RETURN TO
LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
WOODS HOLE, MASS.
LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
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JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY,
CONTAINING
PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS,
READ BEFORE THE
Boston ^
of Natural
PUBLISH!']. \\\ THEIR DIIIECTION
VOL. VII. — NO. I.
PUBLISHING COMMITTEE.
L HUMPHREYS STOKER,
C iARLES K. DILLAWAY,
SAMUEL L. ABBOT,
JEFFRIES WYMAN,
SAMUEL KNEELAND, JK.
BOSTON:
1859.
A SUPPLEMENT
TO THE
TEEKESTEIAL
AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS
OF
THE UNITED STATES, &c.
BY
W. G. BINNEY.
THE
TERRESTRIAL
AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS
OF
THE UNITED STATES,
AND THE
ADJACENT TERRITORIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
VOL IV.
BY
W. G. BINNEY,
MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. CORRE-
SPONDING MEMBER OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY,
THE NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, THE
ST. LOUIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, &C.
BOSTON:
FROM THE BOSTON JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, VOL. VII.
NEW YORK: B. WESTERMANN, 440 BROADWAY.
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 60 PATERNOSTER ROW.
M DCCC LIX.
IJ:
RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGIITON, AND COMPANY.
CONTENTS OF VOL. IV.
1. THE SPECIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.
PAGE
LIMACEA : ARION ......... 6
LIMAX 6
HELICEA : SUCCINEA 6
HELIX ......... 7
BULIMUS 24
ACHATINA 26
AURICULACEA: MELAMPUS 26
ACICULACEA : TRUNCATELLA 28
2. THE SPECIES EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
LIMACEA : YAGINULUS 29
TEBENNOPHORUS 30
ARION 31
LIMAX 31
HELICEA: VITRINA 32
SUCCINEA 34
HELIX 43
BULIMUS 125
MACROCERAMUS 137
ACHATINA .* 138
GLANDINA 139
PUPA 141
VERTIGO 148
CYLINDRELLA . 149
AURICULACEA 152
MELAMPUS 156
ALEXIA 172
BLAUNERIA 175
LEUCONIA . . . . . . . .177
CARYCHIUM 178
ACICULACEA : TRUNCATELLA 184
CYCLOSTOMACEA : CHONDROPOMA 190
HELICINACEA . ... ... 191
HELICINA 192
THE author is under many obligations to the following persons
for the assistance they have afforded him in the preparation of this
work : —
E. S. MORSE, Portland, Me.
L. B. GIBBES, M. D., Charleston, S. C.
I. LEA, Philadelphia.
J. H. THOMSOX, New Bedford, Mass.
PROF. S. F. BAIRD, Washington, D. C.
W. STIMPSOX, Cambridge, Mass.
E. FOREMAN, M. D., "Washington, D. C.
S. M. LUTHER, Garretsville, Portage Co., Ohio.
J. G. AXTHOXY, Cincinnati, Ohio.
T. E. IXGALLS, M. D., Greenwich, Washington Co., N. Y.
W. NEWCOMB, M. D., Albany, N. Y.
JAMES LEWIS, M. D., Mohawk, N. Y.
A. A. GOULD, M. D., Boston.
STEPHEX ELLIOTT, D. D., Savannah, Ga.
0. M. DORMAX, St. Augustine, Fla.
JACOB RESOR, Cincinnati, Ohio.
COL. E. JEWETT, Albany, N. Y.
1. A. LAPHAM, Milwaukie, Wis.
FRAXK HIGGIXS, Columbus, Ohio.
JAMES POSTELL, St. Simon's Isle, Ga.
H. M. NEISLER, M. D., Butler, Taylor Co., Ga.
PROF. A. A. WIXCHELL, Ann Arbor, Mich.
T. BLAXD, New York.
FELIPE POEY, Havana, Cuba.
J. H. REDFIELD, New York.
B. F. SHUMARD, M. D., St. Louis, Mo.
Vlll
HUGH CUMING, London.
Louis PFEIFFER, M. D., Cassell.
PROF. G. C. SWALLOW, Columbia, Mo.
SAMUEL TUFTS, JR., Manchester, Mass.
W. COOPER, Hoboken, N. J.
F. V. HAYDEN, M. D., Washington, D. C.
R. KENNICOTT, Illinois.
EDWARD NORTON, Farmington, Conn.
PROF. W. M. STEWART, Clarkesville, Tenn.
E. R. SHOWALTER, M. D., Uniontown, Ala.
REV. P. P. CARPENTER, Warrington, England.
J. S. NEWBERRY, M. D., Washington, D. C.
S. E. SHURTLEFF, M. D., Westfield, Mass.
PROF. F. S. HOLMES, Charleston, S. C.
FRANCIS MOORE, Texas.
PROF. W. B. ROGERS, Boston, Mass.
JAMES SAVAGE, Boston, Mass.
T. A. CONRAD, Trenton, N. J.
JOSEPH LEIDY, M. D., Philadelphia.
PROF. J. M. SAFFORD, Lebanon, Tenn.
PROF. J. P. KIRTLAND, Cleveland, Ohio.
MRS. L. W. SAY, Newburg, N. Y.
W. D. HARTMANN, M. D., Westchester, Pa.
J. H. SLACK, Crosswicks, N. J.
W. M. GABB, Philadelphia.
J. P. HASKELL, Marblehead, Mass.
THE TERRESTRIAL
AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
VOLUME IV.
THE following pages are devoted to a continuation of
the work of my father on the Terrestrial Mollusks of the
United States. They are believed to contain all the latest
information regarding the several species, their varieties,
synonymy, geographical distribution, &c. I have also
added many references to authors not quoted in the Mol-
lusks, as well as to those whose works have appeared
more recently. Descriptions of all the newly discovered
species are added, and figures given of all to which I have
been able to obtain access.
Since no species was described in the " Mollusks," with
which the author or the able editor was not personally
acquainted, there were quite a number of doubtful species
entirely omitted in that work. These I have added, with
all the information in regard to them which I have been
able to obtain.
In addition to the species recently discovered, there are
many shells which have been described as distinct species
during the last twelve years, though considered as only
1 The plates are numbered in continuation of those in the third volume of the
"Terrestrial Mollusks," by Dr. Amos Binney; as the paper forms a continuation
of that work.
1
Z PREFACE.
varieties of other species by Dr. Binney. In treating these,
I have followed the opinions of the latest writers, founded
on the advanced state of our knowledge of this depart-
ment of science.
In all doubtful cases, I have given the original descrip-
tion and figure of the authors whose opinions conflict,
often reserving my own decision till more information has
been obtained. I have also endeavored to increase the
usefulness of my work by adding many descriptions and
figures from rare and generally inaccessible works.
The measurements of the shells described are the same
as adopted by Dr. Pfeiffer, and are given in the millimetre,
which is equal to ^ of an inch. I have also followed
Dr. Pfeiffer in the systematic arrangement of the various
genera.
The species of the Western Coast are grouped sepa-
rately. I have described only those which have actually
been found within the limits of the United States, though
I have added the names of all the extra limital species
found north of Mazatlan. In the second division of the
work, I have included the species inhabiting the whole
continent of North America, from the boreal regions to
the Rio Grande.
I would take this opportunity of returning thanks to the
numerous friends who have aided my studies by furnish-
ing me specimens and interesting information regarding
the species of their vicinity. I am particularly indebted
to my friend Thomas Bland, Esq., of New York, for the
use of his most interesting collection of American land
shells, as well as for the great advantage I have derived
from his valuable assistance during the four years I have
devoted to the following pages. To Mrs. Thomas Say,
also, I am under very great obligations for the use of her
husband's MSS. and many letters from Fenessac and
other conchologists. Many of Say's types, preserved in
CATALOGUE OF AUTHORS. 3
the Philadelphia Academy, have been consulted by me,
as well as those of my father which are in my own collec-
tion.
I have endeavored to include all the information on this
subject which has been published prior to January 1st,
1859. In subsequent supplements I shall endeavor to pre-
sent all the additional information elicited by future re-
search. To this end, criticisms on the opinions I have
advanced are solicited, and suites of local species from
every part of the country.
The Auriculacea and the Aciculacea of the United
States are added to the families described in the " Mol-
lusks." This first attempt to describe them has been at-
tended by many disadvantages, and is offered with great
hesitation as necessarily quite incomplete.
Burlington, N. J., August, 1859.
^
The following list contains the additional works referred
to in the text.
N. B. The date given is always that of the separate portions of an}7 periodical
work; when it is impossible to ascertain this, the date of the general title is
given.
Adams, C. B. Contributions to Conchology. New York, 1849-52.
Natural History of the Red River of Louisiana. Washington,
1853.
Adams, Henry and Arthur. The Genera of Recent Mollusca, arranged accord-
ing to their Organization. London. Pulmonifera (pts. xix-xxiii). Jan. -Sept.
1855.
Amtlicher Bericht liber die 24te Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und
Aerzte in Kiel, Sept. 1846. Kiel, 1847, pp. 113, 114, 122, 123, 220.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 1858.
Anton, H. E. Verzeichniss der Conchylien, &c. 1839.
Billings, E. Notes on the Natural Histoiy of the Mountain of Montreal. From
the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. May, 1857.
Binney, W. G. Descriptions of American Land Shells. In Proceedings of
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1857, p. 18. Febr. 1857.
Notes on American Land Shells. In same, ii. Oct. 1857; iii.
May, 1858; iv. Nov. 1858.
Description of two supposed new Species of American Land
Shells. Proc. of Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. VI. 155. April, 1857.
4 CATALOGUE OF AUTHOES.
Binney, W. G. Report upon the Land Shells collected by the Survey. In Vol.
VI. of Pacific Rail Road Exploration Report. Washington, 1857.
Vide Say.
Bland, Thomas. Remarks on certain Species of North American Helicidaj,
with Descriptions of new Species. Part I. New York, 1858. From vol. vi. of Ann.
of Lye. Nat. Hist, of New York, p. 277-299, Febr. 1858; p. 336-358, Sept. 1858.
Bourgignat, J. R. Du genre Carychium. In Revue et Magasin de Zoologie,
Mai, 1857.
Carpenter, P. P. Cat. of the Reigen Collection of Mazatlan Mollusca. War-
rington, 1855 - 57.
Report on the Present State of our Knowledge with Regard to
the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. (From the Report of the Brit.
Ass. Adv. Sc. 1856.) London, 1857.
Case, William. Description of two new Species of Shells in Silliman's Journal,
N. S. Vol. III. No. 7, Jan. 1847.
Chenu. Illustrations Conchyliologiques, &c.
Delessert, Benj. Receuil de coquilles de'crites par Lamarck et non encore
figure'es, 1841.
Fabricius, 0. Fauna Groanlandica. 1780.
Forbes, Edward. In Proc. of the Zoological Society of London.
Forbes and Hanley. A History of British Mollusca and their Shells. 4 vols.
1848-52.
Frauenfeld, G. In Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-botanischen Vereins zu
Wien, 1854.
Die Gatlung Carychium. Aus dem lahreshefte des lahrganges
1856 der Sitzungsberichte der mathem.-naturwiss. Classe der Kais. Akademie der
Wiss. (Band xix. S. 70.) Wien, 1856.
Gould, A. A. In Agassiz's Lake Superior, &c. 1850.
Mollusca of the United States Exploring Expedition. Boston,
1852. The plates are not yet published.
Grateloup, S. Distribution Geographique de la Famille des Limaciens. Bor-
deaux, 1855.
Gray., J. E. Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Ah'-breathing Mollusca in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. Part I. March, 1855.
and Pfeiffer, L. Catalogue of Phaneropneumona or Terrestrial
Operculated Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. London, 1852.
Gray, M. E. Figures of Molluscous Animals, selected from various Authors.
Vol. IV. 1850.
Held in Isis.
Higgins, Frank. Catalogue of Shellbearing Mollusca inhabiting the Vicinity of
Columbus, Ohio, &c.
Kuster, H. C. Auriculacea (1844). Truncatella (1855). Bulimus, Achatina,
and Pupa of the new edition of Martini and Chemnitz Conchylien Cabinet.
Lapham, I. A. Catalogue of Wisconsin Mollusca. In the Trans, of the Wis-
consin State Agricultural Soc. Vol. II. Madison, 1852.
Lea, Isaac, in Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, and in the Journal and Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, passim.
Lewis, James. Shellbearing Species of Mollusca observed in Portions of Herki-
CATALOGUE OF AUTHORS. 5
mer and Otsego Counties, New York. In Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. VI. 2.
July, 1856.
Martini and Chemnitz Conchylien Cabinet. Ed. nov. see Pfeiffer and Kiister.
Mittre in Revue Zoologique. 1841.
Moller, H. P. C. Index Molluscorum Groenlandire, Hafvnise, 1842.
Morch, 0. A. L. Mollusca Groenlandica. From Rink's Greenland. Kioben-
havn, 1857.
Morelet, Arthur. Testacea Novissima Insulas Cubanse et America Ceutralis.
Pars 11. Paris, 1851.
Morse, E. S. Description of a new Species of Helix. In Proceedings of Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist. VI. 128. March, 1857.
Muhlfeldt, Megerle von. In Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft naturforschender
Freunde zu Berlin, 1824, 1. St. 4.
Miiller, Th. Synopsis Testaceorum anno 1834 Promulgatomm, 1836.
Petit de la Saussaye. Journal de Conchyliologie. Paris, 1850.
Petiver, James. Remarks on some Animals, &c., from Maryland. Philosophi-
cal Transactions, London, 1698, p. 395.
Pfeifter, L. Die Gattungen Vitrina, Helix, und Succinea in Chemn. Conch. Cab.
Ed. 2 do. do. Helicinacea uud Cyclostomacea.
Novitates Conchologicse. Cassell, 1854.
In the Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, passim.
In Roemer's Texas, p. 454. Bonn, 1849.
Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium. Casselis, 1856. «
Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium, Cassell, 1853.
Supplementum Primum, 1858.
Symbolae ad Historiam Heliceoi-um, pars 3, 1846.
Monographia Heliceorum Viventium, i. ii. 1848; iii. 1853.
In the Malako-zoologische Blatter, passim.
Poey, F. Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, i. 1852 - 6; ii.
1857.
Potiez et Michaud. Galerie des Mollusques du Museum de Douai, i. 1838.
Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica, Helix, Bulimus, Achafina.
Roe mer. Vid. Pfeiffer.
Russell, J. R. Familiar Notice of some of the Shells found in the Limits of
Essex County, Massachusetts. In the Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. I.
No. 2, 1839.
Say, Thomas. Complete Writings on the Conchology of the United States.
Edited by W. G. Binney. New York, 1858.
Shuttleworth, R. T., in Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern.
1852, 1854.
Notitiee Malacologicse, oder Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss
der Mollusken. Heft. I. Febr. 1856.
Stimpson, William. Shells of New England. A Revision of the Synonymy of
the Testaceous Mollusks of New England. Boston, 1851.
Troschel, in Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturgeschichte.
Valenciennes. Voyage de la Venus, Atlas.
Woodward, S. P. A Manual of the Mollusca, or a Rudimentary Treatise ou
Recent and Fossil Shells. London, Part II. 1854.
6 THE SPECIES OF
I. THE SPECIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.
FAMILY LIMACEA.
GENUS ARION FERUSSAC.
ARION FOLIOLATUS GOULD vol. ii. p. 30, pi. Ixvi. fig. 2.
Arion foliolatus GOULD, Ex. Ex. p. 2, fig. 2 a b.
GENUS UMAX FERUSSAC.
LIMAX COLUMBIANUS GOULD vol. ii. p. 43, pi. Ixvi. fig. 1.
Limax Columbianus GOULD, Ex. Ex. p. 3, fig. 1 a b c.
FAMILY HELICEA.
GENUS SUCCINEA DRAPANAUD.
SUCCINEA NUTTALLIANA LEA vol. ii. p. 81, pi. Ixvii. a, fig. 2.
Succinea Nultalliana LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. p. 4.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 523; Hi. 15.
SUCCINEA OREGONENSIS LEA vol. ii. p. 77, pi. Ixvii. c, fig. 2.
Succinea Oregonensis LEA, Tr. Phil. Soc. ix. p. 1, p. 5, (1844).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 523; iii. 15.
SUCCINEA RUSTICANA GOULD.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 14.
T. elongata, ovato-conica, tenuis, pallide virens, impolita, lineis in-
equalibus incrementalibus et crassis striata, subtus convexa ; spira acuta,
anfr. 3 convexiusculis ; apertura ovata, quadrantes tres longitudinis ade-
quans ; columella arcuata, perspicue plicata. (Gould).
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea ruslicana GOULD, Pr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. 187, Dec. 1846; Expe-
dition Shells, 31 ; Mollusca of Exploring Ex. p. 28, fig. 29,
1852.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 523; iii. 15.
DESCRIPTION.
Shell elongate, ovate conical, rather large, thin and fragile ; pale
greenish horn color, surface rude and without lustre, coarsely and
THE PACIFIC COAST. 7
irregularly marked by the lines of growth. Spire acute, of three
or more moderately convex whorls, separated by a well impressed
suture, the last whorl large and long, narrowing towards the base ;
body portion of the face of the shell moderately large. Aperture
ovate, three fourths the length of the shell ; fold of the columella
distinct.
Length of axis ^-, breadth ^ inch.
Geographical Distribution. Oregon.
Remarks. Somewhat allied to S. pudorina in form, but very dif-
ferent in color. (Gould).
I have not seen this species. The above is Gould's de-
scription. The figure I have given is a fac-simile of the
outline of the figure referred to above.
EXTRA LIMITAL SPECIES.
Succinea cingulata Forbes, from Mazatlan, is described in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1850, p. 56.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Succinea aperta Lea, vid. vol. ii. p. 67.
GENUS HELIX LINNAEUS.
HELIX TUDICULATA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 118, pi. xvi.
Helix tudiculata PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 283.
Pfeiffer (1. c.) repeats Binney's description, not having
seen the shell, and suggests doubtfully its being a variety
of H. Calif or niensis.
HELIX NICKLINIANA LEA vol. ii. p. 119, pi. vi. a-
Helix NiMiniana TROSCHEL, Arch, fur Nat. 1839, ii. 221.
Helix Californiensis CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 332, pi. Ivii. fig. 14-15, Excl. var. 2,
(1846).
EEEVE, No. 661.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 339 ; in. 229.
Helix arboretorum VALENCIENNES, Voy. de la Venus. Moll. pi. i. fig. 3.
Helix nemoraviga VALENCIENNES, 1. c. fig. 1.
" Animal reddish gray, tentacles and base of foot bluish ; quite
8 THE SPECIES OF
narrow in proportion to the length of the shell ; tentacles short.
Gregarious, inhabiting dry gullies and hill sides ; many specimens
found in a cabbage garden." (Thomson).
This shell varies very considerably in size and in the
elevation of its spire. This fact will account for the differ-
ence in the figures referred to in the synonymy. That of
pi. vi. a, is a perfect representation of what Lea's original
specimen would be in a fresh state.
Helix Californiensis of Pfeiffer, Chemnitz, and Reeve,
are to be referred to this species. Those authors are in-
correct in considering H. Nickliniana a variety of H. Cali-
forniensis.
H. arboretorum is placed by Pfeiffer doubtfully in the
synonymy of H. Californiensis, while H. nemoraviga is
placed among the uncertain species. A fac-simile of Va-
lenciennes's figure of the former is given, pi. 76, fig. 13,
and of the latter on pi. 79, fig. 11.
I have described, under the names of H. redemita and
H. intercisa, the shells figured on pi. vi. as varieties of this
species.
HELIX INTERCISA.
PLATE VI. FIGURE 1. Middle figure.
Testa solidissima, luteo-cinerea, apice rufa, globoso-conica ; spira bre-
vis ; sutura impressa ; anfractus quinque, convexiusculi, lineis parallelis
volventibus, valde demissis, strias incrementales clistinctas intercidentibus
notati ; anfr. ultimus globosus, supra peripheriam fascia unica, rufa ob-
scurissiina ornatus ; apertura inaxime obliqua, forma equi calcei, rotun-
data ; labrum albo-cinereum, incrassatum, subtus reflexiuscutuin, sub-
unidentatum, umbilicum totum tegens ; marginibus approxhnatis, callo
inter] unctis.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix intercisa W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila. ix. p. 18, (Oct. 1857);
Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. vi. p. 156; Notes, p. 1.
Helix Nickliniana var. BINNEY, Terrestrial Mollusks, ii. p. 120 ; iii. pi. vi. f. 1.
Icon in medioposita.
THE PACIFIC COAST. 9
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell globose-conic, with five slightly-rounded whorls;
spire little elevated ; suture distinct ; upon the body whorl
a dark revolving -band, hardly discernible ; aperture very
oblique, shape of a horseshoe ; peristome thickened, heavy,
dirty white, slightly reflected at the umbilicus, which it
entirely conceals, near its junction with the columella fur-
nished with a tooth-like process, the extremities connected
by a heavy ash-colored callus, which is spread more lightly
over the whole parietal wall ; epidermis grayish yellow,
apex rufous. The striae of growth are very numerous and
distinct, crossed by numerous, regular, revolving lines, so
deeply impressed as to entirely separate them into small
sections ; thus the whole surface of the shell is divided
into minute, raised parallelograms, separated by the deep
longitudinal and horizontal furrows.
Greatest diameter, 22 ; lesser, 19 ; alt. 15 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found in Oregon Territory.
Remarks. This shell I found in the collection of my
father. It was labelled H. Nickliniana Lea, var., and as
such is figured in the Terrestrial Mollusks. I cannot be-
lieve, however, that any species can admit of varieties dif-
fering so much as this does from Nickliniana. To Mr.
Lea's figure and description it bears no resemblance what-
ever, either in shape or sculpturing.
It may readily be distinguished among the Helices of
the Pacific coast, by its grayish, heavy shell, its thickened
lip, and above all, by the peculiar markings of the surface.
HELIX REDEMITA.
PLATE VI. FIGURE 1.
Testa globoso-conica, imperforata, tenuiscula, minute et confertim gran-
ulata, corrugata, rufo-brunnea ; apex laevigata, obtusula, spira elevata ;
anfr. 6 convex!, sutura impressa distinct!, ultimus permagnus, inflatus, ad
2
10 THE SPECIES OF
aperturam descendens, supra medium fascia fusea redimitus ; apertura
perobliqua, transversoorbicularis, intus unifasciata ; perist. simplex, rufo-
cinereum, incrassatulum, marginibus valde approximatis, basali reflexius-
culo, callo albo umbilicum tegente.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix redimita W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila. vol. ix. p. 183, Notes,
p. 3, Oct. 1857.
Helix Nickliniana var. BINNEY. Terr. Moll. iii. pi. vi. fig. 1, (excepta icone in medio
posita) 1857.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell globose-conic, imperforate, rather thin, wrinkled,
covered with minute and crowded granulations ; color red-
dish brown; apex free from granules, rather blunt; spire
elevated ; suture impressed ; whorls six, convex, the last
quite large and rounded, falling towards the aperture, and
banded with reddish brown above the middle ; aperture
rather large in proportion to the size of the shell, very
oblique, transversely rounded, within showing the band;
peristome simple, reddish ash color, thickened, reflected
slightly at the base, ends approached ; umbilicus entirely
covered with a white callus.
Greater diameter, 31 ; lesser, 17 ; height, 12 mill.
Geographical Distribution. I am not acquainted with
the exact locality of this shell, but am inclined to refer it
to California.
Remarks. This shell is figured by my father as a var.
of H. Nickliniana Lea. A reference to Mr. Lea's figure
and description wiU at once show it to be distinct, accord-
ing to the present notions of specific weight. Dr. Gould
refers it (Terr. Moll. iii. p. 26) to H. Californiensis Reeve,
(Con. Icon. 661). It appears, however, to be distinct from
the shell there figured.
In general outline it resembles H. Kellettii Forbes, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1850, pi. ix, f. 2, as well as Reeve's
THE PACIFIC COAST. 11
fig. 665 &, not 665 a, Con. Icon. The resemblance will be
found, however, to cease with the outline, on a comparison
of the two shells. H. Kellettii is sometimes perforate, is
differently colored, and belongs rather to the group of Cali-
fornia Helices represented by H. areolata Sowb. and H.
Pandorce, Forbes, than that of H. Ca/iforniensis Lea, inter-
cisa, nob. and the shell before me.
HELIX ANACHORETA.
PLATE LXXVI. FIGURE 5.
T. orbiculato-convexa, aperte umbilicata, cinereo-rufescens, granulata
et rare indenta ; spira elevata, conica; anf. 6 convexi, ultimus subtus
ventricosus ; sutura impressa ; perist. incrassatum, vix reflexiusculum,
violaceo-albidum, umbilicum baud multum occultans, marginibus approx-
imatis, callo conjunctis ,' faux violacea ; apertura obliqua, transverso-ro-
tundata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix anachoreta W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila. ix. p. 185, Notes,
p. 5, Oct. 1857.
DESCRIPTION.
" Animal light ashen color, tentacles nearly white ; aver-
age length of some thirty specimens 2| inches (2 diameters
of shell) ; superior tentacles 5-8ths ; inferior 3-16ths inch ;
foot broad at the posterior extremity ; a line of large gran-
ules down the middle of the back ; sides of foot margined
with a line of light granules (pores) ; genital orifice poste-
rior to and beneath the larger tentacles. In its habits soli-
tary." (Thomson.)
Shell reddish ashen, orbicularly convex; spire elevated,
conic ; umbilicus open, slightly concealed by the peris-
tome ; whorls six, granulated and sparsely indented ; su-
ture impressed ; below ventricose ; aperture transversely
rounded ; peristome thickened, scarcely reflected, whitish,
with a violet tinge, the extremities approaching each other
12 THE SPECIES OF
and connected with a callus on the parietal wall ; throat
violet.
Greater diameter, 26 ; lesser, 21 ; height, 14 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found by Mr. J. H. Thom-
son widely distributed in California.
Remarks. It was with some hesitation that I proposed
a name for this shell. I at first considered it as a bandless
variety of Nickliniana Lea. But on expressing this opin-
ion to Mr. Thomson, he gave me the above description of
the animal and its habits, which are quite distinct from
those of Mr. Lea's shell. Its characteristics were found
constant at various remote points of the State, and in a
considerable number of specimens. They seem too great
for a simple variety. The animal is also different in its
habits from Nickliniana^ being found only solitary, while
the latter is gregarious.
The shell is one of the very few bandless species of Cal-
ifornia.
HELIX RETICULATA PFEIFFEK.
T. umbilicata, globoso-depressa, solidula, oblique striata, striis subregu-
lariter antrorsum descendentibus oblongo-granulata, fulvida, fascia 1 rufa
peripheria cincta ; spira breviter conoidea ; anfr. 5£ convexiusculi, ultimus
latus, rotundatus, antice non descendens ; umbilicus angustus, non per-
vius ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. crasse albo-labiatum,
marginibus distantibus, dextro vix expansiusculo, columellari declivi su-
perne dilatato, reflexo.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 18, alt. Hi mill. Hab. in California.
(Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 1857, p. 87.)
I have not seen this species. The above is Pfeiffer's
description.
HELIX EXARATA PFEIFFER.
T. umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, solidula, undique malleato-rugulosa,
lutescens, fascia 1 castanea cincta ; spira breviter conoidea, acutiuscula ;
anfr. 7 parum convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus latior, rotundatus,
THE PACIFIC COAST. 13
antice vix decendens, circa unibilicuni mediocrem, apertum subcompres-
sus ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris; perist. leviter albo-labiatum, margin-
ibus vix convergentibus, dextro breviter expanse, colmnellari superne
triangulatim dilatato, patente. [Pf.]
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix exarata PFETFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, May, 1857, p. 108.
Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 16 mill. Hab. California ? (Pf.)
I have not seen this species. The description given
above is PfeifFer's.
HELIX CALIFORNIENSIS LEA vol. ii. p. 121, pi. vi. fig. 2.
Helix Californiensis TROSCHEL in Wiegm. Arch. 1839, ii. 221.
DEKAY, N. Y, Moll. p. 46, — not of Pfeitfer, Chemnitz,
Eeeve.
Helix vincta VALENCIENNES, Voy. dela Venus, Moll. pi. 1, fig. 2, absq. desc.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, vol. ii. p. 487, t. 160, fig. 2 (1854).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 660.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 183.
W. G. BINNEY, Notes, p. 9.
In my notes No. 2, 1 expressed the opinion that H. vincta
figured by Valenciennes was distinct from this species.
Having since carefully compared Lea's original specimen
with Valenciennes's figure, I am convinced of their iden-
tity. The figure in the Terrestrial MoUusks is a correct
representation of this species in a fresh state. Reeve's
figure 660 is also good. That of Chemnitz (1. c.) is less
characteristic. Lea's figure is very poorly drawn, and at
best represents a dead and worn specimen.
Under the name of H. vincta^ therefore, descriptions and
figures of H. Californiensis are to be found in the works
referred to in the synonymy. All other descriptions and
figures referred to Helix Californiensis represent Helix
Nickliniana, including those given in Chemnitz, PfeifFer,
and Reeve.
HELIX RAMENTOSA GOULD vol. iii. p. 12.
THE SPECIES OF
HELIX LORICATA GOULD vol. ii. p. 145, pi. xxix a. fig. 2.
Helix loricata GOULD, U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. p. 68, fig. 39, a. b. c.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. p. 265.
Helix Lecontii LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. x. No. 2, p. 303, pi. xxx. fig. 13 (1852).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. p. 265.
From an examination of Lea's original specimen of
Lecontii, as well as from his description and figure, I am
convinced of its identity with loricata. Gould expresses
this opinion (Ex. Ex. p.* 501, Addenda), Pfeiffer copies
Lea's description, not having seen the shell, and remarks
" Nonne varietas umbilicata H. pustulce ? '
" Animal white, linear, rough, posteriorly acute, tentacles
very short." (Thomson.)
The shell is furnished with the peculiar internal fulcrum
mentioned by Lea, (1. c.)
HELIX GERM AN A GOULD vol. ii. p. 156, pi. xl a. fig. 3.*
Helix germana GOULD, U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. p. 70, fig. 40 a. b. c.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 269.
HELIX FIDELIS GRAY vol. ii. p. 159, pi. xviii.
Helix fidelis MULLER, Syn. Test, anno 1834 promulgatorum, p. 8.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, vol. i. 321, pi. Ivii. fig. 12-13 (1846).
KEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 657 (1852).
W. G. BLNNEY, Pac. R. E. Rep. vi. p. Ill (1857).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 229.
Helix Nultalliana TROSCHEL, Arch, fur Nat. 1839, ii. 229.
GOULD, U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. p. 65, fig. 38 (1852).
All the more recent writers agree in placing H. Nuttalli-
ana in the synonymy of H. fidelis, excepting Gould, who,
as late as 1852, (1. c.) remarks, " As there are other species
in that region corresponding equally well with Gray's
indefinite description, I think it proper to retain Mr. Lea's
name until the identity can be fully settled."
* On the copy of the plate referred to, engraved by Delarue, the aperture of
Helix maxillata is erroneously placed next the figure of this species. This mis-
take does not occur on the other copy of the plate.
THE PACIFIC COAST. 15
HELIX INFUMATA GOULD vol. iii. p. 13, pi. Ixxix. fig. 2.
Helix infumata W. G. BINNEY, Pac. E. R. Rep. vi. p. 112.
HELIX TOWNSENDIANA LEA vol. ii. p. 161, pi. xix.
Helix Town&endiana TROSCHEL, Arch, fiir Nat. 1839, ii. 221.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 323, pi. Ivii. fig. 10, 11 (1846).
REEVE, Con. Icon. 625 (1852).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 229.
GOULD, U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. 67, fig. 36.
HELIX ARROSA GOULD vol. iii. p. 12, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 4.
Helix ceruginosa GOULD, 1. c.
W. G. BINNEY, Pac. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 113.
Helix arrosa GOULD in litt.
W. G. BINNEY, Notes, p. 5.
This name is proposed by Gould in place of ceruginosa^
that being preoccupied.
HELIX DUPETITHOUARSI DESHAYES. . .vol. iii. p. 14, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 9.
Helix Dupetithouarsi DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 169, pi. xcvii. fig. 8-10.
REEVE, Con. Icon. 659 (1852).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. Excl. var. B.; iii. 229.
W. G. BINNEY, P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 114.
Helix Oregonensis TROSCHEL, Arch, fiir Nat. 1839, ii. 221.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. 46.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 272.
In the collection of the Smithsonian Institute there are
specimens of this shell which are furnished with a delicate
greenish-yellow epidermis. As this has never been noticed
in descriptions, I believe it must exist only on very fresh
specimens, which are rarely seen. On being immersed
some minutes in water, the epidermis becomes of a bright
golden color.
The figure is a fac simile of that of Deshayes.
HELIX MORMONUM PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 21.
T. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiscula, arcuato-striatula, pallide rufes-
cens ; spira vix conoideo-elevata ; anfr. 6, vix convexiusculi, lente ac-
16 THE SPECIES OF
crescentes, ultlmus utrinque convexior, antice turgidulus, vix descendens,
supra medium fascia castanea, utrinque albido-marginata cinctus, basi
convexus ; umbilicus mediocris, conicus ; apertura perobliqua, auriformi,
lunaris; perist. albo-labiatum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro perar-
cuato, expanse, columellari arcuato-declivi, reflexo, superne dilatato.
[Pf.j
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Mormonum PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May, 1857, p. 109.
Diam. maj. 29, min. 24£, alt. 12± mill. Hob. Mormon Island, Cali-
fornia.
The above is Pfeiffer's description. I have not seen
the shell, but through the kindness of Mr. Cuming I have
been able to give a figure of it.
HELIX COLUMBIAN A LEA ......... vol. ii. p. 169, pi. v. pi. xiii. a. fig. 1.
Helix Columbiana TROSCHEL, Arch, flir Nat. 1839, ii. 221.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 332, pi. Iviii. fig. 10-12 (1846).
KEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 692 (1852).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 262.
Helix labiosa GOULD, vol. ii. p. 170; U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. p. 67, fig. 35.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. p. 262.
I think there can be no doubt of the identity of these
two species. Lea's description was drawn from a worn
specimen, denuded of its hairs. It will be remarked that
Reeve and Pfeiffer describe it as being covered " pilis
brevibus." The latter author gives Gould's description of
labiosci) not having seen the shell, but records his belief
in the indentity of the two.
Mr. Thomson gives me the following note on the ani-
mal of this species. It seems more than probable that he
has confounded it with some other shell, as his observa-
tions do not agree with those given on p. 171 (vid. Notes,
p. 8).
" Animal twice as long as the breadth of the shell, dark
slate color, almost black on the head and tentacles ; a
black line running along each side of the back from the
base of the longer tentacles ; body covered with com-
THE PACIFIC COAST. 17
pressed granules ; tentacles black, acutely pointed ; eyes
at the base of superior tentacles ; anatomy believed to re-
semble, somewhat, that of the Lymniadae. Gregarious ;
in its habits resembling Lymnaea, being found always near
water, and laying its eggs on the water-cresses and other
aquatic plants. Arrives at maturity in one year, one half
the time required by the other species."
HELIX DEVIA GOULD vol. iii. p. 11, pi. Ixxix. fig. 13.
Helix devia PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 262.
GOULD, Addenda, Ex. Ex. #501.
Helix Baskervillei PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 230.
There can be no doubt of the identity of these two
species. Gould's original specimen agrees perfectly with
the figure of Reeve (1. c.) and Pfeiffer's description. The
latter remarks on H. Baskervillei " Conf. H. devia Gould,
huic forsan peraffinis."
The shell figured is preserved in the Cumingian collec-
tion.
HELIX KELLETTI FORBES.
PLATE LXXVI. FIGURE 12.
H. testa anguste umbilicata, depresso globosa, tenui, rugulosa, granu-
lata, fulva, spira subturbinata, sordide flavo conspersa, rufo-unifasciata',
anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimo ad peripheriam fascia pallida cincto, basi
subinflato; apertura lunato-rotundata, intus pallide fusca, unifasciata;
perist. reflexiusculo, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, uinbilicum
occultante. Diatn. max. 22, min. 19, alt. 19 mill.
This species is nearly allied to H. Californiensis Lea. It differs
in the more pyramidal contour of the spire, in the less tumid body
whorl, and consequently differently shaped, more lunate, slightly
elongated mouth. The margin of the mouth is more reflected.
[Forbes.]
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Kdletti FORBES, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, p. 55, pi. ix. fig. 2 a. b.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 665, (1852).
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 467, pi. clvi. fig. 19, 20, (1853).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 183.
3
18 THE SPECIES OF
Not possessing a fresh specimen of this species, I am
not able to add a more detailed description to that of
Forbes, repeated above. My figure is a fac-simile of his.
In Gould's collection is a specimen said to have been
found at San Diego. The species has been attributed to
Central America, but probably through some error.
Reeve's figure b seems more closely allied to H. areolata
or H. levis, than to the form figured by Forbes.
HELIX PANDORA FORBES vol. iii. p. 15, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 8.
Helix Pandorce REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 671, (1852).
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 467, pi. 156, fig. 17, 18, (1853).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 127.
Reeve gives as habitat " Central America."
The figure given is a fac-simile of the original. I have
not seen the shell. Below is Gould's description of
damascenus.
HELIX DAMASCENUS. T. conico-globosa, imperforata, solidula, dilute
prunina ad apicem violacea subtus cinerascens, rudis et lineis tenuibus
interrupts numerosis cincta ; anfr. 5 rotundatis ; sutura impressa : aper-
tura subeircularis ; peristomate anguste reflexo, pallido, extremitatibus
approxiraatis ; fauce livida ; columella incrassata, rotundata.
HELIX UEVIS PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXVI. FIGURE 10.
Testa perforata, globosa, tenuis, levis, oblique striata, obsolete granu-
lata, albida, punctis seriatis vel fasciis pellueide corneis varie ornata ;
spira brevis, acutiuscula; anfr. 5 vix convexiusculi, ultimus inflatus ;
apertura rotundato-lunaris, intus concolor vel fulvida ; perist. acutum,
intus sublabiatum, margine columellari superne dilatato, fornicatim re-
flexo, perforationem fere tegente. Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, alt. 13 mill.
/3. Margine columellari dente unico, obtuso, calloso instructo.
Habitat in California, ad Columbia River. [Pfeiffer].
Helix levis PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 154; iii. 128. Zietschr, f. Mai. 1845,
p. 152.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 249, pi. xxxvi. f. 16, 17, (1846).
I have not seen this species. PfeifFer's description is
THE PACIFIC COAST. 19
given above, and a fac-simile of his figure in the second
edition of Chemnitz is given on the plate referred to.
HELIX AREOLATA SOWERBY, vol iii. p. 14, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 11; var. y.
fig. 3.
Helix areolala PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 127.
CHEMNITZ, 1. c. 1, 248, (1846).
KEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 664, (1852).
The original figure of Pfeiffer is copied on the plate
referred to from Chemnitz, edition 2. Two varieties are
mentioned by him.
"/3. Dente aperturse obsolete.
"y. Minor, giobosa, dente aperture valido." (fig. 3).
HELIX VANCOUVERENSIS LEA, vol. ii. p. 166, p. xx.
Helix Vaneouverensis TROSCHEL, AT. f. Nat. 1839, ii. 221.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 155.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 146, pi. xciv. f. 21-23.
GOULD, U. S. Expl. Ex. p. 36, fig. 37.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 669 (1852).
Helix vellicata FORBES, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Mar. 1850, p. 75, pi. ix. fig. 1.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 454, pi. cliv. fig. 42-44.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 673, (1852).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 155.
From the description and figure of Forbes, as well as
from specimens received from Mr. Cuming's collection,
I am satisfied of the identity of H. vellicata with this
species. Forbes's description is given below.
H. t. aperte umbilicata, tenui, convexo-depressa, subnitida, sulcato-
striata, striis minutissimis spiralibus decussata, laste viridibus ; spira con-
vexiuscula, anfr. 6, ultimo rotundato, magno, antice dilatato, subdescen-
dente ; ap. perobliqua, lunato-oblonga ; faux alba, perist. margine subre-
flexo, superne deflexo-sinuato. Diam. max. 22, min. 18, alt. 8 mill. —
Panama ?
Distinguished from its near allies by the peculiar deflection of the upper
portion of the lip margin.
HELIX SPORTELLA GOULD, vol. ii. p. 211, pi. xxii a. fig. 1.
Helix sportella GOULD, U. S, Expl. Ex. p. 37, fig. 42.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 104.
The revolving striee appear to be wanting in some indi-
20 THE SPECIES OF
viduals. In the mature shell the peristome is slightly
reflected, and has the remarkable deflection which charac-
terizes H. Vancouver ensis and H. concava.
Found at San Diego by Dr. J. S. Newberry, and in
Contra Costa Co. by Mr. J. H. Thomson. The latter
gentleman's notes show the animal to be quite distinct
from that of H. concava Say, however similar the shells
may be, with the exception of the striae on the Californian
species. He writes, " Animal uniformly white or flesh-
colored, with an orange line on top of back. Solitary —
or only found in pairs."
HELIX NEWBERRYANA.
PLATE LXXVI. FIGURE 7.
Testa late umbilicata ; orbiculato-depressa ; solida ; striis tenuibus in-
crement! et lineis subtilissimis, spiralibus, leviter granulato-decussata ;
nigra, aut rufo-brunnea, sub epiderme alba ; sutura valde impressa ;
spira depressa ; anfr. 6, regulariter accrescentes, super! plani, ultimus
convexus, subtus rotundatus, ad aperturam descendens ; umbilicus latus,
perspectivus, anfr. omnes ad apicem monstrans; apertura obliqua, trans-
verso-lunaris ; in exemplis junioribus, paries aperturalis, sculptura anfr.
prsecedentis callo lev! obliterate,, eleganter notata est lineis elevatis, nu-
inerosis, confertis, spiralibus ; in exemplis maturis, haec sculptura occulta
est callo incrassato, sed intus in anfr. omnibus remanet ; perist. simplex,
acutum, intus callosum, marginibus sub-convergentibus, callo albo con-
junctis.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Newberryana W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila. x. p. 115,
Notes, p. 16. May, 1858.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell broadly umbilicated ; orbicularly depressed ; solid ;
lightly decussated by incremental striae, and numerous
fine spiral lines : color black or reddish-brown, under the
epidermis white and shining ; suture deeply impressed ;
spire depressed ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, the upper
THE PACIFIC COAST. 21
ones flattened, the last convex, rounded below, and slightly
deflected at the aperture ; umbilicus broad, showing all
the volutions clearly ; aperture oblique, transversely-lunar ;
in young specimens the decussated sculpturing of the shell
on the parietal wall of the aperture is covered with a light
callus as the animal grows, and elegantly marked with
numerous fine, crowded, spiral lines ; in mature specimens
this beautiful marking is entirely obliterated by the depo-
sition of callus, but on breaking the shell, the lines will be
found to exist within ; peristome simple, acute, thickened
within, ends slightly approximated, joined with a white
callus.
Greater diameter, 37 ; lesser, 20 ; height, 13 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found in considerable quan-
tity by Dr. J. S. Newberry, of the Colorado Exploring
Expedition, (Lieut. Ives,) within a few miles of San
Diego.
Remarks. This species bears no close resemblance to
any known American Helix. It belongs to the same
group as H. Vancouver ensis Lea, but differs in size, color,
number of whorls, umbilicus, want of peculiar depression
of the lip, by its beautifully decussated surface, and pecu-
liar parietal wall of the aperture. In form alone, dead
specimens may be compared with H. algira Lin., of
Europe, but the spire is flatter and umbilicus larger.
I am unacquainted with any other species of Helix,
distinguished by a like peculiarity of the parietal wall of
the aperture.
Named in honor of Dr. J. S. Newberry, the Geologist of
the Colorado Ex. Ex.
Very abundant at the locality given above. But few
fresh specimens were brought, however, owing to the fact
of there having been a drought for several years before the
visit of the Expedition.
22 THE SPECIES OF
HELIX CULTELLATA THOMSON.
PLATE LXXVI. FIGURE 6.
Testa orbiculato-depressa, nitens, carinata, corneo-rufescens, ad peri-
pheriam et ad suturas albo-zonata ; anfr. 6^ convexiusculi, striis minutis
incrementalibus at lineis microscopicis spiralibus decussati ; sutura im-
pressa, apertura oblique lunaris ; perist. simplex, acutum, ad columellam
vix reflexiusculum ; subtus lasvigata, albida, infra carinam late rufo-corneo-
zonata ; umbilicus perspectivus, anfr. omnes ad apicem monstrans.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix cultellata THOMSON, in Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. ix. p. 185, Oct. 1857;
Notes, p. 5.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal twice the length of the diameter of the shell ;
color reddish.
Shell orbicular, depressed, carinated, shining, reddish
horn color, with a broad revolving band of white at the
periphery and sutures ; whorls 6^, rather convex, decussated
by minute lines of growth and microscopic revolving lines ;
below these lines are obsolete, the surface is shining, whit-
ish, with a broad reddish horn-colored band below the
carina ; suture impressed ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peris-
tome acute, not thickened and scarcely reflected at the
v
umbilicus, which is broadly expanded, and shows all the
volutions to the apex.
Greater diameter, 35 ; lesser, 19 ; height, 13 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found plentifully in Contra
Costa Co., California, by Mr. J. H. Thomson, of New
Bedford, Mass.
Remarks. Mr. J. H. Thomson, of New Bedford, Mass.,
proposes this name for a shell found by him living in con-
siderable quantities. The circumstances in which it was
discovered are very unfavorable to the supposition of its
having been brought from abroad. The chances of a
Dalmatian shell having been introduced into California,
THE PACIFIC COAST. 23
and already multiplying there, are very small indeed. At
the same time the shell before me bears strong resemblance
to the European group of this type. It seems to be be-
tween H. albanica Ziegler, and acies Partsch ; the carina
being less sharp than in the latter. Mr. Thomson suggests
that it may have been imported from the Sandwich Islands
on vegetables, but there is no species native to that region
which bears any resemblance to this.
Since the publication of this species in the Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, my doubts of its
being a native of California have been materially lessened
by the discovery of the allied species, Helix Newberryana,
from the same Zoological region. The resemblance of
H. cultellata to the group of Eastern Europe is quite re-
markable, yet our knowledge of the Mollusks of the
Pacific Coast is still too imperfect to allow us to consider
this as a unique example of resemblance between species
of the two regions.
HELIX STRIGOSA GOULD vol. ii. p. 210, pi. xxvi.
Helix sti'igosa GOULD, U. S. Ex. Ex. p. 36, fig. 41.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 112; Maine. Blatt. 1857, 32.
" Rocky Mountains in New Mexico." (Pfeiffer).
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Helix Sagraiana Orbigny, a Cuban species, is erroneously attrib-
uted to California (on the authority of Sowerby) by Pfeiffer
(Mon. i. 325) and Carpenter (Report, p. 214).
EXTRA LIMITAL SPECIES.
The following species have not yet been found within the terri-
tory of the United States, though they are known to exist in the
neighboring States of Mexico.
Helix Acutedentata W. G. Binney. Plate Ixxvi. Figure 1, and
Helix Loisa W. G. Binney. Plate Ixxvi. Figure 2. (Notes
24 THE SPECIES OF
No. 2). These are perhaps but varieties of the same species.
They inhabit Sinaloa, on the banks of the Mazatlan River.
Helix aspersa, Muller, is said by Forbes (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850,
p. 53) to have been found at Santa Barbara. Its presence
may have been accidental.
Helix Mazatlanica Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt. iii. 43, is attributed to
the locality from which its name is derived.
GENUS BULIMUS SCOPOLI.
BULIMUS CALIFORNICUS REEVE.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 15.
Bui. testa subaeuminato-ovata, tenuieula, vix umbilicata, anfr. 6, laevi-
bus, colutnella reflexa, labro simplici ; lactea, zonulis interruptis transversis
coeruleo nigricantibus cingulata.
Hob. California.
There is little novelty in the character or general aspect of this
species, but it is certainly distinct. (Reeve).
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Bulimus Californicus REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 378, (Dec. 1848).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 422.
Remarks. I have seen no authentic specimen of this
species. Above is Reeve's description, and his figure is
given on the plate referred to. Judging from them, I can-
not agree with the opinion expressed by Gould (vol. ii.
p. 275) that it is identical with B. serperastrus. The fig-
ure is one half larger than the natural size of the shell.
BULIMUS EXCELSUS GOULD.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 12.
T. elongato-ovata, acuminata, solidiuscula, laevis, fulvida, albido
strigata; spira elevata, peracuta, anfr. 7, ultimo trientes duos long, vix
sequante : apertura trientem long, adequans, sub-ovata ; labro albo antice
revoluto, subcontinuo, ad columellam expanse, fissuram latam obtegente.
Bulimus excelsus GOULD, Jouvn. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. part 3, p. 376, pi.
xiv. fig. 3, (Oct. 1853).
Bulimus elatus GOULD, 1. c. in tab.
Shell ovate-fusiform, rather solid, smooth, pale coffee-colored,
THE PACIFIC COAST. 25
with unequal longitudinal striga3 of white shading into each other,
white at suture ; spire acute, elongated ; whorls seven, moderately
convex, the last not quite two thirds the length of the shell ; aper-
ture less than half the length of the shell, obliquely subovate, lip
soon becoming revolute, broadly so in front, rising, a little nar-
rowed by a somewhat abrupt curve upon the columella, and ex-
panding again as it rises, until the two extremities of the lip nearly
meet ; the columellar portion stands off from the body whorl, dis-
playing a large umbilical fissure ; lip white, with a brown submargin
at the point of reflection.
Length, 1|- inch ; breadth, ^ inch.
Inhabits California. Maj. Rich.
This shell has very much the appearance of B. Lobbii Reeve,
from Peru ; but the aperture is larger and differently proportioned ;
the colors are less bright, the stripes broader and more blended.
B. pallidior Sowerby, has the aperture more like it. but is colorless,
and has the spire less elongated. In form it is also much like
B. xanthostoma D'Orb. It has the form of B. membranaceus, but
is much larger and thicker.
This is Gould's description. His figure is given in the
plate referred to. I have not seen the shell.
EXTRA LIMITAL.1
Bulimus chordatus Pfeiffer,
Humboldti Reeve,
Mexicanus Lamarck,
Zebra Miiller,
Ziegleri Pfeiffer,
have been detected in Cinaloa.
Bulimus vegetus Gould, was found at San Juan, Gulf of California,
(Bost. Journ. vi. 375).
Bulimus vesicalis Gould, (1. c. Oct. 1853) "inhabits lower Cali-
fornia." This name being preoccupied by a species described by
Pfeiffer, (March, 1853,) Gould suggests sufflatus in its stead.
1 Bulimus Laurentii Sowerby, var. /?, is mentioned by Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. Viv. ii.
218) as inhabiting " Sitka littoris Americas occidentals. " Whether he refers to
the Sitka of the northwest coast, or some South American locality, I do not know.
4
26 THE SPECIES OF
GENUS ACHATINA LAMARCK.
ACHATINA CALIFORNICA PFEIFFEK.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 19.
Testa subulata, tenuis, oblique confertissime rugoso-striata, cereo-al-
bida: anfr. 12-13, summi convex!, 3-4 ultimi planati, ultimus 1-6 longitu-
dinis paulo superans, basi acute carinatus, infra carinam subexcavatus ;
columella arcuata, basin attingens, incrassata, subtruncata ; apertura sub-
tetragona ; perist. simplex, acutum. Long. 23, diam. 3^ mill. Ap. 4 mill,
long. 2i lata. (Pfr.)
Achatina Californica PFEIFFER, Symb. ad. Hist. Hel. 3, p. 89 ; Mon. Hel. Viv.
ii. 267, iii. 501.
EEEVE, Con. Icon. 115, (Mar. 1850).
Remarks, I have not seen this species, which is said
to inhabit " Monterey, California." The figure I have
given is a copy of Reeve's reduced to the natural size
of the shell.
EXTRA LIMITAL.
GENUS GLANDINA SCHUMACHER.
Glandina Albersi, Pfeiffer, and
G. turris, Pfeiffer, are included by Carpenter in the Catalogue
of the Riegen Collection, (p. 175).
FAMILY AURICULACEA.
SUB-FAMILY MELAMPEA.
GENUS MELAMPUS MONTFORT.
MELAMPUS OLIVACEUS CARPENTER.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 8.
M. t, parva, sublasvi, conoidea, spira depressa, infra suturam indis-
tinctam obscure angulata ; albida, fusco-purpureo irregulariter tesselata,
epidemic adhserente, obivacea induta ; anfr. 7 vix niostrantibus, planatis ;
apertura longa, angusta, ad marginem fusco-purpurea, intus alba ; labro
ad marginem acuto, intus dentato, dentibus in liras acutas, in adulta
saepe obsoletas, decurrentibus ; labio tenui, plica una parietali, transver-
sa, inter denticulas duas sita, in juniore denticulis numerosis intus condi-
tis ; columella plica una obliqua, ad basin excurrente ; parietibus internis
in adulta absorptis. (Carpenter, 1. c.)
THE PACIFIC COAST. 27
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Melampus olivaceus CARPENTER, in Riegen Cat. of British Museum, p. 178.
anno. 1857.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not yet observed.
Shell small, rather smooth, conical ; spire depressed, ob-
tusely angulated below the suture, which does not dis-
tinctly separate the whorls ; color dirty white, with irregu-
lar patches or revolving lines of dark red or purplish ;
epidermis olive-colored ; on young or very fresh specimens
there are sometimes microscopic revolving lines near the
base of the shell, and on the spire, which cross the delicate
lines of growth so as to present under the microscope a
granulated surface ; whorls 7 to 9, the upper ones distin-
guished only by means of the lens, and flattened ; aperture
long, equalling ^ of the shell, edge variegated in color by
the termination of the reddish bands on the white ground
of the shell, within white ; the outer lip is furnished with
numerous sharp, white laminae, in the specimens before
me varying from 1 to 9 ; the parietal wall of the aperture
is covered with an almost imperceptible, shining, callus ;
there is one constant, prominent, elevated white tooth-
like lamina revolving within the shell, which is usually
placed within two smaller shorter ones ; on the columella
there is also a stouter lamina entering into the aperture,
and passing outwards and curving downwards so as to
join the termination of the labium.
Long. 13; diam. 18 mill.
Geographical Distribution. Mazatlan, (Riegen Cat.
not uncommon,) San Diego, (Mr. W. P. Blake, in Smith-
sonian Collection).
Remarks. This is the first species of the family Auri-
culacea found on the Pacific coast of North America.
There were numerous specimens found by M. Riegen,
which Mr. Carpenter describes as distinguished generally
28 THE SPECIES OF
by the olive-green epidermis, variegated with purplish-
brown patches. I find the number of laminae in the
aperture very variable, but the two prominent ones on the
labium are constant in all the individuals I have had the
opportunity of examining.
Mr. Carpenter (1. c.) says that M. Mork has labelled this
in Mr. Cuming's collection " Melampus bidentatus Say,"
and justly adds that it is much more nearly allied to
Melampus coffeus Lin. It seems to me, however, to be a
peculiarly well marked species.
The figure is taken from a specimen in the cabinet
of the Boston Society of Natural History, labelled by Mr.
Carpenter.
I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. S. F. Baird for
specimens of this species.
FAMILY ACICULACEA.
GENUS TRUNCATELLA Risso.
TRUNCATELLA CALIFORNICA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURES 20, 22.
T. non-rimata, turrito-cylindracea, truncata, tenuiscula, leviter stri-
ata, parum nitens, pallide rubello-cornea ; spira sursum vix attenuata ;
sutura simpliciter marginata ; anfr. superst. 4 convex!, sensim accres-
centes, ultimus basi non compressus ; apertura verticalis, ovalis, superne
vix angulata ; perist. simplex, continuum, margine dextro expanse,
superne sub-repando, colurnellari adnato. [Pf«]
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Truncatella Californica PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May, 1857, p. Ill;
Mon. Pneum, Viv. ii. p. 7.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell imperforate, cylindrical, truncated at tip, thin and
translucent with light striae, shining, amber-colored ;
spire in the perfect state of the shell composed of about
THE PACIFIC COAST. 29
10 whorls, of which 4 only are not deciduous ; these are
convex, increasing in size rather rapidly ; aperture oval,
vertical, rounded above ; peristome simple and continu-
ous, slightly expanded, its pillar margin scarcely attached
to the shell.
Length 4f , diam. If mill.
Geographical Distribution. San Diego, California.
Remarks. This is the only Truncatella yet found on
the western coast, excepting, perhaps, the doubtful species
from Mazatlan mentioned in the Riegen Catalogue,
p. 364.
It is readily distinguished by its amber or deep honey
color, and its shining surface nearly unbroken by ribs.
The bars are numerous, and are distinguished rather by
making the shell more opaque than by their prominence.
I am indebted to Mr. Cuming for the figure I have
given of a specimen in his collection, and to Dr. Gould
for specimens of the shell.
This is the Truncatella gracilenta mentioned in the
Errata of Vol. X. Phila. Proc. That name was proposed
by Gould before meeting with PfeifTer's description.
2. THE SPECIES EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
FAMILY LIMACEA.
GENUS VAGINULUS FERUSSAC.
VAGINULUS FLORIDIANUS BINNEY vol. ii. p. 17, pi. Ixvii.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
The following species are catalogued by Grateloup among the
American Vaginuli, (Dist. Geog. des Limaciens, p. 22). They
were all described by Rafinesque, and by him placed in his genus
Philomycus. From the general inaccuracy of that author, as well
30 LIMACEA.
as the deficiency of the descriptions, I think they should be excluded
from this or any genus.
Vaginulus flexuolaris, Vaginulus oxyurus,
" fuscus, " quadrilus.
GENUS TEBENNOPHORUS BINNEY.
The first accurate description of this genus was pub-
lished by Binney in 1841, (Proc. Boston Soc. p. 51). I
have therefore given preference to the name he proposed
over that of Rafinesque usually adopted. (Vol. II. p. 19).
Since the publication of the " Terrestrial Mollusks," the
name Tebennophorus has been retained in this country by
Stimpson (Shells of N. E.) and by Grateloup, abroad.
On the other hand, Philomycus has been adopted in
Adams's Genera of Recent Mollusca, where the charac-
teristics of the mantle are correctly given ; and in the
British Museum Catalogue of Pulmonata.
TEBENNOPHORUS CAROLINENSIS Bosc. vol. ii. p. 20, pi. Ixiii. fig. 1, 2.
Limax Carolinensis MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An.
Limax marmoratus DEKAY, absq. desc.
LINSLEY, Shell of Conn. 9.
Philomycus Carolinensis GRAY and PFIEFFER, Brit. Mus. Cat. Pulm.
H. and A. ADAMS, Genera, ii. p. 220. June, 1855. absq.
desc.
Tebennophorus Carolinensis DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 24.
STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 56, absq. desc.
In 1842 (Boston J. N. H. iv. 2) Dr. Binney referred the
Limax Carolinensis of Bosc to this genus. His descrip-
tion was the first correct one ever published. I have
therefore retained the name he proposed for it.
Rafinesque's Genus Philomycus bears an earlier date
than Tebennophorus. His description appears to me in-
sufficient to warrant this species being referred to his
genus, as it has been in the works referred to in the
synonymy.
From letters of Dr. Newcomb to Dr. Binney (1845) it
appears probable that Limax marmoratus of De Kay's ear-
LIMACEA. 31
Her report (1839, p. 31) and Linsley's Shells of Connecti-
cut (p. 9) are to be referred to this species. Its characters
are also given by Adams, in Silliman's Journal, vol. 40,
p. 275, (1841). I have also in my possession unpublished
notes of Say in which he accurately describes this species,
and points out the defects of Ferussac's and Rafinesque's
descriptions of Philomycus and Eumelus.
For anatomy of this species, vid. Wyman, Boston Soc.
Proc. i. p. 154.
It is found sparingly in Burlington Co., New Jersey.
TEBENNOPHORUS DORSALIS BINNEY vol. ii. p. 24, pi. Ixiii. fig. 3.
Philomycus dorsalis BINNEY, Proc. Boston Soc. 1841, p. 52.
GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Cat. of Pulmonata.
ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii. p. 220. absq. desc.
Limax dorsalis DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 22.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Tebennophorus bilineatus Cart., of Grateloup (Dist. Geog. p. 30) is
unknown to me.
GENUS ARION FERUSSAC.
ARION HORTENSIS FERUSSAC vol. ii. p. 27, pi. Ixiv. fig. 1, Ixv. fig. 2.
Arion hortensis DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 23.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Arion empiricorum Ferussac is quoted as an inhabitant of the
Western United States by Grateloup, (Dist. Geog. des Lima-
ciens, p. 8). It has not been noticed by any American writer.
Arion foliolatus Gould is erroneously ascribed to Boston by the
same author, (p. 8). It is an inhabitant of the Pacific Coast.
GENUS LIMAX FERUSSAC.
LIMAX VARIEGATUS DRAPANAUD vol. ii. p. 34, pi. Ixv. fig. 1.
Limax Jlavus DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 21, pi. i. fig. 5.
GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Cat.
LIMAX AGRESTIS MULLER vol. ii. p. 36, pi. Ixiv. f. 2.
Limax agrestis DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 20, pi. i. fig. 4.
32 HELICEA.
Morch (Moll. Groenl. p. 75) quotes this species as an
inhabitant of Greenland.
LIMAX CAMPESTRIS BINNEY vol. ii. p. 41, pi. Ixiv. fig. 3.
Limax campestris BINNEY, Proc. Boston Soc. 1841, p. 52.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 23.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Limax Columbianus Gould, is quoted erroneously by Grateloup
(Dist. Geog. des Limaciens, p. 14) as inhabiting the Northern and
Western States. It is found only on the Pacific Coast.
Limax fuliginosus Gould, and
Limax olivaceus Gould, are erroneously quoted by the same
author (p. 30) as American.
Limax lineatus DeKay, is mentioned byname only, (vol. ii. p. 33).
Limax gracilis Rafinesque, of Grateloup and Gray and Pfeiffer, is
Deroceras gracilis of the following list.
Of the following species of Rafinesque, Nos. 1, 2,. and 3 are quoted
in Grateloup's Catalogue, and No. 4-10 are described in the Brit-
ish Museum Catalogue of Pulmonata. The original description of
these species is given in vol. i. p. 51, et seq.
1. Eumelus 6. Philomycus
2. lividus, 7. " flexuolaris,
3. " nebulosus, 8. " fuscus,
4. Deroceras 9. " oxyurus,
5. gracilis, 10. " quadrilus.
Gray and Pfeiffer also ascribe to Rafinesque the genera Testa-
cina, Urcinella, and Zilotea. I have never met with any descrip-
tion of them, and therefore exclude them with the others as
unworthy of a place in the Catalogue of American Pulmonata.
FAMILY HELICEA.
GENUS VITRINA DRAPANAUD.
VITRINA ANGEL.ICLE BECK.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 9.
Testa convexiusculodepressa, lasvigata, nitida, pellucida, virenti-lutea ;
spira parvula, sub-pro ininula ; sutura subtiliter crenulata ; anfr. 3^ rapide
accrescentes, ultimus subtus latus; apertura obliqua, lunato-ovalis ; perist.
VITRINA. 33
simplex, subinflexum, margine columellari non recedente, leviter arcu-
ato. Diam. maj. 6 ; min. 4| ; alt. 3£ mill. [Pfeiffer].
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Vitrina Angelica, BECK, Index, p. 1 (absq. desc.)
MOLLER, Index Moll. Grcenl. p. 4, (teste Pfr.)
PFEFFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 510.
MORCH nat. Bidr. af Gron. p. 75 (absq. desc.)
Helix pdlucida FABRICIUS, Fauna Groenl. p. 389, excl. Syn. Miiller.
Helix domestica STROM, Der Tronh. Vidensk. &c. vol. iii. p. 435, tab. vi.
fig. 15, (teste Fabricius).
Geographical Distribution. Found in Greenland. Arch-
angel (Fabricius).
Remarks. " Closely resembling V. pellucida, being scarce-
ly distinguished by the more rapidly enlarging whorls, and
the form of the aperture." (Pfeiffer, 1. c.) I have not seen
this species. The figure I have given was drawn from
a specimen in Mr. Cuming's collection.
Fabricius referred this species to V. pellucida Miiller.
His description is given below. I have not been able to
obtain access to Strom's description.
HELIX PELLUCIDA (Fabricius, 1. c.) Helix testa imperforata, de-
pressiuscula nitida, subvirescente, anfr. tribus. Descriptioneni hujus
exactissimam ap. Mull, de Verm. 1. c. habemus. Vertex in meis omnibus
albus, reliquum testse albidovirescens. Anfractus maximus verticaliter
plures strias subtiles subeminentes habet, ad suturam notabiliores.
VITRINA LJMPIDA GOULD vol. ii. p. 58, pi. Ixvii. a, fig. 1.
Vitrina pelludda DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 25, pi. iii, fig. 4, 5 a. b.
STIMPSON Shells of N. E. p. 55, (absq. descr.) Say (Binney)
p. 31.
Vitrina Americana PFEIFFER, Dec. 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 156.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 9, pi. i. fig. 22-25, (1854).
Vitrina limpida GOULD, in Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 243, 1850. Terr. Moll. 1. c.
PFEIFFER, Malac. Blatt. ii. p. 10, (1856).
In 1850 this species was declared to be distinct from the
European V. pellucida by Gould. In 1852 a description
of it was published by Pfeiffer under the name of V.
Americana. That author has since withdrawn his name
in favor of Gould's.
34 HELICEA.
Say changed his opinion of the identity of this species
and V. pellucidd) subsequently to the publication of Long's
Expedition. Among his notes, kindly furnished me by
Mrs. Say, is a description of it under the name of Helico-
limax canaliculata. The description was never published.
Stimpson (1. c.) observes, " This being a boreal species,
occurring in Greenland, it is probable that it is identical
with the European one to which it was referred by Mr.
Say."
GENUS SUCCINEA DRAPANAUD.
SUCCINEA CAMPESTRIS SAY vol. ii. p. 67, pi. Ixvii. b, fig. 1.
Succinea campestris SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 12.
PFEIFFER, Symb. ii. p. 56, (excl. Syn. Gould); Mon. Hel.
Viv. ii. p. 524, (excl. do.); iii. p. 15, (excl.
Syn. DeKay).
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 48, pi. v. f. 5, 6, (1854).
DESHAYES in Fer. ii. p. 139, nee DeKay, p. 54; Adams,
Linsley, Anthony, Prescott, (abs. desc.)
In Chemnitz, Pfeiffer, and Deshayes, S. campestris Gould
is erroneously quoted as a synonym of this species.
Bishop Elliott discovered in the old cemetery at Savan-
nah a variety, distinguished by a beautiful golden apex
and uniform amber color.
Authentic specimens of this species are still preserved
in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences.
SUCCINEA INFLATA LEA vol. ii. p. 66, pi. Ixxx. fig. 11.
Having examined the original specimen of this shell in
Mr. Lea's cabinet, I am inclined to doubt its specific
weight. I have, however, had an outline of his specimen
figured, and propose to leave to the future the question of
its identity with S. campestris Say.
Succinea inflata LEA. 1. c. 1841; Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. p. 5, (1844).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 526; iii. p. 16.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 49, pi. v. fig. 9-11, (1854).
Succinea campestris var. BINNEY, vol. ii. p. 67.
SUCCLNEA. 35
Pfeiffer observes that the specimens which he describes
were received from Griffith, and agree with Femssac's fig-
ure of S. campestris.
The same author mentions a variety " Unicolor, corneo-
lutea," from the vicinity of New Orleans.
SUCCINE A OBLIQUA SAY vol. ii. p. 69, pi. Ixvii. b, fig. 3.
Succinea obliqua SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 32, pi. Ixxiv. f. 7.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 47, pi. v. fig. 1, 2, (1854).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. p. 15.
Succinea ovalis SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 8.
ADAMS, Shells of Vermont, p. 6, (1842).
DESHAYES, in Encycl. Meth. ii. p. 20; Fer. Hist. 1. c, ii. p. 139,
(excl. syn. Gould).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 524; iii. p. 15, (excl. syn. Gould).
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 48, pi. v. fig. 3, 4.
Succinea lineata DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 53, pi. iv. f. 51.
Succinea campestris of all American authors except Say.
Pfeiffer in 1841 (Symb. i. p. 7) says of Succinea obliqua^
" An potius Linnaeus." In 1853 he describes it as a Sue-
cine a.
It has been found at Ottawa City, Canada, (J. H. Red-
field), and in the basin of the Red River of the North,
(Robert Kennicott).
SUCCINEA TOTTENIANA LEA vol. ii. p. 65, 72, pi. Ixvii. b, fig. 2.
Succinea Tolteniana LEA, Proc. Phil. Soc. ii. p. 32, (1841); Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix.
p. 4, (1844).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 526 ; iii. p. 15,
GOULD, in Terr. Moll. 1. c.
Succinea obliqua BINNEY, var. 1. c.
I agree entirely with Lea and Gould in separating this
shell from S. obliqua. Its characteristics are constant and
well marked in specimens, in my cabinet, obtained from
Newport, R. I. (Lea) ; Maine, (Binney) ; Greenwich, N. Y.
(Ingalls) ; and Marblehead, Mass. (J. P. Haskell).
SUCCINEA AVARA SAY vol. ii. p. 74, pi. Ixvii. c, fig. 4.
Succinea avara SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 32, pi. 74, f. 6.
PFEIFFER, Symb. ii. p. 56; Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 525, iii. p. 15.
36 HELICEA.
Succinea avara DE KAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 54, pi. iv. fig. 55.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 51, pi. v. fig. 18-20, (1854).
Succinea Wardiana PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 525; iii. p. 15.
LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. p. 3, (1844).
Pfeiffer (1. c.) gives Lea's description of S. Wardiana,
marking the species as one he had not seen.
Specimens which are apparently referable to S. avara
have been found at Alexandria, La. (Coll. Lea), and at
St. Simon's Isle, Ga. (Postell).
I have found this species under logs, at great distances
from any water. In this respect its habits differ from
those of the other Succinece of America.
In my Notes, No. 4, 1 have catalogued Succinea vermeta
separately. I am not at all convinced of its identity with
this species. I have never seen any specimen answering
Say's description of the suture. It seems best, however,
to leave S. vermeta in the synonymy of S. avara, where it
has been placed by Binney, Gould, Adams, De Kay, and
Pfeiffer. The original description is given below.
It is very certain that the large variety of S. avara is
not S. vermeta, though usually known by that name. It
sometimes reaches the length of 13 millimetres. I have
it from Ohio, Utica, N. Y. (Jewett), and Mohawk, N. Y.
(Lewis).
Say's original specimens of S. avara are preserved in
the Philadelphia Academy.
SUCCINEA VERMETA (Binney's ed. p. 38). Shell suboval, yellowish,
very thin and fragile, somewhat diaphanous, with nearly three very ob-
lique volutions ; whorls very much rounded-, wrinkled ; suture very pro-
foundly impressed ; spire rather prominent and acute ; aperture ovate,
the superior termination rounded.
Inhabits margins of ponds near New Harmony.
This species is remarkable for the very deep indentation of its suture,
giving to the whorls of the spire the appearance of being almost sepa-
rated from resting on each other ; and by this character it may be readily
distinguished from the other species of this country. It was found by Dr.
Troost. (Say).
SUCOINEA. 37
STJCC1NEA AUREA LEA vol. ii. p. 76, pi. Ixvii. c. fig. 3.
Succinea aurea LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. p. 4, (1844).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 525; iii. 15.
Succinea ova'iis var. ANTHONY, Shells of Ohio. 1843.
It has been found on Goat Island, Niagara Falls, (T.
Bland.)
SUCCINEA OVALIS GOULD, non SAY vol. ii. p. 78, pi. Ixvii. a. fig. 3.
The only other reference to this species is in Gould's
Invertebrata and perhaps in Adams's Shells of Vermont.
Other authors have confounded it with Say's species.
I have specimens from Wisconsin, (Lapham) ; South
Illinois (Kennicott) ; Michigan (Winchel) ; and Burling-
ton, N. J.
SUCCINEA RETUSA LEA vol. ii. pp. 65, 66.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 7.
Succinea retusa LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. v. p. 117, pi. xix. fig. 86,
(1837).
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 55.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 525.
Succinea campestris ANTHONY, Ohio Cat. absq. descr.
If this species were identical with S. ova/is Gould, as
suggested by Binney, it would take precedence by the
rule of priority of publication. After examining the
specimen from which Lea's description was drawn, I
have decided to consider it a distinct species. The
figure is a fac-simile of the outline of Lea's.
Pfeiffer had not seen this species, and DeKay mentions
it among the extralimital species.
Lea remarks, (1. c.) " It differs so much from any of the
described species, in the dilatation and retraction of the
inferior part of the aperture, that I have not hesitated to
consider it new."
38 HELICEA.
SUCCINEA GROENLANDICA BECK.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURE 4.
T. oblonga, solidula, striatula, vix nitidula, pallide cornea, albido-
strigata; spira scalaris, papillata; anfr. 3, penultimus perconvexus, ulti-
mus | longitudinis subaequans ; columella substricte recedens ; apertura
ovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro arcuato. Long. 8 ; lat. 5^ ;
alt. 3£ mill. Ap. 5^ mill, longa, 3^ lata. (Pfeiffer).
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea Groenlandica BECK, Ind. abs. desc.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 529; iii. 20.
MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 4, (teste Pfr.)
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell elongated, rather heavy, lightly wrinkled, of a
light horn color, mixed with white ; spire scalariform,
bulbous ; whorls 3, the penultimate quite convex, the last
equalling about f the length of the shell ; columella reced-
ing and narrowed, covered with a white callus ; aperture
oval ; peristome simple, the right margin curved.
Greatest length 8, breadth 5£, millimetres. Length of
the aperture 5^, breadth 3 1.
Geographical Distribution. Greenland (Moller, Morch,
&c.)
Remarks. This species is easily distinguished by its
bulbous, turretted spire, and by its light horn color, broken
by longitudinal white vittse. When the epidermis is
removed, the shell is of a dead white. The specimen
figured is in Mr. Eland's collection.
SUCCINEA LINEATA.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURE 5.
Testa oblongo-ovata, solidior, albida aut cinerea ; spira elevata, acuta ;
anfractus 3 convex!, lineis parallelis inter rugas incrementales volventi-
bus ornati ; sutura impressa ; apertura orbiculata-ovata, oviformis, par-
tem testae dimidiam aequans ; columella plicata, callo albo induta.
SUCCINEA. 39
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea lineata W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. N. S. of Phila. vol. ix. p. 19;
Notes, p. 1, (February 1857). Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. rol.
vi. p. 155, (April, 1857).
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell oblong-ovate, with three very convex whorls ;
spire elevated, acute ; surface marked with irregular wrin-
kles of growth, between which are coarse parallel revolv-
ing lines, somewhat removed from each other. Aperture
large, about as long as one half of the whole length of the
shell, oval ; columella folded ; a deposition of callus on
the parietal wall of the aperture.
Greatest diameter, 6 ; alt. 12 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Collected in considerable
quantity by Dr. F. V. Hayden, (Yellowstone, Expl. Ex.)
on high hills near Fort Union, Nebraska Territory.
Remarks. The specimens collected being dead and
eroded, it is impossible to say what is the color of the
shell when fresh. It is probably ashy white, resembling
the true S. campestris of the Southern States. The re-
volving lines which distinguish it are most apparent on
the middle of the body whorl. These are quite coarse, and
placed at irregular intervals ; — on some specimens scarcely
discernible. The aperture is unlike that of any other of
our species ; being correctly egg-shaped, — it is nearest in
form to that of S. campestris, but is less expanded. The
parietal wall of the aperture is unusually horizontal.
In general aspect it resembles somewhat S. vermeta,
but is distinguished from that shell by its more oval shape,
and the greater convexity of the whorls. It is the heaviest
American species.
This species must not be confounded with S. lineata
DeKay.
40 HELICEA.
SUCCINEA HAYDENI.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 1.
Testa elongato-ovalis, tenuis, pellucida, succinea ; spira parva, acuta ;
anfr. 3 convex!, ultimus rugis levibus incrementalibus et sulcis crassis
spiralibus, interruptis, inequaliter notatus ; sutura mediocris ; columella
callo levi induta, apicem interiorera a basi testae monstrans ; apertura
obliqua, ovalis, 5-7 long, testae aequans, ad basin expansior.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea Haydeni W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila. x. p. 114. May,
1858. Notes, p. 15.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal of an uniform amber color, judging from the
specimens preserved in spirits in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institute.
Shell elongate-oval, thin, shining, amber-colored ; spire
short, acute ; whorls three, convex, the last marked with
the wrinkles of growth, and irregular, heavy, spiral fur-
rows ; suture moderate ; columella covered lightly with
callus, and allowing all the interior whorls to be seen
from below to the apex ; aperture oblique, oval, 5-7ths the
length of the shell, the lower portion of its margin con-
siderably expanded.
Length 21 ; diameter 9 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found in considerable num-
bers by Dr. F. V. Hayden, the Geologist of the Yellow-
stone Exploring Expedition, in Nebraska, between the
rivers Loup Fork and L'eau qui court.
Var. Minor. Length 15 mill. Found by Mr. Robert
Kennicott near the Red River of the North.
Remarks. This is the largest known American Suc-
cinea.
Mr. Say describes S. ovalis as showing the interior apex
from the base of the shell ; in other respects his descrip-
tion does not apply to this shell. Its aperture is nearer
that of S. ovalis Gould non Say, but the peristome is
SUCCINBA. 41
much more flexuose, and the upper third of the shell be-
comes gradually attenuated, so as to give a sharp pointed
appearance, though the spire itself is short. The revolving
lines are sometimes continuous over the whole body whorl,
but generally interrupted, or confined to the interstices of
the incremental striae or wrinkles. It shares this peculiar-
ity with S. concordialis Gould, and S. lineata nob.
Named in honor of Dr. F. V. Hayden, the discoverer of
the species.
SUCCINE A LUTEOLA GOULD vol. ii. p. 75, pi. Ixvii. c. fig. 1.
Succinea luteola PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 16.
Texasiana PFEIFFER, 1. c. vol. ii. p. 526 ; vol. iii. p. 17 ; in Roemer's
Texas, p. 456.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 42; pi. iv. f. 21-23, (1854).
PfeifTer (Sept. 1857) writes " My Succinea Texasiana is
a synonym of luteola Gould.
SUCCINEA CONCORDIALIS GOULD vol. ii. p. 82, pi. Ixvii. a. fig. 2.
Succinea concordialis PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. p. 16.
munita BINNEY, vol. i.
SUCCINEA EFFUSA SHUTTLEWORTH.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURE 12.
T. depresso-ovata, tenuissima, striatula, parum nitens, diapliana, griseo-
cornea ; spira brevissima, acuta ; anfr. 2£, ultimus magnus, depressus, 5-6
longitudinis aequans, columella vix arcuata, subrecedens ; apertura ampla,
obliqua, ovalis ; perist. simplex, regulariter arcuatum, basi non incum-
bens. (Pfr.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea effusa SHUTTLEWORTH, mss.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. p. 17.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 42, pi. iv. fig. 18-20, (1854).
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell depressed-oval, very thin, transparent and shining,
lightly striated, grayish horn-colored; spire remarkably
6
42 HELICEA.
short, acute ; whorls 2J, the last one very much the largest,
depressed, equalling f the length of the shell ; columella
scarcely rounded and hardly receding ; aperture very large,
oblique and oval ; peristome simple, regularly rounding.
Length 12, diameter 7 millimetres. Length of the aper-
ture 10, breadth 6 mill.
Geographical Distribution. East Florida (Pfeiffer) ;
Spring Garden, Lake Florida (Eland's Coll.)
Remarks. It is readily distinguished from the other
American species by the proportionally short spire, the
very large body whorl, and expanded aperture.
STJCCINEA SALLEANA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 18.
T. depresso-ovata, tenuissima, striatula, lineis spirallbus impressis ir-
regulariter notata, pellucida, nitida, corneo-albida ; spira brevissima, sub-
papillata ; anfr. 2^, penultimus convexus, ultimus | longitudinis superans ;
columella subcallosa, stricte recedens ; apertura axi subparallela, angulato
ovalis ; perist. submavginatum, margine dextro vix arcuate. Long. 19,
diam. 10, alt. 7 mill. Ap. 16 mill, longa, infra medium 9 lata. (Pfeiffer).
Habitat prope New Orleans. (Salle).
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea Salleana PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Nov. 1849, p. 133 ; Mon. Hel. Viv.
iii. 16.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 49, pi. 5, fig. 7, 8.
Remarks. I have not seen this species. The above is
Pfeiffer's description, and the figure given on pi. 79 is a
fac-simile outline of that referred to.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Succinea putris, Lin., (DeKay, 1839, p. 31, Fer. Tabl. Syst. p. 9,)
and
Succinea amphibia, Drap. (Forbes Br. Ass. 1837, p. 144, Ferussac ;
Tabl. Syst. ; Binney, vol. ii. p. 159,) have been quoted from
America. Having never seen a well authenticated specimen of
either, I omit them.
HELIX. 43
GENUS HELIX LINN JF. us.
I have followed the artificial arrangement of species of
this genus proposed on p. 92 of vol. ii.
HELIX MAJOR BINNEY vol. ii. p. 96, pi. 1.
Helix major DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 45.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. of Mol. An. pi. 291, fig. 1, abs. desc. ex. Bost.
Journ. non major Beck, p. 2.
Helix albolabris y PFEIFFER, Symb. ad Hist. Hel. ii. 22; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 290.
C. CHEAINITZ, ed. 2, i. 81, (1846).
Bdix albolabris DESHAYES, in Fer. in tab. 1. c.
REEVE, No. 656, (1852).
BLAND, Notes, p. 50, N. Y. Lyceum, vi. 359.
Well marked specimens of this species are rare in col-
lections. It is, perhaps, owing to this fact that so few
authors have followed Binney in separating it from H.
albolabris.
For my own part, I am thoroughly convinced of its
specific weight. Dr. Newcomb and Dr. Gould agree with
me. On the other hand, Bland unites the two. It is sub-
ject to variation as are most of our species, and some in-
dividuals of H. albolabris may nearly approach some of
its extreme forms. I am, however, confident of its being
generally acknowledged as soon as it becomes better
known.
The second figure of Ferussac referred to is a correct
representation of the species. Deshayes makes no men-
tion of it by name in the text of his continuation of that
work, but appears to have confounded the two.
Morch (Cat. Yoldi, p. 7) erroneously gives " H. major,
Ohio."
It is catalogued distinct from albolabris by H. and A.
Adams, ii. 206.
HELIX ALBOLABRIS SAY vol. ii. p. 99, pi. 11.
Helix albolabris SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 21, pi. 69, fig. 1.
ADAMS, in Thompson's Vt. 1, 158, with wood-cut.
44 HELICEA.
Helix albolabris CHENU, Bibl. Conch. 3, 23, pi. iii. fig. 3 a.
PFEIFFER, Symb. ad Hel. Hist. ii. p. 22, Excl. y and d; Mon-
Hel. Viv. i. 290. Excl. /3 and Y; iii- 269.
POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Gal. p. 69.
CHEMNITZ, i. 81, pi. xv. f. 7, 8, (1847). Excl. var. C. and D. pi.
x. fig. 4, 5.
KEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 624.
DESHAYES, in Fer. pi. xliii. fig. 1, 2, 3, 5; i. 137.
BILLINGS, Canadian Nat. and Geol. 1857, ii. 98, fig. 2, 3.
BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. 358; Notes 49.
Pfeiffer's var. 7 and d of the Symbolae are respectively
major and exoleta. In the Monograph his ft is perhaps the
former, and his 7 certainly is. In Chemnitz ed. nov. he
figures exoleta as var. D, and places major as C.
Deshayes in Ferussac's History erroneously gives Flori-
da and Guadeloupe as the habitat. From his reference
to Ferussac's plates he seems to confound H. major with
H. albolabris.
Petiver mentions this species in Phil. Trans. 1698, p.
395.
As already mentioned, Bland unites major to this
species.
I have this species from fourteen States. The series
presents very remarkable variation in the height of the
spire and in the form of the aperture. From Illinois I
have a few of a large variety, furnished with a strong,
tooth-like prominence on the reflected lip, near its col-
umella extremity. There is a variety, quite common
among the Pennsylvania Mountains, characterized by a
strong parietal denticle. It might readily be confounded
with exoleta, but wants the more ventricose body whorl
of the latter. It occurs fossil in the Postpleiocene. From
Natchez Bluff, I have specimens with a remarkably flat-
tened spire.
Helix rufa DeKay (N. Y. Moll. p. 44, pi. iii. fig.
30 a b.) appears to be the young of this species. It cer-
tainly cannot be placed, even doubtfully, in the synonymy
HELIX. 45
of Iccmgata, as Pfeiffer has determined it. The latter
species does not occur in New York.
HELIX MULTILINE ATA SAY vol. ii. p. 103, pi. iii.
Helix multilineata SAY, (Binney ed.) p. 15.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 41. pi. iii. fig. 24.
PFEIFFER, Syrab. ad Hist. Hel. i. 41 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 290 ;
iii. 269.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 41, pi. Ixxi. fig. 17-19, (1849).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 691, (1852).
DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 113, pi. 1. c.
I have a variety of this with an open umbilicus. Anoth-
er, received from Mr. I. A. Lapham, of Wisconsin, is small,
of an uniform brownish-red, without any revolving lines.
Another resembles H. Pennsylvanica both in its general
form and in the shape of the aperture. These, with those
mentioned on p. 104, are the principal varieties. The ex-
tremes of size among the specimens in my cabinet are 19
and 29 mill, in diameter.
The varieties mentioned by Pfeiffer and Deshayes are
distinguished merely by the revolving bands. In a large
suite of specimens it is rare to find two on which these
bands and lines are similarly arranged.
It has been found at Lake Canadaigua, N. Y. (Slack).
HELIX PENNSYLVANICA GREEN vol. ii. p. 105, pi. vii.
Helix Pennsylvanica DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 41, pi. iii. fig. 34.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 51, t. 73, fig. 4, 5. (Excl. H. clausa).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 270. (Excl. H. clausa).
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 291, fig. 5, absq. desc. (Ex.
Bost. Journ.)
EEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 676. (Excl. syn.)
BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. 299; Notes 23.
Helix Milchelliana DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 137, pi. xcvii. fig. 4-7, nee 13-1*5.
Green described this species in 1827, and deposited three
specimens of it in the collection of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy, where they are still preserved. In 1837 another de-
scription and an excellent figure were published by Binney
HELICEA.
in a well-known and widely circulating Journal. It is, there-
fore, surprising that so many authors and collectors have
confounded it with Helix clausa^ quite a distinct species.
Such, however, has been the case, as a reference to the
above synonymy will show. It is, however, well known
under its correct name by means of the figures published
by Binney, Reeve, and Chemnitz, ed. 2. Deshayes is the
only one who has figured it under a wrong name.
Bland has carefully and correctly arranged the synony-
my in his valuable " Notes."
Pfeiffer adds doubtfully to the synonymy H. thyroidus
var. edentula. Beck, Ind. p. 23.
Has been found also in Illinois, (Kennicott).
The following is Green's description: —
Shell subglobose, spire elevated, whorls six or seven, with
numerous oblique wrinkles or stride, sutures deeply impressed,
epidermis smooth, and of an olive-brown color, like most of the
American Helices, umbilicus closed or masked, aperture slightly
contracted at the base, a small callosity on the inner margin of the
other lip, near its lower angle ; shell rather more than J- inch in
diameter.
This shell resembles the H. clausa of Mr. Say, but may very
readily be distinguished from that species by the closed umbilicus,
the number of its whorls, and its general form. This shell is not
uncommon near Charters Creek, Washington Co., Pa. I obtained
live or six specimens with but very little trouble ; associates with
solitaria, profunda and palliata.
HELIX CLAUSA SAY. . .vol. ii. p. 107, pi. iv. (excepting the outline figures).
Htlix clausa SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 17, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1.
CHEMNITZ, Bibl. Concb. iii. 50, pi. xiii. fig. 2.
REEVE, fig. 694.
BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. 336 ; Notes 27.
Helix Pennsylvania PFEIFFER, Ex. parte, Symb. ad Hist. Hel. ii. 36; Mon. Hel.
Viv. i. 291.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 51, ex parte.
REEVE, ex parte, No. 676.
Helix MUchelliana CHEMNITZ, 1. c. i. 332, pi. Ivi. fig. 6-8.
HELIX. 47
I have differed from the opinion of H. Mitchelliana
expressed on vol. ii. p. 109. My reasons for so doing will
be found under that species. The outline figures repre-
senting it must, therefore, not be confounded with the
central figures.
H. clausa Say has not been correctly described nor
figured by any author but Say and Binney, until the last
year, when it was correctly treated by Bland. DeKay
has, indeed, described it as distinct from Pennsylvanica,
but his figure is little characteristic, and his notes of its
geographical distribution are incorrect. Reeve's figure
referred to in the Synonymy may, perhaps, represent this
species. In the text he confounds it with Pennsylvanica.
In the second edition of Chemnitz, Pfeiffer appears to
have described and figured it, though he doubtfully refers
it to Mitchelliana.
Say's original specimen is still preserved in the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences.
The species occurs fossil in the Postpleiocene, and
is found in the greatest profusion in some portions of
the South, in what appears to be a semi-fossil condi-
tion. I have seen fresh specimens from Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Kentucky (Kennicott), Missouri, Wisconsin, Mis-
sissippi, Alabama (Showalter).
The rounded, smoother variety, figured in the Boston
Journal, may be distinguished from the foil owing species
principally by its perforation. There are forms, also,
which nearly approach H. bucculenta.
HELIX MITCHELLIANA LEA.
PLATE IV. Outline figures.
T. superne obtuso-conica, inferne inflata, longitudinaliter et sub-
tiliter striata, cornea, diaphana, imperforata, anfr. 5 ; apertura sub-
rotundata ; labro reflexo ; columella lasvi.
Shell above obtusely conical, below inflated, longitudinally and
48 HELICEA.
finely striate ; horn color, transparent, imperforate ; whorls 5 ;
aperture nearly round ; outer lip reflexed ; columella smooth.
Remarks. I am indebted to Dr. Mitchell for this shell, which
was sent to him by a friend from Ohio. It is rather larger than
the H. clausa Say, and H. jejuna Say, but in form resembles them.
It may be distinguished from the latter in not being perforate, and
from the former in having a sharper lip. In its strias it is distinct
from both, in having them larger and much better defined.
Hob. Ohio. Diam. 7. Length .4 of an inch. [Lea].
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Hdix Mitchelliana LEA, 1. c.
TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1839, ii. 221.
DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 45.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. V. i. 291; iii. 270.
BLAND, N. Y. Lyceum, vi. 339 ; Notes 29.
Helix clausa BINNEY, ex parte, p. 109.
In addition to the above synonymy, Pfeiffer and Bland
quote doubtfully De Kay's figure of clausa. It is certainly
little characteristic of either Mitchelliana or clausa.
Lea's figure is poor, and his remarks had better be en-
tirely cancelled, having been written under a misappre-
hension of both the species referred to.
The figures I have referred to were intended to represent
this species, and appear to me to do so. My friend Mr.
Bland, however, refers them to clausa.
The shell figured by Deshayes under this name is H.
Pennsylvanica. The figure in Chemnitz represents H.
clausa. Anthony (Ohio Cat.) places Mitchelliana in the
synonymy of clausa^ and Kirtland (Ohio Rep.) seems to
have catalogued it under the name of Mitchella.
I have never known this species to be found out of
Ohio, where it appears to be not uncommon. It is
readily distinguished from clausa by its more globose
form and smooth, shining surface, its imperforate base,
and by the following peculiarities pointed out by Bland.
(1. c.) '
HELIX. 49
u 111 H. clausa the umbilical region is more widely exca-
vated, and the groove, behind the reflected lip, producing
the contraction of the aperture, is continued at the base
of the shell, becoming wider as it joins the umbilical
opening. In H. Mitchelliana the groove is almost obliter-
ated at the point of reflection of the lip over the um-
bilicus, by the more tumid character of the last whorl."
HELIX BERLANDERIANA MORICAND vol. ii. p. xlix. fig. 1.
Helix Berlanderiana DESHAYES, 3d ed. Lam. iii, 316.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 275, pi. cxxiii. figs. 15-18.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 227, (nee. i.)
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 708, (1852).
Helix pacliyloma MENKE in Pfeiffer 1. c. i. 323; Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 32.
Helix virginalis PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 132, i. 165 sub nomine Berlander-
iance.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, 5. 260, pi. xxxviii. figs. 18, 19.
There is considerable confusion in the synonymy of this
species, owing to the extreme varieties having been con-
sidered distinct species. I have never seen H. virginalis,
but am persuaded by the description and figure published
by Pfeiffer in Chemnitz that it is identical with Berlander-
iana. I give below his description and on pi. 77, fig. 22,
a fac-simile of his figure. Those persons who follow him
in separating the two, will remove H. virginalis and its
references from the above synonymy. In so doing, it
must be borne in mind that the shell described by him as
Berlanderiana in vol. i. of the Monograph, is in vol. iii.
considered virginalis. (See also Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848,
p. 115.)
PfeifFer acknowledges in vol. iii. that his pachyloma of
vol. i. is the true Berlanderiana.
The shell figured on pi. 49 as H. albozonata will be
treated under the following species.
The species is found also in Mexico.
7
50 HELICEA.
Moricand's description is given below, as well as Pfeif-
fer's.
Helix Berlanderiana. H. t. globosa, perforata, lucida, alba vel cine-
rea, fascia unica, angusta cincta ; labro exteriori crassiusculo, patulo.
Long. 8, larg. 7 mill. — Mexique, dans Prov. de Texas.
Cette coquille, tres voisine par sa forme de I'H. tonelus, Fer., est d'un
blanc sale, formee de 5 tours, le sommet obtus ; tres-finement striee, les
stries peu sensibles et tres rapprochees ; une bande etroite d'un gris clair,
transparente, occupe le milieu du dernier tour et se prolonge sur le bord
exterieur des tours de la spire ; 1'ouverture est semicirculaire ; la levre
interieure peu apparente, Pexterieure plus epaisse que le reste de la
coquille, renflee interieurement par un bourrelet, qui la fait paraitre
evasee, le bord inferieur reflechi sur 1'ombilic dont il couvre la moitie.
Obs. Les individus que j'ai reQus etaient tous depouilles de leur epiderme.
Helix virginalis. T. umbilicata, depressa, striata, lucida, alba vel
cinerea, interdum unifasciata ; anfr. 4^ convexiusculi, ultimus basi ini-
flatus ; apertura lunato-subcircularis ; perist. acutum, intus labiatum,
margine columellari juxta umbilicum angustum vix reflexo. Diam. maj.
8£, min. 7£, alt. 5| mill. Hab. in Texas. (Vid. pi. 77, fig. 22.)
HELIX GRISEOLA PFEIFFER.
PLATE XL1X. FIGURE 2. PLATE LXXVII. FIGURE 20.
T. umbilicata, depresso-globosa, oblique striatula, nitidula, grisea,
cingulis pallide fulvis, albo-marginatis circumdata ; spira brevis ; anfr.
4-41 vix convexiusculi ; umbilicus angustissimus ; apertura lunaris ;
perist. simplex, album, reflexiusculum, margine columellari subexpanso.
Diam. maj. 10, min. 8|, alt. 6 mill. (Pfr )
Helix griseola PFEIFFER, Symb. Ad. Hist. Hel. i. 41; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 337,
iii. 228.
EEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 327, (1852).
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 342, pi. lx. figs. 17, 18.
Helix cicercula FERUSSAC in Mus. teste Pfeiffer.
Helix splendidula ANTON, Verz. p. 36, absq. desc. teste Pfeiffer.
Helix albocincta BINNEY, i. 128.
Helix albozonata BINNEY in tab.
Brandybcena pisum BECK, Index, p. 18, nbs. desc. teste Pfeiffer.
This is the shell referred to in vol. i. as albocincta, on
pi. 49, as albozonata, and by Gould, vol. iii. p. 34, as
albolineata. It would probably have been described as
HELIX. 51
distinct from Berlanderiana had the author lived to finish
his work. Pfeiffer has, however, given its specific weight.
A fac-simile of his figure in Chemnitz is given (pi. 77,
fig. 20).
My specimens are from Texas. It is quoted from Vera
Cruz, Mexico, by Pfeiffer, who also specifies a Central
American variety.
HELIX HORTENSIS MULLER vol. ii. p. Ill, pi. viii.
Helix subglobosa DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 31, pi. ii. fig. 14, pi. iii. fig. 39.
nemoralis STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. 54, (abs. desc.)
Inhabits also Greenland, (Morch,) and perhaps Con-
necticut, (Linsley, Am. Journ. 48, 280).
HELIX ASPERSA MULLER vol. ii. p. 117, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 4.
I am indebted for the shell figured to Dr. L. R. Gibbes,
of Charleston, S. C.
HELIX DIVEST A GOULD vol. ii. pp. 122, 357, pi. xiii. a- fig. 2.
Helix abjecta PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 270.
HELIX VARIANS MENKE vol. ii. p. 123, pi. xlvi; xlvii; Ixxviii. fig. 22.
Helix varians MENKE teste Pfeiffer.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 221, pi. cix. figs. 1-5.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 238; iii. 183.
Helix carnicolor- PFEIFFER, Symb. i. 37.
FERUSSAC Podr. 293 (absq. desc.)
DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 205, pi. xxix. A. figs. 14-17.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 283, (1852).
Helix pisana CHEMNITZ, ix. P. 2. p. 139. t. 132, fig. 1186. 87. Nee Miiller.
FERUSSAC, Hist. 1. c. ?
Helix submeris PFEIFFER, Mon. iii. 183.
Helix rhodocheila BINNEY, olim.
Hemotrickus hcemostomus SWAINSON, Malac. p. 165, f. 19. ?
In the Smithsonian Institute are specimens from Key
Biscayne.
There can, I think, be no doubt of the identity of H.
polychroa with H. varians of Porto Rico. Dr. Pfeiffer so
decided after receiving authentic specimens from me.
52 HELICEA.
Mighel's description of submeris is as follows.
Shell conic-globose, smooth, incremental strise distinct, apex sub-
acute ; spire elevated, whorls 5^, suture distinct, epidermis dark chest-
nut or mahogany colored, mottled, with an interrupted white zone
around the body whorl ; convex beneath, umbilicus minute, the region
white ; lip simple, thickened within ; internal lip blending with the last
whorl, and, with the inner margin of the outer lip, of a beautiful rose
tint. Height 1^ inch; breadth the same; depth | inch. Hab. Key
West. Florida,
Pfeiffer (1. c.) merely gives a Latin version of this de-
scription, never having seen the shell.
HELIX EI.EVATA SAY vol. ii. p. 126, pi. iv.
Helix elevala SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 27, pi. 37, fig. 2.
DEKAY, 1. c. p. 36, pi. iii. fig. 20.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2. i. 56, pi. vii. figs. 11, 12, (1846).
CHENU, Bibl. Conch. 3, 50, pi. xiii. fig. 2.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. cxci. fig. 7, abs. desc.
PFEIFFER, Symb. Hist. Hel. ii. 27; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 217; iii. 270.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 681, (1852).
DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 329, pi. 1. c.
Helix Tennesseensis TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1837, ii. 124.
PFEIFFER, Mon. i. 149; iii. 120, (verba Leana).
LEA, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. p. 1.
In the Boston Journal, this species is said to be also
Mesodon helicinum Rafinesque. I can find no description
of any such species.
The species occurs fossil in the Postpleiocene.
Mr. Robert Kennicott collected, in Wisconsin, two
specimens of a curious variety of this species, furnished
with a broad, revolving, brownish band on the body
whorl.
I give below Lea's description of H. Tennesseensis.
There can be no doubt of its being the young of this
species. The authors referred to in the synonymy have
merely repeated this description, without having seen the
shell.
HELIX. 53
Testa supra plano-convexa, subtus convexa, lutea, oblique striata, um-
bilicata ; spira brevi ; suturis subimpressis ; anfr. 5, subeonvexis ; aper-
tura limata ; labro intus incrassato. Diam. .45. Length .32 inch.
' o
HELIX CLARKII LEA.
PLATE LXXVII. FIGURE 10.
T. superne rotundata, inferne plano-convexa, regulariter striata brun-
neo-cornea, imperforata, unidentata : anfr. 7, oblique striatis ; apertura
lunata, subdilata ; labro albido, reflexo, inferne calloso ; columella in
medio unidentata, ad basim impressa. (Lea).
SYNONYMS AND REFEEENCES.
Hdix Clarkii LEA, P;oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. x. p. 41, March, (1858).
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell im perforate, globosely-rounded, regularly and
finely striated, reddish horn color ; spire obtusely conic ;
whorls 7, convex, with delicate incremental striae, the last
one very globose and rounded below ; aperture lunate ;
peristome white, thickened, reflected, its basal termination
quite heavy and covering the umbilicus entirely ; one
elongated, white denticle on the parietal wall of the
aperture.
Greater diameter 14 ; lesser 13 ; height 9 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Cherokee County, N. C.
Remarks. This is a distinct species. At first sight it
seems a miniature elevata, but is at once distinguished
by its peculiar globular shape.
The figure referred to is twice the natural size of the
shell.
HELIX THYROIDES SAY vol. ii. p. 129, pi. xi.
Helix thyroidus SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 33, pi. xiii.
CHENU, Bibl. Conch. 3, 24, pi. iii. fig. 3.
DEKAY, 1. c. p. 29, pi. ii. fig. 8.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 291, f. 6. (Ex. Bost. Journ. absq.
desc. )
DESHAYES in Lam. 3d ed. 3, 309; in Fer. i. 209.
54 HELICEA.
Helix thyroides CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 331, pi. Iviii. figs. 8, 9, (1850).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 262.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 677.
Anchistoma thyroides ADAMS, Gen. pi. Ixxviii. fig. 3.
I have followed Pfeiffer in the orthography of this spe-
cies. Say's manuscript, also, shows the name proposed
by him to have been thyroides.
I have specimens from nineteen States, showing some
curious and apparently constant geographical varieties.
One from Germantown, Pa., is very small, measuring
only 15 millimetres in diameter. It is globose, shining,
sometimes imperforate and generally without the parietal
tooth. It is impossible to distinguish it from forms of
H. bucculenta. Another peculiar form with an elevated,
pointed spire and more triangular aperture inhabits St.
Simon's Isle, Georgia, (Postell). The species is found in
Louisiana and Texas, (Dr. Moore). It also occurs fossil
in the Postpleiocene.
I am unable to find any description of Mesodon leuco-
don Rafinesque, quoted in the Boston Journal as a syno-
nym. It is probable the name was sent to Ferussac by
that author.
It is also mentioned by Petiver, No. 4, (1. c.)
HELIX BUCCULENTA GOULD, vol. iii. p. 9, pi. xi a.
Helix bucculenta PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 271.
Helix thyroides $ PFEIFFER, 1. c. i. 345.
HELIX EXOLETA BINNEY, vol. ii. p. 131, pi. x.
Helix exoleta DE!YAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 27, pi. ii. fig. 6.
Helix albolobris 6 PFEIFFER. Symb. ii. p. 22, absq. desc.
D. CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 81, pi. x. figs. 19, 20.
Helix zaleta MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. cxci. fig. 9.
PFEIFEER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 316; ii. 270.
DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 139.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 622, (1852).
Reeve (1. c.) considers the specific distinction of exoleta
HELIX. 55
as doubtful. Deshayes says that its anatomical details
will decide the question. The dissections of Dr. Leidy
have already done so.
The species occurs in Georgia.
HELIX DENTIFERA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 134, pi. xii.
Helix dentifera DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 34, pi. ii. fig. 17.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. of Moll. An. pi. cxci. fig. 11.
nee PFEIFFER, vol. iii.
nee CHEMNITZ.
This is not the dentifera described by Pfeiffer in the
third volume of his Monograph, and the second edition of
Chemnitz. The species there described and figured is
H. Roemeri, confounded by Pfeiffer with dentifera. Its
distinguishing features are pointed out in the succeeding
article. A copy of Binney's descriptions is given in Mon.
Hel. Viv. i.
It is a mountain shell, has been found by Mr. Edwards
in Virginia, Dr. S. E. Shurtleff in Western Pennsylvania,
Mr. Conrad at Broad Top Mountain, and Mr. Phillips on
the Lehigh. Also in Maine, (E. S. Morse).
HELIX ROEMERI PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXVII. FIGURES.
T. anguste umbilicata, depressa, tenui, confertim striatula, diaphana,
vix nitidula, sordide carnea, spira vix elevata ; sutura leviter impressa ;
anfr. 5 convexiusculis, ultimo peripheria subangulato ; apertura obliqua,
lunar! ; peristomate valide albolabiato, margine supero recto, basal!
reflexo, ad columellam in laminam tenuissimam, umbilicutn semi-occul-
tantem dilitato. (Pfeiffer).
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Roemeri PFEIFFER, in Roemer's Texas, p. 455; Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p.
117.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 680.
Helix dentifera PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 269, (excl. Binney et DeKay).
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 331, pi. cxxxi. figs. 1-3. (Excl. do.) nee
BINNEY.
56 HELICEA.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell with a narrow, or partially covered umbilicus,
depressed, rather thin, closely striated, rather transparent
and smooth, horn-colored ; spire slightly elevated ; suture
lightly impressed ; whorls 5, rather convex, increasing
slowly, the last one subcarinate at its periphery, scarcely
descending ; aperture lunar, oblique, generally slightly
contracted by a parietal denticle which obliquely enters
the mouth of the shell ; peristome white, thickened, the
upper portion hardly expanded, reflected below, and at
the columellar junction spreading into a thin, partial cov-
ering to the umbilicus.
Greater diameter 21, lesser 18, height 10 mill.
Geographical Distribution. New Brauenfels, Texas,
(Pfeiffer), Washington Co. (Moore).
Remarks. This species is confounded by Pfeiffer with
H. dentifera, an authentic specimen of which he has not
seen. It is quite a distinct species and inhabits a distinct
geographical region. It may be distinguished from den-
tifera most readily by attention to the following particu-
lars. Its umbilicus is generally but partially covered,
while dentifera is always imperforate, its color is lighter,
its surface smoother, and above all, its lip is not so broadly
reflected ; it is also distinctly subcarinate at the periphery.
The shell is described as " tenuis," and so appears in the
figure in Chemnitz. I have specimens quite solid. This
figure is erroneously referred to dentifera^ under which
name Pfeiffer in the third volume of his Monograph and
in Chemnitz describes Roemeri.
HELIX PAL.LIATA SAY vol. ii. p. 136, pi.
Hdix palliata SAY, (Binney's ed.j p. 16.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. 33, pi. iii. fig. 36, (Excl. a. b.)
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 359, pi. Ixii. figs. 15, 16, (1849).
PFEIFFEK, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 316; iii. 267.
HELIX. 57
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 193, fig. 8. Ex. Boston Journal,
(absq. desc.)
DESK AYES, in Fer. i. 144, (excl. var.)
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 678.
Helix denotata DESHAYES, 1. c. 3d ed. iii. 309.
The extreme variation of this species has given rise to
considerable confusion. I propose to designate as a
prominent variety HELIX CAROLiiYENSis LEA, which is
considered as a variety only by Ferussac, DeKay, Bin-
ney, Chemnitz, Pfeiffer, Deshayes, and Reeve. The first
mentioned of these authors says, " This is H. palliata
Say, and my " denotata," (Bull, Zool. 1835, § 2, p. 100).
Say is, I think, wrong in referring Lea's figure and de-
scription to Helix appressa var. a, (vid. Binney's ed. 36).
Triodopsis scabra Rafinesque is quoted by Binney
(Boston Journal) and others as a synonym of this species.
I know of no description of such a species. The generic
definition of Triodopsis (vol. i. 49) will not apply to pal-
liata.
I have found it in Vermont at Copperas Hill.
The succeeding article will contain my views of Helix
obstricta, and Caracolla helicoides, which I have not
retained in the synonymy of palliata.
HELIX OBSTRICTA SAY.
PLATE XV.
Shell depressed, with elevated lines forming grooves between
them ; epidermis pale brownish, naked ; volutions five, depressed
above, beneath rounded, with an acute, projecting carina ; umbili-
cus covered with a white callus, indented ; mouth resembling that
of Jf. palliata.
Inhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch.
This species is very closely allied to Helix palliata, but the epi-
dermis is not covered with small elevations as in that shell, and the
carina is very prominent and remarkable.
8
58 HELICEA.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix odstricta SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 17.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 317; ill. 267.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 683, (1852).
Helix palliata var. a SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 16.
Var. a b DF.KAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 33, pi. ii. fig. 16.
Var. BINNEY, 1. c.
Helix appressa var. DESHAYES in Fer. (in tab. non in lextu.)
Hdicodonta denotata var. FERUSSAC, Tab. Syst. 38; Hist. pi. L. A. fig. 7, absq. desc.
Caracolla helicoides LEA, 1. c.
Remarks. This species is considered by Say, Binney,
and DeKay as a variety of the preceeding. It appears
to me, however, sufficiently constant in its characteristics
to be considered distinct.
I have added to the synonymy of this species H. pal-
liata var. a Say. His description seems to agree with
that of obstricta given above.
Var. a. A very prominent acute carina; destitute of minute
prominences. Inhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch.
Ferussac figured this species, 1. c., without describing it.
In Deshayes's continuation of the Histoire no mention is
made of it, the figure being erroneously referred to H. ap-
presa var. in the explanation of the plates.
As regards Caracolla helicoides, I think there can be no
doubt of its identity with obstricta. Specimens received
from Mr. Lea under this name are, however, furnished
with the " minute protuberances r which Say describes
as not present on obstricta. I believe they are not con-
stant. Ferussac says that Caracolla helicoides is the same
as the carinated variety of palliata (Bull. Zool., 1835, § 2,
p. 100). His figure is certainly the same as that of Lea
and Reeve. Say declares Caracolla helicoides to be the
same as his palliata var. a (Binney's ed. p. 36).
Anthony (Ohio Cat.) places obstricta, Carolinensis and
helicoides in the synonymy of palliata. Pfeiffer considers
helicoides a synonym of obstricta. In the Boston Journal,
HELIX. 59
Binney erroneously quotes Say as describing obstricta with
only one tooth on the outer lip.
The species is found fossil in the Postpleiocene at
Natchez, and recent in Ohio and Tennessee.
HELIX APPRESSA SAY vol. ii. p. 140, pi. xiii.
Helix appressa SAY (Binney's ed.) 15.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 267.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 689, (1852).
DESHAYES in Fer. 1. c. i. 141.
Helix linguifera DESHAYES, in Lara. 2d ed. viii. 70; 3d ed. iii. 293.
PFEIFFER, Symb. ad Hist. Hel. p. 19, (absq. desc.)
CHENU, 111. Conch, pi. xii. fig. 5.
DELESSERT, Recueil, pi. xxvi. fig. 5.
I have received from Illinois large quantities of Say's
var. a. of this species, collected by Mr. R. Kennicott. It is
thus described by Say: — " Labrum with two projecting
angles."
HELIX INFLECT A SAY vol. ii. p. 143, pi. xlv. fig. 3.
Helix inflecta SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 16.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 45.
Mrs. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 193, fig. 7. (Ex. Bost. Jour. absq.
descr.)
Helix clausa DESHAYES in Lam. 3d ed. 3, 309; in Fer. Hist. 1. c. i. 143.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 704, (1852).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 269.
Xolotrema clausa RAFINESQUE, Enumeration, &c. p. 3, (1831).
The young of this may, perhaps, be H. porcina Say
(vid. H. hirsuta).
Pfeiffer mentions a Texan variety, smaller, " umbilico
non omnino clause."
It is a typographical error on p. 33, vol. iii. to call this
H. triodonta Jahn.
Rafinesque thus describes Xolotrema clausa, " Subde-
pressed, 5 spires a little striated, opening almost hidden."
* It is frequently argued that the descriptions of this author are indefinite. To
do justice to him one should pay attention to his remark, that if one does not
admit his generic distinctions " it would be requisite to repeat, in the descriptions
of their specific characters, that of the characters of my new genera, which would
render the definition of the species prolix." Tr. of Mon. p. ii.
60 HELICES.
I have specimens of this species from the following
additional States, — Pennsylvania, Georgia, Louisiana.
HELIX RUGELI SHUTTLEWORTH vol. iii. p. 18, pi. Ixxviii. fig. 15.
Helix Rugeli SHUTTLE-WORTH, Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 198.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 268.
I am indebted to Bishop Elliott for specimens of this
shell. It is in most respects similar to the preceding
species, and would be mistaken for it unless the aperture
be examined. The position of the upper tooth of the
peristome far within the aperture at once distinguishes it.
The size is not, however, any criterion, as I have individ-
uals of Rugeli only 10 millimetres in diameter, while
some of my specimens of inflecta are full 13 millimetres.
The plate shows an enlarged view of the aperture.
HELIX M ONODO1V RACKETT vol. ii. p. 147, pi. xli.
Helix monodon DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 35, pars., excl. syn., pi. iii. fig. 19 — not
fig. 21, a. b.
Mrs. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 193, fig. 11. (Ex. Bost. Journ.
abs. desc.)
BILLINGS, Canadian Nat. ii. 100, fig. 6.
Helix convexa CHEMNITZ, pars. (excl. syn. et tab. Ixvi. figs. 24, 27).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 268, (excl. (3 et y).
DESHAYES, Lam. 3d ed. iii. 308 ; in Fer. 1. c. i. 144.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 696 (1852), excl. syn.; No. 717, (1854).
Helicodonta hirsuta a. FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst. 101.
VAR. FRATERNA SAY.
Helix fraterna SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 30, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 3.
Mrs. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 193, fig. 5 absq. desc. (Ex. Bost.
Journ.)
Helix monodon DEKAY, 1. c. ex parte, pi. iii. fig. 21, a, b.
WOOD, Ind. Suppl. vii. 15.
Helix convexa CHEMNITZ, ed. 2. i. 86, ex parte.
Var. REEVE, Con. Icon. 1. c.
(3 PFEIFFER, 1. c.
VAR. LEAH WARD.
Helix convexa y PFEIFFER, 1. c.
Var. CHEMNITZ, 1. c. pi. Ixvi. figs. 24, 25.
HELIX. 61
I have separated the synonymy of these varieties in
such a way as to show the opinion of various authors on
them. For my own part, I cannot consider them as dis-
tinct species. Mighels (Shells of Maine) considers/rater-
na and monddon distinct.
It has also been noticed in Washington Co. Texas,
(Moore).
HELIX STEXOTREMA FERUSSAC vol. ii. p. 151, pi. xlii. fig. 5.
Helix Stenotrema PFEIFFER, Symb. ii. 39, (excl. ? pustula.)
REEVE, No. 720, (1852).
Helix hirsuta {3 PFEIFFER, MOD. Hel. Viv. i. 421.
Var. Stenotrema, CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 376 (1846), pi. Ixv. figs.
12-14, (1849).
Helicodonta hirsuta a FERUSSAC, 1. c. pi. L. A. fig. 3.
I have thought it best to separate this from the succeed-
ing species, its characteristics being constant in Postplei-
ocene fossils as well as in recent individuals from Indiana,
Kentucky, Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana.
Ferussac considers this as var. a of hirsuta and gives
Stenotrema convexa Rafinesque as a synonym. His figure
is unmistakable. It appears, therefore, that Stenotrema
convexa Rafinesque is not hirsuta but the heavy form.
Its description in addition to that of the genus given in
vol. i. is as follows : " Nearly round, both sides convex,
smooth, 5 spires." I cannot, therefore, see any reason for
considering Rafinesque's species to be monodon, as so
many writers have done. In the continuation of the
Histoire, Deshayes considers Stenotrema as a variety only.
He has caused confusion by quoting Stenotrema convexa
Rafinesque as a synonym of hirsuta, and yet saying that
the same author has given the name of convexa to the
shell figured on pi. L. A. fig. 2, which is monodon.
Pfeiffer also, in vol. i., gives Stenotrema convexa Raf. as
a synonym of monodon, on the authority of Ferussac,
though a reference to his figure would at once show that
he applied the name to the heavy form of hirsuta.
62 HELICEA.
Gould quotes Stenotrema convexa as a synonym of hir-
suta (Invert. 1. c.)
HELIX HIRSUTA SAY vol. ii. p. 150, pi. xlii. fig. 3.
Helix hirsuta SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 8.
DE KAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 36, pi. iii. fig. 27.
DESHAYES, in Lam. ed. 3, vol. 3, p. 308; in Fer. i. p. 140.
Mrs. GRAY, Fig. of Moll. An. pi. 193, fig. 8, ex Bost. Journ.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, Excl. var., i. 374 (1846), pi. Ixv. fig. 9-11, (1849).
PFEIFFEK, Mon. Hel. Viv. Excl. var. /?, i. 421; iii. 126.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 714, (1852).
Hdix sinuata y GMELIN (teste Pfeiffer).
Helix isognomostomos y GMELIN (teste Pfeiffer).
Tridopsis hirsuta WOODWARD, Man. pi. xii. fig. 7, absq. desc.
Slenostoma convexa RAFINESQUE, Enum. and Ace. p. 3, 1831, nee. Ferussac.
Junior ?
Helix porcina SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 30, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 2.
DE&AY, N. Y. Moll. p. 45.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 97.
BLAND, N. Y. Lyceum, vi. p. 344, Notes, i. 34, with fig.
In the remarks on the preceding species will be found
some notes referring equally to this.
The species is found fossil in the Postpleiocene, and
recent in the localities already mentioned, as well as in
Kansas (Hayden), Virginia, at the height of 2000 above
the sea (Edwards), and the District of Columbia (Stimp-
son).
The generic description of Stenostoma or Stenotrema is
given in vol. i. p. 49. The only specific description is the
following : " Nearly round, both sides convex, smooth,
5 spires, Kentucky." It appears to me to apply more to
this species than to monodon.
As regards H. porcina, Say's description is copied by
the authors referred to, neither having seen authentic
specimens. Bland refers it rather to inflecta than hirsuta,
if a young shell, but anticipates its proving mature.
From the figure of Say, I do not doubt the correctness of
my father's view of this question. Other cases occur
among Say's writings of still graver errors than describ-
HELIX. 63
ing a young shell as mature ; compare, for instance, his
description of the young of a common Planorbis as Bulla
fluviatilis (Binney's ed. p. 71).
Say's description is as follows : —
Shell depressed, yellowish brown ; epidermis rugose, with mi-
nute, very numerous bristles ; whorls rather more than four, de-
pressed above, beneath rounded, forming a very obtuse angle rather
above the centre of the whorl ; umbilicus open, rather small, pro-
found ; labrum simple.
Breadth rather more than three tenths of an inch. Inhabits
the North-West Territory.
HELIX BARBIGERA REDFIELD vol. iii. p. 21, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 2.
Helix barbigera REDFIELD, N. Y. Lyceum, vi. 171, pi. ix. figs. 4, 5, 7.
The figures referred to are fac-similes of those of Red-
field, showing the outline of the shell, as well as a magni-
fied view of a portion of the epidermis.
HELIX EDVARDSI BLAND.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURES 7, 9.
T. imperforata, lenticulari, carinata, tenuiuscula, fulva; epidermide
castanea, supra in striis pilosis prostratis minutis elevata, — infra tuber-
culis acutis minutis creberrime munita, qua juxta aperturam setos erectos
gerunt; spira convexo-conoidea ; anfr. 5, complanatis, lente accrescenti-
bus ; ultimo antice gibbo, subito subdeflexo ; apice minute granulate ;
basi convexo, parum indentata, lineis numerosis spiralibus sub epider-
mide impressis ; sutura profunde impressa ; apertura obliqua, transversa,
auriformi; dente angusta, subarcuata, lamelliformi, prselonga, parietis
aperturalis coarctata ; perist. margine supero acuto, parum reflexo, infero
subarcuato, depresso, subreflexo, et ad anfractum ultimum subappresso,
callo dentiformi intus instructo, obsolete inciso.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Edvardsi BLAND, N. Y. Lyceum, vi. p. 277; Notes, p. i. pi. ix. fig. 14-16.
DESCRIPTION.
Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinate, the carina obsolete near
the aperture, rather thin, beneath the epidermis pale brown ; the
64 HELICEA.
epidermis dark chestnut-color, with numerous minute curved hair-
like processes lying flat upon, and attached to the epidermidal sur-
face of the upper whorls in the direction of the incremental striae,
the epidermis at the base covered with acute, raised, transverse
tubercles, most numerous, and having erect bristles near the aper-
ture ; spire convex-conoid ; whorls five, flattened, gradually increas-
ing, the last gibbous above, suddenly but slightly deflected ; apex
minutely granulate ; base convex, little indented in the umbilical
region, and with impressed spiral lines beneath the epidermis ;
suture deeply impressed ; aperture oblique, transverse, auriform,
narrowed by a slender slightly arcuate lamelliform parietal tooth
extending across from the umbilical axis, and terminating with a
short angular deflection within the aperture ; upper margin of the
peristome acute, scarcely reflected, lower margin slightly arcuate,
depressed, slightly reflected, and partially appressed to the body
whorl, with a tooth-like callus within, having an almost obsolete
notch in the centre.
Diam. maj. 9, rnin. 8, alt. 5 mill.
Geographical Distribution. Mountains in Fayette, or Green
Briar Co., Virginia. (W. H. Edwards ?)
Remarks. This species is allied to or rather intermediate be-
tween H. barbigera Redf. (Plate IX. figs. 4-7), and H. hirsuta Say
— the former connecting H. spinosa Lea with H.fraterna Say. It
is smaller, more elevated, less acutely carinated, and readily dis-
tinguished from H. barbigera by the partially appressed, notched
peristome, and the different character of the epidermis. In H. bar-
bigera the attached hair-like epidermidal processes are produced, at
the sutures and carina, into cilia, which are entirely wanting in this
species. The same processes, though less numerous, and some-
times almost obsolete, are observable at the base of the former,
while in the latter, the basal epidermis approaches in character to
that of //. palliata Say. The deep characteristic notch in H. hir-
suta is considerably less developed in H. Edvardsi, and the callus
which connects the parietal tooth with the upper margin of the
peristome in the former, does not exist in the latter. In the gen-
eral character of the peristome the species under consideration re-
sembles H. hirsuta, while H. barbigera is in that particular more
appropriately compared with H.fraterna Say.
HELIX. 65
While naming this species after my friend Mr. Edwards, who
collected it, I am quite aware of the objections to such specific
names, but in the Genus Helix it seems almost a hopeless case to
find, for a shell closely allied to several others, an unpreoccupied
name derived from any distinct specific character.
This is Eland's description. I have also given fac-sim-
iles of his figures.
HELIX SPINOSA LEA vol. ii. p. 154, pi. xliv. fig. 1.
Helix spinosa DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 47.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 126.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 375, pi. Ixv. figs. 15-17, (1849).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 685, (1852).
HELIX EDGARIANA LEA vol. ii. p. 155, pi. xliv. fig. 2.
Caracolla Edgariana TROSCHEL, Arch. f. Nat. 1843, 2, p. 124.
Helix Edgariana PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 425 ; iii. 126.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 703.
I have specimens of this species from Tennessee (El-
liott), Waschita Springs, Arkansas (Binney coll.), and Ala-
bama, (ditto).
HELIX MAXILLATA GOULD vol. ii. p. 157, pi. xl. a, fig. 2.
Helix maxillata PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 126.
The impressions of this plate are printed from two sep-
arate copper plates. On one of them, the enlarged view
of the aperture of this species is misplaced.
It has also been detected by Dr. H. M. Neisler along
the Cattahoochee River in Georgia.
HELIX CONCAVA SAY vol. ii. p. 163, pi. xxi.
Helix concava SAY, ( Binney 's ed.) p. 20.
Helix planorboides PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 156.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 164, pi. xcv. fig. 17-19; cliv. fig. 45,
(1851)
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 674, (1852).
DESHAYES, in Fer. 1. c. i. p. 87.
Helix dissidens DESHAYES, 1. c. i. 97, pi. 84, figs. 1, 2.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 84.
9
66 HELICEA.
The variety referred to as larger and from beyond the
Rocky Mts. by Adams (1. c.), is H. Vancouver ensis Lea.
I can find no description by Rafinesque of this species,
though he is quoted by Binney in the Boston Journal,
probably on the authority of Ferussac.
Pfeiffer (Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 11) points out the error made
on p. 164 in referring to this species the figure in the Bos-
ton Journal.
It has also been found in Maine (Morse), as well as
various other new localities, and occurs fossil in the Post-
pleiocene.
Helix dissidens appears to me identical with this spe-
cies. I have given a fac-simile of the figure of Deshayes
(pi. Ixxvii. fig. 5), and also subjoin his remarks, as well as
description. Pfeiffer repeats the last, not having seen the
shell, and notes the resemblance to H. Vancouver ensis (vel-
Licata).
HELIX DISSIDENS. Testa orbiculato-depressa, superne convexa sub-
tus late et prof'unde umbilicata ; anfr. convexiusculis, ultimo cylindraceo ;
apertura rotundato-lunari, obliqua ; labro simplici, superne inflexo ; testa
concolore, albo-viridula.
Diam. 17, alt. 7. Habite 1'Amerique Septentrionale.
Nous soup^onnons que cette espece a etc confondue par les con-
ch'yliogiques Americains avec notre H. cellaria d'Europe. Quoique
tres voisines, ces especes se distinguent cependant pas des caracteres
constants. Celled est orbiculaire, tres aplatie, a spire convexe, tres
obtuse, composee de 5^ tours convexes, reunis par une suture de-
primee. Le dernier tour est cylindrace, un peu plus large en des-
sous qu'en dessus ; il est perce au centre d'un tres grand ombilic,
dont le diametre est egal a celui du dernier tour. L'ouverture est
obronde, semilunaire ; elle est legerement deprimee du haut en bas ;
son diametre transversal se trouve ainsi un peu plus long que le
diametre longitudinal. Les bords de cette ouverture restent sim-
ples ; ils sont plus obtus et plus epais que dans H. cellaria, et dans
le plupart des autres especes du groupe. Quoique polie et brillante,
cette coquille n'est par cependant tout a fait lisse : on remarque,
HELIX. Oi
en effet, sur sa surface des stries irregulieres d'accroissement, qui
grossissent en s'approchant de 1'ombilic, se regulaissent dans cette
cavite, et deviennent assez semblables a celle qu'on reraarque dans
quelques solarium. Cette coquille est mince, diaphane, et d'une cou-
leur uniforme, d'un jaune verdatre tres pale. Les stries qui s'en-
forcent dans 1'interieur de I'ombilic n'ont pas ete representees assez
grosses dans les figures de cette ouvrage, auxquelles nous ren-
voyons.
HELIX JEJUNA SAY vol. ii. p. 172, pi. xlii. fig. 2.
Helix jejuna SAY, Journ. Acad. ii. 158; Binney's ed. p. 9.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 46.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 147; iii. 124.
BLAND, N. Y. Lyceum, vi. p. 341; Notes 31.
Helix Mobiliana TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1843, ii. 124.
PFEIFFER. 1. c. iii. 219.
This species is not referred to under this name in the
second volume of the Mollusks. Of all the authors referred
to in the synonymy, none have seen authentic specimens
of it. It has been known only by Say's description until
within a few months past, when it was suggested to me
by Dr. Pfeiffer that it might be identical with Mobiliana.
Specimens found at the original locality * by Mr. O. S.
Dorman, agree with Say's description sufficiently to con-
vince Bland of their identity. Since there is no hope of
ever deciding the question with certainty, it appears best
to follow the suggestion of these two authors, as that most
likely to be correct.
In notes taken by Dr. Binney at the Jardin des Plantes,
it appears that a young shell is there labelled H. jejuna.
Lea refers to this species in his remarks on several
species. As demonstrated by Bland, he had before him
clausa under this name.
Anthony makes Mobiliana a synonym of clausa in his
Ohio Catalogue.
* Mr. Dorman writes that the correct orthography of the spot is Cow/brd, and
not Cowfort.
68 HELICEA.
Living specimens sent me by Bishop Elliott present the
following characteristics : —
Animal dirty white, neck darker, superior tentacles
black, — not quite twice the breadth of the shell, — foot
pointed.
It has also been found at St. Simon's Isle, Ga. (Postell),
St. John's River and St. Augustine, Fla., (Dorman), and
in the cemeteries of Savannah. (Elliott.)
The following is Say's description : —
H. JEJUNA. — Shell subglobular, glabrous, pale reddish brown ;
volutions five, slightly wrinkled, regularly rounded ; spire convex ;
suture rather deeply impressed ; aperture dilate lunate ; labrum a
little incrassated within, not reflected ; umbilicus open, small.
Breadth rather more than one fifth of an inch. Inhabits the
Southern States.
Animal — light reddish brown, with a granular surface, longer
than the breadth of the shell ; oculiferous tentacula elongated, and
rather darker than the body.
This shell is very closely allied to H. sericea of Southern Europe,
but it differs from that species in being destitute of the hirsute
vesture. 1 found several specimens of jejuna, during an excursion
some time since into East Florida, at the Cow Fort on St. John's
River. It is in the collection of the Academy.
HELIX INCRUSTATA POEY vol. ii. p. 174, pi. xxix. a, fig. 4.
Helix incrustata POEY, Memorias, vol. i. pp. 208, 212, pi. xii. figs. 11-16.
PFEIFFEK, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 632.
This shell is described by Gould under the name of
saxicola. It is, however, quite a distinct species. The
true saxicola is more nearly allied to chersina, and its
surface is bright and clean, the spire elevated, the general
outline more globose, and the umbilicus small, being also
slightly covered by the lip.
I am indebted to Mr. Poey for specimens of the true
snxicola of Cuba, as well as of his incrustata. A compari-
HELIX. 69
son of the latter with the shell described by Gould, leaves
no room for doubting their identity. Poey's description is
as follows : —
Testa depressa, tenuis, corneo-fusca, perspective perforata, subtiliter
striata ; anfr. 4£, ultimo convexo, prioribus planulatis ; apertura subcir-
cularis, marginibus aeutis approximatis.
HELIX PULCHELLA MULLER vol. ii. p. 175, pi. xvii. fig. 1.
Helix minuta SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 30.
STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 54, ab?q. descr.
I have in my possession notes of Say never published,
in which he acknowledges the identity of these two spe-
cies. DeKay considers them distinct, but erroneously says
the European pulchella is furnished with sharp parallel
ribs, (referring to the variety). Stimpson also considers
them distinct.
Ferussac, Pfeifter, Deshayes, and Reeve unite them.
I am constantly receiving this species from every section
of the country, — having specimens from the following
new localities : Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Mich-
igan (Winchell), Kansas and Nebraska (Hayden), and
Florida. It is brought down in immense quantities by
the streams of Nebraska and Kansas, and deposited with
drift-wood, other minute shells, &c., on their banks. Dr.
Hayden collected myriads of them during his expedition
to the Yellow-stone River. He was also so fortunate
as to find about a pint of the heavily ribbed variety
(H. COST ATA), which had before been noticed only at
Cincinnati and Philadelphia, and that very sparingly.
The discovery of this ribbed variety was a most interest-
ing one, as it gives additional evidence of the identity
of the American with the European pulchella, and is
strongly opposed to the theory of the introduction of the
species from abroad.
70 HELICEA.
HELIX PROFUNDA SAY vol. ii. p. 177, pi. xxii.
Helix prof undo, SAY, (Binney's ed.) pp. 20, 36, pi. 37, fig. 3.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 42, pi. iii. fig. 38.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. p. 63.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 265.
CHENU, Bibl. Conch, iii. 51, pi. xiii. fig. 26.
DKSHAYES in Fer. i. 69.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 682, (1852).
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. cxciii. fig. 12. (Ex. Bost. Journ.)
Helix Ricliardi DESHAYES in Lam. 3d ed. iii. 283.
CHENU, 111. Con. xii. 13.
DELESSERT, Rec. des Coq. pi. xxvi. fig. 7.
Polygyra profundum ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii. 207, (absq. desc.)?
The shell figured in Ferussac, pi. 69 G, figs. 9, 11, and
referred to as var. /? by Pfeiffer, is merely one of the many
varieties of the species.
I have a specimen collected by Mr. T. A. Conrad on
Broad Top Mountain, Pennsylvania. It occurs fossil in
the Postpleiocene.
HELIX SAYII BIKNEY vol. ii. p. 180, pi. xxiii.
Helix Sayii, CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, No. 976, tab. cxlviii. figs. 13, 14.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 193, fig. 10. (Ex. Bost. Journ.)
DESHAYES in Fer. i. p. 79.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 679, (1852).
Helix diodonta SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 39, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 4.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 34, pi. ii. fig. 18.
Thave it also from Pennsylvania.
HELIX TRIDENT AT A SAY vol. ii. p. 183, pi. xxvii,
Helix tridentata SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 6, pi. Ixx. fig. 1.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 28. pi. ii. fig. 7.
POTIEZ et MIOHAUU, Gal. p. 114.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 291, fig. 3. (Ex. Bost. Journ.)
CHEMNITZ, 1. c. i. 84.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 263.
DESHAYES in Lam. ed. 3, iii. 309, in Fer. 1. c. i. 72.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 690, (1852).
Tnodopsis lunula RAFINESQUE, En. and Ace. p. 3.
I propose to separate from tridentata Binney both fallax
and Hopetonensis. Their distinctive characters are suf-
HELIX. < 1
ficiently strong and constant to warrant the separation,
though many intermediate forms occur, scarcely referable
to one more than to another. The present form occurs
less plentifully in the Southern States, its place being
filled by the two others.
Petiver's No. 6, is this species. Triodopsis lunula is
also one of its synonyms. The generic description is
given (vol. i. p. 49), — the specific description is as fol-
lows : —
Depressed, mouth narrow with thick lips, umbilicus lunulated.
In Kentucky. Forms subgenus Menomphis.
In Ravenel's Catalogue, p. 9, (1834), a variety of H.
tridentata is mentioned under the name of ephebus. I
find among Say's manuscript the following description
of it : —
H. TRIDENTATA S. var. ephebus. Small ; labrum much more
obtusely rounded ; the elevated lines of the whorls more prominent
and obvious. Breadth two fifths of an inch.
HELIX FALLAX SAY vol. ii. p. 183, pi. xxviii.
Helix fallax SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 27.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 28, pi. iii. fig. 23.
CHEMNITZ, 1. c. i. 364, (1846).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 263.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 686, (1852).
Helix tridentata BINNEY, Bost. Journ. 1. c. pi. xviii. fig. 3.
This is certainly more than a variety of tridentata Say.
Not only are the characteristic differences well marked,
but the habits of the respective animals are different. Mr.
J. G. Anthony tells me that tridentata is found on hill-
sides in the grass, while fallax inhabits rich soils, in
woods, under logs, and is not gregarious like the former.
The difficulty is to mark the dividing line between the
many varieties of fallax, some of which are quite as dis-
tinct as H. Hopetonensis Shuttl.
< 3 HELICEA.
The shell mentioned on page 10 of my Notes as being
furnished with an internal fulcrum, seems to be a distinct
species.
I have specimens of fallax from the Northern, Western,
and Southwestern States. It is also found in many of the
Southern States, and is quoted from Texas by Roemer.
Say's description is as follows : —
HELIX FALLAX. Spire convex ; volutions five, with elevated
lines forming grooves between them ; labrum reflected, contracting
the aperture, bidentate ; teeth separated by a profound sinus ;
superior tooth inflected into the mouth ; inferior tooth situated
near the base ; labrum with a large, prominent, oblique, lamelliform
tooth, curving downwards so as nearly to reach the termination of
the labrum; umbilicus open, exhibiting the volutions.
Greatest transverse diameter nine-twentieths of an inch.
This resembles the tridentata Nob., but the upper tooth of the
labrum is much inflected, the spire is more elevated, and the size is
less considerable ; in the former character it coincides with H.
inflecta Nob., but that shell has the umbilicus closed.
Presented to the Academy by Messrs. Hyde and Mason, who
found it in the vicinity of Philadelphia, where it is not uncommon.
Since the above was written, I received a specimen from Mr.
Stephen Elliott, of South Carolina, fully equal in size to the
triclentata.
HELIX HOPETONENSIS SHUTTLEVVORTH. .vol. iii. p. 17, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 16-
Helix Hopetonensis SHUTTLEWORTH, Bern. Mitt. 1852, p. 198.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 709, (1852).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 263.
CHEMNITZ, ed. ii. p. 420, pi. cxlviii. figs. 17, 18.
I have it also from Florida, and St. Simon's Isle, Geor-
gia. (Postell.)
HELIX VENTROSULA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXVII. FIGURE 14.
T. rimato-perforata, depresso-globosa, tenuis, subtiliter striata, pellu-
cida, corneo-albida ; spira vix elevata; anfr. 5 vix convexiusculi, ultimus
HELIX. 73
superne subangulatus, subito deflexus, basi inflatus, antice gibbus et valde
constrictus ; apertura perobliqua, ringens ; perist. acutum, late reflexum,
marginibus vix conniventibus, laminas elevatas in ventre anfractus penul-
timi angulatim junctas, emittentibus, dextro lamina subperpendiculari,
dilitata, basali dentibus 2 acutis munito.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix ventrosula PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 131; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 417;
iii. 266.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. p. 373, (1846,) pi. Ixv. figs. 5, 6, (1849).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 687, (1852).
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell minutely perforated, globosely depressed, thin and
shining, pellucid, delicately striated, horn-colored ; spire
slightly raised, whorls 5 but little convex, the last one
subangulated at the periphery, falling suddenly towards
the aperture, inflated below, and strongly contracted ;
aperture very oblique, much complicated with teeth ;
peristome acute, broadly reflected, its terminations scarcely
approaching each other, but joined by two white, elevated
laminae, which are placed at acute angles on the parietal
wall ; the basal termination is also furnished with two
white acute denticles, while on the other is placed a white
sub-perpendicular, extended lamina.
Greater diameter, 13 ; lesser, 11 ; height, 1\ millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Texas and Mexico.
Remarks. This shell was unknown to Binney, and
erroneously considered by Gould (p. 193) as a synonym
of H. Texasiana. It is, however, a remarkably well char-
acterized species. It may readily be distinguished by the
globose under-surface, and the basin-shaped aperture, nar-
rowed to scarcely more than a chink by the prominent,
white teeth.
HELIX AURICULATA SAY ................... vol. ii. p. 186, pi. xl. fig. l.
Polyyyra auriculata SAY, (Binney's ed.) p, 10.
10
74 HELICEA.
Helix auriculata DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 47, pi. iii. fig. 28.
CHEMNITZ, 1. c. i. 371, (1846).
DESHAYES in Lam. 3d ed. iii. 308: in Fer. 1. c. i. 76.
PFEIFFEK, 1. c. iii. 266.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 700, (1852).
It will appear from the above synonymy that I have
separated H. avara from this species. Other species may
also be included in auriculata Binney, but I make no in-
quiry concerning them, as my friend Mr. Bland will soon
publish an elaborate article on this group.
Ferussac's (pi. 50, fig. 3) var. minor is quoted as a variety
of auriculata by Pfeiffer, in the first volume of his great
work, but in volume third is doubtfully referred to uvu-
lifera.
I have specimens measuring 16 millimetres in diameter.
They are from St. Augustine, Fla., the only locality, in-
deed, from which I have received the true auriculata^ the
smaller variety from the keys being probably H. uvulifera.
The shell is carried on the animal in a manner quite
different from that of the other species, the axis being
quite horizontal.
HELIX AVARA SAY vol. ii. p. 186, pi. xl. fig. 2.
Polyyyra avara SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 11.
Helix avara DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 47.
CHEMNITZ, 1. c. i. 370, (1846,) pi. Ixv. figs. 1, 2, (1849).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. i. 418; iii. 267.
REEVE, 1. c. No. 720.
DESHAYES in Fer. 1. c. i. 78.
Helix Sayii DEKAY, 1. c. p. 47.
I have already remarked that the confusion existing con-
cerning this and the preceding species is about to be recti-
fied by Mr. Bland. I will, therefore, refrain from making
any remarks at this time.
The species as it now stands has been found from
Georgia to Texas; in some of the intermediate States
the individuals are extremely numerous.
HELIX. 75
Say's description is as follows.
P. AVARA. — Shell covered with numerous short, robust hairs ;
spire convex ; whorls four, regularly rounded, with hardly elevated
lines forming grooves, which are much more conspicuous near the
mouth ; mouth subreniform, two projecting, obtuse teeth on the
outer lip within, separated by a deep sinus ; outer lip elevated,
equal, describing two-thirds of a circle ; pillar-lip elevated, broadly
but not profoundly emarginate, concave beneath, and connected to
the inner side by an elongated, lamelliform tooth, which is placed
obliquely on the penultimate whorl, near the middle of the mouth ;
lips almost equally prominent, continued ; umbilicus moderate, not ex-
hibiting the volutions, no groove on the penultimate whorl within it.
Breadth quarter of an inch. Inhabits Florida. Cabinet of the
Academy. Animal longer than the breadth of the shell, acute
behind, above granulated and blackish, beneath, and each side,
white.
This we found in the orange groves of Mr. Fatio, on the river
St. John, East Florida ; it is usually covered with a black, earthy
coat, which is probably retained and collected by the hairs. When
unencumbered with this vesture, the shell is of a horn-color. It is
by no means so common as the preceding species.
HELIX UVULIFERA SHUTTLEWORTH vol. iii. p. 20.
Helix uvulifera SHUTTLEWORTH, Bern. Mitt. 1852. p. 199.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 420, pi. cxlviii. figs. 19, 20, (1853).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 267.
Helix Jlorulifera REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 699, (Aug. 1852).
Helix auriculata minor FERUSSAC, Hist. pi. 1. fig. 3? (teste Pfeiffer).
This species is known in many American
cabinets as a small variety of auriculata.
I have one specimen from Texas, received
from Mr. Cuming.
HELIX VULTUOSA GOULD vol. ii. p. 189, pi. xl. a, fig. 4.
Helix vulluosa CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 365, pi. cxxvii. figs. 10-12.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 711, (1852).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 263.
76 HELICEA.
HELIX ARIADN^E PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURES 1, 3, 4.
T. arcuato-rimata, depressa, subdiscoidea, solidula, diaphana, superne
plicatula, albida ; spira subplana ; anfr. 5 sutura impressa distinct!,
planiusculi, ultimus antice subito deflexus, valde constrictus, basi paulo
convexior, sublaevigatus ; rima umbilicalis areuata, in perforationem
obliquaua, punctiforraem terminata; apertura parvula, perobliqua, lunato-
circularis, ringens ; perist. breviter reflexum, marginibus conniventibus,
lingua bicruci, prof'unde intrante, flexuosa junctis, basali plicis 2 validis,
marginalibus, intrantibus, approximatis, dextro plica profunda margini
parallela munito. [Pfeiffer.]
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Ariadnce PFEIFFER in Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 120; Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 266.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. p. 372, pi. Ixv. figs. 19-21, (1846).
Helix Couchiana LEA, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1857, p. 102.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell with a rounded umbilical groove, terminating in a
minute oblique perforation, depressed, subdiscoidal, nearly
transparent, bluish white, with scarcely perceptible wrinkles
on the upper surface ; spire flattened ; whorls five, separ-
ated by a distinct suture, flattened, the last one suddenly
falling towards the aperture, very much contracted and
pinched behind the peristome, more convex and smoother
below ; there is a deeply chiselled, rounded, umbilical
groove as mentioned above, the umbilical region is also
channelled ; aperture small, extremely complicated with
teeth, very oblique and circular ; peristome white, slightly
reflected, its terminations approaching each other and
joined by two flexuose, elevated, acute laminae, con-
verging to a point far within the aperture ; the basal por-
tion of the peristome is also furnished with two stout,
entering, converging, marginal folds, while the right ter-
mination of the peristome has a more delicate, deeply
seated, elongated lamina, running almost parallel with the
peristome.
HELIX. 77
Greater diameter, 12 ; lesser, 10 ; height, 5 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Pfeiffer gives Central Ame-
rica as the habitat in Chemnitz, but in the Monographia he
gives none. The shell figured (fig. 4) is from Tamaulipas,
Mexico, where it was collected by Berlandier. I have
seen no specimens found strictly within the limits of the
Union, though we have every reason to expect to discover
them in Texas.
Remarks. This can be confounded with no known
American species. It is at once distinguished by the re-
markable aperture, the flat spire, convex base, and umbil-
ical channel. It is sufficiently transparent to allow the
suture to be seen through the base of the shell, when held
towards the light.
I have given the outlines of the figures in Chemnitz, as
well as an enlarged view of the carious aperture.
The shell referred to doubtfully as a variety of Helix
Loisa in my Notes p. 5, may be an immature specimen of
Ariadnce.
Mr. Lea's original specimen of H. Couchiana was ob-
tained from the same source as the shell I have figured
(fig. 4), and resembles it in every particular. I have not,
therefore, the slightest hesitation in placing it in the
synonymy of this species. His description is as follows :
T. superne paulisper elevata, subplanulata, inferne subinflata ; niti-
cla, abida, longitudinaliter et subtiliter striata, minute perforata ; anfr. 5 ;
apertura rotundata, quinquedentata ; labro subaeuto.
Hab. Texas — L. Berlandier, M. D.
HELIX HIPPOCREPIS PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURE 19.
Testa anguste umbilicata, depressa, solidula, confertim arcuato-plicata,
opaca, fuscula ; spira vix elevata ; anfr. 5j angusti, vix convexiusculi,
sutura impressa juncti, ultimus superne carinatus, basi convexior, antice
solutus, subito deflexus, pone aperturam constrictus et gibboso-inflatus ;
umbilicus extus latiusculus, angustissime pervius ; apertura subhorizon-
78 HELICEA.
talis, auriformis, ringens ; perist. sublabiatum, marginibus callo elevato,
angular!, superne laminam profunde intrantem alteramque minorem
prope columellara (ambas profund£ ferri equino instar connexas) emit-
tente junctis, supero breviter expanse, laminam obliquam immittente,
basali calloso-reflexo. [Pfeiffer.]
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix hippocrepis PFEIFFER in Roemer's Texas, p. 455; in Zeitsch. f. Mai.
1848, p. 119; Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 267.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 333, pi. cxxxi. f. 4-6.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 1238, (1854).
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell perforated, depressed, rather heavy, closely stri-
ated, opaque, smoky; spire flattened; suture impressed;
whorls 5|, scarcely convex, the last carinated above, more
convex below, falling abruptly at the aperture, and behind
it very much contracted and with a prominent isolated
bulge ; umbilicus at first expanded and grooved, but rap-
idly terminating in a minute perforation ; aperture almost
horizontal, ear-shaped, complicated with teeth ; peristome
white, thickened, its extremities joined by an elevated,
sharp, angular ridge, from which protrude far within the
aperture two laminae, (the upper one sharper and more
prominent,) the connecting terminations of which within the
shell resemble a horseshoe ; the upper portion of the per-
istome is slightly reflected and furnished with an oblique
entering angle, and the basal portion is callous and reflected.
Greater diameter, 12 ; lesser, 10 ; height, 5 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. New Brauenfels, Texas.
(Roe'mer.)
Remarks. The smaller, columellar lamina, from which
the name of the shell is derived, is not represented in the
plate.
This species is remarkably well characterized and can-
not be compared or confounded with any other known
American shell. It is very rare in cabinets.
HELIX. 79
HELIX TEXASIANA MORICASD vol. ii. p. 191, pi. xlv. fig. 1.
Helix Texasiana PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 418; iii. 267, excl. syn. and var. (3.
CHKMNITZ, ed. 2, (1846,) i. p. 85, excl. var. and figure.
DESHAYES in Lara. ed. 3, iii. 316.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 707.
DESHAYES in Fer. i. p. 74, pi. 1. c. (excl. synon.)
Helix triodonta FERUSSAC, Mus. Par.
Helix Tamaulipasensis LEA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1857, p. 102.
Deshayes, also, in Femssac's great work, confounds fati-
giata with this. In Chemnitz, ed. 2, Pfeiffer makes the
same errors of synonymy as in his Monograph. The fig-
ure is not this species, nor is it easy to determine what
it is.
Shuttle worth, in his Diagnosen, has also pointed out
Pfeiffer's error in placing fatigiata and plicata in the synon-
ymy of this species.
From notes received from Pfeiffer, and also from memo-
randa taken by my father at the Garden of Plants, it
appears that triodonta is identical with this species. On
vol. i. p. 162, a different opinion is expressed on triodonta.
The variety of this species figured on pi. 78, fig. 18, was
at first considered a distinct species by me. Having sent
specimens to Pfeiffer, he writes that they are merely va-
rieties. It is distinguished by a wider umbilicus, and a
somewhat different arrangement of teeth.
There can be no doubt of the identity of H. Tamauli-
pasensis with H. Texasiana. I have based my opinion on
a careful examination of Mr. Lea's shell. His description
is as follows :
T. superne paulisper elevata, subplanulata, inferne subinflata, niti-
da, longitudinaliter et subtiliter striata, minute perforata, anfr. 5 ; aper-
tura lunata, tridentata ; labro spissato, reflexo. Texas.
Pfeiffer describes a var. P, a larger form with 6 whorls,
horn-colored, and having a reddish band revolving above
the periphery. I have received it from Dr. Moore of
Texas.
80 IIELICEA.
H. Texasiana is also found in the neighboring Mexican
State of Tamaulipas. Reeve gives Alabama as the hab-
itat.
HELIX MOOREANA.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURE 24.
Testa orbiculato-depressa, carinata, umbilicata, albida ; spira obtusa,
plus minusve elevata ; anfr. 6, vix convexiusculi, striati, ultimus infra
carinam non rotundatus ; sutura impressa ; subtus striae minus distinctae ;
anfr. 1^, ultimus carina valde producta anfr. alterum et umbilicum pro-
fundum pene tegens ; apertura orbicularis, contracta, tridentata ; perist.
album, incrassatum, vix reflexiusculum, margine basali dentibus duobus
curvatis niarginalibus sinu parvulo orbiculari separatis, armato ; plica alba
rectangularis, dentiformis, excavata, in medio apertura3 projecta adcolu-
mellam adnata et perist. margines connectans.
•
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Mooreana W. G. BINNEY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1857, p. 184; Notes p. 4.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell orbicular, depressed, white, carinated, umbilicated ;
spire more or less depressed, obtusely rounded ; whorls 6,
distinctly striated, hardly convex ; suture impressed ; be-
low the carina the body whorl is not rounded, but slants
down to the base which is parallel with the suture ; below,
the striae are less distinct ; at the umbilical region only 1|
whorl is visible, the outer one strongly carinated so as to
conceal a portion of the umbilicus and a great part of the
remaining whorl; the umbilicus is very small, but perfo-
rates the shell to the apex, showing all the volutions with
the aid of a lens ; aperture rounded, contracted by three
teeth ; lip heavy, broad, white, hardly reflected, near the
basal extremity, quite on the edge, armed with two short,
incurving teeth, separated by a small, rounded sinus; on
the columella there is a tooth-like fold, square, projecting
across the aperture, its extremities joining those of the
peristome.
HELIX. 81
Greater diameter 8*, lesser 7, height 3 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found in large numbers by
Dr. Francis Moore in Washington Co., Texas.
Remarks. It is difficult to express correctly in words
the specific differences of the various Polygyrce. This
shell combines the characteristics of several American
species. It has the spire of H. monodon Rackett, and the
columellar fold of Dorfeuilliana Lea, as figured Tr. Am.
Phil. Soc. vi. pi. xxiv. f. 118. The teeth are placed on the
inner edge of the peristome, as in Texasiana Mor., and the
curious carination at the umbilical region resembles that
of pustula Fer., which has not been noticed in descrip-
tions.
•
HELIX THOLUS.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURE 21.
Testa solidiuscula, albida, nitens, costis obliquis notata ; spira rotun-
data, elevatiuscula, obtusa, tholiformis ; sutura valde impressa, anfr. 7,
convexiusculi, superi magis planulati, ultimus ad aperturam descendens,
obtuse carinatus, carina peristoma non attingens, post perist. canalicula-
tus ; infra carinam costae minus distinctas; basis plana, umbilicus latus,
perspectivus, anfractus eanaliculatos monstrans, quorum 2^ perspicue, alii
obscure videntur ; apertura perobliqua, semicircularis, ab axe remota ;
perist. album, latum, incrassatum, margine basali reflexiusculo, dentibus
duobus sinu rotundato disjunctis armatum; plica parietalis acuta, in me-
dio aperture projecta, margines peristomatis vix connectens.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix tholus W. G. BINNEY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1857, p. 186; Notes, p. 6.
f
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell rather solid, white, shining, ribbed above, smoother
below ; spire obtuse, little elevated, rounded ; whorls seven,
convex, the upper ones more flattened, the last bluntly
carinated; carina not reaching the peristome; base paral-
lel to the suture ; umbilicus broad, half the larger diame-
ter of the shell, showing two and a half deeply grooved
11
82 HELICEA.
whorls plainly, the others rapidly retreating towards the
apex ; aperture very oblique, semicircular, removed from
the axis of the shell, bordered with a scarcely reflected,
white, heavy rim, grooved behind, and armed with two
stout teeth near the basal extremity, broadly reflected at
the junction with the body whorl ; on the parietal wall of
the aperture is a white fold, hardly connecting the extrem-
ities of the lip, and projecting across the aperture into an
acute point.
Greater diameter 11, lesser 9, height 4 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. When describing this species
I had seen but one specimen of it in the collection of Mr.
Bland. It was supposed to inhabit Texas. Since that
time another specimen has been received by him from an
undoubted Texan locality.
Remarks. The aperture of this curious shell resembles
that of H. fatigiata Say. It is readily distinguished from
that and all other described species by the umbilicus,
broad at the commencement, and rapidly narrowing be-
yond the second whorl, with the peculiar groove visible in
all the whorls of the umbilicus, of the same character as
that noticed by Say in auriculata, though deeper.
The name is derived from the resemblance of the slightly
raised, rounded spire to a low dome.
HELIX FATIGIATA SAY vol. ii. p. 193 (pars), pi. xxxix. fig. 4.
Etlix fatigiala (Polygyra) SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 37.
BINNEY in Bost. Journ. 1. c. ex parte, (excl. syn. et fig.)
SHUTTLEWORTH, Diag. n. Moll. ii.
BLAND, N. Y. Lyceum, vi. 283; Notes, 7.
Helix Texasiana van B. CHEMNITZ, ed. 2. i. p. 86, excl. descr., syn. et fig.
DESHAYES in Fer. i. p. 74, excl. desc., syn. et fig.
Helix Texasiana j3 PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 418; iii. 267.
Helix Dorfeuilliana DESHAYES in Fer. i. 73 (excl. syn.) pi. 69 D, fig. 3.
Eelicina fastiyiata DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 82.
The figure to which I have referred is a correct represen-
tation of the specimen of H. fatigiata deposited by Mr.
HELIX. 83
Say in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. It
represents the only form of the species, those included by
Binney under the same name being referred more properly
to the succeeding species. There is consequently much
confusion in the synonymy, remarks, and geographical
notes of this group. The true H. fatigiata is described by
Shuttleworth (1. c.) and figured by Deshayes under a wrong
name, as well as placed in the text of his work among the
synonyms of Texasiana. Pfeiffer in both of his works
considers it as a variety (distinctius carinata) of Texasiana,
and in Malac. Blatt, 1856, p. 11, declares Shuttleworth's
notes on it unsatisfactory. DeKay has placed it in the
genus Helicina.
In the Boston Journal, Binney joins pustula to this
species, though doubtfully. By his notes, taken at the
Jardin des Plantes, it appears the species occurs there
under the name of operculata Val.
Bland has corrected the errors of previous writers, and
thus points out the distinguishing characteristics of the
species.
H. fatigiata Say is larger than Troostiana Lea, plicata Say,
and Dorfeuilliana Lea ; it is most nearly allied to the first, and
through it is connected with the second, but wholly distinct from
the last. The parietal tooth is more rectangular than that of Troos-
tiana, in which it is slightly emarginate near the tip, — but much
more so in plicata, while the parietal tooth in Dorfeuilliana is
rather quadrate. The teeth on the peristome in fatigiata and
Troostiana are much alike, as regards form, size, and position, —
the superior one being the largest, — both are larger and trans-
verse in Dorfeuilliana and in plicata, the inferior one being the
largest in the latter. Behind the peristome there are two small
pits, showing the situation of the teeth in fatigiata and Troostiana,
while there is scarcely more than a deep, well marked constriction
in DoTJeuilliana, H. Troostiana has a slight groove on the inner
side of the last whorl, the absence of which in fatigiata is noticed
84 HELICEA.
by Say, but I scarcely consider that a good specific character.
Fresh specimens of H. fatigiata are, I believe, covered with a very
thin epidermis, on which hairs are sparingly scattered, — the scars
of the hairs may be detected, especially on the last whorl, in denud-
ed shells.
H. fatigiata has, at a short distance within the aperture on the
base of the last whorl, a small, detached, erect, rounded tubercle,
answering probably the same purpose in the economy of the ani-
mal, as the " fulcrum " originally noticed by Mr. Lea (Observa-
tions, Vol. V. p. 80) in H. spinosa, though of a different construc-
tion.
I do not think the true fatigiata inhabits Ohio. It seems
more properly to belong to the region of Tennessee.
Pfeiffer's objection to the retention of the name, which
is evidently a misprint, can hardly be removed, since the
n&iae fastigiaia is already occupied by another species.
HELIX HAZARDI BLAND.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURE 13.
Polyyyra plicata SAY, 1. c. ; (Binney's ed.) p. 21.
Helix fatigiata BINNEY, in Bost. Journ. 1. c. (excl. syn. et fig ) in Terr. Moll.
(excl. syn. et fig.)
Helix Texasiana PFEIFFER, 1. c. (excl. syn. et descr.)
CHEMNITZ, (excl. syn., descr. et fig.)
Helix Dorfeuilliana DESHAYES, in Fer. 1. c. (excl. descr., syn. et fig.)
Helix Troostiana W. G. BINNEY, Notes, p. 21.
Helix Hazardi BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. 291 ; Notes 16, pi. ix. figs. 17-20.
Helicina plicata DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 28.
There are Kentucky specimens of this shell deposited
in the Philadelphia Academy by Say. His description is
as follows : —
POLYGYRA PLICATA. Shell convex beneath, depressed above,
spire slightly elevated ; whorls five, compressed, crossed by numer-
ous raised, equidistant lines, which form grooves between them ; aper-
ture subreniform, labrum reflected, regularly arcuated, describing
two thirds of a circle ; within two-toothed, teeth not separated by a
remarkable sinus ; labrum with a profound duplicature, which ter-
HELIX. 85
minates in an acute angle at the centre of the aperture ; beneath
exhibiting only two volutions, of which the external one is slightly
grooved near the suture.
Inhabits Alabama. Breadth, one fourth of an inch. Cabinet of
the Academy.
This species is about the same size as P. avara, but, besides
other characters, it is sufficiently distinguished by the acute fold of
the labrum. It was sent to the Academy by Mr. Samuel Hazard.
A more careful study has induced me to change my
opinion of the identity of this species with H. Troostiana.
Bland is the only author who has correctly dealt with
this species. His description is given below, while his
figure is given on pi. 78, fig. 13. He proposed this name
in place of Say's preoccupied one.
This shell may be distinguished from fatigiata Say, and Troos-
tiana Lea, independently of the absence of the carina, by its smaller
size, and more particularly by the different form, relative size, and
position of the teeth. In those species the superior tooth on the
peristome is transverse, compressed, and larger than the inferior
one, from which it is separated by a " remarkable sinus," distinctly
visible on looking into the aperture ; the inferior tooth is obtuse.
Immediately behind the peristome, the position of the teeth is
marked by small shallow pits, giving the character to the last
whorl designated by Shuttleworth " scrobiculato-constrictus" — the
striae run over the whorl up to the peristome. In H. Hazardi, the
two teeth on the peristome are of the same character as the supe-
rior one in fatigiata and Troostiana, — the inferior tooth is how-
ever the largest, and so partially conceals the lower margin of the
superior one as to obstruct the view into the aperture, and give no
appearance of separation " by a remarkable sinus." Both the teeth
are more deeply seated than in the other species. The nature of
the scrobiculation behind the peristome in H Hazardi alone suffi-
ciently distinguishes it from its allies. The space behind the peris-
tome, and between it and the curved pit, showing the seat of the
superior tooth, is convex and smooth, the striae not extending over it.
This species has, in common with fatigiata Say and Troostiana
86 HELICEA.
Lea, a thin, brown, but more sparingly hirsute epidermis. I have
noticed the tubercle within the last whorl, near the aperture, in
fatigiata and Troostiana, but no such process exists in the species
now under consideration. In H. ffazardi, the inferior tooth of the
labrum, at its inner end, is continued back within the aperture,
forming a white erect lamella on the floor of the whorl, parallel
with, and leaving a narrow sinus between it and the inner wall, to
which it is joined at its extremity, about 2^- mill, from the edge of
the peristome. The position of this lamella can be seen through
the shell.
The species is also found among the Cumberland Moun-
tains of Tennessee (Elliott).
Conrad, in the second volume (N. s.) of Silliman's Jour-
nal, speaks of finding H. plicata Say in Florida. He prob-
ably refers to some other species.
t
HELIX DORFEUILLIANA LEA.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURES 2, 14.
Helix Dorfeuilliana BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vi. p. 294; Notes, p. 18, pi. ix. figs.
24-26; nee PFEIFFEK, DESHAYES, CHEMNITZ, REEVE.
Helix fatiyiata BINNEY, Bost. Journ. et Terr. Moll. 1. c. (excl. deser., syn. et fig. )
Polygyra Dorfeuilliana LEA, 1. c.
TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1839, ii. 222.
The figure 2 which I have given is a fac-simile of Lea's ;
his description is as follows : —
T. superne obtuso-conica, inferne subinflata, nitida, cornea, longi-
tudinaliter striata, late umbilicata ; anfr. 6; apertura lunata, triden-
tata.
Shell above obtusely conical, below somewhat inflated, shining,
horn color; longitudinally striate, widely umbilicate ; whorls six;
aperture lunate, three toothed.
Hab. Ohio. Mr. Dorfeuille, Cincinnati.
Diam. .3 ; length .2 of an inch.
Remarks. I adopt Mr. Say's genus Polygyra, believing the
division, though very artificial, quite as good as many made by
Lamarck. This species has, like P. fatigiata Say and P. plicata
HELIX. 87
Say, one large tooth on the left lip, and two smaller ones on the
right lip. It differs from the first in not being carinate, from the
last in being larger, and having larger strife. In the Dorfeuilliana
the tooth on the left lip is large and square, with an indentation in
the centre. The view into the mouth is nearly obstructed by the
teeth, leaving, to appearance, three nearly square apertures. The
superior part of the shell is striate, while the inferior part is nearly
smooth, and exhibits two volutions. I have seen but a single speci-
men, which, I believe, is the only one obtained by Mr. Dorfeuille,
who obligingly sent it to me.
Mr. J. G. Anthony obtained from Mr. Dorfeuille some
facts concerning the original discovery of this species,
which prove beyond all doubt that it was accidentally
brought from Kentucky. It is not an inhabitant of Ohio.
The species has been confounded with several others by
Reeve, Pfeiffer, Deshayes, and Binney. Bland was the
first after Lea to correctly treat it. He thus describes its
characteristics : —
H. Dorfeuilliana Lea differs materially in its characters from the
three preceding species ; the strise on the upper surface are not so
well defined as in Troostiana, but more so than in Hazardi, while
the base is more smooth than in either of them, having only very
delicate stria?, with microscopic impressed spiral lines.
The parietal tooth is quadrate, — the two teeth on the right lip
are more nearly of the same size and form than in fatigiata and
Troostiana. In this species the inferior tooth is transverse, and in
some specimens broader than the superior one, but has a somewhat
pointed apex, — both are very nearly equally deeply seated, but so
far apart as to allow a view between them into the aperture, leav-
ing, as Mr. Lea expresses it, " to appearance three nearly square
apertures." Say would have described the two teeth as " separated
by a remarkable sinus." The peristome of this is more thickened
and less reflected than in the other species, — behind it is deeply
constricted, without any appearance of pits showing the position of
the teeth within.
88 HELICEA.
H. Dorfeuittiana Lea varies in size, — the following are the
measurements of my largest and smallest specimens : —
Diam. maj. 8, rain. 7, alt. 3£ mill.
« " 6£ " 5£" 3 «
With respect to the shell considered by Shuttleworth to be H.
Dorfeuilliana, it will be seen from the figure (PI. ix. fig. 26),
which differs, as he says, from Lea's, that the superior tooth on the
labrum is larger and more deeply seated than the inferior one, and
that the latter, though more developed, is much of the same form
as the inferior tooth in fatigiata and Troostiana. The parietal
tooth partakes of the general character of that in Lea's type of
Dorfeuittiana, but its lower and terminal margins project more
perpendicularly from the parietal wall. The umbilical perforation
is also larger, and the base of the shell is more smooth.
The following are the measurements of a large specimen : —
Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4.
I am much inclined to consider this a distinct species, but remark
upon it, as I believe it is more commonly found in cabinets under
the name of Dorfeuittiana, than the shell described by Lea.
H. Dorfeuittiana, and also the shell last considered, have a tuber-
cle within, very similar to that in fatigiata and Troostiana.
HELIX TROOSTIANA LEA.
PLATE XXXIX. FIGURE 2. PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURE 11.
Polygyra Troostiana LEA, 1. c.
TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1839, iii. 222.
Hvlix Troostiana PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 419; iii. 267.
DESHAYES in Fer. i. 75, pi. 69 D. fig. 4. ?
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 376, pi. Ixv. figs. 21-24.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 706, (1852).
BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. 288; Notes, 12, pi. ix. figs. 21-23.
Helix fatigiata BINNEY in B. Journ. 1. c. ; in Terr. Moll., ex parte, ii. 193, pi.
xxxix. fig. 2.
Helix plicata SHUTTLEWORTH, Diag. n. Moll. p. 18, (1852).
W. G. BINNEY, Notes, 11.
A more careful examination of Lea's specimen has
convinced rne of its specific distinction from plicata. On
pi. 18, fig. 11, is a fac-simile of Lea's figure, and his
description follows.
HELIX. 89
T. superne subplanata, inferne subinflata, cornea, longitudinaliter
striata, late umbilicata ; anfr. 6 ; apertura lunata, tridentata.
Shell above nearly flat, below somewhat inflated, horn color ;
longitudinally striate, widely umbilicate ; whorls 6 ; aperture lunate,
three-toothed.
Habitat. Tennessee. Prof. Troost.
Diarn. .4, length .2 of an inch.
Remarks. This species strongly resembles P. Dorfeuilliana, here-
in described, being nearly of the same size, and possessing most of
its characters. It differs, however, in the large solid tooth on the
left lip being more angular, and in the two teeth on the right lip
being somewhat differently placed. In the striae it differs much,
these being larger, much better defined, and passing over the whorls.
In the umbilicus it is wider, and shows more of the two whorls.
This shell forms the fourth of a group, the form of the apertures
of which is exceedingly alike, viz. P. fatigiata Say, P. plicata
Say, and P. Dorfeuilliana Nob.
As appears in the synonymy, this species has been much
more fortunate than its allies, having been correctly deter-
mined by most writers. Shuttleworth, however, errone-
ously refers it to plicata.
Bland thus remarks on it : —
Mr. Lea has kindly allowed me to examine his original speci-
men, which differs from mine only in having the parietal tooth
somewhat more emarginate.
H. Troostiana is very closely allied to H. fatigiata Say, from
which I separate it with some hesitation. In its fresh state it has
a thin, sparingly hirsute epidermis. I have moreover two speci-
mens in my cabinet, (both hirsute,) which are as acutely carinated
as fatigiata, with the striae as prominent below as above, — (in one
more numerous,) but both having the parietal tooth of Troostiana.
I am not altogether satisfied with the validity of Shuttleworth's
remark, that the superior tooth in fatigiata is larger and more
conspicuous than in Troostiana.
This species has the same tubercle within the last whorl as H.
fatigiata.
12
9 0 HELICEA.
HELIX CEREOLUS MUHLFELDT, vol. ii. p. 196. pi. xxxviii. pi. Ixxvii.fig. 23.
Helix cereohis MUHLFELDT, Berlin Mag. viii. (1816,) p. 41, pi. ii. fig. 18.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 378 (1846), pi. Ixvi. figs. 1-3, (1849).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 262.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 698.
Helix planorbula CHENU, Illustr. pi. xii. fig. 3.
Polygyra septemvolva SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 11.
Miihlfeldt's description was published in 1816, and not
in 1818 as quoted by Pfeiffer and others. This gives to
his name the priority over Say's. His figure is copied on
pi. 77, fig. 23 ; his description is as follows : —
Testa orbicular!, uinbilicata, utrinque planata, alba, oblique subcostata,
marginata, unidentata.
Die scheibenrunde genahelte, beiderseits flache, weisse, zart schief
geribbte Schale, hat eine gesaumte, einzahnige Miindung.
Die im Durchmesser 4^ Linien, in der Hohe aber, kaum inehr als 1 Linie
haltende, matt weisse, zarte, aus achte Windungen bestehende Schnecke,
ist beiderseits flach, docb hebet sich auf der oberen Seite, die deutlich
schief geribbt ist, der Wirbel ctwas empor, wodurch der Nabel der unteren
Flache, die nur zart schief gestreift erscheint, um so tiefer wird. Die
erste Windung ist auf ihrem Oberrande etwas gekielt, die Miindung rund
berura gesaumt, und da, wo die innere Lippe umgeschlagen, und dein
Bauch der ersten Windung angewachsen ist, mit einem aufstehendeu
weissen Zahne verschen, der jedoch unausgewachsenen Exemplaren fehlt.
Der Aufenthaltsort ist vermuthlich Westindien ? weil bei einer von
daher gekommenen Parthie von Conchylien, sich etliche Exemplare
befunden haben.
An error of quoting Helix polygyrata Binney has crept
into PfeifFer, Reeve, &c. The shell was never designated
by that name.
The two following species, possessed by Dr. Binney in
large quantities, are confounded by him in the text. The
true cereolus is the middle figure of the plate referred to.
It admits, however, of considerable variety. The most
prominent variation is that furnished with an elongated
thread-like lamina winding along the wall of the inner
whorl of the shell. It is usually visible through the outer
HELIX. 91
whorl, at a little distance behind the parietal tooth, (vol.
iii. p. 32). This lamina does not, however, distinguish it
from the allied species, H. microdonta. The variety is also
characterized by a less expansive umbilicus. It occurs in
vast numbers on the banks of Indian River, Florida.
I am indebted to Mr. O. M. Dorman for fresh specimens
of the true cereolus, found by him near St. Augustine. I
have not received the species from any state but Florida,
though Pfeiffer gives Georgia also as its habitat.
Another variety is furnished with the alternating spots
which distinguish H. microdonta.
HELIX MICRODONTA DESHAYES.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURE 23.
Testa discoidea, planulata, albo-grisea, flammulis obliquis fuscis sub-
rubescentibusve ornata ; superne spira depressissima, subtus profunde
lateque in ambitu umbilicata, tenuissime et regulariter striata ; apertura
obliqua, marginata, ovatosemilunari ; labio dente obliquo minimo proe-
dito. Diara. 10; alt. 4 mill. (Deshayes.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES
Helix microdonta DESHAYES, in Fer. Hist. i. p. 6, pi. Ixxii. fig. 13.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 380 (1846), pi. Ixvi. figs. 10-12, (1849).
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 409; iii. 262.
REEVE, Con. Icon No. 705 (1852); No. 1040 (1S53), unspotted
var.
Helix plana DUNKER, Phil. Icon, i 3, p. 51, tab. iii. fig. 11.
This shell was known to Dr. Binney by the numerous
specimens in his cabinet from Florida Keys. He did not,
however, recognize it as distinct. It is readily known by
the alternating blotches of white on the under surface of
the whorls, its heavier shell, less numerous whorls, and
the internal lamina described under cereolus. This lamina
and the white blotches are almost universally present.
Specimens are common in cabinets. I have it from Key
Biscayne, and many other Florida keys. Pfeiffer quotes
it from Bermuda and Texas, and Poey from Cuba. The
figure is copied from that of Deshayes.
92 HELICEA.
HELIX VOLVOXIS PARREYSS.
PLATE LXXVIIi. FIGURE 17.
T. umbilicata, orbiculato-eonvexa, tenuis, rufo-cornea, pellucida, regular-
iter costulato-striata ; spira brevissima, convexa ; anf. 7 convexi, regulariter
accrescentes, ultimus reliquis superne vix latior, angulatus, infra angu-
lum inflatus, striatus, nitidus ; umbilicus latus, regularis, anfractu ultimo
latissimo reliquis regulariter decrescentibus ; apertura majuscula, reni-
formis ; perist. intus callosum, reflexum, marginibus callo brevi, triangu-
lari dentiformi junctis. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4 mill. (Pfeiffer.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix volvoxis PARREYSS in Pfeiffer Symb. iii. p. 80; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. p. 409;
iii. p. 262.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2,i. 379 (1846), pi. Ixvi. figs. 4-6. (1849).
KEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 1237, (1854).
Polygyi*a septemvolva BECK V abs. desc. teste Pfr.
This species is readily distinguished by its smoother
surface, its uniform color, and its regular under surface,
exhibiting fewer volutions than any of the other forms.
I have not detected any internal lamina. It is also the
smallest of the group. I have it from St. Simon's Isle,
Georgia, (Postell,) and Jacksonville, Fla. (Dorman.) It
occurs in immense numbers. The outside figures on pi.
38, and the upper line of pi. 39, are probably drawn from
varieties of this species.
HELIX HINDSI PFEIFFER vol. iii. p. 17, pi. Ixxviii. figs. 5, 6, 8.
Helix Hindsi PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii, 265.
KEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 712, (1852).
I have added to an enlarged view of the aperture on pi.
78, outlines of Pfeiffer's figures in Chemnitz.
HELIX LEPORINA GOULD vol. ii. p. 199, pi. xl. a. fig. 1.
Helix leponna REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 722, (1852).
BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. 348; Notes, 39.
Helix pustula (3 PFEIFFER, Mon. iii. 268.
This species reaches a much more northern limit than
HELIX. 93
would have been anticipated. It occurs in Illinois (Ken-
nicott !) Indiana (Ingalls) — also at St. Simon's Isle,
Ga. (Postell!) Savannah (Elliott!) and on the Cattahoo-
chee River, Ga. (Neisler!)
From letters received from Dr. Pfeiffer, he seems to have
reversed his opinion regarding the identity of this species
and H. pustula.
" Within and near the aperture, there is what may be
called the ' fulcrum] extending from the floor of the last
to that of the penultimate whorl, and approaching in
character to, but less strongly developed, than that in H.
monodon Rack. The outer edge of this fulcrum is un-
even, — in one of my specimens somewhat denticulated."
(Bland.)
HELIX PUSTULOIDES BLAND.
PLATE XXXIX. FIGURE 3.
This is the pustula of the Terrestrial Mollusks (vol. ii.
p. 201) and not of Ferussac. Eland's description is given
below from the N. Y. Ann. vi. 350, Notes, 40.
The species has been detected at Darien, Ga. (Dr. S.
W. Wilson,) Columbus, Ga. (Neisler.)
T. late et perspective umbilicata, planorboidea, tenuiuscula, rufo-vel
pallide-cornea, minute striatula; epidermide tenui, pilosiuscula ; spira
vix elevata; anfr. 4-4^, convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo
superne ad peripheriam obtuse angulato, ad aperturam gibboso-constricto,
subito deflexo, basi deviante ; sutura valde impressa ; umbilico lato, £
diam. maj. aequante, omnes anfractus monstrante, praesertim penultimum ;
apertura obliqua, lunato-circulari ; dente erecto, obliquo, albo, lamelli-
formi, in pariete aperturali munito, callo lineari subarcuato superne ad
angulum aperturae juncto ; perist. reflexo, roseo, marginibus conniventi-
bus, dentibus duobus sinu disjunctis instructo.
If. pustuloides is intermediate in size between H. pustula and H.
leporina, — is less globose than the former, and more sparingly hir-
sute. It differs widely from both in the character of the umbilicus,
94 HELICEA.
— the aperture is much like that of pustida, but more narrow than
that of leporina. The inferior tooth on the peristome is more de-
veloped laterally than in H. pustula, — indeed it has a somewhat
bifid appearance, in which respect it is more allied to H. leporina.
The fulcrum in H. pustuloides is of the same nature as that in
H. leporina, but less developed, and with the outer edge entire.
As to the station of the species, I copy the following from one
of his (Dr. Wilson's) interesting letters : —
" The place has an eastern exposure to the sea, high tides rising
to the base of the low bluff where they exist. The growth of trees,
which consists mostly of live oak and Celtis occidentalis, has never
been cleared off; the Palmetto serrulata flourishes as an under-
growth. The soil is covered for a few inches in depth with oyster-
shells thrown there by the Indians, and decayed leaves and frag-
ments of branches are of course over all these, under which, and
among the superficial oyster-shells, the Helices live. H. pustula
is nowhere near, or at least a rigid search did not reveal any. H.
concava (dead) occurs in small numbers. If. inflecta abun-
dantly."
HELIX PUSTULA FERUSSAC. . . .vol. ii. p. 201 (ex parte), pi. Ixxvii fig. 12.
T. orbiculato-depressa, tenue striata, angusle umbilicata ; umbilico
obtuso ; rufa vel pallide cornea; anfr. angustis, convexiusculis, sutura
depressa conjunctis, ultimo basi convexiore prope aperturam deflexo,
eoarctato : apertura angusta, arcuata, obliqua, alba ; marginibus reflexis,
basi dente mediocri, linguiformi, conjunctis ; labro bidentato, dentibus
approximatis inagqualibus. (Deshayes.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix pustula DESHAYES in Fei-. i. 78.
PFEIFFER, iii. 268, (excl. /?).
CHEMNITZ, i. 376, (1846).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 721, (1852).
BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. 346; Notes, 36.
I have given a fac-simile of Ferussac's figure of this
species, there being no correct one in the Mollusks. As
already observed, the pustula of Binney is not Ferussac's ;
it is pustuloides Bland. It is readily distinguished by its
HELIX. 95
more contracted umbilicus, as well as the following char-
acteristics noticed by Bland.
The groove within the umbilicus is a very marked feature in
Ferussac's species, and though not referred to in the description, is
distinctly shown in one of his figures ; it is entirely wanting in H.
leporina, and also in pustuloides. This groove is not only an ex-
ternal character, but its presence modifies the internal structure of
the shell. On opening the base of the last whorl immediately be-
hind the aperture, a strongly developed transverse tubercle is seen
within, from which a strong ridge-like lamella runs round the umbil-
ical opening, corresponding in extent with the groove. This tuber-
cle, and the extension of it, are entirely disconnected by a sinus or
channel from the floor of the penult whorl.
The hirsute character of this species is not alluded to by any
author. The outer edge of the peristome in specimens from St.
Augustine, is of a deep rose color.
The true pustula has been found at various localities in
Georgia, at St. Augustine, Fla. (Dorman), and in Texas,
(Moore, Roemer.)
HELIX LABYRINTHICA SAY vol. ii. p. 202, pi. xvii. fig. 3.
Helix labyrinthica SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 10.
CHEMNITZ, 1. c. i. 382, (1846).
PFEIFFEK, 1. c. iii. 262.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 728, (1852).
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. 39, pi. iii. fig. 31.
DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 210.
I have specimens of H. labyrinthica from the Northwest,
Canada, Florida, and Texas. Its range is probably not
surpassed by that of any other species.
Lea is erroneously given as authority for the specific
name in Adams's Genera of Recent Mollusca.
HELIX LIGERA SAY vol. ii. p. 204, pi. xxxv.
Helix liyera SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 19.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 40, excl. fig.
96 HELICEA.
CHEMNITZ, i. 208, (1846).
PFEIFFER, iii. 49.
DESHAYES in Fer. i. 184.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 493, (1852).
Helix Rafinesquea PFEIFFER, Symb. i. 39, (1841).
Helix Wardiana TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1839, ii. 221.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 46.
Helix Rafinesquea Ferussac may be H. gularis, as it is
included among the group of that species in the Tableaux
Systematiques. Deshayes, however, in the continuation
of the Histoire refers it to ligera, as does Pfeiffer in his
later works.
DeKay's figure is too little characteristic to be referred
with certainty to any species.
H. Wardiana is universally acknowledged as a variety
of this species.
Found also in Pennsylvania (Conrad!) and Kentucky
(Kennicott !)
HELIX INTERTEXTA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 206, pi. xxxvi.
Helix intertexta DEKAY, N. Y. Moil. p. 38, pi. iii. fig. 29.
CHEMNITZ, i. 208, (1846).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 49.
EEEVE, Con. Icon. No. 668, (1852).
There is a strongly carinated, depressed form, occurring
at 'the South, which forms a prominent variety.
The specimen figured is unusually large.
It is also found in Indiana, New York, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. It also occurs fossil in
the Postpleiocene of the West.
HELIX SOLITARIA SAY , vol. ii. p. 208, pi. xxiv.
Helix solitana SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 19.
DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 43, pi. iii. fig. 41.
CHEMNITZ, i. 180, (1S46).
PFEIFFER, iii. 98.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 662, (1852).
The smaller variety mentioned in my Notes, p. 27, may,
HELIX. 97
perhaps, be referred to the following species. It was found
at Fort Bridger.
Say's type is still preserved in the Academy at Phila-
delphia.
The species occurs in the Postpleiocene. It is doubtful
whether it will ever be found in New York as DeKay an-
ticipates.
HELIX COOPERI.
PLATE LXXVII. FIGURE 11.
Testa umbilicata; elevatoglobosa : solida ; striis obliquis increment! et
lineis spiralibus leviter intercidentibus notata ; alba, ad peripheriam fas-
cia unica, angusta, rufa, cincta, aut fasciis et lineis rufis, volventibus,
varie dispostis, ornata ; sutura impressa ; spira elevata ; anfr. 5 convexi,
ultimus rotundatus, ad aperturam valde descendens ; umbilicus mediocris,
pervius, 1-5 diam. maj. testse asquans ; apertura perobliqua, circularis ;
perist. simplex, incrassatum, ad uinbilicum reflexiusculum, marginibus
valde approximatis, callo albo, crasso, conjunctis.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Cooperi W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1858, p. 118; Notes,
p. 16.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell umbilicated ; elevated, globose ; solid, with ob-
lique incremental striae intersected with delicate spiral
lines ; color white, variously marked with a single narrow
band, or broader longitudinal and spiral patches of reddish-
brown ; suture impressed ; spire elevated ; whorls five,
convex, the last rounded, very decidedly deflected at the
aperture ; umbilicus moderate, pervious, l-5th the greater
diameter of the shell ; aperture very oblique, circular ;
perist. simple, thickened, reflected at the umbilicus, with
its extremities very nearly approached, and joined by a
heavy white callus.
Greater diameter, 15 ; lesser, 13 ; height, 9 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found by Dr. F. V. Hayden
13
98 HELICEA.
(Yellowstone Riv. Ex. Ex.) in considerable quantities
among the Black Hills of Nebraska Territory.
Remarks. The shells collected were weather-worn, but
sufficiently fresh to show considerable variety in the dispo-
sition of the bands and revolving patches of coloring.
Resembles nearly no described American species. Has
an elevated spire like H. Pennsylvanica Green, and some-
what approaches H. solitaria Say. It is, however, very
much smaller, has rougher striae and revolving lines ; the
umbilicus is different, as is also the circular aperture, with
nearly approaching ends like H. vittata Mull., of Ceylon.
There is a curious variety of H. solitaria Say, found by
Lieut. Bryan at Bridger's Pass, which may be compared
with this in size ; but the only specimen I have examined
has no revolving lines, and wants the characteristic aper-
ture. Some specimens of this species have a more flat-
tened spire.
Named in honor of Dr. J. G. Cooper, of P. R. R. Survey.
HELIX ALTERNATA SAY vol. ii. p. 212, pi. xxv.
Helix alternata SAY, (Binney's ed.) pp. 6, 21, pi. 69, fig. 2.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. 1. c. non scabm.
PFEIFFER, iii. 98.
DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 89.
CHEMNITZ, i. 181.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 670, (1852).
BILLINGS, 1857, Canad. Nat. 2, 99, figs. 4, 5.
Helix scabra CHENU, Illust. tab. vi. fig. 11.
Helix infecta PFEIFFER, Mai. Bl. 1857, p. 86 — non REEVE.
Helix strongylodes ? PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 53.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 1296, (1854).
I have specimens of this species collected from Canada
to Texas, and most of the intervening States. I do not
know of its existence in Florida. It is found plentifully in
the Postpleiocene of Natchez Bluff, still retaining its color.
Helix mordax Shuttleworth will, I think, prove a variety
of this species. H. strongylodes is also a variety, to judge
from the figure I have given, (pi. 77, fig. 8,) drawn by Mr.
HELIX. 99
Sowerby from the type in the Cumingian collection. In
regard to H. infecta, I cannot find specific characters in
the specimen kindly sent me by Dr. Pfeiffer. The original
descriptions of these two forms now follow : —
HELIX INFFCTA. T. umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, tenuiter costulato-
striata, corucoalbida, rufo obsolete fasciata et radiata; spira conoidea,
vertice subtili ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice
non descendens, peripheria obsoletissime angulatus; umbilicus conicus,
£ diametri subsequans ; apertura diagonalis, lunato rotundata ; perist.
simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus, columellari subpatulo.
Diam. maj. 17 ; min. 15 ; alt. 9 mill. Hab. in Canada teste Parreyss.
H. STRONGYLODES. H. t. umbilicata, convexo-depressa, solidula, oblique
costulata, albida, maculis rufis superne variegata ; spira parum elevata,
obtusa; anfr. 6,sensini accrescentibus, primis isculis planu, sequentibus
convexis, ad suturam tumidis, ultimo non descendente, terete; umb. per-
spectivus, | diametri aequante; apertura diagonali,lunato-rotundata ; perist.
simplice, recto, --marginibus subconvergentibus, columellari superne for-
nicatim patente. Diam. maj. 19 ; min. 16 J ; alt. 83- mill. Hab. Texas.
HELIX MORD AX SHUTTLE WORTH vol. iii. p. 19.
Helix mordax PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 635.
I have already expressed my belief that this is a mere
variety of alternata. Pfeiffer (1. c.) merely repeats the
original description, not having seen the shell.
HELIX CUMBERLANDIANA LEA vol. ii. p. 216, pi. xxxi.
Carocotta Cumberlandiana TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1843, ii. 124.
Eelix Cumberlandiana PFEIFFER, iii. 114.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 701, (1852).
HELIX STRIATELLA ANTHONY vol. ii. p. 217, pi. xxx. fig. 2.
Helix striatella CHEMNITZ, ii. 115.
PFEIFFER, iii. 100.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 727, (1853).
Helix ruderata ADAMS in Sill. Journ. 40, p. 408.
Pfeiffer refers to this species the figure of Ferussac (t. 79,
fig. 7) referred to perspectiva by Binney.
The species has been found also in Kansas, Wisconsin,
and the District of Columbia.
100 HELICEA.
HELIX LIMATULA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 219, pi. xxx. fig. 2.
Has also been detected in Michigan.
HELIX MINUTISSIMA LEA.
PLATE LXXVII. FIGURES 6, 7.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix minutissima LEA, Trans, ditto, vol. ix. p. 17.
TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1843, ii. 124.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 87; iii. 83.
Helix minuscula teste BINNEY, vol. ii. p. 221.
ANTHONY, Ohio Cat. Jan. 1843.
There is every reason for reversing the decision of the
identity of this and minuscula, expressed by Binney and
Anthony. Lea's original specimen is figured in the plate
from a drawing by Dr. Leidy. I give Lea's description
below. The shell is readily distinguished from minuscula
by its smaller size, less expanded umbilicus, minute striee,
and its greater resemblance in outline to H. chersina.
Lea's specimen came from Ohio. It has been sent me
from Greenwich, N. Y., by Dr. Ingalls.
Though considered in the Terrestrial Mollusks as a va-
riety only of minuscula, I find a note taken by rny father at
Mr. Lea's collection, in which he says it is not the same.
This is our smallest shell, being one-fourth less in diam.
than H. exigua St. The umbilicus is wide, and shows
some of the interior volutions — though not so expanded
as H. minuscula or exigua. The apex is distinctly and
readily seen in the two last, and the suture is very much
more impressed. H. minutissima has delicate striae, but
no ribs. The spire is variable in height.
HELIX MINUTISSIMA Lea. T. subglobosa, supra obtuso-conoidea, subtus
convexa, fusco-cornea, rmnutissime striata, umbilicata ; suturis impressis ;
anfr. 4, rotundatis; apertura subrotundata, lab. acuto. Cincinnati.
Diam. .06, length, .04. It is the smallest species of our country which
has come under my notice. Its very minute longitudinal strise can only
HELIX. 101
be observed by a powerful lens. The umbilicus is rather large and deep.
It is nearly the form of H. Idbyrinthica Say, but is a smaller species, is
differently striated, and has no teeth. Found on wet sticks on the mar-
gin of a pond.
HELIX MILIUM MORSE.
The shell figured on plate 79, figs. 4 and 5, from a draw-
ing of Mr. E. S. Morse, was sent me from Portland by
that gentleman under this name. To publish it here
would be anticipating his own description.
Since writing the above the description of this species
has been published. It is given below, although it
appeared after January 1st, 1859, the date to which the
subject is brought down.
It is taken from the Proc. of Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vii.
p. 28, April, 1859.
Shell minute, transparent, shining ; epidermis white, with a
greenish tinge ; distinctly and regularly striated above ; whorls
rounded, rapidly enlarging ; suture very deeply impressed ; spire
slightly elevated ; microscopic lines running parallel with the
whorls, more conspicuous beneath ; umbilicus quite large, deep,
and showing all the volutions ; outer lip sharp. Diam. 0.05 ;
height, 0.02.
Distribution. Portland, Me. ; Augusta, Me. ; Bethel, Me. ;
Saco, Me. ; Westbrook, Me.
Observations. The rapidly enlarging whorls remind one at first
sight of the young of H. indentata Say. The under side resem-
bles slightly the young of H. minuscula Binney. It is about the
size of H. minutissima Lea.
The peculiarities of the shell are its diminutive size, its rapidly
enlarging and well rounded whorls, its deep and regular striations,
which become obscure at the apex, and the microscopic lines run-
ning parallel with the whorls.
This little shell I first found at Mt. Independence, Westbrook,
Me., August 16, 1857, in company with Pupa exigua Say, and
the smaller Helices.
Found generally on low lands, where they seemed to be sur-
102 HELICEA.
rounded with water, though it has been found on high lands where
the ground was comparatively dry. Mr. Charles B. Fuller, of
Portland, found them quite numerous in a grove of pines, an unu-
sual place for Helices to be found in.
HELIX EXIGUA STIMPSON vol. iii. p. 16, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 19.
Helix exigua PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 102.
Helix annulata CASE in Sill. Journ. May, 1847, vol. iii. p. 101; Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 338.
PFEIFFER, 1. c.
Helix slriatella junior, GOULD, Sill. Journ. 1. c. 276.
I also have specimens of this shell from Canada.
As suggested by Stimpson, (Shells of N. E. p. 55,) H.
exigua is identical with annulata Case, which name, being
preoccupied, will not stand. Gould, 1. c., declares annu-
lata to be the young of striatella, — an opinion he seems to
have withdrawn by including Stimpson's description in
vol. iii. He was at first rather inclined to refer the species
to costata (vid. note to Case's description, 1. c.)
I have given a fac-simile of one of Case's figures, which
are characteristic, though rough. His description is given
below. Pfeiffer copies both descriptions, not having seen
either of the shells.
Shell minute, much depressed ; umbilicus showing all the volutions ;
aperture simple and somewhat oval ; whorls four, banded by sharp par-
allel ribs, inclining slightly forward ; intercostal space marked with waved
lines, running parallel with the whorls ; nearly transparent ; diam. about
one line.
This minute but beautiful shell was found by Dr. B. A. Stanard, in
the region about Lake Superior, and I have heard of its being observed
in other places, but so far as I can learn it is undescribed. It differs
from any description of the pulchella I have yet met with, in having
uniformly an oval aperture and simple lip. The minuta of Say I believe
never has the parallel ribs, and is supplied with a lip.
HELIX MINUSCULA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 221, pi. xvii. a. fig. 2.
Helix minuscula PFEIFFER, iii. 90.
CHEMNTZ, ii. 112.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 731, (1852).
HELIX. 103
Helix minutalis MOKELET nee. Fer. Test. Nov. ii. p. 7.
Helix apex ADAMS, Contr. Conch, p. 36.
EEEVE, 1. c. 339.
Helix Lavelleana Orb. Moll. Cub. in textu, p. 161, excl. tab. (1853).
Helix Mauriniana Orb. 1. c. in tab. viii. figs. 20-22, excl. textu.
Has been detected also in Michigan, Georgia, New
York, and in Washington Co. Texas (Moore). Is also
found in Cuba, Porto Rico, and Jamaica.
In Mai. Blatt. ii. 93, Pfeiffer states that H. Lavelleana
is represented in the British Museum by poor specimens
of minuscula. I follow the same author in placing minu-
talis and apex in the synonymy.
They are thus described.
Helix apex. Shell discoidal ; whitish ; with microscopic spiral strias ;
spire scarcely elevated, convex ; apex very obtuse ; whorls 4, cylindri-
cal, with a deep suture ; aperture nearly circular ; lip thin and sharp ;
umbilicus very wide.
Helix minutalis. T. perspective umbilicata, subdiscoidea, minute stria-
tula, corneo-albicans ; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, sutura impressa distincti ;
apertura vix obliqua, subcircularis ; peristoma simplex, marginibus ap-
proximatis.
Hab. circa pagum Palizada provinciae Yucatenensis, necnon in insula
Cubana.
HELIX ASTERISCUS MORSE.
PLATE LXXV1I. FIGURE 9.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix astenscus MORSE, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi. p. 128, March, 1857.
Animal short, bluish.
Shell small, orbicular, very much depressed ; whorls four,
rounded above and below ; banded by twenty-five to thirty very
thin, transparent, and prominent ribs, very oblique, inclined back-
ward ; spire not rising above the last whorl ; suture deeply im-
pressed ; umbilicus moderately large, showing all the volutions ;
finely striated between the ribs ; in some specimens parallel lines
may be observed. Color light brown.
Dimensions : breadth, T^ in. ; height, 7^ in.
104 HELICEA.
Found at Bethel, Me., in company with Pupa pentodon and Pupa
exigua, September 28, 1856.
Observations. This shell differs from H. annulata Case, in being
smaller, the umbilicus not so large, spire not elevated, intercostal
space not marked with parallel lines, but finely striated ; the color
is also different.
Its peculiar thin, transparent ribs, depressed spire, and deep
umbilicus, are prominent features that can never confound it with
other species.
The above is Morse's description from the Proceedings
of the Boston Society of Natural History, March, 1857,
vol. vi. p. 128.
The figure is very much enlarged from a specimen
kindly sent me by the discoverer. The species is very dis-
tinct, and cannot readily be confounded with any other
now known to inhabit America. Another character which
easily distinguishes it from the nearest allied species, H.
exigua, is this : the ribs are much less numerous and seem
formed by a continuation or lapping over of the epidermis
at every period of repose from growth of the shell.
It is difficult to imagine on what grounds Gould could
have based the opinion copied below from the Boston
Proc. vi. 72.
This species, the most minute of any yet observed, was found by
Mr. Morse in the vicinity of Portland, and has been collected also
at several localities in Massachusetts. Dr. Gould considered it to
be the species described by Mr. Lea, under the name of Helix
minutissima. It was regarded by Dr. Binney as the young of
H. minuscida, but Dr. Gould believed it to be a distinct species.
HELIX KOPNODES.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURE 14.
Testa depresso-globosa, corrugata, subtus laevigata ; spira brevis, de-
pressa ; sutura mediocris ; anfr. quinque, rapide accrescentes, ultiinus
permagnus, ventricosus, interdura lineis volventibus crassis notata; aper-
tura magna, rotundata ; perist. simplex, acutura, marginibus approximatis,
HELIX. 105
callo levi, brunneo conjunctis, ad umbilicum parvum et profundum
reflexiusculum.
SYNONYMS ANB REFERENCES.
Helix Tcopnodes W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. 1857, p. 186; Notes, 6.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell depressed globose, wrinkled, below smooth ; spire
short, depressed ; suture moderate ; whorls five, rapidly
increasing, the last very ventricose and large, sometimes
marked with coarse revolving lines ; aperture large, round,
lip simple, acute, ends approached, joined by a slight dep-
osition of brownish callus over the parietal wall, reflected
at the small and deep umbilicus.
Greater diameter, 35 ; lesser, 28 ; height, 13 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found in Alabama in con-
siderable quantity by C. S. Hale, Esq., and Dr. E. R.
Showalter.
Remarks. I was at first inclined to consider it an
unnaturally developed form of fuliginosa, but have since
been convinced of its being distinct by large suites of
various stages of growth. The color is lighter, the shell
larger, heavier, less globose ; the umbilicus is narrower ;
the aperture larger, and less rounded ; the spire less ele-
vated. The heavy, interrupted revolving lines are present
in four out of six specimens before me.
Reeve's figure 672 has some resemblance to it in shape,
though less globose, and described as striate.
HELIX FTJLIGINOSA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 222, pi. xxxl.
Helix fuliginosa CHEMNITZ, ii. 104.
PFEIFFER, iii. 83.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 675, (1852). ?
This can hardly be the species designated by Ferussac
as H. Icevigata. His figure and the opinion of Deshayes,
14
106 HELICEA.
in his continuation of the Histoire, are both opposed to
this theory. Rafinesque, it must be remembered, is respon-
sible for the application of the name Icevigata to a striated
shell. He makes, however, greater errors than this.
If Rafinesqu'e notices fuliginosa at all, it is in the Enu-
meration, &c. &c. p. 3.
Omphalina — Differs from Helix by no lips, but an ombalic.
0. cuprea. Suboval, four spires, smooth, brittle, diaphanous coppery,
shining, opening very large. In Kentucky.
Griffith writes to Binney that lucubrata is the same as
fuliginosa. Adams, 1. c., gives the same opinion, as does
also Anthony in his Ohio Catalogue. Notwithstanding
the opinion of these authors, I am inclined to believe that
neither lucubrata nor Icevigata have any connection with
fuliginosa. From letters of Say, in the possession of Mr.
Bland, it appears he was unacquainted with fuliginosa.
As regards lucubrata it is a Mexican species. If known
to us at all, it is by PfeifFer's redescription of it under the
name of caduca. Specimens of this last agree perfectly
with Mexican specimens of lucubrata preserved for many
years in the Philadelphia Academy. It is, however, at
present impossible to decide whether lucubrata has been
met with since Say found it in Mexico, (see Binney's ed.
p. 36).
HELIX FRIABILJS.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURE 2.
Testa globosa, papyracea, friabilis, subdiaphana, nitens, rufescens ;
spira parvula, elevato-conica ; anfr. quatuor, laeviter corrugati, convexi,
ultimus permagnus, ventricosissimus ; sutura mediocris ; apertura circu-
laris, parum alta et longa, intus livida, callo levi, albo sub-incrassata ;
perist. acutum, tenue, simplex, ad basin reflexiusculum, violaceum, um-
bilicum parvum et profundum aliquantum tegens.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix friabilis W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1857, p. 187; Notes,
p. 7.
HELIX. 107
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed,
Shell very globose, transparent, brittle, thin, shining,
reddish ; spire very short, conic ; whorls four, convex,
lightly wrinkled, rapidly increasing, the last very large and
ventricose ; suture moderate ; aperture circular, equally
high and broad, within bluish and slightly thickened by a
very thin white callus ; perist. simple, sharp, thin, at its
junction with the body whorl, violet-colored and reflected,
so as to cover a portion of the small and deep umbilicus ;
the parietal wall of the aperture is covered with a light
violet-colored callus.
Greater diameter, 26 ; lesser, 20 ; height, 13 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found by Mrs. Say on the
banks of the Wabash, Indiana, and in Illinois by Kenni-
cott. Occurs also in Alabama (Showalter), and Texas,
(Moore).
Remarks. Belongs to the same group as H. fuliginosa
Binney — but readily distinguished from that and all de-
scribed species by its transparent, globular shell, ventricose
body whorl, and circular aperture. At the localities where
it was found it seems to take the place of H. fuliginosa ,
as that species does not occur with it.
The specimen figured was found by Mrs. Say, as stated
above. From Texas the specimens are much heavier.
HELIX CADUCA PFEIFFER,
This species was originally described from Mexico, but
is catalogued by Roemer (Texas, 455) as found at New
Washington. The species is nearly allied, if not identi-
cal, with lucubrata Say, as already observed in the remarks
on H. fuliginosa. Pfeiflfer's description is given below.
T. umbilicata, depressa, fragilis, breviter striatula, albida, epidemic
f ulvo-cornea induta ; spira parum elevata, vertice subtili ; anfr. 5£ con-
vexiusculi, ultimus inulto latior, basi subplanulatus, circa umbilicum
108 HELICEA.
latum angustum, externe subinfundibuliformem excavatus ; apertura
majuscula, oblique truncato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, tenue, marginibus
subconniventibus, callo tenuissimo junctis, columellari vix expansiusculo.
Diam. maj. 27, min. 22, alt. 14 mill.
HELIX LJEVIGATA PFEIFFER vol. ii. p. 225, pi. xxxii.
Helix kevigala PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 64; iii. 67, (excl. syn.)
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2. ii. 106, pi. 84, figs. 17-19, (excl. syn.)
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 672, (1852). V
DESHAYES in Fer. i. 94.
Helix lucubrata BINNEY, 1. c. nee. SAY.
Helix fuliyinosa BINNEY in B. J. (pars., excl. desc., syn., et fig.)
Helix Inornata REEVE, 1. c. 666.
I have given the synonymy of this species in full to
show under how many names it has appeared. It ap-
pears to have been sent to Ferussac by Rafinesque under
the name it bears, though no description of it by that
author is extant. Ferussac mentions it by name only in
his Tableaux (1821), with no reference, however, to the
figure which afterwards appeared (1832) in the Histoire.
In 1840, Binney evidently refers to it in the Boston Jour-
nal as a striated variety of fuliginosa and quotes Ferus-
sac's figure. He also suggests its identity with lucubrata.
In 1848 the first description of the shell was published by
Pfeiffer, whom I have given as the authority for the spe-
cific name. In continuing Ferussac's great work, De-
shayes also describes the shell, as does also Pfeiffer in
the second edition of Chemnitz. It was therefore well
established and universally known by the name of Icevi-
gata when the Terrestrial Mollusks appeared. The name
proposed by Binney would not, therefore, have precedence
over Pfeiffer's, even had it been an entirely new name.
Binney, however, commits the error of applying to this
species Say's name of lucubrata^ though there is no evi-
dence of Say's ever having seen the species. On the
other hand, in Mr. Poulson's collection are specimens of
Icevigata labelled by Say " Helix Claiborne, Ala."
HELIX. 109
The label written during the last few years of Say's life
shows conclusively his ignorance of the species.
Pfeiffer, Deshayes, Chemnitz, and Reeve have con-
founded H. inornata with this species, even quoting in
some instances Binney's figure of inornata in the Boston
Journal, which represents an entirely smooth shell. Pfeif-
fer also quotes H. rufa DeKay as a synonym of Icevigata.
It seems rather to be the young of some other species.
Reeve figured Icevigata under the name of inornata, de-
scribing it as striate in the text.
Much confusion regarding the species of this group has
existed also among American collectors, who have de-
pended for the names of their shells on their friends rather
than on descriptions.
The species under consideration is at once distinguished
from all the others of the group by the fact of its being
the only one furnished with striee on the upper surface.
It has also been found in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,
Arkansas, North Carolina, and Florida.
Pfeiffer mentions a large variety from Florida. Reeve's
fig. 672 may perhaps represent it.
For the views of Bland see the remarks on the follow-
ing species.
HELIX INORNATA SAY vol. ii. p. 227, pi. xxxiv.
Helix inornata SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 24.
Helix glaphyra ? PFEIFFER, Symb. ii. 29, (excl. H. fuliginosa) ; Mon. i. 57; nee.
REEVE, BLAND.
This species has been described and figured in America
for many years, and is now well understood in American
collections. During the last year it has been referred to
l&vigata by Bland, (N. Y. Lye. vi. 352). In the remarks
under cellaria his views will be given.
Pfeiffer gives Say's description, not having seen any
authentic specimen. The shell described by him as glaph-
110 HELICEA.
yra is evidently inornata. From his letters, it appears he
will follow Binney's decision regarding inornata in the
fourth volume of his Monograph.
Reeve figures and describes inornata under the name of
g*laphyra, misquoting Gould's opinion about the introduc-
tion of quite another shell. His inornata is the true Icevi-
gata.
Lewis (Bost. Proc. vi. 3) catalogues inornata under
the name of lucubrata. My opinion is formed from an
inspection of his specimen.
The species has also been found in the mountains of
Virginia.
An anonymous writer (Sill. Journ. 31, p. 36,) suggests
that fuliginosa, glaphyra, and inornata are but different
stages of growth of the same shell.
HELIX SUBPLANA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 229, pi. xxxiii.
Found also in Pennsylvania. Pfeiffer suggests its iden-
tity with his glaphyra, (the true inornata). He had seen
no specimen.
HELIX SCTJLPTILIS BLAND.
PLATE LXXVII. FIGURE 15.
T. obtecte perforata, sub orbicular!, depressa, subpellucida, pallide cor-
nea, nitenti, lineis transversis regularibus concinne impressa; spira parum
elevata, subconvexa ; anfr. 7, planulatis, ultimo rapide accrescente, prope
aperturam £ diam. subsequanti ; basi planulata, leviter excavata; sutura
parum impressa ; apertura subobliqua, depressa, trans versa, lunari ; perist.
simplici, acuto, sinuato, margine columellari rapide et anguste reflexa, et
perforationem minutam tegenti.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heilx scuJptilis BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. p. 279; Notes, 3, pi. ix. figs. 11-13.
Shell scarcely perforate, suborbicular, depressed, subpellucid,
pale horn-color above, of lighter shade beneath, shining, with regu-
lar, subequidistant, impressed transverse lines, those on the last
HELIX. Ill
whorl extending over the periphery, and converging in the umbilical
excavation ; spire very little elevated, scarcely convex ; whorls 7,
planulate, the last rapidly increasing, equal at the aperture to ]- the
diam. of the shell, beneath flattened, and little excavated in the
umbilical region ; suture lightly impressed ; aperture scarcely ob-
lique, depressed, transverse, lunate ; peristome simple, acute, sinu-
ate, the columellar margin very rapidly and narrowly reflected over,
and almost entirely covering the very small perforation.
Diam. maj. 12J-, min. 11, alt. 5 mill.
Habitat. " The Anantehely Mountains, which are a local spur
of the Alleghany Mountains in North Carolina, just where that
State touches Georgia and Tennessee." Bishop Elliott.
A single specimen of this very interesting species was found in
the locality above mentioned, by Bishop Elliott, in whose cabinet I
noticed it some months ago. In sculpture it is closely allied to
H. indentata Say, of which it might almost be termed a gigantic
variety, but the impressed striae are more numerous, and closer
together. The form of the aperture is very near that of H. inor-
nata Binney.
The general aspect of this shell reminds one of the Asiatic group,
to which H. resplendens Phil, and H. vitrinoides Desh. belong.
The above is Eland's description.
HELIX CELLARIA MULLER vol. ii. p. 230, pi. xxix. fig. 4.
Helix glaphyra SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 7, pi. 69, fig. 3.
BLAND, N. Y. Lye. vi. p. 52; Notes, 52 — nee PFEIFFER.
Helix cellaria DEKAY, 1. c. (non cellaria.)
Found in Salem, Lynn, Marblehead, Providence, Con-
necticut, Portland.
Pfeiffer describes inornata under this name.
Helix glaphyra. There seems to me no doubt that Dr.
Gould and my father are correct in considering this species
to have been an accidentally introduced specimen of the
European Helix cellaria Mull. See the Invert, of Mass.
and Terrestrial Mollusks, as well as my Notes on Ameri-
can Land Shells, No. 2, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. That this
112 HELICEA.
is one of those questions which it is quite impossible to
settle to the satisfaction of all parties, is proved by the
fact of my friend Mr. Thomas Bland having arrived at a
different opinion from mine, though furnished with the
same data. See Annals of N. Y. Lyceum of N. H. 1. c.
My decision is based on the following reasoning.
With the exception of the minute species, Mr. Say was
acquainted with three shells only of this group, — Helix
lucubrata, inornata, and glaphyra. The first mentioned
was found in a distinct zoological province ; consequently,
the question lies between inornata, «as determined by Dr.
Binney, and the introduced cellaria. The figure given in
Nicholson's Encyclopaedia, rough as it is, can more readily
be referred to cellaria. The resemblance to that shell also
seems to have struck Mr. Say himself, since he speaks of
it in his remarks under its synonym H. nitens, as he could
hardly do of the larger, less broadly umbilicated inornata
Binn. The peculiarity of its being " whitish beneath," on
which Mr. Say lays particular stress, is more constant in
cellaria. The description would apply equally to both,
with the exception of " umbilicus moderate, not exhibiting
the volutions." As regards this phrase, I must say that it
seems to contain a contradiction ; since any shell must
show its volutions more or less in the umbilicus, if it is at
all 'open. A minute perforation, as it is now called, would
not show them ; but all Say's perforated species are desig-
nated as having a " small" umbilicus. The term " mod-
erate" is applied by Say to the umbilicus of H. tridentata
in the same paper in which the description of glaphyra
occurs, and subsequently he applies it to H. septemvolva
alone. The only terms he uses for the umbilicus of his
species is " small," " large" or " very large," and " moder-
ate." After a very careful study of his descriptions, I am
convinced he used the words " umbilicus moderate, not
exhibiting the volutions," in a comparative sense, in con-
HELIX. 113
tradistinction to his usual term, " umbilicus large, exhibit-
ing the volutions distinctly." Not only could Say have
never applied the term " umbilicus moderate r to a per-
forated shell like inornata Binn., but his remarks under
H. ligera would never apply to it. He says that shell is
distinguished from glaphyra by having a smaller umbili-
cus, a condition fulfilled by inornata Binn., but evidently
quite wanting in cellaria. The circumstance of the adop-
tion of the name glaphyra by Western Conchologists can
have but little weight, since they have not accompanied
their lists with descriptions, and have not generally had
access to Say's writings. Any one acquainted with the
many singular errors abounding in the European treat-
ment of American land shells, will not be surprised to find
this species incorrectly determined abroad. Its synonymy
now stands : —
Helix cellaria MULL, anno 1773, LAM. PFEIFFER, &c.
BINNEY, Boston Journ. iii. 421, Nov. 1840; Terrestrial Mollusks,
ii. 230, 1851; iii. pi. xxix. f. 4, 1857.
GOULD, Invert, of Mass. 180, f. 104, 1841.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. 37, pi. iii. f. 25. 1843.
LINSLEY, Shells of Vt.; Silliman's J. 48, p. 280, 1845.
STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. 55, 1851, absque descr.
Helix glaphyra SAY, Nich. Enc. vol. iv. Am. ed. pi. i. f. 3, 1816-1819.
FERUSSAC, Tab. Syst. 45, 1822, absque descr.
non PFEIFFER, Symbolse, i. 60, 1841 ; ii. 80, 1843 ; non Mon. Hel.
Viv. i. 57, 1848; iii. 63, 1853.
non REEVE, Con. Icon,
non DESK AYES, in Fer. pi. Ixxxiv. f. 9, 10, teste Pfr.
Those persons who, like my friend Mr. Bland, do not
assent to Dr. Binney's determination of H. glaphyra^ but
refer to it inornata Binn., are forced to find some shell on
which to place Say's name of inornata. Mr. Bland would
refer it to Icevigata Pf. There is nothing in Say's descrip-
tion of inornata which directly opposes this construction,
though it would be strange for Mr. Say to overlook the
great peculiarity of H. Icevigata, its striate upper surface
and smooth base. But the habitat, Pennsylvania, which
15
114 HEL1CEA.
he gives, would be incorrect of Icevig-ata, as far as our
present knowledge of geographical distribution will allow
me to judge. It would be strange indeed if the thorough
researches of so many Conchologists have never proved
Icevigata an inhabitant of that State, if it really exists
there, while inornata Binn. is met with by every collector
among the Alleghanies. Moreover, it must be remem-
bered that it is utterly improbable, although within the
bounds of possibility, that a shell confined strictly to damp
retired localities in the woods, and found with great diffi-
culty in its native localities, should have been transported
fifty or one hundred miles, and picked up on a wharf in
a city. Mr. Say speaks of its having been found by Mr.
Ord in his garden in Philadelphia; but on making inqui-
ries of that gentleman, I learn that a single empty shell
was picked up by him on his wharf, far from any garden,
but on the spot where he often found specimens of small
foreign animals, accidentally imported in the Liverpool
and London ships constantly disembarking their cargoes
there. It is a well known fact that some European snails
have been widely distributed by commerce. Limax varie-
g-atus F. is but too common in gardens and cellars of
Philadelphia and other maritime cities. Bulimus decollatus
Lin. (B. mutilatus Say) and Helix aspersa Mull, are still
common in Charleston, S. C. ; Helix hortensis Mull, has
not yet lost its footing on the islands off the coast of the
New England States ; and this same Helix cellaria has
been introduced and is still existing plentifully in Boston,
New Bedford (J. H. Thomson), Marblehead (J. P. Has-
kell), Lynn (S. Tufts, Jr.), Halifax (Smithsonian Institute
Coll.), Providence (J. G. Anthony, about 1830), Portland,
Me. (E. S. Morse). It has never been found in the inte-
rior.
Every American author has coincided with my views of
glaphyra and inornata; among them are Binney, Gould,
HELIX. 115
Adams, DeKay, Linsley, Stimpson. Some of the printed
Western catalogues have quoted glaphyra^ but this has
arisen from the authors, in ignorance of the foreign origin
of Say's shell, endeavoring to fix the name on some Amer-
ican shell. Abroad, Ferussac gives glaphyra by name
alone in his Tableaux Systematiques, but had never seen
the shell. In the continuation of the " Histoire," Deshayes
considers glaphyra as the introduced cellaria, though
Pfeiffer gives another name to the shell he figures.
On the other hand, Pfeiffer, in his Symbolae, miscon-
ceives glaphyra, and also in his Monographia, but in a let-
ter to me he says he now considers the shell described in
the last-mentioned work as a variety of inornata Say.
Reeve in Con. Icon, doubts Gould's opinion that glaphyra
is an introduced species ; he is right in considering his
No. 667 a native American shell, because it is inornata,
though wrong in applying Gould's opinion to it, as the
shell is not mentioned in the Invertebrata.
There is also additional evidence of tradition in favor
of my views, in the fact of Mr. J. G. Anthony taking to
Philadelphia, about the year 1830, a specimen of cellaria
found in Providence, R,. I., and being told by the Conchol-
ogists of the former city that it was glaphyra Say. Dr.
Griffith, also, in letters to my father, now in my posses-
sion, writes that the original specimen of glaphyra depos-
ited by Say in the collection of the Academy was without
doubt cellaria, and that it was subsequently broken and
thrown aside. This fact destroys the value of a specimen
of a young inornata labelled by Mr. Phillips as Say's origi-
nal specimen of glaphyra ; moreover, Mr. Phillips tells me
that he labelled that shell from conjecture.
HELIX BULBINA DESHAYES.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 10.
T. orbiculato-discoidea, late umbilicata, tenuis, fragilis, corneo-flava,
116 HELICEA.
pellucida, tenuissime punctulata ; spira depressa; anfr. 51 planulati, ulti-
mus ad peripheriam obtusissime subangulatus ; angulo candidulo ; aper-
tura ovato-lunaris, obliqua, coarctata ; perist. candidum, tenue, reflexum.
Diam. 12, alt. 6 mill. (Deshayes.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix bulbina DESHAYES, in Fer. i. p. 108, pi. Ixxxv. figs. 14-18.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 201.
Remarks. This is Deshayes's description of a shell found
by him in Ferussac's collection labelled profunda. It may
be, perhaps, the young of that species. I have given a fac-
simile of one of his outline figures. Pfeiffer repeats his
description, not having seen the shell.
The banks of the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri are
given as the habitat.
HELIX DEMISSA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 232, pi. xlii. fig. 1.
Helix demissa REEVE, Con. Icon.
HELIX LUCIDA DRAPARNAUD vol. ii. p. 233, pi. xxii. a, fig. 2.
Found in Ohio.
Having sent some of Dr. Ingalls' shells to Pfeiffer, he
declares there is no perceptible difference between them
and the lucida of Europe.
HELIX ARBOREA SAY vol. ii. p. 235, pi. xxix. fig. 3.
Helix arborea SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 5, pi. Ixxii. fig. 5.
CHEMNITZ, ii. 114, (excl. Ottonis).
PFEIFFER, iii. 88, (excl. ditto).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 733 (1852), excl. syn.
Mighels (Shells of Maine) declares he can see no differ-
ence between this and lucida.
Pfeiffer, 1. c., unites Ottonis to this species. He quotes
arborea from Cuba, but Poey doubts its existence there.
HELIX ELLIOTTI REDFIELD vol. iii. p. 23, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 18.
The description is taken from the New York Lyceum
Annals, vi. 170, pi. ix. fig. 10.
HELIX. 117
HELIX ELECTRINA GOULD vol. ii. p. 236, pi. xxix. fig. 1.
Pfeiffer (Symb. ii. 10) considers this a variety of nitidosa,
but subsequently refers it to pura, as does also Reeve.
It has also been detected in Georgia and New York.
HELIX OTTONIS PFEIFFER vol. ii. p. 238, pi. xxix. a, fig. 3.
Also considered a synonym of arborea by Reeve, (No.
733.) See the remarks under H. arborea.
HELIX STEE1VSTRUPII MORCH.
In Morch's catalogue of Greenland Mollusca (Rink's
Greenland, p. 75) occurs the following mention of this
species, which is the only information I can obtain in
regard to it. (See also H. Fabricii.)
Helicella Steenstrupii, N. s.
Helicella sp. Stp. Conch, von Island.
Helix nitida Fabr. F. Gr. No. 385.
Helix alliaria Forbes, Br. Ass. 1839, 142.
HELIX CAPSELLA GOULD vol. ii. p. 239, pi. xxix. a, fig. 1.
Helix rotula PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 107.
Helix placentula SHUTTLE WORTH, (Zonites) Bern. Mit. 1852, 194.
GOULD, iu Terr. Moll. iii. 19.
My opinion regarding the identity of placentula is
founded on the description alone, not having seen any
authentic specimen.
HELIX VORTEX PFEIFFER... .vol. ii. p. 240, pi. xxix. a, fig. 2, vol. iii. p. 34.
Helix vortex PFEIFFER, Ar. f. Mat. 1839, ii. 351; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 95; iii. 88.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 110, pi. Ixxxviii. figs. 7-9.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 644, (1852).
GOULD, vol. iii. 1. c.
Helix selenina REEVE, 1. c. 716, (1852).
I have seen no specimens from America of the larger
variety of the species found in the West Indies.
118 HELICEA.
The species is found also in Haiti, St. Thomas, Porto
Rico, Bermuda, and Cuba; and in Georgia, (Gould).
I very much doubt the identity of tenuistriata with this
species. (See remarks in the following article).
HELIX TENUISTRIATA BINNEY.
The following description I found among my father's
papers. It is impossible to apply it to any known Ameri-
can species. It will, however, probably be rediscovered at
some future time. Its habitat, size, and all its character-
istics, are opposed to the theory of its identity with the
preceeding species, as suggested by Gould.
H. testa depressa, carinata, umbilicata, albido-cornea ; anfractibus
septem, oblique striatis ; apertura angusta, depressa ; labro sub-reflexo ;
basi convexo ; umbilico aperto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix tenuistriata BINNEY, Boston Journal, 1842, iv. i. cover, p. 3.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 432.
Helix vortex GOULD, (non PFEIFFER,) Terr. Moll. iii. 34.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not hitherto noticed.
Shell flattened, the upper surface acutely carinated ; epidermis
light horn-color ; whorls seven, narrow, increasing in width very
gradually from the apex to the aperture ; striated with fine, promi-
nent, distinctly separated, curved lines ; aperture angular, depressed,
contracted ; lip above the carina acute, below a little reflected ;
base sub-convex, smooth ; umbilicus open, moderate in size, exhib-
iting two or three volutions.
Greatest transverse diameter about half an inch.
Geographical Distribution. Found hitherto only in the eastern
part of Tennessee, whence a single specimen was brought by Mr.
Haldeman.
Remarks. This pretty species is described with some reluctance
from a single specimen, as it may be considered doubtful until
another be found, whether it may not be a foreign shell introduced
by mistake among Tennessean shells. It is quite flat on the upper
HELIX. 119
surface, rising a little towards the apex; the whorls, which are
distinctly marked, are beautifully striated with delicate prominent
curved lines, which are crowded towards the apex, and separated
by a distinct interval on the outer whorl ; they terminate on the
edge of the carina, which is a little plaited by them, the base below
being smooth. The aperture is narrow, and marked by an angle at
the carina. The lip below the carina has a distinct, though narrow
reflection. The umbilicus is moderate, conical, and rather deep,
exhibiting about three volutions. In Lamark's arrangement it
would be a Carocolla.
HELIX INDENT ATA SAY vol. ii. p. 242, pi. xxix. fig. 2.
Helix indentala SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 24.
CHEMNITZ, i. 221, (1846).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 730, (1852).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 65.
Found also in Florida, Canada, and Texas, (Moore).
For its supposed presence in St. Domingo, see Mai. Bl.
5, 147.
HELIX CHERSINA SAY vol. ii. p. 243, pi. xvii. fig. 4.
Helix chersina SAY, (Binney's ed.) pp. 18, 31.
Helix fulva teste MIGHELS, (Bost. Journ. iv. 333,) CHEMNITZ, PFEIFFER,
REEVE, FORBES and HANLEY.
I have separated the synonymy of H. egena Say, from
that of chersina, since many authors consider them dis-
tinct. The typical chersina is well represented in the
plate. The original specimen of egena is readily distin-
guished from it by having a short, pyramidal, acute spire,
and a very rounded base, the separation of the two being
very well defined. There exist, however, innumerable
gradations between these extreme forms. It must be
borne in mind, that the shell figured and described by
Gould on p. 245, is not egena Say, but Gundlachi Pfr.
I give Say's description below.
II. EGENA. Shell convex, polished ; whorls five, not distinctly
wrinkled, rounded ; aperture rather narrow, transverse ; labrum
120 HELICEA.
simple, at its inferior extremity terminating at the centre of the
base of the shell ; umbilicus none, but the umbilical region deeply
indented.
Breadth more than one tenth of an inch.
This shell was found by Mr. John S. Phillips on the banks of the
Delaware River, about ten miles from Philadelphia. It is much
more elevated and not so broad as H. arborea Nobis ; the aper-
ture also is of a different shape. It is much broader than the
If. chersina Nob.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix egena SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 30.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 45.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 237, pi. xxx. figs. 19-21 ? (1846).
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 1263, (1854.)
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 31 ; iii. 32, non GOULD.
HELIX FABRICII BECK.
PLATE LXXVII. FIGURE 17.
T. subimperforata, conica, tenuis, striatula, pellucida, fulva; spira coni-
ca, acutiuscula ; sutura profunda; anfr. 6, convexi, angusti, ultimus latior,
basi convexiusculus, rnedio impressus ; apertura verticalis, late lunaris;
perist. simplex, acutum, margine columellari superne reflexiusculo, per-
forationem simulante. (Pfeiffer.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Fabricii BECK, Ind. p. 21, (absq. desc.)
MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Grcenl. p. 4.
PFEIFFER, Zeit. f. Mai. 1848, p. 90; Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 32.
REEVE, Con. Icon. 1459, (1854).
Helix nitida FABRICIUS, Fauna Gr. p. 389, teste PFR. et MOLL.
Conulus Fabricii MOKCH, 1857, Nat. Bidr. af Gr. 75, (absq. desc.)
Remarks. I have not seen this shell. The figure, which
is enlarged, is a fac-simile of that given by Reeve from
the Cumingian Collection. The description is Pfeiffer's.
He also remarks that the shell is hardly distinguished from
fulva Drap. by its more convex, subperforated base. It
is a Greenland species.
Fabricius thus describes H. nitida, which is quoted as a
synonym : —
HKLIX. 121
Helix nitida, testa umbilicata, subdepressa, fulvo-cornea, pellucida,
substriata, apertura larga.
Helix nitida Mull, prodr. 2898, Verm. 234.
Helix Hammonis, Act. Nidr. iii. 435, tab. vi. fig. 16.
Hujus testarn vacuam tantum sub muscis rarissime offendi.
HELIX GUNDLACHI PFEIFFER vol. ii. p. 245, pi. xxii. a, fig. 3.
Helix Gundlachi PFEIFFER, Wiegm. Arch. 1840, i. 250, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 50; iii.
51.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 239. pi. xxx. figs. 25-28.
Helix pusilla PFEIFFER, Ar. f. Nat. 1839, i. 351, nee LOWE.
Helix egena GOULD, 1. c. nee SAY.
This is not egena Say, as stated in the remarks under
H. chersina. Having sent some of the specimens received
from Gould to Pfeiffer, I have received from him an
assurance of their being identical with his Gundlachi, a
Cuban species. His description is as follows : —
T. subperforata, turbinato-depressa, nitida, fulva ; anfr. 5 convexius-
culi, lente accreseentes, ultimus basi subplanulatus, sub lente lineis con-
centricis sculptus, circa perforationem excavatus ; apertura depressa,
lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, acutum. Diam. maj. 2^, inin. 2^, alt.
If mill.
Similis speciminibus junioribus H.fulvce.
HELIX INTERN A SAY vol. ii. p. 247, pi. xxx. fig. 4.
Helix internet SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 18.
CHEMNITZ, i. 200.
RETCVE, Con. Icon. No. 718, (1852).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 142.
HELIX GULARIS SAY. . . .vol. ii. p. 251, pi. xxxvii. figs. 3, 4.
Helix gularis SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 18.
CHEMNITZ, ii. 201, excl. var.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 141, excl. /3; Symb. ii. 29, excl. /5.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 291, fig. 4, Ex Bost. Journ.
ADAMS, ( Gastrodonta) Gen. Kec. Moll. pi. Ixxi. fig. 4.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 719, (1852).
Helix bicostata PFEIFFER, 1. c. i. 182 ; iii. 141 ; Symb. iii. 69.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, ii. 196, pi. 100, figs. 21-23.
REEVE, 1. c. 697 (1852).
16
122 HELICEA.
Pfeiffer, 1. c., considers H. suppressa a variety of gularis.
His bicostata is evidently the true gularis, with a less
elevated spire. He acknowledges it to be so in letters
lately received by me.
See also remarks on ligera for H. Rafinesquea.
HELIX SUPPRESSA SAY vol. ii. p. 253, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1.
Helix tsuppressa SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 36.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 38, pi. iii. fig. 24.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 723, (1852).
Helix gularis, var. CHEMNITZ, 1. c.
PFEIFFER, 1. c.
The typical specimen is still preserved in the Philadel-
phia Academy.
Pfeiffer considers it as a variety of gularis furnished
with one tooth only. DeKay also mentions but one tooth.
I have specimens from Alabama and Florida. It has
been found by me only in fields at the roots of the grass,
and not under decaying leaves and stumps as the other
species.
HELIX LASMODON PHILLIPS vol. ii. p. 254, pi. xxxvii. fig. 2.
Helix lasmodon DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 47.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 142.
Helix macilenta SHUTTLEWORTH, Bern. Mit. 1852, p. 195.
GOULD, Terr. Moll. iii. 20.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 640.
I have seen no authentic specimen of Shuttleworth's
species, but am inclined from the description to place it
in the synonymy of lasmodon. It had not been seen by
Pfeiffer or Gould, who repeat the original description.
HELIX PERSPECTIVA SAY.. vol. ii. p. 256, pi. xxx. fig. 1.
Helix perspectiva SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 9.
DESHAYES, 3d ed. Lam. iii 315, (1839); in Fer. Hist. i. 81.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 99, (excl. H.Jiliola).
CHEMNITZ, ii. 114.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 695, (1852).
Helix pattila DESHAYES, non parvnli.
HELIX. 123
Occurs fossil in the Natchez Postpleiocene bluff.
The existence of the tooth within the aperture has been
overlooked by all other authors but Binney. The position
of the species in the artificial systems is materially altered
by its presence.
Pfeiffer quotes Ferussac's pi. 86, fig. 1, for this species,
and places pi. 79, fig. 7, in the synonymy of H. striatella.
The former is said by Deshayes to be filiola, a species
from Tonga, while the latter was figured from a speci-
men furnished by Say himself.
Potiez and Michaud give Austria as the habitat of per-
spectiva, having confounded it with solaria Menke (Gal.
p. 99.)
HELIX MULTIDENTATA BINNEY, vol. ii. p. 258, pi. xlviii. fig. 3.
Helix multidentata CHEMNITZ, ii. 202.
PFEIFFER, Hi. 142.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 729, (1852).
Found also in Ohio (Anthony), and in Maine (Morse).
Gould is erroneously quoted as authority for the spe-
cific name by all the foreign writers referred to in the
synonymy.
HELIX LINE ATA SAY vol. ii. p. 261, pi. xlviii. fig. 1.
Helix lineata SAY, (Binney's ed.) pp. 9, 24.
CHEMNITZ, ii. 203.
PFEIFFER, iii. 142.
DESHAYES, in Fer. i. 80.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 724, (1852).
Found also in Virginia, and in Washington Co., Texas,
(Moore.)
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Helix arbustorum Lin. was found some years since in the neighbor-
hood of Cincinnati ; it was living in a situation from which it
124 HELICEA.
could be traced to a nursery, the proprietor of which had import-
ed many fruit-trees and bushes from France, and had probably
brought over this stray species in the matting around their roots.
(Anthony.)
Helix Bonplandi Lamark, vid. vol. i. p. 159.
Helix corpuloides Mont, is quoted from Boston, without description,
among DeKay's extra limited species. On the page of Silliman's
Journal, to which he refers, it is stated by Gould to be a spe-
cies of " Delphinoidea" originally described as Helix,
Helix harpa Say is a Bulimus.
Helix dealbata Say is a Bulimus.
Helix depicta, Grateloup, vid. vol. i. p. 159.
Helix domestica, Strom, vid. Vitrina Angelica.
Helix hieroglyphica Beck, Ind. p. 8. " Am. Sept.? " No descrip-
tion is given. The species is unknown to PfeifFer. Vid. Mon.
i. 434.
Helix hispida Linnaeus, Canada ?
Helix irrorata. Shell imperforate, depressed, subglobular, pale
reddish-brown, with very numerous small white spots, and about
four deeper brown obsolete bands ; whorls rounded, nearly five
in number, wrinkles obsolete on the body whorl, more distinct
on the spire ; spire depressed, convex ; suture declining much
near the mouth ; aperture on the side of the labrum, within
somewhat livid ; labrum reflected but not flattened, and not ab-
ruptly contracting the aperture, white before and yellowish
•behind ; near the junction with the columella is a callus, which
does not rise into an angle.
Length from the apex to the base of the columella, three-fifths
of an inch nearly. Greatest breadth one and one-tenth of an
inch. Inhabits Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Cab-
inet of Mr. William Hyde.
This species may be compared with the H. lactea Miiller and Fe-
russac ; the spire is rather more prominent, the white spots, or
rather abbreviated lines are similar in form, size, and number, but
its labrum preserves the same color with the exterior of the shell,
and the livid tint of the inner portion of the body whorl is very
BULIMUS.
pale ; the posterior face of the reflected labrum is immaculate,
and its callus base is not angulated ; the aperture is much less
wide than that of lactea ; and in Mr. Hyde's specimen, a small
fissure remains near the umbilicus. It still more closely resem-
bles a variety of a shell which inhabits the Island of Candia, but
that species has always a white base, being immaculate beneath
the inferior band. Say, (1. c.)
It seems probable that Helix irrorata is a variety of H. lactea
Miill., with which I compared it when describing it. Say,
(Binney's ed.) p. 36.
Helix irrarata SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 23.
DEKAY, N, Y. Moll. 45, (var. of lactea).
PFEIFFER, Mon. i. 272.
Helix lactea MULLER, teste BINNEY, PFEIFFER, (iii.) REEVE, SAY.
Helix nemoralis Lin. teste Gray, Turtons, Man. 27, (" Canada and
United States.")
Helix pellucida Fabricius. vid. Vitrina Angelica.
Helix pisana Miill. quoted from U. S. by Ferussac, (Tabl. Syst.)
and Gray (Turt. Man.)
Helix subcylindrica Pulteney is a Truncatella.
Helix Trumbulli Linsley. (Shells of Connecticut, p. 10 ; Sill.
Journ. 48, p. 280). Spire much depressed or very little ele-
vated ; sutures slightly marked and umbilicus large and deep;
color a dull white with a tinge of green ; shell thin and trans-
lucent; diameter about -^^ inch, height ^V inch ; found on the
shore of Long Island Sound near high-water-mark, and occa-
sionally near low-water-mark at Stonington, by Mr. J. H.
Trumbull. [May not this be Margarita arctica ? Eds.]
" Helix Trumbulli is Skenca serpuloides." Gould, Silliman's
Journ. n. s. vi. 235.
Helix virgata Mont. " United States," Ferussac, Tabl. Syst.
GENUS BULIMUS SCOPOLI.
BULIMUS ZEBRA MULLER vol. ii. p. 271, pi. liv. ; pi. Ixxvii. fig. 13;
pi. Ixxviii. fig. 12.
For additional synonyms, &c. see Pfeiffer.
On pi. 78, fig. 12, is a variety of this species from Key
126 HELICEA.
Biscayne, Florida. The variety described on page 273 is
figured on pi. 77, fig. 13.
Agatina fuscata Rafinesque (vol. i. p. 50) is to be added
to the synonymy.
BULIMUS SERPERASTRUS SAY vol. ii. p. 274, pi. 1. fig. 2.
Bulimus serperastrus SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 39.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 82, pi. xxx. fig. 122; pi. xxxix. fig. 5,
(1854).
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 341.
PHILIPPI, Icon. iii. 23, p. 97, tab. 9, fig. 6.
/3 Gracilior, spira elongata.
Bulimus Liebmanni PFEIFFER.
Bulimus Ziebmanni REEVE.
y. Minor, imperfectus.
Bulimus nitelinus REEVE.
The above varieties are given solely on the authority of
PfeifTer.
The geographical distribution of the species doubtfully
quoted by Gould as synonyms seem to remove the proba-
bility of their identity with this shell.
BULIMUS ALTERNATUS SAY vol. ii. p. 276, pi. li. fig. 2; pi. li. a;
pi. Ixxx. fig. 3; fig. 1?
Bulimus alternatus SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 39.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 221.
Bulimus lactarius PFEIFFER, 1. c. ii. 187; iii. 415.
REEVE, 1. c. No. 217.
GOULD, Ter. Moll. iii. p. 35.
Bulimus dealbalus BINNEY, 1. c. pars, nee Say.
There exists a great deal of confusion in regard to this
and the allied species.
Bulimus alternatus is thus described by Say : —
BULIMUS ALTERNATUS. Ovate conic, with alternate gray and
brownish longitudinal vittse. Inhabits Mexico.
Shell umbilicated, ovate-conic, with longitudinal lines, subequal,
gray and light brownish vitta3 ; the brown is paler, almost approach-
ing in some instances a drab ; the white vittae consists of more or
BULIMUS. 1 27
less confluent, transverse, irregular lines, and small spots ; whorls
about six, a little convex ; suture not profoundly impressed ; labrum
(in some specimens) with a thickened line or rib on the inner sub-
margin ; within white, with a perlaceous tinge.
Length one and one fifth of an inch. Greatest breadth seven
tenths. This species appears to be not uncommon in Mexico, as
many specimens were sent me by Mr. Maclure ; but from what
particular locality, I know not.
An original drawing of this species by Mrs. Say, under
which is written, in the hand of her husband, " Bulimus
alternatus — Mexico^ Wm. Maclure" is copied on plate 80,
fig. 3. This figure, in connection with the description, re-
moves all doubt as to what shell Say had before him as
alternatus.
It is, however, an extremely variable shell, being found
on the same bush in large quantities, among which is
every variety of marking. Some specimens exist without
hardly any white in their coloring, as in the case of the
specimen from Buena Vista figured (pi. 80, fig. 1), while
some are but slightly varied with the brown vittae.
B. alternatus occurs in large quantities in Texas and
the neighboring Mexican State of Tamaulipas. Adams
also quotes it from Louisiana, on the authority of one
dead specimen found in Otter Creek, (Nat. Hist. Red Riv.
La. p. 254).
Forbes, in the description of land-shells collected by the
Herald and Pandora, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 54, speaks of " Bui.
alternatus" being found at Panama. He gives no author-
ity for the name ; Pfeiffer describes no other alternatus
than Say's.
Binney was familiar with B. alternatus^ as he figured it
on pi. li. a, and a variety of it on pi. li. fig. 2. He con-
sidered it, however, a variety of B dealbatus.
Pfeiffer alone, of foreign writers, notices B. alternatus^
by repeating Say's description as of a species unknown to
128 HELICEA.
him. It appears that he had the true alternatus before
him in describing B. lactarius as follows : —
T. rimata, vel perforata, ovato-acuta, palidissime fulvida, strigis lacteis,
opacis, longitunalibus, denticulatis et fimbriatis ornata ; spira conica,
acuta ; anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subaaquans ; apertura ovalis ;
perist. simplex, acutum, marginibus callo junctis, columellari dilatato, re-
flexo. (Pfr. in Symb. iii. 85.)
Reeve also describes and figures the species as B. lacta-
rius.
BULIMUS MARINE ALBERS.
T. anguste umbilicata, oblongo-conica, solida, sublsevigata, alba, punctis
et strigis obsoletis corneis plerumque notata ; spira conica, acuta ; anfr.
6^ convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subaequans, basi vix attenuatus; colu-
mella plica parvula, dentifbrini munita ; apertura vix obliqua, acuminato-
oblonga, intus fusca ; perist. rectum, margine dextro leviter arcuato,
columellari sursum dilatato, patente. Long. 33, diam. 14-15 mill. ; ap.
16-1 7 mill, longa, 7£ lata.
/?. Anfr. superis corneis, lacteo punctato-strigatis, ultimo strigis lacteis
denticulatis et violaceo-corneis alternantibus picto.
Hab. Texas.
This description was published by Pfeiffer in Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1858, p. 23. The species must be nearly
allied, if not identical, with some of the varieties of B. al-
ternatus, — but I have not seen any authentic specimen.
BULIMUS BINNEYANUS PFEIFFER.
PLATE LI. b.
The shells figured on the plate referred to were con-
sidered as a variety of dealbatus by Binney (ii. 277), and
as B. Schiedeanus by Gould (ii. 279). Having sent speci-
mens to Pfeiffer for identification, they were returned to
me labelled B. Binneyanu*, with the remark that the true
B. Schiedeanus has no tooth-like plate on the columellar.
The shell described by Pfeiffer (Mai. Blatt. iv. 229) does
not appear to be identical with our Texan shell. We
BULIMUS. 129
must therefore leave the species temporarily under this
name, until its position is more accurately ascertained.
BULIMUS SCHIEDEANUS PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURES 8, 15.
T. perforata, ovato-acuta, calcarea, alba, longitudinaliter et irregulariter
rugoso-striata ; anfr. 6^ convexiusculi, ultimus spiram aequans; apertura
ovali-oblonga, intus fulvida ; columella obsolete plicata ; perist. simplex,
acutum, marginibus callo nitido junctis, columellari late reflexo, nitido,
albo. Long. 31, diam. 17 mill. Ap. 17 mill, longa, 9 lata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
B. Schiedeanus PFEIFFER, Symb. ad Hel. Hist. i. 43 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 187 ; iii.
418.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, No. 216, pi. xlvi. figs. 3, 4, (1854).
PHILIPPI, Icon. i. 3, p. 56, pi. 1, fig. 12.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 361
Geographical Distribution. Texas and Mexico.
Remarks. This species is readily distinguished from
that figured on pi. 51, b, (see last article,) by its rougher
surface and the want of the tooth-like fold on the colu-
mellar.
Pfeiffer mentions a smaller variety. I have figured two
others. One (pi. 80, fig. 15) has a very dark-colored aper-
ture. The other (pi. 88, fig. 8) is distinguished by a
smoother surface, a black apex, a light coffee-color below
an obtuse carina situated about the middle of the body
whorl, the remainder of the shell being quite white. It
was found in Washington and De Witt Counties, Texas,
(Moore). The other forms were not found with it. It
occurred in large numbers, living, and constant in its char-
acters through every stage of growth. Should it prove a
distinct species, I would suggest its bearing the name of
the discoverer.
BULIMUS PATRIARCHA.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURE 13.
T. perforata, ovato, solidissima, alba, rugosa ; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus
17
130 I1EL1CEA.
ventricosus, 5-7 long, testas aequans ; apertura ovata ; perist. simplex,
intus incrassatum, marginibus callo albo, crasso, junctis, columellari re-
flexo, umbilicum subtegente.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
I
Bulimus patriarcha W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1858, 116; Notes,
p. 17.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell perforate, ovate, heavy, white, and wrinkled ;
whorls 6, convex, the last ventricose, equalling in length
5-7 of the shell ; aperture ovate ; peristome simple, thick-
ened within, the extremities joined by a heavy white
callus, the columellar extremity slightly reflected, so as
partially to conceal the umbilicus.
Length 35, diam. 19 ; aperture, length 19, diarn. 12 mill-
imetres.
Geographical Distribution. Texas and Mexico, at Buena
Vista, (Berlandiere).
Remarks. Belongs to the same group as Bui. dealbatus
Say, alternatus Say, liqualis Reeve, Schiedeanus Pf., &c.
The characteristics which form its specific differences are
alike present in young and old specimens, and constant
in all from the locality. I therefore consider it as well
entitled to specific distinction as those named.
Named from its greater size and more antiquated ap-
pearance, as compared with the allied species.
BULIMUS DEALBATUS SAY . . vol. ii. p. 276, pi. li. fig. 1 ; pi. Ixxx. figs. 6, 7.
Helix dealbata SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 20.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 46.
Bulimus dealbatus CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 55.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 418.
Bulimus coiifinis REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 643, (1850).
PFEIFFER, 1, c. iii. 341.
Bulimus liquabilis REEVE, 1. c. 387.
On plate 51, fig. 1, will be found a correct representa-
BU LIMITS. 131
tion of what appears to me the type of Bui. dealbatus.
The species varies considerably, but never sufficiently to
authorize the quotation of alternatus, Binneyanus, Schiede-
anus, and patriarcha as synonyms.
It is found in large quantities in Texas, Alabama, North
Carolina, Missouri, and Arkansas. Future researches will
probably prove it an inhabitant of the neighboring South-
western States. It also occurs fossil in the Postpleiocene.
Say's description is as follows : —
H. DEALBA.TA. Shell conical, oblong, thin and fragile, some-
what ventricose ; volution 6-7, wrinkled across, wrinkles more
profound and acute on the spire ; spire elevated, longer than the
aperture, sub-acute ; aperture longer than wide, labrum not reflect-
ed ; umbilicus small and profound.
Length more than three-fourths of an inch, breadth nine-twen-
tieths of an inch. In the Cabinet of the Academy and Philadel-
phia Museum. Inhabits Missouri and Alabama.
In outline it resembles a Bulimus. Four specimens of this
species were sent to the Academy from Alabama, by Mr. Samuel
Hazard; and a single depauperated specimen was found by myself
on the banks of the Missouri.
Bulimus physoides Reeve (No. 507) corresponds exactly
to a variety of dealbatus sent from Alabama by Dr. Show-
alter. It is quoted by PfeifFer (iii. 418) as a synonym of
B. melo Quoy.
Pfeiffer quotes B. Liquabilis Reeve as a variety of B.
confinis Reeve. I am inclined to consider them both as
varieties of dealbatus — but subjoin Reeve's descriptions,
having copied his figures respectively on pi. 88, figs. 6
and 7.
BULIMUS CONFINIS. Bui testa ovata, subventricosti, profunde umbil-
icata, anfr. 6, rotundatis, tenue striatis, columella late dilatata, subreflexa,
apertura orbiculari, labro simplici ; pellucidocornea, opafo-albido varie-
gata. Hab. Texas.
BULIMUS LIQUABILIS. Bui. testa ovato-coniea, ventricosa, umbili-
132 HELICEA.
cata, anfr. 6 ad 7, subrotundatis, laevibus vel minute striatis, columella
late reflexa, labro tenui, paululura expanse; pellucido-cornea, strigis
longitudinalibus opacis notata. Hab. Texas.
BULIMUS MUI/TILINEATUS SAY vol. ii. p. 278, pi. Iviii.
Bulimus multilineatus SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 28.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. 56.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 204; iii. 422.
Bulimus virgulatus BINNEY, 1. c. nee FEKUSSAC.
There can, I think, be no reasonable doubt of the iden-
tity of the species figured on pi. 58 with Say's species.
The shells figured were found by Bartlett on the Florida
Keys. Similar specimens have lately been sent to the
Smithsonian Institute from Lower Matacumba Key.
As regards B. venosus, Reeve's figure agrees exactly
with the Florida shell, but he gives as its habitat the
banks of the Orinoco. At all events, Say's name has
many years of priority. Reeve quotes Grunei as a syno-
nym of venosus.
Pfeiffer repeats Say's description, having seen no au-
thentic specimen.
Bui. virgulatus Fer. is quite another shell.
Say's description is given below.
BULIMUS MULTILINEATUS. Shell conic, not very obviously wrinkled ;
whorls not very convex, yellowish white, with transverse entire reddish-
brown lines ; a blackish subsutural revolving line ; suture not deeply
indented, lineolar ; apex blackish ; umbilicus small, surrounded by a
broad blackish line ; columella whitish ; labrum simple, blackish.
Length less than seven-tenths of an inch. Greatest breadth less than
seven-twentieths of an inch. This species was found by Mr. Titian Peale
on the southern part of East Florida.
It is quite distinct from BuL Dormant, but appears
somewhat related to BuL Floridianus.
BULIMUS DORMANI.
PLATE LXXX. FIGURE 10.
Testa perforata, ovato-turrita, laevigata, albida, fasciis fuscis longitudi-
BULIMUS. 13?
nalibus ornata ; sutura impressa ; spira elongato-conica, acuta ; apex
punctulata ; anfr. 6 convexiusculis, lineis minutissimis volventibus ornati,
superi striati, ultimas inflatus, ad marginem superam peristomatis obtu-
sissime carinatus ; apertura ovata, partem testaa dimidiam subsequans ;
perist. simplex, acutum, margine columellari reflexiusculum, perfora-
tionem pene occultans.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Bulimus Dormant W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1857, p. 188; Note?,
p. 8.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell perforated, rather heavy, shining, elongated-conic ;
white, with several regular revolving series of interrupted,
perpendicular, reddish-brown patches ; suture distinctly
marked ; apex punctured ; whorls 6, rather convex, marked
with numerous very fine revolving lines; upper whorls
striate ; last whorl full, with a hardly perceptible obtuse
carina at the upper extremity of the peristome.
Length, 29 ; diameter, 12 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found at several spots in
the vicinity of St. Augustine, Fla., by O. S. Dorman,
Esq.
Remarks. The only described species with which this
shell can be confounded is B. Floridianus Pfr., Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1855, p. 330. Though I have never seen
Dr. PfeifTer's shell, I should consider it nearly allied, though
distinct. That species wants the minute revolving lines,
the punctured apex, and striate upper whorls, which char-
acterize B. Dormant, is a smaller shell, and has a different
marking, being furnished with opaque whitish blotches as
well as reddish patches ; the latter also do not extend to
the body whorl.
Since writing the above, I have received a drawing of
the type of B. Floridianus which removes all doubt of its
being identical with this species.
134 HELICEA.
BULIMUS FLORIDIANUS PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXIX. FTGURE 3.
T. anguste perforata, ovato turrita, sublaevigata, griseo-hyalina, strigis
et maeulis opacis, albis notata ; spira elongato-conica, acutiuscula ; anfr.
6^ convexiusculis, superis interrupte fusco-fasciatis, ultimo -f- longitudinis
subaequante, infra medium subangulato, basi attenuate ; columella subtorta,
recedente ; apertura parum obliqua, ovali ; perist. tenui, margine dextro
anguste expanse, columellari dilatato, reflexo, fere adnato.
Long. 15|, diam, 7^ mill.
Habitat, Florida. (Pfr.)
The above is the original description of this species,
(Proc. Zool. Soc. July, 1856, p. 330). I have not seen
any specimen of it, but am able to add a figure drawn by
Sowerby from the type in the Cumingian collection.
It appears nearest allied to B. multiline atus.
BULIMUS DECOLLATUS LINNAEUS vol. ii. p. 280, pi. 1. fig. 1.
Bulimus mutilatus SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 25.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 56.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. 397.
In 1857 I received a large quantity of this species alive
from Prof. Holmes of Charleston, S. C. From him I
learn that the species is still but too common in that city.
I placed a large quantity of them in my garden in Bur-
lington, but they did not survive the succeeding winter.
Reeve gives no habitat, and no authority for the specific
name.
It has also been introduced into Cuba, (Poey, Pfeiffer).
The animal is carnivorous.
BULIMUS SUBULA PFEIFFER vol. ii. p. 285, pi. liii. fig. 4.
Bulimus subula PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 399.
Bulimus hortensis ADAMS, vid. PFEIFFER, Mai. Blatt. i. 196; also vid. Contr. to
Conch, p. 221.
BULIMUS GRACILLIMUS PFEIFFER vol. ii. p. 293, pi. liii. fig. 3.
Bulimus gracillimus PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 394.
BUL1MUS. 135
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 594, (1849).
Achatina gracillima BLXNEY, 1. c.
I have removed this species to the genus in which Pfeif-
fer places it.
BULIMUS GOSSEI PFEIFFER.
T. rimata, turrito-cylindracea, oblique eostulata, albida, opaca, strigis
semilunaribus, punctisque pellucidis corneis ornata ; spira cylindraeea
apice attenuata, acuta ; sutura crenulata ; anfr. 11 convexi, ultimus |
longitudinis vix superans, rotundatus, basi subangulatus ; apertura sub-
circularis; perist. breviter expansum, marginibus approximatis, columel-
lari reflexo, patente. Long. 11, diam. 3| mill. Ap. 3^ mill, longa, 3^
lata.
Var. /3, Paulo minor, strigis et punctis corneis obsoletioribus, (Pfr.
Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 81, &c. &c.)
Pfeiffer gives Texas as the habitat of var. |3 of this
species in his Monograph, and also on p. 456 of Roemer's
Texas it is quoted from New Brauenfels. The typical
specimen is from Jamaica.
Poey (Mem. i. 395) considers Macrocerramus pontificus
a synonym of BuL Gossei ; the same species is referred by
Pfeiffer to BuL Kieneri.
I have seen no Texan specimen of the species, and have
no means of clearing the confusion which appears to exist
concerning it. Reeve's figure of Kieneri resembles Macr.
pontificus nearer than his figure of Gossei.
BULOIUS HARPA SAY vol. ii. p. 290, pi. lii. fig. 3.
Helix harpa SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 29, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 1.
Bulimus harpa PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 384.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, No. 305, pi. Ix. figs. 17-19.
REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 596, (1849).
Found at various points in Maine, and at Berlin Falls,
N. H., by E. S. Morse, Esq., who gives the following de-
scription of the animal : —
Animal small compared to the size of the shell. Body and head
13(3 HELICEA.
»
slate-color, superior tentacles darker, short, thick, bulbous ; eyes
large, distinct ; foot two-thirds of the length of shell ; whitish, long,
very narrow, rounded at tail ; body narrower than foot.
In motion they are exceedingly graceful, at times poising their
beautiful shell high above their body, and twirling it round not
unlike the Physa, again hugging their pretty harp close to the
back ; the shell when in this last position continually oscillates as if
the animal could not balance it. It rarely ever moves in a straight
line, but is always turning and whisking about, and this is done at
times very quickly and abruptly.
Mighel's description of Pupa costulata is as follows : —
Shell ovate-conic, scalariform, light yellowish-brown, thin and fragile,
whorls four, convex, the last two prominently ribbed, the first two smooth ;
suture distinct; aperture semicircular, slightly oblique, unarmed; lip
simple or modified by the last rib ; umbilicus distinct. Length, y\ inch ;
breadth, nearly T\y. Hab. Portland.
BULIMUS MARGINATUS SAY vol. ii. p. 288, pi. lii. fig. 1.
Cydostoma marginata SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 22.
Bulimus maryinatus PFEIFFER, Malac. Blatt. ii. 94.
Bulimus fallax GOULD, in Terr. Moll. 1. c.
STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 84, (absq. desc.)
Pupa fallax SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 28.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 533.
CHEMNITZ, ed. Nov. (1844,) p. 58, pi. 12, figs. 20, 21.
Pupa Parraiana ORBIGNY, Moll. Cuba, p. 181, pi. xii. figs. 9-11, (1853).
I have retained the first specific name given by Say, at
the suggestion of Pfeifter, (Malak. Blatt. 1856, ii. p. 13, in
the review of Terr. Moll.), who justly observes that if the
species is referred to Bulimus, no name has the priority
over it, as B. marginatus Pf. is now considered a synonym
of B. Guillianij Petit.
As for the name albilabris, it was suggested by Adams
only because marginatus was preoccupied.
Gould (Invert. 192) considers Pupa placida Say as a
synonym of this species; and Pfeiffer (ii. 309) makes it
var. ft of marginatus.
MACROCERAMUS. 137
SPURIOUS, EXTRALIMITAL, &C.
Bulimus acicula Miiller, and Bulimus octona Brug. have been
found in greenhouses and gardens, where they have been intro-
duced on plants.
B. exiguus Binn. is the same as Carychium exiguum.
B.fasciatus Binn. is the same as Achatina fasciata.
B. Gossei Pf., vid. Macroceramus pontificus.
B. Kieneri Pf, vid. Macroceramus pontificus.
B. lubricus Ad. &c. is the same as Achatina lubrica.
B. obscurus Dr., vid. Pupa placida Say.
B. striatus Brug. is the same as Glandina truncata.
B. vexillum Brug. is the same as Achatina fasciata.
B. zebra Orb. is the same as Achatina fasciata.
B. vermetus Anthony. Of this species 1 can give no information
other than that furnished by the original description given
below.
BULIMUS VERMETUS ANTHONY. (Cover of Haldeman's Monograph
No. 3, July, 1841.) Shell turriculated, livid brown; whorls 5, striated
longitudinally ; suture deeply indented ; apex entire ; body whorl a
little more than equal to the spire ; spire 2^ times the length of the
aperture; lengths, width 1^ lines; aperture obliquely ovate ; length
of the aperture equal to the width of the body whorl. Ohio, near
Cincinnati.
Distinguished by its peculiar mouth, which is curved in a regular
curve from right to left, contracted at the upper angle, and spreading
below ; the whorls are also very deeply indented, and twisted as they
are in Succinea vermeta.
GENUS MACROCERAMUS GUILDING.
This genus is not accepted by Pfeiffer, who places its
species under Bulimus.
MACROCERAMUS PONTIFICUS GOULD. . .vol. ii. p. 306, pi. Ixix. fig. 1.
Pfeiffer refers this species to his Bulimus Kieneri, (Mon.
iii. 365,) while Poey quotes it from Cuba, (Mem. i. 395,)
as a synonym of Bulimus Gossei Pfr.
18
138 HBLlCEA.
GENUS ACHATINA LAMARCK.
ACHATINA FASCIATA MULLER vol. ii. p. 266, pi. Iv. Ivi. Ivii.
Achatina sollda SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 29.
DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. 56.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 246<
Achatina fasdata £ PFEIFFER, 1. c< iii. 479.
Agatina variegata RAFINESQUE, vid. vol. i. 50.
Bulimus fasciatus BINNEY, 1. c.
Say's original specimen of Achatina solida is still pre-
served in the Philadelphia Academy.
This is not vexillum DeKay, which see.
The lower figure of pi. 56, is Achatina picta, considered
distinct by Reeve and PfeifTer, (vid. Mon. iii. 490.) Other
West Indian varieties than those figured are from time to
time received from Florida.
ACHATINA LUBRICA MULLER , . « vol. ii. p. 283, pi. Iii. fig. 4.
Bulimus tubricus SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 31.
DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 55. pi. iii. fig. 43.
Bulimus Ittbricoides STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 54, (absq. descr.)
Stimpson, as will be seen by the synonymy, considers
this distinct from the European shell.
SPURIOUS SPECIES*
Achatina virginea is quoted from Florida by Jay, (Cat. 1835). It
is also given by DeKay under the name of Bulimus vexillum.,
(N. Y. Moll. 56, pi. iv. fig. 56).
A. bullata Pf. is the same as Glandina bullata.
A. flammigera, Fer. pi. 118, f. 5-7, quoted by DeKay, p. 56, as
inhabiting Florida, is not a native of the United States, and
could not have come from there. He probably gives the species
on the authority of Say, who mentions (Binn. ed. 29) finding
it there.
A. flammigera Say is the same as Bulimus zebra.
A. gracillima Pf. is the same as Bulimus gracillmus.
A. pellucida Pf. olim, Binn. is the same as Blauneria pellucida.
GLANDINA. 139
A. rosea Desh. is the same as Glandina truncata.
A. striata DeK. &c. is the same as Gl. truncata? He refers to
Fer. pi. 136, figs. 8-10, which is A. rosea, and not an inhabitant
of Florida, from whence DeKay quotes his species.
A. subida Pf. is the same as Bulimus subula.
A. Texasiana Pf. is the same as Glandina Texasiana.
A. truncata Pf. &c. is the same as Glandina truncata.
A. Vanuxemensis Pf. &c., is the same as Glandina Vanuxemensis.
GENUS GLANDINA SCHUMACHER.
GLANDINA BULLATA GOULD vol. ii. p. 298, pi. Ixii. a.
Achatina bullata PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 512.
Okadna bullata GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Cat. Pulm. 24.
GLANDINA CORNEOLA.
PLATE LXI. FIGURE 1.
Testa conico-oblonga, tenuis, nitens, cornea; aufr. 7 ad 8, con-vexi,
tenuissime et lon<ntudinaliter striati, et lineis minutis creberrimis volven-
C1
tibus notati ; sutura crenulata ; apertura oblonga, partem testas dimidiain
aequans ; coluniella contorta, truncata, callo induta.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Glandina truncata var. BINNEY, vol. ii. p. 302.
Glandina corneola W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1857, p. 189; Notes, p. 9.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell oblong-conic, thin, shining, horn-color ; whorls 7
to 8, longitudinally striate, and covered with numerous
minute revolving lines ; suture slightly crenulated ; aper-
ture oblong, half as long as the shell ; columella curved}
truncated, covered with light callus..
Length, 50 ; diameter, 18 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Western Texas (Redfield),
Mexico (Smithsonian Collection).
Remarks. This shell, very rare in collections, is distin-
guished by its light horn-color, thin shell, and revolving
140 HELICEA.
lines. It is the most distinctly marked species of the
genus found in America.
GLANDINA PARALLELA.
PLATE LXII. FIGURE 2.
Testa solida, albida, nitens, cylindraceo-elongata, striis creberrimis
longitudinalibus notata ; spira elevato-obtusa ; anfr. 5 ad 6, super! con-
vexi, ultimus lateribus rectis, aequis intervallis inter se distantibus, aper-
tura angusta, partem tested 3-7 sequans ; labrum flexuosum, in rnedio
rectum, margine basali curvatum ; columella recta, truncata, callo induta.
SYNONYMS AND KEFERENCES.
Glandina truncata var. BINNEY, 1. c.
Glandina parallela W. G. BINNEY, Phila. Proc. 1857, p. 189; Notes, p. 9.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
She/I heavy, shining, white, elongated, cylindrical ; spire
elevated, obtuse ; whorls 6 to 7, with numerous, delicate,
longitudinal striaB, the upper ones convex, the last one
with straight parallel sides; lip straight along the middle,
and parallel to the rectilinear side of the opposite whorl,
at the basal extremity curved ; columella straight, trun-
cated, covered with a heavy callus.
• Length, 56 ; breadth, 20 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Louisiana (Rev. E. R.
Beadle).
Remarks. Distinguished by its peculiar parallel sides
and heavy texture from any other described species.
GLANDINA TEXASIANA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXt. FIGURE 2.
T. oblonga, solidula, longitudinaliter confertim striata, nitida, pellucida,
carnea ; spira convexo-conica, obtusa ; sutura pallida, minute dentictilata ;
anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus spira paulo longiof , basi parum attenuatus ;
columella perarcuata, basi laminam albam, tortam, abrupte truncatam
GLANDINA. 141
formans ; apertura vix obliqua, acuminato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, ob-
tusum. Long. 29 ; diam. 10£ mill. Ap. mill. 16 longa, 5^ lata.
Habitat Texas. (Pf.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Glandina truncnta var. BINNEY, 1. c.
Achatina Texasiana PFEIFFER, Xovit. Conch. 8, p. 82, pi. xxii. figs. 11, 12,
(1857); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Remarks. This well characterized species was consid-
ered as a variety of Glandina truncata by Binney. It
appears to be a common species. A variety is figured by
me on pi. 77, fig. 21.
GLANDINA TRUNCATA GMELIN. . . .vol. ii. p. 301, pi. lix. Ix. Ixxx, fig. 9.
Achatina striata CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, tab. 3, figs. 3, 4.
Achatina truncata CHEMNITZ, 1. c. Bui. tab. xxxviii. figs. 21, 22; Achatina,
No. 78.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. (nee Glandina,) iii. 512.
Glandina truncata SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 34, pi. xx.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. 56.
MRS. GRAY, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 301, fig. 5. (Ex Bost. Journ.)
BINNEY, 1. c. excl. var. et pi. Ixi. Ixii.
Oleacina truncata GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Pulmonata, p. 23.
Planorbis glans DEKAY, 1. c. p. 56.
One of the most singular varieties of this variable
species is figured on pi. 80. It came from Florida.
The varieties figured by Binney have been described as
distinct species in the preceding articles.
Orbigny gives Cuba as its habitat, but Pfeiffer and
Poey doubt its existence there.
For anatomy vid. Wyman in Boston Proc. i. 154.
GLANDINA VANUXEMENSIS LEA vol. ii. p. 299, pi. Ixii. fig. 1.
Achatina Vanuxemensis PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 518.
Oleacina Vanuxemensis GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Cat. Pulra. p. 36.
GENUS PUPA DRAPANAUD.
PUPA INCANA BINNEY vol. ii. p. 316, pi. Ixviii.; pi. Ixxix. fig. 17.
Pupa incana PFEIFFER, Mai. Blatt. ii. p. 13.
142 HELICEA.
Pupa detrita SHUTTLEWORTH, Bern. Mitth.
PFEIFFER, Malak. Bl. i. 158, (1853) ; i. 205, (1854,) pi. iii. figs. 9, 10.
Pupa maritima GOULD, 1. c.
y PFEIFFER, Mon. iii. 539.
In 1851, this species was only designated by name in
vol. i. ; the full description was given in vol. ii., the name
being changed by Gould to P. maritima. Shuttleworth's
description of detrita has not priority over the name I
have retained. In the third volume of the Monograph,
Pfeiffer considers it a variety of maritima, but later, hav-
ing received from me some specimens, he remarks on
them that they are similar to the Cuba detrita, but must
take the name of incana. He also says that the true
maritima has not as yet been found in Florida.
Young specimens are furnished with several tooth-like
processes within the aperture, one being on the columellar,
one on the parietal wall, and a third on the base of the
aperture, removed somewhat within.
The variety figured on pi. 79, fig. 17, is from Key Bis-
cayne, Fla.
PUPA MODICA GOULD. vol. ii. 319, pi. Hi. fig. 2.
Pupa modica PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 533.
PUPA ARMIFERA SAY vol. ii. p. 320, pi. Ixx. fig. 4.
Pupa armifera SAY, (Carychium ?) Binney's ed. p. 21.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 557.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 57, pi. vii. figs. 17-19.
Pupa rupicola PFEIFFER, Symb. ii. 55, teste Pfr. 1. c.
Say's original specimen is still preserved in the Phila-
delphia Academy. He appears to have considered it a
Carychium.
PUPA BADIA ADAMS vol. ii. p. 323, pi. Ixx. fig. 3.
Pupa badia DsKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 49, pi. iv. fig. 45.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2. p. 117, pi. xv. figs. 25-29.
Pupa muscorum, pars, PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 312.
FORBES and HAN LEY, Brit. Moll. iv. 97.
PUPA. 143
It will be noticed that the wood-cut does not show the
basal tooth, as does the plate referred to. Its presence
seems exceptional.
Adams (1. c.) compares it with Pupa marginata Dr.,
while the above authorities consider it identical with P.
muscorum of Europe.
PUPA CONTRACTA SAY vol. ii. p. 324, pi. Ixx. fig. 2.
Pujm contracta SAY, (Carychium,) Barney's ed. p. 25.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 556.
Pupa corticaria PFEIFFEE, Symb. ii. p. 54, (an. var. /3? Pfr. 1. c.)
Pupa deltostoma CHARPENTIER, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 181, pi. 21, figs. 17-19.
Vertigo contracta ADAMS, Gen. ii. 172, absq. descr.
The figure of Kiister is more like armifera. His
description is of contracta.
Pupa deltostoma is evidently this species. The descrip-
tion is as follows : —
T. late profundeque rimata, ovato-conoidea, niticlula, glabriuscula,
alba ; spira convexo-conica, obtusa ; anfr. 5 convexis, ultimo basi rotun-
dato, antice calloso ; apertura trigona, quadriplicata, pi. 1 lamelliformi
in pariete aperturali, 1 in columella, 2 in palato, peristomate unclique
expanse, margin! bus conjunctis Tennessee.
PUPA DECORA GOULD vol. ii. p. 327. pi. Ixxi. fig. 2.
Pitjm decora PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 555.
Vertigo decora ADAMS, Gen. Eec. Moll. ii. 172, (absq. desc.)
PUPA PENTODON SAY vol. ii. p. 328, pi. Ixii. fig. 1.
Vertigo pentodon SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 27.
Pupa pzntodon CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 125, pi. xvi. figs. 24-26.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 557.
Pupa curvidens PFEIFFER, 1. c. ii.
In the second volume of the Monograph, Pfeiffer places
both Tappaniana and curvidens in the synonymy. De
Kay's figure shows no tooth. Say's type is still preserved
in the Philadelphia Academy. Adams's description is as
follows : —
144 HELICEA.
PUPA TAPPANIANA Ward, MSS. P. testa minima, pellucida, sub-
conica, perforata ; anfractibus quinque ; apertura suborbiculari, 8-den-
tata : dente uno columellari, majore, quatuor alteris magnis, tribus
alteris parvis.
Shell very small, pale horn-color, translucent, tapering above the
penultimate whorl ; whorls a little more than five, convex, with a well
impressed suture ; aperture sub-orbicular, (the penult whorl cutting off
about one third of the circle,) about one third of the length of the shell ;
margin sharp, with a narrow contraction in the sub-margin, beneath
which is a thickening within, on which are the labial teeth ; teeth eight,
five primary and three secondary ; of the former the largest is on the
penultimate whorl, the next largest on the left side of the aperture ; at
the base, beginning at the left hand, is a primary, then a secondary, a
primary, a secondary, a primary, and another secondary, extending nearly
to the upper extremity of the right margin : the last three primaries are
not constant in size ; umbilicus open.
Length, .08 inch ; breadth, .05 inch.
Cabinets of Middlebury College and my own.
Geographical Distribution. This shell has been found in Ohio, in
Massachusetts, near Boston, and in this place.
Remarks. This species was discovered by the late Dr. Ward of Ros-
coe, Ohio, from whom I received specimens in April, 1840, with the
above name. This I retain in justice to Dr. W., who was alike eminent
for his attainments and liberalitv, and in whose sudden death science
»/ '
sustained a severe loss. Subsequently the species was found in Cam-
bridge, Mass.. by my friend T. J. Whittemore, Esq., and Dr. Gould.
Among some minute shells collected in this town by Mr. M. W. Johnson,
of the graduating class of last summer, I have detected this species, but
too- late for insertion in an article, on the Mollusca of this vicinity, in the
next number of the American Journal of Science and Arts, and have
therefore published this description separately.
PUPA PL.ACIDA SAY.
Shell dextral, cylindric-conic, pale yellowish horn-color ; apex
whitish, obtuse ; whorls six and a half, somewhat wrinkled ; suture
moderately impressed ; aperture unarmed, longitudinally oval,
truncate a little obliquely above by the penultimate volution ; colu-
mella so recurved as almost to conceal the umbilicus ; labrum, with
the exception of the superior portion, appearing a little recurved
PUPA. 145
when viewed in front, but when viewed in profile, this recurva-
ture is hardly perceptible ; umbilicus very narrow.
Length over three tenths of an inch. Inhabits Massachusetts.
For this shell I am indebted to Dr. T. W. Harris, of Milton,
from whom I have received many interesting species of our more
northern regions. At first view it might be mistaken for the P.
marginata Nob., but it is quadruple the size, and the labrum is
not reflected and thickened.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupaplacida SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 39.
Pi/pa fallax DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 51.
GOULD, Invert. 192.
Pupafallax 0 PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 309.
Bulimus hordeanus? DEKAY, 1. c.
Bulimus obscurus GOULD, Mon. Pupa, p. 17.
PFEIFFER, iii. 350, on DEKAY'S authority.
Remarks. This will probably always remain a doubt-
ful species, since those having the best means of deciding
upon it have not been able to agree. I therefore simply
give Say's original description.
PUPA RUPICOLA SAY vol. ii. p. 341, pi. Ixx. fig. 1.
Carychium? rupicola SAY (Binney's ed.) p. 22.
Pupa rupicola CHEMNITZ, eel. 2, p. 123, pi. xvi. figs. 17-19.
DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 52.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 557; nee Symb. ii. 55.
Pupaprocera CHEMNITZ, p. 58, pi. vii. figs. 20, 21.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. ii. 360.
Pupa carinata GOULD, 1842, Boston Journ. iv. 1, cover, p. 3.
PFEIFFER, 1. c. ii. 359 ; iii. 557.
Pupa gibbosa CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 123, pi. xvi. figs. 13-16.
Pupa minuta (SAY) PFEIFFER, 1. c. ii. 356; iii. 555; Synib. ii. 54.
Vertigo rupicola BINNEY, 1. c.
minuta f ADAMS, Gen. ii. 172, absq. descr.
Pupa procera is said to be identical with rupicola by
Binney (Boston Proc. i. 105). Gould doubts the correct-
ness of this decision (p. 106). DeKay confirms it, as does
Pfeiffer in vol. iii. of his Monograph.
19
146 HELICEA.
Pupa carinata Gould was subsequently referred by him
to P. procera (1. c. iv. 3, p. 359) ; Pfeiffer retains it, not
having, however, seen the shell. Binney (Boston Proc. i.
105) considers it a doubtful species. No mention of it is
made in the Terrestrial Mollusks.
Say never described any species of Pupa under the
names of gibbosa or minuta which are ascribed to him.
Pfeiffer considers the two identical. Roemer quotes mi-
nuta from Texas. On pi. 78, fig. 17, will be found a fac-
simile of the figure of gibbosa from Chemnitz. Pfeiffer's
description of minuta is as follows. From the two I should
consider the species identical with rupicola.
PUPA MINUTA. T. vix rimata, cylindrica, nitida, pellucida, cornea ;
spira apice obtusa ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus basi subcompressus ; aper-
tura subsemicircularis, 4-dentata; dentibus subaequalibus, 1 parietal!,
1 columellari, 2 palatalibus ; perist. expansuoi, sublabiatum, margini-
bus disjunctis, dextro superne arcuato. Long. 2|, diain. 1£ mill. Ap.
oblique | mill, longa. Habitat in Pennsylvania.
Obs. An forte varietas P. procerce ?
I suppose Vertigo minuta of Adams's Genera to be this
species.
It is also placed in the subgenus Vertigo by Binney,
though the animal had not been seen.
PUPA VARIOLOSA GOULD vol. ii. 343, pi. Ixxii. fig. 3.
Pupa variolosa PFEIFFER. Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 556.
Vertigo variolosa ADAMS, Gen. ii. 172.
PUPA CORTICARIA SAY vol. ii. p. 339, pi. Ixxii. fig. 4.
Odostomia corticaria SAY ( Binney 's ed.) p. 7, pi. Ixxii. fig. 5.
Pupa corticaria PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 542.
CHEMNITZ, 1. c. p. 97.
Carychium corticaria FERUSSAC, Podr. No. 3, (absq. desc.)
Pfeiffer (Mon. ii.) says that the corticaria of the Sym-
bolse is P. contracta.
PUPA. 147
Binney places the species among the Vertigines, though
it is described as having four tentacles.
Ferussac, 1. c., considered it a Carychium.
Say's type is still preserved in the collection of the Phil-
adelphia Academy.
PUPA PELLTJCIDA PFEIFFER.
T. subperforata, cylindracea, tenuis, pellucida, nitida, pallide flavida ;
spira parum attenuata, apice obtusa ; anfr. 5 convex!, ultiiiius prasce-
dente planior ; apertura semiovalis, 5-dentata : dentibus singulis validis
in pariete aperturali et columella, 2 mediocribus in margine dextro,
quinto niinimo in basi palati ; perist. simplex, margine dextro expanse,
columellari reflexo. Long. 2 ; diam. vix 1 mill. Ap. vix § mill, longa.
(Pfeifier Mon. Hel. Yiv. ii. 360.)
This is Pfeiffer's description of a Cuban species quoted
from Texas by Roemer (p. 456.)
PUPA HOPPII ROLLER.
PLATE LXXVIII. FIGURE 2.
Testa dextrorsa, cylindracea, obtusa, laevi ; columella bidentata. Long.
1, 2/", R. (Moller.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa Hoppii MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 4, (1842.)
TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1843, ii. 126.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, pi. xix. figs. 29, 30.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 328; iii. 536.
Pupa Sleenbuchii BECK, (1847,) teste MORCH, Nat. Bidr. of Groenl. p. 75.
Remarks. I have seen no specimen of this Greenland
shell. The figure I have given is a fac-simile of one of
those in Chemnitz, ed. 2.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Pupa albilabris Ad. is the same as Bui. marginatus.
P. costulata Mighels is the same as Bui. harpa.
P. exigua Say, &c. is the same as Carychium exiguum.
P. fallax Say, &c. is the same as Bui. marginatus.
148 HELICEA.
P. Gouldii Binn. &c. is the same as Vertigo Gouldii.
P. milium Gld. is the same as Vertigo milium.
P. modesta Say &c. is the same as Vertigo ovata.
P. ovata Gld. &c. is the same as Vertigo ovata.
P. ovulum Pf. is the same as Vertigo ovata.
P. Parraiana Orb. is the same as Bui. marginatus.
P. simplex Gld. &c. is the same as Vertigo simplex.
P. unicarinata Bin., vol. i., is the same as Macroceramus pon-
tificus.
SUBGENUS VERTIGO.
Stimpson, 1851, Shells of N. E., p. 53, separates this
group from the Helicidse, considering the want of lower
tentacles sufficient to form a family of Vertiginidae.
VERTIGO GOULDII BINNEY vol. ii. p. 333, pi. Ixii. fig. 2.
Vertigo Gouldii STIMPSON, Shells of N. E., p. 53, absq. desc..
Pupa Gouldii CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 124, pi. xvi. figs. 20-23.*
PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 557.
VERTIGO MILIUM GOULD vol. ii. p. 337, pi. Ixxi. fig. 1.
Pupa milium PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 559.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 119, pi. xv. figs. 39-42.
VERTIGO OVATA SAY vol. ii. p. 334, pi. Ixxi. fig. 4.
Vertigo ovata SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 26.
Pupa ovata CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 118, pi. xiv. figs. 1, 2; xv. figs. 35-38.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 360; iii. 558; Symb. ii. 54.
Pupa modesta SAY, (Binney's ed.) p. 32, pi. 74, fig. 5.
Pupa ovulum PFEIFFER, olim, Symb. i. 46.
Adams (1. c.) considers these two species distinct.
Found also in Mexico and Cuba, (PfeifFer.)
VERTIGO SIMPLEX GOULD vol. ii. p. 343, pi. Ixxii. fig. 3.
Vertigo simplex STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 53, (absq. desc.)
Pupa simplex PFEIFFER, 1. c. iii. 530.
* "In the States of New York, Baltimore, Cambi-idge."
CYLINDRELLA. 149
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
V. contracta Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll, is the same as Pupa contracta.
V. decora Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll, is the same as Pupa decora.
V. minuta Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll, is the same as Pupa rupicola.
V. pentodon Say is the same as Pupa pentodon.
V. rupicola Binney is the same as Pupa rupicola.
GENUS CYLINDRELLA PFEIFFER.
CYLINDRELLA VARIEGATA PFEIFFER.
This species was described by Pfeiffer before C. lactaria
Gould was published. Their identity is well established.
I have not received any specimens of the true variegata
from Florida, or any other portions of the United States.
Pfeiffer (Mai. Blatt. i. 211) gives Florida as its habitat,
probably on the authority of Gould's description in the
Terrestrial Mollusks. At that time the figure had not
been published.
Specimens of lactaria Gould, received from himself and
also from Poey, agree perfectly with the text (p. 309), but
are not the shell figured (pi. 69, fig. 2). Neither do they
agree with the Florida shell. Having sent specimens of
the shell found in Florida to Poey, he returned them
labelled C. Poeyana Orb., and sent me Cuban specimens
of the same species.
It follows, therefore, that the shell figured (pi. 69, fig. 2)
is not described in the text, where reference is erroneously
made to it under C. lactaria Gould, which is C. variegata
Pfr. It will be noticed that no reference to geographical
distribution is made by Gould. The shell figured is de-
scribed in the following article.
CYLINDRELLA POEYANA ORBIGNY.
PLATE LXIX. FIGURE 2.
T. elongatissima, fusoidea, tenuis, cornea, longitudinaliter acuto-striata ;
spira elongatissima, inflata, postice acuminata, truncata; anfr. 11 convex-
iusculi, ultimus antice carinatus ; apertura rotundata ; perist. continuum,
acutum. Long. 14, diam. 13 mill. (Orbigny.)
150 HELICEA.
SYNONYMS AND EEFERENCES.
Pupa Poeyana ORBIGNY, Moll. Cuba, i. 185, pi. xii. figs. 24-26.
Cylindrella Poeyana PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 380; iii. 572.
POEY Memorias, ii. pi. xii. fig. 10.
Cylindrella lactaria BINNEY, 1. c. in tab. non in textu.
Remarks. This is the shell figured under the name of
lactaria Gould, as remarked in the preceding article. I
will here add that this species may readily be distinguished
from lactaria by having much rougher striae, and by being
entirely free from the "longitudinal, flexuose, milk-white
lines " which are the principal characteristic of that spe-
cies, and from which, indeed, its name is derived.
Found in large quantities in Florida ; also in Cuba.
CYLINDRELLA JEJUNA GOULD vol. ii. p. 310, pi. Ixix. fig. 3.
Cylindrella jejuna PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 573.
Cylindrella variegata PFEIFFER, Mai. Bl. ii. 13.
Pfeiffer, in repeating Gould's description, not having
seen the shell, suggests its being a variety of C. lactaria.
Later (Mai. Blatt. ii. 13) he considers it a synonym of
that species, which he refers to his variegata.
CYLINDRELLA ROEMERI PFEIFFER.
T. vix rimata, subcylindracea, apice obtuse conica, non truncata, sub-
striata, carneo-albida ; anfr. 14 angusti, planiusculi, ultimas basi carinatus,
antrprsuin solutus et extrorsum tortus ; apertura verticalis, oblongo-circu-
laris, intus plica marginis dextri coarctata : perist. continuum, undique
breviter expansum. Long. 13-14, diam. 4^ mill. Ap. 3 mill, longa,
2£ lata.
(3. Minor, sursum ventrosior, anfr. 12, ultimo brevius soluto ; long. 11,
diam. supra medium 4 mill.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Cylindrella Roemeri PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 383 ; iii. 579 ; in Roemer's
Texas, p. 456.
Remarks. I have not seen this shell, which was found
by Roemer at New Brauenfels, Texas. I have given the
original description above, and add an observation from
the same source : —
CYLINDRELLA. 151
Affinis quidem et precedent! (C. Piloceri Pfr.) et sequenti (C. Gold-
fussi Mke.), tarnen carina basalo anfractus ultimi et ejus torsione tarn sin-
gulari, ut testarn primo aspectu sinistrorsem putes, ab omnibus distinctis-
sinio.
CYLINDRELLA GOLDFUSSI PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 33.
C. testa elliptico-oblonga, subcylindracea, apice conica, Integra, acuta ;
umbilicata, luteo-cornea, tenui, pellucida ; anfractibus undecim, convex-
iusculis, dense et tenuissime arcuatim costulatis : infimo parum protracto,
basi rotundato, conipressiusculo ; apertura patente orbiculato-subcordata ;
canaliculo brevissimo, obtuso.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
CylindreUa Goldfussi MENKE, in Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1847, p. 2.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 383; iii. 579.
PHILIPPI, Icon. iii. 17, p. 6, tab. iii. fig. 9.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell umbilicated, elongated, more ventricose at the
middle, apex conic, not truncated, thin, diaphanous, light
horn-color, marked with numerous light subarcuate striae ;
whorls 12, scarcely convex, narrow, the last slightly ex-
tended beyond the body of the shell, carinated, its right
side somewhat furrowed, rounded at base ; aperture sub-
vertical, obliquely and subtriangularly pear-shaped ; perist.
slightly expanded at its entire circumference, its right ter-
mination flexuose.
Length, 11 ; diameter, 4§ mill.
Geographical Distribution. Texas, (PfeifFer.)
Remarks. The figure (somewhat magnified) is drawn
from a specimen from Mr. Eland's collection.
In general form, it is more nearly allied to Macroceramus
pontificus than any other figured in the " Mollusks."
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
CylindreUa pontifica Gould (p. 306) is Macroceramus pontificus,
vid. p. 137.
152 AURICULACEA.
This concludes the list of known American Helicidae.
The following genera and species have been described by
Rafinesque, but are all included in the genus Helix : —
Aplodon Raf. Stenostoma Raf.
Aplodon nodosum Raf. Stenotrema Raf.
Chimotrema Raf. Stenotrema convexa Raf.
Chimotrema planiuscida Raf. Toxostoma Raf.
Hemiloma Raf. Toxostoma globularis Raf.
Hemiloma avara Raf. Toxotrema Raf.
Mesodon Raf. Toxotrema globularis Raf.
Mesodon maculatum Raf. Toxotrema complanata Raf.
Mesomphix Raf. Triodopsis Raf.
Odomphium Raf. Triodopsis lunula Raf.
Odotropis Raf. Trophodon Raf.
Omphalina Raf. Xolotrema Raf.
Omphalina cuprea Raf. ; vide Xolotrema lunula Raf.
Helix fuliginosa. Xolotrema triodopsis Raf.
On vol. i., p. 48 et seq. will be found a reprint and translation of
Rafinesque's descriptions. The following, omitted by Binney, will
make the series complete : —
Aplodon nodosum. Trois tours de spire bosseles, legerement rides con-
centriquement en dessous.
The genus Trophodon differs from Mesodon by upper lip notched. The
genus Odomplrium.) by having an ombilic.
Toxostoma globularis. Globular, smooth ; 5 spires. In Kentucky.
Parlula Otaheitana Fer., as observed in vol. i. p. 159, never
existed in the United States.
FAMILY AURICULACEA.
Dr. Binney, in his work on the Terrestrial Mollusks of
this country, mentions that there is much reason to doubt
whether this family is truly Pneumo-branchiate. Con-
sidering its species to be, at all events, aquatic, he does
not include them in his work.
AURICULACEA.
More recent investigations have shown that they respire
free air, and that they are amphibious rather than aquatic.
The systematic arrangement of this family may be seen
in the following tables, as proposed by Dr. Pfeiffer and
H. and A. Adams. The arrangement adopted in the fol-
lowing pages corresponds with that of the former. I do
not propose to refer to the many systems of other foreign
authors, but shall notice those proposed by Americans.
By this table it will appear that Pfeiffer divides the air-
breathing Mollusks in two grand divisions ; A, including
those furnished with four tentacles, and B, including those
with two only. The latter are also subdivided into #,
those not operculated, and 6, those furnished with an oper-
culum. In the former of these subdivisions, he places the
family Auriculacea.
In the " Genera of Recent Mollusca," the air-breathing
Gasteropods are divided into Inoperculate and Operculate.
The former are subdivided, according to their terrestrial,
lacustrine, and marine habits, into Geophila, Limnophila,
and Thassilophila. The second subdivision is composed
of the Auriculacea, under the name of Elobiadce, and the
Limnceidce.
In both of these systems, the family is placed nearest
to the fresh-water Pulmonates, with which they are more
closely allied than with the land snails.
Dr. Pfeiffer (Mon. Auric. Viv.) thus divides the
PULMONATA.
A. Tetracera,
f
(
B. Dicera,
a. Inoperculata, .
b. Operculata, -j
I a. Terrestria,
,.,.
. Aquatilia, .
I. Onchidiacea.
II. Limacea.
III. Helicea.
IV. Limnoeacea.
V. Auriculacea.
VI. Proserpinacea.
VII. Aciculacea.
VIII. Cyclostomacea,
JX. Helicinacea.
X. Amphibolacea.
XI. Ampullariacea.
20
154
AURICULA CEA.
In the " Genera of Recent Mollusca," by Henry and
Arthur Adams, the following division is made of the air-
breathing Gasteropoda : —
ORDER.
SUBCLASS PULMONIFERA.
SUBORDER,
Inoperculata,
Geophila,
Limnophila,
Thassilophila,
Ectophthalma,
Operculata, < Qpisophthalma,
{ Prosophthalma,
FAMILY.
{ Oleacinidte.
Testac'ellidse.
Helic-idce.
Lhnacidje.
Stonopidae.
Avion id re.
Janellidffi.
Veronicellidoe,
[ Onchidiidse.
\ Kllobiidre.
I Limnseidse.
Amphibolida?.
Siphonaridse.
( Cyclophoridae.
/ Heliciniiln?.
Truneatellidse,
Assiminidae.
The family Ellobiidae corresponds to PfeifFerrs family
Auriculacea.
This family has been noticed only by the following
American authors. The treatment of the various genera
and species will be found in their respective synonymy.
In 1841 Gould placed the genus Auricula in the Lam-
arkian family Colimacea.
DeKay in 1843 places the Auriculidce as the third
family of Pulmobranchia. He unites all the species de-
scribed in his Zoology of New York in the genus Auri-
cula.
Stimpson in 1851 catalogues the family Melampidce,
comprising the genera Melampus and Carychium. He
was the first American to remove Carychium exiguum
from the genus Pupa.
The Auriculacea are easily distinguished from the other
inoperculated land Mollusks. They are furnished with
but one pair of non-retractile tentacles, on the inner
base of which are situated the sessile eyes. The head
is extended beyond the tentacles into an obtuse, rounded,
AURICULACEA. 155
bilobed snout. The mantle is thin, thickened on its mar-
gin. The foot is elongated and pointed. The sexes are
united in each individual.
The shell is spiral, extremely variable, and in the Amer-
ican species conic, generally with a flattened spire, and
furnished with numerous tooth-like laminae, which con-
tract the narrow aperture.
The Auriculidce are amphibious Mollusks, breathing
free air, but apparently dependent for existence on a great
deal of moisture, if not on the actual vicinity of the sea.
Some species pass their whole life under circumstances
which seem to preclude the possibility of their respiring
air. Thus Alexia myosotis is often found on isolated
stones in salt marshes, which are entirely covered by the
tide four hours out of twelve. This species, when im-
mersed in fresh water, becomes benumbed and soon dies.
Carychium exigmun, on the other hand, though found
under similar circumstances, does not depend on salt
water, being widely distributed far beyond its influence
over the interior of the country. Blauneria pellucida also
has been detected living far from any water in a garden
in Washington, whither it was introduced on plants from
Charleston, S. C. With the exception of the two last
mentioned, the American species are found on salt marshes
and in brackish water near the sea.
Of their geographical distribution but little is yet known.
Melampus bidentatus is found from Maine to Florida.
Melampus obliquus is referred by Say to South Carolina.
Alexia myosotis was probably introduced from Europe,
I have never known of its being found south of New
York harbor. Carychium exiguum will probably be found
in all the Middle and Northern States. The other species
are confined to the coast of Florida and the Gulf of
Mexico, some of them being common to Cuba and other
West Indian Islands.
156 AURICULACEA.
In order to make the following a complete monograph
of American Auriculacea, I have copied from the Terres-
trial Mollusks the entire description of the few species
mentioned in that work.
So few persons are interested in this family of Mollusks,
and the extent of our coast is so great, the following must
be considered as a very imperfect attempt at a monograph
of the American species of the family.
PfeifFer subdivides the family into three subfamilies : —
Otinea,) Melampea, and Auriculea, respectively analogous
to the Ancylea, a subfamily of Limneacea, — to the true
Limneacea, and to the Aciculacea. The first subfamily is
not represented in this country.
SUBFAMILY MELAMPEA.
This subfamily is distinguished by an acute, simple
peristorne. The aperture is generally armed with tooth-
like laminaB. The animals of all our species are subaquatic,
living in close proximity to salt or brackish water.
H. and A. Adams give the name of Melampince to this
subdivision. In America it has been noticed as a family
by Stimpson, (Shells of N. E.), who calls it Melampidce,
and includes one species and one genus which PfeifTer
refers to a separate subdivision of the family.
GENUS MELAMPUS MOXTFORT.
The characteristics of this genus are the same as those
already given for the subfamily.
It is an inhabitant of every quarter of the globe.
MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS SAY.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURE 23.
T. imperforata, elliptico-ovata, tenuiusc-ula, nitens, (aut corrosa,) lineis
minutis transversis, et rugulis longitudinalibus notata ; cornea, aut griseo-
brunnea, interdum fasciis 4 rufis, angustis, cingulata ; sutura distincta ;
spira brevis, obtusa ; anfr. 6-7, super! planiusculi, ultimus f- long, aequans,
MELAMPUS. 157
obtuse subcarinatus ; apertura subobliqua, angusta, ad basin expansior,
•f long, sequans; perist. simplex, acutum, tenue, intus inerme, aut denti-
bus albis, transversis, 1-7, marginem non attingentibus, in liras decurren-
tibus, interdum in callo longitudinali positis, armatum ; paries aperturalis
callo nitente induta, et dente unica, alba, transversa, in aperturam intrante
armata; columella plicaui imam, albam, ad basin excurrentem gerens ;
anfr. intern! et axis absorpti.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Mdampus bidentatus SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. vol. ii. p. 245, July. 1822;
Binney's ed. p. 84.
RUSSELL, Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i. part 2, p.
67, anno 1839.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. p. 45, (excl. Mel. borealis).
ADAMS, Genera, ii. p. 243, Sept. 1855, absq. desc.
Mdampus biplicatus PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. p. 21.
Mdampus corneus STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 51, (absq. desc.)
BECK, Ind. (absq. desc.)
Melampus ? Jaumei PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. p. 25.
Melampus linealus BECK, Ind. (absq. desc.) p. 107.
Auricula cornea DESHAYES, Encycl. Meth. ii. p. 90; ditto in Lara. ed. 2, viii. p.
339; ed. 3, vol. iii. p. 390, (1839).
Auricula bidentata GOULD, Inv. Mass. p. 197, fig. 130.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 57, t. v. fig. 92, 1, 2, 3.
KUSTER, Chemn. ed. 2, Auric, p. 41, pi. vi. figs. 7-11.
JAY, Cat. 264, (absq. desc.)
Non Auricula bidens POTIEZ et MICHAUD, p. 201, pi. xx. figs. 9, 10.
Auricula Jaumei MITTRE, Rev. Zob'l. (Mars. 1841.) p. 66.
Auricula biplicata DESHAYES, Encycl. Meth. ii. p. 91.
Conoiulus biplicatus BECK, Ind. 106, (absq. desc.)
Melampus bidentatus var. linealus SAY, 1. c.
Melampus bidentatus (3. PFEIFFER, 1. c. p. 46.
a. DE!VAY, 1. c.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal about as long as the shell, and the foot is trans-
versely bifid ; tentacula somewhat wrinkled, cylindrical,
rather smaller towards the tips, which are obtuse or round-
ed ; eyes placed at the inner base of the tentacula ; rostrum
somewhat wrinkled, nearly as long as the tentacula, bilo-
bate before ; foot, anterior segment emarginate behind,
posterior segment bifid at the extremity ; all above, with
the exception of the tentacula and rostrum, glabrous,
reddish-brown, beneath paler. (Say.)
158 AURICULACEA.
Shell im perforate, elliptically ovate, rather thin, shining
when perfect, but usually found much eroded ; the surface
is marked with longitudinal wrinkles, and very minute
revolving striae; horn-color, or grayish-red, often with re-
volving, narrow, rufous bands, four or five in number;
suture well marked; spire short, and usually obtuse, often
somewhat eroded ; whorls usually 6, the upper ones flat-
tened, the body whorl equalling about | of the entire length
of the shell, and obtusely angulated at its greatest width ;
aperture hardly oblique, very long and narrow, enlarging
gradually towards the base, about f the length of the shell •
peristome very thin and sharp, not reflected, on the interior
furnished with no laminae, or with from one to seven;
these laminae are elongated, white, and do not reach the
margin ; they are usually separate, placed at irregular in-
tervals, but sometimes are found on a longitudinal ele-
vated, white callus; they enter but a short distance into
the aperture ; the parietal wall of the aperture is covered
with a thin, shining, enamel-like callus, and bears on its
lower half a single, white, prominent and transverse tooth,
entering into the aperture ; the columellar is also furnished
with a white, tooth-like fold, commencing at the termina-
tion of the sharp peristome, and revolving upwards into
the. interior of the shell; this fold does not extend far into
the aperture, as all the internal whorls and axis of the shell
are early absorped by the animal.
Length of an unusually large individual 13, breadth 7
millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. I have this species from the
vicinity of Boston, from New Jersey, and South Carolina.
Say found it at the mouth of the St. John's River, in
Florida, and in Maryland ; Mittre gives Virginia ; Pfeiffer,
Georgia ; DeKay, New York. Stimpson did not detect it
farther North than Massachusetts Bay. It may, therefore,
be said to range from that point southward along the
MELAMPUS. 159
whole Atlantic coast. It has also been found in Texas,
(Roemer.)
Gould mentions its being said to have been found living
with a Planorbis at Windsor, Vt. If so, it must be adapt-
ed to a remarkable difference of station, being usually
found near the sea. Pfeiffer also gives Vermont as the
habitat, probably on the above authority.
Remarks. This shell is familiar to all those who have
collected among the salt marshes of Massachusetts Bay.
Around Boston it is found not far below high-water-mark,
often crawling up the stems of grasses, as if to avoid the
returning tide.
The shell when young is quite pretty, being shining and
often variegated by the revolving bands. But few mature
shells are met with in a perfect condition. They are
usually much eroded. From the toothless outer lip to
that bearing a heavy callus ridged with transverse laminae,
every intermediate variety is found. The absence of the
laminae is equally common in mature and young shells.
Authentic specimens of this species are still preserved
in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
The original descriptions of Mittre and Deshayes are
given below. I have seen authentic specimens of neither
of their shells. The descriptions are merely copied by
Pfeiffer, in the works referred to in the synonymy.
Say designates by the name of lineatus, a form peculiar
for its revolving lines or bands and more narrow base of
the aperture, (vid. Binn. ed. p. 85.) I have met with none
sufficiently marked to form a variety, much less a distinct
species. The revolving lines are very commonly found on
young specimens. DeKay mentions this as var. a, Pfeiffer
as £>. The latter author thus describes a var. y.
Anfractu ultimo infra suturam subexcavato, minute spiraliter
160 AURICULACEA,
striato, labro pone limbum fuscum albo-calloso, regalariter 6-10
plicato. Georgia.
He quotes in the synonymy of this variety Mel. borealis
Conr. of Cuming's collection. Conrad's species is much
more likely to be Alexia myosotis than any variety of Mel-
bide ntatus.
Potiez and Michaud describe and figure quite a distinct
shell under the name of Auricula bidens Say.
Stimpson gives precedence to Deshayes's name corneus.
Say's name has eight years priority, and is not preoccupied
in the genus Melampus. It was while treated as an Auri-
cula that any question existed in regard to its specific
name.
PI. 75, fig. 23, represents a specimen not furnished with
laminae within the peristome.
The date of publication of this species is erroneously
quoted by Pfeiffer as 1821. The title-page of the first
part of vol. ii. of the Academy Proceedings bears this date.
The description was actually published at the date given
by me.
AURICULA JAUMEI. A. testa conoidea, laevi, corneo-lutescente, longi-
tudinaliter substriata ; spira brevi, obtusa, ssepe erosa; apertura elongata,
angustissima ; columella basi alba, biplicata, labro tenui, acuto, intus
dentato atque sulcato.
Petite coquille mince, presque lisse, conoide, d'une couleur jaunatre
cornee ; chez les jeunes individus on voit des fascies brunes, transversales
et reguliercment disposees. Sa spire est courte, obtuse, souvent erodee^
comme chez la plupart des coquilles fluviatiles ; 1'ouverture est etroite,
allongee ; la columelle offre, vers sa base, deux dents blanches, egales et
legerement obliques; le bord droit, simple et tranchant, presente, a
I'interieur, une rangee de plis saillans, inegaux, separes par des sillons
d'autant plus rnarques qu'ils sont plus inferieurs. Cette Auricule appar-
tient a la section des Conovules ; elle est voisine de V Auricula cornea de
Deshayes, dont elle differe neanmoins par son bord droit constamment
dente et sillone. Elle a 3 a 4 lignes de longeur.
Elle habite les marais, aux environs de Hampton en Virginie, ou elle
MELAMPUS. 161
vit presque tonjours dans 1'eau ; rarement la trouve-t-on montee sur les
joncs qui eomblent les mares d'eau ou ces Mollusques abondent.
Dediee a mon ami M. Jaume, cliirurgien de la Marine, qui, pendant
mou voyage sur le vaisseau 1'Hercule, m'a accompagne et aide dans mes
recherches Zoologiques. (Mittre, 1. c.)
AURICULA CORNEA. A. testa oyato-coniformi, translucida, transversira
substriata, corneo-grisea, spira brevi, obtusa, saepe erosa; apertura angus.
ta, elongata, columella biplicata, basi alba, labro tenui, acuto.
Habite les marais salins des environs de New York. Petite coquille
ovulaire, lisse, couleur de corne, a test mince et translueide ; elle appar-
tient a la seetion des Conovules ; sa spire est courte et obtuse, son ouver-
ture longe et etroite a un bord droit, simple et tranchant ; vers la base,
la eolumelle offre deux petits plis blancs, egaux et peu obliques. Cette
petite coquille a 10 niillim. de long et 6 de large. (Desh. in Lam. 1. c.)
MELAMPUS CINGTJLATUS PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURES 12, 13.
T. imperforata, fusiformis, solida, sublasvigata, nitida, fusca, fasciis inse-
qualibus albidis cingulata; spira convexo-conica, acute-mucronulata ; su-
tura simplex; anfr. 10, superi planiusculi, perangusti, ultimus f longi-
tudinis fere asquans, basi attenuatus; apertura vix obliqua, angustissima,
basi plica unica columellari valida, acuta, oblique ascendente bipartita ;
perist. simplex, acutum, margiue dextro intus dentes 6-8, quorum infimum
majoreni, plicjeformeni, gerente.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Auricula cingulata PFEIFFER, in Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat. 1840, i. p. 251.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, Auric, p. 40, t. 40, figs. 4-6.
Auricula oliva ORBIGNY, Moll. Cub. i. p. 189, t. 12, figs. 8-10.
Auricula stenostoma KUSTER, olim, in Ind. fasc. 42, (teste Pfeiffer).
Mdumpus cingulatus PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. p. 18.
Auricula JAY. ~\
Melampus C. B. ADAMS, SHUTTL., POEY. > absq. descr.
TmUa H. & A. AD. )
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not hitherto observed.
Shell imperforate, fusiform, heavy and thick, shining,
polished, with numerous microscopic revolving lines, most
prominent on the last whorl ; brownish, with numerous
irregularly wide, white revolving bands ; spire convex-
21
162 AURICULACEA.
conic, terminating in an acute transparent point ; suture
simple ; whorls 10, the upper ones flattened and narrow,
the last one tapering towards the base, and equalling about
§ the length of the shell; aperture hardly oblique, very
narrow, divided at its base by a stout, sharp, columellar
fold, which ascends and winds obliquely into the aperture ;
peristome simple, acute, armed within with from 6 to 8
elongated laminae, not quite reaching the edge of the lip,
the lower one being most fully developed.
Length of the specimen before me, 11 ; breadth, 5 ;
length of aperture, 6 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. The only American speci-
men of this species I have seen, was collected in Florida
by Mr. Bartlett. The species is also found in Cuba, Ja-
maica, and Porto Rico.
Remarks. This is one of the species common to the
peninsula of Florida and some of the West Indian
Islands. It is well known that very many marine shells
are also common to the same localities, so that it is easier
to account for its presence than that of some strictly ter-
restrial species.
The shell cannot readily be confounded with any other
known American species. It is readily distinguished by
its elongated form, and peculiar enamel-like surface, which
reminds one of the highly polished Olivce.
The figure referred to is copied from Orbigny's Mollusca
of De la Sagra's Cuba.
MELAMPUS COFFEA LINN^US.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURES 21, 25.
Testa imperforata, coniea, solidissima, laevigata, nitens, lineis volventi-
bus microscopicis, et rugis laevigatis increment! notata ; sub epiderme
grisea, livida, fasciis 3-4 albis, una ad carinam obtusam lata, alteris an-
gustioribus, cineta ; sutura mediocris, spira brevis, coniea, apice nigra,
acuta, nitente; anfr. 9-10, super! planiusculi, ultimus obtuse-subcarinatus,
-1.7. long, testa? asquans ; apertura subverticalis, longa, angusta, infra la-
MELAMPUS. 163
long, aequans ; perist, simplex, intus callis 1-3 longitudinalibus,
albis, crassis, liras 15-22 transversales, immitentibus armatum; paries
aperturalis dentes duos, albidos, intrantes, (supero multo majori) gerens;
columella callo brunneo, nitente, induta, lamina unica, in aperturam as-
cendente, armata ; anfr. interni absorpti.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Bulla coffea LINN.EUS, Syst. Nat. x. p. 729.
Voluta coff'ea LINN.EUS, Syst. Nat. xii. p. 1187.
SCHROTER, Einleit. ii. p. 200.
GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii. p. 3438.
DILLWYN, Descr. Cat. vol. i. p. 506.
Voluta minuta GMKLIN, Syst. p. 3436, ex parte.
DILLWYN, 1. c. p. 506.
Auricula Midce parva, fusca, albo-fasciala MARTINI et CHEMNITZ, vol. ii. p. 119,
pi. 43, fig. 445 ? (an potius Mel. flavus?)
Ellobium Barbaclense BOLTEN, Mus. Britt. p. 106, ed. nov. p. 74 ?
Bulimus coniformis BRUGUIERE, Encycl. Meth. i. p. 339.
Melampus coniformis MONTFORT, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. p. 318.
LOWE, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 292.
ADAMS, Contr. to Conch, p. 42, 186, (absq. descr.)
SHUTTLEWORTH, Bern. Mitth. (absq. desc.)
Melampus fusca MORCH, Cat. Yold, p. 38, (teste Pfr.) (absq. desc.)
Melampus coff'ea MORCH, Cat. Yold, p. 38, (teste Pfr.) (absq. desc.)
Melampus coffeus ADAMS'S Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. ii. p. 243, t. 82, figs. 7, 7 a, (absq.
desc.)
POEY, Mem. sob. Hist. p. 394, (absq. desc.)
Melampa minuta SCHWEIGGER, Handb. p. 739.
Tornatelle conif&rme BLAINVILLE, Diet. Sc. Nat. pi. Malac. 54, f. 4.
Auricula coniformis FERUSSAC, Tab. Syst. p. 109, (absq. desc.)
LAMARK, Hist. an. s. Vert. vol. vi.
DESHAYES, in Lam. vol. viii. p. 332 ; ed. 3, vol. iii, p. 387.
POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Gal. vol. i. p. 202.
PVEEVE, Conch. Syst. ii. t. 187, f. 7, (teste Pfr.)
SOWERBY, Conch. Man. p. 77, f. 298 ?
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2 ; Auric, p. 31, t. 4, figs. 14-17.
PETIT, Journ. Conch, ii. p. 427, (absq. desc.)
Auricula ovula ORBIGNY, Moll. Cub. vol. i. p. 187, t. 13, figs. 4-7, (1853).
Conovulus coniformis LAMARK, Encycl. Meth. t. 459, fig. 2, (absq. desc.)
ANTON, Verz. p. 48, (absq. desc.)
WOODWARD, Man. Moll. t. 12, f. 37; p. 173, (1854).
Conovulus coffeus BECK, Ind. p. 106, (absq. desc.)
Conovulus coffee GRAy, Turt. Man. p. 20, (absq. desc.)
DESCRIPTION.
Animal (from figure in Adams's Genera, copied on pi.
164: AURICULACEA.
75, fig. 21) about the length of the shell ; tentacles short,
pointed, eyes at their interior base ; proboscis extending
beyond the head, bilobate, bluntly terminating ; posterior
termination of the foot short, bifid, color dark brown.
Shell imperforate, cone-shaped, very solid and heavy,
smooth and shining in fresh specimens, with delicate
wrinkles of growth, and very numerous microscopic re-
volving lines ; light fawn-color when deprived of its russet
epidermis, with three or four revolving bands of white on
the body whorl, of which the uppermost is broadest ;
suture moderate ; spire short, conic, apex black, shining,
pointed ; whorls from 9-10, the upper ones flattened, the
last obtusely angulated below the suture, \\ the length of
the entire shell ; aperture subvertical, long and narrow,
gradually widening towards the base of the shell, about \l
the entire length of the shell ; peristome acute, not re-
flected, but thickened within by a heavy white callus,
extending as high up as the carina of the body whorl ; on
this callus are from 15 to 22 white, transverse laminae or
ridges, not reaching the edge of the peristome, and not
entering far into the aperture ; sometimes there is a sec-
ond and even third series of these laminae visible within
the aperture ; on the parietal wall are two elevated, white,
entering folds, the upper one much more prominent ; the
columella is covered with a shining, brown callosity, and
furnished with one rather prominent fold, which com-
mences at the termination of the peristome, and winds
upwards into the interior of the shell; the interior whorls
and axis are entirely absorbed.
Diameter of a large specimen, 10 ; length, 19 diameters.
Geographical Distribution. The only specimens I have
seen were collected in Florida by Mr. Bartlett, more than
ten years ago.
It is a well known and very common shell in the West
Indies. Referred also to Mexico by Pfeifter.
MELAMPUS. 165
Remarks. Figure 25 of plate 75 is a fac-simile of
Orbigny's figure of Auricula ovala. It is a good represen-
tation of our Florida shells.
West Indian specimens are well known in cabinets. I
know of no American specimens, with the exception of
the few collected by Mr. Bartlett.
PL 79, fig. 6, may represent a variety of this species. It
is from Texas.
MELAMPUS FLORIDIANUS SHUTTLEWORTH.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURE 30.
T. imperforata, ventroso-fusiformis, tenuis, sublasvigata, griseo-fulva ;
fasciis castaneis varie ornata ; spira regulariter conica, acuta ; sutura
linearis ; anfr. 10 plani, superiores radiato-striati, ultimus f longitudinis
formans, superne obsolete angulatus, versus basin vald£ attenuatus ; ap-
ertura subverticalis, angusta, utrinque angulata ; plicae parietales 2 minu-
t93, approximate ; plica columellaris valida, oblique ad basin producta ;
perist. acutum, inargine dextro (in adultis) intus plicis albis transversis
sub*qualibus rnunito, columellari brevi, calloso. (Pfr.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Auricula Floridiana SHUTTLEWORTH, MSS.
JIdanipus Floridianus (Tralia) ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, ii. (absq. desc.)
PFEIFFER, Malak. Blatt. 1854; Mon. Auric. Viv. 36.
Tifata Floridiana ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii. 245, absq. desc.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell imperforate, ventricose, fusiform, thin, smooth,
grayish, with varying chestnut bands ; spire regularly
conic, acute ; suture linear ; whorls 10, flattened, the
upper ones radiately striate, the last comprising § of the
length of the shell, obsoletely angulated above, and very
much smaller at its base ; aperture subvertical, narrow,
angular ; 2 parietal plicae, one strong, one on the columel-
la, obliquely continued towards the base ; peristome acute,
its right side in adult specimens armed with transverse,
166 AURICULACEA.
white, subequal folds, its columellar portion both short and
callous.
Length, 7| ; diameter, 4g ; aperture in length almost 5,
in breadth 1^ millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Florida Keys. (Bartlett.)
Remarks. PfeifFer compares it with Mel. cingulatus.
It appears to me easily distinguished from that and the
other species of the United States.
MELAMPUS FLAVUS GMELIN.
T. imperforata, obconica, lasvigata, castanea, fasciis 3 angnstis pallidis
ornata ; spira brevis, convexo-conoidea, niucronata ; sutura linearis ; anfr.
9-10, superi planiusculi, ultimus | long, fere a?quans, basi arcuato-crista-
tus ; apertura subverticalis, angusta, basi angulata ; plica 1 parietalis
profunda ; plica columellaris valida, subverticalis, ad basim porrecta ;
perist. rectum, acutum, margine dextro fusco-labiato, intus albo-calloso,
costis sub 10 transversis, brevibus ! munito, columellari calloso, dilatato.
(Pfr.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
LISTER Hist. t. 834, fig. 60.
FAVANNE Conch, t. 65, fig. H, i.
Auricula Midce parva, &c. MART, and CHEMN. ii. p. 119, 126. t. 43, f. 445.
Valuta n. 106, SCHRO'TER, Einl. i. p. 272.
Valuta flava GMELIN, Syst. p. 3436, No. 5.
DILLWYN, Cat. i. p. 506, n. 17.
Voluta flammea y GMELIN, 1. c. 3435, n. i.
Bulimus monile BRUGUIERE, Encycl. Meth. i. p. 338, n. 70.
Melampa monile SCHWEIGGER, Handb. p. 739.
Conovulus monile GOLDFUS, Hand. p. 657.
Conovulus flavus ANTON, Verz. 1776.
Auricula monile FERUSSAC, Podr. p. 105.
LAMARK, Hist. vi. 2, p. 141 : ed. Desh. viii. p. 333.
KUSTER in Chemn. ed. 2, Auric, p. 30, pi. iv. figs. 7-9.
Auricula flava DESHAYES in Lam. viii. p. 33.
PETIT, Journ. Conch, ii. 1851, p. 427.
Auricula coniformis ORBIGNY, Cuba.
Melampus monile LOWE, Zool. Journ. v. p. 292.
BECK, Ind. p. 108.
tildampus minutus j3 BECK, 1. c. 107.
Mdampus flams ADAMS, Contr. p. 42, 186.
POEY, Mem. i. 394.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. 21.
MELAMPUS. 167
Mdampus torosa MORCH, Cat. Yold. p. 38.
Jfelamjws momlis SHUTTLE WORTH, Diagn. No. 7, p. 162.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell imperforate, obconic, smooth,
chestnut-colored, with 3 light, narrow
bands ; spire short, convex conic ; suture
slightly impressed ; whorls from 9 to 10,
the upper ones flattened, the last about
equalling f of the length of the shell, arcuately ridged
below ; aperture subvertical, narrow, angulated below ;
one deep parietal fold, one subvertical, stout columellar
fold, extended towards the base ; peristome straight, acute,
its outer margin reddish, thickened with white within and
furnished with 10 short, transverse ribs, its columellar por-
tion expanding and callous.
Length, 12 ; breadth, 8^ ; length of aperture, 9| ; breadth
at the middle, 3 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Collected in Florida by Mr.
Bartlett.
Remarks. This species is a well known inhabitant of
the West Indian Islands, but whether its presence in
Florida is accidental or not, I cannot say. It is readily
distinguished from the other Florida species.
The synonymy is Pfeiffer's.
MELA3IPUS OBLIQUUS SAY.
Obconic, reddish brown, rather thick ; spire very little elevated ;
whorls eight or nine, wrinkled across ; labiura with two very dis-
tinct teeth, and an intermediate and equidistant slight obtuse prom-
inence ; inferior tooth very oblique, terminating at the base ; labrum
with about eight teeth or striae, which terminate on the margin ;
base of the aperture a little contracted by the basal tooth.
168 AURICULACEA.
Length more than seven twentieths of an inch. I am indebted
to Mr. Stephen Elliott for this species, who obtained it on the coast
of South Carolina. It is closely allied to Bulimus monile Brug.,
but it has no appearance of bands, which distinguish that shell. In
the collection of the Academy are specimens from the West Indies.
(Say.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Melampus obliquus SAY, Journal Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. vol. ii. p. 377, (Dec. 1822);
]>inn. ed. p. 27.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. p. 30.
Auricula obliqua DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 58.
Melampus BECK, absq. desc.
Remarks. It is not now known what shell Say had in
view when the above description was written. No au-
thentic specimen is preserved, and no author has seen any
shell from that locality answering to the characters laid
down. DeKay mentions it among the extra-limital spe-
cies in his report, his words being nearly a repetition of
Say's. Pfeiffer repeats Say's words, and suggests the
identity of the species with Melampus coffea. Say being
familiar with that shell (M. coniformis, vid. ed. Binn.
p. 85), it seems hardly probable he would have described
a variety of it.
The question must remain undecided until we are bet-
ter acquainted with the species of the South Carolina
coast.
MELAMPUS PUSILLTJS GMELIN.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURE 29.
Testa imperforata, elongato-ovata, solida, nitens, lasvigata, lineis micro-
scopicis volventibus notata ; rufa, fasciis indistinctis magis candidis cincta ;
sutura non valde impressa ; spira elongato-conica, apex nigra, acuta,
nitens ; anfr. 6-7, superi planiusculi, ultimus obtuse angulatus, ad basin
reo-ulariter attenuatus, ^-f testte long, aaquaus ; apertura subverticalis,
supra angusta, infra rapide dilatans, testte long. i|. asquans ; perist sim-
plex, aeutum, intus callosura et plicam obtusam intus positam gererfs,
marline basali appresso et in plicam columellarem intranteui ascendente ;
MELAMPUS. 169
paries et columella callo nitente induta ; denies parietales duo, intrantes
albidi, infero magiori ; septas internae absorptas.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Auricula Jfidce parva fusca unicolor MARTINI and CHEMNITZ, vol. ii. p. 119, t. 43,
f. 446.
FAVANNE, t. 65, f. H. 4, (teste Pfr.)
Valuta n. 108 SCHKOTER, Einl. i. p. 273.
Voluta pusitta GMELIN, Syst. p. 3436, (teste Pfr.)
DILLWYN, Cat. i. p. 507.
WOOD, Index, t. 19, fig. 20.
Voluta triplicata DONOVAN, Brit. Shells, vol. v. pi. 138, (1808).
MONTAGU, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 99.
DILLWYN, Cat. p. 507.
WOOD, Ind. pi. 19, f. 19.
Bulimus ovulus BRUGUIERE, Encycl. Meth. i. p. 339.
Jfelampa ovulum SCHWEIGGER, Handb. p. 739, (teste Pfr.)
Auricula ovula ( Conovula) FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst. p. 108, (absq. desc.)
Auricula nitens LAMARK, An. s. Vert. vol. vi. 2, p. 141.
DESHAYES in Lam. vol. viii. p. 332; ed. 3, vol. iii. p. 387.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, Auric, p. 18, pi. ii. f. 11-13.
Auricula pusilla DESHAYES in Lam. vol. viii. p. 332.
JAY, Cat. (absq. desc.) p. 265.
Auricula leucodonta NUTTALL, mss. teste H. et A. ADAMS.
Ckmovulus nitens VOIGHT in Cuv. Thierr. III. p. 112, (teste Pfr.)
Conovulus pusillus ANTON, Verz. p. 48.
FORBES and HANLEY, Brit. Moll. vol. iv., p. 197, (absq. desc.)
Melampus pusillus C. B. ADAMS, Contr. Conch, p. 42, 186, (absq. desc.)
PFEIFFER, Monog. Auric. Viv. p. 48.
POEY, Mem. i. p 394, (absq. desc.)
SHUTTLE WORTH, absq. desc.
Pythia ovulum BECK. Ind. p. 104, (teste Pfr. )
Pythia triplicata BECK, Ind. p. 104, (teste Pfr.)
Tralia pusilla GRAY in Turt. Man. p. 21, (absq. desc.)
H. et A. ADAMS, Gen. Eec. Moll. vol. ii. (Sept. 1855,) p. 244, pi. 82,
f. 8.
Tralia ovulum MORCH, Cat. Yold. p. 38, (teste Pfr.) absq. desc.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell imperforate, lengthened ovate, solid, shining,
smooth, marked with microscopic revolving lines, most
easily detected on the spire ; reddish-brown, with lighter,
hardly perceptible revolving bands ; suture moderate, less
ragged than in the other species ; spire elongate-conic ;
22
170 AURICULACEA.
apex acute, shining, black; whorls 6-7, the upper ones
flattened, the body whorl obtusely carinated, regularly
decreasing in diameter towards the base, and equaling
about |f the length of the shell ; aperture subvertical, nar-
row, rapidly widening towards its base, and equalling in
length about |§ of the entire shell ; peristome simple, acute,
within thickened by callus, and furnished with a rather
blunt, short, transverse, not very prominent lamina ; the
basal termination of the peristome is appressed to the
shell, and imperceptibly terminates in a columellar lamina
which ascends and winds into the aperture ; the columella
and parietal wall are covered with a shining callus ; there
are two parietal teeth, which are white, and enter into the
aperture of the shell, the lower one being much the small-
er. Internal septae absorbed.
Greatest diameter, 5; length, 11 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. The only American speci-
mens I have seen are in my collection. 1 detected them
«/
among minute marine shells and sand, collected in Florida
by Mr. Bartlett.
Remarks. This species is well known in cabinets by
specimens from the West Indian Islands, in several of
which it exists. Pfeiffer also refers it to the Sandwich
Islands.
The shell resembles an Oliva. It is readily distinguished
by its polished, mahogany-colored shell. It varies less
than most of the Melampi.
MELAMPUS REDFIELDI PFEIFFER.
T. subrimata, ovata, solidula, striatula, nitidula, albida, fasciis variis
spadiceis plerumque interrupts subtessellata ; spira brevis, convexo-
eonoidea, acuta ; sutura vix impressa ; anfr. 9-10, planiusculi, ultirnus
| longitudinis fere formans, superne obsolete angulatus, basi attenuatus .
apertura vix obliqua, oblonga, supra basin subdilatata ; plicae parietales
2, supera major, transversa, altera approximata, dentiformis ; plica colu-
raellaris acuta, arcuatirn in marginem basalem continuata; perist. simplex,
MELAMPUS. 171
margin e dextro superne subsinuato, turn fere stricto, intus serie profunda
plicularum brevium, confertissimarum munito, columellari calloso, albo?
subappresso. Long. 12, diam. max. 7 mill. Ap. 10 mill, longa, medio 2j
lata. (Pfr.)
Remarks. This species is inserted with some doubt
among the American Melampi. Some immature speci-
mens found in Florida cannot be referred to any of the
other species I have enumerated. Having sent them to
Mr. Redfield, he writes me that they do not in any way
differ from immature specimens of Melampus Redfieldi,
which he has from Bermuda.
The above description is from the Monograph of Auri-
culacea, p. 35.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Melampus borealis Conrad, I have referred to Alexia myosotis.
Melampus denticidatus Stimpson, is also identical with Alexia
myosotis.
SUBFAMILY AUR1CULEA.
Animal terrestrial, living in moist localities ; shell with
an expanded or thickened peristome. (Pfr.)
It forms the subfamily Ellobiince of Adams's Genera.
The American genera are as follows : —
GENUS AURICULA LAMARK.
No species of this genus, as restricted by Pfeiffer, is
found in the United States. The following list contains
all the species described as Auriculce, and the position in
which they are now classed.
Auricula Udentata Gld., &c. is the same as Melampus.
A. biplicata Desk, is the same as Melampus bidentatus.
A. cingulata Pf. &c. is the same as Melampus cingulatus.
A. conifonnis Fer. is the same as Melampus coffea.
A. cornea Desh. is the same as Melampus bidentatus.
172 AURICULACEA.
A. denticulata Gld., DeK. is the same as Alexia myosotis.
A. Floridianus Shutt. is the same as Melampus Floridianus.
A. Jaumei Mittre is the same as Melampus bidentatus.
A. nitens Lam. is the same as Melampus pusillus.
A. oUiqua DeK. is the same as Melampus obliquus.
A. oliva Orb. is the same as Melampus cingulatus.
A. pusilla Desh. is the same as Melampus pusillus.
A. Sayii Kiister is the same as Leuconia Sayii.
A. stenostoma Ktister is the same as Melampus cingulatus.
GENUS ALEXIA LEACH.
Shell oblong-ovate, thin, spire pointed; last whorl large,
rounded at base ; aperture rather broad, oval, acuminat-
ing ; parietal wall furnished with from 1 to 5 tuberculous
laminae ; columellar fold oblique ; peristome expanded,
armed with teeth, or thickened within. (Pfr.)
The species of this genus are truly terrestrial, though
many authors consider them marine.
We have but one species, A. myosotis. The figure of its
animal given on pi. 79, fig. 16, will be found to differ some-
what from the figure given in Adams's Genera, which I
have copied on pi. 75, fig. 22.
ALEXIA MYOSOTIS DRAPARNAUD.
i
PLATE LXXV. FIGURE 33. PLATE LXXIX. FIGURE 16.
T. minute perforata, elongato-ovata, tenuis, lasvigata, nitens ; cornea
linea rufa suturalis cincta; spira producta, apice acuta ; sutura impressa;
anfr. 7—8, superi convexiusculi, ultimus elliptico-ovatus A longitudinis
testas aequans; apertura ovata, subverticalis, *. long, testae aequans; perist.
tenue, acutum, niargine dextro interdum intus armato, basali, appresso,
reflexiusculo, in plicam columellarem intrantem ascendente ; paries
aperturalis plicis duobis albis armata, supera parvula, altera erecta, acuta,
transversim intrante.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Auricula myosotis DRAPARNAUD, £c.
Auricula denticulata GOULD, Invert, of Mass. p. 199, fig. 129, (excl. Valuta denti-
culata Mont, et syn. suis.) nee MONTFORT.
ALEXIA. 173
Auricula denticulate DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 58. pi. v. figs. 91, 93, (excl. Valuta
denticulata Mont. et. syn.) nee MOXTFORT.
Melampus denticulatus STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 52, (absq. desc.) excl. syn.
Mont.
Jfelampus borealis COXRAD, Am. Journ. Sc. vol. xxiii. p. 345, (1833).
Akxia myosotis H. et A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. 2, p. 241, (Sept. 1855,)
absq. desc.
PFEIFFER, Mou. Auric. Viv. p. 148.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal short, about one half the length of the shell,
dirty white, darker on the head and tentacles ; eyes black,
placed at the inner base of the feelers ; feelers quite short,
wrinkled, bulbous at tip, sufficiently dark to be visible
through the thin shell when the animal withdraws itself;
head continued beyond the tentaculae into an obtuse,
short, bilobed snout; the shell is carried horizontally on
the animal's back ; the obtusely pointed posterior termi-
nation of the foot is just visible beyond the shell ; the
animal is sluggish in its movements. See plate.
Shell elongate-oval, thin, semi-transparent, smooth and
shining ; dark horn-color, with a narrow reddish sutural
line ; spire produced with an acute apex ; suture distinctly
impressed ; whorls from 7 to 8, the upper ones rather con-
vex, the last one elliptically ovate, equalling f of the shell's
length ; aperture subvertical, about | the length of the shell ;
peristome thin, sharp, sometimes furnished with tooth-like
folds on its inner side ; its basal termination appressed to
the shell, slightly reflected over a minute perforation, and
turning upwards till it blends with the columellar fold,
which winds into the aperture ; the parietal wall is fur-
nished with a white, transverse, thin, and sharp denticle,
and a second smaller, much less prominent one, placed
above it.
Greatest diameter 4, length 8 millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found in Massachusetts
Bay, (Gould, Stimpson, Tufts) ; New York harbor, (De-
174 AURICULACEA.
Kay); Rhode Island, (Conrad?) It is also a well-known
inhabitant of parts of the coasts of England, France,
Spain, &c.
Remarks. I have placed this shell in this genus on the
authority of Pfeiffer and of Adams Genera. It has been
placed in many different genera by European authors.
In America it has been considered an Auricula by Gould
and others, until Stimpson classed it among the Melampi.
From the exterior of the animal there appears no difference
between it and Me/ampus bidentatus. It does not even
agree with the animal of Alexia, given by Adams in the
Genera of Recent Mollusca, which I have copied on pi.
75, fig. 22. This figure represents the true Alexia den-
ticulata Montfort, with which Gould confounds this spe-
cies. The shell is also quite distinct. It is, however,
united to Alexia myosotis by Forbes and Hanley, in
their work on British Mollusca. Pfeiffer considers them
distinct.
It is probably an imported species, as Stimpson remarks,
(1. c.,) being found only in the Atlantic seaports. At Bos-
ton it is common on the piers of the wharves in the harbor.
It is also found on isolated stones which are immersed by
the rising tide at least four hours out of the twelve. When
placed in fresh water it becomes benumbed and dies.
There can be no doubt of M. borealis Conrad being
identical with this species. Conrad's description is given
below, as is also a description of it found among Say's
manuscripts, but never published.
DeKay also says :
The borealis of Jay's Cat., of an olive-green color, an elevated
apex, and with slightly impressed sutures, with a thin transverse
tooth above and a small sinous tooth beneath, I suppose to be a
young variety of the above described species, (A. myosotis).
MELAMPUS TURRITUS. Ovate-acute, polished, dull whitish; spire
prominent, tapering, of eight whorls ; aperture rather wide, not longer
BLAUNERIA. 175
than the spire ; labium two-toothed ; lower tooth small ; labrum without
teeth. Length one fifth of an inch. Inhabits Rhode Island.
This species is remarkable for the elevation of its spire, and it is the
smallest species I have seen, and was presented to me by Dr. Griffith.
(Say)-
MELAMPUS BOREALIS. Shell ovate-acute, elongated ; pale horn-
color, with darker longitudinal bands ; whorls 6 or 7, with a revolving
impressed line below the suture ; spire elevated, conical ; columella
with three distant and distinct plaits, the middle one most prominent ;
aperture obovate-acute. Length, about one fourth of an inch.
This small species of Melampus has been found sparingly on the coast
of Rhode Island, by Lieut. Brown of Newport. It is similar in form to a
Sulimus, and is very unlike the common species with which it associates.
(Conrad).
GENUS BLAUNERIA SHUTTLEWORTH.
Shell imperforate. oblongly turreted, thin ; aperture narrow, elon-
gated ; parietal wall with one fold near the columella, which is subtrun-
cated ; peristorne simple, not reflected.
This genus was proposed for the following species. Its
habits and the characteristics of the animal remove it from
Achatina and Oleacina^ where it was formerly placed.
BLAUXERIA PELLUCIDA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LIU. FIGURE 2.
Testa sinistrorsa, ovata, elongata, hyalina, polita, dilute cornea ; spirit
obtusa, anfractibus ad septem convexiusculis ; sutura lineari ; apertura
angusta, labro acuto ; columella brevi, lamella intus decurrente superne
instructa. (Gld.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Achatina pellucida PFEIFFER, in Wiegm. Archiv. 1840, i. 252.
GOULD in Binn. Terr. Moll. ii. 294.
Tornatelllna Cubensis PFEIFFER, Symb. ii. 130; Monog. Helic. Viv. ii. 391.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, Pupa. p. 151, pi. xviii. figs. 16, 17.
Blauneria pdludda PFEIFFER, Malak. Bl. 1854; Mou. Auric. Viv. 153.
Odostomia? Cubensis POEY, Mem i. 394.
Oleacina Cubensis ADAMS, Gen. ii. 106, absq. clesc.
176 AURICULACEA.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell sinistral, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pellucid,
highly polished and glistening. Whorls seven, very ob-
lique, scarcely convex, the last one somewhat ventricose
towards the base, about two thirds the length of the shell.
Aperture narrow ovate, acutely prolonged posteriorly ; lip
simple ; turning up the columella it becomes thickened,
and winds into the aperture in the form of a tooth-like
lamella.
Length one tenth of an inch ; breadth one thirtieth of
an inch.
Geographical Distribution. Found in Florida, among
small shells drifted in the sand.
Dr. Foreman collected a few specimens in a garden of
Washington city. He believes them to have been brought
on plants from Charleston, S. C.
It has been detected in Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico,
and has been introduced into England.
Remarks. Perhaps no shell has rejoiced in more
numerous and longer names, both generic and specific,
than this minute one. Nor has the true station of any
one been more difficult to decide. It is now, however,
acknowledged to be air-breathing, and amphibious in its
habits.
Binney is the only American author who mentions its
existence in this country. He places it under Achatina.
Gould, in Terr. Moll., leaves it in that genus provisionally,
mentioning the doubt existing concerning it.
Shuttleworth in letters to Bland adds to the synonymy.
Valuta lieterodita MONT., LASKEY.
Actceon lieterodita FLEMING.
Auricula lieterodita THORPE.
Tomatella ? heteroclita FORBES & HANLEY.
LEUCONIA. 177
Should he be correct, the species would stand, by the
rule of priority, as Blatmeria heteroclita ( Valuta) Mont.
This species is readily distinguished among the fine
sand, shells, &c., washed ashore in Florida, by its bright,
shining surface, and reversed form. All the specimens I
have seen were collected by. Mr. Bartlett more than ten
years ago, excepting those found by Dr. Foreman.
GENUS LEUCONIA GRAY.
The following species is doubtfully referred to this
genus by Kiister and Pfeiffer. But, as observed in the
remarks, it is very doubtful whether the genus exists at all
in this country.
LEUCONIA (?) SAYII, KUSTER.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURE 34.
A. testa minima, conico-ovata, nitida, cornea, striata ; spira acuta, late
couica, anfr. 6 convexiusculis ; apertura oblonga, columella biplicata.
Eine der kleinsten Arten. Das Gehause ist diinnwandig, stark
durclischeinend, regelmassig gestreift, seidenglanzend, hornfarben ;
das Gewinde hoch, breit kegelformig, im Allgemeinen in der Mitte
convex, der Wirbel fein zugespitzt, die einzelnen Windungen sind
niedrig, flachgewolbt, durch eine etwas vertiefte Naht vereinigt.
Haupwindung ziemlich gross, bauchig, unten verschmalert ; Miin-
dung langlich, zugespitzt, nach unten erweitert ; Mundsaum dicht
anliegend, geschweift absteigend, geradeaus, stumpf zugescharft ;
Spindelsaule mit geringem Umschlag und zwei weissen Falten, die
obere ist zahnartig zugescharft, die untere tritt schief heraus und
geht unmittelbar in den Rand des Mundsaums iiber. Zuweilen
bemerkt man oberhalb noch eine kleine faltenartige Schwiele,
jedoch nur bei ganz alten Exemplaren. Hohe 2£//x, Breite
Aufenthalt : in den vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Auricula Sayii KUSTER, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, Auric, p. 42, pi. vi. figs. 14, 15.
Leuconia Sayii H. et A. ADAMS, Gen. Kec. Moll. vol. ii. p. 248, 1855, (absq.
desc.)
PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. p. 157.
23
178 AURICULACEA.
Remarks. The above is Kuster's description. The
figure to which I refer is a fac-simile of one of his. This
is the only information I have been able to obtain with
regard to the species. It has not been described by any
other author but Pfeiffer, who merely quotes the above
description, not having ever seen the shell.
Kuster's figure represents no known American shell ;
there exists, however, a strong resemblance between it
and his figure of Alexia myosotis. His original specimen
may have been a variety of that species.
PfeifFer compares the species with Melampus infrequens
Ad.
GENUS CARYCHIUM MULLER.
Shell pupa-shaped, very thin, transparent, with but few whorls ; aper-
ture suboval ; with one dentiform columellar fold, sometimes obsolete ;
parietal wall with 1 or 2 teeth ; peristome expanded, terminations not
approximating, the right hand one with one internal tooth. (Pfr.)
See the remarks under the following species.
CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM SAY.
PLATE LIII. FIGURE 1.
C. testa minutissima, alba, fusiformi, sub-aeuminata ; anfractibus quin-
que vel sex, obliquis, convexis ; apertura obliqua ; columella dente albo
ornata ; labro albo, reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa exigua SAY, Journ. Acad. ii. 375; ed. Binn. p. 26.
GOULD, Boston Journ. iii. 398, pi. 3, f. 20. Invertebrata, 191,
f. 120.
DEKAY, New York Keport, 31 ; Fauna, 49, pi. iv. fig. 46.
ADAMS, Vermont Mollusca, 8.
Bulimus exiguus BINNEY, ii. 286.
Carychium exiguum GOULD, in Terr. Moll. ii. 286.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 61, pi. i. figs. 13, 14.
STIMPSON, Shells of N. E. p. 52, (absq. desc.)
FRAUENFELD, 1847, Akad. der Wiss. xix. p. 79; Zool. Bot.
Wien, iv. p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 1.
BOUUGIGNAT, Mag. Zool. 1857, p. 209.
Carychium exile H. C. LEA, Am. Journ. 42, 109, pi. i. fig. 5.
TROSCHEL, Ar. f. Nat. 1843; ii. 128.
Carychium existelium BOURGIGNAT, 1. c. p. 220.
Carycliium euphceum BOURGIGNAT, 1. c. p. 221.
CARYCHIUM. 179
DESCRIPTION.
Animal colorless ; tentaculse stout, hyaline, one third
the length of the foot, the upper pair alone developed.
The foot is short, thick, distinctly divided into two seg-
ments, the anterior of which is bilobed, and projects, when
the animal is in motion, considerably in advance of the
head. Eyes oval, situated on the back, near the base of
the tentacles. Its motions are very sluggish. It carries
the shell directed horizontally ; the shell is so transparent
that the viscera of the animal may be seen through it.
(Compare the figures of the animal on plate 53.)
Shell elongated, tapering at both ends, white, trans-
lucent, shining ; apex rather obtuse ; whorls five to six,
convex, very oblique, with transverse striae ; suture distinct,
impressed ; aperture obliquely oval, white, with a promi-
nent plait on the columellar margin, about midway be-
tween the extremities of the lip, and a slightly prominent
fold near the junction of the lip with the umbilical extrem-
ity of the shell ; lip thick, reflected, flattened ; umbilicus
perforated.
Length, one fifteenth ; breadth, one fortieth of an inch.
Geographical Distribution. Common in all the Northern
and Middle States (Binney), in Ohio (Kirtland, Anthony,
Higgins), and Arkansas (Gould), New York (DeKay,
Lewis), Michigan (Winchel), Massachusetts (Gould, &c.),
Connecticut (Linsley), Maine (Mighels), Pennsylvania
(H. C. Lea), Texas (Roemer).
Remarks. The extreme minuteness of this shell has
doubtless prevented its being noticed in many localities
where it exists. It probably inhabits a very wide range
of territory. The plane of the aperture is not so nearly
parallel with the axis as in Bulimus subula. It has been
said to resemble Carychium minimum of Miiller, but neither
the figure nor description, as given by Draparnaud, corre-
spond with our shell.
180 AURICULACEA.
It is found under stones and fragments of wood, and
especially among moss, in damp places. Though found
far removed from the influence of the sea over a wide
extent of country in the interior, it still possesses a fond-
ness for the sea in common with the other species of the
family. Around Boston they are found at or below the
surface in swamps, growing among mosses.
It is the only species of this family inhabiting the inte-
rior.
This minute shell is well known in American cabinets
as a Pupa. Say described it as such in 1822, though he
mentions the probability of its being a Carychium. It
has been described since that time as a Pupa by Gould,
DeKay, and Adams, and catalogued among the species of
the same genus by all the American writers who have
mentioned it, until 1851, when its correct position was
pointed out by Stimpson and Gould. The former places
it in his family of Melampidce. The latter thus writes : —
" This shell should be removed to another family, under
the name of Carychium exiguum. Besides the peculiar
structure of the shell, and the form of its aperture, the
position of the eyes of the animal plainly remove it from
the true Helicidce, and associate it with the Auriculidce.
Its habits, and the characters of the shell, also indicate the
same relation."
Dr. Binney, in 1843, (Boston Journal, p. 106,) considers
it a Pupa. In his great work he places it under Buli-
mus.
Notwithstanding its distinct generic peculiarities hav-
ing been pointed out in 1851, we find the shell considered
as a Pupa in several American catalogues as late even as
1857 ; (vid. Boston Proc. vi. p. 128.)
In 1852, Jay removed it from Pupa to Carychium; (Cat.
p. 263.)
In Europe, we find its true position pointed out by
CARYCHIUM. 181
Pfeiffer as early as 1841, and adhered to by subsequent
writers.
I have added to the synonymy of this species Carychium
exile H. C. Lea, a shell I have never seen. Dr. Gould
has expressed the same opinion; (Bost. Proc. i. p. 61.)
Though there seems to me no room for doubt of the just-
ness of this decision, I add the description of Mr. Lea, as
well as a somewhat reduced copy of his figure (pi. 75,
fig. 23) of the aperture.
I add also a copy of M. Bourgignat's description of C.
existelium and C. euphceum. Persons may thus judge for
themselves whether my decision is correct. I have not
seen authentic specimens.
CARYCHIUM EXILE (pi. 1, fig. 5). C. testa ovato-conica, valde
elevata, subperforata, diaphana, albida, longitudinaliter striata ;
spira obtusa ; anfractibus senis, convexis ; suturis impressis ; aper-
tura elliptica, Integra, dentibus tribus ; labio valde reflexo.
Shell ovately conical, much elevated, subperforate, diaphanous,
whitish, longitudinally striate ; spire obtuse ; whorls six, convex ;
sutures impressed ; mouth elliptical, entire, with three teeth ; lip
much reflexed. Length, .075 ; breadth, .025 of an inch.
Hab. Under dead leaves and mould, on the Wissakiccon Creek,
near Philadelphia. Cabinet of I. Lea.
Remarks. This beautiful little shell bears a strong resemblance
to the Pupa exigua of Say, and it is with some doubt that I pro-
pose it. The chief points in which it differs from that shell are the
following. The lip is continuous round the mouth, and not inter-
rupted by the last whorl, as is the case with the Pupa, thus being
a true Carychium ; the lip is flattened, the number of whorls is
greater, there is a tooth on the outer lip, the size is smaller, and
the shape more elongated. It also nearly approaches the Ca-
rychium minimum Leach, a European shell, but may be easily
distinguished by its striae, shape, number of whorls, perforation and
teeth. The tooth on the outer lip is very variable, being sometimes
almost obsolete, and sometimes larger than those on the inner one.
Of the two teeth on the inner lip, one is placed at the middle, and
182 AURICULACEA.
the other very near the base of the mouth, and so far in as to be
almost invisible on a front view. The mouth is .02 of an inch in
length. It appears to be the only true Carychium yet found in the
United States, its small perforation, hardly amounting to an umbili-
cus, not being sufficient to separate it from that genus. In its
shape and mouth it strongly resembles the genus ClausiKa, but it
wants the clausum, the distinctive mark of that curious and inter-
esting genus. I have only met with it on the Wissahiccon, where
it does not seem to be very common.
CARYCHIUM EXISTELIUM. Testa vix rimata, elongato-turrita,
hyalina, lasvi, vel vix striatula; spira elongata, acutiuscula; anfr.
6 convexis ; ultimo -| longitudinis gequante ; apertura parum ob-
liqua, ovata, paululum parvula ; pariete aperturali prope columel-
lam dente minutissimo munito ; peristomate reflexo ; margine ex-
terno paululum intus inflexo.
Coquille turriculee, tres-allongee, hyaline, lisse ou a peine striee,
et munie d'une fente ombilicale peu sensible. Spire allongee, a
sommet aigue. Six tours tres-convexes, dont le dernier egale le tiers
de la longueur totale. Ouverture peu oblique, ovale, proportionelle-
ment petite, ornee seulement d'une seule denticulation peu sail-
lante situee pres de la columelle. Peris tome reflechi. Bord ex-
terieur un peu inflechi en dedans.
Long. 2^- mill. ; diam. f mill.
Habite les Etats-Ums d'Arnerique. Nous ne connaissons point
la localite precise ou a ete recueilli ce Mollusque.
Le Carychium existelium se distingue du Carychium exiguum,
avec laquelle il peut etre assimile, par sa taille plus elancee, plus
grele ; par sa bouche moins dilatee et munie d'une seule denticula-
tion situee sur la paroi aperturale, vers 1'insertion de la columelle ;
par sa columelle lisse ; par sa suture plus prononcee ; par son der-
nier tour de spire, qui egale le tiers de la longueur et qui ne le
depasse point comme dans Vexiguum.
CARTCHIUM EUPH^ECM. Testa vix rimata, elongato-turrita, hya-
lina, lasvi ; spira acuminato-acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexiusculis ;
ultimo £ longitudinis superante ; apertura parum obliqua, oblonga ;
pariete aperturali denticulo mediano adornato ; peristomate leviter
labiato, reflexo ; margine externo intus inflexo.
Coquille allongee, turriculee, hyaline, lisse, a peine pourvue d'une
PNEUMONOPOMA. 183
fente ombilicale. Spire acuminee, aigue. Cinq tours un peu con-
vexes, clont le dernier surpasse le tiers de la longueur totale. Ouver-
ture peu oblique, oblongue ; paroi aperturale munie, vers le milieu?
d'une seule denticulation assez forte. Peristome legerement borde
et assez reflechi. Bord exte"rieur inflechi en dedans.
Long. If de mill. ; diam. f mill.
Habite les Etats-Unis d'Amerique.
Le Carychium euphceum peut etre rapproche des Carychium ex-
istelium et exiguum.
1°. On le distinguera de Yexistelium a sa taille plus faible, a sa
spire plus aigue, a son ouverture proportionellement plus dilatee, a
sa paroi aperturale ornee, vers son milieu, d'une petite denticula-
tion ; a son peristome plus reflechi et plus epaissi, etc. ; enfin a ses
cinq tours de spire, etc. etc.
2°. On le separera de Vexiguum a sa taille egalement plus faible,
a son ouverture munie seulement d'une seule denticulation, tandis
que celle de Vexiguum en possede deux, a son peristome plus epaissi,
plus reflechi, a sa spire plus aigue, etc. etc.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Carychium armigera, contracta, and rupicola of Say (1. c.) are now
ascertained to be true Pupce, as he suggested they might be ; as
is also Carychium corticaria Ferussac, (Tabl. Syst.)
PNE UMONOP OMA.
The above named order includes all the following fami-
lies. The animals which compose it are distinguished
from those of the preceding families of Limacea^ Helicea,
and Auriculacea, by the presence of an operculum, which
is affixed to the foot and covers the aperture of the shell
when they are withdrawn in it. They are terrestrial,
breathing air by means of organs analogous to lungs.
They are also unisexual, and have but two contractile
instead of retractile tentacles, at the base of which are
situated two eyes. The mantle is sometimes, though not
always, free.
181 ACICULACEA.
This order is made well known by the genera Cyclos-
toma and Helicina. It contains many other foreign gen-
era, but these two and Truncatella are the only ones in-
habiting the United States.
It is divided by Pfeiffer into two suborders : Opisoph-
thalma and Ectophthalma, respectively characterized by the
eyes being placed behind the base of the tentacles, and at
their external base. The
SUBOEDER OPISOPHTHALMA
is characterized as above, and contains one family only, the
FAMILY ACICULACEA.
In addition to the characters of the order, it has a thin
spiral operculum and few whorls. It contains the Euro-
pean genus Acicula, and the genus Geomelania, of Jamaica,
as well as Truncatella^ which last alone inhabits the United
States.
GENUS TRUNCATELLA Risso.
Shell imperforate, but with an umbilical groove, cylin-
drical, turretted, usually pellucid and smooth, of a reddish
horn-color ; the upper whorls are also truncated in the
adult, the remaining ones are usually gradually increasing
in size, and covered with more or less strongly developed
ribs. The peristome is simple or double, sometimes re-
flected ; the base is generally furnished with a prominent
carina or ridge, formed by the peristome. The operculum
is horny, hardly spiral, with a basal nucleus.
Animal with a small foot, against the end of which
rests the operculum when the animal is withdrawn ; the
tentacles are short, acute ; the snout is extended beyond
them as much as the whole length of the animal. The
shell is carried horizontally. The other characteristics of
the genus are the same as those of the order and suborder.
The animal lives in close proximity to the sea.
TRUNCATELLA. 185
A figure of the animal as it appears while in motion is
given on pi. 75, fig. 11, taken from Adams's Genera of
Recent Mollusca. It represents a species not found in
our country.
The animal walks by contracting the space between its
lips and foot, like the geometric caterpillars.
Remarks. This genus has been but little understood by
authors until the most recent investigations have proved
it to belong to the same group as Helicina, Cyclostoma, &c.
It has formerly been referred to the following genera : —
Truncatula, Fidelis, Choristoma, Erpetometra, Helix, Turbo,
Cyclostoma, Acmea, Paludina, Pyramidis, Rissoa, and
Turritella. A full description of it will be found in the
works of Pfeiffer referred to.
At first sight it seems almost impossible to admit of
more than one species among the shells I have received
from Florida. However well marked may be some indi-
viduals, when separately compared, there seem to be
many others forming a chain of connection between them.
I have, however, sent to Messrs. PfeifFer and Poey our
Florida specimens, and have received from them the de-
cisions regarding their identity which I give below.
In all cases I have given Pfeiffer's Latin description of
the species, and the figure of it to which he refers.
TRUNCATELLA CARIB^ENSIS SOWERBY.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURES 2, 4.
T. subrirnata, subcylindrica, parum attenuata, solidula, rubella, suc-
cinea vel flavida, subtiliter costulata ; costulis subrectis, saepe in medio
anfractuum evanescentibus ; sutura Isevis ; anfr. superst. 3-4, sensim ao
orescentes, parum convexi, ultimus saepe lievigatus, basi breviter carinato-
cristatus; apertura subverdcalis, ovali-elliptiea, superne angulata ; perist.
continuum, rectum, ad anfractum penultimum et in angulo insertiouis
incrassatum. ( Pfr.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Truncatella Caribxensis SCMVERBY, MSS.
24
186 ACICULACEA.
•
TritncateUa Cnribasensis REEVE, Conch. Syst. 11, t. 182, fig. 7.
PFEIFFEK in Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1846, p. 182; Mon. Auric.
Viv. ii. 185; Mon. Phan. Viv. ii. p. 7.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2; Auric, p. 9, pi. i. figs. 35, 36; pi. ii.
fig. 22 ; non pi. ii. figs. 2-4.
Truncatella Gouldii ADAMS, ined.
Truncatella succinea ADAMS, Proc. Bost. Soc. 1845, p. 12.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell subperforated or grooved, subcylindrical, rather
solid, in its truncated state but slightly decreasing in size
towards the apex, reddish, or dark amber-colored, with
delicate ribs, which are but little curved, and often hardly
perceptible on the middle of the whorls ; suture slight ;
whorls not truncated, three or four, distinctly increasing in
size, equally convex, the last often smooth, slightly carinat-
ed on its base ; aperture subvertical, ovally elliptic, angu-
lar above ; peristome continuous, straight, thickened at its
connection with the penultimate whorl.
Length, 7—8 ; diameter, 3 millimetres. Length of aper-
ture, 2\ millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found among fine drift-
wood, sand, and marine shells received from the Florida
Keys. Is also quoted from Mexico and Alabama by
Kiister (Chemn. ed. 2), and from Cuba and Jamaica by
Pfeiffer.
Remarks. This species shares the variations common
to the genus. Its ribs are hardly as strongly developed as
those of bilabiata and pulchella, nor are its whorls as con-
vex. It is more nearly allied to the following species with
which it appears to be confounded by Ktister.
Both of my figures are from Chemnitz, fig. 2 represent-
ing the base of the shell.
TRUNCATELLA SUBCYLINDRICA GRAY.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURES 5, 6, 8.
T. vix rimata, cylindrica, costulis confertis regularibus, vel ad suturam
TRUNCATELLA. 187
modo conspicuis, vel evanescentibus munita, nitida, pellucida, corneo-
flava vel hyalina ; anfr. superst. 4 couvexiusculi, medio planati, regulariter
accrescentes, ultimus basi non cristatus ; apertura verticalis, ampla, angu-
lato-ovalis, basi subeffusa ; perist. leviter incrassatuni, margine externo
subproducto, columellari breviter reflexo, adnato et superne incrassato.
(Pfr.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix wibcylimfrica PULTENEY, Cat. Dorsetsh. p. 49.
MONTAGU, Test. Br. ii. p. 393.
Truncatetta subcylindrica GRAY in Tuvton's Man. p. 22, f. 6.
SHUTTLE-WORTH, Diagn. 7, p. 154.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Auric. Viv. 187; Mon. Phan. Viv. ii. 7.
ORBIGNY, Moll. Cub. ii. p. 5, (excl. T. truncatula.)
Truncatetta truncatida LOAVE, in Zool. Proc. 1845, p. 217?; in Zool. Journ. V.
p. 299, tab. 13, figs. 13-18. V
Truncatetta Caribceensis PFEIFFER in Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1846, p. 182, ex parte.
KUSTER in Chemn. ed. 2, Auric, pi. ii. figs. 1-4.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell scarcely perforated or grooved, cylindrical, with
crowded numerous ribs, sometimes quite imperceptible,
and sometimes perceptible at the suture alone, shining,
pellucid, light horn-color; four remaining whorls, rather
convex, flattened at the middle, regularly increasing, the
last one not prominently carinated at its base ; aperture
vertical, large, oval, with an angle above, spreading below ;
peristome slightly thickened, its outer margin slightly drawn
out, reflected at the columellar, and thickened.
Length, 5 ; breadth, 2 millimetres. Aperture 2 mill,
long.
Geographical Distribution. Found among rubbish from
Florida Keys. Also is a common West Indian species.
Remarks. I have given the figure from Chemnitz to
which PfeifTer refers. Kiister confounded it with the pre-
ceding species, from some forms of which it appears very
difficult to separate it. Orbigny refers it to T. truncatula,
a species described by Lowe from Madeira.
The shell of which the base is given (fig. 8) was found
188 ACICULACEA.
in Florida, and having been referred to Pfeiffer for identi-
fication, was returned with the name of subcylindrica.
Its accidental introduction into England accounts for
its presence in the English works above referred to.
The base is not furnished with the prominent ridge or
carina.
TRUNCATELLA BILABIATA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURES 3, 7.
T. subrimata, cylindracea, gracilis, solida, opaca, fusca, costulata ; costis
subarcuatis, elevatis, obtusis, interstitia sequantibus ; sutura profunda,
simplex ; anfr. superst. 4|-5 convexi, ultimus vix longior, basi subcom-
pressus, callosus ; apertura verticalis, ovalis, superne vix angulata ; perist.
duplex ; externuoi album, callosuni, patens, in cristam basaleni transiens,
internuin continuum, breviter porrectum.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Truncatella Ulabiata PFEIFFER in Wiegra. Arch. 1840, i. 253; in Zeit. f. Mai. 1846,
p. 187; Mon. Auric. Viv. 192; Mon. Pneum. Viv. ii. 8.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 27-31.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell subperforated or grooved, cylindrical, elegant, solid,
opaque, brownish ; ribs subarcuate, elevated, obtuse, at
equal distances ; suture deep and simple ; remaining
whorls 4| to 5, convex, the last scarcely longer than the
others, heavy and subcompressed at base ; aperture verti-
cal, oval, scarcely angular above ; peristome double, the
outer one white, heavy, and terminating in the basal ridge
or carina, the inner one continuous.
Length 5g, breadth If, length of aperture 1| millimetres.
Geographical Distribution. Found with the preceding
species ; also in Cuba (Pfeiffer), and on Carmen, an island
of the Gulf of Mexico (Kiister).
Remarks. The duplicated peristome and highly devel-
TRUNCATELLA. 189
oped basal ridge or carina are the characteristics of this
species.
Both of the figures are from Chemnitz. PfeifTer refers
to them as representing his species.
TRUNCATELLA PULCHELLA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURES 1, 9, 10.
T. subrimata, oblongo-subcylindrica, gracilis, rufo-cornea vel succinea,
rarius hyalina, niticla, subpellucida, subtiliter costulata ; costulis vix eleva-
tis, filiformibus, interstitia non aequantibus, ad suturam mediocrem saspe
distinctioribus ; anfr. superst. 4-4i modice convexi, lente accrescentes*
ultimus infra medium plerumque laevigatus, basi breviter compresso-cari-
natus ; apertura subverticalis, oblique fere elliptica, basi subefTusa ; perist.
simplex, continuum, expansiusculum, margine dextro crista levissima
cincto. (Pfr.)
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Truncatella pulcheUa, PFEIFFER, in Wiegm. Arch. 1839, i. 356; in Zeitsch. f.
Mai. 1846, p. 186; in Mon. Auric. Viv. 192; Mon.
Pneum. Viv. ii. 8.
SHUTTLEWORTH, Diag. 7, p. 155
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, Auric. 10, pi. ii. figs. 11-15.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not observed.
Shell subperforated, or grooved, oblongly subcylindrical,
light, reddish horn-color or amber, shining, pellucid, lightly
ribbed ; ribs scarcely elevated, threadlike, at irregular in-
tervals, often more distinct at the moderate suture ; re-
maining whorls 4 to 4|, rather convex, gradually increasing
in size, the last generally smooth below the middle, com-
pressly carinated at its base; aperture subvertical, oblique-
ly elliptical, enlarging at base ; perist. simple, continuous,
somewhat expanding, and furnished with a slight ridge at
its right extremity.
Length 4^-5, diameter l§-2, length of aperture Ijj mil-
limetres.
Geographical Distribution. I detected specimens of
11*0 CYCLOSTOMACEA.
this West Indian shell among small shells collected by
Mr. Bartlett in Florida.
Remarks. Instead of figuring American specimens, I
have preferred giving a fac-simile of the figures referred to
by Pfeiffer. Fig. 1 is, however, from one of our speci-
mens.
Pfeiffer mentions a variety unknown to me, " distinctius
costata, peristomate subduplicata."
It seems nearest allied to the preceding species, and
admits of no little variation.
SUBORDER ECTOPHTHALMA.
Eyes at the side of the head at the external base of the
tentacles ; foot subelongate ; operculum horny or testa-
ceous, not concentrically striate, and not always distinctly
spirated. (Pfr.)
It contains two families, Cyclostomacea and Helicinacea,
which Binney united in the family Helicinadce.
FAMILY CYCLOSTOMACEA.
In addition to the characters of the suborder, Pfeiffer
enumerates these : " whorls numerous and subequal, or
few and rapidly increasing."
SUBFAMILY CISTULEA.
Operculum suboval, cartilaginous, with few whorls and
excentric nucleus ; shell globose conic or ovate-turrited.
(Pfr.)
GENUS CHONDROPOMA PFEIFFER.
Operculum oval, subcartilaginous, flat, with few, rapidly
increasing whorls, and a nucleus generally very excentric.
Shell oblong-turrited, generally truncated at tip, more
rarely globosely conic ; aperture oval ; peristome simple,
CHONDROPOMA. 191
or more or less thickened, straight, expanded or widely
reflected. (Pfr.)
The only species of the old genus Cydostoma found in
this country belongs to Chondropoma, and not to Cyclos-
toma, as restricted by Pfeiffer, as stated by Gould on p.
349. Other species are found in the West Indies.
CHONDROPOMA DEXTATTJM SAY. .vol. ii. p. 348, pi. Ixii. Ixxv. fig. 24.
Cydostoma dentatum SAT, (Binney's ed.) p. 29.
Ckondropoma dentatum PFEIFFER, Mon. Pneum. Viv. i. 286; ii. 140; Malak. Bl-
1856, p. 132.
GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Phan. 203.
A view of the animal, twice its natural size, is given on
pi. 75, fig. 24.
It will be noticed that I have omitted from the synony-
my the West Indian species C. lineolatum, crenulatum,
Auberianum, and huiulatum. It is at present impossible
to speak with certainty about their identity with dentatum.
Poey removes it from his Cuban Catalogue, (Mem. i. o93.)
It is worthy of note that Orbigny describes Auberianum
as having equal transverse and longitudinal striae. A
reference to the enlarged figure of the surface shows a
very different case in dentatum.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Cydostoma Cincinnatensis Lea and DeKay, and 0. lapidaria Say
Linsley, and Kirtland, are species of Amnieola.
Cydostoma marginalis Kirtland, (Ohio Rep.) and C. marginata
Say, are species of Bulimus.
Cydostoma tricarinata Say is a Valvata.
FAMILY HELICINACEA.
Operculum without any vestige of a spiral form, testa-
ceous, heavy or horny, thin, and furnishing no reliable
592 HELICINACEA.
characters by which to designate and divide the several
genera : semioval or triangular.
PfeifFer gives these as additional characteristics to those
of the suborder.
There are several genera comprised in the family, —
Alcadia, Trochatella^ Luddella, Stoastoma^ and Helicina,
but the latter only has been found in this country.
For remarks on the animals of this family, see vol. ii-
p. 350.
GENUS HELICINA LAMARK.
HELICINA CHRYSOCHEILA BINNET. . . .vol. ii. p. 354, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 4.
Helicina chrysocheila PFEIFFER, Mou. Pneum. Viv. ii. p. 197.
I have in my cabinet my father's type of this species,
and consider it distinct from Hel. Jamaicensis Sowb., and
all other described species. I have a note taken by my
father at the collection of M. Petit, in Paris, in which he
says that a similar shell is labelled from Tampico.
In the collection of the Smithsonian Institute is an
individual from Texas, (Wurdemann.) It seems allied to
Hel. turbinata Wiegm.
Shuttleworth has used this name (1852) for another
species, but has not priority.
HELICINA HANLEYANA PFEIFFER.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURES 14, 16.
T. globoso-conica, solidula, lineis concentricis impressis, subdistantibus
sculpta, vix diaphana, nitida, fulvo-cornea ; spira breviter couoidea,
obtusinscula ; anfr. 5 vix convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, antice sub-
descendens ; apertura parum obliqua, subsemicircularis ; columella bre-
vissirna, extrorsum denticulata, eallum tenuem, albidutn, diffusum emit-
tens; perist. album, vix expansiusculum, intus subincrassatum, basi in
denticulum columellse abiens. Operc. ? Diam. maj. 7£, min. 6^, alt. 5|
mill.
Habitat prope New Orleans (Salle).
HELICLNA. 193
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helicina Hanleyana PFEIFFER, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 122 ; Mon. Pneum.
Viv. i. 376; ii. 203.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 45, pi. ix. figs. 7, 8.
GRAY- et PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Phau. p. 302.
Remarks. I have not seen this shell. The original
description is given above, and a fac-simile of the figures
from Chemnitz, ed. 2.
HELICINA OCCULT A SAY vol. ii. p. 356, pi. Ixxiv. figs. 1, 2.
Helicina occulta SAY (Binney's ed.) pp. 36, 37, pi. xlvi. figs. 4-6.
CHENU, Bibl. Conch, iii. p. 59, pi. xv. figs. 2 b, 2 c, 2 d.
DEKAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 82.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Pneum. Viv. i. 347; ii. 185.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 18, (1846), pi. iv. figs. 11, 12, (1850).
GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Phan. p. 250.
Helicina rubella GREEN, 1. c.
This is probably the species referred to in Kirtland's
Ohio Hep. p. 199 (1838).
I am inclined to consider Hel. rubella Green as a syno-
nym of this species. From Sheboygan, Wise., I have
received an apparently recent specimen of it collected by
Mr. Lapham. Green's description is as follows : —
HELICINA RUBELLA. Shell more than £ inch broad, subglobose;
spire slightly elevated, conical ; whorls 5 or 6, with minute oblique
strife ; sutures slightly impressed ; epidermis smooth and of a light
brick-red color ; aperture irregularly lunate, or semi-elliptical ; outer
lip white, callous, and partially reflected near the base ; operculuni cor-
neous, smooth. Hills, western Pennsylvania.
HELICINA ORBICULATA SAY vol. ii. p. 352, pi. Ixxiii. Ixxiv. fig. 3.
Helicina orbiculata SAT, (Binney's ed.) pp. 7, 36, pi. xlvi. figs. 1, 2.
CHENU, Bibl. Conch. 3, p. 58, pi. xv. fig. 2, 2 a, 2 c.
DE!VAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 82.
CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 74, (1846), pi. x. figs. 32, 33.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Pneum. Viv. i. 375; ii. 199, (excl. H. ru-
bella).
GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Phan. p. 272, not of Sow-
ERBY.
JOURNAL B. S. N. H. 25
194 HELICINACEA.
I adhere to the opinion expressed in vol. i. that Hel.
rubella Green is identical with Hel. occulta^ and not with
this species. PfeifFer follows the opinion of Gould.
The most northern locality at which this species has
been found is Tennessee.
Helicina orbiculata Sowerby (Thes. Conch.) is not this
species. Pfeiffer refers it to Hel. nitida, a Cuban shell.
Helicina vestita Guilding, in Sowerby's Thesaurus, No.
71, p. 14, tab. 1, fig. 42, appears to be the young of this
species. Its description is copied by PfeifFer, who was
unacquainted with the shell (Mon. Pneum. i. 353). It is
given below, while the figure is copied on my pi. 75,
fig. 19.
H. VESTITA. T. globosa, tenui, concentrice lyrata, parva ; apertura
semi-lunari ; labio externo tenui. Globose, thin, concentrically ribbed,
small ; aperture semi-lunar, outer lip thin. North America.
Helicina castanea Sowerby (1. c.) may also be an imma-
ture specimen of orbiculata. The figure of Sowerby is
copied on pi. 75, fig. 20, and his description given below.
PfeifFer refers it to a variety of Hel. subfusca Menke (Mon.
Pneum. i. 355).
H. CASTANEA. Guilding ? T. H. orliculatce simili, sed Isevi, depressa
labio externo tenui.
Like H. orbiculata^ but smooth and depressed, outer lip thin. North
America.
Sowerby's figure of Hel. minuta is given pi. 75, fig. 18.
HELICINA TROPICA IAHN.
PLATE LXXIII. Middle fig. of lower line.
T. globosa, solida, lasvigata, alba ; spira fornicata, subacuminata ;
anfr. 5 convexiusculi, ultimus tumidus, antice non descendens ; apertura
fere verticalis, subsernicircularis, multo altior -quam lata ; columella
brevis, basi tuberculata, retrorsum in callum basalern diffusum, concolo-
rem, antrorsurn in peristoma crassum, reflexum, interdum duplicatim
continuata. Operc. ? Diam. maj. 8, rnin. 7, alt. 6£ mill. (Pfr.)
HELICINA. 195
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helicina tropica IAHN in Chemnitz, ed. 2, p. 37, pi. iv. figs. 9, 10.
PFEIFFER, Mon. Pneum. Viv. i. 375; ii. 199.
GRAY and PFEIFFER, Brit. Mus. Phan. p. 271.
TROSCHEL, Gebiss d. Schn. p. 81, pi. v. fig. 9, (teste Pfr.)
Helicina Ambeliana SOWERBY, T hes. Tab. i. fig. 19, nee ROISSY.
Remarks. The figure referred to is evidently this spe-
cies, which is common in Texas. It appears to me to
run imperceptibly into Hel. orbiculata, and will, in all
probability, prove one of its many varieties. Indeed,
PfeifFer observes, " Ex icone Sayana hanc speciem se-
quent! (orbiculatce) identicam suspicor."
Helicina Ambeliana Sowerby (not of DeRoissy) is
referred to a " var. i3 flavida, vel rubella, interdum subfas-
ciata," by PfeifTer, to which also he refers Chemnitz's
variety (fig. 22). Sowerby's figure is given (pi. 75, fig.
15), and his description here follows.
H. AMBELIANA. T. conica, kevi, spiraliter tenuissime striata ; aper-
tura semi-lunari ; labio externo crasso, reflexo, rotundato ; operculo cor-
neo.
Rather conical, globose, nearly smooth, with the aperture semilunar,
and the outer lip thickened, reflected, and rounded ; operculum horny.
Antilles and Texas.
HELICINA SUBGLOBULOSA POEY.
PLATE LXXV. FIGURE 17.
T. globoso-conica, solida, striatula, parum nitida, alba, unicolor, vel
zonis 2* run's ornata : altera lata prope suturam, altera angusta prope
peripheriam ; spira convexo-conica, acuminatiuscula ; anfr. 6, primi
planuli, penultinms convexior, subbiangulatus, ultimus subcarinatus, basi
parum convexus ; coluniella brevis, arcuata, sursum dilatata, linea im-
pressa munita, callum eniittens tenuem, diffusum ; apertura parum obli-
qua, irregulariter semiovalis ; perist. latum, angulatim patens, subexca-
vatum, ad utramque insertionem attenuatum. Operc. ? Diam. maj. 10,
min. 8J, alt. 7 mill. (Pfeiffer.)
196 HELICINACEA.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helicina subylobulosa POEY, Mem. i. 115, 120, tab. xii. figs. 17-21.
PFEIFFER, Malak. Blatt. 1854, 107; 1856, 146; Mon.
Pneum. Viv. ii. 209.
Remarks. This species is an inhabitant of Trinidad
and Bayamo in Cuba. A single specimen, found at Key
Biscayne, Florida, (Smithsonian Coll.) is figured on the
plate, magnified to twice its natural size. Whether its
introduction was but accidental, or whether it is well
established in Florida, remains to be proved.
SPURIOUS SPECIES.
Helicina fastigiata and plicata of DeKay (N. Y. Moll. p. 82
are respectively Helix fastigiata Say and Helix Hazardi Bland.
ERKAT A.
On page 2, line 34, for Fenessac read Ferussac.
5, " 39, " Pv. T. Shuttleworth read K. J. Shuttlewortli.
10, " 6, " redimita read redemita.
48, " 9, " 7. read .7.
51, " 2, " its rend it.
57, " 12, after 100) read ".
58, " 2, for odstricta read obstricta.
64, " 20, dele ?.
80, " 14, for connectans read connectens.
99, " 14, " isculis planu read planiusculis.
124, " 7, " limited read limital.
128, " 36, " consists read consist.
131, " 29, " 88 read 80.
133, " 2, " convexiusculis read convexiusculi.
135, " 10, " Macrocerramus read Macroceramus.
138. " 32, " gracillmus read gracillimus.
166, " 16, dele !.
192, for 592 read 192.
INDEX TO VOLUME IV.
Achatiua bullata, 138.
Califovnica, 26.
fasciata, 138.
flammigera, 138.
gracillima, 135, 138.
lubrica, 138.
lubricoides, 138.
pellucida, 138, 175.
picta, 138.
rosea, 139.
solida, 138.
striata, 139.
subula, 139.
Texasiana, 139.
truncata, 139.
Vanuxemensis, 139.
virginea, 138.
Agatina variegata, 138.
Alexia myosotis, 172.
Anchistoma thyroides, 54.
Aplodon nodosum, 152.
Arion^mpiricorum, 31.
foliolatus, 31.
hortensis, 31.
Auricula bideutata, 157.
biplicata, 157.
cingulata, 161.
coniformis, 163.
cornea, 157.
denticulata, 172.
Floridiana, 165.
Jaumei, 157.
monile, 166.
nitens, 169.
obliqua, 168.
oliva, 161.
ovula, 163.
pusilla, 169.
Sayii, 172.
stenostoma, 161.
Blauneria heteroclita, 177.
pellucida, 175.
Bulimus acicula, 137.
alternatus, 126.
Bulimus Binneyanus, 12S
Californicus, 24.
chordatus, 25.
coniformis, 163.
confinis, 130.
dealbatus, 126, 130.
decollatus, 134.
Dormani, 132.
elatus, 24.
excelsus, 24.
exiguus, 137, 178.
fallax, 136.
fasciatus, 137.
Floridianus, 134.
Gossei, 135, 137.
gracillimus, 134.
barpa, 135.
hordeanus, 145.
hortensis, 134.
Humboldti, 25.
Kieneri, 137.
lactarius, 126.
Laurentii, 25.
Liebmanni, 128.
liquabilis, 130.
lubricus, 137.
marginatus, 136.
Marias, 128.
Mexicanus, 25.
monile, 166.
multilineatus, 132.
mutilatus, 134.
nitelinus, 126.
obscurus, 137, 145.
octona, 137.
ovulus, 169.
patriarcha, 129.
physoides, 131.
Schiedeanus, 129.
serperastrus, 126.
striatus, 137.
subula, 134.
sufflatus, 25.
vegetus, 25.
198
INDEX.
Bulimus vermetus, 137.
vesicalis, 25.
vexillum, 137.
virgulatus, 132.
zebra, 25, 125, 137.
Ziebmanni, 126.
Ziegleri, 25.
Bradybasna pisum, 50.
Carocolla Cumberlandiana, 99.
Edgariana, 65.
helicoides, 58.
Carychium armigerum, 183.
contractum, 183.
corticarium, 146, 183.
euphseum, 178.
exiguum, 178.
exile, 178.
existelium, 178.
rupicola, 145, 183.
Chimotrema planiuscuium, 152.
Chondropoma dentatum, 191.
Cyclostoma dentatum, 191.
Cincinnatense, 191.
lapidarium, 191.
marginale, 191.
marginatum, 191.
tricarinatum, 191.
Cylindrella Goldfussi, 151.
jejuna, 15.
lactaria, 150.
Poeyana, 149.
pontifica, 151.
Koemeri, 150.
variegata, 149.
Deroceras gracile, 32.
Eumelus lividus, 32.
nebulosus, 32.
Glandina Albersi, 26.
bullata, 139.
corneola, 139.
parallela, 140.
Texasiana, 140.
• truncata, 141.
turris, 26.
Vanuxemensis, 141.
Hemiloma avarum, 152.
Helicina Ambeliana, 195.
castanea, 194.
chrysocheila, 192.
fastigiata, 196.
Hanleyana, 192.
minuta, 194.
occulta, 193.
orbiculata, 193.
plicata, 196.
rubella, 193.
subglobulosa, 195.
tropica, 194.
vestita, 194.
Helico-limax canaliculata 34.
Helix abjecta, 51.
acutedentata, 23.
seruginosa, 15.
Helix alliaria, 117.
albocincta, 50.
albolabris, 43.
albolineata, 50.
albozonata, 50.
alternata, 98.
anachoreta, 11.
annulata, 102.
apex, 103.
appressa, 59.
arborea, 116.
arboretorum, 7.
arbustorum, 123
areolata, 19.
Ariadnae, 76.
arrosa, 15.
aspersa, 24, 51.
asteriscus, 103.
auriculata, 73.
avara, 74.
barbigera, 63.
Baskervillei, 17.
Berlanderiana, 49.
bicostata, 121.
Bonplandi, 124.
bucculenta, 54.
bulbina, 115.
caduca, 107.
Californiensis, 13.
capsella, 117.
carnicolor, 51.
Carolinensis, 57.
cellaria, 111.
cereola, 90.
chersina, 119.
cicercula, 50.
Clarkii, 53.
clausa, 46, 59.
Columbiana, 16.
concava, 65.
convexa, 60.
Cooperi, 97.
corpuloides, 124.
costata, 69.
Couchiana, 76.
cultellata, 22.
Cumberlandiana, 99.
Damascena, 18.
dealbata, 124.
demissa, 116.
denotata, 57.
dentifera, 55.
depicta, 124.
devia, 17.
diodonta, 70.
dissidens, 65.
divesta, 51.
domestica, 33, 124.
Dorfeuilliana, 86.
Dupetithouarsi, 15.
Edgariana, 65.
Edvardsi, 63.
egena, 119.
INDEX.
199
Helix electrina, 117.
elevata, 52.
Elliotti, 116.
ephebus, 71.
exarata, 13.
exigua, 102.
exoleta, 54.
Fabricii, 120.
fallax, 71.
fastigiata, 82.
fidelis, 14.
florulifera, 75.
fraterna, 60.
friabilis, 106.
fuliginosa, 105.
fulva, 119.
germana, 14.
glaphyra, 109, 111.
griseola, 50.
Solaris, 121.
undlachi, 121.
Hammonis, 121.
harpa, 124.
Hazard!, 84.
hieroglyphica, 124.
Hindsi, 92.
hippocrepis, 77.
hirsuta, 62.
hispida, 124.
Hopetonensis, 72.
hortensis, 51.
incrustata, 68.
indentata, 119.
infecta, 98.
inflecta, 59.
infumata, 15.
inornata, 109.
intercisa, 8.
interim, 121.
iutertexta, 96.
irrorata, 124.
isognomostomos, 62.
jejuna, 67.
Kelletti, 17.
kopnodes, 104.
labiosa, 16.
labyrinthica, 95.
lactea, 125.
lasvigata, 108.
lasmodon, 122.
Lavelleana, 103.
Leaii, 60.
Lecontii, 14.
leporina, 92.
levis, 18.
ligera, 95.
limatula, 100.
lineata, 123.
linguifera, 59.
Loisa, 23.
loricata, 14.
lucida, 116.
lucubrata, 108.
Helix macilenta, 122.
major, 43.
Maurmiana, 103.
maxillata, 65.
Mazatlanica, 24.
microdonta, 91.
milium, 101.
minuscula, 102.
minuta, 69.
minutalis, 103.
minutissima, 100.
Mitchella, 48.
Mitchelliana, 47.
Mobiliana, 67.
monodon, 60.
Mooreana. 80.
Mormonum, 15.
mordax, 99.
raultidentata, 123.
multilineata, 45.
nemoralis, 51, 125.
nemorivaga, 7.
Newberryana, 20.
Nickliniana, 7.
nitida, 120.
Nuttalliana, 14.
obstricta, 57.
operculata, 83.
Oregonensis, 15.
Ottonis, 117.
pachyloma, 49.
patula, 122.
palliata, 56.
Pandora, 18.
pellucida, 33, 125.
Pennsylvanica, 45.
perspectiva, 122.
Pisana, 51, 125.
placentula, 117.
plana, 91.
planorboides, 65.
planorbula, 90.
plicata, 84.
polychroa, 51.
polygyrata, 90.
porcina, 59, 62.
profunda, 70.
pulchella, 69.
pusilla, 121.
pustula, 94.
pustuloides, 93.
Rafinesquea, 96.
ramentosa, 13.
redemita, 9.
reticulata, 12.
Richardi, 70.
Roemeri, 55.
rhodocheila, 51.
ruderata, 99.
rufa, 44.
Rugeli, 60.
Sagraiana, 23.
Sayii, 70, 74.
200
INDEX.
Helix saxicola, 68.
scabra, 98.
sculptilis, 110.
selenina, 119.
septemvolva, 90.
sinuata, 62.
solitaria, 96.
spinosa, 65.
splendidula, 50.
sportella, 19.
Steenstrupii, 117.
stenotrema, 61.
striatella, 99.
strigosa, 23.
strongylodes, 98.
subcylindrica, 125, 187.
subglobosa, 51.
submeris, 51.
subplana, 110.
suppressa, 122.
Tamaulipasensis, 79.
Tennesseensis, 52.
tenuistriata, 118,
Texasiana, 79.
tholus, 81.
thyroides, 53.
thyroidus, 53.
Townsendiana, 15.
triclentata, 70.
triodonta, 79.
Troostiana, 88.
Trumbulli, 125.
tudiculata, 7.
uvulifera, 75.
Vancouverensis, 19.
varians, 51.
vellicata, 19.
ventrosula, 72.
vincta, 13.
virgata, 125.
virgin alls, 49.
volvoxis, 92.
• vortex, 117.
vultuosa, 75.
Wardiana, 96.
zaleta, 54.
Leuconia Sayii, 177.
Limax agrestis, 31.
campestris, 32.
Colurabianus, 6, 32.
dorsalis, 31.
flavus, 31.
fuliginosus, 32.
gracilis, 32.
lineatus, 32.
marmoratus, 30.
olivaceus, 32.
variegatus, 31.
Macroceramus pontificus, 137.
Melampus bidentatus, 156.
biplicatus, 157.
borealis, 171, 173.
cingulatus, 161.
Melampus coffea, 162.
coniformis, 163.
corneus, 157.
denticulatus, 171, 173.
flavus, 166. ,
Floridianus, 165.
Jaumei, 157.
lineatus, 157.
monile, 166.
obliquus, 167.
olivaceus, 26.
pusillus, 168.
Kedfieldi, 170.
turritus, 174
Mesodon helicinum, 52.
leucodon, 54.
maculatum, 152.
Mesomphix, 152.
Odomphium, 152.
Odotrppis, 152.
Oleacina bullata, 139.
Cubensis, 175.
truncata, 141.
Vanuxemensis, 141.
Omphalina cuprea, 152.
Partula Otaheitana, 152.
Philomycus Carolinensis, 30,
dorsalis, 31.
flexuolaris, 32.
fuscus, 32.
oxyurus, 32.
quadrilus, 32.
Planorbis glans, 141.
Polygyra auriculata, 73.
avara, 74.
Dorfeuilliana, 86.
plicata, 84.
profunda, 70.
septemvolva, 90.
Troostiana, 88.
Pupa albilabris, 147.
armifera, 142.
badia, 142.
carinata, 145.
contracta, 143.
corticaria, 146.
costulata, 147.
curvidens, 143.
decora, 143.
deltostoma, 143.
detrita, 142.
exigua, 147.
fallax, 147.
g'bbosa, 145.
ouldii, 148.
Hoppii, 147.
incana, 141.
raaritima, 142.
milium, 148.
minuta, 145.
raodesta, 148.
modica, 142.
rauscorum, 142.
INDEX.
201
Pupa ovata, 148.
ovula, 148.
Parraiana, 148.
pellucida, 147.
pentodon, 143.
placida, 144.
procera, 145.
rupicola, 145.
simplex, 148.
Steenbuchii, 147.
Tappaniana, 144.
unicarinata, 148.
variolosa, 146.
Stenotrema convexum, 152.
Stenostoma convexum, 62.
Succinea amphibia, 42.
aperta, 7.
aurea, 37.
avara, 36.
campestris, 34.
cingulata, 7.
Concordialis, 41.
eflfusa, 41.
Groenlandica, 38.
Haydeni, 40.
inflata, 34.
lineata, 35, 38.
luteola, 41.
munita, 41.
Nuttalliana, 6.
obliqua, 35.
Oregonensis, 6.
ovalis, 35, 37.
putris, 42.
retusa, 37.
rusticaua, 6.
Salle"ana, 42.
Texasiana, 41.
Totteniana, 35.
vermeta, 36.
Wardiana, 36.
Tebennophorus biliueatus, 31.
Tebennophorus Carolinensis, 30.
dorsalis, 31.
Testacina, 32.
Tornatellina Cubensis, 175.
Toxostoma globulare, 152.
Toxotrema globulare, 152.
Tridopsis hirsuta, 62.
Triodopsis lunula, 70, 152.
scabra, 57.
Trophodon, 152,
Truncatella bilabiata, 188.
Californica, 28.
Carib^eensis, 185.
Gouldii, 186.
gracilenta, 29.
pulchella, 189.
subcylindrica, 186.
succinea, 186.
truncatula, 187.
Urcinella, 32.
Vaginulus flexuolaris, 30.
Floridanus, 29.
fuscus, 30.
oxyurus, 30.
quadrilus, 30.
Vertigo contracta, 143.
curvidens, 143.
decora, 143.
Gouldii, 148.
milium, 148.
minuta, 146.
ovata, 148.
rupicola, 145.
simplex, 148.
variolosa, 146.
Vitrina Americana, 33.
Angelica, 32.
limpida, 33.
Xolotrema clausum, 59.
lunulum, 152.
triodopse, 152.
Zilotea, 32.
26
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE LXXV.
Fig.
1 Base of TRUNCATELLA PULCHELLA Pfr.
2 " " CARIB.EENSIS Sowb., from Chemn. pi. 2,
fig. 22.
3 TRUNCATELLA BILABIATA Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 1, fig. 28.
4 " CARIB.EENSIS Sowb., from Chemn. pi. 1, fig. 36.
5 " SUBCYLINDRICA Gray, from Chemn. pi. 2, fig. 2.
6 " " " " " " ficr. 4.
o
7 Base of TRUNCATELLA BILABIATA Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 1, fig. 30.
8 " " SUBCYLINDRICA Gray.
9 TRUNCATELLA PULCHELLA Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 2, fig. 12.
10 " " « " « pi. 2, fig. 13.
11 Animal of TRUNCATELLA, from Adams Gen. pi. 78, fig. 1.
12 AURICULA CINGULATA Pfr., from Orbignypl. 13, fig. 8.
13 " " " " " pi. 13, fig. 9.
14 HELICINA HANLEYANA Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 9, fig. 7.
15 " AMBELIANA Sowb., Thes. Conch, pi. 1, fig. 19.
16 " HANLEYANA Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 9, fig. 8.
17 " SUBGLOBULOSA Poey — twice the natural size.
18 " MINUTA Sowb., from Thes. Conch, pi. 1, fig. 41.
19 " VESTITA Gould, " « pi. 1, fig. 42.
20 " CASTANEA Gould, « " pi. 1, fig. 32.
21 Animal of MELAMPUS COFFEA Lin., from Ad. Gen. pi. 82, fig. 7.
22 " ALEXIA DENTICULATA Mont., " " pi. 82, fig. 5.
23 MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say.
24 Animal of CHONDROPOMA DENTATUM Say — twice the natural size.
25 MELAMPUS COFFEA Lin., from Orbigny pi. 13, fig. 6.
27 Operculum of 24 — enlarged.
204 EXPLANATION
Fig.
29 MELAMPUS PUSILLUS Gmel.
30 MELAMPUS FLORIDIANUS Shuttl.
31 Enlarged view of head of HELICINA TROPICA Jan.
32 CARYCHIUM EXILE Lea, reduced view of aperture from Sill. Journ.
42 1. c.
33 ALEXIA MYOSOTIS Drap.
34 LEUCONIA SAYII Kust., from Chemn. pi. 6, fig. 16.
PLATE LXXVI.
1 HELIX ACUTEDENTATA.
2 " LOISA.
3 " AREOLATA Sowb. var. from Chemn. pi. 36, fig. 13.
4 " ARROSA Gould.
5 " ANACHORETA.
6 " CULTELLATA Thomson.
7 " NEWBERRYANA.
8 » PANDORA Forb., from Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, pi. 9, fig. 3 b.
9 " DUPETITHOUARSI Desh., from Mag. Zool. 1841, pi. 30.
10 " LEVIS Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 36, fig. 16.
11 " AREOLATA Sowb., from Chemn. pi. 36, fig. 10.
12 " KELLETTI Forb., from Zool. Proc. 1850, pi. 9, fig. 2 b.
13 " ARBORETORUM Val., from Voy. de la Venus, pi. 1, fig. 3 a.
PLATE LXXVII.
1 Enlarged view of epidermis of HELIX BARBIGERA Redfield, from
N. Y. Lye. vi. pi. 9, fig. 7.
2 HELIX BARBIGERA Redfield, from N. Y. Lye. vi. fig. 4, 5.
3 " RCEMERI Pfr.
4 " ASPERSA Milll.
5 " DISSIDENS Desh., from Fer. pi. 84, fig. 1.
6-7 " MINUTISSIMA Lea — much enlarged.
8 " STRONGYLODES Pfr., from original specimen.
9 " ASTERISCUS Morse — very highly magnified.
10 " CLARKII Lea — twice the natural size.
11 " COOPERI — slightly enlarged.
12 " PUSTULA Fer., from pi. 50, fig. 1.
OF THE PLATES. 205
Fig.
13 BULIMUS ZEBRA Mull. var.
14 HELIX VENTROSULA Pfr.
15 " SCULPTILIS Bland.
16 " HOPETONENSIS Shuttl.
17 " FABRICII Beck, from Reeve, 1459 — magnified.
18 " ELLIOTTI Redf.
19 " ANNULATA Case, from Sill. Journ. N. S. iii. 101.
20 " GRISEOLA Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 60, fig. 17.
21 Variety of GLANDINA TEXASIANA Pfr. ?
22 HELIX VIRGINALIS Jan, from Chemn. pi. 38, fig. 19.
23 " CEREOLA Miihlf., from Berlin Mag. 1. c.
PLATE LXXVHI.
1 HELIX ARIADNE Pfr., outline of Chenin. pi. 65, fig. 31.
2 HELIX DORFEUILLIANA Lea, var. ? from N. Y. Lye. vi. pi. ix.
fig. 26.
3 Same as fig. 1, pi. 65, fig. 29.
4 " " aperture magnified.
5 HELIX HINDSI Pfr. — aperture magnified.
6 " " " outline of Chemn. pi. 65, fig. 9.
7 HELIX EDVARDSI Bland, from N. Y. Lye. vi. pi. ix. fig. 15.
8 Same as 6, pi. 65, fig. 8.
9 HELIX EDVARDSI Bland, from N. Y. Lye. vi. pi. ix. fig. 16.
10 " FASTIGIATA Say — magnified four times, from N. Y. Lye. vi.
pi. ix. fig. 18.
11 « TROOSTIANA Lea " " " " pi. ix. fig. 23.
12 BULIMUS ZEBRA Mull. var. from Key Biscayne.
13 HELIX HAZARDI Bland, magn. 8 times from N. Y. Lye. vi. pi. ix.
fig. 27.
14 " DORFEUILLIANA Lea, magn. 4 times from N. Y. Lye. vi.
pi. ix. fig. 25 a.
15 "• RUGELI Shuttl., magn. 4 times.
16 PUPA GIBBOSA Pfr., from Chemn. pi. 66, fig. 6.
17 HELIX VOLVOXIS Parr.
18 " TEXASIANA Mor. var. (triodonta Binn.)
19 " HIPPOCREPIS Pfr.
20 PUPA HOPPII Moll, from Chemn. pi. 19, fig. 30.
21 HELIX THOLUS.
206 EXPLANATION
Fig.
22 Animal of HELIX VARIANS.
23 HELIX MICRODONTA Desh., from Fer. pi. 70, fig. 13.
24 " MOOREANA.
PLATE LXXIX.
1 SUCCINEA LINEATA.
2 HELIX INFUMATA Gould.
3 BULIMUS FLORIDIANUS Pfr., from original specimen.
4 HELIX MILIUM Morse — very highly magnified.
5 a u « « « "
6 MELAMPUS COFFEUS Lin. var. ?
7 SUCCINEA RETUSA Lea, from Phil. Tr. 1. c. pi. 19, fig. 86.
8 MELAMPUS OLIVACEUS Carpenter.
9 VITRINA ANGELICA Beck — highly magnified.
10 HELIX BULBINA Desh., from Fer. pi. 85, fig. 17.
11 " NEMORIVAGA Val., from Voy. de la Venus pi. 1, fig. 1 a.
12 BULIMUS EXCELSUS Gould, from Bost. Journ. 1857, pi. xiv. fig. 3.
13 HELIX DEVIA Gould.
14 SUCCINEA RUSTICANA Gould, from Ex. Ex. fig. 29.
15 BULIMUS CALIFORNICUS Reeve, No. 378 — increased one half.
16 Animal of ALEXIA MYOSOTIS Drap.
17 PUPA INCANA Binn., var. fasciata.
18 SUCCINEA SALLEANA Pfr. from Chemn.
19 ACHATINA CALIFORNICA Reeve, No. 115 — natural size.
20 TRUNCATELLA CALIFORNICA Pfr. — greatly enlarged.
21 HELIX MORMONUM Pfr., from type.
22 Same as 20.
23 CYLINDRELLA GOLDFUSSI Mke. — twice the natural size.
PLATE LXXX.
1 BULIMUS ALTERNATUS Say, var. ?
2 HELIX FRIABILIS.
3 BULIMUS ALTERNATUS Say, from his drawing.
4 SUCCINEA GRCENLANDICA Beck — enlarged.
5 " LINEATA.
6 BULIMUS LIQUABILIS Reeve, No. 387.
OF THE PLATES. 207
Fig.
7 BULIMUS CONFINIS Reeve, No. 643.
8 " SCHIEDEANUS Pfr. ? apice nigra.
9 GLANDINA TRUNCATA Gmel. var.
10 BULIMUS DORMANI.
11 SUCCINEA INFLATA Lea, from type.
12 " EFFUSA Shuttl. — enlarged.
13 BULIMUS PATRIARCHA.
14 HELIX KOPNODES.
15 BULIMUS SCHIEDEANUS Pfr. var. ? fauce nigra.
Vol. VII. PL I.
Binney's Mollusks. Plate LXXY.
Vol. VII. PL II.
Binnev's. lAollusks. Plate LXXVL
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