.14

16 pole protectors @ .031 50

600 marlin cable hangers @ .00435 2.61

1000 ft. 50 pr.— 22 ga. paper Insul. cable @ .30 800.00

250 ft. % in. strand for anchors ® .0135 3.88

250 ft. No. 18 bridle wire ® .00969 2.48

1000 ft. % in. messenger strand @ .00912 11.40

1 balcony or seat ...* , 1.36

25 ft. No. 6 copper ground wire # .03 75

Clamps, cleats, messenger supports, side braces, ground rod, par-
afflne wax, lead sleeves, paper sleeves, solder, pasters, thim-
bles, miscellaneous material 4.32

Total cost material $853.45

Labor, Including splicing 50.33

Total cost $403.78

1,000 ft. 100 Pr.~22 Qa.

2 cable arms (complete) @ $0.81 1 1.62

2 % in. by 8 ft. log anchor rods @ .48 96

1 25 pr. protected cable box 23.00

4 anchor lugs @ .285 1.14

16 pole protectors ® .031 50

600 marlin cable hangers ® .00435 2.61

1000 ft. % in. messenger strand @ .00912 11.40

250 ft. H in. strand for anchors @ .0135 3.38

250 ft. No. 18 bridle wire @ .00969 2.42

1000 ft. 100 pr.— 22 ga. paper insul. cable @ .31 310.00

1ft. balcony or seat 1.35

25 ft. No. 6 copper ground wire @ .03 75

Clamps, cleats, messenger supports, side braces, ground rod, par-
afflne wax. lead sleeves, solder, pasters, paper sleeves, thim-
bles, miscellaneous material 4.62

Total cost material % $363.75

Labor, Including splicing 52.50

Total cost $416.25

1,000 ft. 100 Pr.— 19 Qa.

2 cable arms (complete) @ .$81 $ 1,62

2 % in. by 8 ft. log anchor rods @ .48 96

1 25 pr. protected cable box 23.00

4 anchor lugs ® .285 1.14

16 pole protectors @ .031 < 50

800 marlin cable hangers @ .0048 8.84

1250 ft. % In. messenger strand @ .0135 16.20

250 ft. No. 18 bridle wire @ .00969 2.42

1000 ft. 100 pr.— 19 ga. paper insul. cable @ .60 600.00

1 balcony or seat 1-35

25 ft. No. 6 copper ground wire @ .03 75

Clamps, cleats, messenger supports^ side braces, ground rod, par-
afflne wax, lead sleeves, solder, pasters, paper sleeves, thim-
bles, miscellaneous material : 5.28

Total cost material *^fl*2?

Labor, including splicing 54.85

Total cost %711.91

CHAPTER MIL
THE PRACTICE OF ESTLMATIXCi.

In the previous chapters, construction cost data have been
shown covering the various branches of telephone work, the
system for figuring and keeping costs has been explained in
considerable detail, the methods for constructing the work
on which the costs were based and the form used for report-
ing the data have been shown. It remains in this chapter to
describe the practice of estimating, explaining the origin of
estimates in a large corporation, the system by which they
are made and handled and the indispensability to estimating j

of cost data based on a svstem. !

Until recent years systematic estimating was practically
unknown ; and even now, estimating and guessing are almost
synonymous in a great many instances.

The waste caused by inaccurate estimating is great. In the
case of a corporation doing its own construction, too liberal
estimates result in expensive work, as it being only required
that construction men shall keep within the estimates, they
have a tendency to lay out work with that object in view, and
they believe good results have been achieved if they succeed
— no matter how large the estimate may have been. On the
other hand, estimates -which are much too small have a
tendency to cause construction men to lose interest in the
work, as they know that the overrunning of an estimate never
results in any credit to thom, no matter how cheap the work
is done. Naturally construction superintendents and fore-
men are guided by the estimate, and they believe to a certain
extent that the results of their work are shown by the amount
of the debit or credit balance. In the case of a contractor it
needs little argument to show the loss caused by inaccurate
estimating. If the estimate is too large he may lose the con-
tract ; if too small, he loses his profits. In the first instance
he often discourages construction ; and in the other, he can-
not long exist.

164

ESTIMATING. 165

In some cases the estimating is done by men whose long
experience in construction has given them a kind of intuitive
knowledge of costs, and although using no systems or rec-
ords, they are able to estimate fairly accurately ; but such
methods, being, as they are, dependent upon the personnel of
the estimators — their retirement and health — sooner or later
must end in leaving the estimating in a chaotic condition.

The practice in estimating may be divided into four classes :
(i) estimating based on time: (2) estimating based on guess;
(3) estimating based on sporadic costs ; (4) estimating based
on systematic average costs.

In the first class, a method of procedure is to divide the
proposed work into divisions of construction, as where the
work comprises the building of a toll line, the number and
sizes of poles, anchors, cross-arms and miles of wire are ascer-
tained, and the time required to set a pole and an anchor, erect
a cross-arm and string a mile of wire is used as the basis for
figuring the total time and the estimate is then made by using
the average cost, per hour, of a line construction gang to find
the total cost.

Another method, and the one most generally used in time
estimating, is to find, by basing the figures on the number of
holes a groundman can dig in a day, the number of poles a
lineman can frame in a day and the number of cros.s-arms a
lineman can- erect, how many poles, cross-arms, etc., a gang
composed of a certain number, of linemen, combination men,
groundmen and a team can install in a day, and use these data
to figure the number of days required by a gang to complete
the proposed work. The estimated cost is then found by
figuring the cost of a gang for the total number of days.

The first method would require that a record of the time
expended in setting a pole, erecting a cross-arm, etc., be kept
for each gang, or tables be made showing the number of poles
that gangs composed of different number and grades of men
can set in a day or hour. In one case it is impracticable, as
the gangs fluctuate too much, and in other cases, tables of
this character are very difficult to collect and always subject
to errors, and in both cases it involves more work than the
collection of data based on cost.

l66 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

The second method does not take into consideration the
fact that both groundmen and linemen dig holes, that com-
bination men sometimes frame poles or erect cross-arms, all of
which make considerable difference in cost — if not in time.
This method might work out if all gangs were composed the
same and certain work was always done by the same grade
of men.

Time data to be accurate bases for estimating would re-
quire records of linemen-hours, combination men-hours,
groundmen-hours, as well as team-hours and foremen-hours,
be kept for each kind and division of line construction, and
the lost time be separated in the same manner, as the differ-
ence between the wages of the several grades of men is con-
siderable. The collection of data on average time, based on
this system is not practical, as the composition of gangs
varies — often greatly — and the exigencies of work frequently
require that linemen do the work of groundmen or combina-
tion men do the work of linemen.

Data of this character may be collected on conduit work
where the construction is done almost entirely by men of the
same grade and receiving the same wages.

These systems are obviously better than no system, and if
all conditions such as kind of soil, distance from station and
size of job are taken into consideration, an estimate of some
value may be made, especially if a record of the time required
to accomplish the work has been collected ; but too often
no records of any kind have been kept, the records are based
on time consumed in constructing entire lines, no separation
being made of the time spent in setting poles, erecting cross-
arms or stringing wire ; or the records are based on fore-
men's work reports, and these reports are known by men ex-
perienced in construction costs to be almost valueless, as a
foreman will report, for example, that the day's work was 50
holes excavated for 30-ft. poles, whereas 40 holes were exca-
vated to the required depth and the balance were in various
stages of completion — perhaps not averaging 2 ft. where the
required depth is 53^^ ft. Even a work report of this character
is rare. Usually besides holes excavated for poles, there are
poles framed, labor spent in hauling poles, etc., and no sep-

ESTIMATING. 167

aration is made of the time spent on each division. Any
record based on data of this character is worse than useless
because it is misleading.

No matter how carefully a time system may be devised, the
hours and minutes spent in preparing for work, in rehandling
materials, in lost time and in contingencies in general are
rarely included. A matter of a few minutes used on this or
that part of construction seems so small that little attention is
paid to it, but these minutes mean the expenditure on large
jobs of considerable money.

The second class of estimates is used almost exclusively
by small telephone companies and contractors, and in many
cases by large companies and contractors.

Small telephone companies doing their own work usually
advance the argument that the work is to be done no matter
what the cost, and, therefore, there is no use in spending
money or time on cost data. They do not take into consider-
ation the value the data will have when contemplating the
building of extensions, which, a company in business in a
small town where the percentage of telephones per capita
is small, or a company in business in a large town where the
percentage of plant per telephone is large, often builds
although the cost of the extension is frequently not justified
by the income or future prospects. To estimates based on
guess may be attributed the failure of some small companies
that have undertaken work which a careful estimate would
have shown to be unjustified by the size of their capital or
prospective income.

Where companies let their work by contract the lack of
cost records puts them at the mercy of contractors, besides
subjecting them to the same conditions when making exten-
sions and adopting new materials, as explained for a company
doing its own work.

Comparatively few large telephone companies or contract-
ors are without some cost system or so-called cost system,
but many of these "systems," if used in estimating, make the
estimate a guess.

With telephone companies most of these systems are de-
signed with the object of keeping a record of the cost for the

l68 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

auditing department, so that expenditures may be checked,
and the value and amount of the increase and displacement of
plant may be recorded and charged; and with contractors
these systems are designed for keeping records of expenditures
which the exigencies of bookkeeping require. In both cases
the records of costs are not kept with an idea to facilitate esti-
mating or to collect systematic cost data.

While labor and material costs are generally separated,
under these systems, the labor or material costs of any par-
ticular kind of equipment cannot be ascertained, and the
character of soil and conditions under which the work was
done are not recorded.

Sometimes the records show the lumped cost of under-
ground conduit including cable and splices, and other times
the lumped cost of a job composed of every kind of telephone
construction is shown. It is rarely that a record of the cost
of only one kind of construction such as a toll line or a run
of conduit is shown, and when shown, the only data for future
estimates which may be gleaned are the cost of a toll line
composed of a certain number of 30-ft., 35-ft. and 40-ft poles :
lo-pin and terminal cross-arms ; anchors, and miles of wire ;
or in the case of a conduit job, the cost of a certain number
of feet of conduit including vaults, perhaps composed of dif-
ferent classes of construction, different cross sections and
several different sizes of vaults. The average cost of a mile of
toll line or a lineal foot of conduit based on such data might
be good bases for estimating a similar job; but for general
estimating, the fluctuations in size of poles, cost of setting
poles in different soils, number of miles and style of wire,
number and size of cross-arms, number of anchors and cost of
setting them in different soil, and conditions ; or the fluctua-
tion in cross sections, percentage of vaults per foot of con-
duit, size of vaults, character of soil, and conditions, make any
attempt to use such data for estimating result in a guess.

There are, however, systems designed for taking costs
solely for use in estimating, whose use results in guess. In
this class may be put the work report systems already ex-
plained, and systems in which the attempt is made to secure

ESTIMATING, 169

costs on arbitrary, infinitesimal, incomplete or insufficient
divisions.

An instance of these systems occurred on a job where the
cost of excavating per cu. yd. was kept on a run of conduit of
different cross sections, each cross section requiring a trench
of different dimensions, but no division was made of the cost
per cu. yd. of each cross section. In another instance, on a
job where wire was being strung, **costs" were kept on tying-
in, dead ending, putting on test connectors, fuses and glass,
making joints, climbing poles, pulling slack and several other
divisions, although to secure such costs is obviously imprac-
ticable; and, without a stop watch, a field glass and a cost
man for each workman, is impossible.

By the usual and most economical method of stringing
wire, the act of climbing a pole, putting on glass and tying-in,
slide so gradually into each other that any attempt to sep-
arate them is like trying to separate the cost of laying brick
and the cost of placing mortar in the work of bricklaying.

It may be said that the stumbling-block in devising a prac-
tical system for taking labor costs is in the tendency to make
a division of construction for each different material used.

New method of construction and new materials cannot be
adopted by telephone companies or contractors basing esti-
mates on guess, unless it is clear that the mechanical or elec-
trical improvement will be great, without hazarding avoid-
able losses, as it is evident that the question whether the new
material costs less to install, or the new method cheapens
construction is a matter of speculation when the cost of in-
stalling the old material or the cost of the old construction
method is a matter of guess.

A contractor basing his estimates on guess is much the
same as a novice at an auction-^neither knows whether he is
bidding high or low ; and if he gets his bid, does not know
whether he made or lost.

With systematic estimating, even a small, unknown con-
tractor is able to secure contracts, and contractors whose
plants are large, and consequent expense great, may in times
when money is stringent, stimulate business by close
estimates.

170 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

In the third class of estimating may be put estimates that
are based on the cost of a single job, parts of jobs or a few
hours' work on a job.

When based on a single, large job, if costs of the divisions
and subdivisions of construction are separated and accurately
collected, an estimate may be made that is fairly correct.

Costs on parts of jobs, whether the part is the start, the
middle or the finish of a job, are poor data on which to base
estimates, because, in construction, there is certain prelim-
inary labor expense, loss of time, and work to be done at the
start; and at the finish there is often more or less loss by
reason of a surplus of men, there is cleaning up to be done
and surplus material to- be returned to yards, all of which
cannot be correctly charged to the first or last part of a job,
as the case may be, but are charges against the whole work ;
and, therefore, if the cost of the middle of the job be taken,
it will be found to average much less than, the average cost
of an entire job.

In line construction, for example, the poles may be hauled
at the beginning of the work, all anchors and poles may be
located at one time, holes may be dug one day and poles set
the next; or in the case of conduit construction at the start
of a job the gang may be inexperienced, test holes may be
dug, there may be mixing boards to be made, the percentage
of laborers per supervisor may be larger than at the middle;
and at the finish, the streets may be cleaned up, surplus
material carted away and numerous other things done.

Costs of a few hours' work, whether on one or many jobs,
are very crude data for estimating, and being an abridgment
of the last explained method of taking costs, they increase its
inaccuracies. The general method of taking these costs is to
keep a record for a few minutes or for a few hours of the
amount of lineal feet or cubic yards excavated, the number of
feet of tile laid, the cubic yards of concrete mixed, and so on,
and on these data base the cost of the entire work.

The fourth class of estimates are based on costs such as
have been shown in the previous chapters.

Showing the rates of wages and methods of construction,
based on a uniform system, small and large jobs, different

ESTIMATING, 171

conditions and seasons ; separated for each kind, division and
subdivision of construction, each kind of soil and each size
and style of material ; easily revised for changes in wages
6r methods, these costs make estimating facile and accurate.

The following description of the system used by a large
telephone company gives some idea of the methods of origin-
ating, handling and making estimates that are ba: ed on
systematic average cost data when applied to construction
or reconstruction.

Exchange managers have the authority to authorize work
not to exceed a certain specified amount, usually sufficient to
string a drop and install a telephone set, or make small re-
pairs and changes. Work requiring a larger outlay but not
exceeding an amount usually sufficient to erect a short line
of poles including necessary wire, anchors, etc., or make pro-
portionate changes and repairs is authorized by the superin-
tendent of construction. If, however, the line is for a new
subscriber, and requires more than 2 or 3 poles and 2 or 3
spans of wire, it is rarely authorized until the territory has
been canvassed for future prospects and then only if prospects
justify. The general manager has jurisdiction in cases re-
quiring an expenditure of a still greater amount not to exceed
three hundred dollars, except in the case of repairs such as
are sometimes required after a sleet storm or a fire. With
these exceptions all work is authorized by the board of
directors.

All estimates ^except those of managers are made by the
construction cost department. In the case of managers* esti-
mates, practically no knowledge of costs is required; simply
a rough estimate is made by the manager or district foreman
and the manager orders the work done. In the case of a line
order for a new subscriber, requiring over 2 or 3 poles and
2 or 3 spans of wire, a rough estimate is first made for the
guidance of the canvassing or special agents' department,
and if authorized by that department, it is then carefully esti-
mated and the superintendent of construction orders the line
built.

Except in the case of estimates to be submitted to the
board of directors or manager's estimates, the district fore-

172 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

men or managers send an estimate of the number of poles,
wire and other materials needed for the work in question.
An estimate of the labor cost of installing this material is
then made, based on average costs and taking into considera-
tion previous data secured on work in the vicinity, showing
kind of soil and conditions of work such as distance from sta-
tion, etc. In event of no data having been taken in the vicin-
ity, the information as to the kind of soil is obtained from the
district foreman or manager. The material is then added to
the estimate using prices based on latest quotations. The
forms used for these estimates are shown by Forms 47 to 52,
inclusive. An order authorizing the construction is then writ-
ten, showing the lump sums estimated for labor and for ma-
terial, and two copies are sent to an assistant superintendent
of construction who in turn sends one to the district foreman.
The original estimate is filed with the records.

While work authorized by managers, superintendent of
construction or general manager usually originates in lines
for new subscribers, "out orders," "change orders,'* repairs
and reconstruction, work authorized by the board of directors
generally has its origin in extensions, redistribution, changes
from open wire to cable or changes from aerial to under-
ground, proposed by an exchange manager, the superintend-
ent of construction, the engineer or a combination of all
three officers.

When the proposed plan has been submitted, in the rough,
to the general superintendent or general manager, plans on
the style of Fig. 87, showing the proposed work and specifica-
tions, are made. The construction cost department on receipt
of the blue print plans has measurements made of the number
of feet of cable, strand, conduit or other materials, the re-
quired amount of which are not specified on the blue print;
and the kind of soil and conditions of work are ascertained.
An estimate is then made on forms similar to those shown.

If the estimate is approved by the superintendent of con-
struction it is typewritten on a form like that shown in No. 52,
and sent to the various officials whose approval is required.
The original estimate on the forms like those shown in Nos.
47 to 51, inclusive, are retained in the construction department.

ESTIMATING. 173

and if the estimate is approved by the board of directors, it
is given to the material and tool clerks to order material and
tools, and an order authorizing the construction^ showing the
lump amounts allowed for labor and material is then written.
This order is made in triplicate. One copy is filed with the
estimate and two copies are sent to an assistant superintend-
ent of construction who in turn forwards one copy to a
foreman.

The assistant superintendent to whom the order is ad-
dressed, supervises the construction and is responsible to the
superintendent for the standard of the work and its comple-
tion within the estimated cost.

In event of tlie estimate being overrun more than 10 per
cent, the assistant superintendent must explain the cause to
the superintendent of construction and both the latter and the
general superinendent must in turn explain the cause to the
general manager. The general manager then asks the board
of directors for a further authorization to make up the deficit,
explaining the reasons for overrunning the estimate.

The expenses occasioned by the supervision of work by an
assistant superintendent, such as railroad fare, livery, board
and time, are included in the estimate as "general super-
vision." If the superintendent of construction inspects the
works, as is usually the case on a large job, his time and ex-
penses are also charged to the estimate under "general super-
vision."

The organization of the construction department for the
handling and general supervision of work is as follows :

There are three assistant superintendents of construction,
with headquarters at the main office, each being in charge of
all construction work done in a certain territorial district.

Each is responsible for the standard of the construction in
his district and each has an assistant or facility man who
usually supervises small jobs. In all districts there are fore-
men, some stationed in large towns and some "floating," who
report to the assistant superintendent of the respective dis-
trict. There are also a few foremen under the supervision
of the first assistant superintendent, that do practically all the

174 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

conduit construction, irrespective of district, on account of
their experience in this line of work.

The usual custom of assistant superintendents is to spend
one-half hour or one hour every week inspecting the construc-
tion in conipany with each foreman. The foremen also report
each day by telephone and consult with the assistant super-
intendent or his assistant on matters of construction.

The assistant superintendents and their assistants charge
their time spent in the office to general accounts, such as
maintenance and district aerial construction, and time spent
inspecting and supervising work is charged to the respective
job.

General supervision is a small item in an estimate, rarely
exceeding 2 per cent, or 3 per cent. It fluctuates greatly in
amount and only very general rules may be given for estimat-
ing its cost. It is, however, a small and comparatively unim-
portant item and may be very roughly estimated without ma-
terially affecting the value of the estimate as a whole.

In estimating its cost it is necessary to take into -consider-
ation the size of the job, the kind of construction and the
distance from main office to the town in which the work is to
be done. If the jobs are small and ordinary city or farm line
construction, several are usually inspected on one tour or
left for the inspection of the facility man. If railroad com-
munication is infrequent or distance from main office great, a
job is not often visited unless it is a large conduit job ; these
are visited almost every day by the assistant superintendent
and every three or four days by the superintendent of con-
struction. General supervision is a part of the cost of work
which is almost entirely dependent upon the system of super-
vision and inspection of each individual company.

To explain the method used in estimating from a blueprint
plan, that shown in Fig. 87 will be taken as an example. It is
divided into several parts in order to minimize the size of the
blueprint. The part.* having block lines show the proposed
line construction, and the other or center part shows the pro-
posed cable construction.

It will be found more facile to estimate first the part or
parts showing one class of construction.

ESTIMATING, 175

For the purpose of avoiding useless* repetition, an estimate
of the proposed work in the alley south of State street and
west of Hohman street, as shown on Fig. 87, will be used to
show the method of estimating the whole plan.

Starting with the part of the plan showing the proposed
line construction and assuming the measurement from the
first pole west of Hohman street to the second pole west of
Morton place to be 1,000 ft., and assuming further, that the
soil is sand, the estimate would be as follows :

Estimated Labor.

24,000 ft. .080 copper wire to be removed.
27 lo-pin cross-arms to be removed.
I guy and log anchor to be set in sand.
5 15-pr. can terminals to be placed.

5 terminal poles to be wired (say 8 bridle wires to be

run on each pole).

Estimated Material.

1 5^-in. X 8-ft. guy rod. ^
40 ft. ^-in. strand.

2 guy lugs.

6 pole strand protector strips.

1 thimble.

2 3-bolt guy clamps.
5 15-pr. can terminals complete.

280 ft. No. 18 twisted pair bridle wire for wiring poles
(7 ft. is usually considered the average length re-
quired for each connection).
Cleats and staples.

Estimated Material to Be Removed.

27 lo-pin cross-arms complete.
24,000 ft. .080 copper wire.

Estimated Original Labor.

2j lo-pin cross-arms.

24,000 ft. .080 copper wire.

Continuing the estimate to the part of the plan showing
the cable work and assuming, as above, the distance from the
lateral pole just west of Hohman street to the pole just west
of Morton place to be 1,000 ft., the estimate would be:

For Guy

and
Anchor.

176

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

^™

rig: ST.— Typ[<-n1 T\nn i.f T<>1e|

ESTIMATING. 177

Estimated Labor.

1,050 ft. 25-pr., 22-ga. cable including strand, to be erected.
1 straight splice (not tagged), i — 15-pr. leg into i —
25-pr. cable with lo-pr, dead (on the pole just west
of Morton place).

4 straight-bridge splices (tagged), each 1 — iS-pr. leg

into 2 — 25-pr. cables.

I straight splice (tagged), i — 25-pr. cable into i — 50-pr.
cable (on the lateral pole).

1 change of count (tagged), 1 — 25-pr. leg into i —

50-pr. cable (on the lateral pole).

Estimated Material.

1,050 ft. 25-pr. 22-ga. cable (50 ft. is allowed for splices
and sag.)

1,150 ft. ^-in. messenger strand (125 ft. allowed for the
span between the pole on which the cable ends and
the anchored pole and 25 ft. is allowed for wrap-
ping) •

2 3-bolt guy clamps (for dead ending messenger).
9 ^-in. messenger supports.

800 marlin cable hangers.

5 1 1/2X 16-inch lead sleeves.
2 2 X 8-inch lead sleeves.

20 lbs. solder.

10 lbs. paraffine. l ^ ,, ,.

^ , ^ror Splices.

4 boxes paper sleeves.

30 pasters.

10 rolls muslin.

2 gals, gasoline.

The style of anchors, wire, messenger and other materials,
while not shown on the plans, is familiar to the estimator
through his knowledge of general specifications for city, farm
and toll line construction.

The estimator has lists showing materials required for a log
anchor, a thousand feet of cable, a splice of each kind, etc., so
that in making up an estimate these (|uantities need only be
multiplied by the total number of anchors, feet of cable,
splices, and so on.

178 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

It is not always possible to tell what splices will be tagged
or not tagged, but an estimator familiar with splicing can
judge very closely.

"Estimated Material to be Removed" and "Estimated
Original Labor" are separated when estimating and entered
on a form like that shown (Form 48), and figured on the basis
of present material prices and labor costs. The object of sep-
arating these items from the balance of Ihe estimate is in
order to fill in the "Total approximate value plant displaced,"
shown on Form 52.

The present labor cost of removing materials is included in
the estimated cost of new construction on forms like Forms
47 to 51, inclusive.

Where more than one form is used the estimated cost of
labor for all work may be shown on one form only.

When lists on the style of the above have been made, show-
ing the estimated labor and material required, it is a simple
matter to transfer the items to the forms and figure the cost
of material from a price list and the cost of labor from the
cost records.

Form 53, while not a part of estimating, is shown for the
purpose of explaining the method of keeping account of the
expenses of the construction cost department. One of these
forms is kept for each cost man employed.

ESTIMATING.

179

FORM 47.

,190..

Estimate for City and Farm Lino Construction at.

Items.

Cost.

. Feet Top Poles

. Feet Top Poles

. Feet .... Top Poles

. Feet .... Top Poles

. Feet Top Poles

. Feet Top Poles

10 Pin Cross-Arms Complete

10 Pin Alley Cross-Arms Complete

10 Pin Alley Cross-Arms Complete

10 Pin Terminal Cross-Arms Complete

6 Pin Cross-Arms Complete

23-Inch Braces

28-Inch Braces

%x4 inches Car. Bolts

%x.... Inches Mach. Bolts

%x. . . . inches Mach. Bolts

%x.... Inches Mach. Bolts

No. 2 Side Braces

No. 3 Side Braces

No. 4 Side Braces

Pair Trans. Glass

Pony Glass

Miles 080 Copper Wire, Bare

Miles No. 12 Steel Wire, Bare

Miles 080 Copper Wire, Insulated

Miles No. 12 Steel Wire, Insulated

080 Joints

080 Half Joints

No. 12 Joints /.

Lbs. 0§0 Tic Wire

Lbs. No. 12 Tie Wire

No. 18 Twisted Pair Bridle Wire

Test Clamps No. 8

Feet No. 4 Steel Wire

Feet % Pr. Strand

Feet % Pr. Strand

No. 3 Miller Anchors

5-Inch Stombaugh Anchors

6-inch Stombaugh Anchors

%-inch X 8-foot Guy Rods

Anchor Lugs

Pole Strand Protector Strips

Pole Steps

8 Bolt Guy Clamps

Thimbles

4-inch Lag Screws

Lbs. Shingle Nails

Line Fuses

Misc. Material

• « ■ •

Total Material

Labor, Including Board and Teaming.

Carfare

Freight

General Supervision

Labor Removing Old Material

Grand Total

Estimator.

i8o TELEPHONE COXSTRUCTION.

FORM 43.

190....

Estimated Material to be Removed at

KsUmated
Oiisinal
Items. Cost.

Pr Gauge Cable

Pr Gauge Cable

Pr Gauge Cable

Pr Gauge Cable

Pr Gauge Cable

Pr Gauge Cable

Strand

6 Pin Cross- Arms Complete

10 Pin Cross- Arms Complete

Feet .... Top Poles

.... Feet .... Top Poles

-^eet Top Poles

Feet .... Top Poles

Miles .... Wire

Miles Wire

Misc. Material

Total Material

Estimated Original Labor.

LINE GANG.

Labor, Board and Teaming..

Carfare

Freight

General Supervision

SPLICERS.

Labor, Board and Teaming.

C&rfare

Freight

General Supervision

Grand Total

Ejstlinator.

ESTIMATING.

i8i

FORM 49,

,190....

Estimate for Toll Line Construction,

Items.

■ • ■ • • •

a ■ • • •

.... Feet ..

. . Top Poles

.... Feet ...

. . Top Poles

.... Feet ..

. . Top Poles

Feet ..

. . Top Poles

Feet ..

. . Top Poles

.... Feet ..

. . Top Poles

10 Pin Cross- Arms Complete,

l%x7% Pins

23-inch Braces

28-lnch Braces

%x4 inches Car. Bolts

%x inches Mach. Bolt.s...

%x.... Inches Alach. Bolts...

%x Inches Mach. Bolts. . ,

4-lnch Lag Screws

Lbs. Shingle Nnlls

Miles 104 Copper Wire

Miles 080 Copper Wire

Miles No. 12 Steel Wire

104 Joints

104 Half Joints

080 Joints

080 Half Joints

No. 12 Joints

Lbs. 104 Tie Wire

Lbs. 080 Tie Wire

Lbs. No. 12 Tie WIit

A. T. & T. Glass

Trans. Glass Pieces* ,

1^x9 Trans. Pieces

3 Bolt Guy Clamps

%x8 Guy Rods

Anchor Lugs

Pole Strand Protector Strips.

Pole Stens

No. 5 Wix Test Connectors..
No. 6 Wix Test Connectors..
Misc. Material

Cost.

Total Material

Labor, Board and Teaming

Carfare

Freight

General Supervision

Labor Removing Old Material,

Grand Total

Estimator.

l82 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

FORM 60.

.190....

Estimate for Cable at,

Items. Coet.

Feet .... Pr. .... Gaugre Cable

Feet .... Pr. .... Gauge Cable

Feet Pr. .... Gauge Cable

Feet Pr Gauge Cable

Feet .... Pr Gauge Cable

Feet Pr Gauge Cable

Pr, .... Gauge Marlin Hangers

Pr. .... Gauge Marlin Hangers

Pr Gauge Marlin Hangers

Feet % Pr. Strand

Feet H Pr. Strand

A. T. & T. Guy Clamps

A. T. A T. Mess Supports

%xS Guy Rods

25 Pr. Unprotected Boxes

25 Pr. Protected Boxes

Pr. Boxes

Feet No. 18 Twisted Pair Bridle Wire

080 Joints

Thimbles

Feet Leather Cleating

%x..., Mach. Bolts

%x.... Mach. Bolts

%x.... Mach. Bolts ;...

T. No. 2 Cable Arms

lV4x9 Trans. Pins

23" Braces '

28" Braces

%x4*' LAg Screws

%x Car. Bolts

%x Car. Bolts

Pair Trans. Glass

Saddle Balconies

No. 2 Side Braces

No. 3 Side Braces ,

No. 4 Side Braces

Feet No. 6 Copper Ground Wire

Ground Rods

Pencil Fuses

Line Fuses

Lbs. Marlin

Test Clamps No. 8

Feet No. 4 Steel Wire

Lbs. Soapstone

Vault Cable Supports

Pot Head Saddles

20 Pr. Blocks

Pot Head Discs

Balls Lacing Wire

Anchor Lugs

Pole Strand Protector Strips

3 Bolt Guy Clamps

4H''x.... Lead Sleeves

Lead Sleeves

Lead Sleeves

Lead Sleeves

Lead Sleeves

Lead Sleeves

Lead Sleeves

Lead Sleeves..

3" x..
2%''x..

f • • I • I

m^x..
r X.,

ESTIMATING. 183

Lbs. %xH Solder

Lbs. Triangular Solder.

Lbs. Par. Wax

Lbs. Beeswax

Rolls* Muslin

Boxes Tubes

Candles

Pasters

Rolls Tape

Misc. Material

Total Mateiial,

LINE GANG.
Labor, Board and Teaming. . . ,

Carfare ,

Freight

General Supervision

Labor Removing Old Material.

SPLICERS.

Labor. Board and Teaming

Carfare

Freight

General Supervision

Grand Total

Estimator.

• • ■ • 1 W • • • •

1 84

TELEl'tlOSE COXSTRUCTION.

FORM 51.

Estimate for Conduit at,

Items.

Cost.

Conduit

Conduit

Conduit

Conduit V

Duct Feet 2 Duct
Duct Feet 3 Duct
Duct Feet 4 Duct
Duct Feet 6 Duct

5/16-lnch Dowel Pins ,

3-lnch Sewer TJl • ,

Sewer Tile* ,

Sewer Tile

St. Louis Curves

St. Li'juls Curves ,

Tile Curves

Burlap 6 inches Wide

Feet 2x8 Creosotod Plank..

Feet 2x10 Creosotf.l Plank.

Creosoted Plank,

Lumber

4-Inch

6-inch

3-inch

4-inch

3-Inch

Yards

Line

Lire

Line

Feet

Bbls.

Yards

Yards

Yards

Sewer

Yards

6-inch

2x10
Feet 2x12
Common

Cl'tll'.T.t

No

No ....
Nn

brU k

Sand ,

Sev/er Grates

..p.. Traps

Vault Frames and Covers

Vault Small Frames and Covers

Stone.
Stonr.
Stone.

3
3
2%

21/4

2
IH

Iron
lion
Iron
Iron
Iron
Iron
Iron

Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe

inch

Inch

Inch

Inch

Inch

inch

inch
.... to
.... to
.... to
.... to

Pipe Hooks

Conduit Plugs

Ft. Creosote Pump
Misc. Material

in
in
in
In
in
In
In

3- feet
12-feet
12-feet
12-feet
12-feet
12-feet
12-feet

Lengths.
Lengths.
Lengrths.
Lengths.
Lengths.
Lengths.
Lengths.

Reducers.
Reducers.
Reducers.
Reducers,

Log

Total Material . . .
Labor, Board and Teaming...

Carfare

Freight

General Supervision

Repairing

Labor Removing Old Material

Grand Total

Estimator.

ESTIMATIXO.

185

Form 52.

Estimate No.

TELEPHONE COMPANY.

Estimate for ^ork.

190....

(general Manaerer.
Dear Sir: I request that authority be given for the . . .

work within described, at an expenditure not to exceed |.

«
Yours rcsi)ectfully.

construction

Estimate Approved:

Engineer.

Superintendent.

To THB ExBcuTivE Committbe:

Gentlemen: I recommend that the sum of $.

• • * ■ 1 «ft| • • • •

be appropriated for

Approved ;

Yours respectfully,

President.

General Manager.

190.

General Manager.
Dear Sir: At a meeting of the Board of DirectorK, held this day, it was voted that

your above recommendation Xo be approved, an<l the and

exi)ensc amounting to I be authorized.

Yours resi>ect fully,

Secretary.

186

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Furni r»2 Continued.

Estimate No

TELEPHONE COMPANY.

Superintendent.

Dear Sir: *The following estimate covers the proposed

work of

190...

For recapitulation see page No. 4. Respectfully submitted for consideration.

Superintendent of Construction.

Plant
Displacement

Material

Plant Renewed
OR Added

Cost in Excess of Esti- i
mate

ate

Quan-
tity

Valuet

Quan-
tity

Cost

6

1

Preparation
of Estimate

Completion
of Work

Preparation
of Estimate

: Completion
of Work

Description

i

9

1

1

<

1

• • » • • •

1

Ft. Poles

( '

Ft. " : *

Ft. *'

Ft. "

Pin Arms Complete

Pin " •'

Pin •• "

Mi. No Copper Wire

Mi. No •• ■'

Mi. No Steel Wire

1

Mi. No " " .

'

Miscellaneous Material

• • ■ «

i

Ft Pr Ga. Aerial Cable

. , , ,

r

Ft Pr Ga. " "

Ft Pr Ga. " "

Pr. Cable Boxes

• • • •

1

Pr. '• "

1

Miscellaneous Material

Ft. Conduit *.

■ • ■ •

Ft. Lateral

Vault Covers and Frames

■ a • •

.•• ' ••• •

Miscellaneous Material • •

Ft Pr. Ga. U. G. Cable

Ft Pr. " '*

Ft Pr. " "

\-"-

Ft Pr. • " "

1

Pr Cable Boxes

• • * •

1
1

Pr •' "

Miscellaneous Material • • •

1

Labor. Board and Teaming

1

Car Fare

Freight

1

,

i

Paving

Right of Way

••>■,•>■•

General Suoervlsion •

• • • •

1 * " * •

• • a •

Total approximate value plant displaced^' • . .

I

1 F

Credit actuallv received for "old" material.. .

1

1 ToLrI estimated cost uroDosed work

....'....

• • • •

,, 1

Total actual cost

1

1

*In case of reconstruction, give present condition of line, including material to be taksn
down — also other information pertaining to the subject.

tTransfer to be made to Maintenance Account.

Prom Aerial of I (Divided, Material. I Labor. I )

Cable (U. G.) of I ( " " I " I )

Conduit (U.G.) of I < •* " I •• $ )

IBstimated original cost.

Note: This estimate should be accompanied by a diagram or map indicating the location
and nature of the woric to be done.

HSriMATIXC. 187

Form 52 Continued.

Superintendent .

The work described in the foregoing estimate was completed on 100. . ;

material was used and expense incurred as shown in itemized statement on opposite page.
For recapittUation of measurements, etc. , see page 4.

Supt. of Construction.

General Manager

The above report on work finished by the Construction Department is respectfully
submitted.

190....

Superintendent.

Auditor.
Noted and respectfully forwarded for your attention and files.
190....

General Manager.

I certify that the record of construction herein contained has been entered upon

the books and maps of this office. The work has been done properly, and the characcer and
quantity of material used in completion of work is as stated.

• •■• ■•>• •■•• •••• •••• ••••• «n/ •••■ >■•••■•■■•■•■*•■••••■»••••••■••■•■•■«■■■

Engineer.

I certify that there has been reported to me on this ESTIMATE, as per Pay- Rolls and

Vouchers on file, an EXPENDITURE of I

And a CREDIT of $

which has been distributed as follows:

Accounts: Dr. ' Accoukts: Cr.

I.
I.

I ' $.

Plant displaced by this work has been covered by the following entry:

Accounts: Dr,

I

I

" I

Accounts: Ca,

I

I

I

I $.

Remarks:

190.

Auditor

i88

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Form 52 Continued.

Estimate No

RKfAPlTlLATION OF MEASUREMENTS, EtC.

Pole Line

Construction

Reconstruction

Estimated

Actual

No. Miles

Average size of poles

Av. No.. pin arms i>er hole

.Miles No — wire

Mies No wire

Miles No wire

Miles No — wire

Estimated

Actual

Cost.

Estimated, $

Aerial Cable

Actual, $.

Xo. Feet

Estimated

Actually erected.

Estimated

Actually erected.

Estimated

Actually erected.

Estimated

Actually erected.

No. of
Conductors

Size of

Conductors

(B. & S. Ga.)

Cost

Estimated. I Actual. I.

Conduit

Estimated

Style of conduit

No. of feet of trench.

No. of duct feet

No. of Manholes

Actually
Installed

Cost

Estimated, I

Underground Cable

Actual, $■

No. of Feet

No. of
Conductors

Size of

Conductors

(B. & S. Ga.)

Estimated

Actually pulled in.

Estimated

Actually 0ulled in.

Estimated

Actually pulled in .

Estimated

Actually pulled in.
Estimated.
Actually pulled in.

Estimated

Actually pulled in.

Estimated

Actually pulled in .

Estimated

Actually pulled in.

Cost

E^stimatcd. % Actual, S.

ESTIMATING,

i8y

c
o

B

u

O

S8

c
o

»

h

"<

H

Q

H
(ft

O

o

o
u

(A
>:

o

o

s.

M

a— •

(2

1^ M

c

>

■•J

PC

c

<

1

c/i

1 d

!

CQ

Cash
Car
Fare

^«

.2 c

1 «

APPENDIX A.

COST OF MATERIALS AND LABOR IN CONSTRUCT-
ING TELEPHONE LINE.

By J. C. Slippy.

The following data on the cost of the different classes of
telephone construction work have been compiled from the
actual records of a large company, covering a period of five
years. While the figures may seem unreasonably high when
compared with figures usually presented, it should be re-
membered that they include all the expenses in connection
with the construction work, so that the average costs given
should hold for the entire plant construction. The percent-
ages given as cost of freight, supervision, teaming, travel
and board have in all cases been derived from the actual ex-
penditures for these items.

MESSENGER AND CABLE CONSTRUCTION.

The average wages paid for messenger strand work, aerial
and underground cable work, and terminal and cable-box
work were as follows :

Foreman, strand and cable work, per 9 hrs $3.00

Linemen, strand and cable work, per 9 hrs 2.70

Groundmen, strand and cable work, per 9 hrs 1.75

Teams, strand and cable work, per 9 hrs 3.50

Cable splicers, cable splicing, per 8 hrs 3.75

Cable helpers, cable splicing, per 8 hrs 2.50

Messenger Construction. — The examples of messenger con-
struction given below each represent 1,000 ft. of 16,500-lb.
strand in place, including cost of suspending cable but not
the cost of cable.

190

APPENDIX A.

191

Example I.^For 400-palr, 22-gage and 200-palr, 19-gage cable.

1.100 ft messenger strand O $.0229 1 25.19

10 messenger clamps ^ 1.0578 578

10 14 In. croBsarm bolts Q $.0456 466

20 square washers ® $.0086 172

8 3-bolt clamps e 1.107 856

850 19 In. marlin clips e 17.93 per M 6.740

6% freight, incidentals, etc 1.70

Labor:

1,100 ft. messenger placed ® $.005 1 6.50

10 messenger clamps placed @ 1.07 r 70

850 19 in. marlin clips placed $.0075 6.375

1,000 ft. cable hung ® 1.016 15.00

1 bond placed @ $1.25 1.25

Testing 2.09

Splicing ^ 8.86

Supervision, 10%; teaming. 12%; travel and board, 12% = 42%.. 14.395

Cost of 1,000 feet 84.362

General expense 10% 8.436

Total cost of 1,000 feet 92.798

Cost of one mile 489.98

Cost of one foot 0.0928

Example II. — For 200-pair, 22-gage, and 100 and 150-palr, 19-gage
cable.

Af aterials *

1,100 ft. messenger strand 9 $.0229 % 26.190

10 messenger clamps @ |.0o78 .678

10 14 in. crossarm oolts O $0.456 456

20 square washers ® $.0086 172

8 3-boIt guy clamps @ $.107 856

850 16 in. marlin clips @ $7.14 per M 6.069

5% freight, incidentals, etc 1.666

Labor:

1,100 ft. messenger placed ® $.005 6.60

10 messenger clamps placed ® $.07 70

850 16 in. marlin clips placed @ $.0075 6.375

1,000 ft. cable hung @ $.015 15.00

1 bond placed @ $1.25 1.25

Testing 2.09

Splicing 3.36

Supervision, 10%; teaming, 12%; travel and board, 20% = 42%. 14.395

Cost of 1.000 feet 83.657

General expense 10% 8.366

*

Total cost of 1,000 feet $ 92.023

Total cost of one mile 485.76

Total cost of one foot 0.09202

Example III. — For lOO-pair. 22-gage, and 50 and 25-palr, 19-gage cable
Material:

1.100 ft. messenger strand ® S0.0229 $ 26.190

10 14 in. crossarm bolts <& $0.0456 466

10 messenger clamps ® $0.0578 578

20 square washers ® $0.0086 172

8 3-bolt guy clamps @ $0.107 866

550 14 in. mailin clips ® $6.67 per M 8.668

5% freight, incidentals, etc 1.546

Labor:

1,100 ft. messenger placed @ $0,005 5.50

10 messenger clamps placed (^ $0.07 70

550 14 in. marlin hangers placed ® $0.007') 4.125

1,000 ft. cable hung ® $0.015 15.00

1 bond placed e $125 1.26

Testing 1.39

Splicing 2.29

Supervision. 10%; teaming. Vlr',\ tmvel an«l board. 20% = 42%. 12.707

Cost of 1,000 feet 75.428

General expense 10% 7.543

Total cost of 1.000 feet $ 82.971

Total cost of one mile 438.082

Total cost of one foot 0.08297

192

TELEPHOSE COXSTRUCTION.

1.100

10

10

20

8

550

1,100

10

550

IpOOO

1

Example IV.^Por 25 and 50-pair, 22-gage cable.

Materials:

ft. messenger strand @ $0.0229 125.190

messenger clamps @ $0.0578 578

14 in. crossarm bolts ® $0.0456 456

square washers @ $0.0086 172

S-boIt guy clamps @ $0.107 856

11 in. marlin clips @ $5.93 per M 3.261

5% freight, incidentals, etc '. 1.526

lAbor:

ft. messenger strand placed @ $0.005^ $ 5.50

messenger clamps placed @ $0.07 70

11 in. marlin clips placed @ $0.0075 4.125

ft. cable hung e $0.015 15.00

bond placed @ $1.25 1.25

Testing 1 .06

Splicing 1.48

Supervision, 10%: teaming. 12%; travel and board. 20% = 42%. 12.228

Cost of 1,000 fc-ft 73.382

General expense 10% 7.338

Total cost of 1.000 feet $ 80.720

Total cost of one mile 426.096

Total cost of one foot 0.08073

Aerial Cable Construction. — The following figures for
aerial cable construction give for each siize cable the cost of
original construction and the junk value of materials, and
by subtracting the second from the first the total and yearly
depreciation for the assumed period of life. The selling price
as junk allowed is $0,056 per pound .

Example i. — No. 22 B. & S. gage cable.

First Cost:

Cost Per Ft.

Price for Mess. Wire Total First

Size. F. O. B. and Erec. Per Foot.

25-pr $0.r84 10.0807 $0.1941

50-pr 1722 .0S07 .2529

100-pr 28665 .0830 .3696

200-pr 5544 .0920 .6464

300-pr 7413 .0928 .8341

400-pr 92715 .0928 1.0199

Junk Value:

WelKlit

Per Ft. Junk Value at Deduct for

Size. Lbs. $0,056 Per L.b. Taking Down.

25-pr |0.9.i $0.0532 $0,025

50-pr 1.40 .0784 .025

100-pr. 2.20 .1232 .025

200-pr 4.15 .2324 .025

300-pr 5.15 .2884 .025

400-pr 6.26 .3500 .025

Depreciation :

25-pr. 50-pr. 100-pr. 200-pr. 800-pr.

First cost $0.1941 $0.2529 $0.3696 $0.6464 $0.8341

Net Junk value 0282 .0534 .0982 .2074 .2684

Depreciation $0.1659 10.1995 $0.2714 $0.4390 $0.5707

•Dep. per year 0138 .0166 .0226 .0366 .0476

•Ba.sed upon a life of 12 years.

Cost.

Per Mile.

$1,025.00
1,335.00
1.951.00
3.413.00
4.404.00
5,386.00

Net Junk

Value.

$0.0282
.0534
.0982
.2074
.2634
.3250

400-pr.
$1.0199
.325

$0.6949
.0579

APPENDIX A.

193

Example II. — ^No. 19 B. & S. gage cable:
First Cost:

Cost Per Ft.

Price for Mess. Wire Total First

Slae. F. O. B. and Erec. Per Foot.

2o-pr 10.15645 $0.08297 $0.2394

60-pr 26775 .08297 .3507

lOO-pr 5208 .09202 .6128

150-pr 672 .09202 .764

200-pr 88685 .0928 .9297

300-pr 1.1456 ^ .0928 1.2384

Junk Value:

Weight

Per Ft. Junk Value at Deduct for

Sixe. t Lbs. 10.056 Per Lb. Taking Down.

25-pr 1.80 $0.0728 $0,025

60-pr 2.10 .1176 .02ri

100-pr 3.40 .1904 .025

150-pr 4.80 .2408 .025

200-pr 5.75 .3220 .025

300-pr 6.90 .3864 .025

DepreolRtlon :

25-pr. 50-pr. 100-pr. 150-pr. 200-pr.

First cost $0.2394 $0.3507 $0.6128 $0.7640 $0.9297

Net junk value 0478 .0926 .1654 .2158 .2970

Depreciation ."$0.1916 '$0.2581 $0.4474 $0.5482 $0.6327

*Dep. per year 0159 .0215 .0872 .04.'>6 .0527

•Based upon a life of 12 years.

Cost.

Per Mile.
$1,264.00
1.852.00
3.236.00
4.034.00
4.909.00
6,539.00

Net Junk
Value.
$0.0478
.0926

.2158
.2970
.3614

300-pr.

$1.2384

.3614

$0.8770
.073

Example III.— No. 16 B. & S. gage cable:
First Cost:

Cost Per Ft.
Price for Mess. Wire Total First Cost.

Size. F. O. B. and Krec. Per Foot. Per Mile.

25-pr $0.32025 $0.09202 $0.41227 $2,177.00

50-pr 54705 .0928 .63985 3.378.00

Junk Value:

Weight

Per Ft. Junk Value at Deduct for Net Junk
Size. Lbs. $0,056 Per Lb. Taking Down. Value.

25-pr 2.1 $0.1176 $0,025 $0.0926

50-pr 4.1 .2296 .025 .2046

Depreciation:

25-pr. 50-pr.

First cost $0.41227 $0.63985

Net Junk value 0926 .2046

Depreciation $0.31967 $0.43525

•Depreciation per year: 0266 .03625

•Based upon a life of 12 years.

Example IV. — 13/16 B. & S. gage composite cable:
First Cost:

Cost Per Ft.
Price for Mess. Wire Total First Cost.

Slae. F. O. B. and Erec. Per Foot. Per Mile.

25-pr $0,312 $0.0920 $0,404 $2,133.00

50-pr 590 .0928 .6828 3,605.00

Junk Valuo:

Per Ft. Junk Value at Deduct for Net Junk
Ske. Lbs. $0,056 Per Lb. Taking Down. Value.

25-pr 3.0 $0,168 $0,025 $0,143

50-pr 4.8 .2688 .025 .2438

Depreciation:

25-pr. 50-pr.

First cost $0,404 $0.6828

Net Junk value 143 .2438

Depredation $0,261 $0.4390

•Depreciation per year 0218 .0365

•Based upon a life of 12 years.

194

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION

Underground Cable Construction.— ^The figures for under-
ground cable construction are similar in character and pur-
pose to those for aerial cable construction. .

Example l.-^No. 22 B. & S. gage cable:

First Cost: Price Cost Per Foot Total First Cost.

Sl«e. F. O. B. for Installation. Per Foot. Per Mile.

100-pr 10.28665 $0.0339 $0.3206 $1,693.00

200-pr 5544 .0406 .6950 8,142.00

300-pr 7413 .04839 .78969 4,170.00

400-pr 92715 .05699 .98414 5.196.00

600-pr 1.244 .07103 1.31603 6,943.00

Junk Value: Weight

Per Ft. Junk Value at Deduct for Net Junk

Size. Lbs. $0,056 Per Lb. Removal. Value.

100-pr 2.2 $0.1232 $0.03 $0.0932

200-pr 4.1& .2324 .03 .2024

300-pr 5.15 .2884 .03 .2684

400-pr 6.25 .360 .03 . .8200

600-pr 8.50 .4760 .03 .4460

Depreciation: lOO-pr. 200-pr. 300-pr. 400-pn 600-pr.

First cost $0.32055 $0.5950 $0.78969 $0.98414 $1,315

Net junk value 09320 .2024 .25840 .32000 .446

Depreciation $0.22735 $0.3926 $0.53129 $0.66414 $0,869

•Depreciation per > ear 01136 .0196 .026^6 .0332 .04345

^Based upon a life of 20 years.

Example II. — ^Underground Cable, No. 19 B. & S. gage cable:

First Cost: price Cost Per Foot Total First Cost.

Size. F. O. B. for Installation. Per Foot. Per Mile.

100-pr $0.5208 $0.03408 $0.55488 $2,930.00

150-pr 672 .03642 .70842 3.740.00

200-pr 83685 .04147 .87832 4.688.00

300-pr 1.1455 .04986 1.19536 • 6,312.00

Junk Value: Weight

Pe* Ft. Junk Value at Deduct for Net Junk

Size. T^bs. $0,056 Per Lb. Removal. Value.

100-pr 3.4 $0.1904 $0.03 $0.1604

150-pr 4.3 .2408 .08 .2108

200-pr 5.75 .3220 .03 .2920

300-pr 6.9 .3864 .03 .3564

Depreciation: 100-pr. 150-pr. 200-pr. 300-pr.

First cost $0.65484 $0.70842 $0.87832 $1.19536

Net Junk value 1604 .2108 .2920 .35640

Depreciation $0.39444 $0.49762. $0.5868 $0.83896

•Depreciation per year 01972 .02438 .029316 .041946

•Based upon a life of 20 years.

Example III. — ^No. 16 B. & S. gage cable:

First Cost: price Cost Per Foot Total First Cost.

Size. F. O. B. for Installation. Per Foot. Per Mile.

25-pr $0.32025 $0,033 $0.35325 $1,865.00

50-pr... 54706 .03408 .58113 3,068.00

100-pr 8358 .04147 .87727 4,632.00

150-pr 1.14765 .04896 1.19661 6,318.00

Junk Value: Weight

Per Ft. Junk Value at Deduct for Net Junk

Size. Lbs. $0,056 Per Lb. Removal. Value.

25-pr 2.1 $0.1176 $0.03 $0,076

50-pr 4.1 .2296 .03 .1996

100-pr 6.1 .3416 .03 .8116

150-pr 7.6 .4256 .03 .8956

Depreciation: 25-pr. 50-pr. 100-pr. 150-pr.

First cost $0.35325 $0.58113 $0.87727 $1.19661

Net Junk value 0876 .1996 .3116 .8956

Depreciation $0.26565 $0.38153 $0.56567 $0,801

•Depreciation per year 01328 .019076 .02828 .04006

•Based upon a life of 20 years.

APPEXDIX A.

195

Example IV. — Composite 13/16 B. & S. gage cable:
First Cost:

Price
Size. F. O. B.

25-pr ..10.312'

50-pr 590

125-pr 1.162

Junk Value:

Weight
Per Ft.
Size. Lbs.

25-pr 3.0

50-pr 4.8

125-pr 7.6

Depreciation :

25-pr.

First cost 10.34842

Net Junk value 138

Cost Per Foot

for Installation.

$0.03642

.04147

.04986

Junk Value at
$0,056 Per Lb.
$0,168

.2688

.4256

Total First Cost.
Per Foot. Per Mile.

$0.34842

.63147

1.21186

Deduct for
Removal.
$0.03

.03

.03

50-pr.

$0.63147

.2388

Depreciation $0.2104

•Depreciation per year 01052

•Based upon a life of 20 years.

$0.39267
.01963

$1,840.00
3.334.00
6.399.00

Net Junk
Value.
$0,138
.2388
.3956

125-pr.

$1.21186

.3956

$0.81626
.040&13

Cable Splicing Underground. — The following eleven ex-
amples of the cost of underground cable splicing comprise
both ordinary and high capacity cables and give costs of both
labor and materials.

Example I. — 25 pair, 22 gage cable:
Af aterials :

1% lbs. wiping metal' e $21 . . . r. $ .315

H lb. parafflne @ $.0636 032

50 paper sleeves (g) $.02 per pr 01

1 l%xl6 in. lead sleeve 22

10% freight, incidentals, etc /058

$ .635
LAbor:

Splicing $ 1.05

Testing i .70

10% supervision, etc 175

$ 1.925

Cost of splice $ 2.560

General expense, 10% 256

Total cost of splice $ 2.816

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice every 325 ft.$ .00866
Average cost per pair $ .1126

Example 11. — 50 pair, 22 gage cable
Materials :

2 lbs. wiping melal (g> $.21 $ .42

% lbs. parafflne ® $.0636 048

100 paper sleeves @ $.02 per 100 02

, 1 2x16 in. lead sleeve 352

10% freight, incidentals, etc 084

$ .924
Labor:

Splicing $ 1.48

Testing 1.06

10% Supervision, etc 254

$ 2.794

Cost of splice $ 3.718

Qeneral expense, 10 % 372

Total cost of splice $ 4.09

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice every 325 ft.$ .01258
Average cost per pair $ .0818

196 TEUiPIIOSE COXSTRUCTIOX.

Example III. — 100 pair, 22-gage cable.

Materials:

3 lbs. wiping: metal (&' $.21 $ .63

1 lb. parafflne (& $.0636 064

200 paper sleeves (& $.02 per 100 04

1 2Hxl6 In. load «leeve 432

10% freight. Incidentals, etc 116

$ 1.2826
Labor:

Splicing $ 2.29

Testing 1.39

10% supervision, etc 368

$ 4.048

Cost of splice 5.331

General expense. 10% 533

Total cost of splice $ 5.864

Average cost per foot of cable: baaed upon splice every 321 ft.$ .018
Average cost per pair $ ,0586

Example IV.— 200-palr. 22-srape cable.

Materials:

3H lbs. wiping metal ® S.21 $ .735-

1% lbs. parafflne @ $.0636 09.«>4

400 paper sleeves & $.02 per 100 08

1 3x18 in. lead sleeve 465

10% freight, incidentals, etc 1375

$ 1.512fl
Labor:

Splicing $ 3.36

Testing 2.09

1 0% supervision, etc 55

$ 6.00

Cost of splice $ 7.513

General expense, 10% 751

Total cost of splice $ 8.264

Average cost per foot of cable: based upon splice every 32'> ft.$ .0254
Average cost per pair $ .04132

Example V. — 300-palr, 22-gage cable.

Materials:

3% lbs. wiping metal & $.21 $ .735

1V4 lbs. parafflne ^ $.0636 0954

600 paper sleeves (R) $.02 per 100 12

1 3^x22 in. lead sleeve 72

10% freight, incidentals, etc 167

$ 1.837
Labor:

Splicing $ 4.70

Testing 2.75

10 % supervision 75

S 8.20
$1

Cost of splice $10.04

General expense, 10% 1.00

Total cost of splice 111.04

Average cost per foot of cable: based upon splice every 325 ft.| .03396
Average cost per pair $ .0368

I

APPENDIX A. '197

Example VI. — 400-i>air. 22-gage.
Materials:
4 lbs. wiping metal ^ $.21 $ .84

2 lbs. parafflne @ $.0636 127

800 paper sleeves @ $.02 per 100 16

1 4x22 in. lead sleeve / 1.02

10% freight, Incidentals, etc 215

$ 2.362
Labor:

Splicing I 6.05

Testing 8.47

10% supervision, etc 952

$10,472

Cost of splice $12,834

General expense, 10% 1.283

Totol cost of splice $14,117

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice every 32 '> ft.$ .04343
Average cost per pair $ .03529

a
»

Example VII.— 600-pair, 22 -Rape cable.
Materials:

4H lbs. wiping metal @ $.21 $ .945

2% lbs. parafflne @ $.0636 159

1,200 paper sleeves & $.02 per 100 24

1 4Hx22 in. lead sleeve 1.125

10% freight, Incidentals, etc 2469

I 2.716
Labor:

Splicing $ 8.50

Testing 4.85

10% supervision, etc 1.84

- $14.69

Cost of splice $17,406

Genera', expense, 10% 1.741

Total cost of splice $19,147

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice every 32.5 ft.$ .0589
Average cost per pair , $ .0819

Example VHI. — 100-pair. IB-gape. High Capacity cable.
Materials:

3 lbs. wiping metal (g) $.21 $ .63

lib. parafflne © $.0636 064

200 paper sleeves ® $.02 per 100 04

•1 3x16 in. lead sleeve 485

10%. freight, incidentals, etc 1210

I 1.341
Labor:

Splicing $ 2.29

Testing 1.39

10% supervI.«^ion, etc 368

Cost of splice. $ 5.389

General expense, 10% 539

I 4.048

$ 5.:

Total cost of splice $ 5.928

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice every 325 ft.$ .01824
Average cost per pair $ .05928

io8 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

Example IX.— 150-paIr, 19-gage, High Capacity cable.

Materials:

3 lbs. wipingr metal @ $.21 | .68

lib. parafflne ® 1.0636 064

300 paper sleeves @ |.02 per 100 06

1 3x18 In. lead sleeve 485

10% freight, Incidentals, etc 124

I 1.363
Labor:

Splicing $ 2.75

Tefltlng 1.60

10% supervision, etc 44

$ 4.79

Cost of splice $ 6.15

General expense, 10% 615

Total cost of splice $ 6.T65

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice of every

326 ft I .0208

Average cost per pair $ .0451

Example X.— 200-palr, lO-ga^e. High Capacity cable.

Materials:

3% lbs. wiping metal @ S.21 | .785

1 % lbs. parafflne @ $.0636 0954

400 paper sleeves @ $.02 per 100 08

1 3%xl8 in. lead sleeve 72

10% freight, incidentals, etc 163

I 1.793
Labor:

Splicing $ 8.86

Testing 2.09

10% supervision, etc 55

I 6.00

Cost of splice $ 7.793

General expense, 10% 779

Total cost of splice $ "8.572

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice of every

325 ft $ .02637

Average cost per pair $ .04286

Example XI. — 300-pair, 19 gage. High Capacity cable.

Materials:

4 lbs. wiping metal @ $.21 $ .84

2 lbs. parafflne @ $.0636 • .127

1 4x22 in. lead sleeve 1.02

600 paper sleeves @ $.02 per 100 12

10% freight, incidentals, etc 211

I 2.318
Labor:

Splicing $ 4.70

Testing 2.75

10% supervision, etc 75

$ 8.20

Cost of splice $10,618

General expense, 10% 1.052

Total cost of splice $11.67

Average cost per foot of cable; based upon splice of every

325 ft $ .0356

Average cost per pair $ .0886

APPENDIX A. 199

Terminals. — Four examples of cost of terminals, includinf;^
both materials and labor, are given :

Example I. — Cost of 10-palr Tcriiiinal In Place.

1 14 A. terminal with 7 ft. D. C. cable $ 3.03

2 Iba wiplngr metal @ |.21 42

% lbs. parafflne @ $.0636 0477

1 2x20 In. lead sleeve 3525

10% freight, Incidentals, etc 885

Labor:

114 A. terminal placed $ .50

1 10-pair tap from 50-pair cable 2.16

1 10-palr tap tested 36

10% supervision, etc 302

Total I 7.557

Genera! exptaise. 10% 756

Total cost $ 8.313

Average cost per pair % .8313

Example II. — Cost of ll-pair Terminal in Place.
\ff o t erlals *

1 14-B Terminal with 7 ft. D. C. cable % 3.12

2 lbs. wiping metal @ $.21 42

% lbs. parafflne @ $.0636 0477

1 2x20 in. lead sleeve 3?2'»

10% freight, incidentals, etc 394

Labor:

1 14-B. Terminal, placed $ .50

1 11-palr tap from 50-pair cable 2.16

1 11-palr tap tested 36

10% supervision, etc 302

Total $ 7.636

General expense 10% 766

Total cost $ 8.422

Average cost per pair $ .765

Example III. — Cost of 16-palr Terminal In Plncc.
Materials:

1 14-C. Terminal with 7 ft. I>. C. Cable $ 3.788

2 lbs. wiping metal @) $.21 42

% lbs. parafflne ® $.0636 0477

1 2x20 in. lead sleeve 3525

10% freight, incidentals, »'tc 4608

Labor:

1 14-C. Terminal placed $ .60

1 15-paIr tap from 50-pair cable 2.25

1 15-pair tested .50

10% supervision, etc 335

Total $ 8.754

General expense, 10% $ .87'>

Total cost $ 9.C21

Average cost per pair $ .642

Example IV. — Cost of 26-pair Terminnl In Place.
Materials:

1 14-D. Terminal with 7 ft. D. C. cable $ 5.526

2 IbK. wiping metal @ $.21 42

% lbs. parafflne ® $.0636 0477

1 2*74x20 in. lead sleeve 4325

10% freight, incidentals, etc 6426

I^bor:

1 14-D. Terminal placed $ .76

1 25-pair tap from 50-pair cable 3.52

1 25 -pair tap tested 70

10% supervision, etc 497

Total $12,536

General expense, 10% 1.254

Total cost $13.79

Average cost per pair $ .552

200 TliLlirilOSE COXSTRVCTION.

Cable Boxes. — I'ive examples of cost of cable boxes are
given including both materials and labor costs.

Example I. — Cost of 2r»-i)alr Cable B<»x in Plarc.
Materials:

1 25-palr cable box. unequipped I 4.175

2 10-palr 7-A fuse plates, plain @ $2.33 4.66

1 5-palr 7-A fuse plate, plain @ $1.061 1.061

50 7-A fuses ® $6.30 per 100 3.15

2 lbs. insulatingr compound @ $.075 15

150 ft. No. 20 pothead wire @ $.01198 1.797

1% Iba wiping: metal (fi $.21 315

1 2x20 in. lead sleeve 3525

1 pole seat 2.00

2 %x4H in. lagr screws @ $.0093 0186

10% freight, incidentals, etc 1.7S3

Labor:

1 25-pair cable box, placed t l.oo

50 wires soldered on terminals ^ $.01 .^O

50 wir?s numbered on terminals 'S $.0.1 1.60

1 2.>-pair pothead made 3.20

1 25-pair cable tested 70

1 pole seat placed 75

10% supervision, etc 765

Total $27.86

General expense, 10% $ 2.76

Total cost $30.62

Average cost per pair $ 1.224

For copper back No. 7-A fuse pUite witli liRhtninK arrest-
ers add $ 4.037

Example II. — Cost of 50-pair Cable Pnx in I'laee.
Materials:

1 50-pair cable bcx unequipped $ 5.04

4 10-pair 7-A fuse plates, plain, @ $2.33 9.32

2 5-pair 7-A fuse plates, plain, @ $1.061 2.122

100 7-A fuses, @ $6.30 per 100 6.30

3 lbs. insulatingr compound, (S) $.075 225

300 ft. No. 20 pothead wire, ® $.01198 3.594

2 lbs. wiping: metal. @ $.21 42

1 2^x20 in. lead sleeve 4325

1 pole seat 2.00

2 */ix4% In. lag screws, (g) $.0093.. 0186

10% freight, incidentals, etc 2.947

Labor:

1 50-palr cable box placed $ 1 .00

100 wires soldered on terminals (f/> $.01 1.00

1 00 wires numbered on terminals $i) $.03 3.00

1 50-pair pothead made 4.8.'

1 50-pair cable tested 1.06

1 pole seat placed 75

10% supervision, etc 1.166

Total $45,245

General expanse, 10% 4.524

Total cost $49,769

Averag;e cost per pair $ .995

For copper back No. 7-A fuse j-late with lig^htning: arrest-
ers, add $ 7.41

APPENDIX A. 201

Example III. — Cost of 100-pair Cable Box In Place.
Materials:

1 100-pair cable box, unequipped I 5.98

8 lO-palr 7-A fuse plates, plain, @$2.33 18.64

4 5-pair 7-A fuse plates, plain, @ 11.061 4.244

200 7-A fuses, @ |6.30 per 100 12.60

4 lbs. Insulating compound, @ $.075 30

600 ft. No. 20 pothead wire, @ $.01198 7.188

3 lbs. wiping metal, @ $.21 63

13^x24 in. lead sleeve 72

1 pole seat 2.00

2 Hx4% in. lag screws. @ $.0093 .0186

10% freight, incidentals, etc 5.23

Labor:

1 100-pair cable box placed $ 1.50

200 wires soldered on terminals ^ $.01 2.00

200 wires numbered on terminals ^ $.03 6.00

1 100-pair pothead made 8.00

1 100-pair cable tested 1.39

1 pole seat placed 75

10% supervision, etc * 1.964

Total $79. 154

General expense. 10% 7.915

Total cost $87,069

Average cost per pair $ .8707

For copper back No. 7-A fuse jilates with lightning arrest-

ors add $16.50

Example IV. — Cost of 150-pair Cable Box in Place.
Materials :

1 150-ralr cable box unequipped .$ 7.22

15 lO-palr 7-A fuse plates, plain, @ $2.33 .* . 34.9r>

300 7-A fuses @ $6.30 per iro 18.90

5 lbs. insulating compound @ $.075 375

900 ft. of No. 20 pothead wire @ $.01198 10.782

4 lbs. wiping metal @ $.21 84

1 4x21 in. lead sleeve • 1.02

1 pole seat 2.00

2 %x4H in. lag screws @ $.0093 0186

10% freight, incidentals, etc 7.61

Labor:

1 150-pair cable box placed $ 1.50

300 wires soldered on terminals @ $.01 o.OO

300 wires numbered on terminals @ $.03 9.00

1 160-pair pothead made 9.00

1 150-pair cable tested 1.60

1 pole seat pla ced 75

10% supervision, etc 2.485

Total $111.05

General expense, 10% 11.10

Total cost - $122.15

Average cost per pair $ .814

For copper back No. 7-A fuse plated with lightning ar-
resters, add $ 23.51

202 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Example V.— Cost of 200-pair Cable Box In Place.
Materials:

1 200-i>air cable box unequipped I 10 665

20 10-palr 7- A fuse plates, plain, @|2.33 ^ 46 60

400 7-A fuses & $6.30 per 100 25.20

6 lbs. Insulating compound & 1.075 45

1.200 ft. No. 20 pothead wire & 1.01198 uiSTS

1 4x24 In. lead sleeve 1.02

5 lbs. wiping metal @ |.21 1:05

1 pole seat 2.00

2 Hx4% in. lag screws @ $.0093 0186

10% freight. Incidentals, etc 10.138

Labor:

1 200-pair cable box placed $ 1.75

1 pole seat placed 75 '

400 wires soldered to terminals & $.01 4.00

400 wires numbered to termirals @ $.03 12.00

1 200-pair pothead made 10.25

1 200-pair cable tested 2.09

10% supervision, etc 3.084

Total $145,441

General expense, 10% 14.54

■

Total cost $159.98

Average cost per pair $ .7999

For copper back, No. 7-A fuse plates with lightning ar-

restors* add $ 31.35

Pole Line Construction.

The organization of the gang and the wages paid per pole
line construction were as follows:

Item. Per 9-hr. day.

1 foreman, at $3 $ 3.00

3 linemen, at $2.75 8.25

2 groundmen, at $1.75 3.50

I team, at $3.50 3.50

Total .$18.25

In the costs following the items of "hauling" and ""teaming"
will be noted. The hauling of poles covers the expense of
removing them from freight station to pole yard, and the item
of teaming covers the expense of transporting them from the
yard to the work. The item of yyi per cent, for travel, board
and incidentals covers the expense of the entire force while
employed in travel from one exchange to another. Men
were not allowed expenses when located in town.

The divisions of pole line construction are pole erection and
wire stringing. Pole erection is subdivided into Exchange
Poles, Toll Line Poles, Farmer Line Poles, Guy Poles,
Anchors, Cross Arms, etc.

Exchange Poles, Class A. — Class A pole line is designed
to carry an ultimate load of 6 cables and 60 toll and trunk
wires on cross arms. Spans in straight sections are approxi-
mately 100 ft. in length.

s

APPENDIX A. 203

Example I. — Cost of One Mile 4d-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials: Per Pole. Per Mile.

52 46-ft 7V6 in. top poles, including: freight % 7.68 $394.16

1,040 iron steps @ $.02367 473 24.62

260 wood steps @ $.009081 045 2.36

Carbollneum Avenarius 06 3.12

Spikes, fi-20, 5-60 085 1.82

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 ft., @) $.17 68 35.36

200 ft. 6-M guy wire ® $.0086 , 1.72

8 guy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @ $1.50 6.00

4 anchor rods @ $.226 .90

10% freight. Incidentals, etc 887 47.08

Labor:

Unloading $ .40 $20.80

Shaving 65 33.80

Cutting one gain 10 5.20

Cutting roof 10 5.20

Boring holes or ground 02 1.04

Driving iron steps @ $.0125...'. 25 13.00

Placing wood steps (^ $.015 075 3.90

Placing carbolir.eum 27 14.04

Digging holes 60 31.20

Raising poles 1.10 57.20

Tamping 32 16.64

Banking poles 05 2.60

Hauling poles 40 20.80

Painting poles @ $.0125 per foot 50 26.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth, ® $3.00 12.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth. @ J-l.SO ... 6.00

4 guys placed ® $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7%% )

Teaming, 15% \ =30% 1.451 82.03

Travel and board, 7V4% }

Total $16,046 $873.36

General expense, 10% 1.605 87.84

Grand total $17,651 $960.70

Exannple II. — Cost of One Mile. 40- ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials: Per Pole. Per Mile.

52 40- ft. 7^ In. top poles, including freight % 6.58 $342.16

832 iron steps @ $.02367 379 19.69

260 wood steps @ $.009081 046 2.36

Carbollneum Avenarius 060 3.12

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.82

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 ft.. @) $.17 596 80.94

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 , 1.72

8 guy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @ $1.50 6.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight, Incidentals, etc 769 40.95

Tjftbor '

Unloading ..'. : % .35 18.20

Shaving 55 28.60

Cutting one gain 10 5.20

Cutting roof 10 5.20

Boring holes on ground 0?. 1.04

Driving iron steps @ $.0125 20 10.40

Placing wood steps ® $.015 075 3.90

Placing carbollneum 27 14.04

Digging holes 60 31.20

Raising poles 63 32.76

Tamping 22 11.44

Banking poles 05 2.60

Hauling poles 30 15.60

Painting poles @> $.0125 per ft 438 22.75

4 anchor holes dug, earth, ® $3.00 12.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth. @ $1.50 6.00

4 guys placed @ $1.00 4.00

Supervision. 7%% )

Teaming, 15% [• =30% 1.171 67.48

Travel, board and Incidentals, 7Vi% )

Total $ 13.54 $742.84

General expense, 10% 1.35 74.28

Grand total $ 14.89 $817.12

204 TELEFHOXE COXSTRUCTIOX.

Example III. — Cost of One Mile, 35-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials: Per Pole. Per Mile.

52 35 ft. 7Vi in. top poles, including freight $ 5.07 $2d3.64

676 Iron steps ^ $.02367 308 16.00

260 wood steps ^ $.009081 045 2.36

Carbollneum Avenarlus 060 3.12

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.82

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 ft,. G $.17 51 26.52

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps ® $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @> $1.50 6.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 603 32.29

l*nloading ...* $ .30 $ 15.60

Shaving 50 26.00

Cutting one gain 10 5.20

Cutting roof 10 .^20

Boring holes on ground 02 1.04

Diivlng iron steps @ $.0i2:> 163 8.45

Placing wood steps @ $.015. 075 _3.90

Placing carbollneum 27 1 4.04

Digging holes 60 31.20

Raising poles 47 24.44

Tamping 18 9.36

Banking poles 05 2.60

Hauling poles 25 13.00

Painting iK)les «i $.012.% per ft 375 19.50

4 anchor holes dug. earth, (& fS.OO 12. 0«

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, it $1.50 6.00

4 guys placed ^ $1.00 4.00

Supervision. 7%% >

Teaming. 15% ---30'^ 1.04 60.46

Travel, board and incidentals. 7%% »

Total $ 11.12 $617.13

General expense. 10% 1 Jll_ 61.71

Grand total $ 12.23 $678.84

Example iV.— Cost of One Mile. 30-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials:

Per Pole. PerMilo.

r.2 30-ft. 7H in. tor poles, including freiijht $ 3.65 $189.80

468 iron steps @ $.02367 213 11.08

260 wood steps @ $.009081 045 2.36

Carbollneum Avenarlus 060 3.12

Spikes. 5-20, 5-60 035 1.82

Paint. 1 qt. for 10 ft. ^ $.17 425 22.10

200 ft. 6-M guy wire <& $.0086 1.72

8 PTuy clamps ^ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs <^ $1.50 6.00

4 anchor rods <ff> $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 443 23.97

Labor:

Unloading 25 13.00

Shaving 35 18.20

Cutting one gain 10 5.20

Cutting roof '. 10 5.20

Boring holes on ground 02 1.04

Dilving Iron steps @ $.0121 113 5.85

Placing wood steps @ $.0ir> 075 3.90

Placing carbollneum 27 14.04

Digging holes 60 31.20

Raising poles 35 18.20

Tamping 15 7.80

Banking poles 05 2.60

Hauling poles 20 10.40

Painting poles @ $.0125 per ft 313 16.25

4 anchor holes dug. earth (^ $3.00 12.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth (8i $1..'»0 .... 6.0o

4 guys placed <2I $1.00 ^. 4.00

Supervision. 7Vfe% /

Teaming. 15% [ = Z\ri .882 52.46

Travel, board and incidentals, 7^% ^

Total $ S.694 $490.98

General expense, 10% .869 49.10

Grand total $ 9.563 $540.08

APPENDIX A. 205

Exchange Poles, Class B. — Class P> pole line is designed
to carry an ultimate load of 4 cables and 40 bare toll and
trunk wires on cross arms, or an ultimate of 6 cables, if no
bare wire is employed. Spans in straight sections are ap-
proximately no ft. in lenj^th. Four examples of cost are giv-
en, one each for 25-ft., 30-ft., 35-ft. and 40-ft. poles. It will be
noted that the costs are for chestnut poles, painted and "pre-
served" by Carbolineum Avenarius, and include all materials
for poles in place ready for wire stringing. Traveling ex-
penses, board of men and incidental expenses are also in-
cluded.

Example I.— Cost of One Mile, 40-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Per Pole. Per Mil-*.
Materials:

48 40-ft. 7 in. top poles, including freight $ 6.58 $315.84

768 iron steps @ $.02367 379 18.18

240 wood Kleps @ $.009081 045 2.16

Carbolineum Avenarius 057 2.74

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.63

Paint. 1 qt. for 10 feet ^ $.17 595 28.56

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

4 anchor logs ^ $1.50 6.00

10% freight, incidentals, etc 769 37.86

Unloading 35 16.80

Shaving 55 26.40

Cutting one gain 10 4.80

Cutting roofs 10 4.80

Boring holes on ground 02 .96

Driving iron steps @ $.0125 20 9.60

Placing wood steps @ $.015 .075 3.60

Placing carbolineum 27 12.96

Digging holes 60 28.80

falsing poles 63 30.24

Tamping 22 10.56

Banking poles 05 2.40

Hauling poles 30 14.40

Painting poles ^ $.0125 per ft 438 21.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth @ ;3.00 12.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, dp $1.50 6.00

4 guys placed & $1.00 4.00

Super^'lsion, 7H% \

Teaming, 15% V = 30% 1.171 62.80

Travel, board and Incidentals. 7%% '

Total $ 13.54 $688.53

General expense. 10% 1.35 68.85

Grand total $ 14.89 $7.'>7.3J$

206 rilLEPHONE COXSTRUCTION.

Example II.— Cost of One Mile. Sri-ft. riiostniit Po\v lAne.

Materials: Por Pole. Per Mile.

48 35-ft. 7 In. top poles. Incluflliiff freight $ ."k07 $243.36

624 iron stepB @ $.02367 308 14.77

240 wood steps ^. $.009081 04.^ 2.16

Carbolineum Avenarius 057 2.74

Spikes. 5-20, 6-60 035 1.68

Paint, 1 qt. for 10-ft. @ $.17 51 24.48

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

4 gruy clamps & $.0958 .77

4 anchor logrs «p $1.50 6.00

4 anchor rods & $.225 .90

10% frelsrht. incidentals, etc 603 29.86

Unloading . . ." 80 14.40

Shaving 50 24.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.80

Cutting roof 10 4.80

Boring holes on ground 02 .96

Driving iron steps ® $.0125 163 7.80

Placing wood steps @ $.015 075 3.60

Placing carbolineum 27 12.96

Digging holes 60 28.80

Raising poles 47 22.56

Tamping 18 8.64

Banking 05 2.40

Hauling poles 25 12.00

Painting poles e $.0125 per foot 375 18.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth @ $3.00 12.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth @ $1.50 6.00

4 guys placed <8) $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7%% i

Teaming. 15% [ = 30% 1.04 66.32

Travel, board and Incidentals. 7%% )

Total $ 11.12 $572.48

General expense. 10% 1.11 57.25

Grand total $ 12.23 $629.78

Example III.— Cost of One Mile, 30-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials: Per Pole. Per Mile.

48 30-ft. ? in. poles, including freight $ 3.65 $176.20

432 iron steps @ $.02867 213 10.22

240 wood steps @ $.009081 045 2.16

Carbolineum Avenarius 057 2.74

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.68

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 ft. @ $.17 426 20.40

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 !juy clamps @ f.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @ fl.50 6.00

4 anchor rods ® $.225 .90

10% freight. Incidentals, etc 443 22.18

Ljabor:

Unloading . . .* 25 12.00

Shaving 35 16.80

Cutting one gain 10 4.80

Cutting roof 10 4.80

Boring holes on ground 02 .96

Driving iron steps ^> $.012.^ 113 6.40

Placing wood steps # $.015 075 3.60

Placing carbolineum 27 12.96

Digging holes 60 28.80

Raising poles 35 16.80

Tamping 15 7.20

Banking poles 05 2.40

Hauling poles 20 9.60

Painting poles @ $.0125 313 15.00

4 anchor holes dug. earth (^ $3.00 12.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth @ $1.50 6.00

4 guys placed © $1.00 4.00

Supervision. 7%% >

Teaming. 15% [■ = 30% .882 48.94

Travel, board and Incidentals. 1\^% )

Total .$ 8.691 $456.03

General expense. 10% .869 45.60

Grand total $ o.-'iCO $601.68

APPENDIX A. 207

Example IV.— Cost of One Mllo. 2r)-ft. Chestnut tole Lino.
Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

48 25-ft. 7 in. top poles. Including frelRlU I 2.53 $121.44

288 Iron steps @ I.C2367 142 6.82

240 wood steps @ $.009081 •. 045 2.16

Carbolineum Avenarlus 057 2.74

Spikes. 5-20. 5-60 035 1.68

Paint. 1 qt. for 10 ft. @ $.17 34 16.32

200 ft. 6-M. guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps (6^ $.009081 .77

4 anchor logs @ $.75 3.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 315 16.00

Labor:

Unloading 20 9.60

Shaving 30 14.40

Cutting one gain 10 4.80

Cutting roof 10 4.80

Boring holes on ground 02 .96

Driving iron pole steps (g) $.0125 075 3.60

Placing wood steps @ $.015 075 8.60

Placing carbolineum 27 12.96

Digging holes 60 28.80

Raising poles 28 13.44

Tamping 15 7.20

Banking poles 05 2.40

Hauling poles 20 9.60

Painting poles ® $.0125 per ft 25 12.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth @ $1.50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, @ $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed ® $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7%% >

Teaming. 15% I = 30% .801 42.65

Travel, board and Incidentals, 7%% '

Total $ 6.935 $358.12

General expense, 10% 1 .694 35.81

Grand total $ 7.639 $393.93

Exchange Poles, Class C. — Class C pole line is designed to
carry an ultimate load of 2 cables, with no bare wires on the
poles ; or an ultimate of 20 bare wires on cross arms, and no
cables on the poles; or an ultimate of 10 pairs of outside
distributing wire, with no bare wires or cables. Spans in
straight sections are approximately 120 ft. in length. Five
examples of cost are given, one each for 25-ft., 30-ft., 35-ft., 40-
ft., and 45-ft. poles, painted, "preserved" and erected with all
equipment ready for stringing wire. The costs also include
all incidental items such as traveling expenses, board of work-
men, freight and haulage expenses, etc.

2o8 TELEFHOXE COXSTRUCTIOS.

Example I. — Cost of One Mile. 45-ft. Chestmil Pole lAiw.
Material:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

44 45-ft. 6 in. top poles. inoludinK freight % 7.08 $311.52

SNO Iron steps U $.02367 473 20.83

220 wood steps @ $.009081 045 2.00

Carbolineum Avenaiius 06 2 64

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 l!54

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 ft. (&' $.17 68 29.92

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps ® $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @> $.75 3.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 837 37.48

Labor:

Unloading 40 17.60

Shaving 65 28.60

Cutting one gain 10 4.40

Cutting roof 10 4.40

Boring holes on ground 02 .88

Driving iron steps (f? $.0125 25 11.00

Placing wood steps @ $.015 075 3.80

Placing carbolineum 27 1 1.88

Digging holes. 60 26.40

Raising poles 1,10 48.40

Tamping 32 14.08

Banking poles .05 2.20

Hauling polos 40 17.60

Painting poles @ $.0125 per ft 50 22.00

4 anchor holes dug. earth. (^ $1.50.: 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, @ $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed @ $1.00 ". 4.00

Supervision, 7%% )

Teaming. 15% v = 30% 1.451 68.02

Travel, board and incidentals. 7%% S

Total $ 15.50 $707.08

General expense, 10% 1.65 70.71

Grand total $ 17.05 $777.79

Example II.— Co.«*t of One Mile. 40-ft. Chestnui Pole Line.
Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

44 40-ft. 6 in. poles, including freight $ 5.93 $260.92

704 iron steps @ $.02367 379 16.16

220 wood steps @ $.009081 045 2.00

Carbolineum Avenarius .057 2.51

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.64

Paint. 1 qt. for 10-ft. @ $.17 595 26.18

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps (S) $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs (ti $.75 S.OO

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight, Incidentals, etc 704 31.57

Labor:

Unloading 35 15.40

Shaving 55 24.20

Cutting roof 10 4.40

Cutting one gain 10 4.40

Boring holes on ground 02 .88

Driving iron steps @ $.0125 20 8.80

Placing wood steps ^ $.015 075 3.30

Placing carbolineum 27 11.88

Digging holes 60 26.40

Raising poles 63 27.72

Tamping 22 9.68

Banking poles 05 2.20

Hauling poles 30 13.20

Painting poles ® $.0125 per ft 438 19.26

4 anchor holes dug, earth, tfi; $1..^0 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, Ca $1 .00 4.00

4 guys placed ^ $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7 %% i

Teaming, 15% \ - 30% 1.17 55.71

Travel, board and Incidentals, 1'^% ) .

Total $ 12.82 $588.69

General expense, 10% _ ^ -^l 58.87

Grand total '.$ HJO $647.66

APPENDIX A. 2og

Example III.— Cost of One Mile. 35-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.
Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

44 35 ft. 6 in. top poles, including freight .$ 4.32 $190.08

572 iron steps ® $.02387 308 13.64

220 wood steps @ $.009081 045 2.00

Carbolineum Avenarius 057 2.51

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.54

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 ft. ^ $.17 51 22.44

200 ft. 6-M guy wire # $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs ^ $.75 8.00

4 anchor rods # $.225 .90

10% freight. Incidentals, etc 528 23.92

I^ahor *

Unloading ...'. 30 13.20

Shaving 50 22.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.40

Cutting roof 10 4.40

Boring holes on ground 02 .88

Driving iron steps (g) $.0125 163 . 7.15

Placing wood steps @ $.015 075 3.30

Placing carbolineum 27 11.88

Digging holes 60 26.40

Raising poles 47 20.68

Tamping .18 7.92

Banking poles 05 2.20

Hauling poles 25 11.00

Painting poles @ $.0125 per ft 375 16.50

4 anchor holes dug, earth, (^ $1 ..50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth. @ $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed @ $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7%% i

Teaming. 15% } = 30% 1.036 49.77

Travel, board and incidentals. 7%% >

Total .$ 10.29 $478.92

General expense, 10% 1.03 47.89

Grand total '.$ 11.32 $526.81

Example IV.— Cost of One Mile. .lO-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials : Per Pole. Per M lie.

44 30-ft. 6 in. top poles, including freight $ 3.15 $138.60

396 iron steps @ $.02367 213 9.37

220 wood steps @ $.009081 045 2.00

Carbolineum Avenarius or»7 2 51

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.54

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 ft. @ $.17 .425 18.70

200 ft. 6-M. guy wire & $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps ® $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @ $.75 3.OO

4 anchor rods (Q> $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 393 17.91

Labor:

Unloading '. 25 11.00

Shaving 35 15.40

Cutting one gain 10 4.40

Cutting roof 10 4.40

Boring holes on grround 02 .88

Driving Iron steps @ $.0125 113 4.95

Placing wood steps if $.015 075 3.3.)

Placing carbolineum 27 11.88

Digging holes 60 26.40

Raising poles 3."j 15.40

Tamping 15 6.60

Banking poles 05 2.20

Painting poles @ $.0125 per ft 313 13.75

Hauling poles 20 8.80

4 anchor holes duj?. earth. <fx $1.50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, eiirtli. <(i $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed <& $1.00 4. 00

Supervision. l\^9t f

Teaming, 15% - - 30% .SS2 43.01

Travek board and incidentals, 7*,^% >

Total ".$" STm" $383:39

General expense, 10% .81 38.34

Grand total $ 8.95 $421.73

2IO TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Example V.-— Cost of One Mile, 25 ft. Chestnut Pole Line.
Materials:

Per Pole. PerMlle.

44 25- ft. 6 in. top poles, including freight | 2.03 $89.31

264 iron steps ® $.02367 142 6.S6

220 wood steps @ $.00908i 045 2.00

Carbolineum Avenarius 057 2.51

Spikes, 5-20, 5-60 035 1.54

Paint, 1 qt. for 10 feet & $.17 34 14.96

200 feet 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs & $.75 S.00

4 anchor rods @i S.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 266 12.80

Labor:

* Unloading 20 8.80

Shaving 80 13.20

Cutting one gain 10 4.40

Cutting roof 10 4.40

Boring holes on ground 02 .88

Driving iron steps @ $.0)25 075 3.30

Placing wood steps & $.015 075 3.30

Placing carbolineum 27 11.88

Digging holes 60 26.40

Raising poles 28 12.32

Banking poles 05 2.20

Tamping 16 6.60

Hauling poles 20 8.80

Painting poles # $.0125 per ft 26 11.00

4 anchor noles dug, earth, & $1.50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, @ $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed & $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7%% i

Teaming. 15% >• = 30% .801 39.44

Travel, board and incidentals. 7%% ) _—— .

Total $ 6.385 $306.19

General expense 10% .639 30.62

Grand total $ 7.024 $336.81

Toll Line Poles, Class D. — Class D pole line is designed to
carry 30 or more bare wires on cross arms. Spans on straight
sections are approximately 130 ft. in length.

Example I.— Cost of One Mile. 40 ft. Chestnut Pole Line.
Materials:

Per Pole. PerMlle.

40 40-ft. 7-in. top poles including freight $ 6.58 $268.20

Carbolineum Avenarius 057 2.28

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @ $.75 3.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 664 27.19

Labor:

Unloading 86 14.00

Shaving 56 22.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.00

Cutting roof 10 4.00

Boring holes on ground 02 .80

Placing carbolineum 27 10.80

Digging holes 60 24.00

Raising poles 63 25.20

Tamping 22 8.80

Banking poles 05 2.00

Hauling poles 30 12.00

4 anchor holes dug. earth. U V.^0 .... 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth. <?i $1.00 4.OO

4 guys placed @ $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7V6% f

Teaming, 15% ; - 30% .957 42.48

Travel, board and incidentals. TVj^yj >

Total $ 11.448 $483.14

General expense, 10% 1.145 48.31

Omnd total $ 12..59 $581.45

APPENDIX A. 2il

Example II.— Cost of One Mile, 35-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

40 35-ft. 7-in. top poles, including freight $ 5.07 $202.80

Carbollneum Avenarius 057 2.28

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps & $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs w $.75 3.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 '. .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 513 21.15

Labor:

Unloading 30 12.00

Shaving 60 20.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.00

Cutting roof 10 • 4.00

Boring holes on ground 02 .80

Placing carbollneum 27 10.80

Digging holes 60 24.00

Raising poles 47 18.80

Tamping 18 7.2u

Banking poles 05 2.00

Hauling poles . .25 10.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth, ® $1.50 ' 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth. @ $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed @ $1.00 4.00

Supervision. 7H% )

Teaming. 15% >• = 30% .852 38.28

Travel, board and incidentals, 7%% ^

Total $ 9.332 $398.50

General expense 933 39.85

Grand total $ 10.27 $438.35

Example III. — Cost of One Mile. 30-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

40 .30-ft. 7-fn. top poles, including freight $ 3.65 $146.00

Carbollneum Avenarius 057 2.28

200 ft. 6-M guy wlte (9> $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps (0) $.0958 .' .77

4 anchor logs @ $.75 3.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight. Incidentals, etc 371 15.47

Labor:

Unloading 25 10.00

Shaving 35 14.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.00

Cutting roof 10 4.00

Boring holes on ground :02 .80

Placing carbollneum 27 10.80

Digging holes 60 24.00

Raising poles 35 14. Oo

Tamping 15 6.00

Banking poles 05 2.00

Hauling poles 20 8.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth, ® $1.50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, (g> $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed (S> $1.00 4.00

Supervision. 7^% )

Teaming, 15% V - 30% .732 33.43

Travel, board and Incidentals, 7%% \

Total $ 7.25 $315.22

General expense, 10% 73 31.52

Grand total $ 7. 98 $346.74

Toll Line Poles, Class E. — Class E pole line is designed to
carry an ultimate load of 20 bare wires on cross arms. Spans
on straight sections are approximately 130 ft. in length.

212 TELIIPHOSE COXSTRUCTION.

Example I.— Cost of One AUle. 45-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.
Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

40 45-ft. 6-in. top poles, includingr freight $ 7. US ^283.20

Carbolineum Avenarlus 06 2.40

200 ft. 6-M g:uy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 gruy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @ $.75 3.00

4 anchor rods @ $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 714 29.20

Labor:

Unloading 40 16.00

Shaving 65 26.00

Cutting one gain 10 4 00

Cutting roof 10 4.0n

Boring holes on ground 02 .80

Placing carbolineum 27 10.80

Digging holes 60 24.00

Raising poles 1.10 44.00

Tamping 32 12.80

Banking poles 05 2.00

Hauling poles 40 16.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth, (ft) $1.50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth. @ $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed (S) $1.00 4.00

Supervision. 7%% /

Teaming. 15% \ = 30% 1.203 62.32

Travel, board and incidentals, 7%% )

Total $ 13.067 $547.91

General expense, 10% 1.307 54.79

Grand total $ 14.37 $602.70

Example II.— Cost of One Mile, 40-ft Chesinut Pole Line.

Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

40 40-ft. 6-in. top poles. Including freight $ 5.93 $237.20

Carbolineum Avenarlus 0.'»7 2.28

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps # $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs @ $.75 .TOO

4 anchor rods (ft' $.225 .90

10% freight, incidentals, etc 599 24.59

Labor:

irnloHding 35 1 4.00

Shaving 55 22.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.00

Cutting roof 10 4.00

Boring holes on ground 02 .80

Placing carbolineum 27 10.80

Digging holes 60 24.00

Raising polec 63 25.20

Tamping 22 8.80

Banking poles 05 2.00

Hauling Doles 3« 12.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth, ft $l.riU 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped. <»arth..'?i $1.0> 4.0C

4 guys placed <(t $1.00 4. no

Supervision. 7»/^% /

Teaming. 15% ■ — :?(r; .!*.-i7 42.4S

Travel, hotird and Incidt ntals. ly^^r ^

Tolal $ 10.733 $454.54

General cxi)cnse, Uk; 1.073 45.45

Grand tctal $ ll.Sl $499.99

APPENDIX A.

213

Example III. — Cost
Materials:

of One Mile, 35-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

40 35- ft. 6-in, top poles. Including freight.

CarboUneum Avenarlus

200 ft. 6-M guy wire @ $.0086

8 guy clamps ® $.0958

4 anchor logs @ $.75

4 anchor rods ^ $.225...

10% freight, incidentals, etc ,

Labor:

Unloading

Shaving

Cutting one gain "..

Cutting roof ,

Boring holes on ground ,

Placing carbolineum

Digging holes

Raising poles

Tamping

Banking poles

Hauling poles ,

4 anchor holes dug, earth, djc $1
4 anchor holes tamped, earth, (g
4 guys placed (^ $1.00

Supervision, 7%%

Teaming. 15 % ,

Travel, board and Incidentals,

Per Pole.
.$ 4.32
,0."»7

50

> $1.00.

7'.^%.

1 =

30%

438

30
50
10
10
02
27
60
47
18
05
25

.852

Per Mile.

$172.80
2.28
1.72

wm0m

.< I

3.00

.90

18.15

12.00

20.00

4.00

4.0it

.80

10.80

24.00

18.80

7.20

2.00

10.00

6.00

4.00

4.00

38.28

Cost $ 8.507 $366.50

General expense. 10% 851 36.55

Total cost $ 9.36 $402.06

Example IV.— C\»?t i)f One Mile, 30- ft. Chestnut Pole Line.

Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

40 30-ft. 6-in. top poles. Including freight $ 3.15 $126.00

Carbolineum Avenarlus 057 2.28

200 ft. 6-M guy wire ® $.0086 1.72

8 guy clamps @ $.0958 .77

4 anchor logs (ff $.75 3.00

4 anchor rods (a $.225 ". .90

10% freight. Incidentals, etc 321 13.47

Labor:

Unloading 25 10.00

Shaving 35 14.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.00

Cutting roof , .10 4.00

Boring holes on ground 02 .80

Placing carbolineum 27 10.80

Digging holes ' 60 24.00

Raising poles 35 14.00

Tamping 1« *-00

Banking poles 05 2.00

Hauling poles 20 8.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth, ^i $1.50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth. <Q $1.0'» 4.00

4 guys placed ® $1.00 *-^<*

Super\'ision. 7»4% / ^ ^^ ^ ^

Teaming 15% ^\ =80% .732 33.48

Travel, board and incidentals, TVjSJ ^

Cost * 6 '." *293.22

Genei-al expense. !(►% ^'« 29.32

Total cost $ "< -3^ $322.54

214

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Example V.— Cost of One Mile. 2o-ft. Chestnut Pole Line.
Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

40 26- ft. 6-ln. top poles, including: freight $ 2.03 $81.20

Carbolineum Av enarius 057 2.2S

200ft. 6-M guy wire e $0086 1.72

8 guy clamps ® $.0958 .77

4 anchor rods ® $.225 .90

4 anchor logs ® $.76 3.00

10% freight, Incidentals, etc 209 8.99

Labor:

Unloading 20 8.00

Shaving 30 12.00

Cutting one gain 10 4.00

Cutting roof 10 4.00

Boring holes on ground 02 .80

Placing carbolineum 27 10.80

Digging holes 60 24.00

Raising poles 28 11.20

Tamping 15 6.00

Banking poles 05 2.00

Hauling poles 20 8.00

4 anchor holes dug, earth. & $1.50 6.00

4 anchor holes tamped, earth, @ $1.00 4.00

4 guys placed @) $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7%% )

Teaming. 15% \ = 30% .681 31.14

Travel, board and incidentals, 7V^% >

Total $ 5.247 $235.10

General expense, 10% 52") 23.51

Grand total $ 5.77 $258.61

Farmer Line Poles. — This line is designed to carry, either 4

bare wires on brackets, or an ultimate of 10 wires on a
cross arm. Spans on straight sections are approximately i6o
ft. in length. #

POLES:

Example I. — Cost of One Mile Farmer's Lino with Four Brackets.

Materials: *

Per Pole. Per Mile.

33 25 -ft. 5-ln. top poles. Including freight $ 1.20 $39.60

4 oak brackets @ $.0163 042 2.40

Spikes, 4-40. 4-60 028 .92

200 ft. No. 6 .steel wire for guys .56

4 5-ft. IX guy stubs @) $.60 2.40

8 i4x4-ln. lag screws @ $.0078 * .06

10% freight, incidentals, etc.. 127 4.69

LAbor:

Digging holes, 4 ft 60 19.80

Raising poles 28 9.24

Tamping 15 4.96

Banking 05 1.65

Hauling and unloading 20 6.60

4 brackets placed @ $.01 04 1.32

4 guy holes dug, tarlh. & $.40 (4 ft) 1.60

4 guy hole.s tamped, earth, 4-ft @ $.15 .60

4 guys placed ^ $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7H% )

Teaming. 15% }■ - .^0% .396 14.94

• Travel, board and incidentals. 7%% )

Total $ 3.113 $116.23

General expense. 10% 311 11.62

GTand total $ 3.42 $126.75

APPENDIX A. 215

Example II.— Cost of One Mile Farmer's Line With One Cross
Arm.
Materials:

Per Pole. Per Mile.

33 25-ft. 6-in. top poles, including freisrht | 1.20 $ 39.60

200 ft No. 6 guy wire .56

4 ft. 1-x guy stubs @ $.60 2.40

8 Hx4-ln. lag screws @ |.0078 .06

10% freight, incidentals, etc 12 4.26

Labor:

Digging holes, earth, 4-ft 60 19.80

Raising poles 28 9.24

Tamping 15 4.95

Banking , 05 1.65

Hauling and unloading 20 6.60

4 guy holes dug. earth. 4-ft. (g> $.40 1.60

4 guy holes tamped, earth. 4-ft. @ $.15 .60

4 guys placed @ $1.00 4.00

Supervision, 7%% )

Teaming. 16% > = 30% .384 14.58

Travel, board and incidentals, 7%% >

Cost of 1 crossarm 1.32 43.56

Total $ 4.30 $163.41

General expense, 10% 43 15.84

Grand total $ 4.73 $168.75

Guy Poles. — The data include the cost of structural iron,
cast iron pipe and wooden guy poles.

Example I.— 16-Ft. Structural Iron Pole In Plac**.
Af aterials *

1 16-ft. guy pole (891 lbs., m $.029) «...$ -26.839

1 10-ft. anchor log 1.50

1 set fittings 5.50

3 cu. yds. concrete for base In place 18.00

10% freight, incidentals, etc 6.084

Labor: $ 65.923

Placing fittings $ 1.00

Digging 10-ft. hok, earth 3.00

Raising pole 2.00

Tamping 1.50

Supervision. 7%% \

Teaming. 15% \ = 30%.... 2.26

Travel and board. 7%% J

Cost of pole $ 66.67

Oenerel expense. 10% 6.57

Grand total .$ 72.24

Example II. — 18-Ft. Structural Iron Pole In Place.
Itf ate rials *

1 18-ft. guy pole (1.003 lbs., # $.029) $ 29.087

1 10-ft. anchor log 1.50

1 set fittings ' 5.50

3 cu. yds. concrete for base in place (@i $6.00 18.00

10% freight, incidentals, etc 5.409

Labor: $ 59.495

Placing fittings $ 1.00

Digging 10-ft. hole, earth 3.00

Raising pole 2.00

Tamping 1.50

Supervision, 7^% 1

Teaming. 15% \ = 30% 2.25

Travel and board. 7H% J

$ 9.75

Cost of polt $ 69.246

General expense, 10% j. 6.925

Grand total * 76.171

2i6 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Example III. — 20-Ft. Structural Iron Pole in Place.
Materials:

1 20-ft. £ruy pole (1.114 lbs.. ® $.029) $32,306

1 10-ft anchor • log 1.50

1 set flttlngs 5.50

3 cu. yds. concrete for base in place ® $6.00 18.00

10% freight, incidentals, etc 5.73

$ 63.03
Labor:

Placing fittings $ 1.00

Digging 10-ft. hole, earth 3.00

Raising pole 2.00

Tamping 1.50

Supervision, 7%% 1

Teaming. 15% } = 30% 2.25

Travel and board. 7^% J

$ 9.75

Cost of pole 3 72.786

General expense, 10% 7.27D

Grand total % 80.065

Example IV.— 20-Ft. Iron Pipe Guy Poles in Place.

1 20-ft. pole @ $.75 per ft $ 15.00

U cu. yd. concrete for base in place # $6.00 1.50

10% freight, incidentals, etc 1.65

$ 18.15
Labor:

Hole dug, earth $ 1.00

Pole raised 2.00

Pole tamped 50

Pole banked 05

Supervision. 7^% ]

Teaming, 15% \ — 30% 1.07

Travel and board, 7%% J

$ 4.62

Cost of jx»le $ 22.77

General expense, 10% 2.28

Grand total $ 25.05

Example V.— Cost of 18-Ft. Iron Pipe Guy Pole in Place.. $ 23.23

Example VI.— Cost of 16-Ft. Iron Pipe Guy Pole In Place. $ 21.42

Example VII.— Cost of 25-Ft. Wood Guy Pole In Place.
Materials:

1 25-ft. Chestnut 7-ln. top pole, including freight $ 2.53

(^arboUneum Avenarlus 067

10% freight. Incidentals, «»to 258

$ 2.84G
Labor:

Unloading $ .20

Shaving 30

Placing carbolineuni 27

Digging hole ^ 60

Raising pole 28

Tamping 15

Banking 05

Supervision. 7V6% 1

Teaming. 15% \ - -O^v 555

Travel and b«>»ird. 7 ^^Tu )

$ 2.41

Cti.st of poll* $ 5.25

(iriKTiii ('X|ion.sr. lu'.j .53

Total % 5.78

Example VIII. — Cost (»f 2i> ft. \vo<kI kuv pole in j.lace $ 5.177

APPENDIX A, 217

\yood Anchor Logs. — The cost of materials and labor for
wood anchor log^s in place was as follows :

Example I. — Wood anchor loii^s.
Materials:

1 5-f t. anchor log, IncUidlnK freight S .75

1 %-ln. X 7-ft. rod 226

10% frelgrht. Incidentals, etc 098

$ 1.073
Labor:

1 5-ft. anchor hole dug, earth $ 1.50

1 5-ft. anchor hole tamped l.OO

Supervision, 7%% )

Teaming, 15% \ = 30% 75

Travel and board, 7%% J

I 3.2

o

Cost of log % 4.S2:J

General expense, 10% 43

Total S 4.755

For rock excavation add |3.58.

Example II. — 10-Ft. Chestnut Log In Place.
Materials:

1 10-ft. anchor log. including freight $ 1.60

11% In. X 7-ft. anchor rod 225

10% freight and incidentals 173

$ \.9dS
Labor:

1 10-ft. anchor hole dug, earth $ 3.00

1 10-ft. anchor hole tamped, earth s 1.50

Supervision. 7%% )

Teaming, 15% \ = 30% 1.35

Travel and board, 7%% J

% 5.85

Cost of loif $ 7.748

• General exp^^nse. 10% 774

Total I 8.523

For rock excavation add $7.15.

Cross Arms:^-Co8t of 1. 10-ft.. 10 pin cross arm In place.

Materials: Per Pole.

1 10-ft., 10-pln cross arm # $.665 $ .665

10 Standard locust pins @ $.0105 105

10 6-d Nails <^ $.00015 002

1 pair 28-in. cross arm braces @ $.08 080

2 ?ix4-in. carriage bolts @ $.0061 012

1 Fetter drive screw ® $.0093 009

1 14-in. cross arm bolt @ $037 037

2 Square washers (S) $.0068 014

10% freight, incidentals, etc 0924

$ 1.016
I^bor :

1 cross arm distributed <8> $.03 $ .03

10 pins placed (g) $.0025 025

1 pair cross arm braces placed (Si $.03 03

1 10-pIn cross arm placed <£»» $.15 15

Supervision, 7%% \

Teaming, 15% \ = 30% 0705

Travel and board, 7%% J

$ .305

Cost of one arm $ 1.321

General expense. 10% 132

Total $ 1.454

2l8

TELEPHOXE COXSTRUCTIOX.

Wire Stringing. — Tlie followinjj example shows the
method of arriving at the cost of wire stringing:

Cost of One Pair No. 14 N. B. S. Gage, H. D. Copper, on One Mile Class

•A" Pole Line:
Materials:

204 lbs. No. 14 copper. A) $.235 $ 47.94

104 lbs. glass ® $.01885 1.96

Tie wire, line Joints. e:c 30

5% freight, etc 2.51

Labor: $ 52.77

*2 wires strung one mile ^ $5.81 $ 1 1.62

1 04 glass placed 9 $.01 1.04

Supervision, 7H% ] -- ir,« i on

Travel and board. 7%% J " i^%. . • . i.»u

$ 14.56

Cost of one pair $ 67.27

General expense, 10% 6.727

Total $ 74.00

*Team hire Included in cost of stiinging.

As the number of poles per mile varies with the class of
line and the cost of stringing with the number of wires, the
above is given, simply to show the diflFerent items considered
in arriving at the costs given in Tables I to V.

Table I.— Cost of One Mile H. D. Copper on Class "A" Pole Line:

Cost of Cost of Cost of

No. 14 No. 12 Cross Total Cost.

N. B. S. N. B. S. Arms. No. 14. No. 12.

1 pr $ 74.00 $102,308 $ 75.40 $149.40 $177,708

2 pr 132.422 202.498 75.40 207.822 277.898

3 pr 194.907 300.021 75.40 270.307 376.421

4 pr 258.128 398.280 75.40 333.528 473.680

5 pr 317.715 492.905 75.40 393.115 568.806

6 pr 390.780 601.008 150.50 541.580 761.808

7 pr 448.665 693.931 150.80 599.460 844.731

8 pr 506.136 786.440 150.80 «>56.936 937.24

9 pr 660.502 875.844 150.80 711.303 1026.644

10 pr 617.950 968.330 150.80 768.75 1119.13

Table 11.— Cost of One Mile H. D. Copper on Class **B" Pole Line.

Cost of Cost of Cost of

No. 14 No. 12 Cross Total Cost.

N. B. S. N. B. S. Arms. No. 14. No. 12.

1 pr $67,017 $102,058 $69.60 $136,617 $171,668

2 pr 131.918 202.000 69.60 201.518 271.600

3 pr 194,151 299.274 69.60 263.761 868.874

4 pr 257.12 397.284 69.60 326.72 466.884

5 pr 316.455 491.660 69.60 386.055 561.260

6 pr 389.268 599.514 139.20 528.468 738.714

7 pr 446.878 692.165 139.20 586.078 831.365

8 pr 505.270 785.598 139.20 644.470 924.798

\) pr 558.234 873.603 139.20 697.434 1012.803

10 pr 615.430 965.840 139.20 754.63 1105.040

Table III.— Co.st of One Mile H. D. Copper Class "C** Pole JJne.

Cost of Cost of Co.st of

No. 14 No. 12 Cross Total Cost.

N. B. S. N. B. S. Arms. No. 14. No. 12.

1 pr $66,700 $101,808 $63.80 $130,500 $165,608

2 pr 131.554 201.730 63.80 195.454 265.530

3 pr 193.410 298.524 68.60 257.210 862.824

4 pr 256.132 396.284 63.80 319.932 460.084

5 pr 315.220 490.410 63.80 379.02 554.21

6 pr 387.786 598.014 127.60 515.386 725.614

7 pr 445.172 690.438 127.60 572.772 818.038

8 pr 502.144 782.448 127.60 629.744 910.048

9 pr 556.011 871.353 127.60 683.611 998.963

10 pr 612.950 963.340 127.60 740..*i5 1090.940

APPENDIX A.

219

Table IV.— Cost of One Mile H.

Cost of

No. 14

N. B. S.

1 pr $ 66.52

2 pr 130.925

3 pr • 192.661

4 pr 2">o.l34

5 pr 313.972

6 pr 3S6.289

7 pr 443.42>

8 pr 500.148

9 pr 553.763

10 pr 610.463

P. Copper

(^ost of

No. 12

N. B. S.

$101,559
201.002
297.777
395.288
489.165
596.520
688.693
780.456
869.112
960.83

on Class
Cost of
Cross
Arms.
$ 58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
116.00
116.00
116.00
116.00
116.00

"D" or "E" Pole Lint

Total

No. 14.

5124.520
l»8.92j
250.661
313.134
371.97«
502.289
559.425
616.148
669.763
726.463

Cost.

No. 12.

$159,559
259.002
865.777
453.288
547.163
712.52
804.695
896.456
985.112

1076.85

Table v.— Cost of One Mile No. 12 B. W. G. Steel Wire on Class "D" or '"E
Pole Line:

Cost of No. 12
B. W. G. Wire.

1 pr $ 25.318

2 pr 48.520

3 pr 69.054

4 pr 90.324

5 pr 107.960

6 pr 139.074

7 pr 154.508

8 pr 170.528

9 pr 182.943

10 pr 198.440

$9

Cost of

Cross Arm.

$ 58.00

58.00

58.00

58.00

58.00

116.00

116.00

116.00

116.00

116.00

Total Cost.
$ 83.318
106.520
127.064
148.324
165.960
255.074
270.508
286.528
298.943
314.440

The cost of one mile No. 12 B. W. G. steel wire on farmer's
line with one cross arm (33 poles to the mile) figures as
follows :

Cost of No. 12 •

B. W. G. Wire.

1 pr.... $ 24.874

2 pr 47.632

8 pr 67.722

4 pr 88.548

6 pr 105.740

The cost of one mile No. 12 B. W. G. steel wire on farmer's
line with brackets figures as follows:

1 pr.

2 pr.

Cost of Wire.

$24,874

47.632

The cost of No. 14 N. B. S. weatherproof wire on Class A
pole line was as follows:

1^/f ft. t ^T*{ft 1 ft *

364 lbs. No. 14 N. B. S., W. P. @ $.23Vi I 85.54

104 glass @ $.01885 1.96

Tie wires, etc 50

6% freight, etc 4.40

Labor:
2 wires strung one mile #

104 glass placed & $.01

Supervision. 7%%

Teaming, 6%%

Travel, board, etc., 2%%,

$ 92.40

$7.83 $ 15.66

1.04

=

15%.

2.51

$ 19.21

Total $111.61

General expense. 10% 11.16

Cost of one mile $122.77

Cost of one foot 0203

220 TELEPUOKE CONSTRUCTION.

The cost of No. 14 R. & S. twist on Class A pole line was
as follows:

Materlate:

5.280 ft. twist e $.0187 \$ 97.75

52 brackets @ $.0367 1.908

52 knobs @ $.01606 835

104 la^ screws ® $.0078 811

52 bolt @ $.0069 359

Tie wire, etc 1.00

6% freight 6.132

$107,775
Labor:

One mile twist strung: ^ $7.88 $ 7.83

62 brackets placed 9 1.02 1.04

Supervision, 7%% i

Teaming, 5%...........^ > = 1'.% 133

mine,
vel, b

Travel, board, etc., 2^%.

$ 10.20

Cost , $ll7.97i>

General expense, 10% 11.797

Cost of one mile $129,772

Cost of one foot $ .0243

The average cost of one subscriber's drop, using No. 14
B. & S. twisted pair, was as follows:

Materials:

200 ft. No. 14 B. & S. twisted pair # $.0187 $ 3.74

5 house knobs @ $.01388 07

Portion of distributing bracket and knob expense 06

5% freight and incidentals 194

S 4.064
LAbor:

200 ft. No. 14 twist strung including the placing of rH supports, etc.$ 2.00

Supervision. 7%% i

Teaming, 6% >• = 15% 30

Travel, board, etc., 2%% )

$ 2.30

Cost of one drop $ 6.864

General expense, 10% 636

Cost $ 7.00

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION.

The costs on underground conduit construction are derived
from the contract prices paid for this work. In explanation
it may be said that in the city in which this work was done
'^politics" made it impossible to do the work in any other way
then by contract with certain contractors. The specifications
and contract prices on which the figures given here are based
are as follows:

APPENDIX A. 221

General Specifications. — The specifications were as follows :

(i) Multiple Duct Conduit with Concrete Protection at
Top, Bottom and Sides, — The foundation for this conduit
shall be not less than 4 ins. thick. After the foundation has
been allowed to set, a layer of cement mortar shall be placed
upon it and the conduit laid on this cement, breaking joints.
The joints shall be made by wrapping a strip of muslin 6 ins.
wide and long enough to make lyi turns around the ends of
the pieces to be jointed. This muslin wrapper shall be dipped
into a thin mixture of cement mortar, and after being placed
on the ducts, shall be covered with J/>-in, cement mortar on
top and sides. After the requisite number of ducts are laid
and the joints well formed, 3 ins. of concrete shall be well
tamped in place on each side and 4 ins. on top.

(2) Multiple Duct unth Concrete Base and Plank Protec-
tion at the Top. — The foundations for this conduit shall be
the same as in Case No. i. After the foundation has been
allowed to set, a layer of cement shall l"e placed upon it and
the conduit laid on this cement, breaking joints. The joints
shall be made by wrapping a strip of muslin 6 ins. wide
around the ends of the pieces to be jointed. This strip of
muslin shall be dipped into a thin mixture of cement mortar
just before being placed. A cement collar shall be formed
over this muslin wrapper. After these cement collars have
set, fine dirt shall be well tamped in place on the sides, great
care being taken not to break the collars.

After about i in. of fine dirt is placed on top of the con-
duit, a iJ/2-in. creosoted plank or planks shall be placed on
top so that the planking shall extend about i in. beyond the
conduits on each side.

(3) Multiple Duct Conduit with Plank Protection at Top
and Bottom. — The foundation for this conduit consists dim-
ply of ij4-in. creosoted planking. This planking shall be
placed on the bottom of the trench on an even solid surface.
The joints shall be sealed by wrapping a strip of canvas
soaked in a mixture of hot tar and pitch and shall be 6 ins.
wide and long enough to make V/i turns around the piece* to
be jointed. The trench shall be filled with fine earth and
tamped to the level of the top of the ducts, and i^'j in. creo-

222 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

soted plank or planks shall be placed on the top of the
conduit.

Concrete. — Concrete for manholes shall be composed of 2
parts cement, 5 parts sand and 10 parts of washed gravel or
crushed limestone. This concrete shall be mixed on a wooden
or iron mixing board or in a mixer, but in no case shall it be
mixed on the ground or street. This concrete shall first be
made by mixing the sand and cement dry and then adding
the broken stone after the sand and cement are well mixed ;
then enough water shall be added to bring the mixture to
such a consistency that when tapped with the back of a
shovel the water shall appear on the surface. The cement
used shall be the Atlas brand of Portland cement or its
approved equivalent. Sand shall be good, sharp sand, free
from loam, dirt, or other foreign matter. The crushed lime-
stone shall be of such size that all of it shall pass through a
ring lyi ins. in diameter in every direction, and none of it
shall pass through a ring ^-in. in diameter. If gravel is used
for concrete it shall be well screened and washed and of
the same dimensions as specified for crushed stone. Concrete
for duct foundation shall be composed of i part Atlas Port-
land cement or its approved equivalent, 2 parts fine, sharp
sand, and 5 parts of crushed limestone or gravel. This lime-
stone or gravel shall be of such a size that all of it shall pass
through a ring J^-in. in diameter and none of it shall pass
through a ring J4-'"- in diameter. This concrete shall be
mixed the same as specified above for concrete for manholes.

Cement Mortar. — Shall be made of 2 parts Atlas Portland
cement and 5 parts good, sharp sand, free from loam, mica or
other foreign matter.

Brick Manholes. — All brick shall be first class, hard-burned
sewer brick, and shall be wet just before being laid. The
brick masonry shall be laid in cement mortar. The bricks
shall be laid in a full bed of mortar upon all sides. Every
third course of brick shall be a course of headers. No bats
are to be used in the construction of manholes.

APPENDIX A, 223

Contract Prices.— The contract prices are as follows:
City Work—

E^rth trench excavation down to 8 ft % 1.89 cu. yd.

Elarth manhole excavation 1.89 cu. yd.

E^arth trench excavation, 8 ft. to 12 ft 2.00 cu. yd.

Rock manhole excavation 2.75 cu. yd.

Rock trench excavation 2.75 cu. yd.

Earth trench excavation 1.35 cu. yd.

Earth manhole excavation 1.62 cu. yd.

Rock trench excavation 2.00 cu. yd.

Common brick in place in M. H. walls SO.OO per M .

Concrete in concrete manhole 7.00 cu. yd.

Concrete in manhole bottoms 4.60 cu. yd.

Old rails and beams in place 1.85 C. lbs.

Beams, angles and rails in place 2.20 C. lbs.

Miscellaneous concrete 5.00 cu. yd.

Large castings, weighing 1,100 to 1,150 lbs. in place 25.00 ea.

Taking up and replacing asphalt pavement 2.25 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing asphalt pavement, concrete base 3.00 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing block stone pavement 50 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing block stone pavement, concrete baso. .. 2.50 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing block stone pavement, tarred 85 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing cobblestone pavement 35 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing brick street pavement, old 40 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing brick street pavement, new 1.25 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing flagstone pavement 45 sq. yd.

Taking up and replacing old granolithic pavement 1.85 sq. yd.

Sand 06 bu.

Gravel 05 bu.

Cement 626 sack.

Labor 176 hr.

Foreman 35 hr.

Team 50 hr .

Cart 275 hr.

Conduit Costs. — The cost of McRoy conduit in place for
three classes of construction is given in Table VI.

Manholes. — On an average, manholes are 325 ft. apart, so
that to the cost of every 325 ft. of conduit laid it will be
necessary to add the cost of one manhole, of the class used as
given below. ■

Concrete Manhole, Tzco IVay. — Prices for material in place:

10 yds. earth excavation at $1.89 % 18.90

5.7 yds. concrete at $7.00 39.90

400 lbs. iron beams at $1.85 per cwt 7.40

1 large casting 21.50

1 connection to sewer 20.00

100 brick for top at $30.00 per M 3.00

2 cable pulls at $0.50 1.00

30 hanger sockets at $0.05 1.50

24 conduit plugs at $0.05 1.20

10 per cent incidentals, etc 11.44

Total $125.84

Note — 43 sq. ft paving additional.

Concrete Manhole, Three Way, — Prices for material in place :

11 yds. earth excavation at $1.89 $ 20.79

6 yds. concrete at $7.00 42.00

400 lbs. iron beams at $1.85 cwt 7.40

1 large casting 21.50

1 connection to sewer 20.00

100 brick for top at $30.00 per M 3.00

2 cable pulls at $0.50 1.00

30 hanger sockets at $0.05 1.50

24 conduit plugs at $0.05 1.20

10 per cent Incidentals, etc 11.84

ToUl $130.28

Note— 48 sq. ft. paving additional.

224 TELEFHOSE COSSTRUCTION,

Brick Manhole, Two Way, p-in. Wall. — Prices for material in
place :

11 yds. earth excavation at II. S9 $ 20.79

.6 yds. concrete bottom at $4.50 2.25

1700 brick at $30.00 per M 51.00

400 lbs. iron beams at 11.85 per cwt 7.40

1 large casting 21.50

1 connection to sewer 20.00

2 cable pulls at $0.50 1.00

30 hanger sockets at $0.05 1-50

24 conduit plugs at $0.05 1.20

10 per cent incidentals, etc 12.66

Total $139.30

Note— 48 sq. ft. of paving additional.

Brick Manhole, Three Way, i^-in. WalL — Prices for material
in place:

13 yds. earth excavation at $1.89 $ 24.57

.6 yds. concrete In bottom at $4.50 2.70

2650 brick at $30.00 per M 76.50

400 lbs. iron beams at $1.85 per cwt 7.40

1 large casting 21.50

1 connection to sewer 20.00

2 cable pulls at $0.50 1-00

30 hanger sockets at $0.05 1-50

•24 conduit plugs at $0.05 1.20

10 per cent Incidentals, etc 15.63

Total $172.00

Note — 48 sq. ft. paving additional.

APPENDIX A,

225

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APPENDIX B.

MISCELLANEOUS COST DATA ON POLE LINE AND

UNDERGROUND CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION.

■

The following cost data on pole line and underground con-
duit construction have been compiled by the editors of En-
gineering-Contracting from articles published in that journal
and from other sources as named in the text.

Cost of Two Short Telephone Lines. — The two lines were
respectively lo miles long and 14 miles long; their cost pei
mile was as follows :

10-Mile Line.

Labor : Per Mile.

1.7 days foreman at $4 $ 6.80

1.7 days sub-foreman at $3 5.10

4 days climbers at $2.50 10.00

10.5 days groundmen at $2.25 23.63

17.9 days total at $3.10 $ 55.53

Materials:

28 poles at $1.50 $ 42.00

28 cross-arms at 15 cts 4.20

28 steel pins at 4 cts 1.12

28 glass insulators at 4 cts 1.12

56 lag screws and washers at i V< cts 0.84

305 lbs. No. 9 galv. wire at 4.2 cts 12.81

Total materials $ 62.09

Total labor and material $117.62

More than 90 per cent, of the poles were 25 ft. long ; the rest
were 30 to 40 ft. in length.

226

APPENDIX B. 227

14-Mile Line.
Labor : Per Mile.
2.2 days foreman at $3.50 $ 7.70

2.2 days sub-foreman at $3 6.60

5.3 days climber at $2.75 14.58

11.4 dajrs groundman at $2.25 25.64

21.5 dayfe total at $2.54 .$ 54.52

Materials :

32 poles at $1.50 $ 48.00

32 brackets at i>^ cts 0.48

380 lbs. No. 8 galv. wire at 4.2 cts 15-96

10 lbs. No. 9 galv. wire at 4.2 cts 0.42

lyi lbs. fence staples at 2>4 cts O.04

32 insulators at 4 cts 1.28

Total materials $ 66.18

Total labor and materials $120.70

2 telephones at $12.50 $ 25.00

200 ft. office wire 1.40

Labor Cost of High Power Transmission Line. — ^The line
was pole line and its total length was 9,500 ft. along a public
road. The poles and cross-arms were delivered at one end of
the line by railroad, so the average haul on material was about
one mile. The poles were from 30 to 33 ft. long, measuring
from 5 to 9 ins. at the top and from 12 to 18 ins. at the butt.

The wages paid for a lo-hr. day on the work were as fol-
lows: Foreman, $3.00; laborers, $1.50; linemen, $2.50; team
2 horses and driver, $4.50.

Hauling. — ^The poles were hauled on a two-horse wagon,
one man assisting the driver in loading and unloading them.
Naturally a large per cent, of the cost of hauling was in taking
the poles from the cars and unloading them from the wagon.
The poles were of chestnut, fairly light, and 8 to 10 poles
could be hauled at a trip. The cost of hauling the poles was :

Team $22.50

Laborers 7.50

Total $30.00

228 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

■

Digging Holes, — In digging the holes for the poles, one man
worked on a hole. He used a digging bar, a shovel with extra
long handle and a spoon with same length handle. The holes
were dug 5 ft. deep and were 30 ins. in diameter at the top
and about 18 ins. at the bottom, making an average diameter
of 2 ft. From each hole was excavated 0.58 cu. yd. The ma-
terial was a red sandy clay, and the holes were all dry. There
were 74 holes dug. The cost was :

Foreman $17.25

Laborers 55-50

Total $72.75

The cost per hole was as follows :

Foreman , $0.23

Men 0.75

Total $0.98

The cost per cu. yd. was as follows :

Foreman $0.40

Men 1.30

Total $1.70

It will be noticed that one man dug 2 holes per day.

Raising Poles, — The pole raising was done by hand. A
deadman and a jenny were used, these being manipulated by
two men. The foreman or a lineman held a metal slide in the
hole for the butt of the pole to slide against, keeping it from
gouging into the side of the hole. The rest of the crew used
pikes to lift the top of the pole, and place it in the hole. The
crew consisted of the foreman, one lineman and about 7 nien.

The method of operation was as follows: The pole was
rolled to the hole by means of bars and cant hooks. The slide
meantime was placed in the hole. Then the crew lifted the
small end onto the jenny which held it until the deadman was
put in place. With the pole resting on the deadman, the pikes
were brought into play, and as the pole was lifted the dead-
man was moved up under the pole until the final lift came
that sent the pole into the hole. Then it was turned and lined

APPENDIX B. 229

up, the lineman assisting the foreman in this work, after which
the refilling of the hole was done.

A record of this work was kept in detail on a number of
poles, from which it was found that the average time con-
sumed in the work was as follows :

Getting ready to set pole, 3 minutes; raising pole, 6 min-
utes ; lining pole, 2 m'inutes ; filling and tamping earth in hole,
I man shoveling and 3 tamping, 10 minutes, several men
standing by the pikes to steady the pikes ; moving to next
hole, 4 minutes : total time, 25 minutes.

When everything is working well this average can be main-
tained, but a little time is occasionally lost due to unforseen
obstacles that prevent this speed. The cost of raising the
poles was:

Foreman $10.50

Laborers 37-50

Lineman 8.75

Total $56.75

This, for the 74 poles, gives a cost per pole of the following :

Foreman $0.14

Laborers 0.50

Lineman 0.12

Total $0.76

Cross-Arms, — Before raising the poles, and while the labor-
ers were digging the holes, the linemen were at work dapping
the poles to receive the cross-arms. The cross-arms used
were 8-pin arms, two being placed on each pole. At all times
in the line, double cross-arms were used, that is, a cross-arm
was put on each side of the poles. This was the case for
nine poles. For future needs the poles were dapped in 3
places. This made 240 daps necessary. The poles, as stated,
were chestnut. The cost of dapping the poles was $22.62,
making a cost per dap of 9.8 cts.

One lineman placed the cross-arms, the team hauling them
along as nee^pd, and the driver acting as the lineman's
"ground hog." The sketch, Fig. 88, shows how these arms

230

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION,

were placed, and braced with two pieces of galvanized iron.
In all, i66 cross-arms were used. The cost of this work was:

Hauling with team $21.37

Lineman 6.25

Total $27.62

The high cost of this was due to the fact that the team was
charged to this work for the entire time of placing the cross-
arms, as it waited at each pole while the arms were being put
in place. The cost per cross-arm was 17 cts.

One lineman and a helper placed the insulators. The cost
of this was :

I I I LfT.I I I I.

I I
I I

LJ

£/KfrCttftf

rig. 88.— Method of Guyin

Transmission Line Pole.

Lineman
Helper .

$375
2.25

Total $6.00

Only six insulators were put on a cross-arm, thus making
12 to a pole, except at the turns, as the line was to carry 12
wires. In all 996 insulators were used, hence the cost per
unit was 0.6 cts.

Guy Poles, — In building lines with a number of wires on
them, it is necessary to guy all poles where there are turns in
the line, and on long straight lines some of the poles must also
be guyed. The sketch, Fig. 88, shows the method used in
guying this line, and is one frequently used. The guy pole

APPENDIX B. 231

holes were dug of about the same dimensions as the holes
for the line poles. The cost was:

Foreman $i-50

Laborers 6.75

Total $8.25

The cost per hole was:

Foreman $0.17

Laborers 0.75

Total $0.92

The raising of the poles cost :

Foreman $3.00

Laborers 9.00

Total $12.00

This makes a cost per pole of $1.33. This is large, owing
to the fact that the men lost considerable time moving from
pole to pole and carrying their tools, also to the fact that each
pole had to be cut and trimmed, as these guy poles were
made from rejected line poles.

The method of placing the guy wires to the poles was as
follows : The wire was fastened to each of the two poles, and
then brought to the tightening block as shown in the sketch.
With blocks and tackle fastened to the two poles, the poles
were brought to a snug bearing and the wires were made fast
around the tightening block, shown in the sketch. The wires
go around the block in grooves made for the purpose at right
angles to each other. While the linemen and their helpers are
doing this work, the laborers are digging the anchor hole and
placing the anchor rod. To this is fastened a turn buckle, and
a wire is run from the guy pole to the turn buckle. The blocks
and tackle are then fastened to a handy tree or stump, or if
necessary to the anchor rod and the^uy pole is pulled back,
tightening the guy wire between the two poles, while the turn
buckle is screwed up, thus making all the guy wires taut. At
times, instead of making an anchor as shown, the anchor wire
can be fastened to a convenient tree. Both kinds of anchors
wjre used in this case. The cost of this work was :

232 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Foreman , $1.50

Linemen 3.75

Laborers 3.75

Total $9.00

This made a cost of $1.00 per pole, making a total cost per
guy pole of $3.25.

About one-half of this line ran through the edge of woods
or by shade trees. A few trees had to be cut down and a
number trimmed ; some tall bushes were also cut down. The
foreman looked after this work part of one day when all his
force was at work upon it, but for the most part linemen were
in charge of several laborers doing this work. The cost of it
was as follows :

Foreman $ 2.25

Lineman 18.12

Men 13.13

Total $33.50

Stringing the Wires. — As previously stated, 12 wires were
strung on the poles. The wires were light weight. The team
hauled the wire, and one horse was used in helping to string
it, the other horse standing idle. In line work, a team is
nearly always necessary, yet there are times that it may stauvl
idle for hours, thus increasing the cost of that item to which it
is charged. When there is nothing else for the wagon to do it
is used to carry the tools along the line as the men work. In
stringing the wire the horse pulled a rope fastened to two
strands of wire at one time, thus running out two wires, and
making six trips of the horse to string out the 12 wires. For
this work 3 linemen were used, but in fastening the wires to
the insulators only 2 linemen were used, and the wires were
pulled tight by the helpers with blocks and tackle. The cost
was:

Foreman $ 18.00

Linemen 37- 50

Laborers 27.00

Team 36.00

Total $118.50

APPENDIX B. 233

In all 21.6 miles of wire were strung and this made a cost
of $5.50 per mile of wire.

Changing Poles. — ^At the ends of the line, where connec-
tions were made with the old line of poles, some poles had to
be changed to make them suitable for the new service. There
were 3 of these at one end and i at the other. The work
consisted in taking down the old poles and putting in their
place poles from 40 to 45 ft. long. Cross-arms had to be put
on the new poles, and the wires changed over to the new
poles. It took a half dayfor the crew to do each pole, thus
spending 2 days on the 4 poles. The cost of this was :

Foreman \ $ 6.00

Lineman 2.50

Laborers 39.00

Team 9.00

Total $56.50

This gave a cost per pole of $14.12. In line work the fore-
man is always a lineman, and in doing odd jobs this fre-
quently keeps the cost down, as he will often do work that
a lineman is called upon to do. As the lineman is the higher
priced man he should be allowed to do only such work as the
helper is not able to do.

Total Cost.-^The total cost of the entire work was as
follows :

Hauling $ 30.00

Digging holes 72.75

Raising poles 56.75

Dapping cross-arms 22.62

Placing cross-arms and insulators 33.62

Guy poles -•.... 29.25

Trimming trees and bushes 33-50

Stringing and fastening wires 1 18.50

Changing old poles 56. 50

Total $45349

There being 1.6 miles of line built, the cost per mile for
each item was:

234 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

Hauling $ 18.75

Digging holes 45.47

Raising poles 35-47

Dapping cross-arms I4-I4

Placing cross-arms and insulators 21.01

Guy poles 18.28

Trimming trees and bushes 20.94

Stringing and fastening wires 74.06

Changing old poles 3S-3i

^

Total $283.43

For the 74 new poles erected this makes a cost per pole for
the completed line of $6.13.

Cost of 28-Mile Telegraph Line. — ^The line was 28 miles
long with 32 poles to the mile and was built in British Colum-
bia. The wire was single No. 8 B. B. galvanized iron wire.
The itemized cost per mile was as follows :

Labor : Cost.

I day foreman at $3.50 $ 3.50

I day sub^foreman at $3 3.00

2.7 days climber at $2.50 6.75

2.5 days framer at $2.25 5.62

0.7 day blacksmith at $2.25 1.58

4.6 days groundman at $2 9.20

12.5 days total at $2.40 $29.65

Materials :

32 25-ft. poles at $1.25 $40.00

32 wood brackets at i ^ cts 0.40

32 glass insulators at 4 cts 1.28

5 lbs. nails at 2j4 cts 0.12

1/2 lb. staples at 3 cts. 0.02

380 lbs. No. 8 B. B. galv. wire at 5 cts 19.00

2 lbs. tie wire at 3 cts 0.06

Total materials $60.88

Total labor and materials $90.53

Cost of Excavating Trolley Pole Holes by Machine.— The
machine consisted of an ordinary flat car, at one end of which

*

APPENDIX B. 23s

was stationed a hoisting engine with a small boiler under
cover. About the center of the car was placed an outrigger
that projected over the side, containing a vertical shaft about
3 ins. in diameter, which slid through a bevel gear. This
shaft had on the bottom an ordinary screw bit 2 ft. in diam-
eter similar to that used on small hand augers for boring post
holes. Another bevel gear on a horizontal shaft meshed with
the one mentioned above and was driven by the hoisting
engine by sprocket wheel. A wire rope running through the
hoisting engine was connected with the top of the vertical
shaft and enabled the operator to raise and lower it at will.
It required five men to operate the machine — an engineer at
$2.50, a fireman at $2.00, a foreman at $2.50, and two laborers
at $1.75. The number of holes bored depended a great deal on
the character of the soil, but through this section (Ohio)
would average 50 a day. On the other end of the car was
placed a mast and boom with which the poles were raised and
set in the holes. This work could be done by the same number
of men and they would dig the holes and place about 30 poles
per day. One axle of the car was connected to the hoisting
engine with a sprocket chain for the purpose of moving the
car by its own power. A speed of seven or eight miles per
hour could be attained. It is stated that the machine would
have been more efficient had there been a stronger engine
connected with it. At the wages given above the labor cost
per hole for boring was 21 cts. The labor cost of digging
holes and setting 30 poles per day was 35 cts. per pole.

Method and Cost of Digging 600 Trolley Pole Holes. — ^The
overhead construction was of two kinds, span wire which
needs a pole on each side of the track, and single poles with
a bracket to hold the trolley wire. This divided the work into
two groups, and the span wire construction was further divid-
ed into double and single track work. The class of material in
which the holes were dug, as well as the size of the butt of
the pole, made additional division of the work. The cost of
the work will be given under five groups.

A lo-hr. day was worked and the foreman was paid $3.00
per day and the laborers $1.50. The work was done during
the months of February to July. The gang of men worked at

236

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

digging tne holes, raising the poles, and other overhead work
during this period of time, but the cost of each item of work
was kept separate. In digging the holes, the tools that the
men used were : A digging bar, see Fig. 89a ; a round point
shovel, see Fig. 89b, and a spoon, see Fig. 89c. The length
of the handles on these was B ft. The holes were spaced as
follows: For span construction on tangents, the poles were
no ft. apart. On 12** curves or less they were from 80 to no
ft. apart, while on curves of 150 ft. radius or less they were
spaced from 40 to ;o ft. apart.

(0 (a) (b)

Fig. 89.— Tools for Digging Trolley Pole Holes.

Group I, 111 this lot 82 holes were dug. It was for span
construction of 4,775 ft. of double track. The poles were from
12 to 15 ins. in diameter at the butt, so the holes were dug
about 2 ft. in diameter. The depth of the hole was governed
by the specifications, which called for all holes to be 6 ft. deep,
this depth to be in the natural ground. Hence where there
was an embankment, the hole had to be as much deeper than
5 ft., as the height of the embankment was above the natural
ground at the place where the pole was to be planted.

This is an instance of where conditions surrounding work
may change; yet specifications are not changed to suit the new
conditions. When these specifications were first drawn, all

APPENDIX A.

237

the poles on suburban lines uf the company in question, were
not placed equi-distant from the center line of the track. In
cuts they were so spaced, but, wherever embankments oc-
curred, longer poles were used, as the poles were placed out-
side of the toe of the slope of the embankment. This pre-
vented having the poles in line, which made the line of poles
appear unsightly, and it also added to the length of the span
wire. For these and other reasons^ the arrangement of poles
was changed and they were set equi-distant from the center
line on the embankment as well as in the cut. Under these
circumstances where the embankments had settled and were

n]-"

r'lg. 30.— Method or Qrounil Brarlng P^le.

made of good material, there was no need of making the holes
more than 6 ft,, but as the specifications called for a greater
depth, the holes were so dug. They varied from 6 to 12 ft.
deep. In this group 40 pole holes were dug 6 ft. deep, the
rest being from 9 to 12 ft., 30 holes being of the last named
depth. The roadbed on this section was all embankment,
made of cinders and slag from a steel plant. In digging the
30 deepest holes the cinders and slag kept running into the
holes, causing about three to four times as much material to be
excavated as would otherwise have been taken from the hole.
It was estimated that this doubled the yardage excavated from
the 82 holes.

238 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

In order to brace the poles under ground, an 8 ft. second-
hand sawed tie was cut into two pieces, one 3 ft. long and the
other 5 ft. long, and placed as shown in the cut, Fig. 93. The
short piece was put in the bottom of the hole and the large
pieces at the top. This also increased the amount of material
that was taken from the holes. This extra material averaged
4 cu. ft. for each hole, and the contractor was paid extra for
this work. When holes were dug of a greater depth than the
length of the shovel handle, a foot or more of earth was dug
out of the surface of the ground at the side of the hole, and
the workman stood in this depression, thus allowing him
readily to reach with his shovel and spoon to the bottom of
the hole.

The cost of digging the 82 holes was :

Foreman $ 27.90

Laborers 95-25

Total $123.15

The cost per hole was as follows:

Foreman $ -34

Laborers 1. 16

Total $1.50

This hi<yh cost was due to the cinders as previously ex-
plained. The cost per cubic yard was:

Foreman $ .13

Laborers 47

Total $ .60

The cost per lineal foot of double track for the hole digging
was :

Foreman S0.006

Men 0.020

Total $0,026

Group II. All of these holes, 88 in number, were 6 ft. deep.
The poles were a little heavier than those in Group I, so the
holes were 2^ ft. in diameter. Each hole had 28 cu. ft. of

/

APPENDIX B.

239

earth in it, thus making 91 cu. yds. for all the holes. This
was the first work done, and the men were not accustomed to
handling their long handled shovels.

The cost of digging the holes was :

Foreman ' $ 23.10

Laborers 83.10

Total $106.20

This gave a >cost per hole of the following :

Foreman $0.27

Laborers 0.94

Total $1.21

The cost per cubic yard was as follows :

Foreman $0.25

Laborers 0.91

Total $1.16

As there was 4,590 lin. ft. of double track, the cost of dig-
ging holes per lineal foot was :

Foreman $0,005

Laborers 0.018

Total $0,023

Group III. This was span wire construction for single
track work, there being 17,160 lin. ft. of track. In all 320 pole
holes were dug. The holes averaged 3j4 ft. in diameter, and
were from 6 ft. to 12 ft. deep. About 20 per cent, were deeper
than 6 ft., 10 per c^nt. being 8 or 9 ft. deep, and 10 per cent,
from 10 to 12 ft. deep. From the holes 510 cu. yds. of earth
were excavated, being 1.6 cu. yds. as an average from each
hole. This large size hole was heeded because the poles were
extremely large in diameter and heavy — much larger than
there were needed. This, too, was owing to the specifications,
which stated the smallest size in diameter that would be
accepted, but failed to state the largest dimensions that would
be taken. Some of the poles furnished by the timber con-
tractor were 3 ft. or more in diameter at the butt. This not

240

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

only added to the cost of digging the hole, but also to the
setting of the poles, and other details of the work. Special
eye bolts had to be made for a large number of the poles, and
some longer cross-arms had to be obtained to carry the feed
wires.

Ten of the 6-ft. holes were dug in quicksand. These gave
some trouble, and additional expense. An expedient used in
digging these holes was to take a barrel and after knocking
the two heads out of it, to put it in the hole. Then all the
excavation was done from within the barrel, sinking it as the
hole was dug. Thus the sides of the hole were sheathed, and
by means of a hand pump the water was kept out, while the
digging was going on. If the quicksand occurs for a greater
depth than the height of one barrel, a second barrel should be
used on top of the first. This second one should be a little
larger than the first, so it will go down around the lower one.
The pole must be set in such holes as soon as they are dug.

The total cost of digging the 320 holes was as follows :

Foreman $ 77.80

Laborers 349-35

Total $427.15

This gave the following cost per hole :

Foreman ? $0.24

Laborers 1.09

Total $1.33

The cost per cubic yard for the 510 cu. yds. was:

Foreman $0.13

Laborers •. 0.68

Total $0.81

The cost per lineal foot of single track for the hole digging
was as follows :

Foreman $0,005

Laborers 0.020

Total $0,025

APPENDIX B. 241

Group IV, This was for 2,188 lin. ft. of single track, a
branch of the other line. The curves were sharper, hence the
poles on the curves were closer than on. the main line. The
poles were all less than 20 ins. in diameter, so the holes were
made 2 ft. in diameter. There were 64 poles, and only a few
of the holes were deeper than 6 ft. About 19 cu. ft. were ex-
cavated from «ach hole, no underground braces being used.
This made 45 cu. yds. excavated from the 64 holes. The cost
of digging the holes was:

Foreman $ 9.00

Laborers 40.50

Total $49.50

The cost per hole was as follows :

Foreman $0.14

Laborers 0.65

Total • $0.79

The following was the cost per cubic yard :

Foreman $0.20

Laborers 0.90

Total ; $1.10

The cost per lineal foot of single track for the digging was
as follows:

Foreman $0,004

Laborers 0.018

Total $0,022

Group V, This was side pole construction for single track,
using a bracket made of pipe, on the pole. There were 5,700
lin. ft. of this construction, the poles being spaced about 80 ft.
apart. Only a few of the holes were deeper than 6 ft., but as
the poles were large ones the holes were 35^ ft. in diameter.
The bracing blocks were used for these poles. An average
of 36 cu. ft. was excavated from each hole, and, as there were
69 holes, 92 cu. yds. were excavated.

242 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

The cost of digging the holes was :

Foreman $12.00

Laborers 54-00

Total $66.00

This gives a cost per hole of:

Foreman $0.18

Laborers 1 0.78

Total $0.96

The cost per cubic yard was as follows:

Foreman $0.13

Laborers 0.59

Total ^ $0.72

The cost per lineal foot of single track was :

Foreman $0,002

Laborers .- o.oio

Total $0,012

A comparison of the cost of each group is shown in the
following table, also the average cost for the entire job :

Cost Cost Cost per lin. ft.
Total per per Double Single No.
cost. hole. cu. yd. track. track, poles.

Group I .
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Average .

$123.15 $1.50 $0.60 $0,026 82

106.10 1.21 1. 16 0.023 88

427.15 1.33 0.81 $0,025 320

49.50 0.79 1. 10 0.022 64

66.00 0.96 0.72 0.012 69

1.24 0.82 0.0245 0.0235*

♦Bracket construction (Group V) left out of this average.

It will be noticed that the cost per hole varied directly with
the size of the hole. Adding to the diameter and the depth in-
creased the cost. The cost per cubic yard was high when the
hole was small and low when the hole was large. The cost

APPENDIX B. 243

per lineal foot for span wire construction varied but little.
Naturally the single track was about the same as double
track.

^Electrical Conduit Construction at Memphis, Tenn. —
Underground conduits for electric wires are coming into such
general use in our larger cities that information concerning
the engineering of conduit work and the cost of installing
conduits must needs be useful to owners and managers of
electric lighting and other companies who may be called upon
to remove poles from the streets in certain portions of their
cities or towns and place the wires underground.

The preliminary engineering work includes the planning of
the conduit system, with the street location of ducts and man-
holes ; deciding on style and number of ducts to be used and
methods of laying, locating manholes and service boxes, pre-
paring the drawings, estimating the cost of the work, and
getting matters in such shape that bids may be asked or the
work carried out by day labor under the supervision and
general direction of the company's engineer. As the writer
recently put in about 250,000 ft. of duct at Memphis, Tenn.,
first planning the system, then making the estimates, and
finally having all the work done by the day, this article will
deal with work done in this way.

The city of Memphis had already a district i J4 x ^ miles
served by underground conduits. The plant of the Memphis
Consolidated Gas & Electric Co. is situated ^-mile east of
the eastern limit of this underground district, and it was
decided to install a duct system to connect the plant with that
district, so that the business portion of the city would have
electric light and power by a complete underground system
from the generating plant to the customers' premises. For
this purpose there were required when the work began, 12
ducts for 2,300-voIt alternating current feeders, 4 ducts for
500-volt direct current feeders, 2 ducts for three-phase alter-
nating current feeders and 3 ducts on each run for distribu-
tion purposes, making 21 ducts if all were run on one street,
or 24 ducts if runs were made on two streets.

•Reprinted from an article by F. A. Proutt In Engineering News, April
14, 1904.

244

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTIOX.

The plant is situated on Beale St., some distance east from
the south end of the old underground district. If all ducts
were run down Beale St., it would have been necessary, on
reaching the underground district at Hernando St., to run
a number of cables to the north end of the district and put in
enough extra ducts for future business. In time the question
of distributing the cables from Beale and Hernando Sts. to
their various terminals would have been a serious one. conse-
quently it was decided to make two runs from the plant, the
plant then being at one point of a triangle, as shown in
Fig. 91 ; and then branching one of the feeders so that three
sets of feeders are connected with the underground district
about equally distant apart. This, method requires 24 ducts
for present requirements.

Fig. 91.— A£ap of Underground Conduit System.

As the city is growing very rapidly it was estimated that at
some future time the load would be double that at present,
but if it increased more than this it would be better to put
in a duct line on another street. It was, therefore, decided
to put 2y ducts on Beale St. to De Soto St. and branch at this
point, continuing 18 on Beale St. to Hernando St., and run-
ning 18 to Monroe St. The two i8-duct runs make 36 in
place of 2y, but the object of putting 18 in each case in place
of 12 and 15 was that the cost was very little more, and it
gave a choice of taking 18 cables on either run, which might
be a great consideration at some future time should heavy
business develop in some particular locality. On the Adams
St. run it was decided to put 18 ducts, making a total of 45
ducts from the plant with present requirements of 24. Decid-
ing on how many extra ducts to put in is a matter of personal

opinion and must be determined largely by the amount of
money that the tlectric company cares to spend.

After deciding on the number of ducts and the streets on
which they shall be nm, comes the location of manholes and
service boxes. -\s a general rule manholes should be placi'd
at all street intersections and the engineer should, with two or
three assistants, walk over the proposed duct route. One of
these assistants should carry a bucket of black asphalt paint
and the other two a ta])e line. Heginning at one end of the
line, a manhole should be located and a spot painted on an

Fig. 92.— SlardBid Manliole and Senice Box,

adjacent wall or fence to mark its center. For convenience in
distinguishing manholes from service boxes, a cross for the
former and a circle for the latter answer very well.

The men with tape line then start from the first manhole
mark, and the engineer should have a city map of some kind.
On this he locales the manholes, then the service boxes be-
tween the manholes, and marks the distances, so that when a
section of street has been gone over a rough map has been
made showing locations of manholes and service boxes and
<listances between them. When construction begins the paint
marks give a ready means of finding locations.

246

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

X

Manholes should not be over 500 ft. apart, unless in excep-
tional cases ; but may be 500 ft. without giving trouble in
pulling the cables, provided, of course,
that the run between manholes is rea-
sonably straight. The service boxes
should be located entirely with refer-
ence to building along the route and
should be, as a rule, located so that
the center of the box is on a line be-
tween two lots on one side of the
street or the other. In other words,
all boxes should be so located that the
laterals from them may be run to the
greatest number of buildings with the
shortest laterals possible. Some boxes
may be only 80 ft. apart and some
may be 220 ft., but they will average
about 150 ft. As already stated, the
ducts were put in for running feeders
to the old underground district, but in
all underground work the distribution
system along the route should be ta-
ken care of while the work is being
done and this is the purpose of the
ser\'ice box. A manhole artd service
box are shown in Fig. 92, The service
boxes, as shown, are 3 ft. square, and
deep enough to take in only the three
upper ducts of the conduit.

After deciding on the streets to be
used, the number of ducts, and loca-
tions of manholes and service boxes
as far as it is possible to locate the two
latter from the surface of the street (for
usually street paving covers a number
of obstacles to conduit work), street
maps may be got out. as shown in
Fig. 93 (original scale 50 ft. to i in.) and the estimate on thf
cost of the work made up. Making an estimate on work of

APPENDIX B. 247

this kind is somewhat difficult, for the engineer does not know
what he may find under the paving, or what kind of weather
will prevail. These two features are very important factors
in the cost of the work.

It is a good plan for the company's engineeer to take the
City Engineer into his confidence, as either he or some of his
employes know much about locations of fire cisterns, water
and gas pipes, sewers, etc. In putting in the work mentioned
in this article, we found that submitting all our plans to the
City Engineer before beginning any work, benefited us, not
only in the good feeling this created, but in the fund of in-
formation to be obtained from him and his assistants, and in
the very timely suggestions he often had to offer for overcom-
ing obstacles that might be encountered in carrying on this
work. If you find out from the City Engineer which of his
assistants has been longest connected with the sewer depart-
ment, this individual can usually tell you not only how to
drain the manholes but practically where all the pipes in the
street are located.

The very first thing to be decided, however, in making up
the estimate, is the style of duct to be used. There are several
kinds on the market ; wood, cement, paper, vitrified clay, etc.
While all are no doubt good, we believe that the vitrified clay
is the best. We also think that multi-duct section is better
than single-duct section, and in our work used 6-duct section
and 3-duct section only. We adopted the practice of entirely
surrounding the conduit with concrete. As this is only a
protection against picks of workmen in making other exca-
vations, and also to prevent dirt from washing in at the
joints, a really good concrete is not necessary ; still it should
not be too poor. We used Portland cement concrete, with
crushed rock (washed gravel may be used with good results),
making the mixture i part cement, 4 of sand and 8 of crushed
rock. In any ordinary ground this makes a thoroughly satis-
factory mixture. The thickness of concrete should be 3 ins.
all around the conduit. In the above mixture, the finished
volume of concrete will be practically the same as the volume
of stone : the sand and cement simply filling the interstices
between the sloncs, and as Portland cement has practically

248 TELEFHOSE COSSTRUCTION,

4 cu. ft. to the barrel, the cost of concrete may be readily
estimated.

The next thing will be the amount of dirt to be handled,
which can be easily estimated. The price of handling will
depend largely on the disposition to be made of the dirt, and
the relative amount of backfilling as compared with total ex-
cavations. In laying multiple-duct conduits it is better io
make a narrow deep ditch and put the sections one on top of
the other, than to have a shallow wide ditch. The time
of laying will be much less in the former case, less dirt will
have to be moved, less pavement will be torn up. and less
concrete used. The top of the concrete should not be less
than 30 ins. below surface of paving. This gives room for
water and gas services, and puts a good cushion of earth
above the ducts, so that there is no chance of very heavy
vehicles crushing the duct material.

In an i8-duct run made up of multiple ducts of six sections
each, each section would measure about 9x 13 ins., and laying
three sections one above the other would require a ditch as
follows: 3 ins. for lower concrete, 3 ins. for upper concrete.
2y ins. for ducts, 30 ins. for earth and paving above ducts, or
a total depth of 5^4 ^t. The width will be 13 ins. for duct and
3 ins. on each side for concrete, making 19 ins. From this the
amount of earth to be excavated can be estimated and also
the amount to be backfilled.

In the work covered bv this article, manholes are located
about 500 ft. apart, and the service boxes have 3-duct open-
ings, so that at any future time the secondary system may be
changed from overhead to underground without any further
cUict work, except the running of lateral mains from the duct
system to the premises of customers. The number of ducts
provided for is approximately 75 per cent, more than the num-
ber at present required, and should provide for all future re-
quirements for an indefinite period. In fact, when the busi-
ness done in the present underground district reaches the limit
of the ducts proxided. it would bo desirable to run a third set
of ducts from the plant to the business portion of the city
down some other street. This is ])ocause it is undesirable

t

to run more than 2S cables over anv one route, as the cost
uf distribution from the point where the feeders strike the

APPENDIX B.

249

niai4i underground system wotdd, after j^oing a certain dis-
tance, be greater than the cost of running a new set of feeders
over another street, and striking nearer the desired center of
distribution As the city increases in population, of course,
the amount of current used in the underground district will
increase and the district will be enlarged from time to time;
where pgle lines have to be rebuilt, it will be a better invest-
ment to discontinue them and build an underground service.

The distances are about as follows: i. Power plant to
4th Alley and Adams St., 6,000 ft. (18 ducts). 2. Power plant
to Beale and De Soto Sts., 4,000 ft. (27 ducts). 3. De Soto
St. and alley north of Monroe St. to 4th Alley, 2,000 ft. (18
ducts). 4. Beale St., from De Soto to Hernando Sts., 500 ft.
(18 ducts). In all there will be about 13,150 ft. of conduit,
with 264,300 ft. of duct, and a summary of the cost of duct
work will be as follows:

Trench and moving earth, at $1 per cu. yd. (including

backfilling, tamping and hauling away surplus) $ 4,550

Concreting, at $4 per cu. yd 4,180

Duct material, at 6^4 cts. per duct-ft 16,519

Duct laying, 3^ ct. per duct-ft IjS^i

40 manholes, $250 each (this allows $100 for the drain

from manholes) 10,000

40 service boxes, $35 each 1 400

Tearing out concrete in streets 400

Replacing concrete 700

Repaving 500

City inspection of the work 600

Engineering 2,000

Incidental expenses (lighting, watching, etc.) i,ooo

Tools, lumber, etc 1,000

Total $44*170

Add 5 per cent, for contingencies 2,208

Total cost of duct work $46,378

The total estimated cost of work was $46,378, and as the
work was done by the day we will next take up the method
of doing it and compare the actual cost of the different ma-

250 TliLlirnOXE coxstruction.

terials with the estimated cost. In this way we can see the
errors made in estimating and bring out especially the fact
that in estimating work of this kind, too much care cannot be
taken in going into the special features of the work, such as
crossing streams and subways, and making connections at the
station end. Crossing streams of water is very expensive, as'
a special structure has often to be built for this work, an
example of which is described later. In laying out a duct
system it is well to avoid as far as possible all streets having
concrete and brick or asphalt pavements, streets passing over
railway tracks or streams of water, and streets having car
tracks. Of course some of each must be encountered, but
often parallel street or alleys will answer for main lines of
duct systems at a great saving in cost of construction.

After making up the estimate on the work and having it
passed by the proper authorities, the next thing to consider is
whether the work shall be put in by contract or day work.
The cost of engineering on the work during construction will
be practically the same (as far as the company is concerned)
in either case. Cost of inspection will be more for the com-
pany if work is done by contract, as inspectors will have to
be employed to see that contractors are complying with
specifications, while if work is done by the day the foremen
take the place of the inspectors and are actually pushing the
work along. Materials and labor can, as a rule, be purchased
as cheaply by the company as by a contractor, but if a com-
pany cannot get the proper men to handle the work, it should
by all means let the work by contract, as day work would be
a losing proposition. If such men can be had, the chances are
that the company can do the work as cheaply as a contractor
and save the contractor's profits. As a rule, however, con-
tract work will be the cheaper method. In our case, the
writer had had a somewhat extensive experience in conduit
work and had several men who had been employed in this
class of work for several years, so the proper thing seemed to
be to carry out the work by the day, and this plan was pur-
sued. All the items of cost quoted hereafter are exact, and
obtained from practical experience with the work.

In carrying on the work the first thing to have is a good
organization of labor. There should be: i. a general fore-

APPEKDI.K li.

25'

man ; 2, a foreman of pipe layers ; 3, a foreman of concrete
mixing gang; 4, a foreman in charge of digging for manholes
and service boxes; 5, a foreman in charge of backfilling and
hauling away dirt. Also, a timekeeper; this position is a
very important one, and the man filling it should be young,
well educated and thoroughly reliable.

FlR. 94.— Portable Tool Box.

The foreman should not be an engineer, but rather a man
■who has worked a gang laying sewer, water or gas pipe, or
had experience in ditching, as this man must take the lead and
keep the trench opened up. We were fortunate enough to
obtain a man of this Tcind at $18 per week. We have found
that a good foreman always has a big following of laborers
who will go on the work with him, provided, of course, the

Fig, 95,— Portable Cement House.

work will last several months. This foreman was hired a
month before work began, and was kept busy with one or two
laborers building boxes in which to mix mortar for the brick
masons, building platforms on which to dump concrete, mak-
ing gages for the ditchers (which are simply pieces of lath cut
to the width of the trench), making small platforms to put

252 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

across the trench at people's jjates. and wide bridges to put
across the trench at street intersections. All these must be
got ready before work is begun.

Then an outfit of tools must be made up. This, in our case,
consisted of the following:

2 dozen wheelbarrows.

7 dozen round point shovels.

1 dozen square point shovels.
7 dozen picks.

30 iron tamping bars.
36 red lanterns.

2 axes.

6 or 8 balls of cotton cord.

25 lbs. 20-penny nails.

2 claw hammers.

3 hand saws.
I hatchet.

1 bundle oakum.

2 "dromedarv" concrete mixers.

4 or 5 crow bars.
4 chisel bars. 3 ft.
6 sledge hammers.

2,000 ft. common lumber, 1x6 ins., 14 ft.

We had four large portable tool boxes, made as shown in
Fig. 94, and a small portable cement house, Fig. 95. The tools
also included 24 galvanized pails, and 50 ft. of 2j4-in. hose
with a i-in. faucet in the end.

While the foreman was making up the platforms, contracts
were made for stone, sand, cement, water, etc. The ducts had,
of course, been ordered some time previous, or in fact as soon
as it was decided to put in the work. The following letter
was sent out to each of several manufacturers :

"We are now in the market for 45,000 ft. of 6-duct section,
making 270,000 duct-ft., and 4,666 ft. of 3-duct section, making
14,000 duct-ft., or 284,000 duct-ft. of underground conduit
material. In addition to this we will require 200 pieces of
6-duct section 6 ins. long; 200 pieces 12 ins. long, and 200
pieces 18 ins. long. These pieces are for turning curves and
finishing out at manholes.

APPENDIX B. 253

"We will require the necessary dowel pins to use in lining;
up the ducts. We also require that the 284,000 duct-ft. of
material be made up in 3-ft. lengths.

"Kindly quote us price as soon as possible on this material
delivered f. o. b. cars Memphis, your company to stand all
breakage that occurs in transit. The material must be thor-
oughly vitrified and glazed, and be entirely free of scales or
projections on the inside of the ducts, and all crooked pieces
will not be accepted. In other words, we want to purchase
first-class material."

It will be noted that- the letter calls for 284,000 duct-ft. in
place of 264,300 as estimated, the excess being intended to
cover breakages and also for some short lateral runs that it
was thought it might be advisable to put in with the balance
of the work. Even should some duct material be left over,
it would be good stock, not suffering from exposure to weather
even if carried on hand for a year or two.

It will be noted also that ducts were to be delivered f. o. b.
Memphis, and all crooked, broken or badly glazed pieces re-
jected. When the contract for ducts was finally placed (at
5^ cts. per duct-ft.) and the material began to arrive, it was
found that each car would contain from one to a dozen pieces,
out of which corners would be broken. The engineer then
agreed to accept all such broken pieces at half the price of a
sound piece. That is a 6-duct section 3 ft. long would contain
18 duct-ft. and be worth 99 cts.; but if a corner was broken
off the section, it would be accepted at 4934 cts. All such
damaged pieces were used in the top run of ducts in the
trench and a piece of sheet zinc placed over the hole caused
by the comer being broken off. Duct and zinc were all finally
covered with concrete. This method of accepting damaged
pieces was considered satisfactory by all parties concerned.

All 6-duct sections were supposed to be 3 ft. long and all
3-duct sections, 2 ft. long. Owing to uneven shrinkage in
the clay, however, the manufacturers are unable to make the
material run exactly to length ; some pieces would come 34
ins. long, some 35 ins. and some 36 ins. As each car arrived
it was unloaded, each piece examined and gaged, and shortage
noted. The shipper was then notified of value of shortage
and breakage and he issued a credit l)ill covering the amount.

254

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

These credits run all the way from $i to $10.50 for shortage,
and from 50 cts. to $20 per car for breakage, so that they
were well worth considering. The 3-duct sections were
bought 2 ft. long in place of 3 ft., as the manufacturers claimed
they could turn out much straighter material in 3-duct sec-
tions of the shorter length ; as the price per duct-ft. was the
same in either case, we conceded the point.

The engineer should not reject crooked pieces, but rather
put them in a class by themselves, as they will be found most
useful in making curves where it is necessary to run the duct
line over or under obstacles that may be encountered in the
trench. There is, however, one class of duct that should be
rejected always, and that is the section which measures 9x 13
ins. at one end and lox 14 ins. at the other. If accepted and
hauled to the ditch to be laid, much trouble will result from
attempting to make its big end coincide with the small end of
a neighboring section.

The specifications above quoted will be found entirely satis-
factory to the purchaser, as it gives him the authority to reject
unfit material and the shipper stands breakage in transit. In
all such transactions the engineer should be fair minded and
be willing to pay a fair price for all material that can be
utilized, thus making the shipper feel that he is at least being
honestly dealt with.

It will be noted that the duct specifications call for a certain
number of short pieces, 6, 12 and 18 ins. long. Agents selling
ducts will frequently state that their ducts can be cut like
cheese. But as short sections can be bought at the same price
per duct-ft. as long sections, it pays infinitely better to buy a
few short lengths than to find out from experience that cut-
ting a vitrified clay duct is much the same as cutting a glass
lamp chimney with a pair of shears. Following up the idea of
buying pieces of any desired length, when all our duct laying
had been completed, except evening up the ends in manholes,
we ordered a lot of short sections,- i, 2 and 3 ins. long to do
this. So that from beginning to end we decided to let the
manufacturer do all cutting for us, and we simply butted the
ends together and put in the dowel pins.

In work of this kind, all material should be purchased to
be delivered right on the work if possible. We bought i^-in.

APPENDIX B. 255

crushed stone (with the dust not sifted out), delivered on the
work, at 10 cts. per 100 lbs., or from $2.50 to $3 per cu. yd.,
there being a difference in the weight of different limestones
per cu. yd. Sand was bought in the same way at $1.25 per cu.
yd. and "Diamond" Portland cement at $2.10 per bbl. deliv-
ered. Cast-iron tops for manholes and service boxes were
bought at $1.90 per 100 lbs., each top weighing 1,150 lbs.
Hard bricks delivered on the work cost us $7 to $7.50 per 1,000
and an arrangement was made with a firm of brick contractors
to furnish us all the masons and laborers we needed at $6 and
$2 per day, respectively. Teams were engaged at $4 per day
for two horses and driver, and $3 per day for one horse, cart
and driver. Two or three private carts belonging to colored
citizens were hired at $2.50 per day, including a driver. A
contract was made with the water company to allow the use
of all the water required on the work for $50, and then per-
mission had to be obtained from the Fire Department to
attach hose to the fire hydrants as these hydrants belong to
the city.

After all arrangements of this kind had been made, the
other foremen were employed and work was begun. For a
timekeeper we engaged a young man who had worked for us
a year and then entered Purdue University to take an elec-
trical engineering course. He was then on his vacation, the
work commencing July 6, 1903. The foreman of concrete
mixers was also a former employe, and a fellow student of the
timekeeper. The wages of these men were $2 and $2.25 per
day, respectively. The foreman who looked after manhole
and service box excavations received $2 per day, and the same
was paid to a foreman who looked after hauling dirt, while
one of our regular men at $16.50 per week saw that conduit
material was always on the ground and kept up with little
details of all kinds.

Everything being ready, a Monday morning was chosen for
the start. The general foreman lined up his men, and the
timekeeper took their names. The wagon loaded up the tool
boxes and placed them along the proposed trench line, and the
cement house was placed at a point about 300 ft. from the
starting of the trench. The sand, cement and crushed rock
men were notified to deliver material, and work was begun.

256 TliLEPHOSE COXSTRUCTION.

As soon as the trench was well started, a manhole excavation
was commenced, and when this was done the brick masons
began work. Duct sections were hauled out from the storage
yard (which was located on a railway siding and rented for
this purpose at $10 per month) on two-horse platform wagons,
tw-o of them being kept busy all the time. The duct was piled
along beside the trench in a continuous line, at such a distance
from it as would leave room for a wheelbarrow to pass be-
tween the trench and the ducts, with openings about 50 ft.
apart in the pile of ducts to allow the wheelbarrows to pass
through.

The mixer was of the ^'dromedary'* type, in which the con-
crete is mixed during transportation. It held about -/ji-cu. yd.
and was charged as follows : A little sand is first put in, then
iJ4 sacks of cement (which was all delivered in sacks), then
more sand, then the stone. A test mixture was first made of
I cement, 4 sand, and 8 stone. After this, the sand was gaged
by a mark on the mixer, the cement by the bag, and stone
enough added to fill the mixer. The door was then closed and
the mixer driven about 150 ft. to the water plug and water
enough put in to make a good wet concrete. This amount of
water was from 6 to 8 pails, depending on the amount of dust
in the stone. It was then driven to the dumping place and
dumped at these places planks being located close to the trench
and close to where ducts were being laid.

The dumping boards were platforms 6x 12 ft., made of two
thicknesses of i-in. pine, one thickness laid lengthwise and
one crosswise. At each outside edge of the platform was a
piece of timber 2x4 ins., and rope handles, so that the plat-
form could be picked up and carried along as the work moved
ahead. Two platforms were placed end to end, making a
platform 24 ft. long, which gave ample room to dump ma-
terial. On unpaved streets platforms are very essential for
good work. The mixers required two mules each and cost
up to $200 per mixer, f. o. b. Washington. They are espe-
cially suited for conduit work, saving a great deal of labor in
wheeling by barrows for long distances.

The ditchers worked close together in the trench. A line
was stretched 4 ft. from the curb as a rule, and the trench run

APPENDIX B. 257

outside this line, each ditcher having a gage 19 ins. long (the
width of the trench) to work by.

In laying ducts, the following method was followed : First,
the 3-in. concrete bottom was put in ; then the boss duct man
and his helper got in the ditch and laid the lower run. Two
men on the bank would hand down the sections by means of
a rope run through one of the holes. As soon as the first runs
had been started a few lengths, the second run would begin
and so with the third and fourth and fifth, taking four men
for each run or layer. The pipe used had dowel pin holes
on the outside or around the periphery of the duct, which is
the most convenient place for them as far as the duct layers
are concerned. In a 6-duct section there were six dowel holes
on each end. We only used 3 pins, however, in each end, one
at each side and one on top.

The joint was made as follows : A piece of cheap domestic
canvas 5 ins. wide and 5 ft. long was laid on the bottom of
the ditch before the duct was put in position, then when the
duct sections were in place there would be a piece lying
directly under the joint. A boy followed each set of layers
and wrapped the canvas up around the joint, overlapping the
end and painting the lap with black asphaltum. This makes a
firSt-class joint, as the canvas is only to serve the purpose of
keeping the concrete out of ducts, and the cheaper this pur-
pose can be accomplished, the better. As about 30,000 of
these pieces of canvas were used on the work, a method had to
be devised for cutting them. The canvas was purchased in
bolts, costing 5 cts. per yd. A rough table was made with a
?aw-cut in it 5 ins. from one edge, and at this edge was a
strip against which to push the bolt of cloth. A large butcher
knife was then run through the saw-cut and cloth, cutting off
a piece 5 ins. wide and the length of the bolt. This piece
was wound on a reel whose circumference was 5 ft. and a cut
through the cloth at the circumference made pieces 5 ft. long.
This method was original, simple and thoroughly satisfactory.

In an i8-duct run the method of opening three top ducts
into the service box was to put in a piece of 3-duct section at
the box in place of 6-duct section. This made the lower three
ducts pass through and left the upper three open.

258 TELEPHOXE COXSTRUCTIO.W

The only skilled labor employed was for laying brick. The
brick masons would lay up the walls of the manholes to the
proper height, then move to the next hole. The gang excavat-
ing manholes would then return to the hole left by the brick
masons and put up a temporary wood ceiling laying on it (and
projecting over the walls) some pieces of old rail ; they then
put a box where the cover was to be and left it. The concrete
men would then put on 10 ins. of concrete and the hole was
complete, ready for the cast-iron cover. This concrete rein-
forced by old rails makes a first-class top. The rails cost
about $5 for each manhole, 5x7 ft., and the concrete about the
same amount. The manholes, Fig. 92, are not square but
octagonal in shape.

As it is the intention to use paper insulated cables almost
entirely in these ducts, and as from past experience we have
found that paper insulation will not stand sharp bends like
rubber covered cables, we decided to make the manholes of
such shape that sharp bends could not be made in the cables.
In building manholes it is well to have a standard size, but
this standard cannot always be adhered to. In other words,
manholes must be made to suit conditions and almost any
shape will do, but by all means avoid making them too small.
A manhole should not be less than 5 x 7 f t. inside, and every
manhole should be drained. We had one case where a man-
hole drain cost $300, but the average cost was less than $100. We
would, however, have put in the drains had they cost $300 each.

In carrying on this work is is well to remember that the
main point of consideration is laying ducts. Therefore let the
instructions to foremen morning, noon and night be to "lay
ducts." Another thing to remember on quitting at night is
that next day it may be raining; therefore, prepare for the
morrow. Do not put conduit in 400 or 500 ft. of trench and
leave it with no concrete around it. Every bit of pipe laid
during the day should be covered with concrete before it is
left at night. Following up this idea we had a number of
times to work concrete men until 8 p. m. to get the work cov-
ered. For this overtime we paid them time and a half. The
consequence was that we never had to pull out any work in
the morning, and we lost less than $100 during the whole work
on account of bad weather.

APPENDIX IL

^59

Another thing to keep in mind is that seven or eight men
can excavate and build manholes, but it requires 75 or 100
men to trench and lay ducts; therefore, do not excavate for
manholes faster than the masons can build them. Dig the
trench straight through where the manhole is to be; lay
ducts up to it on one side, then leave a space for the manhole
and start laying ducts again on the other side. Always start
all the duct runs even; that is, if there are four tiers of ducts,
see that in starting, the ends all even up so that they will be
flush with the manhole v/all when it is built. But in ending
the run at the next manhole opening, do not waste time
trying to get the ends even, get them within 6 ins. or so and
let them stand. Have the masons, in building around these
uneven ends, leave the hole slack so that short pieces may be

Conduit CroMbig a Number of SmoM PIpM.

mni

a Manhol« under
Dtmcumoft.

Fig. 96.— Examples of Difflcult Work at Obstructions.

inseited after all other work has been cleared up. Do not let
masons do any duct fittmg at all. A couple of men can fill in
short pieces wherever needed in a few days at the windup of
the work, while they would delay all the pipe layers, bank men
and concrete men in trying to do so when the whole work is
being carried on.

It would be well to have ducts run in perfectly straight lines
and without dips or pockets, but this in practice cannot be
done. Perhaps the very first day the engineer will be con-
fronted by the general foreman with the information that a
24-in. water main crosses the trench and the top of the main is
only 6 ins. below the grade of the street. The engineer cannot
sit down and make elaborate calculations as to the evil results
of a dip in the duct line. While he is doing that, men are

26o TELEI'IIOSE COSSTRUCriOS.

standing idle. He must do the best thing that can be done
under the circumstances. If running an i8-duct section, put
12 ducts over the pipe and 6 under, and put 6 ins. of concrete
on top of the ducts in place of 3 ins. Also arrange the ducts
as shown in Fig. 96 to save concrete. If the earth is well
lamped it will not settle after the concrete has set. Again,
you may strike a lot of pipes, say 4 ft, from the surface and
right close to a proposed manhole. In our case we had the
following problem: A large brick culvert crossed the ditch
about 4 ft. from the surface, also two sewers and a water
pipe. Two rows of the ducts were carried over the pipes, etc..
and after crossing the obstructions, put back in the regular
form of run, three in a tier. Fig, 96 shows work of this kind.

In another case, Fig. 97, a bayou had to be crossed under a
bridge. This bridge was an old one and liable to be pulled
down and replaced by a new one, so the duct line must be
put over the bayou in such a way that the removal of the
bridge would not interfere with the ducts. The method
adopted was as shown : Four lo-in. channels 50 ft. long were
purchased and made up into a truss with side lattice bars. A
manhole was built at one side of the bridge and a pier built
a+ one end of the manhole, and as part of it, the manhole
foundation being 12 ins. of concrete reinforced with old rails.
A pier of concrete 6 x 8 x 4 ft. thick was built on the other side
of the bridge and the truss rested on these two piers, entirely
independent of the bridge structure. The ducts were then
laid through the truss and ducts and truss enclosed in con-
crete, making practically a reinforced concrete beam. The

APPBSDIX B. 261

object of enclosing the truss in concrete was to prevent the
steel from rusting.

In cases where we had about 20 sewer pipes crossing the
ditch in 200 ft., the same means were employed in running the
ducts as with the large water main. That is, one run of ducts
was put under the sewers and covered on all sides with con-
crete, then earth tamped into the top of the sewer pipes, then
a new concrete bottom put in 3 ins. thick and the balance of
ducts put in and concrete around.

It is advisable to have a report each night of the trench-feet
and duct-feet put in for the day. At the end of each week,
when the payroll is made up, the duct-feet laid for the week
should also be made up and the price of labor per duct-foot
calculated. The greatest amount of work done by us in any
one day was 15,156 duct-feet in 703 ft. of trench. All our
trenches were 19 ins. wide, and when 18 ducts were put in the
depth was 554 ft., while when 27 ducts were put in, the depth
was 6J4 ft. The 27-ducts run was made up of 4 multiples of
6 each and one multiple of 3, making 5 sections of ducts in a
tier.

Our payroll on the work for all purposes for the 18 weeks
was from $36 to $1,279, ^^^ with $350 for preliminary work,
putting in sewer traps, evening up ends of duct lines in man-
holes, etc., the total cost for all labor was $11,525. Of the
amount, $1424 was for labor on excavation, building manholes
and service boxes ; $2,356 for labor on sewer work, and $7,745
for trenching, mixing concrete, laying ducts, backfilling and
hauling away surplus dirt. As the amount of duct laid was
251,991 duct-ft., the cost for labor was 3.07 cts. per duct-ft.
The total cost of cement used was $2,196, or practically 1,046
barrels. Of this amount there was used for brickwork in
manholes, 160 barrels ($336) : for brickwork in service boxes,
12 barrels ($25.20), and for jointing drain pipe, 5 barrels
($10.50). This leaves $1,824 as the cost of cement used in
concrete.

The total amount of sand used cost $776.54 for 635 cu. yds.,
or an average cost of $1.22 per yd. Of this sand, 74 yds. were
used for manhole and service-box brickwork, leaving 561 yds.
for concrete work, the cost of which was $684.42. The total
amount of broken stone used was 2,713,500 lbs., costing

262 TELEPHOSE COXSTRUCTION,

$2,713.50, so that the total cost of all concrete work was
$1,824 ^or cement, $68442 for sand, and $2,713.50 for stone,
making $5,221.92 for practically 1,000 cu. yds. of concrete, or
$5.22 per cu. yd.

Of the concrete 118 yds. were used for manhole bottoms
and tops and service-box bottoms. The cost of this was
$615.96, leaving $4,605.96 as the cost of concrete used around
conduits, or a cost of 1.83 cts. per duct-ft. The total number
of bricks used for building manholes and serv^ice boxes was
118,000, which cost $871. There were 32 manholes and 48
service boxes built, manholes averaging 3,200 bricks each, and
service boxes 325 bricks each. Service boxes cost complete
$30.15 each, or $1447 for 48 boxes. The average cost of man-
holes was $115, without sewer, and the average cost per sewer
was $76 for labor and $10 for sewer pipe, making $86. The
average cost of a complete manhole was thus $201. The aver-
age length of each sewer was 170 ft., 6-in. pipe being used, and
the total amount paid for sewer pipe being $309.50. Only 31
sewers were run, as one manhole was built beside an old man-
hole and the old drain sufficed for both.

The total cost for tools of all kinds and keeping same in
repair was practically $800. The cost of city inspection was
$195. The cost of engineering was about $1,000. The amount
paid the city for repairing streets was $1,000. The cost of
various odds and ends, such as cotton cloth for covering joints,
asphaltum for painting same, dowel pins for keeping ducts in
alignment, unloading cars and various other incidentals was
$2,230.71. The steel truss for crossing the Bayou Gayoso
cost $700, and the sum of $600 was paid for new sidewalks
where duct lines ran under sidewalk, making a total cost of
$41,234.56 for all the work done, as shown by our books. A
summary of the work as completed shows the following:

Length of Trench.

No. of

Length of Duct.

Ft.

Ducts.

Ft.

216.2

60

12,975

3415-0

27

92,205

7.226.5

18

137.277

324.0

24

7,776

293X>

6

1.758

11.4747 251,991

APPENDIX B. 263

The estimated amount of duct-ft. to be laid was 264,300,
while the actual amount laid was only 251,991 duct-ft. The
difference was a short run that was not put in, owing to the
city having laid an asphalt pavement on the desired street,
and it was thought advisable to leave out this small run until
such time as its construction would be required.

The total amount of duct material bought, however, cost
$15*564, which at 5>^ cts. per ft., would represent 282,987 ft.
After completing the work we had in stock 28,506 duct-ft. of
unbroken material or material undamaged in any way. This
added to the amount put in accounts for 280,497 duct-ft. and
the difference of 2490 ft. represents the loss by breakage, this
loss being less than i per cent, of the total amount purchased.
The loss through breakage can only be kept so low by buying
the ducts to be delivered f. o. b. at the place where they will
be used, and arranging for payment for damaged sections, as
stated earlier in this article.

Summing up the total results of our experience in doing our
own construction, we find as follows:

Estimated Cost of Work. Actual Cost of Work.

Trenching $ 4,550 Labor on ducts $ 7,745

Concrete 4,iSo Concrete for ducts. . . 4,606

Duct material 16,518 48 service boxes i447

Duct laying 1,321 32 manholes 3,680

40 manholes 10,000 31 manhole drains... 2,666

40 service boxes .... 1,400 Duct material 15,564

Tearing out concrete. 400 Tools 800

Replacing concrete in City inspection 195

streets 700 Repaving streets 1,000

Repaving 500 Steel truss over bayou 700

City inspection 600 New sidewalks 600

Engineering 1,000 Incidentals 2,231

Incidentals 1,000

Tools, lumber, etc.... 1,000 Total $41,234

Contingencies, 5%.... 2,208

Total $46,378

264 TELEPHOSR COXSTRUCTIOK.

In regard to the incidentals, $2,231 seems a large amoant.
But it cost about $7.50 to unload and inspect a car of ducts
and there were not less than 50 cars; there were used over
40,000 dowel pins at J^-ct. each, and about five barrels of
black asphaltum paint at* about $30 per barrel ; we also paid
$50 for city water and about $100 to plumbers for mending
broken water pipes (where in trenching the men would occa-
sionally drive a pick through the lead service pipe). It will
be seen, therefore, that the amount would soon be made up, as
the items enumerated are on) a few of the many items em-
braced in this account.

Leaving out the cost of manholes, service boxes and man-
hole drains, it will be noticed that the cost per duct-ft. of the
work complete was $33,441.56 divided by 251,991 duct-ft., or
13.27 cts. Had we put in the entire number of duct-feet esti-
mated and also the number of manholes and services esti-
mated, our total cost for ducts would have been 264,300 X
13.27 or $35,072 for ducts, $1,206 for service boxes, and $8,040
for manholes, making a total of $44,3 18» plus $1,000 per en-
gineering, which item has not yet been charged in the account.
Thus at the prices paid, had the original estimate been ad-
hered to exactly, the cost would have been $45,318 and the
estimate $46,378.

One reason for changing the number of manholes was that
in certain locations before the street was opened, it appeared
as if two manholes would be required, one on each side of a
culvert, for instance, while on opening the street one man-
hole would be found sufficient, with perhaps an ejttra service
box.

One item not estimated at all was the steel truss over Bayou
Gayoso. This was an oversight, but (fortunately) enough
manholes were left out to more than pay for its construction.
Another item left out was the iron pipe required from the
switchboard floor at the power plant to the first manhole.
The cost of this will be about $800, but will not have to be
considered until the cables are to be installed. We have,
however, a large item of credit that has also not been consid-
ered in the foregoing figures. There is 28,506 duct-ft. of new
duct material in stock, the value of which is $1,567, and this

APPENDIX B. j6s

credit will almost balance the engineering expenses which
have not yet been charged up, and also the cost of running
in the station ends of iron pipe, which were not estimated on.

In conclusion, I would say that throughout the entire work
we were exceedingly fortunate as to weather, labor, and ma-
terial to be excavated : and these are the three items which
may either make or break a contractor. If all are in his favor,
he will come out ahead, while if all are against him, he is
almost sure in work of this kind to come out in the hole. We
have not enough outside data on conduit work to know
whether our costs are either abnormally small or abnormally
large, but we do know the figures given are absolutely correct
and therefore offer them to the readers of the ''Engineering
Xews" for consideration.

Cost of Electrical Conduits, Baltimore, Md. — In 1898 the
electrical commission of Baltimore, Md., was organized to
build a conduit system for the city, and thus compel all com-
panies using the streets for poles to carry their wires, to take
down these poles and place the wires underground. Prior to
this several short lines of conduit had been laid- in different
sections of the city by some of the telephone and electric light
companies, but the real work of building conduits began in
1898.

By law the electrical commission consists of the mayor, the
city register and the president of the board of fire commis-
sioners. Mr. Chas. E. Phelps, Jr., was appointed chief en-
{[(ineer, and has continued in this position, designing and build-
ing a system that to date has cost nearly $2,000,000. Through
the kindness of Mr. Phelps, and from his reports as chief en-
gineer, we are able to give the cost of all work done from
1898 to 1905, inclusive.

All the construction work has been done by day labor, but
very careful cost records have been kept and the engineering
general expenses have been recorded separately from the cost
of construction. The organization of the department is shown
by Fig. 98, which is a chart that is self explanatory. The
materials, except those purchased in small amounts, are all
boiight by com])t'titivc bidding.

266

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

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APPENDIX B.

267

The construction work commenced March i, 1899, the five
months previous to that date being consumed in preparing
plans and details of the system. The city conduit system, as
a whole, is divided into two general parts, first, the trunk con-
duits, which are built for the purpose of carrying trunk lines
and feeders, whether for telephone, telegraph, electric light,
street railway or other service,, located generally in thorough-
fares, feeding different sections of the city. These trunk lines
are laid out to serve these several territories by the most direct
and feasible route. Second, as the system was originally de-
signed, the central or congested district of the city was 'laid
out to be served entirely underground, with underground con-
nections, in each separate building. Extensions to this terri-
tory have been necessary. Figure 99 shows the service and
distributing conduits on a section of a single street.

Fig. 99.— Service and Distribution Conduits on a Single Street.

A high standard of work has been aimed at throughout the
construction. Vitrified terra cotta conduit has been used in all
conduit lines. This conduit is enveloped in concrete, which
for the year 1899 and a part of 1900, was entirely of Rosendale
cement. For the remaining period Portland cement has been
used.

In 1899 the uniform thickness of this enveloping coat of
concrete was 3 ins., except in a few cases where the bottotr.
was made 4 ins. Since then the thickness has been increased,
the sides and top being 4 ins., while the bottom has been from
4 to 6 ins. In all soft ground the bottom concrete has been
reinforced with steel rods. The mixture for this work has
been generally 1-3-6. The mixing has been done by hand
only to a limited degree, the greater part of it being done with
a dromedary mixer drawn bv a horse. The concrete is
dumped on the ground by the mixer alongside the trench, and

j68 TELEPHOSE COXSTRUCTIOS.

shoveled into place by the men laying the conduit. No forms
are needed for this concrete under ordinary circumstances.

At the very beginning of the work, the joints whi-re the con-
duits knitted together were wrapped with burlap 6 ins. wide,
saturated in liquid asphaltum compound. The difficulty in
making air and gas tight joints has always been recognized,
and while continued efforts are made to secure this, it is
realized that so far as gas is concerned, the best result obtain-
able is to minimize its entrance into the system.

Fig. 100. —Standard Plan uf Brick ManhoU-.

Expcrinionts along this line carried on during the year 1899
resulted in a composition of North Carolina pitch tar, refined
asphalt and wax tailings, which has proven thoroughly ser-
viceable. The use of burlap was entirely discontinued and
cheesecloth substituted, the method of applying the joint being
to |)aint the end of the conduit pieces with the hot compound
where the wrapper is to be applied; the wrappers are rolled
up and i^atiiratt'd in the but conipoiiiul and wrapped on while

APPENDIX B.

26g

hot. This joint is expensive, but it is believed that the results
have justified its use.

In the construction of all lines of conduit, two or three fiber
pipes, depending upon the importance of the line, are laid in
the layer of top concrete for the purpose of providing some
ready means for arc lights or similar connections from a
point of the line remote from a manhole without building an
extra manhole or breaking the line of vitrified pipe.

Manholes on trunk lines are all constructed of large size.
A small conduit line, say of twelve ducts, would have a man-
hole, elliptical in plan," of a minimum of 5 x 8 ft., and of a
suitable depth, depending upon the grade of the conduit, the
minimum being 6 ft. The size of the manholes increases with
the size of the line up to a plan section of 7x 14 ft., which

j£trt

EngrCanh:

Fig. 101. — Diagram of Concrete Manhole.

would be suitable for the largest line built, namely a line of
8r ducts. Fig. 100 shows a standard plan of a brick manhole,
with various styles of roof forms used. Similar manholes
have been built of concrete.

On many of the important lines of conduit where it is
possible for the operation of workmen in the streets to result
in damage to the manholes, it has been the practice to con-
struct the manholes of standard form, but of larger propor-
tionate width, building one-half of the manhole a distance in
advance of the other half along the line of conduit, so that
lateral connections may be made from either half of the man-
hole either way without the necessity of crossing cables.
The diagram of such a manhole built in concrete is shown
by Fig. loi. In building manholes it has been the practice
to clear all obstructions so that no pipes or other obstruc-

270

7 LLErilUXE LOSSTRUCTIOX.

lions pass through the manholes. Thus nothing appears in
the manholes except the cables for which they are built.

For concrete manholes for junction boxes and for distribu-
tion boxes, sectional wooden forms are made in a substantial
manner, and these forms are used over and over again. In
this manner the cost of forms has not been material.

In the central districts of the city it has been necessary to
under <lrain, during construction, practically all lines of con-

duit, and the presence of tide water and the poor condition
of small house drains in the street has necessitated making
special provisions. There being no system of public sewers,
and the storm water drains being on such shallow grades, it
has rarely been possible to drain manholes by gravity. All
manholes in the central district are drained by means of
ejectors, operated by water pressure from the city mains.
The practice followed has been to construct a sump in the

APPENDIX B.

271

center of the floor in each manhole of sufficient size to contain
a valve operated by a float which controls the supply of
water into the ejector. This is necessary to lift the water
to a grade where it can flow by gravity.

The distributing system consists uniformly of a lo-duct
laid 2 ducts deep and 5 ducts wide, encased in 4 ins. of Port-
land cement concrete, the earth covering being almost uni-
formly 19 ins.; the conduit line opening at intervals into

EnqrCanh:

Fig. 103. — Junction Boxes.

service boxes which, when in sidewalks, are of terra cotta,
circular in form and 36 ins. in diameter, having walls 2^ ins.
thick, and a cast iron frame 5 ins. in depth to allow for side-
walk paving.

The main conduits, or trunk lines are laid in the streets
or alleys, but many of the distributing ducts are laid under
the sidewalks, and frequently on both sides of the street. The
house connections are of fiber pipe, each connection consist-

272 TlilJiPI/OXIi CO XS7N [ACTION.

iiig of two 2-iii. '^lul two 3-in. pipes; in some of the original
work lyS-in. pipes were used for service connections, but the
increase in size of service cables made it unwise to continue
the use of this pipe.

Distribution boxes, see Fig. 102, in the street proper, are
built of brick or concrete, elliptical in form. These boxes
have a frame casting similar to that used on manholes, but
smaller and lighter.

At the intersections of distributing lines, junction boxes
are built of concrete or brick, see Fig. 103. On distribution
and junction boxes of all types, the frame casting is set
directly on the walls, no special roof construction being
required.

The digging of the trenches is all done by hand. The
trenches for the trunk line vary in width and depth. In
depth they run from 3 to 12 ft. deep, being on an average of
about 6 ft. In width they run from 2 ft. to 4 ft. For the dis-
tributing conduits the trenches are all of the same depth,
about 3 ft., and they are about 2 ft. wide. In the cost of
excavation are included labor (l>oth men and teams), timber-
ing, drainage, clearing away obstructions, backfilling, in fact
all the cost of excavating from tearing up the paving to turn-
ing the ditch over to the pavers. In many sections of the
city, trenches 5 ft. or less in depth need but little timbering.

The foregoing describes the general conditions of the work
and illustrates the method and plans used. A careful and
well devised system of unit cost keeping is employed and
from these records the following costs for 7 years of work
have been compiled. In considering them the organization
of forces and the cost keeping system must be explained.

The system followed in organizing the work has been to
divide it into two principal parts: First, the part known as
"(icneral Expenses and Monthly Payroll,'* and, second. "Con-
struction Costs and Weekly Payroll.'' Under the latter is
charged all costs and expenses which would be borne by the
contractor were the work done under contract; under the
former heading is charged all items of salaries and ex-
penses which would represent the cost to the city of adminis-

APPENDIX D. 2Jl

tering the work and doing the necessary engineering were it
done under contract.

Referring to Fig. 98, showing the organization chart, the ex-
penses of organization and monthly expenses include the
headings of "Plans and Data*' and **()ffice arid Records."
"Construction" and ** Paymaster and Records" go to make up
the construction cost, with the addition of materials. The
items of ^'Operating and Maintenance," **Cable Inspection''
and ^'District Inspection,** are separate accounts that do not
enter into the cost of construction.

All foremen and regular employes are charged imder their
specific subdivisions as governed by the plan of the organ-
ization. Watchmen and similar expenses in construction
which cannot be readily subdivided, are charged under the
general head of "Weekly Material, Tools and Labor,'* which
is an expense account.

Labor is checked out and is designated by numbers, and
also by letters, indicating the particular subdivision under
which it will be charged, the man himself carrying a brass
check showing the number and letter. Each laborer also
carries a time ticket for each week, on which is punched by the
timekeeper, four times each day, the hours at which time is
taken. In this way the man carries his own time, and any
dispute with the timekeeper is avoided.

All material as purchased is charged to the *'Storeyard Ac-
count," under the subdivision "Weekly M. T. & L.," and.
when used upon the work, is then charged to the particular
subdivision in which used, and credit given the storeyard.

A man is sent to each construction gang, termed a "line-
man,'* whose duty it is to be the connecting link between
"plans and data" and "construction," or. in other words, he
reports upon printed blanks daily to the chief clerk the labor
in each subdivision. In addition to this, he records the
dimensions, both with regard to the construction v^^ork
proper, and akso all foreign structures met with in the course
of the work. These latter data are turned in to the chief
draftsman, where after being checked, they are entered in
colors upon permanent plats drawn to the scale of 20 ft.
to 1 in.

274

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

All of these reports are tabulated in the office and monthly
summaries made. Permanent entries of the costs under each
subdivision are made at the end of each month.

Up to January i, 1906, the summary of all conduit con-
struction was:

Table I.-

-Wagbs Paid Labor.

Year.

1809
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004

1005

Rate
per hour,
foreman.

80.871
.87i
.87)

874
87|

ril 1<

April 10
.431
.481

481

Rate
per
hour,
gang
boss.

80.811
.81i
.8U
81J
.81}
.31}

.81}

Rate

Rate

per

per

hour.

hour.

pavers.

brick-

layers.

80.43}

80.43}

43}

.43}

48}

.481

.43
April 25

48}

.50

48}

.50

.50

.43}

July 1

.564
.56}

43}

April 5

April 5

.50

.62}

Rate
per hour,
rammers.

80.31}
.81}
.81}
.81}
.31}
.81}

31}

April 5
.37}

Rate

per

hour.

carts.

Rate

per

hour.

pipe

layers.

,80.81}

i 28}

.28}

28} I

.28} !
.28}
April 15
.81}

81}

80.25
.25
.25
.25
.25
.25

.25

Rate

per hotir.

2-horse

teams.

80.3'
.37
June 2j
.401
.40j
40[
August 21
.451
■46J

i

3

46}

Rate

dcr

lator.

180.20;
.20)
.203
.20}
.205
.203

.205

The wages paid to men and teams are shown by Tabic I.
Table II shows the prices of materials for each year.

In addition to materials, Table III also shows the cost of
tools. In the third column from the end will be ' found
**amount charged to depreciation, breakage, material and
tools." In addition to the ordinary breakages and waste of
material and tools, it has been the custom to charge off each
year 20 per cent, on the heavier construction equipment.
Such small tools as shovels, picks, etc., the actual deprecia-
tion is charged off, because of the short life of such tools.
The comparatively large amounts charged off in 1904 and
1905 are accounted for by reconstruction of the conduits in
the burnt district, where a much larger percentage of material
was naturally lost. It will be remembered that in February.
1904, Baltimore suffered from a fire that destroyed a large
section of the business part of the city.

APPENDIX B.

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276 TELEPHOSE CONSTRUCTION.

The effect of this great fire on the conduit system was quite
surprising, as it did but little damage. The trunk lines and
the cables in them were uninjured, in spite of the intense
heat and the enormous weight of debris, consisting of
masonry and iron that fell on them. The piles of debris in
some cases were lO and 12 ft. high. A few service box covers
were broken by falling walls.

Likewise the distributing system was uninjured except in
a few places caused by gas explosions. When it is remem-
bered that only 19 ins. of earth covers these conduits and
they are frequently broken by service boxes, it is a matter of
surprise that the conduits were not injured. The cables in
them were only injured where they entered the destroyed
houses.

As gas pipes were broken throughout the entire burnt over
area, there was apprehension that gas would collect in the
system and explosions occur, but so well had the ventilation
of the system been planned, that no serious trouble of this
kind occurred, the operating department taking prompt steps
to prevent the gas from collecting in the system.

Nevertheless the fire caused much extra work to be done as
the pole and house connections were destroyed, and not only
new ones had to be made, but in rebuilding the city, many
changes were necessary to meet new conditions. The cost
of this work shows up in the tables under the years 1904
and 1905.

Table IV shows the details of the construction account,
giving the duct feet of conduit laid, divided into terra cotta
and fiber, also the number of manholes, service and junction
boxes, house connections, and also special conistruction work,
which is paid for by parties ordering it. The cost per duct
foot is given.

Table V is a general summary of all the costs of work for
each year, taken from ledger accounts shown in cost per duct-
foot. Under "General Expense and Monthly Payroll" are
tj^iven the expenses that would be known as the administra-
tion expenses of the commission having in charge the work,
and engineering expenses, if the work was done by contract,
while under "Construction and Weekly Payroll" are given

APPENDIX B.

277

the expenses that would be the contractor's cost. It will be
noticed that the general and monthly expenses are divided
equally between the trunk and distribution conduits, while
the construction expenses are actual figures of cost for each.
Under monthly and weekly "M. T. & L/* are listed all items
that cannot be readily distributed. In the column headed
"Preliminary Expenses" are expenses incurred in planning
and designing work for the succeeding construction period.
Under "Organization" is listed the expense of the commis-
sion and the chief and assistant engineers. At the end of the
table is given the cost per duct foot for each year, showing
the cost of construction, the preliminary expenses, and the
general expenses, including the engineering supervision.

Table VI indicates the percentage of labor on the total cost
under each subdivision of the work. This account is kept for
readily analyzing the unit costs given in Table IV.

Tablb VII. — NuMBBR Cubic Yards op Earth bxcavatbd Bach Year.

Year...

1899

1900 ! 1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

Total!..

31097.74

II862.44I 7155.22

6.S61.07

11590.45

1720.73

15476.20

9984.835687.19

1

Srowino Cost pbr Cubic Yard op Earth Excavatiok por Each Month.

Month

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

Jan ....

' 12.48

92.22
2.11

Feb . .

1.26
1.09
1.04
1.61
1.54
1.58
2.01
1.41
1.98
1.61

Mar....

1.88

April. . .

91.36
2.88
2.88
3.73
2.60
2.41
2.40
2.28
3.00

11.3^
1.44
1.84
2.02
1.44.
2.11
2.50

11 85
1.61
2.28
2.09
2.13
1.73
2.30
1.50
1.85

132.02
1.30
1.53
1.71

92.95
1.64
1.40
1.85
2.00
1.25
1.32
1.20
1.70

1.45

May

June . . .
July . .

Aug

Sept . . .

Oct

Nov. . . .

91.48
1.74
1.64
2.81
2.50
1.40
4.10
1.58

92.12
1.46
1.22
1.80
2.30

12.48

1.28
1.62

*

Dec. . . .

4.54

Av«
each yr.

12.61

11.87

91.88

91.82

91.94

91.79

91.65

91.53

11. «•

Table VII shows the cost of earth excavation. All the
material is earth, but it varies much, there being sand,
loam, clay, debris of made ground, and black mud. These
costs, as stated, include timbering, drainage, clearing away
obstruction, backfilling and all items of digging and finishing
the trench to be turned over to the pavers.

The item in July, 1904, of $32.02 per cu. yd. was especial
emergency work, caused as a result of the fire of 1904, and

278 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

bears no relation to the general work, being given to com-
plete the record. The cost of excavation is not only given
for the years of 1899 to 1905. inclusive, but also for IQ06 and
up to June, 1907.

The average cost of the trunk lines for the entire construc-
tion period is given below per duct-foot for each item, and
also the per cent, that each item is of the total average cost :

Per duct Per

foot rent.

Organization 10.0088 3.8

Office 0.0048 2.1

Plans 0.0048 2.1

Month M. T. & L 0.0110 4.8

Prellminan' Kx 0.0098 4.2

Excavation 0.0452 19.1

Concrete 0.0182 8.

Manholes 0.0252 10.9

Conduit 0.0726 31,4

P&vlnK 0.0090 3.9

Weekly M. T. & L 0.0203 8.8

Terminal Pole Con 0.0009 0,4

Arc Light Con 0.0012 0.5

Total 10.2318 100.0

The average cost of the service and distribution lines item-
ized with percentages is also listed.

Average itemized cost of service and distribution lines:

Per duct Per

foot cent.

Organization 10.0088 3.3

Office .' 0.0048 1.8

Plans 0.0048 1.8

Monthly M. T. & L 0.0110 4.1

Preliminary E.x 0.0098 3.7

Excavation 0.0683 21.4

Concrete 0.0281 10.6

Manholes 0.0421 16.8

Conduit 0.0663 24.9

Paving 0.0150 5.6

Weekly M. T. & L 0.0154 5.8

Terminal Pole Con 0.0014 0.5

Arc Light Con 0.0006 0.2

Total $0.2664 100.0

It will be noticed that the cost of the conduit material
runs from about 25 to 30 per cent, of the total cost.

Cost of Constructing Conduits in Subway Retaining Walls.

— The following are cost data on the construction of tile con-
duit embedded in concrete side walls for subways in New
York City.

Atlantic Ave, Brooklyn, — The ducts were of standard 3-ft.
length, having an inside diameter of 2t% ins. Multiple duct
conduits were laid, being for the most part, four-hole pieces.
The following clauses from the specifications indicate the
character of work required :

APPENDIX B. 279

"Ends of the duct holes will be slightly bell mouthed. In
case four-hole conduits are adopted there will be dowel holes
left at each end, and contractor shall, when erecting same,
insert iron dowels with central washer into the dowel holes in
each joint, for truly centering the sections. These dowel
pins shall be furnished by the contractor. Wooden stoppers
shall be placed in the free ends of all ducts when the work
is left at night, when sections are complete, or at other times
when required.

"Contractor will unload all conduits and will stack, store,
distribute and erect same in accordance with the drawings
and specifications.

"In erecting conduits, the sections must be kept in perfect
alignment throughout, and wooden mandrels, 3 ins. diameter
and not less than 4 ft. long, shall be threaded through the
holes and remain in place until the surrounding masonry has
set solid. These mandrels shall have fitted to the ends a
spring steel tube scraper with flue brush behind same for
thoroughly cleaning out any foreign matter existing in the
duct.

"Butt joints of conduits shall be broken at every tier half
the length of section, or as may be specially required by the
engineer. Every btitt joint shall be lapped around with two
laps of No. 6 cotton duck canvas, burlap or cheese cloth, 6 ins.
wide, laid 3 ins. on each abutting section, and the canvas,
burlap or cheese cloth, shall be dipped in neat Portland
cement grout immediately before lapping.

"Every tier of conduits is to have a layer of Portland
cement mortar laid on top, in which the next tier is to be
bedded, even and fair. In filling concrete or other masonry
around conduits the same must be worked up evenly on each
side so that no distortion of any kind may occur in the'
finished conduits."

The conduits were unloaded from boats, hauled about lyi
miles, and piled up ready for use. The cost of unloading, haul-
ing and piling was 0.8 ct. per duct-ft. ; and, as a duct-foot
weighs about 8 lbs., this is equivalent to $1.30 per ton. La-
borers received 15 cts. an hour ; team and driver, 45 cts.

28o TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION.

The cost of laying conduits during the year of 1903 was
as follows:

Duct-ft.
laid.

January 1 .942

February i ,636

April 4,512

^lay 30»563

June 37715

J"ly -27,893

August 15,293 .

September 14,170

October 10,037

Labor,

Pay-

Cost per

<Iays.

roll.

duct-ft.

10

$ 15

0.8c

9

13

0.8c

32

55

I.2C

154

254

0.8c

205

357

0.9c

«79

288

I.OC

92

142

3.9c

63

108

0.8c

43

74

0.7c

Total 1431851 787 $1,316 0.9c

From this it appears that the cost of laying was a trifle less
than I ct. per duct-ft., and that the average wages were $1.66
per day of 10 hrs. This is the average of the common laborers
delivering ducts and the skilled men laying ducts. It required
150 bbls. of Portland cement to lay the 143,851 duct-ft, or
I bbl. per 960 duct-ft.

During the year of 1904, there were 227.600 duct-ft. laid,
requiring 240 bbls. of cement, and 975 days labor. The aver-
age wages paid were $1.71 per day, and the average cost was
0.8 ct. per duct-ft. for laying. During the best month, 30,700
duct-ft. were laid at a cost of 0.6 per duct-ft. for laying, which
indicates that the workmen were not very efficient during the
previous months.

Rapid Transit R. R., Manhattan. — The following miscel-
laneous records have been secured. Phe cost of materials for
123,483 duct-ft. was as follows:

123,483 duct-ft., at 4J4 cts $5»556

6,000 sq. yds. burlap, at 4>4 cts 270

275 bbls. Portland cement, at $1.58 435

68 cu. yds. sand, at 50 cts 34

13 sets mandrils, at $2 26

Total, 123,483 duct-ft., at 5 cts $6,321

APPENDIX B, 281

One barrel of cement was used for every 440 duct-ft. As
an average of a large amount of work the following data
were secured : 100 duct-ft. required 0.22 bbl. cement, 0.055
cu. yd. sand and 4.86 sq. yds. burlap. The conduits used were
4-duct pieces in 2-ft. lengths, 9 ins. square, built up in ad-
vance of the concrete side walls which surrounded them. On
one section of the subway where some 500,000 duct-ft. were
laid the labor cost of laying was V/j cts. per duct-ft. On
another section where 60,000 duct-ft. were laid the cost was
2j^ cts. per duct-ft. Wages were high; bricklayers at $5.20
per day doing the work.

INDEX.

Aerial Cuts <i>

Anchor Guys, Construction, Stand-
ard 4

Anchor Logs, Cost of 217

Dimensions of 2

Anchors, Cost of, 20

Kinds of i

Log, Construction of 8

Cable, Connecting to Distributing

Rack 50

Fastening to Pole, Method of.. 27

Sizes of 25

Aerial, Cost of So. 192

Erection. Methods of 27

Guard for 28

Junk Value of 192

Kinds of 27

Price of 193

Removing, Cost of 70

Method of 65

Undei^round, Installing Main,

Method of 30

Kinds of 29

Lateral. Cost of 35

Main, Cost of 35

PuUing, Cost of 148

Removing, Cost of 70

Method of 65

Rodding 29

Installing Lateral, Method of. 31

Cable Boxes. Cost of 200

Cable Construction, Characteris-
tics 25

Cost of 31

Cable Splices.

Bridge. Definition of 37

Making, Method of 44

Underground, Cost of 59

Making, Directions for 39

Straight. Definition of 37

Making, Method of 40

Straight -Bridge, Definition of. . . 37

Making. Method of 44

('able Splicing (See also Cable
Splices).

Aerial Cuts 45

Changing Count 44

Characteristics 36

Classification of Splices 36

Cost of 56, 195

Aerial Cuts 62

Bridge. Aerial 58

Onto Working Cable 58

Bridge, Underground Onto

Working Cable 59

Changing Count 61

Connecting Cable to Distrib-
uting Rack 63

Potheads 62

Straight, Aerial 57

Straight-Bridge, Aerial 59

Onto Working Cable 60

Straight-Bridge Underground. 60

Onto Working Cable 61

Straight. Underground 57

Underground Cuts ^ 62

283

Cable Splicing.

Costs, Method of Figuring 56

Directions for 39

Materials Employed 37

Order of Work 51

Potheads 46

Sleeves for. Sizes of 38

Toll Cable to Cable Terminating

in Loading Coll 45

Underground to Distributing

Rack Cable ^48

Cement House. Portable 2o\

Changing Count. Definition of 44

Method of 44

Concrete, Mixing, Cost of loj

Srinkage of lo3

Conduit Construction.

Concreting, Methods of 88

Construction Details 78

Cost Keeping Methods, Hints on 78

Cost of 223

Baltimore. Md 275

McRoy Tile Ill, 114

Aurora. Ill 127

Evanston. Ill 116

Irving Park. Ill 118

Maywood. Ill 128

South Chicago. Ill 126

West Pullman. Ill 120

Memphis. Tenn 249. 263

Pump Log in Cities 114

Rapid Transit Railway 280

Sewer Tile Lateral in Cities. 115

Costs. Method of Figuring 110

Methods of Keeping 105

Formation of Cross-Section 82

Installing Conduit. Methods of
^^ 87 89

Laterals, Sewer Tlie *...'.' *. 79

Materials Employed 84

McRoy Tile. Materials and La-
bor, Quantities and Cost of. .158

Methods of, Baltimore. Md 265

Memphis, Tenn 243

Organization of Working Force. 76

Plugs for Conduit 91

Pump Log, Methods of 90

Sewer Tile Lateral, Methods of. 89

Specifications for 220

Tile for, Cross Section of 78

Trenching, Methods of 85

Cost Data, Collecting, Memoran-
dum Book for 6

Method of 6

Reporting, Forms for (See
Forms).

Method of 7

Cross Arms, Construction. Stand-
ard 3

Cost of 20

Removing, Cost of 70

Method of 64

Replacing, Cost of •. . 72

Drops. Cost of 28. 161

Estimating. Forms for 179

Methods of 164

284

INDEX.

Forma, Cable Construction Costs. 34

Cable Splicing Costs -.52, 55

Conduit Construction Costs. 102. 109

Pole Line Costs 8

Removing Old Line, Costs 67

Fusing, Cost of 162

Guard, Chafing for Cable 28

Line Construction, Cost of

147. 148, 159

Costs, Methods of Figuring 11

Definition of 1

Line Orders, Cost of 22, 150

L,08t Time, Proportioning, Meth-
od of 13

Materials, Unloading and Distilb-
utlng. Cost of 153

Messenger, Cost of 190

Erecting, Cost of 34

Kinds of 26

Removing. Cost of 70

Method of 65

Specifications for 26

Splicing. Method of 26

Mortar, Quantity Required fjr 1,-

000 Bricks 153

Shrinkage of 1 53

Pole Line. Cost of 224

Exchange Poles 202

Farm Line Poles 214

Toll Line Poles 210

Pole Line Construction, Wages of
Labor 202

Poles, Cost of 17

Depths Set 2

Framing, Method of 1

Ground Brace, Construction lor 2

Kinds of 1

Moving. Cost of 71

Removing. Cost of 69

Method of 64

Sizes of 1, 2

Spacing of 1, 2

Terminal. Equipment for 28

Equipping, Cost of 35

Renewing, Cost of 72

Wiring, Cost of 35

Method of 29

Pole Seats, Attaching, Method of. 30

Potheads, Making. Method of 46

Push Pole Braces, Construction.. 5
Cost of 22

Reconstruction, Definition of 65

Removing Old Line, Cost of 67

Method of Figuring 66

Method of Recording 66

Method of 63

Rodding, Cost of 35

Sleeves, Sizes of 38

Soils. Classification of 24

Splicing (See Cable Splicing).

Stubs. Cost of 21

Self-Sustaining. Construction... 4
Supervision and Expense. Propor-
tioning, Method of 16

Teaming. Proportioning, Method

of 16

Telegraph Line, Cost of 234

Terminal Boxes, Attaching, Meth-
od of 29

Terminals, Cost of 152. 199

Tool Box. Portable 251

Transmission Line, Cost of 227

Trolley Pole Holes, Digging.

Cost of 238

Methods of 235

Excavating by Machine 234

Vault Construction.

Brick, Materials and Labor.

Quantities and Cost of 157

Concrete, Materials and Labor.

Quantities and Cost of 156

Cost of Brick, Aurora. Ill 128

Evanston. Ill 117

Irving Park, III 119

May wood, 111 124

South Chicago, III 126

West Pullman. Ill 122

Concrete in Cities 115

Vaults, Construction of. Methods

of 92

Drainage of 93

Excavation for 93

Location of 92

Wages, Cable Construction 23

Cable Splicing 56

Conduit Construction 112. 274

Line Construction .23. 190

Pole Line Construction 202

Removing Old Line 67

Wheelbarrows. Loads, Average. . .153

Wire, Removing, Cost of 70

Method of 64

Tying to Insulators 6

Wire Stringing, Cost of 22, 218

Methods of 5

"Mai" UndergTonnd Cable Consfamction Devices

Mullln Di

KliiuuiuiuHi' standard

CalaloB desCTibing

Clarence Mayer

Cost Statistician
and Facilities Engineer

Expert Advice and

Construction Cost Data

Furnished

Cost Systems Established

904 Ellsworth Building
CHICAGO

A Moniy Saving Suggestion

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tools of good quality will be only
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KLEIN TOOLS are used by all Bucr«»-

KLKIN'S Nbw

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records of en^nreri and conlTOtlors
and so itemized and analyzed as to
be of inestimable value to any person
who has to do with making bids and
estimaies or in checking rslinuUes.
It gives also valuable data on meth-
ods of construction, thus enabling
foremen to handle work in the most
economical manner possible.

The different sections are: (1)
Cost-Keeping, Preparing Estimates,
Organization of Forces, etc. ; (2) Cost
of Earth Excavation; (3) Cost of
Rock Excavation. Quarrying and
Crushing; (4) Cost of Roads. Pave-
ments and Walks; (5) Cost of Stone
Masonry; (0) Cost of Concrete Con-
struction of All Kinds; (7) Cost of
Water Works; (8) Cast of Sewers,
Vitrified Conduits and Tile Drains;
(0) Cost of Piling. Trestling and Tim-
berwork; (10) Cost of Erecting Build-
ings; (11) Cost of Steam and Elec-
tric Railways; (12) Cost of Bridge
Erection and Painting; (13) Cost of
Railway and Topographic Surveys;
(14) Cost of Miscellaneous Structures.

Flexible leather, gHt edges, 622 pages, illustrated,

$4.00 net, postpaid.

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Practical Cement

Testing

By W. PURVES TAYLOR, M. E., C. E.
Engineer in charge Philadelphia Municipal Testing Laboratories.

Cloth, 6 X {) inches, 330 pages; 142 illustrations; 58 tables;

$3.00 net, postpaid.

This is the first practical and exhau8ti>re treatise on this important subject. It has
already been adopted as a text book by the University of Pennsylvania and leadiifb
technical schools. Each chapter contains a minute description of the methods followed
in the author's laboratory and many valuable su^estions as to the "how" and "why'*;
of cement testing. The observation on the interpretation of results, one of the most
difficult tasks of the novice, are especially pertinent and are expressed in a fair and con-(
servative manner.

The book is so complete that it can be put in the handa of a young engineer with con-
fidence that it will enable him to make reliable tests on cement. The wealth of photo-
graphs and line cuts furnish the pictorial examples of how to conduct cement tests, and
the 300 pages of text are so explicit that even the most inexperience 1 men can soon learn
the art of cement testing. Vet the book has not a superfluous paragraph. The list of
chapters includes: (1) Classification and Statistics, (2) Composition and Constitution,
(3) Manufacture, (4) Inspection and Sampling, (5) The Testing of Cement, (6) Specific
Gravity, (7) Fineness, (8) Time of Setting. (9) Tensile Strength. (10) Soundness, (11) Chem-
ical Analysis, (12) Special Tests, (13) Approximate Tests, (14) Practical Operation, (15)
Other Varieties of Cement Than Portland, (16) Specifications (The Author's Am. Soc. C. £.,
A. M., Soc. Test. Mtls., Soc. (Them. Indust., Corpn Ens. U. S. A. British Standard Can.

cements, Mortars ^
Concretes

— Their Physical Properties

An up-to-date compendium of reliable te-sts of Cements,

Mortars and Concretes

By MYRON S. FALK, Ph. D..
Instructor in Civil Engineering, Columbia University.

Cloth, 6 X 9 inches; 184 pages; illustrated; price, $2.59 net, postpaid.

This book contains a very complete report of the results of tesls madi during the past
fifteen years, and gives these results in tables and diagrams classified according to subjects.
This is a reference book that should be in the library of every civil engineer. The contents
include chapters on Chemical Properties of Cement, Ph:raical Tests of Cement, General
Physical Properties, Elastic Properties in General, Tensile Properties. Compressive Prop-
erties, Flexural Pro(>erties, Report on Uniform Tests of Cement by the Special Committee
of the American Society of Civil Engineers and (^institution of Cement.

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ROCK EXCAVATION-METHODS AND COST.

BY

H ALBERT P. QILLETTE,

Editor * * Engineering-Contracting. "

This book covers the whole subject of rock excavation,
whether in excavations for structures or in quarries. Tunneling,
shaft sinking and quarrying and crushing are considered in par-
ticular detail. It is a practical book for practical rock men.
One superintendent who purchased this book writes that he has
cut the cost of his drilling and blasting practically in half since
he received the book and applied the methods given by Mr. Gil-
lette. **Rock Excavation" has chapters describing:

Rocks and Their Properties — Methods and Cost of Hand Drilling —
Machine Drills and Their Use — Steam and Compressed Air Plants — The
Cost of Machine Drilling — Cost of Diamond Drillmg — Explosives — Charg-
ing and Firing — Methods of Blasting— Cost of Loading and Transporting
Rock — Quarrying Stone — Open Cut Excavation — Methods and Cost on
the Chicago Drainage Canal — Cost of Trenches and Subways — Subaque-
ous Excavation — C^ost of Railway Tunnels— Cost of Drifting, Shaft Smk-
ing and Sloping.

Cloth, 5}x7 inches, 384 pages, 56 figures and illustrations; $3.00 net,
postpaid.

EARTHWORK AND ITS COST.

BY

HALBERT P. QILLETTE,

Editor ** Engineering-Contracting"

A book that should be in the hands of every man who is in
charge of **moving dirt," whether with pick and shovel, plow
and scraper, steam shovel and dredge, or any other tool for dig-
ging and conveying earth.

Cloth, 5x7} inches, 260 pages, 50 figures and illustrations ; $2.00 net,
postpaid.

ECONOMICS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION.

BY

HALBERT P. QILLETTE,

Editor * 'Engineering-Contracting. ' *

This book is the only book on road construction that goes
into the detailed cost of construction. The methods and cost
of construction given are drawn from the author's own expe-
lience, both as an engineer in charge of road work and as a con-
tractor for constructing many miles of roads of all kinds.
Cloth, 184 pages, illustrated ; price $1.00 net, postpaid.

THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING COMPANY

355 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO