Ten lessons in thrift.Pub. by the Savings Division, War Loan Organization, Treasury Department.

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TEN LESSONS IN THRIFT

PUBLISHED BY THE SAVINGS DIVISION
WAR LOAN ORGANIZATION
TREASURY DEPARTMENT

SECOND EDITION

Prepared with the cooperation of the Social
and Industrial Conditions Department of
the General Federation of Women's Clubs

ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TREASURY DEPARTMENT, VfASHINGTON, D. C. :: MAY. 1919

W. S. S. 15-R

WA3HINQT0N : GOVERNMENT PRrNTINQ OFFICE : 1919

Walter Clinton Jackson Library

The University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Special Collections & Rare Books

World War I Pamphlet Collection

TEN LESSONS IN THRIFT

PUBLISHED BY THE SAVINGS DIVISION
WAR LOAN ORGANIZATION
TREASURY DEPARTMENT

SECOND EDITION

Prepared with the cooperation of the Social
and Industrial Conditions Department of
4he General Federation of Women's Clubs

ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TREASURY DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C. :: MAY, 1919

W. S. S. 15-R

INGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

include (a) budgets or plans for future financial operation, (6) accounts
whicli classify receipts and expenditures and record property and debts, (c)
periodical audit of financial accounts and tbe making of a new budget or
financial plans.

3. Show bow tbe household parallels such a business organization ; its mem-
bers have a definite aim, housekeeping and home making ; they seek benefits for
themselves, which include financial progress. There is need of organization
and systematic control of household finance, just as there is in business finance ;
systematized household finance calls for a plan for saving and spending or a
budget, the keeping of household accounts, and the periodical review of saving
and expenditures with making of new plans.

For reference material see the bibliography, for example, Taber's " The
Business of the Household " and Richards's " Cost of Living."

Discussion may follow each paper.

Practical results will be immediate if members of the group check up their
present plan of spending as to the amounts used for saving, rent, food, clothing,
housekeeping expenses, and personal expenses.

Individual expenditures may be checked, if desired, against the following or
other standard budget estimates, typewritten copies of which may be distrib-
uted ready for each member :

An average family of five will divide each $100 received about as follows :

(a) When the income is less than $2,000 — Savings, one-tenth, or $10 in each
$100 (less in smaller incomes and larger families) ; rent, one-sixth, or $15
to $20 in each $100; food, two-fifths, or $40 (more with smallest income) ;
clothing, one-sixth, or $15; housekeeping expenses, one-tenth, or $10; per-
sonal expenses, one-tenth, or $10.

(b) When the income is $3,000 or over, each $100 spent may divide some-
what as follows: Savings, about one-seventh, or $15 in each $100; i-ent, one-
seventh, or $15 in each $100; food, two-sevenths, or about $20 to $30 in each
$100 ; clothing about one-seventh, or $15 ; housekeeping expenses, about one-
seventh, or $14 ; personal expenses, about one-seventh, or $15.

Of course, every family must make its own plans for spending, and these
standards are only suggestive in a most general way.

Ask members of the group to bring in accounts and suggestions to the next
meeting to throw light on how it is possible to increase the amount saved sys-
tematically each week or month.

If a special address or budget is desired, the local home economics teacher, a
business man, or an accountant would be able to make an interesting contri-
bution.

Teachers and those who train teachers will find these outlines a useful sup-
plement to the Course of Study in Thrift and other special educational ma-
terial Avhich is available on request to the Government Savings Director. (Ad-
dress, care of the nearest Federal Reserve Bank.)^

Whenever the outline is used, the goal of the Tenth Lesson should be kept
clear.

1 The Federal reserve banks are located at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland,
Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City (Mo.), Dallas, San
Francisco.

THRIFT.

DEFINITIONS.

Thrift : A thriving condition ; prosperity, success, good fortune.

— Webster.

To Thrive : To win success by industry, economy, and good manage-
ment; to increase in goods or estate. — Wehste7\

Thrift is good management of the business of living.

Thrift is care and prudence in the management of one's affairs.

Thrift means to get the most for one's money, the most for one's time,
the most for one's strength.

Thrift has four elements:

Earning or production.
Spending or choosing.
Saving or conservation.
Investment or accumulation.
Thrift has three qualities :

Frugality or carefulness.
Economy or good management.
Judgment or wise decision.
Thrift yields three products:
Security of the State.
Prosperity of the community.
Sovereignty of the individual.
War Savings Stamp. — A security on which the Government pays a
higher rate of interest than on any other, and which is issued in a
small denomination for the convenient investment of savings and
to promote and foster the practice of thrift throughout the Nation.

(5)

TEN LESSONS IN THRIFT.

PRELIMINARY— DEFINITION OF THRIFT.

I. Economic and Social Background —

Thrift and savings, savings and wealth — wealth and
civilization.
II. Thrift in the Household—

The family a corporation, the woman as home manager.

III. The Household Budgets

Principles, methods, and uses of the budget.

IV. Family Accounting —

Purposes, methods, and values of accounts.
V. Thrift in Buying—

Tests of choice and standards of values.
VI. Conservation of Things —

The business of getting, keeping, and using home wares.
VII. Conservation of Living —

The ministry of things to matters spiritual.
VIII. Thrift in Municipal Affairs-
Action and reaction of household and community.
IX. Funds and Investments —

Translation of savings into funds ; canons of investment.
X. Systematic Savings —

How to save, how to invest — War Savings Stamps.
(6)

Lesson I. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND.

Thrift brings about accumulation of wealth, which gives
play and scope to inventions and processes of produc-
tion, which release time and energy for education, culture,
and the pursuit of happiness.

1. Relation of thrift to savings:

Increased production generates a possible surplus.
Careful spending nourishes a surplus.
Careful use protects a surplus.
Wise investment establishes the surplus.

2. Relation of savings to wealth:

The primitive man has nothing.

He stores up labor in an ax and gets more food and skins.

He stores up labor in food and clothing and uses the time

gained to build a canoe.
He stores up labor in a boat and provision and gains time

to go after other goods.
He stores up goods and provisions and gains time to make

tools and enlarge his production.
He begins cultivating a crop and increases his store so that

he may turn to working in wood and metals and fabrics.
All wealth began in some one's savings, continued by saving,

and grew by saving.

3. Relation of wealth to progress and civilization :

The nomad — the basis of primitive industry.
The agricultural state — the basis of household industry.
The village — the basis of domestic industry.
The town — the basis of the factory system.
The modern system — finance, transportation, government,
education, production, distribution, organization.

4. The advanced community:

Dependence on commerce — bringing all knowledge to a
common interchange.

Dependence on machinery — bringing all energy to a com-
mon reservoir.

Dependence on invention — bringing all ingenuity to a com-
mon service.

Dependence on trade — bringing all goods to a common
market.

Dependence on finance — bringing all resources to a common
pool.

Dependence on organization — bringing all effort to the
maximum of result.

8

Lesson II. THRIFT IN THE HOUSEHOLD.

The family is the basic unit in society.

Household economy includes production for support — the
breadwinner; production for use — ^the housewife; con-
tributions by minors, servants, and dependents.

1. The family council:

What the man knows,

Wliat the woman knows.

What the children know.

The housewife's discretion as home manager.

Discretion of individuals in personal affairs.

2. Family finance — management of outlay:

The common purse.
Personal allowances.
Special funds.

3. The housewife — ^her economic functions:

(a) Buying — assembling foodstuffs, clothing and materials,
furniture and equipment.

Buying is production, the total is the making of
the home.
(h) Manufacture — making food into meals, goods into
clothes, furniture and fixtures into rooms.

Manufacture is the conversion of raw materials or
partly finished fabrics into more useful forms.

(c) Management — economy in dealing out supplies, in

utilizing by-products, in preventing waste, in calcu-
lating means, in assigning finer or rougher things to
appropriate duty, in finding secondary use for partly
worn wares, in disposing of scrap.

(d) Supplementary earnings — use of spare time.

4. Home making in the large:

Meeting to-day's needs.
Foresight for the week.
Foresight for the year.
Foresight for the next generation.
Foresight for a lifetime.
The home complete.

In New York

One year

Over 80 per cent of those who died left no estate.

A War Savings Stamp is an estate.

Classed as current expenses.

Lesson III. THE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET.

The household is a corporation. Compare corporate prac-
tice; proposals for national budget; municipal methods
of appropriations; the system of industrial corporations —
assignment of funds for fixed charges, betterments, \York-
ing capital, and dividends.

1. Principles of the budget:

Fixed charges — savings, rent, insurance, taxes.
Betterments — investments, large improvements.
Working capital — current expense.
Dividends — disposable surplus.

2. Items of the budget :

Allocation of funds for classified purposes —

Savings, i

Taxes icorresponding to fixed charges.

Insurance. J

Food.

Clothing.

House expenses — fuel, light, service.

Renewals.

Car fare to business.

Church, benevolence, gifts.

Health — doctor, dentist, optician.

Investments. 1

Improvements — new equipment.

Education and literature. ?May be called betterments.

Recreation and amusements.

Travel. J

Dividends — well-being, leisure, comfort, luxuries.

3. Methods of appropriation :

{a) Definite setting apart of funds or shifting balances
from one to another.

(6) Fixing on amounts in absolute sums or on a percentage
of earnings.

((?) Variable allowances or hard and fast limits.

{d) Transfers of unused balances, as from household allow-
ance to savings or from economies to indulgencies.

4. Interpretation of schedules:

When is clothing a necessity and when a luxury.
When is food a necessity and when an amusement.
AVhen is amusement education and when a frivolity.
When is fuel an item in rent and when current expense.
When are club dues education and when amusement.
When is vacation health and when amusement.
When is the theater amusement and when indulgence.
When is rent a necessity and when extravagance.
When is car fare personal expense and when rent.
When is charity a fixed charge and when a current expense.
When is insurance an investment and when a fixed charge.
When is clothing a necessity and when an adornment.
11616i°— 19 2

10

Lesson IV. FAMILY ACCOUNTING.

The household as a business concern: Business keeps two
sets of accounts — the general ledger to tell how the
concern stands and the cost accounting system to tell
how it happened.

1. Household accounts :

(a) Classified expense —

To analyze current transactions.
(5) The balanced account^ —

To identify progress.

2. Classified expense, for control of outlay :

(a) Mechanical forms —

Physical form — a ruled book or sheet.
, Location — ^in the kitchen or on the desk.

Method of entry — from sales slip, memorandum

book, tablet.
Time of entry — daily, weekly, monthl}^
Check — invoices, monthly bills, stub book, cash

balance.
(h) Criticism of expense —

Disproportionate amounts.

Excessive prices.

Deficient allowances.

Comparisons with budget.

Comparisons with remainders.

Detection of leaks.

Scrutiny of extravagance.

Liquidation of deficits.

Care of overdrafts — i. e., sickness or emergency

travel,
(c) Priority in outlay — being honest with the budget —
Savings before expenses.
Necessities before indulgences.
Reserves for needs before whims.

3. Summary accounts:

Purpose — to show where one stands.
Method—

A general ledger account showing monthly or weekly ex-
penditures under several heads as compared with
budget.
Annual statement showing gross income from several
sources, gross outlay according to grand headings, ex-
penditures for permanent improvements, total invest-
ment as compared with previous year.

11

Lesson V. HOUSEHOLD BUYING.

Spending is choosing. Suc(?essful buying involves judg-
ment of relative needs, relative wants, relative worth,
relative usefulness, relative durability, relative amounts,
relative price, relative timeliness.

1. Tests in buying:

Do I need it.

Do I need it now.

Do I need something else more.

Will it pay for itself in the end.

Do I help or injure the community in buying this.

2. Values in buying:

Food — nutrition, healthfulness, cleanliness, attractiveness,
flavor, quality, price, economy in preparation, of time,
strength, fuel, utensils, economy in salvage, buying from
bulk or in package, buying in quantity or small unit,
buying for the day or laying in stores, calculation of
portions, calculation of meals, calculations of balanced
diet, varied diet, calculations of balanced cost.

Clothing — design related to material, color and becoming-
ness to wearer; style, durability; adaptability to fine or
rough wear, to repair and remaking ; suitability to season,
health, occupation, comfort; homemade versus ready-
made; conditions of manufacture, use of child labor, the
sweat shop, the living wage, health; calculation of bal-
anced cost.

Fabrics — bed and table linen, curtains, furniture covering,
carpets; suitability to purpose, durability of color and
texture, ease in cleaning, frequency of renewal, storage
needed.

Fuel — system of heating, heat equivalence, cleanliness,
cost, convenience in handling, adaptation to heating or
cooking, disposition of wastes.

Furnishings, including fittings, furniture, utensils, imple-
ments— permanence of residence; durability, conven-
ience, and comfort ; cleanliness, relative to work, worker,
and storage; possibility of renewal; harmony with the
room in size, color, and design; beauty in itself, beauty
in surroundings, beauty in adaptation to use.

Light — reading the meter, lighting in relation to health,
convenience, care, effect on furnishings.

3. Standards in buying:

Taste — expression of purpose, the party frock and the
working dress, the dinner table and the bookstand, skill
in design, good lines, good proportions, good coloring,
suitable fabrics.

Intrinsic w^orth — the good bargain and the dear bargain,
utility and ornament, cost beyond usefulness, substance
beneath serviceableness, too pretty for any use, more
trouble than it's worth. The final test of enduring joy.

4. Methods of buying :

Cash or credit; cost of delivery and distribution, self-
service stores; buying by telephone or mail order; co-
operative buying.

12

Lesson VI. CONSERVATION OF THINGS.

Conservation is tile care, management, development, and
disposition of possessions and resources that will derive
from them the maximum utility; thrift in the use of
things.

1. Conservation of materials:

(a) Elimination of waste in food, clothing, fabrics, fuel,

light, water supply, fittings, and furnishings.

(&) Prevention of deterioration — preservation and care of
food, clothing, and furnishings; teaching children
respect for property, clothes and toys, reverence for
books and pictures.

(c) Warehousing — keeping food in pantry, window box,
cold room, or cellar ; keeping clothes in drawers, on
hangers, on boot-trees; arrangement of tools in
desk, linen closet, cupboard, and workroom; order
in the children's closet, a place for toys and games.

2. Conservation of time and labor:

(a) House planning in relation to family needs, conven-
ience for work and workers, storage space.

(b) Planning the day ; planning of meals, marketing, shop-

ping, division of work among helpers. 'Wliat shall
the children do?

(c) Saving energy — economy in routine, labor-saving de-

vices, household equipment, use of public services.

(d) Health and strength — translation of economics into

leisure, exercise, improvement, relief from drudg-
ery, buoyancy, abundant life.

A Million Dollars is a lot of money;
So is 25 cents — if you don't have it.
A Thrift Stamp is always 25 cents and starts your million.

13

Lesson VII. CONSERVATION OF LIVING.

The things of the spirit are the real values to which in the
balanced life all material things are subject, of which all
true conservation is enrichment.

1. Essential things in life:

Health and strength.
Safety and comfort.
Knowledge and skill.
Growth beyond self.

2. Health, the first concern in physical welfare.

Values — Health as essential to productive capacity.

Health as essential to pursuit of happiness.
Mechanism — Care of the body.

Food and hygiene.

Sanitation and environment.

Surroundings and outlook.

Mental and neural atmosphere — amusements.

3. Protection, the safety for the future —

Elements — Social and family connections.

Savings for permanent income.

Insurance, savings for emergency.
Values — reflex on character, decision, judgment.
Abuses — materialism, greed.

4. Education, the enlargement of native resources :

Value —

Mastery of knowledge and arts.

Self -improvement

Bread and butter schooling.
Factors — school, classes, reading, work, special instruction,

conclusions from experience.
Abuse — ingrowing culture.

5. Altruism, the extension of the horizon :

Expression —
Giving thought.
Giving service.
Giving money.

Values — for broader sympathy, for more abundant living.

Abuse — ignorant giving, degradation of others, supercili-
ousness.

Education produces good citizens ;

War Savings Stamps will send the children through college.

14

Lesson VIII. THRIFT IN MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS.

" Madam, who keeps your house ? "

The family has an obligation to the community ; the social
corporation profoundly affects the welfare of the house-
hold and the individual,

1. Woman's interest in municipal housekeeping :

As citizen and voter — knowing and judging the perform-
ance of public servants.

As citizen and taxpayer — knowing and criticising expendi-
tures, commendation of good results, protest against
stinting or waste.

2. The housewife's relation to municipal affairs :

Streets and sidewalks — repair and cleanliness.

Air — light, smoke, and other nuisances.

Water — pollution, hardness.

Food — inspection of markets and bakeries, delivery,

weights and measures.
Waste disposal — city and country; garbage, refuse, ashes,

insect pests.
Safety — police, fire protection, health regulations, clean

conveyances, crowded cars, traffic regulations, school and

public-health nurse.
Welfare agencies — preventive and corrective, public insti-
tutions; hospitals, infirmaries, jails.
Infant hygiene — ^birth registration, milk stations, dental

clinics, juvenile courts.
Education — schools, libraries, playgrounds, parks, city and

State laws.

3. The housewife's use of community utilities :

Central lighting, heating, and cleaning systems; public
markets, community kitchens, cooperative laundries.

4. The housewife's cooperation with municipal affairs :

By example.

By training of children.

By observation and suggestion.

By organization.

By participation.

Poorhouses are filled with those who didn't save.

A nation of War Savin.gs Stamp owners would put the poorhouse still
farther "over the hills."

15

IX. FUNDS AND INVESTMENTS.

Thrift finds concrete expression in savings.
Savings appear definitely in things and funds.

1. Classification of accumulations:

Working capital — the bank account.

Temporary funds — for vacation, for the year's coal bill,

winter clothing, school or college.
Endowments — insurance, education, a hope chest.
Compulsory savings — dues for insurance, for building loan,

for land contract, for installment bond.
Invested savings — stocks, bonds, mortgages. Government

securities.

2. Direct investment:

(a) In business or business equipment.

(b) In home or furniture —

Advantages of owning home — domestic.
Advantages and disadvantages — economic.
Methods of acquiring a home, installment plan.

3. Investment in funds:

Principles of investment —
Safety of principal.
Safety of interest.
Eate of interest.

Ease of conversion (marketability).
Convenience of denomination.
Security of possession — deposit vault, registration.
Period of maturity.

4. Public interest in investment.

Interest of society.
Interest of Government.

War Savings Stamps bought with Liberty bond coupons produce interest
from interest.

16

Lesson X. SYSTEMATIC SAVING.

The Government asks you to save systematically and to

buy "\^r Savings Stamps — regularly.
The business method — successful corporations first set aside

funds for betterments and reserves, then declare dividends.
Sound thrift gives savings first claim on earnings.

1. Who should save :

What can the wage earner do?
What can the housewife do?
"V^Hiat can children do?
Wliat can the family council do?
What of those who can not save?

2. How to save:

Appropriation from income — the pay-envelope method.

Appropriation from surplus — living within allowance and
investing difference.

Special devices — the savings coin, the savings pocket, fund-
ing self-denials, funding small economies.

Special methods — rewards and bonuses, fines and deduc-
tions.

3. War Savings Stamps :

Application of canons of investment; safety of principal,
safety of interest, convenience of denomination, suffi-
ciency of yield, redemption provisions, registration.

4. Advantages of W. S. S. :

Eegular buying, any sum from 25 cents up, saving while it is
warm, purchase always convenient, readiness of conver-
sion.

5. Uses of W. S. S. :

For provisional fund — ^nucleus for buying home, for exten-
sive improvements, for sickness or adversity.

For permanent fund — small savings held to maturity yield
substantial proceeds ; methods of reinvestment with accre-
tions.

READING LIST OF BOOKS ON THRIFT AND SAVINGS.

FOR ADULTS.

"How much can you save?"

"Are you conducting your household finances on businesslike
principles?"

Atwood, a. W. How to get ahead. Indianapolis. Bobbs-Merrill, 1917. 277 p,
A popular treatment of individual and domestic economy and wise investment.

American Home Economics Association. Thrift by household accounting.
Baltimore. American Home Economics Assn., 1918. 34 p.

A cash account book for household expenditures.
Baldt, L. I. Clothing for women. Philadelphia. Lippincott, 1916. 454 p.

Discusses selection of materials and the clothing budget.
Beown, M. W. Development of thrift. New York. Macmillan, 1899. 222 p.

The purpose of thrift and the various agencies for saving money.

Chamberlain, A. H. Thrift and conservation. Philadelphia. Lippincott,
1919. 174 p.

Emphasizes importance of conserving goods and materials.
Child, Geokgiana. The efficient kitchen. New York. McBride, Nast, 1914.
242 p.

Kitchen plans and equipment to save labor, fuel, and materials.

DONHAM, S. A. Marketing and household manual. Boston. Little, Brown,
1917. 241 p.

Buying of food and methods of organizing housework.
Fabmeb, L. C. a. B. C. of home saving. New York. Harper, 1916. 113 p.

Handbook of practical suggestions for economy in the home.
FowLEE, N. C. How to save money. Chicago. McClurg, 1913. 287 p.

How to attain personal economy ; the institutions for thrift and savings.
Geegoey, M. H. Checking the waste. Indianapolis. Bobbs-Merrill, 1911.
318 p.

Very readable chapters on the conservation of natural resources.

Hall, Bolton. Thrift. New York. Huebsch, 1916. 247 p.

A discourse on personal, community, and public economy.
Hunt, C. L. Home problems from a new standpoint. Boston. Whitcomb &
Barrows, 1908. 145 p.

Deals with the adjustment of the home to modem conditions and its relations to
the community.

Keene, E. S. Mechanics of the household. New York. McGraw-Hill, 1918.
383 p.

Concerning heating apparatus, lighting, ventilating, plumbing, and water supply
of the modern house.

17

18

Leeds, J. B, Household budget. Germantown, Pa. The Author, 1917. 246 p.
Reports actual divisions of time and money in running a houseliold with sugges-
tions for saving both. Emphasizes the productive labor of the housewife.

MacGkegor, T. D. The book of thrift. New York. Funk & Wagnalls, 1916.
341 p.
The various aspects of the thrift movement.

Makcosson, I. F. How to invest your savings. Philadelphia. Altemus Co.,
1907. 120 p.

Short chapters on the various kinds of available investments.
Maeden, O. S. Thrift. New York. Crowell, 1918. 92 p.

A popular treatise on personal economy.
Mead, E. S. The careful investor. Philadelphia. Lippincott, 1914. 289 p.

Advice as to how to invest in stocks and bonds.
NesbI|TT, Flobence. Household management. New York. Russell Sage Foun-
dation, 1918. 170 p.

Problems that homcmakers who live in crowded city quarters have to meet
RicHAEDS, E. H. Cost of living. New York. Wiley & Sons, 1905. 156 p.

A suggestive review of the effect of sanitary regulations and practices upon living

Richards, E. H., and Noeton, J. F. Cost of food. New York. Wiley, 1917.
148 p.
A comparison of different choices in food with the factors that enhance their cost.
RiCHAEDSON, A. S. Adventures in thrift. Indianapolis. Bobbs-Merrill, 1916.
229 p.
On economical buying for the home.

RiCHAEDSON, B. J. The woman who spends. Boston. Whitcomb & Barrows,
1910.

Her responsibility as the chief buyer of goods for the family.

Rose, M. S. Feeding the family. New York. Macmillan, 1916.' 450 p.

Handbook on food problems presented especially from the point of view of
nutrition.

Tabee, C. W. Business of the household. Philadelphia. Lippincott, 1918.
438 p.

Treats the financial problems of the home, budgets, and standards of expenditure,
accounts, and investments.

Talbot, Mareion, and Beeckineidge, S. P. The modern household. Boston.
Whitcomb & Barrows, 1912. 93 p.

Discusses the conservation of living ; more abundant life for each member of the
household.

U. S. Depaetment of Ageicultuee, WasJiington. Farmers' bulletins. " How
to select food," and others.

The day's food in war and peace.

Thrift leaflets, prepared in cooperation with Savings Division, Treasury
Department, treating of thrift in food, clothing, money, and materials.

U. S. Food leaflets.

U. S. BuEEAu OF Standaeds, Washington. Bulletin 53, Measurements for the
household. Bulletin 70, Safety for the household. Bulletin 75, Materials
for the household.

19

The Univeesity Society. Save and have. New York. The University Society,
1919. 142 p.

A compilation of suggestions on domestic economy.
Wellmaist, M. T. Economy in food. Boston. Little, Brown, 1918. 36 p.

Concerning economy in buying and storing food.
WiTHEEs, Haetley. Povcrty and waste. New York. Button, 1916. 180 p.

An exposition of the economic principles underlying personal and public economy.

FOR CHILDREN'S READING.

"Aiove all, teach the children to save; economy is the sure
foundation of all virtues." — Victor Hugo.

Bexell, J. A. First lessons in business. Philadelphia. Lippincott,- 1919. 164 p.
The elements necessary to a successful business career ; also elementary business
forms.

BowsFiELD, C. C, How boys and girls earn money. Chicago. Forbes, 1916.
247 p.

A book of suggestions.
Colling, A. F. Money making for boys. New York. Dodd, Mead, 1917. 243 p.

DeFoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Various publishers.

His thrift in materials, in saving wheat as capital, in domesticating animals —
making things work for him.

Peitchakd, M. T., and Tuekington, G. A. Stories of thrift for young Ameri-
cans. New York. Scribner, 1915. 222 p.
Stories for older children.

Sindelae, J. C. Father Thrift and his animal friends. Chicago. Beckley-
Cardy Co., 1918. 128 p.

Stories illustrating the thrift idea for young children.

Studebakee, J. W. Our country's call to service through public and private
schools. Chicago. Scott, Foresman & Co., 1918. 128 p.

Concise statements of the importance of conserving food, clothing, etc. ; planting
gardens ; children's saving and investment in Thrift and War Savings Stamps.

Tappen, E. M. Food saving and sharing. New York. Doubleday, Page, 1918.
102 p.

A simple statement of what foods to choose, and why ; attractively written for
children in the upper

Waldo, L. M. Safety first for little folks. New York. Scribner, 1918. 139 p.
A book showing how children can take care of themselves.