;
University of California.
FROM THF LIBRARY OF
D R . FRANCIS LIE B K K ,
Profe>:.or of Hi?try and Law in Columbia College, New York.
THf: GIFT 0!
MICHAEL REESE,
Of Si!;? Francisco.
1 8 7 3 .
TEN YEARS
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS:
BEING A
SUPPLEMENT TO THE WORK OF THAT TITLE: EMBRACING A COMPRE-
HENSIVE RECORD OF FACTS IN THE ANNALS OF NATIONS
AND PROGRESS OF THE ARTS FROM 1850 TO 1861.
WITH SOME CORRECTIONS AND
ADDITIONS TO THE
FORMER PAGES,
ZD1TED BT
G. P. PUTNAM, A.M
/"
- '
Libra
NEW YORK:
GL P. PUTNAM, 532 BROADWAY.
1861.
3
Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlio year 1860,
by G. P. PUTNAM,
la the Clerk's Offlce of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
District of New York.
NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION (1861).
THE fact that nearly 10,000 copies of this manual have been called
for would seem to indicate that such a volume is essentially desir-
able.
In the preparation of the supplementary pages of the present
edition (1850-61) the Editor has been largely indebted to the
ninth edition of Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (Lond. 1861) and
to the recent volumes of the American Almanac. Many interest-
ing and important facts and statistics have also been derived from
original sources. Great pains have been taken to include in this
edition the largest amount of useful information, posted up to
the day of its publication, and arranged for convenient reference.
THE PUBLISHER.
683 BBOADWAT, NEW TOME, March, 20, 1861.
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS,
1850-1861.
152'
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
[Period XI. 40 yean.
A.D
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
1846. The Oregon Trea
tling the North- Western Bo
Commodore Sloat takes
possession of California,
July 6.
New Tariff bill passed,
establishing ad valorem du-
ties.
Battle of Monterey, Sep-
tember 23.
Tampico occupied, No-
vember 14.
1847. Battle of Buena Vista.
Feb. 22.
Battle of Sacramento,
Feb. 26.
Vera Cruz surrenders,
March 29.
Battle of Cerro Gordo,
April 18.
Battle of Contreras, Au-
gust 20.
Armistice, Aug. 24.
Hostilities renewed, Sep-
tember 7.
Battle of Molino del Rey,
Sept. 8.
Battle of Chepultepec,
Sep, 12.
Mexico surren-
ders, Sept. 14.
1848. Treaty of Peace with
Mexico, signed at Guada-
loupe Hidalgo, Feb. 22.
The cultivatioi of the Tea.' -plant in the United States,
commenced by J. Smith, near Greenfield, South Caro-
lina.
Suspension Bridge at Nia-
gara Falls, opened July 29.
GREAT BRITAIN.
t y with Great Britain, set-
undary, signed at London,
June 18.
1847. Severe famine in Ire-
land. Large supplies of
food sent from the United
States.
The Bogue forts in China
taken and destroyed, April
26.
848. Civil war in Ireland.
John Mitchell, tried and
condemned to transporta-
tion, May 26.
Postal convention betw een the United States and
Great Britain.
First deposit of Califor-
nia gold in the mint, Dec. 8.
Emigration from Europe to America during this year,
300,000.
Habeas Corpus Act su
pended in Ireland, Julv 2&
Smith O'Brien arrested
and condemned, Aug. 5.
Return of Row'*
dltion, Nov.
J 815-1855.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
153"
A D.
FRANCE.
1848
Reform Banquets in Stras-
burg, Chartres, &c.
Michelet's Lectures interrupt-
ed by the ministers, Dec.
Abd-el-Kader captured, Dec.
22.
Debate on the Reform Bill,
Feb. 8.
Proposed Banquet ai Paris,
abandoned. Feb i\
REVOLUTIO> COM-
MENCED, Feo. 22.
Barricades erected, Feb. 23.
Louis Philippe abdicates and
flies, Feb. 24.
Provisional government esta-
blished.
Lamartine, Provisional
President, Feb. 24.
French Republic proclaimed,
Feb. 26.
Meeting of the National As-
sembly, May 4.
Bloody Insurrection in Paris,
June 23-25.
Cavaignac, military dictator,
June 24.
Paris in a state of siege.
New Constitution adopted.
Nov. 4.
Louis Napoleon Bo-
naparte, elected Pre-
sidtnt, Dec. 10.
AUSTRIA, &c.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1847. Austria 1847. Prussia : Frederic William grants a
takes posses- constitution, Feb. 8.
sion of Cra-
cow. Hayti : Soulouque, President, March 2.
Algiers Abd-el-Kadei made a prisoner
to France, Dec. 22.
1848. Sardinia : Charles Albert protests
against the encroachment of Austria, and calls out an
army of 25,000 men. Jan 10.
Naples : Rebellion at Palermo, Jan. 12.
Sardinia : Charles Albert proclaims a
constitution, Feb. 8.
Bavaria : Disturbances on account o/
Lola Monies the king abdicates in favor of
his son,
-Maximilian II.
March 22.
Charles Albert
The Ban Jella-
chich ap-
pointed gov-
ernor of
Hungary,
Oct. 3.
Insurrection at
Vienna. Oct.
6.
1848. The Em-
peror leaves
the city. The
Hungarian
army advan-
ces within 6
miles of Vi-
enna, Oct.l I.
Wintksch-
gratz ap-
pointed com-
mander of
the imperial
army.
enters Milan, March 23.
Denmark : Revolt of Schleswig-Hol-
stein, March 26.
Sicily declared independent, April 3.
Holland receives a constitution, April 17.
Poland .-Unsuccessful revolt at Cra-
cow, April 25.
Sicily : The Duke of Genoa elected
king, July 10.
India : Insurrection in Ceylon, Aug. 16.
Armistice signed between Denmark,
Prussia and Sweden, Aug. 26.
India: The British make an unsuc-
cessful attempt on Moultan.
Sicily : Messina bombarded and taken,
Sept. 2.
Hungary : K o s s u t h appointed Pre
sident of the Defence Committee, an I Dicta
tor, Oct.
154'
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
\Period XI. 40 years
A.D.
1849
CJ6U
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
A new planet discovered by
Gasparis, at Naples.
UNITED STATES.
1849. Zachary Taylor,
12th President.
Magnetic Telegraph lines in use in the United States in
1849, 10,000 miles.
Rail Roads 6,000
Tubular Bridge in Anglesea,
England.
Magnetic Clock, invented by
Dr. Locke, at Cincinnati.
Emigration from Europe to America, during this year, at
the rate of 1000 a day.
Great agitation on the Slavery
Question in the United
Suites Congress.
The Pekin Monitor, a new
paper, printed in China
The Sultan of Turkey, grants
permission to the Jews to
build a temple on Mount
Zion.
A University founded at Syd-
ney, New South Wales.
Deaths in 1850 :
U. 8. A. EUROPE.
A. Judson, Wordsworth,
S. M. Fuller, Jeffrey,
M L Davis. Neander,
Zschokke,
jBerzelius,
'Balzac.
1850. John C. Calhoun died at
Washington.
Attempted invasion of
Cuba : 600 adventurers un-
der Lopez, repulsed at Car-
denas, May.
Death of Gen. Taylor,
July 9.
M i 1 1 a r d F i 1 1 m o r e ,
13th President.
California ad-
mitted, 31st State.
Texas boundary settled,
by the payment of 10,000,000
dollars to Texas.
New-Mexico and Utah
admitted as Territories.
Bill for the arrest of
fugitive slaves passed by Con-
gress.
Slave trade in (he District of
Columbia abolished.
GREAT BRITAIN.
1849. Moultan, in India, taka
Jan. 3.
1850. The war m Lahore fin-
ished, and th", Punjaub an-
nexed to the British crown.
A British fleet blockade*
the ports of Greece, to en-
force the alleged claims of
British subjects.
Sir Robert Peel dies
July 2.
Haynau. " the Austrian
butcher," chastised by th*
draymen in London, Sept.
1815-1855.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
155'
A.D.
I860
FRANCE.
Louis Philippe dies in Eng-
land.
AUSTRIA, &c
THB WORLD, elsewhere.
The Emperor
issues a pro-
clamation
against the
city.
Kossuth with -draws his army from Vienna, Oct. 27.
Rome : M a z z i n i ' B proclamation,
The Imperial- Oct. 29.
ists take pos- Prussia: The king prorogues the As-
session 01 Vi- sembly, Nov. 9.
enna, Nov. The Burgher Guard of Berlimrefuse to
2. give up their arms. The city in a state of
siege, Nov. 12.
Rome : Count Rossi, the Pope's prime-
minister, assassinated, Nov. 16.
India: Great battle near Ramnuggur,
Ferdinand ab- Nov. 22.
dicates, Dec Rome : The Pope escapes in disguise,
2. Nov. 24.
Francis Hungary declared independent, Dec.
1849. India : Moultan taken by the British,
Joseph ff Jan. 3.
Italy: The Grand Duke of Tuscany
flies. Provisional Government proclaimed,
Feb. 9.
1849. A new Rome : Republic proclaimed, Feb. 9.
Constitution Sicily : A new Constitution conceded
promulgated by Naples, March 6.
March 4 Sardinia : Charles Albert defeated by
Brescia taken Radetsky, March 21 again totally defeated
by Haynau, at Novarra, March 23, he abdicates the
March 30. throne in favor of his son.
-Victor Emanuel. ^j
India : The Punjaub annexed to tne
British Empire, March 29.
Italy : Insurrection in Genoa, April 1.
Russia comes to the aid of Austria against Hungary, April
26.
Rome : The French army arrives un-
der the walls of Rome, April 29.
Haynau takes command of the Austrian army in Hungary,
June.
Rome surrenders^ the French, July 2.
Garibaldi leaves the city, July 3.
Rome : The government placed in the
hands of the Pope's commissioners, Aug. 3.
Gorgey traitor-ously surrenders to the Russians, Aug. 11.
Kossuth escapes into Turkey.
Venice capitulates to Radetsky, Aug. 22.
1850. Rome : The Pope returns, April.
Greece disputes the claims of Great
Britain for losses of British subjects : is
forced to submit.
China : The Emperor Tau-Kwang,
dies :
Sze-hing ?H succeed*.
156*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL io yean -
A.D.
1850
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
On the subject of the Mobbing
of Marshal Ha/nau during
a visit to a London bowery,
notes pass between Austria
and Great Britain, termi-
nating in a threat of retalia-
tion on the part of the latter,
Sept. Nov.
A Memorial for the annexa-
tion of Canada to the U. S.
received in five hours the
signatures of 800 merchants,
landowners, and profes-
sional men, in Montreal,
Oct. 10.
Woman's Rights Con-
vention, held at Worcester,
Mass., Oct 28.
North- West Passage discov-
ered by Capt. McClure (Br.
Navy) in the Investigator,
Oct. 26.
The British Consul at Charles-
ton calls the attention of
the Governor of South Ca-
rolina to a law of that State,
under which British sea-
men (colored) are impris-
oned when they enter her
ports for trade or in dis-
tress, Dec.
Deaths in 1850 :
tr. R. A.
J. C. Oalhoun, Senator, U. 8.
Sam. Miller, D.D.
Z. Taylor, President, U. 8. A.
UNITED STATES.
1850. CALIFORNIA admitted as
a State, Sept.
Fugitive Slate Bill
passed, Sept.
Disunion Meetings held at
Natchez (many present op-
posed to disunion); atYazoo
City (resolutions proposed
voted down), Oct. 7; at
Nashville (this convention
passed resolutions recom-
mending a congress of
elaveholding States), Nov.
19.
Union Meetings held at
Mobile, Dayton, and New
York, in Oct. ; at Philadel-
phia, and Manchester, N.
II., in Nov.; and at Bath,
Me., in Dec.
The Advance and Rescue,
American vessels iu search
of Sir J. Franklin, com-
pletely fastened in the ice,
Sept. 13. In their northerly
drift reach lat. 75 23', Oct. 1.
Conventions held to
amend the Constitutions of
the States of Indiana (Oct. 7),
Virginia (Oct. 14), Maryland
(Nov. 4), New Hampshire
(Nov. 6).
Lopez and others tried at
New Orleans for engaging
in an expedition against
Cuba, Dec. 17.
Webster replies to Hiilse-
mann on the rights of neu-
tral nations, Dec. 21.
GREAT BRITAIN.
1850. Great excitement and
agitation in England respect
ing a dispute on doctrine be
tween the Bishop of Exeter
and the Rev. Dr. Gorham,
one of his clergy. The Privy
Council's decision in favor
of the latter afterwards rati-
fied by the Courts.
Searches for Sir J. Frank-
lin the North Star returns
to Spithead unsuccessful,
Sept. 28. The Prince Albert
arrives at Aberdeen with the
intelligence that traces of
his party had been found at
Cape Reilly and Beechy
Island, at the entrance to
Wellington Channel, Oct. 1.
Appointment by the
Pope of several Roman Ca-
tholic bishops and arch-
bishops in England, causes
great excitement, and an
indignant letter from Lord
J. Russell, the premier,
Nov.
English forces defeated
by the Caffres in South
Africa, with considerable
loss, and obliged to retreat
to their fort, Dec. 29.
1816-1856.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
157 1
A. D.
FRANCE.
1860 President creates his uncle
Jerome a Marshal of France,
Jan. 1.
800 Soldiers drowned at An-
giers by fall of a bridge,
Apr. 15.
'French Ambassador recalled
from London, in conse-
quence cf a difficulty con-
nected with an English
claim on Greece, May 16.
New Electoral Law, restrict-
ing the right of suffrage,
passed, May 31.
Arrangement with England
on the Greek dispute, June
21.
Dotation Bill, giving the Pre-
i sident 2,160,000 francs
($405,000) per annum,
passed, June 24.
AFSTBIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1850. Prussia: The King takes
the oath required by the Con-
stitution, Feb. 6. Attempt to
assassinate him, May 22.
Treaty signed at Munich
between Austria, Bavaria, Sax-
ony, and Wurtemburg, to main-i
tain the German Union, Feb. 27.
Wurtemburg denounces the
insidious ambition of the King
of Prussia, and announces a
league between Wurtemburg,
Bavaria, and Saxony, under the
sanction of Austria, March 15.
Hesse-Darmstadt withdraws
from the Prussian league, June
30.
Treaty of Peace between Prussia and Denmark, July 2.
A Congress of Deputies from I
the States included in the Prus-l
sian Zollverein opened at Cas- 1550.
sel, July 12.
Prussia refuses to join the
restricted Diet of Frajikfort,
Aug. 25.
Difficulties occurring in
Hesse-Cassel, between the Elec-
tor and his people, in regard to
the mode of taxation, Austria
and Prussia respectively send
armies to the Electorate, to take
opposite parts in the struggle,
Sept. Nov.
Austrian ultimatum deliv-
ered at Berlin, directing that
Prussia evacuate Hesse in eight
days, dissolve the ErfurtLeague,
and recognize the Diet, etc., re-
plied to by the Prussian King's
signing the order calling out the
whole military force of the mo-
narchy, Nov. 6.
The Eussian Ambassador at
Vienna announces that the Czar
" would consider the continu-
ance of the Prussian policy in
the Electorate as a casus belli,"
Nov. 11.
Treaty of Amnesty an-
nounced at Berlin. Dec. 3.
France protests, and Great
Britain remonstrates, at Vienna,
against the proposed extension
of the Germanic Confederation
beyond the Alps, Dec.
Denmark : Bloody
but indecisive battle of
Idstedt, between the
Danes and Schleswig-
Holsteiners, July 25.
Yncatan : Battle,
near close of the year,
between the Whites
and Indians; latter vic-
torious; 300 Whites
killed.
158*
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
[Period XL 40 years.
A.D.
1851
Jas. Richardson, the African
traveller, dies at the village
of Unqurta, six days distant
from Kouka, the capital of
Bornou, March 4.
A Company of Gipsies from
England arrive in Cecil
county, Maryland, TJ. S.,
bringing with them all their
wandering habits and pecu-
liarities, March.
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
According to the evidence
of Mr. Baines before a Com-
mittee of the House of Com-
mons, there were in Great
Britain 13,193 places of wor-
ship dissenting from the
tenets of the Established
Church, to which may be
added Roman Catholic Cha-
pels, 597, minor sects and
Jews, 550; total noncon-
formist churches, 14,340.
Exhibition of the Works
of Industry of all Nations
inaugurated by Queen Vic-
toria, May 1.
Wyld's monster globe
erected in London ; em-
ployed 300 men nearly 30
days in fitting up the inte-
rior.
Daguerre, the discoverer oi
the Dagiwrfean or Photo-
graphic Art, dies, aged 61,
July 10.
The Oath of Abjuration (Jew)
Bill passes the British
House of Commons, with
only verbal protests from
the objecting minority, July
8; but is refused a second
reading in the House of
Lords, July 17.
UNITED STATES.
1S51. General Quitman of
Mississippi arrested for al-
leged violation of the neu-
trality law of 1318, by set-
ting on foot a military ex-
pedition against Cuba. He
resigns his office of Gover-
nor, Feb. 3.
Erie Canal Enlargement
Bill defeated in the N. Y.
Senate by the withdrawal or
resignation of 12 democratic
members, Apr. 16 ; but
afterwards passed by a new
Legislature.
"Minot's Ledge Light-
house, Boston Harbor, car-
ried away. It was last seen
standing about 8 o'clock,
P.M., April 16.
Arrest of a notorious
band of desperadoes in Mi-
chigan, Apr. 21.
Initial point of the Boun-
dary between the United
States and Mexico establish-
ed on the right bank of the
Rio Grande del Norte, in 32
22 north latitude, and 2J9.-1
meters from the center ol
the bed of the river, by the
American and Mexican
Commissioners, and a mon-
ument erected recording
the same, April 24.
President issues a procla-
mation, warning all person
within the jurisdiction oj
the United States not to aic
or engage in any expedition
against the Island of Cuba,
Apr. 25.
Convention of Delegates
from the Southern Rights
Associations of South Caro-
lina meets at Charleston,
May 5; and adjourns after
resolving that, "with or
without cooperation, they
are for a dissolution of the
Union," May 8.
Erie railroad opened
from New York city to
Dunkirk, 469 miles, by
President Fillmore, Daniel
"Webster, etc., May 15.
Riot, with loss of life,
at Iloboken, N. J., between
Germans and " short-boy"
rowdies from New York,
May 26.
Serious conflagrations in
California. San "Francisco
alone suffers by them in
May and June to the amount
of $12,000,000.
GREAT BRITAIN.
1851. A strong force of Cuffres
attacks Fort White, Cape of
Good Hope repulsed, loss
20 killed. The Caffre chief,
Hermanns, with a body of
Caffres and Hottentots, at-
tacks Fort Beaufort, but is
repulsed, he and his son
killed, his band completely
routed. 3,000 Caffres attack
the Colonists and their allies
near Fort Hare ; driven
back with the loss of 100
killed, Jan. . Col. Somer-
set captures and burns Fort
Armstrong, 90 Caffres killed,
230 taken prisoners, Feb.
23. The Hottentots of the
Theopolis Mission Station
in Lower Albany, join in
the insurrection, May 31.
They are defeated in actions
with the English troops on
the 3d and 5th of June.
The Russell Ministry re-
sign, Feb. 22; but after-
wards resume office, the
Earl of Derby not having
succeeded in forming a
Cabinet
The Prohibited Affinity
Marriage Bill lost in the
House of Lords, Feb. 25;
Lord Campbell and the Ec-
clesiastical Bench voting
against it.
1815-1855.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
159*
A.D
1851
FRANCE.
AUSTRIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
Ministry resign, Jan. 3.
Presidential Dotation Bill,
proposing an additiona_
grant of 1,800,000 francs,
rejected in the Assembly,
Feb. 18.
The Sab-Committee of the
Assembly appointed by the
Committee of Revision to
authenticate petitions, re-
ports, that up to July 1, the
petitions had been signed
by 1,123,165 persons, thus
classified : For revision.
741,011 ; for revision and
prolongation of powers,
870,511 ; for prolongation of
powers, 12,103 July 5.
Tbe question of revision of
the Constitution again ta-
ken in the Assemblv, when
a minority was declared 97
less than the three-fourths
required by the Constitu-
tion, July 19.
1S51. Denmark: The Government of
Schleswig-Holstein yields to the Com-
missioners of the Germanic Confedera
tion, Jan. 10.
The Austrians complete their mili-
tary possession of Hamburg. Jan. 31 ;
and the new government issue* its pro-
clamation, declaring its resumption of
the seisrnorial rule of the King of Den-
mark, Feb. 2.
Danish mining operations in Green-
land produce large quantities of copper
ore, yielding about 60 per cent.
The Austrian Government and the Ottoman Porte come to
the following settlement respecting the Hungarian Refu-
gees: Full and entire amnesty conditioned on their not
attempting to enter Hungary. Eight excepted, among
them Kossuth and Bathyany, Feb. 17.
Charles L.
Brace, an Am-
erican, arrested
and imprisoned
in Hungary, on
a charge ol
" being a mem-
ber of the de-
mocratic com-
rnittee, an
agent of Uj-
hazy and Cretz,
and of travel-
ing with revo-
lutionary writ-
ings, to spread
revolutionary
movements,"
May 23.
Inauguration
of Ranch's co-
lossal statue of
Frederick the
Great at Ber
lin, May 31.
The Ger-
manic Diet, in
answer to Lord
Palmerston's
protest against
annexing the
non-Germanic
provinces of
Austria to the
Germanic Fe-
deration, says,
"That no fo-
reign interfe-
rence should be
allowed in a
purely German
question."July
17.
Australia: Discovery of large gold
fields near Bathurst, Feb.
East Indies : Fort of the celebrated
E irate Sultan of Soloo destroyed by the
panish Government of Manilla, Feb.
28.
Hawaii : The difficulties between
the Hawaiian and French Governments
are arranged according to the terms of a
" mutual declaration," published .it Ho-
nolulu, signed by the minister of foreign
relations and M. Perrin, the French
commissioner, March 25.
New Granada : Congress adjourns.
It passed a law abolishing slavery in
the republic, to take effect January 1,
1852. May 29.
Italy : An earthquake destroys Mel-
fi, a city of 10,000 inhabitants, about 100
miles S. E. of Naples, and other towns
in its vicinity. Seven shocks occurred
within 24 hours. Melfl was separated
by a ravine from Mount Volture, upon
which are many extinct craters. Not
less than 3,000 persons are said to have
perished. July 14.
Ecuador : Gen. Diego Novoa, Presi-
dent of the Republic, seized and put
on board a government vessel by Gen.
Urbina, who assumes the administra-
tion of the Government July 17.
160*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
[Period XL 40 years.
A.D
1S51
PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GREAT BKITAIN.
The lord mayor of London
with several of the alder-
men and common counci
men, the royal commission-
ers of the Exposition of In-
dustry, etc., and the execu-
tive committee of the royal
commissioners, leave Eng-
land for France, by invita-
tion of the prefect of the
Seine. They are entertained
with dinners, balls, sham
fights, and reviews of troops
Aug. 1.
The Inauguration of the rail-
way between St Peters-
burg and Moscow, in Rus-
sia, takes place Sept. 1.
1S51. " Vigilance committee
at San Francisco hang
man for stealing, June 10
and another, Juty 11.
Gov. McDougal of Cali-
fornia issues his proclama-
tion, warning the citizens o:
the State against " vigi-
lance committees," anc
calls upon all persons to aic
in sustaining the law, July
21.
Nicaragua route, be-
tween New York and San
Francisco, opened, Au^. 12
The people of Litchfield
county, Connecticut, cele-
brate the 200th anniversary
of its settlement, Aug. 13
and 14.
Great riot in New Or-
leans, growing out of the
Cuban expedition. Houses
of Spanish residents at-
tacked. The Spanish con-
sul is obliged to ask protec-
tion, and is placed in the
city prison for safety, Au
21.
Riot, with loss of life, at
Christiana, Pa., upon an at-
tempt to arrest a fugitive
slave, Sept. 11.
U. S. brig Dolphin sails
on an expedition to run a
line of soundings for tele-
graphic purposes across the
Atlantic, Oct.
Cotton-planters' conven-
tion (300 members) meets
at Macon, Ga. Its object
being to prevent fluctua-
tions in the price of cotton.
Little harmony of views or
concord of action manifest-
ed. Oct
U. S. steam frigate Mis-
sissippi sent to Turkey for
Kossuth, receives hiui on
board in the Dardanelles.
The French government re-
fuses to allow Kossuth to
pass through France. The
Mississippfproceeds on her
voyage with Kossuth's com-
panions, reaching New
York Nov. 10.
Kossuth arrives at Now
York in December. Ova-
tions are offered him in the
principal cities of the Union.
He has an interview with
the President, Sept to Dec,
1851. " The great aggregate
meeting" of Roman Catho-
lics, from all parts of the
United Kingdom, for the
inauguration of the Catho-
lic defense association, is
held at Dublin, Aug. 19.
The American yacht
*' America," at the regatta
at Cowes, wins ' The cup of
all nations," Aug. 22.
Kossuth arrives by Eng-
lish steamer from Gibraltar,
at Southampton. Eng. Ova-
tions are offered him in va-
rious parts of the country.
He leaves for 'the United
States, Nov.
The submarine tele-
graph between Dover and
Calais completed, Oct. 17.
Opened for public use Nov,
13.
A fourth presidency
contemplated for British
India, and a proposal made
to remove the seat of go-
vernment from Calcutta
to Lahore, Nov.
1815-1855.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
161*
1851
FBANOE.
REVOLUTION: L. N. Bonaparte
by a coup d'etat seizes the
reins of government; dis-
solves the national assem-
bly; declares a state of
siege ; arrests the principal
red-republicans and social-
ists ; constitutes an entire
ne%v ministry. The Presi-
dent orders an instant
restoration of universal suf-
frage; an immediate elec-
tion by people and army of
a President to hold office
for ten years, to be sup-
ported by a Council of State
and two houses of Legisla-
ture. The revolution cre-
ates an intense excitement.
The vote of the army shows
a large majority for L. N.
Bonaparte. Resistance to
the usurpation is shown in
various parts of France, but
the overwhelming power of
the army, and a " state of
siege" in 83 departments,
crushes all opposition. The
election, under various con-
trolling influences, results
in the confirmation of L. N.
Bonaparte as President for
ton years, by a vote of about
seven out of eight millions.
Doc. 1-20.
AUSTRIA, etc.
1851. Marshal B*
detzky, by pro-
clamation from
Monga declares
the Lombardo-
Venetian king-
dom to be in a
state of siege,
July 19.
By cabinet
letters,the Em-
peror ofAustria
declares that
his ministers
" are responsi-
ble to no other
political au-
thority than
the throne,"
that "the
Reichstadtisto
be considered
as the council
of the throne,"
and the minis-
ter president is
to take " into
ripe and seri-
ous considera-
tion the possi-
bility of carry-
ing out the
Constitution
of March 4,
1849." Aug. 20.
Louis Kos-
suth and 85 of
his country-
men sentenced
to death in
contiimaciam,
at Pesth, for
not appearing
after citation,
Sept. 22.
The ques-
tion of the ad-
mission of
Jews to judi-
cial office in
Prussia,
brought to a
partial termi-
nation by their
permission to
study law. Oct.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1S51. Russia: Her troops repeatedly de-
feated by the Circassians. June.
Nicaragua : Gen. Munoz, ex-tnlnis-
ter of war, deposes President Pineda,
and sends him and most of his cabinet
prisoners to Tigre Islands and elects
Albaunaz President. The Senate assem-
bles at Grenada, and elects Montenegro
President Aug. 4,
West Indies : Volcanic eruptions
from eight craters in the mountains of
Martinique, Aug. 5.
Cuba : Expedition against Cuba un-
der General Lopez, 500 strong, sails from
New Orleans Aug. 3, and Key West
10th; effects a landing at Cubanos. 11th ;
is routed on the 20th. Lopez is taken,
29th, and publicly garoted, Sep. 1. His
followers shot or condemned to ten
years' labor in Spain. The funeral obse-
quies of the Spaniards and Cubans who
fell in the contest with Lopez, are cele-
brated with great pomp at the Cathedral
in Havana. $70,000 are subscribed by
the inhabitants of Havana, for the bone-
fit of their widows and children. Sept. 9
Mexico : General Mariana Arist&
inaugurated President, Jan. 15 ; Canales,
Carvajal, and others, issue pronimvia-
menton against the general govern-
ment. Some fighting follows, with
varied success. Sept Oct. Nov.
Greece : Lord Palmerston's note to
the Greek government prod uoea a great
sensation at Athens. Nov.
Chili: Earthquake at Valparaiso
the most violent since that of 1822, few
lives lost but great destruction of pro-
perty, April 2. Insurrection at Santiago,
suppressed after two hours' street-fight-
ing, April 20. Rebels under Cruz de-
feated by Bulnes at Longomilla, Dec. B.
162*
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
'[Period XL iO year*.
1951
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
1852
The town of Lagos, on the
coast of Africa, destroyed
by an English force, with a
loss of thirty killed, and 69
wounded, because the na-
tive chief refused to sign a
treaty for the effectual sup-
pression "of the slave trade
in his dominions. The chief
is deposed, and another sub-
stituted in his place, Dec.
26-27.
Deaths
U.S.
J. /". Audu-
bon,
S. Olin,
J. F. Cooper,
T. H. Gallau-
det,
S. G. Morton.
in 1851.
ECKOPK.
J. Pye Smith,
Bexley,
JoannaBaillie,
Codrington,
Sheil,
Lingard,
Da?uerre,
Soult,
Oersted,
Jacobi.
Immigration into California,
U. S., from Asia is so large
as to require special Legis-
lation April.
Extensive fires in the Antilles,
March 2; California, U. S.,
June 17 and Nov. 2 (nearly
destroying two cities ;)
Canada, (at Montreal) July
&
UNITED STATES.
1851. Principal room of the
library of Congress destroy-
ed by fire, together witli
paintings, statuary, models,
and about 35,000 volumes
of books, Dec 24.
By joint resolution, the
Governor of Georgia is
authorised and requested to
withdraw the block of mar-
ble contributed to the Wash-
ington monument by the
resolution of the General
Assembly of Febr'y, 1850,
with the inscription, " The
Constitution as it is ; the
Union as it was," and to
cause another to be pre-
pared of Georgia marble,
with the State arms thereon,
and to be sent to the monu-
ment, Dec. 31.
Immigration,
1850, to Dec.
558,000.
June 1,
31, 1851,
1852. Deputations from the
various States, in behalf of
the Irish exiles, wait upon
President Filmore Jan. 25.
The Ohio State House
entirely consumed by fire.
Some of the papers saved,
but a large mass of docu-
ments destroyed Feb. 1.
Sefior Laborde, the
Spanish Consul at New
Orleans at the time of the
Cuban riots, and who fled
the city from fear of vio-
lence, arrives at New Or-
leans, is saluted, and re-
sumes his duties as consul
Feb. 9.
Gold Medal presented
to Henry Clay by citizens of
New York. Feb. 10.
Memorial presented to
House of Representatives
of California, from 1,218 cit-
izens of South Carolina and
Florida, asking permission
"to colonize a rural district
with a population of not
less than 2,000 slaves." Feb.
10.
Homoeopathic College
at Cleveland, Ohio, mobbed
and interior destroyed, in
consequence of remains of
subjects, taken from the
burial-ground, being dis-
covered near the Colleir*.
Feb. 16.
GREAT BRITAIN.
1852. Lord Granville, by his
note to the American mi-
nister, in relation to the
firing into the American
steamer Prometheus by the
British man-of-war " Ex-
press, states to Mr. Law-
rence, for the information
of his government, that
her majesty's government
entirely disavow the act,
and has no hesitation in
offering ample apology for
that which they consider
to have been an infraction
of treaty engagements. Jan.
10.
Dr. Rao returns unsuc-
cessful from his search for
Sir John Franklin, down
the McKenzie river, and
from its mouth eastward,
500 miles. He was sent out
in the spring of 1851 by tho
Hudson's Bav Company.
Feb.
1815-1855.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
1G3*
A. D.
1851
FBANCE.
AUSTBIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1852
President Bonaparte orders
the confiscation of the Or-
leans property, Jan. 22.
1852. The Empe-
ror of Russia
visits the Em-
peror of Aus-
tria at Vienna,
May8.
1851. China : Imperial court seriously
alarmed at the progress of the disturb-
ance in the Southern provinces. June.
A large portion of the Chinese part of
Hong Kong destroyed by fire : from 470
to 500 houses destroyed, including all
the printing offices and the finest edi-
fices and public buildings. Many lives
lost. Dec. 2S-2&
1S52. Argentine Confederation .-General
Urquiza, Commander of the liberating
army, completes the passage of the
Parana with 28,000 men, 50,000 horse,
and 50 pieces of artillery, and prepares
to approach Buenos Ayres, Jan. 8. Bat-
tle of Santos Lugares, (10 miles from
Buenos Ayres,) between Urquiza with
30,000 men and 50 cannon, and the troops
of Rosas, 25,000 men and 90 cannon ; re-
sults in the total defeat of Rosas and his
flight to England. During the night, the
city is saved from pillage by detach-
ments from the various ships of war of
all nations in the harbor, Feb. 3. The
allied army enters Buenos Ayres Feb. 18.
Urquiza, Director of the Argentine
Confederation, deposed, Sept 10.
The Chamber of Representatives
of Buenos Ayres declares the rivei
Parana open to the navigation of all na-
tions, Oct. 13.
Belgium : Formation of a new mi-
nistry at Brussels, of the moderate party
under M. de Brouckere, Nov. 1. The
law against the liberty of the press is
adopted in the Chamber of Representa-
tives, Dec. 1.
Cuba: The police of Havana disco-
ver and capture the press of the paper,
* The Voice of the People," with the
materials and forms for the fourth num-
ber. The proprietors and employes are
arrested, Aug. 23. The barque Cornelia,
having cleared at Havana, is brought to
and boarded at the mouth of the harbor,
and the mail-bags rifled, Sept. 23. A few
days after, the United States mail steam-
ship Crescent City is refused permission
to land her passengers and mails at Ha-
vana, and ordered to quit the port
Captain-General Canedo objecting to the
purser of the vessel, Mr. Smith, alleged
to be the reporter of false news to the
New York papers. On Oct. 14, the Cres-
cent City acain enters Havana harbor,
with Mr.'Smith as purser. Gov. Canedo
refuses to allow passengers or mails to be
landed, and forbids all intercourse be-
tween the ship and shore. The Captain
rotests to the American Consul, and
saves the harbor.
164'
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 10 years.
A.D.
1852
Great floods in the United
States, March, April, Sept,
and Dec. ; in England, Nov.
and Dec.; on the conti-
nent of Europe, Sept
Telegraphs across the Eng-
lish Channel.
Earthquakes in Cuba August
2 and Nov. 26; in Manilla
and adjacent parts, Sept. 16,
Oct. 18; at Acapulco, Dec.
4; in the Eastern Archipe-
lago, Nov. 21 and Dec. 21.
At Stafford House, in London,
some English ladies, headed
by the Duchess of Suther-
land, adopt an address to
the women of America on
the subject of negro slavery.
It subsequently receives
576,000 signatures. Nov.
26.
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
Punishment of Death,
stored in Tuscany.
re-
Fall in England of the protec-
tionist ministry of Lord
Derby and Mr. Disraeli,
after an existence of nine
months Dec. 20.
Deaths in 1852.
U. 8. EUROPE.
B. Clay,
S. Nott,
M. Stuart,
D. Drake,
J. H. Paine,
H. Greenough,
Amos Laic-
rence,
Milledoler,
J, Vanderlyn,
D. Webster,
J.L. Kingsley,
J. P. Norton.
Thos. Moore,
Schwartzen-
berg,
Pradier,
Wellington,
Dr. Mantell,
D'Orsay,
Lee.
UNITED STATES.
1S52. Southern Rights conven-
tion at Montgomery, Ala.,
passes resolutions against
making resistance to tho
compromise measures an
issue of their party, and
against intervention, March
5.
Riot during election at
St. Louis, April 5.
First national agricultu-
ral convention assembles at
Washington, D. C., consist-
ing of 151 members, repre-
senting 22 States, and the
District of Columbia, orga-
niied by the choice of
Marshal P. Wilder, of Mass.,
president. June 24.
Convention for revising
the Constitution of Louisi-
ana, July 5.
Kossuth continues to be
feted in different cities, and
finally quits the country
under the name of Alexan-
der Smith, July 16.
Henry Clay dies, June
29. Obsequies celebrated
at New York with great
and magnificence,
GKEA.T BRITAIN.
1852. Submarine telegraph
wires coated with gutta
percha, laid across St
George's Channel from Ho-
lyhead, a distance of eighty
miles, completing the com-
munication between Lon-
don and Dublin. June 1.
Queen Victoria issues
her proclamation against
" Roman Catholic ecclesias-
tics' wearing the habit of
their order, exercising the
rites and ceremonies of the
Roman Catholic religion in
highways and places of
public resort" June 15.
Sorap
uly 20.
Great Britain insists upon the convention of 1818, re-
specting North American fisheries, being carried out by
the United States, and sends armed vessels to the coast
of New Brunswick, etc. The United States government
dispatches the war steamer Mississippi, with Commodore
Perry on board, to the disputed fishing grounds ; some
sixty fishing vessels are boarded, and furnished with in-
formation and advice. July Aug.
Commodore McCauley.
commander of the United
States naval forces in the
Pacific, by proclamation,
withdraws his protection
from American vessels pro-
ceeding to the Lobos Is-
lands for guano, Oct. 18.
This difficulty with Peru
settled by the withdrawal
of American pretensions,
Nov. 15.
Daniel Webster dies,
Oct. 24. Funeral solemni-
ties celebrated at Boston
with much state, Nov. 15.
The United States de-
clines the tri-partite con-
vention respecting Cuba
proposed by England and
France, Dec. 1.
Immigration, 875,000.
Duke of Wellington dies,
Sept. 14. His funeral obse-
quies take place in London
with great pomp, Nov. 18.
Fall of the Protectionist
ministry of Lord Derby and
Mr. D'Israeli, after an exist-
ence of nine months, Dec.
20.
By a decree of the Go-
vernor General of British
India, the province of Pe
gu is annvted to the British
dominions^ Deo, 20.
1815-1855.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
165*
A. D.
FBANOE.
AUSTRIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1858
'resident Bonaparte com-
mences his tour through
Southern France, Sept. 16.
Visits the Chateau D'Am-
boise, and releases Abd-el-
Kader, who had been a
prisoner for five years, Oct.
10. Returns to Paris, ma-
king a pompous entry into
the city, Oct. 16.
A decree of the President
convokes the Senate for
Nov. 4, for the purpose of
deliberating on the restora-
tion of the empire. Oct. 19.
The Senate decrees the re
establishment of the em-
pire, subject to the ratifica-
tion of the people, Nov. 7.
The vote is taken through-
out France and Algeria.
Nov. 21 and 22; result
7,824,189 in favor of reestab
lishing the empire, against
253,145 negative, and 63,326
void ballots.
The Senate goes in a body to
St. Cloud, to announce offi-
cially the result of the elec-
tion to Louis Napoleon, anc
hall him Emperor, Dec. 1.
At the Hotel de Ville, in Paris
Louis Napoleon is publicly
proclaimed EMPEROR OF
THE FRENCH, under th
name of NAPOLBON III
Dec. 2.
1852. Greece : Signing of a convention in
London by the five powers, England,
France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece, in
reference to the affairs of Greece. None
but a prince of the Greek religion is
hereafter to ascend the throne of Greece.
Nov. 18.
Hawaii: Eruption of Mauna Loo;
lasts several weeks. Feb.
India: The Burmese evacuate and
burn Prome, Sept. 10. The British un-
der Godwin take it with a loss of 38 men,
Nov. 21.
Italy : The Grand Duke of Tuscany,
refuses to give audience to an English
Protestant deputation in favor of Rosa
and Francisco Madiai, Oct. 25.
The punishment of death is rees-
tablished in Tuscany, for treason, crimes
against religion, murder, and robbery
with violence, Nov. 10.
The Pope addresses a letter to the
King of Sardinia, strongly adverse to
the bill under consideration in the Pied-
montese parliament, permitting mar-
riages without religious ceremonies; it
is consequently withdrawn by the mi-
nistry, Dec. 20.
At Borne, Bishop Ives, of North
Carolina, U. S., formerly an Episcopa-
lian, is received into the Catholic
Church by the Pope, Dec. 26.
Liberia : President Eoberts attacks
and gains possession of the native chief
Boyer's principal town, Jan 15.
A treaty of peace between the courts of Vienna and
Rome is ratified, stipulating that the former shall main-
tain in the territories of the Pope, 12,000 infantry and
1,400 cavalry, for whom $18,000 monthly are to be paid
by tho Papal government. Nov. 10.
Mexico : Carvajal attacks Camargo
and is defeated, Feb. 21.
The French Count Boulban de Ra-
ousset, who led an enterprise upon 80-
nora, is defeated at Hermosillo, and his
expedition completely overthrown, Nov.
1852. The Empe-
ror of Austria
visits the King
of Prussia at
Berlin, Dec. 17.
Prussia :
The bill for bi-
ennial parlia-
ments becomes
a law, Dec. 23.
Spain : A priest, aged 63, attacks
with a dagger, and wounds the Queen
of Spain, on her return from celebrating
at the cathedral a Te Deum for the
birth of her child, Feb. 2. He is tried,
convicted, degraded from his priestly
office, and suffers death from the garote,
7th.
Ninety-five Americans belonging
to the Lopez expedition, who had been
sent to Spain, arrive at New York,
March 13, having been liberated by the
Queen.
The Cortes dissolved by royal de-
cree, for having elected De la Rosa, th
anti-ministerial candidate, their presi-
dent, Doc. 2.
166*
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
[Period XL 40 years.
A.B.
PKOGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GKEAT BRITAIW.
1853
firmans accorded to all sub-
jects of the Porte (not Mus-
sulmans) confirming their
religious rights, June 22.
The first Norwegian railway
opened July 4.
The American expedition un-
der Com. Perry arrives at
Japan, July 8. On the 14tl
he lands and delivers to the
Imperial commissioners the
letter from the American
President ; a few days af tei
leaves the island, to return
in the spring.
Over 60,000 pilgrims ente
Aix-la-Chapelle, to visit the
exhibition of the relics, Ju
Iyl7.
853. Caloric ship Ericsson
makes her trial trip to the
Potomac, Jan. 11.
Adverse decision of Na-
poleon, arbiter between the
United States and Portugal,
in case of the General Arm-
strong, read at "Washington.
Jan. IT.
Franklin Pierce and
William R. King declared
duly elected President and
Vice-President for four
years from 4th March next,
Feb. 9.
W. R. King sworn in as
Vice-President, at Cumbre,
Island of Cuba, Consul
Sharkey administering the
oath, March 24.
Second American Arctic
expedition leaves New
York, May 81.
Important amendments
to the city charter of Now
York, restraining the power
of municipal officers in
money matters, adopted by
a vote of 36,672 in favor
8,351 against, June 7.
Crystal Palace at New
York opened in presence o
the President of the United
States, etc., July 14.
1S53. Mr. Ingersol, American
envoy, feted at Liverpool
and Manchester, 'Jan. 4-7.
Sandilli and other Caflre
chiefs send in their submis-
sion to General Cathcart,
thereby closing the war,
Feb. 10. Peace concluded,
March 9.
Doncaster church, built
in 1070, destroyed by fire,
Feb. 28.
Warlike stores, supposed
to be for Kossuth, seized,
April 14.
Mrs. H. B. Stowe, au-
thoress of "Uncle Tom's
Cabin," received at Stafford
House by many of the no-
bility and statesmen of
England, May 7.
Dublin Industrial Exhi-
bition opened, May 12.
The "strike" at Stock-
port ceases, and 20,000 men
resume labor, having ac-
complished thoir object, an
advance of ten per cent in
their wages, August 8. Si-
milar strikes occur at Leeds,
Kidderminster, and other
cities.
1815-1855.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
167*
A.D.
FBANCB.
AUSTBIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1868
The Pantheon at Paris re-
opened as the Church of
St. Genevieve, Jan. 3.
Russia, Austria, and Prussia,
at last acknowledge Napo-
leon III. Emperor of the
French, Jan. 11.
Marriage of the Emperor and
Eugenie de Montijo, Count-
ess de Teba, celebrated at
Cathedral of Notre Dame,
Paris. Amnesty granted
to 4,312 political prisoners
and exiles, Jan. 30.
Oeneral St. Priest, and many
other legitimists, secretly
arrested in Paris, on the
charge of political commu-
nication with the Count of
Chambord, and some of
having sent false intelli-
gence to foreign journals,
Feb. 5.
Application is made by the
French government to the
English for Napoleon's
will, Feb. IT. Subsequent-
ly granted.
Funeral of Mme. Easpail at
Paris, the occasion of a
formidable socialist demon-
stration. 40,000 persons
march in procession to Pere
la Chaise, March 13.
Fleet sent to Turkish waters,
March 20.
A peace address, signed by
4,000 English merchants,
bankers and traders, is pre-
sented to Napoleon II L a1
the Tuilleries, by English-
men, March 28.
A bill restoring capital pun-
ishment for attempts on the
life of the Emperor, or to
subvert the Imperial go
vernment, is passed, May
88.
853. Austria of-
fers herself as
a mediator be-
tween the
Turks and
Montenegrins,
Feb. 1.
Attempt on
the life of Em-
peror of Aus-
tria at the ram-
parts of Vien-
na, Feb. 13.
Baden:
Prof. Gervinns
tried for high
treason,in pub-
lishing his "In-
troduction to
the History of
19th century."
Sentence, ten
months' im-
prisonment,
and book to be
destroyed,
March 5.
Prussia :
Democratic
conspiracy dis
covered at Ber
lin, March 29.
Austria re-
cals her minis-
ter from Berne,
May 20.
1852. Switzerland : The Canton of Ticino
suppresses the order of Capuchin monks,
and expels all of that order under 65
years of age, Nov. 25.
Turkey : War breaks out between
the Turks and Montenegrins, Dec. 15.
853. Belgium : A maritime congress as-
sembles at Brussels, Aug. 23.
Marriage of the Duke of Brabant,
heir-apparent of the throne, and the
Arch-Duchess Maria, Aug. 23.
Canada and New Brunswick: Ga-
vazzi lectures at Quebec and Montreal ;
riots ensue; military called out; June
6-9.
The first sod of the European and
North American Railroad turned at St.
Johns, by Lady Head, assisted by the
Lieutenant-Governor, in presence of
25,000 persons, Sept. 14.
China -.Nankin taken by the rebels ;
Tartar garrison (20,000) massacred;
March 19. Amoy captured, May 19.
Denmark : Parliament prorogued,
and a "fundamental" law issued, by
which the government becomes hereaf-
ter an absolute one, July 19.
Hawaii: Small-pox rages, having
carried off since May 1,805 out of a po-
pulation of 60,000 persons, Aug. 31.
Holland : The first chamber adopts
the much-disputed law on religious li-
berty, Sept. 8.
India: Battle of Donabew, in Bur-
mah : Sir J. Cheape defeats Mea Toon,
March 19.
Italy : An insurrection breaks out
at Milan, but is vigorously suppressed
by Radetsky, Feb. 6. The property of
the Lornbardo- Venetian refugees seques-
tered till they can prove they are not
implicated in this outbreak, and 10,000
Ticinese expelled from Austrian Italy,
Feb. 26. Protracted diplomatic contro-
versies between Austria and both Sar-
dinia and Switzerland, follow Sardinia
solemnly protesting, April 1(5.
The Pope prohibits the circulation
of " Uncle Tom's Cabin" in his domini-
ons, May 10.
Guerazzi tried at Florence for high
treason, and found guilty. June 11.
Conspiracy in Rome, 146 arrests,
Aug. 15.
Order signed for immediate release
of Miss Cunningham at Lucca, Oct. 9 ;
New church, built for the Wal-
denses, opened and consecrated at Turin,
Dec. 15.
Mexico : New revolution ; Arista
resigns the presidency, Jan. 5.
Santa Anna having been elected
President, is received in Mexico with
great enthusiasm. April 17.
168*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 10 years.
A.D
PROGRESS OF SOCIBTT, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GREAT BRITAIN.
1858
A great national horse-show
at Springfield, Mass., U. S.
Oct. 19-21.
The first Presbyterian Chinese
church organized at San
Francisco, U. S., Nov. 6.
Duel between Soule and
De Turgot, American am]
French ministers to Spain,
Dec. 18.
!holera prevails in Europe.
Jeveral new asteroids discov-
ered, raising the number to
27, between the planets
Mars and Jupiter.
Deaths in 1858 :
U.S.
0. B. Adams,
funius Smith,
W. R. King,
B. Bates,
Sim. Qre&n-
leaf.
EUROPE.
Arago,
Von Buch,
Dacres,
Mrs. Opie,
Wardlaw.
1858. Great heat throughou
the country thermomete
every where, 100 Fah
Deaths from it in Nev
York city in four days, 400
Aug. 11-14.
Remaining portion o
"Table Rock," at the Fall
of Niagara, breaks off, Sept
9.
"Great Eepublic," ves
eel of 4,000 tuns, larges
merchantman in the world
launched at East Boston
Mass., Oct 4.
Captain Gunnison am
party massacred by the
Indians in Utah, Oct. 26.
Inauguration of the
Washington aqueduct
President Pierce turns the
first turf, Nov. 9.
A mob of men and wo-
men demolish the railroad
track near Erie, Penn., Dec.
9, and repeat the outrage,
Dec. 27.
Yellow fever epidemic
in the States bordering on
Gulf of Mexico, carries off
from 12,000 to 15,000 per-
sons.
Bedini, the Papal Nun-
cio, tries to influence the
EomanCatholic laity to give
up their church property to
the Bishops, but does not
succeed. He quits the
country ignominiously.
Immigration, 868,000.
1853. Naval Pveview at Spit-
head, in presence of the
Queen, Aug. 11.
Queen Victoria visits
Ireland, Aug. 29.
Deputation from the
Protestant Alliance, headed
by the Earl of Shaf'tesbury,
waits upon Lord Clarendon.
to state the case of Miss
Cunningham, arrested at
Lucca for distributing Ita-
lian Bibles, etc., and to
urge the government to
procure her immediate li-
beration, Sept. 28. A depu-
tation of clergymen and
others, headed by Sir Cul-
ling Eardley, wait upon
Lord Clarendon and thank
him and the government
for the exertions which had
been made, Oct. 27.
Bronze statue of Sir Ro-
bert Peel erected in front
of the Royal Infirmary at
Manchester, Oct. 8.
Captain Inglefield, of the
Phoenix, arrives from the
Arctic regions, with the
news of the discovery of
the North-west Passage, on
Oct. 26, 1850, by Captain
McClure of the Investiga-
tor, Oct. 7.
The first stono of a Ro-
man Catholic cathedral
laid at Shrewsbury, by
Bishop Brown the young
Earl of Shrewsbury giving
15,000 towards its erection
Dec. 12.
The Dublin Exhibition
building is formally opened
as a winter garden, by the
Lord Lieutenant and the
Countess St. Gcrraaina,
Dec. 15.
1815-1865.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
169*
A. D.
1858
FBANCE.
Plot to assassinate the Empe-
ror, while on his way to the
Opera Comique, discovered
at Paris, July 7.
A Roman circns of great size
discovered at Tours, Aug.
81.
The Duke de Nemours, on
behalf of the entire Orleans
House, effects a reconcilia-
tion with the Count de
Chambord, Nov. 17.
Inauguration of the statue of
Marshal Ney, on the spot
where he was shot, and the
anniversary of his execu-
tion, Dec. 7.
ATTSTBIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1853. Persia: Earthquakes destroy Shi-
rar, (12,000 lives lost,) May 9 ; and Tehe-
, Jul
ran,
ily 11.
Peru : Difficulty at Chincha Islands
between Peruvian commandant and
American shipmasters, Aug. 17.
Portugal : Maria (Queen) dies, Nov.
1853, AnAustrian
war vessel in
the port of
Smyrna, seizes
and attempts
to carry off
Martin Koszta,
a Hungarian
refugee, travel-
ing under an
American pass-
port, who
claims protec-
tion of Ameri-
can flag. An
American fri-
gate places tho
Austrian un-
der her guns,
and Koszta's
release is impe-
ratively de-
manded, June
21.
Austrian go-
vernment pro
tests against
Eroceedings of
aptain Ingra-
ham at Smyr-
na, in a circu
lar addressed
to the Europe-
an courts, Aug.
1. and through
its envoy ad-
dresses a note
to the Ameri-
can govern-
ment on the
same subject,
Aug. 29.
EASTERN AFFAIRS. WAK BETWEEN TURKEY AND
RUSSIA. Prince Menschikoff sent by the Emperor of Rus-
sia with demands which are rejected" by the Porte, May '21.
June 15. The Russians cross the Pruth, 120,000 strong,
June 21-28. The Porte addresses a protest to tlie Russian
cabinet against the occupation of the Principalities. July
14. The Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated
''Vienna note," for the joint acceptance of Russia and
Turkey, July 26. Russia at once accepts ; Turkey re-
quires modifications, Aug. 20; which Russia will not ac-
cede to, Sept. 14. Military congress at Olmutz. Sept. 20.
The note is dropped, Sept. 30. Turkey declares war
against Russia, Oct. 3. Hostilities commenced on the
Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. Nicholas in the
Black Sea, Oct. 31. Turks defeat Russians at Oltenitza,
Nov. 4. Russia declares war against Turkey, Nov. 11.
The Anglo-French fleet enters the Dardanelles, Oct. 4,
and the Bosphorus, Nov. 15. Turks beaten and massa-
cred at Sinope by Russians, Nov. 30. The Vienna Con-
ference continues'its efforts to effect an arrangement be-
tween the belligerents, Dec. Decided manifestation of
the people of Constantinople in favor of war, Dec. 21.
Russians uniformly victorious in Aeia. The religious fana-
ticism of both parties is aroused.
10.
Spain: New and stringent law
against liberty of the press published,
Jan. 2. Queen Isabella, in commemo-
ration of her birth-day, orders three
screw-frigates to be constructed, to be
called after the three queens from whom
she derives the crowns of Castile, Arra-
gon, and Navarre, Oct. 10.
Switzerland : Insurrection in Fri-
burg by the Jesuit party speedily sup-
pressed, April 22.
Venezuela : Earthquake at Cumana ;
600 persons killed, July 15.
170*
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
[Period XL 40 yearn.
A. D.
1864
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
Deputation of " Friends'" pre-
sents to the Emperor of
Russia a peace memorial,
Feb. 10.
Complete equality before the
law secured to all subjects
of the Porte, without dis-
tinction of creed, by treaty,
March 12.
Commercial treaty concluded
between the United States
and Japan, March 23.
In Turkey, the possessions of
the Mosques to be declared
the property of the State
from March 27.
The first railway is opened
in Brazil, the Emperor and
Empress being present at
the inauguration, April 30.
The changes introduced in the
Ottoman Empire by the in-
fluence of the Allied Pow-
ers, amount to a revolution
in its social condition.
Marked increase in the num-
bers and prosperity of
Christians in Turkey ; Mo-
hammedan population, ex-
cept in Bosnia, rapidly dy-
ing out.
Cross raised In a Catholic
burying ground belonging
to the French, in Turkey.
UNITED STATES.
1854. The steamer San Fran-
cisco founders at sea; 240
U. S. troops washed over-
board ; the rest of 700 res-
cued by the Three Bells,
Kilby, and Antarctic, Jan.
5.
Astor Library opened
for use of the public, in New
York city, Jan. 9.
Outrages on the railroad
near Erie, Pa., renewed by
mobs of women, Jan. 17, 31.
Skirmishes between U.
S. troops and Apache and
Utah Indians, March 5, 80.
Certain sections of the
"Maine Liquor Law" deci-
ded to be unconstitutional
in Massachusetts, March 13.
Miss Dix's bill for ame-
liorating the condition of
the indigent insane, vetoed,
April 20.
Great flood in the Con-
necticut river, hundreds
driven from their dwel-
lings, May 1.
Mass meetings at Bos-
ton, Feb. 23 ; New Market,
N. H., Feb. 27 ; New York,
May 13, against the Ne-
braska bill, which, how-
ever, becomes a law, May
30.
Kiots in Michigan, April
17 ; at Boston, (attempt to
rescue a fugitive slave,)
May 26 ; at New York and
Brooklyn, (papist interfe-
rence with street-preach-
ing,) May 2S, June 4, 11.
San Juan, Nicaragua,
bombarded and burnt by
the U. S. sloop-of-war, Cy-
ane, July 13.
GREAT BRITAIN.
1S54. Parliament opened by
Queen, who expresses a de-
sire that exertions for an
amicable settlement of the
Eastern difficulties should
be persevered in, Jan. 31.
The Queen reviews the
fleet on its departure for
the Baltic, March 11.
A day of humiliation
and prayer observed, April
26.
Launch of the "Royal
Albert," the Queen chris-
tening the vessel, May 13.
Crystal Palace at
denham opened by
Queen, June 10.
8
1815-1855.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
171*
A.D
FRANCE.
AUSTRIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1854. Alliance,
offensive and
defensive, be-
tween Austria
and Prussia,
signed Aprr
20.
J854
The Emperor and Empress.
attend the first agricultural
exhibition ever held in Pa-
ris, June 9.
The Emperor reviews a di-
vision of troops about to
proceed to the Baltic, July
12.
1854. Brazil : San Salvador destroyed by
an earthquake, causing a loss, "in less
than one minute, of 200 lives, and
$4,000,000 of property, April 16.
Canada: Parliament House at Que-
bec burnt, including government library
and philosophical apparatus, Feb. 1.
India: The Ganges Canal, a work
of vast magnitude opened, April 8.
Day of humiliation and prayer for
success of the British arms, observed at
Bombay and all over India, by the na-
tives, as well as the Europeans, July 16.
Italy : Shocks of earthquake in the
country between Florence and Rome,
May.
Eailway from Lusa to Turin inau-
gurated in presence of King and Queen
of Sardinia, etc., May 22.
Mexico : Battle of Guyamas, be
tween some Frenchmen under Count
Raousset de Boulbon and the Mexicans,
July 13. The Count is defeated, taken
prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot.
Russia : An imperial ukaso calls out
nine men in 1,000 souls in eastern por-
tion of the Empire, May 9.
Spain : Earthquake at Fiana, crum-
bling down the greatest part of the Al-
cazaba, an ancient castle of the Moors,
and causing large chasms in nearly all
the streets, Jan. 13.
Strike at Barcelona; 15,000 arti-
zans demand of the municipal authorities
that the price of provisions be reduced,
and wages increased, March 81.
The insurrection of the people
at Madrid (July 17) triumphs, and the
Rivas ministry resign, July 19. Espar-
tero enters the city, and is received
with great enthusiasm, July 29. 3,000
defenders of the barricades defile before
the Queen's palace, her Majesty present-
ing herself on the balcony, July 31.
Dona Maria Christina, the Queen
Mother, leaves Madrid for Portugal, un-
der escort of troops, but against the will
of the people. She was indebted to the
State 71,000,000 reals, Aug. 28.
Turkey: Fire at Constantinople,
400 houses destroyed, Jan. 1.
Fire at Salonica, destroys 600 build-
ings, April 8.
Banquet given by the Sultan to
Prince Napoleon, May 8.
Fire at Varna, destroys 180 houses
and vast quantities of military stores,
Aug. 10.
172*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL iO year*.
A.D.
1854
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GREAT BRITAIN.
The Sultan issues a firman for
the construction of a church
at Scutari, Sept.
Deaths in 1854.
1854. Grisi and Mario, the two
most renowned lyric ar-
tists of the old world, arrive
at New York, Aug. 19.
U.S.
N. B. Blunt,
Jacob Bur-
nett,
John Davis,
Com. Dow nes,
J. Harring-
ton, last sur-
vivor of bat-
tle of Lex-
ington.
Mrs. E. Jud-
son.
Bishop Wain-
wright.
1855
EUROPE.
Anglesea,
Bodisco,
Cockburn,
Forbes,
Jameson,
Maitland,
Melloni,
Montgomery,
Paixhans,
Pellico,
Plunkett,
Rubini,
Schelling,
Mine. Sontag,
Mrs. C. South-
ey,
Talfourd,
Wilson,
St. Armuid,
Denman,
Lockhart.
"Immaculate Conception of
the Virgin" proclaimed as a
dogma by the pope, Dec. 8.
1855. Panama railroad com-
pleted, first train on it Jan.
OQ
Financial panic in California,
Feb.
Suspension Bridge &t Niaga-
ra first crossed, March 14.
Difficulty in Phila. about
slaves of J. H. Wheeler of
N. Carolina, July 18.
Election riot at Louisville,
Ky., between Americans
and foreigners, Aug. 6.
Extensive drought pre-
vails several weeks.
Passmore Williamson re
leased from jail (where he
had been three months in
the Wheeler slave case).
Nov. 8.
Cholera prevails, June-
Nov. ; yellow fever prevails,
Aug.-Nov.
Immigration, about 500,000.
"Ostend Conference" be-
tween Buchanan, Mason,
Soule, Oct. 10, 11.
1855. Southern Commercial
Convention at New Orleans,
Jan. 8.
Soule quits Madrid Jan.
31.
U. S. S. Water witch fired
on, on the Paraguay, Feb. 1.
U. S. Dist. Court in Wis-
consin pronounces the Fu-
gitive Slave Law unconsti-
tutional, Feb. 8.
Convention at Lawrence,
Kansas, Aug. 14.
Walker (filibuster) takes
possession of Granada, Oct.
16.
Law passed for the en-
listment of foreigners in the
British service, Dec. 22.
1855. Visit of the Emperor
and Empress of France,
April 16.
Death of Lord Raglan,
Commander-in-chief at Se-
bastopol, June 28.
The Queen and Prince
Albert visit the Emperor
Louis Napoleon at Paris,
Aug. 18.
Kansas : Convention
Topeka, Oct. 23.
at
1816-1855.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
173*
A. D.
FRANCE.
1856. Subscriptions to the
French loan of 500 millions
of francs amount to 2,000
millions of francs, offered
by 177,000 persons.
Death of Don Carlos,
claimant of the Spanish
throne, March 10.
Indust'l Exhibition open-
ed at Paris, May 15.
AUSTRIA, etc.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1854. Venezuela: Slaves emancipated,
April 25.
1854. Saxony:
The King
thrown from
his carriage at
Innspruck, and
killed, Aug. 10.
EASTERN AFFAIRS. The Anglo-French fleet enters
the Black Sea, Jan. 4. Turks defeat Russians at Citate,
Jan. 6. Negotiations for peace continue through the Vi-
enna Conference, Jan. Russian ambassadors quit Lon-
don, Feb. 6, Paris, Feb. 7. English and French ambassa-
dors dismissed St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. England and
France resolve to summon Russia to evacuate the Prin-
cipalities by the 30th April, Feb. 28. Russians cross the
Danube, March. Treaty of alliance concluded between
England, France, and the Porte, March 1 2. Anglo-French
ultimatum forwarded to St. Petersburg. Russia refuses
a reply. England and France declare war against Russia,
March 28. Counter declaration of war by Russia against
England and France, April 12. Convention between
England and France, April 18. Odessa bombarded, April
22. Anglo-French fleet scours the Baltic, May, June.
Austro-Turkish Convention, June 4. Russians raise the
siege of Silistria, June 23, and re-cross the Danube, July
7. Russians defeated by Turks at Rutschuk, July 12 and
13. Are compelled to evacuate the Principalities" and re-
cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. Bomarsund capitulates to the
Allied fleet and French army, Aug. 16. Austrian armies
enter the Principalities, Aug. 20. Allies land in the Cri-
mea, Sept. 14. Defeat the Russians at the Alma, Sept
20. Commence the siege of Sebastopol, Sept. 28. Fire
opened, Oct. 17. Battle of Balaklava, Russians repulsed,
Oct. 25. Battle of Inkermann, Russians again repulsed.
Nov. 5. Siege of Sebastopol progresses, Dec. 31.
1855. Russia : Death of the Emperor Nicholas L, March 2.
The allies take possession of Kertch and the Sea of
Azoph, May 24.
The allies repulsed In an assault on the outposts of
Sebastopol, June 18.
Kars invested by the Russians, June 23.
FALL OF SEBASTOPOL
The Malakhoff carried by the
French, Sep. 8.
Terrific attack of the Rus-
sians on Kars repulsed, Sep. 29.
Mexico : Santa Anna
abdicates. Aug. 9. Car-
rara chosen to succeed
him.
174*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 46 years.
A.D.
1855
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GREAT BRITAIN.
Deaths in 1855 :
U. S. EUEOPE.
S. H. Cone, Sir H. Bishop,
Abbott Law- Silk Bucking-
renee, ham,
John 0. Spen- Jos. Hume,
cer, Miss Mitford,
T. E. Beck. Nicholas I
"Currer Bell. 1 '
Sir W. E. Par-
ry
Lord Eaglan,
Saml. Rogers,
Ans. Roths-
child,
Lord Truro.
Launch of the stm. Adriatic
(the largest yet afloat) at
N. Y., April 7.
1855. Proclamation against fllibus-
terism by President Pierce, Dec
8.
British Arctic vessel Eesolute
found and brought to New London
by an American whaler, Dec. 23.
1856
Personal Assault on Senator
Suinner of Mass., in the U.
S. Senate by Brooks of S.
Ca., May 22.
Submarine Telegraph cable
laid from Cape Breton to
Newfoundland. July 12.
Burlinghame's acceptance of
Brooks's challenge, July
21.
Brooks and Keitt ro-elected
to Congress from S. C., July
28.
Dudley Observatory inaug.
at Albany. Aug. 28.
Preston S. Brooks, the as-
saulter of Sunnier, publicly
welcomed and presented
with a cane, at Columbia,
8. C., Aug. 29.
Charles Sumner received in
Boston with public hon-
ors, Nov. 3.
N. Y. and Newfoundland
Telegraph line, 1715 miles,
opened to St. John's, Nov.
10.
1856. N. P. Banks, jr., of Mass., elect-
ed Speaker of House of Represent,
of U. S., after a contest of 9 weeks,
by plurality of 3 votes, Feb. 2.
Gubernatorial contest in Wiscon-
sin, Jan. Fob.
Mr. Fillmore nominated for Pres't
by Arner. Con. at Phil a., Feb. 22.
Free State Legisl. at Topeka,
Kansas, elect Reeder and Lane as
delegates to Congress, Feb. 8.
Kansas Investigation Committee
appointed, March 19.
Padre Vigil recognised as Minist.
from Nicaragua, May 14.
President's message announcing
difficulty with Brit. Gov. on enlist-
ments in the IT. S., May 29.
Buchanan nominate'd for Pres't
by Dem. Con. at Cincinati, June 7.
Fremont nominated for Pres't by
Repub. Conven. at Phila., June 17.
H. Eepres. U. S. pass a bill ad-
mitting Kansas under Topeka Con.,
July 8.
Topeka legislature dispersed by
U. S. troops under Col. Sumner,
July 4.
-John \V. Geary confirmed as Gov.
of Kansas, July 81.
Whitefield and Reeder both re-
jected by H. Eepres. as delegates
from Kansas, Aug. 1.
Extra session of Congress ad-
journed Aug. 30.
Municipal election riot at Balti-
more, 9 &., Oct. 8.
U. S. troops in Kansas arrest and
disarm parties of emigrants from N.
E., Oct. 10.
Buchanan elected Pres. No^. 4
1855. Visit of the
King of Sardinia to
England, Nov. 30.
Captain McClure
receives the re-
ward of 5,000 for
discovery of " the
N. W. passage"
and is knighted
Nov.
Brit, fleet bom-
bard and partially
destroy Canton,
China. Oct. 28.
1815-1861.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
175*
A.D.
FRANCE.
EUROPE, elsewhere.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1855
1855. Omar Pasha defeat
the Russians at the Ingour
Nov. 5.
Explosion of 100,000 Ibs
of powder at Sebastopol
Nov. 15.
Surrender of Kars to the
Russians after a famous de-
fence by Gen. Williams,
Nov. 25.
1S55. Meadco : Alvarez re-
signs the presidency, and is
succeeded by Comonfort,
Dec.
1856
Feace Conference at Paris
opened Feb. 25.
Birth of an heir to the throne,
March 16.
Treaty of Peace with Russia
signed at Paris, March 30.
856. Preliminaries of Peace
signed at Vienna, Feb. 1.
Destructive floods near Ly-
ons, &c., whole villages de-
stroyed, June.
The Crimea wholly eva-
cuated by the Allies, July
12.
Russia : Alexander II.
crowned emperor, Sept. 7.
Raihcayx of 2600
miles contracted for by
Government. Capital, 10UO
millions of francs, Oct. 28.
Naples : French and
English ministers leave.
Oct.. 23.
1856. Costa Rica : Schlessin-
ger and Walker's invasion
defeated, March 20.
Walker defeats 3,000
Costa Ricans at Rivas, Ap.
11.
Panama: Riot on the
Panama R.R., 30 passengers
killed, April 15.
Gunpowder explosion at
Salonica, Turkey, 700 k.
and >., July 17.
Earthquake in Egypt,
Syria, and isles of Med.
About 1200 lives lost, and
many thousand buildings
destroyed, Oct. 12.
Granada, city of, de-
stroyed by Walker, Nov.
20-25.
176*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XI. 46 years.
A.D.
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
BRITISH EMPIRE.
1856
Revival of the African Slave
Trade, recommended by
Gov. Adams in 8. Ca.
Arctic discovery ship Reso-
lute presented to Queen
Victoria by Lieut. Hart-
stene for tho U. S. Govern-
ment, Dec. 30.
Death* in 1856 :
1856. Barrier Forts, near Can-
ton, China, destroyed by
U. S. squadron, for an at-
tack on an American boat,
Dec. 6.
Resolution against the
Slave Trade passed by H.
of Reps. U. S., Dec. 15.
U. S.
J. M. Berrien.
Ogden Hoff-
man.
Com Morris.
J.G.Perceval.
Jno. C. War-
ren.
J. M. Clayton,
u. a. s.
George Steers,
naval archi-
tect.
T. Crawford,
sculptor.
Louis M'Lane.
EUROPE.
Jno. Braham,
vocalist.
Sir W. Hamil-
ton, meta-
physician.
Von Biela, as-
tronomer.
LM Hardinge.
Father Mat-
thew.
Hugh Miller.
Sir Jno. Ross.
Westmacott.
Yarrell.
PL Delaroche.
1857
Geo. Peabpdy gives $800,000
to establish a free Literary
and Scientific Institute at
Baltimore, Feb. 12.
The Chief-Justice of the U.
S. proclaims that negroes
have no rights which white
men are bound to respect,
March 6.
Dred Scot decision" de-
nounced by the Legislature
of N. Hampshire, June 25.
The Atlantic Telegraph Ca-
ble first joined at sea by
the Niagara and Agamem-
non, Aug. 5, but breaks
Aug. 11.
Loss of the Central America
and 450 lives, Sept. 8.
Mass meetings of unemployed
workmen in N. Y., Nov. 2
and 10.
Stm. Adriatic starts on first
voyage to Liverpool, Nov.
28.
185T. Four members of H
of Representatives of U. S,
from N. Y. and Conn, ex-
pelled for corrupt conduct,
Feb. 19.
Buchanan inaugurated
President, March 4.
Lord Napier recognise <i
as British minister, March
16.
The DRED SCOT DECI-
SION delivered by Chief-
Justice Taney, March 6.
R. J. Walker accepts ap-
pointment as Governor of
Kansas, March 26.
Attempt to arrest Mayor
Wood in N. Y. for an as-
sault on the Street Com-
missioner, June 16.
General Financial Pa-
nic begins with suspension
ot Ohio Life and Trust Co.
Aug. 24.
Lecompton Convention
Kansas, meets Sept. 7.
Suspension of Philad
banks, Sept. 25 and 26, fol
lowed by general suspen. o
banks in Pa., Md., D. C.
R. I.
Suspension of N. Y. city
banks, Oct. 13-14, and Mas
sachusetts banks same day
Payments resumed, Dec
12.
1857. Treaty of Peace with
Persia signed March 6.
Palmerston Ministry out-
voted on the Cbinese ques-
tion, March 5.
New septennial Parlia-
ment meets, April 30.
The Manchester Art Ex-
hibition opened, May 5.
Rebellion in India begins
May 9 ; KiDg of Delhi pro-
claimed sovereign of India.
HAVKLOCK defeats the re-
bels under Nena Sahib, and
recaptures Cawnpore, July
The Ernp, and Empress
toria, Aug. 6.
Sir COLIN CAMPBELL, the
new com. -in-chief, arrives
at Calcutta, Aug. 14.
Delhi taken after an as-
sault of 6 days, Sept. 14.
1815-186L]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
177*
A.D
FRANCE.
ETTROPE, elsewhere.
WOBLD, elsewhere.
1867. Austria: Amnesty to
Eolitical offenders in Lorn
ardy, &c., Jan. 25.
1867. Mexico: New constitu-
tion promulgated, March 11.
Costa Rica : Walker sur-
renders Kivas, and agrees to
leave Nicaragua, May 1.
of the French visit Queen Vic-
Sweden and Norway:
Charles Louis, Prince-
Royal, made Regent. Sep.
26.
Emperors of France and Russia meet at Stuttgart,
Sept. 25.
Nicaragua : "Walker
and his men surrender to
U. 8. shin Wabash, Com.
Paulding, Dec. 8.
178*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period IX. 46 years.
A.D.
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GREAT BRITAIN.
'.857 Deaths in 1857.
U. 8. EUROPE.
C. Col ton. iBeranger.
E. K. Kane. JC. Bonaparte
W. L. Marcy. 'J. W. Croker
Thos. J. Eusk.;Thos. Dick.
Eli Smith. Marshall Hall
Earl of Elles
mere.
Douglas Jer
rold.
"W. Scoresby.
Eugene Sue.
And. lire.
Cavaignac.
Aug. Compte
Ilavelock.
Chris. Ranch
sculptor.
1858 Commercial failures in one
year, ending Dec. 25, 1857.
amount to 5,123 : liabilities,
$291,750,000.
Launch of the monster steam-
er Great Eastern at Lon-
don, Jan. 81.
Crawford's Monument to
Washington, at Richmond,
inaugurated, Feb. 22.
Extensive and remarkable re-
ligious " revival" through-
out the U. S. in February,
March, &c.
Gold mine excitement in
Washington and Oregon
territory.
New " Divorce Court"" 1 open-
ed in London, May 10.
Donati's Comet seen in June
and July.
Vigilance Committee" in
N. Orleans, June 2.
New Prohibitory Liquor
Law voted in Maine, June
Turkish Admiral, Mehemet
Pacha, and suite leave Bos-
ton, after *n extended visit
in the U. States, July 14.
A Jew in Brit. Parliament,
July 26.
ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH.
National Teachers' Associa-
tion 1st Ann. Convention
at Cincinnati, Aug. 11.
Queen Victoria's message to '.
1857. " Lecompton Constitu
tion" adopted by Conven
tion, Nov. 9.
Walker resigns as Go
vernor of Kansas, Dec. 15.
W. Walker reaches N. T
"on parole," and surren-
ders to U. 8. marshal, Dec,
28.
1857. English and French
ture the city, Dec. 28-80.
1858. Mr. Buchanan's " Kan.
sas Message" to H. Reps.,
1858. French and English
the Governor, Yeh, Jan. 5.
The Princess-Royal of
England married to the
Prince of Prussia, Jan. 25.
Steamer Great Eastern
first floated, Jan. 81.
Resignation of Palmer-
ston's Ministry, and acces-
sion of Lord Derby, Feb. 20.
Slaver Echo captured
gust 27.
with Lecompton Constitu-
tion, Feb. 2
" Anti- Lecompton De-
mocratic " meetings in
Phila., N. Y., &c., Feb. and
March.
Bill to admit Kansas as a
State, under Lecompton
Const., passes the Senate,
March 23.
The House passes another
bill.
New Free State Conven-
tion of Kansas, at Leaven-
worth, March 25.
The " English Kansas
bill" passed both Houses of
Congress, April 30.
Minnesota State Govern-
ment organized at St. Paul,
May 23.
A tlantic Telegraph fleet
land, June 10.
The President sends a
message announcing peace-
able settlement of trouble
in Utah, June 10.
Treaty of Peace and Ami-
ty with China, -signed at
Tien-Tsin, June 13.
News of the completion
eived with joyful demonstrations, Aug. 5.
Magnificent celebration
at New York, Sept. 1.
The English bill voted
on by the people of Kan-
sas and rejected, August
9- i
resident Buchanan sent and received, August 16.
sails from Plymouth, Eng-
Eng. steam. Cyclops bom-
bards Jeddah, July 25-26.
Baron Eothschild takes
his seat in H. of Commons
July 26.
Queen Victoria and Pr.
bourg, Aug. 4.
of Atlantic Telegraph re-
and carrried to Charleston, Au-
1815-1861.]
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
A.D.
FRANCE.
EUROPE, elsewhere.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1857. Naples : Terrible earth
quake,14,000 persons killed.
fleets bombard Canton, and oap-
troopa enter Canton and capture
Attempt by Orsini and
others to assassinate the
Emperor with a hand gre-
nade : 8 persons k. and 156
wounded, Jan. 14.
1858. Mexico: Revolution,
Comonfort gives np the Go-
vernment to Juarez ; Zulo-
aga proclaimed president by
a H. of Representatives.
Albert visit the Emperor at Cher-
Turkey : Massacre of
Christians at Jeddah 45
killed, June 15.
80*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period IX. 46 years.
A.D.
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, &c.
UNITED STATES.
GKEAT BRITAIN.
1858 The N. Y. State quarantine
buildings at Staten Island
destroyed by the citizens
as a nuisance, Sept. 1.
First overland mail for Ca-
lifornia leaves St. Louis,
Sept. 16.
Boston Public (Free) Library
opened, costing $450,000,
Sept. 17.
The " General Admiral" stm.
1650
1858. The East India, Com-
pany ceases to exist, and
its vast possessions pass
into the hands of the Brit.
Government, Sept. 1.
1858. U. St. stm. Niagara
sails from Charleston for
Liberia, with rescued slaves
of the " Echo," Sept. 20.
frigate, built for Russian
government, launched atj
N. Y., Sept. 21.
Crystal Palace, N. Y., burnt,
Oct. 5.
The yacht Wanderer lands 300 Africans near Brunswick,
Ga.. Nov. 28.
The Grand Jury at Columbia. S. C., refuse to indict the
slaver " Echo," Nov. 30.
First railroad in Egypt.
Deaths in 1858.
U. S.
T. H. Benton.
Rob. Hare.
H.W. Herbert.
Freem'nHunt.
Com. Perry.
Gen. Quitman.
Gen. P. F.
Smith.
N. W. Taylor.
B. F. Butler.
Parker Cleve-
land.
Wm. Jay.
EUROPE.
R. Brown, bo-
tanist.
Geo. Combe.
" Eachel."
Marshall Hall.
Duchess of
Orleans.
Reschid Pa-
cha.
Radetsky.
Ary Scbeffer.
Robt. Owen.
Sir W. Reid.
Foresti.
U. S. Agricultural Conven-
1859. New Hall of the U. S.
tion at Washington, D. C.,
Jan. 3.
Slidell's bill, giving $30,000,000 to facilitate the acquisition
of Cuba, introduced Jan. 10.
Senate first occupied, Jan.
4.
Sickles kills Key at Washing-
Mr. McLane recognises the
Juarez government in Mex-
ico, April 4.
ton, for seduction of his
wife, Feb. 27 ; he is tried
and acquitted, April 26.
Southern Convention at Vicksburgh discusses the opening
of the Slave Trade. May 11.
Great fire at Key West. 110
housed ;
May Ifr
loss $2,750,000,
Telegrams India to Eng-
land.
Several slavers captured by
U. S. vessels.
1859. D'Israeli introduces a
new Reform Bill, Feb. 28.
Lord Lyons, new British
minister at Washington, re-
ceived. April 12.
England protests against
Austrian menaces of Sardi-
nia, April 21.
English court in mourn-
ing for the tyrant king of
Naples (May).
New Parliament mceta,
May 80. J. E. Denniaon
elected speaker.
Telegrams to India acce-
lerated seven days by cable
on the Red Sea, June 8
1815-1861.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
181*
A. P.
1858
1859
FRANCE.
EITROPK, elsewhere.
The Emperor's New-Tear's 1859. Austria demands that
speech to Hubner, Austrian Sardinia shall disarm,
minister, causes a war sen-
sation, Jan. 1.
Prince Napoleon marries
the Princess Clothilde, Jan.
29.
Ap. 23. England protests
against this menace.
Sardinian army on a war
footing.
French troops reach Turin and Genoa, April 26-30.
War declared, in alliance
with Sardinia, against Aus-
tria, May 8.
Subscriptions for loan of
500 million francs exceed
four times that sum, from
525,000 persons.
Tuscany : Grand Dnke
abdicates ; his troops fra-
ternize with revolutionists,
April 27.
Austria declarfK "WAR
AGAINST SARDINIA,
and her troops cross the
Ticino, April 26.
The Emperor L. Napoleon arrives at Genoa, May 12.
Empress made Repent. |
Battle ofMontebeUo: Austrians defeated. May 20.
Garibaldi enters Como,
May 27.
Battle of Palestro : Austrians defeated, May 80.
Bottle of Magenta : Allies victorious, June 4 ; and enter
M ilan, June 8.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1858. Egypt: First train
on the Suez Railroad crosses
the isthmus in eleven hours,
from Suez to Alexandria,
Dec. 5.
Hayti : Revolution
Faustin banished General
Jeffrard proclaimed Presi-
dent, Dec. 21.
1859. Mexico. Miramon ap-
pears before Vera Cruz,
March 18-27.
Peru : Earthquake de-
stroys part of Quito, March
29. '
Naples : Death of Ferdi-
nand II., and accession of
Francis II , May 22.
182*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 46 years.
A.r
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GREAT BRITAIN.
1PK)
Remarkable religious revi-
val in Ireland, June, July,
etc.
Excessive heat in California
and in Europe, June-July.
Wise travels 1200 miles in a
balloon from St. Louis to N.
York state, July 1.
Gold images found in Indian
graves at Chiriqui, July.
Cosmopolitan celebration o
100th birthday of Schiller
Nov. 10.
Brilliant meteor seen in N. Y
and N. England, Nov. 15.
Deaths in 1S59 :
U. 8. ETJKOPE.
French and English in
the forts of the Peiho, June
Com. Tatnall.
1859. Gen. Harney takes possession of the island of San
Juan (now Vancouver's island) July 9.
J. W. Alexan
der.
W. C. Bond.
Rufus Choate.
Bp. Doane.
HOE. MANN.
Den. Olmsted,
W. H. PRES-
COTT.
Rich. Rush.
Gco. Bush
J. Y. Mason.
Theo. Sedge-
wick.
Linn Boyd.
WASHINGTON
IRVIKG.
Dr. Abbott.
T. K. Hervey.
HUMBOLDT
Leigh Hunt.
Jejeebhoy.
D. Lardner.
C. R. Leslie.
Lady Morgan.
Jos. Sturge.
De Tocque-
ville.
Metternich.
De Quincey.
J. A. James.
J. P. JSichol.
Thos. Nuttall.
[. K. Brunei.
Carl Ritter.
Louis Spohr.
Sir J.Stephen.
MACAU LAY.
Robert Ste-
phenson.
Law passed in Arkansas, Jan.
1, to banish free negroes
from the state.
Decree by the Emperor of
Austria in favor of rights
of the Jews, Jan. 10.
Kansas Const. Conven
tion meets at Wyandote
July 5.
Gen. Harney proclaim
possession of the island o
San Juan for the U. States
July 27.
Mr. Ward, U. S. minis
ter, reaches Pekin, July 8u
Treaty with China rati
fied, Aug. 16.
J. Y. Mason, U. S. mi
nister to France, dies a
Paris, Oct. 3.
John Brown's Raid for
the liberation of slaves, a
Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct
17. 12 of his men and ]
marine killed. 2 of his men
hung, Dec. 16; and 2 more
March 16, 1860.
5.
Congress assembles, Doc.
1860. Pennington of N. Jer-
sey elected speaker of the
House of Representatives,
after a balloting for nearly
two months, Feb. 1.
Builders' strike begins in
London, July 25.
Captain McClintock re-
turns, bringing relics of
Franklin's expedition, Sep.
21.
Steamer Royal Charter
wrecked in British Chan-
nel ; 445 persons lost, and
1,000,000 in gold,
Death of Lord Macaulav,
Dec. 28.
860. Lord Clyde proclaims
the rebellion in India a*
subdued, Jan. 7.
Commercial Treaty wiib
den and Lord Cowley and
1815-1861.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
*..!>.
FRANCE.
EUBOPE, elsewhere.
THE "WORLD, elsewhere.
1859
Perugia sacked by papal troops, June 20.
Battle of Solfcrino' June 24. Austrians under the Empe-
ror in person defeated by the allies : great loss on both
sides.
China repulsed in an attack on I
25. They are aided by American!
Treaty of Peace signed by the Emperors of France and
Austria, at Villafranca, July 11.
The Emperor returns to St. 1859. Tuscany : Council of
Cloud, July 27. State votes in favour of
Entrance of "the Army of] annexation to Sardinia,
Italy" into Paris, Aug."l4. July 12.
Political amnesty, Aug. 17.
Treaty with Japan, ratified
at Jeddo, Sept. 22.
1860
The Emperor advises Victor
Emanuel a programme for
the Regeneration of Italy,
Oct. 20.
Exchange of ratifications of
the Treaty of Zurich, Nov.
21.
Zurich
Conference at
opened, August 8.
Sardinia : Cavour dis-
missed from the ministry,
July 13.
Tuscany: The Nation.
Assem. decrees the perma-
nent exclusion of the Aus-
trian dynasty, Aug. 16.
Mod-ena : Farini dicta-
tor, opens the Nat. Assem-
bly, Aug. 16, aud assumea
government of Parma,
Aug. 18.
Rome : Concordat be-
tween the Pope and Spain,
Aug. 26.
Russia : Schamyl taken
prisoner in Caucasia, Sept
6. i
Bologna : Assemb. Nat
under pres. of Minghetti
decree independence from
the Pope. Sept. 7.
Sardinia : The king
receives deputations from
Modena and Parma, ten-
dering annexation to Sar-
dinia, Sept. 15.
Romagna : Decree of
annexation to Sardinia,
Oct. 7.
Spain declares war
against Morocco, Oct. 22.
O'Donnell named com.-in-
chief of Spanish army.
Sardima .-Prince Ca-
rignan made regent of Ro-~
magna, Parma, etc., Nov. 6,
but declines in favor of
Buoncompagni.
1859. Mexico : Juarez de-
crees the confiscation of
church property, July 12.
Venezuela : Civil " wur ;
downfall of Castro, the Pre-
sident, July.
Costa Rica : Revolution
fall of Mora, Ang. 14.
The Emperor's letter to the Pope, advising cession of
Romagna, Dec. 31.
Treaty with Nicaragua rati-
fied, Jan. 11.
France, signed at Paris by R. Cob-
the French ministers, Jan. 23.
1860. Spain: The Moors
defeated at Castellejor, Jan.
Rome : The Pope re-
plies to the Emperor, refus-
ing to cede the Legations,
Jan. 8.
Sardinia: Cavour re-
called to the premiership,
Jan. 15.
Buenos Ay res : Battle
with the troops of Argen-
tine Coni'ederation, Oct. 2&,
184*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period IX. 46 years.
A.D.
1860
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
GREAT BRITAIN.
Papal bull against agitators
and reformers.
Fight of Ileenan and Sayers
for the championship of
England, April 17.
'irst " Pony Express" reaches Carson Valley in eight and
a half days from Missouri ; and news thence by telegraph
reaches San Francisco in nine days from New York.
1860. The "Covode Com-
mittee 11 (House of Repre-
sentatives) appointed to ex-
amine alleged corruption
of the government, March
5.
U. 8. corvette Saratoga
captures Miramon's vessels
at Vera Cruz, March 7.
Japanese Embassy arrives at San Francisco, March 28 ;
at Washington, May 14; at Baltimore, June 8; at Phila-
delphia, June 9 ; at New York, June 16. Sails for Ja-
pan, in the U. S. frigate Niagara, June 30.
Tniversal Suffrage in Cen-
tral Italy.
1860. French treaty ratified
by 116 majority in the Com-
mons, Feb. 24.
Lord J. Russell proposes a
new Reform Bill, March 2,
but abandons it, June 11.
Ministers defeated on a
bill for repeal of paper duty
passed by the Commons
but rejected (89 majority)
by the Lords, May 21.
Review of 18,000 volun-
teers by the Queen in Hyde
Park, June 23.
Democratic Convention
at Charleston, April 23.
Mr. McLane's treaty with
Mexico (Juarrez) rejected!
by the Senate, May 31.
National Repub. Conven-
tion at Chicago meets May
16, and nominates Abraham
Lincoln for President, and
Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-
President of U. S.
Law of Maryland prohibiting the inamimission of slaves
takes effect, June 1.
Tornado in Iowa and Il-
linois destroys whole vil-;
lages, June 3.
Nat. Democratic Conven-
tion (adjourned) at Balti-
more, June 18, nominates
Douglas and Fitzpatrick :
a seceding Convention no-;
minate Breckenridge and
Lane, respectively for Pre-
sident andV.-Pres. of U. S.
The Great Eastern arrives at New York, from Southampton, June 28.
Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition from Boston, sails July 7. i
Remarkable meteoric various northern states, July 20.
Visit of the Prince of Wales to British North Ame-
rica and the United States. He lai ds at St. John's, July
24 ; arrives at Quebec, August 18 ; Montreal, 24th ;
Ottawa, Ausust 81; Ni.-igara, September 14; Detroit,
Sept. 20 ; Washington, Oct.
8; Philadelphia, Oct. 9;
New York, Oct. 11; Bos-
ton, 17th; Portland, 20th;
Plymouth, England, Nov.
15.
Lincoln and Hamlin
elected Pres. and V.-Pres.
of the U. S. by the votes of
all the northern states ex-
cept New Jersey, which
chose 4 electors for Douglas
and 3 fir Lincoln, Nov. 6.
This election is made the
pretext for rebellion and
" secession" of the cotton
state* S. Carolina leading,
and adopting in Convention
an ordinance of secession
from the U. S., Dec. 20.
Deaths in 1860.
U. S.
J. A. Alexan-
der.
W. E. Burton.
C. A. Good-
rich.
S. G.
rich.
Theo. Parker.
J. K. Pauld-
ing.
W. C. Preston.
Good-
EUROPE.
Sir C. Barry.
Lady Noel
Byron.
G.P.R. James.
Anna Jame-
son.
Jullien.
Mi'W. Napier.
Baden row-
ell.
II. II. Wilson.
1815-1861.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
185'
A.D.
1860
Thouvenel foreign minister,
Jan. 24.
" V Univers" ultra-montane
journal, suppressed, Jan. 29.
Diplomatic correspondence of
Antonelli, Feb. March.
Negotiations respecting an-
nexation of Nice and Sa-
voy. Treaty for cession to
France signed at Turin,
March 24 ; but Switzerland
protests.
Nice votes for annexation to
France 24,448 for, and 160
against.
Savoy gives 131,744 for and
233 against.
FRANCE.
EUROPE, elsewhere.
The Emperor refuses an ap-
plication from Naples to
act as mediator, June 7.
French troops sent to Syria
to punish the murderers of
Christians, Aug. 5.
A French fleet placed before
Gaeta; for which side is
not proclaimed.
1860. Spain : Decisive vic-
tory over the Moors at Te-
touan, Feb. 4.
Sardinia : The army
raised to 50,000, Feb. 26.
Thouvenel with Cavour and
Buoncompagni resigns as
governor of Central Italy,
March 3.
Tuscany : Result of vot-
ing on annexation to Sardi-
nia pub., viz : For, 866,571 ;
against, 14,925 (for sepa-
rate kingdom)
Austria advertises for
new loan, March 24, and
protests against Sardinian
occupation of Tuscany, &c.
Spain : Peace with Mo-
rocco ratified, March 29.
Home : Papal bull
against revolutionists, Mar.
29.
devolution in Sicily be-
gins at Palermo, Messina,
and Catania, April 4.
Rome: Antonelli pro-
tests against Sardinian an-
nexation of Romagna.
Sicily: Garibaldi lands
at Marsala, with 2,000
men, from Genoa, May 10
Proclaims himself dictator
on behalf of Victor Ema-
nuel, 14th.
Naples: Concessions pro-
claimed to the people, May
19.
Garibaldi takes Pa-
lermo, May 27.
A liberal ministry
formed at Naples, June 28.
The King grants new con-
stitution and amnesty, J'ne
25.
Garibaldi's victory at Me-
lazzo, July 20-21.
Sicily (excepting the ci-
tadel of Messina) evacuated
by the Neapolitans, July
30.
Garibaldi's troops land in
Calabria, Aug. 8.
Enters Naples.
The King of Naples re-
tires to Gaeta, Sept. , and
is besieged there by the
troops of Garibaldi and
Victor Emauuel.
Garibaldi resigns his
power to Victor Emanuel,
and retires to Caprera.
THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1860. Argentine ConfeA. Der-
qui president, Feb. 5.
Mexico : Miramon at-
tacks Vera Cruz, March 7-
13.
Japan : The Regent
wounded in a riotous at-
tack.
Mexico : Zuloaga pro-
claims himself president,
and denounces Miramon.
Mayl.
Asia Minor : Horrible
massacre of the Christians
and Maronites, May. 3,000
killed at Damascus, July 9.
Honduras: -W. "Walker
the " filibuster," taken pri-
soner and shot, Sept. 12.
Syria : Fuad Pasha sent
against the Druses, Aug. 5.
167 Moslems implicated in
the massacres are executed
at Damascus, Aug. 20.
186*
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 46 years.
A.D
1861
PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.
UNITED STATES.
BRITISH EMPIRE.
1861. This example followed
byMississippi, Jan. 9,Alaba-
ma, Jan. 11, Florida, Jan.
12, Georgia, Jan. 19, Loui-
siana, Jan. 26.
Attempt to carry Virginia,
Kentucky, Tenn., N. Caro-
lina, Missouri, and Arkan-
sas for secession defeated,
Jan. March, 1861. Texas
carried for secession, but a
strong reaction for union
follows. Gen. Twiggs sur-
renders the U. S. forces in
Texas, and the military
stores, to the state, Feb.
INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN
(Kepub.) President U. 8.,
March 4
1815-1861.]
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
187*
A.D. i
FRAXCE.
EUROPE, elsewhere.
WORLD, elsewhere.
1861
1861. G-aeta surrenders to
Victor Emanuers troops,
Feb. 13. The King of Na-
ples escapes on board a
French frigate.
END OF BOURBON RULE
in Italy.
The Italian Parliament
declares VICTOR EMANUEL
KING OF ITALY, Feb.
1861.
ADDITIONS TO THE BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
(INCLUDING ACCIDENTAL OMISSIONS IN THE FORMER EDITIONS, PAGE 657 ; AND ALSO INCLUDING
PERSONS NOW LIVING (JAN. 1861.)
NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION.
Egypt. Abbas, Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt (grandson of Mehemet All) .
Amer. Abbott, Benjamin, distinguished educationist ....
Amer. Abbott, Jacob, author of historical, biographical, and religious
works ............
Amer. Abbott, Jno. S. C., historian and biographer ....
Ara. Abd-el Kader, Emir of the Bedouins, warrior and statesman .
Turk. Abdul Medjid, sultan of Turkey
Eng. A'Becket, Gilbert A., comic writer
Amer. Abeel, David, missionary and author of travels ....
Eng. Abinger. lord (Sir Jas. Scarlett), eminent lawyer and judge
French. About, Edmond, novelist, traveller, &c
French. Abrantes, duchess of, biographer
Ital. Achilli, Giovanni G , protestant preacher
Amer. Adams, Hannah, author of history of New England, &c. .
Ger. Adelung, John C., philologist and lexicographer
Eng. Adolphus, John, author of history of England, &c.
Eng. JSlfric, archbishop of Canterbury, author of Anglo-Saxon works
Sp.-Moor. Africanus, Leo. author of travels in Africa ....
Eng. -Jew. Aguilar, Grace, novelist
Pers. Ahasuerus, king of Persia (Artaxerxes, Long. ?), flourished
Eng. Aikin, Lucy, biographer and historian
French. Aime-Martin, Louis, writer on education
Eng. Ainsworth, Win. Francis, traveller, geologist, &c.
Eng. Ainsworth, Wm. Harrison, novelist
Eng. Airy, Geo. B., astronomer-royal
Ger. Albert, Prince, husband of the Queen of England
Eng. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne .
Ital. Alboni, Marietta, eminent contralto singer ....
Greek. Alciphron, author of Letters, &c.
Amer. Alcott, A. Bronson, philosopher and educationist
Amer. Alcott, Wm. A., writer on education and philosopher
Amer. Alden, John, one of the 1st Plymouth colony ....
Puiss. Alexander II. (became Emperor 1855)
Eng. Alexander, A. H., claiming to be Earl of Stirling
Amer. Alexander, Archibald, theologian and author ....
Amer. Alexander, James W., theologian
Amer. Alexander, J. Addison, theologian and commentator .
Amer. Alexander, Stephen, astronomer
Amer. Alexander, Wm. (" Earl of Stirling "), major-general in Revolution
Amer. Allen, Wm., author of Amer. Biog. Dictionary ....
Eng. Alleyn, Edward, actor and manager (temp. Shakspeare) .
Eng. Almon, John, political writer .... .
Mex. Almonte. Juan N"., general and statesman (abt) ....
Amer. Alsop, Kichard, poet and linguist
Eng. Althorp, Viscount, statesman and book-collector
Mex. Alvarez, Juan, leader of Mexican revolution ....
Ger. Amalie, duchess of Saxony, dramatic poet
Amer. Ames, Nathan P.. machinist and bronze-founder
Ger. Ammon, Christ. F. von. protestant theologian ....
French, Ampere, Jean J., traveller and essayist
Mex. Ampudia, Pedro de, general
Dan. Andersen, Hans, poet and novelist
Swe. Andersson. Chas. John, explorer in Africa
Eng. Andre, John, British officer in American war ....
A.mer. Angell, Jos. K., author of legal works . . .
BORN. DIED.
1818 1854
1763 1849
ISflS
1805
1807
1822
1769
1732
1487-
1816-
-1838
-1832
-1806
-1005
1S47
B. c. 456
1807-
1805-
1801-
1841-
-1687
-1851
-1859
-1860
-1626
-1805
-1815
-1834
-1847
-1850
1805
-1856
-1780
-1857
696
THE
WORLD'S
PROGRESS.
NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION.
Eng. Anglesey, Henry W., marquis of. general at Waterloo, &c.
French. Angoulerne, duchess d', daughter of Louis XVI.
Aust. Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII. of France .
Eng. Anne Eoleyn, second wife of Henry VIII. .
Eng. Anspach, Eliz., margravine of, author of memoirs
Irish. Anster, Jno , translator of " Faust"
Amer. Anthon, Charles, classical scholar and author .
Ital. Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, premier of Pius IX. . .
French, Anville, Jean B. d\ geographer
Roin. Apicius, the name of three Roman epicures .
Greek. Apollodorus, the name of several writers and statesmen .
Amer. A]>pleton, Jesse, president of Bowdoin college, and theologian ,
Rom. Apuleius, a Platonic philosopher and writer"
French. Antgo, Dotn. Fr. Jean, astronomer and statesman
Eng. Argall, Samuel, early colonist and deputy governor of Va.
Scot. Argyle, duke of, chief of clan Campbell, statesman .
Mex. Arista, Mariano, general under Santa Anna .
Amer. Armstrong, Sam. T., book publisher and lieul-gov. of Mass. .
Eng. Arnold, Matthew, poet, prof, of poetry, Oxon .
Eng. Arnold, Thos. K., author of classical text-books
Scot. Arnott, Niel, popular scientific writer
Flem. Artevelde, Philip van, revolutionary popular leader
Amer. Arthur, Timothy T., author of tales and essays .
Eng. Asbury, Francis, first methodist bishop in U." S. .
Eng. Askew, Anne, protestant, burned at Smithfield .
Greek. Aspasia, the accomplished wife of Pericles
Amer. Atchison, David R., senator U. S. from Missouri
Swiss. Aubigne, J. H. Merle d 1 , historian of Reformation
Amer. Audubon, John James, naturalist and traveller .
Ger. -Jew. Auerbach, Berthold, novelist
Aurungzebe, last Mogul emperor in India
Eng. Austen, Jane, novelist
Eng. Austen, Sarah, essayist and translator, (abt) .
Amer. Austin, Stephen F., founder of first American colony in Texas
Ital. Avezzana, Joseph, patriot soldier, refugee ia New York .
Scot. Aytoun, Win. E., professor, essayist, and poet .
French, Azais, Pierre H., philosophic writer
Ital. Azeglio, Massimo T., marquis d', statesman and author .
French. Babeuf, Franc N., agrarian and socialist author .
Amer. Bache, Alex. D., scientific engineer and writer .
Amer. Bachman, John, naturalist and theologian
Amer. Bacon, Leonard, theological writer and preacher
Eng. Baffin, Wm., navigator, discoverer of Baffin's bay
Amer. Bailey, Jacob W., professor of chemistry, botany, &c.
Eng. Bailey, Philip Jas., poet, author of Festus ....
Eng. Bailey, Samuel, metaphysician and political essayist
Eng. Baillie, Joanna, poet and novelist
Amer. Baird, Robert, D.D., author of travels .....
Span. Balboa, Vasca Nunez de. early navigator to South America
Irish. Balfe, Michael Wm., musical composer .
Scot. Baliol, intriguing rival of Robert Bruce ....
Amer. Ballon, Hosea, universalist minister and author .
French. Balue, Jean do la, cardinal, premier of Louis XI.
Amer. Bancroft, Aaron, cong. min., author of life of Washington .
Amer. Bancroft, George, historian of the U. S., secretary of navy, fec.
Amer. Bangs, Nathan, D.D., minister of methodist church and author
Amer. Banks, Nath. P., speaker of House of Rep. U. S., gov. of Mass.
French. Baraguay-d'Hilliers, Achille, marshal of France .
French. Barante, A. G., P. B., baron, historian ....
Amer. Barber, Francis, officer in revolutionary army .
Eng. Barham, Kich. Henry, humorist (Ingoldsby Legends)
Amer. Barker. Joseph, noted financier
Amer. Barnard, Henry, distinguished educator ....
Amer. Barnes. Albert, theologian and commentator
Eng. Barre, Isaac, col., M. P., friend of America ....
Irish. Barrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer and author ....
Amer. Barrow. James, commodore (in the all'air of the Chesapeake)
Eng. Barrow, Sir John, traveller, author, secretary to Admiralty
Eng. Barry, Sir Charles, architect of houses of Parliament .
Irish. Barry, John, the first American commodore
17S2
. A. D.. 1st Cent.
c. 5th to 2d Cent.
1772
A. D. 2d Ci-nt.
1786 I>o3
1572 1639
ISIS
1546
1807-
1794-
17SO-
1812-
1775-
1800-
1797-
1813-
I7ri6-
1793-
1806-
1790
1836
-1S45
-1797
1745 1808
ADDENDA.
G97
NATION.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Hung.
Hung.
Ger.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Ger.
French.
Amer.
Ger.
Eng.
Russ.
Eng.
Ital.
Amer.
Scot.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Pol.
Ger.
Eng.
Amer.
Sp.-Jew.
Amer.
Amer.
French.
Egypt.
Amer.
French.
French.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Irish.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Scot.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Ital.
Ital.
Eng
French.
Eng.
Ital.
Amer.
Irish.
French.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
French.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Earth, Henry, traveller in Africa
Bartlett, John E., author explorations, &c.
Bartlett, Josiah, statesman, gov. N. H., &c. ....
Barton, Bernard, the Quaker poet
Baskerville, John, eminent printer and publisher
Bastiat, Frederick, political economist .....
Bates, Edward, statesman and jurist
Bates, Joshua, banker (Baring Bros )
Batthyani, Kasimir, count, statesman,
Batthyani, Lajos, statesman (shot by Haynau) ....
Bauer, Bruno, an audacious opposer of Christianity .
Baur, Ferd. Christ., professor of theology and author
Beck, Lewis C., chemist and mineralogist
Beck, Theo. Romeyn, author of medical jurisprudence
Beckmann, Johann, hist, of inventions. &c. ....
Becquerel, Antoine Caesar, natural philosopher ....
Bedell, Gregory T., D.D., eloquent pulpit orator
Behaim, or Behem, Martin, navigator and geographer
Behn, Aphra, dramatic writer
Behring, Vitus, arctic navigator .
Belcher, Sir Edw., admiral, arctic navigator ....
Belgiojoso, Christina, princess of, accomplished and philanthropic
Belknap, Jeremy, D.D., historian of New Hampshire
Bell, Henry, first successful steam navigator in Europe .
Bell, John, statesman
Bellingham, Rich., royal governor of Massachusetts .
Bellows, Henry W., Unitarian clergyman and author
Bern, Josef, general in Hungarian war against Austria
Bengel, Johann A., Lutheran theologian and philologist .
Benger, Eliz. Ogilvy, author of hist. "memoirs ....
Benjamin, Park, poet, lecturer, and journalist ....
Benjamin of Tudela, rabbi, traveller in the east ....
Bennett, Jas. Gordon, journalist
Benton, Thomas Hart, statesman and historian ....
Beranger, Pierre Jean de, lyric poet
Berenice ; the name of seven different queens of Egypt and Syria
Berrien, John Macpherson, statesman . . .
Berry, Chs. F., duke of, 2d son of Charles X. (assassinated)
Berry, duchess of (wife of th,e above), intriguing politician
Bethune, Geo. W., D.D., theologian and poet ....
Betterton, Thomas, famous actor
Betty, Wm. Henry W., actor, " the Young Roscius"
Bewick, Thos., naturalist and wood engraver ....
Bickerstaff, Isaac, dramatist
Bickersteth, Edward, theological writer
Bigelow, Jacob, medical writer
Bird, Robt. M., M.D., novelist
Birney, James G., anti-slavery politician
Bishop, Sir Henry R., musical composer
Bissell, Wm. H., governor of Illinois, volunteer in Mexico
Black, Adam, publisher, M. P., provost of Edinb.
Blackwell, Eliz., first female M.D. in the U. S
Blair, Francis P., journalist and politician
Blair, Francis P., Jr., leader of Missouri free-soilers .
Bloomfield, E. V., classical scholar
Booth, Junius Brutus, tragedian
Borgi, Giovanni, originator of ragged schools ....
Borgia, Lucrezia, infamous daughter of Pope Alex. VI. .
Borrow, George, author of Gypsies of Spain, &c.
Bosquet, Marie Jos., marshal of France
Bosworth, Joseph, D.D., Anglo-Saxon lexicographer .
Botta, Carlo G. G., historian ... ...
Botts, John Minor, politician
Bourcicault, Dion, dramatist
Bourdon, Pierre L. M., mathematician
Boussingault, Jean B., VD., chemist .
Bouvier^ John, jurist and legal author
Bowen, Francis, biographical and metaphysical author .
Bowles, Wm. Lisle, poet ... ....
Boyer, Abel, lexicographer
BORN.
1821-
1S05-
1729-
1784-
1706-
1801-
1790-
178
187-
DIED.
-1795
-184^
-H75
-1550
-1354
-1S49
1809-
17L2-
1800-
1791-
1739-
1783-
1793-
14 9-
1640-
16SO-
1759-
1S08-
1744-
17H7-
1797-
1684-
1814-
17S
16>7-
1778-
1809-
-1853
-1S55
-1311
-18*14
-1506
-1689
-1741
-1793
-1S30
1800-
1782-
1780-
-1672
-1850
-1752
-1827
-1173
1858
-1857
B. c. 1-3 Cent.
1781 1856
-1820
1810
1828
1850
1854
1857
1855
1788
1796
1736
15th Cent.
1846
1852
1802
1837
1802
1822
1799
1802
1787
1811
176-'
1667
-1854
-1851
-1850
1729
698
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
NATION.
Amer.
Greek.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
N. A. led.
French.
Hex.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Arner.
Eng.
French.
Eng.
Ger.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Irish.
Irish-Am.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Scot.
Eng.
Scot.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Arner.
Eng.
Eng.
Euss.
Eng.
Araer.
Ger.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Atner.
En?.
Eng.
Aust.
Scot. -Am.
Ger.
Amer.
Swiss.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Bozman, John Leeds, historian and jurist . ,
Boz/:aris. Marco, patriotic leader .......
Brace, Charles Loring, philanthropist and traveller .
Brackenridge, Henry M., jurist and diplomatist .
Braddoek, Edward, general, defeated and killed in Va.
Bradford, Alden, author of hist, of Massachusetts .
Bradford, Andrew, printer, publisher of first newspaper in Phila. .
Bradford, Wm., first printer in Pennsylvania . .
Bradstreet, Anne, poetess (daughter of Gov. Dudley)
Brant, Joseph (Thayendanega), a Mohawk chief .
Brantome, Pierre de B., biographer and chronicler ....
Bravo, Leonardo, revolutionary patriot .....
Bray, Anna Eliza, novelist (abt.)
Breckenridge, John, D.D., theologian
Breckenridge, John C., Vice-President U. S
Breckenridge, Eobt. J., D.D., presbyt, theologian .
Brewster, Wm., elder of the Plymouth pilgrims . . . .
Bridgwater, Francis II. E.. duke of, founder of " Treatises "
Briggs, Charles F., novelist and journalist .
Brigham, Amariah, writer on insanity and philan
Bright, John, " reform " politician and M.P
Brinvilliers, Marie, marchioness of, poisoner
Brittan, John, architectural and antiquarian writer ....
Brock haus, Fried. A., founder of the publishing house
Brodhead, John E., author of Hist, of New York ....
Brodie, Sir Bcnj. C., P.E.S., surgeon and surgical author .
Bronte, Charlotte, novelist .
Brooke, Sir Jas., rajah of Sarawak, and author
Brooks, Charles T., author of translations from German .
Brooks, Erastus, journalist and politician
Brooks, James, journalist and politician
Brooks, Maria, poetess (Maria del Occidente) .
Brougham, John, actor and author
Brown, Alex., father of the eminent merchants, " Brown Brothers"
Brown (Blackwell), Antoinette L., preacher and philanth.
Brown, Goold, grammarian
Brown. Henry Kirk, sculptor
Brown, James, eminent publisher
Brown, Nichobs, principal patron Brown Univ. ....
Brown, Samuel, chemist and poet
Brown, Thomas, satirist . .
Brown, Thomas, metaphysician
Brownell, Thos. C., Prot.'Epis.Bp. of Conn
Browning, Eliz. Barrett, poet
Browning, Robert, poet
Brownson, Orestes A., metaphysical writer
Brummell, Geo. Bryan, "Beau Brnmmeir'
Brunei, Isambert K., engineer of Gr. Western and Great Eastern .
Brunnow. Baron, diplomatist
Brunton, Mary B., novelist (" Discipline," &c.) ....
Bryant, Wm. Cullen, poet, traveller
Buch, Leopold von, geologist
Buchanan, James, i 5th President of the United States
Buckingham, James Silk, traveller and author
Buckingham, Joseph T., journalist and author
Buckland, Win., D.D., geologist
Buckminster, Joseph, D'.D.. theologian
Buckminster, Jos. S., author of sermons, &c
Buckstone, John B., actor and playwright
Biilwer. Eos., Lady Bulwer Lytton, novelist
Buol-Schauenstein, K. F., count, statesman
Burden, Henry, inventor and mechanic
Burger, G. A., poet
Burges, Tristam, statesman and orator
Burlamqui, Jean J., writer on civil law,
Biirnu-ister, Herman, naturalist ....
Bumap, Geo. W., clergyman and author ...
Burnet, Jacob, pioneer of Cincinnati, and author
Burnet. John, engraver, painter, and art critic .
Burritt, Elihu, "the learned blacksmith," 1 and philanth. .
BORX.
1757-
1789-
DIED.
18-13
-1823
1786-
1715-
1765-
1686-
1659-
1612-
1742-
1540-
1792-
1800-
1797-
1821-
1800-
1560-
1756-
-1753
-1843
-1712
-1752
-1672
-1807
-1614
-1S54
-1841
1793-
1811
1771
1772
1814
1.83
1816
1808
1818
1815
1810
1795
1S1C
1764
1825
1791
1814
1800
17C9
1817
1663
177S
1779
1809
1812
1803
1778
1806
1797
1778
1794
1774
1791
1784
1779
1784
1751
1784
1800
18(17
1797
1791
1748
1770
1694
1807
1802
1776
1784
1811
-1644
-1826
-1849
-1676
-ls.57
-1S23
-1855
-1845
-1S57
-1855
-1841
-1856
-17U4
-1&20
-1S40
-1S59
-1818
-1853
-1855
-1856
-1812
-1812
-1794
-1853
-1748
-1859
-1853
ADDENDA.
699
NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BO-IN. Dir.ll.
Amer. Burroughs, Stephen, notorious adventurer 1765 Is40
Eng. Burton, Win. E., actor and author i.-r.-j. 1860
Amer. Bush, tieorae, D. L>., theological and philosophical writer . . 1795 1859
Amer. Bushnell, Horace, L'.U., theol. and metaphys. author . . . 1st 2
Mex. Bustauiente, .-\ nastasio, President of Mexico ..... 17S2 1S51
Amer. Butler, Andrew P., U. S. senator from South Carolina . . . 1796
Eng. Butler, Charles, catholic historian and jurist 175:; 1832
Amer. Butlvr, Wm. Allen, poet Ib25
Amer. Butler, William O., statesman and general 1793
Eng. Buxton, Sir Thomas 1'owell. legisl. and philanth 178's 1S45
Amer. Byles, Mather, clergyman and author 17u; 1788
French. Cabet, Etienne, cominunist 17bS 1&56
Ital. Cabot, John, navigator and discoverer of iNorth America . . .
Irish. Cade, John, the noted rebel "Jack Cade" = 1450
Amer. Cadwallader, John, oSleer in the Revolution 1743 17--G
Ital. Cagliostro, Ales., count, swindling adventurer 1743 1795
French. Cailliaud, Frederic, traveller 17:7
Eng. Calumy, Edmund, presbyterian divine and author .... 1600 16G
Amer. Caldwell, Charles, eminent physician and author .... 1772 1853
Amer. Caldwell. Uev. Jas., revolutionary patriot 1734 17sl
Amer. Cahert, Geo. Henry, belles-lettres, author 18l3
French. Campan. .Jeanne L. H. G., educationist and author . . . 17.2 1S22
Amer. Campbell, Alex., founder of a religious sect ]792
Scot. Campbell, Sir Colin, British com. in India, &c. (now Lord Clyde) . 1791
French. Canrobert, Franc. C. de, general in Crimea, &c. ... . ISi 9
Ital. Cantu, Cesare. historian, poet, and philos. ... . 1805
Greek. Capo d'Istria, president of Greece, 1827-31 . . . 1776 1S31
Eng. Cardigan, J. P. I!., earl of, general of cavalry at Balaklava . 1797
Amer. Carey," Alice, author of poems and tales 1&2J
Amer. Carey, Henry C., political economist 1793
Irish. Carleton, Wm., novelist . 179-
Eng. Carlisle, G. W. F., 7th earl of, statesman and author
Span. Carlos, don Maria Isidor, pretender to throne 178s 1855
Eng. Carpenter, Lant. Unitarian minister and author . . . 1780
Eng. Carpenter Wm. B., physiologist 18
Gua. Carrera, Rafael, ruler o'f Guatemala .
Amer. Can-oil, Chas., last surviving signer of the Dec. of Indep. . . . 17o7 1832
Eng. Cartwright, Thos., puritan divine . . . . ' . . . 1E35 1603
Amer. Cass, Lewis, statesman and diplomatist 17S2-
Amer. Cassin, John, ornithologist
Port. Castro, Ines de, wife of Pedro king of Po-tugal . 1355
Sp.-Eng. Catherine of Arr.igon, wife of Henry VIII 1483 1536
Ital.-Fr. Catherine de Medici, wife of Henry "II. of France .... 1519 15S9
Eng. Catherine Parr, 6th and last wife of Henry VIII 1548
Amer. Catiin, George, artist and traveller among- Indians .
French. Caulaincourt, A. A., duke of Vicenza, diplomatist . . 1773 1807
French. Cavaignac, Louis E.. gen., chief of Republic of 1848 . . . . 18o2 1857
Ital.-Eng. Cavallo, Tiberius, electrician, author of Nat. Philos 174^ 18,9
Eng. Cave, Edward, printer. I ookseller and author 1C91 1754
Ital. Cavour, Camillo di, count, Sardinian statesman 1S09
Eng. Cecil, Kob., earl of Salisbury, statesman (abt.) ...... 1550 1612
Eom. Cecil::\ a saint of the Reman Catholic church, patron of music . 2d Cent.
Greek. Cecrops. 1st king of Athens (about) B. c. 1500
Ital. Cellini, Benvenuto, artist, jeweller, and author 1500 1570
Ital. Cenci, Beatrice, Roman maiden, tragically famed .... 1599
Ital. Cesare, Giuseppe, cavaliere di. historian 17S3 IslC
Scot. Chambers, William, publisher and author . . . . IS.iO
Scot. Chambers, Cobt., publisher and author 18--2
French. Chambord, H., count of. last scion of the house of Bourbon . . 1>20
Ger. Chamisso, A. von, author of "Peter Schlemihl," &c 1781
Amer. Channing, Edward T., essayist and reviewer 179U 1556
Amer. Channing, Wm. Henry, unitarian minister and author . . . 1810
Amer. Chapin, Kdwin II., eloquent clergyman and orator .... 1814
Eng. Charles, Edward, grandson of James II., and Pretender . . . l7i ; 1783
Amer. Chase, Philander, bishop of Prot. Epis. church, Ohio . . 1775 1852
Amer. Chase, Salmon P., senator of U. S. and yov. of Ohio . . . 1808
French. Chasles, V. E. I'hilarete, misc. writer ' 1799
French. Chastellux, F. J., marquis de, general and author .... 17-4 1788
Amer. Cheever, Geo. B., cong. clergyman and author 1S07
Amer. Cheesebro, Caroline, novelist" and essayist
700
THi: \VOKTJV3 PKOGKESS.
NATIOX.
AllKT.
EBg.
Anicr.
Kntr.-Am.
Eng.
Ens!
AiiHT.
Ainer.
Amer.
Ainer.
Eng.
lioin.
A raer.
Ainer.
Ainer.
Amer.
Amer.
A uier.
Crook.
Greek.
8 wits.
Fr.-Am.
A in or.
Amer.
Amer.
Fiench.
Mex.
Ainer.
French.
Ainer.
Span.
Amer.
Eng.
Ainer.
French.
Scot.
Irish-Am
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amor.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
French.
Eng.
Amer.
Irish.
Eng.
Fr.-Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Cor.
Scot
Ainer.
Irish.
Irish.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Beat.
Scot.
NAME AM) PROFESSION.
CHlld, Lydia Maria, author of various works
Cliillingvrorlh, Wm.. theologian and author
Choate, i.'ufus, advocate, jurist and senator . . . .
Choules. John Overton, L>.D., baptist minister and author .
Cl.ii o. John, poet ...
Clarendon, (j. \\' . F. Villiers, earl of, statesman ...
Clark, Louis Gay lord, editor of "Knickerbocker" ...
Chirk, \Vm., general, explorer of Rocky Mts
Clarke, .las. Freeman, clergyman and author
Clarke, McDonald, "the crazy poet 11 . . .
C'larke, Mary Cowden, author of Concordance to Shaks., &c. .
C-laudius, Appius, decemvir
Clay, Cassias M., anti-slavery politician ..'..
Clay, Clement C., ex-senator of U. S. from Alabama . .
Cl.iy, llenry, statesman and diplomatist
Cl a ton, . I ohn M., senator and secretary of state ...
Cloaveland, I'arkor, mineralogist and chemist ....
Clemens, Jeremiah, U. S. senator from Alabama ...
Clement, the name o? 14 popes, and 3 anti-popes ...
Clement of Alexandria, a ' father of the church "
Cleo:), an Athenian politician and demagogue ....
CK-rc, Jean le, theological writer ......
Clere, Laurent, the oldest living teacher of deaf mutes
Colton, Calvin, clergyman and political writer ....
Colton, Geo. li., author of " Tecumseh, 1 " &c .....
Colton, Walter, liev., author of voyages and travels .
Comines, Philip do, statesman and historian ....
Comonfort, Youncio, president of Mexico . ...
Comstock, John L.. author of popular schoolbooks
Comptc. Auguste, metaphysician, founder of "positivism"
Conant, Thos. J., D.D., biblical scholar and critic
Concha, Jote de la, captain-general of Cuba
Cone, Spencer Houghton. baptist clergyman ....
Congreve, Sir Wm.. inventor of " Congreve rocket"
Conrad, liobrrt T., judge, politician and poet ....
Considerant, Victor, socialist philosopher .....
Constable, Archibald, publisher of Scott's poems, " Miscellany," &c.
Con way, Thos., maj.-gen. in Kevolution, and "cabaler," &c.
Conybeare, \Ym. D., clergyman and geologist ....
Conybeare, W. G., son of "above, author of Life of St. Paul,
Cook, Eliza, poetess ...... .
Cooke. Philip P., poet .........
Cooke, John Ksten, novelist ar.d poet .....
Cooper. James Fenimore, novelist, traveller, and hist.
Cooper, Peter, merchant and philanthropist, founder of Institute
Corday d 1 Annans, M. Charlotte de^ guillotined in revolution .
Cornbury, Ed. Hyde, lord, governor of New York
Corwin, Thomas, statesman, sec. of treas., gov. of Ohio
Costello, Louisa Stuart, author of memoirs, &c .....
Cotton, Charles, humorist and poet ......
Courayer, P. F. le, Koman Catholic theologian ....
Cowper, Wm., lord chancellor (see page 66S) ....
Cox, Samuel Hanson, presbyterian clergyman and author
Cox, Arthur Cleveland, episcopal clergyman and poet
Coxe, Tench, writer on political economy .....
Coz/ens, Fred. S., author of essays and poems ....
Crabb. George, philologist, author of synonyms
Craneh, Wm., jurist, judge U. S. District Court, D. C. .
Crashaw. Kichard, poet and divine ......
Creuzer. Geo. Fred., philologist and antiquary ....
Criehton. James. " the admirable Criehton " ....
Crittenden. John J., statesman, U. 8. senator from Kentucky .
CiM'Siis, king of Lydia, famed for riches .....
Croker, John Wilsmi, statesman and author ....
Crokcr, Thos. Crofton, author of Fairy Legends, &c.
Ciowo. Catherine, autlior of "IsMghtsidu of Nature" .
Crnikshank. Geo., humorous artist ......
Cuffee, J'aul. philanthropic negro sea captain
C'umniing, John, jtopular preacher and theol. author .
Cummiug, iiouallyu W. G., sportsman, traveller, and author .
BTED.
180C
1770
1810
1798
188
-1843
1810-
17;-9-
1777-
3796-
17&C-
1814-
165
178
1769-
181 S
1797
1445
1M2
17: 9
179S
18C2
1800
17
1772
1810
18C5
1776
B. c. 450
-1852
is:o
-1653
229
o. 44%
1730
-1857
1847
-1509
-1853
-IboT
17S7-
-1855
-1823
-1856
-1827
-1857
Ib57
1850
1851
1793
-1723
1687
177G
B. c. 6th Cent.
1780 -I 57
17 1 J8 185-1
17.9-
-1518
1820-
ADDENDA.
701
XATION.
Amer.
Ainer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng. -Am.
Amer.
Pers.
Pers.
Pol.
French.
Amer.
S\ve.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Venet.
Amer.
French.
Ital.
Eng.
Ainer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.-Am.
Eng.
Amer.
Swiss.
Swiss.
Pol.
Greek.
Mace.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
S-pan.
Swe.
Eng.
Ger.
Amer.
Span.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Ger.
Eng.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Curtis, Benj. R., jurist and judge of Supreme Court, U. S.
Curtis, Geo. Ticknor, political writer and jurist
Curtis, Geo. Wm., essayist, traveller, and critic .
dishing, Caleb, 'statesman and jurist
Cushman, Charlotte S., actress
Cushman, Robert, one of the founders of Plymouth .
Cusris, Geo. W. Parke. adopted son of Washington .
Cyril of Alexandria, saint and patriarch, and theol. writer
Cyril of Jerusalem, saint and archbishop, and author
Cyrus, the Elder, founder of the Persian empire .
Cyrus, the Younger, (son of Darius Nothus, king of Persia)
Czartoryski, Adam, prince, head of the Polish nation
Daguerre, Louis J. M., inventor of u daguerreotyping"
Dahlgreen, John A., naval officer and author
Dahlinan, Fred. C., historian
Dale, Richard, commodore in Revol. war
Dallas, Geo. M., vice-pros. U. S. and diplomatist .
Dallas, Kobt. Charles, author
Dana, James D., mineralogist, geologist, &c
Dana, Richard H., poet and essayist
Dana, Richard H., jr., advocate and traveller ....
Dana, Sainl. L., agricultural chemist
Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice
Dane, Nathan, jurist and legal author
Danton, Geo. Jacques, leading revolutionist ....
Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet and dramatist (d, at N. Y.) .
Darling, Grace, famed for rescue of nine persons wrecked
Darlington, Wm., botanist and politician
Darwin, Charles, naturalist
Daubeny, Chas. G. B., natural philos. and geologist .
Davenant. Sir \Vm., dramatist
Davies, Charles, mathematician
Davis, Andrew J., clairvoyant and writer on " spiritualism " .
Davis, Chas. H., mathematician and naval officer
Davis, Jefferson, general and U. S. senator from Mississippi .
Davis, John, gov. Mass., U. S. senator from Mass. .
Davis, Matthew L., biographer of Burr, &c
Davoust, Louis N., one of Bonaparte's generals
Day, Stephen, the first printer in New England
Dayton, Win. Lewis, jurist and statesman ....
De Bow, J. D. B., journalist and statistician ....
Decker, Thomas, dramatic poet
Dee, John, mathematician and astrologer
De Kalb, John, baron, major-general m Am. revol. army
Dela Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist
De Laircey, Wm. H., epis. bishop of western New York .
De Lolme, Jean L., author of a work on the English constitution
Deluc, Jean Andre, natural philosopher
Dembinski, Henry K., general in Hungarian revolt .
Demetrius Phalereus, Athenian orator and statesman . . B.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, one of the successors of Alex, the Great
De Morgan, Augustus, mathematician . . . . .
Denman, Thos., "lord, chief justice of Ensland ....
Dennie, Joseph, author, and editor of " Portfolio," &c,
Dennis, John, critic, embalmed in "Dunciad" ....
De Quincey, Thomas, essayist and critic
Derby, Edw. G. S. Stanley, 14th earl of, statesman .
Desmoulins, Canaille, revolutionist and author ....
De Solo, Fernando, discoverer of the Mississippi
De Vere, Maximilian Schele. philologist and essayist
Devereux, Robt, 3d earl of Essex, parliamentary general
De Wette, Win. M. L., theologian and biblical critic . .
Dewey, Orville, Unitarian divine and essayist ....
Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, adventurer and chronicler (about)
Dickens, Charles, novelist
Dickinson, Daniel S., statesman
Dickinson, John, statesman, author of " Farmer's Letters'"
Dic.kson, Saml. Henry, physician and medical author
Dietfenbach, John Fred., surgeon and surgical author
Dilke, Chas. W., journalist, editor of Athenaeum
DIED.
B. c. 559
B. c. 400
1770 1860
1789 1851
-1828
-1324
-1205
-1835
-1794
-1838
-1843
-16S8
-1S54
-1850
-1823
-1663
-1633
-16C6
-1780
-1S55
B. C.
-1806
-1817
-1S54
-1812
-17S3
-1359
-1543
-1646
-1S49
-1808
-184T
702
THE WORLD'S PEOGEESS.
NATION.
Eom.
Swiss.
Greek.
Greek.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Span.
Ital.
Ital.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.-Arn,
Eng.
Eng.
French.
Scot.
Eng.
Rom.
Amer.
French.
French.
Eng. -Am
Amer.
Amer.
Scot.
Swiss.
French.
Amer.
Eng.
French.
French.
Scot.
Eng.
A mer.
Eng.
Scot.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Scot.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Diocletian, Valerius, emperor
Diodati, Giovanni, theologian, trans, of Bible .
Dionysius of Alexandria, saint, and bishop of the church .
Dionysius the Areopagite, learned Athenian Christian
Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse
Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of Syracuse
Dix, Dorothea L., philanthropist, founder of asylums
Dix, John Adams, U". S. senator from New York, &c.
Dixon, Wm. Hepworth, author and critic
Doane, Geo. W., prot. epis. bishop of New Jersey, poet, &c.
Dobell, Sydney, poet
Dodsle} 7 , Kobt., publisher and author ......
Dominic de Guzman, founder of preaching friars
Donatello (Doneto di Belto di Bardi), sculptor ....
Donizetti, Gaetano, musical composer. .....
Donne. John, poet and theologian
Donovan, Edw., writer on natural history
Dorr, Thos. W., politician, elected (?) governor of Ehode Island
Douce, Francis, antiquarian, author
Douglas, Sir Howard, general, military and naval author .
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, 7J. S. senator from Illinois
Douglas, Frederick, abolitionist, politician, and editor
Dow, Lorenzo, an eccentric preacher
Downes, John, commodore in IT. S v Navy
Downing, Andrew J., author of works on landscape gardening,
horticulture
Dowse, Thos., a leather-dresser, collector of a rare library
Drake, Jos. Bodman, poet,
Drake, Samuel G., historian of the Indians, "Boston," &c.
Draper, John W., chemist and physiologist ....
Drayton, Michael, poet, " Poly-olb'ion "
Drew, Samuel, inethodist divine, and theological author .
Drouyn de Lhuys, Edward, statesman
Drummond, William, poet
Drummond, Sir William, scholar, author, and diplomatist
Drusus, Claudius Nero, general in Gaul and Germany
Duane, W r m., politician and editor of "Aurora"
Ducange, Chas. du Fresne, historian and philologist .
Ducas, Michael, Byzantine historian
Dudevant, Amantine, L.A.D. ("Geo. Sand"), novelist
Dudley, Thos., Joseph, Paul, royal governors of Mass.
Duer, John, judge of Sup. court, N. Y
Duer, Wm. Alex., jurist, president of Columbia college .
Duff, Alex., D.D., missionary in India
Dufour, Guil. Henri, general and military author
Dufrenoy, Pierre A., geologist and mineralogist
Duganne, Augustine J. H., poet, novelist, and politician .
Dugdale, Sir Win., antiquarian author
Duhalde, Jean B., geographer
Dumas, Alex, (the younger), novelist and dramatist .
Dundas, Henry, viscount Melville, statesman .
Dundouald, earl of (" lord Cochrane "), admiral
Dunglisson, Kobley, M.I)., medical author
Dunning, John, lord Ashburton, lawyer
Duns Scotus, John, scholastic theologian .
Dunstan, saint, abbot of Glastonbury, and politician
Durand, A sher Brown, painter and engraver .
Durbin, John P., inethodist divine and author .
Durer, Albert, painter and engraver ......
Duyckinck, Evert Aug., author and critic
Duyckinck, Geo. Long, author and critic ....
Dyoc, Alex., author and critic
Dyer, John, poet ("The Fleece")
Dymond, Jona., writer on ethics and philanthropist .
Eastburn, Manton, episcopal bishop of Mass
Eastlake, Sir Chas. L., painter and art critic .
Eaton, Wm., military otficer and consul in Africa
Eckford, Henry, eminent shipbuilder
Edwards, John W., jurist and writer on Spiritualism
Edwards, Bela B., theologian and miscellaneous author .
. A. r>. 1st Cent.
B. c. 430 867
and
1573-
-1.-37
B. c. 38-
1760-
-1688
15th Cent.
1782
-1S58
-1857
-1811
796-
-1528
-1811
ADDENT5A.
703
NATION.
Amer.
Amer.
Ainer.
1-lem.
Amer.
En:;.
Kng.
A mer.
ling.
Ainer.
Eng.
A mer.
Amor.
Eng.
Ainer.
Eng.
Eng.
Ens.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
Dutch.
A mer.
A mer.
A mer.
Eng.-Am
Ger.
French.
Greek.
Swe.-Am,
Scot.
Assyr.
Spun.
French.
Eng.
Span.
A mer.
Arner.
A mer.
Ger.
Eng -Am
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Ital.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
French.
French.
French.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Scot.
Scot.
Amer.
Amer.
Ger.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
AND PROFESSION. EOTCN. DIED.
Edwards, Jona. (the younger), president Union college and theolog, 1745 1801
Edwards, Tryon (grandson of the last), theological and historical
author
Edwards, Justin, clergyman and author ...*...
Egmont, Lamor;;], count, patriot, and martyr .....
Eliot, Samuel, author of History of Liberty
Elleiiborough, Edw. Law, lord, chief justice
Ellenboroagh, Edw. L., earl of. gov.-gun. of India ....
Ellery, Win., signer of Declaration of independence ....
Ellesmere, Fr. Egerton. earl of, statesman and author
Ellet, Eliz. F., biographer and critic
Elliotson, John, physician and physiologist (about) ....
Ell. ott, l'h:is. Wyllys, anlhor of History of Mew England .
Elliott, Chas. Loring, portrait painter
Elliott, Ebenezer, poet (* Corn Law Ehymes ") ....
Ellis, Geo. E., Unitarian clergyman and author .....
Eliis, Sir Henry, antiquary and author
Ellis, \Vm., Rev., missionary and author (about) ....
Elliston, lLobt. AY., actor
Elmes, James, architect and author
Elphinstoue, Mount Stuart, hist, of India
Elssler, Fanny, danseuse .........
Elzevir, Louis, M. G. B., and A., printers 16th
Emerson, Geo. B., educator and author
Emerson, Ralph AYaldo. poet and essayist
Eminons, Nathaniel, D.D., theologian and author ....
Endicott, John, gov. of Massachusetts
Endlicher, Stephen L., botanist and linguist .....
Enghien, Louis H. de Bourbon, duke of (executed) ....
Eratosthenes, astronomer, geologist, poet, and philosopher . B. c.
Ericsson, John, inventor and engineer
Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian
Esarhaddon, son and successor to Sennacherib, king of Assyria
Espartero, J. B., duke of Vittoria, statesman and soldier .'
Estaing, Chas. IT., count d', naval commander
Etheredge, Sir George, comic author and dramatist ....
Eugenie, Marie de Guzman, empress of France IS'26
Evans, Oliver, inventor and engineer 17*5 1819
Evarts, Jeremiah, sec. Amer. B. C. For. Missions .... 1781 liol
Everett, Edward, statesman, diplomatist, and author . . . 179-1
Ewald, Geo. II. A. von, orientalist and theologian ..... 1803
Ewbank, Thos., writer on practical mechanics . ... 1792
Ewing, Thos., statesman and jurist 1789
Exmouth, Edw. Pellew, viscount, admiral 1757 1833
Faber. Fred. AVm., Roman Catholic priest, and theological author . 1815
Fabyan, Robert, chronicler 1450 1515
Facciolato, or Facciolati, Jac., philologist
Fairfax, Edw., poet, translator of Tasso
Falkland, Lucius Cary, viscount, politician and author
Fanshawe, Sir Richard, poet and diplomatist .
Farmer, Hugh, theologian .
Farrar, John, mathematician and author
Faucher, Leon, political economist
Fauriel, Claude, historian and belles-lettres author .
Favre, G. C. Jules, lawyer and politician
Fay, Theo. S., author and diplomatist
Fellows, Sir Charles, traveller in the East
Felton, Cornelius C., scholar and critic, pres. of Harvard college
Fergusson, Jas., architect and writer on art ....
Ferrier, Mary, novelist
Fessenden, Thos. Green, author and journalist ....
Fessenden, Wm. Pitt, IT. S. senator from Maine
Feuerbach, Ludwig, philosopher and author ....
Fichte, John G., philosopher 1762 1814
Field, David Dudley, jurist and advocate 1805
Field, Cyrus AV., promoter of Atlantic telegraph .... 1819-
Field, Henry Martyn, clergyman, journalist, and author . . . 1822
Fielding, Copley Vandyke, painter in water colors .
Fillmore, Millafd, 13th president U. 8
Finney, Chas. G., preacher and theological writer . . .
1831
and 17th Cent.
1797
180,3
1589 1665
1804 1849
1772 lSr4
27(5 196
1803
1680 1756
B. c. 7th Cent
1792
1729 1794
1C86 1C94
-1337
704
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION.
Pers.
Amer.
Amer.
Eom.
Eom.
Eng.
Scot.
Scot.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Ital.
Amer.
Ger.
Eng.
Ital.
Ital.
Ger.
French.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Ital.
Savoy.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Ger.
Swiss.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eom.
Eng. -Am
Amer.
Amer.
Euss.
Buss.
Jew.
Span.
Eng.
Ital.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
French.
Span.
Amer.
Bwe.
Eng.
Eom.
French.
French.
French.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Firdusi, or Ferdusi, poet, author of 60,000 verges
Fisk, Wilbur, pres. Vesleyan Univ., " Travels," &c. .
Fitch, John, inventor, pioneer of steam navigation
Flaminius, Titus Quintus. general and consul
Fluminins, Cains, general, consul, and censor of tribune
Flamsteed, John, first astronomer-royal
Fleming, .John, naturalist
BORN.
940-
1792-
1743-
c. 230-
Fletcher, Andrew, " of Saltoun," statesman and
author
Fletcher, Giles, poet
Fletcher, Phineas, poet
Flugel, John G., lexicographer
Forbes, Edward, naturalist and author
Forbes, John, M.D., medical writer
Force. Peter, journalist and historian .
Ford, Richard, author of works on Spain
Foresti, E. Felice, patriot and literateur
Forrest, Edwin, actor .....
Forster, John It., traveller and naturalist .
Forster, John, journalist and author
Foscari, Francesco, 45th doge of Venice
Foscolo, Nicol Ugo, poet and musical author
Fouque, Fried. 11. K. de la Motte, author of" Undine," &c.
Fourier, Francois M. C., writer on social science .
Fowler, Orson S., phrenologist
Fox, Sir Charles, engineer, builder of Crystal Palace .
Francia, Jose G. E., dictator of Paraguay ......
Francis, John W., physician and author
Francis, Saint, founder of " Franciscans" ......
Francis de Sales, saint and bishop
Franklin, Sir John, admiral and Arctic explorer .
Freeman, James, D.D., first Unitarian minister in U. S. .
Frelinghuysen, Theo., statesman
Fremont, Chas. James, explorer and statesman
Freneau, Philip, poet and journalist
Frere, John Hookham, poet and diplomatist
Froebel, Julius, traveller and author . .
Frothingham, Eichard, Jr., historian and jo-nrnalist .
Fry, \Vm. Henry, composer and journalist
Fuller, Eichard, D.D., baptist preacher and author .
Fullerton, Lady Georgiana, novelist
Furness, Win. Henry, D.D., Unitarian preacher and author
Furst, Julius, orientalist and philologist
Fuseli, Henry, painter, and writer on art
Gadsden, Christopher, revolutionary statesman
Gadsden, James, statesman and negotiator
Gage, Thos., last royal governor of Massachusetts
Gaius, or Caius. jurist and legal w r riter
Gales, Joseph, founder of National Intelligencer
Gallagher, W m. D., journalist and poet . ...
Gallaudet, Thos., founder of the first American Asylum for Deaf and
Dumb
Gallitzin, the name of several distinguished princes .
Gallitzin, Demetrius Aug., a noble, missionary priest
Gamaliel, a Pharisee, doctor of the law . .
Garcilasso de la Vega, one of the conquerors of Peru
Gardiner, Stephen, Eoman Catholic prelate
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriotic general and leader
Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, abolitionist, politician
Garth, Sir Samuel, physician and poet
Gaskell, Elizabeth C., novelist
Gaston de Foix, duke of Nemours, general
" Gavarni," real name Sulpice Paul Chevalier, caricaturist
Gayangos, Pascual de, oriental scholar and historian .
Gayarre, Chas. A., historian
Geyer, Eric Gustaf, historian and poet
Gell, 8ir Wm., scholar and antiquary, (Pompeii and Eome)
Gellius, Aulus, grammarian
Genest, or Genet, Edward C., dip!6matist .
Gooffroy Saint Ullairo, Eticnue, zoologist .
Gerard, Etienne Maurice, connt, marshal of France .
-1853
-1858
-1793
-1457
-1827
-1843
-1837
1840
1226
-1622
-1847
-1835
-1832
-1846
1787-
-1805
-1858
178T
1st Cent.
-1851
16th to 19th Cent.
. 1770 1840
83
1559
. 1483 1555
. 1SO
. 1805
. 171*
. 1820
. 1489 1512
. 1801
. 1809
. 1805
. 1783 184T
. 1777 1886
. A. D. 2d Cent.
. 1765 1834
1T72 1844
1778 1352
ADDENDA.
705
NATION. NAME AXD PEOFK8SION.
Amer. Gerstacker. Fried., novelist and traveller
Ger. Gervinus. Geo. Gottfried, historian and politician ....
Ger. Gesenius, Fried. Hein. Win., orientalist and bib. critic
Swiss. Gesner. Konrad von, naturalist
Amer. Gibbes. Eobt. Wilson, physician and author ...
Amer. Gibbs, Josiah W., philologist
Eng. Gibson, Thos. Milner, statesman
.Anier. Giddings, Joshua Eeed, statesman
<&er. Gieseler, John K. L., church historian
Scot. Gilfillan, Geo., clergyman and author
Amer. Gillespie, Win. M.. professor, and author on engineering .
Eng. Gilray, James, engraver and caricaturist
Amer. Gilman, John T., noted governor of New Hampshire
Amer. Gilinan, Samuel, Unitarian clergyman and author ....
Ital. Gioberti, Vincenzo, philosopher, priest, and statesman
Sw.-Am. Girard, Charles, naturalist
Fr.-Am. Girard, Stephen, merchant, banker, millionaire
French. Girardin, Emile de, journalist
Eng. Gladstone. Win. Ewart, statesman and author
Eng. Glanvill, Joseph, divine, philosopher, and author ....
Ei!.'. Gleig, Geo. liobt., clergyman and author
Welch. Grlendower, Owen, chieftain
Eng. Gliddon, G*. Robins, Egyptologist and author
Ger. Gluck, Christop. W. von, musical composer
Eng. Godolphin. Sidney, earl of, statesman
Span. Godoy, Manuel de, statesman, " prince of the peace "...
Amer. Godwin, Parke, journalist and historian
Eng. Good. John Mason, physician and author
Amer. Goodrich. Chauncey A., scholar and divine
Amer. Goodrich, Samuel Griswold, "Peter Parley," voluminous author
Amer. Goodrich, Frank B. (son of the last), author
Amer. Goodyear, Charles, inventor, and india rubber patentee .
Eng. Gordon, " lord George," political agitator
Eng. Gordon, Wm., author of history of the United States
Eng. Gore, Catherine G., novelist .
Eng. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, " lord-proprietor of Maine " .
Hung. Gorgey, Arthur, general in the revolution (supposed traitor) .
Euss. Gortchakoff, Michail, prince, general in Crimea, &c
Euss. Gortchakoff, Alex., prince, diplomatist
Amer. Gorton, Samuel, enthusiast and author
Eng. -Am. Gough, John B., lecturer on temperance
Irish.- Gough, Hugh, viscount, general in India, &c
Amer. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist and physician
Amer. Gould, Hannah F., poet (about)
Eng. Gould, John, naturalist and author
French. Gourgaud, Gaspard, baron, one of Napoleon's generals
Scot. Graham, John, viscount of Dundee, lord Grahame of Claverhouse,
general
French. Grammont, Count Philibert, licentious author of " Memoirs" .
French. Granicr, Adolphe, journalist and historian
Scot. Grant. James, journalist and author
Scot. Grant, James, novelist
Span. Granvelle, Ant. Pierr., cardinal de, statesman
Eng. Granville, G. G. Leveson-Gower, 2d earl of, statesman .
Irish. Grattan, Thomas Colley, novelist
Amer. Gray, Asn, botanist ....
Amer. Gray, Henry Peters, painter
Eng. Gray. John' Edward, naturalist (about)
Amer. Graydon, Alex., author of Revolutionary "Memoirs"
Amer. Greeley, Horace, journalist and politician
Amer. Green, Ashbel, D.D., clergyman and author
Amer. Green, Horace, physician/author of medical works .
Amer. Greene, Geo. Washington, scholar and critic
Amer. Greene, Nathaniel, author and journalist ....
Amer. Greene. Chas. G, journalist and politician .
Eng. Greene. Eobt. dramatist
Amer. Greenleaf, Simon, jurist and author ."
Amer. Greenough, Horatio, sculptor and author
Eng. Greville, Sir Folke (lord Brooke), statesman and author
Amer. Griffin, Edw, D., D.D., theologian
BOEX.
1816
1805
1786-
1516
1809
1790
1807
1795-
DIED.
-1842
-1565
1854
-1815
-1828
-1858
-1S52
-1831
-16SO
-1827
-I860
-1860
-1793
-1807
-1647
-1677
-1852
-1689
-1707
-1586
706
THE WORLD'S PKOGKESS.
NATION.
Irish.
Ainer.
Ainer.
Ainer.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Ital.
French.
Priffl f- ,J
Griffin, Gernld. novelist
Griscom. John, educator, philanthropist
*****
Grose, Francis, antiquary and author
Gross, Samuel D. physician, surgeon, and author
Grote, George, author of History of Greece
;uerrazzi. Francesco D., author and politician
Guillotm, Joseph J., benevolent phy s ician, inventor of theW
g;, fs^^jaaa^^^\ ; :|s=sj
fe S^^^^^^SS^!^^ ' : =
fewe. Gustavus III., kins of Sweden ^~ -1500
Gustavus IV., Adolphus, king of Sweden - 1 ' 92
pSn'h uthric V JameS ' sec Wv of the tre^nrv to Pierce ~ 1S3T
ciJC/Q \j" 11 von J t 1 in n i 1 A f T^ fi *i i *i \ r ++ * * w , 9 ^ .1 ( y5 -
Eng. Guyon, Richard D General in scVvke^fH :eacher and writer 16 43 1717
Sw.-Am. Guyot, Arnold H., Writer on phvsical geo-rinhv 1 " 70 " ' ' ?! J 5 185G
: ! IIEE>-
Amer. Hackett, Horatio B., bib'lical 'critic ' ] ? 5 1645
Amer. Hackett, James H., actor ' ] 8^
Hagenbaeh, Karl K., ecclesiastical' historian
Hahn, August, theological writer ' ' 1;>01
Amer. SSSSS^t^^S^^&Sf^ ' '' ^ == 1848
A YYI i M TT 1 f~v J * " ^J* "f ^i 1 "
^^ " *-! ^" V J.^'il Vltl 1 Oil TT1 "I I 1 ^i" ft "ill 11 /I i -f* XT T*" T * A 3r I ^"~ ^~ ~
Amer. Hale, John Parker' U s senif f- ^i " onrna l of Commerce . 1791- 1849
Hale, Nathan, iournalist (Boston Daily AdV ) ' 1776
^^V S a ! 6 ' Sar r h G " P et and P ros e writer .
French. Halevy, J. F. C., musical composer
= i iifcu.
F^. er * n a ii' J r &me ^ ? eolo ? ist and paleontologist '
a , Joseph bishop of Norwich, tbeofosrica'l author '
Hall, Samuel Carter, author and iournalist * 1656
Amer. Ilalleck, Fitz-Greene poet ... . 1-00-
Am^r SoffTvV^ 8 Orch "d, ar'chffiologist and author
^iLiiL-r. JlflllOCK. (jrCrrirn Pnitnr nf T'iu**nnl .4Po * * i J-O2
>-t ii TJ M T> fouriJcH *^i v omincrc6 N Y tcn/i
^artu. riamiicar, liurca, a Cftrtha*inian o'pnen] * *
Amer. Hamilton. Janic* 5 st'itesnnn T T ^ * ... B. c. 2*29
Hamilton, Sir Wm./diplonSt t and an" tZu^f ^ C 1 ' JIJJ-
bcot. Ham, ton, Sir AVm., nu-taphvsician
Hamilton, WilMam Bichard/archteolorfst * ]-~ " 56
fe SSSistt- : ; j^
Carth. Hannibal, or Annibal, general a-ainst ROTTIA ' ' 7oC 1SS5
Hanno, navigator B - c - 247 183
Hanno, the Great, general and statesman ' Bp ' 5th Cellt
fr- KSjS%5r^ : .- : ,
Amer. Harding, Chester, portrait painter 22
S' gj^Jj&Jg- ' artist and author on art .' .' ' ^799
Eng. Hare, Julius Chas. archdeacon theolmH i ' -f '^ ^859
Amer. Harper James John J \V "'f " <i i?) \. 1781 ^1853
Amer. Harper,' Robert Goodloe statJsiiianand lawv P ' publisher8 ' born 1T95 - ' 7 - ^^1, '4
Eng. Harrington. James, political writer J. 9 ', 1 1S25
|S|: ^Jhaaffgft ?'!** : : t=3ffi
H*Tta B ^ 1I1 , S rtBrtik > : ; ; }^ :;?g
ADDENDA.
707
STATION.
Ger.
Ger.
French.
Lug.
Amer.
Eug.-Am
A uier.
Jing.
Auier.
Aiaer.
Eng.
Aiiier.
Eug.
Eng.
Eng.
Kng.
Amer.
Amer.
Lug.
Ger.
Aiiier.
Eiig.-Am.
Amer.
Ger.
Rom.
French.
Eng.
French.
Eng.
Eng.
Flem.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Port.
Amer.
Rom.
Eng.
Eng.
Eug.-Am
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Hex.
Eng.
Eng.
Kuss.
Eng.
Ainer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Greek.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Hung.
>-AME AND PROFIvSSIOX.
Kase, Karl Aug., theological author
Hasenclever, Jno. Peter, painter (Dusseldorf school) .
H. .&'.-, Ik-ne Just, iiiiiicniloirist
Has clock, Henry, general in India
Haven, Alice t>., author of juvenile books
Haviland. John, architect
Ilawes, Joel, congregational clergyman and author .
Hawkins, Sir Jno.. author of "History of Music, 11 &c.
Hawks, Francis Lister, episcopal divine and historian
Hawthorne. Nathaniel, novelist
Haydon, lienj. A., histor. painter
Hayut/s, Lemuel, colored preacher and patriot ....
Hay ward. Abraham, translator of Faust
Hazlitt, Y\'in (i he younger! editor and translator, &c.
Head, Sir Francis B., ajithor of Travels, &c
Head, Sir Geo;, author of " Koine," &c. .....
Headley. Joel T., author of biographies and histories
Heath, Wm., maj. gen. in Revolution, author of Memoirs .
Ileber, Richard, bibliomaniac and book collector
Hecker, Fred. K. F., politician
Hecker, Isaac T., Roman Catholic clergyman and author .
Ileckwelder, John, Moravian missionary and author .
Hedge, Fred. H., clergyman and author
Heineccius, Jno. G., juridical author
Helena, St., wife of Constantins Chlorua, emperor
Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete, famed for intrigue with Abelard
Helps, Arthur, essayist and dramatist
Helvetius, Claude A., philosopher
Henlrey, Arthur, botanist
Henley. John, clergyman and author, "Orator Henley" .
Hennepin, Louis, missionary and explorer of N. A. .
Henningsen, Chas. Fred., author and soldier ....
Henry, Caleb 5;., clergyman and author
Henry, Joseph, physicist, director of Smithsonian Institution .
Henry. Matthew, author of comment, on the Bible .
Henry the Navigator, prince (3d son of John I.) ...
Hcntz, Caroline Lee. novelist .......
Heraclius (born in Cappadocia), emperor of the East
Herbert. Edward, lord of Cherbury, diplomatist and philosopher
Herbert, George, clergyman and poet
Herbert, Henry Win., novelist and miscellaneous author .
Herbert, Sidney, statesman
Herbert, Win. (3d earl of Pembroke), poet ....
Herbert, Wm., dean of Manchester, poet and philosopher
llerndon, Wm. L., naval commander and explorer .
Herod the Great, king of the Jews
Herod Agrippa I., king of Judea, (grandson of last) . . . i
Herrera, Jose J. de, President of Mexico
Herschel, Caroline L., astronomer
Hervey, Thos. K., poet and prose writer .....
Herzen, Alex., publicist, editor, and author ....
Heywood, Thos., humorist and dramatist . .
Hickok, Laurens P., metaphysical author .....
Hicks, Elias, preacher of the Society of Friends
Hildreth, Richard, author of History of the United States
Hill, Rowland, Rev., eccentric clergyman
Hill, Rowland, viscount, general in Spain and Waterloo .
Hill, Rowland, author of cheap postage in England .
Hil lard, Geo. S., author and journalist
Hind, John Russel, astronomer
Hinton, John Howard, author of History of United States
Hipparchus, astronomer
Hippolytus, Saint, ecclesiastical writer
Hitchcock, Edward, D.D., theologian and geologist .
Hobhouse, John Cam, 1 >rd Broughton. author and statesman .
Hodge, Charles, Rev., theological writer
Hoe, Richard M., an inventor of printing presses
Hoffmann. Chas. Fenno, poet and novelist
H oilman, David, lawyer and author
Hoaenlohe, prince o prelate and alleged miracle-worker
DIED.
IT 2 13C5
18.4
17-7 1814
1773 1833
-1S23
-1TT1
-1756
-IGliQ
-1830
-1833
-1842
B. c. 2d Cent.
A. D. 3d Cent.
1793
1797
1812-
im: 6
1TS4 ISM
1793 1&49
708
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION.
Anier.
A mer.
Eng.
Anier.
En-
Eng.-Am
Amor.
Ainer.
Ainer.
Ainer.
A mer.
Flein.
Eng.
Eng
Eng.
Koin.
}; elich.
Fi ench.
Fi ench.
A mer.
Anier.
Aim-r.
Ainer.
Eng.
Eng.
ft g-
Eng.
Swiss.
French.
Ger.
French.
Irish-Am,
A men
Ger.
Eng.
A mer.
A mer.
A mer.
Eng.
Anier.
Eng.
A mer.
Eng.
Eug.
A mer.
A mer.
Eng.
A mer.
Ger.
French.
Greek.
Jew.
Turk.
A mer.
A mer.
Scot.
Greek.
Kng.
Ainer.
A mer.
A mer.
Ainer.
Anu-r.
Span,
NAME ANI> PROFESSION.
Holbrook, John E., naturalist
Holland, Josiah G., journali-st, poet, and essayist
Holman, James, a blind traveller and author ....
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, physician, poet, and essayist
Hooker, Jos. D., physician and botanist
Hooker, Thos., theological writer and preacher ....
Hopkins, Esek., first conm.odore U. S. Navy ....
llopkiLB. John II.. protest, epis. bishop of Vermont, and author
Hopkins, Mark, clergyman and author
Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration of Independence
liopkinson, 1 rancis, signer of Dec. of Independence, and author
Lorn, Phil, do Mont., count of, soldier and statesman
IU;ine, Lichard H., poet ami essayist
Home, '] hoinas Hartwell, biblical critic and historian
Homer, Francis, statesman and essayist .....
Iiortensius, i^uintus, orator
Houdin, Lobert, conjurer ........
Houclon. Jean Antonio, sculptor
Houssaye, A re&ne, miscellaneous writer
Houston, bam., general, goveinor, and ex-president of Texas .
Howard, John Eager, revolutionary soldier and statesman
Howe, Elias, Jr., inventor of tewing machines ....
House, Samuel G., physician and philanthropist
Howe, Lichard, eail, admiral
Howe, Geo. Aug., general in colonial war
Howe, bir Win., coiiimundcr-in-chicf in America
liowell, James, author of "Letters" ......
liowitt, Win., traveller, essayist, &c.
Howitt, Mary B. (wiiV of \\iii.), novelist and poet .
II u her, Francois, naturalist
Hue, Kvariste K., cath<jlic missionary and author
Hiuelaixl. Christ. VV., medical author
Hugh Capet, founder of the C:vpctian line of French kings
Hughes, John, Catholic Archbishop, N. Y. ....
Hull. Win., genera! in War of 1812
Humboldt, Karl Wi helm, baron, statesman, and author .
Hume, Jos., statesman and reformer ......
Humphrey, Hemar. theologian and author ....
Humphreys, David, poet an*! diplomatist .....
Hunt, Freeman, author and journalist
Hunt, Jas. Henry Leigh, poet and essayist ....
Hunt, ll:os. S., chemist and geologist
Hunter, John, surgeon and medical author ....
Hunter, Lobert M. T., U. S. senator from Virginia .
Huntington, Selina, countess of. patron of Methodists
Huntington, Win., Antinomian preacher
Hunnagton, Jcdecl. V., poet and novelist
Huntington, 1 red. D., clergyman and author ....
Hurd. Ivichard, bishop of Worcester, &c. .....
liutchinson, Anne, founder of ]S T . E. Antinomians
Hutten, Ulrich von, scholar and reformer
Hyde de Neuville. J. G., baron, politician
Hypatia, N)-Platonic female philosopher
Hyrcanus, I. and II., high-priests
lamblichus, Neo-IMatonic philosopher
Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy of Eirypt
Ignatius, Saint, primitive father of the church ....
Ingersoll. Charles J., statesman and historian ....
Ingersol!, Joseph K., statesman and lawyer ....
Inglis, Honry I)., traveller andauthor
Innocent, the name of thirteen popes, 402-1C87 ....
Iiseneus. Saint, a Gallic bishop and author of the 2d Cent.
Irene, a J'-yzantine empress .......
Ireton, Henry, son-in-law of Cromwell, and one of his generals
Irvimr. Washington, historian and essayist ....
Irving, William, (-lie of the authors of Salmagundi .
Irving, Peter, author, (brother of Washington) ....
Ir.ing, Theodore, author of "Conquest of Florida" .
Irving, John Treat, author of travels and novels
Isabella the Catholic, quee~ of bpaic, patron of Columbus
DIED.
-1S57
-164T
-1802
-1828
-1827
1831
-1S36
- 996
-18S5
-18S5
-1792
-1791
-1813
2d and 1st Cent.
A. D. 4th Cent.
17^9 1843
107
17S2
178J
1,95 1835
752-
1610-
r.ss-
1T6G-
1771-
1M9-
1S10-
1161-
- 803
-1651
-18:9
-18-21
-1833
-15C4
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
709
KATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BOK>'.
Span. Isabella II., queen of Spain liSO
Heb. Isaiah, the greatest of the Hebrew prophets ....
French. Isambert, Franc A., politician and jurist . ....
Amer. Ives. Levi S., ex-protestant episcopal bishop of North Carolina
Amer. Izard, Ralph, statesman (of South Carolina)
Amer. Jackson, James, eminent physician
Amer. Jackson, Patrick T., eminent merchant
Amer. Jackson, Charles T., chemist, mineralogist, geologist
French. Jacquard, Jos. M., inventor of the Jacquard loom
French. Jacquemont, Victor, traveller and naturalist
Amer. James. Henry, philosophical writer . ....
Eng. James, John Angell, congregational clergyman and author
Eng. Jameson, Anna, essayist and writer on art
Scot. Jameson. Robert, naturalist and author
Pers. Jami, or Djami, poet
Scot. Jamieson, John, D.D., miscellaneous author ....
Ital. Januarius, patron saint of Naples
Amer. Jarves, James J., traveller and author
Amer. Jarvis, Samuel F., D.D., historian and theologist
Amer. Jasper, William, heroic soldier of the Revolution ....
Amer. Jay, Wm., judge, anti-slavery philanthropist
Eng. Jay, Wm., D.D., religious writer
Eng. Jeffreys, Geo., an twi'amous judge .......
Hindoo. Jejeebhoy, Sir Jainsetjee, Parsee merchant and philanthropist .
Aust. Jellachich, de Buzim, J., baron, ban of Croatia
Scot. Jerdan, William, journalist
Eng. Jerrold, Douglas Win., essayist
Hoi. Johannes Secundus (Johannes Everard) poet
French. Johannot, Tony, artist and -designer
Pol. John III., Sobieski, king of Poland and general
Ger. John, king of Saxony and author . . > . ...
Eng. John of Gaunt (or Ghent), duke of Lancaster
Heb. John the Evangelist
Amer. Johnson, Alex. B., philologist and miscellaneous writer .
Amer. Johnson, Andrew, IT. S. senator from Tennessee ....
Amer. Johnson, Reverdy, jurist and statesman
Amer. Johnson, Rich. M., general and statesman, vice-president
Amer. Johnson, Samuel, first president Columbia college and author .
Amer. Johnson, Walter R., physicist
Ir.-Amer. Johnson, Sir Wm., general and governor in North America
Amer. Johnson, Wm., judge of Supreme Court, U. S., and author
Scot. Johnston, Alex. K., geographer
Scot. Johnston, Geo., writer and naturalist
Scot. Johnston, Jas. F. W., chemist and agricultural author
French. Joinville, Jean, sire, chronicler
French. Joinville, Franc, prince de, third son of Louis Philippe
Fr.-Am. Jolliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of the Mississippi
Amer. Jones, Anson, last president of the Republic of Texas
Amer. Jones, Jacob, commodore in the U. S. Navy
Eng. Jones, Owen, architect and decorator ... ...
Eng. Jones, Thus. Ryiner, writer on anatomy and physiology .
Ice. Jonsson, Finnur, Icelandic historian . ....
Irish. Jordan, Dorothy, actress, mistress of William IV
Dan. Jorgenson, Jorgen, adventurer and author
Heb. Joshua, successor of Moses as leader of the Israelites
Heb. Josiah, 17th king of Judah B.
Jovianus, Flavins C., emperor
Mex. Juarez, Benito, statesman and president
Juba, king of Numidia
Juba, king of Mauritania and historian
Amer. Judd, Sylvester, author of "Margaret "
Amer. Judson, Adoniram, missionary in India
Amer. Judson, Ann Hazeltine, first wife of above
Amer. Judson, Sarah Boardman, second wife of above
Amer. Judson, Emily Chubbuck, third wife of above and author, ("Fanny
Forester" 1 )
Jugurtha, a Numidian king
Swiss. Jullien, Louis G., musical composer, &c
Hindoo. Jung Bahadoor, prime minister of Nepaul
Ger. Jung-Stilling, John H., mystic author
DIED.
B. c. (about) 800
17!>2 1857
1797
1742 1SC4
1777
17.-0 1847
1752 1F34
ISO! 183:2
-lf-5-i
-If, 2
- 305
-1689
-1857
-1852
-1850
-1772
-1 ^52
-1774
-1834
-1 = 55
-1819
1779 is3J
B. c. 150)
c. 647 61 9
64
1807
B. c. 46
B. c. IS
1853
1834
B. C. 1' 4
1^60
1817
710
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION*.
Greek.
Greek.
Swe.
Amer.
French.
Ens.
Irish.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Irish.
French.
French.
En;,'.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Irish-Am
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
EL,'.
Arner.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Hung.
Ger.
Anier.
Eng.
Eng.
Irish.
Dan.
Ger.
Hung.
Hung.
Pol.
Ger.
Ger.
Euss.
Ger.
French.
Ital.
Eng.
French.
French.
liom.
French.
French
French.
Scot.
Amer.
Ital.
NAMK AND PROFESSION.
Justin. Flavins. A. J., "the elder," By/.antine emperor .
Ji.st uian I. (Fliv. A.J.), "the Great," Byzantine emperor
Kalm, Peter, traveller and botanist
Kauiehameha (or Tamehumeha) 1., first king of the Sandwich Is-
lands, (about) ...
Kamehameha II., king (introduced Christianity)
Kamehameha III., king, introduced Constitution .
Kauiehimeha IV.. (Alex Liholiho) . . .
Kane, Elisha Kent., arctic explorer and author
Karr, J. B. Alphonse. miscellaneous author ....
Kater, Henry, mathematician
Kavanagh, Julia, novelist .........
Kean, Charles John, actor .
Kean. Ellen Tree, wife of C J. Kean, actress
Keble, Jhn, divine and poet
Keiirhtley, 1 hos., miscellaneous author
Kellerman, Franc. C., duke of Valmy, general
Kellerman, Franc. Etienne (son of above), general
Kemble, Charles, actor
Kemble, Frances Anne, actress and author
Kemble. John M., scholar and historian
Kemi'elen, Wolfgang, baron, inventor of th
Kent, Thos., bishop and theological author
Kendall, Amos, statesman and author
Kendall, George W., journalist and author
Kendrick, Asahel C., Greek scholar and author
Kennedy, John Pendleton, statesman and novelist
Kenick, Francis 1'., Catholic prelate and author
Kent, William, judge, esteemed jurist
Kenyon, Lloyd, lord, jurist .
Kenyon, John, poet ....
Keppel, Aug., viscount, admiral .
Key, Francis S., author of "Star Spangled Banner
Kidd, Wm., noted pirate, executed
Kimball, Kichard B., author
King, Thomas Starr, author .
King, Wm. E., diplomatist, senator, and vice-president
Kinglake, Alex. Wm., M.P., author of
Kingsley, Charles, clergyman, novelist, and poet
Kip, Wm. Ingraham, protestant episcoj
Kir by, Wm., naturalist
Kirkiand, Caroline M., author of travels and essays .
Kitto, John, biblical scholar and author .....
Klapka, Gyorgy, patriot, general, and author ....
Knapp, Geo. Christ., theologian
Knapp, Samuel L., miscellaneous writer
Knight, Charles, publisher, editor, and author ....
Knight, Kichard Payne, miscellaneous writer ....
Knowles, Jas. Sheridan, dramatic author and actor .
Koppen, Adolp. Louis, historical writer and lecturer
Kohl, Johann Geo., traveller and author .....
Kossuth, Lujos (Louis), late governor of Hungary
Kraitsir, Charles, philologist .......
Krasinski, Valerian, count, author
Krummacher, Freid. Adolph., poet and theologian .
Krurnmacher, Freid. Wm., religious writer, (living, 1860)
Krusenstern, Adam Jean, navigator
Kugler, Franz Theo., writer on art, &c
Labat, Jean B., missionary and historian
Lablache, Luigi, renowned vocalist
Labouchere, Henry, baron Taunton, statesman ....
La Bruydre, see Bruyere.
Lacordaire, Jean B. IL, catholic theologian and author
Lielius, Cains, publicist, tribune, praetor, and consul . . B
Lafarge, Marie C., notorious as a poisoner
Lafitte, Jean, corsair, privateer, or pirate
La Gueronniere, Louis E. A., viscount de, publicist .
Laing, Malcolm, historian ... ....
Lamar, Mirabeau B., second president of the Republic of Texas
Lamballe, Marie, princess of, victim of the Revolution
BORN.
450-
4S2-
1715-
DTKT).
- 527
1779
1800-
1831-
1S2C-
ls>08
1717-
1824
-1854
-li5T
-1835
3SS .
J. J.1
1805
1790
isoo
sral
general .
e automaton chess-player
thor . .
novelist ....
ithor ....
Banner".
ce-president
lothen "
d poet ....
bishop and author .
189ft
177A
1HRS
177 s )
1854
1C1 1
1 cf 57
n~-.A . .
is or
1711
17C.O ,.
1810
IftfO
179.3
1707
1fifi1
1-^0
1 Ci O
17*5
n-n
17S6
104(1
17111
1010
1824
178(5
1S02
101(1
1853
1Q1-I
1 7r.O . .
iKn
1854
1S25
1838
1824
1860
1655
1845
1846
1858
1788
1858
ADDEXDA.
711
NATION.
Ens:.
French.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Ainer.
Amer.
Eng.
French.
Ital.
French.
Ger.
Irish.
French.
French.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
French.
Scot.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Arner.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Pol.
French.
Eng.
French.
Hul.
Eng.
French.
Ger.
Ger.
Ger.
Ger.
Horn.
Ger.
Kuss.
French.
French.
Eng.
Scot.
French.
Ger.
A mer.
Eng.
French.
French.
Irish.
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Lambert. Daniel, noted for corpulency, (739 pounds)
Lamoriciere, Christ. L. J. de, general"
BORN.
1770
DIED.
IfinQ
. IS". 6
-1839
-1 ;KO
Landon (Maclean), Letitia E., poet and novelist
Landur. \Valter savage, poet and essayist
. 1802
. 1775
Landseer, John, engraver and author
Lane. Jos., general, U. S. senator from Oregon ....
Langdon, John, governor of Xew Hampshire, U. S. senator, &c.
Langhorne, John, miscellaneous author
17 t p
tern
1789
1^10
1 73")
17^9
Lanues, Jean, duke of Montebello, marshal of France
Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art
La Perouse. Jean F. de, count, navigator
Lappenberg, Johann M., historian ....
1 7i'0
i cr o
1 7 -: ?
ICIf)
1741
17SQ
1794
Lardner, Dionysius, writer on physical science ....
Larrey, Dominique J., baron, surgeon, and author
La Salle, Kob. ., Sieur de, navigator and author
Latham, John, ornithologist
17QQ
1v-.Q
17(5fi
1 xJO
. 1635
1740
1687
1857
Latham, Eobt. G., philologist and ethnologist ....
Laurens, John, lieut. col. in Revolutionary war
La Valliere, F. L. de, duchesse. mistress of Louis XIY. .
Law, John, financier of the -'Mississippi Bubble"
Law, Win., religious and mvstical author ....
1s12 _
17 ! SH
1 7^
1 M 1
1710
1rt7l
U.;Q
. ii3s6
1761
1855
Lawrence. Abbott, merchant and diplomatist
179 9
Lawrence, Amos, merchant and philanthropist ....
1786
1852
Lawrence, Sir Henrv M., general in India ....
1-H6
1S57
Lawrence, James, captain in U. S. Navy ....
1781
1813
Lea. Isaac, naturalist and publisher
179 1
Leake, Win. M.. traveller and philhellenist ....
1777
1860
Lear, Tobias, secretary to Washington, diplomatist .
Le Conte, John, naturalist . . . .
1 TC\Cl
l vOC
17S4
Le Conte, John L., M.D., naturalist, (son of preceding) .
Le Conte. John, M.D., naturalist, (Georgia) ....
Ledru-Kollin, Alex. A., iurist and politician . .
i < ^ f >'.
181S
. 18' 8
17Q7
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, signer of Declaration of Independence .
Lee, Henry, general, in Revolutionary War ....
Lee, Eliza B., miscellaneous writer, (about)
1701
. 1756
1800
1S16
Lee, Samuel, D.D., oriental scholar
17S3
1 <s"j2
Lefebvre, Franc. J., marshal of France
Leisler, Jacob, political adventurer
17^
-1Q9;1
1091
Leland, Charles G.. essayist and humorist .....
Lelewel. Joachim, historian ....
Lemaitre, Fred., actor
1R4
. 17>6
1793
Lemon. Mark, humorist, editor of "Punch" ....
L'Knclos, .Ninon de. noted courtezan
Lennep, Jan Van, poet and novelist
Lennox, Charlotte, authoress, (born in Xew York) .
Lenormand, Marie A., fortune-teller and biographer .
Leo, the name of twelve Popes, and six Byzantine Emperors .
Leopold I., king of the Belgians
111
1fil T
170=5
1Sft % 2
17lo
1S04
177
1i4Q
1790 -
Leopold I., emperor of Germany
Leopold II., emperor of Germany
Ifi 10
17flT
1717
1792
Leopold II., grand duke of Tuscany
1^97
Lepidus, noted Roman family
Lepsius. Karl Rich., traveller and Egyptologist
Lermontoff, Michail, poet ....
BP ^) 11 1. .
Sfi
1^11
1S11
J841
Leroux, Pierre, philosopher and socialist
Lerov de St. Arnaud, A. J., general in chief
T7Q-
IS'H
1854
Leslie. Charles Hob., artist and author
17"4
1S59
Leslie. John, bishop, theological writer ....
1570
1671
Lesseps. Ferdinand de, diplomatist ....
1805
Leasing, Gotthokl E., critic and author
1729
1781
Lester, (.'has. E., miscellaneous author .....
L'Estrange. Sir Roger, political writer
Leuret, Francois, anatomist
Le Vaillant, Franc., traveller and ornithologist .
Lever, (. has. Jus., novelist ... ...
Levereit, Fred. I'., classical scholar and author .
Leverrier. Urbain J. J., astronomer
Le Vert. Octavia \V.. authoress
Lewes, Geo. Henry, miscellaneous author . .
Lewis, Francis, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Iftl T
1 i (\
1~fM
1707
1 -^11
n- o
1 x->4.
IQi R
t *,< '?
1 ;c !fi
l C11
1 i>O-~.
m-
1710
IQp.Q
712
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION.
Erg. Lewis, Sir Geo. Cornewall, author and statesman
Ainer. Lewis, Meriwether. soldier, explorer, and author
Amer. Lewis, Samuel, educationist
Ainer. Lewis, Tayler, classical scholar and author .
Scot. Leyden, John, author
French. L'Hopital, Michel de. chancellor of France .
Ainer. Lieber, Francis, publicist, political philosopher (born in Berlin)
Ger. Liebig, Justus, baron, chemist
Kuss. Lieven, Dorothea, princess cf. diplomatist
Ital. Liguori, Alfons M. de. saint and theological writer .
Ei;g. Lilly, John, the Euphuist, dramatic
Eng. Lilly, "VVm.. astrologer
Eng. Lilly. George, dramatist
V\mer. Lincoln, Abraham, statesman, 16th Pres. of the TJ. S.
Amer. Lincoln, Benj., maj. gen. in the revolutionary war .
Amer. Lincoln, Levi, attorney general of the II. S., (from Mass.)
Amer. Lincoln, Levi, governor of Massachusetts
Swe. Lind (Goldschmidt). Jenny, vocalist
Eng. Lindley, John, botanist
Eng. Lindsay. Alex. W. Crawford, lord, author of Travels, &c. .
Scot. Lindsay. Sir David, poet, (about)
Swe. Ling. Peter H.. physiologist and poet
Eng. Liston, John, comic actor ........
Eng. Littleton, Sir Thos., jurist
Amer. Livermore, Abiel A., clergyman, journalist, and author
Amer. Livingston, Philip, signer" of the Declaration of Independence .
Amer. Livingston, Win., governor of New Jersey ....
Amer. Livingston, Brockholst, eoldier and jurist
Amer. Livingston, liobt. K., statesman and jurist .
Scot. Livingstone, David, traveller and missionary in Africa
Span. Llorente, Don Juan, antiquarian, historian, &c. ....
Eng. Lloyd, Henry, soldier and author
Ind. Logan, English name of a famous Indian chief .
Amer. Logan, James, colonial statesman and author ....
Irish. Lola Montez, Maria, countess of Landsfeldt, adventurer .
Amer. Long, Stephen H,, engineer, traveller, and author
Amer. Longfellow, Henry W., poet and novelist
Eng. Longman, Thos., founder of the publishing house
Amer. Longstreet, Aug. B., jurist and author
French. Longueville, Anne G., duchess, politician
Ainer. Longworth, Nicholas, extensive wine manufacturer .
.Amer. Loomis, Elias, physicist, astronomer
French. Lorraine, Charles de. cardinal and politician ....
Amer. Lossing, Benson J., historian and artist
French. LOUISI he name of eighteen kings of France.
Louis I., the Debonnaire
Louis IX., Saint
Louis XL, 6th of house ofValois
Louis XII.. 8th do. do
Louis XIII., 2d Bourbon
Louis XIV., 8d do.
Louis XV., 4th do.
Louis XVI.,
Louis XVII.,
Louis XVIII.,
French. Louis Philippe, king of the French
French. Louis Napoleon. See imapart6.
Scot. Lovat, Simon Fraser. lord, executed for treason ....
Irish. Lover, Samuel, novelist ano song writer
Irish. Lowe. Sir Hudson, general, jrulor of Napoleon .
Amer. Lowell, John, lawyer and philanthropist
Amer. Lowell, John, Jr., founder of Lowell Institute .
Amer. Lowell. Charles, clergyman and author
Amer. Lowell, Mary (Mrs. Putnam), of Boston, authoress .
Amor. Lowell, Jas. Russell, poet and critic . . . . .
Amer. Lowndes, Ilawlins. statesman, (opposed the Union) .
Amer. Lowndes, Win. J., statesman
Span. Loyola, Saint Ignatius de, founder of the Jesuits
Eng. Lucun, G. C. Bingham, earl of, general in Crimea
Ger. Lucke, Gott. C. F., theologian
DIED.
1607-
1797-
1769-
m.9-
1799-
1782-
ls:0-
1819-
1722-
17-2-
1491-
180-
1792-
-1811
-157-3
-1810
-1820
-1J555
-1839
-1S46
-1481
-IS 23
-17S3
-1861
-1679
-1825
-1S50
-1747
1S44
-18!0
-18?6
-1801
-18-J2-
-1855
ADDENDA.
713
ITATION.
Eng.
Span.
Ainer.
Eng.
Ainer.
Amer.
Eiig.
Ainer.
Auier.
Eug.
Greek.
French.
Scot.
Irish.
Eng.
Scot.
Irish.
Auier.
Irish.
Ainer.
Anier.
Scot.
Scot.
Scot.
Scot.
Ainer.
Auier.
Scot.
Scot.
Amer.
Aust.
Scot.
Ainer.
Irish.
Irish.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Irish.
French.
Scot.
Irish.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.
Welsh.
Span.
Ital.
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Ital.
Swiss.
Amei.
French.
French.
French.
Scot.
Swiss.
Eng.
Eng.
Ital.
Eng.
Ital.
Ital.
Amer.
Eng.
NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED.
T nllv,' 1 ? -ii m< iiiH " thp pnlifhti'Tipd doftor "
1235
-Iol5
1R7T
14.fi!
Lydgate, Jonn, poet (Benedictine rnouk)
Lynch, Thos. J.. signer of Declaration of Independence .
Lynch, Win. P., capt. U. S. .Navy, author of '-Uead Sea," &c. .
Lyudhurst, lord, statesman and jurist (born in Boston)
1 T,(O
-1779
1805
n-o
1797
-1S49
Lyon, Matthew, politician
Lyons, Ldmund, lord, admiral
1-7,114
mo->
1"OH
_-ie=)a
360
*81
Mabillon, Jean, ecclesiastical author
Macadam, John, originator of Macadamized roads ....
Macartney, Geo., earl of, diplomatist
-|cpo
I7o7
1756
1797
-1336
1 -.(K)
1733
1S19
1814
10. ,7
-1791
Macbeth, a chieftain of the llth century
Macclure, Sir K. J., discoverer of North-west passage
1826
1sTo
Maccorst, David J., political writer
Maccosh James clei >cp vm'in and author
1707
IblO
Macrie, 1'hoi., clergyman and author .......
i^acdiarmid, John, author
Macdonald, Flora, an adventurous heroine .."....
1 TTO
-<oo^
i--o
1S-'iS
1 Tfl
17Q|1
17*>3
-1815
Macdume, Geo., U. S. senator from South Carolina ....
17bS
I79o
1-07
-1851
-1852
mfi7
Macgregor, John, statistical and political author ....
Mackintosh. Maria J., novelist (about)
Mack von Liebenich Jvarl baron general
IQIfl
17i2
3828
Mackay, Charles, poet and miscellaneous writer ....
Maekean, Thos., jurist, statesman, signer of Dec. of Ind. .
Mackenzie Kob S journalist &c ....
1OIO
1734
18i9
-1817
Macklin Charles actor and dramatist ...
1690
1796
1786
17'nT
-1857
Maclean, John, statesman, judge of U. S. Supreme Court .
1774
1821
-1S33
Maclise Daniel historical pointer ....
1311
MacMahon, M. E. P., duke of Magenta, marshal ....
-|c<i7
179S
MacNeven, Wm. J., " patriot," and physician (died at N. Y.) .
Macon, Nathaniel, statesman, member of Congress for North Caro-
1763
1757
-1S41
1837
1793
l!-01
1794
12th
1806
Cent.
-1755
1R50
Madoc, prince, said to have discovered America ....
1675
I'O'I
Maratt, John Newland, noted preacher
Ala^nan Bern Pierre mirshal of France .
1791
1S10
-1821
175:5
^7
M'llcom Howard clergyman and author
1799
1638
1721 -
-1715
1794
1555
1628
M '\llet David miscellaneous writer ....
J7(,2
17ii5
Mallet Paul Henri, historian
Malmesbury, Jas. Harris, earl of, diplomatist
Malmesbury, Jas. H. H. (son of above), statesman ....
Mamiani, Terenze. count, statesman and author ....
Mandeville, Sir John, traveller and author . . . .
Manfred, prince of Tarentum, king of Two Sicilies (about)
Mauin, Daniele, Venetian statesman
Mann, Horace, statesman and educationist
Manning, Henry E., clergyman and author ....
1730
1746
"1 Qu7
1-MiT
-1S20
1 70 : >
1O. u>
1"7Q
-IOO-J
1804
1~on
-1-57
IfifiQ
-lC-10
714
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION.
Eng.
Scut.
Ital.
Ital.
Eom.
Kom.
Amer.
French.
French.
Ger.
Dan.
French.
Span.
Ger.
Ger.
1'rench.
Ger.
French.
Ital.
Eng.
French.
French.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Span.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
En-
Scot.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Airier.
Amer.
Ind.
Eng.
Scot.
Amer.
Irish.
Amer.
Eng.
French.
Eng.
Amer.
Hoi.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Greek.
Ger.
Amer.
Ger.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Ital.
Amer.
Eng.
--1793
-1574
-1597
- 208
-1857
-1549
-1481
-1530
-1412
-1015
-1642
-17SO
-1793
-1E93
1675
-1852
NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED.
Mansel, Henry L., metaphysical and theological writer . . . 1815
Mansfield, Win. Murray, earl of. jurist and statesman . . . 1705-
Manutius, Paulas (son "of Manutius), printer 1512-
Manutius, Aldus, the Younger, printer and author .... 1547-
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, general B. c. 267-
Marcus Aurelius. See Antoninus.
Marcy, Wm. Learned, statesman 1786-
Margaret of Angouleme, queen of Navarre 141:2-
Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI., of England . . . . 1429-
Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maxill. I., and Mary of Burgundy 1480-
Margaret, queen of Denmark, &c., "the Semiramis of the North" 1853-
Margaret of Valois, queen of Henry IV., of France .... 1;~52-
Maria Christina, queen dowager of Spain (born at Naples) . . 18i6-
Maria de Medici, queen of Henry IV., of France .... 1574-
Maria Theresa, empress of Germany 1717-
Marie Amelie, queen of the French (Louis Philippe) . . . . 1782
Marie Antoinette, queen of France (Louis XVI.) .... 1755-
Mariette, Aug. E., Egyptologist and explorer ..... 1S21-
Mario, Giuseppe, marquis of Candia, vocalist 1S10-
Marlowe, Christ., or Kit, dramatic poet 15i
Marquette, Jacques, early explorer of the Mississippi . . . 1637-
Marrast, Armand, journalist and politician 1800-
Marsh, Anne, novelist, (about)j 1800
Marsh, Geo. Perkins, philologist and diplomatist .... 1801
Marshman, Joshua, missionary in India and author .... 1767 1837
Marston, John, poet and dramatist (about) 1570 1634
Martin, Benj., optician and author 17C4
Martin, Ban Louis Henri, historian 1810-
Martin, Franc. Xavier, jurist and historian 1764 1846
Martineau, Harriet, miscellaneous authoress 1802
Martineau, Jas. (brother of Harriet), clergyman and author . . 1800
Martinez de la Rosa, Franc., statesman and poet . 1789-
Martyn, Henry, missionary in India and Persia ....
Marvell, Andrew, author and statesman .....
Mary I., first queen regnant of England
Mary II., queen regnant (with W T m. of Orange) ....
Mary Stuart, queen of Scots
Maseres, Francis, "baron," mathematician ....
Massinissa, king of Numidia (about)
Maskeleyne, Nevil. astronomer
Mason, Jeremiah, lawyer and statesman
Mason, John, maj. gen. Connecticut colonial forces .
Mason, Lowell, musical teacher and composer ....
Massasoit, a sachem of the AVampanoags
Massey, Gerald, poet
Masson, David, biographer and essayist
Mather, Increase, clergyman and author
Mathew. Theobald, " the Apostle of Temperance" . .
Mathews, Cornelius, humorous author 1817
Mathias, Thos., author of " Pursuits of Literature" . . . . 1750
Matter, Jacques, philosopher and historian 1791-
Matthew of Westminster, historian
" Matthias " (Robert Matthews), a religious imposter, (about) .
Maurice, count of Nassau and prince of Orange, stadtholder
Maurice, Jno. Fred. D.. clergyman and author ....
Maurice, Thos., Rev., history of Hindostan, fec. .... 17."5-
Mauricius. Flavins Tib., Byzantine emperor ..... 589
Maury, Matthew F., naval officer, astronomer, &c 1806
Mavrocordato, statesman 1790
Maximillian 1., emperor of Germany . 14C9 1519
Maxim in as, Cains J. A r ., emperor of Koine 238
Mayer, Brantz, lawyer and historical writer 18C9
Mayer, Johann T., astronomer 1723 1762
Mayhew, Henry, Edward, Thomas, and Horace, brothers, humorous
and miscellaneous writers (about) 1812
Mayhew. Jonathan, clergyman and author 1720 1766
Mayo. Win. S., novelist " 1812
Mazzlni, Guiseppe, democratic politician (Genoa) .... 1809
Meade, Win., episcopal bishop of Virginia and author . . . 1789
Medhurst, Walter 11., oriental scholar and missionary . . . 17i)C 1857
. 1621
. 1515
. 16C2
. 1542
. 1781
B. c. 24
. 1732
. 1768
. 1600
. 17S
182,
. 1823
. 1C39
-1812
-1678
-1558
-1694
-1587
-1824
-143
-1811
-1848
-1672
1661
1723
-1856
-1S35
13th Cent.
1790 183
1567- 1025
1805
-1521
- 602
ADDENDA.
715
NATION.
Dal.
Ital.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Scot.
Ainer.
Scot.
Ger.
Ger.
Port.
Span.
Ger.
Ger.
Russ.
Russ.
Ger.
Ainer.
Eng.
French.
Ger.
Eng.
Rom.
French.
Ger.
French.
Pol.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Scot.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
En?.
French.
Eng.
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Bom.
Mex.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Ger.
Ger.
Scot.
Hoi.
Eng.
Span.
Scot.
Swiss.
Swiss.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
French.
French.
Mex.
Mex.
French.
NAME AXD PROFESSION.
Medici, Cosmo de, >; the Great, 4 ' * pater patriot" (Florence)
Medici. Piero. successor of Cosmo, patron of Arts
Melbourne. Wm. Lamb, viscount de, statesman
Melmoth, Wm., "religious life"
Melmoth, Wm., ''Letters," translation of Cicero, &c.
Melville. Andrew, religious reformer
Melville, Herman, author of travel-romances . . . .
Melville, Sir Jas., soldier, statesman and author
Mendelssohn, Moses, Jewish scholar and philosopher
Mendelssohn-Eartholdy, Felix, musical composer
Mendez-Pinto, Fernam, adventurer, unjustly famed for lying .
Mendoza, Diego H. de, scholar, author, statesman
Mengs, Anton Rafael, painter and writer on art
Menno-Simonis, reformer, founder of "Mennonites"
Mentchikoff, Alex., prince, statesman
Mentchikoff, Alex. 8., admiral .......
Menzel, Wolfgang, critic and historian
Mercer, Hugh, general in the Revolutionary war
Merivale, Charles, historian
Mery, Joseph, poet and novelist ... ...
Mesmer, Fred. A., founder of "Mesmerism " .
Metcalfe. Charles T., baron, gov. in India and Canada
Metellus, The name of several famous plebeians
Miehaux, Andre, botanist, (" Sylva Americana")
Michelet, Karl Ludwig, philosophical writer ....
Michel, Francisque, archaeologist . ,
Mickiewicz, Adam, poet
Mickle, Wm. J., poet, translator of "Lusiad," &c.
Middleton, Thomas, dramatist
Mifflin, Thomas, general in Revolutionary war ....
Milburn, Wm. Henry, "blind preacher," and author .
Mill, John Stuart, political philosopher
Millais, John Everett, " pre-Raphaelite " painter
Miller, Hugh, geologist
Miller, James, general at Chippewa, <fec., ("Til try, sir") .
Miller, Joseph, comic actor, putative parent of jests .
Miller, Samuel, Rev., historian of 18th century .
Miller, Thos., author of Rural Essays, &c
Miller, Wm., founder of the " Millerites." or Second Adventists
Millman, Henry Hart, Rev., poet and historian ....
Milne-Edwards, Henri, naturalist
Milnes, Richard Monckton, poet and statesman .
Milnor, James, D.D., episcopal clergyman .
Micie, Claude E., inventor of the Minie rifle bullet .
Minot, Geo. R., historian
Minucius Felix, Marcus, Christian writer
Miramon, Miguel, military leader, (about)
Mirbel, Chas. F. B. de, naturalist
Mitchel, Ormsby M., astronomer .
Mitchell, Donald G., essayist
Mitchell, Maria, astronomer .
Mitford, Mary Russel, authoress .
Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist and statesman .
Mohlcr, Johann Adam R., catholic theologian .
Moir, David Macbeth, miscellaneous writer
Moleschott, Jacob, physiologist and naturalist .
Moleswortb, Sir Wm.. statesman and author
Molina, Luis, Jesuit theologian and author
Monboddo, lord, judge and philologist
Monod, Frederick, "reformed" pastor
Monod. Adolphe, " reformed pastor" and author
Montagu, Basil, lawyer and author ....
Montagu, Elizabeth," author of " Dialogues," &c.
Montague, Chas., earl of Halifax, statesman and poet
Montalembert, Chas. F., count, statesman, and author
Montcalm, Louis, marquis de. general in Canada
Montespan, Franc., marquise de, mistress Louis XIV
Montezuma I., the greatest of Mexican sovereigns
Montezuma II.. the last Aztec emperor
Montfaucon, Bern, de, archaeologist and author .
BORN.
1>TED.
14(i9
1779 1848
1666 1743
1710 1799
-1622
IT'S
179S
1720 1777
-1815
1846
- 69
1S02
1830
1776
1810
1802
3d Cent.
1854
1S55
1S51
1741
716
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
Scot.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Scut.
Scot.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Scot.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Amer.
Swiss.
Ger.
Assyr.
Assyr.
Eng.
Eng.
Span.
Eng.
Amer.
Greek.
Greek.
Amer.
Ger.
Ger. -Am.
Amer.
Eng.
Anier.
Amer.
Irish.
Rom.
Irish.
Dan.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Irish.
Span.
Bar.
Irish.
French.
Amer.
Scot.
Egypt.
Ger.
Ger.
Eng.
Span.
Welch.
Amer.
Eng.
Amer.
French.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Monfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, statesman
Montgomery, Robert, poet .
Monttnorency. Noble family of France
Montrose, Jas. Grahame, marquis of, military leader
Moore, Jacob Bailey, journalist and author ....
Moore, Geo. H., author
Moore, Frank, author
Moore, John, miscellaneous author
Moore, Sir John, general (son of preceding), killed at Corunna .
More, Henry, mystical divine and philosopher ....
Morfit, Campbell, chemist and author
Morgan, Daniel, brig. gen. in Revolutionary "War
Moray, Chas. A., count de, minister of Louis Napoleon
Morphy, Paul Charles, famous chess-player ....
Morris, Lewis, signer of the Declaration of Independence .
Morrison, Robert, D.D., missionary and philologist .
Morse, Samuel F. B., artist and inventor of telegraph
Morse, Sidney E., journalist and geographer ....
Morton, John, signer of the Declaration of Independence (Penn.)
Morton, Jas. Douglas, earl of, regent . . ...
Morton, Samuel Geo., anatomist and ethnologist
Morton, Wm. T. G., dentist, discoverer of the use of ether (?) .
Motley, John Lothrop, historian .......
Mott, Lucretia, minister of " Friends," and philanthropist
Mott, Valentine, surgeon and author
Motte Cadillac, Ant. de la, founder of Detroit ....
Moultrie, Wm., general and statesman
Mowatt (Ritchie), Anna Cora, actress and authoress, (about) .
Merle cTAubigne, J. H., D.D.. historian
Munchausen, J. C. F., proverbial for " Stories" ....
Nabonassar, first king of the Chaldeans, f.
Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, f.
Napier, Chas. Jas., general in India, &c
Napier, Sir Charles, admiral
Narvaez, don Ramon, duke of Valencia, statesman .
Nash, Richard, styled " Beau Nash ",.....
Neal, John, novelist
Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople founder of Nestorians .
Nicephorus, Greg., Byzantine historian
Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, politician, and author
Noehden, G. H., grammarian and miscellaneous writer
Nordheimer, Hebrew scholar and author
Norton, Andrews, theological (Unitarian) author
Norton, Hon. Mrs., poetess
Nott, Eliphalet, D.D., president of Union college, and author .
Nott, Abner Kingman, remarkable Baptist preacher .
Nugent, lord, author of Life of Hampden, &c
Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, f.
O'Brien, Wm. Smith, political agitator
Oersted, Hans Ch., discoverer of electro-magnetism . .
Oglethorpe, J. E., general, founder of Georgia ....
Oldcas-tle, Sir John, lord Cobham
Olin, Stephen, D.D., Methodist theologian and author
O'Keefe, John, dramatist
Olivan, don Aless. de, publicist
Omar, third Caliph, founder of the Mosque
O'Meara, Barry, surgeon to Napoleon, and author
Orleans, L. J. P., duke of (" Egalit6 "), guillotined .
Osgood, Samuel, D.D., Unitarian divine and author .
Ossian, Gaelic bard, supposed to have lived in the 3d century.
Osymandias, king of Egypt, (about)
Otho I., king of Greece (born in Bavaria)
Overbeck, Fred., founder of modern "Religious School of Art"
Overbury, Sir Thos., poisoned in the Tower
Oviedo, J. G., bishop of, author of Voyages in West Indies
Owen, Robert, political theorist
Owen, Kobert Dale, statesman and author .....
Owen, Richard, surgeon and naturalist
Paine, John Howard, dramatist, " Home, sweet Home " .
Paixhans, general, inventor of guns bearing his name
BOKN.
DIED.
1265
. 1807 1865
10th to 19th Cent.
. 1612 1651
-1853
1797-
1802
1809
16S7
1802
1790-
1773
1834
14th Cent.
-1851
-1826
-1835
B. c. 150<
1815
1789
1581
1771-
-1613
-1540
-1860
ADDENDA.
717
NATION.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.
Eng.
French.
Irish.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Euss.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
Amer.
Port.
French.
French,
Ital.
Ital.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
French.
Ger.
French.
Eng.
Jew.
Ital.
Swiss.
Eng.
Amer.
Ital. .
Eng.
Eng.
Irish.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Ger.
Eng.
Pol.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.
Eng.
French.
Eng.
French.
Hung.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
NAME AND PROFESSION.
Palgrave, Sir Francis, antiquarian author
Palmerston. Henry Temple, viscount, statesman ....
Panzer, G. "W. F.. bibliographer
Pardoe, -Julia. Miss, novelist ...
Paris, count of, Louis Ph. Al , grandson of Louis Philippe
Parnell, Thos.. poet and divine " .
Parr, Thomas, lived 152 years
Parr, Samuel, learned divine and philologist
Parton, Mrs Sara, li Fanny Fern," authoress
Paskewitch, Ivan, prince of Warsaw, general
Putmore, Coventry, poet
Paxton, Sir Joseph, horticulturist and archive ?t
Paul, St. Vincent de, Catholic missionary
Panlding, James Kirke, novelist and essayist
Pedro V., king of Portugal (son of Donna Maria II.) ....
Pellissier, A. J. J., duke of Malakoff, marshal
Pelouze, Theo. Jules, chemist
Pepe, Florestan, general
Pepoli, Charles, litterateur
Penn, Wm., admiral, father of founder of Pennsylvania ...
Pepys, Samuel, secretary to Admiralty, author of Diary .
Perceval, Spencer, prime minister, assassinated .....
Percival, James Gates, poet, geologist, and critic ....
Perkins, Thos. H., eminent merchant and philanthropist .
Perkins, Hugh, eccentric preacher and roundhead (executed) .
Perry, Oliver Hazard, commodore in U. S. Navy . . .
Persigny, Jean G. V., politician and diplomatise ....
Petermann, Augs. H., geographer
Philidor, Andrew, writer on chess .......
Phillips, Ambrose, poet and dramatist
Philo-Judaeus, learned Jewish writer of Alexandria, f.
Piazzi, astronomer
Pictet, Benedict, theological and historical writer ....
Piozzi, Hester L., miscellaneous writer, friend' of 'Dr. Johnson
Pierce, Franklin, general, 14th Pres. of the U. S
Pius IX., Pope, Giov. Mastai Ferretti
Planche, James E., dramatist and miscellaneous writer .
Plnyfair, Lvon, chemist (born in Bengal)
Plunket, W. C., lord chancellor of Ireland ......
Pocock, D. E., learned critic and commentator
Pocock, D. R., learned prelate and traveller
Poe, Edgar A., poet critic, and novelist
Poinsett, Joel E., statesman, diplomatist, and author
Poggendorf, John Chris., physicist and chemist ....
Polvcarp, Bishop of Smyrna, Christian martyr and author .
Poole, John, author of "Paul Pry," &c
Poniatowski, Stanislaus Aug., last king of Poland ....
Porter, David, commodore in IT. S. Navy
Potter, Alonzo, D.D., episc. bishop of Penn., and educational author
Potter, Horatio. D.D., episc. bishop of New York .
Pradt, Abbe, Dominique de, political writer
Preble, Edward, commodore in U. S. Navy .....
Prentiss, Sargeant S., lawyer and politician, famed for eloquence
Prescott, Wm. Hickling, historian
Preston, Wm. C., U. S. senator from South Carolina .....
Price, Dr. E., writer on Civil Liberty
Pritchard, J. C., ethnologist, ''Natural History of Man' 1 .
Priessnitz, founder of Hydropathy
Proctor,- Bryan W. (" Barry Cornwall"), poet and critic .
Proudhon, Pierre Jos., political theorist
Prynne, learned lawyer, political writer and antiquary
Psalmanazar, George, literary imposter
Pulszky, Francis, politician and author
Purchas. Samuel, divine, editor of Voyages and Pilgrimages .
Pusey, Edw. Bour., D.D., theologian, founder of "Puseyites"
Puttenham, Go., poet and critic"( u Art of Trnar. Poesie") .
Pye, Henry James, poet laureate .
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, a famous warrior
Quarles, Francis, poet, author of " Emblems "
Quin, James, actor ....
DIED.
1SC8-
1746
1759-
1S10-
1796-
1794-
1723-
1799-
1787-
1809-
1609-
1679-
1814-
1577-
1800-
4812
1669
-1860
1795
1749
A. D. 40
18-29
1655 1724
1789 1321
1804
1792
1819
1765 1854
1604 1691
1704 17G5
1811 1856
1778 1S51
1796
168
1798
-1S37
-1S50
-1859
-1791
-1849
-1851
-1669
-1763
-1628
1600
1^8
B. c. 272
1592 1644
1698 1766
718
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION.
Amer.
Amer.
Span.
French.
A us.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.
Heb.
French.
Ger.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Scot.
Amer.
French.
Ger.
Irish.
Scot.
Eng.
Eng.
Turk.
Ens.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Scot.
Scot.
Eng.
Span.
Ital.
Eng.
Eng.
Scot.
Amer.
Scot.
En-
French.
Eng.
Arner.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
Eng.
Ger.
Span.
Span.
Ger.
Ger.
Ital.
Eng.
Eng.
Ital.
Ger. -Jew
Ital.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Scot.
Eng.
Irish.
Dutch.
Eng.
Eng.
NAME AND PROFKSSION.
Quincy, Josiah, ex-pres. Harvard Univ. and author ....
Quincy, Josiah, Jr., ex-mayor of Boston and financier
Quintana, Jose Manuel de, poet and historian .
Rabelais, Francis, wit and satirist
Radetzkv, Joseph, count, commander in Italy .
Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, author of " History of Java," &c.
Raffles, Rev. Thos., independent minister and collector .
Raikes, Robt, printer, founder (?) of Sunday Schools
Ranke, Leopold, historian ... ...
Raphall, Morris J., learned rabbi and preacher .
Rapin de Thoyras, author of History of England
Raumer, Fred. L. G. von, historian
Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., geographer and orientalist
Reade, Charles, novelist
Redding, Cyrus, journalist and author
Reach, Angus B., journalist and author ....
Redneld, Wm. C.,'meteorologist
Regnault, Henri Viet., chemist
Reichenbach, Charles, baron de, naturalist .
Reid, Capt. Mayne, novelist
Reid, Col. Sir Wm., engineer and meteorologist .
Rennel, Major J., geographer and traveller
Repton, Humphrey, landscape gardener
Reschid, Pasha, statesman, premier of Turkey .
Ricardo, David, writer on political economy and finance .
Rich, Obadiah, bibliographer
Richard I. , Cffitir de Lion, king of England
Richard III., king, killed at Bosworth
Richardson, James, traveller in Africa
Richardson, Sir John, naturalist and Arctic explorer .
Ridley, Nicholas, bishop and protestant martyr
Rivas, Angel de Saavedra, duke of, soldier, statesman, poet, &c.
Ristori, Adelaide, actress
Ritson, Joseph, lawyer, antiquary, and critic
Ritchie, Leitch, journalist and author
Roberts, David, landscape painter and author ....
Robinson, Edward, D.D., biblical geographer and philologist .
Rob Roy (Robert Macgregor), highland freebooter (about)
Roebuck, John Arthur, statesman ....
Rochambeau, J. B. D., count de, marshal
Rogers, Henry, theologian and critic
Rogers, Henry Darwin, naturalist, professor in Glasgow ,
Rogers, Samuel, poet ...
Roget, Peter Mark, physiologist and philologist
Roland, M. J. P., Madame, martyr of the revolution ....
Romilly. Sir Samuel, jurist and statesman
Ronge, Johannes, educational and religious reformer
Rosa, Francisco Martinez de la, statesman, poet, historian, &c.
Rosas, don Juan Manuel de, ruler of Buenos Ayres ....
Rose, Gustave, chemist
Rosenkranz, Johann K. F., metaphysician, professor of philosophy .
Rosetti, Gabriele, poet, artist, and critic
Ross, Sir James Clark, Arctic explorer
Rosse. Wm. Parsons, earl of, astronomer
Rossini, Joachimo, musical composer
. Rothschild, Meyer Anselm, founder of the great banking house
Rothschild, Anselm, at Frankfort; Nathan, at London (d. 1886);
and Solomon, sons of Meyer Anselm Rothschild
Rothschild. Lionel Nathan, baron de, M. P. (son of Nathan)
Rubini, tenor vocalist
Ruckert, Frederick, poet .........
Ruschenbcrger, W. S. W., author of voyages and scientific works .
Rush, Richard, diplomatist and author ......
Ruskin, John, writer on art . .
Russell, John Scott, engineer, builder of "Great Eastern"
Russell, Lord John, statesman and author
Russell, Win. II., "Times correspondent," and author
Ruyter, M. A. de, admiral
Ryruer, Thomas, antiquarian, "Federa"
Sabine, Maj. gen., Edward, physicist
DIED.
1787-
1500-
1791-
1S21-
1802-
1725-
1806-
1760-
1779-
17
1757-
1818-
1793-
1795-
1805-
1788-
1800-
18(1
1792-
1823
1850
1199
1485
Ibol
-1555
-1803
1793
1818
-1854
-1821
-1854
-1679
ADDENDA.
719
NATION.
Eng.
Eng.
French.
French.
Eng.
Eng.
Phoe.
Mex.
French.
Eng.
Ital.
Dan.
French.
Ital.
French.
Ger.
Ger.
Ger.
Ger.
Ger.
Amer.
Ger,
Amer.
French.
Amer.
Ger.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Span.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Irish.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer,
Scot.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Scot.
Greek.
Span.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Ger.
French.
Amer.
French.
Eng.
Eng.
Greek.
Amer.
Eng.
Dutch.
Ger.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
-1814
-1748
-1493
-1208
-1609
-1660
-1829
-1854
-1586
-1701
-1654
-1852
-1553
NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED.
Sacheverell. Henry, divine, impeached for sedition .... 1672 1724
Sadler, Sir Ealph. diplomatist and historian 1567 1587
Saintine, Xavier Bon., writer of tales . . .... 1790-
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de. author of Paul and Virginia, &c. . . 1736-
Sala, Geo. Augustus, journalist and author 1827-
Sale, George, historian, and translator of the Koran .... 1736
Sanconiatho, philosopher and historian, flourished .... B. c. 760
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, general and ex-president . . . 1793
Saulcy, Louis F. J., count de, antiquarian 1807-
Savage, Richard, poet ... . 1697-
Savonarola, Jerome, a monk famed for zeal and eloquence . . 1452-
Saxo-Grammaticus, historian
Say, Horace Emilie, political economist (son of J. B. Say) . . 1794-
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, critic and historian 1540-
Scarron, P., comic poet and satirist 1610-
Schadow, Julien Gottfried, sculptor 17(
Schlegel, Fred., critic and historian 1772-
Schelling, Fred. W. J., philosopher 1775-
Schlos3cr, Fried. Christ., historian 1776
Schomburgk, Sir Bobt. H., naturalist and traveller .... 1804
Schoolcraft, Henry B., traveller and historian of the Indians . . 1793
Schwartzenberg, prince F., premier of Austria 1779 1851
Scott, Winfield, lieut. gen., commander-in-chief TJ. 8. Army . . 1786
Scribe, Eugene, dramatist
Sedgwick, Catherine M., Miss, novelist and philanthropist . 1790-
Secundus, John, Latin poet 1511-
Sedley, Sir Charles, poet .... .... 1639-
Selden, John, antiquary and historian 1584-
Sergeant, John, jurist and statesman 1779-
Servetus, Michael, polemical writer against Calvin .... 1509-
Seward. Wm. H., statesman, TJ. S. senator from N. T. . . 1801-
Shadwell, T., poet laureate 1640-
Shelley, Mary W. (widow of P. B., the poet) novelist . . . 1798-
Sherwood, Mrs., novelist 1775-
Shiel, Eichard Lalor, statesman and dramatist 1792-
Shirley, James, dramatist 1594-
Silliman, Benj., chemist and geologist . .... 1779-
Simms, Wm. Gilmore, novelist and poet 1806-
Sinclair, Catherine, authoress 1800-
Skelton, John, poet laureate to Henry VIII
Smith, John Pye, theological writer
Smith, T. Southworth, writer on Sanitary Eefonn
Smith, Wm., classical scholar and author
Smith, Alex., poet
Socrates, an ecclesiastical historian
Soils, Antonio de, historian of Mexico ....
Somers, Lord John, chancellor and political writer .
Somerville, Wm., poet, "The Chase," ....
Somerville, Mrs. Mary, astronomer
Sontag, Henrietta, vocalist
Sorbonne, E. de, theologian, founder of the S. college at Paris .
Soule, Pierre, U. S. senator from Louisiana, and diplomatist . .
Soult, marshal, duke of Dalmatia, soldier, and statesman . . . 1769 1851
Soulouque, Faustin, ex-emperor of Hayti ...... 1789
Southerne. J., dramatic writer and poet . . . 1662-
Southey, Mrs. Bobt. (Caroline Bowles), poet
Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian .
Sparks, Jared, historian and biographer (about) . . . 1794-
Spelman, Sir Henry, historian and antiquary 1561 1648
Spinoza, Bened., metaphysician (atheist ?). ...... 1633 1677
Spohr, Louis, musical composer '. . 1783
Spurgeon, Eev. Charles, popular Baptist clergyman .... 1834
Sprague, Charles, poet . 1791
Sprague, Wm. B., D.D., Presbyterian clergyman and historian . 1795
Squier, E. Geo., traveller and antiquarian ."....-. 1820
Stanfield, Clarkson, marine painter . 1798
Stanhope, Ph. Hen., ea"rl of, known as Lord Mahon, historian . . 1805
Stewart, Charles S., Eev.. chaplain in U. S. Navy, and author . . 1798
St. Leonards (E. B. Sudgen), lord chancellor
Stillingtieet, Dr. E.. bishop of Worcester and author . . . 1633 1699
-1692
-1851
-1852
-1351
-1666
-1529
-1851
1774-
1790
1814
1S30
5th Cent. A.D.
1610 1686
1650 1716
1692 1743
1790
1804 1854
1201 1274
-1746
-1854
- 450
720
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN.
Eng. Stephenson, George, engineer .... ... 1803
Eng. Stephenson, Robert, engineer .... ...
Scot. Sterling, Wm., M. P., biographer and critic . ... 1818-
Ger. Sternberg, Alex., baron von, miscellaneous author . . . 1806
Eng. Stow, John, antiquary and historian ... ... 1525
Amer. Stowe, Calvin E.. biblical critic .... ...
Amer. Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Mrs., novelist . . ... 1814
Ger. Strauss, Ger. Fried. Alb., professor of theology, and author . . 1786
Ger. Strauss, Dav. Fried., author of skeptical Life of Jesus . . . 1808
Eng. Stratford de Eedcliffe, viscount, diplomatist 1738
Eng. Strickland, Agnes, historian of " Queens of England" . . . 1806
Eng. Strype, John, theologian, biographer, and historian .... 1787
Euss. Struve, Fred. Geo. Wm., astronomer
Amer. Stuart, Moses, theologian and philologist 17SO
Eng. Suckling, Sir John, poet and dramatist 1613-
French. Sue, Eugene, novelist 1808
Amer. Sully, Thomas, portrait painter 1783
Amer. Sumner, Charles, U. S. senator from Massachusetts, orator and
philanthropist 1811
Eng. Sumner, John Bird, archbishop of Canterbury and author
Eng. Swain, Charles, poet 1803
Swe. Taglioni, Maria, danszuse 1804
Eng. Talfourd, Thomas Noon, jurist, dramatist, and essayist . . . 1795
Amer. Taney, Roger B., chief justice of the United States .... 1777
Span. Tapia, Eugenio, miscellaneous writer
Eng. Taylor, John, "the Water Poet" 15SO-
Amer. Taylor, Zachary, general, victor of Buena Vista, and Pres. of U. S. . 1784
Amer. Taylor, Bayard, traveller, poet, and lecturer . 1825
Eng. Taylor, Tom, dramatist 1817
Eng. Tennyson, Alfred B., poet laureate 1810
Eng. Tennent, Sir James Emerson, statesman and writer .... 1804
Eng. Thackeray, Wm. Makepeace, novelist and essayist . . . .1811
Ger. Thalberg, Sigismnnd, pianist 1S12
Greek. Theodoret, ecclesiastical historian 386
Eng. Thesiger, Sir Frederick, attorney general of England . . . 1794
French. Thierry, Jac. Nic. Augustus, historian 1795
French. Thierry, Amedee S. D.. historian 1797
French. Thiers, Adolphe, politician and historian 1793-
Ger. Thirlwall, Dr. Conop, bishop of St. Davids, historian . . . 1797
Ger. Tholuck, Fred. Augus., theologian 1799
Eng. Thompson, Col. Thos. Peyronnet, political reformer and author . 17S3
Eng. Tickell, Thomas, poet and essayist (in Spectator) .... 1686
Ger. Tieck, Ludwig, poet and novelist
Amer. Ticknor, George, historian of Spanish literature
Russ. Todleben, Fr. Edw., general of engineers ....
Irish. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, general in the Irish rebellion
Amer. Torrey, John, botanist and chemist
Amer. Totten, Joseph G., military engineer 1788-
Eng. Trench, Rev. Rich. Trevenix, poet, philologist, and theologian . 1807-
Eng. Trollope, Mrs. Frances, novelist and traveller 1791-
Eng. Truro, Thos., baron (Sir T. Wilde), ex-lord chancellor . . . 1782-
Jew-Am. Truro, Judah, wealthy philanthropist . 1776-
Jew. Tudela, Benj. de. rabbi, traveller, flourished ....
Eng. Tupper, Martin Farquhar, poet and essayist ..... 1810-
Amer. Turner, Wm. W., printer and philologist 1810-
Eng. Tusser, Thos., author of "500 points of good husbandry " . . 1500-
Amer. Tyler, John, ex-president of the United States 1790-
Eng. Tyndale, Wm., reformer and first translator of the Bible into English 1500-
Amer. Tyng, Stephen H., D.D., episcopal divine and author . . . 1SOO-
Scot. Tytler, Patrick Fraser, historian 1790-
Ger. Uhland, Ludwig, poet 1787-
Amer. Van Buren, Martin, ex-president of the United States . . . 1782-
Eng. Vandenhoff, John, actor 1790-
Amer. Vanderlyn, John, historical painter 1776-
Swiss. Vattel, F. de, jurist, author of Law of Nations 1714-
Eng. Vaughan, Rev. Robt., D.D., "dissenting" divine and historian
Span. Vega, Lopez de, dramatic poet 1562-
French. Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., eminent surgeon ... . 1795-
Ital. Verdi, Giuseppe, musical composer 1814-
French. V T ernet, Horm-f, historical painter . . . 1789-
DIKD.
-1606
-1851
-1641
-1S5
-1654
-1S50
45T
-1740
1773
1791
1818
1763 1798
-1S54
12th Cent.
-1859
-1586
-1536
-1849
-176T
-1635
ADDENDA.
721
NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN.
French. Veron, Louis Desire, author and journalist 1798
Amer. Yerplanck, Gulian C., scholar and critic
Ital. Victor Emanuel II., king of Italy 1820-
Eng. Victoria, queen of Great Britain 1819
French. Vieuxtemps, Henri, violinist 1820
French. Vigny, count, Alfred, poet and critic 1799-
French. Villemain, Abel Fr., politician and author 1791
Ger. Voss, J. G., historical writer 1577
Ger. Waagen, Gustave Fried., art critic
Ger. Wagner, Rudolph, physiologist
Pol.-Fr. Walewski, Florian, count, statesman
Amer. Walker, Eobert J., politician, ex-secretary of Treasury
Irish. Wallace, Wm. Vincent, musical composer ....
Amer. Walworth, Eeuben H., jurist, ex-chancellor of New York
Eng. Warburton, Eliot, traveller and historian ....
Scot. Wardlaw, Eev. Ealph, theologian
Amer. Ware, Wm., novelist, "Zenobia," &c. 1797-
Eng. Warren, Samuel, jurist and novelist, "10,000 a Year" . . . 1807-
Eng. Warwick, E. Neville, earl of, general and statesman, " king-maker"
Eng. Waterland, Eev. Dr., theological and polemical writer . . . 1683-
Eng. Watts, Alaric Alex., poet and journalist 1799-
Amer. Wayland, Francis, D.D., metaphysician, theol. and polit. econ. . 1796-
Amer. Webster, Daniel, statesman 1782-
Eng. Wedgewood, J., scientific manufacturer of porcelain . . . . 1731-
Eng. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, mil. com., and statesman . 1769-
Eng. Whateley, Eich., archbishop of Dublin, theological and educational
writer 1787-
Eng. Wheatstone, Charles, electrician 1S02-
Eng. Whewell, Eev. Wm., theological, scientific, and educational writer . 1795-
Amer. Whipple, Edwin P., critic and essayist 1819-
Amer. Whittier, Jno. Greenleaf, poet and essayist . . 1808-
Amer. Whittingham, Wm. E., epis. bishop of Maryland, and author . . 1805-
Eng. Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford, and author .... 1805-
Eng. Wilkinson, Sir Jno. Gardner, Egyptologist .... 1797-
Eng. Williams, maj. gen., Sir Fenwick, defender of Kara .... 1800-
Amer. Willis, Nath. Parker, poet, novelist, essayist, critic, and journalist . 1807-
Eng. Wilson, Horace H., orientalist, professor of Sanscrit . . . . 1808-
Scot. Wilson, John (Christopher North), poet, critic, and essayist
Aust. Windischgratz, Alfred, prince de, generalissimo
Eng. Winslow, Forbes, physician and writer on insanity ....
Eng. Winterhalter, Franz Xavier, " court painter "
Eng. Wiseman, Nicholas, cardinal, Eoman Catholic theologian and author
Eng. Wither, George, poet
Eng. Wood, Antony, antiquary and biographer .
Amer. Woodbury, Levi, statesman and jurist
Amer. Woods, Leonard, theologian .
Amer. Wool, John E., major general U. S. Army .
Eng. Wotton, Sir Henry, statesman and poet
Eng. Wright, Thos., antiquarian author
Eng. Wyatt, Matthew Digby, architect and author
Amer. Young, Brigham, leader of the Mormons .
Ger. Zumpt, Karl G., author of Latin Grammar .... 1792
BIZD.
-1649
-1851
-1858
-1852
-1852
-1795
-1S52
-1854
-1667
-1695
-1851
-1851
-1689
THE WORLD'S PBOGBESS,
1850- -1861.
ADDENDA
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS,
1850-61.
(INCLUDING FACTS OMITTED IN FOEMEE YEAES.)
ABATTOIRS, or large public slaughter-houses in Paris, were built in 1812. The
charge for the slaughter of an ox is $1.20; and 150,000 are killed annually.
ABB A.SIDES. A Mohammedan dynasty, held the power of the Caliphs for 400
years until 1258. The Caliph Haroun al Rashid was of this line.
ABECEDARIANS. A sect appearing in the 16th century, held that it was
better not to know how to read, as the Holy Spirit would convey a direct
understanding of the Scriptures.
ABSTINENCE, TOTAL, from stimulating beverages : First temperance organiza-
tion in the United States is said to have been effected by Dr. B. J. Clark,
of Moreau, N. Y., 1808 ; "members fined 50 cents for intoxication."
American Temperance Union formed in Boston in 1826. Total abstinence
from distilled spirits except when prescribed as medicine, proposed at a meeting
in Philadelphia in 1833, but voted down. See Temperance. Tetotalkrs in
England organized in Lancashire, 1834.
ABYSSINIA. A large country in north-east Africa. Its ancient history is very
uncertain. The kingdom of Auxumitae (from its chief town Auxume)
flourished in the 1st and 2d centuries after Christ. About 960, Judith, a
Jewish princess, murdered a great part of the royal family, and reigned forty
years. The young king escaped ; and the royal house was restored in 1268
in the presence of his descendant. Icon Amlae. In the middle ages it was
said to be ruled by Prester John, or Prete Janni. The Portuguese missions
commenced in the 15th century, but they were expelled about 1632 in con-
sequence of the tyranny of Mendez and the Jesuits. The encroachments of
Gallas and intestine disorders soon after broke up the empire into petty
governments. The religion of Abyssinia is a corrupt form of Christianity
introduced in the 4th century by Trumentius. Missions were sent from
England in 1829 and 1841. Much information respecting Abyssinia has
been given by Bruce, (1790,) Salt, (1805-9,) Ruppell, (1838,) and Parkyns,
(1853).
AC ADI A. Now called Nova Scotia, settled by the French in 1604. and finally
ceded to the English in 1713. It was three times conquered by the English
and as often restored by treaty. Expulsion of French settlers (see Long-
fellow's Evangeline) 1755.
ACTS OF THE APOSTLES were probably written by Luke, A. D. 62 to 68.
726
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
ADMINISTRATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.-
sident Taylor, July 9, 1850*
-(p. 152.) On the death of Pre-
MILLAKD FILLMOKE, of New York (Vice-Pyesident) became President. He appointed,
soon after, the following Cabinet, viz. :
Massachusetts, Secretary of State
Ohio, Secretary of Treas'y.
Louisiana, -Secretary of War.
North Carolina, Sec'ry of the Navy.
Virginia, Sec'ry of Interior.
New York, Post Master General.
Kentucky, Attorney General.
Alabama," was elected Pres't of the Senate,
and became Acting Vice-Pres't of U. S.
Daniel Webster,
Thomas Corwin,
Charles M. Conrad,
William A. Graham,
A. H. H. Stewart,
Nathan K. Hall,
John J Crittenden.
William K. King,
Howell Cobb,
Linn Boyd,
Georgia (continued in office), \
Kentucky, December, 1851. )
Speakers of H. Reps.
FRANKLIN PIERCE, of New Hampshire, inaugurated March 4, 18?3, President.
Vice-President vacant, by death of Hon. Wm. E. King, April 18, 1853
William L. Marcy,
James Guthrie,
Robert M'Clelland,
James C. Dobbin,
Jefferson Davis,
James Campbell,
Caleb Gushing,
James L. Orr,
TUB CABINET
New York,
Kentucky,
Michigan,
North Carolina,
Mississippi,
Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts,
South Carolina,
Secretary of State.
Secretary of Treasury.
Secretary of Interior.
Secretary of Navy.
Secretary of War.
Post Master General.
Attorney General.
Speaker of H. Keps.
JAMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvania, inaugurated March 4, 1857, President.
JOHN C. BRECKENRIDGE, of Kentucky, Yice-President.
Lewis Cass,
John Black,
Isaac Toucey,
Jas. B. Floyd,
Joseph Holt,
Howell Cobb,
Philip Thomas,
John A. Dix,
Jacob Thompson,
Joseph Holt,
Horatio King,
John Black,
E. M. Stanton,
Nathl. P. Banks,
Wm. Pennington,
Michigan,
Pennsylvania,
Connecticut,
Virginia,
Kentucky,
Georgia,
Maryland,
New York,
Mississippi,
Kentucky,
Maine,
Pennsylvania,
Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts,
New Jersey,
Appointed Dec. 1860,
Appointed Jan. 1861,
Appointed Dec. 1860,
Appointed Jan. 1861,
> Secretary of State.
Secretary of Navy.
> Secretary of War.
[Secretary of Treasury.
Secretary of Interior.
Post Master General.
Jan. 1861,
Dec. I860, Attorney General.
} Speaker of H. Reps.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, inaugurated March 4, 1861, President.
HANNIBAL HAMLIN, of Maine, Vice-F'resident
Wm. H. Seward,
Salmon P. Chase,
Simon Cameron,
Gideon Welles,
Caleb B. Smith,
Montgomery Blair,
Edward Bates,
New York,
Ohio,
Pennsylvania,
Connecticut,
Indiana,
Maryland,
Missouri,
Secretary of State.
Secretary of Treasury.
Secretary of War.
Secretary of Navy.
Secretary of Interior.
Post Master General.
Attorney General
The salary of each member of the Cabinet was raised in 185S, from $6,000 to $8,000.
* OMISSIONS on page 152 " World's Progress"
Hugh S. Legare,
John C. Calhoun,
Geo. M. Bibb,
William Wilkins,
Thomas W. Gilmer,
John Y. Mason,
S. Carolina,
S. Carolina,
Kentucky,
Pennsylvania,
Virginia,
May 9, died June 20, 1843,
March 6, 1841, to Mar. 1, 1845,
June 15, 1844, to Maroh 3, 1 845, Se. of Treas.
Feb. 15, 1844, to March 3, 1845, Sec. of War.
j-Secs.ofStatei
Feb. 15, 1 844, died Feb. 28, 1844, 1 a
March 14, 1844, to Mar. 8, 1845. I
of N>.
ADDENDA. 727
ADULTERY IN ENGLAND, (p. 155.) By 20 Victoria, c. 85, (1857,) the "action for
criminal conversation " was abolished, and the " Court for Divorce and Matri-
monial Causes" was established, which has power to grant divorces for
adultery and ill usage. See Divorce.
ADVERTISEMENTS IN NEWSPAPERS. ENG. (p. 145.) The duty on them was
altogether abolished in the United Kingdom, August 4, 1853. For a copious
article on this subject see Appletorts Cyclopcedia.
ADVERTISING VANS, in 1853 a great nuisance, were prohibited in England.
They have recently appeared in New York and other places in the United
States.
AFRICA, (p. 15.) Richardson explored the great Sahara in 1845-'6, and in 1 849,
(by direction of the government,) he left England to explore Central Africa,
accompanied by Drs. Barth and Overweg. Richardson died March 4, 1851,
and Overweg September 27, 1852. Dr. Vogel was sent out with reinforce-
ments to Dr. Barth Feb. 20, 1853. Dr. Barth returned to England, and
received the Royal Geographical Society's medal May 16, 1856. His travels
were published in five volumes in 1858. Dr. David Livingstone, a mission-
ary traveller, returned to England in December, 1856, after an absence of
sixteen years, during which he traversed a large part of the heart of South
Africa, and walked about 11,000 miles, principally of country hitherto unex-
plored. His book was published in November, 1857. In February, 1858,
he was appointed British consul for the Portuguese possessions in Africa, and
left shortly after. He has been recently heard from, (1859.) Accounts of the
assassination of Dr. Vogel were received in 1857. Lieutenant Burton's
Explorations of the Eastern Coast, 185- ; his journey from Zanzibar to the
interior, 1858 ; and his account of it published in London and New York,
1860.
AFRICAN INSTITUTION. Founded in London, in 1807, for the abolition of
the slave trade, and the civilization of Africa. Many schools have been
established with success, particularly at Sierra Leone, where the number of
schools, male and female, is said to approach 2,000. Leigh,
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. In England, Sir Humphry Davy delivered
lectures on this subject (afterwards published) at the instance of the Board of
Agriculture, in 1812 ; but it excited little attention till the publication of
Liebig's work in 1840, which made a powerful impression. Boussingault's
" Economie Rurale," an equally important work, appeared in 1844. The
immoderate expectations from this study having been somewhat disappointed,
a partial reaction has taken place, and much controversy ensued. Liebig's
" Letters on Agriculture " appeared in 1859.
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. The earliest attempt at one was the Abbe
Rosier at Chambord, France, 1775. In 1844 Mr. Colman found but nine
agricultural schools in existence " worth notice." Seven years after, (1851,)
Professor Hitchcock enumerated no less than 352 in Europe, of which five
were in England, sixty-three in Ireland, and seventy-five in France. Among
the first in the United States is that at Ovid, Seneca county, New York,
founded in 1856. The Westchester N. Y. Farm School, founded 1856,
was the first private institution exclusively agricultural. There are now
(1860) agricultural professorships in Virginia, Georgia, &c., as well as in
Yale College. An annual course of thirty lectures on agriculture established
in 1850, at New Haven by Professor Norton. Michigan Agricultural College,
established by the legislature in 1850.
AGRICULTURE. Statistics of 1851 :
728
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
FRANCE.
UNITED STATES. RUSSIA.
72,000,000
118,000,000
243,000,000
576,000.000
100,000,000
1,400.000,000
9,000.000
*1 9,800,000
25,000,000
2,818.000
5,000.000
18.000,000
82,000.000
22.000,000
50.000.000
5,000.000
30,000,000
12,000.000
86,000,000
23,000,000
68,000,000
GREAT BRITAIN.
Acres of Land in Cultivation, 22,000,000
Bushels of Wheat, av. per annum, 836,000,000
Number of Horned Cattle, 18,000.000
Number of Horses, 1,600,000
Number of Sheep and Goats, 50,000.000
Number of Swine, 19,000,000
Population of each country, 27,000,000
AIR OR ATMOSPHERE. In 1858, Dr. R. Angus Smith made known a chemical
method of ascertaining the amount of organic matter in the air. The re-
searches of Dr. Schonbein, a German chemist of Basel, led to the discovery
of two states of the oxygen in the air, which he calls zone and antozone.
See Ozone.
ALABAMA. (P. 158.) The governor in his message, November 1851, recom-
mends a discriminating tax on all articles from those states that continue
slave agitation. Population in 1850: white, 426,515; free colored, 2,250.
Total free, 428,765; slaves, 342,894. In 1855: white, 464,456; free
colored, 2,466; slaves, 374,784. Population, 1860; white, 520,444; slaves,
435,473. The slaves have increased more rapidly than the whites. Ordi-
nance passed "seceding" from the United States January 7, 1861.
ALDINE PRESS. That of Aldus Manutius of Venice, at which were printed
many of the first editions of the Classics, etc., commencing in 1494 with
Musseus.
ALEPPO. A large city of Syria, called by the natives Haleb, and anciently
Beroea. The pachalic of Aleppo is one of the five governments into which
Syria is divided. It was taken by the Turks, A.D. 638; by Saladin, 1193;
and sacked by Timour, 1400. The depopulation occasioned by the plague
has frequently been dreadful; 60,000 persons were computed to have perished
by it in 1797. Aleppo suffered severely from the terrible earthquakes in
1822 and 1830. It has often been the scene of fanatical massacres. One
was caused by an attack of the Mahometans upon the Christian inhabitants
numbers falling victims to their merciless assailants, who burnt everything in
their way ; three churches were destroyed, five others were plundered, and
the total loss of property amounted to about a million sterling; no inter-
ference was attempted by the pacha or the Turkish soldiers, Oct. 16, 1850.
ALIWAL, BATTLE OF, India, between the Sikh army (24,000) and the British
under Sir H. Smith (12,000). Sikhs defeated with loss of 6,000, Jan. 28, 1846.
ALGIERS. (P. 162.) An insurrection of the Kabyles was subdued by tho
French in Oct. 1857. In 1858 the government was entrusted (for a short
time) to Prince Napoleon.
ALHAMBRA. A Moorish palace and fortress near Granada in Spain, founded by
Mohammed I. of Granada about 1253. It surrendered to the Christians,
Jan. 6, 1496. The remains have been described in a magnificent work by
Owen Jones and Jules Gowry, published 1 842-5. There is a fac-simile in a
court of this name in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, near London.
ALIENS. (P. 162.) The rigour of the Alien laws in England was much mitigated
by 7 & 8 Viet. c. 66, 1844.
ALLIANCE, TREATIES OF, (p. 162) between the high European powers:
Alliance of England, France, and
Turkey (signed at Constantinople)
March 12, 1854
Alliance of England and France,
ratified April 8, 1854
Alliance of Sardinia with the western
powers (signed at Turin'). . Jan. 26, 1855
Alliance of Sweden with the western
powers, Dec. 19, 1855
ADDENDA.
729
ALMA, BATTLE OF, in the Crimean war, between the allied British and French
armies (48,000) and the Russians under Menschikoff (46,000). Latter defeated
with loss of 5,000. Allied loss about 3,000, killed, wounded, and missing.
ALPACA. A species of the S. America quadruped the Llama, the soft hairy
wool of which is now largely employed in the fabrication of clothes. It was
introduced into England, about 1836, by the Earl of Derby. A gigantic
factory, etc. (covering 11 acres) for this manufacture was erected at Saltaire,
near Shipley in Yorkshire, by Mr. Titus Salt, in 1852.
ALPS. Roads over Mount Cenis and the Simplon were constructed by order of
Napoleon between 1801-6, connecting France and Italy. See Simplon. A
sub-alpine tunnel between France and Piedmont was in progress in 1858.
In 1859 the "Alpine Club," which consists of eminent British travellers in
the Alps, published their first work, "Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers."
AMBER. It is considered by Berzelius to have a resin dissolved in volatile oil.
It often contains delicately formed insects. Sir D. Brewster concludes it to
be indurated vegetable juice. When rubbed it becomes electrical, and from
its Greek name electron the name Electricity is derived.
AMERICA, CENTRAL, including the states of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Salvador, and Costa Rica (formerly the Spanish viceroyalty of Guatemala)
which declared their independence Sept. 21, 1821, and separated from the
Mexican confederation. Ju*ly 21, 1823. The states made a treaty of union
between themselves, March 21, 1847. There has been among them since
much anarchy and bloodshed, aggravated greatly by the irruption of Ameri-
can filibusters under Kenney and Walker, 1854-5. See Nicaragua, Darien,
and Panama.
AMERICAN FLAG. Previous to 1776, the colors used by the American army,
exhibited a snake with thirteen rattles, in a crimson ground interlaced with
white. On the 14th June, 1777, Congress resolved, "that the flag of the
thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternately red and white ; that the
union be thirteen stars, white, on a blue field representing ' a new con-
stellation.' "
ANNUAL REGISTER, a summary of the history of each year (beginning with
1758, and continued to the present time) was commenced in London by R.
and J. Doclsley. The somewhat similar but more elaborate work, the
Annuaire de Deux Mondes, first appeared in Paris, in 1850.
ANAESTHETICS. Substances to alleviate pain:
Carbonic acid gas, recommended by
Dr. Hickman 1828
Chloroform or its use discovered
nearly at the same time by Dr. G.
Guthrie, Sackets Harbor, N Y.,
M. Soubeiran in France, and Prof.
Liebig in Germany 1831
Use of ether to relieve pain, first
effected at the instance of Dr. W.
T. G. Morton at the Mass. Hos-
pital Oct. 16, 1846
Patent for it secured by Dr. Mor-
ton "... Nov. 12, 1846
Dr. Chs. T. Jackson appeared as
claimant of the discovery, Jan. 2, 1847
and a controversy on the respec-
tive claims was continued for
several years.
Bill introduced in U. S. Senate to
purchase Dr. Morton's patent for
$100,000 Aug. 28, 1852
Claim of the widow of Dr. Horace
Wells, of Hartford, Conn , that he
originated the use of ether previ-
ous to Morton. (These various
claims fully discussed in Morton's
Statements of Evidence. ISoS, and
LittelFs Living Age, vols. 16 & 17.)
Use of chloroform first proposed for
same purpose as sulphuric ether,
by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh 1847
ANNUALS, the name given to richly bound volumes, published annually, contain-
ing poetry, tales, and essays, by eminent authors, and illustrated by engrav-
ings. They first appeared in London in 1823. They were imitations of
730
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
similar books in Germany. The duration of the chief of these publications is
here given
Forget-me-not (Ackerman's) 1823-48
Friendship's Offering 1824-44
Literary Souvonir (first as The
Graces) 1824-34
Amulet 1827-34
Keepsake 1826-66
Hood's Comic Annual 183l'-36
ANONYMOUS LETTERS. In England, the sending of threatening or libellous
anonymous letters was made felony by several acts, 1722, 1827, 1847.
Punishment transportation, imprisonment, and whipping.
ANTIGUA. A West India island, discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; settled by
the English in 1632.
AQUARIUM, or AQUAVIVARIUJL A vessel containing water (marine or fresh)
in which animals and plants may co-exist, mutually supporting each other;
snails being introduced as scavengers. In 1849, Mr. N. B. Ward succeeded
in growing sea- weeds in artificial sea-water. In 1850, Mr. R Warington
demonstrated the conditions necessary for the growth of animals and plants
in jars of water; and in 1853 the glass tanks in the zoological gardens,
Kegerit's Park, were set up under the direction of Mr. D. Mitchell. In 1850
Mr. Gosse published, "The Aquarium." Mr. W. A 1 ford Lloyd, of Portland
Road, London, by his enterprise in collecting specimens, has done much to
increase the value and interest of aquaria. Mr C. E. Hammett, Jr., of New-
port, R. L, published 1859 his observations and experiments with Aquaria,
which were very remarkable. Aquaria have been introduced into several
public museums in the U. S., and they are also largely cultivated in private
houses.
AQUEDUCT. (P. 171.) The greatest of modern or perhaps of any time is the
Croton aqueduct, which supplies the City of New York with water from
Croton lake, 40 miles distant. It was commenced 1837 ; its completion was
publicly celebrated in 1842; its cost was $10,375,000. It is carried across
the Harlem river on a bridge 100 feet high. Chief engineer John B. Jervis;
contractor for the bridge, Geo. Law.
The aqueduct which supplies Boston from lake Cochituate, 23 J miles, was
commenced in 1846; its completion celebrated Oct. 25, 1848; cost $5,370,818.
That which supplies the city of Brooklyn, L. L, was finished 1858 ; engineer
J. P. Kirkwood; cost $640,828.
ARCHITECTURE. (P. 173.) Dates of notable buildings :
Egyptian Pyramids, B. c. 1500
Solomon's Temple begun B. c. 1000
Temple of Jupiter, Rome, B. o. 616
Babylon built B. c. 600
Parthenon finished B. c. 438
Pantheon at Rome.. . A. D. 13
Coliseum A. D. 70
Basilicas at Rome A. D. 830-9; H)
StSophia's, Constantinople.begun A.D. 582
Canterbury Cathedral A. . 61 2
Mosque of Omar A. n. 637
York Minster begun A. D. 741
ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. See North- West Passage, and franklin's Expedition.
Lt. Hartstene with the Arctic and
release leaves Brooklyn, May 31,
1855. and finds Dr. Kane at Lieve-
ley, Greenland. Sept. 18, 1S55; and
returns to N.York with him Oct.ll. 1855
Steamer Fox, Capt. McCliniock, sails
from Aberdeen (sent by Lady
Franklin) in search of remains of
Franklin's expedition July 10, 1857
Capt McClintock returns, bringing
relies and remains of Franklin's
Expedition, and ascertaining his
fate . .1859
ARIZONA, known as the Gadsden purchase, a territory of 30,000 square miles
purchased from Mexico by the U.S. for $10,000,000, in 1855. It had in
1856 about 5,000 inhabitants, chietly Mexicans.
ADDENDA. 731
ARGENTINE (or La Plata) CONFEDERATION. Originally fourteen, now thir-
teen, provinces, Buenos Ayres having seceded in 1853. This country was
discovered by the Spaniards in 1517; settled by them in 1553, and formed
part of the great vice-royalty of Peru till 1778, when it became that of Rio
de la Plata. It joined the insurrection in 1811, and became independent in
1816. It was at war with Brazil from 1826 to 1828, for the possession of
Uruguay, which became independent as Monte-Video. It was at war with
Prance from 1838 0. Urquiza was chosen President for six years in 1854.
See Buenos Ayres.
ARTESIAN WELLS (from Artesia, now Artois, in France, where they frequently
occur) are formed by boring through the upper soil to strata containing water,
which has percolated from a higher level, and which rises through the boring
tube to that level. The fountains in Tralalgar Square in London are supplied
by two of these wells. The great well at Paris was completed in 184] , after
eight years of exertion, by M. Mulot, at an expense of about 12,000. It
yielded 880,000 gallons of water, at the temperature of 81 Fahr., in twenty-
four hours. The well at Kissingen was completed in 1850. These wells are
now becoming common in various parts of the world. Tens of thousands of
them are said to have existed in China from an early age. The U. S. govern-
ment have contemplated making them in the vast western plains on the over-
land route to California.
ASCENSION DAY. This day, also called Holy Thursday, is that on which the
Church celebrates the ascension of our Saviour, the fortieth day after his resur-
rection from the dead, May 14, A. D. 33 ; first commemorated, A. D. 68. Some
Christian writers affirm that Christ left the print of his feet on that part of
Mount Olivet where he last stood ; and St. Jerome says that it was visible in
his time.
ASHANTEES. A warlike tribe of negroes of West Africa. In 1807 they con-
quered Fantee, in which the British settlement Cape Coast Castle is situated.
On the death of the king who had been friendly to the English, hostilities
began, and on Jan. 21, 1824, the Ashantees defeated about 1000 British under
Sir Charles M'Carthy at Accra, and brought away his skull with others as
trophies. They were subdued in 1826 by Col. Pardon.
ASSEMBLY OF DIYIXE3, held at Westminster, London, July 1, 1643, con-
voked by order of Parliament to consider the liturgy, government, and doc-
trines of the church. Two were elected f<3r each county. They adopted the
Scottish Covenant, and drew up catechisms now authorized by the Church of
Scotland.
ART-UNION. For distributing works of art by lot. The first was in Germany
founded at Munich in 1823; followed by those of Berlin (1828), Dresden,
Leipzic, Bremen, Dusseldorf, Frankfort, Yienna, etc. " Roman Catholic Art-
Unions" were started in 1851. London Art-Union founded 1837 ; its receipts
increased in nineteen years from $500, to $90,000 per ann. The first in the
U. S., the American Art-Union (originally the Apollo Association) was
founded at N. Y., 1839. It continued thirteen years, purchasing and distri-
buting works to the amount of $453.853. It was closed in 1851 as being
forbidden by the state laws against lotteries.
ASTRONOMY. For the planets recently discovered, see Planets. The Dudley
Observatory at Albany, chiefly the gift of Mrs. B. Dudley, inaugurated Aug.
28, 1856. The progress of this science in the U. S. has been much accele-
rated by the labors of W. C. Bond at Cambridge, 0. M. Mitchell at Cincinnati,
and Miss Mitchell at Nantucket.
732
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. See Submarine Telegraph.
ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY. The first experiments in England at Wormwood
Scrubs, 1840. First in Ireland near Dublin, 1843, given up 1855.
AUGUSTINS, a religious mendicant order, which ascribes its origin to St. Augus-
tine, who died A. D. 430. These monks really first appeared in the 12th Cen-
tury, and the order was constituted by Pope Alexander IV., in 1256. Its
rule requires strict poverty, humility, and chastity. Martin Luther was an
Augustin monk. The Augustins held the doctrine of free grace, and were
the rivals of the Dominicans.
AURICULAR CONFESSION. The confession of sin at the ear (Latin auris) of
the priest must have been an early practice, since it is said to have been
forbidden in the fourth century by Nectarius, archbishop of Constantinople.
It was first enjoined by the Council of Lateran in 1215. It was one of Six
Articles of Faith enacted by Henry VIII. in 1539, and by the Council of
Trent; but was abolished in England at the Reformation. Its revival in
England was attempted by the Church party called Puseyites or Tractarians,
but without success.
AURORA BOREALIS, or NORTHERN LIGHTS. The most remarkable exhibitions
of this phenomenon on record are those of 1560 in London, in the form of burn-
ing spears; 1574 (described by Stow), and the close of the 18th century;
again in 1835, 1886, and 1837. In Northern Europe, this phenomenon now
very common, was very rare previous to the 18th century. In 1859-60, the
Aurora was very brilliant at several times, in different parts of the United
States, and the telegraph wires were sensibly affected by the electricity.
AUSTRALIA, the smallest continent or largest island in the world, about one-
sixth the size of North and South America, and ten times larger than Borneo,
its area being about 3,000,000 square miles. Its colonization by convicts
Avas first proposed at the close of the American war of Independence. It is
now divided into four provinces: New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria
(or Port Philip), and Western Australia (or Swan River).
Capt. Cook landed at Botany Bay .. 1770
Sydney founded 1788
Gov. Bligh for his tyranny deposed
by an insurrection 1803
AUSTRIA. See p. 184.
Trial by jury abolished 1852
Marriage of the emperor to Eliza-
beth, daughter of Maximilian,
duke in Bavaria A pr. 24, 1854
Alliance with England and France
on the Eastern Question. . .Dec. 2, 1S54
Degrading Concordat with Koine
Aug. 18, 1855
Diplomatic relations wi'h Sardinia
broken off on ace. of attacks of
Sardinian Press March, 1857
Excitement on the Address of Napo-
leon III. to Austrian, minister.
Hubner Jan. 1, 1859
Preparations for war Banks of the
Ticino fortified... Feb. and March, 1859
Anotrin demands that Sardinia dis-
arm. Refused Apr. 26. 1859
Austrians crtm the Ticino.. Apr. 26, 1859
First Ch. of Eng. Bishop (Brough ton) 1886
Melbourne founded Nov. 1857
Transportation suspended 1839
Transportation ceased 1853
French troops reach Genoa..Apr. 27, 1859
French emperor declares war.. May 3, 1S59
Austrians defeated at Montebello,
May 20, 1859
do do Palestro, May 30-1, 1859
do do Magenta, June 4, 1859
do do Marignano,June8, 1859
Death of Prince Metternicb. set. 86,
June 11, 1859
Austrians def. at Solferino, June 24, 1859
Armistice Agreed upon July 6, 1859
Emperors of France and Austria
meet July II, 1859
Preliminaries of peace at Villa
Franca, Lombardy to belong to
Sardinia July 12, 1859
Fruitless conference of envoys at
Zurich Aug. 8, to 'Sept. 1859
ADDENDA. 733
B.
BAALBEC, OR HELTOPOLIS, both of which mean " City of the Sun." An
ancient city of Syria, of which magnificent ruins remain, described by Wood
(in 1757) and others. Its origin (referred to Solomon) is lost in antiquity.
Antoninus Pius is stated to have built a magnificent Temple of Jupiter here.
The city was sacked by the Moslems, A. D. 748, and by Timour Bey, 1400.
BADEN. (P. 186.) 1852. Frederic (born September 9, 1826), regent to Sept. 5,
1856, when he was declared grand duke, and still remains so (1861). Heir,
his son, Frederic William, born July 9, 1857.
BALAKLAVA (small sea-port in the Crimea), Battle of. Russians about 12,000,
commanded by Gen. Liprandi, British by Lord Raglan. In this battle Lord
Cardigan's cavalry made the famous "charge of the light brigade;" only
198 out of 607 returning from the charge, Oct. 25, 1854. Another engage-
ment here, Russians defeated, losing 2000, Allies losing 600, March 22, 1855.
Electric telegraph between this place and London completed April, 1855.
BALLOON. (P. 187.) An Italian aeronaut ascended from Copenhagen, in Den-
mark, Sept. 14, 1851 ; his corpse was subsequently found on the sea-shore in
a contiguous island, dashed to pieces. On June 23, 1859, Mr. Wise and three
others ascended from St. Louis in a balloon. After travelling 1150 miles
they descended in Jeft'erson county, New York, very narrowly escaping with
their lives. A monster balloon, constructed by Mr. Lowe lor the professed
intention of an air- voyage to Europe, was inflated and exhibited at New York,
May 1860, and again in Pennsylvania, but the weather or accident defeated
the project.
BALLOONS. EQUESTRIAN ASCENTS were made by Green in London in 1850,
and stopped by law, 1852. In France ascents on horses in balloons have
been frequently made since 1850.
BALLOT. Secret voting was practised by the ancient Greeks. A tract entitled
" The* Benefit of the Ballot," said to have written by Andrew Marvell, was
published in England in the " State Tracts," 1693 The ballot-box was used
in a political club which met in 1659 at Mile's coflee-house. Westminster. It
was proposed to be used in the election of members of Parliament in a pam-
phlet published in 1705. The ballot has been an open question in British
Whig governments since 1835. On June 30, 1857, the House of Commons
rejected the ballot, 257 being against, and 189 for it. It became part of the
electoral law of Victoria, Australia, in 1856. Secret voting existed in the
chamber of deputies in France from 1840 to 1845, and was employed also
after the coup d'etat in 1851. In the U. States the ballot is used in all public
elections.
BALTIC EXPEDITION, against Russia, from England, under Sir Charles Napier,
consisting of a large fleet, sailed March, 1854. Captured Bomarsund, Aug. 16.
Second expedition,85 ships, under Admiral Dundas, with 16 French ships, under
Pernaud, sailed April 4, 1855 ; returned in August, without important results.
BALTIMORE. (P. 187.) Population in 1860, 214,037, including 2,213 slaves.
BANKRUPTS in ENGLAND. (P. 189.) The number in 1850 was 1298; in 1857
it was 1488; in 1858 there were 1346. In Scotland, there were 453 in 1857.
In Ireland, 73.
BANKRUPTCY in the U. S. A general bankrupt law was passed by Congress,
April 4. 1800, and repealed 1803. Another was passed Aug. 19, 1841, and
repealed 1843. See Commercial Failures.
734
THE WORLD'S PKOGIJESS.
BANKRUPTCY LAWS (p. 189) in England. A Court of Bankruptcy was first esta-
blished 1831. An important act relating to the subject was passed 1849,
amended 1854, and further discussed for amendment 1859.
BAPTISTS, U. S. A. (P. 190.) In 1858 they had 12,000 churches with 1,500,000
members. In 1762, they had 56 churches only; 1792, 1000; 1812, 2432;
1832, 5322; 1852, 9500.
BATTLES. (P. 192.)
In the British and French (allies) war with Russia:
Silistria June 13-15, 1854
Alina Sept 20, 1854
BalakliiVii Oct. 25, L-54
Inkerman Nov. 5, 1854
Eupatoria (Turks and K.). .Feb. 17, 1S55
Sebastopol March 22-4, 1855
Tchernaya Aug. 16, 1855
Ma akott' taken by the French, Sept.8, 1855
Ingour (Kuss. and Turks).. . Nov. 6, 1855
Baidar (Kuss. and French). . .Dec. 8, 1855
In British war against mutineers in India :
Cawnpore, victory of
Conflicts before Delhi, May 30 to
July 23, 1S57
Havelock's victories before Cawn-
pore, &c July 12 to Aug. 16, 1857
Assault and capture of Delhi. Sep-
tember 16-20, 1857
Allied (French and Sardinian*} against Austrians in Italy :
Austrians cross the Ticino, April 27, 1859
Montebello (Allies vict.) May 20, 1S59
Palestro do .... May 30, 1859
See Sardinia, Naples, &c.
Campbell,
Dec 6, 1857
Lucknow taken March 14-19, 1858
Gwalior (Rose victorious). . June 17, 1858
Begum of Oude defeated Feb. 10, 1S59
Magenta (Allies vict.) June 4, 1859
Malignant) do June 8, Is59
Solfel-ino do June 24, 1859
Naval conflict in China :
Mouth of the Peiho June 25, 1859 | French and English attack on Pekin, 1860
BEDOUINS. Wandering tribes of Arabs, living on the plunder of travellers, &c.
They profess a form of Mahommedanism, and are governed by sheikhs. They
are said to be descendants of Ishmael, and appear to fulfil the prophecy
respecting him, B. c. 1911, Gen. xvi. 12. They are the scourge of Arabia
and Egypt.
BENEVOLENCE OF BRITISH CHRISTIANS. During 1859 there were 'contributed
to about thirty of the principal religious societies of Great Britain $1,262,435,
an average of $82,000 a week, over $11, 000 a daj-, and nearly $500 an hour.
And yet this is but a portion of the amount given in that country for evan-
gelical and benevolent purposes. The income of the British and Foreign
Bible Society was $774,530; of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, $645,380;
of the Church Missionary Society, $610,440; of the Religious Tract Society,
$489,490; of the London Missionary Society, $366,440.
BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. (P. 199.) The receipts of some of the principal
benevolent societies of New York, for the year ending April 30, were :
1856
1857
1858
1859
I860
Amer. Tract Society
$848 049
' Bible
393,163
441.805
890,759
415,011
429 799
' B. C. For. Miss
307318
888,932
3:34 000
850815
435 956
1 Home Missionary Soc
19354*
178,060
175 970
1SS 139
185216
1 Sunday School Union
(sales')
202,426
234,436
k and For. Christ. Union
' Bapt. Home Missions Society.
' Seaman's Friend Society
' Soc. for Melior. cond. of Jews.
New York Stte Colonization Society
" Children's Aid Society ....
10,524
12,148
15,662
17,399
12,685
ADDENDA. 735
BIBLE SOCIETIES. The first that ever existed was established by some Roman
Catholic prelates, in France, in 1774. Chambers' 's Ed. CL The British aud
Foreign Bible Society distributed, during the forty-live years ending Jan. 1,
1851, more than twenty-three millions of copies, in one hundred and forty dif-
ferent languages.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, THE SCIENCE OF BOOKS. The following works on this subject
are highly esteemed : Peignot, Manuel, 1823 ; Home, Introduction to the
Study of Bibliography, 1814; SCRIPTURAL. Orme, Bibliotheca Biblica, 1824;
Darling, Cyclopaedia Bibliographica, 1854-8; CLASSICAL, the works of Fabri-
cius, Clarke, and Dibdin; ENGLISH, Watts' Bibliotheca Britannica, 1824;
Lowndes, Manual, 1834 (new edition by Bohn, 1857-61); FRENCH, Querard,
1828 et seq. As a general work of reference, Brunet's Manuel du Libraire,
1842, is exceedingly valuable. The most important work on English and
American bibliography is Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, 2 vols. R. 8vo.
1859-61.
BILL OF EXCEPTIONS. In England, the right of tendering to a judge upon a trial
between parties a bill of exceptions to his charge, his definition of the law, or
to remedy other errors of the court, was provided by the second statute of
"Westminster, 13 Edw. I. 1284. Such bills are tendered to this day, and the
practice is recognised in American courts of law.
BIRDS. Divided by Linnseus into six orders (1735) ; by Blumenbach into eight
1805); and by Cuvier into six (1817). The most remarkable works ever
published on Birds are those by our American Audubon, and those by John
Gould in England ; the latter will consist of 31 folio volumes of colored plates,
&c. Each set, bound, will cost about 500. Audubon's great work on Birds
of America was engraved and published by him in Edinburgh, in four huge
folios, about 1835 ; the subscription price was $800. It was reproduced in
7 smaller vols. in 1840, and in the original form in 1859-60 at New York.
BLOW-PIPE. The origin of this indispensable chemical apparatus is unknown.
It was employed in mineralogy, by Andrew von Swab, a Swede, about 1733,
and improved by Wollaston and others. In 1802, Prof. Robert Hare, of
Philadelphia, increased the action of the blow-pipe by the application of
oxygen and hydrogen. By the agency of Newman's improved pipes, in 1816,
Dr. E. D. Clarke fused the earths, alkalies, metals, &c. The best work on
the blow-pipe is by Plattner and Muspratt, 1854.
BOLIVIA, a republic in South America, formerly of Peru, was declared indepen-
dent, Aug. 6, and took the name of Bolivia, in honor of General Bolivar,
Aug. 11, 1825. The insurrection of the ill-used Indians, under Tupac Amaru
Andres, took place in 1780-2. Slavery was abolished in 1836. General
Sucre governed ably from 1826-8; Santa Cruz ruled from 1828 to 1834;
after which many disorders occurred. In 1S53 free trade was proclaimed.
General Cordova president, 1855-7, was succeeded by Jose Maria Lenares.
Population in 1855, 2,326,126.
BOLOGNA. (P. 208.) During the Italian war of 1859, the Romagna threw off
the temporal sovereignty of the Pope, and voted for annexation to Sardinia.
On Oct. 2, the provisional government at Bologna decreed that all public
acts should be headed " under the reign of Victor Emmanuel."
BOOK-TRADE, UNITED STATES. (P. 211.) The number of new books recorded
as published during one year ending June 30, 1851, was 1261. No accurate
statistics have been compiled in recent years. In 1855 the number of new
works and new editions recorded as then first published in the U. S. was about
2400. There are in the U. S. (1860) about 3,000 booksellers and 400 publishers.
736 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
BOOK-TRADE of GREAT BRITAIN. (P. 210.) Number of new publications in
1850, 4400. In 1859 there were 5507 different works entered for copyright,
and 4066 volumes and pieces of music. This is an increase of 700 per cent,
on the returns of 1828: about 400 per cent, on those of 1836, and about 50
per cent, on those of 1854.
BOOK-TRADE, FRANCE. (P. 210.) The value of books imported in 1855, was
1,829,470 francs. Value of exports, 12,344,855 francs: increase of exports
since 1851, 30 per cent.
BORNEO, an island of the Indian Ocean, the largest in the world except Austra-
lia, was discovered by the Portuguese in 1526. The Dutch traded here in
1604, established factories in 1776, and still remain on the island. The Bri-
tish chastised Bornean pirates in 1813, and again 1843, and in 1846 they
took possession of a part of the island. Sir James Brooke being appointed
"Rajah of Sarawak," an English bishop for the island consecrated at Cal-
cutta, Oct. 18, 1855. Insurrection of Chinese in Sarawak, Feb. 18, 1857;
subdued by Brooke, and 2000 insurgents killed. British government urged
to purchase Sarawak, Nov. 1858, but declined.
BOSTON, U. S. A. (P. 212.) The population in 1850 was 136,881; in 1855,
160,508; in 1860, 177,902. Free Public Library, a noble institution, first
opened 1858.
BOUNDARY QUESTIONS between the U. S. and England. The " North-East
Boundary" between Maine and the British possessions, adjusted by the
Webster- Ashburton Treaty at Washington, 1842. The Oregon Boundary,
adjusted by treaty at London, June 18, 1856.
BRAZIL. (P. 216.)
First Steam-Ship line to Europe 1850
Slave trade suppressed 1852
Railways commenced 1852
Eio Janeiro lighted with gas 1854
BRIBERY at Elections in England. (P. 217.) Borough of St. Albans disfranchised
for bribery, 1852. Elections at Derby and other places declared void by
bribery in 1853, and at other places 1857-9.
BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. The Rev. Francis, Earl of Bridgewater, died
in April, 1829, leaving, by will, 8000 to be given to eight persons, appointed
by the President of the Royal Society, who should write each an essay on the
power, wisdom, and goodness of God as manifested in the Creation. The
essays (by Sir Charles Bell, Drs. T. Chalmers, John Kidd, William Buckland,
William Prout, J. M. Roget, and the Revs. William Whewell and William
Kitty) were published in 1834-37.
BRITISH ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. It holds annual
meetings, the first of whiclr was held at York in 1831. One of its main
objects is to promote the intercourse of those who cultivate science. A
volume containing reports of the proceedings is published annually.
BRITISH COLUMBIA. In June, 1858, news came to California that in April
gold had been found in abundance on the mainland of North America, a little
to the north and east of Vancouver's Island. A great influx of gold-diggers
(in a few weeks above 50,000) from all parts was the consequence. Mr. Doug-
las, Governor of Vancouver's Island, evinced much ability in prest-rvin.u;
order. The territory was made a British province with the above title, and
placed under Mr. Douglas. The colony was nominated, :nd the government
settled, Aug. 1858. For a dispute in July, 1859, see United Slate?. (Tables.)
BRITISH MUSEUM. (P. 220.) In 1846 the Right Hon. Thos. Grenville
bequeathed to the Museum his library, consisting of 20,240 vols. The
ADDENDA. 737
Assyrian sculptures and other treasures were collected by Mr. Layard
between 1847-50. In Nov. 1858 a large number of antiquities from Hali-
carnassus were added, which had been obtained by Mr. C. Newton. See
Nineveh. Great additions to, and improvements in, the buildings have lately
been made by the munificence of Parliament, independently of a large annual
grant for scientific purposes. A gigantic iron railing, inclosing the frontage,
was completed in 1852. The present magnificent reading-room was opened
to the public. May 11, 1857. It was erected by Sidney Smirke, according to
a plan by Antonio Panizzi, the present librarian (1859), at a cost of about
150,000. The height of the dome is 106 feet, and the diameter 140 feet.
The room contains about 80,000 vols., and will accommodate 300 readers.
The library contains above 562,000 vols. exclusive of tracts, MSS., &c. The
alphabetical catalogue was completed from A to H in May, 1858 in above
1000 folio vols.
BROOKLYN, on Long Island, but really a suburb of the city of New York, in
1800 had but 3298 inhabitants; in 1830 it had 15,292 ; in 1855 (then consoli-
dated with Williamsburgh) it had 205,250. In 1860, it had 273,425.
BUDDHISM, the religion formerly of India, and now of a large part of Asia
beyond the Ganges and Japan, from which Brahminism is derived. Buddha,
or the "Wise, flourished about 1000 or 1100 B. c. The Buddhists believe that
the soul is an emanation from God, and that, if it continues virtuous, it will
return to him on the death of the body ; but if not virtuous, it will undergo
various changes of abode. Buddhism was expelled from India about
A. D. 596.
BUENOS- AYRES, S. America, (P. 222.) The independence of the province was
declared July 19, 1816, and it was recognised in February, 1822, as forming
part of the Argentine Confederation ; but for some years past the country has
been a prey to civil war under various leaders, among whom were Oribe,
Urquiza, and Rosas. The last was defeated in battle, Feb. 3, 1852, by
Urquiza, to whom Buenos- Ayres capitulated, and Rosas fleeing to England,
arrived at Plymouth, April 25, 1852. General Urquiza having been deposed
Sept. 10, 1852. invested the city, Dec. 28. He defeated his opponent's squa-
dron, April 18, 1853, but withdrew his forces, July 13, and the civil war
ended. In 1853, Buenos- Ayres seceded from the Argentine Confederation,
and has been generally recognised as an independent state. Dr. D. Pastor
Obligado was elected governor, Oct. 12, 1853. Dr. Valentin Alsina was
elected governor for three years, May, 1857. Population in 1854 about
350,000.
BUILDING SOCIETIES, for mutual benefit of persons of limited means who
would build or buy their houses economically, are said to have originated at
Kirkcudbright, Scotland. A large number were organized in New York in
1848-49, but they do not appear to have been generally sustained.
BURMESE or BIRMAN EMPIRE. For the events of war with England, and of the
Burmese war, commenced in 1851, see India. The province of Pegu annexed
to British empire, Dec. 20, 1852. War declared at an end, June 20, 1853.
0.
CABINET, U. S. See Administrations.
CABRIOLET. One-horsed cabriolets (vulgo, cabs) were introduced in London as
738 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
public conveyances in 1823, when the number in use was 12. In 1831 they
had increased to 165. In 1859 there were in London 5500 cabs of which
about 1500 ply on Sundajr. Hackney-coaches there are now almost extinct.
In 1853 the legal fare was made 6d. per mile. In New York and other
Amer. cities, a clumsy style of cab was introduced in 1844-5, but not being a
desirable shape they were not popular, and soon disappeared. Proposals for
introducing a better pattern were published by the Superintendent of Central
Park, N. Y., 1860.
CALIFORNIA. (P. 230.) In 1831 the population (Mexican) was estimated at
23,000. By the census of 1850 the number was 92,597 ; by that of 1852 it
was 264,435, of whom only 22,193 were white females. In 1856 the popu-
lation was 518,380, of whom 336,380 were Americans; 15,000 Mexicans;
10.000 Irish ; 10,000 Germans ; 2000 English, and 15,000 various (white)
nationalities ; 50,000 Chinese ; 65,000 Indians. From 1849 to 1857 inclusive,
75,301 Chinese arrived at San Francisco, of whom 17,524 returned during
the same time.
CALORIC ENGINE. First reduced to practice by John Ericsson in London in
1833, and then considered a success, but not made practically available till
1852. In that year it was introduced in a ship of 2000 tons which it pro-
pelled from New York to Alexandria in the Potomac and back in very rough
weather, February, 1853. This achievement created great excitement in the
scientific world, but the speed attained was not commercially sufficient.
Subsequently Ericsson devised an engine that for all purposes requiring a
moderate power, has proved entirely successful, and is now extensively used
in the United States, Cuba, Canada, and in many South American and Euro-
pean States. It is inexplosive, entirely free from danger, consumes but little
fuel, and requires no water. Innumerable motors have been planned and
patented by men of science during the last hundred years, but the only one
(other than steam-engines) that has become an article of use and commerce
is Ericsson's Caloric Engine, patented in the United States, Dec. 14, 1858.
It establishes an epoch in the history of motive power.
CANADA. (P. 232.) Ottawa, formerly Bytown, was appointed the capital in
1858. A regiment of the line (the 100th) spontaneously raised in 1858. The
upper and lower provinces united and designated Canada East and Canada
"West. Sir Edmund Head gov. gen. . Grand Trunk Railway 850 miles
long, from Quebec to Toronto, with branch to Portland, Maine, opened Nov.
12, 1856. Victoria Bridge at Montreal completed 1860, and opened with
great ceremony by the Prince of "Wales, 1860. Population in 1852: Upper
Canada, 952,004; Lower Canada, 890,261. In 1857 it was estimated thus:
Upper Canada, 1,305,923; Lower, 1,220,514. The value of exports in 1857
was 6,751,656.
CANALS. (P. 233.) The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (Md.), cost $10,000,000,
completed ; the Lachine Canal, in Canada, 3f miles, cost $235,934 per
mile ; the Erie Canal cost $19,679 per mile.
CANCER. A hospital to receive persons suffering from this fearful disease, was
founded by Miss Burdett Coutts, at Brompton, near London, on May 30, 1859.
CANNON. (P. 234.) In 1820 the maximum size of guns in American forts was
a 24-pounder; in 1850 the largest was 10-inch bore carrying balls of 124 lbs
A vol. of reports of experiments in gunmaking was published by the U. S.
Ordnance Department in 1856. The largest cannon ever made was one
made by Horsfall, Liverpool, for the British government in 1856. It weighed
ADDENDA. 739
21 tons 18 cwt. The guns cast for the new steam frigates of the U. S. were
invented by Capt. Dahlgreen, U. S. N., and bear his name.
CANTON. (P. 235.) In consequence of an outrage on a British vessel the forts
guarding the city were captured, and Canton was bombarded, Oct. 29, 1856,
by order of Sir J. Bowring, who was afterwards censured by a vote of ihe
House of Commons. Canton taken by the British and French,. Dec. 29, 1857,
and Yeh, the governor, was sent to Calcutta a prisoner.
CAOUTCHOUC, or INDIA RUBBER. (P. 235.) Goodyear's first patent for hard
rubber as a substitute for horn and tortoise-shell, for combs, paper-knives,
veneer, walking-sticks, was taken in 1839. The value of the raw material
imported in 1857 was about $1,000,000. Value of exports of the manufac-
tured articles about $1,200,000.
CAPITOL of the UNITED STATES. The corner-stone of the original edifice was
laid by Washington, Sept. 18, 1793. It was burnt by the British 1814;
restored 1818. Corner-stone of the new wings laid by Pres. Fillmore, July
4, 1851. The present structure is 751 feet long, and covers 3^ acres.
CARICATURES. The modern caricatures of Gilray, Rowlandson, (H. B.)
(John Doyle j^HB), R. Doyle and J. Leech are justly celebrated. The
well-known " Punch" was first published in 1841. The most eminent writers
of fiction (Douglas Jerrold, Thackeray, A'Becket, Professor E. Forbes, &c.)
have contributed to this amusing periodical. "Vanity Fair," commenced in
New York, 1860, has enlisted some of the best American talent in this
department.
CARNIVAL. (Carni vale, Italian, i.e. Flesh, farewell /) A well-known festival
time in the Roman Catholic Church, observed in Italy, particularly at Venice,
about Shrove-tide or beginning of Lent. This is a season of mirth and indul-
gence, and numbers visit Italy during its continuance.
CAROLINA. See N: Carolina, S. Carolina.
CAUCASUS. (P. 241.) The subjugation of the Caucasian tribes has long been
the object of the Russians, and seems now almost achieved by the capture of
Schamyl (.Sept. 7, 1859), who has been honorably received by the czar.
CA"WNPORE, a town in India, during the mutiny in 1857 was garrisoned by
native troops under Sir Hugh Wheeler. They revolted and were joined by
Nana Sahib, who captured the place, June 26. and massacred great numbers
of the British without regard to age or sex. Cawnpore was retaken by
Havelock, July 17.
CAYENNE. (P. 242.) Many political prisoners have been sent here by the
French emperor since 1852.
CENSUS, The, of the U. States (p. 243) is taken by the general government every
ten years, that of New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Florida is by those
states taken decennially at intermediate periods, thus giving returns every
five years. Other states have different periods for a census. See U. States.
CHALDEA, the ancient name of Babylonia, but afterwards restricted to the S. W.
portion of it. The Chaldeans were devoted to astronomy and astrology. See
Dan. ii., &c.
CHANCERY, COURT OF, England. In 1852 two very important acts were
passed to amend the practice in the Court of Chancery, and relieve the suitors
in that court, and others in 1853-55. In the U.S. federal courts equity and
law are both administered, and this system was adopted by the State of New
York in her Constitution of 1846.
CHANCELLORS, LORD, England. (P. 1M.'.)
740
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
Sir Thomas Wilde, created Lord Robert Mousey Rolfe, created Lord 1852
Truro 1850 Cranworth
Sir Edw. Sugden, created Lord St. Sir Fred. Thesiger, created Lord 1858
Leonards 1852 Chelmsford
John, Lord Campbell 1859
CHANTING-. Chanting the psalms was adopted by Ambrose from the pagan
ceremonies of the Romans, about A. D. 350. Lenglet. Chanting in churches
was introduced into the Roman Catholic service in 602, by Gregory the Great,
who established schools of chanters, and corrected the church song. Dufres-
noy. Chanting is now adopted by some dissenters (1859). Haydn.
CHEMICAL SOCIETIES. One was formed in London in 1780, but its meetings
were not long continued. The present society was established in London in
1841. It includes the most eminent chemists of the day, and publishes a
quarterly journal.
CHERBOURG. Opening of the great Napoleon docks, and naval display in
presence of Queen Victoria and the English and French courts, Aug. 4 and
5, 1858.
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. The growth of this place has been of a remarkable and
extraordinary character. In 1831 it contained about a dozen families. The
"town" was organized by the election of five trustees, 1833, there being in
all 28 voters. First census, 1837, showed a population of 4170. Population
in 1850 was 28,269; in 1855 it was 83,509 ; 1857, 130,000. It is now the
largest primary grain depot in the world. More than 100 trains of cars
arrive and depart daily. Receipts of grain in 1857 were $21,856,000.
CHILI, S. America, (P. 248.) The present president (1859), Don Manuel Moutt,
was elected Oct. 18, 1856. Population in 1855, 1,439,120. Civil war was
going on in 1859. Population in 1857 was 1,553,458. Exports in 1857
amounted to $20,126,461.
CHINA. (Page 249.)
Death of Taon-Kwang Feb. 25, 1850
Rebellion bleaks out in Quang-si,
Aug., 1850
Rebel emperor or pretender Tien-
teh appears March, 1851
Rebels take. Nankin,March 1 9, Amoy,
May 19, Shanghae, Sept. 7, 1853
Rebels besiege Canton unsuccess-
fully Nov. 1854
Canton forts taken by the British
1856
1857
1869
(see Canton) .............. Oct. 8,
Americans capture 3 forts . . Nov. 21, 1856
Chinese burn European factories, and
murder English sailors ...... Dec., 1856
Lord Elgin " sent out as British
envoy .................... March,
British destroy the Chinese fleet,
June 1, 1857
British blockade Canton ....... Aug., 1857
Canton taken by English and
French ................ Dec. 28-9, 1857
Yeh, gov. of Canton, who is said to
CHLOROFORM. See Anaesthetics.
CHOLERA-MORBUS. (P. 251.) In Sept. 1853, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Hexham,
Tynemouth, and other northern towns of England, suffered much from cho-
lera, and in the autumn of ] 854 it made great ravages in Italy and Sicily ;
above 10,000 are said to have died at Naples; it was also very fatal to the
allied troops at Varna. At London, in August and September, it was very
severe for a short time
have beheaded 100,000 rebels, sent
to Calcutta Jan. 1858
Forts at mouth of Peiho captured by
the English and French. . .May 20, 1858
Treaty of peace signed by Keying,
Lord Elgin, and Bar.Gros, June 28, 1858
[Principal articles : Ambassadors
to be at both courts ; freedom of
trade; Christianity to be tole-
rated ; expenses of war paid by
China; tariff to be revised;
Chinese epithet of "barbarian"
no longer to be applied to
foreigners.]
Mr. Bruce, British envoy, stopped at
the month of the Pei-ho. Admiral
Hope attempting to force the pas-
Sage defeated, losing 81 killed, 800
wounded June 25,
Pekin taken by the allied French
and English forces, and the empe-
ror's palace sacked 1860
ADDENDA. 74]
CHORUS-SINGING, is very ancient, and was early practised at Athens. Stesi-
chorus, whose real name was Tysias, received this appellative from his having
been the first who taught the chorus to dance to the lyre, 556 B.C. Quintil.
Inst. Orat. Hypodicus of Chalcides carried off the prize for the best voice,
508 B.C. Parian Marbles.
CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, founded by Edward VI., 1552.
CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY. See Printing in Colors.
CHRONOLOGY. The following works are much esteemed : Playfair's Chrono-
logy, 1784; Blair's Chronology, 1753 (new editions by Sir H. Ellis in 1844,
and by Mr. Rosse in 1856). ''The Oxford Chronological Tables, 1838. Sir
Harris Nicolas' Chronology of History is very useful.
CHURCH of ENGLAND. (P. 253.) The number of churches in England for
Protestant worship, in 1851, was 14,077.
CHURCH RATES in England in 1854 amounted to 318,200. Bill to abolish
them passed by the House of Commons but defeated by the H. of Lords, 1858.
CINCINNATI, OHIO. (P. 254.) Population in 1850 was 115,000; 1860, 160,060,
although only 70 years old.
CINQUE PORTS, England, S. E. coast. They were originally five : Dover,
Hastings, Hythe, Romney, and Sandwich ; "Winchelsea and Rye were after-
wards added. They are governed by a particular policy and are under a
Lord Warden. The Duke of Wellington filled that office from 1828 to his
death, 1852.
CIRCASSIA. (P. 255.) By the treaty of Adrianople, in 1830, Circassia was sur-
rendered to Russia by Turkey. But the Circassians, particularly under a
native chief named Schamyl, have ever since carried on a war of indepen-
dence with varying success against the whole power of Russia. In June,
November, and December, 1857, the Circassians were defeated by the Rus-
sian governor, Prince Orbelliani, who also in April, 1858, conquered a large
tract of country, and expelled the inhabitants. On Sept. 7, 1859, Schamyl
was captured by the Russians, and treated with great respect. The Circas-
sians became Mahometans in the 18th century.
CIRCLE. The quadrature, or ratio of the diameter of the circle to its circum-
ference, has exercised the ingenuity of mathematicians of all ages. Archi-
medes, about B. c. 221, gave it as 7 to 22 ; Abraham Sharp (1717), as 1 (and
72 decimals) to 3 ; and Layny (1719), as I (and 122 decimals) to 3.
CIRCULATING LIBRARY. Of the subscription libraries belonging to indivi-
duals, that of Mr. C. Mudie, in London, is the most remarkable for the quan-
tity and quality of the books, several hundreds, sometimes thousands of copies
of a new work being in circulation. It was founded in 1848, when the first
two vols. of Macaulay were published, for which there was an unprecedented
demand, which this library supplied.
CLERMONT (France), Council of. The celebrated council in which the crusade
against the infidels was determined upon, and Godfrey of Bouillon appointed
to command it, in the pontificate of Urban II., 1095. In this council the
name of pope was first given to the head of the Roman Catholic Church,
exclusively of the bishops, who used until this time to assume that title.
Philip I. of France was (a second tune) excommunicated by this assembly.
Henault.
CLOACA MAXIMA. The chief of the celebrated sewers in Rome, the construc-
tion of which is attributed to king Tarquinius Prisons (B. c. 588), and his
successors.
742
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
CLOCK. The great Westminster (London) clock set up, May 30, 1859. The
London watchmakers established the Horological Institute in 1858, which
publishes a journal. In 1857, 266,750 clocks and 88,621 watches were
imported into the United Kingdom. Clockmaking of a cheap kind, on a
large scale, was commenced in Connecticut in 18 . The American watch
companies, founded 1850, at Waltham, Roxbury&c, make large quantities of
superior watches.
CLUBS in NEW YORK :
The Union, founded in Broadway, 183-,
now 5th Avenue.
The Century, founded in 1848 in Broad-
way, now in 15th St.
The Nrw York, founded in 18 In
Broadway.
The Athenceum, founded in 1859, Fifth
Avenue.
The Century and Athenseum were intended primarily for gentlemen con-
nected with literature and art. One of the oldest in America is the "Wistar
Club in Philadelphia.
CLUBS, FRENCH. The first of these arose about 1782. They were essentially
political, and were greatly concerned in the revolution. The Club Breton
became the celebrated Club des Jacobins, and the Club des Cordeliers com-
prised among its members Danton and Camille Desmoulins. From these
two clubs came the Mountain party which overthrew the Girondists, in 1793,
and fell in its turn in 1794. The clubs disappeared with the Directory in
1799. They were revived in 1848 in considerable numbers, but did not.
attain to their former eminence. They were suppressed by decrees, June 22,
1849, and June 6, 1850. Bouillet.
COAL. The quantity mined in Great Britain in 1854 was stated to be no less
than 64 millions of tons. The amount exported in eight monthes of 1858 was
4,539,708 tons, of which 249,995 were to the U. States. The "Statistics of
Coal," by R C. Taylor, published 1854, give a full and reliable account of
coal products in all parts of the world.
COCHINEAL. The properties of this insect, which derives its color from feeding
on the cactus, became known to the Spaniards soon after their conquest of
Mexico, in 1518. Cochineal was brought to Europe about 1523. It was
not known in Italy in 1548, although the art of dyeing then flourished there.
See Dyeing. In 1858 it was cultivated successfully in the Teneriffe, the vines
having failed through disease. The import into England in 1850, 2.360,000
Ibs. In the United States the importation in 1858 amounted to $221,332.
CODE NAPOLEON. The Civil Code of France, promulgated from 1803 to 1 810.
This was considered by the emperor as his most enduring monument. It was
prepared under his supervision by the most eminent jurists, from the 400
systems previously existing.
COFFEE. Quantity imported into the U. States in 1856 was 240,676,227 Ibs; in
1857, value of importation, $22,386,879; in 1858, $18,341,081. Quantity
imported into England, in 1843, was 29,979,404 Ibs; in 1850, 31,166,358 Ibs.;
in 1857, 34,367,484 Ibs.
COINAGE, U. S. (P. 262.) The aggregate coinage of the mints, from 1793 to
June 30, 1859, has been $689,189,679.95. Of this amount, $470,341,478.46
of gold, and $3,290,368.33 of silver, were derived from mines of the United
States.
COLONIES. The population of the British colonies in all parts of the world was
estimated, in 1852, at 182,983,672, of which 176,028,672 belong to the East
Indies.
ADDENDA.
COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OP. (P. 265.) Population in 1850 was 51,687, including
3687 slaves. In 1860, Washington city had 61,403.
COMBAT, SINGLE, IN ENGLAND. It commenced with the Lombards, A.D. 659.
Introduced into England, and allowed in accusations of treason, when no other
evidence was produced, 1096. The last combat proposed was prevented by
the king in 1631.
COMETS. (P. 264.) Donati's comet, so called from its having been first observed
by Dr. Donati, of Florence, June 2, 1858, being then calculated to be 228
millions- of miles from our earth. It was very brilliant in England in the end
of September and October following, when the tail was said to be 40 millions
of miles long. On the 10th of October it was nearest to the earth; on the
18th it was near coming into collision with Yenus.
COMMANDERS IN CHIEF, U. S. army.
Jacob Brown 1821 I Winfield Scott 1841
Alexander Macomb 1S35 j
COMMANDERS IN CHIEF, British Army.
Duke of Monmouth 1674
Dnke of Marlborough 1690
Duke of Schomberg 1 691
Duke of Ormond 1711
Earl of Stair 1744
Fieldmarshal Wade 1745
Lord Ligonier 1757
Marquess of Granby 1766
Lord A.mherst 1778
Hon. Geo. Conway 17*2
Duke of York 1795
Sir David Dundas 1909
Duke of York again. 1811
Duke of Wellington 1827
Lord Hill 1828
Duke of Wellington again 1842
Lord Hardinge . . . . ; 1852
Duke of Cambridge 1S6
COMMERCE. See Exports and Imports, Navigation and Shipping, &t.
COMMERCIAL FAILURES. The circular of Dun, Boyd, & Co. of N. York
gives the following statistics of failures in the U. States :
1857 1853 1859 1861
Failures.. 4.937 4.225 8,918 8.676
Amount.... 1291,750,000 $95,750,000 $64294,000 $79,807,000
Of the 3676 failures in 1860, 695 are set down as swindlers; their debts
amounting to $10,664,000.
CONCEPTION, IMMACULATE, of the Virgin. On the 8th of September, 1854,
the pope promulgated a bull with great solemnity and pathos, declaring this
dogma to be an article of faith, and charging with heresy those who should
doubt or speak against it. The Conceptionists were an order of nuns in Italy
established in 1488.
CONCORDANCE. (P. 268.) Mrs. Cowden Clarke's Concordance to Shakspeare,
a remarkable monument of a woman's intelligent and patient industry, was
completed in 1844, after ten years' labor.
CONFESSIONS of Faith, or Creeds. See Apostles, Athanasian and Nicene creeds.
Angsburgh Confession. Confession of Divines at Westminster agreed to,
1643. Congregational confession of Faith adopted in England, 1833.
CONNECTICUT. (P. 270.) Population in 1850, 370,792; in 1860, 460,670.
COPTS, in Egypt, the supposed descendants of the ancient Egyptians, mingled
with Greeks and Persians. Their religion is a form of Christianity, derived
from the Eutychians, a sect of the fifth century.
COPYRIGHT OF DESIGNS, for Manufactures, in ENGLAND, first granted 1787
for 2 months, extended in 1794. Copyright on sculpture conferred for 14
years, 1814. Copyright on other designs extended to 12 months, 1839.
Ormamental designs, of all kinds fully protected, from 9 mos. to 3 years, by
act of 1842, and still further, in 1850."
744 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
COPYRIGHT OF BOOKS, PRODUCE OF (P. 274.) The most profitable copyrights
in the U. 8. have been those on school-text-books, many of which have
yielded large sums to the authors. Of literary and historical works the most
profitable have been the works of Prescott, Bancroft, Irving, Longfellow, and
Mrs. Stowe.
COPYRIGHT, INTERNATIONAL. In England in 1838 and 1S")2 nets were passed
to secure to authors, in certain cases, the benefits of international copyright
(1 & 2 Viet. c. 59, and 15 Viet. c. 12.), and conventions were in conse-
quence entered into with France, Russia, Saxoiry, &c. Up to 1854, Ameri-
can and other authors were (informally) allowed a copyright in England
when their works were first or simultaneously published there; but the
House of Lords, in the case of Jeffrey vs. Boosey, decided in 1854 that the
privilege should be enjoyed only by authors of those nations which recipro-
cated it, unless the author resides in England.
COPYRIGHT, U. S. (P. 274.) The law of 1831 gives an author exclusive right
to his works for 28 years, and a right of renewal to himself, his wife and
children for 14 years more, making 42 years in all. No foreigner can secure
copyright unless residing in the U. S. So far' (Jan. 1861) the American
government has refused or failed to respond to the British offer of recipro-
city in literary copyright. A treaty for this purpose was framed by Mr.
Everett in 1854, but never acted upon.
COSTA RICA. A republic in Central America established in 1848. It has been
much disturbed by filibusters from the U. States. See Nicaragua and Central
America. On Aug. 14, 1 859, the President Juan Mora was suddenly deposed,
and Dr. Jose Montealegre made president.
COSTUME. (P. 277.) An attempt to introduce a semi-masculine female costume
known as Bloomers (from Mrs. Bloomer of Seneca, N. Y.) was made in 184-,
but with very limited success. It was overshadowed by the other extreme,
the crinoline, ascribed to the empress Eugenie, originating a few months
before the birth of the heir to the French throne (about 1854) and still (1860)
prevailing, though threatened with decline.
COTTON. (P. 278.) The exports of cotton since 1821, have thus advanced
(stated in millions of pounds weight) :
1821 124 millions, average pric 16 cts.
1830 298 " " " 9 '
1840 743 " " " 14 "
1849 1026 " " " 6 "
1850 635 " " "11
1855 109S millions, average price 8 cts.
1S56 1351 " " " 9 "
1857 1048 " " " 12 "
1858 1113 " " " 11 "
1S59 1386 ' " " 11
..
Total value of cotton exported in 39 years, 2383 millions of dollars. Value
in 1859, 161 millions. The ratios of cotton imported by Great Britain in the
5 years 1844-9. were as follows: U. States 78| per cent. ; India iO ; Brazil
7; Egypt 3i; TV. Indies, &c. \ per cent. In England a cotton supply asso-
ciation to obtain cotton from Africa, India, &c., was formed at Manchester
about 1857. Lieut. Burton, who explored the interior of Africa in 1859,
states that cotton grows there in great profusion, and a decent kind of
cotton cloth is manufactured by the natives.
COTTON MANUFACTURES, U. S. (P. 278.) The number of spindles employed
in 1840 and 1850 is thus stated:
1S40: If 50:
In 5 New England states 1.597.894 _ $2.751.073
In 11 other states 157,314 236,480
COTTON SPINDLES in operation in Europe and America, 1851. The following
is the estimated number of spindles in actual operation: Great Britain,
ADDENDA. 745
17,000,500; France, 4,300,000; United States, 2,500,000 ; Zollverein States,
815,000; Russia, 700,000; Switzerland. 650,000 ; Belgium, 420,000 ; Spain,
300,000; Italy, 300,000. Total, 29,985,000.
COTTON-GIN". This invention, in 1793, by Eli Whitney of New Haven, gave an
extraordinary impetus to the culture of cotton in the U. S. It cleans and
prepares 300 Ibs. per day ; by the old mode only a single pound a day could
be cleaned.
CREDIT MOBILIER. A joint-stock company with this name was established at
Paris, Nov. 18, 1852, by Isaac and Emile Pereire, and others. It takes up
or originates trading enterprises of all kinds, applying to them the principle
of commandite, or limited liabilities, and is authorized to supersede or buy in
any other companies (replacing their shares or bonds in its own scrip), and
also to carry on the ordinary business of banking. The funds were to be
obtained by a paid-up capital of 2f millions sterling, the issue of obligations
at not less than 45 days' date or sight, and the receipt, of money on deposit
or current account. The society has apparently prospered, but is never-
theless considered by experienced persons as a near approach to Law's bank
of 1716, and likely to end disastrously. In Sept. 1857, several of the direc-
tors failed ; and in May, 1858, no dividend was paid.
CRIME NEW YORK CITY. Who Furnish our Criminals and Paupers. A recent
publication states that of the criminals in New York city for twenty-one
months, 31.088 were natives of this country, while 89,589 were foreigners;
of whom 60,442 were Irish, 9,488 Germans, and 4000 English. Of 28,821
persons admitted to the alms-house in ten years, 22,468 were foreigners;
15,948 were Irish. 1,240 Germans, and 1.297 English. During the same
time, of 50,015 admitted to Bellevue hospital, 41,851 were foreigners. Of
4,335 inmates of the lunatic asylum, 3,360 were foreigners. Of 251,344 com-
mitted to the city prison, only 59,385 were natives, while 86,431 professed to
be members of the church of Rome.
CRIME IN ENGLAND. The number of convictions by trial in England and "Wales
was, in
Persons. Capital Offences.
1849 21,001 66
1855 19,971 50
1858 13,246 53
Since 1848 there has been no commitment for political offences, such as trea-
son or sedition. In 1856 there were 2,666 persons liberated on ''tickets of
leave." Expenses of criminal prosecutions in 1856 were 194,912.
CRIMEA, OR CRIM TARTARY. War having been declared by England and
France against Russia^ March 28, 1854, large masses of troops were sent to
the East, which after remaining some time at Gallipoli, &c., sailed for Varna,
where they disembarked May 29. The expedition against the Crimea having
been determined on, the allied British, French, and Turkish forces, amounting
to 58,000 men (25,000 British), commanded by Lord Raglan and Marshal St.
Arnaud, sailed from Varna, Sept. 3, and landed on the 14th, 15th. and 16th r
without opposition, at Old Fort, near Eupatoria, about 30 miles from Sebas-
topol. On the 20th they attacked the Russians, between 40 and 50.000
strong (under Prince Menschikoff), entrenched on the heights of Alma, sup-
posed to be inassailable. After a sharp contest the Russians were totally
routed. See Alma and Russo- Turkish War. Peace was proclaimed in April,
1856, and the allies quitted the Crimea in July following.
CRYSTAL PALACE IN NEW YORK, built chiefly of iron and glass, in form or a
cross, with a dome, was commenced Oct., 1852. Exhibition opened to the
746 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
public (Pres. Pierce being present) August, 1853. The building destroyed by
tire, with its contents, as exhibited by Amer. Institute, Sept., 1859.
CRYSTAL PALACE, HYDE PARK, LONDON, built for the Exhibition of the
World's Industry in 1851. Its length was 1851 feet, width, 408 feet, with
additional projection. Entire area, 772,784 square feet, or about 19 acres.
Building commenced Sept. 26, 1850, and finished and opened May 1, 1851.
Closed to the public Oct. 11, same year. It cost 176,030.
THE CRYSTAL PALACE AT SYDENHAM, near London, built chiefly of the
materials used in the foregoing, was commenced August 5, 1852. Capital of
the company 1,000,000, in shares of 51. each. Area of grounds 300 acres.
In its erection 6,400 men were engaged at one time. It was opened by the
Queen, June 10, 1854. Great Handel festival held there, June 20-4, 1859.
In 1857 the receipts were 115,627 ; expenditures, 87,872.
CUBA. (P. 284.) Second expedition of Lopez, in connection with Col. Critten-
den, of Kentucky, Aug. 1851, defeated; Lopez taken and garotted at
Havanua, Sept. 1. Crittendeu and 50 companions shot, August 16. Other
prisoners sent to Spain and were pardoned by the Queen. Dec. 1851. See
Oatend Conference A proposition to place $30,000,000 in the hands of the
Pres. of the U. S., with reference to the purchase of Cuba, was introduced by
Mr. Slidell, in U. S. Senate, 1859.
CUSTOMS DUTIES, U. S. (p. 285.) Amounts collected during years ending
June 30. Stated in millions of dollars, omitting fractions.
1849 23 millions. 1852 47 millions. 1855 53 millions. 185S 41 millions.
1850. ...39 " 1853. ...58 " 1856. ...64 1859. ...49 "
1851.... 49 " 1854.... 64 " 1857.... 64 I860....
CYMRI, OR KIMRI (from which comes Cambria), the name of the ancient British
who belonged to the great Celtic family, which, coming from Asia, occupied
the greater part of Europe, about 1500 B.C. About A.D. 640 Dyvnwal Moel-
mud reigned " King of the Cyrnry." See Wales.
D.
DACIA. A Roman province, now part of Hungary. After many contests it was
subdued by Trajan, A.D. 106, when Decebalus, the Dacian leader, was slain
in battle.
DAGUERREOTYPES, (p 286.) In 1855 not less than 15,000 persons were
engaged in this business in the U. S. In 1860 the number must be much
greater. The art of photography on paper, however, is rapidly superseding
the former use of metal plates. See Photography.
DALMATIA. An Austrian province, N.E. of the Adriatic Sea, was finally con-
quered by the Romans, 34 B.C. The emperor Diocletian erected his palace
at Spalatro, and retired there A.D. 305. Dalmatia was held in turns by the
Goths, Hungarians, and Turks, till its session to Venice in 1699. By the
treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797, it was given to Austria. In 1805 it was
incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, and gave the title of duke to Marshal
Soult. In 1814 it reverted to Austria.
DAMASCUS, (p. 287.) Horrible massacres of the Christians there July 9, 1860.
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES: Wallachia and Moldavia ; capitals, Bucharest
and Jassy. These provinces formed part of the ancient Dacia, which was
conquered by Trajan, about A.D. 103, and abandoned by Aurelian about 270.
ADDENDA. 747
For some time after they were alternately in possession of the barbarians and
Greek emperors; and afterwards of ihe Hungarians. In the 1 3 th century
they were subdued by the Turks, but permitted to retain their religious cus-
toms, &e. In 18 1 2 part of Moldavia was ceded to Russia The provinces
having participated in the Greek insurrection in 1821, were attervvards
severely treated by the Turks, but by the treaty of Adiianople in 1829. they
were placed under the protection of Russia. In June, 1849, the Purte
appointed as hospodars, prince Stirbey for Wallachia, and prince Ghika for
Moldavia, who retired from their governments when the Russians crossed the
Pruth, and entered Moldavia in July 2. 1853. See Rnsso-Turkish War. The
Russians quitted these provinces in Sept., 1854, and an Austrian army
entered (by virtue of a convention between the Sultan and Austria) and
remained there till March, 1857. The government of the principalities settled
at the Paris conference, Aug. 19, 1858.
DARDANELLES, PASSAGE OF THE. (p. 287.) The allied English and French
fleets passed the Dardanelles at the Sultan's request, Oct. 1853.
DARK AGES, a term applied to a period of time called also the Middle Ages,
which, according to Mr. Hallam, comprises about 1000 years from the inva-
sion of France by Clovis, A.D. 486, to that of Naples by Charles VIII. in 1495.
During this time learning was at a low ebb.
DEAF AND DUMB. In 1851, there were in Great Britain, 12,553 deaf and
dumb out of a population of 20,959,477.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDKNCE. The Mecklenburg Declaration of
Independence (North Carolina) was passed in May, 1775, two months before
that drawn up by Jefferson at Philadelphia.
DECIMAL SYSTKM of Coinage, Weights, &c , was established in France in 1790,
and shortly after in other countries. The subject was brought befure the
English Parliament in 1824, 1838, 1843, 1853, 1854, 1855. The decimal cur-
rency was adopted in Canada, 1858. International Decimal Association
formed at London, 1855.
DEDICATION. The dedication of books was introduced in the time of Maecenas,
17 B.C., and the custom has been practised ever since by authors to solicit
patronage, or to testify respect. Maecenas was the friend and counsellor of
Augustus Ca?sar, and was so famous a patron of men of genius and learning,
that it has been customary to style any one imitating his example, the
Maecenas of his age or country. The Scriptures speak of the dedication of
the Tabernacle, u.c. 1490, arid of the Temple, B.C. 1004. The Christians
under Constantino built new churches, and dedicated them with great
solemnity, in A.D. o31 tt stq.
DELAWARE (p. 289.) Population in 1850, 89,242, and 2,290 slaves; in 1860,
110,548, and 1,805 slaves.
DELHI, (p 290.) May 10. 1857. a mutiny arose among the Sepoy regiments at
Meerut. It was soon checked ; but the fugitives ned to Delhi, combined with
other troops there, seized on the city, and proclaimed as king a descendant of
the Mogul, committing frightful atrocities. Delhi shortly alter was besieged
by the British, not taken till Sept, 20. The old king and his sons soon after
captured. The latter were shot ; the former, after a trial, was sent for life to
Rangoon. See India, 1857.
DELPHIN CLASSICS. A collection of the Latin authors, originally made for
the use of the Dauphin (in wsum Dttyhini), son of Louis XIV, ediu-d by
Huet, bishop of Avranches, Madame l)acier. and others. Each author is
illustrated by valuable notes, with an index containing every word in the
748
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
work The number of volumes published was sixty, printed between 1647
and 1601. except Ansonius in 1750. A new edition with additional notes,
published by Mr. Valpy of London < j arly in the present century.
DEMOCRACY of England, France, and the United States, compared (1850):
Country. Pop.
No.
Votes.
England.... 17.000.000 630,721
Wales 850,000 37.S-24
Scotland.... 8.800.000 72.T.'0
Ireland 8.000,000 98,006
Votes
to
Pop.
1 in 26
1 in 23
1 in a8
linSl
N Votes
Pop. * to
Pop.
128,650,000 839.371 1 in 42
France 34,000,000 250.000 1 in 1ST*
United States.. 20.01)0,000 2,750,000 1 in
Country.
Great Britain
DEMOCRATS. Advocates for government by the people themselves
peojjle. and kratein, to govern), a term adopted by the French republicans in
1790 (who termed their opponents aristocrats (from aristos, bravest, or beat).
DENMARK. Frederick VIE., son of Christian VIII, succeeded to the throne
1849. Danes defeat the Holsteinersatldstedt, July 25, 1850. Friedrichstadt
bombarded by Holsteiners. Sept. 29-Oct, 6. 1850. Treaty of European
powers t\>r settlement of succession to Danish crown. May 8, 1852 New
constitution oflered by the king, adopted Oct. 1, 1855. Sound dues abolished
for a compensation, March 14, 1857.
DEODAND. (Latin, "to be given to God.") In England formerly anj'thing (such
as a horse, carriage, &c ) which had caused the death of a human being,
became forfeit to the sovereign or lord of the manor, and was to be sold for
the benefit of the poor. The forfeiture abolished 1846.
DEPUTIES, CHAMBER OF. The title given to the French legislative assembly,
from 1814 till 1852, when it took the name of Corps-Legvslatif.
DIAMONDS. The Kohinoor, or "Mountain of Light," found at Golconda in
1550, belonged to Nadir Shah and other Afghan rulers, brought to England
and presented to the Queen, 1850 Its original weight 800 carats, reduced by
cutting to 279 carats ; in shape and size like the pointed half of a small hen's
egg; value about two millions sterling.
DICE The invention of dice is ascribed to Palamedes, of Greece, about 1244 B.C.
The game of Tali and Tersera among the Romans was played with dice.
DICTIONARY, (p. 293.) The revised edition of Webster's Dictionary, in one vol.
quarto, was issued by its present proprietors (Messrs. Merriam) in 1844-5.
Worcester's English Dictionary, in quarto, was pub. 1860. See Encyclopaedia.
DILETTANTI. SOCIETY OF. Established in 1734 by several noblemen, desirous
of encouraging a taste for art in Great Britain. It aided in publishing Stuart's
Athens (1762-1816), Chandler's Travels (1775-ti), and other works.
DIPHTHERIA (from the Greek diphthtra, a membrane), a disease developing a
false membrane on the mucous membrane of the throat. So named by Bre-
tonneau of Tours, in 1820. It has been fatally prevalent in many parts of
the U. S., particularly among children, 1859-60.
DIPLOMACY OF THE U. S (p. 294.) Since 1850 the ministers plenipo. of the
United States to Great Britain and France, have been
GREAT BRITAIN. FKANCK.
1852 James Buchanan, of Pa.
1858 James II. IniriTso'.l, of Pa.
1856 Geo. M. Dallas, of Pa.
1858 John Y. Mason. Va.
I860 Charles J. Faulkner, Va.
* In France the present emperor decreed universal suffrage in 1852, when he was Delected"
emperor by 7,824.189 votes against 253,145 opposed. In Savoy, Tuscany, Central Italv, and
Naples, the people, in 1S60, were allowed by Victor Emanuel to vote in regard to annexation as
freely as we do in the U. b.
ADDENDA. 749
By Act of Congress, 1856, the salary of ministers plenipotentiary was raised
as follows: Min. Plen. to England, $17,500; to France, $17,500; to Russia,
Spain, Prussia. Mexico, Brazil, Chili, and Peru, each $12,000. The " outfits "
were abolished at the same time. Ministers Resident to 19 other countries
are paid $7,500.
DIRECTORY, NEW YORK CITY. The earliest published was in 1786: a small
volume of eighty-two pages, printed by Shepherd Kollock, Wall street. The
names of the individuals and firms include about 900, and occupy thirty-three
pages, the remainder being filled with general statistics of the city, United
States Government, Post Office regulations, etc. In his address, the editor
states it was the "first directory ever attempted in this country." The New
York Historical Society possesses a complete set, from its first publication.
DISPENSATIONS. First granted by Pope Innocent III., in 1200. These
exemptions from the law and discipline of the church led eventually, with
indulgences, absolutions, and remissions of sins, to the Reformation in Ger-
many, in 1517, and subsequently to that in England, 1534 et seq.
DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS, the absolute and unqualified claim of sovereigns to
the obedience of their subjects, was defended in England by many persons of
otherwise opposite opinions, e. g. by Hobbes, the free-thinker, in 1642, and
by Sir Robert Filmer, in his Patriarchy in 1860, and by the High Church
generally.
DIVORCE FOR ADULTERY. In England the bill to prevent women marrying
their seducers was brought into Parliament in 1801. In April, 1853, the
commissioners on the law of divorce issued their first report. The above
mentioned act was amended by acts passed in 1858 and 1859, in consequence
of the increase of the business of the court.
In this country, adultery is a ground of divorce in all the states. In Mass.,
Maine, and New Jersey, wilful desertion for five years, and in some other
states, desertion for two and three years, and some other causes, are ground
for divorce. Divorce has been granted most frequently in Vermont, Conn.,
and Indiana.
DUBLIN INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, opened by the lord lieut, May 12, 1853 ;
closed Nov. 1, same year.
DUELLING, (p. 300.) Duel between the duke of Wellington and the earl of
Winchelsea, March 21, 1829 ; fifteen noted duels have since occurred in Eng.
The most noted American affairs of the kind were these : two during the
Revolution, viz., Gen. Charles Lee and Col. Jno. Laurens ; and Gen. Cad-
wallader and Conway (1778); Gen. Greene was challenged by a Capt. Gunn,
of Geo., but refused to fight, and his refusal was approved by Washington.
Gen. Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. Com. Decatur killed by
Com. Barren, Mar. 22, 1820. Henry Clay encountered John Randolph, April 8,
1826. Gen. Jackson killed Mr. Dickinson, and had other duels. Col. Ben-
ton killed a Mr. Lucas, and had other duels. Cilley, of Maine, killed by
Graves, of Kentucky (both mem. of Cong.), 1838. Dewitt Clinton exchanged
five shots with John Swartwout, 1802. See Millingen's Hist, of Duelling,
and Sabine's Notes on Duels, 1855.
E.
EAGLK. (p. 301.) An ancient coin of Ireland, made of a base metal, and current
in the first-years of Edward I., about A.D. 1272. The American gold coinage
of eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles, began Dec. 6, 1792 ; an eagle is of
the value of ten dollars.
750
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
EAST INDIA COMPANY. (Brit.) Chartered originally by queen Elizabeth, in
1600, with a capital of 30,000, was rechartered and extended its operations
until in 1856 it maintained a military force at an annual expense of more
than 10,000,000. By the act of Parliament, " for the better government of
India," Aug. 2, 1858, the Company's jurisdiction in India was surrendered to
the queen. See India.
EARTHQUAKES, (p. 303.) An elaborate catalogue of Earthquakes, with com-
mentaries on the phenomena, by R. P. W. Mallett, was published by Brit.
Association, 1858-9.
Earthquake at Capo Haytien, St. Domingo,
5,000 lives lost, May 7, 1842.
At Ehodes and Macii. mountain crushing
a village, 600 lives lost, March, 1851.
At Valparaiso. 400 houses destroyed, April
2, 1851.
In South Italy, Melfi destroyed, 14,000 lives
lost, Aug. 14. 1S51.
At Phillipine isles, Manilla nearly destr.
Sept-Oct., 1852.
N. W. of England, slight, Nov. 9, 1S52.
Thebes in Greece, nearly dest. f Sept., 1853.
St. Salvador, 8. America, destroyed, April
16, 1854.
Onasaca, in Japan ; Simoda, in Niphon,
nearly dest., Dec. 23, 1854.
Jeddo nearly destroyed, Nov. 11, 1855.
Island of Sander (Moluccas), 3,000 lives
lost, March 12, 1856.
In Calabria, several towns destroyed,
22,000 lives lost, Dec. 16, 1856.
Corinth, nearly destroyed, Feb. 21, 1S58.
Quito ; much injured, and 5,000 livea lost,
March 29, 185ft
EDDYSTONE LIGHT-HOUSE, off the port of Plymouth, first built 1696;
destroyed by tempest. 1703; rebuilt, 170-6 ; burnt, 1155; rebuilt by Smeaton
and finished, Oct. 9. 1759, and his structure still stands, 1861.
EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY. Founded by James VI. (I. of Eng), 1582.
New buildings erected 1789. Lord Brougham's discourse as Chancellor of
the Univ., 1860.
EDUCATION. Some of the most noted educational theorists were Fenelon and
Rousseau, in France, 18th century; Basedon, Walke, and Pestalozzi (Swiss),
Fellenberg, Jacotot, and others, in Germany ; Joseph Lancaster (d. 1839), in
England.
In Prussia, all children from 7 to 14 are compelled by law, and under
penalty, to attend school ; but this governmental system does not appear
greatly to advance practical civilization and progress among the people.
In France, a national system was adopted by Guizot, in 1833, from reports
of the Prussian system by Cousia.
EDUCATION IN ENGLAND, (p. 306.) See Oxford, Cambridge, and Eton. lu
the reign of queen Anne numerous " Chanty " schools were founded, and
many others by " Society " effort, in 1641 et seq. Jos. Lancaster started his
"Monitorial" system, 1186, and originated the Brit and For. School Soc. t
1808. The Gov. grant of 20,000, in }834, for public education, was
increased to 150.000 in 1852. and 450,900 in 1856. In 1851 there were
2,466,481 day scholars. Educational Conference, June 22, 1857, prince Albert
presiding. Industrial School Act passed 1857.
EDUCATION IN THE L T . S. has been largely promoted and systematized since
1835, by the efforts and publications of Horace Mann, Henry Barnard, Dan
P. Page, Alonzo Potter, Barnas Sears, and others. See Colleges and Schools.
ELECTRIC CLOCK AND BALL. Alexander Bain, of London, is said to have first
conceived the idea of working clocks by electricity in 1837; his clocks, as
well as those of Mr. Shepherd, appeared in the exhibition! of 1851. An elec-
tric clock with four dials, illuminated at night, was set up in front of the office
of the Electric Telegraph Company, in the Strand, London, July, 1852. A
time ball was set up by Mr. French, in Cornhill, in 1856. A time ball ecn-
ADDENDA. 751
nected with the observatory at Albany, placed on the Custom House, New
York, 1860.
ELECTRICITY, (p 308.) Oersted's discovery of electro-magnetism, 1820. Far-
raday (Loud) discovered magnet-electricity in 1831, and published
"Researches," in o vols., 1833-55. Sir Win. Snow Harris received 5.000
for his invention of lightning conductors for ships. Important contributions
to the knowledge of electricity and its uses, have been made by Prof. Jos.
Henry and Prof Page, of Washington, Prof. Draper, of New York, &c.
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, (p. 308.) Prof. Morse's services to the world as the
originator of the practical application of electro-magnetism to telegraphing,
were acknowledged by the French government in 1859. by the voluntary pre-
sentation to him of 80,000(7); and by public honors and rewards from
other governments of Europe in 1860.
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH LINES. In 1860, in America, 45,000 miles; in England,
10.000; in France, 8,000; in Germany and Austria. 10,000; in Prussia,
4,000; in Russia, 5,000; in the rest of Europe, 7,650; in India, 5,000; in
Australia, 12,000; elsewhere, 500. Total in 1858, 96,850. Over all the lines
in the United States the number of messages per year is estimated at 4,000,000.
It is supposed that a telegraph could be laid around the globe for less than
half the cost of the Erie railroad. See Submarine Telegraph.
ELECTRO-MAGNETISM. The electro-magnetic force was applied by M. Bre-
guet of Paris, in the manufacture of theodolites and the finer kind of mathe-
matical instruments in 1855.
ELECTRO-PLATING. Carried to great perfection by Elkinton and Mason, of
Birmingham, England, and the process has been introduced successfully into
New York, 1858-9.
ELECTRO-TINT. Mr. Palmer, of Newgate street, London, has patented an
invention by which engravings may not only be copied from other engraved
plates, but the engraving itself actually produced by electrical agency. There
are several processes by which this is accomplished, one of which, also pro-
tected by a patent, Mr. Palmer called Glyphography (about 1842).
EMIGRATION FROM GREAT BRITAIN, (p. 309,) increased from 129,851, in 1846,
to 335,000 in 1851, and 368,000 in 1852; and then fell off as follows: in
1853, 329,000; in 1855, 176,000; in 1857, 212,000.
About three-fifths of this emigration is to the United States ; one-eighth to
Brit. America ; remainder to Australia.
EMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES. The total number of alien immigrants
who arrived in the U. S. from 1819 to 1856, was 4,212,624. From 1784 to
1819, the number did not probably exceed 150,000: in all, say 5,000,000
arrived from 1784 up to January, 1859. Of this number about 2,600,000
came from Great Britain and Ireland ; 1,600,000 from Germany ; 200,000 from
France; 50,000 from Sweden and Norway; 40,000 from Switzerland, and
18 000 from Holland. Appletorfs Cycle.
ENCYCLOPEDIA. (P. 310.) The Iconographic Cyclopedia, 6 vols., based on a
German work, published at New York, 1853^4. The English Cyclopedia
(Charles Knight), based on the Penny Cyclopedia, 1855-60. The 8th edition
of Enc.yclop. Britannica completed 1860. Appleton's Cyclopedia, 1857-62
(N. York).
EPIC POB^LS (from Greek epos, a song)j narratives in verse. Some of the most
famous are :
752
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey"
(Greek), between 8th and 9th cen-
tury, before Christ.
Virgil's "JEneid" (Latin), about B.C. 19
Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (Latin),
about A.D. 1
Dante (died 1821) "Divina Comine-
dia" (Italian) A.D. 1472
Ariosto, " Orlando Fnrio8o"(Ital.) A .D. 1516
Camoens. "Lns-iad" (Porti-gneee). .. 1569
T:isso, "Jerusalem Deliveied"(Ital.) 1581
Milton, " Paradi.se Lost" 1667
Voltaire, "Henriade" (French) 172S
"Walter Scott, "Lay of the Last
Minstrel" 1S05
The chief American epic which has hitherto been recognised as at all worthy
of a national fame is Barlow's " Columbiad."
EPIPHANY. The feast of the Epiphany (Jan. 6), called Twelfth Day, celebrates
the arrival of the wise men of the East, and the manifestation to the world of
the Saviour, by the appearance of a blazing star, which conducted the Magi
to the place where he was to be found. Instituted A.D. 813. Wheattey.
Pardon says, " The heathens used this word to signify the appearance of theii
gods upon the earth, and from the heathens the Christians borrowed it "
EPITAPHS. They were used by the ancient Jews, Greeks, Romans, and others.
Mr. T. J. Pettigrew has published, in England, a collection called Chronicles
of the Tombs, in 1857.
ERASTIANISM, a term applied to the opinions of Thomas Lieber (latinized
Erastus), a German physician (1523-84) who taught that the Church had
no right to exclude any person from the ordinances of the Gospel, or to inflict
excommunication.
ERASURES. In England, by order of Sir John Romilly, Master of the Rolls in
1855, no document corrected by erasure with the knife is to be henceforth
received in the Court of Chancery. The errors must be corrected with
the pen.
ETHIOPIA. The name was applied anciently rather vaguely to countries the
inhabitants of which had sun-burnt complexions, in Asia and Africa ; but is
now considered to apply properly to the modern Nubia, Sennaar, and
northern Abyssinia. Many pyramids exist at Napata, the capital of Meroe,
the civilized part of ancient Ethiopia.
the Ethiopian
Ethiopia invaded by Cambyses with-
out success between B.C. 322-825
Candace, Queen of Meroe, advancing
against the .Roman settlements at
Elephantine, defeated and subdued
by Petronius A.D. 22-28
Zerah, the Ethiopian defeated by
Aza B.C. 941
A dynasty of Ethiopian kings reigned
over Egypt from B.C. 765-715
Terhakah, king of Ethiopia, marches
against Sennacherib B.C. 710
ETHNOLOGY. The study of the relations of the different divisions of mankind
to each other. It is of recent origin. Balbi's Ethnographic Atlas was pub-
lished in 1826, and Dr. Prichard's great work, Researches on the Physical His-
tory of Mankind, 1841-7. The London Ethnological Society, established in
1843, publishes its transactions. -Dr. R. S. Latham's works, on the Ethno-
logy of the British Empire, appeared in 1851-2. The American Ethnolo-
gical Society was founded in New York in 184-. Albert Gallatin was its
first president. It has published 3 or 4 vols. of " Transactions." The works
of Schoolcraft on the history of American Indians are copious and valuable.
The belief in the original unity of the human race has been opposed in the
works of Nott and Gliddon (Ethnological Researches), Agazziz and others,
1854-9.
ETNA, MOUNT (Sicily). Here were the fabled forges of the Cyclops. Eruptions
are recorded by Thucydides as occurring 734, 477, and 425 B.C. Eruptions
occurred 125, 121, and 43 5.0. Livy. Again A.D. 40, 254, 420. Carrera.
Awful one which overwhelmed Catania, when 16,000 persons psrisbsd, 1169.
ADDENDA.
753
Many others are recorded since, the worst being in 1669, 1830, 1832, and
1852, which were all disastrous and fatal.
ETEURIA, or Tuscia, hence the modern name Tuscany, an ancient province of
Italy, whence the Romans in a great measure derived their laws, customs,
and superstitions. Herodotus asserts that the country was conquered by a
colony of Lydiaus. It was most powerful under Porsena of Clusium, who
attempted to reinstate the Tarquins, 506 B.C. Yeii was taken by Camillus
in 396 B.C. A truce between the Romans and Etruscans for forty years was
concluded, 351 B.C. The latter and their allies were defeated at the Vadi-
monian Lake, 283 B.C., and totally lost their independence about 265 B.C.
The vases and other works of the Etruscans still remaining show the degree
of civilization to which they had attained. See Tuscany. Etruria, the site
of Mr. Wedgewood's porcelain works, was founded 1771.
EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE, England, founded by Sir Culling Eardley Smith
and others in 1845, with the view of promoting unity among all denomina-
tions of Christians. It holds annual meetings. It met Sept. 1857 at Berlin,
in 1858 at Liverpool ; 1859 at Belfast.
EXCHEQUER BILLS. In England the government securities so called, were first
issued in 1697, and first circulated by the bank in 1796. About 20,000,000
of these are often in circulation.
EXCISE Revenue in Great Britain in 1855, 16,389,486; in 1858, 17,902,000.
(See p. 316.)
EXTENSION of TERRITORY of U. S. Since the formation of the government in
1787, the following additional territory has been acquired :
Square
Square Miles
599.599, Louisiana. <fcc., by purchase
of France, for $15,000,000 .. 1808
66,900, Florida, by treaty with Spain
cost $6.489.000 1820
818,000, Texas, by annexation, ten-
dered by its people 1845
808,052, Oregon, settled by the treaty
with Great Britain 1846
California, by treaty with
Mexico 1848
550,445, \ Mesilla Valley (Arizona),
by purchase of Mexico
for $10,000,000 1858
EXHIBITION of 1851, in London. See Crystal Palace. This exhibition ori-
ginated with the Society of Arts ; Prince Albert, President. It was started
by a royal commission, appointed Jan. 3, 1850. The Crystal Palace, designed
by Paxton, begun Sept. 1850, and the exhibition was opened by the Queen,
May 1, 1851. The No. of exhibitors exceeded 17,000. Number of visitors
6,170,000, averaging 43,000 daily. Largest No. in one day, 109,760. Exhi-
bition open 144 days. Amount of entrance fees 505,107. Net profits
150,000.
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES, years ending June 30,
1851
1852
1858
1854
1855
Exports
Imports
218 millions.
216 "
209 millions.
212 "
280 millions.
267
278 millions.
304
275 millions.
261 "
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Exports
Imports
826 millions.
314
862 millions.
860
824 millions.
282
856 millions.
38S "
millions.
u
EXPORTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. (P. 318.) Total exports in 1850, 175,126,706.
In 1851, 190,397,810. Exports of British and Irish produce, in 1856,
115,826,948. In 1857, 122,155,257.
22*
754 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
F.
FALKLAND ISLANDS. A group of islands in the South Atlantic, belonging to
Great Britain, Seen by Americus Vespucius; visited by Davis, 1592. Taken
possession of by France, 1763; French expelled by the Spaniards, and iu
]771 Spain gave up the sovereignty to England. A colony from Buenos
Ayres settled at Port Louis, which was destroyed by Americans 1831. In
1833 the British flag was hoisted at Port Louis, and a British officer has since
resided there.
FARTHINGS. One of the earliest of the English coins. Farthings in silver
were coined by King John ; the Irish farthing of his reign is of the date of
1210. Farthings were coined in England in silver by Henry VIII. First
coined in copper by Charles II., 1665 ; and again in 1672, when there was a
large coinage of copper money. Half-farthings were first coined in the reign
of Victoria, 1843.
FASTS. (P. 319.) Fast-days are appointed by the Reformed Churches in times of
war and pestilence. The British gov. appointed a fast, March 21, 1855, for
the Russian war, and Oct. 7, 1857, for the Indian mutiny. Pre8 Buchanan
appointed a public fast on account of threatened secession of slave states,
which was observed Jan. 4, 1861.
FEEJEE ISLAND?, or FIJI, in the Pacific Ocean. There are 80 inhabited
islands, the largest about 360 miles in circumference, with 20,000 inhabitants.
FILIBUSTERS. A name given to the freebooters who plundered the coasts of
America in the 17th century. See Buccaneers. It was applied to Walker
and other adventurers from the United States, who within the last few years
endeavored to obtain possession of Central America and Cuba. See Nica-
ragua.
FINLAND, a Russian principality, was conquered by the Swedes in the middle
of the 12th century, who introduced Christianity. It was several times con-
quered by the Russians (1714, 1742, and 1808), and restored (1721 and
1743) ; but in 1809 they retained it by treaty. See Abo.
FIRE-ESCAPES. In England the Royal Society for the Protection of Life
from Fire was first established in 1836 ; its object was not fully attained till
1843, when it was re-organized, beginning with six escape stations in Lon-
don ; in March, 1859, it possessed 67. In 1858, 504 fires had been attended,
and 57 persons rescued by the Society's officers. In New York city the
necessity for effectual means of escape from fires in large buildings was sadly
shown by the loss of life by fires in tenement houses, 1859-60. Two or
three different fire escapes were exhibited in the autumn of 1860.
FIRE WORSHIPPERS. See Par sees.
FIRE ANNIHILATORS. An article so called was exhibited in New York, 185-,
but its practical usefulness has not been demonstrated.
FLAG. See American Flag. The flag acquired its present form in the sixth
century in Spain ; it was previously small and square. Ashe. The flag is
said to have been introduced there by the Saracens, before which time the
ensigns of war were extended on cross pieces of wood. Pardon. The term
flag ia more particularly used at sea, to denote to what country a ship
belongs. The honor-of-the flag salute at sea was exacted by England at a
very early date, but it was formally yielded by the Dutch in A.D. 1673. at
which period they had been defeated in many actions. Louis XIV. obliged
ADDENDA.
7oo
the Spaniards to lower their ting to the French. 1080. HevanU. After an
engagement of three hours between Tourville and ihe Spanish Admiral Papa-
chin, the latter yielded by tiring a salute of nine guns to the French flag,
June 4. 1688. The Mate of >. Carolina passed an ordinance of scression
from the United States, Dec. 20, ItSGU. and adopted the palmetto tree as a
device for her Hag as a "sovereign state."
FLORIDA, (p. 32'2.) Passed an ordinance of secession from the U. S.. Jan. 11,
1861. and seix.ed the U. S. Navy Yard at Pensacola. Population, 1SGO,
87.445. In I860, 81,885 free, and 63 800 slaves.
FOREIGN LKGION. Foreigners have frequently been employed as auxiliaries
in the pay of the British government. An act for the formation of the
Foreign Legion as a contingent in the Russian war(l S55) was passed Dee. 'J3,
1854. The endeavor to enlist for the legion, in 1854. in the United States,
gave great offence to the American government. Mr. L'rampton was dis-
missed, and Lord Napier sent out as English representative.
FRANCE, i p. 326.) For the succession of events in France, see Chronological
Tables, page 65 tt stq.
GOVERNMENT :
Tha emperor proclaimed Dec. 2, 1852
Empress: MARIE KC;EMK (H Spa-
niard), born May 5, 1826, m.-uricd
Jan. 29, 1S53
Heir : NAPOLEON-EUGENE-LOUI'S-
Jean- Joseph, born Man h 16. 1856
Heir presumptive, in <lelai.lt of Louis
Napoleon's issue: 1'rince JK.ROME
NAPOLEON, and his heirs male.
New Republic proclaimed: provi-
sional government established. La-
imrtine at the head Feb. 1848
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte declared
Pres by the Nat. Assembly, D?e.l 9, tS48
Loris NAPOLEON, Kmporor of the
French. Votes for the empire,
7.839,552; noes, 254,501; null,
63,609 Nov. 21, 1S52
?RANKFORT-ON-THE-MALXE. (p. 327.) The restricted diet of the Germanic con-
federation was constituted at Frankfort, Aug. 10, 1850. The plenipoten-
tiaries of Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Wurtetnberg, Mecklenburg,
assembled here, and constituted themselves the council of the Germanic diet,
Sept, 1, 1850. Prussia refused to recognise it.
FRANKLIN, Sir John. His last arctic expedition in command of IT. M. Ships
Erebus and Terror sailed from Greenhithe, May 24, 1845. His last de-
spatches home were dated July 12, 1845. As no later news came from him,
the British gov. in 1850 offered -20,000 reward to any who might discover
or assist the missing ships. Several expeditions were sent in search of them
from England and the U. S., viz. :
1. H. M. Ship Plover, Capt Moore,
Jan. 1, 1848
2. Land expedition under Sir J.
Richardson and Dr. Rao, Mch 25, 1848
8. SirJas. Itoss, in the Enterprize
and Investigator Tune 12, 1848
4. Capt.Collinson and Com.McClure
sailed in same vessels. . ..Tun. 20, 1850
5. Capt. Austin, in the Resoltite,&c.
Apr. 25, 1S50
6. Capts. Penny and Steward, in the
Lady Franklin, &c. . . . Apr. 13, 1S50
7. The GRINNELL (AMF.K.) expedi-
tion, under De Haven (Dr.
KANE, surgeon), in the Advance
and Rescue May 25, 1850
8. SirJno.Rossin the .FVw.May 22, 1S50
9. Sir Edtv. Belcher's expedition
(5 vessels). A8*i.itunce.&c .Ap.15, 1852
Lady Franklin fitted out the four
next (private) expeditions, viz:
KX The Prtoic6 Abort Jane 6, 1830
11. The Fame vessel June 4, 1851
12. The Isabel, Com. Inglefleld, Nov. 1852
13. The same vessel 185<
14. II. M. S. Rattlesnake Aug. 1S53
15. Second AMERICAN exped. (Dr.
KANE, in the Adnance) Tune 1S53
16. The Phoenix and others under
Capt. Inglefield Mav, 1854
17. 3d. AMERICAS exped. (in search
of Dr. Kane), Liout. Hartstene,
in the Release and steamer
Arctic May 81, 1855
19. The 18th Briti.-h exp., equipped
by Lady Franklin and friends,
in the Foy>, Capt. Mcdintock
(found remains of the Franklin
Expedition), sailed July 1. 1857
20. 4th. AMERICAN exped. (in search
of Polar sea), under Dr. Hayts
(sursreon to Kane exped.), sailed
fromBostou July I860
756 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
FROND?], Civil wars of the, in France, in the minority of Louis XIY. (1648-53),
during the government of th queen, Anne of Austria, and Cardinal Mazarine,
between the followers of the court and the nobility, and the Parliaments and
the citizens. The latter were called Frondturs ^slingers), it is said, from au
incident in a stieet quarrel.
FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL, introduced in the U. S. Senate by Mr. Mason of Va,
and passed, tfept. 1850. It imposes a tine of $1 QUO and 6 mos. imprisonment
on any person harboring fugitive slaves or aiding their escape. It was
declared by the aup. Court of Wisconsin to be unconstitutional, Feb. 3, 1855.
G.
GALAPAGOS. Islands on the coast of Ecuador (N. Pacific), ceded to the United
Slates by Ecuador, Nov. 3, 1854, the British, French, and other powers pro-
testing against it.
GAME LAWS (p. 330) have been enacted in several states for the protection of
game during certain seasons, to prevent its entire destruction.
GAS. (p 332.) Introduced in Boston, 1822(7); New York, 1823 (N. T. Gas
Light Co.) ; now used in nearly every large town of the United States. Used
in 43 towns of N. Y. State 1860. Price in 1860 ranged from $1 50 per
cubic foot in Pittsburgh, to $7 in Belfast, Me. and other places.
GAMUT. The invention of the scale of musical intervals (commonly termed do,
re, mi, fa, sol, la, si), for which the first seven letters of the alphabet are
now employed, is ascribed to Guido Aretino, a Tuscan rnonk, about 1025.
GAUL. Gallia, the ancient name of France and Belgium. The natives were
termed by the Greeks, Galatte, by the Romans, Galli. or Celtaj. They came
originally from Asia, and invading eastern Europe, were driven westward,
and settled in Spain (in Gallicia), North Italy (Gallia CisalpinaX France and
Belgium (Gailia Transalpina), and the British isles (the lands of the Cymry or
Gitii). They gave great trouble to the rising Roman republic by their fre-
quent invasions, 528 to 391 B.C.
!he Gauls under Brennus defeated the Romans and sacked Rome, but
were expelled by Camillas, B.C. 390. They overran Northern Greece, B.C.
2bO. Gaul invaded by Julius Ca?sar and subdued in eight campaigns, B.C.
58 50. Christianity introduced in Gaul. A D. 160. Franks and other invaders
defeated by Aurelian. A i>. 24.1. Julian proclaimed emperor at Paris. 360.
Invasion and settlement of Burgundians, Franks, Visigoths, &c, 406-450.
Huns under Attila defeated near Chalons. 451. Paris taken by Childerick,
the Frank, 464 Frank kingdom, established, 476. History of Gaul by Parke
Godwin, pub. New York, 1860.
GAUN i LET. An iron glove, first introduced in the loth century, perhaps about
1225 It was a part of the full suit of armor, being the armor for the hand.
It was commonly thrown down as a challenge to an adversary.
GAUZE. This fabric was much prized by the Roman people, about the beginning
of the first century. "Brocadoes and damasks, and damasks and gauzes,
have been lately brought over " (to Ireland). Deau Swift, in 1698. The
manufacture of gauze and articles of a like fabric, at Paisley, in Scotland,
where tliey maintain great repute, was commenced about 1759.
GENEALOGY (from the Greek, gmea, birth, descent), the art of tracing pedi-
grees, &c. The earliest pedigrees are those contained in the 5th, 10th, and
ADDENDA. 757
llth chapters of Genesis. The first book of Chronicles contains many
genealogies. The pedigree of Christ is given in Matt. I. and Luke LI.
Many books on the subject have been published in all European countries ;
one at Magdeburg, Theatrum Genealogicum, by Henninges, in 1598; Ander-
son, Royal Genealogies, London. 1732 ; Sims's Manual for the Genealogist,
Air, 1856, will he found a useful guide. The works of Collins (1756 tt *tq.),
Edmondson (1764-84), and Nicolas (1825), on the British peerage are highly
esteemed. The Genealogical Society. London, was established in 1853. The
New England Hist, and Genealogical Soc., founded 184-, publishes a quarterly
magazine on those subjects. A vol. called American Genealogies, pub in
Albany, 1855, and numerous private publications of family genealogies have
been printed in New England. Savage's Genealogical Hint, of N. England.
4 vols. 8vo., Bost. 1860-1.
GENOA (N. ITALY), (p. 333.) April, 1849, the city was seized by insurgents,
who. after a murderous struggle, drove out the garrison, and proclaimed a
republic, but soon after surrendered to General Marmora. Genoa warmly
supported its sovereign. Victor Emanuel, in the struggle with Austria (1859),
and furnished many volunteers for Garibaldi's demonstration in Naples, I860.
GERMANY, (p. 335.)
German National Assembly elected
the king of Prussia emperor of Ger-
many (but declined) March 28s 1849
Treaty between Austria and Prus-
sia Sept. 30, 1S49
Treaty of Munich betw. Bavaria, Sax-
ony, and Wurtemburg Feb. 27, 1850
German Confederation Assembly, at
Frankfort Sept. 2, 1S50
Austrian and Bavarian demonstration
Conference at Dresden, for settling
German affairs... Dec. 1850 to May,
Great excitement throughout Germa-
ny in regard to French successes in
Lombardy ; apprehension of French
designs on German territory
May-June, 159
Meeting of new Liberal Party at F.ise-
nach, in Saxe Weimar, proposing a
strong central gov'J. (no practical
results) ........ ". .......... Aug. 14, 1859
against Hesse-Cassel Nov. 1, 1850
GIPSIES. See Gypsies.
GIRONDISTS. The name of a party, which played an important part in the
French revolution, and was principally composed of deputies from the depart-
ment of the Gironde. At first they were ardent republicans, but alter the
cruelty of Aug. and Sept. 1792, they labored strenuously to restrain the
cruelties of the Mountain party, to whom they succumbed. Their leaders,
Brissot, Vergmand, and many others were guillotined, Oct. 13, 1793, at the
instigation of Robespierre. Lamartine's eloquent " Histoire des Girondins,"
published in 1847, tended to hasten the revolution of 1848.
GLASGOW, SCOTLAND, (p. 337.) Erected into a burgh, A.D 1180. Its pros-
perity dates from the union of the kingdoms in 1707, and was much increased
by American trade. Population in 1707 about 12,000; in 1859, about
420,000.
GNOSTICS, (from the Greek, gnosis, knowledge.) "Heretics," who appeared
from the first rise of Christianity, and who endeavored to combine the simple
principles of the Gospel with the Platonic and other philosophies. They
were so called because they pretended to extraordinary illuminations and
knowledge. Priscillian, a Spaniard, was burnt at Treves, as a heretic, in
384, for endeavoring to revive Gnosticism.
GOLD MINES, (p. 339.) On April 28. 1858. a nugget from Australia, said to
weigh 146 pounds, was shown to Queen Victoria. In 1858 gold was dis-
covered in what is now termed New Columbia, British America. Said to
have been found in Vermont, 1859. Australia produced as follows:
1S61. 1852. 1856. 1S57.
90T,000 ,7B3,# 12,74<M)00
758
THE WORLD'S FROGRF.SS.
GOLD AND SILVER, (p. 339.) Chevalier estimated the total amount of gold and
silver existing in various forms in 1848, at 8,500 millions of dollars, ot which
one-third was supposed to be gold. The annual gold product from 1800 to
1850 was 1(3 millions of dollars. The U. S mint received 41 millions in 1858,
all but $400,000 being from California.
GORGET. The ancient breastplate, or gorget, was very large, and extended to
the body and limbs of the warrior, or knight, as armor ; but ifcs si/.e and
weight varied at different periods. The present modern diminutive breast-
plate was in use at the period of the Restoration, 1 660, or shortly after.
GORILLA, a large ape of West Africa, in anatomical structure the nearest
approach to man of any known animal. It is a match for the lion, and
attacks the elephant with a club. It is considered to be identical with the
hairy people called Gurulai by the navigator Hanno, in his Peripms, about
B. c. 400 or 500. In 1847 a sketch of a gorilla's cranium was sent to Profes-
sor Owen by Dr. Savage, then at the Gaboon river. Preserved specimens
have been recently brought to Europe, and a living one died on his voyage
to France. In 1859, Professor Owen gave an able summary of our know-
ledge of this creature, in a discourse at the Royal Institution, in London.
The Gorilla was not known to (Javier.
GRANADA. A renowned city of Spain ; was subdued by the Moors in the 10th
centuiy, and formed at first part of the kingdom of Cordova. 1236, Moham-
med-al-liamar made it the capital of his new kingdom of Granada, which was
highly prosperous till its subjugation by the great captain Gonsalvo de Cor-
dova, in 1492. In 1609-10, the useful and industrious Moors were expelled
from Spain, by the bigoted Philip III., to the lasting injury of his country.
Granada was taken by Marshal Soult in 1810, and held till 1812.
GREECE, (p. 343.)
Harbor of Pirsaus blockaded by British
fleet under Admiral Parker, to en-
force some mercantile claims
Jan. 18, 1850
The dispute settled April 19, 1850
Kupture between Greece and Tur-
key March 18, 1854
Olympic games paeposed to be re-
vived Oct., 1853.
GREEN WIG II OBSERVATORY, near London, built in reign of Charles II.
The " Astronomers Royal." who have superintended astronomical observa-
tions here, were Flamsteed, 1675; Halley, 1719; Bradley, 1742 ; Maskelyne,
1764; John Pond, 1811 ; Geo. B. Airy (the present A. R.), 1835.
GUANO, OH HUANO. (The Peruvian term for manure.) The excrement of sea-
birds that nestle in prodigious swarms along the Peruvian shores. This sub-
stance is found chiefly on certain small islands, called the Lobos, lying off the
coasts of Peru and Bolivia, Humboldt was one of the first by whom it waa
carried to Europe, on ascertaining its value in agriculture. M'Culloch. It is
also found on Jarvis's, Baker's, and Rowland's islands, on the Pacific coast,
from which it is brought by the American Guano Co., of New York, who
imported in 1858, 15,000 tons, and exported in 1860, no less than 100,000
tons. In 1857, the U. S. imported 213,000 tons, and Great Britain, 205,000
tons.
GUATEMALA. A republic in Central America; declared independent 1821.
President (1859), General Carrera, elected 1851. It is the most populous of
five states of Cent. Amer., having 971,450 in 1851.
GUN-COTTON, A highly inflammable and explosive substance, discovered by
Professor Schonbein, of Basil, and made known by him in 1846. It is, to all
appearance, common cotton wool, and is purified cotton steeped in a mixture
ADDENDA. 759
composed of equal parts of nitre and sulphuric acid, and afterwards dried.
Dr. Boettenger and others also lay claim lo the discovery.
GUNTER'S SCALE. Invented by Edmund Gunter, an English mathematician,
who died 1626.
GUTTA PERCHA, is procured from the sap of the Isonandra Gutta, a large forest
tree, growing in the Malayan Peninsula, and on the islands near it. Previous
to 1844, the very name of gutta percha was unknown to European com-
merce. In that year two cwt. were shipped experimentally from Singapore.
The exportation of gutta percha from that port rose in 1845 to 169 piculs (the
picul is 1,330 IDS.); in 1846, to 5,364; in 1847, to 9,292; and in the first
seven months of 1848, to 6768 piculs. In the first four and a half years of
the trade, 21,598 piculs of gutta percha, valued at $274,190, were shipped at
Singapore, the whole of which were sent to England, with the exception of
15 piculs to Mauritius, 470 to the continent of Europe, and 922 to the United
States. The great variety of articles for domestic use, the ornamental arts,
<fcc., to which this material has been applied, has given employment to thou-
sands, not only in the factories of our own and other countries, but also to
the gatherers in the Indian Archipelago, with whom it at present constitutes
one of their most profitable articles of export. In 1848, S T. Armstrong, of
Brooklyn, N. Y., first applied it for coating telegraph wires. J. J. Craven,
of Newark, N. J., claims to have applied it thus at the same time or before.
Charles Goodyear used it, in connection with caoutchouc, for various articles
of common use ; a large boat made of gutta percha was exhibited in New
York, 1858.
GYROSCOPE. (From gyrare, to revolve.) The name of a new, popular, rotatory
apparatus, invented by Fessel, of Cologne (1853), since improved by Professor
Wheatstone, and Mr. Foucault, of Paris. It is similar in appearance to the
rotatory apparatus of Bohnenberger, of Tubingen (born 1765, died 1S31). The
gyroscope exhibits the combined effects of the centrifugal and centripetal
forces, and the remarkable results of the cessation of either. It thus illustrates
the great law of gravitation.
H.
HABEAS CORPUS, (p. 346.) The constitution of the U. S. provides that this
law (adopted from that of England) '-shall not be suspended unless when in
case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it," 1787.
HANOVER, (p. 348.) The constitution granted in 1848, was annulled by decree
of the Federal Diet, April 12, 1855.
HARMONISTS. A sect of enthusiasts founded by Rapp, at TVurtemberg, about
1780. Some of them emigrated to the U. S, and built New Harmony, Ind.,
1815. They sold the place to Robt. Owen, and removed to Pittsburgh, Pa.,
1822-23.
HAYTI. (p. 250.) Faustin L, deposed Dec. 25, 1858, and Gen. Geffrard made
President of the Republic of Hayti.
HELLKXES. The Greek race which supplanted the Pelasgians from the 15th
to llth cent. BC, derive their name from Hellen, king of Phthistis. about
B.C. 1600. From them came the Dorians, ^-Eolians, lonians, and Acha?ans.
HELVETII. A Celto-Germ;mic people, who inhabited what is no\v called
Switzerland. The ''Helvetian Republic" was established in Switzerland, in
179b.
760
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
HERCULANEUM. (p. 352.) The Antichita di Ercolano. 8 vols., folio, pub-
lished by Neapolitan government, 1757-92.
HESSIAN FLY. This plague to agriculturists was introduced in this country
by the foreign mercenaries on Long Island, 1777, from their baggage or in
the forage of their horses.
HIPPOPOTAMUS (p. 327) (Greek, river horse), a native of Africa, known to, but
incorrectly described by, ancient writers. Hippopotami were exhibited at
Koine by Antoninus, Commodus, and others, about AD. 138, 180. and 218.
The first brought to England, arrived Ma}' 25, 1850, and is now in the
Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, London ; another (a female, four months
old), was placed there in 1854. Two young ones born at Paris, in May,
1858, and June, 185'-', were killed by their mother.
HIGH TREASON, See Treason.
HOLSTEIN AND SCHLESWIG. See Denmark.
HONG-KONG. An island otf the coast of China. The British under Capt. Elliott
took possession of it in 1839; founded the chief town, Victoria, in 1842;
made it a bishopric in 1840, Sir John Bowring was governor from 1854 to
1859.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Pounded 1804. Publishes annual
volumes of Transactions, has had annual exhibitions since 1831.
HUMANE SOCIETY, LONDON. Founded 1774.
HUNGARY. Haydn.
Kossuth, Bern, &c., escape to the
Turkish frontiers, and are placed
under the protection of Turkey, at
New Orsova (see Turkey). Aug. 21, 1849
Komorn surrenders to the Austrians;
close of the war Sept. 27, 1849
Batthyani tried at Pesth, and shot;
many other insurgent chiefs put to
death Oct. 6, 1849
Amnesty granted to the Hungarian
insurgents, who return home
Oct. 16, 1849
Bern dies at Aleppo Dec. 10, 1850
The country remains in an unsettled
state; many executions 1853-6
Crown of St. Stephen and i \val in-
signia discovered and sent to Vien-
na Sept. 8, 1858
Amnesty for political offenders of
184S-9 July 12, 1856
During the Italian war in 1859, an in-
surrection in Hungary was in con-
templation, and communications
took place between Louis Napoleon
and Kossuth: which circumstances
it is said led the emperor of Austria
to accede to the peace of Villafranca
so suddenly, and shortly afterwards
to promise many reforms and to
grant more liberty to the Protest-
ants in Hungary. . .... .Aug. -Oct., 1859
HOMOEOPATHY. This science the essential characteristic of which consists in
the use of such remedies against any disease as, in a healthy person, would
produce a similar but not precisely the same disease, its fundamental prin-
ciple being similia similtbut curantur was discovered by Samuel Hahne-
mann, a native of Meissen, in Saxony (born April 10th, 1755, died at Paris,
1843). The first periodical organ of the system was established 1822.
Although violently attacked and ridiculed by " allopathic" practitioners the
system is now practised (1860) by about 1200 physicians in Europe, and
2500 in the U. States. It has 3 hospitals, 3 colleges, and 3 journals, and
about 30 societies in the U. S., arid all these are numerous in England,
France, and Germany (1861).
HUMAN RACE. Dr. Pickering enumerates eleven different races, of which
the names and numbers, supposing the whole human family to be 900,000,000
are as follows :
ADDENDA.
761
White 850,000,000
Abyssinian 8.000.000
Papuan 3.000.000
Negrillo 8,000.000
Australian f>00,000
Hottentot 500,000
Mongolian 300,000,000
Malayan 120,000,000
Telingan 60.000,000
Netrro 55.000.000
Ethiopian 5,000,000
HYDROPATHY. A terra applied to a treatment of diseases by water, com-
monly called the cold water cure. The system was suggested in 1828 by
Vincenz Priessnitz. of Grafenberg, in Austrian Silesia ; and though he is con-
sidered as its founder, the rational part of the doctrine was understood and
maintained by the eminent Dr. Sydenham, before 1689. Priessnitz died Nov.
26, 1851. JBrande. Hydropathic Society formed in London, 1842. First
Hydro, establishment in U. S., at 63 Barclay st , N. Y., 1844. Those at
New Lebanon, N. Y., and Brattleboro, Yt., opened 1845.
I.
ICE. (p. 361.) In 1854, Boston shipped 156,540 tons. In New York in 1855,
305,000 tons were stored up.
IDIOTS, EDUCATION OF. The first efforts for the education of idiots in America,
were in 1839. In that year, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb in New
York received a mute boy, who was instructed for three years, by Professor
Morris, with favorable results. The same year, Dr. Howe of Boston treated
and greatly improved a blind idiotic child, and afterwards two others. Two
or three children were also under instruction at the American Asylum at
Hartford before 1848.
ILLINOIS, (p. 362.) Population in 1850, 851,470; in 1860, 1,691,233. Increase
1840-50, 80 per cent.; 1850-60, 99 per cent
IMPORTS into GREAT BRITAIN. (P. 363.) In 1850, 95,252,684. In 1856,
172,544,154. In 1857, 187,646,335.
IMPORTS into the UNITED STATES. See Exports.
INCOME TAX, BRITISH (p. 304), was doubled during the Crimean war (1854).
It produced in 1855, 13,718,185. In 1856, 15,717,155. In 1858,
11,396,435.
INDEPENDENTS, (p. 305.) In 1851 they had 3244 chapels in England and
Wales.
INDIA, (p. 366.) Mutiny and war against the British, 1857.
Begun nt Barrnckpore March, 1857
Mutiny at Meerut near Delhi, May 10, 1857
Martial law proclaimed May, 1S57
Mutiny at Lucknow May 30, 1857
Cawupore surrenders to Nana Sahib,
who kills the garrison,&c.,June 28 ;
he is defeated by General Have-
lock, July 16, who recaptures
Cawnpore July 17, 1857
Assault of Delhi begins, Sept. 14 ; the
city taken, Sept 20 ; the king cap-
tured, Sept. 21 ; and his son and
grandson slain by Colonel Hodson
Sept. 22, 1857
Havelock marches to Lucknow and
relieves the besiesed residency;
retires nnd leaves Otitram in com-
mand; Noill killed.. . Sept. 2o, 26, 1857
Sir Colin Campbell (since Lord
Clyde) nppolnted commander-in-
chief, July 11 ; arrives at Cawn-
pore Nov. 8, 1857
Havelock dies of dysentery at Alum-
bagh Nov. 25,
Trial of king of Delhi ; sentenced to
transportation. Jan. 27 to March 9,
Sir C. Campbell marches to Luck-
now, Feb. 11 ; the siege com-
mences, March 8, taken by suc-
cessive assaults; the enemy re-
treat; Hodson killed. March 14-19.
The government of the East India
Company ceases Sept. 1,
The ex-king of Delhi sails for the
Cape of Good Hope. Dec. 4-1 1 ; the
colonists refuse to receive him ; he
is sent to Rangoon
Defeat of the Bogum of Onde and
Nana Sahib by General Horsford
Feb. 10.
Thanksgiving In England for pacifi-
cation of India May 1,
1857
1S58
185S
1858
1S58
1859
1859
762
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
In consequence of the mutiny of 1857, and the disappearance of the Com-
pany's army, the government of India was transferred to the crown : by the
act 21 & 22 Viet. c. 106, which received the royal assent, Aug. 2, 1858. The
Board of Control was abolished, and a Council of State for India was insti-
tuted. The Company's political powers ceased on Sept. 1 : and the queen
was proclaimed as Queen of Great Britain and the Colonies, &c., in the prin-
cipal places in India, on Nov. 1, amid much enthusiasm. The India-house
was built in 1726, and enlarged in 1799, when a new front was erected.
INDIA COMPANY. See East India Co.
INDIA RUBBER, (p. 366.) See Caoutchouc.
1NKERMANN, BATTLE OF, Crimean war, Nov. 5, 1854. See Battles.
INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. In 1793, the Academies of Inscriptions and Belles
Lettres and of the Sciences, were combined in one body under the above title.
INUNDATIONS (p 371.) Disastrous one in the centre and south-west of
France, on the Loire, &c., damage over 4,000,000 sterling, Oct. 1846. In
South of France with immense damage, May and June, 1856. At Hamburgh,
the city half flooded, Jan. 1, 1855.
IONIAN ISLANDS (on W. coast ofrGreece), the Republic of the Seven Islands,
Corfu. Cephalonia, Zante, Ithaca, St. Maura, Cerigo, and Paxo, which were
colonised by the lones, and partook of the fortunes of the Greek people ;
were subject to Naples in the 13th century, and in the 14th to Venice, which
ceded them to France, in 1797, by the treaty of Campo-Formio. They were
seized by the Russians and Turks in 1800; and formed into a Republic.
They were restored to the French in 1807, but retaken by the English in
18(>9. A new and very liberal constitution was granted in 1845. They are
now among the free states of Europe ; Corfu is the seat of government.
Population, in 1856, 49,663.
IOWA, one of the IT. States (territory 183S), admitted into the Union as a state,
Dec. 28, 1846. Population, in 1840, 42.924; in 1850, 191,881 ; in 1856,
519.148, and 271 colored; in 1860, 682,000.
IRVINGITES. or the followers of the Rev. Edward Irving in England, who now
call themselves the " Holy Catholic Apostolic Church." They use a liturgy
(framed in 1842, and enlarged 185:?), and have church officers named apos-
tles, angels, prophets, &c. In 1852, lights on the magnificent altar and
burning of incense during prayers were prescribed. Their Gothic church
or cathedral in Gordon square was solemnly opened Jan. 1, 1854. It is said
that all who join the church offer a tenth of their income for its support and
extension. They had 30 chapels in England in 1851.
IRON. (p. 372.) The value of the annual product of the U. S. is about $7,000,000,
or about 1,200,000 tons.
ITALY, (p. 374.)
"Napoleon III. et 1'Italie" published
Feb. 1859
The Austrian ultimatum rejected by
Sardinia ................ A ril 26 '
The Ausniuns cross the Ticino,
April 27; and the French entor
Genoa ................... May 3,
Peacfful revolutions at Florence,
April 27 ; Parma, May 3 ; Modorui,
June 15, 1859
The Austrian* defeated at Mmite-
bello, May 20; Pulestro, May 30-
1859
81 ; Mnsentn, June 4 ; Marignano,
June 8;So!ferino June 24, 1859
Provisional governments established
at Florence, April 27; Parma,
May; and Modeua. [The sove-
reigns retire.} June 15, 1859
Insurrections in the Papal States:
Bologna. Ferra-a. &c. . ..Juno, 13-15, 1S59
Massacre of the Insurgent.-* at Peru-
gia by the Swiss troops.. June 20, 1859
Armistice between Austria and
France July 6, 1S59
ADDENDA.
763
ITALY, continued.
Preliminaries of pence cigned at
Villafranc-i; Lombardy surren-
dered to Sardinia July 12, 1859
Italy dismayed at first at the peace;
freat agitation at Milan, Florence,
loilena, Parma, &c July, 1859
Grandduke of Tuscany abdicates
about July 28, 1S59
The pope appeals to Europe against
the king of Sardinia July 12, 1859
Garibaldi becomes commander of
the Italian army, and exhorts the
Italians to arm July 19, 1859
Constitutional assemblies meet at
Florence, Aug. 11, and at Modena,
Aug. 16, 1859
Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the
Itomagna declare for annexation
to Piedmont. . Sept. 8-7, 1859
Cruel assassination of Col. Anviti at
Parma Oct. 5, 18c9
Gaiibal'li appeals to the Neapolitans;
subscriptions in Italy and else-
where to supply arms for the Ita-
lians Oct., 1859
Tuscany, &c., choose the Prince Eu-
gene of Carignnn-Savoy, as regent
of central Italy, Nov. 5 ; the king
of Sardinia refusing his consent,
the prince declines the office, but
recommends the chevalier liuon-
campagni Nov. 14, 1S59
Garibaldi, with a force of about 1200
men in two small steamers em-
barks from near Genoa for Sicily,
May 6, I860
Garibaldi lands at Marsala, May 10 ;
and after several victories takes
possession of Palermo, May 27;
and establishes a provisional gov.
for Sicily, which is entirely evacu-
ated by Neapolitan troops. June 8, 1860
Garibaldi victorious at Molazzo,
July 20-1, 1360
Garibaldi lands in Calabria, Aug. 8;
enters Salerno, August; enters
Naples Aug., 1860
Francis II., king of Naples, retires
to Gaeta, August ; sieg> of Gacta
commenced by Victor Emmanuel
Oct., 1860
Gaeta capitulates Feb. 14, 1861
JAPAN, (p. 376.) U. States exped. under Com. Perry (7 ships of war) entered the
Bay of Yeddo, Feb. 1854; to demand protection for American seamen and
ships wrecked on the coast, and to e&'ect a treaty of commerce which was
agreed upon, March 31. A British squadron for the same purpose reached
Nagasaki, Sept. 1854, and effected a treaty. The Russians followed; and the
Dutch made a new treaty, Nov. 9, 1855. Mr. Townsend Harris, consul-
general for the U. S., made a new treatj r . June 17, 1857, by which Nagasaki,
Simoda, and Hakodadi were opened to American trade. Harris was received
in Yeddo in 1858, and effected another treaty. Lord Elgin's treaty opening
several ports to British trade, Aug. 26. 1858. Death of the Tycoon, August
1858. Japanese embassy to the U. S. (with attendants 70 persons) reaches
San Francisco, March 28, 1860; Washington, May 14; Philadelphia, June 9 ;
New York, where they were received with a great military display, June 16;
embarked for home in U. S. frigate Niagara, July 1 ; reached Yeddo, Nov.
10, 1860.
JEDDO, or YEDDO. (p. 376). Severe earthquake?, Dec. 23, 1854. and Nov. 11,
1855 ; during the latter 57 temples, 100,000 houses, and 30,000 persons were
said to have been destroyed.
JESUITS, (p. 377.) In 1851 this body published in Italy a " Catechismo Filo-
sofico" or dialogue on Monarchical Constitutions, containing instructions for
kings, how far they may go with a safe conscience in breaking promises
made to their people.
JEWS. (p. 378.) Alderman Salomons first Jewish Lord Mayor of London. 1855.
Seizure of Mortara, a Jewish child, by the Catholic Archb. of Bologna, June
24. 1858. Baron Rothschild takes his seat as M.P. for London (first Hebrew
in Brit. Parliament), July 24, 1858.
JUGGERNAUT, (p. 380.) The stnW allowance to the temple was suspended
by the Indian government in June, 1851.
764 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
K.
KAFFRARIA, an extensive country in South Africa extending from the north
of Cape Colony to the south of Guinea. ' The Kaffirs or Caffres first invaded
the British colony at the Cape, in 1831, and continued a warfare up to Dec.
20, 1852, when they were defeated and sued for peace.
KARS, a town in Asiatic Turkey, defended 5 mos. by the Brit, under Gen. Wil-
liams against a Russian siege, June 18 to Nov. 28, 1855.
KANSAS, one of the United States (the 34th) organized as a territory, May 1854,
and by the same act the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was declared " inopera-
tive and void'' in both Kansas and Nebraska. Emigrant companies from
Mass, began to arrive in July and founded the town of Lawrence. An asso-
ciation formed in Missouri, July 29, to "remove all emigrants" coming
" under the auspices of northern emigrant aid societies ;" another formed
Aug. 1 2, to introduce slavery. A. H. Reeder of Pa., app. governor, arrived
Oct. 6. Election for delegate to Cong., Nov. 29 ; the polls mobbed by
armed bands from Missouri : of 2871 votes cast 1729 were estimated illegal.
Another election, March 20, 1855, similarly controlled. Reeder removed,
July 26. Wilson Shannon of Ohio, his successor, assumed office Sept. 1.
Topeka [" free state"] Convention promulgates a Constitution, Nov. 11. Col-
lisions with bloodshed between the " free-state" and " pro-slavery" people
commenced at this time, and continued more or less for many months.
Topeka Const, accepted by the people, Dec. 15, and under it Chas. Robinson
chosen governor, Jan. 15, 1856. Armed men from Geo., Alabama, &c.,
arrived in the territory, April, 1856. Report of H. Repres. of TJ. S. on Kan-
sas affairs, proving fraud and violence of pro-slavery invaders. Robinson
arrested for treason. May 5, and imprisoned 4 months for taking office under
Topeka Constitution. Raid of pro-slavery men on the town of Lawrence,
May 21. Fight at Potawatamie, May 26, and several other collisions for
several months. Free-state legislature at Topeka dispersed by U. S. troops
under Col. Sumner, July 4. Shannon removed and John W. Geary of Pa,
appointed in his stead, Aug. A party led by Ex-senator Atchison of Mo.
repulsed in an attack on Osawatomie, Aug. 29. Free-state men driven by
Missourians from Leavenworth, Sept. 1. Robinson and others released on
bail, Sept. 8, and Geary promising protection to free-state men they gave up
their arms. Topeka legislature met, Jan. 6, 1857 ; the Speaker and others
arrested by U. S. Marshal. Pro-slavery legislature at Lecompton provides
for a convention. Geary resigned in consequence of illegal acts of Lecompte,
U. S. judge, 1857. Rob. J. Walker appointed governor, and F. P. Stanton
of Tenn., secretary, June. M. J. Parrott elected delegate to Cong. Lecomp-
ton Constitution promulgated, and caused great excitement, Dec. 1857.
Walker denounces it as a fraud, and resigns because the Const, is approved
by the President. J. W. Denver of Calif, app. governor, Dec. 1857. Lecomp-
ton Const, submitted to the people, and repudiated by 10,226 votes. Con-
vention at Wyandot adopts a Const, prohibiting slavery, July 27, which is
ratified by the people (4000 majority), Oct. 4. Under it Chas. Robinson
chosen governor, Dec. 6. A famine and great suffering prevails in the terri-
tory, 1860, relieved by contributions from many states. Kansas admitted
into the Union under the Wyandot Constitution, Jan. 29, 1861. Population
in 1859, 69,950; in 1860, 143,645.
KENTUCKY, (p. 382.) Population in 1850, 771,424, and 210,981 slaves. In
18(30, 933,707, and 225,902 slaves. Increase of free persons in 10 years 19
per cent, inc. of slaves 7 per cent.
ADDENDA.
765
KNOW-NOTHINGS, or the "American party," a political organization in the
U. States, 1853. Chief principles as follows:
1. The Americans shall rule America.
2. The Union of these States.
8. No North, no South, no East, no West.
4. The United States of America as they
are one and inseparable.
5. No sectarian interferences 5n our legis-
lation or the administration of Ame-
rican law.
6. Hostility to the
assumptions
of the
Pope, through the bishops, &c.. in a
republic sanctified by protestant
blood.
7. Thorough reform in the naturalization
laws.
8. Free and liberal educational institu-
tions fi>r all sects and classes, with
the Bible, God's holy word, as a uni-
versal text-book.
L.
LACE. (p. 388 ) This manufacture has been so advanced by improvements that
a piece of lace which about 1809 cost 17, may now be had for 7s. Ure.
LANGUAGE. Hon George P. Marsh, in a recent lecture, stated that there were
nearly 100,000 English words found in use by good writers, but that no
single writer employed more than a very small proportion of the whole. Few
scholars used as many as 10,000 English words, and ordinary people not
more than 3000. In all Shakespeare there were not 15,000 words, and in
all Milton but 8000. There were but 800 of the Egyptian hieroglyphics.
LAW. (p. 391.) The number of lawyers in the United States, in March, 1851,
was 21.979, or about one to every fifteen hundred inhabitants. Monthly
Law Magazine. Estimating their average receipts at $1000 per annum, their
aggregate income would reach within a fraction of twenty-two millions of dol-
lars. In 1851 there were in New York, 4740 lawyers; in Pennsylvania,
1848; in Ohio, 2031; in Massachusetts, 1132; in Kentucky, 1066; and in
Georgia, 908. Livingston's Law Register.
LIBERIA, (p. 395.) The number of American Africans in 1860 was about
10,000; natives under jurisdiction of the republic about 250,000. In 1856
the sugar cane was introduced, and in May, 1860, a cargo of sugar was sent
to N. Y. Palm oil exported in 1859, $500,000. A college, several schools,
2 newspapers, and several churches had been established (1859).
LIBRARIES, (p. 397.) The Astor Library, founded by the late J. J. Astor, who
left, by will, $400,000 " for the establishment of a public library in New
York," "which should be open at all reasonable hours, free of expense, to
persons resorting thereto." The original building opened to the public Jan.
9, 1854. Another building of similar style and extent was added by
"W. B. Astor, 1860. The whole contained in 1860 about 120,000 volumes,
including the most valuable, rare, and costly works purchasable.
The free Public Library in Boston, opened Sept. 17, 1858, is a noble institu-
tion of a similar kind founded at a similar expense by several munificent
citizens. It is wholly free to the public, and about 30,000 volumes are pro-
vided which may be taken from the library by any resident of Boston. It is
a remarkable fact that these 30,000 volur :s had thus been freely loaned to
all comers without loss or damage to the amount of $100 in 2 years.
LIGHTHOUSES, (p. 398.) In 1859, there were 491 light stations on the coasts
of the U. S. including the Pacific and the lakes, the annual cost to gov. being
$932.000. The No. of buoys and beacons .vas about 5000.
LOMBARDY (p. 402), war in, 1859. See Italy.
LONDON, (p. 402.) The population of L. in 1859 was said to be 2,600,0001
766 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
LOTTERIES. In N. Y. and Pa., lotteries have been declared by law to be
" public nuisances," and to be indictable as such. The Am. Art Union was
pronounced illegal, as a lottery, 1851. About 1820 there was a lottery at
Natchez for building a Presbyterian church. At other times colleges, roads,
ferries, hospitals, &c. have been aided by lotteries. They are still tolerated
in Maryland, Georgia, and perhaps other states (1861).
LOUVRE, (p. 404.) The magnificent buildings of the New Louvre begun by
Napoleon I., and completed by Na,poleou III., were inaugurated by the latter
in great state, Aug. 14, 1857.
LOUISIANA, (p. 404.) Population in 1850, 517,762. In 1855, by state census,
587,774 including 244,000 slaves. In 1860, 666,413 including 312,186 slaves.
Ordinance of secession from the U. S. passed by Convention, Jan. 26, 1861.
Motion to submit the question to the people was defeated by a large
majority.
M.
MACCABEES, a family of patriotic Jews, who commenced their career during
the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes, B.C. 167, when Mattathias, a priest,
resisted the tyranny of the governor. His son Judas Maccabeus defeated
the Syrians in three battles, B.C. 166,' 165; but fell in an ambush, BC. 161.
His brother Jonathan made a league with the Romans and Lacedemonians,
and after an able administration, was treacherously killed at Ptolemais by
Tryphon, B.C. 143. His brother and successor, Simon, was also murdered,
B.C. 135. John Hyrcanus, son of Simon, succeeded. His son Judas, called
also Aristobulus, took the title of king, B.C. 107. The history of the Macca-
bees is contained in five books of that name, two of which are included in
our Apocrypha, and are accounted canonical by the Roman Catholic Church
but not by Protestant communions.
MACADAMIZING. The inventor of this system of repairing roads (Mr. John
M'Adam), received a grant from Parliament in 1825 as a reward.
MADAGASCAR, (p. 411.) The French were defeated in an attack on this
island, Oct. 19, 1855. The native Christians have suffered much persecution,
although the prince, the son of the reigning queen, embraced Christianity in
1846. The Rev. W. Ellis in 1858 published an interesting account of his
three visits to the Island, on behalf of the London Missionary Society in
1854-5-6.
MADEIRA, (p. 408.) Since 1852, the vintages here have been totally ruined
by the vine-disease.
MAGAZINE. See Reviews and Magazines.
MAGENTA, a small town in Lombardy, memorable for the victory of the French
and Sardinian army over the Austrians, June 4, 1859. The emperor Louis
Kapoleon commanded, and ho and the king of Sardinia were in the thickest
of the fight. It is said that 55,000 French and Sardinians, and 75,000 Aus-
trians were engaged. The former are asserted to have lost 4000 killed and
wounded, and the Austrians 10,000, besides 7000 prisoners; these numbers
are still doubtful. The Austrians fought well, but were badly commanded.
The emperor and king entered Milan on June 8 following. M'Mahon and
Regnault d'Augely were created marshals of France for gallantry in thia
action.
MAGNETISM. In 1831 electricity was produced from a magnet by Professor
Faraday, who has since published his researches on the action of the magnet
ADDENDA. 767
on light, on the magnetic properties of flame, air, and gases (1845). on dia-
magnetism (1845), on magne-crystallic action (1848), on atmospheric magnet-
ism (1850). and on the magnetic force (1851-52). In the present century
our knowledge of the phenomena of magnetism has been greatly increased
by the labors of Arago. Ampere, Hansteeu. Gauss, Weber, Poggendorff,
Sabine, Lament, Tyndall, Du Moncel, &c,
MAINE, (p. 410) Population in 1850, 583,169: increase in 10 years, 16 per
cent. Pop. in 1860, 619,958: increase in 10 years 6| per cent.
MALAKHOFF, a hill near Sebastopol on which was situated an old tower, which
the Russians strongly fortified during the siege in 1854-5. The allied French
and English attacked it on June 17 and 18, 1855, and after a conflict of 48
hours were repulsed with severe loss; that of the English being 175 killed
and 1126 wounded; that of the French 3338 killed and wounded. On Sept.
8, the French again attacked the Malakhoff ; at 8 o'clock the first mine was
sprung, and at noon the French flag floated over the conquered redoubt. In
the Malakhoff and Redan were found 3000 pieces of cannon of every calibre,
and 120,000 Ibs. of gunpowder.
MARONITES. A body of Christians in Asiatic Turkey, who recognise the
authority of the pope. They live near Mt. Lebanon, and in Aleppo, Damas-
cus, and other places. They suffered severely in the massacre by the Druses
in 1860, and some accounts make the Maronites the original aggressors.
MAROONS. A name given in Jamaica to runaway negroes. When the island
was conquered from the Spaniards a number of the negroes, abandoned by
their former masters, fled to the hills and became very troublesome to the
colonists. A war of eight years' duration ensued, when the Maroons capitu-
lated on being permitted to retain their free settlements, about 1730. In
1795 they again took arms, but were speedily put down and transported to
Nova Scotia. Brande. They were also sent to Sierra Leone; and many of
them are among the Dutch of Surinam.
MARQUESAS ISLANDS (Polynesia), were discovered in 1595 by Mendana,
who named them after the viceroy of Peru, Marquesa de Mendoca. They
were visited by Cook in 1774, and were taken possession of by the French
admiral Dupetit Thouars, May 1, 1842.
MARRIAGE (p. 414.) The number of marriages in England and Wales in
1750 was 40,800 1820 was 96,883 1 S50 was 152 744
1800 " 78,223 1840 " 121.083 185? " 156,207
Of these marriages, in 1850, it is stated, in the registrar's returns, that
47,570 men and 70,60] women could not write, and that they signed the
marriage register with their marks.* See Divorce. It has frequently been
attempted to legalise a marriage with a deceased wifds sister, without success.
A bill for this purpose passed the Commons, July 2, 1858, but was rejected
by the Lords, July 23 following. In the case of Brooke v. Brooke, April 17,
1858, it was decided that such a marriage celebrated in a foreign country
was not valid A bill to suppress irregular marriages in Scotland was passed
in 1856
MARSEILLAISE HYMN. The words and music of this hymn are ascribed to
Rouget de Lille, a French engineer officer, who composed it at the request
* In France, the marriages were 208.893 in 1S20; 243,674 in 1825; nml 259.177 in 1830. As
respects Paris, the statistics of that city, which are very minute and curious, furnish the fol-
lowing classes as occurring in 7754 marriages: Bachelors and maids, 6456; bachelors and
widows, 368; widowers and" maids, 708 ; widowers and widows. 22-2.
768 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
of Marshal Lucknow, in 1791, to cheer the spirits of the conscripts of the
army then at Strasburg. The hymn derived its name from the circumstance
of some troops from Marseilles marching into Paris to the time at a time
when it was little known there, in 1792. Brands.
MARYLAND, (p. 415.) Population, 1850, 583,034 including 74,723 free colored,
and 90,368 slaves. Increase in 10 years 24 per cent. In 1860, the population
was 646,183, and 85,382 slaves. Increase of free persons in 10 years 11 per
cent. ; decrease of slaves 6 per cent.
MASSACHUSETTS, (p. 146.) Population in 1850, 994,514; increase in 10
years 34 per cent. Population in 1855 (state census) 1,132,369; increase in
5 years 16 per cent. These returns placed Mass, the 6th in the Union in
population. In I860 the population was 1,231,494. Increase in 10 years 24
per cent. Total industrial production in 1 855, 295 millions of dollars. Exports,
1859, 18 millions. Railroads, 1602 miles, which cost 63 millions.
MEDICI FAMILY, illustrious as the restorers of literature and the fine arts in
Italy, were chiefs or siynori of the republic of Florence from 1434, in which
year Cosmo de' Medici, who had been banished from the republic, was
recalled, and made its chief, presiding over it for thirty years. Lorenzo de'
Medici, styled "the Magnificent," and the "Father of Letters," ruled Florence
from 1469 to 1492. John de' Medici (Pope Leo X.) was the son of Lorenzo.
Roscoe. From 1569 to 1737 the Medici family were hereditary granddukes
of Tuscany.
MEMPHIS, an ancient city of Egypt (" of which the very ruins are stupendous")
is said to have been built by Menes, 3890 B.C. ; or by Misraim, 2188 B.C. It
was erected by Alexander, 332 B c ; and restored by Septimus Severus, A.D.
202. The invasion of Cambyses, 526 B.C., began, and the founding of Alexan-
dria, 332, completed, the ruin of Memphis.
MENU, INSTITUTES OF, the very ancient code of India. Sir W. Jones, who
translated them into English (1794), considers their date should be placed
between Homer (about 962 B c.) and the Roman Twelve Tables (about 449
B.C.) Haughton's translation appeared in 1825.
MEROVINGIANS. The first race of French kings, 418-752.
MESMERISM. So called from Frederick Anthony Mesmer, a German physician,
of Mersburg. He first made his doctrine known to the world in 1766; con-
tending, by a thesis on planetary influence, that the heavenly bodies diffused
through the universe a subtle fluid which acts on the nervous system of ani-
mated beings. Quitting Vienna for Paris, in 1778, he gained numerous pro-
selytes to his system in France, where he received a subscription of 340,000
livres. The government at length appointed a committee of physicians and
members of the Academy of Sciences to investigate his pretensions. Among
these were Franklin and Dr. Bailly, and the result of their inquiries appeared
in an admirable paper drawn up by the latter, exposing the futility of animal
magnetism, as the delusion was then termed, and the quackery of Mesmer.
Mesmerism excited attention again about 1848, when Miss Harriet Martineau
and others announced their belief in it.*
METEOR. Remarkable instances of the phenomenon are recorded by the Chinese
as early as 644 B.c. ; by Greeks and Romans (a few only); by Kepler (1623),
Halley, Humboldt, Cavallo, Bowditch. and others, 1676, 1719, 1783, 1819.
A meteor passed over N. Y., Conn., R. L, Delaware, &c., July 20, 1860.
* In 1859 the Mesmeric Infirmary issued its tenth animal report, Archbishop "Whately being
president, and the earl of Carlisle :ind Mr. Monckton Milnes among the vice-presidents.
ADDENDA. 769
Extraordinary meteoric display in Nov. 1833, partially recurring every Nov.
till 1839, and again in 1841 and 1846. These were described by Prof. Olm-
sted of New Haven.
METHODISTS, (p. 422.) The first Methodist organization in the U. S. was at
Baltimore, 1784, Wesley sanctioning it as the " Meth. Episcopal Church of
America." Introduced in S. Carolina and Georgia, 1785. Secession of Anti-
episcopal brand), 1830. Secession (on account of the slavery question) of the
" Methodist Episcopal Church South," 1844. The northern branch had in
1860, 956,555 members, and 13,000 preachers, under 51 ''annual con-
ferences," 24 colleges, 2 biblical institutes, and 120 seminaries The " M. E.
Church South" in 1845, had 6 bishops, 24 conferences, 330,710 white mem-
bers, 124,811 colored members, 2978 Indians. In 1859 the total membership
was 721,023, with 2! colleges for males, 28 colleges and 27 high schools for
females ; and a publishing house at Nashville which issued 600 million pages
in 5 years. The Meth. Prot. Church in 1858 had 90,000 members and 2000
ministers.
MEXICO, (p. 423.) Herrera, president, 1848; succeeded by Gen. Arista, Jan. 15,
1851 ; who was compelled by revolution to resign, 1853, and Santa Anna
was recalled and made president with unlimited powers. Insurrection of
Alvarez, Jan. 1854; flight of Santa Anna, Aug. 1855, and elevation of Car-
rera for 27 days. Alvarez made president by a Junta, but after a few weeks
resigned in favor of Comonfort, who confiscated Church property. March 1856.
New constitution promulgated by Congress, March 1857, opposed by the
army, and a new revolution (Jan. 1858), suppressed Comonfort, and elevated
Zuloaga to the presidency. Juarez (chief justice) claims this post, and retires
to Vera Cruz, May 4, 1860. assuming there to be the "Constitutional presi-
dent." Zuloaga deposed, and Gen. Miramon as chief of the Conservatives or
Church party, leads a war against Juarez, which ends in the triumph of Jua-
rez, Jan. 1861.
MICHIGAN, (p. 423.) Population 1850, 399,654; in 1860, 754,291. Increase
in 1840-50, 87 per cent. ; 1850-60, 89 per cent.
MICHAELMAS. The feast of St. Michael, the reputed guardian of the Roman
Catholic Church, under the title of " St. Michael and all Angels." St. Michael
is supposed by the Roman Catholics to be the head .of the heavenly host.
This feast is celebrated on the 29th of September, and the institution of it,
according to Butler, was A.D. 487.
MILITIA, (p. 424.) In England a volunteer militia was raised during the Cri-
mean war, 1854, and again during the Indian mutiny, 1857.
MILITIA, (p. 425.) The militia force of the United States in 1860, as near as
can be ascertained from official reports, consists of 53,589 commissioned offi-
cers, and 2,036,520 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and
privates ; a total of 2,727,486 men.
MINCIO, a river of Lombardy. Here the Austrians were defeated by the French
under Brune, Dec. 26, 1800 ; and by Eugene Beauharnais, Feb. 8, 1814. The
provinces of Verona and Mantua are watered by the Mincio.
MINES, (p. 425.) The deepest coal-pit in England has recently been opened,
after nearly 12 years' labor. The shaft is 6864- yards deep, and its sinking
cost some $500,000. The seam of coal is 4 ft. 8-i in. thick, and is calculated
to yield 500 tons a day for 30 years. The shaft is 12 feet in diameter, and
near the bottom 19 feet. Here it meets an "incline" nearly half a mile long.
MINlfi RIFLE, invented at Vincennes. about 1833, by M. Minie (born about
1800). From a common soldier he raised himself to the rank of the chef
33
770
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
d'escadron. His ritte is considered to surpass all made previous to it, foi
accuracy of direction and extent of range It is adopted by the French, and
with various modifications by the British army in 1852.
MINNESOTA, (p. 425 ) Made a territory, 185-, admitted into the Union as a
state, 1858. Population, 1850, 6077; 1860, 176.535.
MINT. (p. 426.) In England, first regulated by Athelstan, about A.D. 928. See
Coinage.
MISSIONS, PROTESTANT. The number of Protestant missionaries in the world
is 1369 who are distributed as follows: North America, 125; South Ame-
rica, 11; the Antilles and Guiana, 218; Northern Africa, 6; West Africa,
107 ; South Africa, 152; Western Asia, 74 ; India and Ceylon, 419 ; Burmah
and Siam, 39; China, 72; Oceanica, 146. To the above must be added 934
assistant missionaries, and 2737 native helpers (1860). Modern missionary
effort has given to 20 millions of people the benefits of a written language,
20 dialects of Africa have been thus supplied, and 500,000 persons enjoy
oral teaching.
MISSIONS, ROMAN CATHOLIC. The receipts of the great Romish missionary
society, the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, for 1857, from all parts
of the globe, amounted to $838.000. Their expenditures in Europe were
about $159,000; in Asia. $284,000; in Africa, $54,000 ; in America, $1 77,000 ;
in the South seas, $73,000. The whole amount contributed on this continent
was about $32,000. It is stated that Protestants in the U. States alone, give
more for foreign missions than the one hundred and fifty millions of Catholics
in all parts of the world.
MIRRORS, (p. 427.) In 1851 Mr. Pettigrevv made known a mode of silvering
glass by a solution of silver, thus avoiding the deleterious use of mercury.
MISSISSIPPI (p. 426.) This state repudiated $5,000,000 of its bonds, in 1839(?)
Population 1850, 6()6,326; 1860, 836,658; increase from 1840 to 1850, 61
per cent, " Ordinance of Secession " from the U. S., passed Jan. 9, 1861.
MISSISSIPPI. The literal translation of the aboriginal name is Great River; the
Indian title is written variously by the early journalists; Marquette spells it
" Missoissippy. ;" Hennepiri " Meschasipi" Sape is river, running water;
the prefix means "great," "&/'(/"
MISSOURI, (p. 427 ) Pop. in 1850, 682,044, including 87,422 slaves. I 1856,
911.001, including 101,605 slaves. Increase in 10 years, 77 per cent. From
1830 to 1840, it was 133 per cent. Pop. I860, 1,201,214, including .115,619
slaves
MODENA. (p. 426.)
1S46. Francis V. (born June 1, 1S19) suc-
ceeds, Jan. 21. His subjects rose against
him soon after the Italian war broke out,
in April, 1S59. He fled to Verona, esta-
blishing a regency, which was abolished
June 18; Farini was appointed dictator
in July ; a constituent assembly was im-
mediately elected, which offered the
duchy to the king of Sardinia, Sept. 15,
following. Future government unde-
cided, Nov. 1859.
OLUCCA&- an archipelago (the chief, Amboyna) in the Indian Ocean, discovered
by the Portuguese, about 1511, who held them secretly till the arrival of the
Spaniards, who claimed them till 1629, when Charles V. yielded them to
John III. for a large sum of money. The Dutch conquered them in 1607,
and have held them ever since except from 1810 till 1814, when they were
subject to the English.
MONACHISM (from the Greek, monos, alone). Catholic writers refer to the pro-
phet Elijah, and the Nazarenes mentioned in Numbers, ch. vi., as early
ADDEXDA. V71
examples. The first Christian ascetics appear to be derived from the Jewish
sect of the Essenes, whose life was very austere, practising celibacy, &c.
About the time of Constantine (A.D. 306-322) numbers of these ascetics with-
drew into the deserts, and were called hermits, monks, and anchorets ; of
whom Paul, Anthony, and Pachomius were most celebrated, feimeon. the
founder of the Stylitie (or pillar saints), died A.D. 456. He is said to have
lived on a pillar 30 years St. Benedict, the great reformer of monachism,
published his Rules and established his monastery at Monte Cassino, about
A.D. 529. The Carthusians, Cistercians, &c., are so many varieties of Bene-
dictines. In 964, by decree of king Edgar, all married priests were to be
replaced by monks. See Abbeys and Benedictines.
MONROE DOCTRINE, a term applied to the determination expressed by James
Monroe, president of the United States, 1817-24, not to permit any European
power to interfere in restraining the progress of liberty in North or South
America,
MONTEBELLO, a village in Piedmont, where Lannes defeated the Austrians*
June 9, 1800, and acquired his title of duke of Montebello ; and where (May
20, 1859), after a contest of six hours, the French and Sardinians defeated the
Austrians, who lost about 2000 killed and wounded, and 200 prisoners. The
French lost about 700. including general Beuret.
MONUMENT OF LONDON, begun in A.D. 1671, and finished in 1677. The
pedestal is forty feet high, and the edifice altogether 202 feet, that being the
distance of its base from the spot where the fire which it commemorates com-
menced. It is the loftiest isolated column in the world. Its erection cost
about 14,500.
MORAT (Switzerland), where Charles the Bold of Hungary was completely
defeated by the Swiss, June 20, 1476. A monument, constructed of the
bones of the vanquished, was destroyed by the French in 1798, who erected
a stone column in its place.
MORETON BAY (New South Wales), a new .British colony, constituted in 1859.
The capital to be called Queen's Town ; the first governor, Sir G. Bowen, and
the title of the Bishopric to be Brisbane.
MORMONS, (p. 430.) In Utah, their chief settlement, Brigham Young, their
leader, was made Governor by Pres. Fillmore in 1850. The U. S. chief jus-
tice being repudiated by Young, and the U. S. laws disowned, Col Steptoe,
U. S. A , was appointed governor in place of Young, and sent with a batta-
lion to enforce the U. S. authority, Aug. 1854. His authority being defied
he resigned. Alfred Cuinmings appointed gov. by Pres. Buchanan, and
arrived with 2.500 U. S troops, Oct 5. His trains were attacked and open
rebellion proclaimed; but in March, 1858, the Mormon leaders submitted and
order was restored. Army withdrawn May 1860. In April, 1851. their
elders and preachers were gathering converts to their principles in Italy and
Switzerland, and especially among the Waldenses ; also at Paris. Their
celebrated " Bible," professed to have been delivered to Joe Smith, was really
written by Rev. Sol. Spaulding, about 1812. as a supposed history of some
ancient mounds in Ashtabula Co., Ohio. The MS. is said to have been bor-
rowed by one of the Mormons, who copied it. and subsequently printed it.
The number of Mormons in Utah, in 1860, was said by them to be 80,000
or 100,000. By others it was estimated at 50,000. In Europe they nuni-
1 er perhaps 100,000 ; and some are reported in Asia, Africa, and Polynesia.
MOROCCO, (p. 430.) The Spaniards, who possess several places on the coagt of
Morocco (Ceuta, Penon de Yalez, &c.), having suffered much annoyance by
772
THE WORLDS PROGRESS.
Moorish pirates, declared war against the sultan in Oct. 1859. Negotiations
had proved fruitless; the Spanish government increasing their demands as
the sultan yielded. The English interference was in vain. See Spain.
Peace restored, 1860.
MORTAR (p. 430.) On Oct. 19, 1857, a colossal mortar, constructed by Mr.
Robert Mallett, was tried at Woolwich; with a charge of 70 Ibs. it threw a
shell weighing 2550 Ibs. 1| mile horizontally, and about mile in height.
No bomb-proof arch or iron ship could resist such a missile.
MOSQUITO COAST (in Central America). The Indians inhabiting this coast
have been long under the protection of the British, who held Belize and a
group of islands in the bay of Honduras. The jealousy of the United States
has long existed on this subject. In April, 1850, the two governments cove-
nanted not to "occupy, or fortif}*, or colonise, or assume, or exercise any
dominion over any part of Central America." In 1855 the United States
charged the British government with an infraction of the treaty ; on which
the latter agreed to cede the disputed territory to the republic of Honduras,
with some reservation.* The matter was finally settled in Feb. 1857.
MOUNT VERNON The home of Washington, on the Potomac; purchased for
the nation for the sum of $200,000, raised by ladies' associations, originated
by Miss Pamela Cunningham, of South Carolina, 1858-60.
MUNICH, the capital of Bavaria, and one of the most beautiful sites in Germany,
was founded, it is said, A.D. 962. It was taken by Gustavus Adolphus of
Sweden, in 1632; by the Austriaus in 1704, 1741, and 1743; and by the
French, under Moreau, July 2, 1800. Munich abounds in schools, inetitu-
tions, and manufactories. The University was founded by the king Louis in
1826.
NAPLES, (p. 434.)
N.
A martial anarchy prevails yDec. 1849
The chiefs of the liberal party arrested
in 1849
Settembrini, Poerio,Carafa, and others,
after a mock trial are condemned,
and consigned to horrible dungeons
for life June, 1850
After remonstrances with the king on
his tyrannical government (May),
the English and French ambassa-
dors are withdrawn Oct. 28, 1856
Attempted assassination of the king
by Milans Dec. 1856
The Cagliari seized June, 1S57
Italian refugees, under count Pisao
cane, landing in Calabria, are defeat-
ed, and their leader killed
June 27-July 2, 185T
Death of Ferdinand II., after dreadful
sufferings May 22, 1859
Accession of Francis II
The city of Naples surrenders to
Garibaldi without a struggle, and
the king retires to Gaeta ...Sept., S60
Gaeta surrenders to the Sardinians
and the king takes refuge in a
French vessel Feb. 13, 1861
See Italy and Sicily.
NASSAU, now a German duchy, was made a county by the emperor Frederic I.,
about 1180, for Wolrarn a descendant of Conrad I. of Germany; from whom
are descended the royal house of Orange now reigning in Holland (see Orange
and Holland), and the present duke of Nassau. Population of the duchy in
1857, 434.064. Wiesbaden was made the capital in 1839.
1788. Count Frederic-William joins the 1814. William-George, Aug. 20.
Confederation of the Khine, and is made 1889. Adolphus - William - Charles, born
duke in 1806. July 24, 1817; the present duke (1861).
* St. Juan del Norte (Grcytovni) was held by the British on behalf of the Mosquitoes till the
American adventurers, under Col. Kinney, took possession of it in Sept. 1^55. He joined
Walker ; and on Feb. 10, 1856, their associate Kivas, the president, claimed and annexed the
Mosquito territory to Nicaragua.
ADDENDA. 773
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN (at New York), founded 1826; the first
President was Samuel F. B. Morse.
NATIONAL DEBT OF EXGLAXD. The annual interest in 1850 was 23,862,257 ;
and the total interest, including annuities, amounted to 27,699.740. On
Jan. 1, 1851, the total unredeemed debt of Great Britain and Ireland was
769,272,562 : the charge on which for interest and management was
27,620,449. On Jan. 1, 1852, it was 765,126,582 ; the charge, 27,501,783.
NATURE PRINTING. This process consists in impressing objects, such as
plants, mosses, feathers, &c., into plates of metal, causing these objects, as it
were, to engrave themselves ; and afterwards taking casts or copies tit for
printing from. Kniphof, of Erfurt, between 1728 and 1757, produced his
Herbarium vivum by pressing the plants themselves (previously inked) on
paper; the impressions being afterwards colored by hand. In 1833, Peter
Kyhl made use of steel rollers and lead plates. In 1842, Mr. Taylor printed
lace. In 1847, Mr. Twining printed ferns, grasses, and plants; and in the
same year Dr. Branson suggested the application of electrotyping to the
impressions. In 1849, Professor Ley dolt, of Vienna, obtained, by the able
assistance of Mr. Andrew Worring, impressions of agates and fossils. The
first practical application of this process is in Von Heufier's work on the
Mosses of Arpasch, in Transylvania ; the second (the first in England) in
"The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland," edited by Dr. Lindley; the illus-
trations to which wer prepared under the superintendence of Mr. Henry
Bradbury, in 1855-6, who also in 1859 commenced the printing of the British
Sea-weeds, edited by W. G. Johnstoue and Alex. Croall.
NAVAL ACADEMY (U. S.) at Annapolis, Md., founded during the Presidency
of Mr. Polk, chiefly at the instance of Geo. Bancroft, Sec. of the Navy.
NAVY OF ENGLAND, (p. 440.) In July, 1856, it consisted of 271 sailing
vessels, carrying 9,594 guns; and 258 steam vessels, carrying 6,582 guns;
also 155 gunboats, and 111 vessels on harbor service.
NAVY OF FRANCE (p. 440) has been greatly increased by the present empe-
ror. In L859 it consisted of 51 ships of the line (14 sailing vessels and 37
steamers), and 398 other vessels, in all 449.
NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, (p. 439.) In 1860, consisted of 10 ships
of the line, 10 frigates, 21 sloops of war, 3 brigs, 8 steamers, first class, 6
screw do. 2d class, 15 do. 3d class, 9 side-wheel steamers, 3 storeships, 6
receiving ships. Total, 91 vessels.
NEW GRENADA (South America), visited by Columbus, and in 1536 conquered
and settled by the Spaniards. It formed part of the new republic of Bogota,
established in 1811; and, combined with Caraccas, formed the republic of
Colombia in 1819. After several reunions and dissolutions the republic of
New Grenada, in June. 1858, merged into the Grenadine Confederation,
which includes Bolivar. Antioguia, Panama, and other small states. The
president (1859) M. Ospina, entered on office April 1, 1857.
NEW HAMPSHIRE, (p. 441.) Population in 1850, 317,976; increase in 10
years, 11 per cent. In 1860, 326,072, increase, 3 per cent.
NEW JERSEY, (p. 442.) Population in 1850, 488,552, including 22,269 colored
persons. In 1860, 676,084. Increase in 10 years 35 percent.
NEWSPAPERS, (p. 445.) There are 3,364 newspapers published in the United
States and territories, of which 613 are in New York, 419 in Pennsylvania,
382 iu Ohio, 221 in Illinois, and 219 in Massachusetts. There are 50 in
Canada, 5 in the Sandwich Islands, and 2 in New Brunswick. In England
774
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
and Wales there are 272; in Scotland, 66; in Ireland, 113; and in the
British Isles and Jersey, 17. There are about 1,500 in Germany, about 600
in France, 30 or 40 in Spain, very few in Italy, 13 in Constantinople, and
about 100 in Russia (1860).
NEWSPAPERS, GREAT BRITAIN, (p. 445.) In 1855 the stamp duty on news-
papers was abolished, except for postal purposes. In 1857, 71,000,000
newspapers passed through the London post-office.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRESENT PRINCIPAL LONDON NEWSPAPERS.
Public Ledger 1759 I Times.
Daily.
.1788
Morning Chronicle 1770 | Sun. . . .1792
Morning Post 1772
Morning Herald 1781
Observer 1792
Bell's Messenger 1796
Weekly Dispatch 1801
Examiner 1 *-f;8
Literary Gazette 1817
John Bull.. ..1820
Morning Advertiser 1803
Globe 1803
Weekly.
Bell's Life in London . .1820
Sunday Times 1 822
Atlas 1826
Athenaeum 1S28
Spectator 1S28
Illustr'd London News.1842
Standard 1827
Daily News 1846
Daily Telegraph 1 SS5
Morning Star 1866
Lloyd's Weekly Paper. 1842
News of the World 1S4S
Economist 18-13
Leader 1850
Press 1S53
Saturday Review 185-
NEW YORK, STATE OF. (p. 443.) Population in 1850, 3,097,394 ; increase in 10
years, 26 percent. In 1860,3,851,563; increase in 10 years 24 per cent.
No. of school districts, 11.621. Pupils in public schools, 851,533. Volumes
in school libraries 1.360,507 (1860).
NICARAGUA, a state in Central America, which see. At the commencement of
1855 it was greatly disturbed by two political parties: that of ihe president
Chamorro, who held Grenada, the capital, and that of the democratic chief
Castellon, who held Leon. The latter invited Walker, the filibuster, to his
assistance, who in a short time became sole dictator of the state. By the
united efforts of the confederated states the filibusters were all expelled in
May, 1857. OH May 1, 1858, Nicaragua and Costa Rica appealed to the
great European powers for protection. .
NICOLAITAXES. This sect '(mentioned Rev. ii. 6, 15) is said to have sprung
from Nicolas, one of the first seven deacons. Nicolas is said to have made a
vow of continence, and in order to convince his followers of his resolve to
keep it, he gave his wife (who was remarkable for her beauty) leave to marry
any other man she desired. His followers are said afterwards to have main-
tained the legality of a community of wives, as well as holding all other things
in common, and are accused of denying the divinity of Christ.
NINEVEH. The capital of the Assyrian Empire (see Assyria), founded by Ashur,
who called it after himself, about 2245 B.C. Ninus reigned in Assyria, and
called this city also after himself, Nineveh, 2069 B.C. Abbe Lengkt. Jonah
preached against Nineveh (about 862 B.C.), which was taken by Nebuchad-
nezzar, 606 B.C. The discoveries of Mr. Layard and others in the neighbor-
hood of Mosul, the supposed site of this ancient capital, since 1839, have in a
manner disinterred and repeopled a city which for centuries has not only
ceased to figure on the page of history, but whose very locality had long been
blotted out of the map of the earth. The forms, features, costume, 7 - eligion,
modes of warfare, and ceremonial customs of its inhabitants, stand before us
distinct as those of a living people; and it is anticipated that, by help of the
sculptures and their cuneiform inscriptions, the researches of the learned may
go far in filling up the vast blank in Assyrian annals. Among the sculptures
that enrich the British Museum may be mentioned the winged bull and lion
ADDENDA. 775
aiid numerous hunting and battle-pieces; but perhaps the mnt interesting- a?
confirmatory of the truth of Holy Scripture, is the bas-relief of the eagle-
headed human figure, presumed to be a representation of the Assyrian god
Nisroch (fro:n N^r. an wyle or liawk}. whom Sennacherib was in the act of
worshipping when he was assassinated by his two sons, about 7 10 B.C. 2
Kings xix. 37. In 1848 Mr. Layard published his ''Nineveh and its
Remains," and in 1853 an account of his second visit in 1849-50.
NITROGEN, OR AZOTE (from the Greek a no, and zw, I live), an irrespirable
elementary gas. Before 1777 Scheele separated the oxygen of the air from
the nitrogen, and almost simultaneously with Lavoisier discovered that the
atmosphere is a mixture of these two gases. Nitrogen combined with
hydrogen forms the volatile alkali ammonia so freely given off by decom-
posing animal and vegetable bodies.
NORTH CAROLINA, (p. 449.) The population was as follows:
Whites. Slaves. Free Col. Total.
1840 434,b7u 245.817 22,732 758,419
1850 553,C2S 288.54S 27,463 862,039
I860 679.965 328,377 1,008,342
It was at Mecklenburgh, in this state, that the first declaration of independence
of the British crown was made, as early as May, 1775.
NORTHWEST PASSAGE, (p. 448.) The honor of actually effecting the north-
west passage was achieved by Capt. McClure, in the British ship Investigator,
which sailed with the Enterprize, Capt. Colliuson, Jan. 20. 1850. Admiralty
chart showing the discovery published 1853.
NOVARA (SARDINIA). BATTLE OF, March 23, 1849, when the Austrian marshal
Radetzky totally defeated the king Charles Albert and the Sardinian army.
The contest began at 10 A.M. and lasted till late in the evening; the Aus-
trians lost 396 killed, and had about 1850 wounded; the Sardinians lost
between 3,000 and 4.000 men, 27 cannons, and 3, 000 prisoners. The king of
Sardinia soon after abdicated in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel, the pre-
sent king (1861).
NUMIDIA (N. Africa), the seat of the war of the Romans with Jugurtha, which
began 111 B.C., and ended with his subjugation and captivity, 106. The last
king, Juba, joined Cato and was killed at the battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C., when
Numidia became a Roman province.
NUMISMATICS, the science of coins and medals, an important adjunct to the
study of history. In England Evelyn ( 1697), Addison (1726), and Pinkerton
(1789) published works on medals. Ruding's Annals is the great work on
British coinage (new edition, 1840). The Numismatic Society in London was
founded by Dr. John Lee in 1836. It publishes the Numismatic Chronicle.
Mr. Yonge Akerman's Numismatic Manual (1840), is a useful introduction
to the science. Other foreign works are numerous. Eckfeldt and Dubois'
work on the coins of the U. S., pub. 1842, with later editions. "\Vorks by
Bushnell, Prime, and others, published at N. York, and by Snowden at Philad.
0.
OATH. (p. 451.) In England Jews were relieved from part of the oath of alle-
giance, 1858.
OBSERVATORIES. <p. 451.) Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y., founded by
Mrs. B. Dudley, 1858.
776 THE WORLD'S PROGKESS.
OHIO. The total population of this state in 1850, was 1,980,408, viz. white,
1,95(1000; colored. 24,300. Farms in cultivation, 143,887; manufacturing
establishments producing annually over $500, 110,550; nouses, 336,098.
Census Returns. In 1850 the wheat crop of Ohio amounted to 80,000,000
bushels. April, 1851, completed 62 years since the first band of white set-
tlers entered Ohio. Population in 18GO, 2,377,917 ; increase in ten years
about 20 per cent.
OIL-WELLS, which supply a good burning oil, were discovered at Titusville, Pa.,
1859. The first was through 29 feet of earth, and 30 feet of rock. There
are now (1861) numerous wells in that vicinity yielding about 15 barrels per
day.
OLYMPIC GAMES, (p 452.) In 1858, M.Zappas, a wealthy Peloponnesian, gave
funds to re-establish these games under the auspices of the Queen of Greece.
OMNIBUSES, (p. 452.) In 1859, there were above 8000 omnibuses running in
London. The number in New York in 1860 was 11,660. The number of
hackney coaches licensed in 1860 in N. York was 863. The number of carts
of public cartmen, in 1860 was 5700.
OPIUM. The Custom-house returns state that in 1858, 300,000 Ibs. of opium
were imported into the United States, and it is calculated from reliable data
that not more than one-tenth of this is used for medicinal purposes. Druggists
and physicians say that the habit of taking opiates is very prevalent, and
extending every year.
ORANGEMEN. A battle, called the battle of the Diamond, was fought in the
county of Armagh, in Sept., 1795; and the treachery experienced by the
Protestants on that occasion convinced them they would become an easy
prey to the Roman Catholics, from their small numbers, unless they associ-
ated for their defence. In commemoration of that victory the first Orange
lodge was formed in the county of Armagh, Sept. 21, 1795 ; but the name of
Orangeman existed some time before. They associated to maintain the con-
stitution in church and state, as established at the Revolution by the Prince
of Orange. The first Orange lodge was formed in Dublin, the members pub-
lishing a declaration of their principles, in Jan. 1798. It is stated, that in
1836, there were 145,000 Orangemen in England, and 125,000 in Ireland,
the Duke of Cumberland being grand master. After a parliamentary inquiry,
the clubs were broken up at the request of the House of Commons, but
revived in 1845. In Oct. 1857, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland ordered that
Justices of the Peace should not belong to Orange-clubs. Orange associa-
tions in Canada repudiated by the Prince of Wales and his advisers, Oct.
1860.
ORDERS ix COUXCIL were issued by the British government, Jan. 7, and Nov.
2), 1807, prohibiting trade with the ports occupied by the French. They
were reprisals for Napoleon's Berlin decree. These restrictions greatly
checked the progress of manufactures in England, and caused much distress
till their removal in 1815.
OREGON, (p. 455.) Received into the Union as a state, 1859. Population in
1860, 52,566.
ORGANS, (p. 455.) A monster organ erected in the Crystal Palace at Sydeuham,
England, June, 1857, which at times overpowered the 2400 vocal and instru-
mental performers.
OSTROGOTHS, or EASTERN GOTHS, were distinguished from the Visigoths
(Western Goths) about A.D. 330. After ravaging eastern Europe, Thrace, Ac.,
ADDENDA. 77
i
their great leader, Theodoric, established a kingdom in Italy, which lasted
from 493 to 553.
OUDE, a large aud rich province in North India, formerly a vice-royalty held by
the vizier of the Great Mogul. On the dismemberment of his empire about
17GO, it was seized by the vizier Shuja-ood-Dowlah, ancestor of the late
royal family.
YES! A corruption of the French Oyez, hear ye 1 The term used by a public
crier in law courts, &c., to enjoin silence and attention; very ancient, and the
date not known,
OZONE (from ozein, to yield an odor), a name given in 1840 by M. Schonbein
of Basel to the odor in the atmosphere developed during the electric dis-
charge. It is considered to be a modification of the oxygen, and when
occurring naturally, to have an effect on health. It is also produced
by the action of moist air on phosphorus. In 1858 ozonometers had been
constructed by Dr. Lankester and others in England. M. Schonbein has
since discovered another modification of oxygen, which he terms antozone.
At present (1859), this latter has been found only in the compound state (in
peroxides of sodium, potassium, &c.).
P.
PALAEONTOLOGY (from the Greek palaios, ancient, and onta, beings), treats of
the evidences of organic beings in the earth's strata. It is a branch of Geo-
logy. Cuvier, Mantell, Agassiz, Owen, Edward Forbes, and Blainville,
all of the present century, may be reckoned as the fathers of this science.
The PaUeontographical Society, which publishes elaborate monographs
of British organic remains, w;is founded in 1847. Prof. James Hall of Albany
is the author of an elaborate work on the Paleontology of N. York.
PALESTINE. After being several times conquered by the Saracens, and
retaken, from the seventh to the tenth century, and after being the scene of
the wars of the Crusades, and other conflicts, Palestine was united to the
Ottoman empire by Selim I. in 1516
PALMERSTON ADMINISTRATION". The resignation of the Aberdeen administra-
tion was announced Feb. 1, 1855, but nearly all its members returned to
office soon after under Lord Pahnerston ; Lord Derby and Lord John Russell
having each in vain endeavored to form an administration. On Feb. 22, Mr.
Gladstone, Sir James Graham, and Mr. Sidney Herbert, again resigned on
account of the Sebastopol inquiry. Lord John Russell resigned July 13.
Eord Canning was appointed Governor-General of India, July 4, 1855. This
cabinet resigned Feb. 20, 1858, in consequence of a vote of censure upon the
government for introducing the Foreign Conspiracy bill. It was succeeded
by the Derby administration.
PALM ERSTON- RUSSELL ADMINISTRATION. The Derby administration resigned
June 11, 1859. Earl Granville was requested by the Queen to t'>rni an
administration, and obtained the support of Lord Pahnerston, but not Lord
John Russell : the two last then united to form the present cabinet, which
came into office July 18, 18.V.I.
PANAMA. The isthmus which joins North and South Arn<-ncn. \ TK-W state,
named Panama, was formed out of New Grenada in isr>f,. Tlu- pusi-nt,
president ( !<;<)) is .Jos< ; nV Osbaldin. Tin- Panama Railroad opened 1855.
PAPAL AG<iRK>SION," in Kn-lnnd strongly protested against in lHf*Ooh the
33*
778 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
appointment by the pope uf Cardinal "Wiseman to be "Lord Archbishop of
Westminster.'' 670o addresses against this " usurpation" sent to the queen;
and a bill was. passed, August, 1851, "prohibiting the constitution of bishops
of pretended provinces under a penalty of 100." This bill does not appear
to have been enforced.
PAPER (p. 460). The manufacture of printing and writing papers in the United
States has been greatly advanced in the last 15 years. Printing paper is
now made, especially in Conn., Mass , Maine, N. J., and Pa , fully equal in
quality to the best in England. The amount of capital employed in this
business is estimated at $20,000,000. The quantity produced cannot be
precisely calculated, but it is now (I860) probably greater than the product
of Great Britain.
PAPIER MACHE. This manufacture (of paper pulp combined with gum and
sometimes China clay) has- existed for above a century. Martin, a German
tmuff-box maker, is said to have learnt the art from one Lefevre about 1740.
In 1745 it was taken up by Baskerville, the printer at Birmingham, and soon
\ipread over that district. Papier mache is now largely employed in orna-
menting the interior of buildings, &c.
PARADISE LOST, the great epic of Milton, appeared first in 10 books in 1667;
in 12 books in 1674. The author received for it the sum of 10, and his
widow 8 more as full payment for the copyright.
PARAGUAY, a province in South America, discovered by Sebastian Cabot in
1526 : and conquered by Alvarez Nunez in 1535, and civilized by the Jesuits,
who established an exclusive government, which they held till their expul-
sion in 1768. Paraguay rose against the Spanish yoke in 1811. In 1814
Dr. Francia was elected dictator, succeeded on his death in 1840 b} r Vival.
From 1814 to 1844 the country was rigidly closed against foreigners. The
present (1859) president, C. A. Lopez, was elected in 1844. Paraguay was
recognised as an independent state by the Argentine Confederation in 1852,
by Great Britain in 185,% by the U. States in 185-.
PARIS (p 461.) Immense improvements at great expense by Louis Napoleon,
1853-6. Great Industrial Exhibition opened by him May 15, 1855; visited
by Queen Yictoria and Prince Albert, Aug. 24, 1855, the first visit of an
English sovereign to Paris since that of the infant Henry VI. in 1422.
PARKS, (p. 461.) The great " Central Park," N. Y. city, originated 18M by the
suggestions of the late A. J. Downing, and first officially recommended by
A. C Kingsland, then mayor. It was authorized both by the Common Coun-
cil and by the Legislature, within 100 days after: the award of the Com-
missioners of Assessments, made July 2, 1855. The park came into posses-
sion of the city, Feb., 1856. It originally extended from 59th to 106th St. :
in 1859 it was extended to 110th St., and then included in all 843 acres;
being 2- miles long, | mile wide. The cost before extension was $5,444.369.
of which $1,657,590 was assessed on adjoining property ; the net cost being
greater than was ever before known to be expended on a public park. It is
now more than twice the size of Hyde Park in London ; but of its area 142
acres is occupied by the two Croton reservoirs. Preliminary surveys by Mr.
Yiele (1856) were followed by the adoption of plans by Olmsted and
Vaux, April 28, 1858, and the appointment of Mr. F. L. Olmsted as Super-
intendent and " Architect-in-chief. " Work on this plan commenced June 1,
1858. since which from 500 to 3500 persons have been employed to this time
(1861) under the general direction of commissioners appointed by the Legis-
lature.
ADDENDA.
779
Public Park at Baltimore opened 1860. The " Common" at Boston, Mass.,
though small in extent, is one of the most beautiful city inclosures in the
world.
PATENTS (p 463.) The number of patents granted by the office at Washington
from 1790 to 1850 inclusive was 16,296. In 1854 there were 1800, and the
yearly number since then has been about 2000.
PARISHES, The boundaries of parishes in England were first fixed by Hono-
rius, archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 636. They were enlarged, and the num-
ber of parishes was consequently reduced in the fifteenth century, when
there were 10.000. The parishes of England and Wales now amount to
11,077. Parish-registers were commenced A.D. 1538.
PARLIAMENT, (p. 462.)
The Peers took possession of their
house, that portion of the palace
being ready April 15, 1847
The members of the Commons'
Honse of Parliament assembled
in their new house Nov. 4, 1852
Barou L. Rothschild, the first Jew
admitted July 26, 1858
PARMA, (p 462.) When the war in Italy began in 1859, the Parmesans rose,
and established a provisional government, May 3 ; the duchess-regent retired
to Switzerland. On Sept 3, the annexation to Sardinia was voted. On
Oct. 5, Col. Anvity, a former obnoxious police minister, having rashly
returned, was cruelly murdered by the mob. The Dictator Farini is endea-
voring to punish the assassins (Nov. 1859).
PASSAU, TREATY OF. A celebrated treaty whereby religious freedom was
established, and which treaty was ratified between the Emperor Charles V.
and the Protestant princes of Germany, Aug. 12, 1552. By this pacification
the Lutherans were made at ease in regard to their religion. Henault. In
1662 the cathedral and greatest part of the town were consumed by fire.
PAWNBROKERS, (p. 464.) The three golden balls suspended from the doors of
pawnbrokers were the arms of the Lombard merchants, who were the first to
publicly lend money on chattel securities, and who gave the name to the
present street of bankers in London. They have been humorously described
as meaning that there were two chances to one that the things pledged would
never be redeemed.
PEACE SOCIETY, AMERICAN. The first peace society in the world was founded
at N. York in Aug., 1815. A similar society was founded at Paris in 1821.
PEACE SOCIETY in England was founded in 1816 for the promotion of univer-
sal peace. It held its 43rd anniversary on May 17, 1859. A congress of the
friends of peace, from all parts of the world, commenced its sittings at Paris,
Aug. 22, 1849. It met in London, at Exeter Hall, Oct. 30 following; and
at Frankfort, in St. Paul's Church, Aug. 22, 1850 ; at Birmingham. Nov. 28,
1850; and at Exeter Hall, July 22, 1851. A meeting was held at Man-
chester, Jan. 27, 1853, and at Edinburgh, Oct. 12, 1853. Mr. Bright and
Mr. Cobden are among the most conspicuous members of this society. A
deputation from the Peace Society consisting of Messrs. J. Sturge, Pease, and
another quaker friend, stated their views to the Emperor of Russia at St.
Petersburg, at an interview granted them in Feb. 1854.
PELASGI. the primitive inhabitants of Greece and Italy appear to belong to the
Indo-Germanic race. They were in Greece about 1900 B.c and in Italy
about 1600 B.C. They have been termed Tyrrheni, Sicani or Siculi. Apuli,
&c From the Pelasgi come the Dorians, uEolians, and lonians ; all three
being Hellenes or Greeks.
"780
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
PENSIONERS, U. S. The whole number of pensioners of all classes on tin rolls
in I860, was 11,585; and the aggregate amount required per annum for
their payment, $1,183,141. Of revolutionary soldiers, 165 only are now on
the rolls (18(50).
PENS. STEEL. The largest factories are Gillot's, of Birmingham, who employ
nearly 1,000 hands for the conversion of 2 tons of steel into 35,000 gross of
pens weekly ! In 1820-1, the first gross of three slit pens was sold wholesale
for 7 4s. ; in 1851, a superior, article could be furnished at 3s. 6d. to 5s. per
gross, while the commonest pens can be rendered at twopence the gross.
Steel pens of a superior quality are now made to a large extent in the U. S.
PERSEPOLIS, the ancient splendid capital of Persia. Alexander has been falsely
accused of setting fire to it, while intoxicated. 331 B.C. The fire is said to
have been accidental and not extensive. Remains of this city still exist.
PERUGIA, a city of the Papal States, anciently one of the Etruscan Confedera-
tion. It allied itself with the Samnites, but was ruined by two defeats by
the Romans, 309 and 295 B.C. It was taken by Octavius Ca?sar from the
adherents of Antony ; many of whom were immolated on altars by their vic-
tor. Leo X. took Perugia from the rival families Oddi and Baglioni, in 1520.
An insurrection here against the pope was put down by the Swiss with great
cruelty, June 20, 1859. An American family who suffered by the violence
of Papal soldiers were afterwards indemnified.
PESTH. (Hungary), was repeatedly taken and besieged in the wars of Hungary,
particularly in the long contests with the Turks. The last time it changed
masters, was in 1684, after the raising of the famous siege of Vienna by
Sobieski. Buda-Pesth, in the war just closed, was taken by the Imperialists,
Jan. 5, 1849. The Hungarians afterwards defeated the Austrians, who were
obliged to evacuate it, April 18, same year. See Hungary.
PETROPAULOVSKI, a fortified Russian town, on the east coast of Kamtschatka,
attacked by English and French fleets, which were repulsed, Aug. 30, 1854.
It was afterwards deserted and the fortifications destroyed.
PEWS in churches were not in use in England till long after the Reformation:
about the middle of the seventeenth century. The earliest reading-paw with
a date is one at Geddington St. Mary, Northamptonshire, dated 1602. Hook.
PHARMACY : the knowledge of the chemical and medicinal properties of drugs
and all other things employed medicinally. The Pharmaceutical Society of
London was founded in 1841, mainly by the exertions of Mr. Jacob Bell, and
obtained its charter in 1843. It publishes a monthly journal.
PHILOSOPHY, (p. 470.)
1770-18W; Scientific, Fichte. 1800-14.
Absolute Identity. Schellins, 1800-20;
Absolute, IdeaUxm, Hegel, 1810-30;
Utilitarian, Benthain, 1790-1830; Posi-
tive, Comte, 1830.
MORAL AND INTELLKCT0AL PHILOSOPHY.
ANCIENT SCHOOLS. Pythagorean, about
B.C. 500: Platonic (the Academy), by
Plato, 374 ; Peripatetic (the Lyceum),
by Aristotle, 334; Sceptic, by 'Pvrrho,
884; Cynic, by Diogenes. 330; Epicu-
rean, by Epicurus, 306: Stoic, by Zeno,
290; Miff die Academy, by Arcesilaus,
278; New Academy, bv Carneades,
160.
MODERN PYSTKMS. Rational, Bacon, aVt
A.T>. 1624; Cartesian, Descartes, about
1C50 ; ltefl.e<-tiue or f'ircej'tire, Lork\
1690; Ideatittic, Berkeley. 1710 ; K/ec-
tite, Leibnitz, 1710; Common Sentse,
Reid, 1750-70; Transcendental, Kant,
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Greek and Latin. Thales, about B.C. 600;
Pythagoras, 590; Aristotle and Plato,
850; Euclid, 300; Archimedes. 287 ; Hip-
parohns. 150; Lucretius*, about 100;
Julius Caesar, 50; Ptolemy, A.D. 150.
Middle Age*. Arabians: I'cn Musa. 800;
Alhazen, &c.. 1100. (Herbert, Decimals,
959. Koger Bacon, Opu# Maju*, 1266.
ADBEXBA.
781
PHILOSOPHY, continued.
Inductive Philosophy :
Copernicus's system published 1543
Tycho Brahe 1546-1601
Kepler's Laws 1609-13
Bacon's JVo*t Organum 1620
Galileo's Dialogue* 1 682
Royal Society begins (which see). . .1645
Otto Guericke Air pump 1654
Huyghens on Pendulums 1658
Newton Fluxions, 1665; Analysis
of Light, 1669; Theory of Gravi-
tation. 1634; Principia published
1687; death 1727
Bradley discovers aberration 1727
Euler on Perturbation of the Pla-
nets., 1743
Black on Heat 1762
Laplace on Tides 1 775
Lagrange. Mecaniqne Anuli/tiqueAtSS
Galvani's and Yplta's researches... .171*1
Laplace, Mecanique Celeste. 1799
(:?ee Astronomy, Optics, Chemis-
try, Electricity, <c.)
PPICENICIA, on the sea coast of Syria. The natives were the most eminent
navigators and traders of antiquity ; their cities being Tyre, Sidon. Berytus,
Tripoli, Byblos, and Ptolemais or Acre From the nineteenth to the thir-
teenth centuries before Christ, they established colonies on the shores or isles
of the Mediterranean Carthage, Hippo, Utica, Gades, Panormus ; and are
said to have visited the British Isles. Phoenicia was conquered by Cyrus,
537 B.C.; by Alexander, 334; by the Romans, 47; and was added to the
Ottoman empire, A.D. 1392.
PHONOGRAPHY (from the Greek, phone, sound). The Phonetic Society, whose
object is to reform our mode of writing and printing by rendering it more
consonant to sound, was established, March 1, 1843; Sir W. C. Trevelyan,
president, and Mr. Isaac Pitman, secretary, the latter being the inventor of
the system which was made known in 1837. Among other works published
by the promoters of this system was the "Phonetic News."
PHOSPHORUS, (p. 470.) The consumption of phosphorus has immensely in-
creased since the manufacture of lucifer matches. In 1845, Schrotter of
Vienna, made the important discovery of what is termed allotropic or amor-
phous phosphorus, which is not so unwholesome to work as ordinary phos-
phorus.
PHOTOGALVANOGRAPHY, the art of producing engravings by the action of
light arid electricity. The earliest specimens were produced by Nicephore
Niepce, and presented by him, in 1827, to the great botanist, Robert Brown,
in Eng. Great advances have since been made in this art b}- M M. Xiepce
de St. Victor (who published a treatise on it in 1856), and Vitry, Mr. W. R.
Grove, H. Fox Talbot, &c. In 1854, Paul Pretsch patented a process which
he called " Photogalvanography," and a company was formed to apply it to
the benefit of the public.
PHOTOGLYPHIC ENGRAVING (a process by which the light actually etches a
picture on a plate that may be and has been printed from), was invented by
Mr. Fox Talbot, in Eng., in 1859, and is described and exemplified in the
Photographic News, Sept. 9 and 16, 1859, a specimen being given in the
latter number.
PHOTOGRAPHY. The action of light on chloride of silver was known as early
as the sixteenth century. The phenomena were studied by Scheele (1777),
Senebier (1790). Ritter and Wollaston (1801). From the results of these
investigations, experiments were made by Thos. Wedgwood and Humphry
Davy, which were published, 1802. Wedgwood may be regarded as the first
photographer. His paper was entitled "An Account of a method of copying
paintings upon glass, and of making profiles by the agency of light upon
nitrate of silver." Further discoveries were made by Niepce in 1814. and
Sir J. Herschel in 1819. Daguerre commenced his experiments in 1824;
and in 1826 joined Niepce, and worked with him till the death of the latter
782 THE WORLD'S PKOGRESS.
in 1833. The production of the Daguerreotype, plates was announced in Jan.,
1839 ; and tlie French chamber of deputies grunted a pension to Daguerre
and to Isidore Niepce (the son). In 1839 also Mr. Henry Fox Talbot first
published his mode of multiplying photographic impressions, by producing a
negative, photograph (i. t. with the lights and shades reversed), from which any
number of positive copies may be obtained. His patent lor producing the
Taibutype or Calotype (on paper) is dated Feb. 1841. From this time im-
provements have been made with great rapidity. In 1851, Collodion
was applied to photography by Mr. F. Archer. The Photographic Society of
London was established in Jan. 1853. It publishes a journal. On Dec. 22,
1852, 774 specimens of photography were exhibited at the rooms of the
Society of Arts, Adelphi. Celestial Photography began with Professor Bond,
the astronomer of Cambridge, U. S., who exhibited a photograph of the moon
in 1851 Since then, Mr. Warren de la Rue. of London, has produced excel-
lent photographs of the moon and other heavenly bodies. Haydn.
PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE U. S. M. Gourard, of Paris, first introduced Photo-
graphy in the U. S. in 1839, exhibiting some daguerreotype views in the
course of a lecture at the Broadway Tabernacle, early in that year. Pro-
fessors Morse. Draper, and Wollcott, simultaneous!} 7 , before the end of the
year, improved Daguerre's process, and during 1840 applied it to portraiture.
Ambrotypes were introduced in 1853, and paper photographs in 1851;
although very little was done in the business way until 1854. Early in 1855,
Mr. C. D. Fredericks made the first successful life-sized photographs, with an
apparatus invented by Mr. H. H. Snelling; and it is mainly to the introduc-
tion of this apparatus by Mr. Fredericks, that photography owes its rapid
progress and popularity in this country, almost entirely superseding the
earlier daguerreotypes. Stereographs were introduced in 1852, but com-
manded no attention until 1857.
PIEDMONT (Pedemontium, Latin, foot of the mountains), a region in North Italy,
seat of government of the modern kingdom of Sardinia, which see.
PINS. (p. 472.) Pins were first manufactured by machinery in England, in 1824,
under a patent of Lemuel Wellman "Wight, of the U. S. Haydn.
PISTOLS, (p. 472.) Of late years they have been made with a revolving cylin-
drical breech, in which are formed several chambers for receiving cartridges,
and bringing them in succession into a line with the barrel for firing. The
earliest model for this kind of arm is to be found in the L T nited Service
Museum, and is supposed to date from the reign of Charles I. The manufac-
ture of pistols by machinery was first introduced into England from the
United States, in 1853, by Col. Colt, the inventor of the celebrated Colt pis-
tol, at which time nearly the whole oi the machinery used was new to Eng-
land. The perfection and economy of this system of manufacture induced the
British Government to establish the Entield Armory in the year 1855. Haydn.
The chief recent improvement in pistols is the " Revolver," invented by Col.
Sam. Colt. His first revolver with several barrels was invented in 1829 ; in
1835 he patented his revolving chambered breech; and in 1852, founded his
manufactory at Hartford, Conn., where the Colt Arms Co. make revolving
pistols of several sixes, costing from $10 to $25 each, at the rate of 300 and
sometimes even 500 each day. This revolver has 14 parts, besides screws,
and these pass through (in all) 460 separate processes before the pistol is
completed. Various other revolving pistols have been invented, but none so
successful. The Derringer pistol is single-barrelled, throwing a small ball.
PLANETS. See Astronomy. Asteroids have been discovered as follows :
ADDENDA.
783
ffygeia, by A. de Gasparis.. April 12, 1849
Parthenope, by the same May 11, 1850
Victoria, by J. E. Hind Sept. 13. 1850
Eyeria, by A. de Gasparis.. .Nov. 2. 1850
Irene, by J. K. Hind May 19. 1S51
Eunomia, by A. de Gasparis. July 29, 1851
Ptyclie, by the same March 17, 1 852
Thetis, by E. Luther April 17. 1853
Melpomene, by J. R. Hind.. June 24, 1852
Fortuna, by the same. .... . Auj:. '22, 1852
Jfassilia, by A. de Gasparis. Sept. 19, 18C2
POET LAUREATE (ENGLAND), (p. 475.) Alfred Tennyson appointed 1850.
POLICE, (p. 478.) The " Metropolitan Police " law for the city of New York and
suburbs, passed 1857, resisted by the mayor (Wood), and a serious collision
results between the old and new police force, June 16, 1857. The new law
pronounced to be constitutional by the Court of Appeals. July 2, and the old
force is disbanded next day. The present police force of New York (1861) is
unquestionably the most effective and the most perfect that has ever been
organized on this continent. It numbers about 1,800 men.
POLITICAL ECONOMY, (p. 478.) In the U. S. the most important original
works on political economy are those of Henry C. Carey, of Philadelphia,
originally an advocate of free trade, but his maturer works taking the oppo-
site ground in favor of protection. He has written several volumes which
have attracted much attention in Europe.
POLYNESIA. A name recently given to the isles in the great Pacific Ocean.
PONTIFFS (Latin, Pontiftces), the highest Roman sacerdotal order established by
Numa. The college first consisted of 4 patricians ; to these 4 plebeians were
afterwards added. Sylla increased the number to 15 (8 majores, 7 minores).
The chief was called the Pontifex Maximus. T. Coruncanius, a plebeian,
obtained this office, 254 B.C.
POPULATION OF THE GLOBE, (p. 481.) Professor C. F. W. Dietrich, of the
University of Berlin, has furnished the Academy of Sciences, in that city, with
the most recent and reliable tables on this subject, giving the following
results with his grounds for them :
Population of Australia, etc ... 2,000,000
Population of Europe 272.000,000
" " Asia 755,000.000
" " America 200,000,000
" " Africa 59,000,000
Total 1,288,000,000
or more than twelve hundred millions Reckoning the average death as
about one in every forty inhabitants, 32,000.000 die in a year; 87,671 in a
day; 3,653 in an hour; and 61 in a minute. Thus one human being dies on
an average every second, and more than one is born.
PORTLAND, MAINE. Population in 1860, 26,342.
PORT ROYALISTS. The name popularly given to the learned members of the
celebrated convent of the Port Royal des Champs (founded about 1204; and
refounded in 1626), who occupied their time there in religious exercises, and
in instructing youth, from about 1636 to 1656, when they were expelled by
Louis XIV., as Jansenists and 'heretics. Among the distinguished names
connected with the Port Royal are those of Lancelot, Pascal, Arnauld, Nicole
de Sacy, and Tillemont. The school books which were published fur the use
of that institution were greatly esteemed.
PORTUGAL, (p. 485.)
An American squadron arrives in the
Tagus to enforce claims against the
Portuguese government. . .June 22. 1850
Death of the queen Maria II. .Nov. 15, 1853
King-consort recognised as regent
Dec. 19, 1853
The young king visits England ....
June, 1854
And France May, i855
All the slaves on the Eoval domains
declared free . . .Dec. 80, 1S54
Inauguration of tho king Sept. Ifi, 1S55
784 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
PORTUGAL, continued.
Kesignation of the Saldanha minis-
try June 5, 1 856
First Portuguese railway (from Lis-
bon to Sautarem) opened.
Oct. 20, 1856
The French emigrant ship for negroes
Charles-et-Georges, seized
Nov. 29, 1857
Anger of the French government ; its
ultimatum sent, Oct. 13; and ships
of war to the Tagus : the vessel re-
stored Oct. 25, 1858
1853. Fetor V. (Don Pedro), born
Sept. 16, 1837; the present (1859)
king of Portugal. Married to the
princess btephania, of Hohenzollern
Sigmaringen, May 18, 1S58 ; who
died July 17, 1859.
[Hair, Prince Louis-Philip, the king's
brother, born Oct. 81, 1833.]
POST OFFICE, U. S. (p. 484)
1854. 1S55. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860.
Revenue* 7 ru. 7J4 m. 1%, m. 8m. 8m. 8^ m. 8% m
Expenditures*.. 8% m. 10m. 10^ m. lljj m. 12% m. 15% m. 14> 4 ' m.
For the year ending June 30, 1859: number of post-offices, 28,539; increase
during the year, 562; mail routes, 8,723; aggregate length, 260,052 miles;
annual transportation, 82,308.402 miles; of which by railroads, 26,010 miles
total, 27,268,384 miles, at 11.9 cents per mile ; by steamboats. 19,209 miles,
total, 4.569,902, at 25.3 cents per mile; by coaches, 63.041 miles, total
23,448,498 miles, at 13.3 cents per mile; by inferior modes, 151,792 miles;
total, 27,021,658, at 7.1 cents per mile Expenditures of the department for
1859, $14,964,493; revenue, $7,968,484; deficiency, $6.996,009. See Table
in Appendix. Nearly 2,000,000 "dead letters" annually fail to reach the
persons addressed.
POST OFFICE, BRITISH. The net revenue was in 1853, 1,104,000; in 1857
1,293,971. Rowland Hill's penny postage was broached in 1837, and
adopted in 1839. The number of letters in the last year of the old system
was, 82,470,596. The number in 1856 was 478 millions; in 1858, it was
523 millions. In 1855, books and pamphlets were first allowed to be sent by
post, at the rate of Id. for 4 oz.
POST OFFICES. The number of letters annually passing through the Post-offices
of Great Britain, with the uniform one penny postage system, is four times as
great as in the United States, as by the following table :
No. of Letters per Postal Postal
Countries. Population. letters. 1,000 persons, expenses. revenues.
United States 25,000,000 102,139,148 4,084 $12.722.470 $7,486.792
Great Britain 30.000,000 410.81 7. 489 13.693 14.Sb4.SOO 9.245,- 00
France. 40,000,000 150,000.000 3,750 6,023.915 9.321.900
Spain 14.000,000 30,775,686 2.209 1,095.398 1,281.761
Belgium 4.600,000 11.521.955 2,603 327,128 355,648
Holland 3,200.000 13.349.553 4.357 156.785 2SS,162
Switzerland 2,300,000 19,773,671 8 : 299 341,028 447,752
PRAETORIAN GUARDS were instituted by the emperor Augustus (B.C. 13),
and their numbers enlarged by Tiberius, Vitellius, and his successors. At-
first supporters of the imperial tyrants they eventually became their masters,
actually putting up the imperial diadem for sale (as in A.D. 193 when it was
bought by Didiu.s Julianus). They at times committed many atrocities, and
were finally disbanded by Constantino, in 312.
PRESBYTERIANS, (p. 488.) The Presbyterian church in the United States was
divided into the "Old School," and the New School, 184-. In 1850, the
aggregate No. of churches was 4,584, accommodating 2,040,000 persons.
PRINTING, (p. 490.) In the United States this important art has made great
advances during the last 10 years (1861). The best presses of Boston, and
Cambridge, Mass., of New York, and of Philadelphia, have produced speci-
* In millions, round numbers.
ADDENDA. V85
mens, nearly or perhaps fully equal to the best in England or France.
Excellence has been especially aimed at of late in this countrj-, while econo-
my and cheapness have been more studied in England.
PRINTING TYPES first electrofaced with copper, about 1850.
PRINTING IN COLORS was first commenced by the employment of several
blocks, to imitate the initial letters in MSS. (for instance, the Mentz Psalter
of Faust, A.D. 1457, which lias a letter in three colors). Imitations of
chiaroscuro soon followed (' Kepose in PJgypt," engraving on wood, after
Louis Crauach, 1519, in Germany: others, by Ugo da Carpi in Italy,
1518). In England, j. B. Jackson (1720-1754) attempted, without success,
to imitate water-color drawings and to print paper-hangings. About
1783, John Skippe, an amateur, printed some chiaroscuros. In 1S19-22,
Mr. William Savage produced his remarkable work, " Hints on Color
Printing," illustrated by imitations of chiaroscuro, and of colored draw-
ings, which are still greatly admired, giving details of the processes employed.
In 1836, Mr. George Baxter produced beautiful specimens of Picture-Printing,
and took out a patent, which expired in 1855. In some of the illustrations
to the "Pictorial Album" (1836), he has employed twenty different blocks.
Since then great improvements have been made in the art. It has been
applied to Lithography (hence, Chromolithography). In 1849, Mr. G. C.
Leighton produced imitations of water-color-drawings, by means of modifica-
tions and improvements of Savage's processes. In 1851, he commenced
color-printing by machinery, and has since availed himself of aqua-tinted
plates; and also of electrotyped silver and copper surfaces to obtain purity of
color as well as durability. Haydn. This art is also practised considerably
in the United States, but has not been prominently recognised. Chromo-
lithography. i. e. printing from stone in colors, introduced in N. Y. and Phil.,
about 1 848, has been carried to great perfection.
PRINTING PRESSES, (p. 488.) The largest presses more recently constructed
by Hoe & Co., of New York, will throw oft' 25,000 impressions per hour.
These are the " ten cylinder type-revolving printing machines." Two of
these have been supplied to print the London Times, and a similar one is
used by four daily newspapers in New York. The cost of each press is about
$30,000. Of the eight and six cylinder machines Hoe & Co. have supplied
20 in Great Britain, 4 in Paris, and 2 in Australia ! The Adams printing
presses are now manufactured by Hoe & Co.
PRIVATEER. A vessel belonging to one or more private individuals, sailing
with a licence from Government in time of war, to seize and plunder the
ships of the enemy. The practice first became general during the war
between Spain and the Netherlands, about the end of the seventeenth cen-
tury, and was very general during the last French war. Privateering was
abolished by the great sovereigns of Europe by treaty, March 30, 185H : but
the U. S government declined to join in this treaty. During the war of 1812,
there were ''50 privateers commissioned by the U. S., of which 58 were from
Baltimore. 55 from New York, 40 from Salem, and 31 from Boston. During
that war 2,000 British vessels were captured by the Americans, a large por-
tion being by privateers. About 500 American vessels were captured or
destroyed by the British. See CoggeshalPs Hist of Am. Privateers.
PROBATE COURT, ENGLAND. Kstablished in 1857 by 20 & 21 Viet. c. 77,
which abolished all power exercised by the Ecclesiastical Courts in the grant-
ing of probates of wills, &c. The first judge appointed (Jan. 5, 1858), was
Sir Cresswell Cresswell, who took his seat Jan. 12. Probate is the exhibiting
and proving a will before the proper authority.
786 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
PRUD'IIOMMES. COXSEILS PE (from pntdtn* kcnno, a prudent raanX trade tribu-
nals iu France, composed of makers and workmen, instituted in 1806, by
Napoleon, to arbitrate on trade disputes. Similar bodies with tin's name
existed as far back as 1452. at Marseilles, and at Lyons, in 1464.
PRUSSIA, (p. 494.)
The king takes the oath required by
the new constitution Feb. 6. 1S50
Treaty of peace between Prussia and
Denmark July 2. 1S50
, e. cu M ii;;_r .>ut the whole Prus-
sian annv. .: infantrv. 3S.OOO
But agrees to a commercial treaty. .
Feb. "19.
Continues neutral in the -war
Sept. 21, Oct. IS. 1S54
Excluded from the conferences at
Vienna Feb. 1855
cavalry, ar.d 'J9.000 artillery, with , Alarming illness of the kins, the
10S) field-piett s N..-V. 7. 1850
The Pru>v . b ; - i-ommeuce thtir
retreat fn 'in li el. ..Dec. 5. 1550
The king celebrates by a grand ban-
quet the 150th anniversary of the
Prussian monarchy ".Jan. IS, 1S51
The king revives the council of state
as it existed before the revolution
prince of Prussia appointed resent
for three months Oct." 28. 1857
Prince Frederick William of 1'ru
married to the princess r<-yal of
England Jan. 25. 1 SC 3
Prince of Prussia made permanent
recent <>ct. ". J Jo?
Prussia declares its neutralitv. but
of 1S4S Jar.. 12. 15*52 arms to protect Germ'y. May <k J une 1S59
A Prussian Industrial exhibit: I "eath of the king and the accession of
opened at Berlin May -JS. 1852 I the Prince of Prussia, as William I.
Prussia repudiates a customs' union Jan. 2, 1SC1
with Austria June 17. L83B
PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM". Claudius Ptolemy of Pelusium. in Egypt (about A.D.
140). supposed that the earth was fixed in the centre of the universe, and that
the sun, moon, and stars moved round once in twenty-four hours This
system (still the official doctrine of the church of Rome) was universally
,,-ht till that of Pythagoras (500 b.c.) was revived by Copernicus (A.D.
15301 and demonstrated by Kepler (1619) and Newton ^1687).
PUBLIC LANDS, U. S. Since 1S33 the sales of public lands have reached
122,038.290 acres, which produced $136.401.302 (I860).
PUBLIC WORKS. AMERICAN. The Croton Aqueduct carries more water than
any other in the world, and is but t\vo miles shorter than the Julian Aque-
.: at Rome, the longest in the world. The stone arch over Cabin John's
Creek, in the Washington Aqueduct, is about 50 feet longer span than any
stone arch in the world The suspension bridge at Lewiston. and the rail-
road suspension bridge, both over the Niagara river, have each the largest
span of the kind in the world. The United States Dry Dock at Brooklyn is
not equalled in dimensions, nor surpassed in workmanship, by any of the kind
anywhere.
PUNCTUATION. The ancients do not appear to have had any system; and
doubtless employed arbitrary signs to distinguish the pans of a discourse. Of
our points the period (.) is the most ancient. The colon (:") was introduced
at 1485 : the comma (.) was first seen about 1521, and the semicolon (;)
ut 1570. In Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia" (1557). they all appear, as
well as the note of interrogation (!), asterisk (*) and parentheses ().
PUNJAB (N.W. HindostanX was traversed by Alexander the Great. .127 B.C.;
. by Tamerlane. A.D. 1398. The British war with the Sikhs began here
Dec. 14. Ib45. and was closed in 1849. when the Punjab was annexed. It
has since flourished, and on Jan. 1, 1859, was made a distinct presidency (to
include the Sutlej states, and the Delhi territory).
ADDENDA.
787
Q.
QUADRANGLE, OR QUADRILATERAL, terms applied to the four strong Austrian
fortresses in North Italy : (1) Peschiera, on an island in the Mincio, near the
lake of Garda It was taken by the French in 1796; by the Austrians and
Russians in 1799; by tire French again in 1801; but restored in 1814. It
was taken by the Sardinians in 1848; but retaken by Radetzky in 1849.
The Sardinians were about to invest it in 1859, when peace was made: (2)
Mautua, on the Mincio: (3) Verona: and (4) Legnano; both on the Adige.
QUAKERS, (p. 497.) In 1682 TVm. Perm, with a company of Friends, colonized
Philadelphia, where in Jan. 1, 1788. they emancipated their negro slaves. In
England, on Jan. 23, 1833, Edward Pease, a Quaker, was admitted to Par-
liament on his affirmation. The Quakers had in England 413 meeting-houses
in 1800, and 371 in 1851. At a conference held on Nov. 2, 1858. it was
agreed to recommend that mixed marriages should be permitted, and that
many of the peculiarities of the sect in speech and costume should be aban-
doned.
QUARANTINE, (p 498.) The quarantine system has long been enforced at the
principal ports of the United States. The buildings used as quarantine hos-
pitals, at Staten Island (near New York city) were burned by an " orderly
mob" of citizens, who regarded them as a " nuisance," Sept. 1-2, 1858.
QUININE, OR QUIXIA. an alkaloid (much used in medicine), discovered in 1 820
by Pelletier and Caventou. It is a probable constituent of all genuine cin-
chona barks, especially of the yellow bark.
RACES, (p. 501.) The most eminent races in England are those at Newmarket,
established by Charles II. in 1667; at Epsom, begun about 1711, by Mr.
Parkhurst (they have been annual since 1730); at Ascot, begun by the duke
of Cumberland, uncle to George III. ; at Doncaster, established by Col. St.
Leger in 1776, and at Goodwood, begun by the duke of Richmond (who died
in 1806). The Jockey Club began in the time of George II. Its latest rules
(by which races are regulated) were enacted in 1828.
EACE-HORSE9.
Flying CJiilflers, bred in 1715 by the Duke
of Devonshire, was allowed by sports-
men to have been the fleetest horse that
ever ran at Xewmarket, or that was ever
bred in the world ; he ran four miles in
six minutes and forty-eight seconds, or at
the rate of 3o> miles an hour, carrying
nine stone two pounds. He died in 1741,
aged 26 years.
Eclipse was the fleetest horse that ran in
England since the tim.e of Childers ; he
was never beaten, and died in February,
1759, aged 25 years. His heart weighed
14 Ib. which accounted for his wonderful
spirit and courage. Christie White t
Hist, of the Turf.
"RAGGED SCHOOLS. Free schools for outcast destitute ragged children, sot up
in large towns. In these schools the instruction is based on the Scriptures,
and most of the teachers are voluntary and unpaid. They existed in some
parts of London previous to 1844. but did not receive their name till that
year, when the "Ragged School Union" was formed, principally by Mr. >.
Stacy, and Mr. Win. Locke (since Hon. Secretary). The earl of Shaftesburv
is chairman In 1856, there were 150 Ragored-schonl institutions:
788
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
123 Sunday schools with 16.937 scholars.
93 Day schools with 13,057 scholars.
117 Evening schools with 8,085 scholars.
84 Industrial classes with 3,224 scholars.
163 Paid teachers in day schools.
126 Paid teachers in week night schools.
43 Paid refuge and industrial masters.
21o9 Voluntary teachers.
There were in 1856, 16 refuges, where 500 inmates are fed, lodged, clothed,
and educated. Upwards of 500 boys and girls have emigrated to the colo-
nies. In New York and other large cities of the U. S. " Ragged Schools "
have been established by benevolent individuals, to the great benefit of many
thousand destitute children, who would otherwise have received no instruc-
tion. "Mission Schools" also have gathered in thousands from the cellars
and gutters, who have been provided not only with oral teaching, but with
lodging, food, and raiment. The "Fourth Ward" and "Five Points" Mis-
sions are of this character.
RAILWAYS, (p. 502.) In England, the capital invested in railway undertakings
has reached a most astonishing amount. Up to 1840 it was 69 millions ;
and, according to the acts of parliament which sanctioned railways, the share
capital and borrowing powers of all the British railway companies amounted,
on March 1, 1853, to 363 millions sterling. The railway mania and panic
year was 1846, when 270 railway acts passed. Up to 1858 the sum of
308,824,851 had been invested in railways. An act for the better regula-
tion of railways, 17 & 18 Viet. c. 31, was passed July 10, 1854. In 1859 an
act was passed to enable railway companies to settle their differences with
other companies by arbitration.
RAILWAYS, EXTENT OF. June 1858 (from Captain Galton's Report).
Miles.
Austria 2086
Belgium 813
Denmark 220
France 4509
Germany (without Aus-
tria and Prussia) 2930
Great Britain:
England 6706
Scotland.. ..1243
Miles.
Ireland 1070
Holland 182
Naples 64
Portugal 29
Prussia 2544
Eussia 715
Sardinia 390
Spain 456
States of the Church . . 12
Miles.
Sweden and Norway. . . 88
Switzerland 810
Tuscany 150
Total 24,592
U. S. of America 17,481
Grand Total 42,073
TTNITED KINGDOM LENGTH OF RAILWAY OPENED, NUMBER Of PASSENGERS, AND TOTAL
RECEIPTS.
I
Year.
Miles
opened.
Travellers.
Receipts.
Year.
Miles
opened.
Travellers.
Receipts.
1845...
2343
83,791,258
1854....
5692
111.206,707
9.174,945
1849...
4355
68,841,539
6,277,892
1858(iy)
9540
76,529,202
12,825,826
PERSONS KILLED BY RAILWAY ACCIDENTS ENGLAND.
Total
By causes beyond their own control
1854.
222
12
1S55.
246
10
1856.
1857
1858.
281
128
123
27
12
1
It has been calculated that out of 16,168,459 travellers by railway one person is killed ;
and out of 458,370 one is injured by causes beyond their own control.
RAILWAYS, U. S. (p. 502.) In June, 1859, the length of railways in operation
in the U. S. was stated to be 27.857 miles; cost, $961,047.364. Increase
since 1847, 24,057 miles.
ADDENDA.
789
RAILWAY TRAVELLERS. The statistics on this subject prove that this
mode of travelling is much safer than the old modes. Thus in the French
post system there were nearly seven times as many deaths as in an equal
number of miles by railroad. Yet the number of accidents is inexcusably
great, especially in the United States. The summary of several years shows
Passengers.
In Prussia, killed or wounded 1 in 1.294,075
In Belgium, " u
In France, " "
1,611,237
" 375,092
Passengers.
In England killed or wounded 1 in 311.340
In United States,
188,459
The railroad travelling is more than six times as dangerous here as in Prus-
sia, probably because the responsibility here exacted is less in nearly that
proportion.
RAILWAY DISASTERS. On Great Western (Canada) R R., 42 killed, Oct.
27, 1854; Chicago and Rock Island, 40 k. and w., Nov. 1, 1854; Camden
and Amboy, at Burlington, N J., 23 k., 60 w., Aug. 29, 1855 ; Pacific R. R.,
near St. Louis, 25 k., 50 w., Nov. 1, 1855 ; Panama R. R., 43 k., 60 w., May
6, 1856 ; N. Penn. R. R,, 60 k., 78 w., July 17, 1856; Crank Trunk R. R.,
Canada, 70 k., March 12, 1857; Central R. R., Utica, 8 k., 30 w., May 11,
1858 ; Michigan Southern, near South Bend, 38 k., 50 w., June 27, 1859.
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS, 79 in. number occurred in the United States during the
year 1859, at which 129 persons were killed and 411 injured. Total in 7
years, 903 accidents, 1,109 killed, 3,611 injured.
REBELLIONS IN U S. Shay's Rebellion in Western Massachusetts, 1786. The
" Whiskey Rebellion " in Pennsylvania, 1794. South Carolina troops fire
on the steamer Star of the West, having U. S. troops on board, bound for fort
Sumter, Charleston Harbor, Jan. 9th, 1861. See Secession, Treason.
REBELLIONS IN BRITISH HISTORY. The most important were :
Of the Barons, April, 1215. Compro-
mised by the grant of Magna Charta,
June 15 following. See Magna
Charta.
Of Walter the Tyler, of Deptford, vulgarly
called Wat Tyler, occasioned by the
brutal rudeness of a tax-collector to his
daughter. Having killed the collector
in his rage, he raised a party to oppose
the tax itself, which was a grievous poll-
tax, 1381.
Of Jack Cade in favor of the duke of York,
against Henry VI., 1450.
Under Perkin Warbeck, 1492, which ended
in the execution of Warbeck.
Under the duke of Monmouth, 1685 ; it
ended in his death.
Of the Scots in favor of the Old Pretender
1715; quelled in 1716.
Of the Scots, under the Young Pretender,
1745 ; suppressed in 1746, when lords
Lovat, Balmerino, and Kilmarnock were
beheaded.
Of the Americans, on account of taxation,
1774. This rebellion led to a disastrous
war, to the loss of the chief North Ame-
rican colonies, and to the independence
of the United States, 1782.
Canadian Insurrection, December, 1837, to
Nov. 1838.
Of Chartists, Nov. 8, 1839.
Smith O'Brien's Irish rebellion ; termi-
nated in his defeat, Tipperary, July 29,
1848.
RECORDER, the first judicial officer of great corporations. The first recorder of
the city of London was, Jeffrey de Norton, alderman, 26 Edw. I., 1298. The
salary, originally 10 per annum, is at present 2.500, enjoyed for life.
RECORDS, PUBLIC, IN ENGLAND, began to be regularly preserved A.D. 1100, by
order of Henry I. The repositories which possess materials the most ancient
and interesting to the historian are, the Chapter-house of Westminster Abbey,
the Tower of London, and the Queen's Remembrancer's offices of the
Exchequer. The early records of Scotland, going from London, were lost by
shipwreck in 1298. In Ireland the council-chamber and most of the recorda
were burned, 1711.
790 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
REFORM IN PARLIAMENT (ENGLAND), (p. 504 ) A new Reform bill, introduced
by Lord J. Russell, 1854, but withdrawn. Another by Mr. D'Israeli, rejected
March 31, 1859.
REGENT'S PARK, LONDON. It originally formed part of the grounds belonging
to a palace of queen Elizabeth. Since 1600, the property has been let to
various persons, but the leases having expired it reverted to the crown ; and
in 1814 improvements were commenced under the direction of Mr. Nash,
which have rendered this park the most beautiful part of London. It is
nearly circular, and consists of about 450 acres, laid out in shrubberies,
adorned with a fine piece of water, and intersected by roads which are much
frequented as promenades. In the inclosure are several villas, and round the
park noble ranges of building in various styles of architecture.
RENTS IN ENGLAND, were first made payable in money, instead of in kind, A.D.
1135. Numerous statutes have been enacted in various reigns to define the
relations and regulate the dealings between landlord and tenant. By the
act 8 Anne, no goods are removable from tenements under an execution until
the rent shall have been paid to the landlord by the sheriff, 1709. In Eng-
land, the duke of Sutherland received his rents in the value of corn, and in
Scotland in the value of wool and sheep. The rental of England, including
land, houses, and mines, was six millions about the year 1600, and twelve
years' purchase the value of land. About 1690, the rental amounted
to fourteen millions, and the land was worth eighteen years' purchase. Dave-
mint on the Revenues. The present rental of the United Kingdom has been
estimated lately in parliament at 127 millions. See Land, &c.
RESTORATION, THE, emphatically so called, being that of king Charles II. to
the crown of England, after an interregnum of eleven years and four months,
between Jan. 30, 1649, when Charles I. was beheaded, and May 29, 1660,
on which latter day the exiled monarch was restored, and entered London,
amidst the enthusiastic acclamations of the people. See England.
REVENUE, PUBLIC, OF ENGLAND. In 1859 the revenue was 66,070,469.
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OP THE U. S., for years ending June 30,
1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1S57. 1858. 1859.
Revenue* 31 m. 43 m. 52 m. 49 m. 61 m. 73 m. 65 m. 73 m. 68 m. 46 m. 53 m.
Expenditures* . 57 m. 43 m. 48 m. 46 m. 43 in. 75 m. 66 m. 60 m. 64 m. 81 m. 83 m.
REVIEWS AXD MAGAZINES, (p. 508.) Putnam's Monthly (N. T.), commenced
Jan. 1853 ; sold to new publishers, 1855, ceased Sept. 1857. Atlantic
Monthly (Boston), commenced 1857 (Dec.). Russell's Magazine (Charleston),
commenced 1858, ceased 1860.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES, BRITISH, (p. 507.)
Tail's Magaz., founded. 1833
Dublin University
North British Review. 1844
New Quarterly Review
Household Words (Dic-
kens) 1S52
All the Year Round
Once a Week 1859
Cornhill Mag. (Thacke-
ray) 1860
Temple Bar Mag. (Sala) 1860
(Dickens) 1S58
REVIVALS OP RELIGION. Remarkable interest and excitement on religious sub-
jects in the United States in 1858 and 1859, extended in the latter year to
Scotland and Ireland.
RICE. In 1696, a Dutch brig, from Bombay to Charleston, S. C., touched at
Madagascar for supplies. The rice there obtained was very large and full ;
and the captain gave half a bushel of it to Governor Thomas Smith, of South
Carolina, who divided it for seed among his friends. The rice thus introduced
* Stated in round numbers of millions of dollars, omitting fractions.
ADDENDA.
791
into the Carolinas and Georgia still retains its superiority in all the markets
of the world. From 1821 to 1859 the U. S. exported rice to the value of
$85,287,112
RHODE ISLAND, (p. 509.) Population 1860, 174,621.
ROADS AND PAY KM KNTS. The first general repair of the highways of England
was directed in 1288. Acts were passed for the purpose in 1524 and 1555,
followed by others in Elizabeth's and the succeeding reigns. Roads through
the Highlands of Scotland were begun by general Wade in 1746. Loudon
M' Adam's roads were introduced about 1818 ; he prescribes the breaking of
stones to six ounces weight and calculates the expense of breaking stones at
a shilling a ton ; clean flint and granite clippings answer best Wooden
pavements were tried with partial success in the streets of London; at
Whitehall in 1839, and in other streets in 1840. Asphalt pavement soon
after. In New York and sorn-e other American cities the best pavements
have been those of square blocks of granite on a cement foundation ; parti-
cularly that known as the Russ pavement. In 1855, an iron pavement was
introduced which has proved satisfactory.
ROBBERS. First punished in England with death by Edward I.'s laws, which
directed that the eldest robber should be hanged. The punishment was
pecuniary till that time. The most remarkable robbers were Robin Hood,
in England, A.D. 1189, and Claud Du Val, "executed at Tyburn," says an
historian, quaintly, "to the great grief of the women," Jan. 1670. In Ireland,
the famous Mac Cabe was hanged at Naas, Aug. 19, 1691. Galloping Hogan,
the rapparee, flourishing at this period Freney, the celebrated highwayman,
surrendered himself, May 10, 1749. In later times the accomplished Bar-
rington was transported, Sept. 22, 1790.
ROCHELLE (W. France), a sea-port on the Atlantic. It belonged to the English
for some time, but finally surrendered to the French leader, Du Guesclin, in
1372. It became a stronghold of the Calvinist party in France; and was
vainly besieged by the Duke of Anjou, in 1573 It was taken after a
remarkable siege of thirteen months by Cardinal Richelieu in 1628. The
Duke of Buckingham was sent with a fleet and army to relieve the besieged ;
but they, from distrust, declined to admit him.
ROMAGNA, a province of the Papal States, comprised in the legations of Forli
and Ravenna. It was conquered by the Lombards ; but taken from them by
Pepin, and given to the pope, A.D. 753. Ca?sar Borgia held it as a duchy in
1501, but lost it in 1503. In 1859 the Romagna threw off the temporal
authority of the pope, and annexed itself to Piedmont. Its fate awaits the
decision of a Congress of European Powers in 1861.
ROME. (p. 511.)
The pope Issues the bull establishing
a Roman Catholic hierarchy in
England (see Papal Aggre^idon)
Sept. 24, 1850
Important concordat with Austria
Aug., 1855
The pope visits different parts of his
dominions June, 1857
Insurrection in the Romagna, at Bo-
logna and Ferrara June, 1S59
They declare for adhesion to Pied-
mont Sept., 1859
Accept Buoncompagni as Governor-
General Nov. 1859
ROMAN-CATHOLICS ix THE UNITED STATES, in 1839, 1849, and 1859; from
the Metropolitan Catholic Almanac for 1859.
1S89 1849 1859
Provinces 1 8 7
Dioceses 16 80 48
Bishops 18 26 45
1839 1849 1859
Priests 478 1000 2108
Churches.. 418 966 2884
792 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
RONCES\ r ALLE (in the Pyrenees), where, it is said, Charlemagne was surprised
and defeated by the Gascons, and his renowned paladin, Roland or Orlando,
slain, A.D. 778.
ROSKTTA STONE, discovered by the French in 1799, and brought from Rosetta
in a French vessel, from whence it was taken by Mr. Wm. R. Hamilton, who
deposited it in the British Museum. In 1841, Mr. Letronne published the
text and a translation of the Greek inscription. It is a piece of black basalt,
about three feet long, and 2^ feet wide, with an inscription in three languages,
viz. hieroglyphics, modified hieroglyphics (enchorial), and Greek, setting forth
the praises of Ptolemy Epiphanes (about 194 B.C.). It has been subjected to
the investigation of Dr. T. Young and Champollion.
ROTTERDAM, the second city in Holland. Its importance dates from the thir-
teenth century. The commerce of Antwerp was transferred to it in 1509.
It suffered much from the French revolutionary wars, and from inundations
in 1775 and 1825. Desiderius Erasmus was born here in 1467.
ROUEN, an ancient city (N. France), became the capital of Normandy in the
tenth century. It was held by the English king till 1204; and was retaken
by Henry V. Jan. 19, 1419 ; Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, was burnt
here May 30, 1431. With Normandy, it was subdued by the King of France
in 1449. It was besieged 1562, and 1591. The archbishopric was founded
A.D. 260.
ROYAL ACADEMY, England, (p. 512.)
PRESIDENTS.
176S. Sir Joshua Reynolds.
1792. Benjamin West.
1820. Sir Thomas Lawrence.
1830. Sir Martin A. Shee.
1850. Sir Charles Eastlake, now PRESI-
DENT (1861).
ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON. The foundation of the original edifice was
laid by sir Thomas Gresham, June 7, 1566, on the site of the ancient Tun
prison. Queen Elizabeth visited this Exchange in January, 1571, and by
the sound of trumpets her herald named it the Koyal Exchange. Hume. This
grand fabric was totally destroyed by the great fire in 1666, precisely a cen-
tury after its erection. Charles II. laid the foundation of the next edifice,
Oct. 23, 1667, which was completed by Mr. Hawkesmoor, a pupil of Sir
Christopher Wren's, in about three years ; it was repaired and beautified in
1769. This last also became a prey to a destructive fire, Jan. 10, 1838, and
was burned to the ground with a number of public offices and adjoining
houses. The new Royal Exchange, commenced in 1842 under the direction
of Mr. Tite, was opened by the queen, in state, accompanied by her ministers
and a grand civic procession, Oct. 28, 1844.
ROYAL SOCIETY, (p. 512.)
PRESIDENTS.
1660-8. Sir Robert Moray.
1663-77. Lord Brouncker (the first under
the charter).
1680-2. Sir C. Wren.
1684-6. Samuel Pepys.
1698-1708. John Lord Somers.
1708-27. Sir I. Newton
1727-41. Sir Hans Sloane.
1778-1820. Sir Joseph Banks.
1S20. Dr. W. H. Wollaston.
1820. Sir H. Davy.
1827. Davies Gilbert.
1830. Duke of Sussex.
1S88. Marquess of Northampton.
1848. Earl of Eosse.
1854. Lord Wrottesley.
1858. Sir Benjamin C. Brodie (NOW PM-
BIDKNT, 1860).
ADDEND A. 793
RUSSELL administrations and history. England. Lord Jolin Russell, 3rd son of
John, Duke of Bedford, was born Aug. 19, 1792; M. P. for Tavistock. 1813;
for London, since 1841 ; was paymaster of the forces, 1830-34; secretary for
home department, 1835-9; for the Colonies. 1839-41; first minister, July
1846 to March 1852 ; secretary for Foreign affairs. Dec. 1852 to Feb. 1853 ,
president of the council, June 1854 till Feb. 1855 ; secretary for the Colonies,
March to Nov. 1855. His motion for Reform in Parliament was negatived in
1822; adopted March 1, 1831; he introduced the Registration bill, and a
New Marriage bill in 1836.
RUSSIA, (p. 513.)
Russia demands the expulsion of the ! The czar meets the Emperor Napo-
Hungarian and Polish refugees leon at Stutgardt, Sept. 25 ; and
from Turkey (see 7'?t/-fo>y) Nov. 5. 1849 ] the Emperor of Austria at Wci-
They are sent to Koniab, in Asia mar Oct. 1, 1857
Minor Jan., 1 850
Harbor of Sebastopol completed.Ft- b. 1S50
The czar concentrates his forces on
the frontiers of Turkey Feb. 1853
Origin of the Russo-Turkish war,
Emancipation of the serfs decreed,
July 2, 1858
A Russian naval station established
at Villa Franca, on the Mediterra-
nean, creates some political excite-
(which see) March. 1858 | ment Aug. 1858
The czar issues a manifesto to his i New Commercial treaty with Great
subjects : he will only combat for Britain Jan. 12, 1859
the faith and Christianity, April 23. 1854 Russia reproves the warlike move-
Death of the Czar Nicholas; no
change of policy March 2, 1855
Most extensive levy ordered by the
czar (at Nicolaieff ) Nov. 3, 1S55
He visits his army at Sebastopol,
Nov. 10, ia55
Amnesty granted to the Poles, May
27; political offenders. &c.. Sept. 7, 1856
Alexander II. crowned at Moscow,
Sept. 2, 1856
ments of the German confederation
during the Italian war May 27, 1859
Alexander II., son of Nicholas, born
April 29. 1818; succeeded at his
father's death. March 2. 1^55; mar-
ried April 28, 1841, Mary, Princess
of Hesse ; the PRESENT emperor of
Russia 1860
Heir : his son Nicholas, born Sept. 20, 1843
RUSSO-TURKISH WAR with France and England. The Russian and French
governments having each taken a side in the dispute between the Greek and
Latin Churches as to the exclusive possession of the Holy Places in Palestine,
the Porte advised the formation of a mixed commission, which decided in
favor of the Greeks, and a firman was promulgated accordingly. March 9,
1853: to this decision the French acceded, although dissatisfied. The Rus-
sians now made further claims, and Prince Menschikoff (who arrived at Con-
stantinople, Feb. 28, 1853), by various notes (between March 22 arid May
18), demanded that a convention should be signed by the sultan granting to
the czar such a protectorate over the Greek Christians in Turkey, as the
sultan considered inimical to his own authority. Menschikoff's ultimatum
was rejected, and he quitted Constantinople, May 21. On June 6, the sultan
issued a hattischeriff confirming all the rights and privileges of the Greek
Christians, and appealed to his allies. On June 13, the English and French
fleets anchored in Besika bay. On June 26, the czar published his manifesto,
and his troops crossed the Pruth and entered Moldavia, July 2. Negotia-
tions to preserve peace were commenced at Vienna, July 24, by England,
France, Austria, and Prussia, without effect. The sultan, with the advice
and consent of a grand national council, after demanding the evacuation of
the principalities, Oct. 3, declared war against Russia, Oct. 5. The Russian
declaration followed Nov. 1, 1853. France and England declared war against
Russia, March 27 and 28. 1854. Hostilities ceased, Feb. 29, 1856, and peace
was proclaimed in April following.
34
794
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
RUSSO-TURKISH WAR, continued.
Two English and two French ships
enter the Dardanelles Sept. 14, 1853
The Sultan declares war against
Kussia Oct. 5, 1853
Turks (in Asia) defeated at Bayan-
dur, Atskur, and Achaltzik.
Nov. 14, 18, 26, 1853
Turkish fleet destroyed at Sinope,
Nov. 30, 1853
At the request of the Porte (Dec. 5.)
the allied fleets enter the Black
Sea Jan. 4, 1854
Keply of the Porte to the note of
Dec. 5, containing 4 points as bases
of negotiation : viz. 1. The prompt-
est possible evacuation of the prin-
cipalities. 2. Revision of the trea-
ties. 3. Maintenance of religious
privileges to the communities of all
confessions. 4. A definitive settle-
ment of the convention respecting
the Holy Places (dated Dec. 31),
approved by the four powers, Jan. 13, 1854
Ultimatum of England and France
Sent to St. Petersburg Feb. 27, 1854
The czar "did not judge it suitable
to give an answer' March 19 1854
Baltic fleet sails, under Sir C. Napier
March 11, 1854
Treaty betw-een England, France,
and Turkey March 12, 1854
France and England declare war
against Kussia March 27. 28, 1854
Gen. Canrobert and French troops
arrive at Gallipoli. soon after fol-
lowed by the English. . .March 31, 1854
Russians defeated by the Turks at
Karakui May 30, 1854
Bombardment of Odessa by allied
fleet April 22, 1854
Severe conflict before Silistria, the
siege raised June 18-26, 1854
Bombardment and surrender of Bo-
marsu nd Aug. 1 6, 1854
The Russians defeated by Schainyl
in Georgia about Aug. 28, 1854
They begin to evacuate the princi-
palities Aug. and Sept. 1854
Battle of the Alma Sept. 20, 1854
Russians sink part of their fleet at
Sebastopol Sept. 23, 1 854
Death of Marshal St. Arnaud, Sept.29 1854
General Canrobert appointed his
successor Nov. 24 1854
Siege of Sebastopol commenced
grand attack (without success)
Oct. 17, 1854
s.
Battle of Balnklava galm/t charge
of the light cavalry under Lord
Cardigan, with seveie loss, Oct. 25. 1854
Battle of liikerin.-m ; defeat of th
Russians Nov. 5, 1854
Miss Nightingale and nurses arrive
at Scutari Nov. 6. 1854
Great tempest in the Black Sea. loss
of the Prince, and many other
vessels with stores. .. Nov. 14-16, 1854
Omar Pacha arrives in the Crimea
(followed by the Turkish army
from Varna) Jan 5. 1855
Sardinia joins England and France,
Jan. 26. 1855
Death of Emperor Nicho as. and ac-
cession of Alexander II. (no
change of war policy .... March 2. 1855
Sortie from the Malakhoff tower
(15,000 men) repulsed.. ..March 22. 1855
Resignation of Gen. Canrobert, suc-
ceeded by Gen Pelissier. .May 16, 1855
Expedition into the sea of Azoff (un-
der Sir E. Lyons and Sir G.
Brown) : destruction of Kertch
and large amount of stores, May
24 to June 3. 1855
Unsuccessful attack ou the Malakhoff
tower and Kedan June 18, 1855
Death of Lord Uaglan ; succeeded by
Gen. Simpson June 23, 1855
Russians invest Kars in Armenia,
defended by Gen.Williams.July 15. 1855
The French take the Malakhoff
(which see) by assault; the Eng-
lish assault the Kedan without
success ; the Russians retire from
Sebastopol to the North Forts, and
the allies enter the city ; the Rus-
sians destroy or sink the remainder
of their fleet Sept. 8, &c., 1855
Explosion of 100,000 Ibs. of powder in
the French siege-train at Inker-
man, with great loss of life, Nov. 15, 1S55
Capitulation of Kars to Gen. Moura-
vieff, after a gallant defence by
Gen. Williams Nov. 26, 1855
Council of war at Paris .. . Jan. 11, 1856
Destruction of Sebastopol docks
com pleted Feb. 1, 1856
Peace conferences open at Paris, an
armistice till March 31, asreed on
^Feb. 25, 1856
Proclamation of peace in the Crimea,
April 2 ; in London April 29, 1856
The Crimea evacuated July 9, 1856
SABBATH SCHOOLS. The first "Sabbath school" was founded by Ludwig
Hacker between the years 1740 and 1747 at Ephrata, Lancaster county, Pa.,
among the German Seven-day Baptists there. The school-room was used as
an hospital after the battle of Brandy wine, fought in 1777. This event occa-
sioned the breaking up of the schools about five years before the first Sunday-
school was instituted in England, at Gloucester, by Robert Raikes, about
1782.
ADDENDA. 795
SACRAMENT (from sacramentum, an oath, obligation, also mystery), a name
given to the ordinance of the Lord's Supper by the Latin fathers. The wine
was laid aside, and communion by the laity under one form alone, that of
bread, took its rise in the West, under Pope Urban II., 1096. M. de Jlarca.
Communion in one kind only was authoritatively sanctioned by the council
of Constance, in 1414. Dr. Hook. Henry VIII. of Germany was poisoned
by a priest in the consecrated wafer, 1314. The sacramental wine was poi-
soned by the grave-digger of the church at Zurich, by which sacrilegious deed
a number of persons lost their lives, Sept. 4, 1776. In 1614, by the Test Act,
all members of both houses of Parliament were ordered to take the sacrament,
as a guard against the introduction of Roman Catholics.
ST. DOMINGO, a city of Hayti The Republic of St. Domingo was established
in 1801. It has been frequently assailed by the rulers of Hayti, particularly
by Faustin I., dethroned in 1858.
ST. GEORGE. This patron saint of England was a tribune in the reign of
Diocletian, and being a man of great courage, was a favorite with the empe-
ror ; but complaining to the emperor of his seventies towards the Christians,
and arguing iu their defence, he was put in prison, and beheaded, April 23,
290.
ST. HELENA (an island in the South Atlantic Ocean) was discovered by the
Portuguese, under Juan de Nova Castilla, on the festival of St. Helena, May
21, 1502. The Dutch were afterwards in possession of it until 1600, when
they were expelled by the English. The British East India Company settled
here in 1651 ; and the island was alternately possessed by the English and
Dutch, until 1673, when Charles II., on Dec. 12, assigned it to the company
once more. St. Helena was made the place of Napoleon's captivity, Oct. 16,
1815 ; and it became the scene of his death, May 5, 1821.
ST. LUCIA (West Indies). First settled by the French in 1350. Taken by the
British several times in the subsequent wars. Memorable insurrection of the
French negroes, April 1795. In this year Guadaloupe, St Vincent's, Gre-
nada, Dominica, St. Eustatia, and St. Lucia, were taken by the British. St.
Lucia WHS restored to France at the peace of 1802 ; but was again seized by
England the next year, and confirmed to her by the treaty of Paris in 1814.
ST. MARK'S CHURCH at Venice erected 829 ; St. Mark's Place, 1592.
ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL (London). The noblest Protestant church in the
world. The best authority that exists illustrative of the origin of this church,
is its great restorer, Sir Christopher Wren. His opinion, that there had been
a church on this spot, built by the Christians in the time of the Romans, was
confirmed when he searched for the foundations for his own design. He
explodes the notion of there having been a temple of Diana. The first church
is supposed to have been destroyed during the Diocletian persecution, and to
have been rebuilt in the reign of Constantine. This was demolished by the
pagan Saxons, and restored by Severt in 603. It was destroyed by the great
conflagration in 1086, after which Mauritius, then bishop of London, com-
menced the magnificent edifice which immediately preceded the present
cathedral. On April 2, 1631, a commission was granted to Laud, then bishop
of London, to restore the cathedral; which was totally destroyed by the
memorable fire of 1666. The first stone of the present edifice was hud June
21, 1675. and the choir was opened for divine worship, Dec. 2, 1697. The
whole edifice was completed in 1710. Money having been subscribed to
adapt St. Paul's for the purpose, evening services began on Sunday, Nov. 28,
796 THE WOT?T.T>'S PROC.RFSS.
1858. wlien above 4000 persons were present The total cost (including
200 tons weight of iron railing) was !.511,202/.
The k-ngth of St. Paul's from the | The exterior diameter of the dme 145 fret
grand portico to the cast end is 510 feet
The breadth, from the north to
The height from the ground to
the top of the cross 404
the south portico 282 "
ST. PETERSBURG-. The new capital of Russia. Peter the Great first began
this city in May 27, 1703. He built a small hut fur himself, and some
wretched wooden hovels In 1710, the Count Golovkin built the first house
of brick; and the next year, the emperor, with his own hand, laid the foun-
dation of a house of the same material. From these small beginnings rose
the imperial city of St. Petersburg; and in less than nine years after the
hovels had been erected, the seat of empire was transferred from Moscow to
this place Here, in 1736, a fire consumed 2000 houses; and in 1780, another
fire consumed 11,000 houses; this last fire was occasioned by lightning.
Again in June, 1796, a large magazine of naval stores and 100 vessels were
destroyed The winter palace was burnt to the ground, Dec. 29, 1837. The
railway to Moscow was finished in 1851.
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, Rome. Originally erected by Constantino, A.D. 306.
About the middle of the fifteenth century, Pope Nicholas V. commenced a
uew church. The present magnificent pile was designed by Bramante ; the
first stone was laid by Pope Julius II. in 1506. In 1514 Leo X. employed
Raphael and two others to superintend the building. Paul III. committed
the work to Michael Angelo, who devised the dome, in the construction of
which 30,000 Ibs. of iron was used. The church was consecrated Nov. 18,
1626, the building having occupied 176 years. The front is 400 feet broad,
rising to a height of 180 feet, and the majestic dome ascends from the centre
of the church to a height of 324 feet: the length of the interior is 600 feet,
forming one of the most spacious halls ever constructed. The length of the
exterior is 669 feet ; its greatest breadth within is 442 feet ; and the entire
height from the ground 432 feet. St. Peter's is the most sumptuous Roman
Catholic church in the world.
SANDWICH ISLANDS, (p. 517.) Karnehameha IV. (or Tamehameha) when
20 years old, succeeded his uncle, Dec. 15, 1854.
SANITARY REFORM, U. S. (p. 517.) The ventilation of buildings has been
greatly improved since the publication of Perry's Essay on School Houses,
1833. and Barnard's School Architecture, 1838. This reform was specially
needed in printing offices, bookbinderies, and manufactories generally.
SANITARY LEGISLATION, England. To Dr. Southwood Smith is mainly
attributable the honor of commencing the agitation on the subject of public
health, about 1832 ; his " Philosophy of Health" having excited much atten-
tion. Since 1838 he has published numerous sanitary reports, having been
much employed by the government.
SARDINIA, (p. 518.)
Bill for suppression of convents
passed March 2. 1855
Convention with England and
France signed, a contingent of
15.000 troops to be supplied against
Kussia April 10, 1855
10,000 troops under General La Mar-
mora, arrive in the Crimea. May 8. 1S55
Who distingui>h themselves in the
battle of the Tchernaya.. Auir. 16, 1855
The king visits London, &.c. Nov.
30, &c. 1855
Important note on Italy from Count
Cavour to England April 16, 1856
Count Cavour declares in favor of
free-trade June, 1857
Preliminaries of peace signed at
Villa Franca; Count Cavour re-
signs July. 1859
Treaty of peace signed at Zurich. Nov. 18o9
Sardinian troops besiege the King of
Naples at Oaeta Sept. 1800
Gaeta capitulates to Victor Emma-
nuel Feb 13, 1861
ADDENDA. 797
SAVOY, (p. 520.) Annexation to France voted for by 130.533 against 235,
April 2, 1860. The annexation completed, 1860.
SAXB-WEIMAR. Saxe- Weimar became a grand duchy in 1815. The dukes
have greatly favored literature, and their capital, AVeimur. has been called the
Athens of Germany. Population of the duchy in 1858, 267.112.
GEAND-DUKE8.
1815. Charles Augustus.
1828. Charles Frederic.
1858. Charles Alexander, born July 8, the
(1861) grand-duke.
Heir : Charles Augustus, born July
81, 1844.
SAXONY, (p. 520.)
1854. John, Aug. 9. (born Dec. 12, 1801), Heir: His son, Frederic Augustus Albert,
the PRESENT (1861) king.
born April 23, 1828.
SCANDINAVIA. The ancient name of Sweden, Norway, and great part of Den-
mark, whence proceeded the Northmen or Normans, who conquered Nor-
mandy (about A.D. 900), and eventually England (1066). They were also
called Sea-Kings or Vikings. They settled Iceland and Greenland, and, it is
thought, the northern regions of America, about the ninth century.
SCANDINAVIANS. The Scandinavian population of the United States is esti-
mated at 180.000: namely, 150,000 Norwegians, 25,000 Swedes, and 5000
Danes (I860).'
SCHOOLS, PUBLIC, IN ENGLAND. In 1851, there were 2310 schools in con-
nexion with the Education Committee actually inspected in England and
Scotland. They included: 1713 Church of England schools in England and
"Wales; 282 Protestant Dissenting schools in England and Wales; 98 Roman
Catholic schools in Great Britain; and 217 Presbyterian schools in Scotland,
whereof 91 were of the Free Church ; the whole affording accommodation for
299,425 scholars. In the same year (1851) the estimated sums voted for
education were: for Great Britain, 150,OOOZ., for Ireland, 134,560^.
SCHOOLS, PUBLIC, in UNITED STATES, (p. 520.) Schools both English and clas-
sical were almost instantly established by the first settlers of New England
on their arrival ; were soon made obligatory by law, and have since grown
with the population, being, however, fewer and worse in the southern states.
The present era of public schools commenced about 1800. Its important
dates are: Connecticut school fund, established 1795; first state school
sup't., New York, 1812; first state school system, Ky., 1821; ColburrTs
arithmetic, 1821; school movement of 1825-40, commenced by publications
of Carter, Gallaudet, and Johnson ; Cousin's report on Prussian schools,
published here 1835 ; Horace Mann, sec'y of Board of Education in Mass., 1 837 ;
Stowe's report on European schools, 1837; first normal school, at Lexing-
ton, Mass., 1839. From 1840 to 1860, the improved principles and methods
thus introduced have been increasingly put into practice. The following
totals for the United States are approximate for 1858 : children of school age,
6,933,441 ; public schools, 97.621 ; school funds. $49,324.384; expended for
public schools ia the year, $20,159,268.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN UNITED 6TATE8.
[Estim. in ( ) ]
Annual exp. No. children No. schools School fund
Alabama 1859-60 $271,580 178,095 2,597 1,425,000
Arkansas no returns.
California 185S-9 427.004 48,676 523 10,000,000
Connecticut 185^-9 479.081 105,464 1,785 2,046,397
Delaware 1856 78.253 11.468 233 440,505
Florida 1858 6,542 20, 85 (300)
Georgia 1859 179.0?0 107,826 1,777 290,900
798
THE WORLDS PROGRESS.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS, continued.
Annual exp. No. children No. schools School fund
Illinois 1S5S 2,705,052 457,113 10,238 4,6fi6.P19
Indiana 1859 335,736 495.019 6,548 4.<:29,S66
Iowa 1857 364.053 233,927 2,200 2,303,6.76
Kansas no returns.
Kentucky 1857 304.933 267.712 (4.000) 1,455,3-2
Louisiana 1860 650.000 96,125 (1,400) 1,106,113
Maine 1859 617,S>9 239,796 (8,400) 149,OS5
Maryland 1859 24.450
Massachusetts.. 1859 1.567.171 220,379 4,444 1,523.319
Michigan 1860 467,286 206,014 (3,000) 1,183,580
Minnesota no returns.
Mississippi no returns.
Missouri 1-57 628.046 341.121 8,382 678,967
New Hampshire 1859 282.842 86.708 8,362
New Jersey.... 1859 539,532 187.799 1,690 460.804
New York 1859 3.664.617 1,272.486 11.576 5,752917
North Carolina. 1-59 240.000 186.175 2,758 2,181,850
Ohio 1859 3.225,129 865.914 9,762
Oregon 17,828
Pennsylvania.. Is59 2,103.293 575.251 11,485
Ebode Island .. 1859 162.687 52.452 400 245,100
South Carolina . lsf>9 74.400 16,841 1.414
Tennessee 1859 230,430 294.497 (4.500) 1,500,000
Texas 1858 110,000 86,782 (1.000) 2,192,000
Vermont no returns. 8,847
Virginia 1858 1,833,420
Wisconsin 1859 419,172 278,871 (1,000) 3,001,297
SCREW-PRO FELLER consists of two or more twisted blades, like the vanes
of a wind-mill, set on an axis, running parallel with the keel of a vessel, and
revolving beneath the water at the stern. It is driven by a steam-engine.
The principle is as old as the wind-mill. It was shown by Hooke in 1681,
and since by Du Quet, Bernouilli, and others. Patents for propellers were
taken out by Joseph Bramah in 1784; by Wm. Lyttelton in 1794; and by
Edward Shorter in 1799. But these led to no useful result. However, in
1836 patents were obtained by F. P. Smith and Captain John Ericson, and
to them the successful application of the screw-propeller must be attributed.
The first vessels with the screw, the Archimedes and the Rattler, were con-
structed in the U. States. The latter was tried in England in 1845. Since then
the screw-propeller lias been largely employed in this country and in Europe.
SEBASTOPOL, or SEVASTOPOL, a town and once a naval arsenal, at S. W. point
of the Crimea, formerly the little village of Aktiar. The buildings were com-
menced in 1 784. by Catharine II., after the conquest of the country. The
town is built in the shape of an amphitheatre on the rise of a large hill flat-
tened on its summit, according to a plan laid down before 1794, which has
been since adhered to. The fortifications and harbor were constructed by an
English engineer, Colonel Upton, and his sons, since 1830. The population
in 1834 was 15,000. This place will be memorable hereafter for its eleven
months' SIEGE, by the English and French in 1854 and 1855. Immediately
after the battle of the Alma, Sept. 20, 1854, the allied army marched to
Sebastopol, and took up its position on the plateau between it and Balaklava,
and the grand attack and bombardment commenced Oct. 17, 1854, without
success. After many sanguinary encounters by day and night, and repeated
bombardments, a grand assault was made on Sept. 8, 1855, upon the Malak-
hoff tower and the Redans, the most important fortifications to the south of
the town. The French succeeded in capturing and retaining the Malakhpff.
The attacks of the English on the great Redan and of the French upon the
little Redan were successful, but the assailants were compelled to retire after
a desperate struggle with great loss of life. The French lost 1646 killed, of
ADDENDA.
799
whom 5 were generals, 24 superior, and 11G inferior officers; 4500 wounded,
and 1400 mining. The English lost 385 killed (29 being commissioned and
42 non-commissioned officers); 1886 wounded; and 176 missing. In the
night the Russians abandoned the southern and principal part of the town
and fortifications, after destroying as much as possible, and crossed to the
northern forts. They also sank or burnt the remainder of their fleet. The
allies found a very great amount of stores when they entered the place. The
works were utterly destroyed by April 1856.
" SECESSION, 1 ' U STATES. The election of Lincoln, the "Republican" candidate
for president, Nov. 6, I860, was made the pretext for the secession of several
southern states for another Union ; the resignation of Federal officers in those
states, and of members of the cabinet at Washington, and of several officers
of the army and navy ; and the seizure of Government moneys, forts, and arse-
nals. The chief incidents ot these treasonable or revolutionary proceedings
were the following:
Resignation of S. Ca, senators of the
U. States Nov. 9-11, I860
U. S. H. of Rep. appoints a com. of
83 on the state of the Union, Dec. 6. I860
Resignation of Howell Cobb, Sec. of
Treas., U. S Dec. 10, 1860
U. S. stocks (5 per cent) sold for 89,
Dec. 10, 1860
Resignation of Mr. Cass, Sec. of
State Dec. 14, 1860
South Carolina Ordinance of Seces-
sion passed Dec. 20, I860
Maj. Anderson transfers the U. States
garrison at Fort Moultrie to Fort
Sumpter, in Charleston harbor,
Dec. 26, I860
S. Carolina authorities seize Fort
Moultrie and other U. States pro-
perty Dec. 28, 1860
J. B. Floyd, U. S. Sec. of War, re-
signs Dec. 29, 1860
Forts Pulaski and Jackson, in harbor
of Savan nah, seized by Go v. Brown
of Geo Jan. 3, 1861
S. Ca. commissioners 1 demands re-
fused by the President Jan. 3, 1861
Fast-day observed in the U. S. Jan.4, 1861
Fort Morgan, Mobile, seized by the
state Ian. 4, 1861
Steamer Star of the West with U. S.
troops for Fort Sumpter, fired into
by the rebels Jan. 9, 1S61
Mississippi secession passed, Jan. 9 ;
and U. S. forts and property seized
there Jan. 10, 1861
Alabama secession passed. . . Jan. II, 1861
Florida secession passed, and U. S.
forts at Pensacola seized. . Jan. 12, 1861
SEPOYS (a corruption of Sipdlii, Hindostanee for a soldier), the term applied to
the native troops in India. Under able generals they greatly aided in esta-
blishing British rule in India. For their mutinies, see India, 1857.
SEPTENNIAL PARLIAMENTS in England commenced 1716. Parliaments
had been triennial from 1688 to that date.
SERVIA, a principality nominally subject to Turkey, south of Hungary. The
Servians are of Slavonic origin. They embraced Christianity about A.D. 640.
The Emperor Manuel subjugated them in 1150; but they recovered their
independence in 1180, and were ruled by princes, generally named Stephen,
Georgia secession passed. . . Jan. 19, 1861
Mississippi, Alabama, and Floiida
senators of the U. States, resigned
Jan. 21, 1861
Louisiana secession passed. . Jan. 2S, 1861
Texas secession passed Feb. 1. It61
" Peace Conference" at Washington,
Feb. 4, 1861
Louisiana delegation excepting Mr.
Bouligny withdraws from Con-
gress..." Feb. 5, 1861
Congress of seceding states at Mont-
gomery. Ala., Feb. 6; elects Jeffer-
son Davis of Miss. Pres., and Alex-
H. Stephens of Ga. Vice-pres.
Feb. 9, 1861
Tennessee votes against secession
Feb. 9, 1861
Resolution guaranteeing non-inter-
ference with slavery in any state
passed unanimously in H. of Reps.
Feb. 11, 1861
Jefferson Davis inaugurated Pres.
of Southern Confederacy . .Feb. 18, 1861
The u Peace Conference" at Wash-
ington agrees on proposition fur
compromise,
and adjourns
March 1, 1861
Gen. Twiggs, having surrendered
the U. States forces and property
in Texas, is dismissed from the
U. S. army as a traitor. . . .March 1, 1861
Missouri votes against secession, in
convention March 1. 1861
Lincoln inaugurated Pres. of United
States March 4, 1S61
800 THE -WORLD'S PROGRESS.
till their country was linally subdued by the Sultan Mahomet II. in 1459.
Population in 1854. 1)85,000."
KX CHURCHES OF ASIA, to the angels (ministers) of which the Apostle
John was commanded to write the epistles contained in the 2d and 3d
chapters of his Revelation, viz Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis.
Philadelphia, and Laodicea, A.D. 96.
1. Epheavs. Paul founded the church
here, A D. 57, and in A.D. 9, was in
great dangi-r from a tumult created by
Demetrius. To the elders of this
church lie delivered his warning ad-
dress, A.D. 60 (Acts xix., xx.). Ephesus
was in a ruinous state even in the time
of Justinian (A.D. 521). and still re-
mains so.
2. Sniyrnd, Now an important commer-
cial city and seaport of Ionia. Poly-
carp, its first bi.^hop. suff.-red martyr-
dom. A.D. 175.
8. PergnmoK. Capital of the kingdom of
the saim* natne. founded by Pliiletse-
rus, B.C. 283, and part of Bithynia, It
was renowmd for its library. Attalus
III., the last king, bequeathed his
kingdom to the Roman people, B.C. 133.
It is still an important place called
Bergamo. Parchment is >aid to have
been invented here.
4. TliytTtira. Now a mean town of 2000
houses, called Ak hissar, White
Castle."
5. iSurdis. Formerly the capital of Ly-
dia, the kingdom of Croesus (.B c 560),
is now a miserable village, named S-irt.
6. Philadelphia. Was built by Attains
Philadelphus, king of Pergamos (about
B.C. 159-138) : was taken by Bajazet I.
A.D. 1390. It is now called Allah
Shehr, ' The city of God," and is a
miserable town oi'3000 houses.
7. Laodicea. In Phrygia, near Lynja,
has suffered much from earthquakes.
It is now a deserted place called Eske-
hissar, "The old Castle."
SEWING-MACHINE. The tirst practical sewing-machine was the invention of
Elias Howe, ;ui American mechanic. It is now known under an improved
form as Thomas' shuttle machine, by whom it was introduced into England
in 1846. Two threads are wrought into the fabric to be sewn, by a needle
and shuttle, which interlace the threads and Ibrm a strong seam. In some
machines now in extensive use, two needles are employed to make with two
threads a double chain stitch, and a more simple machine makes by the aid
of one needle and a hook, the common single chain stitch with one thread.
These machines are all of American origin. Haydn. To America unques-
tionably belongs the honor of giving to the world the tirst practical sewing
machine. Here also, it has received its fullest development. Mr. Howe's
patent was granted in 1846. Very little advance was made for the next six
years. Since that period the sales of reliable machines have been as follows:
1853, 2509: 1854, 4469; 1855, 3515; 1856, 7225; 1857,12,715; 1858,
17,589 ; 1859, 46,245. The machine has been improved, and adapted to all
branches of sewing. Indeed it has revolutionized, and developed, every
department of needlework; introduced new branches of industry ; rendered
healthful, pleasant, and profitable an employment hitherto proverbially
unhealthful, and proved itself the most beneficial invention of the age. In
the domestic world it ranks as do railroads and telegraphs in the commercial.
The importance of this invention to the manufacturing interests of the
U. States is estimated at $342,000.000 annually. The annual sewing of the
machine in the city of New York on men's and boys' clothing alone, is
$7,500,000; on hats and caps, $462,500; on shirt bosoms, $832,750; on
boots and shoes in Massachusetts alone, $7,500,000. The following table
exhibits the economy of the sewing machine in stitching the various parts
of the following garments.
BT MACHINE BY HAND
Hours Minutes Hours Minutes
Gentlemen's shirts 1 16 14 26
Frock coats 2 38 16 85
Satin vests 1 14 7 19
Bilk dress , . . . 1 13 8 2T
Merino dress : . . . 1 4 8 JT
ADDENDA. 801
Seams of considerable length are ordinarily sewed with the best machines at
the rate of a yard a minute, and that, too. in a manner far superior to hand-
sewing. The Manufacture of sewing machines has become a \vell established
branch of industry. The capital invested is immense, employing an army of
mechanics, and extending the reputation of American science and mechanical
skill over the globe.
SHIPPING AND SHIP BUILDING IN THE UNITED STATES, (p. 524.) The
total tonnage of the United States, June 30, 1858, was 5,049,808 tons; of
which registered for foreign trade, 2,499,741 ; enrolled and licensed, 2,502,086 ;
steam navigation, 729,390. Increase for the year, 108,965 tons.
SHAKSPEARE'S NATIVE PLACE, Stratfbrd-upon-Avon, Warwick. Shak-
speare was born at Stratford, April 23, 1564, and died there on his natal day,
1616. A project was originated in 1820 for the erection of an edifice to hia
memory in the nature of a museum, cenotaph, or temple, but it failed ; another
attempt to honor Shakspeare was made with better success in 1835, and a
Shakspeare festival was held at Stratford, April 23, 1836. In 1847, a num-
ber of persons of distinction interested themselves for the preservation of the
house in which Shakspeare was born, then actually set up for sale. In the
end Shakspeare's house was sold at the Auction Mart in the city of London,
where it was " knocked down" to the United Committee of London and
Stratford for the large sum of 3000i, Sept. 16, 1847. In 1856, a learned
oriental scholar, John Shakspeare, no relation to the poet, gave 2500Z. to pur-
chase the adjoining house, that it might be pulled down, in order to insure
the poet's house from the risk of fire.
SHIBBOLETH. The word by which the followers of Jephthah tested their oppo-
nents the Ephraimites, on passing the Jordan, about 1143 B.C. Judges, ch. xii.
The term is now applied to any party watchword or dogma.
SIAM, a kingdom in India, bordering on the Burmese empire. Siam was re-dis
covered by the Portuguese in 1511, and a trade established, in which the
Dutch joined about 1604. A British ship arrived about 1613. In 1683, a
Cephalouian Greek, Constantine Phaulcon, became foreign minister of Siam,
and opened a communication with France; Louis XIV. sent an embassy in
1685 with a view of converting the king, without effect. After several
ineffectual attempts, Sir John Bowring succeeded in obtaining a treaty of
friendship and commerce between England and Siam, which was signed
April 30, 1855, and ratified April 5, 1856; and one with France in August
following. Two ambassadors from Siam arrived in England, Oct. 1857, and
had an audience with the queen to deliver magnificent presents on Nov. 16
A treaty with the U. States negotiated by Townsend Harris, 1859.
SIAMESE TWIN'S. The two persons known under this name, are twins, born
about 1811, enjoying all the faculties and powers usually possessed by sepa-
rate and distinct individuals, although united together by a short cartilaginous
band at the pit of the stomach. They are named Chang and Eng, and were
first discovered on the banks of the Siam river by an American,, Mr. Robert
Hunter, by whom they were taken to New York, where they were exhibited,
and were afterwards consigned to the care of Captain Coffin, by whom they
were brought to England, and publicly shown. No connexion exists between
them but this band, and their proximity seems in no way to inconvenience
either. They are perfectly straight and well-made, and walk with a gait like
other people: being perfect in all their parts, and having all their functions
distinct. After having been exhibited for several years in England and the
United States, the Siamese Twins went to Georgia, where they settled on i\
farm, married sisters, and now 'I860) have sevetal children.
34*
802 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
SICILY. See Italy
SIC VOX, an ancient Grecian kingdom in the Peloponnesus, founded it is said
about 2080 B c. In 252 it became a republic and joined the Achaean league
formed by Aiatus. Jt was the country of Polycletes (48(5) and Lysippus
(238), the sculptors.
SI DON (Syria), a city of Phoenicia, to the north of Tyre. Jt was conquered by
Cyrus 'about 537 : and surrendered to Alexander, 332. See P/iceuicin. The
town was taken from the pacha of Egypt by the troops of the sultan and of
his allies, assisted by some ships of the British squadron, under Admiral the
Hon. Sir Robert stopford and Commodore Charles Napier, Sept. 27, 1840.
SIEGES (p. 529) of Koine, 1849; of Sebastopol, 1854-5; of Kars ? 1855; Delhi,
1857 ; Gaeta, Oct. 1860 to Feb. 13, 1861.
SIKHS. See Punjab and India.
SILISTRIA, a strong military town in Bulgaria, European Turkey. It was taken
by the Russians, Sept. 26, 1829 T after nine months' siege, and held some
years by them as a pledge for the payment of a large sum by the Porte ; but
was eventually returned. In 1854, it was again besieged by the Russians,
30,000 strong, under Prince Paskiewitch, and many assaults were made.
Russians commenced their retreat, as Omar Pacha was drawing near.
SILVER COIN, U. S. (p. 529.) The silver coinage of the IT. S. mint, for one
year, ending June 30, 1859, was $7,336,609. From 1793 to 1859 inclusive,
it amounted" to $122,694,836. In England, in the first ten years of Victoria,
the amount of silver coined was $2,440.614. It is supposed that the silver
coinage of the world amounts to 1200 millions of dollars.
SIMPLON. A mountain road leading from Switzerland into Italy, constructed
by Napoleon in 1801-7. It winds up passes, crosses cataracts, and passes by
galleries through solid rock. It has eight principal bridges. The number of
workmen employed at one time varied from thirty to forty thousand.
SINKING FUND, IN ENGLAND. First projected by Sir Robert Walpole, whose
act was passed in 1716. The act establishing the sinking fund of Mr. Pitt
was passed in March. 1786. A then estimated surplus of 900,000 in the
revenue was augmented by new taxes to make up the sum of one million,
which was to be invariably applied to the reduction of the national debt.
In July 1828 the sinking fund was limited to the actual surplus of revenue.
SINOPE (SixouB) An ancient seaport of Asia Minor, formerly capital of the
kingdom of Pontus. said to have been the birth-place of Diogenes, the cynic
philosopher. On Nov. 30, 1853, a Turkish fleet of 7 frigates, 3 corvettes,
and 2 smaller vessels, was attacked by a Russian fleet of 6 sail of the line, 2
sailing vessels, and 3 steamers, under Admiral Nachimoff, and totally
destroyed, except one vessel, which conveyed the tidings to Constantinople.
Four thousand lives were lost by lire or drowning, and Osman Pacha, the
Turkish Admiral, died at Sebastopol of his wounds. In consequence of this
event, the Anglo-French fleet entered the Black sea, Jan. 3, 1854.
SKATING. Invented probably by the Scandinavians, who used the sharp-edged
shank bones of sheep or deer, or strips of fir wood, though Olaus Magnus
(d. 1555) mentions the use of iron. At first the skater pushed himself about
by an iron shod pole. Wooden skates with iron blades were invented in
Holland. From 1855 to 1861 various means were contrived to improve
skates, by attaching a shoe to the wood, making it wholly of steel, jointing
the wood, setting it on springs, &c. A skate ibr floors has been invented,
running on small wheels of India rubber.
ADDENDA. 803
SLAVERY, (p. 530.) There were 400,000 slaves in Attica, 317 B.C. In Rome
slaves were often chained to the gate of a great man's house, to give admit-
tance to the guests invited to the feast. By one of the laws of the XII.
Tubles, creditors could seize their insolvent debtors, and keep them in their
house?, till by their services or labor they had discharged the sum they owed.
C. Pollio threw such slaves as gave him the slightest offence into his tish
ponds, to fatten his lampreys, 42 B.C. Ca?cilius Isodorus left to his heir 41 1C
slaves, 12 B.C. The first Janissaries were Christian slaves. 1329. Serfdom,
a modified form of slavery, was abolished by Frederic I. of Prussia, in 1702 ;
by Christian VII. of Denmark, in 1766, by the emperor Joseph II. in his
hereditary states in 1781; and by Nicholas I. of Russia, on the imperial
domains, in 1842 : whose successor, Alexander II., is effecting its total aboli-
tion throughout his empire, amid much opposition (1860-1).
SLAVE TRADE, U. S. Since 1855 the proposition to re-open the slave trade
has been discussed in several conventions and public assemblies in the
southern states. This infamous traffic is denounced in the " Republican plat-
form" (Chicago, June 1860), and is repudiated also by the congress of the
"Southern Confederacy" (Feb. 1861), but the latter' abolished the death
penalty affixed to its prohibition by the laws of the U. S. In defiance of
these laws a large number of slavers have been fitted out, chiefly in N. Y.
and other northern ports, during the years 1858, '59, '60; several have been
seized before sailing, and many others captured with slaves.
SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES, (p. 532.) Before the war of independence all
the states contained slaves. In 1783 the statement in the Massachusetts
Bill of Rights, "All men are born free and equal," was declared in the
supreme court at Boston to bar slave-holding in that state. Before 1790 the
further introduction of slaves had been prohibited in five other states. In
July 13, 1787, Congress passes unanimously the celebrated ordinance "for
the government of the territory to the N. W. of the Ohio," which contained
an " unalterable " article forbidding slavery or involuntary servitude in the
said territory. After 1800, several of the states prayed without effect to be
relieved of this prohibition. In 1803 Louisiana was purchased, which act
was considered by many as fatal to the constitution. In Feb. 1820, the cele-
brated Ifissouri Compromise, drawn up by Mr. Clay, was carried, by which
slavery was permitted in that state, but was prohibited in all that part of it
to the north of 36 30' N. Lat. In 1845 a fresh contest arose between the
slave-holders and their opponents at the annexation of Texas. The utmost
the advocates of freedom could obtain was a similar division to that of Mis-
souri, Dec. 25. 1845. In 1850 another compromise was effected: California
was admitted as a free state ; but the Fugitive Slave Act w r as passed (which
see). In 1854 the Missouri compromise was abrogated with the admission of
Nebraska and Kansas as slave-holding states ; in the latter of which civil
war ensued. See Kansas ; United States. An insane attempt to create a
slave rebellion took place in Virginia, headed by John Brown, and failed, in
Oct. 1859. Number of slaves in 1850, 3,204,313 ; in 1860, 3,999,283.
SNUFF-TAKING, (p. 623.) In England, in 1858, 2,573,925 Ibs. of snuff and
cigars were imported. See Tobacco.
SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS, Literary and Scientific, in the U. S. (See Acade-
mies, p. 147.)
American Ethnological Society at N. Y
American Oriental Society at New Ha-
ven.
American Geographical and Statistical So-
ciety, N. Y.
American Institute (for Agriculture and
Useful Arts), N. Y.
804
THE TVORL1VS PROGRESS.
In nearly every State of the Union there is an Historical Society, devoted to
the collection and preservation of historical records, printed and in MS., seve-
ral of them have published Transactions and Collections. That of the Mass.
Hist. Soc. comprises about 30 vols. ; the N. V. Hist. Soc. has published 6 or
7 vols.
SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS, Literary and Scientific, in Great Britain All in
the list below are in London, except otherwise stated. An act was passed
Aug. 11, 1854, "to afford facilities for the establishment of Institutions for
the promotion of Literature and Science," by grants of land, &c . and for their
regulation. The Royal and London Institutions are exempted from the ope-
ration of the act.
SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, <foC.
Royal Society Charter 1662
Society of Antiquaries. (Charter 1751) 1717
Society of Dilettanti 1734
Royal Society of Edinburgh
(Charter 1783) 1739
Society of Arts (Charter 1847) 1753
Royal Irish Academy Charter 1786
Litinean Society (Charter 1802) 1788
Horticultural Society . .(Charter 1M9) 1S04
Medico-Chirurgical Society
(Charter 1834) 1805
London Institution 1805
Geological Society (Charter 1826) 1807
Royal Society of Literature
(Charter 1826) 1820
Royal Asiatic Society Charter 1828
Mechanics' Institution, London 18_'8
Zoological Society 1826
British Association 1831
Entomologies! Society . . 1883
Statistical" Society . . .". 1834
Royal Institute of British Architects
(Charter 1837) 1835
Botanical Society 183(5
Numismatic Society 1836
Electrical Society .'. 1837
Ornithological Society 1S37
Royal Agricultural Society 1S33
Carnden Society 1838
Royal Botanical Society 1839
Microscopical Society 1 839
Ecclesiological Society 1 839
Parker Society 1840
Percy Society 1 8^0
London Library 1 840
Shakespeare Society 1840
Chemical Society 1841
Pharmaceutical Society i84l
Philological Society 1-42
Dublin Philosophical Society 1 842
Archaeological Association 1843
Archaeological Institute 1*43
Sydenham Society 1843
Ethnological Society 1843
Syro- Egyptian Society 1844
R'ay Society 1 -44
Cavendish Society 184*5
Hakluyt Society l-4<>
Institute of Actuaries 1843
Arundel Society 184.)
Meteorological Society 18M
Photographic Society". 1 853
Horological Institute 1S58
SOLFERIXO (in Lombard}-), celebrated as the site of the chief struggle on the
great battle of June 24, 1859, between the allied French and Sardinian army
commanded by their respective sovereigns, and the Austrians under General
Hess; the emperor being present. The Austriana after their drfent at
Magenta, gradually retreated across the Mincio, and took up a position in the
celebrated quadrilateral, and was expected there to await the attack. But
the advance of Garibaldi on one side, and of prince Napoleon and the Tus-
cans on the other, induced them to reeross the Miucio and take the offensive,
which they did on June 23. The conflict began early the next morning, and
lusted Fifteen hours. At first the Austrians had the advantage ; but the
successful attack of the French on Cavriana and Solferino changed the fortune
of the day, and the Austrians were, after desperate encounters, compelled to
retreat. The French attribute the victory to the skill and bravery of their
emperor and the generals M'Mahon and Kiel; the Austrians, to the destruc-
tion of their reserve by the rifled cannon of their adversaries. The Sardinians
maintained a fearful contest of fifteen hours at San Martino, it is said against
double their number. Loss of the Austrians, <i30 officers, and 19,311 sol-
diers; of the allies, 8 generals, 936 officers, and 17,305 soldiers killed and
wounded. This battle closed the war ; preliminaries of peace being signed
at Villa Franca, July 12.
AJDDENDA.
805
SORBONNE. A society of ecclesiastics at Paris, founded by Robert de Sorbon, in
1252. The members lived in common, and devoted themselves to study and
gratuitous teaching. They attained a European reputation as a faculty of
theology, their judgment being frequently appealed to from the fourteenth to
the seventeenth centuries. The influence of the Sorbonne was declining
when the society was broken up in 1789.
SOUND DUTIES. Till the year 1857 no merchant ship was allowed to pass the
Sound (a narrow channel separating Zealand from Sweden) without clearing
at Elsineur and paying toll. These duties had their origin in an agreement
between the king of Denmark and the Hanse towns (A.D. 1348), by which
the former undertook to maintain lighthouses, &c., along the Cattegat, and
the latter to pay duty for the same. The first treaty with England in rela-
tion to this was in 1450; other countries followed. In 1855 the United
States determined to pay the dues no more; and in the same year the Danish
government proposed that these duties should be capitalised; which was
eventually agreed to, the sum agreed on being 80,476,825 rix-dollars. In
Aug. 1857, the British government paid 10,126,855 rix-dollars (1,125,206)
to the Danes as their proportion.
SOUTH CAROLINA, (p. 535.) Population 1850. whites, 274.463 ; free colored,
8,960; slaves, 384,984; 1860, whites, 308,186 ; slaves, 407, 185. Ordinance
declaring ''Secession" from the United States, passed Dec. 20, 1860 The
"Star of the West " with U. S. troops for Fort Sumter, fired on and repulsed
from the harbor, Jan. 1861.
SPAIN, (p. 537.)
Narvaez exiled to Vienna Jan. 1358
General (VDonnell, Concha, and
others, banished -Tan. 18, 1854
Pence restored : the degraded gene-
rals reinstated, ifcc. ; Espartero
forms an administration.. July 31, 1S54
The queen mother impeached ; t-he
quits Spain Auff. 28, 1854
Don Carlos dies March 10, 1855
Resignation of Espartero ; new cabi-
net formed headed by Marshal
O'Donnell: insurrection in Madrid,
July 14; O'Dounell and the govern-
ment troops subdue the insur-
gents ; the national guard sup-
pressed July 15, 16, 1856
O'Donnell compelled to resign ; Nar-
vaez becomes minister Oct. 12, 1856
Joint French and Spanish expedition
against Cochin China announced
Dec. 1. 1858
War with Morocco. . .Nov. and Dec. 1859
O'Donnell commands the army in
Africa: indecisive conflicts report-
ed ; battle at Ca^tillijas : a Spanish
" Balaklavn'' charge; Jan. 1; the
Spaniards near Tctuan Jan. 1 SCO
SPEAKERS OB 1 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. BRITISH. Peter de Montfort, after-
wards killed at the battle of Evesham, was the first Speaker, 45 Hen. III.
1260.
Rt. Hon. Henry Addington (after-
wards Visct, Sidmonth ...Jan. 22, 1801
Sir .John Mitford (afterwards Karon
Kcdesdale) Febr. 11, 1801
Rt. Hon. Charles Abbot (afterwards
Lord Colchester) '. . .Feb. 10, 1802
lit. Hon. Charles Manners Sutton
(afterwards Viscount Canterbury)
June '2, 1817
Rt. Hon. James Abercromby (after-
wards Baron Dunfetmline)Feb.l9, 1835
Et. Hon. Charles Shaw Lrfevre
(afterwards Viscount Kversley)
March 2T 1839
Et. Hon John Everlyn DemVon
(PRESENT Speaker, I860). .April 30, 1857
SPECTATOR. The first number of this periodical appeared on March 1, 1711 ;
the last Aug. 2, 1715. The papers by Addison have one of the letters CLIO
at the end. The most of the oilier papers are by Sir Richard fcteele; a few
by Hughes, Budgell, Eusden, Miss Shephurd, and others.
STAGE-COACH. Stage-coaches were quite general in England about 1660, suc-
ceeding a kind of wagon, which had been introduced about 1564. They
ofte 1 travelled only 30 miles a day. Improved roads, coachmaking, breeds
806
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
of horses, and organization, however, rendered a speed of 100 or 150 miles a
da}' not uncommon. Stage coaches came into use in the U. S. after the
revolution; were the chief vehicle of travel during the turnpike period (about
1800-1830); and are yet used in uew regions and on side routes, the .ailroad
having driven them from main lines of travel. See Carriages. Coaches.
STAMP-DUTIES, England, (p. 540.) In June, 1855, the stamp-duty on news-
papers as such was totally abolished; the stamp on them being thenceforth
used for postal purposes only. In July and Aug 1854. 19, 115,000 newspaper
stamps were issued; in the same months. 1855, only 6,870,000.
STARS, (p. 541.) Maps of the Stars were published in London by the Soc. for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in 1889; and those by the Royal Prussian
Academy were completed in 1859.
STEAM NAVIGATION, (p. 542.) The Collins line of steamers from New
York to Liverpool, commenced running April 1850. The Pacific of this line
crossed the Atlantic in 9 days, 19 hours, May 1851. Ttie Adriatic, tin*
largest of the line, first left N. Y. Nov. 23, 1857. The City of Glasgow, first
of a line between Philadelphia and Liverpool, arrived Jan. 1, 1851.
STEAM-BOAT EXPLOSIONS. See Wrecks. Steamer Pennsylvania, on the
Mississippi, boilers burst, 10 lives lost, June 3, 1858. Steamer Princess for
New Orleans, boilers burst, 25 k. 35 w, Feb. 27, 1859. By 21 inland steam-
boat accidents during I860, 242 lives were lost, and 146 persons injured.
Total in 7 years. 213 accidents, 2.304 killed, 956 injured. It thus appears
that while the accidents and injuries by railroads are about four times as
numerous as those by steam-boat, the deaths are but half as many.
STEAM-BOAT BUILDING. The annual report on commerce and navigation,
gives the following aggregate of the number of steam-boats built in the
United States since 1824 thirty years in periods of five years each:
From 1824 to 1829 194
" 1829 to 1834 304
" 1834 to 1839 504
" Ia39 to 1?44.. ..522
From 1844 to 1849 960
" 1849 to 1854.. ..1203
Total.. ..36S7
STEEL PENS came into use in England about 1820, when the first gross of
three-slit pens was sold wholesale for 11. 4s. In 1830 the price was 8*.. and
in 1832, 6s. A better pen is now sold for 6rf. a gross; the cheapest sort at
2d. ; Birmingham produces about 1000 million pens per annum. Women and
children are principally employed in the manufacture. In the U. S. the
manufacture of this article has been successfully introduced since 1850, and
brought to considerable degree of perfection. Gold pens are also made here
extensively, and fully equal to any imported.
STEREOCHROMY, a mode of painting in which water-glass (an alkaline solution
of Mint, silex) serves as the connecting medium between the color and the
substratum. Its invention is ascribed to Yon Fuchs, who died at Munich on
March 5, 1856. Fine specimens of this art by Kaulbach and Echter exist in
the Museum at Berlin, and also at Munich.
STEREOSCOPE (from stereos, solid, and slcopein, to see), an optical instrument,
for representing in apparent relief natural objects, &c., by uniting into one
image two plane representations of these objects as seen by each eye sepa-
rately. The first was constructed and exhibited by Prof. Charles "Wkeatstone
in 1838. Since 1854, stereoscopes have been greatly improved, and are now
exceedingly cheap. In the U. S. the production both of stereoscopic pic-
tures and instruments has increased enormously (1859-61), and these articles
form an important and popular article of trade.
ADDENDA. 807
STORMS. In Gulf of Mexico, 173 persons lost on Last Island (a summer
resort), Aug. 10, 1856.
STRIKES. The tailors of London struck for increase of wages in April, 1834.
The strike of the amalgamated engineers took place in 1853. A general
strike among the shoe-makers of New England, continued for several months,
1859-60.
STRYCHNIA, a poisonous vegetable alkaloid, discovered in 1818 by Pelletier
and Caventou in the seeds of the strychnus ignatia, and nux vomica, and also
in the upas poison. It is so virulently poisonous that half a grain blown into
the throat of a rabbit occasions death in four minutes : its operation is accom-
panied by lock-jaw. Much attention was given to strychnia in 1856, during
the trial of Palmer for the murder of Cook.
SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH. Originated with Prof. Morse, who first tested it
in New York harbor, 1842. The first suggestion of Atlantic telegraph is
said to have been made by him in 1843. Professor Charles Wheatstone in
1840 drew plans of a projected submarine telegraph between Dover and
Calais. In 1847 Mr. John Watkins Brett submitted a similar plan to Louis
Philippe without success; but in 1850 he obtained permission from Louis
Napoleon to make a trial. This took place on Aug. 28, 1850. The con-
necting wires were placed on the government pier in Dover harbor, and in
the Goliath steamer were -coiled about 30 miles in length of telegraphic wire,
enclosed in a covering of gutta percha, half an inch in diameter. The Goliath
started from Dover, unrolling the telegraphic wire as it proceeded, and allow-
ing it to drop to the bed of the sea. In the evening the steamer arrived on
the French coast, and the wire was run up the cliff at Cape Grisnez to its
terminal station, and messages were sent to and fro between England and
the French coast. But the wire, in settling into its place in the sea-bottom,
crossed a rocky ridge, and snapped in two, and thus the enterprise ibr that
time failed. New arrangements were soon made, and on a scale of greater
magnitude; and the telegraph was opened, Nov. 13, 1851. On that day. the
opening and closing prices of the funds in Paris were known on the London
Stock Exchange within business hours. Guns were fired at Dover by means
of electric sparks communicated from Calais. In May 1853 the Dover and
Ostend line was laid down. Telegraph communications were complete
between Dover and Ostend in May 1853 ; Holy head and Howth, June 1852;
Paris to Bastia, Nov. 1854; London to Constantinople, May 1853 ; Aden and
Suez, May 1859. In 1860 there were in operation 1954 miles of submarine
telegraph, exclusive of the Atlantic.
SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH. ATLANTIC. A plan to unite Europe and America
by the electric telegraph was entered at the British registration office in
June 1845, by Mr. J. "VVatkins Brett, who made proposals to the government,
which were not accepted. This plan was attempted to be carried out by a
company in 1857 and 1858, chiefly promoted by Cyrus W. Field of New
York; with the concurrence of the British and American governments. 2500
miles of wire were manufactured and tested in March 1857. The hiving if
down commenced at Yalentia. in Ireland, on Aug. 5. The vessels employi d
were the Niagara and Susquchanna (American vessels), and the Leopard ai d
Agamemnon (British vessels). After sailing a few miles the cable snapped.
This was soon repaired; but on Aug. 11, after 300 miles of wire had been
paid out, it snapped again, and the vessels returned to .Plymouth. In 1858
a second attempt to lay the cable failed, through a violent storm on JuLf 20-
21; but the third voyage was successful. On Aug. 5, the junction between
the two continents was completed by the laying down of 2050 miles of wire
808 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
from Valentia in Ireland to Newfoundland. The first two messages, on
Aug 5, were from the Queen of England to the President of the United States,
and his replj. This event caused great rejoicing in both countries; but
unfortunately the insulation of the wire became gradually more faulty, and
on .^ept. 4 the power of transmitting intelligence utterly ceased. A new
company has been formed, which it is to be hoped will complete the rnagnin-
cent undertaking. The grand celebration in New York of the (supposed)
completion of this enterprise, Sept. 1, 1858.
SUGAR. The following ia the official statement of the amount of sugar imported
into this country from 1851 to 1860:
Value of Sugar Duty paid
1851 ........... $13.478.700 $4,043,600
ls52 ........... 13.977.300 4,183.200
1853 ........... 14,168.300 4,250.500
1854 ........... 11,604600 8.481.300
1-555 ........... 13,284.600 3.9->9,4 ;0
L>56 _____ ...... 21,255,100 6,358,500
Value of Sugar Duty paid
1857 41,596.200 12,478.800
ls58 18.916.600 4,557,200
1 859 2S,345,300 6,802.800
I860 28,931, 100 6,943.400
Total ten years $205,557,800 $57,118.700
The sugar crop of Louisiana last year was valued at $24,988,000. The
average for five years has been $17,000,000 (18G1).
SUEZ CANAL. A plan for a canal between the head of the Red Sea and the
Bay of Pelusium was brought forward by M. De Lesseps in 1857. The
Egyptian, Turkish, Russian, French, and Austrian governments are in favor
of the scheme, which is at present opposed by the British. The cost is esti-
mated at 8,000,0002.
SUNDAY LAWS (p. 547.) In the state of New York, the laws against selling
liquors, and against certain theatrical performances on Sundays, have caused
much discussion, and some resistance, chiefly on the part of the German and
Irish population, but are still enforced (1861).
SUNDAY SCHOOLS. See Education and Sabbath Schools.
SURNAMES. See Sirnames. (p. 548.)
SUSPENSION BRIDGES, (p. 548.) See Bridges.
SWEDEN, (p 549.)
Death of Bernadotte, whose son,
Oscar, ascends the throne, March 8, 1844
Treaty of alliance with England and
France Nov. 21, 1S55
Bani.-.liincnt decreed against Catholic
converts from Lutheranism. . .Oct. 1857
Oct. 81, 1851
SWITZERLAND.
Demonstration in favor of Italian
Independence Dec. 17, 1SS9
Charles XV. (born May 3, 1826), the
PRESENT (1861) king of Sweden
and Norway July 8, 18"9
Heiress : Princess Louisa, born
Declaration of neutrality in the coin-
ing Italian war March 14, 1859
Mutiny and punishment of the Swiss
T.
mercenary troops at Naples ; the
confederation forbid foreign enlist-
ment July and Aug. 1859
TABERNACLE. The Holy Place of the Israelites, till the erection of Solomon's
temple, was constructed by divine direction, 1491 B.C. When the Jews were
settled in Canaan, the tabernacle was set up at Shiloh by Joshua, 1444 B.C.
It was replaced by the temple erected by Solomon, 004 B.C. The chapel
erected for George Wliittield in Moortields in 1741, being of a temporary
nature, received the name of Tabernacle, winch was afterwards given to the'r
chapels by the Calvinistic Methodists. Whitfield's tabernacle in Tottenhnrn-
court-road was erected in 1750, and enlarged in 1700. His lease expired in
1828; and the chapel was opened by the Independents in 1830 A very
large Tabernacle for the ministrations of Mr. H. Spurgeon, a Baptist, ia
ADDENDA. F09
now erecting near the Elephant and Castle, Kermington-road, Sunvy. The
Tabernacle in Broadway, X. York, built 18 , was taken down lNf)7. and a
new edifice built in 38th St.
TALBOTYPK. See Photo<jntplj.
TAR AND FEATHERS. The idea of covering the body with a sticky material,
and some coating of hair, lur, feathers, or the like, by its means, either for
disguise or punishment, is as old as the crusades. Hoveden mentions tan ing
and feathering as indicted on offenders, in the time of Richard Coeur-de-lion ;
and llowel ivli-i's to some monks and nuns who were stripped, oiled, and
rolled in feathers, by a bishop of Halberstadt, at a later date. Tar was
naturally used again, in America, where pine is plenty; was the well-known
penalty of lories before the revolution, and has remained a favorite sentence
of lynch law and mob law ever since. Cotton is often used instead of leathers,
where it grows.
TASMANIA, or VAN DIKMEN'S LAND, which see.
TAXES, GREAT BRITAIN.
1815 4.223,S42
1S50 4,808,849
1855 2.945,784
1858 8,15^,085
In 1801, the Properly Tax (war times) was 5,716,572; in 1808, 16,548,985,'
in 1815 (the last year of this tax) it was 14,978,557. See Revenue and In-
come Tax.
TEA, in ENGLAND, (p. 554.)
Imported in 1^50 60,112,384 Ibs. I Imported in 1857. . . fi9, 11 6,000 Ibs.
"1856 86,200,414 " | " 1S58 74.'/22.000 "
The duty derived from the import of tea in 1850 amounted to 5,471, 641 1.,
and the amount in 1852 was 5,902, 43. '> The duty upon tea had been gra-
dually reduced from 2s. '2$d to one shilling only per pound, in 1858.
TKA, in UNITED STATES Value imported in the years ending June 30,
1S55 1S56 1857 1858 1859
$6,i;K9>6 $6,898,891 f 5,757,860 $6,777,295 $7,306,916
TELEGRAPH. See Electric Ttl and Submarine. Td.
TENNESSEE, (p. 556.) Population in 1850, 763,154, and 239,460 slaves ; in
lMi(), 859,528, and 287,112 skives.
TEXAS, (p. 557.) Population in 1850, 154.131, and 58,101 slaves; in I860,
410,000, and 184,956 slaves. "Ordinance of Secession" from the United
States passed Jan. 1861.
THEOLOGY (from the Greek Thr-os, God). The science which treats of the
nature and attributes ofGod, of his relations to man, and of the manner in
which they may be discovered. It is generally divided into two heads. 1 .
J>if>pired( including the Holy Scriptures, their interpretation, &c.); 2. Naturnl ,
which latter Lord Bacon calls the lirst part of Philosophy. Butler's Analogy
of Religion (1736) and Paley's Natural Theology (1802), are eminent books
on the latter subject. The " Summa Totius Theologian" by Thomas Aquinns
(born about 1224), a standard Roman Catholic work, was printed with com-
mentaries, &c., in 1596.
THESSALONICA, a city in Macedonia (now Salonica). Here Paul preached,
AD. 53: and to the church here he addressed two epistles in 54 In conse-
quence of seditions, a frightful massacre of the inhabitants took place in 3'.ti),
by Order of the Emperor Theodosius. Thrssaloniea partook of the changes
of the Eastern empire. It was sold to the Venetians by the Emperor Andro-
nicus in 1425 ; taken by the Turks in 1430; burnt, July 11, 1856.
810 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
TIARA. The triple crown of the pope, indicative of his civil rank, as the keys
are of his ecclesiastical jurisdiction: and on the death of a pope, his arms nre
presented with the tiara alone, without the keys. The ancient tiara was a
high round cap Pope Damasus II. first caused himself to he crowned with
a tiara A.D. 1053. John XIX. was the first who encompassed the tiara with
a crown, 1276. Boniface VIII. added a second, 1295; and Benedict XII.
formed the tiara about 1334.
TILES were originally flat and square, and afterwards parallelogrammic, &c.
First made in England about A.D. 1246. They were taxed in 1784. The
number of tiles taxed in England in 1820 was 81.924,626 ; and in 1830,
97,318,264. The tax was discontinued as discouraging house-building and
interfering with the comfort of the people, in 1833.
TIMBER-BENDING-. Apparatus was invented for this purpose by M. T. Blan-
chard. of Boston (U. S.), for which a medal was awarded at the Paris Exhi-
bition of 1855. A company was formed for its application in England in
1856.
TIMES NEWSPAPER, London. On Jan. 13, 1785, Mr. John Walter published
the first number of the Daily Universal Register, price 2-Jd., printed on the
logographic system (invented by Henry Johnson, a compositor), in which
types containing syllables and words were employed instead of single letters.
On Jan. 1, 1788, the name of the paper was changed to the Times In 1803,
when Mr. Walter gave up the paper to his son, the circulation was about
1000; that of the Morning Post being 4500. Dr. Stoddart (satirised as Dr.
Slop, by Moore, the poet), became editor in 1812, but live years after retired
and set up in opposition the New Times, an unprofitable speculation. Dr.
Barnes was the next editor. On Nov.. 28, 1814, the Times was first printed
by steam power. The powerful articles contributed by Edward Sterling
gained the paper the name of the Thunderer. On Jan. 29, 1829. the first
double number appeared. In July 1834. an attack of Mr. O'Connell in the
House of Commons on the correctness of the reports of the debates in the
Times was signally defeated. Shortly after began the convenient summary
of the debates, written in the first instance by Mr. Horace Twiss. In 1841
the Times was instrumental in detecting and exposing a scheme organized by
a company, to defraud by forgery all the influential bankers of Europe. This
brought on the proprietors an action for libel (in the case Bogle v Lawson).
The jury found the charge to be true, giving a verdict of one farthing damages,
but the judge refused costs. Subscriptions were set on foot in all parts of
Europe to reimburse the proprietors for their immense outlay in defending the
action. This they firmly declined ; and the money was expended in esta-
blishing Times Scholarships at Oxford and Cambridge, and at Christ's Hos-
pital, and other schools ; marble tablets also, commemorating the event, were
set up in the Royal Exchange and in other places. These were the greatest
honors ever conceded to a newspaper. In Oct. 1845, the Times express was
for the first time conveyed to India overland, by the agency of Lieut Wag-
horn. Of the number of the Times for Nov. 19, 1852, containing the life of
the Duke of Wellington, 69,000 were sold the ordinary number being then
36.000; the present~circulation is stated to vary from 47 000 to 56.000(1860).
In 1854 the proprietors sent Mr. W. H. Russell as their special correspon-
dent to the seat of war in the Crimea, and in 1857 to India.
TITHES (p. 560.) Abolished in England, 1860.
TOBACCO. In a recent lecture in England, the Dean of Carlisle stated that in
1856, 33,000,000 pounds of tobacco were consumed in that country, at an
ADDENDA. 811
expanse of $40,000,000, over $26,000,000 of which went in duties to the
government. In 1821 the average annual consumption was 1 If ounces to
each person; in 1853 it had risen to 19 ounces. In France much
more is consumed in proportion to the population, the emperor clearing
$20.000,000 annually by the government monopoly. In Denmark the annual
consumption averages 70 ounces to each person, in Belgium 73 ounces, aud
in America the average is vastly higher. It is calculated that 2,000,000 tons,
or 4.480,000, OOU pounds of tobacco are annually used in the world, at a cost
sufficient to pay for all the bread corn used in Great Britain. It is boasted
that 100,000,000 of the human race are smokers. In New York city it is
stated that there are about 200,000 smokers, each using two cigars daily,
making, at an average of four cents each, the sum of $16.000 daily, or
$5.840,000 a year, wasted in smoking in this city alone. There are about
900.000,000 cigars manufactured in the same city annually, amounting, at the
same price, to $36,000,000. The total e*xports of tobacco from the United
States in 39 years (1821-59) amounted to $339,274,520.
TRACTARIANISM. This term is applied to certain opinions on church matters
propounded in the "Tracts for the Times," of which ninety numbers were
published, in England, 1833-41. The principal writers were the Revs.
Dr. E. Pusey. J. H. Newman, J. Keble, J. Froude, and I. Williams.
TRANSYLVANIA, an Austrian province, was part of the ancient Dacia. In
1526, John Zapoly rendered himself independent of the Emperor Ferdinand I.
by the aid of the Turks. His successors ruled with much difficulty till 1699,
when the Emperor Leopold I. finally incorporated Transylvania into the
Austrian dominions.
TRAVELLING- IN ENGLAND. In 1707, it took in summer one day, in winter
nearly two days, to travel from London to Oxford (46 miles). In 1817, the
journey was accomplished in six or seven hours. By the Great Western
Railway express (63 miles) it is done in 1 hour. In 1828, a gentleman
travelled from Newcastle to London (273 miles) inside the best coach in 35
hours, at an expense of 61. 15s. 3d., or 6d. per mile (including dinner, &c.).
In 1857, the charge of the Great Northern Railway (275 miles) first class
express (6 hours) was 505. Qd. (Say $12.50.)
TREATIES, (p. 565.)
Constantinople, treaty of May 8, 1854
"Washington, Eeciprocity treaty be-
tween Great Britain and the U. S.,
respecting Newfoundland fishery,
commerce, &c July 2, 1854
Paris, treaty of (and .Russian war)
April, 1856
Paris (settlement of Neufchatel
affair) May 26, 1857
Zurich (Austria, France, and Sardi-
nia) Nov. 10, 1859
TREATIES OF THE UNITED STATES, (p. 566.)
Treaty with China signed at Tien
Tsin June 13, 1858
Treaty with Japan, negotiated by
Com. Perry, signed
Another treaty with Japan, by
Townsend Harris, signed
Treaty with. Mexico, negotiated by
Mr. McLane, but rejected by the
U. S. Senate . 1860
TRIESTE, an Austrian port on the Adriatic, declared a free port in 1750. It
was held by the French in 1717, 1797, and 1805. Since the establishment
of the overland mail to India, it has risen to great commercial importance.
TROWSERS. Distinguished by looseness from "pantaloons," which were ori-
ginally cut to sit tight to the leg, from thigh to ancle. Pantaloons began to
supersede small clothes during the French revolution ; the loose trowser
began to be worn after 1815 ; and has become as decidedly a normal form of
garment, as were the " breeches" of the last century.
812
THK WORLD'S PROGRESS.
TRUCE OF GOD (7'reuga Dei), a term given to a cessation of the private feuds
and conflicts so general, during the middle ages, all over Europe. The clergy
strenuously exerted their influence for the purpose. A synod at Rou.ssilon,
A.D. 1027, decreed that none should attack his enemy between Saturday eve-
ning (at nones) and Monday morning (at the hour of prime). Similar regula-
tions were adopted in England, 1042 (sometimes Friday and Wednesday
being chosen for the time). The truce of God was confirmed by many coun-
cils of the Church, especially the Lateran Council, in 1179.
TUBULAR BRIDGES. The Britannia Tubular Suspension Bridge, then the
most wonderful enterprise in engineering in the world, was constructed about
a mile southward of the Meriai Strait Suspension Bridge. The Conway Tubu-
lar Bridge (1846-8) is a miniature copy of the Britannia, and therefore requires
no description. The principal engineers were Mr. Robert Stephensou and
Mr. Fairbairn. At Chepstow is a railway tubular bridge, erected in 1852.
A bridge or viaduct on the tubular principle (called the Albert Yiaduct) over
the river Tamar at Plymouth, was opened by the Prince Consort, May 2,
1859. The most stupendous tubular bridge in the world is that over the St.
Lawrence, Canada (see Bridges).
TUNIS. In July 1856, the Bey agreed to make certain constitutional reforms.
The Bey died Sept. 22, 1859; and no disturbance ensued on the accession of
his successor.
TURKEY, (p. 571.)
Christians admitted to office in Tur-
key June, 1849
The Turkish government refuses to
surrender the Hungarian and Po-
lish refugees on the joint demand
of Russia and Austria Sept. 16, 1849
Russia suspends intercourse with
the Porte Nov. 12, 1849
Treaty with France respecting the
Holy Places (which see).. Feb. 13, 1852
Russian manifesto against Turkey
June 26, 1858
War declared against Russia (see
Ruisso- Turkish War} Oct. 5, 1853
TUSCANY, (p. 572.)
The Tuscan army demand alliance
with the Sardinians ; the grand-
duke refuses, and departs to Bo-
logna : the King of Sardinia is pro-
claimed dictator, and a provi-
sional government formed, April
27; the king assumes the com-
mand of the army, but declines
the dictatorship , April 30, 1859
Prince Napoleon arrives at Leghorn,
addresses the Tuscans, and erects
his standard May 23, 1859
Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, many
years English ambassador at Con-
stantinople, returned to England,
Jan. ; he is succeeded by Sir H.
Lytton Bulwer ; accredited July 12, 1853
Massacre of Christians at Jedda
July 25, 1853
Turkish financial reforms begun, Aug. 1853
The fhst Turkish railway opened
(from Aden to Smyrna).. Sept. 19, 1853
Base coinage called in ; a fictitious
Turkish coinage begun at Bir-
mingham, and is suppressed.. Oct. 1S8
Great agitation for financial reform
Oct. 1859
The Tuscan constituent assembly
meets Aug. 11, 1859
It declares against recalling the
house of Lorraine, and votes for
annexation to Sardinia Sept. 1859
Prince Eugene of Savoy-Carignan,
elected governor-general of Cen-
tral Italy ; he declines, but recom-
mends Buoucompagni, Nov. ; who
is accepted by the Tuscans, Dec. 8, 1859
The Grand-Duke Leopold II. abdi-
cates in favor of his son Ferdinand
July 21, 1S59
TYROL, the eastern part of ancient Rhetia, now a province of the Austrian
empire (to the north of Bavaria). It was ceded to the house of Hapsburg in
1359, by Margaret, the heiress of the last Count TJTO!. The province became
an appanage of the younger (or Tyrol) branch of the imperial house, which
branch came to the throne in the person of Maximilian II. in 1618. The
French conquered the Tyrol in 1808 and united it to Bavaria; but in 1809 an
insurrection broke out, headed by the courageous Andrew Hofer, an inn-
keeper. He drove the Bavarians out of the Tyrol, and thoroughly defeated some
ADDENDA.
813
French detachments: but laid down his arms at the treaty of Vienna. He
was subsequently accused of corresponding with the Austrians, captured and
sent to Mantua, and there shot by order of the French government (to its
great disgrace) Jan. 28, 1810. The Austrian emperor ennobled his family in
1819, and erected his statue at Inspruck in 1834. The Tyrolese riflemen
were very effective in the Italian war in 1859.
U.
UMBRELLA, (p. 573.) An umbrella was found by Layard in his researches
sculptured on the walls of the Assyrian palace at Nineveh.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, (p. 575.) For succession of events, see tables
page 138 to 185. The following thirteen states formed the Union at the decla-
ration of independence in 1776:
New Hampshire.
Massachusetts.
Khode Island.
Connecticut.
New York.
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania.
| Delaware.
Maryland.
Virginia.
North Carolina,
South Carolina.
Georgia.
The following have been added:
Vermont (from New York) 1791
Tennessee (from North Carolina) . . . 1796
Kentucky (from Virginia) 1796
Columbia district (under the imme-
diate government of Congress)
Contains Washington, the seat of
government 1800
Ohio (admitted) 1802
Louisiana (bought from France in
1803) 1812
Indiana (admitted) 1816
Mississippi (from Georgia) 1SJ 7
Illinois (admitted) 1S18
Alabama (from Georgia) 1819
Maine (from Massachusetts) 1820
Missouri (from Louisiana) 1821
Michigan 1886
Arkansas 1836
Iowa 1845
Texas 1845
Wisconsin 1846
California 1848
Florida 1854
Minnesota 1858
Oregon 1859
Kansas 1861
New Mexico (territory) 1S48
Ttah (territory) 1850
Washington (territory) 1853
Nebraska (territory) 1854
POPULATION.
1776 2,616,800 I 1810 7,239,903 , 1851
1800 5,300.000 I 1831 12,856,171 I 1860
23,347,884
31,646,b69
POPULATION OF THE FREE STATES.
Population.
Population,
New Apportion-
States.
1850.
I860.
ment for Congress.
Maine
583.169
619,958
5
Nw Hampshin
j . 817,976
820.072
8
Vermont
814,120
315,827
3
Massachusetts .
. . 994,514
1,231,494
10
Rhode Island . .
. . 147.545
174,621
1
Connecticut
870.792
460,670
4
New York
8,097.394
3.851.563
80
Pennsylvania . .
.. 2.311.786
2.916,018
23
New Jersey
489,888
676.034
5
Ohio
1,980.427
2.877,917
19
Indiana
918,416
1,850,802
11
Illinois
851,470
1,691.233
18
Michigan
897.654
754,291
6
Wisconsin
305.391
768,485
6
Iowa
192,214
6S2,090
5
Minnesota
6.077
172.793
1
Oregon
13,294
52.566
1
California
92,597
8S4J70
8
Kansas
148,645
1
Total
13,454,169
18,950,759
150
Increase iu ten
years
5,496,590
814
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
States.
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia . . . ..
N. Carolina...
S. Carolina. . .
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi . .
Louisiana . . .
Arkansas. .. .
Texas
Tennessee .. .
Kentucky . . .
Missouri. .
POPULATION IN THE SLAVE STATES.
-Pop illation in 1 850, r-Pop illation in 1 860-^
Free.
89 242
492.636
949.133
oSO.491
283.523
524,503
48.135
428.779
296.648
272.953
162,79T
154,431
763,154
771,424
594,522
Slave.
2.290
9<),368
472. .'23
28-3,548
384.984
881,682
39309
342.892
309,878
244,809
47,100
58,161
239,460
210.9S1
S7,422
Free.
110.548
646.183
1.097.373
679 965
808186
615.633
81.885
520,444
407,051
354,245
331.710
413.000
859,528
920,077
1,085,595
Slave.
1.805
85.382
498.826
32S.377
407.185
467,400
63.800
435,473
479.607
312.186
I(i9.0(j5
184.956
287,112
225.490
115,619
Apportionment
Old
1
6
13
9
6
8
1
7
4
5
1
6
11
7
4
7
1
6
5
4
8
4
8
8
9
10
10
7
Total 6,412.503 3,200,412 7,434,126 3,999,283 84 89
Total population, free and slave, in 1850 9,612,915
" " " " I860 11,433,409
Increase in ten yerrs 2,820,494
POPULATION OF TERRITORIES.
Territories. Population in 1850. Population in 1860.
Nebraska 28.893
New Mexico 61,547 93.024
Utah 11,354 60,000
Dacotah 4,839
Washington 11,624
District of Columbia 48,000 75,821
Total 120,901 262,701
Increase in ten years 141,800
RECAPITULATION.
1850. 1860.
Total population of free states 13,454,169 18,950,759
" " " slave states 8,612.969 12,433,409
" " " territories 120,901 261,701
Total population of U. States 23,191,876 31,646,869
Increase in ten years 8,454,998
NEW TERRITORIES.
The following are the proposed new territories, viz. :
Arizona (chiefly New Mexico) about Idaho (" Gem of the Mountains"),
200,000 square miles. Population the " Pike's Peak Territory." Po-
1860 about 8,000 pulation 1860 about 20,000
Nevada (west of Utah), about 175,000 Chippewa. Area about 180,000 square
square miles. Pop. 1860 about. . 10,000 miles. Population 1860 about . . . 10,000
See Secession, Rebellion, Ac. Also see Separate States.
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. One of the six points of the charter in England
(see Chartists}, was adopted by the French in the election of their preisdent
in 1851, and of their emperor in 1852.
URUGUAY a republic in South America, recognised in Oct. 1828. The present
president of the executive (1860) is G. A. Pereyra, elected in 1856.
UTAH. (p. 576.) See Mormons.
ADDENDA. 815
V.
VANCOUVER'S ISLAND, in the North Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Oregon.
Settlements were made here by the English in 1781 ; which were seized by
the Spaniards in ] 789 ; but restored. By a treaty between the British
government and that of the United States in 1846 this island was secured to
the former. It has become of much greater importance since the discovery
of gold in the neighboring mainland in 1858, and the consequent establish-
ment of the colony of British Columbia (which see). Victoria, the capital,
was founded in 1857.
VEHMIC TRIBUNAL (Vehmgerichte}. Secret tribunals established in West-
phalia to maintain religion and the public peace. Their proceedings were
enveloped in a profound m} r stery. They had their origin in the time of
Charlemagne; and rose to importance about 1182, when Westphalia became
subject to the Archbishop of Cologne. These courts became very trouble-
some, persons of the most exalted rank being subjected to their decisions.
The emperors endeavored to suppress them, but did not succeed till the 16th
century. Sir W. Scott has described them in " Anne of Geierstein."
VENEREAL DISEASE. Lues Venerea, Morbus Gallicus. This disease is said
to have broken out in the French army, at the siege of, Naples, in 1494 ;
whence the French term it mal de Naples. In the Netherlands and in Eng-
land it obtained the appellation of mal de France; though in the latter coun-
try it was known so early as the twelfth century. About the same period,
too, at Florence, one of the Medici family died of it. Most writers suppose,
that the followers of Columbus brought the disorder with them from the new
to the old world, 1493: others maintain that it prevailed among the Jews,
Greeks, and Romans, and their descendants, long before the discovery of
America.
VENTILATORS. Invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, and his account of them read
to the Royal Society of London, May 1741. The ventilator for the use of
the king's men-of-war was announced in London by Mr. Trievvald, in Novem-
ber, same year. The marquess of Chabanne's plan for wanning and venti-
lating theatres and houses for audiences was applied to those of London in
1819. The systems of Dr. Reid (about 1830) and others followed. Dr.
Arnott's work on this subject was published in 1838.
VERMONT, (p. 579.) Population, in 1850, 314,120; in 1860, 315,827.
VESUVIUS, Mr. (p. 580.) Eruptions in May 1855, May and June 1858, and
June 1859, caused great destruction.
VICTORIA, formerly PORT PHILIPP (Australia), situated between New South
Wales and South Australia, the most successful British colony in that region.
In 1798, Bass, in his whale-boat expedition, visited Western Port, one of its
harbours; and, in!802, Flinders sailed into Port Philipp Bay. In 1804, Colo-
nel Collins landed with a party of convicts with the intention of founding a
settlement at Port Philipp, but afterwards removed to Van Diemen's Land.
The colony made rapid progress. In 1837, the colonists (450 in number)
possessed 140,008 sheep, 2500 cattle, and 150 horses In 1839, the colony
was named Victoria, and its prosperity brought great numbers to it, and
induced much speculation and consequent embarrassment and insolvency in
1841-2. In 1851, the province was declared independent of New South
Wales. In the same year a reward of 2001. was offered for the discovery of
gold in Victoria, which was soon after found near Melbourne, and was profi-
816 THE WORLD'S PKOGKESS.
tably worked in August. In Oct. 1700 persons were at Ballarat, and in Nov.
10,000 round Mount Alexander. From Sept. 31 to Dec. 31, 1851, 30,311
ounces of gold were obtained from Ballarat; and from Oct. 29 to Dec. 31.
94,524 ounces from Mount Alexander total, 124.835 ounces. In 185 ( J the
production was still, very great. Immense immigration to Melbourne took
place in 1852. In 1855, a representative constitution was granted to this
colony, and on Nov. 26, 1857, the parliament was opened in state. The pre-
sent governor is Sir Henry Barkly, appointed in 1856. Population of the
colony in 1836, 224; in 1841, 11,738; in 1846, 32,879; in 1851, 77,345 ;
Dec. 31, 1852, about 200,000; in March 1857 there were 258,116 males and
145,403 females; in all 403,519 ; in 1859, 517,366.
VICTORIA RAILWAY BRIDGE, on the tubular principle, over the St. Law-
rence, Montreal, erected under the superintendence of Mr. Robert Stephenson,
and Mr. A. M. Ross, engineers, was completed and opened Nov. 24, 1 859.
It is the greatest work of the kind in the world, and forms part of the Grand
Trunk Railway, which connects Canada and the seaboard states of North
America. The length is about sixty yards less than two English miles, and
about 7-J times longer than Waterloo bridge, and ten times longer than new
Chelsea bridge ; the height sixty feet between the summer level of the river,
and the under surface of the central tube. The cost 1,400,000/. On Jan. 5,
1855, the bridge was carried away by floating ice, but the stonewurk
remained firm.
VILLA FRANCA (in Lombardy). Here the emperors of France and Austria met
on July 11, 1859 (after the great battle of Solferino) ; on the next day they
signed the preliminaries of peace, the basis of the treaty of Zurich (which see).
VINE DISEASE. It is a whitish mildew, and totally destroys the fruit. The
spores of this oldiwn were found in the vineries at Versailles in 1847. The
disease soon reached the trellised vines, and in 1850, many lost all their
produce. In 1852, it spread over France, Italy, Spain, Syria, and in Zante
and Cephalonia attacked the currants, reducing the crop to one-twelfth of the
usual amount. Through its ravages the wine manufacture in Madeira ceased
for several years. Many attempts have been made to arrest the progress of
the disease, but without much effect. It has much abated in France, but not
in Portugal.
VIOLIN, (p. 583.) The violin is the most expressive instrument, though sur-
passed by many in sweetness, richness, and volume. The best were made at
Cremona about A.D 1600 by Amiti and Straduarius ; those of the former
excel in sweetness, of the latter in power. They now command enormous
prices.
VIRGINIA. According to the census returns, the real estate, &c., of Virginia,
1850, was $530,000,000, viz. : Real estate, $278,000,000; value of slaves,
$147,000,000; other personal estate, $105,000,000. The returns further
show that nearly 83,000 white persons over the age of 21, can neither read
nor write! The new constitution of this state, adopted in 1851, in the lllth
article has the following clause : " And no person shall have a right to vote
who is of unsound mind, or a pauper, or a non-commissioned officer in the ser-
vice of the United States." Population of 1850, 1,421,081, including 473,026
slaves. In 1860, 1,593,199, including 495,826 slaves.
VISIGOTHS. Separated from the Ostrogoths about A.D. 330. The Emperor
Valens, about 369, admitted them into the Roman territories upcu the con-
dition of their serving when wanted in the Roman armies; and Theodosius
the Great permitted them to form distinct corps commanded by their own
ADDENDA. 81 7
officers ; an impolitic measure, which separated their interests from those of
the state at large, and enabled them upon every occasion of real or supposed
offence to shake the empire to its centre. Jn 400, under Alaric, they invaded
Italy, and in 410 took Rome. They began their kingdom of Toulouse, 414;
and" conquered the Alains, and extended their rule into Spain, 414, and
expelled the "Romans in 468 : and finally were themselves conquered by the
Saracens under Mua, in 1711, when their last king, Roderic, was defeated
and slain in an obstinate engagement. Their rule in France ended with their
defeat by Clovis at Vougle, in 507.
VIVARIUM See Aquarium.
VOLTAIC PILE, OK BATTERY, an apparatus which was constructed in conse-
quence of the discoveries of Galvani (see Galvanism). The principle was
discovered by Alessandro Volta, of Como (born 1745), for thirty years pro-
fessor of natural philosophy, at Pavia, and announced by him to the Royal
Society of London in 1793. The battery was first set up in 1800. Volta
was made an Italian count and senator by Napoleon Bonaparte, and was
otherwise greatly honored. While young he invented the electrophorus,
electric pistol, and hydrogen lamp. He died in 1826, aged 81. The form
of the Voltaic battery has been greatly improved by the researches of modern
philosophers. The nitric acid battery of Mr W. R Grove was devised in
1839 ; the carbon battery of Mr. Robert Bunsen in 1842. The former is very
much used in England ; that of Bunsen in other parts of Europe. See Elec-
tricity.
VOLUNTEERS, MILITARY, IN ENGLAND. This species of force was formed in
England, in consequence of the threatened invasion of revolutionary France,
1794. The English volunteers were, according to official accounts, 341,600
on Jan. 1, 1804. In May 1859, in consequence of the prevalence of the fear
of a French invasion, the formation of Volunteer Corps of riflemen commenced
under the auspices of the government, and by the end of the year many thou-
sands were enrolled in all parts of the kingdom
VULGATE (from Vulgatns, published), a term applied to the Latin version of the
Scriptures, which is authorised by the Council of Trent, and which is attri-
buted to St. Jerome, about A.D. 384. The older version, called the Italic, is
said to have been made in the beginning of the second century. Critical
editions of the Vulgate were printed by order of Pope Sixtus V. in 1590, and
of Pope Clement V. in 1592 and 1593. (The former was suppressed as
imperfect.) The Latin Bible called the Mentz Bible was printed in 1460.
W.
WAGER OF BATTEL. The trial by combat anciently allowed bylaw, whereby
the defendant in an appeal might fight with the appellant, and make proof
thereby whether he was guilty or innocent of the crime charged against him.
Repealed by statute 59 Geo. III., 1819.
WAGES IN ENGLAND, (p. 585.) Harvest men, 1857, 5s.
WALHALLA (the Hall of Glory), a temple near Ratisbon, erected in 1842, by
Louis, king of Bavaria, to receive the statues and memorials of the great men
of Germany. The name is derived from the fabled meeting-place of Scandi-
navian heroes after death.
WALKING. &c. FEATS IN. In England. Capt. Barclay for a wager (on which
many thousands of pounds depen led), walked 1000 miles in 1000 successive
35
818 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
hours ; in forty-two days and nights (less 8 hours). His task was accom-
plished on July 10, 1809. In May, 1758, a young lady at Newmarket won
a wager, having undertaken to ride 1000 miles in 1000 hours, which feat she
performed in little more than two-thirds of the time. Richard Hanks, a
native of Warwickshire, undertook (in imitation of Captain Barclay) to walk
1000 miles in 1000 hours: the place chosen was the Barrack tavern cricket-
ground, in Sheffield; he commenced on Honday June 17, 1850, and com-
pleted the 1000 miles, July 29, following, winning a considerable sum.
WALTZ, the popular German national dance, was introduced into England by
baron Neuman and others in 1813. Raikes.
WAR Cost of that in the Crimea. The cost to England, for two years, was
$200,000,000. The whole cost is estimated at 1000 millions of dollars.
WARS OF GREAT BRITAIN, (p. 588.) War with Russia, March 27, 1854. Peace
of Paris, March 31, 1856. For the wars with India, China, and Persia, see
those countries respectively.
WATER COLOR PAINTING in England has been raised from the hard dry
style of the last century, to its present brilliancy, by the efforts of Nicholson,
Copley, Fielding, Varley, and the great Turner ; by Pyne, Cattermole, Prout,
&c., within the present century. The exhibition was founded in ] 805.
WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. The original MS. was sold at
auction in Philadelphia, to a citizen of New York, for $2,300, February 12,
1850.
WATERWORKS. The Roman aqueducts were only artificial streams led at a
regular slope from an elevated source ; and were enormously expensive.
Louis XIV. erected enormous machines merely to supply ornamental foun-
tains at Versailles. London is said to have had water-pipes laid in it as early
as A.D. 1236, and is now supplied with about 50,000,000 gallons of water 3
day, by seven companies, one bringing water from a distance of forty miles.
Philadelphia was first supplied by works commenced in 1799, and succeeded
by those at Fairmount in 1819 ; New York by the Croton aqueduct, finished
in 1844; Boston first from Jamaica Pond, by a company organized in 1795,
and afterwards from Cochituate Pond, by works begun in 1846, and opened
for use in 1848.
WHALE FISHERY IN 1858. (p. 594 ) Vessels employed: 500 ships and barks,
19 brigs, 45 schooners, total 195,115 tons: 8,033 tons less than last year,
owin^ to the increasing scarcity of whales. Imports 81,941 barrels sperm
oil. 182.223 barrels whale oil, 1,540,600 Ibs. bone. Exports 33,336 barrels
sperm, 19,5u3 barrels whale, 1,049,466 Ibs. bone. This business appears to
be decreasing.
WHIGS. See Tory. In England numerous authors trace the origin of these
designations to various occasions and various epochs. Referring to wh;<t is
stated under the head Tory, it may here be added, that we are told the name
Whig was a name of reproach given by the court party to their antagonists
for resembling the principles of the whigs, or fanatical conventiclers in >cot-
land ; and the other was given by the country party to that of the court,
comparing them to the Tories, or Popish robbers in Ireland. Baktr. This
distinction ef parties arose out of the discovery of the Meal-Tub plot in 1678.
Upon bringing .up the Meal-Tub plot before parliament, two parties were
formed: the one "being those who called the truth of the whole plot in question;
and this party styled those who believed in the plot Whigs. The other
party, crediting the truth of the plot, styled their adversaries, Tories. But in
time these names, given upon this occasion as marks of opprobrium, became dis-
ADDENDA. 819
tinctions much boasted of by parties wearing them Hume. The Whig Club
was established ty Charles James Fox ; and one of its original and most dis-
tinguished members was the great Francis, duke of Bedford, who died in
1802. In the U. S. the name was assumed by the party opposed to the
"Democratic," in 1832.
PRINCIPAL WHIG MINISTERS IN ENGLAND.
Viscouiit Mordaunt's, 16S9. | Lord Grenville's ("All the Talents"), 1806.
Lord Godolplnirs, 1699 and 1T02.
Earl of Halifax, 1714.
Sir li. Walpole's, 1715 and 1721.
Marquess of Kockingham's, 1782.
Earl Grey's, 1830.
Viscount Melbourne's, 1834, 1S35.
Lord John Kussell's, 1846 and 1S51.
Viscount Palmerston's, 1855 and 1S59.
WIDOWS. The Jewish law required a man's brother to marry his widow (1490).
For the burning of widows in India, see Suttees. In numerous countries
widows are devoted to great privations from the time their husbands die ; and
at the isthmus of Darien, when a widow dies, such of her children as, from
tender age, cannot provide for their own subsistence, were buried in the same
grave with her. Abbe Raynal
WINES IN ENGLAND, (p. 597.) In 1856, the customs duties on wines produced
2,073,694; in 1858, 1.721,742. In 1800, 3,307.460 gallons of wine were
imported into England.
IMPORTATION OF WINES OF ALL KINDS INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Gallons. Actual value.
1854 10,875,855 3.616,369
1857 10,336,485 4,080,678
Gallons.
1845 . . .8,469,776
1850 9,304,312
WISCONSIN, (p. 597.) Population in 1850, 305.391; increase in 10 years 900
per cent. 1860, 768,485, increase in 10 years, 152 per cent,
"WIVES See Marriage. In England by the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
Act, passed in 1857, the condition of married women has been much bene-
fited. When ill-used they can obtain a divorce or judicial separation ; and
even while in the latter state any property they may acquire is secured to
them personally, as if unmarried By another act passed in the same year,
they are enabled to dispose of reversionary interests in personal property or
estates.
WONDERS OF THE WORLD, THE SEVEN. 1. The pyramids of Egj-pt. 2. The
mausoleum or tomb built for Mausolus, king of Caria, by Artemisia, his queen.
3. The temple of Diana at Ephesus. 4. The walls and hanging-gardens of
the city of Babylon. 5 The vast brazen image of the sun at Rhodes, caiLd
the Colossus "6. The rich statue of Jupiter Olympus 7. The pharos or
watch tower, built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt.
WOOLSACK. The seat of the lord high chancellor of England in the house of
lords, is so called from its being a large square bag of wool, without back or
arms, covered with red cloth. Wool was the staple commodity of England
in the reign of Edward III., when the woolsack first came into use
WORKING MEN'S COLLEGES, IN ENGLAND. The first was established in
Sheffield, by wokingmen. The second, in London, by the Rev. Professor
Frederic D. Maurice, as principal, in Oct. 1854; a third in Cambridge, and in
1855, a fourth in Oxford; all, wholly fur the working classes, and undertaking
to impart such knowledge as each man feels he is most in want of. The col-
leges engage to find a teacher, wherever 10 or 12 members agree to form a
class ; and also to have lectures given. They are highly successful.
WORSHIP IN ENGLAND. Places of worship in England and Wales in 1851 :
820
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
Places of
Worship. Sittings.
Church of England 14,077 5,317,915
Wcsleyan Methodists 5.579 2.191293
Independents 3244 1,007, ".GO
Baptists 2,789 752,343
Roman Catholics 570 1 86. 1 1 1
Society of Friends 371 91.5! 9
Unitarians 229 68,554
Scottish Presbyterians... 160 86,692
Latter-day Saints (Mor-
mon ites) 222 30,783
Brethren (Plymouth) 132(?) 18,529
Jews 53 8.438
Places of
Worship. Sittings.
New Church (Swedenbor-
gians) 50 12,107
Moravians 82 9,305
Catholic and Apostolic
Church (Irvingites) 32 7,437
Greek Church 3 291
Countess of Huntingdon's
Connection 109 85,210
Welsh Calvinistic Metho-
dists 828 198,242
Various small bodies,
some without names. .. 546 105,557
with the
fog,
WRECKS, (p. 602.) Arctic, U. S. mail steamer, by collision in a
Vesta, French steamer, off Newfoundland; above 300 lives lost, Sept. 27,
1854. City of Philadelphia, Liverpool to Philadelphia, Sept. 17, 1854. U. s!
sloop of war Albany, from Aspinvvall, Sept. 28, 1854, never heard from.
City of Glasgow, steamer, with 480 persons on board, disappeared in 1854.
Pacific., Collins 1 steamer, from Liverpool to New York, Jan. 23, 1856, dis-
appeared and never heard of. John Ratkdge, from Liverpool to New York,
ran on an iceberg and was wrecked; many lives lost, Feb. 20, 1856. Lyon
nais, French steamer, New York to Havre, collision with barque Adriatic,
134 lives lost, Nov. 2, 1856. Austria, steamship, Hamburgh to New York,
burnt in the middle of the Atlantic ; of 538 persons on board, only sixty-seven
were saved, Sept. 13, 185 . Royal Charter, screw steamer, on the Anglesea
coast; 459 lives lost; the vessel contained gold amounting in value to
700,000, Oct. 26,1859. Steamer Niagara, burned on lake Michigan ; 60
lives lost, Sept. 24, 1856. Central America, steamer, Lieut. Herndon, Aspin-
wall to New York, founders, 427 lives lost, and $2,000,000 in gold, Sept 8,
1857. Russian line of battle ship in the Baltic, founders, all on board (825)
lost, Sept. 1857. The total number of American sea-going vessels reported
during 1859, as lost or missing, was 402, valued at $5,599,000, being an
increase over the previous year of 114 vessels, and $1,128,000 in value. Of
the whole number 8 were steamers, 84 ships, 48 barks, 64 brigs, and 198
schooners.
Y.
YACHT. The ancient thalamegus or navis lasorice was a vessel for pleasure, like
the modern yacht. The English are very fond of yachting. Their yachts
are commonly cutter-rigged, and with one mast. Yachting has come into
vogue in the United States only since about 1830. The American yachts
are sloops or schooners. The yacht America, modelled and built by the
remarkable genius George Steers, of New York (d. 1856, aged 35) beat all
the English yachts in a regatta at Cowes, Aug. 22, 1851. She was a schooner,
with her greatest breadth abaft the beam, and with " hollow lines " forward.
YANKEE The derivation of the word is generally accredited to the Indian pro-
nunciation of the word English, which they render Yengeese. In New York
it is applied to the New Englanders ; in the South to all Northerners; and in
Europe to all Anglo-Americans. In a curious book on the Round Towers of
Ireland, published some years ago, the origin of the term Yankee Doodle, was
said to have been traced to the Persian phrase Yanki douniah, or " Inhabi-
tants of the New World." Layard, in his "Nineveh," also mentions Yankhi-
duuia as the Persian name of America.
ADDENDA.
821
Z.
ZOLLVEREIN. (Customs 1 Union.) The name given to the German commercial
union, ot which Prussia is the head. It began in 1818, and was gradually
joined by nearly all the German states, except Austria. On Feb. 19, 1853,
an important treaty of commerce and navigation, between Austria and Prus-
sia, to last from Jan. 1854 till Dec. 1865, was signed, to which the other
states of the Zollverein gave in their adhesion on April 5, 1853.
ZOUAVES AND FOOT CHASSEURS. When the French established a regency at
Algiers, they hoped to find the employment of native troops advantageous,
and selected the Zooaoua-s, a congregation of Arab tribes, famous for daring
and skilful courage. In time numbers of red republicans, aud other enthu-
siastic Frenchmen, joined the regiments, adopting the costume. &c., and
eventually the Africans disappeared from the ranks, and no more were added,
they having been frequently guilty of treachery. The French Zouaves formed
an important part of the army in the Crimean war, 1854-5.
ZURICH, (p. 608.) Conference of the representatives of Austria, France, and
' Sardinia, held at Zurich (after the truce of Villa Franca), August 8, 1859, and
continued several months.
ZUTPHEN, ix HOLLAND. At a battle here in 1568, between the Spaniards and
the Dutch, the amiable Sir Philip Sidney, author of the "Arcadia," was killed.
He was serving with the English auxiliaries, commanded by the earl of Lei-
cester.
PAPER MANUFACTURE, U. S. In 1855 there were 750 paper mills, 3,000
engines, producing 280,000 Ibs., which at 10 cts. per Ib. would amount to
$28,000,000.
PAPER CURRENCY. In 1857 the Bank of England had $98.800,000, other
banks in England $89,585,000, total, $188,385,000; France, '$121,070,000;
United States, $148,929.000.
PATENTS, U. S. The Patent Office of the U. S. at Washington, an extensive
and imposing edifice, was completed 1858. The number of patents issued
has rapidly increased during the last seventeen years, being nearly nine times
as great in 1856 as in 1843. The numbers in some of these years are thus
stated :
Years.
1843
Applied for.
819....
Granted.
531
Years.
1857 . .
Applied for.
4771
Grunted.
2710
1&50
2193
995
1853
5864
3710
1855
4435
2024
1S59
6225
...4538
1856..
..4960..
..2910
The receipts of the office increased from $35,315, in 1843, to $245.942, in 1859
Of the patents granted in 1859, 4,491 were to citizens of the U. S. (1,231
being from N. Y.), 23 to British subjects, 16 to French, and 8 to other foreign
applicants.
PROPERTY IN THE U. S. In 1856, the real and personal property of the U. S.
was estimated by Mr. Guthrie, Sec, of the Treasury, at $11,317,611,672
(more than 11,000 millions).
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX CENSUS TABLES.
825
CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Houses and population of England and Wales,
of Scotland, and of the Islands in the British seas, March 31, 1851 :
Honaes.
i
Population.
*
Inhabited.
Uninhabd.
Building.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
England and Wales
3,280,961
152,898
26 534
11,922,768
8,762 583
9 16'> 180
Scotland
366 650
11,956
2 378
2 870 784
1,363 622
1 5(>7 162
Islands in the British Seas .
21.826
1,077
202
142,916
66,511
76,405
Total . .
3.669.43T
165.931
29.114
2H.936.468
10.192.721
10.743.747
Great Britain, and Islands in the British seas, and Scotland. Population, in-
crease, and rates of increase, in the fifty years from 1801 to 1851 :
Persons.
1801.
1811.
1821.
1831.
1841.
1851.
Gt. Britain and Islands in
the British Seas
10,267,893
12,047,455
1,479,562
14
15,180,351
2,132,896
18
16,364,893
2,184,542
15
18,658,372
2,260,749
U
20,936,468
2,227,438
12
10,317,917
93
1.87
2,870,784
245,237
10 ;
2,865, 121
78
1.16
Increase in the intervals
Decennial rates of increase
per cent
Actual increase in 50 yrs.
Increase per ct. in 50 "
Annual " "
Scotland
1,608,420
1,805,864
197,444
12
2,091,521
285,657
16
2,364,386
272,885
13
2,620,184
255,798
11
Increase in the intervals
Decennial rates of increase
Actual increase in 50 yrs.
Increase per ct. in 50 "
Annual " " "
Males in Great Britain
and Islands in the British
Seas
5,025,035
739,091
5,542,856
869,329
5,735,957
826,296
6,311,498
979,568
6,873,671
982,623
7,306,590
1,108,898
7,934,201
1,114,456
8,430,692
1 249,930
9,077,004
1,241,862
9,581,368
1,378,322
10,192,171
1,363,622
10,743,747
1,507.162
Males in Scotland
Females in Great Britain
and Islands in the British
geas
Females in Scotland..
England and Wales. Houses Comparative statement of, in the fifty years
from 1801 to 1851 :
Houses.
1801.
1811.
1821.
1831.
1841. 1851.
England l Inhabited
1,575,923
1,797,504
2,088,156
2,481,544
2.948,935 3,280,961
and V Uninhabited ..
Wales. \ Buildine . .
57,476
51,020
16.207
67,707
19,274
119,915
24,759
173,247 i 152,S9S
27,444 i 26,534
There are in the tables no returns of houses published for Scotland and the
islands in the British seas, except for 1851. The French census of 1851 shows
a total population of 35,500,000. The number of foreigners domiciled, of all
nations, exceeds 1,000,000, of which 75,000 are British, or about one half the
British residents previous to the revolution of 1848.
* Exclusive of part of the army, navy, and merchant seamen, belonging to Great Britain, but
out of thewuntry when the census was taken, estimated (from returns) at 167,604 persons.
S20 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN continued.
Abstracts of the Census of Ireland of 1841 and 1851 :
1841.
Provinces.
HOUSES.
Inhabited.
Uninhabited.
Total.
1851.
Inhabited.
Uninhabited.
Total.
Building.
Built
Building
Built.
Leinster
Munster. ...
Ulster
306,459
364,637
414,551
243,1<>2
12,320
12,005
21,590
6,293
1.272
1,023
626
392
320,051
377.665
436,767
249,877
259,252
266936
351,973
169,574
17,588
19,277
20,5SO
7,714
632
513
606
312
2,1"! 3
277,522
286.726
373,159
171,600
Con naught .
Total
I,328 r 839
52,208 !
3,313
1,384,360
1,047,735
65,159
l,f 15,007 [
1841.
Provinces.
FAMILIES, PERSONS, AND SEXES.
Families.
Persons.
Male.
Female. \ Total.
362,134
415,154
439,805
255,694
963,747
1,186,190
1,161.797
707,842
1,009,934
1,209,971
1,224,576
711,017
1,973,731
2.396,161
2,386,373
1,418,859
Ulster
Connaught
Total
1,472,787
321,991
320,250
380,731
184,030
4,019,576
811,623
893,491
974,235
497,373
4,155,548
856,158
938,326
1,030,054
514,539
8,175,124
1,067,771
1,831,817
2,004,289
1,011,917
1851.
Ulster .
Connaught
Total..
1,207.002
3,176,727
3,339,067
6,515,794
The decrease per cent, from 1841 to 1851, of Leinster, was 15.5 ; of Munster, 23.5 ; of Ulster,
16 ; of Connaught, 23.6. Total, 20.9.
The date of the census of 1851 being sixty-eight days earlier than that of the
preceding one, 5,481 persons should be added to the gross population of 1841,
that being the number of harvest laborers who, as was ascertained, left Ire-
land previous to the 7th of June in that year. The abstracts for either years
do not include the army serving in Ireland, The total decrease of persons
from 1841 to 1851, exclusive of 5841 harvest laborers above mentioned, was
1,659,330. The highest per cent, of decrease was in Roscommon, where it
was 31 per cent. The number of persons enumerated in 1821, was 6,801,827 ;
in 1831, 7,767,401; in 1841, 8,175,124; in 1851, 6,515,794; being 286,033 lew
than in 1821, thirty years before.
APPENDIX CENSUS TABLES.
827
CENSUS OF THE U. S.
Population of the United States, according to the Seventh Census, and Representatrves in
Congress.*
Statoa.
White
Popula-
tion.
Free
Colored
Popu-
lation.
Total
Free.
Slaves.
Federal
Represen-
tative
Popula-
tion.
a*
w =
of?
62 =
fc ft
u E g
clj
- J-. _
0_|J
Frac-
tions
over.
Maine
581,813
817,456
313,402
985,450
148,875
363,099
3,048,325
465,513
2,258,463
71,169
417,943
894,800
553,028
274,5(57
521.572
47,211
426,486
295,718
255,491
154,034
162,189
756.753
761,417
592.004
1,955,108
395,097
977,628
846,035
304,758
191,879
91,632
1,356
520
718
9,064
3,670
7,693
49,069
23,820
53,323
18,073
74,723
54,333
27,463
8,956
2,931
924
2,293
930
17,462
397
608
6,401
10,007
2,618
25,319
2,557
10,788
5,435
633
335
965
583,169
317,976
314,120
994,514
147.545
370,792
3,097,394
489,333
2,311,786
89,242
492,666
949,133
580,491
283,523
524,508
48,135
428,779
296,648
272,953
154,431
162,797
763,154
771,424
594,622
1,980,427
397,654
988,416
851,470
305,391
192,214
92,597
' 222
'2,290
90,368
472,528
288,548
38-1,984
381,682
39,309
342,892
309,878
244,809
58,161
47,100
239,400
210,981
87,422
583,169
317,976
314,120
994,514
147,545
370,792
3,097,394
489,466
2,311,786
90,616
546,886
1,232,649
753,619
514,513
753,512
71,720
634,514
482.574
419,838
189,327
191,057
906,830
898,012
647,075
1,980,427
397,654
988,416
851,470
305,391
192,214
92,597
6
3
3
11
2
4
33
5
25
1
6
13
8
6
8
1
T
5
4
2
2
10
10
7
21
4
11
9
3
2
t2
1
1
1
+1
Hi
+1
2
1
1
+1
\
+2
1
22,631
37,707
33,851
60.284
54,122
90,523
14,435
22,351
69,634
79,771
18,150
6,235
47,398
6,128
73,976
15.495
46,146
2,481
4,211
66,023
57,205
86,537
18,544
23,962
54,186
10,663
25,122
5,368
New Hampshire .
Vermont
Massachusetts . . .
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania. . ..
Delaware
Maryland
Vir'nnia
Nortl Carolina ..
South ."'Molina...
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Arkansas
Tennessee
Kentucky
Missouri
Ohio
Michigan
Indiana
Illinois
Wisconsin
Iowa
California
Total
19,423,915
88,027
6,038
61,530
13,038
11,330
423,384
9,973
39
17
206
24
19,847,301
48,000
6,077
61.547
13,294
11,354
3,200,634
3,687
"26
21,767,673
234
Dist. of Columbia
Minnesota
New Mexico ....
Oregon
Utah
Total
19,553,928
433,643
19.987,573
3,204,347
BKCAPITULATION.
Divisions.
Total Free
Pop. in
1840.
Slaves
in 1840.
Total Free
Pop. in
1850.
Slaves
in 1850.
Represen-
tative Pop.
in 1850.
Rep.
in
1850.
Gain
or
loss.
Free States
9,654,865
1,102
13,434,798
222
13,436,931
143
-fl
Slaveholding States . . .
Districts and Territories
7,290,719
117,769
2,481,532
4,721
6,412,503
140,272
3,200,412
3,713
8,330.743
90
1
Total . .
17.063.353
2.487.355
19.987.573
3.204.347
21.767.673
238
* The aggregate representative population (21,767,673) divided by 233 the number of re-
presentatives established by law gives 93,423 as the ratio of apportionment among the seve-
ral States. But this gives only 220 members, leaving 13 to be assigned to the States having
the largest residuary fractions.
t By the act of July 30, 1852, an additional Representative is assigned to California, making
the whole number of Representatives 234. The ratio of representation remains unchanged.
The last published census tables differ slightly from the above, but as the apportionment of
representation was made by tbe above table, we continue it.
828
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE OF THE UNITED STATUS.
The following Table exhibits the quantity of Anthracite Coal sent to market from the different
regions in Pennsylvania, from the commencement of the Trade, in 1820, to 1854, inclusive,
together with the Annual Increase:
Years.
5--huylkill
Lehigh.
Lncka'na.
Pittston.
Other
Regions.
Aggregate
Annual
Increase.
Aggregate
in ench pe
riod ot 5
yenni.
Av. nnnu.'il
delivery
for r Hi-h
period.
Av. nnnniU
increase
BH. jieiiod
over (lie
preceding.
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1S28
1829
1830
1831
1832
183?
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
365
1,073
2,240
5,823
9,541
28,393
31,280
32,074
30,232
25.110
41,750
40,96ti
70,000
123.i>0;>
1*16,244
131,250
148.211
223,9,12
213,615
221,025
225,318
143,037
272516
2(17.703
377,002
429,453
523,002
643,973
680,746
801,246
722,622
9S9.296
1,114,026
1,080,544
1,246,418
365
1.073
2,240
5,823
9,541
34,893
48,047
63,434
77,516
112,083
174,784
176,820
363,871
487,748
376,63(i
5 10,758
682,428
881.476
739.293
819,327
865.414
958,899
1,108,001
1,263,539
1,681,669
2,023,052
2,3 3,992
2 932,303
3,Or9.23S
3 242,541
3.254,321
4.377,130
4,925.695
5,114,^91
5,753,369
19,042
8,809
6,500
16,767
81,360
47.284
79,973
89,984
81.854
209,271
252,971
226,692
339,5f 8
432,045
523,152
433,875
442,608
452,291
584.692
540.892
(577,295
839,934
1,083,796
l,237.oi ! 2
1.583.374
1,652.835
1,605.126
1,712.007
2,184,240
2,452.026
2,470,913
2,895,208
25,352
13,154
15,837
14,082
34,567
62,651
2,086
187,051
123 877
7,000
43,000
51.000
84,600
111,777
43700
90,000
103.861
115,387
78.207
122,300
148.470
192,270
205.253
227,605
251.005
273,435
320,000
383,200
437,500
454,240
432,339
472,478
497,839
494,327
438,406
835,973
67,194
13,488
decrease
184,122
121,670
199,048
decrease
80,084
46 087
93.485
149.102
155,538
36S.130
391.783
320.940
: 638317
106.929
153.403
11.7SO
1,122.809
548,565
1SS796
638,878
1,579,809
815,961
49,758
ll',930
15,505
21.463
57,346
68,000
127,993
188,401
205,075
299,302
256.627
303,736
276.339
415.099
439,342
556,018
676,689
8,683,282
736,656
84,139
5,827'.552
1,165,504
85,769
111,014
316,017
426,164
512,659
496,648
13,681,132
2,736,2L'6
314,144
4,085,001
389,755
23,425,006
COAL. The very general substitution of coal for wood as fuel, and its employ-
ment in the manufacture of iron, and in the production of steam and gas,
have, of late j'ears, given an amazing impulse to the trade in this article.
Thirty years ago, the coal trade in this country was limited to 365 tuns of
anthracite, brought from the Lehigh mines to Philadelphia; now, the annual
production of anthracite greatly exceeds three millions of tuns. This rapid
increase is not confined to the United States. In the twenty years from 1825
to 1845, the exports of coal from Great Britain increased 713 per cent. ; the
production of coal in France, 181 per cent. ; in Belgium, 111 per cent. ; in
Prussia, 124 percent. In the distribution of coal, the United States are highly
favored. Exclusive of Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon, all of which
are known to contain coal, the area of coal formations in the United States
is estimated by Mr. Taylor to be 133,132 square miles, while the total area
of these formations in Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Provinces of
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland, is, according
to the same authority, less than thirty thousand square milea Nearly the
APPENDIX COAL TABLES.
829
whole of this vast area is occupied by bituminous coal. The total area ol
the anthracite region of Pennsylvania is estimated at less than four hundred
square miles ; yet more tuns of fuel are now annually produced, from this
small area, than from the almost boundless fields of bituminous coal scattered
over twelve states. The railroads and canals, built to develop the wealth
of this region, had cost, in 1847, about $40,000,000. Anthracite seems, indeed,
to have superseded bituminous coal on nearly the whole of our Atlantic sea-
board. The freedom from smoke of anthracite is alone sufficient to account
for the preference given to it for domestic purposes. In steam navigation,
it admits of much closer stowage, and is not liable to spontaneous combustion,
as is the case with bituminous coal. In war-steamers, there is this additional
advantage, that no smoke betrays the motions of steamers burning anthracite,
whereas steamers burning fat, bituminous coal, can be " tracked" seventy miles,
before their hulls become visible, by the black smoke trailing along the horizon.
The preference given to anthracite may be illustrated by a comparison of the
importations of coal into Boston, in the years 1840 and 1847, which stand
thus :
Pennsylvania anthracite,
American bituminous coal, -
Foreign "
Thus, while in 1840 the excess of anthracite was but 20,551 tuns, in 1847 it
was 188,336 tuns.
TABLE I.
Comparative view of the areas of coal lands, and the production in 1845 of the six principal
producing countries :
1840.
73.847 tuns.
8,299 "
49,997 "
1847.
258,093 tuns.
4,554 "
65,203 "
Countries.
Square Miles
of Coal For-
mations.
Tuns of Fuel
produced in
1S45.
Relative
Parts of
1000.
Official estimated Value at
the Places of Production.
American
Dollars.
Pounds
Sterling.
Great Britain
11,859
519
133,132
1,719
not defined.
i> u
31,500,000
4,960,077
4,400.000
4,141,617
3,500,000
659,340
642
101
89
84
70
14
45.738,000
7,6S'i,900
6,650,000
7.663.000
4,122,945
800,000
9,450,000
1,660.000
1,373.963
1,603,106
856,370
165.290
Belgium
United States
France
Prussian States . . .
Austrian States . . .
Total
49,161,034
1000
72,663,845
15,108.729
As to the area of coal formations in France, it is to be remarked, that the area of the
"concessions," or grants made for working, is all that is given.
The difference in the amount of carbon, volatile matter, and ashes, is very
striking between the bituminous coals and anthracite. Anthracite has now
been successfully introduced in the manufacture of iron in Pennsylvania and
in South Wales. In 1842, but four furnaces used this coal in Pennsylvania.
In 1846, nearly one third of all the iron manufactured in that state was made
by anthracite, as may be seen by the following statement :
Furnaces employing charcoal,
" " anthracite,
Number. Tuns made annually.
274 248.569
43 119,487
In Swansea Valley, South "Wales, there were, in 1847, twenty -three furnaces
using anthracite, producing annually 59,800 tuns, wbiJe ten years before
there were but three or four furnace*.
830
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS,
"OAL continued.
TABLE II.
The importations of coal from Great Britain, British America, and all othe places into th
United States :
Year.
Total Impor-
tation in Tuns.
Av'agc Value per Tun
at the Shipping Ports.
Year.
Total Impor-
tation in Tuns.
AVage Vatoe per Tun
at the Shipping Ports.
1830.
58,582
$3.49
1840..
163,510
$ -2.37
1831.
36,509
1341..
155,394
2.37
1832.
83,144
1842..
141,521
2.63
1833.
92,432
2.61
1843..
41,163
2.S3
1834.
91,632
2.18
1844..
87.073
2.72
1835.
59,912
2.39
1845..
85.776
2.60
1836.
108,432
2.27
1846..
156,853
2.41
1837.
153,450
2.36
1847..
148,021
2.50
1H38.
129,083
2.40
1848..
196,251
2.76
1839.
181,551
2.29
1849.
TABLE III.
Production of Pennsylvania anthracite from the beginning of the trade in 1820 to 1S49:
Years.
Lehigh.
Schuylkill.
Lackawanna.
Shamokin.
Wyoming.
Total.
IQOfl
365
365
1821
1 073
1,073
1S22
2 440
2,440
1823
5823
5,823
1S24
9 541
9,541
ico5
28 396
6500
34,896
1S26
31 280
16767
48,047
1827
32,074
31 360
63,434
1823
30 232
47 284
77.516
1829
25 110
79973
7,000
112,083
1S30
41 750
89 984
42 700
17-1,434
1S31
40 966
81 854
54,000
176,820
1832
75000
209 271
84500
368.771
1S33
123 000
252 971
111.777
487,7*8
1S34
106 244
226 692
43 700
876,636
1885
131 250
339 508
98845
575,103
1836
146522
432 045
104,500
693,484
1837
225 937
59.3 152
115,387
887,632
1S33
214211
433 875
76,321
4104
751,181
1839
222 042
442 608
122 300
11 930
823,479
1840
225 591
452 291
148,470
15928
867,045
1R41 .
142 807
585 542
192 270
22154
964,255
1S42
271,913
541,504
205,253
10,098
47,346
1,107,732
1843
267,125
677313
227,605
9,870
57,740
1,262,532
1S44
376,363
840,379
251,005
13,087
114,906
1,623,459
1845
430,993
1,086,068
266,072
10,135
178,401
2,002,877
1846
522,518
1 236 581
318,400
12,646
183,003
2,333,494
1847
643,568
1,572,794
888,200
14,904
289,898
2,970,597
1848
680 193
1 652 834
434,267
287,271
3,063,503
1849
801,246
1,633,425
454,240
19,650
259,080
8,242,641
Tuns,
5,855,573
13,542,575
8,746,812
144,506
1,872,645
25,113,641
The column of totals, after the year 1834, includes, besides the product of the five locali-
ties in the table, a considerable amount from Pine Grove and Lyken's Valley.
Table IV. exhibits the retail prices of coal per tun in Philadelphia, New- York,
and Boston. The tun, it will be seen, is different in Philadelphia from that
of New-York and Boston :
3t
APPENDIX COAL TABLES.
831
CO AL continued .
TABLE IV.
TEAKS.
PHILADELPHIA.
Per Tun of 2,240 Ibs.
NEW- YORK.
Per Tun
of 2,000 Ibs.
BOSTON'.
Per Tun of 2,000 Ibs.
Lehigh.
Schuylkill
White-ash.
Schuylkill
Red-ash.
Schuylkill.
Lehigh.
Schuylkill
White-a*h.
Schuylkill
Red-ash.
1838
$5.50
$ 6.UO
5.50
425
3.50
3.75
4.38
4.62
3.50
4.00
3.50
$ 8.70
8.58
8.00
8.45
7.16
5.96
5.56
6.50
7.00
6.50
1339
1840
5.50
1841
$ 8.87
7.21
5.75
$8.75
6.96
$ 9.21
7.58
1842
1843
1S44
1845
6.00
6.25
6..'5
]846
4.50
5.00
3.62
3.75
*3.62
1847
6.75
6.50
5.75
5.50
6.75
5.00
5.75
5.00
7.00
5.50
6.00
5.25
1848
$3.25
3.75
8.25
1849
1850
New-York price of coal :
Year 1850, .
" 1851, ....
1852 .....
1854,
$4.50 to $5.00
5.00 to 5.50
5.50 to 6.50
6.50 to 7.00
7.50
COINAGE. It is lawful for any person or persons to bring to the Mint gold
and silver bullion to be coined ; and the bullion so brought is there assayed
and coined, as speedily as may be after the receipt thereof, and, if of the
standard of the United States, free of expense to the person or persons by
whom it has been brought. But the Treasurer of the Mint is not obliged to
receive, for the purpose of refining and coining, any deposit of less value
than one hundred dollars, nor any bullion so base as to be unsuitable for
minting. And there must be retained from every deposit of bullion below
the standard, such sum as shall be equivalent to the expense incurred in
refining, toughening, and alloying the same ; an accurate account of which is
kept, and of the sums retained on account of the same.
Statement of the Coinage of the Mint of the United States and its Branches in the year 1853.
Denominations.
Pieces.
Value.
Denominations.
Pieces.
i
Value.
GOLD.
Fine Bars,
4,576
$
15 835 993
SILVER.
Dollars,
46,110
$
46,110
Double Eagles, .
1,832 326
26 646 5 - 20
Half-Dollars
4 86i> 708
2 430 354
Eag'es,
252 253
2 522 530
Quarter-Dollars
16 586 '220
4 146555
Half-Eagles, ...
Quarter-Eagles,
461,019
1,407,836
2,305.095
3519615
Dimes,
Half-Dimes
13.273,010
15 705020
1.326,301
785251
Dollars,
4,384,149
4,384 149
Three-cent Pieces
11 400 000
342 000
Total Gold, . .
7,842,169
55,213,907
Total
61,871,063
9,077,571
COPPER.
Cents,
6,641,131
6641131
Half-Cents
129,694
648.47
Gold and Cop-
per Coins, . . .
14,612,994
55,280,966.78
Total Coinage, in-
cluding Fine Bars,
76,434,062
64,353,537.73
* To September, 1850.
832
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
COINAGE. continued.
Coinage of the Mint of the United States, from 1792, including the Coinage of the Branch Mint*,
from the commencement of their operations in 1838:
GOLD.
SILVER.
COPPEK.
WHOLE COINAGE.
jfciirs*
Value.
Value.
Value.
No. of Pieces
Value.
171)3-95
$71,485.00
$370,683.80
$11,373.00
1,834,420
$453,541 .80
1796
102,727.50
79,077.50
10.324.40
1.219.370
192,129.40
1797
103,422.50
12,591.45
9.510.34
1,095.165
125.524.29
1798
205,610.00
330,291.00
9.797.00
1,86S,241
545 698.00
1799
213,285.00
423,515.00
9.106.68
1,365,681
645.906.63
1800
3 1 7,7(5. i. 00
224,296.00
29,279.40
3,337,972
571.335.40
1801
422,570.00
74,758.00
13,628.37
1,571.390
51(>,9f>(>.37
1S02
423,310.00
58,343.00
34,422.83
3,615,8H9
51 6.075.S8
1803
258,377.50
87,118.00
25,203.03
2,780.83!)
370,69s.53
1804
258.642.50
100,340.50
12,844.94
2,046,839
371,821,94
1805
170,367.50
149,388.50
13,483.48
2,260,361
333.289.48
1806
324.505.00
471,319.00
5,260.00
1,815,409
8ol,(:84.00
1807
437,49o.OO
597,448.75
9,652.21
2,731,345
1,044,595.96
1S()8
284,665.00
684,300.00
13,090.00
2,985,888
982.055.00
1809
169,375.00
707,376.00
8,0(11.53
2,861,834
8S4,7.V2.53
1810
501,435.00
638,773.50
15,660.00
3,056.418
1,155.868.50
1811
4117,9(1500
608,340.00
2.495.95
1,649,570
1,108.740.95
1812
290.435.00
814,029.50
10,755.00
2,761,646
1,115,219.50
1813
477,140.00
620.951.50
4,180.00
1,755.331
1,10'2,275.50
1814
77,270.00
561,687.50
8,578.30
1,833,859
642,535.80
1815
8,175.00
17,308.00
69,8C7
20.4S3.00
1816
28,575,75
28,209.82
2,888.135
96.7-55.57
isir
607,783.50
39,484.00
5,163,967
647,267.50
1818
242,940.00
1,070,454.50
31,670.00
5,537,084
1,345,064.50
1819
258.615.00
1,140.000.00
26,710.00
5,074,723
1,425,325.00
1820
1,319,030.00
501,680.70
44,075.50
6,492,509
1,8 4,786.20
1821
189,325.00
825,762.45
3,890.00
8,139,249
1.018,977.45
1822
88,980.00
805,806.50
20,728.39
3,813,788
915,509.89
1823
72,425.00
895,550.00
2,16d,4S5
967,975.00
1824
93.200.00
1,752,477.00
12,620.00
4,780,894
1,858,297.00
1825
156,385.00
1,564,583.00
14,926.00
5,178,760
1,735,894.00
1826
92,245.00
2,002,090.00
16,344.25
5,774,43*
2,11o.679.2:>
1827
131,565.00
2.869,200.00
23,557.32
9,097,845
3.024,842.82
1828
140,145.00
1,575.600.00
25,636.24
6,196,853
1.741.381.21
18-29
295,717.50
1,994,578.00
16,580.00
7,67-1,51(1
2,306,875.50
1830
643,105.00
2,495,400.00
17,115.00
8,357,191
3,155.620.00
1831
714.270.UO
8,175,600.00
83,603.60
11,792,^84
8,928,473.60
1832
798,435.00
2,579,000.00
23,620.00
9,128,387
3,401,055.00
1833
978,550.00
2,759,000.00
28,160.00
10,307.790
3.76:>,710.00
1834
3,954,270.00
8,415,002.00
19,151.00
11,637,643
7.388,423.00
18:55
2,186,175.00
3,443,003.00
89,489.00
15,996,342
5,668.667.00
1836
4,135,700.00
3,606,100.00
23,100.00
13,719,333
7,764,900.00
1837
1,148,305.00
2,096,010.00
55,583.00
13,010,721
3,299,898.00
1838
1,809,595.00
2,333,243.00
53,702.00
15.780,311
4.20(5,540.00
1839
1,355,885.00
2,189,296.00
31,286.61
11,811,594
3,576,467.61
1840
1,675,3("2.50
1,726.703.00
24,627.00
10,558,240
8,42(5,632.50
1841
l,('91,. r )97.50
1,132,750.00
15,973.67
8,811,968
2,240,321.17
1842
1,834,170.50
2.332,750.00
23,833.90
11,743,153
4,190.754.40
1843
8,108,797.50
8,834,750.00
24,283.20
4,640,582
11,967.830.70
1844
2,230.00
2,235,550.00
23,987.52
9.051,834
7.687,767.52
1845
3,75(5,447.50
1,H73.200.00
38,948.04
1, SOli, 196
5,668,595 54
1846
4,034.177.00
2..*5S,580.00
41,208.00
10,133,515
6,633,965.00
1847
20,221,385.00
2,374,450.00
61.836.H9
15,392,344
22,657.671.69
1843
3,775,51250
2,04(t,(50.00
64,157.99
12,649,790
5,879,720.49
1849
9.007,761 50
2,114,950.00
41.984.32
12,666,659
11,164.695.82
1850
31,981,733.50
1,861), 100.00
44,467.50
14,. r >83.220
33,89-2,301.00
1851
62,614,492.50
774.397.00
99635.43
28,701.953
63.4HS,n24.93
1852
56,846,187.50
1,3011.555. 00
50,630.94
82,964.019
58,206,373.44
1853*
55.213,907.00
9,077,571.00
67,059.78
76,484,062
64,358,537.78
1854
66,302,388.86
41,072,400.00
j
* The value of the Gold coinage for this year is given in the State of the Union, $46,998,945.60.
D. Silver do. do. do. 6,996,255.00.
APPEXDIX COIN TABLES.
833
COIN AND BULLION. Statement exhibiting the amount of coin and bullion
imported and exported annually, from 1821 to 1854 inclusive; and also the
amount of importation over exportation, and of exportation over importation,
during the same years.
Coin ai
id Bullion.
Years ending :
Imported.
Exported.
Excess of impor-
tation over
exportation.
Excess of expor-
tation over
importation.
September 80, 1821
$
8 064 890
$
10 478 059
$
$
2 413 169
1822
3.369 846
10,810.180
7 440 334
1823
5 097 S96
6,372 937
1 '275,091
1824
8 379 835
7,014,552
1,365,283
1825
6 150 765
8,935 031
2,781 269
1826
6 880 966
4,704,533
2,176,433
1827
8 151 130
8,014 8-0
136,250
1828
7,4S9 741
8 243 476
753 735
182y
7 403 612
4 924 020
2,479,5!>2
1830
8,155 964
2,178,773
5,977,191
1831
7 305 945
9,014 931
1,708 986
1832
5 907,504
5,656 340
251,164
1833
7 070 363
2,611 701
4,458,667
1834
17 911,632
2,076 758
15,834,374
1835
13 131 447
6,477 775
6,653,672
1836
13,400,831
4,324,336
9,076,545
1837
10 516 414
5,976 249
4,540,165
183S
17,747,116
3,508 046
14,239,070
1839
5595 176
8,776 743
8,181,567
1840
1841
8,882,813
4,953 633
8,417,014
10 033 332
465,799
5 045 699
1842
4 037 016
4,813 539
726,5-23
9 months to June 80, . . 1843
22 390,559
1,520 791
20,869,763
Year ending June 80 . . 1844
5 330 429
5,454 214
376,215
1845
4 070,242
8,606 495
4,536,253
1S46
3 777 732
3,905 263
127 536
1847
24 121,289
1,907 024
22,214,265
1848
6 360 224
15841 616
9,481,392
1849
6 651 240
5,404,048
1,246,592
1850
4 628 792
7 522 994
2 894.202
1851
5 453 592
29 472 752
24 019 160
1852
5 505 044
42 674 135
37,169,091
1853
4 201 332
27 4S6 875
23 285 493
1854
6 75S 587
41,197 300
34,433,713
Total,
285,433,702
334,355,370
112,361,545
161,278,213
COLORS MOST FREQUENTLY HIT DURING WAR. It would appear, from numerous
observations, that soldiers are hit during battle according to the color of their
dress, in the following order : red the most fatal color ; the least fatal,
Austrian gray. The proportions are : red, twelve ; rifle green, seven ;
brown, six ; Austrian bluish gray, five.
COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES :
Years.
Export of food to
Great Britain and Ireland.
Elsewhere.
1849-50
1850-51
1851-52
1852-53
Average,
$11,717,000
9,504,000
11,701,000
15,796,000
$12.023,000
12,552,000
15,509,000
15,910,000
$12,180,000
$14,600,000
834
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. continued.
Gross value of exports and imports from the beginning of the Government to the 80th June, 1854.
Exports.
Years ending :
Imports total.
Domestic Produce.
Foreign Mer-
chandise.
Total.
Sept. 80, 1790
$
19,666,000
$
539,156
$
20,205,156
$
23,000,000
1791
18,500,000
512,041
19.012,041
29,200,000
1792
19,000,000
1,753,098
20,753.093
31,500,000
1793
24,000,000
2,109,572
26.109,572
31,100',000
1794
26,500,000
6,526,233
33,026,233
84.600,000
1795
89,500,000
8,489,472
47,939,472
69,756,268
1796
40,764,097
26,300,000
67,064,097
81,436,164
1797
29,850.206
27,000,000
56,850,206
75,379,406
1793
28,527,097
33,000,000
61,527,097
68,551,700
1799
33,142.522
45,523,000
78,665,522
79,069,148
1800
31,840.903
39,130,877
70,971,780
91,252.768
1S01
47,473,204
46.642,721
94,115,925
111,363,511
1802
36,708,189
35,774,971
72,433,160
76,333,333
1803
42,205,961
13,594,072
65,800.033
64,666,666
1804
41,467,477
36,231.597
77,699,074
85,000,000
1805
42,357,002
53,179,019
95,566,021
120,600,000
1806
41,253,727
60,283.236
101,536,963
129,410,000
1807
48,699,592
59,643,558
108,343,150
138,500,000
1808
9,433,516
12,997,414
22,430,960
56.990,000
1809
31,405,702
20,797,531
52,203,233
59,400,000
1810
42,366,675
24,391,295
66.657.970
85,400,000
1811
45,294,043
16,022,790
61.316,833
53,400,000
1812
80,032,109
8,495,127
38,527,236
77.030.000
1813
25,008,132
2,847,865
27,855,997
22.005,000
1814
6,782.272
145,169
6,927.441
12.91)5,000
1815
45,974,403
6,583,350
52.557,753
113,041,274
1816
64,781,896
17,138,156
81,920,452
147,103.000
1817
68,313,500
19 358,069
87,671,560
99,150,000
1818
73,854,437
19,426,696
93,231,133
121.750,000
1819
50,976,838
19,165,683
70.142,521
87,125,000
1820
51,683,640
18,008,029
69,691,669
74,450.000
1821
43,671,894
21,302,488
64.974,382
62,585,724
1822
49,874,079
22,286.202
72,160,281
83,241,541
1823
47.155,408
27.543.622
74,099,030
87,579,267
1824
50,649,500
25,337,157
75,956,657
80.549.007
1825
66,944,745
82.590,643
99,535.383
96,340.075
1826
53,055,710
24,530,612
77,595.322
84.974,477
1827
58,921,691
23,403,136
82,324,327
79,434,063
1828
50,669,669
21,595,017
72,264,636
83,509,324
1829
55,700,193
16,658,478
72,353,671
74,492,527
1830
59,462,029
14,387,478
73,349,508
70,876,920
1831
61,277,057
20,033.596
81,310,533
103,191,124
1832
63,137,470
24,039.473
87,176.943
101,029,266
1833
70317,698
19,822,735
90,140.443
108,118,311
1834
81,024,162
23,312,811
104,336,973
126,521,332
1835
101.189,082
20,504,495
121,693,577
149,895,742
1836
106,916.680
21,746,360
123,663.040
189,930,035
1837
95.564,414
21,854,962
117,419,376
14d,939.'217
1838
96,033,821
12,452,795
108,436,616
113,717,404
1839
103,533,891
17,494,525
121,023,416
162,092,132
1840
113,895,634
18,190,312
182,085.946
107,141,519
1841
106,332,722
15,469.081
121,351,303
127,946,177
1842
92,969,996
11,721,538
104,691,534
100,162,087
1843
77,793,733
6,552,697
84,346,430
64,753,799
1844
99,715,179
11,484,867
111,200,046
103,435,035
1845
99,299,776
15,346,330
114,646,606
117,254,564
1846
102,141,893
11,346,623
113.433,516
121.691,797
1847
150,637,464
8,011,158
158,648,622
146,545,638
APPENDIX COMMERCE TABLES.
COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. continued.
835
Exports.
Years ending :
Domestic Produce.
Foreign Mer-
chandise.
Total.
Imports total.
Sept. 30, 1843
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
*
132.904,121
132,666,955
136,946,912
196.6^9,713
192,368,934
213.41T.697
253,390,870
$
21,123,010
13,083,865
14,951,308
21,693,293
17,239,332
17,558.460
24,350,194
$
154,032,131
145,755,320
151,893,720
213,338,011
209,653.366
23>,976J57
273,241,064
$
154,998,928
147,857,439
173.133,318
216,224.932
212,945,442
267.978,647
3J4,562,3S1
Total. .
4,573,714.067
1,321,203,831
5,894,917,393
6,721.432.934
NOTE. Prior to 1821, the Treasury reports did not give the value of imports. To that period
their value, and also the value of domestic and foreign exports, have been estimated from
sources believed to be authentic. From 1321 to 1354, inclusive, their value has been taken
from official documents.
Statement exhibiting a summary view of the exports of domestic produce, etc., of tne United
States, during the years ending on the 30th June, 1847, 1843, 1349, 1350, 1851, 1352, 1853, the
specie and bullion, and aggregate value in 1854:
*
Produce of
Raw
produce.
Specie
and
bullion.
Total
value.
The sea.
The fo-
rest.
Agricul-
ture.
Tobacco.
Cotton.
Manufac-
tures.
$
1847 3,463,033
18431,931,963
1349 2,547.654
13512,824,818
1851 3,294.691
1352 2,282,342
1853 3,279.413
1854 3,044,301
*
5,996,073
7.059,084
5,917,994
7,442,5'J3
7,847,022
7,864,22.)
7,915,259
11,646,571
$
68,45:),333
37,731,446
33,358,2.14
26,547,158
24,369,210
26,378,872
33,463,673
66,900,294
$
7,242,086
7,551,122
5,804,207
9,951,023
9,219,251
10,031,233
11,319,319
10,016,046
$
53.415,848
61,993,294
66,396,967
71,934,616
112,315.317
87,975,732
109,456,404
93,596,220
$
10,351,364
12,774,43
11,249,377
15,196,451
20,136,967
18,362,931
22,599,93:)
26,179,503
$ $ $
2.102,333 62,620 i 150,637,464
1,053,320 2,700.412 132,9.:4,121
935,173, 956,374132.666.955
953,064 2.046,679 136.946.912
1,437.393 13,(i69,5S: 196,439.713
1,545,767 37.4J37.S37 192.363,984
1,835,264 23,543,535 213,417,697
2,6; 12,301 38,062.570 252,047,306
Statement exhibiting the value of foreign merchandise and domestic produce, etc., exported
annually from 1321 to 1854 :
Value of exports exclusive of specie.
Tears ending :
Foreign merchandise.
Domestic
Aggregate
Specie and
bullion.
Free of
duty.
Paying duty.
Total.
produce.
exports.
$
$
$
$
$
$
Sept. 30, 1821
286,698
10,537,731
10,824,429
43,671,894
54.496,323
10,473.059
1822
874,716
11,101,306
11,476,022
49,874,079
61,350,101
10,310,180
1823
1,323.762
19,846,873
21,170,635
47,155,408
63.326,043
6,372,987
1824
1,100,530
17,222,075
28,822,605
50,649,500
63,972,105
7,014,552
1825
1,088,785
22,704,803
23,793,588
66,809.766
90,603,354
8,932,034
1826
1,036,430
19.404,504
20,440,934
52,449,855
72,890.739 4,704.533
1827
813,844
15,417,936
16,281.830
57,873,117
74,109,947 1 8,041,881)
1823
877,239
13,167,339
14,044,578
49,976,632
64,021,210 ! 8,253,476
1S29
919,943
11,427,401
12,847,344
55,087,307
67,434,651 I 4,924,020
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. continued.
Statement exhibiting the value of foreign merchandise and domestic produce. continued.
Value of exports exclusive of specie.
Years ending :
Foreign Merchandise.
Specie and
11
Domestic
Aggregate
bullion.
Free of
duty.
Paying duty.
Total.
produce.
value of
exports.
Sept 80, 1830
$
1,078,965
$
12,067,162
$
13,145,857
$
58,524.878
71,670,735
$
2,178,773
1831
642.586
12,434,483
13,077,069
59.218,583 72,295,652
9,014.931
1832
1,345,217
18,448,857
19,794,074
61,726,529
81,520,6(13
5,656,340
1833
5,165,9(i7
12,411,969
17,577,876
69,950,856
87,528,732 2.611,701
1834
10,757,033 | 10,879,520
21,636,553
80,624,662
102,260.215 2.076,758
1835
7,012,666
7,743,655
14,756,321
100,459,481
115,215,802 6,477,775
1836
8,534,895
9,232,867
17,767,762
106,570,942 124,338,7(4
4*824836
183T
7,756,189
9,406,043
17,162,282
94,280,895
111.443,127
5,976,249
1838
4,951,306
4,466,384
9,417,690
95,560,880
104,978,570
3.508.046
1839
5.618,442
5,007,698
10,626,140
101,625,533
112,251,678
8,776,743
1840
6,202,562
5,805,809
12,008,371
111,660,561
123,668,932
8,417,014
1841
3,953,054
4,228,181
8,181,235
103.636.236
111,817,471
10,084,332
1842
3,194,299
4,884.454
8,078,753
91,799,242
99.877,995
4,813,539
9ms. to J'e 80, 1843
1,682,763
3,456,572
5,139,335
77,686,854
82,825,689
1,520,791
Y'r to J'e 80,1844
2,251,550
3,962,508
6,214,058
99,531.774
105,745,832 : 5,454,214
1845
2,413,050
5,171,731
7,584,781
98,455,330
106.040,111
8,ft :6.495
1846
2,342,629
5,522,577
7,865,206
101,718,042
109,583,248
3,905,268
1847
1,812,847
4,353.907
6,166,754
150,574,844
156,741 ,59S
I,9(i7.n24
1848
1,410,307
6,576,499
7,986,806
130,203,709
138.19(1,515 15,841.616
1849
2,015,815
6,625,276
8,641.091
131,710,081
140,351,172 5,404,648
1850
2,099,132
7.376,361
9,475,493
134,900,233
144,375,726 7,522.994
1851
1,742,154
8,552,967
10,295,121
178,620,138
188,915,259 29,472,752
1852
2,538,159
9,498,884
12,037,043
154,921,147
166,968.190 j 42,674.135
1853
1,894,046
11,202,167
13,096,213
189,869,162
202,965,375 27,486,S75
1854
3,260,451
18,500,686
21,761,137
253,220,074
274,981,211
41,422,428
Total,
99,497,701 j 348,647,235 448,144,936
3,310,611,724 3,758,756,660 j 334,58* i,493
Statement exhibiting the value of certain manufactured articles of domestic produce exported
to foreign countries, from the 30th day of June, 1845, to June 30, 1854:
Articles.
1846.
1847.
1848.
1849.
1S50.
1851.
1852. ! 1853.
1854.
$ '
200,420
9,597
83.012
126,062
187.335
19;, 848
229,382
S8,8BT
1,311,513
'2..,678
T6J,559
244,688
174.896
58.311
Wearing apparel
Fire-engines and ap-
paratus
$
45,140
9,802
43,798
25,375
63,567
124,597
90,860
14,234
8,660
10,613
317,407
87,712
74,722
24.857
$
47,101
8,443
17,431
16,997
44,751
88.731
71,155
11,220
4,268
5.270
225,700
75,369
59,536
18.102
$
574,834
7,686
30,403
88,508
75,193
78,807
76,007
22,466
6,241
6,126
297,358
89,963
55,493
27.485
$
79,945
548
28,031
23,713
94,427
86.827
101,419
20,882
4,502
6,099
237,342
95,934
64,967
87.276
$
207,642
8,140
89,242
24,634
119,475
99,r,96
186,682
84,510
4,583
10,370
278,025
95,722
8,671
20.893
*
1,211,894
8,488
71,401
55,700
153,912
155,664
185,486
41,449
68,639
12.207
362,830
199,4-21
108,768
80.100
*
250,228
16,784
47.781
67,733
217,809
119,535
194,634
57,240
20,832
15.035
130,182
172,446
80,458
47.937
239 788
9,052
82,250
52,397
142.601
122,212
170,561
47,628
11,873
27,148
7l4,:.r>G
184,497
91.261
48.229
Printing presses and
tvnes. .
Musical instruments
Books and maps .
Paper and stationery
Manufactures of glass
Manufactures of mar-
ble and stone
Manufactures of gold
and silver, and gold
leaf
Trunks
Household furniture
Coaches and other
carriages .
Hate..
Saddlerv .
APPENDIX EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS. 837
EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS.
EDUCATION" (ix EUROPE). Austria. Austria has not received due credit for its
gigantic efforts to establish a free and extensive system of education. In
1842 there were 20,293 primary day schools, besides 11,140 evening classes for
adults and apprentices, employing in all 41, 809 teachers, and having a school
attendance of over 2,500,000 pupils. Besides these schools, there were eight
universities, with 353 professors and 13,871 students; twelve lycea; forty-
nine theological schools; fifty -three philosophical colleges; 188 gymnasia, or
higher classical schools; 126 special schools, and 1252 private schools.
Bavaria. Bavaria has three universities ; nine lyceums, or colleges ; twenty-
four gymnasiums ; seventy Latin schools ; three polytechnic schools ; thirty-
two mechanic, or industrial schools; nine normal schools; and 6065 common,
or primary schools.
Belgium. There is now a very complete system of public instruction in suc-
cessful operation in Belgium, organized in 1842, and modified in 1850. It
embraces 1. Primary schools, of two grades ; 2. Secondary schools, of two
grades ; 3. Superior schools, or universities ; 4. Special schools, of every kind ;
5. Societies for the advancement of science, the arts, and literature. All the
schools are subjected to constant and intelligent supervision, and their con-
dition reported to the public fully and frequently. There is one normal
school to train professors for colleges and secondary schools, and two to train
teachers for primary schools ; besides a normal course in the best primary
school, of a superior grade, in each province, and a meeting of all the teachers
of a given district every three months for discussion. Much attention is given
to practical and scientific education in all the industrial occupations of Bel-
gium ; and there are schools of commerce, engineering, agriculture, and the
mechanic arts, in successful operation. No country in Europe is making more
rapid educational progress.
England and Wales. England is well supplied with the means of academic
and collegiate education. The ancient endowments of grammar schools,
colleges, and universities, exceed in amount those of any other country.
The annual income of charitable trusts designed for grammar schools,
alone, exceeds $800,000, and for schools not classical and elementary,
over $1,000,000 ; and, if pi-operly managed, it is calculated, by Mr. McCul-
loch, that these trusts would yield over $4,000,000. But these endowments
educate to a very limited extent the mass of the poor in England, for
whose special benefit they were left by their charitable and religious founders.
The only effectual education provided for the poor and laboring classes, has
been given through schools supported by religious bodies and voluntary
societies, established since 1800, and only aided effectually since 1846, by
governmental grants and inspection. It was recently stated, in a speech in
Parliament, that, in respect to education, England is almost at the bottom of
the scale Russia, Spain, and Italy, only being lower; that, out of the entire
838
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
number of children between five and fifteen years of age, in England, forty-
two per cent, are at school, twelve per cent, are at work, and forty-six per
cent, neither at school nor at work. There was also mentioned a fact, which
seems really incredible, viz.: that nearly eight hundred school masters of
mistresses in England were unable to write their own names ; and that, at
the taking of the census, they signed their returns with a mark.
The following are the most recent statistics of elementary education in England, gathered
from Lord John Russell's speech, in 1863:
Denomination of Schools.
Number of
Schools.
Number of
Pupils.
Total Income.
Church of England Schools,
17,015
955,865
817,081
British and Foreign do
1,500
225,000
161,250
\Vesleyan do.
397
38,623
27,347
Congregational do
89
6,839
4,901
Roman Catholic do
585
84,750
16,000
Kagged do.
270
20,000
20,000
Total. .
19,856
1.281.077
1,046.579
Public day schools, ....
Number of persons on the school-books:
Males, ......
Females, .....
Total, ......
Attending at the schools on the 81st March, 1851 :
Males, ------
Females, -
Privale day schools, 31st March, 1851,
Number on the school books :
Males, ------
Females, -----
Attending on March 81st, 1851 :
Males, .....
Females, .....
15,478
791,543
616,021
1,407,567
635,107
480,130
29,425
847,694
353,210
317,890
822,349
Proportion of scholars on the books to the (one scholar in 8 persons) popu-
lation, 11.76 per cent. Number of scholars in attendance to school on
books, 83 1-5 per cent.
France. The system of public instruction in France embraces: 1. Primary
schools of two grades, elementary and superior; of the first there are 37,000,
and of the last 290, with 2,780,370 pupils. In all the primary schools, public
and private, there are 3,164,297 pupils. 2. Supplementary classes or schools,
for children and adults who cannot attend the primary schools. This grade
of institutions embraces 1489 infant schools, with 96,192 pupils; and 6630
classes for adults, with 102,230 pupils. 3. Secondary schools; embracing
fifty-seven lycea or classical high schools, with 20,372 pupils; 312 communal
colleges and forty-six royal colleges, with an aggregate of 44,000 pupils ;
besides some 50,000 pupils in private establishments of the same grade. 4.
Superior schools ; or schools of law, medicine, theolog}*, science, literature,
and the arts. There are six faculties of Catholic theology, and two of Pro-
testant theology, with about GOOO students. There are nine faculties of law,
at Aix, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes, Strasbourg, and Tou-
louse, with about 30^)0 students. There are three faculties of medicine, at
Paris, Grenoble, and Montpelier, with seventeen secondary schools of medi-
cine. The faculty of medicine in Paris includes about thirty professors and
4000 students. There are eight faculties of science and six faculties of letters ;
APPENDIX EDUCATION IX EUROPE.
five special schools, a. Normal schools for trail. nig teachers and professors:
One superior normal school at Paris, for educating professors for colleges find
lycea ; ninety-three primary normal schools, including the Institutes of the
Christian Brothel's, and seminaries for female teachers, connected with reli-
gious communities; one normal military school at Paris; one normal class
for teachers and conductors of reform schools at Mettray. 6. Schools of en-
gineers, military, civil, and naval: There are the Polytechnic School, and the
School of Roads and Bridges, and the School of Mines, at Paris, c. Schools
of arts and manufactures : 1. The central school, and the Conservatory of the
Arts, at Paris ; 2. The schools at Chalons, Angers, and Aix, together with a
large number of provincial and town schools and classes, for special instruc-
tion in drawing, pattern, and model making, etc. d. Schools of agriculture,
horticulture, etc.: There are forty-four model-farm schools; four regional,
or district; one central institute at Versailles ; four veterinary schools, and
one school of horticulture, e. Military schools : These are six 1. Military
Gymnasium, at Paris ; 2. Special Military School, at St. Cyr ; 3. College, at
La Fleche ; 4. School for Artillery, at Metz; 5. School for Staff-officers, at
Paris; 6. School for Cavalry, at Saumur. f. Naval schools : Besides the two
large schools at Brest and L'Orient, there are forty naval schools in the dif-
ferent seaports, g. School of the fine arts: Aid is given to the Academy of
Painting at Rome and Pari? to the Conservatory of Music, and to schools of
Design at Paris and in the provinces, h. Institutions for the hlind, deaf
mutes, and idiots: France was the earliest to establish public institutions for
each of these unfortunate classes, and still makes annual appropriations in
their behalf, i. Agricultural orphan homes and reform schools : There are
ten reform-farm schools, and nineteen homes for orphans, with a farm and
a garden attached, supported or aided by the government. Besides these
institutions, there are a large number of societies and libraries, devoted to
the advancement of a particular science or branch of knowledge, in aid of
which the government makes annual appropriations.
Grand Duchy of Baden. The Grand Duchy is one of the most advanced con-
stitutional States of Germany, and the one best provided with educational
institutions. With a population in 1844 of 400,000, there were Two uni-
versities one at Heidelberg, with 710 students the other at Freiburg, with
485 students; fourlyceums, or high schools, a grade below the university; six
gymnasiums, devoted mainly to high classical instruction ; six pedagogiunis,
or schools preparatory to the lycea; fourteen Latin schools, preparatory to
the gymnasium ; eight seminaries for young ladies ; four normal schools
one at Carlsruhe, for Protestant teachers ; four normal schools one ut
Carlsruhe for Catholic teachers; one institution for deaf mutes: one veteii-
nary school ; one polytechnic school, with 200 pupils ; one trade school ; one
military academy; 2121 common schools, each with different grade* or
classes.
Greece. The public educational institutions of Greece, and their statistics for
1851-2, are as follows: University of Athens, thirty-nine professors and 690
students classed as follows : of philosophy (sciences and belles-lettres),
sixty-six; theology, ten ; law, 109; medicine, 278 ; pharmacy, thirty-seven.
Of the 590, 281 are from the kingdom of Greece, and 309 from the Greek
provinces. The annual expense of this institution is $23,560. Seven gymnasia
(classical high schools), with forty-three professors and 1077 pupils, of whom
847 are from Independent Greece. Seventy-nine secondary schools (called.
Hellenic, because based upon the study of Greek), with 133 professors and
3872 pupils; four private institutions and three supported by the communes,
with twenty-five professors and 511 pupils; one seminary, witli four profes
b40 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
sors and thirty students. One normal school, for training teachers for the
communal schools, with seven professors and sixty students. 338 communal
schools for boys, with 366 teachers and 33,864 pupils. Thirty-one communal
schools for girls, with forty teachers and 4380 pupils ; seventeen private
schools for girls, with twenty-five teachers and 1479 pupils; the school of
the Philecpaideutic Society, for the higher instruction of girls, with thirteen
professors and 464 pupils. One agricultural school, at Tiryns, with twenty
scholars. One military school, with twenty professors and sixty-four pupils.
There are, also, at Athens, a school called the Polytechnic School, being the
beginning of a school of arts and trades ; a library, of about 70.000 volumes ;
a rich cabinet of natural philosophy ; a museum of natural history ; an ana-
tomical museum ; a museum of pathological anatomy ; an observatory ; a
medical society ; a society of natural history ; an archaeological society ; a
society of the fine arts, and a botanic garden. According to statistical returns
of the kingdom of Greece, for 1853, the population is 1,002,112. Of this
number, from 700 to 750 ai*e teachers or professors, and about 47,000 pupils,
of whom about 6250 are females. The number of young Greeks studying in
the universities of France, Germany, and Italy, is from 350 to 400. Of these,
thirty-one, having finished courses of study in Greece, are maintained at the
expense of the Greek government. Eleven of them are studying med-icine,
six fine arts, six literature, one law, one physical and mathematical science,
and six theology.
Holland. The primary school system of Holland was first organized in 1806.
The kingdom is divided into districts, for each of which there are school
inspectors, who visit schools, examine and promote teachers, and give life to
the whole system. There were 3214 primary schools in 1846, with 382,370
pupils, to which there were eighty inspectors, paid by the government. The
schools are partly supported by the communes or parishes, and partly by the
parents.
Ireland. Prior to 1650, Ireland abounded with schools connected with reli-
gious houses or the parish church. From the time of Henry VIII., to 1831,
the legislation of England, in regard to Irish schools, was mainly directed
to convert Irishmen into Englishmen, and Catholics into Protestants. It was
even made an offense, punishable by transportation, to act as a schoolmaster,
or for Catholic parents to educate their children abroad. In 1831, a Board
of Commissioners of National Education for Ireland was organized, and an
annual grant in the year 1848, amounting to over 125,000 was made to
support public schools free of any denominational bias. This Board has aided
in the erection and fitting up of over 3000 school-houses, and now supports
over 4000 elementary schools, with 500,000 pupils, besides one normal school,
one model-farm school, twenty-one district-farm schools, sixteen industrial
schools, eighteen workhouse schools, and a large number of evening classes.
Prussia. The educational system of Prussia embraces 1. Primary schools
of two grades, elementary and superior, with a high school in the large
towns ; 2. Secondary schools of two kinds gymnasia for classical training,
and real schools for the business of life ; 3. Universities, with the most com-
plete range of higher instruction in law, medicine, theology, science, and
philosophy ; 4. Special schools, for the deaf and dumb, blind, idiots, and for
engineers, farmers, artisans, and artists. In 1846, there were 24,080 ele-
mentary schools, with 29,663 male teachers, and 1876 female, all of whom
had been trained in normal schools, of which there are forty-six, including
two for female teachers. To these should be added 1436 superior primary
schools, with 91,818 scholars and 2729 teachers, and 100 town high schools,
and 762 teachers, and 15,624 students
APPENDIX EDUCATION IN EUROPE. 841
Russia. The public schools of Russia ma}' be classified as follows : L Schools
and institutions subject to the supervision of the Minister of Public Instruc-
tion. These embrace a. Primary schools, supported by the parishes, of
which there are no returns, as to their numbers or the attendance ; b. Town
high schools, of which there are over 2000, with 1 1'2, 000 pupils ; c. Gymnasia,
or classical schools, seventy-seven, in all numbering about 3000 pupils, mostly
sons of the nobility ; d. Boarding schools sanctioned by the government ;
e. Six universities and three lycea, with professors and teachers, and
3521 students. 2. Military schools: a. Twenty-seven colleges, subject to the
direct management of the emperor, or to his delegate, the grand duke, heir-
apparent, with 865 professors and 9504 students ; b. Ten naval schools, with
3920 students and 337 teachers, under the direction of the Admiralty ; c.
Elementary military schools, for children of soldiers in service, or whose
fathers have been killed in war, tinder the management of the Minister of
War. 3. Preparatory schools for the civil service of the empire : a. Eighty-
five schools of commerce, with 461 teachers and 9779 pupils, belonging to the
Minister of Finance ; b. Two schools of civil engineering, with eighty-five
professors and 516 students; c. Three schools, with ninety-three professors
and 591 students, under the charge of the Postmaster ; d. Six institutions,
with ninety -six professors and 993 students, under the charge of the Secretary
of State; e. Two law-schools, with ninety-three professors and 591 students.
4. Theological schools: a. Twent} T -one theological schools belonging to the
Greek Church, with seventy-two teachers and 1201 students; b. Fourteen
schools to the Armenian Church, with forty-five teachers and 728 students;
c. Two schools to the Lutheran Church, with eight teachers and 668 students;
d. Eleven schools to the Mahommedan creed, with 586 students ; e. One rab-
binical school to the Jews. These schools are managed by the Synod of the
Greek Church and the consistories of the other denominations. 5. Agricul-
tural schools: a. An agricultural college, under the immediate supervision
of the emperor, where 250 peasants are thoroughly instructed for four years,
in scientific and practical agriculture, and then sent to model farms on the
domains of the crown ; b. Twenty -five agricultural schools, with 124 teachers
and 1591 students; c. 2696 industrial elementary schools, employing 2783
teachers for 18,907 pupils.
Saxony. With a population of 1,809,023, in 1846, there was one university,
with eighty-five professors and 835 students ; six academies of the arts and
mining, with forty-three professors and teachers, and 1400 pupils ; eleven
gymnasia, with 131 teachers and 1590 pupils ; six higher burgher and real
schools, with eighteen teachers and 270 pupils ; three special institutions, for
commerce and military affairs, with forty-three teachers and 240 pupils ; nine
teachers' seminaries, with forty-one teachers and 362 pupils; seventeen higher
schools of industry, or technical schools, with 72 teachers and 779 pupils;
sixty-nine lower or technical schools, with teachers and 6966 pupils ;
twenty- four schools for lace-making, with thirty -seven teachers and 1928
pupils; and 2155 common schools, with 2175 teachers and 273,022 pupils,
besides one institution for the blind, one for deaf mutes, three orphan asylums,
and a number of infant schools and private seminaries.
Scotland, Public schools existed in Scotland for many centuries before the
organization of the present system of parochial schools, by the Acts of 1615,
1633, and 1696. The growth of the population has, for more than a half
century, made the parochial system entirely inadequate to meet the educa-
tional wants of the country. Out of 4371 schools in operation in 1850, only
1049 belonged to the parochial system ; of the remainder, 823 were supported
'n part by the Church of Scotland ; 704 by the Free Church ; fifty by the
842 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
Scotch Episcopa , sixty-three by Roman Catholics ; and 1684 were adventure
schools, supported entirely by tuition. In all these schools there were about
225,000 scholars, leaving a large number of children not less than 125,000
of the proper school age, still to be provided for. The parochial schools of
Scotland are supported partly by a charge on the property of the parishes,
and partly by tuition paid by parents.
Wirtemberg. Wirtemberg was one of the earliest of the German States to
establish a graduated system of public instruction, from the common school
to the university, and has always shared largely in all the educational move-
ments of Germany. The framework of the school system in operation in 1848
was substantially the same as it was in 1538, enlarged, from time to time, to
meet the demands of the age for new institutions, and a more liberal and
practical instruction. With a population of 1,750,000, there were the fol-
lowing institutions, aided by the government, in 1847 : One university, at
Tubingen, with six faculties, seventy-one professors, and 800 students ; nine
real schools, with seventy teachers ; six gymnasia, each with ten professors
and three assistants that at Stuttgart has twenty-six professors ; five lycea,
each with seven teachers ; eighty-seven Latin schools, in which eighty-six
classical teachers, sixty-six real teachers, atid forty-four assistants, are em-
ployed; one Protestant theological seminary, at Tubingen, with fifteen teach-
ers, and four preparatory theological schools in other parts, each having six
teachers and thirty pupils ; one Catholic theological seminary ; one poly-
technic school, with twenty-one teachers, and a course of instruction em-
bracing four years, for engineers, architects, etc. ; one institute for agriculture
and forestry, at Ilohenheim, the most complete agricultural establishment in
Europe, and five smaller schools; one veterinary school, with five professors;
two orphan houses, each having 278 orphans; nine farm schools, for vagrant
and criminal children; seven schools of art and drawing; one superior
seminary for Protestant girls, at Obenstenfeld, with eleven teachers ; one
superior seminar} 7 for Catholic girls, at Stuttgart, with thirteen male teachers
and thirteen female teachers; one institute for deaf mutes and the blind;
1455 Protestant common schools; 787 Catholic schools; six teachers' semi-
naries. These institutions, providing on a liberal scale for the educational
wants of the whole community, are all in some way aided by the government,
and subject to its supervision through the Home Department.
Agricultural Education. Much attention is now paid in Europe, by govern-
ments and by voluntary associations of the friends of agricultural improve-
ments, in different countries, to schools and model farms, for special instruc-
tion in the science and practice of agriculture. The first school of the kind
was proposed by the Abbe Rosier, in France, in 1775, but established by
Fellenberg, atHofwyl, in Switzerland, in 1799. It appears, from Mr. Barnard's
book, that there are now in Europe twenty-five superior schools, sixty inter-
mediate, and 2t'>0 primary schools of agriculture, besides a course of lectures
on the science of agriculture in sixteen universities. Mr. Barnard gives a
particular description of several of the most successful of thes< interesting
institutions.
Normal Schools. The first institution for the special instruction of teachers
in the art of teaching, was established by the Abbe de Lasalle, in France, in
1681, and the second, by Franke, in Germany, in 1694. There are now nearly
three hundred in successful operation. They exist, as part of the system, in
every country where public schools are established and supported by law.
Reformatory Farm Schools. A very interesting class of agricultural schools
has been established in France, Germany, and England, within a few years,
Tinder the name of " Reform Farm Schools," designed for delinquent children,
APPENDIX EDUCATION. 843
EDUCATION (IN INDIA). Education always from the earliest period of their his-
tory had been an object of public care and of public interest to the Hindoo
governments in the peninsula of India. Every Avell regulated village under
those governments had a publicschool and a public schoolmaster. The 53* stem
of instruction in them was that which in consequence of its efficiency, sim-
plicit3 T , and cheapness, was, a few 3 T ears ago, introduced from Madras into
England, and from England into the rest of Europe. Every Hindoo parent
looked upon the education of his child as a solemn duty which he owed to God
and his country, and placed him under the schoolmaster of his village as soon
as he had attained his fifth year. The ceremony of introducing him for the
first time to the schoolmaster and his scholars was publicly recorded, and was
attended with all the solemnity of a religious observance; a pra3*er being
offered up to Ganesa, the Hindoo god of wisdom, which was at the, head of
every Hindoo school, imploring him to aid the scholar in his endeavors to
learn and become wise.
EDUCATION" SCHOOLS OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS.
Whole Number of Schools, . 411
Whole Number of Scholars in same, 11,782
Whole Cost in 154, . $20,70532
Average Number of Scholars in each School, 23 4.10
Average Cost of each School for the year, . $50 25
Average Cost of each School for a day, $202 1.10
Select Schools supported wholly or in part by Government, including English
and High Schools, 15
Number of Scholars in same, say ... 650
Number of Native Children learning English, about .... . 600
EDUCATION (IN THE UNITED STATES).
Total of the School Fund of the States of the Union [For the details, see
Finances], $26,509,820
COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.
Number of Colleges and Professional Schools in the United States, 119
Instructors in Do., 1,028
Students in Do . 11,732
(bf.ing 1 Instructor to 11.4 Students on an average.)
Alumni of Do 62,128
" Volumes in Libraries of Do., . . 976,033
" Theological Schools, .... . . 44
" Professors in Do., ... 126
Students in Do., 1,372
(being 1 Instructor to 10.S9 Students on an average.)
" Educated since Foundation of Do., 8,195
14 Volumes in Libraries of Do., . 201,547
Law Schools, .... 17
Professors in Do., 37
Students in Do. 473
(being 1 Instructor to 12.78 Students on an average.)
Medical Schools, ... 87
" Professors in Do., . . 254
" Students in Do., . 5,181
(being 1 Instructor to 20.4 Students on an average.)
Number of Graduates of Do., . 18,150
Normal Schools [see Normal Schools.]
For the results of education, it may be instructive to compare the native
white population, and the number of native white adults ignorant of letters in
a few States
844
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
Nf:iine, ..
North Carolina,
Massachusetts,
Tennessee,
Ohio
Virginia,
Connecticut,
Maryland
Rhode Island,
Louisiana, .
New- York,
Missouri,
Populatio
54!), (574
550,267
819,044
749 661
l,732,09d
871,893
324,095
366,650
119.975
187,558
2,383,830
514,527
Ignorant Adult*.
1.994
73,226
77,017
51,963
75,863
726
17,364
981
14,950
23,241
34,443
It is worthy of remark that the two oldest colleges of the United States,
Harvard and Yale, have independent chairs of Zoology ; while the two
great Universities of England afford no means of instruction in those de-
partments, except such as are derived from the casual lectures of the reader
in Anatomy and Physiology.
EMIGRATION STATISTICS GREAT BRITAIN.
Return by the Land and Emigration Commissioners of the Emigration from the United
Kingdom, during the Twenty-six years from 1825-50, inclusive.*
Years.
To the North
American
Colonies.
To United
States.
To Australian
Colonies and
New Zealand.
To all other
Places.
Total.
1825
8,741
5,551
485
114
14,891
1826
12,il8
7.063
903
116
20,900
1827
12,643
14,526
715
114
28,003
1823
12,084
12,817
1.056
135
26,092
1829
13.3D7
15,678
2,016
197
31,198
1830
30,574
24,837
1,242
204
56,907
1831
5S,n67
23,418
1,561
114
83,160
1833
66.339
32,872
3,733
196
103,140
1833
23,808
29,109
4,093
517
62,527
1834
40,060
33,074
2,800
238
76,222
1S35
15,573
26,720
1,860
325
44,473
1886
34.226
37J74
8,124
293
75,417
1837
29,334
36,770
5,054
826
72,034
1833
4,577
14,332
14,021
292
33,222
1839
12,653
33.536
15,786
227
92,307
1840
32,293
40,642
15,850
1,958
9..743
1841
33,164
45,017
32,625
2,786
118,592
1842
54,123
63,852
8.534
1,835
128,344
1S43
23,518
28,335
8,478
1,881
57,212
1S44
22,924
43,660
2,229
1,873
70,636
1845
31,803
58,533
830
2,330
93,501
1846
43,439
82,239
2,347
1,826
129,851
1847
109,680
142,154
4,949
1,487
258,270
184S
31,065
188,233
23,904
4,887
243,089
1819
41,367
219,450
32,191
6,490
29i,493
1850
32,961
223,078
16,037
8,773
280,849
1851 |
to March >
81 I
56,534
Total,
2,622,617
* The Return does not distinguish the emigrants born in Great Britain irom thoso born in
Ireland.
APPENDIX - EMIGRATION FINANCES. 845
Report as at least $86,255.88. The following table shows the territorial
increase of the United States since 1783, as given in the compendium of the
last Census :
Square Miles.
1783. Area of the Union at the peace, - - 820,630
1803. The purchase of Louisiana added about ... 899,579
1819. The acquisition of Florida added, - - 66.900
1845. Admission of Texas, (Emory's Map, 1844,) - - - 318,000
1846. Oregon Treaty, - - .... 808,052
1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, j
1853. With Mesilla Valley, f
1855. Total area of the United States, - - 2,963,666
The present area of the Slave States is 851,508 square miles; that of the
Free States 612,597 square miles; total area occupied by the States,
1,464,105 square miles; area occupied by the territories, 1,494,561 square
miles, or a little more than half of the entire Union.
FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement of duties, revenues, and
public expenditures, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, agreeably
to warrants issued, exclusive of trust funds and Treasury notes funded:
RECEIPTS.
The receipts into the Treasury, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, were as follows
From Customs, viz. :
During the quarter ending September 30, 1853, . . . $19,718,82200
" " " December 31, 1853, . . . 13,587,821 27
" " " March 31, 1854, .... 16,896,724 83
" " " June 30, 1854, .... 14,020,822 17
--- $64,224.190 27
From sales of public lands, viz.:
During the quarter ending September 30, 1853, . . . 1,439.562 05
" " December 31, 1853, . . . 2,223,076 39
" " " March 31, 1854, .... 2,012,908 36
" " " June 30, 1854, .... 2,745,251 59
-- 8.470,798 39
From miscellaneous and incidental sources, . .... 854,716 54
Total receipts, ........ . 73,549,705 20
Balance in the Treasury, July 1, 1853, . . . 21,942,892 50
Total means, ....... .... $95,492,597 76
EXPENDITURES,
Total civil, .............. $4,649,384 93
" foreign intercourse, .......... 7,726,677 13
" miscellaneous, ............ 13,531,310 33
under Department of the Interior, ....... 2,609.05479
" under the "War Department, ......... 11,733,629 48
under the Navy Department, ........ 10,768,192 89
" public debt, . ........... 24,336,380 66
Total expenditures, . ....... $75,354,630 26
Balance in the Treasury, July 1, 1854, ....... $20,137,967 50
Receipts and cxpen<f:iture for the quarter ending September 30, 1854, exclusive of trust
funds :
Receipts, .............. $21,521,302 85
i-
Expenditures, . ... ....... $18,169,330 62
846
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
Statement of the Expenditures of the United States for 65 years, exclusive of Payments
account of the Public Debt and from Trust Funds, fractions excluded.
Years.
Civil List,
Foreign Inter-
course, and
Miscellaneous.
Military Es-
tablishment.!
Naval Estab-
lishment.
Aggregate of Expenditure.
In each Year.
In each Period
of Four Years.
1739-91
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1793
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1309
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1317
1318
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1S26
1327
1328
1329
1830
1831
1832
1333
1834
1835
1336
1837
1833
1339
134')
1841
1342
6 mo. of 1843
*1844
*1345
*1846
*1847
*1348
*1849
*1850
*1S51
*1852
#1358
$1,033.4; il
654,257
472,450
7o5,598
1,267.037
772,435
1,246,904
1,111,033
1.0311,392
1.337,613
1,114.768
1,462,929
1,842.636
2,191,009
3,763,533
2,891,037
1,6 ( J7,S97
1,423,236
l,215,Si4
1,101,145
1,367,291
1,683,083
1,729,435
2,208,029
2.898,871
2,989,742
3,518,937
3,835,839
3,067,212
2,592,022
2,223,122
1,967,996
2,022,094
7,155.308
2,748,544
2,600,178
2,314,777
2,886,052
3,092,214
3,233,416
3,064,346
4,574,841
5,051,739
4,399,779
3,720.167
5.383.371
5,524,253
5,666,7' 13
4.994,562
5,531,373
6,49' ',831
6.775.625
2,867.289
5.231.747
5,608,201
6,733.000
6,715,854
5,535,070
14,017,640
14,839,725
17,872.967
17.379,763
17,175.797
$835.618
1,223:594
1,237,620
2,733,540
2,573,059
1,474,661
1,194,055
2,130,837
2,532.693
2,625,041
1,755,477
1,353,539
944,953
1.072,017
991,136
1,540,431
1,564,611
3,196,985
3,771,109
2,555,693
2,259,747
12,187,046
19,906,362
20,608,366
15,394,700
16,475,412
8,621,075
7,019,140
9,385,421
6,154,518
5,181,114
5,635,187
5,258,295
5,270,255
5,692,831
6,243,236
5,675,742
5,701,203
6,25:1,530
6,752.639
6,943,239
7,982,877
13,096,152
10,061,423
9,42n,313
18,466,110
19,417.274
19,936.312
14,263,931
11,621,433
13.704,832
9,183,469
4,153,334
8,231,317
9,533,2: )3
13,579,423
41,231,6 16
27,820.163
17,29^,936
12,801,764
ll,s 11,793
13,424,075
15,476,826
$570
53
61,409
410,562
274,784
332,632
1,381,343
2,853,082
3,443,716
2.111,424
915,562
1,215,231
1,139,833
1,597,500
1.649,641
1,722 064
1,884,068
2,427,759
1,654,244
1,965,566
3,959,365
6,446,600
7,311,291
8,660,000
3,908,273
3,314.598
2,953,695
3,847,640
4,337,990
3,319,24=3
2,224,459
2,503,766
2,904,532
3,049,084
4,213,902
4,263,878
3,918,786
3,3;)S,745
3,239,429
3,856,183
3,956,370
3,901,357
3,956,260
3,364,939
5,800,763
6,852.060
5.975,771
6,225,003
6,124,456
6,001,077
8,397,243
3,672.718
6,496,991
6,223,639
6,450,362
7,931,633
9,4,16.737
9,369,813
7,923,>13
8,937,793
8,923,236
10,891,640
$1,919,539
1,877,904
1,710,070
3,500,547
4.350.658
2,521,930
2,823.591
4,623,223
6,480,167
7,411,370
4.981,669
3,737,080
4,002,825
4,452,859
6,357,224
6,081.109
4,984,572
6,504,339
7.414,672
5,311,082
5,592,604
17,829,499
28,032,397
30,127,636
26,953,571
23,373,432
15,454,610
13,808,674
16,300,273
13,134,530
10,723,479
9,827,642
9.784,155
15,331,145
11,490,459
13.062,816
12,254.397
12,506,041
12.651,439
13,220,534
13.863,768
16,514,088
22.049,298
18,420.467
17,005,419
29,655,244
31,793,537
31,578,785
25,488.547
23,327,772
26,196,840
24,361,337
10,698,391
19,960,055
21,370,049
26,813,290
55,929,093
42,811,970
57,631,667
43,002,163
48,005,379
46,007,396
43,543,263
$3,797,493
12,083,205
21,338,351
17,174,433
23,927,244
86,147,857
108,537,086
58,693,087
45,665,421
49,313,213
56,249,879
87,130,423
112,188,691
81,216,623
146,924,403
194,647,610
* 1 or the year ending June 30. t Including the Department of the Interior for and since 1850.
APPENDIX FINANCE TABLES.
847
Statement of the Receipts into the National Treasury, from Customs, Inttrnal Revenue, and
Direct Taxes, and Sak-s of Public Lands, for 65 years, from 1739 to 1853 inclusive.
Years.
Customs.
Internal and
Direct Taxes.
Sales of Lands
and Mis-
cellaneous.
Aggregate of Kt/ceipts
i
In each Tear.
In each I'eriod
of Four Yi-ars.
1789-91
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1793
1799
1800
1301
1802
1303
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1309
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1813
1819
1820
1821
1322
1823
1324
1825
1826
1827
1828
' 1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1338
1839
1840
1841
1842
6 nio. of 1843
MS44
*1845
*1846
*1847
1848
*1849
*1S50
*1S51
*1S52
*1853
$4,399,473
3,443,071
4,255,306
4,801,065
5.588,461
6.567. 9 S3
7,549,650
7,10"6,062
6,61*1.449
9,! 130.933
10,75! 1,779
12,438,236
10,479,418
11,098,465
12,936,487
14,667,693
15,845,522
16,363,550
7,296,021
8,588,309
13,313,223
8,958,778
13,224,623
5,998.772
7,282,942
36,306.875
26,233,343
17,176,335
20,283,609
15,005,612
13,004,447
17,589,762
19,088,433
17,873,326
20,098,714
23,341,332
19,712,2.33
23,205.524
22,631,966
21,922,391
24,224,442
23,465,237
29.032,509
16,214,957
19,391,311
23,409.940
11,169,290
16.158,300
23,137,925
13,499,502
14,487,217
18,187,909
7,046,844
26,183,571
27,528,113
26,712.668
23,747,864
31,757,070
28,346,738
39,668.686
49,017,568
47,339,326
53,931,865
$208,943
337,706
274,090
337,755
475.290
575.491
644,^53
779,136
1,543,620
1,552,377
823,464
237,059
101,139
43,631
75.365
47,734
27,370
11,562
19,879
9,962
5.762
8,561
3.882,482
. 6,840,733
9,378.344
4,512,288
1,219,613
313,244
137,347
93,377
88.617
44,580
40,865
28,102
28,228
22,513
19,671
25,338
29,141
17,440
13,422
3,153
4,216
14,723
1,099
$4,836
83,541
11,963
444
167,726
188,628
165,676
4S7.527
540,194
765,246
460.163
647,939
442,252
696,549
1,040,233
710,423
835,655
1.135.971
1,237,959
1,717,935
1,991,226
2,606,565
3.274,423
1,635,872
1,212,966
1,8(13,582
916,523
984,418
1.216,090
1,393,735
1,495,945
1,013.309
1,517,175
2.329,356
3,210,815
2,623,331
3.967,632
4,857,601
4,757,601
4,877,130
6,863,556
8,214,134
7,261.118
3,494,356
1,470,295
1,456,053
1,018,482
2,320,948
2,241,021
2,736,579
2,598.926
8,679,679
2,727,603
8,707,112
3,295,412
2,339,060
2,405,709
$4.399,478
3,652.014
4,593,012
5,075,155
5,926,216
7,043,114
8,208,632
7,762.883
T,889,586
10.624,997
12,500,882
13,455,328
10,932.153
11,637,231
13,520,312
15,508,8119
Ki.359.469
17,1 '38,359
7,749.835
9.299,737
14,363,423
9.674,968
14,U68,889
11,017,225
15,411,634
47.4.2.204
32.786.802
21.002.563
23.^71.276
16.779.331
14,316,190
19,481.961
20,049.536
18.903.6',i9
21,848,906
24,763.345
21.23ii,641
24,248.504
24.224,979
--; 24.280,833
27,452.697
31,107,040
33.003,344
21,076,774
84,163,635
48,288,219
18,032,346
19,372,984
30,399,043
16.993,858
15,957,512
19,643,967
8,065,326
23,504,519
29,769,134
29,499,247
26,346,790
35,436,750
31,074,347
43,375,793
52,312.979
49,728,336
61,337,574
$3,051,437
22,642,497
83,985.617
48,575 694
62,427.449
41,087,963
S7,9')0,9f:2
94.440.032
72,750,896
91,580,396
107,065,604
136,531,972
84,798,731
72,171,824
121,051,921
176,491,510
For the year ending June 80.
848
THE WORLD S PROGRSS8.
FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES continued.
Statement of the Debt of the United States, the Total Value ol Imports and Exports, and th
Total Tonnage, for 63 years, from 1791 to 1853, fractions excluded.
Yeare.
Debt.
Imports.
Exjorts.
Tonnage.
1791
$75,463,476
$52,200,000
$19,012,041
502.146
1792
77,227,924
31,500,000
20,753,098
564,437
1793
80,352.634
31,100,000
26,109,572
491,780
1794
78,427,405
34,600,000
83,026,233
628,817
1795
80.747,557
69,756,268
47.989,472
747,964
1796
83,762,172
81,436,li4
67.064.097
831.900
1797
82.064,479
75,379.406
56.850,206
876,913
1793
79,228.529
63551-700
61.527,097
898,323
1799
78,40S;670
79,068,148
78.665,522
946,403
1800
82,976,294
91,252,763
70,971,780
972,492
1801
83,038,051
111,363,511
94 115,925
1,033.219
1802
80,712,632
7.1,333,333
72.433,160
392,101
1803
77,054,686
64,6(56,666
5.,800,033
949,147
1804
86,427.121
85,000,000
77,699,074
1,042.404
1805
82,312.150
120,000,000
95,566,021
1,140,369
1806
75,723,271
129.000,000
101,536,963
1,203,735
1807
69,218,399
138.500,000
108,343,150
1,268,548
1808
65,196,318
56,990,000
22,439,960
1,242,595
1809
57,023,192
59,400,000
52.203,231
1,350,281
1810
53,173,217
85,400,000
66,757.974
1,424,783
1811
48,005,588
53,400,000
61,316.831
1,232,502
1812
45,209,738
77,030.000
38,527.236
1,269.997
1813
55,962,823
22,005,000
27,855,997
1,666,623
1814
81,487,846
12,965,000
6,927,441
1,159,209
1815
99,833,660
113,041,274
52,557,753
1,368,127
1816
127,334,934
147,103.000
81,920,452
1,372.218
1817
123,491,965
99,250,000
87,671,569
1.399,912
1818
103,46(3,634
121,750,000
93,231,133
1,225,134
1819
95,529,643
87,125,000
70,142,521
1,260,751
1820
91,015,566
74,450,000
69,691,669
1,280,166
1821
89,987,423
62,585,724
64,974,382
1,298,958
1822
93,546,677
83,241,541
72,160,231
1,3-24,699
1823
90.875,877
77,579,267
74,699,030
1,336,566
1824
90,269,778
80,549,007
75,936,657
1,399,163
1825
83.738,433
96,340,075
99,535,383
1,423,112
1826
81,054,060
84,974,477
77,595,322
1,534.191
1827
73,987,357
79,484,068
82.324.827
J, 620. 603
1828
67.475,044
88,509,824
72,264,636
1,741,392
1829
58,421,414
74,492,527
72,353,671
1,260,798
1830
48,565,406
70,876,920
73,849,503
1,191,776
1831
39,123,192
103,191.134
81,310.583
1.267,347
1832
24,322,235
101,029,26i)
87,176,943
1,439,450
1833
7.001,699
108,113,311
90,140,438
1,606,151
1834
4,760.082
126,521,332
104,336,978
1,758,907
1835
37,733
149,895,742
121,693,577
1,324,940
1836
37,513
189,930,035
128,663,040
1,382,103
1837
1,878,224
140,989,217
117,419,376
1.896,686
1838
4,857,660
108,486,616
113,717.404
1,995,640
1839
11,983,738
121,028,416
162,092,132
2,096,330
1840
5,125,078
131,571,950
104,805,891
2,180,764
1841
6,737,398
127,946,177
121,851,803
2,130,744
1842
15,028,486
100,162,087
104,691,534
2.092,391
1843
26,898,953
64,753,799*
84,346,430*
2,153,603
1844
26,143,996
108,435,035f
lll,200,046t
2,230,095
1845
16,801,647
117,254,564t
1 14,646, 606t
2,417,002
1846
24,256,495
121,691,797f
113,488,516t
2,562,085
1847
45,659,659
146.545,633t
158,648,622t 2,839,046
1848
65,804,450
154,977.92Sf
154,036,436t 3,154,042
1849
64,704,693
147,857,439f
145,755,S20f 3,334,015
1S50
64,228,233
178,133,31St
136,946,912t
3,535,454
1851
62,560,395
216,224,932t
218,338,01 It
3,772,439
1852
67,560,395
212,945,442f
209,641,625t
4,138,441
1853
56,336,157
267,978, G47f
230,976, 157t
4,407,010
Only nine months of 1S43.
t For the year ending June 80.
APPENDIX FINANCE TABLES.
849
FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES continued.
Public Debt of the United States, July 1, 1854.
Loan of 1842,
Loan of 1843, .
Loan of 1846, ...........
Loan of 1847,
Loan of 1848,
Texan indemnity,
Texan indemnity not issued,
Old funded and unfunded debt,
Treasury notes outstanding, ........
Debt of the corporate cities of the District of Columbia,
$5,217,420 81
27,900 00
2,647,213 26
16,745,350 00
12,889,741 80
4,480,000 00
5,000,000 00
114,118 54
113,261 64
7,200 00
$47,242,206 05
Interest paid during the fiscal year upon the public debt outstanding June
80, 1854, $2,717,140 15
Amount of stock redeemed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, . 20,098,422 78
Amount of premium paid on stock redeemed during the year, . . . 2,991,668 69
Amount of interest paid on stock redeemed during the year, . . . 353,876 54
Principal, Premium, and Interest, paid of the Public Debt, from July 1 to November 20,
1854, and amount outstanding November 20, 1854.
Loan.
Principal.
Premium.
Interest.
Outstanding.
1842,
$394,250 00
$46,720 00
$7,577 93
$4,823,170 81
1843,
25,500 00
637 50
2,4CO 00
1844, .
379,200 00
11,976 00
5,172 86
2,263,013 26
1846 .
1,035,000 00
177,175 00
18,434 44
15,710,500 00
1848,
813,150 00
53,009 00
5,951 80
12,576,591 80
Texan indemnity,
116,000 00
7,680 00
1,614 93
4,364,000 00
Texan indemnity not issued,
Old funded and unfunded
debt,
* *
6,000,000 00
114,118 54
Treasury notes,
50 00
4 05
113,061 64
Debt of corporate cities, ....
8,600 00
500 00
8,600 00
Total,
2,266,750 00
296,560 00
40,893 51
4-1,975,456 05
850
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
FINANCES l F THE UNITED STATES continued
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23
N
APPENDIX LIBRARY TABLES.
851
FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES. continued
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82*
I
852
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
FINANCES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, COMPARATIVE VIEW OF.
Ordinary ann
expenditure
,
f
ls
exclusi
ebts Asc
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Amount of
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rX r'
OiH
APPENDIX LIBRARY TABLES.
853
FINANCES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION continued.
Amount of the securities of the several States, etc., held in England and other foreign countries,
June 30, 1858.
State.
State bonds.
City, town,
and county
bonds.
Bank capital.
Capital in
insurance
companies.
Railroad
stock and
bonds.
Maine
$
None.
None.
None.
4,000,000
None.
None.
6,758,700
None.
26.584,671
None.
8,537,917
3,075,909
Not known.
937,777
72,000
None.
4,397.666
8,000,000
Not known.
Not known
Not known
Not known
40,000
Not known.
2,570,960
7,750,000
Not known.
None.
None.
195,907
$
$
48,500
100
16,145
438,150
7,000
23,500
1,774,995
2,750
167,420
$
$
510,000
196,700
.New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts,
4,000,000
8,000
5,105,496
Khocle Inland .
Connecticut.
140.000
9,919,900
3,541,750
12,076,526
New York,
4,109,372
350.000
1,201,500
192,352
New Jersey
Pennsylvania,
101,020
Dels ware
Maryland
323,426
26,000
I,d65,000
626,032
835,779
1,914,444
69,100
"Virginia
125,000
North Carolina
South Carolina,
165,925
55,550
Georgia
35,018
Florida
Alabama
442,856
4,000,000
604,100
2,548,400
81,800
500,000
74,000
Louisiana
Arkansas,
Mississippi
Tennessee ....
15,000
1,036,000
841,500
79,200
40,300
48,000
200,000
Kentucky
fidissouri
Illinois
75,000
50,000
5,707,000
2,016,5nO
1,708,466
3,637,884
1,314.(M)0
600,000
Indiana,
Ohio
Michigan .
"Wisconsin
Iowa.
Texas
District of Columbia,
Total,
Not known
25,015
6,69S,99l>
72,931,507
21,462,322
878,172 1 43,169,777
United States stocks held abroad 30th June, 1853 :
Total,
Held by foreigners, - -
$58,205,517
27,000,000
854
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
GOLD, CONSUMPTION OF
$
3
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^ TH r-( r* i rH vH rH
APPENDIX POPULATION TABLES.
855
LIBRARIES.
Approximate Tabular View of the Libraries containing 10,000 Volumes or upwards, acces-
sible to the Public, in the several States of Europe ; also, the whole Number of Libraries
in said States, and the Number of Volumes and of Manuscripts contained therein in 1S43.
Name of State.
**
<D o
ofs-
.So
<- 55
go
1-1 bD
j;
~. -3
o <u
25 w
Aggre-
gate Popu-
lation of
Cities and
Towns
containing
said Lib-
raries.
Aggre-
gate Num-
ber of
Volumes
in said
Libraries.
s .
!>>~ 2
p!
'
S B
2 S
&
^ aj o
*--5
<~o
6 ^
o"
S <"
Whole Number of Lib-
raries.
Aggre-
gate Num-
ber of
Volumes
of Printed
Books in
1848. .
No. of
Vol-
umes of
Mr-S.in
184S.
Anhalt,
1
11479
20,000
170
2
25700
Austrian States,
49
1,443,187
2,408,000
167
49
2 408,000
41.103
Baden,
5
72 960
404,300
540
5
404 300
3 170
Bavaria,
18
373,337
1,268,500
339
18
1,268,500
30.156
Belgium,
14
538 564
509,100
95
14
509 1UO
20,728
Bieinen,
2
42 000
36,000
86
2
36000
Brunswick,
1
8,500
200,000
2,353
6
223,000
4,580
Cracow,
2
37,000
52,000
141
2
52,000
2,210
Denmark,
5
156 692
647,000
412
5
647 000
3,200
France,
109
3,183 120
4,092,695
129
186
4,510,295
119,119
Frankfort-on-the-Maine, . .
Great Britain and Ireland,*
Hamburg,*
1
34
6
66.244
3,344.916
128 000
62.000
1,771,493
200,367
94
53
148
1
34
6
62.HOU
1,771,493
200 367
55: )
62,149
5,1100
Hanover,
5
61,700
492,000
813
5
492 '(ICO
5,743
Hesse,
4
88700
265.000
299
5
273 '?00
400
Hesse-Darmstadt,
2
30,300
280,000
924
3
282.600
5,26S
Hildburghausen,
1
10 200
12,000
118
1
12 000
Holland,
5
349 010
219,000
63
7
228 310
12.000
Lippe-Detmold,
1
2500
21,500
860
1
21 500
100
Lubec,
2
26000
52,000
200
2
5 000
400
Lucca,
1
24JI92
25000
104
1
25 i KlO
Luxemburg,
1
12,000
19,600
163
1
19,6:10
162
Mecklenburg,
2
26 634
84,000
315
3
854 HI
Mecklenbursj-Strelitz,
1
4500
50,000
1,111
1
50,000
Modcna
1
27 000
90,000
333
1
90 000
3.000
Naples and Sicily,
8
550 453
413,000
66
8
413 000
3'ooo
Nassau,
Oldenburg,
1
1
15,000
5564
50,000
60,000
OQQ
ooo
1,078
*
i
1
5:),000
60 000
Papal States,
15
85S 600
953 000
266
16
957 (.011
33,495
Parma,
3
71 500
146 000
804
3
146 000
Portugal,
7
363 "ltd
276.000
76
7
276 (100
7.5S7
Prussian States,
44
989,613
2,008,350
200
53
2 040 450
15,417
Reuss,
1
5 000
Rudolstadt,
1
4,000
46,000
1,150
1
46 OiiO
Russian Empire,
12
1 063 823
852 090
80
12
852 090
21,6 4
Sardinia ;md Piedmont,. . .
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
9
3
302.497
35579
286,000
247,000
94
61 S
11
5
297,000
247 in 'ii
4.5HO
5,0,10
Snxe-Meiningen,
1
6000
32 000
533
1
32 000
Saxe- Weimar,
2
17029
180 000
1 057
[VI rtlli
2,000
Saxonv.*
9
132 927
570 500
417
9
57') 50,1
7.950
Spain,".
IT
65' 1359
6S7 550
106
27
711 tifjii
-V2C-2
Sweden and Norway,
8
120,528
353,000
309
8
353 000
9,300
Switzerland,
13
137 083
480.300
350
13
48' ' 300
12.734
Tuscan v,
10
153466
4ol 000
261
10
4ol 000
3J,000
Waldeck Pyrmont, .......
1
1 500
30 000
2 HOG
1
3 i 000
Wurtembere. .
5
67999
427 000
628
6
433 000
5200
In thee States the enumeration embraces libraries of less extent than 10,000 volumes.
856
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
The principal libraries of the several capital cities of Europe, in the order of
their magnitude, in 1848, stood as follows:
*Paris, National Library,
"Munich, Royal do., .
Petersburg, Imperial do.,
"London, British Museum
*Copenhagen, Royal do.,
* Berlin, Royal do.,
*Vienna, Imperial do., .
*Dresden, Royal do., .
Madrid, National do.,
Wolfenbuttal, Ducal do.,
Stutgard, Royal do.,
Paris, Arsenal do.,
do., .
Volumes.
. 824,000
600,000
. 446,000
435,000
. 412,000
410.000
. 313,000
800,000
. 200,000
200,000
. 187,01)0
180,000
Volumes.
*Milan, Brera Library, . . . 170,000
Paris, St. Genevieve do., . . 150,000
Darmstadt, Grand Ducal do., . 150,000
Florence, Magliabecchian do., . 150,000
*Naples, Royal do 150,000
*Brussels, Roya! do., . . . 133,500
Rome, Casanate do., . . . 120,000
*Hague, Royal do., . . . 100,000
Paris, Mazarin d<>., .... 100,000
Rome, Vatican do., . . . 100.000
*Parma, Ducal do., .... 100,000
The oldest of the great libraries of printed books is probably that of Vienna,
which dates from 1440, and is said to have been open to the public as early
as 1575. The town library of Ratisbon (in Bavaria) dates from 1430; St.
Mark's library at Venice, from 1468 ; the town library of Frankfort, from
1484; that of Hamburg, from 1529; of Strasburg (France), from 1531; of
Augsburg (Bavaria), from 1537 ; those of Berne and Geneva, from 1550; and
that of Basel or Basle, from 1564. The Royal Library of Copenhagen was
founded about 1550. In 1671, it had 10,000 volumes; in 1748, about 65,000;
in 1778, 100,000; and in 1820, 300,000. The National Library of Paris was
founded in 1595, and was made public in 1737. In 1640, it had about 17.<M)0
volumes; in 1684, 50,000; in 1775, 150,000; in 1790, 200,000. The library
of the British Museum was founded in 1753, and made public in 1757, when
it contained about 40,000 volumes. In 1800, it had about 65,000 volumes;
in 1823, 125,000; in 1836, nearly 240,000. The whole of the difference be-
tween 1836 and 1848 does not arise from the actual increase of the collection;
a portion of the difference results from the fact, that many thousand tracts,
formerly in volumes or cases, have been separately bound, and are now enu-
merated as distinct volumes. The rest of the increase is mainly ascribable
to donations. Of its 435,000 volumes, at least 200,000 have been presented
or bequeathed. The growth of the Copenhagen Library arises mainly from
judicious purchases, at favorable opportunities. The increase of the Na-
tional Library of Paris, since 1790, is in a great measure to be ascribed to
the Revolution. Special instructions were usually given, that the officers of
the library should have unlimited power of selection from the many libra-
ries at the disposal of the government upon the suppression of the monas-
teries and convents, and the confiscation of the property of rebels and
emigrants. The chief University Libraries, in 1848, ranked as follows:
Volumes.
tGottingen$ University Library, . 360,000
Breslau University do., . . 250,000
Oxford,}: Bodleian do., . . . 220,000
Tubingen University do., . . 200,000
Munich University do., . . . 200,000
Heidelberg University do., . 200,01)0
Cambridge}: Public do., . . . 166,724
Bologna University do., . . 150,000
tPrague}: University do., . . 130,000
Volumes.
Vienna University Library, . . 115,000
Leipsic University do., . . 112,000
Copenhagen University do., . . 110,' 00
tTurin}: University do., . . 110, ;00
Louvain University do., . . 105.i ; 00
Dublin,}: Trinity College do., . 104.239
tUpsal University do., . , . 100,"00
Erlangen University do., . 100,oO
Edinburgh University do., . . 90,854
* These libraries are entitled by law to a copy of every book published within the states to
which they respectively belong.
t These are lending libraries.
$ These are legally entitled to copies of all works published in the states to which they
respectively belong.
APPENDIX POPULATION TABLES.
857
The date of the foundation of some of the libraries is as follows : Turin, 1 436 ;
Cambridge, 1484; Leipsie, 1544; Edinburgh, 1582; the Bodleian, 1597.
The library of the University of Salamanca (24,000 volumes) is said to have
been founded in 1215. The following table shows the whole number of
printed volumes in the public libraries of some of the principal cities of
Europe, in 1848:
Volumes.
. 46,000
16,000
. 15,000
45,000
. 460,000
. 333,000
. 36,000
. 370,000
. 143,500
68,000
. 261,724
. 109,300
Aberdeen,
Amsterdam, .
Antwerp, .
Barcelona,
Berlin,
Bologna,
Bremen, .
Breslaij, ,
Brussels, .
Buda-Pestb.
Cambridge,
Cologne,
Copenhagen,
Dresden,
557,000
340,500
Dublin,
Edinburgh,
Florence, .
Genoa, .
Glasgow, .
GiHtinsjen,
Halle, " .
Hamburg,
Leipsie,
Lisbon, .
London, .
Lyons, .
Milan,
Moscow,
Volumes.
Volumes.
. 143,654
Munich, .
. 800.000
288,854 Naples,
29-'.OOd
. 299,000
Oxford, .
. 273.0iiO
120,000 P;ulua,
177.000
. 80,096
Paris,
.1,474,000
350,000 ; Prague,
19s, Oi,0
. 121,000
Rome,
. 465j :<()
2iMi,367
Seville,
5S.UOO
. 192.000
Stockholm,
. 8-2.000
98,000
St. Petersburg,
595.900
. 490,500
Stutgard,
. 197.000
82,000
Venice,
137,000
. 250,000
Vienna, .
. 453,000
66,000
"Weimar,
110,000
The average annual sum allotted to the support of the National Library at
Paris is 16,575; the Royal Library at Brussels, 2,700; of Munich, about
2,000; of Vienna, 1,900; of Berlin, 3.745; of Copenhagen, 1,250; of
Dresden, 500 ; of Darmstadt, 2,000 ; of the British Museum, prior to 1836,
less than 8,000, and of this sum only 1,135, on an average, was expended
for printed books. In 1846 and 1847, 10,000 was annually appropriated
for the purchase of printed books, which sum was in 1848 reduced to 8,500.
The whole sum expended in the purchase of printed books for the British
Museum, including maps and musical works, from its foundation in 1753 to
Dec. 25, 1847, was 102,446, 18s. 5d. ; for manuscripts, 42,940, 11s. lOd. ;
prints and drawings, 29,318, 4s.; antiquities, coins, and medals, 125,257,
Os. 9d. ; specimens in all branches of natural history, 43,599, 7s. Sd. ; in all,
344,562, 2s. 8d. The average number of volumes added annually to the
National Library of Paris is stated to be 12,000 ; to that of Munich, 10,000 ;
of Berlin, 5,000 ; of Vienna, 5,000 ; of St. Petersburg, 2,000 ; to the Ducal
Library of Parma, 1,800; to the Royal Library of Copenhagen, 1,000; to
the British Museum under the special grant, about 30,000 volumes, usually
comprising about 24,000 separate works. We give below the summary, by
Mr. Edwards, of the public libraries in America, for the year 1846. Th<j
summary takes no account of libraries containing less than 5,000 volumes :
Name of State.
No. of
Lib-
raries.
No. of
Vols.
Ratio of
Volumes
to every
100 In-
habitants.
Name of State,
No. of
Lib-
raries.
No. of
Vols.
Ratio of
Volumes
to every
100 In-
habitants.
Alabama,
1
6000
11
New Jersey . . .
3
28 500
7.5
Columbia, Di&t. of,
2
53 000
1212
New York,
12
157,411
6.2
Connecticut,
6
81 449
263
North Carolina . .
1
10 000
1.3
Georgia,
1
13 000
1.9
Ohio
4
30,497
2.0
Kentucky,
1
7.000
09
Pennsylvania, . . .
14
159 200
9.2
Louisiana,
1
5 500
1.6
Rhode Island,
3
37,185
84.2
Maine,
3
88 860
7 7
South Carolina . .
2
30,000
5.0
Maryland,
1
12 000
26
Tennessee,
2
16,000
2.0
Massach usetts, ....
14
200 757
272
Vermont,
2
16.254
5.5
Missouri,
2
14,300
3.7
Virginia,
4
41,000
3.8
New Hampshire, .
2
22,500
7.9
j
858
THE \YORLD S PROGRESS.
POPULATION OF THE AMERICAN STATES.
GOVERNMENTS OF NORTH AMERICA.
Governments.
Area in
Square Miles.
Population.
Capitals.
Danish America (Greenland)
880,000
9.400
Lichtenfels.
118
200
St Pierre.
Russian America
894,000
66,000
N. Archangel.
New Britain
1,800,000
180,000
York Factory.
Canada "West
147,832
999,847
Toronto.
Canada East
201,989
890,261
Quebec.
A
New Brunswick ts
27,700
200,000
Fredericton.
Nova Scotia etc. .. PQ
18,746
800 000
Halifax.
2,134
62.348
Charlotte Town.
57,000
120 000
St. John's.
Vancouver Island and British Oregon . . .
United States of America
218,500
3,306 834
7,500
23,191 S76
Ft. Langley.
"Washington
United States of Mexico
1,038,865
7,200,000
Mexico.
14,000
365,000
San Salvador.
49,000
396,000
Leon.
Honduras
72,000
310,000
Chiqulmula.
28,000
935,000
N. Guatemala.
Costa Rica
17,000
140,000
Cartago.
23,000
6,000
Blewfields.
Honduras (British Colony)
62,740
11,066
Balize.
The Bay Islands (British Colony)
Total
7,854 458
35 370 498
GOVERNMENTS OF SOUTH AMERICA.
Governments.
Area in
Square Miles.
Population.
Capitals.
416,600
1,356,000
Caraccas.
New Granada, "
880,000
2,200,000
Santa Fe de Bogota.
325,000
665,000
Quito.
Bolivia, u
874,480
1,700,000
Chuquisaca.
Peru, "
580,000
1,400,000
Li ma.
Chili, "
170,000
1,200,000
Santiago.
Argentine Republic
927,000
2,000,000
Buenos Ayres
120,000
250 000
Montevideo
Entre llios, "
82,000
80 000
Badjua.
Paraguay. "
74,000
260 000
Accncion
2,800,000
7,560,000
Rio de Jiu.ciro.
APPENDIX POPULATION TABLES.
859
POPULATION OF THE AMERICAN STATES.
GOVERNMENTS OF SOUTH AMERICA Continued.
Governments.
Area in
Square Miles.
Population.
Capitals.
Guiana (British)
76,000
127,695
Georgetown.
Guiana (Dutch)
38,500
64270
Paramaribo
21,500
80,000
Cayenne.
Patagonia
380,000
120 000
16,000
500
Port Louis.
Total
6 281,030
19 013 465
Grand Total of America
14,027,350
58,252,882
WEST INDIAN GOVERNMENTS.
Governments.
Area in
Square Miles.
Population.
Capitals.
Havti . . ( Empire ....
11,000
800,000
Cape Haytien.
J. San Domingo 1 .
Dominica . j ( Republic . . .
Cuba . . ) (
18,000
42,383
200,000
1,007,624
San Domingo.
Havana.
Porto Rico } Spanish {
3,865
500,000
San Juan.
Jamaica. . . ) . (
5,463
879,690
Spanish Town.
British \
Trinidad i i
2,000
60,319
Puerta d'Espanola,
Windward Islands.
Barbadoes
166
135,939
Bridgetown.
M
155
28,923
St. Vincent
131
27,248
Kingston.
Tobago
187
13,208
Scarboro'.
225
24500
Castries.
Leeward Island*.
168
36,178
St. John's.
H
Montserrat
49
7,365
St. Christopher and Anguilla
103
24508
Basseterre.
Nevis
80
10200
Charlestown,
Virgin Islands
137
4,027
Dominica
291
22,469
Rosseau.
Bahama Islands
5422
27519
Nassau.
Turk's Island
400
8,400
Bermuda Islands
47
14 000
Hamilton.
Guadalupe, etc \ /
534
134,544
Basseterre.
Martinique > French <
322
121 145
Port Roval
St. Martin's, N. side '
21
2 200
St. Martin's, S. sido. . . ; i
11
8,500
Dutch
Curacoa, etc > (
580
26811
Wilhemstadt,
Santa Cruz, etc j (
81
85000
Christianstadt.
SL Thomas v Danish <
37
8,000
St. John's ) (
72
3,000
St. Bartholomew's (Swedish) .
25
9 000
La Car en age.
Total
91,812
8,868,919
860
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
POPULATION OF THE EUROPEAN STATES. With the form of govern-
ment and square miles, according to McCulloch's Geographical Dictionary, with
corrections ; and the population (chiefly), from the Almanack de Gotlta for 1S53.
States and Titles.
Andorra, Pyrenees, Republic
Anhalt-Beruburg, Duchy..
*AnliaIt-C6tl)ent "
*Anlialt-Dessau "
*Austria, Empire ..........
*Baden, Grand Duchy ......
*Bavaria, Kingdom ......
Belgium " ........
*Brernen. Free City ........
*Brunswick, Duchy ........
Church. States of, Popedom.
Denmark, Kingdom ........
France, Empire ............
*Franklbrt, Free City ......
Great Britain, Kingdom ____
Greece, Kingdom ..........
'Hamburg, Free City ......
*H;mover, Kingdom ........
*Hesse-Cassel, Electorate. . .
*Hesse-Darmstadt, G. Duch.
*Hesse-Hoinburg, Landgvte.
Holland, with Luxemburg..
Ionian Islands, Republic ----
*Liehenstein, Principality . .
*Lippe-Detmold
*Lippe-Schaumburg "
*Lubec, Free City .........
*Mecklin.-Schwerin, G. Due.
*Mecklenburg-Strelitz "
Modena and Massa, Duchy .
Monaco, Principality ......
*Nassau, Duchy ...........
*Oldenburg, Grand Duchy.,
Parma, Duchy .............
Portugal, Kingdom ........
*Prussia ...................
*Reuss, Principalities of. ...
^Russia (in Europe) Empire
San Marino, Republic ......
Sardinia, Kingdom .........
*Saxon y " .........
*Saxe-Altenburg, Duchy
*Saxe-Coburgand Gotha "
*Saxe-Mein.-Hildburgh. "
*Saxe-Weiin.-Eisenach "
*Sch war/burg- Rudolst., Pr.
*Schwarzburg-Sondersb., "
Sicilies, The Two, Kingdom
Spain, Kingdom ...........
Switzerland, Republic
STurkey, Empire ...... .
Tuscany, Grand Duchy
*Waldeck, Principality
"Wurtemberg, Kingdom
Republic ; senate and assembly
Limiied sovereignty ; one chamber
Absolute sovereignty
Limited monarchy ; with prov. states
Constit. mon.; senate and legislat. body
"epublie; senate and assembly
Limited monarchy; lords and commons
Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . .
Republic; senate and assembly
Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . .
Limited sovereignty; two chambers. .
44 hi
Absolute sovereignty ; one chamber . .
Limited monarchy ; two chambers
Under Brit, protec.; council and chamb.
Limited monarchy ; with one chamber
Form of Government.
With two syndics and a council
States having limited powers. . .
Absolute monarchy ,
Limited sovereignty ; two chambers
Limited monarchy ; two chambers.. ,
Sq. Mis.
4.
it
Republic; senate and assembly
Limited sovereignty; wtth one chamb.
44 41
Absolute sovereignty
u u
Limited sovereignty ; two chambers . .
U 44
Absolute sovereignty
Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . .
44 44
Limited sovereignty ; one chamber
Absolute monarchy
Senate and council of ancients
Limited monarchy ; two chambers . . .
41 .1
Limited sovereignty ; one chamber . . .
Lim. sov. ; one chamber for each duchy
Limited sovereignty ; one chamber . . .
Absolute monarchy
Limited monarchy; with a legislature.
44 44 \
I
Confederation of republics ; a diet
Absolute monarchy
44 .4
Limited sovereignty ; one chamber . . .
Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . .
Total . .
190
339
31S
36u
255,226
5,71-2
28.435
11,313
11-2
1.525
17,u4S
21,856
203,736
91
116,701;
18,244
149
14,6oO
4.430
3J61
206
13.890
1,097
52
445
205
142
4,701
997
2,073
50
1.736
2,470
2,184
34,500
107,3' !0
58S 1
2,120,397
21
23,83 t
5,705
401
790;
963!
1,403
4"5:
358
41,521
176,4Sti
170.715,
121,725
15,261
189,920'
8.712
Pop.
Date.
50,411
43,120,
63,7o<'
36,514,466
1,362,77-J
4,5111.54.;
4.359.091
79.i;47
268,943
2,9 '8,1 15
2,296,597
35,781,628
27,435^-25
993,266
188,054
1,758,847
754,590
852.524
24.203
3,267,638
230.000
6,351
104... 74
28,837
47,742
543,328
6,2f3
566,453
7,000
423,218
278,030
497.34:i
3,41 2,5' H)
16,346.625
112,17:.
60,362,31$
7,6. .11
4,916,081
1,81)4,431
131,780
149.753
1 63.323J
261.370'
6H,65 ij
60,002
8,681,289
14,21 6/21 ;)l
3.433.8):)
1,323.471
2,390,116
15,500,000
1,761,140,
58,219
7,563 1,802.252
37T&T506 2< 3,517,521
185o
1850
1849
1851
18-19
1850
1.-49
1849
1846
1342
/1 850
MS51
1849
1351
1851
1343
1346
18-19
1S46
1851
1352
1 8 42
1849
1848
1851
1351
1848
1850
1851
1851
1841
1846
1S46
.
1843
1349
1 JS >
1849
IS 49
1849
1349
1851
1349
is 19
1S45
ISoo
1844
I Sol
185U
1850
* Member of the Confederation of Germany.
t United to Anhalt-Dessau and Bernburg, since November 23, 1847.
$ Including Poland and Finland.
| Including Wallachia, Moldavia, and Servia, containing respectively 2.600,000, 1,400,000 ami
1,000.000 inhabitants.
a Exclusive of Iceland, with a population of 60,000, and an area of 32,00(.i square miles.
& Exclusive of Algeria, which contains a pop. of 246,531, and has an are* or 100,000 sq.
APPENDIX SHIPPING.
861
POPULATION OF RUSSIA. The first census of All the Russias, or as the
Russians themselves call it, "The first Revision of the Population," was
ordered by Peter I. in 1720, and from that time to 1851 seven revisions have
taken place, according to which the variations of the total population of
Russia at different epochs may be stated as follows:
1722,
1742,
1762,
14,000.000
16,000.000
19,000,000
1792, .
1796,
28,000.000
36,000,000
The population of Russia according to the census of the year 1851, is as follows :
Divisions.
Area in geo.
square miles.
Population.
Density of
population on
square miles.
European Russia,
100.429.46
60,098.821
598
Asiatic Russia,
247 73(3 43
5 06n,76S
20
Russian America,
27,247.33
54.000
2
Total Russian Emnire. .
375.413.27
65.21 3.589
174
As to the population of the towns, there exist, according to the recent census,
in the whole Russian Empire but thirty-four towns with more than 20,000
inhabitants. We give a list of these towns after the tables in the St. Peters
burg Almanac for 1854:
Towns.
No. inhab.
Year.
Towns.
No. inhab.
Year.
St. Petersburg
533.241
1852
Tiflis,
30.925
1848
Moscow !
373 SOO
1850
Nishnij-Novgorod
3 X710
1849
Warsaw . . .
167 000
1847
Kursk
3D.469
1849
Odessa,
71.392
1850
Vitebsk,
29.832
1851
Ri-a.
57906
1849
Kal u sea,
29,580
1850
Tula,
54,626
1850
Charkow,
29.395
1842
"Wilna,
52,286
1850
Ismael or Tutshkow, . . .
26.243
1S49
Ki-ff,
47,424
1842
Ore],
25,630
1851
Astrachan
44,793
1849
Cronstadt,
25,120
1849
AVoronesh
43 800
1842
Telez (Gov. Orel 1 )
'24 34"
1851
Kiscliinevv,
42,613
1849
Cherson,
24.338
1850
Sara tow,
42 237
1842
Reval,
24,041
1842
Ka^fin
41 304
1842
Atin^k ...
23 602
1842
Sevastopol
41 153
1842
Ta^anro" 1 ,
22,472
1342
Nikolaje . . . .
39 338
1850
Poltawa,
20,071
1851
BerditschewfGov Kieff)
35,592
1842
Lodsi,
20,000
1,841
05 474.
1851
Taroslawl. .
84.913
1842
i Total Don. of 34 towns..
2.1 75.602
This last table affords a striking illustration of the social condition of Ilussia.
In the United States, for instance, a country much newer than Russia, and
with only about one-third of her population, there are thirty towns of 20,000
and upwards, whose aggregate population is 2,291,609. This contrast shows
how exclusive!}" the people of Russia are still devoted to agriculture, and
how much must be done in order to raise them to a high place in the list
of civilized nations. These figures are given in German geographical square
miles, each of which is equivalent to 21.2325, or nearly 21 square English
miles. The figures given as geographical square miles are for European
Russia 100,4.29.46, for Asiatic Russia 247,736.48, and for Russian America
27,247.33 ; total, 375,413.27. Multiply each of these sums by 21^, and youhave
the areas in square English miles. The difference between the German and
862
THE WORLD S PROGRESS.
English square miles will be better appreciated, when seen in juxtaposition,
as follows :
Divisions.
Area in square miles.
Population in
1851.
Population to sq. mile.
German.
English.
German.
English.
European Russia, .
100,429.46
247,736.48
27,247.33
2,132,363.5
5,260,064.8
578,523.9
60,098.821
5,060,768
54,000
593
20
2
28.18
0.96
0.09
Russian America, ..
Total. .
375.413.27
7.970.962.2
65.213,589
174
8.18
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
States.
1790.
1800.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
1350.
Maine
96,540
151,719
223,705
293,335
399,955
501,793
533.169
New Hampshire.
Vermont
141,899
85,416
183,762
154.465
214 36;)
217,713
244,161
235,764
269,328
280,652
284,574
291,948
317,976
314,120
Massachusetts . . .
Rhode Island
Connecticut ...
378,717
69,110
238 141
423245
69,122
251,002
472,040
77,031
262 H42
523,237
83,059
275 202
610,4(18
97,199
297,665
737,699
103,83;)
309,978
994,514
147,545
370,792
New York
340,120
5S6,756
959,949
1 372 812
1,918,608
2,423,921
3,097.394 ^
New Jersey
184,139
211,949
249,555
277,575
320,823
373,306
489,555
Pennsylvania ....
Delaware
434,373
59,098
602,365
64,273
810,091
72674
1,049,453
72,749
1,343,233
76,743
1,724,033
78,085
2,311,786
91.532
Maryland
319,728
341,548
38;) 546
407 350
447,04!)
470,019
583,034
Virginia
748,308
880,200
974 642
1,065,379
1,211,405
1,239,797
1,421,661
North Carolina. ..
South Carolina. ..
Georgia
893,751
249,073
82,548
478,103
345,591
162,101
555,500
415,715
252,433
633,829
502,741
340,937
737,937
531.135
516,323
753,419
594,393
691,392
869,039
663,507
906,185
34,730
54,477
87,445
Alab'ima
20845
127.901
309,:">27
590,756
771,623
Mississippi
8,850
40,352
75,448
136,621
375,651
606,526
Tjouiskina
76556
153 407
215,739
352,411
517,762
Texas
212.592
Arkansas
14,273
30,388
97,574
209.897
Tennessee
30,791
105,602
261,727
422,813
6S1,9,')4
829,210
1,002.717
Kentucky
73,077
220,955
406,511
564,317
687,917
779,828
992.405
Ohio
45,365
230 76;)
581,434
937,903
1,519.467
1,930,329
Michigan
4,762
8,396
31.639
212.267
397,654
Indiana
4,875
24,520
147,178
343,031
685,866
983,416
Illinois
12,282
55.211
157,455
476,183
851,470
Missouri
20,845
66,586
140,445
383,702
682,044
Wisconsin
80,945
305,391
Iowa
43,112
192,214
Dist. of Columbia
California
14,093
24,023
83,039
89,834
43,712
51,687
92,597
Total
3,929,872
5,305,952
7,239,814
9,633.131
12,866,920
17,063,353
23,191,876
SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES.
States.
1790.
1800.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
1850.
Maine
New Hampshire.
Vermont
158
17
8
o
1
Massachusetts . .
Rhode Island
Connecticut
952
2759
881
951
108
810
48
97
17
25
5
IT
New York
21,324
20,843
15,017
10,088
75
4
New Jersey
11 423
12,422
10,851
7,657
2,254
674
*286
Pennsylvania
Delaware
8,737
8,887
1,706
6,153
795
4,177
211
4,509
408
8,292
64
2,605
2,293
* Apprentices by the State Act to abolish slavery, of April 18, 1846.
APPENDIX SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE.
803
SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES Continued.
States.
1790.
1800.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
1850.
Maryland
108,036
105 635
Ill 502
107 398
102 294
RP 737
00 3fi3
Virginia
203,427
345 796
392518
425 153
469 757
448 9S7
472 523
North Carolina. .
South Carolina. . .
Florida
100,572
107,094
133,296
146,151
168,824
196,365
295,017
258,475
235,601
315,401
15 501
245,817
327,038
25 717
238,543
384.984
39 310
Georgia
29,264
59,404
105 218
149 656
217 531
280*944
881 682
Alabama
41 879
117549
253 532
342 844
Mississippi ...
3 489
17 088
32 814
65 659
195 211
8i>9 878
Louisiana
34 660
69 064
109 5SS
168452
244809
Texas
58,161
Arkansas
1,617
4576
19935
47,100
Tennessee .
3,417
13584
44535
80 107
141 603
183 059
239 459
Kentucky
11,830
40343
80561
126 732
165 213
182,258
210,981
Ohio
3
Michigan
24
32
Indiana
135
237
190
8
Illinois
168
117
747
831
Missouri
8,011
10,222
25,081
58,240
87,422
Wisconsin
11
Io\va
16
California
Dist. of Columbia
3,244
5,395
6,377
6,119
4,694
8,687
Total . .
697.897
893.041
1.191.364
1.53S.064
2.009.031
2.487.355
3,204,313
Population of some of the principal cities, according to the several censuses of the United States.
Cities.
1790.
1800.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
1850.
1855.
Portland, Me., - -
3,677
7,169
8,581
12,601
15,218
20,815
Ban^or.
850
1,221
2,867
8,627
14,432
Manchester, N. H.,
615
761
877
3,235
13,932
Boston, Mass., -
Lowell,
18,038
24,027
32,250
43,298
61,392
6474
93,383
20,796
136,831
33,383
160,000
Springfield "
2,767
3914
6 784
10,985
11,766
Balem, " - -
Worcester "
7,921
9,457
12,613
12,721
13,886
15,052
7,497
20.264
17,049
Providence, R. I., -
7,614
10,071
11.767
16832
23,171
41,513
New Haven, Ct., -
5,772
7,147
10180
14,890
20,345
Hartford, "
3,955
4,726
7074
12,793
13,555
New York, N. Y.,
Brooklyn,
83,131
60,489
3,298
96,363
4,402
123,706
7,175
203,007
12 042
312,710
36,233
515.547
9R.R38
700,000*
Albany, "
Buffalo "
3,498
5,349
9,356
1,503
12,630
2,095
24,233
8653
33,721
18,213
50,763
42,261
57,883
Rochester
1,502
9269
20,191
36,403
44,403
TVilliamsbunr "
1 620
5680
80.780
Trov "
3,885
5,264
11,401
19.334
28.785
38,279
Syracuse
6,502
22.271
25,226
Utica, "
2,972
8,323
12,782
17,565
82,188
Newark N. J
6,507
10953
17,290
38,894
Paterson "
7,596
11,334
Philadelphia, Pa., -
Pittsburg, "
42,520
70,287
1,565
96,664
4,763
108,116
7,248
167,183
12.542
253,037
21,115
408,762
46,601
* *
Baltimore, Md., - -
Washington, D. C.,
13,503
26,614
3,210
46,555
8,208
62,738
13,247
80,625
18,827
102,313
23,364
169,054
40,001
*
Richmond, Va., - -
5,537
9,735
12,046
16,060
20.153
27,570
....
Charleston, S. f j.,
Savannah Ga.
16,359
18,712
24,711
24,480
7,523
30,259
9,748
29,261
11,214
42,985
15,312
Mobile Ala
3,194
12,672
20,515
Nashville Tenn
5566
6,929
10,478
Louisville Ky
1,857
4.012
10 352
21 210
43,194
....
Cincinnati Ohio
750
2,540
9,644
24,831
46,333
115,436
Columbus "
2,435
6,048
17,832
Cleveland "
547
606
1,076
6,071
17,034
....
Detroit Mich -
1,422
2,222
9,102
21,019
Chicago 111 - - -
4,479
29,963
"Milwaukee \Vis
1,700
20,061
i *
St Louis Mo
4,593
5,352
16,469
77,860
*
New Orleans La.
17,242
27,176
46,810
102,198
116,375
San Francisco, Cal.,
15,000
Estimated,
864
THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
POST OFFICE.
Number of Post Offices, Extent of Post Routes, and Revenue and Expenditures of the Post
Office Department ; with the Amount paid to Postmasters and for Transportation of tlie
Mail, since 1790.
Year.
No. of
Post
Offices.
Extent of
Post
Routes in
Miles.
Revenue
of the
Department.
Expenditures
of the
Department.
Amount paid for
Compensar
tion of
Postmasters.
Transporta-
tion of the
Mail.
1790
75
1,875
$37,935
$32,140
$8,198
$22,081
1795
453
13,207
160,620
117,893
30,272
75,859
1800
903
20,817
280,804
213,994
69,243
123.044
1805
1,558
31,076
421,373
377,367
111,552
289,635
1810
2,300
36,406
551,684
495,969
149,433
327,966
1815
3,000
43,748
1,043,065
748,121
241,901
4S7J79
1816
3,260
48,673
961,785
804,422
265,944
521,970
1817
3,459
52,089
1,002,973
916,515
303,916
589,139
1818
3,618
59,473
1.130,235
1,035,832
346,429
664,611
1819
4,000
67.586
1^204,737
1,117,861
375,828
717,381
1820
4,500
72,492
1.111,927
1,160,926
352,295
782,425
1921
4,650
78,808
i;059,087
1,134,283
337,599
815.6S1
1822
4,709
82,763
1,117,490
1,167,572
355,299
788,618
1823
4,043
84,860
1,130,115
1,156,995
360,462
767,464
1S24
5,182
84,860
1,197,753
1,188,019
383,804
768,939
1825
5,677
94,052
1,306,525
1,229,043
411,183
785,646
1326
6,150
94,052
1,447,703
1,366,712
447,727
835,100
1827
7,003
105,336
1,524,633
1,468,959
436,411
942,345
1828
7,530
105,336
1,659,915
1,639,945
548,049
1,086,313
1829
8,004
115,000
1,707,418
1,782,132
559,237
1,153,646
1830
8,450
115,176
1,850,583
1,932,708
585,234
1,274,009
1831
8,686
115,486
1,997,811
1,936,122
635,023
1,252,226
1832
9,205
104,466
2,258,570
2,266,171
715,431
1,482,507
1833
10,127
119,916
2,617,011
2,930,414
826,283
1,894,633
1884
10,693
119,916
2,823,749
2,910,605
897,317
1,925,544
1835
10,770
112,774
2,993,356
2,757,350
945,418
1,719,007
1836
11,091
118,264
3,408,323
3,841,766
812,803
1,638,052
1837
11,767
141,242
4,236,779
3,544,630
891,852
1,996,727
1838
12,519
134,818
4,238,733
4,430,662
933,948
3,181,303
1839
12,780
133,999
4,484,657
4,636,536
980,000
3.285,622
1840
18,468
155,739
4,543,522
4,718,236
1,028,925
3,296.876
1841
13,778
155,026
4,407,726
4,499,528
1,018,645
3,159;375
1842
13,733
149,732
4,546,849
5,674,752
1,147,256
3,087,796
1843
13,814
142,295
4,296,225
4,374,754
1,426,394
2,947,319
1844
14,103
144,687
4,237,288
4,296,513
1.358.316
2,938,551
1845
14,183
143,940
4,289,841
4,320,732
1,409,875
2,905,504
1846
14,601
152,865
3,487,199
4,084,297
1,042,079
2,716.678
*1847
15,146
153,818
3,955,893
3,979,570
1,060,228
2,476,455
1843
16,159
163,208
4,371,077
4,326,850
. .
2,394,703
1849
16,749
163,703
4,905,176
4,479,049
1,320,921
2,577,407
1850
18,417
178,672
5,552,971
5,212,953
1,549,376
2,965,786
1851
19,796
196,290
6,727,867
6,278,402
1,781,686
3,538,064
*1852
20,901
214,234
6,925,971
7,108,459
1,296,765
4,225,811
1858
22,820
217,743
5,940,725
7,932,757
1,406,477
4,906,308
* The returns for 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, and 1851, are for th* six years under the lw
of March 8, 1846. Those for 1852 and 1853 are for the two years us ler the new law.
APPENDIX vSHlPPING.
865
SHIPPING, U. S.
A Comparative View of the Registered nnd Enrolled Tunnage of the United States, showing
the tunnage employed in the Whale Fishery; also, the proportion of the enrolled and
licensed tunnage employed in the Coasting Trade, Cod Fishery, Mackerel Fishery, an<
Whale Fishery, from 1815 to 1854, inclusive.
Years
Regis-
tered
Tunnage.
Enrolled
Tunnage.
Total
Tannage.
Regis- : Tunnage
tcred employ-
tunnage ed in"
in Steam
Whale Naviga-
Fishery. tion.
Proportion of the Enrolled Tun-
nage employed in the
Coasting .Cod
Trade. Fishery.
Mack-
erel
Fishery.
!!
*l
1815
854.294
513,833
1,368,127
43.'."66 26,510
1,229
1816
800.759
571,458
J.y72.2i>
479,979 37,879
....
1,163
1817
809,724
590,186
1,399,921
8,471
431.457 53.99C
. . .
349
1813
606,' iss
619,095
1,225,134
16,134
. .
.V i3.140 58,551
....
614
1819
612,930
647.821
1.260,751
31,700
....
52:!,556 65,044
1536
1820
919,047
661,118
1. 230,166
35,391
539, oso
60.842 ! ....
1,053
1S21
619,896
679,062
1,298,958
26,070
....
559,435
51,351
1,924
1822
623,15J
696,543
1,324.699
45,449
t
573,080
- 58.405
3,133
1823
639.920
696,644
1,336,565
89,913
24,879
566,408
67.6-21
535
1824
669,972
729,190
1,389,168
33.165
21,609
539,223
63,419
....
ISO
1825
700,787
722,323
1,423,110
35,379
23,061
537,273
70,626
...
t t
1826
737.973
796,210
1.534.189
41,757
34,058
666,420
63,761
....
226
1827
747,170
873,437
1,620,607
45.653
40,197
732,937
74,048
828
1828
812,619
928.772
1,741,391
54,621
39,418
758,922
74,947
. ; . .
130
1829
650,142
610,654
1,260,797
57.284
54.036
508,853
101,796
. .
183D
576,675
615,311
1,191,776
38,911
64,471
516,978
61,554 35,973
792
1831
620,451
647,394
1,267,346
82,315
34,445
539,723
6n,977 46.210 i 431
1832
686,989
752.46')
1.439,450
72.863
90,813
649,627
54,027 : 47,427
377
1833
750,026
856.1 23
1,606,149
101,158
lol,S49
744,198
62.720
43,725
478
1834
857,438
9)1,463
1,753,907
108,060
122,815
733.613
54.4)3
61,082
364
1835
835.520
939.118
1,824,940
97,640
122,315
792,301
72.374
64.443
1636
897,774
984,328
1,820,132
144,630
145,556
873,023
62,307
64,42c
1.573
1837
810,447
1,086,238
1,896,685
127.241
154,764
956,980
80.551
46,310
1.394
1838
822,591
1.173,047
1,995,639
119,629
193,413
1,041,105
70,064
56.649
5,229
1S39
834.244
1,262.254
2,096,473
131. "-40
2ii4,93S
1,153,551
72.258 35.9-3
439
1840
899,704
1,230.999
2,180,764
136.926
202,339
1,176.694
76.o;;5 -JV269
1S41
845. s 3
1,184,940
2,130.744
157.405
175,088 I,lo7.067 66,551 11.321
1842
975,858
1,117,031
2,092,390 151.612
229,661
1,045,753 54,304 16.096 , 377
1843
1,009,305
1,149,297 2,158,601
152,374
236,867 1,076.155 ! 61,224 11.775 143
1844
1,068,764
1,211,330
2,230.095
168,293
272.179 l.loiUH $\224 10,170 321
1845
1 005,172
1,321,329 2,417,002 190,695 32f,,tils
1,190,898
69.825 21.413 2"6
1846
1,131,286
1,431.798 2,562,084
189,930 347.893
1,239,870 j 72,.Mt> 36.463 , 439
1^47
1.241.312
1.597,732
2,839.045
193,358
404,841
1,452,623 7='.177 -1.451 1 ..
1848
1,360,886
1.793,155 3.154.041
192.179
427,391
1,620,988
82,651 43.55S 432
1849
1.438,941
1,895,073 3,334,015
130.136
462,394
1.730,4lo 42,97" 73,853
185!)
1.535,711
1,949,743 < 3.535,454
146,016
525,946
1.755,796 So. 646
53,111
1851
1,726,307
2,046.123 3,772,439
181.614
533,607
1,354,317 87,475 5-1.539 : ..
1852
1,899,448
2.238,992 4,133,440
193,797
643,240
2,003.021 102.659 72,546 . ..
1853
2,103,674 2,303,336 4,407,010
193,203
514,097
2,1:34,256 Ili9,227 59,350 , . .
1854
2,333,819
2,469,083 4,802,902
181,901
676,607
2,273,900 102,194 .35,041
SHIPPING OF THE WOPJLD.
Number
Tunnage
Number
Tunnage
of vessels
of vessels
Countries.
Years.
of vessels
of vessels
entered
entered
possessed.
possessed.
and
and
cleared.
clear"': 1 ..
British Empire
1844
833 039
32 426,337
u
1854
85 960
5043270
342 854
4--',573,869
United States,
1854
5 661 416
4o,000,000
France, .
1850
14354
688.180
6,610,719
866 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.
SHIPPING OF THE WORLD continued.
Countries.
Years.
N umber
of vessels
possessed.
Tunnasre
of vessels
possessed.
Number
of vessels
entered
and
cleared.
Tunnage
of vessels
entered
and
cleared.
Franco
1854
14,354*
716,000*
10,000 000*
Spain and Colonies.
1850
7,606
301,401
10,977
1 387,468
-. u
1854
7,986*
379.421*
11,526
1,456,841
Portugal
1S48
789
80525
11
1854
836*
86 156*
Sardinia, Tuscany, Papal States,
and Naples, including Sicily,.. .
1854
17,066t
546 021 1
Austria
1849
6,083
259.583
11
1S54
7600*
324 000*
Greece,
1854
3,970
264,981
Turkey
1854
2,220
182,000
E a vpt
1854
230
38,790
Mexico, Brazil, and ail the States
of Central and South America,. .
1854
1,530*
193,735*
Sandwich and Society Islands,...
1854
100
3,00il
Belgium
1850
149
30,577
4792
706605
11
1854
No incr'se
36,000*
Holland,
1850
1.793
396.924
13,986
2,236 835
M
1854
2,048*
456.459*
15,771*
2,472,075*
Hanover and Oldenburg,
1854
500*
40,000*
Hamburg,
1852
369t
119,884
8,920
1.686 749
i>
2,0008
101,6645
Lubeck
70*
9,380 s
2 400*
430000*
Bremen
8.000*
480,000"
Mecklenburg,
150*
Unknown.
1,000*
Unknown.
Prussia
1849
1,531
283.633
ib
1854
4,080*
368.800*
10,315
1, (ifi?., 736
1852
4,695
189 190
107,571
1 074 108
Norwav
1S51
86s,ttti'
1 9.447
1.9 23, 02 2
Sweden .
1852
8868
147,92S[|
1 372 672
Russia,
1852
800 or less.
17,022[
8.09.1*14* '
The floating tunnage of the whole civilized world, (excluding only China
and the East,) may consist of nearly 136,000 vessels of 14,500,000 tuns.
* Estimated.
t Reported, but not officially.
$ Sea-going.
Coasting.
f Exclusive of coasting trado.
^ Russian vessels and tunnage about ono-dighth.
APPET-'T>IX. SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE.
SOVEREIGNS (REIGNING) OF EUROPE.
Name.
Title.
State.
Date of
Birth.
Date of
Accession.
<
^
o
:l
*H
Religion.
Oscar I
King .
Sweden and Norway. .
Russia
July 4, 1799
Oct. 6, 1808
May 24, 1819
Feb. 19, 1817
Dec. 16, 1790
Oct. 15,1795
Dec. 12,1801
May 27, 1819
Feb. 28, 1823
Aug. 12. 1779
July 8, 1827
Apr. 25, 1800
July 24, 1817
June 24, 1818
June 21, 1818
Dec. 17, 1800
Sept. 16, 1S26
Oct. 1, 1794
Mar. 2, 1805
Nov. 6, 1793
Sept. 24. 1801
June 29, 1794
May 31, 1785
Sept. 1, 1821
Dec. 20, 17S4
Jan. 14, 1831
Apr. 26, 17S3
Sept. 9, 1826
Aug. 20, 1802
June 9, 1806
Sept. 7, 1S11
Feb. 16, 1801
May 2li, 1796
Sept. 27, 17*il
Nov. 23, 1811
Aug. IS. 1830
Apr. 20. 1V1S
Oct. 10, 183(1
Sept. 16 1^37
Mar. 8, 1844
1855
Jan. 20, 1848
June 20, 1837
Mar. 17, 1819
July 21, 1831
Juno 7, 1840
Aug. 10, lx>4
Nov. 18, 1851
Mar. 7, 1842
Nov. 6. 1816
Feb. 27, 1853
Apr. 25, 1831
Aug. 20. 1839
July 8, 1853
Jan. 29,1844
Dec. 24. 1803
Aug. 3, 1853
Aug. 9, 1817
Mar. 24, 1834
Apr. 28, I Mi?
Sept. 3, 1835
Oct. 31, 1836
Apr. 17, 1818
Jan. 1, 1851
Feb. 13, 17s7
May 15, 1845
Sept. 8, 1848
Mar. 30, 1852
Xov. 2ii, 1847
June 16, 1848
Aug. 27, 184-
Sept. 13, 1-3-
Apr. 20,1836
Oct. 30, IS 16
Mar. 21, 1848
Dec. 2. 1848
Dec. '_', 1852
Sept. 29, 1833
Xov. 15, 1859
Mar. 23, 1S49
June IN 1-2-1
Mar. 27, 1854
Jan. 21, 1846
June 21, 184(5
Nov. S, 1830
Mav 7. 1832
July 2, 1839
Oct. 2. 1-11
June 16, 1849
June 16, 1849
45
39
18
32
4!'
16
52
33
19
37
_M;
25
22
35
26
3
27
22
29
13
34
42
33
30
2
14
65
26
45
42
37
37
40
35
37
18
n
3
10
29
26
5
2H
54
20
17
16
56
Lutheran
Greek Chur.
Lutheran
Prot. Epis.
Reformed
Lutheran*
Kvaneelioal
Catholic*
Evangelical
Lutheran
it
cc
u
Evangelical
Lutheran
1C
CI
tt
Evangelical
M
Lutheran
bl
1C
1C
Reformed
1C
Evangelical
Reformed
Evangelical
Reformed
Lutheran
Catholic
K
Lutheran
Catholic
cc
cc
i
i
E
c
c
i
t
4
Catholic*
Mahometan*
Catholic
Greek Chur.
U
Alexander II..
Frederic VII..
Victoria I
William III....
Leopold I
Fred. Wm. IV.
John
Emperor. . .
Kinsr .
Denmark
Queen
Great Britain
King
u
u
u
u
Grand Duke
u
cc
Duke
Holland or Netherlds. .
Belgium
Prussia
Saxony
George V ....
Hanover
Fred. Francis.
George
Mecklenburg-Schwer.
Mecklenburg-Strelitz .
Oldenburg
Peter
William
Brunswick
Adolphus ....
Chs. Alexander
Ernest II
cc
GC
U
cc
1C
u
11
Prince ....
u
u
(i
it
M
U
Landgrave .
Prince Reg.
Elector
Grand Duke
Prinoe
Nassau
Saxe-Weimar-Eisen . .
Saxe-Cobiirg-Gotha. . .
Saxe-Meiningen
Bernard
Ernest
Saxe-Altenburg
Leopold
An halt-Dessau
Alexander ....
Gunther
Anhalt-Bernbur 01 ....
Schwarzburg-Rudolst.
Schwaizbbrg Sondern
Reuss, Elder Line
Reuss, Younger Line.
Lippe-Detmold
Gunther
Henry XX. . . .
Henry LXII...
Leopold
George
Lippe-Schaumburg. . .
Waldeck
George Victor.
Ferdinand ....
Fred evict
Hcsse-Homburg
Baden ...
Frederic Wm. .
Louis III
Hesse-Cassel . .
Hesse-Darmstadt ....
Chas. Antony $
Frederick
Alovs
William I
Maximilian II.
Fran. Joseph I.
Napoleon III..
Isabella II.
Hohenzol'n-Sigmar'n .
Hohenzol'n -Hechin'n .
Lichenstein
cc
i
Kinf
W^urtemberg
tt
Emperor. .
Ci
Queen
Kin^
Bavaria ... .
Austria
France
Spain
Portugal
Pedro V.
Viet, Eman. 11.
Leopold II. ...
Robert
u
Grand Duke
Dukf>
Sardinia
Mar. 14, 1820
Oct. 3, 1797
Julv 9 1^43
Tuscany
Parma
Francis V
Pius IX
bb
Popo
Modena and Massa. . . .
States of the Church . .
Two Sicilies . . .
June 1, 1819
May 13, 1792
Jan 12 l^ln
Ferdinand II..
Otho I
TCi r\ft
tt
Sultan
June 1 1^15
Abdul Medjid
Florestan
Turkey
Apr. 23, 1S23
Oct. 10, 1785
Prince ....
Hospodar . .
it
Monaco . .
Stirbeyi!
^Vullachia
Ghikal
Moldavia
* The King of Belgium is a Protestant, though his subjects are mostly Catholics; the King
of Saxony is a Catholic, though the greater part of his subjects are Protestants ; ami the King
of Greece is a Catholic, though most of his subjects are of the Greek Church. Of the 15,500.000
European subjects of the Sultan of Turkey, 11,370,000 are of the Greek Church, and 260,000
are Catholics. Only 3,800,000 are Mahometans.
t The Grand Duke of Baden is Louis, born Aug. 15, 1823, who is under guardianship by
reason of insanity.
i Dec. 7, 1849. These two princes abdicated in favor of the King of Prussia.
The regent of the kingdom is Ferdinand, husband of the late queen, a prince .f Sale
Coburg.
I! Under the sovereignty of Turkey, and the protection of Russia.
868 PAINTING.
PAINTING. Chronological Table of the most celebrated Painters, arranged in
Schools and Ages, from the revival of the art, 1600, to the commencement of
the Nineteenth Century.
{From BelV$ Edition of Bredovfs Tables of Universal History.)
1. FLORENTINE SCHOOL. Style elevated and bold, seeking rather to be admired than to
please; sometimes gigantic; neglects coloring and grace 1240, Cimabue; 1726, Giotto; 1211,
Andrea Taffi; 1400. Massolino; 1402, Massacio; 1491, Filippo Lippi ; 1432, Andrea Verrochio,
Andrea (Jastagna, Pisanello; 1443, Ghirlandajo ; 1445, LEONARDO DA VINCI; 1469, Bartolomtneo
di San Marco; 1471, Baldassarre Per uzzi; 1474, Michael Angelo Buonarotti ; 1434, Dominico
Beccafumi; 14S8, Andrea del Sarto ; 1493. Jacopo Carrucci'da Ponturmo; 149 i, Del Rosso;
1500, Perino del Vaga; 1509. Daniel da Volterra; 1510, Francesco Salviati; 1510, Giorgio Vassari ;
1545, Antonio Tempesta; 1559, Luigi Cardi; 1563, Francesco Vanni; 1578, Matteo Rosselli;
1596, Pietro Berretini, called Pietro da Cortona; 1611, Pietro Testa; 1615, Benvenuto da Garo-
foli ; 1616, Carlo Dolci; 1666, Benedetto Lutti ; 1695, Giovan' Geronimo Servandoni; 1702,
Pompeo Battoni.
2. ROMAN SCHOOL carries invention and design to the highest perfection by the analytical
etudy of the antique and of nature; heads of the most sublime beauty; coloring and chiaro
oscuro less perfect. 1513, Bernardino Pinturichio ; 1446, Pietro Perrugino; 14S3, Raffael ;
1488, G. F. Penni ; 1492, Giulio Romano ; 1528, Frederico Barocci; 1529, Taddeo Zucchero ; 1543,
Frederico Zucchero; 1589, Dominico Feti; 1594, Nicholas Poussin : 1597, Giovan' Lorenzo
Bernini; 1599, Andrea Sacchi; 1600, Claude Gelee, called Claude of Lorraine; 1602, Ceriozzi ;
1605, G. B. Salvi, called II Sassoferrato ; 1613, Gaspard Doghet, called Poussin or Guaspre;
1616, Luigi Scaramuccia; 1617, Francesco Romanell ; 1623, Giacinto Brandi ; 1623, Filippo
Lauri; 1625, Carlo Maratti ; 1634, Giro Ferri ; 1694, Pietro Bianchi ; 1728, Raffael Mengs.
9. VENETIAN SCHOOL. Faithful imitation of well-chosen subjects of nature, excellent
coloring, admirable effect ; design less perfect through the neglected study of the antique ; this
school is now extinct. 1421, Gentile Bellini; 1431, Andrea Mantegna; 1478, Giorgione; 1477,
TITIAN (Tiziano Vecelli da Cadore) : 1480, G. A. Regillo ; 14S5, Sebastiano del Piombo; 1510,
Jacopo da Ponte; 1512, J. Robusti, called II Tintoretto; 1522, Paolo Farinati ; 1522, Andrea
Bchiavone; 1528, Geronimo Muzziano; 1532, Paolo Cagliari; 1535, Giuseppe Ponta; 1539, Dario
Varotari ; 1540, Felice Riccio ; 1540, Jacopo Palma (if Vecchio) ; 1544, Jac Palma ; 1549, Giov.
Contarino; 1560, Maria Tintoretta; 1561, Leonardo Corona; 15S6, Tiberio Tinelli; 1590, Aless.
Varotari: 1600, Aless. Turchi; 1635, Giov. B. Langetti ; 1642, Andrea Pozzo ; 1656, Franc.
Trevisani; 1659, Sebast. Ricci ; 1666, Ant. Balestra; 1672, Rosa Alba Camera; 1675,
Giov. Ant. Pellegrini: 16S2, G. B. I'iazztta; 1687, Ant. Canale; 1693, Giov. Bat.
Tiepolo ; 1699, Giuseppe Nogari.
4. LOMBARD AND BOLOGXESK SCHOOLS. Correggio, born in Lombard}-, not having founded
a permanent School, but having been imitated by the painters of Bologna, these t\vo Schools
are conjoined. Correggio's distinguished characteristics are a seducing and voluptuous (though
perhaps somewhat affected) grace in his figures and attitudes, and a magic harmony in his color-
ing. Tibaldi and the Carracci introduce a more elevated character of design, and "many of their
pupils unite therewith the fine coloring and the graces of Correggio. 1450, Francesco Franco ;
1490, F. Primaticcio; 1494, COHKKGGIO Antonio Allegri ; 1495, Polidori Caldari ; 1504, Fr. Maz-
zuoli ; 1522, Pellegrino Tibaldi : 1546, Camillo Procaccini ; 1559, M. Angelo Amerigi, called Car-
ravaggio; 1555, Lodov. Caracci: 1557, Agostino Caracci; 1560, Annibale Caracci; 1560, Bartol.
Schidone; 1575, Guido Reni, called Guido; 1576, Lionello Spada; 1577, Aless. Tiarini; 1578,
Francesco Albano; 15SO, Giacomo Ctivedone: 1581, Dom. Zamideri, called Domenichino; 15S1,
Giov. Lanfranco; 1588, Frances Gessi ; 1590, G. F. Barbieri ; 1597, Lodov. Lana: 1600, Mic. Ang.
Colonna; 16c6, Grimaldi ; 161S, Giorg. And. Sivani; 1612, Simone Cantarini ; 1624, P.Fran.
Mola; 1625, Cianani; 1638, P. F. Caroli ; 1643, Lodov. Quaini ; 164S, Ant. Franceschini ; 1654.
Guis. del Sole \ 1657, Fer. Galli Babiena; 16 i5, Guis. Maria Crespi ; 1668, Dom. Maria Viani;
1671, Donato Creti ; 1674, Giov. P. Zanotti ; 1691, G. P. Panini.
(NEAPOLITANS, GENOESE, SPANIARDS. These nations are not regarded as having founded
general Schools: their painters are formed on the masters of the great Italian Schools. Neapol-
itan. The painters of this nation are reproached with being in general somewhat nfiVrU'd.
Pietro and Tommaso Stefani, d. 1310 ; Fil del Tesauro, 1820 ; 1500, and Sal.butnni; 1560. GuU
Cesare d'Arpino; IGoO, Aniello Falcone; 1603, Mario Nuzzi ; 1613, Matteo Petri ; 1615, Sal vator
Rosa; 1631, Luca Giordana; 1657, Fran. Solimene; 1661, Nun/.io Fernjoli ; 1679, Sebst. Conea;
1693, Carl Corrado. Genoese are often incorrect in design. 1400, Nicli. da Vottri ; 1527. Carn-
biasi; 1544, G. B. Pagsi; 1557, Bern. Castelli ; 1581, Bernardo Strozzi; 1590 Gio. Carlone ; 1618,
Benedetto Castiglione; 1625, F. M. Borzoni; 1639, G. B. Gauli; 1664, Grog. Ferrari ; 1654, Bart.
Guidoboni; 1660, II MoHnafetto; Spaniards. These painters hava especially imitated the
Venetian School, and often display its brilliant coloring. 1400. Alonso Berragen'te; 1487, Blaiw
PAINTING. 8(39
dePrado; 1519, Morales; 1525, Luis de Vargas ; 1532, J. F. Ximenez de Navarete; 15-V>, P:iblo
de las Rovias; 15S9, Joseph Ribera; 1599, Don Diego Velasquez de Silva; 1601, Alonso Cano;
1610, Henrique de las Marinas; 1613, Bartolme Esteban deMurillo; 1617, Franc. Rizzi ; 1631,
Hatias de Torres; 16-40, Pedro de Nunez; 1640, Juan <le Alfaro; 1651, Juaii C. Falco ; 1663, P.
di Pietri.)
5. GERMAX SCHOOL. Tliis School having never had a common point of union, bears no
general and distinctive character: it produces, in the different styles of painting, rival artists
to the great masters of Italy and of the Netherlands. 1297, Th. do Matina; 1357, Theo. de
Prague; 1367, N. Wurmser; 1479, Albert Durer; 1492, Lucas Muller: 149 s ", Hans Holbein;
1515, Lucas Cranach ; 1534, Tobias Stimmer; 1550, Christ. Schwartz; 1556. John Van Aachen;
1564, J. Rottenhaminer; 1570, J. Lys ; 1574, Adam Elzheimer; 1593, Sain. Hofmann ;
1600, J. W. Bauer: 1606, Jo. SamJrart; 1611, Ch. Loth : 1616, Govaert Fliuk : 1618, P. Van der
Faes; 1619. J. Spilberg: 1621, Leb. Stopkopt; 1625, J. Lingelback ; 1631, J. Hen Roos ;
1637, Jos. Warner; 1639. Gasp. Netscher : 1640. Ab. Mignon ; 1647, M. S. Merian ; 1648. Godfrey
Knelier; 166(5. G. P. Ruggendas; 1668, J. R. Huber: 1669, Anna Waser; 1685, Balthasa'r
Dcnner : 1689. Fr. P. Ferg; I69S, J. E. Riedenger ; 1709, Brinkman ; 1712, C. W. E. Dietrich ;
1728, Raffael Mengs; 1730, Solomon Gessner.
6. FLEMISH OK BELGIC SCHOOL. This School excels in coloring and in the faithful imi-
tation of nature, but does not always exhibit sufficient nobleness of design : it producer
eminent artists in every style; that to which Teniers has affixed his name had its birth in
this School; the Academy at Antwerp, the cradle of this School, was founded in 15lo, but
there was a Society of P'ainters at Antwerp from the year 1412. 1306, Eubert Van Eyk ;
1370, John Van Eyk; 1450, Quentin Messis ; 1490. Ber. V. Orley; 1499, J. de Mabiise ;
1553, Peter Knock; J520, Frank Floris; 1534, Mar de Vos; 1536, J. Straden ; 1540, F. Por-
bus; 1546, B. Spranger; 1548, C. Van Mander; 1550, H. Steenwyck; 1555, Denys Calvart :
1556, Otto Venius; 1569, P. Van Breughel: 1570, P. Neefs ; J573, S. Frank; 1576, Fr. Sneyders;
1577. Peter Paul Rubens; 1580, David Teniers: 1594, James Jordaens; 1599. Anthony Van
Dyk; 1602, Philip de Champagne; 1610, David Teniers; 1610. J. V.n Artois ;'161S, Go'nzales
Coques; 1634, Van der Meulen ; 1664, Simon Varelst ; 1668, G. P. Vanbruggen ; 1672, Ab.
Breughel : 1742, Henry de Coort
7. DUTCH SCHOOL. This School is especially distinguished by an eminent intelligence
of the chiaro oscuro ; exhibits good coloring, and a faithful imitation of nature in the mi-
nutest details. The style of precious finishing is carried to the highest pitch in this School.
1467. Erasmus; 1494. "Luke of Leyden ; 1498, Martin Hemskerk ; 1518, An. Moro : 1564,
Ab. Bloemart; 1579, Sol de Brey; 1585, Cornelius Poelenberg ; 1596, Leo Kramer ; 1600, J.
D. de Heein: 1600, John Wynants; 1606, Albert Cuyp ; 1606. Paul Rembrandt van Ryn ;
1608. Gerard Terburg; 1610," Adrian Van Ostade ; 1613, Gerard Dow: 1615, Gabriel Met-
zu; 1620, Philip Wouvermans; 1624, Nicholas Bergham ; 1625. Paul Potter; 1631, Ludolph
Bakhytzen; 1633, W. Van der Velde; 1635, Jac. Ruysdael, Hobbema; 1635. Fran, Mierirs; 1636,
John'Steen; 1637; Van den Heyden ; 1638, Adrian van der Velde; 1640, Karel du Jardin ;
1664, John Weenix ; 1669, Adrian van der Werf ; 16S2, John Van Huysum.
ENGLISH PAINTKRS. Formed in general on the masters of the Flemish and Italian Schools;
excel in portraits and landscapes, are unrivalled in water-colors. 1480, Hans Holbein ; 1548. F.
Zucchero; 1572. Inigo Jones,; 1601, P. Oliver: 1609, S. Cooper; 1610, W. Dobson ; 1620. Ric.
Gibson; 16J9, John Greenhill ; 1648. Godfrey Knelier: 1660, Luke Cradock ; 1677, James
Thornhill; 1697. William Hogarth; 1714, Rich. Wilson ; 1723. Joshua Reynolds; 1727, Thorn.
Gainsborough; 1733, Sawrey Gilpin ; 1734, P. J. de Loutherbourg ; 1735, David Allan; 1738,
Benjamin West; 1745, James Strutt ; 1746, James Northcote; 1748, J. F. Nollekins; 1743,
mas Daniell: 1785. David Wilkie; 17*6, R. B. Haydon ; , A. W. Calcott; 1789, W. Etty.
8. FRENCH SCHOOL. The good painters of this School are formed on the model of the differ-
ent Italian Schools, of which they bear the several characteristics : they are in general more
successful in composition and design than in coloring. It is emancipated from the degradation
and affected style it assumed after the death of Le Brim by Vien, and become the most numer-
ous and nourishing school of all. 1490, Fran. Primaticcio ; 1496, Rosso de Rossi ; 1502, J. Cousin ;
1582, Simon Vouet ; 1594, Nicholas Pousin ; 1600, Claude Lorraine: 1600, Lo Valentin; 1600,
James Blanchard ; 1607, James Petitot; 1616, Sebastian Bourdon; 1617, Eustachius le Seur ;
1619. Charles le Brun ; 1640, Charles de la Fosse; 1644, John Jouvenet; 1657, Joseph Vivien;
1667, Nicholas Bertin ; 1667, Anth. Rivally; 1684. Ant Watteau ; 1688, Francis Le Moine: 1692
Noel N. Coypel; 1700, Chas. Natoire; 1794, F. Bouchier; 1712, Joseph Vernet ; 1716, Vien-
1729, J. B. Deshays; 1756, J. L. David; 1753, Carle Vernet ; 1567, A. L. Girodet.
c
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