Tests And Reagents Chemical And Microscopical

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WORKS OF ALFRED I. COHN

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Indicators and Test-papers. ,

Their Source, Preparation, Application, and Tests
for Sensitiveness. With Tabular Summary of the
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Tests and Reagents.

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TESTS AND REAGENTS

CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL

KNOWN BY THEIR AUTHORS' NAMES, TOGETHER WITH AN INDEX
OF SUBJECTS. COMPILED FOR THE USE OF CHEMISTS,
MICROSCOPISTS, PHARMACISTS,
STUDENTS, ETC.

ALFRED I. COHIJ, Pn.G., PH.D.

AUTHOR OF "INDICATORS AND TEST-PAPERS", MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN

CHEMICAL SOCIETY ; SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ;

VEREIN DEUTSCHER CHEMIKER ; ETC.

NEW YORK

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED

Copyright, 1903,

BY

ALFRED I. COHB

Bntered at Stationer*' kiau*

BRAUNWORTH A CO.
OOK MANUFACTURER*
(KLVN. N. V.

PREFACE.

THE matter here presented was compiled from a great num-
ber of sources (the small brochures of Altschul, Schneider, and
Wilder having served as a nucleus), and with very numerous
additions was published in a series of monthly installments
in MERCK'S REPORT, from March 1900 to September 1902 ; it
is here republished by the kind permission of Messrs. Merck
& Co. Since its first appearance in serial form, however, the
matter has been further greatly amplified.

The compilation has been made with a view to supplying
the busy chemist, microscopist, and pharmacist with data which
are frequently desired, but which are often either not at hand,
or inaccessible. While the nature of the subject precludes any
claim being made as to completeness, it is believed, neverthe-
less, that the contents of the volume will be sufficiently exten-
sive to be of practical utility.

ALFRED I. CORN.
NEW YORK, January, 1903.

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Abram (LEAD IN URINE). Add ammonium oxalate to urine
(1:150 and introduce metallic magnesium (wire or rod).
Lead is precipitated on the magnesium, and can be identified
by warming with fragment of iodine yellow lead iodide; or
'dissolving in nitric acid and applying other reagents. Sensi-
tive to i : 50,000.

Adamkiewicz (ALBUMIN). Acetic-acid solutions of albuminous
substances are colored violet by cone, sulphuric acid, and
show greenish fluorescence. A similar reaction results if albu-
min is treated with a mixture of i vol. cone, sulphuric acid and
2 vol. glacial acetic acid. Heating hastens reaction, and,
according to Wurster, so does addition of a few grains sodium
chloride. Gelatin gives no reaction.

Adamkiewicz (NERVE-CENTER STAIN). Harden sections in
Miiller's solution for i to 3 months, wash with water, then with
water acidulated with nitric acid, then stain with cone, solu-
tion safranine. Remove superfluous color, clear with alcohol
and clove oil, pass into water again, wash in water acidulated
with acetic acid, stain with methylene blue, and clear as before.
Myelin is stained red; nuclei violet.

Adams (FAT IN MILK ANALYSIS). Diy a known quantity of
milk on a fat-free paper coil, then extract latter with ether in a
Soxhlet apparatus.

Adrian (DIFFERENTIATING NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHYL
SALIC YLATES). Carefully overlay 5 Cc. methyl salicylate on 5
Cc. cone, sulphuric acid. A synthetic product affords a slight
development of heat and a faint pink color. Natural oil de-
velops decided heat, and liquid becomes pink, changing to a
wine-red and finally reddish-brown.

2 TESTS /tND REAGENTS.

Adrian (ESTIMATING GUAIACOL}. i. Heat 100 Gm. with 10
Cc. water for i hour in a current of HBr gas, take up residue
(containing pyrocatechol and homopyrocatechol) with ether,
evaporate solvent, and treat residue with benzene. From
weight of pyrocatechol so obtained and after recrystallizing,
calculate percentage of guaiacol. 2. Dissolve 5 Gm. guaiacol
in a little water and 10 Cc. alcohol, and make up solut. to i ,000
Cc. Mix 20 Cc. solut. in a test tube with i Cc. i : 100 NaNO^
solut. and i Cc. dil. (ir*oo) HNO 3 characteristic reddish-
brown color develops, and is compared within 10 minutes with
that of a standard solut. "

Agostini (GLUCOSE). Mix 5 drops urine, 5 drops o.5-7o gold-
chloride solution, and 3 drops 2o-%potassa solution and warm
gently ; sugar will give a red color.

Alferow (SILVER STAIN). Acid solution of silver picrate (or
lactate, acetate, or citrate), prepared by adding 10 to 15 drops
cone, solution of acid of the salt taken to 800 Cc. solution of
salt.

Alfraise (IODINE). Add i drop hydrochloric acid to 10 Cc. water
Containing i% each of starch and potassium nitrate, and boiL
i drop of this reagent gives blue color if iodine present in sus-
pected liquid.

Alleger (GELATIN MOUNTING PROCESS). Add few drops for-
maldehyde to each gramme 0.5- to i-% gelatin solution.
Mount section in this, heat slide till paraffin is softened, and
let gelatin excess drain from edge of slide.

Allen (EMBRYO STAIN). Dissolve i part methylene blue and ;|
parts sodium chloride in 1,000 parts water, and dilute with 15
to 20 volumes sea- water.

Allen (FATS, VEGETABLE). Shake together equal volumes fat
and nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.4) for | minute, then set aside for 15
minutes. Vegetable fats (cottonseed oil) afford coffee-brown
color.

Allen (FEHLING'S TEST, MODIFIED). Boil 7 to 8 Cc. urine, add
5 Cc. Fehling's cupric-sulphate solution, cool, and add i to 2
Cc. faintly acid saturated solution sodium acetate. Filter,
add 5 Cc. Fehling's alkaline tartrate solution, and boil.

Allen (NITROGEN IN URINE). Modification of Knopp's meth6d.
Boil 25 Cc. urine with 10 Cc. strong sulphuric acid in porcelain

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3

dish till volume reduced to 10 Cc. and sulphuric acid vapors
evolved. Transfer liquid to Kjeldahl flask, add 5 Gm. potas-
sium sulphate, and heat till liquid pale-yellow. Cool, neu-
tralize with cone, caustic soda, and add water to 100 Cc.
Treat 10 Cc. of neutral solution with alkaline hy.pobromite as
in urea estimation. Each Cc. nitrogen = 0.00 12 Gm. urea
J^pprox.).

Allen (PHENOL), i or 2 drops suspected liquid, few drops of
hydrochloric acid, and i drop nitric acid, give purple-crimson
if phenol present.

Allen (SPIRIT NITROUS ETHER). Fill an Allen nitrometer with
strong brine and introduce 5 Cc. spirit to be tested. Then add
5 Cc. strong solution potassium iodide, then 5 Cc. dil. sulphuric
acid. Shake. When action ceases, adjust surfaces of liquid
in both limbs to same level; read off volume of nitric oxide,
and add 1.5 Cc. as correction for solubility of gas in solution.
Multiply volume by 0.0638; result = parts ethyl nitrite in 100
by weight of spirit.

Allen (STRYCHNINE). Extract with ether, concentrate by let-
ting fall by drops into warmed porcelain capsule, cool resi-
due, and treat with sulphuric acid and manganese dioxide.
Strychnine gives violet color.

Allen (ZiNC IN SOLUTION). Few drops of potassium-ferrocy-
anide solut. causes white precipitate in slightly alkaline,
boiling solution containing zinc.

Allesandri-Guaceni CITRIC ACID; NITRATES). Dissolve a few
Gm. phenol in hydrochloric acid by heating 12 hours on
water-bath. Heat 10 drops of reagent with dry residue of
suspected liquid on water-bath. Nitric acid or nitrates give
intense violet color, changed by ammonia to green.

Almfti (ALBUMIN), i. 4 Gm. tannin, 8 Cc. 25-% acetic acid,
and i go Cc. 40- to 50-% alcohol. Also precipitates nucleoalbu-
min. 2. Mix i part 2-% tannin solution in dilute alcohol
with 6 parts urine. Albumin causes turbidity.

Alm&i (BLOOD). Shake liquid containing blood, with mixture
of -equal parts guaiac tincture and turpentine oil; becomes
blue owing to oxidation of guaiac resin. Color is permanent
on heating. See also Weber and Schoenbein.

Almn (CARBOLIC OR SALICYLIC ACID). Dissolve mercury in

4 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

fuming nitric acid and dilute solut., with double its vol. of
water. Add 5 to 10 drops of reagent to 20 Cc. of liquid and
boil carbolic or salicylic acid affords a yellow ppt. ; on add-
ing nitric acid until ppt. is dissolved liquid acquires a red
color. Sensitiveness, i : 400,000.

Almln (GLUCOSE). Digest 2 Gm. basic bismuth carbonate with
100 Cc. potassa solution, sp. gr. 1.33, and 4 Gm. Rochelle salt,
cool clear solution and decant from precipitate. Boil i Cc. of
reagent for several minutes with 10 Cc. of urine. Glucose
produces yellowish-brown precipitate, which becomes darker,
and finally black.

Also known as Boettgcr-Almtn reagent. Compare with
Nylander's solution.

Almn (HYDROCYANIC ACID). Make solut. alkaline with soda
lye, add yellow ammonium sulphide, evaporates to dryness,
exhaust residue with water, then add hydrochloric acid and
ferric chloride. In concentrated solutions a blood-red color
develops in very dilute an orange-red. Sensitiveness,
1 14,000,000.

Almln (PHENOL), i. Dissolve i part mercury in i part nitric
acid sp. gr. 1.4, and dilute with 2 volumes water. On heating
to boiling 5 to 10 drops of this with 20 Cc. solut. containing
phenol yellow precipitate forms, soluble in nitric acid with red
color. 2. Blue color forms on adding ammonia and chlorin-
ated-soda solution to phenol solution.

Almln-Nylander (GLUCOSE). See Almtn's glucose test.

Alpers (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Acidulate urine with hydro-
chloric acid, and add equal vol. of i-per cent, mercury-suc-
cinimide solution a white cloudiness forms. Sensitiveness,
1:150,000.

Alt (NERVE STAIN). Solution of Congo red in absolute alcohol.
Squire recommends a 2-% aqueous solution.

Altmann (AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE). 2.5-% ammonium-molyb-
date solution containing about 0.25-% chromic acid.

Altmann (CORROSION METHOD). Inject tissue with olive oil,
then immerse thin slices for 24 hours in i-% osmic-acid solu-
tion, then treat with Javelle water for several hours till cor-
rosion completed, finally dry with blotting-paper, and mount
in glycerin.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 5

Altmann (FIXING SOLUTION). Mixture of equal parts of 5-%
potassium-bichromate solution and 2-% osmic-acid solu-
tion.

Altmann (IMPREGNATION METHODS), i. Immerse small por-
tions fresh tissue for 5 to 8 days in mixture of 2 vol. olive oil
and i vol. each of ether and absolute alcohol, then throw into
water to precipitate oil in the tissue, next harden with osmic
acid, corrode with Javelle water, and mount in glycerin. 2.
Impregnate with mixture of 2 vol. castor oil and i vol. alcohol,
then proceed as in i .

Altmann (NITRIC ACID). A 3- to 3.5-% aqueous solution used
as a fixing agent. Sp. gr. about i .02 .

Alvarez-Jean (SULPHIDES, HYPOSULPHITES AND SULPHITES OP
ALKALI METALS). Sulphides give a violet color with sodium
nitroprussiate. Hyposulphites in dilute solution give a yel-
lowish-brown precipitate with a cone, solut. of bismuth sub-
nitrate and potassium nitrate in water with smallest possible
quantity of nitric acid to effect solution. An excess of this
reagent gives a precipitate also with sulphites.

Anderson (DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN QUINOLINE AND PYRI-
DINE SALTS). Chloroplatinates of the latter, boiled with
water, are converted into insoluble double salts with lib-
eration of hydrochloric acid; those of former remain in solti-
tion.

Anderson (PAPAVERINE). Dark-red color appears on adding
concentrated nitric acid to solution of papaverine in dilute
nitric acid, and yellow crystals separate.

Andr (QUININE). Chlorine and ammonia produce green color
changing to blue on saturation with acid. Excess of acid
changes color to violet or bright red, but ammonia again turns
it green.

Andreasch (CYSTEIN). On adding few drops of dilute ferric-
chloride solution, followed by ammonia, to solution of cystein
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, a beautiful red color forms
and darkens on shaking, after exposure to air.

Andreasch (!RON). Dark purplish-red color forms on adding
little ammonia and sulphoglycolic acid to solution containing
iron; the color soon fades, but reappears on shaking after
exposure to air.

6 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Anstie (ALCOHOL IN URINE). Solut. of potass, bichromate
i, in cone, sulphuric acid 300. Add reagent by drops. Em-
erald-green color signifies presence of alcohol in toxic quantity.

Apathy (HEMATOXYLIN STAIN). Stain in i-% solution hema-
toxylin in 70- or 80- % alcohol, and wash out in i-% potas-
sium-bichromate solution in alcohol of the same strength.
Bichromate solution should be freshly made by mixing one
part of 5-% aqueous solution with about 4 parts of 80- to
90-% alcohol.

Apathy (METHYLENE-BLUE PROCESS). Wash preparations
stained with strong methylene-blue solution in salt solution
(0.75-%), then place for an hour or more in freshly-prepared
i- to 2-% solution neutral ammonium carbonate saturated with
picrate. If methylene-blue solution is very dilute omit treat-
ment with salt solution. Afterwards immerse preparation in
saturated solution of ammonium picrate in 50-% glycerin,
then transfer to saturated solution of the picrate in mixture
of 2 parts glycerin (50-^), i part of cold saturated sugar
solution, and i part of cold saturated gum-arabic solution.
When thoroughly penetrated, mount in Apathy's mounting
medium.

Apathy (MOUNTING MEDIUM). Picked acacia 50 Gm.; cane
sugar, 50 Gm.; distilled water, 50 Gm. Dissolve on water-
bath and add 0.05 Gm. thymol. This medium sets very hard
and, combined with a paper cell, may be used for ringing gly-
cerin mounts.

Arata (ARTIFICIAL DYES IN WINE). Wool immersed in wine
containing artificial dyes abstracts these from the wine. The
fiber may be afterwards subjected to special reactions.

Archetti (CAFFEINE; URIC ACID). Heat a solution of potassio-
ferric cyanide with half its vol. of nitric acid to boiling, then
dilute with water. Reagent gives a precipitate of Prussian
blue with caffeine (uric acid does also).

Arndt. Determination of sugar by means of the ferment sac-
charometer. See Einhorn.

Arnold (ACETO-ACETIC ACID IN URINE), a. Dissolve i Gm.
para-amido-acetophenone in 80 to 100 Cc. water by shaking
and adding hydrochloric acid by drops, then add more cone,
acid till solution is colorless, b. Dissolve T Gm. sodium ni-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 7

trite in 100 Cc. dist. water. Just before using mix a
parts a with i part fr, add an equal vol. urine, and 2 or 3
drops cone, ammonia water an intense brownish-red de-
velops with every urine. Now add i vol. of this colored
urine to 10 to 12 vols. cone, hydrochloric acid a beauti-
ful purplish-violet develops if aceto-acetic acid present.
Strongly colored urine should first be decolorized with ani-
mal charcoal.

Arnold (ALKALOIDAL TESTS), i. Some alkaloids, heated on
water-bath with syrupy phosphoric acid obtained by dissolv-
ing metaphosphoric acid or phosphoric acid anhydride in
25-% phosphoric acid yield characteristic color reactions:
Aconitine violet; nicotine yellow; coniine green.

2. Triturated with concentrated sulphuric acid, many
alkaloids yield characteristic color reactions upon adding 30-
to 40-% alcoholic (in some instances aqueous) potassa solu-
tion.

Arnold (CODEINE). Heat fragment with a few drops cone, sul-
phuric acid and add by drops an excess of a 30- to 40-%
alcoholic or aqueous solut. potassa mixture should remain
colorless but a dirty-yellow develops, changing to lemon-
yellow, if colchicine present.

Arnold (NARCEINE). On warming substance containing nar-
ceine with cone, sulphuric acid and trace of phenol, a reddish
color forms.

Arnold- Vital! (ALKALOTDAL TESTS).. Particle of alkaloid trit-
urated with concentrated sulphuric acid, and a grain of so-
dium nitrate is added; then, strong alcoholic (40-%) potassa
solution. Number of alkaloids give characteristic color
reactions. Atropine and homatropine give orange color,
which, on addition of potassa, becomes reddish- violet and
fades to rose-red.

Arzberger COiL PEPPERMINT). Warm i drop of oil with 5 Cc.
formaldehyde rose-red color develops (not. given by menthol
or menthenes). Add cone, acetic acid a handsome red color
forms, changing rapidly to violet-red and finally dirty-brown.
Japanese oil does not give this reaction, and various pepper-
paint oils give different colors. Spearmint, melissa, bay, l^v-
ender, and pinus oils do not give the reaction.

8 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Aahby (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). Logwood infusion (i : 50)
in boiling water. After standing few hours place few drops
on porcelain, add drop of the suspected sample and evaporate
to dryness on water-bath. If mineral acids present residue
has red color. Pure vinegar leaves bright-yellow stain.

Astolfi (SANTONICA). Powder i Gm. of the substance and
shake with 10 Cc. absolute alcohol for some time, then boil and
filter. Now add a small piece caustic potassa and heat again
if article is good, distinct red develops; if much adulterated,
color will be yellowish-red; if no genuine santonica present,
sample will not color at all.

Austen-Chamberlain (NITRIC ACID). A rose-red color is pro-
duced with solution of 20 Gm. iron and ammonium sulphate,
2 Gm. sulphuric acid, and 100 Cc. of water.

Autenrieth (INDICATOR). Luteol (oxychlordiphenylquinoxa-
line). Gives with alkalies a yellow color, rendered colorless
by acids.

Autenrieth-Hinsberg (PHENACETIN). Add 10- to 12-% nitric
acid to powdered substance and heat to boiling yellow crys-
talline needles deposit. Antipyrine and acetanilid do not re-
spond.

Axenfeld (ALBUMIN). o.i-% solution gold chloride. Acidulate
solution to be tested with formic acid and heat with drop of
reagent. If albumin present, solution becomes purplish-red;
on addition of more gold chloride, blue. Latter color reaction
also produced by glucose, starch, tyrosine, leucine, etc., but
purplish color is characteristic of albumin.

Aymonier (ALPHA-NAPHTOL). 15-% alcoholic solution alpha-
naphtol colored violet on adding cane sugar, and admixture of
2 vol. sulphuric acid. On addition of one drop of mixture of
i part potassium bichromate, TO parts water and i part con-
centrated nitric acid, the alpha-naphtol solution yields black
precipitate. Beta-naphtol gives neither of these reactions.

Azoulay (OsMic-AciD METHOD). Harden thin sections of
material in Muller's solution, place for 5 to 15 minutes in
osmic-acid solution (i : 500 or i : 1,000), then rinse with water
and leave for 2 to 5 minutes in a 5- or io-% tannin solution, the
latter being warmed meanwhile until vapor given off. After

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 9

washing in water, double-stain sections with carmine or eosine,
and mount in balsam.

Babes (ACTINOMYCOSIS). Stain sections in Babes' safranine
solution No. 3 for 2 minutes, rinse in alcohol, and decolorize in
Gram's solution.

Babes (SAFRANINE STAINS), i. Mixture of equal parts con-
centrated alcoholic and aqueous solutions of safranine. 2.
Cone, or supersaturated solution made with the aid of heat.
3. Mix 100 parts water, 2 parts aniline, and an excess of
safranine. Warm mixture to 60 to 80 C. and filter through
wet filter.

Babo (URic ACID). Boil dilute Fehling's solut. with a urate of
an alkali cuprous oxide is precipitated. If uric acid present
in excess, a white precipitate of cuprous urate also deposits,
decomposed on boiling with caustic alkali into a urate and
cuprous oxide.

Bach (BUTTER). Butter is soluble in 20 parts of a mixture of
3 vol. ether and i vol. 95-% alcohol at 19 to 21 C. Foreign
fats, lard, tallow, etc., are insoluble or but slightly so,
even on warming some degrees above 20 C.

Bach (COPPER). Mix equal molecular weights of formaldehyde
in 20-per cent solution with hydroxylamine hydrochlorate
(formaldoxim results). Add to 15 Cc. of solut. to be tested
0.5 Cc. of formaldoxim solution and 0.5 Cc. potassa lye an
intense violet develops in even very dilute copper solu-
tions.

Bach (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE), a. 0.03 Gm. potassium bichro-
mate and 5 drops aniline in i liter of water; b. 5-% oxalic-
acid solution. Shake 5 Cc. of solution to be tested, with 5
Cc. solution a and i drop solution 6; violet-red color forms if
hydrogen dioxide present.

Bach (SOLANINE). Treatment with equal volumes sulphuric
acid and alcohol develops a red color.

Bachmeier (ALKALIES). Tannin solution produces a red to
reddish-brown color, changing to dirty green.

Bachmeier (ORGANIC ACIDS IN PHENOL). Aqueous Brazil-
wood decoction is permanently discolored by organic acids,
but not by phenol.

Baemes (TANNIN). Solution of i Gm. sodium tungstate and 2

*o TESTS AMD REAGENTS

Gm. sodium acetate in each 10 Cc. precipitates from acid or
alkaline tannin solutions, straw-yellow precipitate insoluble
in water.

Baeyer (EosiNE). Shake with water and sodium amalgam,
heat gently, then dilute with water, and add drop of potassium
permanganate solution opaque green color appears in re-
flected light.

Baeyer (GLUCOSE). Heat solution with excess of nitrophenyl-
propiolic acid and soda blue color appears if glucose present,
owing to formation of indigo.

Bailey (NITRIC ACID). Crystals of the double compound of
mercuric cyanide and potassium iodide turn black when intro-
duced into nitric acid, but red in other acids.

Bailey (SULPHUR). A blood-red color forms on heating with
sodium carbonate, dissolving in water and adding sodium
nitro-prusside solution.

Balmer-Fraentzel (TUBERCLE BACILLI STAIN). Immerse sec-
tions for 24 hours in solution of 2 Gm. freshly powdered gentian
violet in 100 Gm. aniline water. Subsequently treat as in
Ehrlich's method.

Barbier (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). A viscid solution is
formed on distilling off about one-tenth and adding to distil-
late excess of dry potassium acetate. Compare Bernouilly's
test.

Barbot (FATTY OILS). Fuming nitric acid with different oils
behaves differently with regard to coloration and solidifica-
tion e. g. : Olive oil yields a white (not red or brown) mixture,
which solidifies in i to 2 hours.

Barbsche (GLYCERIN). No blue color should be produced on
adding one drop ferric-chloride solution to glycerin diluted
with 20 volumes water containing one drop carbolic acid.

Barff (PRESERVATIVE MEDIUM). Saturated solution boric acid
in glycerin (boroglyceride) is prepared by application of mod-
erate heat for 4 or 5 hours. When required for use i part of
solid product is dissolved in 40 parts by weight, of water.

Barfoed (GLUCOSE). Solution of 14 Gm. crystallized copper
acetate in 200 Cc. water, and 5 Cc. acetic acid; or, according
to a more recent formula, 0.5 Gm. copper acetate, 100 Cc.

;K water, and i Cc. acetic acicj. Glucose reduces, solution.in

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. II

cold, and more rapidly on heating. Dextrin, cane sugar, and
milk sugar do not reduce solution. Used also for distinguish-
ing between glucose and lactose in urine.

Barfoed (HYDROCYANIC ACID). Acidify solution with sulphuric
or tartaric acid and shake with ether; the latter takes up
hydrocyanic acid, but not hydro-ferrocyanic acid.

Barfoed (SILICIC ACID). Cautiously heat mixture of i part of
suspected substance, and 2 parts cryolith with 4 to 6 parts of
sulphuric acid, and hold near surface of mass a thin platinum
wire loop containing a drop of water; white pellicle of silicic
hydrate will form on the water.

Barral (ALBUMIN, AND BILIARY PIGMENTS). Overlay urine
with a 20-% solut. sozolic acid a white ring develops at con-
tact point if albumin present ; a green ring if biliary pigments.

Barralet (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE). The pale-blue freshly pre-
cipitated ferrous ferrocyanide obtained by adding solut. po-
tassium ferrocyanide to a solut. of a ferrous salt is immediately
changed into Prussian blue by hydrogen dioxide even in very
dilute solution of H 2 O 2 .

Barreswil (CHROMIC ACID). J31ue color appears on adding few
drops of chromic-acid solution and a little ether to a very
dilute, acidified hydrogen-dioxide solution.

Barreswil (GLUCOSE). Reduction takes place on boiling a
liquid containing glucose with the following solution 60 Gm.
potassium hydroxide; 40 Gm. potassium tartrate, and 200 Cc.
water; then dissolve 65 Gm. copper sulphate in 560 Cc. water
and add the first solution.

Bartley (BILIARY PIGMENTS). On adding HC1 and Fe 2 C1 e to
a liquid (e. g. urine) containing bile, an intense green color
develops

Barry (HYDROCYANIC ACID). Acidify liquid slightly, if neces-
sary, with acetic acid, then put 2 or 3 drops in a watch-glass.
Cover with another watch-glass containing 2 or 3 drops i-%
silver-nitrate solution; latter becomes cloudy if hydrocyanic
acid present.

Basham (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Shake liquid with chloroform,
decant, evaporate chloroform, and add a drop nitric acid to

^ residue. Play of colors, finally ending in ruby-red, ensues.
Reaction very delicate.

12 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Basoletto (SESAME OIL). Mixture of equal volumes sesame
oil and 2-% solution cane sugar in hydrochloric acid, sp. gr.
1.124, is colored red in the cold, but more rapidly on heating.
With glucose and lactose, color is produced only when mixture
is boiled with the hydrochloric acid and allowed to become
perfectly cold. Compare Baudouin's test.

Bastelaer (PHOSPHORUS IN TISSUES AND EJECTA). Dissolve
out phosphorus with ether by repeated shaking, evaporate,
add water at end of evaporation, warm to 50 or 60 C., shake
with cone, ammonia, then wash with dil. sulphuric acid, and
then with water. Residue = phosphorus, recognizable by its
properties.

Bastian (GOLD STAIN). Solution of gold chloride (1:2,000),
acidulated with hydrochloric acid (i drop to 75 Cc.).

Bates (EXAMINING BACTERIAL CULTURES). Remove a little of
growth by means of sterilized platinum hook or small loop, and
spread on a cover- glass in as thin a film as possible. When
almost dry allow one or two drops of weak aqueous methyl-
violet solution to fall on film from pipette. Carefully turn
cover-glass over on to a slide after a minute, then gradually
remove excess of stain by gentle pressure with strip of filter
paper.

Bates (SAFRANINE SOLUTION). Saturated solution in aniline
3 Cc. and distilled water 90 Cc.," prepared at 60 C. and after-
wards filtered.

Bates (STAINING KOCH COMMA BACILLI). Leave sections for
24 hours in aqueous solution fuchsine, then wash in distilled
water faintly acidulated with acetic acid, or in sublimate solu-
tion (1:1000). Afterwards, pass rapidly through alcohol
and clove oil, dry with filter paper, and preserve in balsam.

Bates (STAINING LEPROSY BACILLI). Stain with solution of
rosaniline hydrochlorate in aniline water, decolorize in 33-%
hydrochloric acid, and after-stain \\-ith methylene blue.

Bauer (SOLANINE). Add a few drops of a solution of telluric
acid in diluted sulphuric acid to the alkaloidal solut. in a
watch-glass and warm slightly on water-bath a raspberry-
red color develops and persists 2 or 3 hours. Reaction very
delicate. Atropine, morphine, quinine, etc., do not give the
reaction.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 13

Baudouin (SESAME OIL), o.i Gm. sugar dissolved in 10 Cc,
hydrochloric acid sp. gr. 1.18. One volume of solution is
shaken with 2 volumes of oil to be tested. If sesame oil pres-
ent, the oil on separation is cherry-red.

Lewin carries out reaction as follows: Cover 0.5 Gm. pow-
dered sugar with 2 Cc. of oil in test-tube, and then pour i Cc.
hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.18, carefully down side of the tube.
If sesame oil present, a rose-red zone appears within i to 5
minutes.

According to Millian, Baudouin's test is more delicate when
carried out with well dried, free, fatty acids from oil to be
tested.

Villavecchia 'and Fabris replace sugar and hydrochloric
acid by furfurol. Compare also Carlinjanti, and Gasscnd.

Baumann (POLYATOMIC ALCOHOLS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND DIA-
MINES). Benzoyl chloride added to solution of alcohol or
amine in aqueous soda-solution, produces insoluble benzoyl
esters. Test can be used for detection of glycerin, carbohy-
drates and various bacterial products in urine.

Baumann-Goldman (CYSTINE). Benzoyl chloride, dissolved in
aqueous sodium-hydroxide solution, throws down a precipitate
of benzoyl-cystine.

Baumann-Preusse (HYDROQUINONE). Heat substance rapidly
in open test-tube violet fumes evolved, condensing as an
indigo-blue sublimate if hydroquinone is present.

Baumgarten (BLEU DE LYON STAIN). Place sections of ma-
terial previously stained with borax-carmine for 12 hours in
0.2-% solution bleu de Lyon in absolute alcohol, and wash
out for 6 hours before mounting in balsam.

Baumgarten (FUCHSINE AND METHYLENE-BLUE STAIN). Place
sections of material hardened in chromic-acid solution for
24 hours in watch-glassful water containing 8 to 10 drops
cone, alcoholic solut. fuchsine. Rinse with alcohol, stain for
4 or 5 minutes in cone, aqueous solution methylene blue, wash
out with alcohol for 5 to 10 minutes and clear with clove-oil.
Nuclei are stained red, and tissues blue.

Baumgarten (LEPRA-BACILLUS STAIN). Stain 6 to 7 min. in cold
dil. alcoholic solut. fuchsine, and decolorize for 15 seconds
in acidulated alcohol (iHNO s and 10 alcohol); rinse in water,

14 TE$TS AMD REAGENTS.

and double-stain in aq. solut. methylene blue. Lepra bacilli
stain red on blue ground; tubercle bacilli do not stain in this
space of time.

Baumgarten (TUBERCLE BACILLI EXAMINATION). Immerse
cover-glass preparations in watch-glass of distilled water con-
taining i to 2 drops 33-% potassa solution, then press down
on slides and examine unstained. If putrefactive bacteria
present, stain with aqueous fuchsine or gentian violet to dis-
tinguish from tubercle bacilli which remain colorless.

Baumgarten (TUBERCLE BACILLI, NEW METHOD FOR). Stain
sections in watch-glassful water containing 4 to 5 drops cone,
alcoholic methyl-violet solut. Wash in water, immerse for
5 minutes in semi-saturated potassium-carbonate solut. if
necessary, and decolorize in absolute alcohol for 5 to 10 min-
utes. Pass through clove-oil, mount in equal parts Canada
balsam (free from chloroform) and clove oil, place sections in
alcohol for 5 minutes, then in cone, solut. of Bismarck brown
in i-% acetic acid.

Bayer (ACETONE IN URINE). Mix urine (or distillate) with
equal vol. of solut. of nitrobenzaldehyde in water, then add
soda or potassa to alkalinity indigo blue formed. Sensitive
to i : 2500. Also known as Drewsen's, or Pensoldt's, indigo
test.

Bayer (!NDOL). Indol solution yields red color or precipitate
on addition of dilute nitric acid and dilute potassium-nitrite
solution. ,

Bayerl (DECALCIFYING FLUID). Equal parts 3-% chromic-acid

. solut. and i-% hydrochloric acid.

Bayrac (URIC ACID IN URINE). Evaporate 50 Cc. urine to
dryness on water-bath, treat residue with hydrochloric acid
(1:5), wash residue with alcohol, dissolve in 20 drops sodium-
hydroxide solution heated to 90 or 100 C. on water-bath,
and decompose with sodium hypobromite in apparatus for
determining urea. Each i Cc. nitrogen at ordinary tem-
perature equals 0.00357 Gm. uric acid.

Beale (AMMONIA CARMINE), i. Carmine, 15 grn.; strong solu-
tion ammonia, 30 min.; glycerin, 2 fl. oz. ; alcohol, 6 fl. dr.
This fluid was specially designed for purpose of staining by
means of injection. 2. Carmine, 10 grn.; strong solution

TS7S AMD REAGENTS. l&

ammonia, 30 min.; distilled water, 2 fl. oz. ; alcohol, 4 fl. dr.;
glycerin, 2 fl. oz. Dissolve carmine in ammonia with heat,
boil for few seconds, and cool. Then evaporate excess of
ammonia, add other ingredients, and filter. If any carmine-
deposits on keeping, add one or two drops ammonia to redis-
solve.

fieale (CARMINE GLYCERIN MASS). Dissolve 5 grains carmine
with 5 drops ammonia in little water, and add to 4 fl. dr.
glycerin. Then add gradually, with agitation, 4 fl. dr. gly-
cerin, containing 8 to 10 drops acetic or hydrochloric acid.
If necessary add more acid to insure decided acidity. Finally
add glycerin 4 fl. dr., alcohol 2 fl. dr., and vsater 6 fl. dr.

Beale (CEMENT). Thick solution of shellac in alcohol. Addi-
tion of 20 drops castor oil to each fl. oz. has been recom-
mended.

Beale (CREOSOTE MOUNTING MIXTURE). Dissolve n Gm f
creosote in 180 Gm. methyl alcohol, add sufficient chalk to-
make thick paste, then acid 1920 Gm. water gradually, con-
stantly stirring, then a few fragments camphor. After stand-
ing several weeks, filter.

Beale (DIGESTION FLUID). Dissolve dried mucus from the-
stomach glands of pig (or, prepared pepsin) in water or gly-
cerin, and keep tissues in solution for some hours at 37 C.

Beale (GLYCERIN JELLY). Soak gelatin or isinglass for 2 or 3
hours in cold water, then remove and melt. Cool, but while-
still fluid, add a little white of egg, shake well, and heat to
boiling-point. Filter through fine flannel to remove coagu-
lated albumin, and to clear solution add equal bulk of
glycerin.

Beale (PRUSSIAN- BLUE GLYCERIN MASS), a. Potassium
ferrocyanide 12 grains; glycerin, 4 fl. dr.; water, 4 fl. dr.
6. Tinct. ferric chloride, T fl. dr.; glycerin, 4 fl. dr.; water,
4 fl. dr. Add 6 to a very gradually, shaking well after each
addition, Then add alcohol, i fl. oz., and water, 3 fl. oz.,
shaking mixture constantly. Preserve injected specimens in
acidulated glycerin.

Beale (PRUSSIAN-BLUE GLYCERIN MASS, ACID), a. Potas-
sium ferrocyanide, 3 grains; glycerin, i fl. oz. 6. Tinct.
ferric chloride, TO drops; glycerin, i fl. oz. Add 6 to a by

1 6 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

drops, then add water, i fl. oz. and strong hydrochloric acid,
3 drops. If desired, add also 2 fl. dr. alcohol.

Bechamps (NITROBENZENE). Essential oil almonds adulterated
with nitrobenzene yields blue color on distilling with ferric
acetate, and adding chlorinated lime to distillate.

Bechi (COTTONSEED OIL). Warmed with an alcoholic ethereal
silver-nitrate solution, cottonseed oil (or colza oil if present)
yields reddish-brown color; olive oil and other oils remain
uncolored. The Swiss Society for Analytical Chemists in
1895 suggested the following reagent: Dissolve i Gm. silver
nitrate in 5 Cc. water, 200 Cc. alcohol, 20 Cc. ether, and add
i Cc. nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.4. To test for cottonseed oil, mix
10 Cc. of fat and 3 Cc. of reagent, and heat on water-bath 10
minutes. If cottonseed oil present, brown or even black
color develops. Compare Millian's test.

Becker (PICROTOXIN) This reduces Fehling's solution when
gently warmed with the latter.

Bedot (FIXING DELICATE PELAGIC ANIMALS). Add suddenly
a large quantity of 15- to 20-% cupric- sulphate solution to the
sea water containing the animals, and as soon as latter are
fixed add few drops nitric acid and leave for 4 or 5 hours.
Harden by adding two volumes Flemming's " strong " solution
to each volume copper solution, leave for 24 hours, then add
few drops of 25-% alcohol, and during next 15 days add more
alcohol gradually until strength of 70% attained. Use 90-%
alcohol for definite preservation.

Bedson (APOMORPHINE). On boiling morphine solution con-
taining apomorphine with potassuim hydroxide, brown color
develops.

Behier (URIC ACID). See Babo's test.

Behren (FATTY OILS). By treatment with a mixture of equal
parts of sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1.835 to 1.84, and nitric acid,
sp. gr. 1.3, different oils behave differently. Sesame oil gives
green color; olive oil, yellow.

Beilstein (HALOGENS). Chlorine, bromine or iodine may be
detected in organic substances by a green or blue color on dip-
ping cupric-oxide beads into suspected substance, and heating
in lower part of Bunsen flame.

Beissenhirtz (ANILINE). Solution of aniline in cone, sulphuric

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 17

acid acquires, when a grain potassium bichromate is added,
first a red, then blue, gradually-disappearing color.

Bela-von Bitto (ALDEHYDES AND KETONES). Fine greenish
fluorescence is produced in few minutes on adding to suspected
solution a few Cc. of aqueous or alcoholic solution (0.5- to i-%)
of a meta-diamine salt. Fluorescence disappears on adding
alkali and reappears on acidulating.

Bela-Haller (MACERATING MIXTURE). Flacial acetic acid,
i; glycerin, i; water, 2. Cells of central nervous system of
mollusca show less shrinkage after macerating 30 to 40 min-
utes in this than in other liquids.

Bell, Carter (ALUM IN FLOUR OR BREAD). Fresh 5-% log-
wood tincture in methylated spirit. Moisten 10 Gm. flour
with water, then add i Cc. tincture and an equal quantity
saturated ammonium-carbonate solution. Sample, if pure,
gives pinkish color gradually fading to buff or brown. If
alum present, a lavender or bluish tint develops, becoming
more marked on drying.

Bellamy (COPPER AND IRON). Tincture logwood affords blue
color.

Bellonci (NEUROLOGICAL METHOD). Treat material with 0.5-
to i-% ostnic-acid solut., hardening for 14 to 24 hours only;
cut sections, and treat with 8o-% alcohol, then with ammonia.

Benda (COPPER-HEMATOXYLIN). Harden material with chromic-
acid or Flemming's solut., leave sections for 24 hours in 5-%
neutral copper-acetate solut. at about 40 C., wash well with
distilled water, and stain dark-gray or blackish in saturated
aqueous hematoxylin. Decolorize sections in 0.2-% hydro-
chloric acid till light-yellow, put back into copper solut. till
bluish-gray, wash, dehydrate, clear, then mount in balsam.

Benda (DOUBLE STAIN). Stain sections 24 hours in aniline-
water safranine solut., then about half minute in solut. of 0.5
Gm. Lichtgriin F. S. or Saureviolett (Grtibler) in 200 Cc.

"~ alcohol. Dehydrate, then mount in balsam.

Benda (!RON-HEMATOXYLIN). Mordant sections 24 hours in
following solution diluted with i or 2 vol. water: Ferrous
sulphate, 80; water, 40; sulphuric acid, 15; nitric acid, 18.
Wash well, place in i-% aqueous hematoxylin until quite
black, wash again, and differentiate in 30-% acetic acid.

r8 TESTS AND REAGENTS,

Benysek (TUBERCLE BACILLI STAIN). Press -sputum between
two sterilized object-glasses, and expose to air (preferably
under a bell-jar) to dry. Avoid heat, otherwise stain less dis-
tinct. Now moisten dry sputum with mixture of cone, alco-
holic solut. fuchsinc, 4; carbolic acid, 5; and water 45, and
warm gently over spirit lamp till vapors rise, then wash with
water and stain with solut. methylene blue containing 10 per
cent, sulphuric acid. Wash again after 4 to 6 minutes and-
dry. Tubercles are thus stained a dark-red, while rest of
specimen is light-blue. Other bacteria not stained by this
process.

Bergman (MINERAL ACIDS). If wine or vinegar contains free
mineral acid, calcium oxalate is not precipitated on adding 5
drops normal ammonium-oxalate solution, followed by 5
drops 'normal calcium-sulphate solution.

Bergonzini (STAINING METHOD FOR PLASMA CELLS). Mix i
vol. of acid-fuchsine solution (0.2-%) with 2 vol. methyl-green
solut. (0.2-%) and 2 vol. gold-orange solution (0.2-%), and filter
through cotton wool. The gold orange used must not pre-
cipitate methyl green. Take sections from alcohol or corro-
sive-sublimate solut.; wash with water, and stain for 3 to 4.
minutes. Then wash with water for i or 2 minutes, immerse
in absolute alcohol for 2 minutes, clear in bergamot oil or
creosote, wash in turpentine, and mount in balsam.

Berkley (MODIFIED WEIGERT'S STAINING METHOD). Harden
sections of tissue not thicker than 2.5 Mm. for 24 to 30 hours
in Flemming's solut. at 25 C. Then put in absolute alcohol,
changed twice during first 24 hours ; when sufficiently hardened
imbed in celloidin and cut. Wash sections in water, immerse
over night in satur. solut. copper acetate (or warm therein at
35 to 40 C. for half hour) then wash, and stain for 15 to 20
minutes in mixture of 2 Cc. satur. solut. lithium carbonate,
5 Cc. boiling water (boil 2 minutes), and 1.5 to 2 Cc. i.o-%
hematoxylin solution. Warm stain to 40 c -' when sections
cool, differentiate for i to 3 minutes in Weigert's ferricyanide
liquid, diluted if necessary with one-third water. Then treat
with water, alcohol, and bergamot oil, and mount in xylol
balsam.

Berlin (URIC ACID). See Babo.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 19

Berlinerblau (REGENERATING WEIGERT'S HEMATOXYLIN).
Add 2.5 to 5% baryta water to used solution, shake well, and
leave for 24 hours. Then pass in carbon dioxide, let stand 24
hours and filter.

Bernouilly (ALCOHOL). Essential oils adulterated with alcohol
form dense solutions on adding dry potassium acetate. Com-
pare Barbier's test.

Berthelot (ALCOHOL). Shake dilute solution of alcohol with few
drops benzoyl chloride and soda-solution until odor of benzoyl
chloride disappears characteristic odor of ethyl benzoate
develops.

Berthelot (PHENOL) . Add a little sodium hypochlorite or solu-
tion chlorinated lime to slightly ammoniacal liquid (urine)
and warm blue color develops if phenol present. Acid
changes color to red, and ammonia subsequently added re-
stores original blue. Compare Boddc, Jacqiicmin, Lee, and
Salkowski.

Bertoni- Raymond! (NITROUS ACID IN BLOOD). Dialyse,
evaporate dialysate to dry ness, take up with hot alcohol, and
add starch paste and potass, iodide blue color develops.

Bertrand (ALKALOIDS). Silicotungstic acid, or a S-per cent,
solution of one of its salts, gives precipitates with alkaloids.
Reaction very delicate. Many precipitates give with oxidiz-
ers characteristic color reactions.

Bertrand (URic-Acm ESTIMATION). Add AgNO 3 to liquid
containing uric acid in presence of an alkaline carbonate, col-
lect pptd. silver, wash out any soluble silver salt present, treat
with NH 3 , and weigh residual metallic silver, o.ooi Gm. uric
acid = o.ooi235 Gm. Ag.

Berzelius (ALBUMIN). Fresh, cone, metaphosphoric-acid solu-
tion precipitates all albuminous substances (except peptone)
from their aqueous solutions.

Berzelius (ARSENIC). Mirror is formed and alliaceous odor
given off on heating arsenic in test-tube with charcoal.

Berzelius (BROMIDES). Heat fragment with a bead of salt of
phosphorus containing cupric oxide in blowpipe flame latter
acquires bluish-green color.

Berzelius (MUSK). Aqueous infusion of pure musk should not
precipitate solution mercuric chloride.

20 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Betelli (FUSEL OIL). Mix alcohol, 5 Cc.; water, 6 Cc.; chloro-
form, 15 drops. Shake well, and on standing, fusel oil in
alcohol can be detected on evaporating separated chloroform.

Bethe (METHYLENE-BLUE METHOD). Stain tissues of verte-
brates and rinse in salt solution, place -for 2 to 5 hours, accord-
ing to size, in solut. of ammonium molybdate, i Gm.; water,
10 Gm.; hydrogen dioxide, i Gm. (For invertebrates use
ammonium molybdate, i Gm.; water, 10 Cc.; hydrogen
dioxide, 0.5 Cc.) This should be not more than 8 days old,
and is best cooled to o C. Subsequently wash in water for
0.5 to 2 hours, dehydrate in alcohol at o C., clear in clove oil
or xylene, and imbed in paraffin or celloidin in the usual way,

Bethe (STAIN FOR CHITIN). Place series of mounted sections
on slides in fresh io-% aniline-hydrochlorate solut. (contain-
ing i drop hydrochloric acid in each 10 Cc.) for 3 or 4 minutes,
then rinse in water, and put slide with sections downwards in
io-% potassium-bichromate solut. Repeat process if stain
not sufficiently intense, but sections must be well rinsed with
water after each immersion.

Bettendorf (ARSENIC). Heat solution of stannous chloride in
cone, hydrochloric acid sp. gr. 1.19, with solution of arsenic
or arsenous acids in strong hydrochloric acid. Brownish tur-
bidity or precipitate of metallic arsenic and tin results. Pres-
ence of much sulphuric acid, or of oxidizing or organic sub-
stances, interferes with reaction.

Betz (AMMONIA CARMINE). Make thick syrupy mass by rub-
bing up commercial carmine with water and ammonia, with
continual stirring, to effect solution. Add large quantity of
water, after which filter solution and expose to sun in un-
corked green glass bottle until precipitate is deposited. Ex-
pose again, then filter, and repeat operation a third time.
When no further precipitate deposited, the stain is ready for
use.

Betz (HARDENING FLUID). Mixture of equal parts sulphuric
other and alcohol. Used for hardening brain of insects prior
to cutting sections.

Bial (PENTOSE; GLYCURONIC ACID). The reagent is prepared
from i to 1.5 Gm. orcine, 500 Gm. fuming HC1, and 25 to 30
drops i-% solut. Fe 2 Cl . On heating urine with the reagent

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 21

until bubbles begin to rise, a fine green color develops. Gly-
curonic acid also gives the reaction, but much more Fe 2 Cl is
required. In this case employ a pinch of orcine to 2 or 3 Cc.
of urine, and 4 to 5 Cc. fuming HC1, and add i to 2 drops io-%
solut. Fe 2 Cl c .

Bianco (CHROMO-ACETIC ACID). Add to concentrated acetic
acid one-tenth its bulk of i-% chromic-acid solution.

Bianco (NARCOTISING MIXTURE FOR ACTINIA, ETC.). Gly-
cerin, 20; alcohol (70-%), 40; sea water, 40. Pour carefully
on surface of water containing the animals, and allow to diffuse
quietly through it. Several hours may be necessary for this.

Bickfalri (DIGESTION FLUID). Mix i Gm. dried stomach mu-
cus with 20 Cc. of hydrochloric acid (0.5-%), and put into incu-
bator for 3 or 4 hours, then filter. Macerate tissue in this ^
to i hour.

Bieber (FIXED OILS). 5 vol. of a fixed oil with i vol. of a mix-
ture of equal weights cone, sulphuric acid, fuming nitric acid
and water. Color reaction occurs, varying with kind of oil.

Bieber (PEACH KERNEL AND ALMOND OILS). With Bieber's
reagent for fixed oils, peach-kernel oil gives deep orange color,
while true almond oil forms yellowish zone.

Biel (BENZENE AND BENZIN). These differ in behavior to
iodine (color), alcohol (solubility), asphalt (solubility), nitric
acid (nitrobenzene), and specific gravity.

Biel (COCAINE TEST). Heat solution of o.i Gm. of a cocaine salt
in i Cc. cone, sulphuric acid for several minutes on water-
bath, and add several Cc. water. White, crystalline precipi-
tate of benzoic acid forms.

Bill (BROMIDES). Mixture of i drop each hydrochloric acid
and gold-chloride solution with a bromide gives a yellow to
dark orange-red color.

Bill-Seligsohn (CINCHONINE). Acid salts of cinchonine (even
in urine) give an amorphous precipitate with potassium ferro-
cyanide, soluble on heating, but reprecipitated on cooling in
form of acicular prisms.

Biltz (loDic ACID). lodic acid in nitric acid gives blue color
on diluting acid with equal vol. water, adding few drops
starch solution, and then few drops sulphuretted-hvdrogen
water.

22 TESTS JND REAGENTS.

Biltz (SODIUM CARBONATES). Aqueous solut. pure sodium
bicarbonate (1:15) gives white cloudiness when one-sixth
its volume of aqueous solution mercuric chloride (1:20)
added. If monocarbonate present, brownish-red precipitate
falls.

Binz (CARBON MONOXIDE IN BLOOD). Saturated, warm (40
C.) solut. tannic acid.

Binz (QUININE IN URINE). Reagent consists of 2 parts iodine,
i part potassium iodide, and 40 parts water, i Gm. quinine
in 40 to 50 liters urine detected.

Biondi (STAIN). See Ehrlich-Biondi.

Bird (SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN PETROLEUM). Prepare solut.
of sodium plumbate by dissolving 1.5 dr. caustic soda in dis-
tilled water to make 10 fl. drs., heating to boiling point, and
while boiling adding litharge to saturation. Decant clear
liquid from undissolved litharge. Shake well i fl. dr. of white
petroleum oil to be examined, with 30 min. absolute alcohol,
add 2 drops test solution, shake again for few seconds, and
let stand for half hour. According to amount of sulphur
present, the mixture assumes tint varying from deep orange
with much sulphur, through orange and yellow to very pale
yellow with traces only.

Bischoff (BILIARY ACIDS). Heated with diluted sulphuric acid
and cane sugar these yield red color. See also Pettenkofer and
Strassburg.

Bischoff (MELTING-POINT TEST FOR BUTTER). See Drouot's
test.

Bitto (ALCOHOLS, MONATOMIC). Methyl violet 0.5 Gm., water
i liter. Shake i to 2 Cc. of this solution with 5 to 10 Cc. of
the fluid to be tested and 0.5 to i Cc. potassium-sulphide
solut. a monatomic alcohol develops a cherry-red to violet-
red color. If no alcohols present, mixture becomes greenish-
blue, precipitates reddish flocks, and finally appears yellow.
Di- and poly- atomic alcohols, carbohydrates, acids, aromatic
compounds, and phenols do not give the reaction.

Bitto, von-Bela. See Bela-von Bitto.

Bizzari-Bruno. See Bruno-Bizzari.

Bizzozero (GENTIAN-VIOLET METHOD). Stain in Ehrlich's gen-
tian-violet solut. for 5 or 10 minutes or longer; wash in alcohol

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 23

5 seconds; in Gram's iodine solut. 2 minutes; alcohol 20
seconds; aqueous chromic-acid solut. (o.i-%) 30 seconds;
alcohol 15 seconds; chromic-acid again 30 seconds; and
alcohol 30 seconds. Afterwards treat with changes of clove
oil until final decoloration, and mount in dammar. In another
process by Bizzozero, treatment with iodine solution is
omitted.

Bjeloussow (ACACIA INJECTION MASS). Mix syrupy solut.
acacia and saturated aqueous solut. borax, so as to have in
the mixture i part borax to 2 parts gum. Add distilled water
gradually to resulting mass, then force through fine-grained
cloth, and repeat operation until a mass free from suspended
gelatinous clots obtained.

Bjtfrklund (CACAO BUTTER). 3 Gm. cacao butter should give
a clear solution with 6 Gm. ether at 18 C. (otherwise wax
present). Dip test-tube in water at o C. ; a cloudiness within
10-15 minutes indicates presence of foreign fats.

Blachez (ALCOHOL). Alcohol in chloroform gives precipitate
on adding small piece potassium hydroxide, agitating, pour-
ing off chloroform after standing, five minutes, shaking with
equal volume water, then decanting latter and adding solut.
copper sulphate.

Blaise (QUININE). See VogeVs reaction.

Blanc (FIXING INFUSORIA). For larvae of Echinodermata,
Medusae, and Porifera, mix saturated solut. picric acid, 100;
sulphuric acid, 2; water, 600. For Rhizopoda and Infusoria,
add 2 to 3 drops of i-% acetic acid to every 15 Cc. of above
mixture. Wash out with 8o-% alcohol, followed by 90-%, and
absolute alcohol; then stain with tincture saffron (saffron, 5
Gm.; absolute alcohol, 15 Cc.), wash out with 8o-% alcohol,
and pass through absolute alcohol into clove oil.

Blanchard (STAINING BACTERIA). Treat cover- glass prepara-
tion with osmic acid, placed in position on slide, and run under
a drop of methyl- violet solut. After half an hour, complete
preparation by running in glycerin or saturated calcium-
chloride solut. tinted with methyl violet. If hematoxylin
used as stain, it should be allowed to act 24 hours, and the
preparation must then be washed repeatedly before mounting.

Blarez (ANILINE COLORS). Shake 20 Cc. wine with 5 Gnu

24 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

lead peroxide for one minute; color due to natural coloring
matter disappears, but aniline colors unaffected.

Bloxaxn (ALKALOIDS). Distinctive color reactions are given by
various alkaloids on dissolving in dilute hydrochloric acid and
adding bromine water drop by drop.

Bloxham (UREA). If a nitrate present add few drops ammo-
nium chloride solution; if absent acidulate with hydrochloric
acid. Evaporate to dryness in watch-glass and heat cau-
tiously as long as thick white fumes evolved. Dissolve residue
in a drop or two ammonia, add a drop barium chloride solut.
and stir. If urea present crystalline streaks of barium cyan-
urate will form in track of the rod.

Blum (ALBUMIN). Dissolve 0.03 to 0.05 Gm. manganous
chloride in little water acidulated with hydrochloric acid and
treat with 100 Cc. io-% solut. sodium metaphosphate. Then
add lead dioxide a little at a time, let liquid settle, and filter.
Resulting pink solution of manganic metaphosphate detects
albumin in urine. Place reagent in a test-tube and filter urine
into it.

Blum (HARDENING SOLUTION). Formaldehyde diluted with 10
vol. water.

Blyth (LEAD). Lead in potable water precipitates coloring
matter on adding tincture cochineal (i-%).

Boas (HYDROCHLORIC ACID). Solut. i Gm. resorcin and 3 Gm.
cane sugar in 100 Gm. alcohol (50-%) gives red color on adding
one drop to a solution containing free hydrochloric acid, and
evaporating to dryness. Compare Conrady's test,

Boas (LACTIC ACID). Test for lactic acid in gastric juice
depends on oxidation of the acid to aldehyde and formic
acid by action of sulphuric acid and manganese. The alde-
hyde detected by addition of Nessler's reagent or by formation
of iodoform when iodine solution added. This test for lactic
acid more delicate than that of Uffclmann, (q. v.).

Boas (REAGENT). Tropaeolin solution, or paper saturated with
such solution.

Boas (TEST PAPER). Tropaeolin Paper. Paper impregnated
with tropaeolin OO gives with alkalies a yellow, with acids a
red, color. Also known as Lutke's paper.

Bobierre (LEAD). Lead in tin gives yellow stain on applying a

TESTS AND REAGENTS. a$

drop glacial acetic acid, heating, and adding a drop potas-
sium-iodide solution (5-%).

Boccardi (SOLUTION), i. Oxalic-acid solut. (o.i- to 0.3-%).
2. Formic acid, 5 Cc.; oxalic-acid solut. (i-%), i Cc.; water,.

25 Cc.

Bodde (DIFFERENTIATING RESORCIN AND PHENOL, BENZOIC
AND SALICYLIC ACIDS). Resorcin solut. yields vialet color
with sodium hypochlorite, changing to yellow; with more:
hypochlorite and heat, a yellowish-red to brown. If ammo-
nia added before addition of hypochlorite, a violet first
ensues, changing to yellow, and, on boiling, liquid becomes-
dark green.

Phenol, salicylic acid, and benzoic acid yield a slight color
with hypochlorite only on heating. On previous addition of
ammonia the carbon acids are not colored, but phenyl yields,
a greenish-blue.

Boedecker (ALBUMIN). With albumin (e. ., in urine) acidu-
lated with acetic acid, potassium ferrocyanide causes turbidity
or flocculent precipitate.

Boedecker (SULPHITES). Sulphites in neutral liquids give with,
zinc-sulphate solut. and little sodium nitroptusside, a roseto*
dark-red color. Potassium ferrocyanide gives purple pre-
cipitate.

Boehm (BOMBAY MACE). Filter alcoholic extract of Bombay-
mace through pure white filter-paper paper only stained
pale-yellow color, and when dried, red color of Bombay mace-
appears round the edge.

Boehmer (HEMATOXYLIN). i. Add 2 or 3 drops i-% hema-
toxylin solut. in absolute alcohol to a v/atch-glassful of
aqueous solut. alum (0.5-%), leave sections in the mixture
half to i day, then pass in succession through absolute alcohol,
alcohol solut., tartaric acid, absolute alcohol again, then
through benzene or turpentine. Finally mount in castor oil.
2. Dissolve (a) crystallized hematoxylin, i Gm., in absolute
alcohol, 10 Cc., and (6) ammonia alum, 10 Gm., in distilled
water, 200 Cc. Mix and allow to ripen some days before use.
Filter after standing a week. Wash out with aqueous alum
solut. (0.5-%) or with acids.

Boehn (NEUTRAL CARMINE). Triturate 3 or 4 Gm. carmine:

$6 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

and 200 Gm. of water; add ammonia drop by drop, until the
solution acquires a cherry-red color. Then add acetic acid
until solution sealing-wax red in color and filter. To inten-
sify color add 2 drops ammonia before filtering, and expose in
open vessel until odor of ammonia gone. Stain tissues in this
for 24 hours (or longer if more than i Mm. thick), after which
wash out with mixture of equal parts glycerin and water,
acidulated with 0.5-% hydrochloric acid.

Boernstein (SACCHARIN). Extract substance with ether, and
heat extract, after ether removed by distillation, with resorcin
and sulphuric acid, and add excess of soda solution. If saccha-
rin present, a strong fluorescence develops. According to
Hooker, other substances, e. g., succinic acid, also give this
reaction.

Boettger (ALCOHOL). Alcohol gives blue color with solut. mo-
lybdic acid in sulphuric acid. Alcohol present in essential oils
can be removed by shaking with glycerin. Or, a piece of dry
potassium hydroxide added to the oil is soon covered with a
yellowish film.

Boettger (AMMONIA). Gaseous ammonia changes the color of
alkanin paper from red to blue.

Boettger (ANIMAL FIBER). Treat fabric with alcoholic solution
rosolic acid, then with soda solution, and wash. Animal fibers
(as wool) are dyed red, linen (flax) pink, but cotton remains
uncolored. Compare with Liebermanr/s tost.

Boettger (CARBON MONOXIDE [Co^L GAS]). Fabrics impreg-
nated with a palladium-chlorMe solut. are rapidly blackened
on exposure to coal gas. Ethylene, methane, and hydrogen
sulphide afford a similar reaction.

Boettger (COLORING MATTERS OF RED WINE). Mix i vol.
cone, copper-sulphate solut. with 3 vol. wine diluted to ten
times its volume. Pure red wine is thereby discolored. Un-
fermented wine, as well as coloring matter of huckleberries ,
malva, and cherries, and fuchsine, remain unchanged or are
colored violet.

Boettger (COTTON AND LINEN FIBERS). Dye fabric with fuch-
sine solution, wash out with water, then treat -with ammo-
nia. Cotton is decolorized; flax retains tKe dye. See Lieber-
mann's test.

TESTS 4ND RE/tGENTS. ,27

Boettger (ERGOT IN RYE-FLOUR). Heat several minutes with
equal bulk ether and few crystals of oxalic acid reddish
color develops.

Boettger (FLOUR IN STARCH). Flour in starch gives more or
less persistent foam on boiling i Gm. of the mixture with 180
Cc. water, and stirring briskly with a glass rod.

Boettger (GLUCOSE). Boil dilute glucose solution (or diabetic
urine) with sodium-carbonate solut. and some bismuth sub-
nitrate or bismuth oxy hydrate. Reduction causes blacken-
ing of suspended bismuth. According to Kruegcr, a stable
reagent can be prepared by heating 15 Gm. bismuth nitrate,
15 Gm. tartaric acid, 75 Gm. water, sufficient potassa lye to
effect solution, and some glycerin.

Boettger (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE), i. To a solution containing
hydrogen dioxide add some cadmium-iodide, and starch-
paste, containing also a little ferrous sulphate; blue color
(starch iodide) develops. (Also known as Schocnbein's
reagent.) 2. Heat liquid containing hydrogen dioxide with
few drops ammoniated silver-nitrate solut. containing no free
ammonia; cloudiness caused and silver is reduced.

Boettger (INDICATOR). Color of tincture Coleus verschaffelti is
changed from red to green on adding to an alkaline solution.

Boettger (MANGANESE). Red color develops on throwing a
little manganese into fused potassium chlorate.

Boettger (NITRIC ACID). Nitric acid in potable water rives a
red to brownish-red color on mixing 3 drops of trv water,
with two drops brucine solution, and 3 or 4 drops sulphuric
acid.

Boettger (NITROUS ACID). Nitrous acid gives blue color on
adding diluted sulphuric acid and cadmium-iodide starch
paste. See Bocttger's reagent.

Boettger (OZONE). Filter-paper saturated with gold-chloride
solution, free from acid, is colored violet by ozone. A test-
paper formerly suggested by Boettger contained thallium
hydroxide, which was colored brown by ozone.

Boettger (REAGENT). Solution of cadmium iodide and starch.
Dissolve starch, i, in water, 200, and hydrochloric acid, i.
Neutralize with calcium carbonate, 10; then add sodium

28 TESTS AKD REAGENTS.

chloride, 10; and cadmium chloride, 0.5, and make up to 250
with water.

Boettger (SAFRANINE). With sulphuric acid safranine turns,
blue, and subsequent addition of water changes color to
green.

Boettger (STAINING METHOD). Treated preparations with
Muller's fluid, then alcohol, then stain with rosaniline nitrate
dissolved in glycerin and water, wash out with alcohol, clear
with creosote or clove oil, and finally mount in balsam.

Boettger (SUGAR IN GLYCERIN). Heat 5 drops glycerin to
boiling with 100 drops water, i drop nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.3,
and 0.03 to 0.04 Gm. ammonium molybdate. Sugar colors
solution intensely blue.

Boettger (SULPHOCYANIDES). Filtering paper dipped in tinc-
ture guaiac and dried, then moistened with copper-sulphate
solution (1:2,000), is colored blue by sulphocyanides in
solution.

Boettger (TEST-PAPER), i. Anchusin Paper. Gives with
alkalies a green to blue color; with acids a red. 2. Colein
Paper. Gives with alkalies a yellow color, and with acids a
red.

Boettger (WATER IN ETHER). Ether containing water causes
a milky appearance on shaking gently with an equal bulk
carbon bisulphide.

Bogomolow-Wassilieff (ALBUMIN AND PEPTONES), i. Car-
minic acid precipitates albumin (either egg or in urine) even
in very dilute solutions (1:9,000). Also precipitates proteo-
albumoses and deutero-albumoses. The latter change color
of carminic-acid solut. (33-per cent, aqueous) to black, and
precipitate does not dissolve on boiling; former simply darken
it, and the ppt. dissolves on boiling. Albumoses insol. in
water give reddish-violet color with carminic-acid solut.
2. Precipitate any accompanying albuminoids with tri-
chloracetic acid. Peptone revealed in filtrate by biuret
reaction. See Dcvoto's reaction for peptone.

Bohland (URINARY DEPOSITS). To preserve urinary deposits,
decant supernatant urine, wash residue with physiological salt
solution (sodium chloride, 4; sodium carbonate, 3; water,
1,000), then treat with Muller's solution, renewing this 3 or 4.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 29

times in 14 days. Finally harden with alcohol, frequently
renewed until colorless.

Bohlig (AMMONIA). a. Mercuric chloride, i; water, 30.
b. Potassium carbonate, i ; water, 50. Free ammonia and
its carbonate cause white turbidity with solution a. If reac-
tion is first induced on addition of solution 6, the ammonia
is combined with other acids.

Bolas (NITRIC ACID). Mix 10 parts sulphuric acid with i of
ferrous-sulphate solution, heat, and carefully overlay on
suspected liquid. Nitric acid causes brown zone.

Bollet (CASTOR OIL). Heat 10 Gin. of the oil with 6 Gm. alco-
hol solut. silver nitrate (silver nitrate, 5 Gm.; nitric acid, i
Gm.; alcohol, 100 Gm.) five minutes on a water-bath after
thorough mixing if cottonseed oil present a reddish color
develops.

Bolley (BUTTER). Butter exposed to sunlight in contact with
a moistened strip of blue litmus paper reddens the latter;
artificial butter does not.

Bolton (INDICATOR). Polysulphide solution a very cone,
solut. of sublimed sulphur in a solut. of an alkaline sulphide.
Gives with alkalies no ppt.; with acids, however, a turbidity
(pptd. sulphur).

Bonastre (MYRRH). Saturate strips of filter-paper with tinc-
ture myrrh, dry, and wet with a drop nitric acid. Genuine
myrrh causes a violet color.

Bonne (MACERATION FLUID). Mix io-% sodium-chloride solu-
tion, 5, with absolute alcohol, i.

Born-Wieger (QUINCE MUCILAGE). Mix 2 vol. quince mucilage
and i vol. glycerin and add trace of carbolic acid. Used to
fix serial sections to slides, gentle heat being applied for that
purpose.

Bornstein (SACCHARIN). Extract substance with ether, distil
off solvent, and heat residue with resorcin and concentrated
sulphuric acid. Saccharin produces a marked fluorescence
on saturating with caustic soda.

Borntraeger (ALOE REACTION). Shake alcoholic extract aloes
with benzin. To benzin solution, after separation from alco-
holic layer, add small amount strong ammonia water, and
gently heat while shaking. Aloes (also other substances,

30 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

such as rhubarb, curcuma, galls, catechu) effect a violet col-
oration of ammoniacal solution.

Borntraeger (INDICATOR). Concentrated tincture of fresh
orange peel, shaken with ether, is not affected by acids, but
turns lemon-yellow with alkalies.

Borodin (SOLUBLE PRECIPITATES). Process consists in treat-
ing precipitate with a saturated solution of the body with
which it is supposed to be identical. E. g. y a vegetable mi-
croscopical preparation, containing a substance, suspected
to be asparagin, is treated with a saturated solution of that
body. If it be asparagin, it will be insoluble; if not, it will
probably be dissolved.

Borsarelli (ALCOHOL). Heat essential oils containing alcohol
with dry calcium chloride a dense solution is formed.

Bouchardat (ALBUMIN). 3.32 Gm. potassium iodide, 1.35 Gm.
mercuric chloride, 20 Cc. acetic acid, and water to make 60
Cc. Solut. precipitates albumin in urine. Also precipitates
uric acid, mucin, and alkaloids. Uric-acid ppt. more soluble >
especially on heating, hence test in well diluted urine. Mucin
ppt. is light and cloudy albumin ppt. is flocculent. Alkaloid
ppt. soluble on warming and in alcohol.

Bouchardat (ALKALOIDAL REAGENT). Dissolve 10 Gm. iodine
and 20 Gm. potassium iodide in 500 Gm. water. With
aqueous solution of most alkaloids reagent yields reddish-
brown precipitates.

Boudart (DIFFERENTIATING FATTY OILS). Mix oils with nitric
acid, sp. gr. 1.45 to 1.50. A carmine-red coloration gradually
produced by genuine cod-liver oil.

Boudet (OLIVE OIL). Note color produced on adding 3 parts
of mixture of equal volumes sulphuric and nitric acids to 10
parts of the oil; and solidification caused by addition of 5-%,
fuming nitric acid to oil.

Bougault (ARSENIC IN GLYCERIN). Dissolve 20 Gm. of so-
dium hypophosphite in 20 Cc. of water, add 200 Cc. of cone.
HC1 (sp. gr. 1.17), filter through cotton, and mix 10 Cc.
reagent with 5 Cc. glycerin to be tested. On now heating the
mixture on a water-bath, a flocculent brown ppt. or dark-
brown color develops if but o.oooi Gm. arsenous acid is

TESTS AND REAGENTS: 31.

present. Even 0.00002 Gm. still gives a distinct brown
color, while o.ooooi may still be detected.

Bourget (IODIDES IN URINE AND SALIVA). Impregnate
filter-paper with a 5-per cent, starch solut., dry, and cut into
squares of 5 Cm. each. Then drop 2 or 3 drops of a 5 -per
cent, ammonium-persulphate solut. in the center of each
square, and dry pieces in the dark. Prepared paper gives even
with traces of iodine an intensely blue color. Reaction
visible in solution containing 0.00005 per cent. KI.

Bourgoin (NITROBENZENE). Shake 15 drops essential oil bit-
ter almonds with 8 drops potassa solut. ; green color devel-
ops if nitrobenzene present ; on subsequently adding 20 drops
water two layers form the upper green , the lower yellow.

Bourne (BORAX CARMINE). Mix saturated solution of carmine
in 4-% borax solution with equal volume of 70-% alcohol.
Let mixture stand a week, then filter; if carmine deposited
subsequently, filter again. Leave tissues in this stain for i
to 3 days, according to size, then immerse in acidulated alcohol
for 3 to 6 hours until bright and transparent.

Bourreau (ALBUMIN). See Rock's reagent.

Boussingault (NITRIC ACID). Depends on decolorization of
indigo solution in sulphuric acid in presence of hydrochloric
acid. Heat a little of the latter in test-tube, add a few drops
of very dilute indigo- sulphate solution, then the substance to
be tested. Nitric acid discharges blue color.

Boutmy-Brouardel. See Brouardcl-Boutmy.

Bouvier (AMYLIC ALCOHOL). Alcohol containing fusel oil ac-
quires a yellowish color on adding a few crystals potassium
iodide and agitating gently.

Braconnot (ARSENIC). Extract arsenic with alcohol and test
with sulphuretted hydrogen.

Bradford (OLIVE OIL). Reddish color on shaking olive oil
with solution of lead subacetate indicates presence of cotton*
seed oil.

Brady (CHLORAL-HYDRATE MEDIUM). Strong, aqueous chloral-
hydrate solution.

Braeutigam-Edelmann (HORSE MEAT). Boil 50 Gm. of meat
to be tested with 200 Gm. water for i hour. Evaporate fil-
tered broth to one-half its volume, remove albumin by means

3* TESTS AND REAGENTS.

of dilute nitric acid, and add iodine water to form a layer.
Horse meat, on account of its large percentage of glycogen,
causes a burgundy-red zone. Starch and dextrin interfere
with the reaction, the former giving a blue, the latter a red
color.

Brand (ABRASTOL IN WINE). Treat wine first with lead per-
oxide and sulphuric acid to eliminate other coloring matter,
then shake out with chloroform, and evaporate solvent; abras-
tol is left and may be identified by green color reaction with
sulphuric acid.

3rand (FLUORINE IN BEER). Modification of Niviere's test
(q. v.). Convert fluorine in the precipitate into hydrofluoric
acid by adding sulphuric acid; then identify by its etching
properties. For details see "Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Brauwesen,"

1895* P- 317-

.Brand (THALLEIOQUIN REACTION) . i . Triturate salts of quinine
or quinidine with a little chlorine water, and add ammonia;
green color develops. If to solution of alkaloids, after addi-
tion of a slight excess of chlorine water, ammonia water is
added drop by drop, a green, flocculent precipitate forms,
soluble with green color in excess of ammonia water.

2. Hyde's modification consists in acidulating a quinine
solution containing 5 Mg. of the alkaloid, with one drop sul-
phuric acid (1:4), passing through a small filter and adding
chlorinated-lime solution until bluish fluorescence first visible
is destroyed. A few drops dilute ammonia (1:3) are now
added; if quinine present, a bright green color develops,
changed by dilute sulphuric acid to red.

Brandberg (BENZENE; BENZIN). Pitch dissolves in benzene,
but not in petroleum spirit.

Brandt (GLYCERIN JELLY). Soak 2 parts gelatin in water, till
soft, then drain, melt, add 3 parts glycerin, and filter.

Branson (ASSAY OF GOLD CHLORIDE). Dissolve 15 grains of
the salt in water, add 25 Cc. of normal oxalic acid solut., set
aside for 36 hours at about 21 C. and expose to light for 12
hours, then boil, collect precipitate, dry, incinerate and
weigh the metallic gold.

Brantlecht (POTABLE WATER). To detect organic impurities
in potable water, treat 100 Cc. with 5 drops aluminium-sul-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 33

phate solution (aluminium sulphate, i ; hydrochloric acid, i ;
water, 8), and add i or 2 drops ammonia. Filter off precipi-
tate, dissolve it in 10 or 15 drops diluted acetic acid, and
examine under the microscope before and after addition of
safranine.

Brass (ALCOHOLIC CARMINE). 70-% alcohol, 100 Cc.; hydro-
chloric acid, 15 drops; carmine, an excess.

Braun (CHLORATES). Chlorates yield cherry-red color on adding
solution of aniline sulphate containing toluidin and hydro-
chloric acid. On neutralizing, color changes to blue.

Braun (GLUCOSE). Glucose solution heated with a few drops
picric-acid solution (1:250) gives a deep red color. Creati-
nine gives a similar reaction with picric acid, and so does ace-
tone, but weaker color.

Braun (MOLYBDIC ACID). Aqueous solution potassium ethyl-
sulpho-carbonate gives a yellow to flesh-colored precipitate,
which soon becomes violet, on adding to a very dilute solution
of molybdic acid containing a little nitric acid.

Braun (NICKEL). A rose-red to deep brownish red color, almost
black, results on adding solution of potassium sulphocarbonate
to a solution containing nickel.

Braun (NITRIC ACID), i. Addition of first a small quantity
aniline sulphate, then cone, sulphuric acid, to solution of a
nitrate (or of free nitric acid) produces violet-blue color.
2. Add to i Cc. sulphuric acid, drop by drop, 0.5 Cc. aniline-
sulphate solution (10 drops aniline and 50 Cc. diluted sul-
phuric acid). Place some reagent on a porcelain plate and
draw through it a glass rod dipped in suspected liquid. Ni-
tric acid present causes a reddish fringe on breathing upon
surface of the mixture.

Breinl (SESAME OIL). HC1 and aldehydes of aromatic series
give various color reactions. Shake 10 Cc. oil for half minute
with o.i Cc. aldehyde solut. and 10 Cc. cone. HC1 with
benzoic aldehyde an orange color forms; with vanillin, piper-
onal, or orthoxybenzoic aldehyde a reddish- violet color de-
velops, even in solut. containing 0.5-% oil.

Bremer (GLUCOSE IN BLOOD). Mix equal volumes saturated
solutions eosin and methylene blue, collect precipitate, dry,
finely powder, and mix with i-24th its weight of eosin and

34 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

i-6th of methylene blue. When required for use 0,02 to 0.05
Gm. of mixture are dissolved in alcohol (33-%), 10 Gm. Im-
merse a cover-glass with a drop of the blood to be examined
in solution for 4 minutes. Glucose causes a blue-black color.

Bremer (GLUCOSE IN URINE). Introduce 10 Cc. normal and
diabetic urine respectively into two test-tubes, and place a
small pinch of Gentian Violet B, Merck, on surface of liquid
in each tube so as to avoid having any of the powder touch the
side of the tubes. In normal urine the violet floats on the sur-
face and gives off little clouds and threads which disappear on
slight agitation, fine particles falling to the bottom. Diabetic
urine is colored in a few seconds, from surface downwards, a
blue or bluish- violet, permanent on agitation. The more
sugar present, the deeper the color. If methylene blue is used,
normal urine is colored green; diabetic urine blue.

Bremer (SESAME OIL). To a cooled mixture of 50 Cc. absolute
alcohol and sulphuric acid add 10 drops furfurol. When one
drop of reagent is stirred with sesame oil (or with margarine
containing it) a red color develops in i or 2 minutes. Pure
butter and albuminoids are not colored. Compare Villa-
vccchia and Fabrics reagent.

Bretet (DIFFERENTIATING GLUCOSE FROM SACCHAROSE OR
LEVULOSE IN URINE). Precipitate obtained by interrupted
boiling with Fehling's solut. readily and rapidly settles; that
afforded by saccharose or levulose acquires a yellowish to red-
brown color, and remains suspended for a long time.

Brieger (PYROCATECHIN). Add one drop of urine to i drop very
dilute ferric-chloride solut. on watch-glass pyrocatechin
causes an emerald-green color; on adding now a dilute solut.
sodium bicarbonate, or ammonium carbonate, fluid becomes
violet, changing back to green with acetic acid. '

Brieger (STRYCHNINE). Pure chromic acid gives a violet color
with strychnine.

Brissemoret (ALKALOIDS OF OPIUM). With Keller's reagent
(cone. H,SO 4 containing a trace of Fe); with cone. H 2 SO 4
containing a trace of NO; and with pure H 2 SO 4 , various color
reactions are obtained. For details of the reactions see
MERCK'S REPORT, ix, p. 322.

Bristol (REGENERATING OSMIC-ACID SOLUTIONS). Add 10 to

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 35

20 drops fresh hydrogen dioxide solution to each 100 Cc. of
i-% osmic-acid solut.

Brosicke (STAINING METHOD). Treat tissues with i-% osmic-
acid solut. for i hour, then wash out carefully and immerse
for 24 hours in cold saturated aqueous oxalic-acid solution.
Tissues should not be allowed to blacken in the osmic-acid
bath.

Brouardel-Boutmy (DIFFERENTIATING PTOMAINES AND PLANT
ALKALOIDS), i. With potassium ferrocyanide and ferric
chloride ptomaines produce a blue color. 2. Characters are
written with a quill on silver- bromide paper, using solution
of the alkaloid or ptomaine. The paper, after laying aside for
half-hour, protected from light, is developed with hyposul-
phite. Ptomaines yield black characters; plant alkaloids do
not. (Morphine also yields reaction i. compare Kieffer's
reaction in fact none of tjie above reactions, depending on
reducing properties of ptomaines, can be considered charac-
teristic.)

Brown (COPPER). Treat copper salt in solution with excess of
potassium iodide cuprous iodide precipitated. The iodine
in latter determined with standard solution sodium thio-
sulphate.

Bruecke (BERLIN-BLUE INJECTION. MASS). Wash precipitate
resulting on adding aqueous solut. of ferric chloride (5-%) to
aqueous solut. potassium ferrocyanide (io-%) till water begins
to run off blue, then dry. Or, mix io-% ferric-chloride solut.
and 20-% potassium ferrocyanide separately with twice their
volume of a cold saturated solut. sodium sulphate, then mix
as before. In either case a cone, solut. is made of the washed
and dried Berlin blue, and just sufficient gelatin added to form
a jelly when cold. The injection should be used at 60 C.,,
and injected material must be hardened in 94-% alcohol.
Clear sections with resinous turpentine, prepared by exposure
to air in large vessels, stain with carmine if desired, and avoid
glycerin for mounting.

Bruecke (BILIARY PIGMENTS IN URINE). Boil with diluted
nitric acid, then add cone, sulphuric acid a green color chang-
ing to blue develops. Detects bile if 7.5 per cent, of latter
present. See Gmelin's test.

36 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Bruecke (BIURET REACTION FOR ALBUMINOIDS). Coagulated
albumin acquires a handsome violet color when treated first
with diluted copper-sulphate solut., then, after the excess is
removed, with dilute soda solution. Comp. Rose's biuret
reaction.

Bruecke (DIGESTION FLUID). Glycerinated extract pig's stom-
ach, i vol.; hydrochloric acid (0.2-%), 3 vol.; thymol, a few'
crystals.

Bruecke (GLUCOSE). Boil 5.5 Gm. freshly precipitated, moist
bismuth subnitrate for 10 minutes with a solut. 30 Gm. potas-
sium iodide in 100 Gm. water, then add 5 Gm. (25-%) hydro-
chloric acid. Glucose (diabetic urine) effects reduction and
causes a brown or black color.

Bruecke (PROTEIDS). Saturate boiling io-% potassium-iodide
solution with freshly precipitated mercuric iodide, and filter
when cold; in solutions acidulated with hydrochloric acid,
proteids are precipitated on the addition of reagent. Com-
pare Tanret's reagent and Oliver's test-paper.

Bruecke (RED INJECTION FLUID). A concentrated solut. po-
tassium ferrocyanide is followed by a similar solution of
copper sulphate.

Bruecke (UREA). Crystalline deposit obtained on heating alco-
holic extract with a little amylic alcohol, filtering and adding
solution of oxalic acid in amylic alcohol.

Brulle (FOREIGN OILS [COTTONSEED OIL] IN OLIVE OIL).
Boil 10 Cc. of the oil with o.i Gm. powdered albumin and
20 Cc. nitric acid. When albumin is dissolved, pure oil is
almost colorless, and, on cooling, of a turbid, straw-yellow
color. Color permanent after 24 hours, and liquid solidifies.
Cottonseed oil causes liquid to become orange to brownish-
red on solution of albumin, and no solidification takes place.

Brun (GLUCOSE MEDIUM). Dist. water, 140; glucose, 40; gly-
cerin, 10 ; camphorated spirit, 10. Filter to remove excess of
camphor.

Brunner (DiAzo REACTION). a. Para-amido-acetophenone,
0.5 Gm. ; hydrochloric acid, 50 Gm. ; distilled water, i ,000 Gm.
b. Sodium nitrite, 0.5 Gm.; distilled water, 100 Gm. For
use mix 100 Gm. a with 2 Gm. b. Place 10 Gm. of this mix-
ture and an equal quantity urine in a test-tube, and add 2.5

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 37

Gm. of lo-per cent, ammonia water in certain febrile dis-
eases (e. g. typhoid) a ruby-red develops.

Brunner (GLUCOSIDES). On heating with bile and sulphuric
acid they produce a red color (reversed Pettenkofer's re-
action).

Brunner (NITROBENZENE). Red color is produced on adding
potassa solution, alcohol and a little sulphur to nitrobenzene,

Brunner (PICRIC ACID). A woolen thread immersed in liquid
containing picric acid, then rinsed lightly in water and ex-
tracted with ammonia, is colored red by potassium-cyanide
solut.

Brunner (SULPHUR). Reddish color obtained on mixing sul-
phur with potassa solut. and adding few drops of nitroben-
zene and alcohol to the mixture.

Bruno-Bizzari (GLUCOSE). Strips of white woolen material
dipped in a io-% aqueous stannous-chloride solut. and dried.
Drop a few drops diabetic urine on prepared material and
heat decided dark spot appears. Test may be made quan-
titive by comparing spot with one caused by a glucose solut.
of i or 2 : 200, or other known strength.

Brunotti (GELATIN IMBEDDING MASS). Dissolve 20 Gm. gela-
tin in 200 Cc. dist. water with heat, filter, and add 30 to 40 Cc.
acetic acid and i Gm. mercuric chloride.

Buchheister (OLIVE OIL). Test depends on color reactions
following addition to olive oil of equal parts nitric and sul-
phuric acids. See also Boudet's test.

Buchner (JALAP; SCAMMONY). Dissolve jalap and scammony
resins in diluted potassa or soda solution, then heat and filter;
no precipitate and only a slight opalescence should be caused
by diluted sulphuric acid in excess.

Buckingham (ALKALOIDS). Freshly prepared solut. of i Gm.
ammonium molybdate in 16 Gm. cone, pure sulphuric acid
heated till solution is clear. Reagent yields precipitates of
different colors with various alkaloids. "Comp. Hager,
Pharm. Praxis," 1886, I. p. 204.

Budge (ASPHALT INJECTION MASS). Cover asphalt with ben-
zene, and let stand several days; then preserve for use.
Before injecting, add 30 to 50% benzene, and filter. Chloro-
form or turpentine may be used instead of benzene.

38 TESTS AND RE/tGENTS.

Bujwid (ARSENIC). A culture of the mold Penicillium brevi-
caulis, grown upon potato at 37 C., gives rise to a strong
alliaceous odor in presence of such minute traces of arsenic as
would scarcely respond to Marsh's test.

Bujwid (NITRITES). Dilute an alcoholic solution of indol (i or
2 : 16,000) with water. On adding a few drops of this solut. to
10 Cc. water heated with a few drops hydrochloric acid (free
from nitrites) to 7o-8o C., a fine red color develops if water
tested contains nitrites.

Bujwid-Dunham (PRODUCTS OF ASIATIC CHOLERA BACILLUS).
See PochVs reaction.

Bunge (STAINING FLAGELLA). Mordant with mixture of 3
parts aqueous solut. tannin, and i part aqueous i : 20 ferric-
chloride solution, adding to each 10 Cc. i Cc. of saturated
aqueous solut. fuchsine. Treat with mordant for 5 minutes,
then wash and stain with Neelson's solution.

Bunger (HARDENING FLUID FOR MICROSCOPIC SECTIONS).
Chromic-acid solution (i-%), 25; osmic-acid solut. (i-%), 10;
acetic acid (i-%), 20; water, 45.

Bunsen (PHOSPHORIC ACID). Phosphoric acid in minerals is
indicated by formation of phosphoretted hydrogen on fusing
the minerals with sodium and moistening with water.

Burchard (CHOLESTERIN AND CHOLESTERIN FATS). Dissolve
substance in chloroform, then add acetic anhydride and a few
drops sulphuric acid a violet to green color develops.

Burgess (CITRAL AND OTHER AROMATIC COMPOUNDS). Dis-
solve 10 Gm. mercuric sulphate in 25-% H 2 SO 4 to make 100
Cc. Vigorously shake 2 Cc. of substance with 5 Cc. of re-
agent, and note color after 10 minutes. Citral yields a bright-
red color on shaking, which disappears rapidly with formation
of a whitish compound. Citroncllal gives a bright-yellow on
shaking, and remains for some time. Limoncne gives an
evanescent faint flesh color. Linalyl acetate gives a brilliant
permanent violet. Linalol gives a deep-violet quickly, and
Eugcnol affords a light-violet. Caryophylline gives a yellow-
ish compound. For details see MERCK'S REPORT, x, p. 86.

Busch (DECALCIFICATION OF BONE). Dilute i vol. pure nitric
acid (sp. gr. 1.25) with ten vol. water, for decalcifying large
and tough bones; for young bones dilute to i%. Treat bones

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 39

with 95-% alcohol for 3 days, then in the nitric acid for 8 to
10 days, the latter being changed daily. When decalcifica-
tion complete, wash for i or 2 hours in running water, then
immerse in 95-% alcohol, which should be changed after a
few days. Young and fetal bones may be treated first with
solut. containing i% potassium bichromate and 0.1% chromic
acid; then decalcified with i- or 2-% nitric acid, to which i%
potassium bichromate or 0.1% chromic acid has been added.
Then place in alcohol.

Busch (STAINING BONE). Stain sections of decalcified bone for
5 or 10 minutes in weak aqueous eosin solut., which may be
preceded or followed by hematoxylin, then dehydrate in
absolute alcohol, and mount without cleaning in benzene-
balsam.

Busse (BOMBAY MACE). Immerse strips of white filter-paper
in alcoholic extract of the mace for 30 minutes, then plunge
in saturated baryta water quickly heated to boiling; remove
and dry on filter-paper. With Bombay mace the dry strips
assume a bright red; true Banda mace gives a brownish yel-
low, the under side of the paper being pale reddish brown.
Papua mace gives colors resembling the Banda variety, but
less intense.

Busse (CELLOIDIN SOLUTIONS). Three successive baths are
prepared by dissolving 10 parts celloidin in 150, 105 and 80
parts respectively of a mixture of equal parts ether and abso-
lute alcohol. See Elsching's solution.

Butschli (AciD HEMATOXYLIN). Dilute Delafield's solution and
add enough acetic acid to decidedly redden it.

Butschli (IMBEDDING METHOD). Pass directly from chloroform
into chloroformic paraffin solution, then evaporate chloroform
at melting-point of paraffin.

Butschli (IRON HEMATOXYLIN). Treat sections with weak
aqueous solut. ferric acetate, wash with water, and stain in
o.s-per cent, aqueous hematoxylin solution.

Cadet (ARSENIC). The characteristic odor of cacodyl develops
on heating with sodium acetate.

Cadier (ALBUMIN). Same as Tanret's reagent (q. v.).

Cailletet (COPPER IN OILS). Shake 10 Cc. of oil with a solu-

40 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

tion of o.i Gm. pyrogallic acid in 5 Cc. ether copper causes a
brown color and turbidity.

Cailletet (FATTY OILS). 12 parts of phosphoric acid sp. gr.
1.44; 7 parts sulphuric acid sp. gr. 1.84; and 10 parts nitric
acid sp. gr. 1.37. According to other authorities it is a nitric
acid containing nitrous acid.

Cailletet (TARTARIC AND CITRIC ACIDS). Pour a saturated
solution of potassium bichromate on a crystal of the
acid. Pure citric acid slowly develops a brownish zone; if
tartaric acid present the color is violet or black.

Caillian (GLUCOSE). On shaking urine with half its volume of
chloroform, and allowing to stand, any glucose present will be
found in the upper layer.

Calberla (GLYCERIN MIXTURE). Equal parts glycerin, alco-
hol, and water. Keep fixed objects in the mixture till re-
quired for dissection or section cutting.

Calberla (!NDULIN STAIN). Dilute a cone, aqueous solut. of
indulin with 6 vol. of water and stain sections 5 to 20 minutes.
Then wash in water or alcohol and examine in glycerin or clove
oil.

Calberla (MACERATING MIXTURE). Potassium chloride, 0.4
Gm.; sodium chloride, 0.03 Gm. ; sodium phospKate, 0.2 Gm.;
calcium chloride, 0.2 Gm.; water impregnated with carbon
dioxide, 100 Gm. Mix i vol. of this solut. with half a vol. of
Muller's solut., and i vol. water. The Muller's solut. may be
replaced by a 2.5-per cent, solut. ammonium chromate.
Nerve and muscle tissues of embryos are macerated in this
mixture, then isolated by teasing and shaking; specimens
are finally mounted in cone, solut. potassium acetate.

Calberla (METHYL-GREEN AND EOSINE). Dissolve eosine i,
and methyl green 60, in warm 3O-per cent, alcohol. Stain
sections in this for 5 to 10 minutes, wash quickly in successive
alcohols, and mount in balsam or glycerin.

Calvert (FIXED OILS). Characteristic color reactions are pro-
duced on shaking fixed oils with one-fifth their bulk of nitric
or sulphuric acid of varying strengths, and putting aside for
five or ten minutes. A mixture of the strong acids (equal
parts) may also be used, and when nitric acid is used alone, an
excess of soda solution may or may not be used subsequently.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 41

Other variations of the test involve, the use of syrupy phos-
phoric acid, nitro-hydrochloric acid, followed by excess of
soda solution; a mixture of equal volumes of water, nitric acid
and sulphuric acid ; or i volume of soda solution may be added
to 4 volumes of oil, prior to boiling.

Camoin (SESAME OIL). Same as Baudoin's test.

Campani (COPPER). Copper gives a yellow to orange-red pre-
cipitate on mixing a solution of glucose with lead-subacetate
solution.

Campani (GLUCOSE). Mixture of a concentrated lead-acetate
solution with a dilute copper-acetate solution. Cane-sugar
causes no change; glucose reduces the copper salt.

Campani (MANGANESE). Exhaust ashes containing manganese
with hot water and boil with mixture of nitric acid, 85 vol-
umes, phosphoric acid, 15 volumes. Evaporate clear liquid
to dryness, take up residue with hydrochloric acid, and again
evaporate to dryness amethyst color develops.

Campani (POTASSIUM SALTS). Bismuth-sodium-thiosulphate
(obtained by dissolving bismuth subnitrate, i, in smallest
possible quantity of hydrochloric acid, and adding sodium
thiosulphate, i). In aqueous solution potassium salts give
with reagent a yellow precipitate insoluble in alcohol.

Candussio (PHENOLS). Solut. of potassium ferricyanide, i part
in 100 parts 10- or 20-% ammonia, gives various color reac-
tions with different phenols.

Capezzuoli (SUGAR). Precipitate ferric hydroxide by excess of
potassa. If sugar present, a dark, orange-yellow ring is devel-
oped in 24 hours at surface of precipitate.

Cappagnoli (GLUCOSE). According to Wilder, a blue color is
produced on adding solut. copper hydroxide in potassa solu-
tion.

Capranika (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Add solut. bromine in chlo-
roform to urine if biliary pigments present a green color
develops, which, on shaking with hydrochloric acid, is taken
up by the acid.

Capranika (GUANINE). With solutions containing guanine,
picric acid gives yellow, concentrated potassium chromate
an orange red, and potassium ferricyanide a brown precipitate.

42 TSrS AND REAGENTS

Add a few drops of fairly fresh oil turpentine to a few Cc. milk
in porcelain saucer and heat slowly, then add alcoholic solut.
resin guaiac unboiled milk is colored blue; boiled milk gives
no color.

Carey Lea (GELATIN). Acid solution of mercuric nitrate gives
a red color.

Carey Lea (HYDROCYANIC ACID AND CYANIDES). Ferrous-
ammonio-sulphate, i ; uranium nitrate, i ; water, 240 or $50.
Reagent gives a purple-red color or precipitate with hydro-
cyanic acid or its salts. Add 2 drops of the suspected liquid,
on a porcelain slab, to 2 drops of the test solution, so that the
two liquids just touch.

Carey Lea (THIOSULPHATES). A rose-red to scarlet color is
prodticed on boiling with a few drops solution of ruthenium
chloride in presence of ammonia.

Carey Lea (IODINE). A bluish color is developed on adding
starch paste, stirring well, then adding a drop dilute solut. of
potassium bichromate and a few drops of hydrochloric acid.

Carizzi (BLEACHING PROCESS). Cover small quantity of so-
dium dioxide with io-% solut. tartaric or acetic acid, and
cautiously overlay with 70-% alcohol. Saturate objects with
alcohol, and suspend in supernatant alcoholic fluid. Avoid
using mineral acids or much dioxide, or reaction may be
very violent.

Carlinfanti (MODIFIED BAUDOUIN'S TEST). After shaking oil
with hydrochloric acid containing sugar, allow mixture to
deposit if sesame oil present, the hydrochloric acid appears
purplish-red; color is permanent on dilution with three parts
water, whereas a similar coloration, when pure olive oil is
present, disappears.

Carnot (ARSENIC). Precipitate as sulphide, and convert latter
into arsenic acid by ammonia, silver nitrate and hydrogen
peroxide and determine this as bismuth arsenate (very in-
soluble in dil. nitric acid), which is simply dried and weighed.

arnoy (ACETIC ALCOHOL), i. Glacial acetic acid, i part;
absolute alcohol, 3 parts. 2. Glacial acetic acid, i part;
absolute alcohol, 6 parts; chloroform, 3 parts. The addition
of chloroform is said to render the action of the mixture more
rapid.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 43

Carnoy (HARDENING SOLUTION). Chromic-acid solution (2-%),
45; osmic-acid solution (2-%), 16; glacial acetic acid, 3.

Carnoy (SALT SOLUTION). Add a trace of osmic acid to a
0.75-% aqueous solut. sodium chloride.

Carnoy (TANNIN SOLUTION). Tannin, 0.5 Gm.; water, looGm.

Carnoy (ToLU CEMENT). Tolu balsam, 2 parts; Canada bal-
sam, i part; saturated solution shellac in chloroform, 2 parts;
and enough chloroform to make cement of syrupy consistence.

Caro (REAGENT). Solut. potass, persulphate in cone. H 2 SO 4 .
Used as an oxidizer.

Caro-Fischer (SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN). The reagent is para-
amido-dimethylaniline sulphate. Add to fluid to be tested
i-5oth of its weight strong hydrochloric acid and a few par-
ticles of the sulphate, followed by a few drops dilute ferric-
chloride solution if sulphuretted hydrogen present, methy-
lene blue is formed, which is at once evident from its charac-
teristic color.

Carpen (TANNIN IN WINE). Tannin is precipitated by a
saturated solution zinc acetate in 5-% ammonia.

Carter (FIXING SOLUTION). Formaldehyde, 10; dist. water, 10;
acetic acid, i. Solut. kills and fixes tissues very quickly, and
does not shrink cells. Leave tissues in solut. 6 to 12 hours,
remove to 50-% alcohol for i hour, then leave 15 to 30 min-
utes in 75-% alcohol, then for equal period in 90-% alcohol,
then mount as usual. Any staining solut. may be used with
this fixing solut.

Carter (!NDICAN IN URINE). Overlay urine on nitric acid
play of colors ensues, and a deep-blue to purple ppt. forms on
adding sulphuric acid. Bile also gives play of colors.

Casali (BILIARY PIGMENTS), i. On adding barium dioxide,
lead dioxide, stannic chloride, or antimonous chloride, with
either sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, to a biliary pigment, a
play of colors through yellow, red, wine-red, violet, and bluish-
violet takes place. 2. Various colors are produced on pre-
cipitating urine containing biliary matter with solution lead
acetate and ammonia, extracting with ether and hydrochloric
acid, evaporating ethereal layer, and adding oxidizing agents*

Casamajor (GLUCOSE). Methyl alcohol causes a cloudy appear-
ance.

44 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Casoria (WATER IN ALCOHOL). Absolute alcohol does not
affect color of dehydrated copper sulphate, but if water pres-
ent the salt turns blue.

Castle (BROMINE AND IODINE). Dichlorbenzene-sulphamide,
in solid substance or solution in chloroform, is added to the
solution to be tested. From metallic iodides and bromides
the halogens are liberated as by free chlorine, and can be
recognized by the color imparted to carbon disulphide or
chloroform.

Causse (POLLUTED WATER). Pure water restores the color to
hexamethylene rosaniline decolorized by H 2 SO 4 , while pol-
luted waters give no color with the reagent. Reagent is an
aqueous 1:1,000 solut. of "violet crystals" decolorized by
H 2 S0 4 .

Cavalli (ALKALINITY OF WATER). Add 2 or 3 drops of a i-%
solut. toluylene-red to 50 Cc. water intense yellow if water
alkaline; if alkalinity very slight, color is orange or pale-red.
Sensitive i : i ,000,000 to alkali carbonate.

Cazeneuve (COAL-TAR DYES IN WINES). The filtrate from
natural wines when shaken with yellow mercuric oxide is
colorless ; if aniline dyes are present it is distinctly colored.

Cazeneuve (METALS). Diphenyl carbazide in benzin solut.
gives various color reactions with different metallic salts, in
very dil. aqueous solut., e. g. copper gives a fine violet, passing
into the benzin ; mercurous salts give a dark-blue and ferrous
salts a pink, becoming brown with potass, ferrocyanide, even
.in dil. of 1:100,000. Color is destroyed by excess of acids.
Gold and silver salts give rose tints with pptn. of metal;
chromic acid (1:1,000,000 part of metal) gives a decided
violet color stable with excess of acids, and not taken up by
benzin, but taken up by amylic alcohol.

Cazeneuve-Cotton (METHYL ALCOHOL). Distil several frac-
tions of suspected spirit and add to each i Cc. of potassium-
permanganate solution (0.5-%). If free from methyl alcohol,
only the first two fractions immediately reduce the color.

Cazeneuve-Defournel (NITRATES IN WATER). Glacial formic
acid is used instead of sulphuric acid in applying the brucine-
test for nitrates.

Chamberlain- Austen. See A usten-Chamberlain.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 45

Chancel (FUCHSINE). Wine colored with fuchsine retains its
color after heating 10 Cc. with 3 Cc. of lead-subacetate solu-
tion (1:20) and filtering. Acidify red filtrate with acetic
acid, take up the color with fusel oil and identify.

Chapman (PHENOLS). Dissolve i Cc. of the phenol in 5 Cc.
acetic anhydride, and add a small fragment ZnCl 2 , or cone.
H 2 SO 4 . Some of the color-reactions are as follows: Eugenol
with H 2 SO 4 , brown, changing to purple and finally wine
red; with ZnCl 2 , pale-yellow, disappearing on standing. Iso-
eugenol with H 2 SO 4 , rose-red becoming light-brown; with
ZnCl 2 , rose-red. Saffrol with H 2 SO 4 emerald-green, chang-
ing to brownish-green and finally brownish ; with ZnCl 2 , pale-
blue, finally light-brown. Iso-saffrol with H 2 SO 4 pale-pink,
becoming reddish; with ZnCl 2 , pink, becoming brownish-red
and finally brown. Estragol with H 2 SO 4 , purple, then
indigo-blue, and finally bluish-purple; with ZnCl 2 , bluish-
violet to indigo-blue, and finally brownish. Anethol
with H 2 SO 4 , at first no color, then pale-yellow after a time;
with ZnCl 2 , pale-yellow becoming darker, and finally brick-
red.

Chapman-Smith (TARTARIC AND CITRIC ACIDS). Boil with a
strongly alkaline solution potassium permanganate tartaric
acid reduces it at once ; with citric acid the green color remains.

Chatard (NITROUS ACID). A distinct odor of carbolic acid is
apparent on evaporating a solution of nitrous acid nearly to
dryness and rubbing with a few drops aniline-sulphate so-
lution.

Chatin-Gaultier de Claubry (IODINE). A blue to violet color
is produced on adding starch together with a mixture of
nitric acid, i volume, and sulphuric acid, 6 volumes.

Chautard (ACETONE IN URINE), i. 7 Dissolve i part fuchsine
in 150 parts warm water, and pass in current of sulphurous-
acid gas till decolorized. This solution added to an equal vol-
ume of urine is reddened in i to 2 minutes if acetone is
present. 2. Distil 200 Cc. of urine and test first 15 Cc. with
decolorized magenta solution, made by mixing 30 Cc. magenta
solution (i in 1,000), 20 Cc. saturated -sodium-bisulphite solu-
tion, 3 Cc. strong sulphuric acid, and 200 Cc. water. See also
Gayon's test.

46 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Chenzinsky (METHYLENE BLUE AND EOSINE). Saturated
aqueous solution methylene blue, 40 parts; 0.5-% solution
eosine in 70-% alcohol, 20 parts; distilled water or glycerin,
40 parts.

Chevreuil (TEST-PAPER). Hematoxylin Paper. Paper gives
with alkalies a blue color, and with acids a red.

Chevreul (AMMONIA). Red color of hematoxylin paper is
changed to violet or blue by ammonia.

Chiappe (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). Color of methyl
violet is changed to ultramarine-blue on adding to vinegar
containing mineral acids.

Chlopin (OZONE). Dissolve Urso' D. or T., in absolute alcohol, and!
impregnate strips of ordinary filtering paper with the brown
solution, which must be freshly prepared each time before use.
On moistening the test-paper with water and exposing it in
an atmosphere containing ozone, it immediately acquires a
blue color, which, according to the quantity of ozone present
in the air, may change to a violet or dark-blue. The new test-
paper is not affected by H 2 O 2 . H 2 SO 3 , Cl and Br, color the
Ursol paper at first bluish-green, but the color, however, soon
changes to yellow. CO 2 is said to be entirely without action
on the new test-paper.

Christen (ALBUMIN). Tannin produces a turbidity or precipi-
tate with solution of albumin.

Ciamician-Magnanini (SKATOL). Heat skatol with sulphuric
acid a bright purple red color develops.

Clark (CREOSOTE; PHENOL). Boil with excess of nitric acid
till red fumes no longer evolved carbolic acid forms yellow
crystals,; creosote does not.

Clark (SOAP SOLUTION). Dissolve 10 Gm. Castile Soap in
35-% alcohol, and standardize against a solut. made by dis-
solving i Gm. CaCO 3 in smallest excess of HC1, neutralizing
with NH 3 and adding H 2 O to i ,000 Cc.

Clarus (SOLANINE). Chromic acid solution gives a sky-blue
color with solanine.

Claus (UREA). Nitrous acid decomposes urea in solut. into
carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Course of reaction depends
on quantity of nitrous acid and other circumstances.

Claus (WATER). Moisten anthraquinone and sodium amalgam

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 47

with alcohol if latter contains water a red color develops.
Absolute alcohol gives a green color.

Clowes (INFLAMMABLE GAS). Test serves for detecting and
estimating inflammable gases in air, present in least explosive
proportion. Burn a hydrogen flame 10 Mm. in height in air
to be examined the appearance of the pale flame or "cap"
surmounting and surrounding the hydrogen flame, and ob-
served against a black background in a darkened space, serves
as an indication of gas or vapor, and the height of the cap
may be directly translated into percentages of gas present by
tables published by author in his "Detection and Measure-
ment of Inflammable Gas and Vapor in Air."

Codina-Laenglin (OLIVE OIL). Heat i Gm. dilute nitric acid,
(nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.33, 3 parts; water, i part) with 3 Gm.
olive oil on water-bath characteristic color-reactions take
place.

Cohen (ALBUMIN). Solution bismuth-potassium iodide pre-
cipitates albumin and alkaloids from acid solutions. See
Dragendorf) 's test .

Conn (CULTURE SOLUTIONS), i. Water, 200 Cc.; ammonium
tartrate, 2 Gm.; potassium phosphate, 2 Gm.; magnesium
sulphate, o.i Gm. ; tricalcic phosphate, o.i Gm. 2. (CoiiN's
NORMAL SOLUTION.) Water, 200 Cc.; acid potassium phos-
phate, i Gm.; magnesium sulphate, i Gm.; ammonium
tartrate, 2 Gm. ; calcium chloride, o.i Gm.

Cohnheim (GOLD METHOD). Place pieces of tissues in 0.5-%
gold-chloride solut. until quite yellow, then expose to light in
water acidulated with acetic acid until gold thoroughly re-
duced. Mount specimens in acidulated glycerin.

Colasanti (SULPHOCYANIC ACID). Warm a dilute solut. of
substance with solut. of gold chloride (1:1,000-10,000) in
potassium hydrate or sat. solut. sodium bicarbonate violet
color develops, and gold deposits on cooling.

Cole (CARMINE METHOD). Wash sections in water to remove
alcohol, then stain with Grenadier's borax-carmine 3 to 5
minutes, and wash in methylated spirit. Afterwards immerse
in mixture methylated spirit, 5 parts, and hydrochloric acid,
i part, for 5 to 10 minutes. Again wash well in spirit to
remove all traces of acid, then dehydrate in stronger spirit for

43 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

10 to 15 minutes, clear in clove oil for 5 minutes, wash in tur-
pentine, and mount in benzene-balsam.

Cole (FREEZING PROCESS). Dissolve picked acacia, 4 oz., in
distilled water, 6 fl. oz., and to each 5 parts of resulting mu-
cilage add 3 parts syrup (sugar, i pound, in distilled water, i
pint). To each ounce of medium add 5 grains pure carbolic
acid, and soak tissues in it prior to freezing. For tissues
liable to come in pieces mix 4 parts syrup with 5 of mucilage.

Cole (HEMATOXYLIN METHOD), a. Hematoxylin, 30 grains;
absolute alcohol, 3^ fl. oz.; b. ammonia alum, 30 grains;
water, 3$ fl. oz. Mix a and 6, then add glycerin, 3^ fl. oz.,
and glacial acetic acid, 3 fl. dr. Leave mixture exposed to
light for at least a month, then filter and keep in a stoppered
bottle. Wash sections in distilled water to remove alcohol, or
if the material has been hardened with chromic acid, treat
with i-% aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and then
wash well in water. Next add 10 to 20 drops of the hematoxy-
lin solution to a watch-glassful distilled water and immerse
sections for 10 to 30 minutes. Again wash in distilled water,
then in ordinary tap water, dehydrate with methylated spirit,
clear in clove oil, and mount in benzene-balsam. If sections
over-stained, remove excess of color before dehydration by
soaking for a few minutes in a 0.5-% solution glacial acetic
acid in distilled water, then wash again in tap water and pro-
ceed as above.

Cole (HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSINE METHOD). Stain sections
with hematoxylin as above, but before clearing immerse in
alcoholic solution eosine (i grain to i fl. oz.) for five minutes,,
wash well in methylated spirit, clear in clove oil, and mount
in benzene-balsam.

Cole (PICROCARMINE METHOD). Dissolve i Gm. carmine in 10
Cc. distilled water and 3 Cc. of strong ammonia, then add
solution to 200 Cc. of a saturated aqueous solution picric acid.
Leave mixture exposed to the air until it has evaporated to
one-third its bulk, then filter and keep in a stoppered bottle.
Stain sections for 0.5 to i hour, place on slides without wash-
ing, and after draining oft excess of stain, mount in Farrant's
medium.

Cole (SLOW OR EXPOSURE METHOD OF MOUNTING). Dissolve

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 49

dried Canada balsam, 3 oz., in benzene, 3 fl. oz., and filter.
Apply a clean cover-glass to a slide that has been moistened
by breathing on it, and place a few drops of balsam solution on
cover-glass. Then remove a section from turpentine, and put
it into the balsam. Put aside for 12 hours to allow benzene
to evaporate, and having warmed a slide and added a drop
fresh balsam solution to that on cover-glass, bring the fluid
balsam in contact with the warmed side. Press cover down
carefully to avoid inclusion of air bubbles, and when excess
of balsam is squeezed out, put slide aside to cool, after which
it may be cleaned with a camel's-hair brush or soft rag moist-
ened with methylated spirit.

Conrady (CANE SUGAR IN MILK SUGAR). Dissolve i Gm. of
milk sugar in 10 Cc. water; then add o.i Gm. resorcin and i
Cc. hydrochloric acid, and boil mixture for five minutes if
cane sugar present a reddish color develops.

Conroy (COTTONSEED OIL IN LARD). Silver nitrate, 5; nitric
acid (sp. gr. 1.42), i; alcohol, 100. Melt 10 Gm. lard in test-
tube, add 2 Gm. test-solution, and immerse tube in boiling
water for 5 minutes pure lard remains white, but cottonseed
oil present (even i%) causes brownish color.

Conroy (OLIVE OIL). Heat 9 volumes of oil with i volume
nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42), and note color and consistence of the
mixture.

Contejean (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Heat
a drop of gastric juice with freshly precipitated cobaltous
hydroxide in a watch-glass if hydrochloric acid present, co-
baltous chloride forms, and colors solution blue on evaporation.

Corne (!ODATES). Starch and water, in which phosphorus has
been kept, give with iodides containing iodates, a blue color.

Cotton (BRUCINE). A violet to green color develops on adding
excess of sodium-sulphydrate solution to a warm solution of
brucine in nitric acid.

Cotton (PHENOL). See Lex's test.

Cotton-Cazeneuve. See Cazeneuve-Cotton.

Couerbe (NARCOTINE). A blood-red color develops on heating
with sulphuric acid.

Cox (MERCURIC IMPREGNATION MIXTURE), rive-per cent,
potassium-bichromate solution, 20 pans; 5-% mercuric-

50 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

chloride solution, 20 parts; 5-% potassium-chromate solution,
1 6 parts; water, 30 to 40 parts.

Crace-Calvert (FATTY OILS). Treat oils with sulphuric and
nitric acids of given concentration, with phosphoric acid, or
with nitro-hydrochloric acid, and note color reactions, as well
as changes in color and consistency caused by boiling oils with
soda lye, either with or without addition of hydrochloric acid.
For detailed information, see Benedikt, "Analyse der Fette"
edit. II, p. 307.

Crampton-Simons (CARAMEL IN LIQUOR AND VINEGAR). Add
25 Gm. Fuller's earth to 50 Cc. of liquid in beaker, let stand 30
minutes, and filter. Percentage of color absorption is deter-
mined by Lovibond tintometer before and after treatment;
or compare with sample of liquid colored.

Cresti (COPPER). Place a zinc-platinum element, formed of two
wires, in liquid suspected to contain copper; on removing the
platinum wire, rinse with water and expose for a moment to
action of hydrobromic acid and bromine vapors, produced by
heating potassium bromide with sulphuric acid the deposit
of copper becomes violet.

Creuse (SALICIN IN QUININE). Potassium bichromate and
dilute sulphuric acid give no change with quinine. If salicin
present, odor of salicylic aldehyde develops.

Cripps-Dymond (ALOES), i. Triturate 0.05 Gm. aloes, or
residue left upon evaporation, with 16 drops cone, sulphuric
acid and 4 drops nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.4), and add 30 Gm. water
an orange to carmine color develops, which is darkened to
deep wine-red by ammonia. (Rhubarb, senna and frangula
interfere with the reaction.) 2. All aloins are precipitated
by ferric chloride or lead acetate. Barbaloin and nataloin
are colored carmine-red by cold nitric acid ; socaloin and curag-
aloin are colored red by fuming nitric acid. Barbaloin, dis-
solved in a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, is colored red
upon the addition of nitric acid. Nataloin is colored blue by
similar treatment.

Crismer (ALDEHYDES). Nessler's reagent, or a solut. potassio
jr>ftrouric 'Hide with baryta water, affords yellow to browia-
black precipitates insol. in potassium cyanide.

Crismer (INDICATOR). The indicator for alkalimetry, known

TESTS /IND REAGENTS. 51

as "resazurin," is obtained by adding 45 drops nitric acid, sp.
gr. 1.25, saturated with nitrous acid, to a solution of resorcin,
4 Cm., in anhydrous ether, 200 Cc. After standing for two
days the crystals which have formed are separated and washed
with ether until washings colored blue with ammonia. It
gives a red color with acids and blue with alkalies and alkali
carbonates.

Crismer (SAFRANINE TEST FOR GLUCOSE). Heat to 6o-6s
C., 5 Cc. of a i : i, ooo aqueous solution safranine with i Cc.
urine and 2 Cc. of a io-% soda solution; liquid is decolorized
if glucose present. Allen takes equal measures (2 Cc.) of
safranine solution, urine, and normal soda or potash solution,
and heats mixture till it boils freely. If urine contains more
than 0.1% sugar, liquid will be decolorized, but otherwise
the red color remains intact or is only partially discharged.
Uric acid and creatinine do not affect safranine.

Crismer (TARTARIC ACID). Trace of tartaric acid added to a
weak solution ammonium molybdate, followed by one or two
drops hydrogen dioxide, or a trace of sodium peroxide, and
the mixture warmed to 60 C., gives at first a green color
which changes to blue.

Crismer (TURPENTINE IN VOLATILE OILS). Dissolve 20 Gm.
potassium bitartrate in i liter water, and neutralize with
manganous carbonate (about 6 Gm.), mix 3 Cc. of this solu-
tion, 5 Cc. of suspected oil, and 5 drops ammonia water, shake
well, heat on water-bath, and pass current of air through mix-
ture for 30 seconds. Oils of lemon and bergamot become dark
brown; oil turpentine turns intense brownish black; most
volatile oils, if pure, acquire only faint yellowish tinge.

Crolas-Ducker (URANIUM SALTS). Macerate a mixture of
cochineal, 10, and alum, 10, with 6o-% alcohol, for 48 hours,
then filter. Solution gives a green color with uranium salts:
Malot suggests that it may be used as an indicator for the
titration of phosphoric acid.

Crook (BUTTER). Pure butter yields a clear liquid on melting
10 grains in a test-tube, adding 30 minims carbolic acid (Cal-
vert's No. 2, diluted with one-eighth its weight water), shak-
ing, warming till clear, and allowing to stand. Most other fats
form two layers.

52 TESTS 4ND REAGENTS.

Crookshank (STAINING FLAGELLA). Stain cover-glass prepa-
rations with a drop of concentrated alcoholic solution of gen-
tian violet, then rinse in water, allow to dry, and mount in
balsam.

Cross-Bevans (CELLULOSE SOLVENT). Solution zinc chloride,
i part, in concentrated hydrochloric acid, 2 parts.

Crouzel (SANTONIN IN URINE). On adding cone. Ca(OH) 2 to
urine containing santonin eliminated by the kidneys, a char-
acteristic carmine-red color develops. The color is best de-
veloped by nascent Ca(OH) 2 , e. g., on adding some calcium
carbide to the urine. The sensitiveness is such that o.i Gm.
santonin taken internally will suffice to afford a color reac-
tion with all the urine voided during the next 60 hours. The
color lasts for about 30 minutes.

Crouzel-Dupin (ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS IN PETROLEUM).
Add 5 drops satur. solut. potassium permanganate to 5 Gm.
of petrolatum and triturate; if petrolatum pure, rose-red
color persists; if not, permanganate is reduced and color
becomes brown, depth depending on extent of admixture.

Csokor's [Czokcr's} (ALUM COCHINEAL). Dissolve i Gm. of
ammonia alum in 100 Cc. distilled water, add i Gm. powdered
cochineal and boil. After evaporating to half the original
bulk, filter and add 0.5 Cc. of carbolic acid.

Csokor's [Czoker's] (TURPENTINE CEMENT FOR CLOSING GLY-
CERIN MOUNTS). Break common resinous turpentine of
commerce into small pieces, melt on a water-bath, and allow
to cool. A brittle, dark-brown mass results. See also
Parker's turpentine cement.

Cuccati (CARMINE SOLUTION). Dissolve 20 Gm. Na 2 C0 3 cryst.
in 100 Cc. warm water, add 50 Gm. carmine, boil, remove
from heat, and add 30 Gm. absolute alcohol. After several
days filter, and slowly add 300 Gm. water, 8 Gm. 20-% solut.
acetic acid, and 2 Gm. chloral hydrate. Requires 15 minutes
for staining.

Cunisset (BILIARY MATTER). A yellow color is imparted to
chloroform shaken with urine containing biliary pigments.

Curtman (POTASSIUM SALTS). A yellow precipitate forms on
adding to a solution of a potassium salt a solution of i part

TESTS AND REAGENTS. S3

cobalt nitrate in 10 parts saturated sodium-nitrate solution
acidified with acetic acid.

Czaplewski (CARBOL-GLYCERIN-FUCHSINE). i Gm. fuchsine f
5 Cc. liquefied carbolic acid, 50 Cc. glycerin, and 100 Cc. dist.
water. Dilute 4 to 10 times for use as a stain.

Czoker. See Csokor.

Czumpelitz (ALKALOIDS). Characteristic color reactions de-
velop on treating alkaloids with a solution of zinc chloride,
i Gm., in 60 Cc. of a mixture containing equal parts of hydro-
chloric acid and water.

Dahlmann (PAPER). A very dilute solution of gold and sodium
chloride produces a reddish-brown color with bleached and
unbleached sulphite cellulose, sulphate cellulose, and soda
cellulose, and a yellow color with wood-fibre; bleached straw
paper shows no change of color.

Danielewsky (AROMATIC SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD, ETC.). An
azo-reagent (diazo-sulphanilic acid?) is added, the solution
slightly acidified with hydrochloric acid, and then made alka-
line presence of aromatic compounds is indicated by an
orange-red color.

Danziger (COBALT). The following test, properly carried out,
will detect cobalt in a i : 500,000 aqueous solution, provided
the solution is colorless, or but slightly colored: To about
5 Cc. of the solution, acidulated with HC1, add solid ammo-
nium thioacetate together with a few drops of stannous-chlo-
ride solution, and an equal volume of amyl alcohol, or a mix-
ture of acetone and ether, or alcohol and ether: shake the
whole well and allow to separate. If any cobalt is present, the
upper layer will be colored blue, the intensity of the color
varying with the amount of cobalt present. The SnCl 2 is
added to reduce any iron present, as ferric iron gives a deep
red color, as with ammonium thiocyanate. Amyl alcohol
diminishes the dissociation, and extracts the color produced
by the undissociated cobalt salt. This consists of a double
cobalt-ammonium thioacetate, containing two molecules of
ammonium thioacetate to one molecule of cobalt thioacetate.

Darton (GOLD). Reduce ore supposed to contain gold to fine
powder and shake well in a test-tube with aqueous solution
of iodine (iodine, i; potassium iodide, 1.5; water, 36). Dip

54 TESTS 4ND RE/t CENTS.

a strip of filtering paper into the solution, dry and heat on
platinum foil to redness. After cooling, ashes will be purple
if gold present.

Da Silva (SERINE). Dissolve fragment of alkaloid or a salt in
i or 2 drops fuming nitric acid, and heat on water-bath in
capsule orange color develops. On evaporating to dryness
while stirring residue becomes green. A drop of nitric acid
added to residue turns it blue in spots, and forms finally a
reddish-violet solution which changes to a fluorescent green-
ish-yellow on dilution, and blood-red by transmitted light.

David (ALCOHOL-ACETIC ACID FOR EXAMINATION OF FATTY
ACIDS). 300 Cc. of 95-per cent, alcohol and 220 Cc. of a mix-
ture of equal volumes of glacial acetic acid and water. This
solution dissolves only the liquid fatty acids from a mixture
of fatty acids, and leaves the solid fatty acids undissolved.

Davy (ALCOHOL). Dissolve molybdic acid, i, in strong sul-
phuric acid, 10. The solution gives a blue color on warming
with any fluid containing alcohol. Detects i of alcohol in
i ,000 of water. Essential oils should be shaken with water
and separated before applying this test; urine must be dis-
tilled.

Davy (ARSENIC). The diluted sulphuric acid in Marsh's test
is replaced by an amalgam of mercury and sodium.

Davy (MANGANESE), i. A green color is produced on heating
manganese to redness on silver foil with a few drops of potassa
solution. 2. A white precipitate is formed on heating man-
ganese to redness on platinum foil with sulphur, dissolving
the residue in water and adding iron ferrocyanide.

Davy (PHENOL). Dissolve molybdic acid, i, in strong sulphuric
acid, 10, and add 3 or 4 drops to i or 2 drops of the suspected
liquid. If phenol present a dark olive-green to blue and
violet color develops.

Davy (STRYCHNINE). A deep violet color is produced on treat-
ing strychnine with sulphuric a'cid and adding powdered
potassium ferricyanide.

Davy-Leconte (UREA). On treating urea with a hypochlorite
in alkaline solut., urea is decomposed into CO 2 and N. The
former is absorbed by the alkali, and the volume of the latter
then estimated.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 55

Day (Pus). The formation of a blue color upon the addition
of i or 2 drops of an oxidized tincture of guaiac (old, or
shaken with air) to urine indicates the presence of pus.

Deacon (AMYGDALIN). On treating amygdalin with a few
drops cone. H 2 SO 4 a bright carmine color develops, discharged
on pouring into water.

Deane (GLYCERIN JELLY). * Soak gelatin, 30 Gm., in water,
then melt and add glycerin, 120 Gm.

Deane (MEDIUM). Soak gelatin, i oz., in water, 4 fl. oz., until
soft, then add honey, 5 fl. oz., heated to boiling-point. Boil
mixture, then allow to cool somewhat, but before it is set add
alcohol, 4 fl. dr., and creosote, 5 or 6 drops. Finally, filter
through fine flannel.

Debrunner (NITROBENZENE). Nitrobenzene in alcoholic bev-
erages can be detected by taking up with ether, separating,
and adding a few drops dilute acetic acid, a little very fine iron
filings, and sufficient water. When the oil drops have disap-
peared, decant, treat with soda, take up with ether, evaporate,
and add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, with a little potas-
sium chlorate. A blue to green color indicates the presence
of nitrobenzene.

Debrunner (WATER IN ALCOHOL). A purple color on adding
potassium permanganate to alcohol indicates the presence of
water (the salt is insoluble in absolute alcohol).

Dechan (INDICATOR). Gallein (alizarin violet). Gives a bright-
red color with alkalies, and a pale-brown with acids.

Deen, Van- (BLOOD). A blue color develops on adding a few
drops of freshly prepared tincture guaiac and ozonized tur-
pentine oil to a very dilute (almost colorless) liquid contain-
ing blood.

Defacqz (PHENOLS AND ALKALOIDS). Heat i part tungstic
acid with 4 or 5 drops potassium bisulphate and few drops
sulphuric acid, then add sufficient sulphuric acid to prevent
solidification on cooling. Add i drop of reagent to i drop of
solution (or few solid particles) to be tested, and triturate a
few minutes with glass rod. Phenol very intense red;
para-cresol intense red-brown; thymol vermillion; hydroqui-
none very intense amethyst- violet ; resorcin red-brown;
pyrocatechin black- violet. Sometimes black; pyrogallol

56 TESTS /MD REAGENTS.

red-black ; alpha-naphtol violet-blue ; beta-naphtol violet
blue; salicylic acid very intense Saturn red; meta-oxyben
zoic acid feeble Saturn red ; para-oxybenzoic acid nothing
quinine and cinchonine faint yellow; morphine amethyst
violet, then brown; codeine rose, turning violet; conicine
intense rose; solaninc gamboge; veratrinc intense sienna
then red-brown; aconitine yellowish-brown; narceine yel-
lowish-green, then moss-green; and picrotoxin very intense
orange-red. In general these colors are destroyed by water
Strychnine, brucine, nicotine, atropine, cantharidin, caffeine
santonin, pilocarpine, ergotinine, and hyoscyamine give nc
color.

Degener (INDICATOR). Phenacetolin, a brown substance ob-
tained by heating together for several hours one equivalent
each of phenol, sulphuric acid, and glacial acetic acid, is turned
red by caustic alkalies; but yellow with acids.

Deiss (COTTONSEED OIL). See Labichcs test.

Delafield (HEMATOXYLTN). Hematoxylin, 4 Gm., and absolute
alcohol, 25 Cc.; add the solution to 400 Cc. of a saturated
aqueous solution of ammonia alum. Expose mixture to light
and air for 3 to 4 days, then filter and add glycerin, 100 Cc.,
and methylic alcohol, 100 Cc. Again expose the solution to
light until it becomes dark-colored, then filter and preserve in
a stoppered bottle. See also Grenadier's test.

Delffs (ALKALOIDS). Potassium platino-cyanide forms salts
with alkaloids. See Mayer's test.

Delffs (CAFFEINE). A crystalline precipitate falls on adding
solut. mercuric oxide in potassium iodide to a solut. of caf-
feine. 'Other alkaloids yield amorphous precipitates.

Deniges (CHLORATES). Resorcin, i Gm.; water, 100 Cc.; sul-
phuric acid, 10 drops. Mix 2 drops of suspected liquid with
2 Cc. sulphuric acid, cool, and add 5 drops of reagent green
color develops if not more than 2% chlorate present (Ni-
trates give yellowish color turning to purplish-red; nitrites
a blue; hence insure their absence).

Deniges (CITRIC ACID). To 5 Cc. of citrate solution add i Cc.
of mercuric-sulphate solution (mercuric oxide, 5 Gm.; cone,
sulphuric acid 20 Cc.; water TOO Cc.). Boil, and add while
warm 5 or 6 drops permanganate solut. decolorization

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 57

rapidly ensues, and characteristic white ppt. forms. Test not
affected by other organic acids.

Deniges (GLYCERIN), i. Nessler's test. 2. Hot mixture of
equal vol. 2-% silver-nitrate solut., ammonia, and soda lye.
Exhaust substance, mix extract with 4 parts potassium bisul-
phate,and heat. A rod moistened with Nessler's solut. or the
silver solution will show slightest trace of acrolein, the tip
becoming brown to black.

Deniges (HYDROCYANIC ACID). Ammonia water, 2 Cc.; io-%
potassium-iodide solution, i drop; water, 20 Cc.; silver-
nitrate solut. (2-%), i drop. Place a few Cc. of liquid to be
examined in test-tube with zinc and 15 to 20 drops sulphuric
acid, and hold glass rod moistened with potassa solution in.
space over liquid. Now dip rod in reagent if any hydro-
cyanic acid present (as potassium salt on rod) the opalescent,
reagent becomes clear.

Deniges (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE). Mixture of i Cc. of a io-%
aqueous ammonium-molybdate solut. and i Cc. cone, sul-
phuric acid. Hydrogen dioxide gives an intensely yellow
color with this reagent.

Deniges (!ODOFORM). Evaporate ethereal extract containing:
iodoform to dryness and add 3 or 4 drops of a liquid contain-
ing iodoform with 4 or 5 drops dimethylamine a yellow color
develops proportionate to iodoform present. Heat mixture
carefully to boiling, cool, and add alcohol the liquid is red
by transmitted light and violet by reflected light if much iodo-
form present; if only little iodoform, liquid is violet.

Deniges (METALS). Alloxan solut. (extemporaneously pre-
pared) gives color reactions with various metals. Reagent is
prepared by heating 2 Gm. uric acid with 2 Cc. HN0 3 (40"
B.) and when the reaction is over adding 2 Cc. water, heating
until solution is perfected, and then making up to 100 Cc.
A few Ccs. of reagent with a little solut. of a ferrous salt and a
drop or two of KOH solut. gives a fine blue changing to light
yellow (sensitive i : 100,000). On boiling reagent with zinc
a yellow to orange color develops, depending on quantity of
zinc present. With magnesium a carmine color develops.
Cadmium gives a grenadine tint. Iron gives a brownish*

S TESTS AND REAGENTS.

yellow. Nickel and cobalt give an orange. Manganese affords
a carmine-red. For details see MERCK'S REPORT xi, p. 56.

Deniges (NITRATES AND NITRITES). Add 0.5 Cc. of a i : 20
antipyrine solut. and 1.5 Cc. of cone, sulphuric acid to i Cc.
of solut. containing nitrate or nitric acid a carmine-red color
develops. If 3 Cc. acid used, color is at first orange to yellow,
but on diluting with water, carmine-red. If nitrous acid
present, greenish-blue develops (nitroso-antipyrine) changed
by sulphuric acid to yellow or orange, and on diluting with
water to light-yellow. If both nitrates and nitrites present,
add 3 or 4 drops sulphuric acid to mixture, heat, then cool,
and add 0.5 Cc. i : 20 antipyrine solut. a greenish-blue or
greenish-yellow indicates nitrites. Now add 3 Cc. more acid
an orange color changed to carmine-red on diluting with
water indicates nitrates. Chlorates interfere with reaction;
if these present, add 4 drops acid and 2 drops sodium-bisul-
phite solut. to i Cc. of solut. to be tested and proceed as
above.

Deniges (NITRITES), i. (a) Phenol, i Gm.; sulphuric acid,
4 Cc. ; water, 100 Cc. (b) Mercuric acetate 5 Gm. (or oxide 3.5
Gm.); glacial acetic acid, 20 Cc.; water, 100 Cc. Shake for
a while, add 0.5 Cc. sulphuric acid, and filter. To use, mix
2 Cc. each of a and 6, boil, and add i or 2 drops of solution to
be examined if 0.5 Gm. nitrite per liter present, an imme-
diate red develops; if solution so dilute that color develops
slowly, add i to 10 Cc. to reagent and boil. Reagent unaf-
fected by light, air, nitrates, chlorates, hypochlorites, hypo-
bromites, chlorine, bromine, etc. 2. Aniline, 2 Cc. ; glacial
acetic acid, 40 Cc.; water to make 100 Cc. Boil 5 Cc. of re-
agent with suspected liquid (o.i to 10 Cc. according to concen-
tration) pale-yellow to dark-orange color develops, changed
to red by a few drops HC1 or H 2 SO 4 , but restored by sodium
hydrate or acetate. Reagent not affected by chlorates or
nitrates, but is by hypochlorites, hypobromites, chlorine and
bromine. 3. Resorcin, i Gm.; water, 100 Cc.; sulphuric
acid, 10 drops. Mix 4 drops of suspected liquid, 2 Cc. sulphuric
acid, and 5 drops reagent a very intense carmine or violet

Color develops. Chlor a "*" PQ "v* fl on-p^n rnlrr twifVi 4-Vn* 1*o4.

reagent.

TESTS /1ND REAGENTS. 59

Deniges (TYROSIN). Cone, solut. of aldehyde in sulphuric acid
gives with tyrosin a handsome carmine-red condensation pro-
duct exhibiting absorption bands covering all the green and
almost all the yellow of the spectrum.

Deniges (URIC ACID IN URINARY CALCULI). Triturate few
pieces of calculi with 5 or 6 Cc. water and 2 drops soda-lye,
boil, dilute with equal volume water, and filter. To filtrate
add its volume of acid mercury-sulphate solut. (mercuric
chloride 5 Gm.; sulphuric acid 20 Cc., water 100 Cc.). If
uric acid present, a white flocculent ppt. forms.

Deniges (TIN). Ammonium molybdate, i Gm.; water, 10 Cc.,
sulphuric acid, 10 Cc. Reagent gives a blue color with tin in
solution.

Deniges (URIC ACID). Uric acid is converted into alloxan by
careful treatment with nitric acid. After evaporating bff
excess of acid a few drops of sulphuric acid and of benzene
containing thiophene are added, when a blue color will be
developed by the alloxan.

Desbassins (NITRIC ACID). See Richmond's test.

De Souza (HARDENING METHOD). Pyridine is used to harden,
dehydrate and clear tissues at the same time. They may be
stained after hardening by aniline dyes dissolved in the pyri-
dine, or passed through water and stained by the usual
methods.

Deubner (BILIARY PIGMENTS). See Gmelin's test.

Deventer (NITRITES). Ferrocyanide of potassium is oxidized
to ferricyanide by nitrites (nitrous acid.)

Deville (PHENOL). Ferric chloride gives with carbolic acid a
bluish- violet color.

Devoto (PEPTONE). All other albuminoids are precipitated by
addition of crystalline ammonium sulphate; peptone is de-
tected in the filtrate by the biuret reaction. According to
Bogomolow and Wassilieff, peptone may also be detected in
this filtrate by Roch's reagent (salicyl-sulphonic acid) or by
means of resorcin and trichloracetic acid.

De Vrij (CHROMATE TEST FOR QUININE). Dissolve i Gm.
quinine in 45 Cc. boiling water, add 2.5 Gm. neutral potassium
chromate, cool to 15 C., and after an hour filter off the
crystallized quinine chromate. To 10 Cc. of filtrate add one

60 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

drop of soda lye, or until solution reddens phenolphtalein
paper. If quinine free from other cinchona alkaloids, solution
remains clear, even upon heating; if otherwise, a turbidity
ensues.

De Vrij (HERAPATHITE REACTION FOR QUININE). Dissolve
8 parts quinoidine sulphate in 8 parts 5-% aqueous sulphuric-
acid, and carefully precipitate with an iodine solution (i part
iodine, 2 parts potassium iodide, and 100 parts water). Dis-
solve precipitate, which, after washing and drying, becomes,
resinous, in six times its weight of 92- to 94-% alcohol, filter,
and evaporate and dissolve residue in five times its weight
alcohol. This solution produces with quinine-sulphate solu-
tion a precipitate of quinine iodosulphate.

Diesel (OLIVE OIL). Color reactions occur on adding nitric-
dcid to olive oil.

Dieterich (ALOES). Evaporate solution of substance to dryness
with a few drops of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.4, and take up residue-
with one drop alcohol; on adding alcoholic solution of potas-
sium cyanide, a pink color is given by aloes.

Dieterich (DISTINCTION OF CATECHUS). If Gambier catechu,
3 Gm., is treated with normal potassa solution, 25 Cc., and
water 100 Cc., and the solution shaken out with benzene, 50
Cc., the benzene layer is colored intense green. Pegu catechu
does not give this reaction.

Dietrich (URIC ACID). Sodium hypochlorite solution contain-
ing bromine gives with solution of uric acid an unstable rose-
red color.

Di Vctere (CASTOR OIL IN OLIVE OIL). Shake a sample of
the oil with concentrated hydrochloric acid three layers form
if castor oil present.

Dobbin (CAUSTIC ALKALI). Reagent is prepared by adding
mercuric-chloride solut. to a solut. of 5 Gm. potassium
iodide, until permanent precipitate forms. Remove this by
filtration, add i Gm. ammonium chloride to filtrate, and
then sufficient dilute soda lye until a permanent precipitate
is again obtained. The filtrate is then diluted to i liter.
Reagent is applicable for detection of traces of free alkalies,
in potassium and sodium carbonates. Caustic alkalies,.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 6l

including ammonia, produce a yellow to reddish-brown color
or precipitate, according to the quantity present.

Dodge-Olcott (COPAIBA BALSAM). Add 4 drops of oleoresin to
4 fl. dr. glacial acetic acid, then add 6 drops strong nitric acid
the mixture remains colorless if oleoresin is pure.

Dogiel (METHYLENE-BLUE IMPREGNATION METHOD). Place
pieces of tissue in a 4-% solut. methylene blue in 0.75-% salt
solution, let remain for a few minutes, then place for half an
hour or more in a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium
picrate. Finally, wash in fresh ammonium-picrate solution
and examine in dilute glycerin.

.Dogiel (METHYLENE-BLUE STAINING METHOD). Place objects
(pieces of retina, etc.) to be stained in a few drops aqueous or
vitreous humor, to which add 2 or 3 drops of 0.06-% solution
methylene blue in physiological-salt solution, and expose to
air. Stain takes effect in 5 or 10 minutes, and attains its
maximum in 15 to 20 minutes, though thicker specimens may
require several hours. Reaction may be hastened by placing
preparations in a stove kept at 30 to 35 C.

Donath (CHROMIC ACID). In presence of a bichromate, free
chromic acid may be detected by violet color imparted to
carbon disulphide, added after shaking solution with potas-
sium-iodide solution.

Donath (FREE ACID). A violet color is imparted to carbon
disulphide on adding a few Cc. to liquid containing free acid,
after the addition of a little potassium iodide and some
bichromate.

Donath (NITROGEN). Heat 0.05 Gm. of substance with i Gm.
potassium permanganate, and 20 Cc. of pure, saturated
potassa solution to boiling, and if necessary add more perman-
ganate until coloration permanent. On cooling, dilute mix-
ture with water, decompose excess of permanganate by the
addition of alcohol, remove precipitate by filtration, and test
filtrate for nitric acid by usual methods.

Donath (POTASSIUM BICHROMATE). A brown cloudiness or
precipitate develops on bringing a solut. of sodium thiosul-
phate to boiling-point and adding an equal volume of pre-
viously heated liquid containing potassium bichromate, if
chromate present.

6a 75575 /4ND REAGENTS.

Donath (POTASSIUM CHROMATE). Heavy blackish-brown pre-
cipitate forms on boiling a liquid containing potassium chro-
mate in the presence of bichromate and adding a drop of
manganese-sulphate solution.

Donath (RESIN IN WAX), i. Boil 0.8 Gm. of sample, and
for comparison the same quantity of pure wax, with 10 Cc.
cone, nitric acid, until no more red fumes are evolved; then
cool, saturate with ammonia, and filter. 2. Heat wax with
4 or 5 times as much nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.33) to boiling for one
minute, then add an equal volume of cold water and an excess
of ammonia if wax pure, the filtrate will be pure yellow;
with resin, it will be blood-red or reddish-brown. The addi-
tion of i per cent, of resin may be detected by this test.

Donath (SULPHURIC ACID). Carbon disulphide is colored violet
on boiling vinegar containing sulphuric acid with lead chro-
mate, then filtering, and proceeding as in Donath 's test for
free acid.

Donath (TARRY MATTER). Ammonia containing tarry matter ,
on being supersaturated with sulphuric acid, reduces a solu-
tion of potassium permanganate.

Donath-Mayrhofer (GLYCERIN). When glycerin is present in a
liquid a carmine color is produced on evaporating to dryness,
carefully heating to 120 C. with 2 drops phenol and sulphuric
acid, extracting with water, and adding ammonia to residue.

Donath-Schmidt (RESIN IN WAX). Boil 5 Gm. wax with 20 to
25 Gm. crude nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.32-1.33) for i minute, add
equal volume water, then excess of ammonia. Pour ammo-
niacal fluid off if wax pure, color of latter is only yellowish;
if even i% resin present, color will be more or less reddish-
brown.

Donne (Pus IN URINE). Add fragment of caustic soda to
sediment collected in a conical glass by allowing to deposit
and then pouring off the supernatant liquid, and stir pus is
colored greenish and gelatinizes as a lumpy mass; a sedi-
ment of mucus is partially dissolved with formation of a floccu-
lent precipitate.

Donny (LEGUMINOUS FLOUR IN WHEAT FLOUR). The moist-
ened end of a glass rod bearing some o^ the flour is introduced
into the vapors of nitric acid arising in a test-tube, after

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 63

which the rod is introduced into an atmosphere of ammonia
leguminous flour is thus colored a purple-red; wheat flour
only yellow.

Doutrelepont-Schutz (SYPHILIS BACILLUS STAIN). Place in
solut. of fuchsine in i-% aq. solut. methylene- violet for
24 to 48 hours, decolorize in dil. HNO 3 (1:15) several
seconds, place in 6o-% alcohol 5 to 10 min., and when pale-
blue place in weak, transparent aq. solut., safranine for a
few minutes; the intensely red section is next placed in 6o-%
alcohol several seconds, then rinse in absol. alcohol for a.
moment, dehydrate, clear in cedar oil, and mount in balsam.
The bacilli are blue, the nuclei and tissue light-red, and round
cells (Ehrlich's cells) are blue with red nuclei.

Dragendorff (ALCOHOL IN VOLATILE OILS). Metallic sodium
added to the oil in question generates hydrogen if alcohol is
present, and produces a brownish color.

Dragendorff (ALKALOIDS). Potassium and bismuth iodide.
Bismuth iodide is heated with a potassium-iodide solution,
the mixture filtered while hot, and to the filtrate an equal vol-
ume of cold concentrated potassium-iodide solution is added.
The concentrated solution is permanent, the dilute solution
not. According to Frohn the reagent is prepared by suspend-
ing 1.5 Gm. freshly precipitated bismuth subnitrate in 20 Gm.
water, heating the mixture to boiling, and adding 7 Gm. potas-
sium iodide and 20 drops hydrochloric acid. The reagent
gives a reddish -bfown precipitate with alkaloids, but alsp
with albuminous bodies. Kraut's modification: Dissolve
bismuth subnitrate, 80 Gm., in nitric acid, 200 Cc., and add
solut. slowly to potassium iodide, 277 Gm., dissolved in little
water. Cool quickly, filter from potassium nitrate crystals,
and make up to i liter. Keep in the dark. See Mangini's
and Thresh' s tests.

Dragendorff (BENZIN; BENZENE). Benzene is distinguished
from benzin by forming nitrobenzene by action of fuming
nitric acid.

Dragendorff (BILIARY PIGMENTS). See Gmelin's test.

Dragendorff (CODEINE). Codeine dissolves in warm Frohde's
reagent with yellowish, then deep-green, finally deep-blue
color.

<64 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Dragendorff (CURARINE). i. Particle dissolved in 2 to 3 Cc.
dilute sulphuric acid (i : 50) gives on evaporating at 40 C. a
handsome red color lasting i to 2 hours. 2. Add fragment
of potassium bichromate to solut. of alkaloid in cone, sul-
phurip acid a fine blue color develops, only gradually chang-
ing to a long persisting red (with strychnine the red rapidly
disappears).

Dragendorff (DIGITALIN). i. Cone, sulphuric acid dissolves dig-
italin, and solut. is brown-red, changing in 12 to 20 hours to
cherry red; on exposure of solut. to bromine vapors it is col-
ored violet-red. (Otto adds bromine water to sulphuric acid
solut. with similar results.) On adding few drops water, per-
manent green color develops. 2. Anhydrous chloral colors
digitalin yellowish, then green; on warming to 60-70 C.
violet; at higher temperature, deep blackish-green. 3.
Few drops of digitalin solut. with few drops diluted solut. ox-
gall and some cone, sulphuric acid gives handsome red color
(other glucosides do also).

Dragendorff (ELATERIN). With cone, sulphuric acid, elaterin
gives at first a yellow, then handsome red color.

Dragendorff (BRUCINE). Dissolve particle in io-% sulphuric
acid and add a little very dilute potassium-bichromate solu-
tion red to brownish-orange color develops.

Dragendorff (NARCEINE). Zinc potassio-iodide affords a blue
color.

Dragendorff (NITROBENZENE). Add 4 drops alcohol and trace
of sodium to 10 drops essential oil almond mixture becomes
deep-brown and viscid if nitrobenzene present.

Dragendorff (PHENOL IN URINE). Extract phenol by means
of petroleum naptha, and test as usual.

Dragendorff (SOLANINE). Firm jelly forms on dissolving sola-
nine in hot amylic alcohol.

Dragendorff (STRYCHNINE). lodic acid gives reddish-brown
color with strychnine.

Dragendorff (TURPENTINE). Essential oils containing turpen-
tine become turbid on addition of alcohol.

Draper (CASTOR OIL). Evaporate essential oil supposed to
contain castor oil to a small bulk in a porcelain capsule, treat
with one-fourth its original bulk nitric acid, subsequently

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 65

neutralize acid solution with sodium carbonate solution by
heating to boiling if castor oil present an odor like that of
oenanthol is evolved.

Drechsel (BILIARY MATTER). A red to reddish-brown color
develops on adding to the concentrated liquid syrupy phos-
phoric acid and a little cane sugar, and heating on a water-
bath. See Pettenkofer's reaction.

Drechsler (ALCOHOL). Add 3 drops of solution of i part potas-
sium bichromate in 10 parts nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.30) to 5
drops of essential oil supposed to contain alcohol, and note
change in color.

Drewsen (ACETONE IN URINE). See Bayer's test.

Drouin-Potain (CARBONIC OXIDE IN AIR). See Potain-Drouin.

Drouot (MARGARIN IN BUTTER). Melt sample butter is
transparent, margarin turbid. Bischoff has recently de-
scribed an apparatus for this purpose (and Jahr also), whereby
behavior of melted fat, when shaken with warm water, can
be observed. Margarin rapidly separates from the water,
whereas the butter is completely emulsified.

Dryer (TiN). A purple color develops on adding to a liquid con-
taining tin a few drops of a solution of o.i Gm. brucine, i Cc. of
nitric acid, and 50 Cc. water heated to boiling-point and cooled.

Dudderidge (PEROXIDES). Add silver-nitrate solut. to powder
in test-tube if alkali peroxide present, oxygen evolved,
recognized by glowing match-stick, and metallic silver depos-
ited. With alkali earths reaction is slower, brown silver oxide
being first deposited, changing to metallic (black) silver.

Dudley (GALLIC ACID). A reddish color, changing to green,
develops on adding a solut. ammonium picrate to gallic $cid.

Dudley (GLUCOSE). Dissolve bismuth subnitrate in a little
nitric acid, add equal volume of acetic acid, and dilute solution
with water to 10 times its volume. The urine to be tested is
made alkaline, a few drops of the reagent are added, and the
mixture boiled for 20 or 30 seconds if glucose present the
reduced bismuth compound is deposited as a black precipitate.
See Almtris and Boettger's tests.

Duflos (ANILINE REACTION). With dilute sulphuric acid and a
little lead- or manganese peroxide, aniline gives a greenish
coloration.

'66 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Dufios (FREE ACIDS). Evaporate 10 to 12 drops of acid solut. in
a porcelain dish on water-bath, and add a fragment cane sugar
free H 2 SO 4 gives greenish-black spot; free HC1 gives
brownish-black spot; free HNO 3 gives yellowish-brown spot.

Dufios (PICROTOXIN). A green color develops on adding a solu-

* tion of potassium bichromate to picrotoxin.
Dumontpallier (BILIARY PIGMENTS). This is Smith's modifi-

* cation of Marshal's test.
Dumontpallier-Trousseau (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Add a few

drops tincture iodine to the urine if biliary pigments pres-
ent, an emerald-green color develops, even in dilute solutions.
On overlaying the tincture on urine a green zone forms*
Bromine water gives a similar reaction.

Dunham (CLEARING MIXTURE). Mix 3 or 4 parts of white
thyme oil with i part of clove oil.

Dunham-Bujwid (ASIATIC CHOLERA BACILLUS). See Bujwid-
Dunham.

Dunstan- Ransom (ALKALOIDS IN BELLADONNA EXTRACT).
Dissolve about 2 Gm. extract in water acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid with gentle heat; filter, wash with dilute hydro-
chloric acid until no alkaloidal reaction given by filtrate.
Make the filtrate alkaline with ammonia, wash out twice with
chloroform, shake out twice with acidulated water, again make
alkaline, and remove alkaloid with two successive washings of
chloroform, then evaporate the solvent, and dry at 100 C.

Dunstan-Short (Nux-VoMiCA ASSAY). Extract 5 Gm. crushed
nux vomica seeds by continuous percolation with 30 Cc. chlo-
roform -f 10 Cc. strong alcohol. Wash out twice with 25 Cc.
dilute sulphuric acid. Make alkaline with ammonia water
and wash out alkaloids with chloroform, then evaporate to
dry ness at 100 C. and weigh residue.

Dunstan-Short (SEPARATION OF STRYCHNINE FROM BRUCINE).
Dissolve 0.2 Gm. or less of mixed alkaloids of nux vomica
in 10 Cc. dilute sulphuric acid (5-%), dilute solution to 175 Cc.
with water, then make up to 200 Cc. with potassium-ferrocy-
anide solution (5-%). Let stand 6 hours with occasional stir-
ring, collect precipitate, wash with water acidulated with sul-
phuric acid (0.25-%) until washings free from bitterness. The
precipitate is then decomposed with strong ammonia, the

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 67

filter washed with the liquid, and finally with chloroform, the
ammoniacal solution being extracted with chloroform, and
the solvent carefully evaporated in a tared flask, dried and
weighed as strychnine.

Dupasquier (ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER). Organic matter
in water is shown by a bluish-violet color upon boiling with
aqueous solution of gold chloride, due to reduction of the gold
or by the formation of a gold mirror.

Dupin-Crouzel (ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS IN PETROLEUM).
See Crouzcl-Dupin.

Duprd (FOREIGN COLORING MATTERS IN WINE). A colorless
io-% gelatin jelly is cut into cubes and allowed to stand in the
wine for 24 hours. On removal the cube is cut in half. Nat-
ural wine colors only penetrate short distance into the cube.
Foreign colors dye it throughout greater part.

Durien (CROTON OIL IN TINCTURE IODINE). Mix 10 Gm.
tincture with vo Gm. water, add iron filings in excess to the
pptd. I, and shake the solut. when decolorized, with ether.
Evaporate ethereal solut. and test residue (odor, action on
skin, and brown color with H 2 SO 4 ).

Durig (FORMALDEHYDE MIXTURE), A 3-% potassium-bichro-
mate solution containing 4 to 6% formaldehyde.

Dusart-Blondlot (PHOSPHORUS IN TISSUES). Treat substance
with mixture of alcohol, ether and carbon disulphide contain-
ing -5% sulphur, let stand i day. Repeat operation twice
more, mix liquids, and warm with metallic copper. Collect
copper (phosphide) and proceed as with Marsh's test.

Duval (CARMINE AND ANILINE-BLUE METHOD). Stain with
carmine, 'dehydrate sections, and stain for a few minutes in
mixture of 10 drops saturated alcoholic solution aniline- blue
with 10 Gm. absolute alcohol. Clear with turpentine without
further treatment with alcohol, and mount in balsam.

Duval (IMBEDDING PROCESS). Objects are imbedded in celloi-
din solution or collodion, after thorough dehydration with
absolute alcohol.

Duval (UNROLLING SECTIONS). Float the rolled sections on
the surface of warm water or alcohol in a watch-glass, or,
place them on a layer of water on a glass slide, and heat the
latter to 45 or 50 C.

68 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Duyk (GLUCOSE). Dissolve 5 Gm. nickel sulphate and 3 Gm.
tartaric acid in 75 Cc. dist. water, and add 25 Cc. solut. NaOH
(sp. gr. 1.33). In use, dilute with an equal vol. water,
and add i or 2 Cc. of the saccharine solut. Heat to 100 C.
the slightest quantities of glucose are indicated by a reddish-
brown turbidity, increasing in intensity until in a few minutes
a voluminous, dark reddish-brown, sometimes black, ppt.
forms.

Dwar (CINCHONA ALKALOIDS). Dissolve alkaloids in alcohol,
and add one drop diluted sulphuric acid, followed by tincture
iodine, drop by drop iodosulphates of the alkaloids are pre-
cipitated, and are distinguishable from one another by differ-
ence in appearance.

Eber (DECOMPOSED SAUSAGE). Hydrochloric acid i; alcohol
3 ; ether i . A small piece of sausage is held over a few drops
of reagent in a wide test-tube if sausage decomposed a cloud
forms (due to ammonia).

Ebner (DECALCIFICATION FLUIDS), i. 100 Cc. cold saturated
aqueous solution sodium chloride, 100 Cc. water, and 4 Cc.
hydrochloric acid. Preparations are placed in the fluid, and
i to 2 Cc. hydrochloric acid added daily until they are soft.
2. 2.5 parts hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.16), 500 of alcohol
(90-%), 100 water, and 2.5 sodium chloride.

Eboli (ALKALOIDS). Dil. sulphuric acid (i : i) and potassium
bichromate give characteristic color-reactions. (See Am.
Jour. Pharm., xxix, p. 369).

Eboli (CANTHARIDIN). Heat solut. with sulphuric acid and
potassium bichromate handsome green color develops if
cantharidin present.

Ebstein-Muller (PYROCATECHIN IN URINE). Add a few drops
urine to a few drops very dilute ferric-chloride solut. in a
watch-glass if pyrocatechin present, an emerald-green color
develops. On contact with ammoniacal vapors the liquid
becomes violet. On adding a trace of acetic acid to solut.
the emerald-green is restored.

Edelmann-Braeutigam (HORSE MEAT). See Braeutigam-Edel-
mann.

Edlefsen (CHLORIC ACID IN URINE). Warm urine with its
vol. cone, hydrochloric acid. The indican always present

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 69

imparts a dark-red to brownish color, but at near the boiling-
point any chloric acid present causes decolorization of the
solut. to a light-brown or light-yellow color; solut. finally
becomes colorless. If insufficient indican present, add a few
drops indigo solut.

Edlefsen (NAPHTALIN). i. A few drops ammonia water or
sodium-hydrate solution causes fluorescence in a solut. con-
taining naphtalin. 2. Add 3 or 4 drops solut. calcium chloride
and a few drops of cone, hydrochloric acid to liquid a lemon-
yellow color develops. Extract this with ether and overlay
extract on a i-% aqueous solut. resorcin, adding a little am-
monia a bluish-green develops, changed by nitric acid to
cherry-red.

Edlefsen (PHENETIDIN IN URINE). Boil urine with hydro-
chloric acid, cool, and add a few drops i-% solut. sodium
nitrite. To one-half this mixture add a few drops 5-% solut.
alpha-naphtol, and soda-lye to alkalinity a red color develops
changing to reddish-violet with excess of hydrochloric acid.
To other half of mixture add a few Cc. 3-% solut. carbolic
acid, and soda-lye to alkalinity a yellow color develops
changing to pale-red with excess of hydrochloric acid.

Ehler (FIXING FLUID FOR ANNELIDS). Add i to 5 drops
glacial acetic acid to 100 Cc. 0.5- to i-% chromic-acid solut.

Ehrenbaum (IMBEDDING METHOD). Objects are penetrated
by a mixture of ten parts resin and i part of wax. Sections
are obtained by grinding in the usual way, and the imbedding
mixture is afterwards removed by treating successively with
turpentine and chloroform.

Ehrlich (AciD HEMATOXYLIN). Dissolve hematoxylin, 2 Gm.,
in absolute alcohol, 100 Cc., and add glycerin, 100 Cc.; dis-
tilled water, 100 Cc.; ammonia alum, 2 Gm.; glacial acetic
acid, 10 Cc. Expose to daylight for at least a month before
use, removing the stopper at intervals.

Ehrlich (ACIDOPHILOUS MIXTURE), i. Indulin, aurantia, and
eosine, of each 2 parts; glycerin, 30 parts. 2. Sat. aqueous
solut. methyl orange G., 125 Gm.; sat. aqueous solut. fuch-
sine S., 150 Gm.; sat. aqueous solut. methyl green, 125 Gm.;
dist. water, 300 Gm.; glycerin, 100 Gm.; alcohol, 200 Gm.
Preserve in amber-colored bottles.

70 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Ehrlich (AMMONIATED HEMATOXYLIN). Dissolve ammonium
carbonate, 0.4 Gm., and hematoxylin, 2 Gm., in 50-% alcohol,
40 Cc., and expose to air in a shallow dish for 24 hours.
Make up volume to 40 Cc. with 50-% alcohol (warming
if necessary to re-dissolve any separated crystals), and
add ammonia alum, 2 Gm., dissolved in distilled water,
80 Cc.; glycerin, 100 Cc.; alcohol, 80 Cc., and glacial acetic
acid, 10 Cc.

Ehrlich (DIAZO-REACTION). Test for pathologically changed
urine by means of diazo-benzenesulphonic acid. Reagent is
always freshly prepared as follows: (a) Sulphanilic acid, 5;
hydrochloric acid, 50; distilled water, 1000; (b) sodium ni-
trite, 0.5; water, 100. For use add 6 Cc. of solut. b to 250
Cc. of solut. a. According to more recent statements a
diazo-benzenesulphonic acid (1:60) is employed as Ehrlich 's
reagent. Pcntzoldt (q. v.) utilizes the reaction for detection
of glucose upon the addition of potassa.

Ehrlich and others employ it for the diagnosis of various
diseases (upon addition of ammonia), especially for the de-
tection of biliary pigments. Urine is tested according to dif-
ferent methods: i. Equal volumes of urine and reagent are
mixed, and ammonia (one-eighth volume) added. In cases
of typhoid, pneumonia, and measles, solution assumes a red
color readily recognizable in the foam when solut. is shaken.
2. In Charities modification, for detection of biliary pigments,
Ehrlich 's reagent is added to urine diluted with an equal vol.
dil. acetic acid. The resulting dark color is converted into
violet by glacial acetic or other acid. 3. The urine to be
tested is shaken with chloroform, and i to 2 volumes of Ehr-
lich's reagent added with sufficient alcohol to make the mix-
ture homogeneous. If bilirubin present a red color develops,
which on careful addition of cone, hydrochloric acid changes
to violet and blue. Upon addition of potassa solution three
zones form, a greenish-blue lower one, a pure blue upper zone,
and a reddish band between.

Ehrlich (DAHLIA STAIN). Add to an aqueous solut. of dahlia
5% acetic acid; or, stain in a neutral solut. and wash out
with acidulated water. Dehydrate with alcohol and mount
in resin-turpentine solution.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 7 1

Ehrlich (GENTIAN-VIOLET SOLUTION FOR STAINING BACTERIA) ..
i. Shake 4 Cc. aniline with 100 Cc. distilled water, and
separate un dissolved aniline by filtration through a moist
filter. To filtrate add n Cc. cone, alcoholic solut. gentian,
violet while shaking, and let mixture stand for 24 hours. 2.
Gentian violet, i part; alcohol, 15 parts; aniline, 3 parts;
water, 80 parts.

Ehrlich ("MASTZELLEN"). An almost saturated solution of
dahlia in the following mixture: Absolute alcohol, 50 Cc.;
water, 100 Cc.; glacial acetic acid, 12.5 Cc. Tissues are well
hardened in strong alcohol, placed for at least 12 hours in the
above, then washed out in alcohol, and mounted in resin-
turpentine solution.

Ehrlich (STAINING METHOD). Use a saturated aqueous solut.
aniline as a mordant, the dye being dissolved in this or added
in the form of a cone, alcoholic solut. till a slight opacity
appears.

Ehrlich ("TRIACID" MIXTURE). Mix saturated solutions of
orange G., 120 parts; acid fuchsine, 80 parts, and ethyl
green, 100 parts; then add distilled water 300 parts; absolute
alcohol, 180 parts; glycerin, 50 parts.

Ehrlich- Biondi [Ehrlich-Biondi-He-idcnhain] (STAIN), (a) Me-
thyl green, 0.5 Gm.; distilled water, 100 Cc.; (6) acid fuch-
sine, 0.5 Gm. ; distilled water, 40 Cc.; (c) orange, 2 Gm. ; dis-
tilled water, 200 Cc. Mix the three solutions and filter before
use. Stain sections for 12 hours, then wash, dehydrate, clear,
and mount.

Ehrlich- Biondi-Heidenhain. See Ehrlich-Biondi.

Ehrlich-Weigert-Koch (ANILINE WATER). Mix 100 Cc. aniline-
water (i : 30) with ii Cc. cone, alcoholic solut. gentian violet,
methyl violet, or fuchsine, and 10 Cc. absolute alcohol.

Einbrodt (AMMONIUM SALTS). Solut. mercuric chloride made
slightly alkaline with potassium hydroxide or carbonate pro-,
duces a white turbidity or ppt. with ammonium salts.

Einhora (SUGAR IN URINE). Formation of carbonic acid upon
treating urine with yeast is certain indication of glucose in
urine. Einhorn and others (v. Arndt) have constructed
special fermentation saccharometers, which permit exact
quantitative estimations.

7$ TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Eiselt (MELANIN IN URINE). Urine containing melanin ac-
quires a dark color on treatment with oxidizers (e. g., nitric
acid alone or with potassium bichromate and H 2 SO.j).

Eisig (FIXING SOLUTION). Mix equal parts of 0.25-% plati-
num-chloride solut. and i-% chromic-acid solut. Pelagic fish
ova are left in this for i or 2 days.

Eismond (QUIETING INFUSORIA). Add to water containing the
organisms a drop thick aqueous solut. of cherry-tree gum.

Elias (ALKALOIDS). Formaldehyde-sulphuric acid gives the
following various color reactions with alkaloids: Narcotine,
violet, changing to olive-green and finally yellow; papaverine >
wine-red, changing from the margin inwardly to yellow and
finally deep-orange.

Elram (ETHEREAL OILS, AND RESINS). A i-% solut. vanillin
in sulphuric acid gives color reactions as follows: Maracaibo
bals. copaiva intensely dark orange-red color, margins violet,
and color changing slowly to violet ; Gurjun balsam a similar
color, but without the violet, and changing in 2 to 4 hours to
dark-brown; oil copaiva reddish-violet changing rapidly to
dark reddish-brown; copaivic acid like Maracaibo copaiva;
colophony a reddish-brown, changing to bluish- violet ; cam-
phor pink, changing in 24 hours through red, reddish- violet
and dirty gray.

Elsching (CELLOIDIN SOLUTION). Allow celloidin shavings to
swell for 24 hours in necessary quantity absolute alcohol, then
add proper amount of ether.

Emden, Van- (DUBOISINE). Solut. bromine in potassium-
bromide solut. gives yellow ppt. with dil. solut. duboisine;
iodopotassium iodide gives brownish-red ppt.; sodium phos-
phomolybdate gives voluminous ppt., soluble on warming,
and reprecipitated on cooling; solut. of sodium phospho-
molybdate in nitric acid gives yellow ppt.

Emery (AQUEOUS CARMINE INJECTION). Add acetic acid to
a io-% ammoniacal solut. carmine with continual stirring,
until mixture becomes blood-red. Pour off supernatant clear
solut. and inject cold without further preparation.

Enell (GURJUN OIL IN COPAIVA). Add 8 drops of balsam to
be tested to mixture of 2 drops cone, sulphuric acid and 4 Cc.
acetic acid no red or violet color should develop within 15

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 7S

minutes, and on addition of i drop water, no red ppt. should
form on shaking.

Endemann-Prochazka (COPPER). Add i drop cone, hydrobro-
mic acid to i drop of solut. of salt or ash in a watch-glass
on standing for some time, a rose-red to reddish-brown color
is developed by minutest trace of copper.

Engel (CREATININE). i. Add a little silver-nitrate solut. to
creatinine solut., then potassa-lye by drops white ppt. forms,
soluble in excess of KOH; becomes gelatinous and blackens
gradually in the cold, quickly on heating. 2. To a cold
solut. creatinine containing potassa, add cold solut. mercuric
chloride the compound C 4 H 7 HgN 3 O 2 is obtained.

Engel- Ville (INDICATOR). Poirrier Blue C^B. Gives with car-
bonates a blue color; with caustic alkalies, a red; and with
acids a blue color.

Entz (METHOD FOR INFUSORIA). Add a few drops Kleinen-
berg's liquid to a watch-glass water containing the organisms.
Remove liquid after i or 2 minutes, and wash objects for half-
an-hour with alcohol of medium strength; then stain 10 to 20
minutes in picro-carmine solution, wash with water till picric
acid is removed, and mount in a mixture of equal parts glyc-
erin and water.

Erdelyi (FOREIGN FATS IN BUTTER). A solut. of 2 Gm. of
the fat in 6 Cc. cumene remains unchanged at o C. for at
least an hour if fat is pure butter.

Erdmann (ALDEHYDES). Dimethylhydro-resorcin affords with
aldehydes crystallizable insoluble compounds, which may be
identified by analysis and melting-points.

Erdmann (ALKALOIDS), i. Mix 6 drops nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.25)
with 100 Cc. water, and add 10 drops of this solut. to 20 Cc.
pure cone, sulphuric acid. 2. Dilute 10 drops nitric acid
(sp. gr. 1.185) with 20 Cc. of water, and add 20 drops of this
solut. to 40 Cc. pure cone, sulphuric acid. Add i Cc. of the
reagent to i to 2 Mg. of the dry alkaloid in a watch-glass on
white paper or in a white porcelain dish, and set mixture aside
for to | hour at 18 to 22 C. For color reactions, see Hager,
Pharm. Praxis, 1886, I, p. 208.

Erdmann (POTASSIUM AND RUBIDIUM). Sodium-cobalt ni-
trite is a sensitive reagent for potassiurr. and rubidium. Re-

74 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

agent is prepared by dissolving 30 Gm. cryst. cobalt nitrate in
60 Cc. water, and adding 100 Cc. cone, solut. NaNO 2 ( 50
Gm. NaNO 2 ) and 10 Cc. glacial acetic acid. Sensitive to
i : 10,000 K. Free mineral acid or acetic acid must be
absent.

.Erdmann-Uslar (ALKALOIDS). Extract with water acidulated
with hydrochloric acid, mix with sand, treat with ammonia,
and then extract with amylic alcohol. For details see Am.
Journ. Pharm., xxxiv, p. 354.

Erlicki (HARDENING FLUID). 2.5 Gm. potassium bichromate;
0.5 Gm. copper sulphate; 100 Cc. water.

Ermengen, Van- (STAINING CILIA AND BACTERIA). Spread
cultivations thinly on a clean glass cover, and place for hour
if cold, or 5 minutes at 50 C., in fixing solut. (2-% osmic-acid
solut. i ; 10- to 25-% tannin solut. containing 4 to 5 drops acetic
acid per 100 Cc., 2). Then wash with water and alcohol, put
in sensitizing bath (gallic acid 0.5 Gm.; tannin 3 Gm.; fused
sodium acetate, 10 Gm.; water, 350 Gm.); and finally wash
with plenty water, and dry between filter-paper. Bacteria
appear blackish-brown ; cilia pure black.

Ernst (BACTERIA NUCLEAR STAIN). Stain with warm, not
hot, alkaline methylene-blue solut., wash in water, and after-
stain in cold Bismarck-brown solut. Nuclei (sporogenous
spots) stain blue-black, thus differentiating from light-blue
stained spores.

Ernst (SPORE STAIN). The cover-glass preparation, while still
warm from being passed thrice through flame, cover with as
much as possible of Loefrler's strongly alkaline methylene-
blue solut. Then pass over blue flame of a Bunsen burner
until steam arises from it, but do not allow to boil. Rinse
in water, and double stain in Bismarck-brown solut. for r
to 2 minutes, or in very dilute fuchsine solut. Spores are
stained blue.

Errera (EXTRACTION OF ALKALOIDS). 5-per-cent. alcoholic tar-
taric-acid solution.

Esbach (ALBUMIN), i. 10 Gm. picric acid; 20 Gm. citric
acid; i liter water. In albuminous solutions (urine) reagent
produces, upon previous addition of acetic acid, a yellow ppt.
Amount of latter, which can be approximately estimated in

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 75

the albuminometer, serves also for quantitative estimation of
albumin. 2. Solut. picric acid (10.5 to 1,000) 8 vol., acetic
acid (sp. gr. 1.04), i vol. Mix 20 Cc. urine with 20 Cc. solut.,
heat on water-bath, filter, wash ppt., dry, 'and weigh; 0.8 of
ppt. represents albumin. For Esbach's ureometer, see Huej-
ner's test.

Esbach-Gawalowsky (ALBUMIN IN URINE). See Gawalowsky.

JSschbaum (SUGAR IN URINE). Place about equal quantities
(size of a pea) of phenylhydrazine, HC1, and cryst. sodium ace-
tate in a test-tube, fill with urine, shake until salts dissolve,
then place in boiling water, removing heat at once. Allow
to cool in the water, preferably over night, then collect ppt.
with a pipette and examine crystals microscopically. o.oi-%
sugar may be detected.

Eschka (MERCURY). Heat substance in crucible, and condense
vapors on a cold glass plate a white stain is left if mercury
was present.

Estcourt- Parry (RESIN, PARAFFIN, AND STEARIN IN WAX).
Boil 5 Gm. wax with 20 Gm. nitric acid, cool, dilute with
ammonia water if resin present, an intense red develops.

Wax containing paraffin requires less caustic potassa for
saponification than does pure wax; if stearin present, more
caustic potassa is required.

Eulenstein (CEMENT). Mix equal parts of Brunswick black
and gold size with a very little Canada balsam.

Everard-Demoor-Massart (HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE). Dissolve
alum, 20 Gm., in water, 200 Gm., with heat, then filter, and
after 24 hours add a solut. of hematoxylin, i Gm., in alcohol,
10 Gm. Let solut. stand for 8 days, filter, and mix with
equal vol. of the following solut.: Eosine, i Gm.; alcohol, 25
Gm.; water, 75 Gm.; glycerin, 50 Gm.

Everitt (OPIUM). Red color caused by ferric chloride in solu-
tions containing opium is not affected by mercuric chloride.
Iron sulphocyanate solution is decolorized under similar cir-
cumstances.

Ewald (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Mohr's solut.
(q. v.) diluted with 3 vol. of water. Place a few drops with
i or 2 drops gastric juice in a porcelain dish if hydrochloric
acid present, a faint violet color appears at point of con-

?6 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

tact of liquids, and on stirring, mixture becomes brown.
See also Siewcr's test.

Eyclesheimer (CLEARING MIXTURE). Equal parts bergamot
oil, cedar oil, and carbolic acid.

Eykmann (PHENOL). A very dilute phenol solution gives,
upon addition of a few drops spirit nitrous ether, and overlaid
on cone, sulphuric acid, a red zone-reaction.

Eykmann (THYMOL IN MENTHOL). Dissolve a little of the
substance in i Cc. glacial acetic acid, add 5 or 6 drops sul-
phuric acid, then i drop nitric acid thymol indicated by blue
color.

Fabre-Domergue (GLUCOSE MEDIUM). Mix glucose syrup (sp.
gr. 1.1968) 1,000 parts, methyl alcohol 200 parts, glycerin 100
parts, and saturate with camphor. If acid, the medium
should be neutralized with potassa or soda.

Fabris-Villavecchia (SESAME OIL). 2 Gm. furfurol dissolved
in 100 Cc. alcohol. Add o.i Cc. of solut. to 10 Gm. of oil with
i Cc. hydrochloric acid, shake, then add 10 Cc. chloroform.
The oil dissolves in the chloroform, and the aqueous layer,
even if less than i% sesame oil had been present, acquires a
handsome carmine-red color. If sesame oil absent, no color
develops; if rancid olive oil present, a greenish color forms.
Reaction very sensitive and characteristic.

Faby (CODEINE). Rub trace of codeine with 2 drops solut.
sodium hypochlorite, and add 4 drops cone, sulphuric acid a
blue color develops.

Fages (CHLORATES AND BROMATES). Add to i Cc. solut.
strychnine nitrate in 24 Cc. HNO 3 sp. gr. 1.330 a few drops of
a solut. of a chlorate or bromate, and concentrate solut. a
red color develops, either at once, or within 15 to 20 minutes.
i drop of a solut. containing o.i Mg. KC1O 3 gives the reac-
tion in 5 minutes. For details see MERCK'S REPORT, x,
p. 120.

Fairbanks (PHOSPHORUS IN IRON). Test solut. is a filtered
solution of molybdic acid 100 Gm., water 400 Cc., and am-
monia 80 Cc., added to a mixture of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42)
300 Cc. and water 700 Cc.

Fairthorne (CHLORAL). Blue color forms on heating chloral
with cone, solut. potassium bichromate and adding nitric acid.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 77

Fairthorne (MORPHINE). Dark-red color develops on adding to
morphine a solut. of sodium hypochlorite and then ammonia.

Faktor (REAGENT). Sodium thiosulphate gives the following
reactions:

I. BY THE DRY WAY

Manganese Salts. On ignition with thiosulphate they
suffer intumescence, and yield MnS soluble in acids, and also
evolve H 2 S.

Antimony Salts. On being heated with the reagent they
afford an orange-red mass which on further ignition becomes
blackish-gray and becomes superficially coated with a white
layer of oxide.

Cadmium Salts. These, on ignition, afford at first a yellow
sulphide which later becomes brownish-red, and on cooling,
again yellow.

Stannous Salts. These on being heated with the reagent
afford a dark-brown sulphide.

Potassium Chromates. These give a green to brownish-
green chromic oxide.

II. BY THE WET WAY

Thallium Salts. In alkaline solution and at the ordinary
temperature they give a white ppt. soluble on heating. On
adding acetic acid to the solution black T1 2 S ppts.

Molybdenum Salts. These afford no reaction; on adding
HC1 however, a dark-blue ppt. forms.

Tungsten Salts. On heating these give with thiosulphate
no color reaction. On adding HC1, however, a white ppt.
forms while the fluid acquires a blue color. If HN0 8 is added
instead of HC1 the liquid becomes dark-blue.

Chromic Acid affords with the thiosulphate a brown ppt.,
while the liquid is colored yellow from the chromate formed.

Mercuric Oxide gives a ppt. of black sulphide on warming
with the reagent.

Mercuric Sulphide on warming with thiosulphate acquires
a fiery-red color.

Minium acquires a darker color on being warmed with
thiosulphate solution.

?8 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Falk (BLOOD). Add water to a mixture of alcohol 20 Gin.,
chloroform 20 Gm., oil turpentine containing ozone 20 Gm.,
and acetic acid 2 Gm., till permanent turbidity, then triturate
solut. with a little guaiac resin. Reagent gives a blue color
with blood. See also Almen's test.

Paris (GLYCERO-GUM). Acacia, 2 oz.; glycerin, i^oz.; water,
ij fl. oz.; thymol, i Gm. Dissolve with heat and filter.

Farrant (MEDIUM). According to Squire dissolve acacia, 130
Gm., in a solut. arsenous acid, i Gm., in distilled water, 200-
Cc., with frequent stirring, then add glycerin, 100 Cc., and
filter through fine Swedish paper, upon which has been de-
posited a thin layer of talc. Sometimes i% formic acid (sp.
gr. 1.2) is added. Altschul says the medium should consist
of i part acacia, i of glycerin, and i of cone, aqueous solut.
arsenous acid.

Faulding (CINEOL IN EUCALYPTUS AND CAJUPUT OILS). Add
10 or 20 Gm. of oil to phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.75) gradually
added with constant stirring till no more solidification occurs
and slight color appears. Press magma strongly between
filter -paper, transfer dry cake to a graduated cylinder, add
water, and measure or weigh cineol which separates.

Faure (NATURAL WINE COLORING MATTER). If 10 drops of
a 2-% tannin solut. and 6 drops of a 2-% gelatin solut. are
added to 2 Cc. red wine, the natural coloring-matter of wine
is completely precipitated; coal-tar dyes remain in solution.

FayolW-Villiers (ALDEHYDES AND KETONES). See Villicrs-
Fayolle.

Fehling (SUGAR, AND OTHER REDUCING SUBSTANCES), a.
Dissolve 34.669 Gm. crystallized, not effloresced, copper sul-
phate in water and dilute solut. to 500 Cc. b. Dissolve 173
Gm. crystallized Rochelle salt and 50 Gm. caustic soda in
sufficient water to make 500 Cc.

Mix equal vol. of a and b, dilute with 5 parts of water, heat to
boiling, and gradually add sugar solution (about i-% strength)
decolorization takes place, red cuprous oxide being precip-
itated. 10 Cc. Feh ling's solution are reduced by 0.05 Gm.
grape sugar, 0.067 Gm. milk sugar, 0.0475 Gm. cane sugar,
and 0.045 Gm. dextrin or starch, the last three having been
previously inverted by boiling with a dilute mineral acid. It

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 79

must be remembered, however, that many other substances*
also reduce Fehling's solution.

According to an older formula, Fehling's solution was pre-
pared as a single solution, and had to be freshly prepared for
use each time, as the single solution does not keep long. So-
lutions identical with or similar to Fehling's reagent are
BarreswiVs, Frommherz's, Trammers', Violettc's and Worm-
Mueller's solutions (q. v.).

Fenton (TARTARIC ACID). Tartaric acid gives a violet color on
addition of solut. ferrous chloride or sulphate with i or 2 drops
hydrogen dioxide and excess of free alkali.

Ferraro (RESORCIN; SANTONIN; VERATRINE). A little of the
substance is burned in a glass saucer with a few drops sul-
phuric acid and alcohol in excess. Santonin residue is uni-
form and a characteristic brick-red; resorcin residue at first
olive-green, changing quickly to light blood-red with charac-
teristic yellow zones; veratnnc residue is uniform violet-
red. (For details see Merck's Report, vol. iv, p. 10.)

Ferreri (?HLOROGLUCIN MIXTURE). Dissolve phloroglucin,
i Gm., in hydrochloric acid, 10 Gm., and water 100 Gm., with
heat, and after cooling add 200 Gm., 70-% alcohol.

Ferrier (BLOOD). Dissolve fuchsine, i Grri., in distilled water,
150 Cc., and rectified spirit, 50 Cc., then add 200 Cc. glycerin.

Fiebig (SUGAR ESTIMATION BY FERMENTATION GLUCOSOME-
TER). See Einhorn's test.

Field (BISMUTH). Solutions of lead salts containing trace of
bismuth afford an orange-red or crimson ppt. (in scales)
instead of a yellow one on adding potassium-iodide solut.

Filhol (ALKALIES). Sodium nitroprussiate in the presence of
sulphuretted hydrogen gives a blue color with alkalies.

Filhol (IODINE). Evaporate solut. to dryness with potassa,
take up with alcohol, again evaporate, dissolve residue in
water, add a few drops hydrochloric acid, then some chromic
acid on now shaking with carbon disulphide, latter is colored
violet.

Filsinger (BUTTER). Same as Drouot's test (q. v.).

Filsinger (CACAO OIL). Modified ether test. Shake 2 Gm. of
the oil in a graduated tube with 6 Cc. of a mixture of 4 parts
ether (sp. gr. 0.725) and i part alcohol (sp. gr. 0.810) and set

8o TESTS AND REAGENTS.

aside pure oil yields a clear solut. that does not become
turbid at o C.

Finkelburg (EXCREMENTS IN SOIL AND WATER). Alkaline
solution of silver oxide with sodium thiosulphate. When
substances containing excrements are boiled with hydro-
chloric acid for several minutes, then make alkaline with soda
and again heated to boiling with the reagent, a dark reddish-
brown ppt. forms, while the solut. remains light-brown in
color.

Finkener (ADULTERATIONS IN CASTOR OIL). 10 Cc. oil are
shaken with 50 Cc. alcohol (sp. gr. 0.829) and 17.5 C. if
turbidity develops which does not disappear when mixture
is heated to 20 C., at least 10% foreign oils are present.

Finkle (CHRYSAMMIC ACID). Chrysammic acid gives a violet-
red color on adding warm solut. potassium cyanide, potassium
carbonate in excess, and water.

Finzelberg (VALERALDEHYDE IN VALERIANIC ACID). Mix 2 Gm.
valerianic acid with 3 Gm. ammonia water, add 150 to 200
Cc. water, and shake vigorously if acid is pure, a perfectly
clear solution results; if valeraldehyde present, solut. is
opalescent.

Flora (PHENOL). If an excess of phenol is triturated with oil
peppermint, a bluish-green color develops after a time, and
disappears on warming, but reappears on cooling. Creosote,
guaiacol, resorcin, and other allied bodies do not give the
reaction.

Fischer (ALDEHYDES, KETONES, AND CARBOHYDRATES). With
phenylhydrazine difficultly soluble condensation products
are formed. To test for sugar in urine, 50 Cc. of latter are
heated with 2 Gm. phenylhydrazine hydrochlorate and 4 Gm.
sodium acetate for to i hour on a water-bath phenyl-
glucosazone is precipitated. If ppt. is dissolved in alco-
hol, water added, and the alcohol evaporated, needles of the
glucosazone melting at 204 to 205 C. are obtained.

Fischer (HYDROGEN SULPHIDE). A blue color forms on adding
to 50 Cc. of a liquid containing hydrogen sulphide i Cc. hydro-
chloric acid, followed by a few grains of para-amidodi-

r methylamine sulphate, and one or two drops of a dil. solut.
ferric chloride.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 81

Fischer (PLATINUM). Stannous chloride imparts a red color to
a solut. of platinum chloride in hydrochloric acid.

Fischer (SELENIUM) . On applying to silver a solution of selenous
acid mixed with sulphuric acid, a yellow to brown spot
develops.

Fischer (SOAP IMBEDDING MASS). Dissolve 15 parts trans-
parent soap in 17.5 parts 96-% alcohol.

Fischer (STAINS FOR CILIA OF BACTERIA). See Loeffler's stain.

Fischer- Phillip (INDICATOR). Dimethylamidoazobenzene ; it
gives a yellow color with alkalies, and a red with acids.

Fittig (INDICATOR). An ethereal solution of mesityl-quinone
is changed from yellow to violet by alkalies.

Fleck (AMMONIA IN WATER). Impregnate strips of white
filter-paper with a io-% solut. lead acetate, and dry in atmos-
phere free from sulphuretted hydrogen.

Fleischl (BILIARY PIGMENTS). See Gmclin's test.

Fleischmann (ALCOHOL). If alcohol present in essential oils
or chloroform, a green color develops on shaking well with
water, evaporating the aqueous liquid, treating with solu-
tion of potassium bichromate, and adding an excess of sul-
phuric acid.

Fleitmann (ARSENIC). The dil. acid in Marsh's test is replaced
by a strong solut. of potassium- or sodium hydroxide, and the
arseniuretted hydrogen evolved produces a black stain on
paper impregnated with silver nitrate.

Fleitmann (COPPER). The copper solution, freed from nitric
acid, bismuth, or lead, is precipitated with metallic zinc, and
the ppt. collected, washed, and dissolved in a mixture of ferric
chloride and hydrochloric acid. The ferrous chloride formed
is titrated with potassium-permanganate solution. Each
atom of ferrous iron (56) = 3 1.5 of copper. If the original
solution contains nitric acid, bismuth, or lead, the reduction
by zinc must be made in the ammoniacal filtrate from the
precipitates of these metals ; the zinc should be in the form of
dust and the solution warmed. When reaction is complete
the blue color will have disappeared. The precipitate is then
washed with hot water, then with weak hydrochloric acid to
remove the zinc, then dissolved in acid and ferric chloride, and
titrated as before.

82 7*Sr5 AND REAGENTS.

Flemming (FIXING AND HARDENING SOLUTIONS). Chromo-
acetic acid is an aqueous solut. of chromic acid, 0.2- to 0.25-%
and acetic acid, o.i-%. Weaker chromo-aceto-osmic acid is
an aqueous solut. of chromic acid, 0.25-%; osmic acid, o.i-%;
glacial acetic acid, o.i-%. The strong solut. consists of i-%
chromic acid solution, 15 parts; 2-% osmic acid, 3 parts;
glacial acetic acid, i part. Picric acid has sometimes been
substituted for chromic acid. Squire gives the following

formula: Osmic acid (i-% solut.), 80 Cc.; chromic acid
(io-%), 15 Cc.; glacial acetic acid, 10 Cc.; distilled water, 75
Cc.

Flemming (GENTIAN-VIOLET METHOD). Use an alcoholic
solut. diluted with about one half its bulk of water. Differ-
entiate stained objects in alcohol containing about 0.5%
hydrochloric acid, followed by pure alcohol and clove oil.

Flemming (GLYCERIN PRESERVATIVE). Equal parts of alcohol,
glycerin, and water. Lee recommends addition of 0.5 to
0.7% acetic acid.

Flemming (ORANGE METHOD). Stain for days or weeks in
strong alcoholic safranine solut. diluted with half its bulk
aniline water (saturated); then rinse in distilled water, differ-
entiate in absolute alcohol containing 0.1% hydrochloric
acid, stain for i to 3 hours in strong aqueous gentian- violet
solution, again wash in distilled water, and finally treat with
concentrated aqueous solution of orange G. After a few
minutes transfer section to absolute alcohol, then clear in
clove- or bergamot oil, and mount as usual in dammar or
balsam.

Flemming (SAFRANINE SOLUTION). A concentrated solut. in
absolute alcohol, diluted with about one-half its bulk water,
as above. Follow the same after-treatment.

Flesch (CHROMO-OSMIC ACID). Osmic acid, o.i Gm.; chromic
acid, 0.25 Gm.; water, 100 Gm.

Flueckiger (ACETANILID). Solutions containing acetanilid give
with solut. potassium hydrate and chloroform the disagree-
able odor of phenyl isocyanide.

Flueckiger ( ACIDS). Free mineral acids decolorize a violet-
colored mixture of ferrous sulphate, gallic acid, and sodium
acetate

TES7S AND REAGENTS. 83

Flueckiger (ARSENIC). Solut. mercuric chloride is employed
in place of the silver nitrate used according to Gutzeit (q. v.).
With this modification arseniuretted hydrogen produces a
yellow spot, darkened by water, but permanent toward alco-
hol. Very dilute antimony hydride does not affect the mer-
curicchloride. Somewhat less diluted it produces a brown
spot, which disappears upon addition of alcohol if sufficient
mercuric chloride was on the test-paper.

Flueckiger (BRUCINE). A crimson color is produced on mixing
an aqueous solut. of brucine with mercurous-nitrate solut.
free from excess of acid, and heating.

Flueckiger (COLCHICINE). A very dilute and almost colorless
solut. colchicine is colored yellow by sulphuric acid, and
bluish- violet by nitric acid.

Flueckiger (CREOSOTE; PHENOL), i. On mixing i volume
of ferric-chloride solut. (sp. gr. 1.34) with 9 of creosote and
adding 5 of alcohol (85-%), a green color is produced; the
solut. becomes cloudy and brownish on adding 60 volumes
water. Phenol or a mixture in considerable proportion with
creosote gives a brown color with the alcohol, changing to blue
on adding water. 2. Croesote gives a brown or dirty green
color on adding one-fourth its bulk ammonia and exposing
to vapor of bromine; phenol causes a blue color under simi-
lar conditions.

Flueckiger (CURARINE). A dark-blue color is produced on
precipitating curarine with potassium bichromate and adding
sulphuric acid to the dried precipitate.

Flueckiger (DIGITALIN). An alcoholic solut. chloral dissolves
digitalin with a yellowish-green color which, on heating,
changes first to violet, then to blackish-green.

Flueckiger (ESSENTIAL OILS). The reaction lasts longer, and
its violence is diminished on applying the sulphuric acid test,
if the oils be previously diluted with 6 to 10 volumes of carbon
disulphide.

Flueckiger (EUPHORBIUM). On extracting euphorbium with
ether, evaporating, and adding sulphuric acid, a yellowish-
brown color is produced, which changes to violet on adding
nitric acid.
Flueckiger (GALLIC ACID). On adding to gallic acid a freshly

$4 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

prepared aqueous solut. ferrous sulphate (i : 100), and adding
sodium acetate, the mixture turns violet.

Flueckiger (GURJUN OIL). On dissolving 15 drops copaiba
containing gurjun oil in twenty times its bulk carbon disul-
phide, and adding i drop of cooled mixture of equal volumes
sulphuric and nitric acids, a violet color will develop.

Flueckiger (DIFFERENTIATING NAPHTOLS). If 0.2 Gm. naphtol
is shaken with 0.2 Gm. mercuric chloride, o.i Gm. nitric
acid and 10 Cc. water at 100 C., alpha-naphtol is indicated
by a slight scarlet-red precipitate; beta-naphtol by a volu-
minous reddish-brown ppt.

Flueckiger (PEPPERMINT OIL), i. A bluish-green color de-
velops on adding fused salicylic acid to peppermint oil; the
addition of alcohol gives a solut. which is blue by transmitted
light, red by reflected light. 2. The addition of i drop nitric
acid (sp. gr. 1.20) to 50 drops peppermint oil causes fluores-
cence after several hours. 3. The reddish color produced
on adding chloral hydrate to peppermint oil is intensified
by H 2 SO 4 , and changed to dark violet on adding chloro-
form.

Flueckiger (PHENOL IN CLOVE OIL). Shake the oil with fifty
times its volume of hot water, cool, decant the oil and concen-
trate the aqueous liquid by evaporation. On adding to the
residue a drop of ammonia solution and sprinkling on the
surface a little chlorinated lime, a green to blue color develops
if phenol present.

Flueckiger (QUININE), i. Bromine water and an excess of
ammonia added to a solution of quinine give an emerald-green
color. (Thalleioquin re'action.) See Brand's test. 2.
Chlorine water, potassium ferricyanide and ammonia produce
a red color with quinine. 3. A ray of light pascing through
an acid solution of quinine has a bluish color.
Flueckiger (TEST PAPER). Sublimate Paper. Paper impreg-
nated with HgCl 2 gives with arseniuretted hydrogen a yellow,
then a brown, color.

Flueckiger (VALERIAN OIL). A blue color is produced on dis-
solving i drop valerian oil in 15 drops carbon disulphirte, and
adding i drop sulphuric acid, followed by i drop nitric acid
(sp. gr. i. 20).

TESTS AND REAGENTS. S

Flueckiger-Behren (SESAME OIL). Five drops sesame oil when
treated with 5 drops of a cooled mixture of equal parts cone*
sulphuric acid, nitric acid and water, produce a green zone.
Upon immediate addition of 5 drops carbon disulphide an
upper greenish layer is produced, which fades more slowly
than the original color.

Foa (FIXING LIQUID). Equal parts saturated solut. mercuric
chloride in normal-salt solut. (0.75-%) and Muller's solution
r $-% bichromate solut.

Foa (HEMATOXYLIN AND SAFRANINE STAIN). Distilled water,
100 parts; Boehmer's hematoxylin solution, 25 parts; i-%
solut. safranine in water and alcohol, 20 parts.

Focke (GLUCOSE). See Tronimcr's test.

Foettinger (NARCOTIZATION METHOD). Drop crystals of chlo-
ral hydrate into the water (0.25 to 0.80 Gm. to each 100
Cc.) containing the organisms.

Fokker (URIC ACID). In urine containing uric acid, and pre-
viously made alkaline with soda, solut. of ammonium chloride
causes formation of the difficultly soluble ammonium urate.
This test serves also, particularly in Salkowsky's modification,
for quantitative estimation.

Fol (ALBUMIN FIXATIVE). Filter whipped white of egg through
a Bunsen filter, then add an equal bulk of glycerin and a little
camphor or carbolic acid.

Fol (BERLIN-BLUE GELATIN MASS), a. 120 Cc. cold saturated
solution of ferrous sulphate and 300 Cc. warm gelatin solution;
b. 600 Cc. gelatin solution, 240 Cc. of a saturated solut. oxalic
acid, and 240 Cc. cold saturated solution of potassium ferri-
cyanide. Pour a into b gradually with vigorous shaking,,
and warm the whole for 15 minutes on a boiling water-bath.
Then allow mass to set, press out into strings through tulle-
or fine netting, wash strings, and spread out to dry on para-
fined parchment paper. When required for use, soak in cold
water for a few minutes, and then warm with enough oxalic
acid to enable it to completely dissolve.

Fol (CARMINE-GELATIN MASS). Macerate sheet gelatin for 2
days in concentrated ammoniacal carmine solution (strong
solut. ammonia, i part; water, 3 or 4 parts; carmine, to satu-
ration. Filter.); then rinse and put for a few hours into

86 75T5 /IND REAGENTS.

water acidulated with acetic acid. Wash well on a sieve with
running water for several hours to remove excess of acid or
ammonia, melt, and pour on to large sheets of parchment
paper soaked with paraffin, which are hung up to dry in an
airy place. When dry separate gelatin, cut into long strips,
and protect from dust and damp. When required for use
soak for a few minutes in water and melt on a water-bath.

Fol (DECALCIFICATION LIQUID). Mix 70 volumes of i-%
chromic acid solut., 3 of nitric acid, and 200 of water.

Fol (FERRIC-CHLORIDE FIXING AND STAINING PROCESS).
Preparations are treated with tincture of ferric chloride di-
luted with 5 to 10 times its bulk of 70-% alcohol, and then
transferred for 25 hours to alcohol containing a trace of gallic
acid.

Fol (FIXING SOLUTION). Mix osmic acid (i-% solut.), 4 Cc.;
solut. chromic acid(io-%), 5 Cc.; glacial acetic acid, 10 Cc.;
distilled water, 181 Cc.

Fol (GELATIN FIXATIVE). Dissolve 4 Gm. gelatin in 20 Cc.
glacial acid on a water-bath, and to each 5 Cc. of solut. add
70 Cc. of 70-% alcohol, and i to 2 Cc. of 5-% aqueous chrome-
alum solut.

Fol (GLYCERIN JELLIES), i. Melt together one volume Beale's
glycerin jelly and half to one volume of water, then add 2- to
5-% salicylic-acid solution, or carbolic acid or camphor. 2.
Gelatin, 30 parts; water, 70 parts; glycerin, 100 parts;
alcoholic solut. camphor, 5 parts. 3. Gelatin, 20 parts;
water, 150 parts; glycerin, 100 parts; alcoholic solut. cam-
phor, 15 parts.

Fol (METAGELATIN VEHICLE). Metagelatin is prepared by
adding a slight proportion of ammonia to a solut. of gelatin,
and heating the solution for several hours. Coloring matters
are then added as required, and the vehicles thinned if neces-
sary by the addition of weak alcohol. After injection prepa-
rations are thrown into strong alcohol or chromic-acid solu-
tion to set the mass.

Fol (NARCOTIZATION METHOD). Saturate the water containing
the organisms with carbon dioxide gas.

Fol (PICRO-CHROMIC ACID METHOD). Mix saturated aqueous
solut. picric acid, 10 vols., with i-% chromic acid solut., 25

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 87

, vols., and water 65 vols. At the moment of using add 0.005
vol. of osmic-acid solution, wash preparations with nearly
boiling water, and then with alcohol.

Fol (SLIDE-CLEANING SOLUTION). Dissolve potassium bichro-.
mate 3 parts, and sulphuric acid, 3 parts, in water 40 parts.

Fonzes-Diacon (DIFFERENTIATING CREOSOTE AND GUAIACOL).
i. Mix 10 Cc. of solut. (10 drops to liter) with 2 Cc. 1:200
copper-sulphate solut., then add i Cc. 1:250 solut. potassium
cyanide orange-yellow to greenish-orange develops, accord-
ing to quantity of guaiacol present. Color may be compared
with that given by a solut. of known strength. 2. Dissolve
trace of liquid in a little water, place on sheet of glass, add 2
to 3 Cc. 4-% solut. copper sulphate, then add 2 Cc. 1:250
solut. potassium cyanide striae form, emerald green with
creosote; reddish gray with poor guaiacol; and purplish
maroon with good guaiacol.

Fordos (LEAD). Tin containing lead is stained yellow on apply-
ing a drop of nitric acid, heating, then cooling and applying
a drop 5-% potassium-iodide solut.

Fonnanek (ALKALOIDS AND GLUCOSIDES). Add a little nitric
acid to a small quantity of substance in a porcelain capsule,
and evaporate slowly on water-bath, treat cooled residue with
ammonia, then with caustic potassa. Various alkaloids and
glucosides give different color-reactions and residues. For
details of reactions with aloin, amygdalin, brucine, cotoin,
paracotoin, emodin, narcotine, salicin, and strychnine, see
MERCK'S REPORT, IV, p. 221.

Fonnanek (INDICATOR). Alizarin Green B. Gives with alka-
lies a green ; with acids a carmine-red.

Forney (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). See McClellan-Forney.

Fourcroy (PHOSPHORIC ACID). A white crystalline ppt. is
thrown down on adding to phosphoric acid ammonium chlo-
ride and ammonia, followed by magnesium sulphate.

Fraenkel (FIXING MIXTURE). Mix 15 parts i-% palladium-
chloride solut. with 5 parts of 2-% osmic-acid solut. and a few
drops acetic acid.

Fraenkel (TUBERCLE STAIN). Boil aniline water in a test-tube,
pour into watch-glass, add as many drops cone, alcoholic solut.
fuchsine as will produce a shimmering color to surface. Then

88 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

float cover-glass preparations on liquid for 5 to 10 minutes,
then place in methylene-blue sulphuric-acid solut. for i to 2
minutes. Rinse in water or in 0.5-% acetic acid water.

Fraenkel-Voge (CULTURE SOLUTION FOR BACTERIA). Sodium
chloride, 5; neutral sodium phosphate, 2; ammonium lactate,
6; asparagin, 4; dissolved in distilled water, 1,000.

Fraenzel (SUBLIMATE SOLUTION). Add i drop nitric acid to
each Cc. 5-% aqueous sublimate solut.

Fraenzel-Balmer (TUBERCLE BACILLI STAIN). See Balmer-
Fraentzcl.

Francis (BILIARY ACIDS IN URINE). Dissolve 2 Gm. glucose
(dried on water-bath) in 15 Gm. sulphuric acid, and overlay
4 Cc. of this reagent with 4 Cc. urine a purple color develops
if biliary acids present.

Francois (THEOBROMINE). i. o.i Gm. dissolved in i Cc. nitric
acid and 2 Cc. water becomes cloudy on adding 10 Cc. io-%
solut. silver nitrate, clears on warming, and crystallizes on
again cooling. 2. Bromine water added to solut. of sub-
stance in hydrochloric acid, and bromine excess driven off
solut. turns blue on adding trace of ferrous sulphate in
solut. and few drops ammonia. 3. Dark-green needles of
theobromine tetraiodide form on adding iodine solut. to solut.
of alkaloid in hydrochloric acid, collecting the ppt., dissolving
it in io-% solut. potassium iodide, and crystallizing.

Frankenstein (ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FIBERS). When
moistened with olive oil and then dried between filter-paper,
animal fibers and cotton remain unaltered, whilst flax be-
comes transparent.

Frankland (NITROUS ACID). A faintly acid solut. of sulphanilic
acid, and phenol. Reagent is mixed with the fluid to be
tested, then ammonia is added if nitrous acid present, a red
color appears. See Ricglcr's test.

Franqui-Van de Vyvere (GLUCOSE). Reduction occurs on heat-
ing urine containing glucose with a solution of bismuth hydrox-
ide in potassium hydroxide.

Fraude (ALKALOIDS). Boil a trace of alkaloid with several Cc.
of an aqueous solut. perchloric acid, sp. gr. 1.13 to 1.14
aspidospermine is colored fuchsine-red; brucine madeiro-red;
strychnine reddish-yellow.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 891

Frebault (INDICATOR). Potassium- or sodium picramate
(dinitramido-phenate) is changed from bright red to greenish-
yellow by acids.

Frederking (ALCOHOL IN ETHER). On shaking a mixture of
ether and alcohol with an equal bulk of glycerin the volume
of the latter will be increased.

Freeborn (PICRO-NIGROSIN METHOD). Mix 5 Cc. of i-% aque-
ous solut. nigrosin with 45 Cc. aqueous picric-acid solut.
Stain for 3 to 5 minutes, wash with water, and mount in
balsam.

Frerich (LEUCIN AND TYROSIN IN URINE). Ppt. urine with
basic lead acetate; remove excess of latter with hydrogen-
sulphide, and evap. liquid to small volume on water-
bath crystals of tyrosin form in 24 hours; leucin appears
later.

Fresenius (NITRITES). Add starch-paste, solut. potassium-
iodide, and sulphuric acid to liquid a blue color develops if
nitrites present.

Fresenius (NITROUS ACID IN WATER). The water to be
examined is acidulated with acetic acid and distilled. The
distillate is collected in potassium-iodide starch solutioa
acidulated with sulphuric acid, whereby nitrous, acid is in-
dicated by the development of a blue color.

Fresenius (PHENOL). If phenol is boiled with a solut. mercurous.
nitrate containing traces of free acid, metallic mercury is pre-
cipitated, and the odor of salicylic aldehyde becomes apparent.
See Plugge's phenol test.

Fresenius-Babo (ARSENIC). Arsenates and arsenic sulphide are
reduced on fusing with 12 parts of a mixture of sodium car-
bonate, 3, and potassium cyanide, i, in a stream of carbonic
acid, the substance being heated in a porcelain boat placed
in a reduction tube. The arsenic may be identified by the
formation of a mirror.

Fresenius- Neubauer (PHOSPHORUS). Vapors of phosphorus
reduce silver-nitrate solut.

Freund (SULPHATES IN URINE). To 60 Cc. urine add 10 drops,
each i-% solut. alizarin and 5-% acetic acid. When mixture
is orange, triturate with solut. barium acetate (11.22:1000)
till ppt. distinctly red (i Cc. of barium-acetate solut. = 3 Mg..

90 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

sulphur trioxide). If urine dark, decolorize with acetic acid
and powd. zinc.

Frey (AMMONIA CARMINE). Carmine, 0.15 to 0.30 Gm.;
ammonia, a sufficiency; water, 30 Gm.; filter and add glyc-
erin, 30 Gm., and strong alcohol, 8 to 12 Gm.

Frey (ARTIFICIAL IODIZED SERUM). Distilled water, 135 Gm.;
egg albumin, 15 Gm.; sodium chloride, 0.20 Gm. After filtra-
tion add tincture iodine, 3 Gm. Any precipitate is removed
by filtering through flannel, and a little iodine is then added
to the filtrate.

Frey (FUCHSINE SOLUTION). For staining microscopic prepa-
rations, there is used a solut. of o.oi Gm. crystallized fuchsine,
20 to 25 drops absolute alcohol, and 15 Cc. of water.

Friedenwald-Ehrlich (DiAzo REACTION FOR TYPHOID AND
TUBERCULE). This is a modification of Ehrlich's reaction, in
which the sulphanilic acid is replaced by />-amido-acetophe-
none. With this reagent the diazo reaction is obtained in
Bacillus typhus abdominalis and B. tuberculosis miliaris.

Friedlander (ACETIC GENTIAN-VIOLET). Cone, alcoholic solut.
gentian violet, 50 Gm.; acetic acid, 10 Gm.; distilled water,
100 Gm.

Friedlander (CAPSULE STAIN). Stain for 24 hours in Fried-
lander's acetic-acid gentian-violet solut., then decolorize in
o.i-% acetic- acid solut., and rinse in water.

Friedlander (FIXING MIXTURE). Dissolve copper and zinc
sulphates, 125 parts each, in i ,coo parts of water.

Friedlander (STAINING METHODS). Cover-glass preparations
are treated for 3 minutes with a i-% solut. acetic acid, and
allowed to dry after removal of excess of liquid by filter-paper.
Next place in gentian-violet aniline water (aniline water, 100
Cc.; concentrated alcoholic solut. gentian violet, n Cc.;
absolute alcohol, 10 Cc.) for half a minute, wash in water,
dry and mount in balsam. Sections are kept for 24 hours in
a warm place, in the following solution: Cone, alcoholic solut.
gentian violet, 50 Cc.; distilled water, 100 Cc.; glacial acetic
acid, 10 Cc. Then treat for i or 2 minutes with o.i-% acetic
acid, dehydrate, clear and mount in balsam.

Friedlander (Wooo FIBER IN PAPER). Fuming hydrobromic
acid colors wood fiber an intense green.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 91

Frisch (CREOSOTE; PHENOL). An alcoholic solut. creosote is
colored emerald green by an alcoholic solut. ferric chloride;
phenol is colored blue.

Fritsche (HYDROCARBONS). Dinitroanthraquinone yields crys-
talline compounds with many hydrocarbons.

Froehde (ALBUMIN). Solut. of molybdic acid in sulphuric acid
gives a dark-blue color with albumin in substance.

Froehde (ALKALOIDS). With alkaloids and glucosides a freshly
prepared solution of o.oi Gm. of sodium molybdate in i Cc.
of concentrated sulphuric acid (according to others o.oi Gm.
:io Cc., also i Gm. : 10 Cc.) produces characteristic color-
reactions. For details see Hager, Pharm. Praxis, 1886, 1, 208.
Proteins yield a dark-blue color.

Froehde (HYDROCYANIC ACID). If a cyanide is fused with
sodium thiosulphate, the mass dissolved in water and ferric
chloride added, a blood-red color ensues.

Frohn (ALBUMINOUS SUBSTANCES AND ALKALOIDS). Boil 1.5
Gm. freshly precipitated bismuth subnitrate with a solut. of 7
Gm. potassium iodide in 20 Cc. water, and then add 20 drops
hydrochloric acid. The orange-yellow solution produces pre-
cipitates in acid solutions of albumin and alkaloids. See also
Dragendorff's test.

Frommerherz (GLUCOSE). 41.76 Gm. of crystallized copper
sulphate, 20.88 Gm. of potassium bitartrate, and 10.44 Gm.
of potassa, dissolved in sufficient water to make a liter. See
Fehlmg's test.

Fuerbringer (ALBUMIN). Mixture of mercic and sodium chlo-
rides with citric acid and sodium chloride. In albuminous
urine the reagent causes a turbidity or a flocculent ppt. As,
however, uric acid is also precipitated, the urine must first be
diluted. See also Stuetz's albumin capsules.

Fuerbringer (MERCURY). Urine is acidified and "brass-wool"
immersed in it, then rinsed with water, absolute alcohol, and
ether in turn. On heating the brass to redness in a combus-
tion tube containing a little iodine at one end, mercury (if
present) vaporizes and combines with the iodine to form red
iodide.

Fugc (REDUCED IRON). Dissolve 4 Gm. pure copper sulphate
in 100 Cc. hot water, and add i Gm. of sample. Shake in a

92 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

corked flask for 10 minutes, then filter, and titrate with deci-
normal potassium-bichromate solution.

Gabbet (DYE FOR TUBERCLE BACILLI). This consists of 2
Gm. methylene blue, 25 Gm. cone, sulphuric acid, and 75,
Gm. water.

Gabbet-Ernst (TUBERCLE STAIN). Stain cover-glass prepara-
tion in cold Ziehl-Neelsen's carbol-fuchsine solut. for 2 to 5
min., then for i min. in Gabbet's methylene- blue sulphuric-
acid solut. (see above), and rinse in water. This method is.
one of the most rapid, convenient, and exact.

Gaffky (STAINING METHODS). Leave sections hardened in
alcohol for 20 to 24 hours in a deep-blue opaque solution,,
freshly made by adding saturated alcoholic solut. of methy-
lene blue to distilled water. Then wash in distilled water,,
dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear in turpentine oil, and
mount in balsam.

Gage (CLEARING MIXTURE). Mix 40 Cc. melted carbolic acid
with 60 Cc. turpentine oil.

Gage (DECALCIFICATION FLUID). Dilute a sat. aqueous solut.
alum with an equal vol. of water, and to each 100 Cc. of the
solution add 5 Cc. of strong nitric acid. Change every 2 or 3
days until decalcification complete.

Gage (FORMALDEHYDE MIXTURE). Add two parts of 40-%
formaldehyde solution to 1,000 parts normal salt-solution
(0.75-% in water).

Gage (PICRIC ALCOHOL). Mix 250 parts of 95-% alcohol with
750 parts water and i part picric acid.

Gage (PRESERVATIVE FLUID). .Egg albumin, 15 Cc.; water,
200 Cc.; mercuric chloride, 0.5 Gm.; sodium chloride, 4 Gm.
Filter and preserve in a cool place.

Gage (PRESERVATIVE FOR POTASH AND SODA PREPARATIONS).
Mount tissues treated with strong potassa or soda solution,
in 60- % potassium-acetate solut. (with or without the addition
of i% acetic acid), or simply treat and mount in glycerin or
glycerin jelly. They may be stained if the acetate be first
washed out by treatment with alum solution for 24 hours.

Gaglio (MERCURY VAPORS IN ATMOSPHERE). Pass air to be
tested through a solut. palladium chloride in 500 parts of
water. The palladium chloride is previously dissolved in

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 93

hydrochloric acid with aid of nitric acid and repeatedly evap-
orated to dryness with hydrochloric acid. If mercury present
the solution is reduced, as shown by the formation of black
spots.

Galippe (ALBUMIN). Picric acid solution is added drop by drop
to the suspected urine. A white cloudiness indicates the
presence of albumin. Compare Hager's alkaloid reagent.

Gallois (INOSITE IN URINE). Free urine from glucose by fer-
mentation and from albumin by boiling, evaporate to a small
bulk, and add a drop mercurous-nitrate solut. If inosite
present the residue upon complete evaporation is yellow, and,
upon warming, becomes red. (By this treatment albumin is
colored rose-red, sugar, black; hence these must previously be
completely removed.)

Ganassini (HYDROGEN SULPHIDE). The reagent is a solution
of 1.25 Gm. ammonium molybdate in 50 Cc. distilled water,
which is mixed with a separately prepared solut. of 2.5 Gm.
of potassium sulphocynate in 45 Cc. water to which 5 Cc. cone.
HC1 are added. Strips of filter-paper are impregnated with
the solut. so obtained, and dried. The strips so prepared
when brought into contact with H 2 S develop an intense,
violet color. Should a red color develop in the solut. because
of the presence of iron, it may be dissipated by adding a very
small quantity of oxalic acid until the color becomes a yellow-
ish-green. The solut. is then to be used as above stated. The
reagent is stated to be advantageous because of its sensitive-
ness, and because of the readiness with which it may be
everywhere prepared.

Gannal (MOUNTING MEDIUM). Dissolve i part of aluminium
acetate in 10 parts water.

Ganswindt (Ross OIL). Impurities in rose oil may be detected
by noting odor given off on atomizing a mixture of one drop
oil and i J fl. oz. water in a moderately warm room.

Ganther (BLOOD STAINS). Place i drop of solut. of blood
stain, or small portion of rust containing blood, on glass slide
(on black paper), add i drop feebly alkaline water, and in a
few minutes i drop hydrogen dioxide if trace of blood pres-
ent, comparatively large bubbles of oxygen form, and unite
to a froth persisting several hours, and collecting gradually

94 TESTS 4ND RE/IGENTS.

towards the center. Pus behaves similarly. Test may be
used to identify hemin crystals.

Gantter (COTTONSEED OIL IN LARD). Dissolve i Gm. melted
fat in 10 Cc. petroleum ether, add i drop cone, sulphuric acid,
and shake mixture if cottonseed oil present, a dark-brown
color develops ; pure lard remains colorless or a light brown.

Gardiner (TANNIC ACID). Ammonium-molybdate solution pro-
duces a yellow precipitate with the acid.

Garrigou (ORGANIC MATTER IN MINERAL WATERS). Barium
hydrate added to a mineral water ppts. all metallic oxides
present and allows organic matters to be detected. For de-
tails see MERCK'S REPORT, x, p. 87.

Garrod (URIC ACID IN BLOOD). Add 0.5 Cc. acetic acid to 30
Cc. blood serum, and immerse a fine thread if uric acid pres-
ent, crystals form on thread (obtained specially in gout but also
in leucemia and chlorosis).

Gassend (SESAME OIL). To 15 Cc. of the oil and 10 Cc. of
oxalic-acid solution, add 2 to 3 Cc. of io-% sodium-bisulphite
solut., shake, and set aside for 5 minutes if the red color
permanent, the oil may be assumed to be adulterated with
sesame oil. (Modified Baudouin's test).

Gatehouse (ARSENIC). A black stain is produced on silver-ni-
trate paper held over mouth of test-tube in which an arsenical
solution is heated with caustic soda and a strip of aluminium.

Gaudail (ALBUMIN). Mercuric nitrate gives a ppt. with albumin.

Gaule (FIXING LIQUID). Mercuric chloride, 5 Gm.; sodium
chloride, 0.5 Gm.; water, 100 Cc.

Gaultier de Claubry-Chatin (IODINE). See Chatin-Gaultier de
Claubry.

Gautier (ALBUMIN). 250 Cc. soda solution, 50 Cc. 3-% copper-
sulphate solution, and 700 Cc. of glacial acetic acid. This;
mixture precipitates serum albumin from its solutions, but
not egg albumin.

Gautier (TANNIN REACTION). Precipitation effected by shak*
ing with cuprous carbonate and adding alcohol, or by addition
of aqueous copper-acetate (1:30).

Gawalowski (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Improved Esbach's re-
agent. Picric acid, i; citric acid, 2; water, 50; alcohol, 30;
dissolve, and add water to 100.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 95

Gawalowski (ALCOHOL IN PERU BALSAM). Odor of aldehyde
is given off on adding Peru balsam containing alcohol to a
solut. of potassium bichromate in sulphuric acid.

Gawalowski (BENZIN: BENZENE) . Picric acid is soluble in
the benzene, giving an intense yellow color; insoluble in
benzin.

Gawalowski (INDICATOR). Methyl-orange and phenolphtalein
solution, used as a neutrality indicator. Gives with alkalies
a red color; neutral solutions give a lemon-yellow; and acids
give a pink color.

Gayard (MANGANESE IN ZINC). On treating with dil. sulphuric
acid and electrolyzing clear solution, a violet color appears
around platinum electrode.

Gayard (TANNIN; GALLIC ACID). To distinguish tannin from
gallic acid, add a cone, solution lead acetate the tannate
formed is insoluble ; the gallate is said to be soluble.

Gayon-Ganon-Molher (ALDEHYDES). Test solution is prepared
by mixing 100 Cc. sodium-bisulphite solut. sp. gr. 1.3,
with 150 Cc. i : i, ooo aqueous fuchsine solution, diluting
with i liter water, and finally adding 15 Cc. cone, sulphuric
acid.

Gehe (PERU BALSAM). Shake 5 Gm. Peru balsam with 5 Gm.
sodium-hydroxide solut. (sp. gr. 1.168 to 1.172), then wash
out with three successive 10 Gm. of ether. Evaporate solvent
in tared dish until two weighings at 5 minutes' interval show
difference of not more than i Cgm. To weighed residue add
3 S to 40 Cc. of semi-normal alcoholic potassa solution and 20
Cc. alcohol, saponify on water-bath, and titrate with acid.
Weight of residue (cinnamein) should be from 57 to 60%; and
the acid number between 235 and 238.

Geissler (ALBUMIN). A white ppt. is given by urine containing
albumin on adding solut. potassium iodide, 3.32 Gm., and
mercuric chloride, 1.35 Gm., in water, 40 Cc., and acetic acid,
20 Cc.

Geissler (ALBUMIN TEST-PAPERS). Strips of filter-paper, some
saturated with cone, citric-acid solution, some with 3-%
corrosive-sublimate solut. to which 12 to 15% potassium
iodide has been added. A strip of the acid paper is dipped
into the urine, then the mercury-potassium-iodide paper if

96 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

albumin present a ppt. forms. Concentrated urine must first
be diluted. See Oliver's test.

KJeissler (FUCHSINE IN WINE), i. Amyl alcohol shaken with
wine, after adding excess of ammonia, takes up fuchsine only.
2. Melted stearin is poured into wine heated to 60 C., and
the mixture shaken briskly. On slowly cooling the stearin will
be colored red if fuchsine present.

Geitel (NEUTRAL FAT IN FREE FATTY ACIDS). Dissolve 2
Gm. of the fatty acids in 15 Cc. hot alcohol and add 15 Cc.
ammonia if considerable neutral fat present, solution be-
comes turbid. Traces of neutral fat detected by overlaying
solution with cold methyl alcohol if neutral fat present a
turbidity occurs at contact-point.

Geith (STEARIN IN WAX). Wax containing stearin causes
lime-water to lose its alkalinity on boiling.

fienfer (STAIN FOR MICRO SECTIONS). A i-% ammonio-congo-
red solut., to which is added 0.1% of chrysoidine.
The section is first bleached with Javelle water, then well
washed and made alkaline with ammonia, before immersion
in stain. In vegetable preparations, the cuticle is stained
golden-yellow; wood fibers orange-red to straw-yellow;
phloem rose-red. Preparations should be mounted in glyc-
erin-gelatin; the colors are permanent.

Gentele (SUGAR DETERMINATION). Potassium ferricyande,
27.45 Gm.; solution caustic soda, sp. gr. 1.34, 25 Cc., water
to make 250 Cc.

Geoffroy (MOUNTING MEDIUM). Dissolve with as little heat
as possible, 3 to 4 Gm. gelatin in 100 Cc. of io-% aque-
ous chloral-hydrate solut. See Gilson's chloral-hydrate
jelly.

Geogehan (AciD TEST). All inorganic and organic acids, ex-
cepting hydrocyanic acid, precipitate red mercuric iodide from
a solution of a double salt of mercury cyanide and potassium
iodide.

Gerard (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Dilute aqueous iodopotassium-
iodide solut. is added in small quantity to chloroformic
extract of urine, and potassa solut. added reddish color of
the chloroformic extract disappears, and, if biliary pigments
present, potassa solut. is colored green.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 97

Gerber (FIXED OILS IN COPAIBA). Pure copaiba remains clear
on shaking with ammonia; fixed oils, if present, cause cloudi-
ness.

Gerhardt (ACETONE IN URINE). Treat 10 to 15 Cc. urine with
ferric-chloride solut. until a ppt. is formed. Filter, and again
add ferric chloride to filtrate. If acetone present a Bordeaux-
red color develops.

Gerhardt (BILIARY PIGMENTS), i. A green color forms on
extracting urine with chloroform, decanting, and mixing with
ozonized turpentine oil and a little dilute potassa solut. 2.
A yellow to brownish-yellow color, with greenish fluorescence,
forms on adding iodine and sufficient dilute potassa solut. to
chloroformic extract.

Gerhardt (BRUCINE). A violet color develops on dissolving
brucine in nitric acid, heating solut. till it becomes yellow,
then adding water and a solut. stannous chloride.

Gerrard (ATROPINE AND HYOSCYAMINE). Solut. 5 Gm. mercuric
chloride in 95 Gm. 50-% alcohol. If 2 Cc. of reagent are
warmed with o.ooi Gm. atropine, a red ppt. forms. Hyo-
cyamine produces a similar ppt. Homatropine is not
pptd.

Gerrard (GLUCOSE). Dilute 10 Cc. Fehling's reagent with 40 Cc.
of water and heat to boiling; a solut. of potassium cyanide of
about 5-% strength is then run in until the blue color is only
just visible. Another 10 Cc. of Fehling's solution are now
added, and the urine or other saccharine solution run in rapidly
from a burette, the liquid being kept boiling; when the color
is discharged the volume of liquid added is read off; this
volume contains 0.05 Gm. of glucose; in cases where more
than 0.5% of glucose is present, the urine must be diluted with
water.

Giacomi (STAINING METHOD). Stain cover-glass preparations
for a few minutes in hot solut. fuchsine, then place in water
containing a few drops ferric-chloride solut., and afterwards
decolorize in strong ferric-chloride solution. If any ppt. be
formed with the iron solution, complete decolorization in
alcohol. Counter-stain with vesuvine.

Giacomi (SYPHILIS-BACILLUS STAIN). Stain several minutes
in aniline- water fuchsine, then place in water containing

98 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

several drops FeXl solut., and finally rinse in water. Syph-
ilis bacilli lose their color in mineral acids at once, or very
quickly 35 to 45 seconds (differentiation from tubercle and
leprosy bacilli) but they bear immersion in alcohol for a
considerably longer time without effect (differentiation from
smegma bacillus).

Gibbes (BORAX CARMINE). Carmine, 30 grains; borax, 120
grains; water, 4 fl. oz. Decant when clear. After staining
sections in this for a few minutes, wash in mixture of hydro-
chloric acid, i part, and absolute alcohol, 20 parts. When
tissues are bright rose-red wash in several changes of alcohol
to remove acid.

Gibbes (DOUBLE STAINING METHOD). Magenta, 2 Gm.; me-
thylene blue, i Gm.; add slowly aniline, 3 Cc., dissolved in
alcohol, 15 Cc. Subsequently add 15 Cc. distilled water
and keep stain in a stoppered bottle. Place cover-glass
preparations for 4 minutes in the slightly heated stain and
leave sections for some hours in the stain at ordinary ten, pera-
ture. Afterwards wash in methylated spirit until no more
color comes away, then dehydrate, clear in cedar oil, and
mount in balsam.

Gibbes (MAGENTA STAIN). Magenta, 2 Gm.; aniline, 3 Gm.;
rectified spirit, 20 Cc.; distilled water, 20 Cc.

Gibbs (STAIN FOR TUBERCLE BACILLI). Fuchsine, 2, and
methylene blue, i, are well rubbed together with a mixture of
aniline, 3 vol.; alcohol (95-%), 15 vol.; water, 15 vol. Prep-
arations stained with this solut. show tubercle bacilli red, on
a blue ground.

Giesbrecht (SHELLAC FIXATIVE). Filter a moderately strong
solut. of brown shellac in absolute alcohol and spread on
warmed slides by means of a glass rod dipped in the solut. and
drawn once over each slide. Then let the slides dry. Brush
them over with creosote shortly before applying sections, and
after the latter have been arranged, heat on a water-bath for
about 15 minutes at the melting-point of the paraffin. On
cooling, the sections will be found to be firmly fixed in the
shellac, and the paraffin may be dissolved away by dropping
turpentine on them.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 99

Giesecke (FREE SULPHURIC ACID IN ALUMINIUM SULPHATE).
Tincture of hematoxylon causes in dilute solut. of acid-free
salt a deep, violet color; if free acid present, color will be pale,
brownish-yellow.

Giesel (COCAINE). 5 Cc. i-% cocaine solut. yield upon addition
of 2 Cc. sat. potassium-permanganate solut. a violet ppt. of
cocaine permanganate.

Gieson, Van- (FORMALIN METHOD). Tissues are hardened in
4-, 6-, or io-% solutions of formaldehyde, followed by 95-%
alcohol.

Gigli (PHENACETIN). Mix equal volumes saturated solut.
phenacctin and chlorine water, and add few drops ammonia
a reddish to brown color develops If phenacetin contains
5 to 10% quinine, a handsome blue develops on adding chlo-
rine water.

Gil (FREE SULPHUR). Heat alcohol containing a small quan-
tity of caustic potassa or caustic soda with substance to
be examined if sulphur present, the alcohol will acquire
a blue or green color, according to quantity of sulphur
present.

Gilbert (MAGNESIA MIXTURE). Magnesium chloride, 10.15
Gm.; ammonium chloride, 20 Gm.; io-% ammonia, 40 Cc.;
water, to make 100 Cc.; 10 Cc. of this solut. ppt. 0.355 ^ m -
phosphoric acid.

Gilbert (PHOSPHORIC ACID). Magnesia mixture is used as a
reagent.

Gilson (BLEACHING PROCESS). Objects hardened in bichromate
solution are bleached with a few drops alcoholic solut. of sul-
phurous anhydride.

Gilson (CHLORAL-HYDRATE JELLY). Mix equal volumes melted
gelatin and glycerin, and add crystals of chloral hydrate until
the bulk of the mixture has increased by one half, warming
until dissolved. See Gcofjroy's mounting medium.

Gilson (HARDENING MIXTURE). Mix i part chloroform with i
or 2 parts oil cedar, and add from time to time more oil cedar,
until all the chloroform is replaced.

Gilson (IMBEDDING PROCESS). Dehydrate objects, soak in
ether, and place in test-tube containing collodion or thin
celloidin solution. Dip the tube into a bath of melted paraffin

loo TESTS AND REAGENTS.

and allow collodion to boil until it becomes syrupy, and is
reduced to about one-third its original volume. Then turn
out the mass, mount on a block of hardened celloidin, and
harden in chloroform for about an hour. Next clear in cedar
oil and fix on the microtome.

Gilson (MERCURO-NITRIC MIXTURE). Nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.456),
78 Cc.; glacial acetic acid, 22 Cc.; mercuric chloride, 95 to
100 Gm.; alcohol (6o-%), 500 Cc.; distilled water, 4400 Cc.
When required for marine animals, add a few crystals iodine.
Any granular precipitate in the preparations should be re-
moved by washing with water containing a little tincture of
iodine.

GUson (PRESERVATIVE FLUID). Alcohol (6o-%), 60 Cc.; water,
30 Cc.; glycerin, 30 Cc.; acetic acid (15 parts glacial acid, 85
water), 2 Cc.; mercuric chloride, 0.15 Gm.

Girard (COAL-TAR DYES IN WINE). To 20 Cc. wine add 4 Cc.
io-% potassa solut. and 20 Cc. 5-% mercurous-sulphate solut.,
shake and filter natural wine yields a colorless filtrate; arti-
ficially colored wine a red.

Girardin (SULPHUROUS ACID). Hydrochloric acid containing
sulphurous acid gives a yellowish-brown ppt. on adding to 16
Gm. of the acid 10 Gm. crystallized stannous chloride and 2
to 3 Cc. water.

Glaessner (DIFFERENTIATING FATTY OILS). Test depends upon
their behavior toward fuming nitric acid, concentrated
sulphuric acid, and carbon disulphide. For details consult
Benedikt; "Analyse der Fettc" II, p. 309.

Glage (PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION FOR ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS).
Modified Keiserling's method. Potass, nitrate, 10 Gm.;
potass, acetate, 30 Gm.; formaldehyde, 750 Gm.; dist.
water, 1,000 Gm. In this soak for one or two days sections 1.5
centimeters thick, then transfer them to 8o-% alcohol, in
which they resume their natural col6r. They may then be
preserved in a mixture of water, glycerin and potassium
acetate.

Glenard (QUININE). On adding a drop of ammonium-sulphate,
phosphate, or oxalate solution, quinine separates in needle-
shaped crystals, as seen under the microscope. Cinchonine
is amorphous.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 101

Gmelin (BILIARY MATTER). Pour cautiously down the side of
a conical glass vessel containing 6 to 8 volumes of urine 2 vol-
umes of a mixture of equal parts of 25-% nitric acid and red
fuming nitric acid, so that the acid may collect at the bottom
of the vessel. If biliary pigments present zone color reactions
are produced, changing from green to blue, violet, red, and
yellow. To increase intensity of reaction, a ppt. of barium
sulphate is produced in the urine which carries with it the
coloring matter. The collected and dried ppt. is then tested
with nitric acid.

Bmcck's modification: Addition first of diluted, boiled
nitric acid, then concentrated sulphuric acid.

Dragendorffs, or Deubner's modification: Filter through
a porous plate instead of filter-paper and then test residue
on the plate with nitric acid.

Hcintz's modification: Bring urine and fuming nitric acid
in contact on porcelain plate, or overlay in test-tube play
of colors takes place, passing from green to blue and finally
violet.

Hilger's modification: The urine is treated with barium
hydrate at a moderate temperature and the resultant ppt.
after washing is tested with nitric acid.

Vital? s modification: A few drops of potassium-nitrite
solution are added, then diluted sulphuric acid.

Massct's modification; Cone, sulphuric acid is first added
to urine, then a crystal of potassium nitrite green streaks
radiate from the fragments of the nitrite.

FleischVs modification: The urine is mixed with an equal
volume of cone, sodium-nitrite solution, then a layer of cone,
sulphuric acid is added from below by means of a pipette.

Rosenbach's modification: Nitroso-nitric aciH is added to
residue left on filtering the urine.

Gmelin-Smithson (MERCURY). Envelop one end of a thick pol-
ished iron wire with gold leaf, and immerse it in the fluid to
more than cover the gold part. If mercury present, the gold
soon becomes white. The wire bearing the gold is then dried
over sulphuric acid, cut off, and heated to redness in a glass
tube drawn out to a point, in a current of hydrogen, when the
mercury condenses in the cool part of the tube.

102 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Goadby (PRESERVATIVE FLUID). 120 Gm. sodium chloride, 60
Gm. of alum, 0.25 Gm. mercuric chloride, and 2.33 liters
water. A stronger preparation contains only half the quan-
tity mercuric chloride and water. When preparations con-
tain calcium carbonate, omit the alum.

Godbay (SOLUTION). See Goadby' s preservative fluid.

Godefiroy (ALKALOIDS), i. Solution antimony chloride pre-
cipitates from hydrochloric-acid solutions, aconitine, atropine,
quinine, cinchonine, piperin, strychnine, and veratine, as
white or yellow ppts. Caffeine and morphine are not pptd.
2. In addition to antimony chloride and silico-tungstic
acid, Godeffroy recommended, as reagents for alkaloids,
solutions of ferric chloride or stannous chloride in hydro-
chloric acid. For cinchona alkaloids he applied the micro-
sulpho-cyanide test. See Proceedings Am. Pharm. Assoc.,
1877-78.

Godeffroy-Laubenheimer (ALKALOIDS). Silico-tungstic acid pro-
duces very difficultly soluble precipitates with solutions of
hydrochlorates of alkaloids.

Goette (HARDENING FLUID). 50 Cc. of 2-% copper-sulphate
solution; 50 Cc. 25-% alcohol; and 35 drops rectified wood
vinegar.

Golding-Bird (ALDEHYDE). Spirit nitrous ether contain-
ing aldehyde is colored yellow on adding dilute potassa
solut.

Goldmann (HEROIN). Boil small quantity of substance with
dil. sulphuric acid, add some alcohol, and boil again odor of
acetic ether developed if heroin present.

Goldmann (SALOPHEN). Boil substance with 2*-% soda lye
a blue color, due to atmospheric oxidation, develops.

Goldmann-Baumann (CYSTINE). See Baumann-Goldmann.

Golgi (SUBLIMATE METHOD). Harden small cubes of tissue
for 15 to 30 days in Muller's fluid, which should be frequently
changed. Then transfer for 8 to 10 days to 0.25- to i-%
aqueous mercuric-chloride solut., which must be changed,
as it becomes colored. If desired, treat subsequently with
weak sodium-sulphide solution to darken stain and make it
sharper. After cutting sections from material thus prepared
they must be well washed with water.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 103

Gorup-Besanez (CREOSOTE). An emerald-green color develops
on adding alcoholic ferric-chloride solut. to creosote; carbolic
acid gives a blue.

Gorup-Besanez (PEPTONE). This is the biuret reaction, a pale
rose-red being produced on adding a little potassa- or soda
solution, together with a few drops of very dilute solut.
(almost colorless) of copper sulphate. Albumin gives a blue
color; albuminates, a violet.

Gottstein (BACTERIA IN POTABLE WATER). Bacteria causes
evolution of oxygen when hydrogen dioxide is added to water
containing them. With 10,000 in i Cc. disengagement is very
brisk; with 1,000 in i Cc. evolution still distinct. Reaction
does not sometimes take place until 15 minutes after adding
the dioxide.

Gouver (ALBUMIN). A solut. of mercuric cyanide in excess of
potassium iodide gives with albuminoids a white ppt.

Graham-Hoffmann (ALKALOIDS). Take up alkaloids with animal
charcoal, then extract with suitable solvents.

Grahe (CINCHONA BARKS). Genuine cinchona barks when
heated in a test-tube yield red fumes; spurious barks yield
vapors and a brownish tar.

Gram (BACTERIA STAIN), i. Shake 15 drops aniline oil with
15 Gm. water, filter the solut. and add to filtrate 4 to 5 drops
of sat. alcoholic solut. gentian violet. 2. Shake 3.3 Cc.
aniline with 100 Cc. distilled water, filter, add n Cc. cone,
alcoholic solut. gentian violet and 10 Cc. absolute alcohol.
After preparations have been stained for i to 3 minutes in one
of the above they are quickly rinsed in absolute alcohol and
then placed in Gram's solut. of iodine in potassium iodide
(iodine, i Gm.; potassium iodide, 2 Gm.; water, 300 Cc.),
until they have acquired a brown color. This takes about i
to 3 minutes, and they are next washed in 90-% alcohol until
pale yellow, then dehydrated, cleared, and mounted in bal-
sam. Counterstain with eosine or vesuvine if desired. Cer-
tain bacteria (anthrax) . retain the color, whereas others
(cholera, typhus, Bact. coli), as well as cellular nuclei, are
decolorized.

Gram (IODINE SOLUTION). Iodine, i Gm.; potassium iodide,
2 Gm.; distilled water, 300 Gm.

104 . TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Gram-Gun ther (MICRO-SECTION STAIN). A modification of
Gram's process, in which the section, after treatment with
iodine, is put into absolute alcohol for half a minute, then in
3-% hydrochloric acid-alcohol for ten seconds, and again for
a few minutes in absolute alcohol, this treatment being con-
tinued till no more decoloration takes place. Finally the sec-
tions are placed in xylene, then in Canada balsam.
Grandeau (ALKALOIDS). To the solution of alkaloids in cone,
sulphuric acid, bromine water is carefully added. With some
alkaloids it produces characteristic color reactions. The solu-
tion of digitalin and digit alein in sulphuric acid is yellow, but
changes to rose-red and violet by the action of bromine.
Preparations of digitalis yield the same reaction. Morphine
also produces a red color.
Grange (IODINE). A violet or blue color is developed with

hyponitrous acid, chloroform, and starch paste.
Grant-Cohen (ALKALIES WITH THE SULPHITES). Place in a
flask a measured volume of hydrogen dioxide colored with
methyl orange, and made exactly neutral with sufficient caus-
tic soda, then add solut. containing a known quantity of salt
to be analyzed, and boil. Sulphites are oxidized to sulphates;
when cool, more methyl orange is added, and the liquid
titrated with normal acid.

Graser (STAINING METHOD). Stain sections for 12 to 24 hours
in an extremely dilute aqueous solut. methyl violet, then wash
out in acidulated alcohol, and subsequently in pure alcohol.
Grassini (COBALT). On adding solut. potass, sulphocyanate
to a dil. solut. cobalt chloride and overlaying with alcohol
the latter acquires a turquoise blue on rotating. H 2 O 2 com-
pletely destroys the color.

Gravis (AGAR AGAR). Agar agar, i part; water, 1,000 parts.
Used for fixing serial sections on slides. Use like Born-
Wieger's quince mucilage, which see.

Gray (GELATIN PROCESS). Fix serial sections on slides with a
solut. of gelatin, i part, in water, 100 parts. Let slides dry
spontaneously overnight, then remove paraffin with a suitable
solvent, and treat preparations for 5 minutes with a 2-%
solut. potassium bichromate to render the gelatin insoluble.
Stain as desired, and mount.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 105

Greenwalt (TE:T-I>API,R). Iris Paper. Paper impregnated
with a hot aqueous extract of Blue flag, and dried. The
paper, when neutral, has a blue color, changed to green by
alkalies, and to red by acids.

Grehant (CRUCIFEROUS OILS). The fixed oils of the Cruciferae
yield a black color on boiling with potassa lye and adding
silver-nitrate solut.

Greittherr (COCAINE REACTION). A few drops cocaine solu-
tion mixed with 2 to 3 Cc. chlorine water and a few drops
0.5-% palladium-chloride solut. yield a handsome red ppt.,
insoluble in alcohol, and in ether, but soluble in sodium-
thiosulphate solution.

Grenacher (ALCOHOLIC CARMINE). Add 3 to 4 drops hydro-
chloric acid, and a few grains powdered carmine to 50 Cc.
60- to 80- % alcohol. Boil for 10 minutes, cool, and filter.

Grenacher (ALUM CARMINE). Dissolve 5 Gm. ammonia alum
in 100 Cc. distilled water; add i Gm. carmine, and boil for 20
minutes; filter when cool, and add distilled water to make up
to 100 Cc.

Grenacher (BLEACHING MIXTURE). Glycerin, i part; 8o-%
alcohol, 2 parts; add 2 to 3% hydrochloric acid.

Grenacher (BORAX CARMINE). Aqueous: Borax, i to 2; car-
mine, 0.5 to 0.75. Boil with water, 100 fl. parts, then add
acetic acid carefully to purple solut. till color deep-red.
Filter after 124 hrs. Alcoholic: Carmine, 2 to 3; borax, 4.
Dissolve in boiling water, 100 fl. parts, then dilute with equal
vol. of 70-% alcohol, and filter after standing some time.
Pieces of tissue are stained in this for i to 3 days, then trans-
ferred to 70-% alcohol containing 0.5 to i% HC1.

Grenacher (HEMATOXYLIN STAIN). Mix 4 Cc. saturated solut.
hematoxylin crystals in absolute alcohol and 150 Cc. sat-
urated aqueous solut. ammonium alum. After solution has
stood in the light a week it is filtered, and glycerin,
22 Cc., and methyl alcohol, 25 Cc., added. See also Dela-
field's hematoxylin.

Grenacher (HYDROCHLORIC-ACID CARMINE). As much carmine
as will lie on the point of a knife is dissolved in 50 Cc. 60- to
8o-% alcohol, to which are added 3 to 4 drops hydrochloric
acid. Then filter.

io6 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Grenacher (STAINING SOLUTION FOR CELL NUCLEUS). Car-
mine, 0.5 to i; potassium or ammonium alum, i to 5; water,
100 fl. parts. After filtering, add a trace of carbolic acid.

Greshoff (!ODOFORM). lodoform reacts actively with silver
nitrate, yielding carbon monoxide, silver iodide, and nitric
acid.

Griess (FECAL MATTER IN WATER). A i-% solut. of diazo-
sulphanilic acid made alkaline with soda solution. Water
containing fecal matter becomes yellow within five minutes
on addition of this solution.

Griess (NITROUS ACID), i. A solution of a salt of meta-
phenylenediamine produces a yellowish-brown color with
nitrous acid. A 0.5-% solut. of the base is prepared with the
aid of sufficient sulphuric acid to acid reaction. If the solut.
is not colorless it should be decolorized with freshly-burnt
animal charcoal. 2. A solut. of sulphanilic acid and naph-
tylamine sulphate is colored red by traces of nitrous acid.
The solution to be tested is acidified with sulphuric acid; sul-
phanilic acid solution is added, and, after a few minutes,
solution of naphtylamine sulphate, which has been decolor-
ized with animal charcoal. See Lunge's reaction.

Griess (TEST-PAPER FOR NITRATES AND NITRITES), i. Paper
impregnated with an alcoh. solut. sulphanilic acid and
alpha-naphtylamine sulphate (or hydrochlorate). Gives
with nitrous acid and nitrites a red color. Also used to
detect bilirubin and aldehydes in urine. 2. Metaphe-
nylenediamine paper. Gives a yellowish-brown color with
nitrites.

Oriess-Ilosvay (NITROUS ACID). Dissolve sulphanilic acid,
0.5 Gm., in acetic acid, 150 Cc., then add naphtylamine,
o.i Gm., boiled with water, 20 Cc. The colorless solution is
poured off from the blue- violet residue, and acetic acid, 150
Cc., added to it. The solutions are then mixed and, if
necessary, rendered colorless by shaking with zinc dust. The
reagent should be kept in well-closed vessels.

Griessmayer (FREE ALKALIES). The colorless mixture ob-
tained on adding i Cc. centinormal iodine solution to one drop
of tannin solution becomes a brilliant red on adding a faintly
alkaline solution.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 107

Griessmayer (TANNIN), i. The author's test for free alkalies
is reversed, the same ted color being developed. 2. Starch
solution colored blue with a very dilute iodine solution (i : 100,-
ooo) is decolorized on adding tannin solut. ; potassium nitrate
restores the color.

Grigg (ALBUMIN). Metaphosphoric acid precipitates albumin.
See Berzelius' albumin reagent.

Griggi (Acios [MINERAL] IN VINEGAR). Add i drop of 25-%
fuchsine solut. (in 90-% alcohol) to i Cc. vinegar if pure,
no change of color; if mineral acids present (even i%), color
becomes a dirty-yellow.

Griggi (BENZOIC ACID IN BENZONAPHTOL). Exhaust sub-
stance with alcohol, and treat extract with potassium iodide
and potassium iodate iodine separates if free benzoic acid
present, and is shown by yellow color of liquid, or by reddish-
violet color of carbon disulphide on admixture of latter.
Avoid an excess of potassium iodide.

Griggi (DIFFERENTIATING GALLIC ACID FROM TANNIN AND
PYROGALLOL). Shake a few Cc. of i-% solut. of substance
with i Cc. of 3.3-% solut. potassium cyanide bright ruby-red
color develops with gallic acid. Tannin or pyrogallol simi-
larly treated gives a yellowish-red. With excess of reagent
gallic acid gives permanent yellowish-brown ppt.; tannin a
characteristic dirty-white ppt.

Griggi (DIFFERENTIATING IRON CITRATE AND POTASSIO-FERRIC
TARTRATE). Dissolve a few scales in 5 Cc. water, with
warmth if necessary, and add 5 Cc. 5-% solut. sod. salicylate
with iron citrate, solut. is at once dark-red; potassio-ferric
tartrate remains uncolored, or darkens only after a while.

Griggi (IRON IN COPPER SULPHATE). Overlay 5 Cc. of 1:5
copper-sulphate solut. with 5 Cc. ethereal io-% solut. salicylic
acid more or less violet zone forms if iron present.

Grimaux (NITRATES). An aqueous solut. of nitroquinetol,
acidulated with sulphuric acid, gives with nitric acid or nitrates
an immediate ppt. of nitroquinetol nitrate.

Grimshaw (ACETIC ACID IN CALCIUM ACETATE). Treat 10
Gm. acetate with water, add excess of sodium bisulphate,
filter, 'make up to definite volume, and titrate a known vol-
ume with standard alkali. Evaporate an equal volume to

108 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

dryness with repeated moistening with water to drive off free
acetic acid, dissolve residue, and titrate with alkali difference
between two tit rat ions gives quantity of acetic acid.

Grismer (GLUCOSE IN URINE), a. Solut. safranine 1:1,000.
6. Solut. potassium hydrate. Boil i Cc. urine with 5 Cc. a
and 2 Cc. 6 decolorization denotes glucose.

Grocco (CREATININE IN URINE). Modified Neubaucr's method.
Urine acidified with acetic acid is kept for 24 hours then
treated with milk-of-lime until only faintly acid; calcium
chloride is then added, and the liquid evaporated, keeping it
faintly acid by cautious addition of acetic acid. The residue
is then extracted with alcohol containing a little sodium
acetate, and the filtered liquid pptd. with alcoholic zinc
chloride.

Grodyki (ACETAL). lodoform is formed on adding to a dilute
solution a few drops hydrochloric acid, followed by soda
solution and iodine.

Grove (MORPHINE). A dark-brown color is produced by mor-
phine on adding a few drops sulphuric acid, heating moder-
ately, and adding a trace of potassium perchlorate entirely
free from chlorate.

Gruber-Widal (REACTION). See Widal reaction.

Gruenhut (GLYCERIN). Mix substance with double its weight
potassium bisulphate, heat on sand-bath until frothing com-
mences, and collect distillate in cooled receiver. Condensate
will smell strongly of acroleine, and will reduce alkaline silver
solution in the cold.

Guareschi (CARBOLIC ACID). A purplish-red color develops,
on evaporating to dryness with potassa and mixing warm
residue with chloroform.

Guenzburg (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE).
Dissolve 2 Gm. phloroglucin and i Gm. vanillin in 30 Gnu
alcohol. If a few drops of solution be evaporated with an
equal bulk gastric juice in a porcelain capsule, the presence
of hydrochloric acid is indicated by the formation of a red
film.

Guenzburg (TEST-PAPER FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID). Paper
impregnated with an alcoholic solution of phloroglucin- vanil-
lin (2:0:) gives a red color with HC1.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 109

Guerin (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Add a io-% solut. ' chromic
acid to 5 or 6 Cc. urine a ppt. or turbidity not dissipated
by heat indicates albumin. Peptones and protopeptones
(hemialbumose ; albuminose) and some alkaloids also give
ppts., but these disappear on heating.

Guerin (ALBUMINOIDS IN URINE). Add 10 to 15 drops of io-%
solut. sozoiodolic acid to 8 or 10 Cc. of urine a flocculent
ppt. or cloudiness forms, according to quantity of albumin
present. Alkaline urates and uric acid not pptd. by
reagent. Albumoses, peptones, and most alkaloids pptd. by
the acid, but ppts. disappear on heating. Nucleo-albumins
cause only faint cloudiness in cold, and an insol. ppt. on heating.

Guezda (ALBUMINS). Solution of nickel sulphate and ammo-
nia gives a ppt. with albumins.

Guezda (!NDOL BASES AND ALBUMINOIDS). Fuse trace of
indol with 0.5 Gm. oxalic acid a purple-red melted mass or
sublimate, scarcely changed by KOH, is obtained. Alpha-
methylindol, skatol, and methylindolcarbonic acid also give
the purplish-red color; alphaphenylindol affords a greenish-
yellow sublimate, changing to black. Oxalic acid fused with
albumin, peptone, and gelatin affords a pink sublimate.
Other animal substances behave differently, some giving a
greenish, some only very little characteristic color reactions.
Alloxanthin, however, gives with oxalic acid a red color.

Guibourt (RosE OIL), i. Impure oil is colored brown when
exposed under a bell-jar with iodine. 2. An apple-green
color with nitrous-acid vapors indicates rose-geranium oil.
3. Sulphuric acid does not destroy odor of pure rose oil.

Guignet (REAGENT). Ammoniacal solution of copper sulphate.

Guldensteeden (COPPER IN WATER). Acidulate 250 Cc. water
with acetic acid, pass hydrogen sulphide into solut., and
add 0.3 Gm. talcum (purified by boiling with nitric acid).
Shake, let settle, and decant. Collect ppt. and wash it with
a few Cc. warm nitric acid. Evaporate washings to dry ness,
and dissolve residue in few drops water. Place a drop of this
solut. on a polished iron surface with a trace HC1. To
another portion add a drop potassium-chromate solut. with
acetic acid, then add i or 2 drops ammonia and a trace of
phenol a blue color develops in a few hours.

no TESTS AUD RE 4 GENTS.

Gulielmo (ATROPINE). On heating with cone, sulphuric acid

an odor of orange flowers (some say rose) develops.
Gulli (OIL TURPENTINE IN BERGAMOT OIL). Mix several
grammes suspected oil with alcoholic potassa solut., and
evaporate to dry ness in a platinum dish. Ignite residue, treat
with dist. water, filter, and test solut. for HC1 (which will be
present if the bergamot oil contains any oil turpentine sat-
urated with HC1, and which is used as an adulterant).

Gunn (CocA ASSAY). Dampen 5 Gm. powd. coca with 2-%
ammonia, let stand 30 minutes, then percolate with ammo-
niated ether to obtain 100 Cc. percolate (or until exhausted).
Shake out percolate with 3 washings of 2-% HC1, then wash
acid extract once with ether, make alkaline with ammonia,
wash out thrice with ether, collect ethereal washings ir a tared
dish, evaporate solvent, and dry residue at 75 C.

Gunning (ACETONE). lodoform and a black precipitate of
nitrogen iodide are formed on adding tincture of iodine and
ammonia to the solution to be tested (c. g., distillate from
urine). The nitrogen iodide gradually disappears, and the
yellow color of the iodoform predominates. Alcohol in this
case does not produce iodoform. Compare L ebon's reaction.

Gunther (BACTERIA STAIN). Modified Gram's method. Stain
in aniline-water gentian- violet i minute, dry with filter-paper,
treat with KI solut. 2 minutes, then with alcohol 30 seconds,
3-% HC1 TO seconds, then with alcohol and with cedar oil,
and finally mount in Canada balsam.

Gutzeit (ARSENIC). The substance to be tested, together with
pure zinc and pure dilute sulphuric acid, is placed in a test-
tube, the mouth of which is closed with a piece of filter-paper
moistened with a few drops of 50-% silver-nitrate solut. The
arseniuretted hydrogen termed if arsenic present produces a
yellow spot on the paper, which is blackened upon moistening
with water. See Flueckigcr's test for arsenic.

Guyard (MANGANESE IN ZINC). See Gayard.

Guyard (TANNIN: GALLIC ACID). See Gayard.

Guyon (ALDEHYDES). Dissolve i Gm. fuchsine in i liter water
and add a mixture of 20 Cc. sodium-bisulphite solut. (30
Be.) and 10 Cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid, i Cc. of
reagent added to 2 Cc. of solution to be tested will show the

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

presence of aldehyde by formation of an intensely purple-red'
color. Reagent also known as Schiff's reagent.

Guyot (AMMONIA). Potassium bromide is added to an acid
solution of mercuric nitrate until the precipitate first formed
is redissolved; then caustic-potassa solution is added until an
orange-yellow precipitate forms, which is then filtered off,
The solution gives a white precipitate with ammonia. Com-
pare with Ncsslcr's reagent.

Guyot (IO-DOFORM). A blue color develops on heating iodoform
in a flask and passing the vapor through a heated tj.be con-
taining starch.

Hack-Kingzett (REAGENT). Cone, sulphuric acid and sugar
(Pettcnkofcr' s bile test) affords color reactions with benzene,
camphor, clove oil and other ethereal oils, morphine, phenol,
piperin, pyrogallol, salicylic acid, turpentine oil, etc.; c. ., on
dissolving camphor in cone, sulphuric acid and adding cane
sugar to the deep-red fluid, the solution solidifies and forms
a pink mass; on adding water to this the color disappears, and
a ppt. insoluble in ether forms.

Haensel (SOLUTION). A trace of acetic acid is added to Pol's
picro-chromic acid solut.

Haentsch (GLYCERIN MEDIUM). Glycerin, i part; alcohol, 3
parts; water, 2 parts.

Hagen (STRYCHNINE). On adding sulphuric acid and lead
dioxide to the suspected liquid, a bluish-violet color develops.

Hager (ALBUMIN IN URINE). A solution of picric acid produces
turbidity in urine containing albumin.

Hager (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS), i. On shaking an
essential oil containing alcohol with an equal volume of a
mixture of water, i , glycerin, 2 (or a solution of sodium nitrate,
i, in water, 3), and allowing to stand a while, the volume of
oil will be diminished in proportion to the amount of alcohol
present. 2. If a trace of tannin be added to 5 drops of essen-
tial oil containing alcohol and, after shaking, the mixture is
left for several hours at the ordinary temperature, the tannin
will sink after becoming pasty and adhesive; in the absence of
alcohol, the tannin will continue to float, remaining solid and
porous. 3. If a drop of oil be poured into water, a turbidity-
indicates presence of alcohol.

112 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Hager (ALCOHOL IN ETHER). Add a small fragment of fuchsine
to the ether the latter, if pure, remains uncolored.

Hager (ALKALOIDS). Solut. of picric acid produces precipitates
in alkaloidal solutions. Solut. also used for albumin by over-
laying urine in presence of albumin a turbidity is produced.

Hager (AMMONIA). Solution of mercurous nitrate gives a brown
color or a black ppt. with ammonia.

Hager (AMYLIC ALCOHOL). On dipping a roll of filter-paper
into alcohol containing fusel oil, and mixed with 10% of
glycerin, the odor of amylic alcohol becomes very pronounced
when paper is dried at a temperature not exceeding 25 C. .

Hager (ARSENIC), i. Arseniuretted hydrogen is evolved on
heating a liquid containing arsenic with excess of potassa solu-
tion, zinc, and a little magnesium ribbon. 2. An arsenica
solution will develop a steel-colored to brown stain when
heated to about 90 C. on thick tin-foil, after acidifying strongly
with hydrochloric acid. 3. When a substance or liquid con-
taining arsenic is boiled with sodium chloride, ferrous chloride,
and dilute sulphuric acid, arsenic chloride and hydrochloric
acid are formed, and the arsenic may be tested in any con-
venient way after passing the products of the reaction into
water. 4. In the "Kramato" method, a bluish to black
stain or violet ring is formed on letting a drop of a hydrochloric-
acid solution of arsenic fall upon a strip of bright brass, copper,
tin, or tin-foil, and heating moderately. See Reinsch's test.
5. The substance or liquid is placed in a test-tube with some
diluted sulphuric acid and a small piece of zinc; the tube is
then closed with a cork in which are two slits, into one of
which a strip of lead- acetate paper is inserted, and into the
other a strip of silver-nitrate paper. The lead paper will
indicate sulphurous acid and the silver paper arsenic, the
stains produced by the latter being unaffected by a io-%
solution of potassium cyanide.

Hager (BENZOIN IN BALSAM PERU). Dissolve i part balsam in
7 parts 70-% alcohol, and compare with sample of known
quality (the more benzoin the lighter the color). Then dilute
half with 4 or 5 volumes water and shake. The resulting
fluid should retain its original turbidity for 3 days on standing
at ordinary temperature; if the balsam contains resin, oil, or

TESTS AND REAGENTS. "3

tar, the liquid will not be so turbid, and will show a ppt.
either floating or at the bottom.

Hager (BRUCINE). A yellowish to blocd-red color develops on
adding dilute sulphuric acid and manganese dioxide to a
solution of brucine and filtering. The color is changed to
violet on heating the filtrate with nitric acid in the presence
of stannpus chloride.

Hager (BUTTER [QRGANOLEPTIC REACTION]). A cotton wick is
saturated with the liquefied fat and ignited, the flame being
extinguished after two minutes pure butter develops the
odor of strongly-fried butter; margarin that of acrolein.

Hager (CACAO BUTTER [ANILINE TEST]), i Gm. cacao butter
is dissolved in 2 to 3 Gm. aniline, and set aside for i hours at
a temperature of 15 C. Pure cacao butter floats as a clear
liquid layer on the aniline; if tallow, wax, stearin, or paraffin
is present, the oily layer shows granular formations or has
solidified entirely.

Hager (CASTOR OIL IN COPAIVA BALSAM). Mix balsam with
4 volumes petroleum benzin on standing a few hours separa-
tion takes place, as castor oil is not completely soluble in the
petroleum benzin.

Hager (CHLOROFORM IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Shake 15 drops of
suspected oil with 50 to 60 drops alcohol, and 30 drops diluted
sulphuric acid; then add a few pieces of zinc, and 'heat. When
evolution of hydrogen ceases, add an equal volume of cold
water, shake and run through a wet filter. If chloroform
present in the oil, silver chloride will be pptd. on acidifying
filtrate strongly with nitric acid, and adding silver-nitrate
solution.

Hager (CHOLESTERIN). See Salkowski's test.

Hager (CITRIC AND TARTARIC ACIDS). Pour a solut. of potas-
sium hydroxide, i, in water, 2, and alcohol, i, upon a glass
plate, and place crystals of the acid at intervals of i to 2
inches. Citric acid dissolves almost entirely without losing
its transparency within i or 2 hours; tartaric acid soon be-
comes an opaque white.

Hager (COLCHICINE). In concentrated solutions of colchicine,
a solution of borax produces a white ppt. ; in dilute solutions

H4 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

the ppt. is not formed at ordinary temperatures, but upon
heating to 50 C.

Hager (COPPER IN VINEGAR). Add 15 drops solut. of potas-
sium ferrocyanide to 15 Cc. vinegar on standing a few hours
a brown ppt. deposits if copper present in traces; if much
copper present, ppt. develops at once.

Hager (DEXTRIN IN ACACIA). A blue color develops on boiling
a liquid containing dextrin with ammonium molybdate and
a little nitric or citric acid.

Hager (ESSENTIAL OILS), i. Oils are distinguished by their
varying solubility in alcohol, as indicated by the opalescence
produced (See Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 1882). 2. Shake
5 or 6 drops of the oil with 25 to 30 drops sulphuric acid, and
note the heat and turbidity produced; on cooling, add 8 or 10
Cc. of 90- % alcohol, shake briskly, and note the 'color and
turbidity. See Prescott's " Organic Analysis."

Hager (FATTY OILS IN COPAIVA BALSAM). Heat 5 to 10 drops of
balsam in a watch-glass for 15 to 20 minutes at 110 to 120
C., and then cool if balsam good, the residue is hard and
brittle; if fatty oils present, it is pasty or sticky.

Hager (FIXED OILS). In the "elaidin" test the oil is shaken
with an equal volume of 25-% nitric acid, a strip of copper
added, and the mixture set aside at the ordinary temperature;
note the appearance of the mixture at intervals of 1 5 minutes.
See Prescott's ''Organic Analysis"

Hager (FREE ACID IN ALUMINIUM SULPHATE). Shake the
powdered salt with absolute alcohol the filtrate must not
have an acid reaction.

Hager (GALLIC AND TANNIC ACIDS). Add excess of sodium-
phosphate solut. to liquid and add ferric chloride carbolic
or salicylic acid causes no color, but gallic or tannic acid causes
a violet color.

Hager (GLUCOSE). Solution of 30 Gm. of red mercuric oxide,
30 Gm. of sodium acetate, 50 Gm. of sodium chloride, 25 Gm.
of glacial acetic acid, and 400 Cc. of water, diluted to a liter.
Solution containing glucose (diabetic urine) and boiled with
reagent, yields a ppt. of mercurous chloride.

Hager (GLYCERIN). An aqueous solut. glycerin colored blue
by litmus tincture, when mixed with a solution of borax, also

TESTS AMD REAGENTS, 115

colored blue by means of litmus, assumes a red color. See
Lindc's test for glycerin.

Hager (GURJUN BALSAM IN BALSAM COPAIVA). Mix i volume
balsam copaiva with 5 volumes petroleum ether if gurjun
balsam present, mixture becomes very turbid in a few minutes,
and a voluminous precipitate deposits, becoming solid in a
few days. With pure copaiva, a dust-like deposit forms after
several hours.

Hager (HYDRIDES OF SULPHUR, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, AND PHOS-
PHORUS). The hydrides formed by action of zinc and sul-
phuric acid in presence of the substance tested are allowed to
act on parchment paper moistened with silver-nitrate solut. If
resulting brown or black spot is macerated with io-% potas-
sium cyanide solution the color resulting from action of sul-
phuretted hydrogen disappears at once; that resulting from
the hydrides of antimony and phosphorus disappears grad-
ually (i to 2 hrs.); that from the arseniuretted hydrogen not
at all.

Hager (HYDROCYANIC ACID IN AMYL NITRITE). Add 2 or 3
drops solut. silver nitrate to mixture of 10 drops amyl nitrite
and 100 to 150 drops alcohol cloudiness or ppt. indicates
presence of hydrocyanic acid.

Hager (looic ACID IN NITRIC ACID). On adding to 3 Cc. of the
suspected nitric acid, 3 drops sodium-sulphite solut. and q,fter
i minute, 5 Cc. of ammonia water with i drop silver-nitrate
solut., a cloudiness or ppt. appears in the presence of iodic
acid, and does not disappear on the addition of several Cc.
ammonia water.

Hager (MINERAL ACIDS). Vinegar containing free mineral
acid leaves a crystalline residue on adding one-fourth its bulk
ammonia and evaporating above 70 C.

Hager (NITRIC ACID). A blue color is caused by molybdic acid
and sugar.

Hager (NITROBENZENE IN ESSENTIAL OIL ALMOND). Pure oil
forms a clear solut. on gently agitating 10 drops with 10 Cc.
45-% alcohol; in the presence of nitrobenzene, solut. will be
cloudy.

Hager (NITROUS ACID). Carbolic acid with nitrous acid causes
a red color, which changes to brown, then green.

n6 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Hager (PHOSPHORUS). A black stain is caused on taking up
phosphorus with ether or benzene, heating to 30 to 40 C., and
exposing a strip of silver-nitrate paper to vapors given off.

Hager (QUININE). On well shaking 2 Gm. pure quinine sul-
phate with 20 Cc. cold water and filtering, then diluting fil-
trate with equal bulk of water and shaking with 10 or 12
drops sodium-salicy late solut. (i: 5), the solut. remains clear;
other cinchona alkaloids, if present, cause cloudiness.

Hager (SANTONIN). On well shaking 2 Gm. pure santonin with
6 Cc. water and filtering, then adding i or 2 Cc. sat. picric-acid
solut., no cloudiness or ppt. should occur.

Hager (SODIUM SALTS). White cloudiness is caused by sodium
salts on adding a mixture of crystallized stannous chloride, 5,
water, 10, and sufficient potassium-hydroxide solut. Test
may also be employed to detect lithium and ammonium salts.

Hager (STRYCHNINE). Sulphuric acid and lead peroxide give
a bluish- violet color with strychnine.

Hager (SUGAR IN GLYCERIN). A blue color develops on boiling
5 drops glycerin containing sugar with 100 drops water, 3 or
4 Cgm. ammonium molybdate, and i drop of 25-% nitric acid.

Hager (TURPENTINE IN COPAIVA). i. Odor of turpentine
becomes very apparent when i dram copaiva containing it is
mixed with 5 or 6 drops water and sufficient litharge to make
a thin paste. 2. Pure copaiva forms a clear mixture with
12 volumes of 90-% alcohol, and the mixture becomes turbid
on adding 1 2 volumes more ; in presence of turpentine or other
adulterant the result is different.

Hager (POTABLE WATER). Addition of tannin solution (tannin,
i, water, 4, and alcohol, i) to potable water should cause no
turbidity, even after standing some time.

Hager (WAX), i. Dissolve 0.5 Gm. wax in 5 Cc. chloroform
a residue indicates presence of honey, prepared chalk, ocher,
alumina, starch, sulphur, brick dust, lead oxide, lead car-
bonate, gypsum, or water. 2. Boil wax with 15 parts of a
mixture of water, i, and 90-% alcohol, 2, and cool; if cloudy,
filter and mix with equal volume water. If resin present, it
is dissolved by the alcoholic liquid; stearin, paraffin, and wax
remain unaffected. 3. Shake 2 Cc. chloroformic solut. df
wax with 12 to 15 Cc. lime water stearic acid forms a granu-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 117

lar lime soap, whereas the chloroform and wax form an emul-
sion-like separate layer. 4. On heating wax in a test-tube,
odors of acrolein develop if tallow present in the wax.

Hager-Landolt (PARAFFIN IN WAX). Melt 2 Gm. wax in a
wide test-tube, add 1.5 Gm. KOH dissolved in 4 Cc. water,
and boil ii minutes with constant agitation; when some-
what cool, add 8 Gm. benzene and shake vigorously, then
add to the still milky fluid 5.5 Cc. cone, solut. lead acetate
and shake. Decant the clear, separated benzene through
cotton, and repeat shaking with fresh benzene. Evaporate
benzene extracts, add to residue 6 Gm. cone. H 2 SO 4 , and
heat on sand-bath till wax all carbonized, then let cool,
add \\ater, and collect undecomposed paraffin. Purify this
by extracting with petroleum ether and evaporating sol-
vent.

Hahnemann (LEAD AND COPPER IN URINE). A black or brown
ppt. is thrown down on shaking with a solut. made by dis-
solving tartaric acid, i, in water, 64, shaking briskly for a
while with calcium sulphide, i , and decanting.

Haine (GLUCOSE). 3 Gm. copper sulphate, 9 Gm. potassa, 100
Gm. glycerin, and 600 Gm. water. Glucose (diabetic urine),
upon the application of heat, precipitates red cuprous oxide
from solut.

Haines (GLUCOSE). The author states that the formulas pre-
viously published are incorrect. The following are the proper
proportions: Copper sulphate, 2 Gm.; glycerin, 20 Gm.; po-
tassa, 9 Gm.; water, 175 Gm. Boil 4 Cc. of the solut. and
add 6 to 10 drops (not more) urine, and boil again if sugar
present a yellow or yellowish-red ppt. forms.

Hairs (SACCHARIN IN PRESENCE OF SALICYLIC ACID). Ex-
tract suspected liquid with ether, evaporate, take up ethereal
residue with hydrochloric acid, and precipitate salicylic acid
by bromine water; remove excess of bromine from filtrate by
current of air, and isolate saccharin with ether; then identify
saccharin by Bornstein's test.

Haller-Bela (MACERATING MIXTURE). See Bela-Haller.

Halphen (COTTONSEED OIL). Mix equal parts of suspected oil,
amylic alcohol, and carbon disulphide containing i% sulphur,
place in a test-tube, and plunge -J- or into boiling salt water

nS TESTS AND REAGENTS.

after 10 to 15 minutes a red color develops if cottonseed oil
present.

Hamann (CARMINE SOLUTION). Add acetic acid to an ammo-
niacal solut. of carmine until a ppt. begins to form, and filter
the fluid before using. Addition of i to 2% chloral hydrate
renders solut. more permanent.

Hamilton (HEMATOXYLIN). Hematoxylin, 12 Gm. ; ammonia
alum, 50 Gm.; glycerin, 65 Cc.; distilled water, 130 Cc. Boil
the solut., and while hot add 5 Cc. liquid carbolic acid. Ex-
pose mixture to daylight for a month to ripen it.

Hamlin (ALKALOIDS). Color reactions are afforded on treat-
ment with sulphuric acid and potassium chromate, followed
by chlorinated lime. See Proc. Am. Pharm. Assn., 1881.

Hammarsten (CAFFEINE IN URINE). Add 10 drops dil. sul-
phuric acid to 500 Cc. urine, and evaporate to 40 Cc. Mix this
with 1 20 Cc. 97-% alcohol, and let stand 12 hours, filter off
alcohol, and evaporate. Shake residue with ^ its volume
benzene 3 or 4 times, and add to extract chlorine water and
ammonia a violet color indicates presence of caffeine (theine).

Hammarsten (GLOBULIN IN URINE). Globulin is pptd. by a sat.
solut. magnesium sulphate, or by crystals of magnesium
sulphate.

Hammarsten (!NDICAN IN URINE). Mix urine with equal vol-
ume fuming hydrochloric acid, add chlorinated-lime solut.
drop by drop, and shake out mixture with chloroform. The
latter takes up indigo resulting from the indican, and is col-
ored blue. An excess of chlorinated-lime solut. is to be
avoided. Also known as Jaffe's test.

Hammarsten (METALBUMIN). Mixture of cone, sulphuric acid
and acetic acid gives a violet color with metalbumin

Hammarsten- Robbert (THYMOL). Mix a solut. of thymol with
half its volume glacial acetic acid and add equal volume sul-
phuric acid, then heat a reddish-violet color develops.

Hanaman (SLIDE-CLEANING SOLUTION). Add i volume stiong
sulphuric acid to 8 volumes potassium-bichromate solut

Hannay (CYANIDES). Titrate solut. made alkaline with ammo-
nia with standard solut. mercuric chloride, containing 13.537
, Gm. in 1,000 Cc. i Cc.o.oo27 Gm. HCN. A faint turbidity
indicates end of reaction.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 119

Hansen (HEMATEIN SOLUTION). Dissolve i Gm. hematoxylin
crystals in 10 Gm. absolute alcohol, and add a solut. 20 Gm.
potassa-alum in 200 Gm. distilled water. Then pour mixture
into a porcelain capsule containing 3 Cc. cone, aqueous solut.
potassium permanganate, heat to boiling-point with constant
stirring, and after solut. has become dark reddish-violet con-
tinue boiling for half a minute to a minute. When cool, solut.
is -ready for use.

Hanstein (ANILINE STAIN FOR MICROSCOPIC PREPARATIONS).
i. Equal parts methyl violet and fuchsine. 2. i part violet
and 2 parts fuchsine. For use, a concentrated alcoholic solu-
tion of the mixture is prepared.

Hardy (ALCOHOL). A blue color develops on adding guaiac,
hydrocyanic acid, and copper sulphate.

Hardy (ALCOHOL IN CHLOROFORM). Hydrogen is evolved on
adding metallic sodium.

Harley (UROHEMATIN). i . Dilute urine of 24 hours to 60 fl. oz.,
or concentrate if volume greater. Add to 2 fl. dr. of urine J
fl. dr. nitric acid and let stand a pink, crimson, or purple color
denotes excess of urohematin. 2. Boil 4 fl. oz. urine, and
add nitric acid; when cool, heat in 6-fl.-oz. bottle with i fl. oz,
ether, shake, and set aside for 24 hours a red color in ethereal
solution indicates excess of urohematin.

Harnack (IODINE IN URINE). A blue color develops on shak-
ing with starch paste and carbon disulphide.

Hartig (AMMONIA-CARMINE STAIN). Suspend carmine in dis-
tilled water, and dissolve by gradual addition of ammonia
water, then filter.

Harting (PRESERVATIVE FLUID). An aqueous solut. of mer-
curic chloride (i : 200 to i : 500).

Haslam (ALBUMIN IN URINE). A whitish zone forms on mix-
ing urine with a few drops solut. sodium chloride and overlay-
ing with solut. ferric chloride.

Hassalt (ACONITINE). A violet color develops on dissolving acon-
itine in syrupy phosphoric acid and cautiously evaporating.

Hatschett (COPPER). Traces of copper salts give with ferrocyanic
acid and its salts a brown precipitate (Hatschett 's brown).

Hauchecorne (COTTONSEED OIL IN OLIVE OIL). Heat oil, 6
Gm., with 2 Gm. pure nitric acid, 40 B., on a water-bath for

120 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

2 minutes pure oil remains unchanged or becomes lighter,
and should solidify within 24 hours to a flesh-colored mass.
Adulterated oil assumes an orange-brown red. The nitric acid
must be free from nitrous acid.

Haug (DECALCIFICATION SOLUTION). Mix i Gm. phloroglucin
with 10 Cc. pure nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.4), and warm very
slowly and carefully with gentle agitation. Dilute solut. with
100 Cc. distilled water and add 10 Cc. nitric acid. Hydro-
chloric acid may be used instead of nitric acid, 30% of acid
being used, and 0.5% sodium chloride should then be added.

Haugk (THIOSULPHATES). Color of potassium-permanganate
solut. is changed to bluish-green by thiosulphates.

Hay (BILIARY ACIDS). Throw a little sulphur in fluid if bil-
iary acids present, the sulphur sinks.

Hayem (SOLUTION FOR FIXING BLOOD CORPUSCLES). Mercuric
chloride, 0.5 Gm.; sodium chloride, i Gm.; sodium sulphate,
5 Gm.; distilled water, 200 Cc.

Hayem (SOLUTION FOR HYPODERMOCLYSIS). Sodium chloride,
75 grains; sodium sulphate, 150 grains; sterilized water, 40
fl. oz.

Hefelmann (BOMBAY MACE). Basic lead acetate gives a white
ppt. with an alcoholic extract of genuine mace; with Bombay
mace it gives a red ppt. According to Waagc, however, this
test is not always trustworthy.

Hefelmann-Mann (FLUORINE IN BEER). Test depends upon
precipitation of fluorides as calcium or barium fluoride.
Upon treating ppt. containing fluorides with sulphuric acid,
hydrofluoric acid is liberated and is recognized by its glass-
etching properties.

Hegler (LIGNIN). Sections are placed in alcohol, then treated
with a hydro-alcoholic thallium-sulphate solut. lignin is
colored orange-yellow; cellulose and cork remain uncolored.

Hehn (CHLORAL REAGENT FOR VOLATILE OILS AND RESINS).
Saturate 100 Cc. alcohol with chlorine, and partly remove the
resulting hydrochloric acid by distillation. Then add sul-
phuric acid and distil the resulting metachloral. Two
drops of the latter when brought in contact with i drop of
certain volatile oils or a fragment of some resins produce
characteristic color reactions. See Dragendorff, Analysis of

TESTS AND REAGENTS. I2r

Plants. Oil of myrrh (or residue from the petroleum-ether
extract of myrrh) produces a violet-red color with the reagent.

Hehner (AciD NUMBER). Denotes the amount of insoluble
fatty acids yielded by 100 Gm. of fat, and serves for the char-
acterization of fats.

Hehner (FORMALDEHYDE). Add i drop aqueous phenol solut.
to suspected liquid, and overlay mixture on cone, sulphuric-
acid if formaldehyde present, a carmine-red zone forms at
point of contact of two liquids.

Hehner (FORMALDEHYDE IN MILK), i. Add some 94-% sul-
phuric acid if formaldehyde present, a blue color develops.
2. Distil a part of the milk, add some peptone, and then sul-
phuric acid. According to Leonard, the blue color appears,
only when a trace of ferric chloride or other oxidizer is present
in the sulphuric acid.

Hehner (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). Add 25 Cc. decinor-
mal alkali to 50 Cc. vinegar, evaporate to dryness, and ignite
at low red heat to convert acetates into carbonate. Cool, add
25 Cc. decinormal acid, heat to expel C0 2 , and filter; wash filter,
and titrate washings and filtrate with decinormal alkali each
Cc. used equals 0.0049 Gm. H 2 SO 4 or 0.00364 Gm. HC1. Pure
vinegar leaves an alkaline ash.

Heidenhain (ALBUMIN). On pouring a dilute solution of violet-
black into an acid solution of serum albumin or casein, a
flocculent ppt. very rapidly forms, if any notable quantity of
albumin is present. Even in a dilution of i : 20,000 a handsome,,
colored flocculent ppt. forms after a short time. For the detec-
tion of albumin in urine, the latter is acidulated with 0.4-%
acetic acid, while slightly heating, so as to change the albu-
min to acid albumin. An excess of acetic acid hinders the
reaction. With a supposed albumin-content of 1:1,000 to
1:5,000, 3 to 5 Cc. of a 2-% dye solution are added to 15
Cc. urine; in the case of an albumin-content of i: 10,000 to
1:20,000 only 3 Cc. of the aniline solution is employed; with
a 1:40,000, 2 Cc.; and with a solution of 1:60,000 solution, i
Cc. is used. The acid aniline dye combines with the albumin,
giving a ppt.

Heidenhain (FIXING SOLUTION). Sodium chloride, 0.5-% solu-
tion, is saturated with warm corrosive sublimate solut.

122 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Heidenhain (HEMATOXYLIN METHOD), a. Hematoxylin, i
Gm.; distilled water, 300 Cc. 6. Potassium chromate, i
Gm.; distilled water, 200 Cc. Small pieces of tissue hard-
ened in alcohol or picric arid are placed in a for 12 to 24 hours,
and then transferred for a similar length of time to b. Wash
thoroughly in water, dehydrate in alcohol, and imbed in
paraffin.

Heidanhain (!RON HEMATOXYLIN METHOD). Sections arc treated
for J to 3 hours with a 1.5- to 4-% solut. iron alum, then
washed with water and stained in a 0.5-% aqueous solut.
hematoxylin. Rinse with water, and again treat with the
iron solut. for 20 to 60 minutes. The sections are sometimes
stained for 24 hours or more in a weak solution (i-%) of
Bordeaux R., or aniline blue, before treatment with the iron
alum.

Heidenhain (NEUTRAL CARMINE). Prepare solut. according to
Beale's formula, but with omission of alcohol, and render it
almost neutral, either by cautiously adding dilute acetic acid
or by driving off the free ammonia by warming on a water-bath.

Heidenhain (SUBLIMATE SOLUTION). A 0.5-% solut. of sodium
chloride is saturated while hot with mercuric chloride.

Heidenreich (FIXED OILS). Various color reactions are pro-
duced on mixing 10 or 15 drops of the oil with 2 drops cone,
sulphuric acid. See also Heydenreich' s test.

Heijningen, Van- (QUININE). Ammonium-oxalate solut. affords
a crystalline ppt.

Heinrich (GLUCOSE). Dissolve mercuric iodide, 18 Gm., and
potassium iodide, 25 Gm., in sufficient water; then add caustic
potassa and water to make i ,000 Cc. On heating some of this
solut. with suspected liquid, reduction occurs if glucose pres-
ent. See also Sachssc's solut.

Heinsius (ALBUMIN). Add i or 2 drops dil. acetic acid to 5 or
10 Cc. of suspected liquid and boil; then add sufficient sodium-
chloride solut. to make liquid contain at least 4% sodium
chloride if any albumin present, it will be precipitated.

Heintz (POTASSIUM IN URINE). Acidulate 100 Cc. urine with
hydrochloric acid, and add double the volume of a mixture of
equal parts alcohol and ether containing some platinum
chloride. In a few hours potassium-platinum chloride (and

TESTS /IND REAGENTS. 123

also the corresponding ammonium salt) crystallizes as octa-
hedra, which may be identified under the microscope.

Heintz-Ragsky (UREA). On heating urea with acids or
caustic alkalies it is converted into ammonium carbonate.
The CO 2 which may be liberated from the latter is used
for calculating the quantity of urea that was present
(CH 4 N 2 + 2H 2 = [NH 4 ] 2 C0 3 ).

Heise (KERMES COLORING IN WINE). Shake 20 Cc. of the
wine with 10 Cc. of a io-% alum solut. and 100 Cc. io-%
sodium-carbonate solut.; then exactly neutralize with the
latter solut. The filtrate gives the following reactions if
kermes coloring matter present: Amyl alcohol extracts no
color from acid or alkaline solutions; a solut. acidulated with
acetic acid is not altered by sodium bisulphite, or colored
yellow by caustic alkali. The coloring matter of beet-root
gives similar reactions.

Helch (PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORATE). About 0.01-0.02 Gm.
pilocarpine hydrochlorate (small quantities give to the ben-
zene a distinct violet color, larger quantities a blue color) are
dissolved in a little dist. water in a test-tube, i to 2 Cc. H 2 O 2 of
acid reaction added, the liquid then overlaid with about 2 Cc.
benzene, and finally a few drops of a very dilute solution of
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (i Cc. to contain about 0.003 Gm. K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) are
added. The mixture is immediately shaken carefully and
allowed to settle ; if pilocarpine hydrochlorate be present the
benzene is colored very distinctly violet. The reaction is so
sensitive that o.oi Gm. is sufficient for detecting the presence
of pilocarpine hydrochlorate. The author tested a whole series
of substances, some alkaloids and their salts, and some of the
newer remedies, but none of the substances examined afforded
the violet color similar to that of pilocarpine, with the excep-
tion, however, of pyridine. Quinoline salicylate gives a dirty-
violet, turbid color, which however completely vanishes,
while antipyrine, migranine, and salipyrin, examined under
conditions similar to those under which pilocarpine was exam-
ined, give a dark-blue color to the benzene, so that these above-
named substances, by this test alone, can be distinguished
from pilocarpine.

Heller (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Albuminous urine, when over-

124 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

laid upon heated nitric acid, shows a white zone at the point
of contact.

Heller (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Mix 6 Cc. hydrochloric acid with
enough urine to color, and allow nitric acid to flow down side
and form a lower layer a play of colors denotes presence of
biliary pigments.

Heller (GLUCOSE). Glucose solutions or urine containing glu-
cose are colored yellow to reddish-brown on heating with
caustic potassa. See Moore's test.

Heller (HEMOGLOBIN). Urine rendered strongly alkaline with
caustic-potassa solut. yields on boiling, when hemoglobin is
present, a red ppt. of earthy phosphates.

Heller (!NDICAN IN URINE), i. Add 4 Cc. urine to 2 Cc. cone,
hydrochloric acid with constant stirring, and then let stand /
a violet or blue develops if indican present. (If bile present,
remove by pptn. with lead acetate, and filtration.) 2. Gen-
tly heat 4 Cc. hydrochloric or nitric acid in test-tube, and
overlay with urine free from albumin a violet or blue color
develops.

Heller (UROPHAINE IN URINE). Pour 4 Cc. urine upon 2 Cc.
sulphuric acid in a beaker, from a height of about 4 inches
a black or opaque color indicates excess; a pale garnet-red
diminution.

Heller-Moore (GLUCOSE). See Moore-Hcllcr.

Heller- Teichmann (BLOOD IN URINE). Urine containing blood,
Mien heated to boiling with a drop acetic acid, forms a brown-
ish-red to blackish coagulum. If to boiling hot liquid a little
caustic-soda solut. is added, it becomes clear and yields a sed-
iment of earthy phosphates that, from the adhering coloring
matter of the blood, appears red to brownish-red in trans-
mitted, greenish by reflected light.

Helwig (BLOOD). Solut. potassium iodide, i part, in 4 parts
water, removes dried-up and old blood stains, without altering
coloring-matter of blood.

Helwig (SOLANINE). A cherry-red color develops on adding a
mixture of equal volumes sulphuric acid and alcohol,

Hempel (IODIDES). A rose-red color develops on adding ferric-
chloride solut., sulphuric acid and starch paste, to a liquid
containing an iodide.

TEST5 AHD REAGENTS. 125

Hendrix (SANDAL OIL). Mix 0.5 Cc. oil with 2 Gm. solut. of
3 parts cryst. carbolic acid in i part alcohol, add 0.5 Gm. cone*
hydrochloric acid and shake pure sandal oil gives a yellow
zone at contact-point ; copaiva gives a mauve ; cedar oil yields
a milky solut. and brown color.

Henking (EXAMINATION LIQUID FOR OVA). Distilled water,
80 Cc.; glycerin, 16 Cc. ; formic acid, 3 Cc.; osmic acid (i-%),
i Cc.; dahlia, 0.04 Gm.

Henle (STAIN FOR NERVOUS TISSUE). Sections are left in
palladium-chloride solut. (1:300 to 1:600) till they are of a
straw color, then rinsed in water and stained with strong
ammonia-carmine .

Henneguy (ALUM CARMINE). Excess of carmine is boiled in
saturated solut. potassa alum, and 10% of glacial acetic acid
added on cooling. Allow to settle for some days, and then
filter.

Henneguy (PERMANGANATE METHOD). Treat sections for 5
minutes with i-% potassium-permanganate solut.; then wash
in water and stain with safranine, rubin, gentian violet, or
vesuvine, preference being given to a safranine solut. pre-
pared with aniline water.

Henninger (NITROBENZENE IN ESSENTIAL OIL ALMOND).
Caustic-potassa solut. causes a green color.

Henocque (GOLD PROCESS). Impregnate tissues with a 0.5-%
solut. gold chloride; then wash in water for 12 to 24 hours,
and reduce with the aid of heat (40 to 50 C.) in nearly satu-
rated solut. tartaric acid.

Henry (IODINE). Potassium - permanganate solut. liberates
iodine.

Henry, De- (INDICATOR). By monochromatic light afforded by
sodium flame, red litmus color appears colorless; the blue
appears black.

Henry-Humbert (IODINE; BROMINE). Add acidified silver-
nitrate solut. to water containing iodine or bromine; mix ppt.
with silver cyanide, and pass current of dry chlorine over it
cyanogen iodide or bromide is formed.

Henzold (GELATIN IN FRUIT JELLIES). Boil material with
water, filter, boil filtrate with excess of io-% solut. potas-
sium bichromate, cool, then add 2 or 3 drops cone. H 2 SO 4

126 TESTS /MD REAGENTS.

if gelatin present a white flocculent ppt. forms and gradually
collects in a lump at bottom of liquid. Pectinous matters
from plants do not give the reaction.

Herapath (QUININE REACTION). Alcoholic solutions of quinine
yield on addition of tincture of iodine a crystalline ppt. of
quinine iodosulphate. This separates in thin plates, green
at ordinary temperatures, brownish-red at 100 C. and pos-
sessing strong polarizing properties. For microscopical exam-
ination of the urine, the latter, after being rendered alkaline ,.
is shaken out with ether, the ethereal solut. evaporated, and
a portion of residue dissolved on a cover-glass in a drop of a
mixture of 11.25 ^m. acetic acid, 3.75 Gm. alcohol, and 6
drops diluted sulphuric acid. To this is added a drop of
tincture of iodine.

Herbst (ACONITINE). Upon c.arefully concentrating a phos-
phoric-acid solut. of aconitine containing aconine, a dirty-
violet color is produced. Pure crystallized aconitine does not
give this reaction.

Herbst (ATROPINE). On adding sulphuric acid, potassium
bichromate (or ammonium molybdate) and a little water, odor
of essential oil almond develops. Also known as Herbst-
Pfeiffer test.

Hermann (FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION). A i-% solution, ob-
tained by diluting formaldehyde with 40 volumes of water.

Hermann (PLATINO-ACETO-OSMIC MIXTURE). 15 parts i-%
platinic chloride solution, i part of glacial acetic acid, and 2
and 4 parts of 2-% osmic acid.

Hermann (TUBERCLE STAIN). Place cover-glass preparation
in heated Hermann's solution for not longer than i minute,
then for 4 to 5 seconds in io-% HN0 3 . Wash in 95-% alco-
hol, and after-stain in eosine (i Gm. to 100 Cc. 6o-% alcohol)
for half a minute.

Hermann (VIOLET AMMONIA-CARBOLATE). a. Crystal violet,
i Gm. ; 95-% alcohol, 30 Cc. b. Ammonium carbonate, i
i Gm.; dist. water, 100 Cc. Add enough of solut. a to solut.
b to produce a dense stain on filter-paper.

Hermann-Boettger (STAINING PROCESS). See Flemming's
process.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 127

Herse (CODEINE). Dissolve substance in sulphuric acid and
add solut. ferric chloride a blue color develops with
codeine.

Hertwig (MACERATING FLUID). Mix equal parts of 0.05-%
osmic acid and 0.2-% acetic acid. Medusae are treated with
this mixture for 2 or 3 minutes, then washed in o.i-% acetic
acid until free from osmic acid. Leave 24 hours in the dilute
acetic acid, then wash in water, stain with Beale's carmine
and mount in glycerin. For Actiniae use 0.04-% osmic acid
and make both solutions with sea water. Wash out with
0.2-% acetic acid, and stain with picro-carmine.

Hertz (VEGETABLE COLORING MATTER IN WINE). Shake 10
to 15 Cc. red wine with 5 Cc. sat. solut. tartar emetic
natural wine affords a cherry-red color by both reflected
and transmitted light; foreign coloring matters give violet
shades.

Herzberg (FREE ACIDS). Paper tinted with Congo red turns
bluish to bluish-black in the presence of free acids.

Herzberg (PAPER). Wood pulp and jute give a lemon-yellow
color with dilute solut. iodine in potassium iodide; linen,
hemp and cotton papers, a brown color; while wood, cellulose,
straw and esparto remain colorless. Strips of the paper are
first boiled to a pulp with dilute potassa solut. and then
washed free from alkali before applying reagent. Hemp,
cotton, jute and linen give a yellow color with zinc-chloride-
iodine solution ; cellulose gives a bluish color.

Herzberg (TEST-PAPER). Congo-red papers (blue and red).
Alkalies give a red color, and acids a blue. Also known as
RiegeVs paper.

Hesse (ALLIED ALKALOIDS IN QUININE). These alkaloids are
less soluble in ether than quinine, while their sulphates are
more readily soluble in water than the corresponding quinine
salt. Shake 0.5 Gm. quinine sulphate with 10 Cc. water of
50 to 60 C.; after standing for 15 minutes, filter off 5 Cc.,
then add i Cc. ether (sp. gr. 0.7203) and 5 drops ammonia
water (sp. gr. 0.96). The presence of quinidine, cinchonine,
etc., is indicated by immediate or gradual formation of crystals
in ethereal layer.

Hesse (CHOLESTERIN). See Salkowski's test.

128 TESTS AND RE/IGENTS.

Hesse (CODEINE). A blue color develops on dissolving in sul-
phuric acid and adding ferric-chloride solut.

Hesse (MORPHINE IN QUININE SULPHATE). Mix suspected
sulphate with diluted nitric acid (1:4) if morphine present
yellowish to orange-red color develops.

Hesse (QUINIDINE). Treat 0.5 Gm. pure quinidine with a solut.
of 0.5 Gm. potassium iodide in 10 Cc. hot water, filter after i
hour, and then add i drop of ammonia no cloudiness should
be produced.

Hessert (STAINING FLAGELLA). Fix film by treating cover-
glass preparations with a saturated alcoholic solut. mercuric
chloride, wash, and stain for 30 or 40 minutes in a hot io-%
aqueous or saturated alcoholic solut. fuchsine.

Heurck, Van- (MOUNTING MEDIUM). This is simply mono-
bromide of naphtalin.

Heuschen (AMYGDALIN). Reduce suspected substance to fine
powder, then add a little chalk, coarse rye flour, and water,
and allow to ferment. If amygdalin present hydrocyanic acid
will be evolved and stain cuprous guaiac paper blue.

Heut (DIFFERENTIATING CONIINE AND NICOTINE). Add i drop
cone, alcoholic solut. phenolphtalein to suspected liquid no
reaction occurs with nicotine, but if trace of coniine present a
red color develops; difference more marked on adding chlo-
roform.

Heydenreich (COTTONSEED OIL IN OLIVE OIL). Allow a few
drops of the oil to fall on some pure sulphuric acid in a porce-
lain capsule with pure olive oil, the point of contact is yel-
lowish-green ; with foreign oils (cottonseed oil) it is yellowish-
orange to brown.

Heynsius (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Boil 5 to 10 Cc. of filtered
urine with a few drops diluted acetic acid and then add a satu-
rated solut. common salt a white ppt. results if albumin
present.

Hickson (EOSINE-HEMATOXYLIN METHOD). Stain sections on
slide for i hour with a strong solut. cosine in 90-% alcohol, then
wash with alcohol and stain for 20 minutes in a weak solut.
.of hematoxylin.

Hilger (ALBUMIN). A ppt. forms on acidifying with acetic acid
and adding potassium-ferrocyanide solut.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 129

Hilger (ARSENIC). A black stain develops on acidifying strongly
with hydrochloric acid, adding excess of aqueous iodine solut.,
introducing a piece of pure zinc, and exposing silver-nitrate
paper to the gas evolved.

Hilger (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Ppt. coloring matter by boiling
with barium hydrate. The yellow ppt. filtered off and washed,
gives the following reactions : With alcohol and a few drops of
sulphuric acid, ppt. becomes colorless while the solution be-
comes green; with nitric acid containing nitrous acid, green
and blue colors result.

Hilger (Ionic ACID IN NITRIC ACID). On diluting with water
and shaking with 25% carbon disulphide, in presence of a few
pieces of rasped tin, the disulphide is colored violet.

Hilger-Mai (KERMES COLORING IN WINE). Mix 5 Cc. of wine
with 10 drops of a 5-% solut. of iodine in potassium iodide,
filter mixture after standing for 2 hours, and treat filtrate with
sodium thiosulphate in excess. Natural wine is decolorized,
but kermes gives a red color not destroyed on addition of sul-
phuric acid.

Himmelmann (ARSENIC). This is Marsh's method, modified by
substitution for the acid and zinc of an ammoniacal solut.
ammonium chloride which has been heated gently with a mix-
ture of equal parts granulated zinc and powdered iron. The
liquid containing arsenic is made neutral or alkaline before
adding, and arseniuretted hydrogen is evolved.

Himly (ILLUMINATING GAS IN WATER). Add chlorine water
to suspected liquid, expose to sunlight, and remove free chlo-
rine by adding mercury or mercury oxide. If mixture ex-
hibits an odor of ethylene chloride or similar compound,
illuminating gas was present in the water. At least 500 Cc.
water should be used in this test.

Himly (MINERAL SUBSTANCES IN FLOUR). Shake the flour with
chloroform, allow to deposit, and examine sediment. >

Himly (OILED WHEAT). On shaking the grain with bronze
powder and rubbing with filter-paper only the oiled grains will
appear bronzed.

Hindenlang (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Strong metaphosphoric
acid causes an opalescent cloudiness or produces a ppt. in
urine containing albumin.

130 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Hinsberg-Autenrieth (PHENACETIN). See Autenrieth-Hinsberg.

Hinterberger (ATROPINE). A blood-red color develops on
passing a current of cyanogen into an alcoholic solut. of
atropine.

Hirsch (PHENOL). A purple color develops on adding tincture
of ferric chloride to an aqueous solut. of phenol.

Hirschsohn (ACETANILID IN PHENACETIN). o.i Gm. phenace-
tin is dissolved in 10 Cc. water, the solut. filtered after cool-
ing, and treated with bromine water until a yellow color results.
If the solut. becomes turbid, acetanilid was present (formation
of parabromacetanilid).

Hirschsohn (ALOES), i. i drop io-% solut. CuSO 4 and i drop
H 2 O 2 added to 10 Cc. aq. i : 1,000 solut. aloes gives on boiling,
a raspberry-red color with all varieties of aloes. 2. Boil 10
Cc. aloes solut. with i drop CuSO 4 solut. and i drop 1:15
solut. potass, ferricyanide, and filter filtrate is either yellow-
ish or pink (latter is afforded by Curasao, Barbadoes, Zanzi-
bar and Natal aloes). 3. Curasao and Barbadoes aloes give
with CuSO 4 and potass, sulphocyanate a raspberry-red color
at ordinary temperatures but much more pronounced on heat-
ing. 4. Natal aloes boiled with borax solut. gives a red color.
5. Tinct. aloes, after exposure to sunlight for some time, no
longer affords the reaction with CuSO 4 and H 2 O 2 .

flirschsohn (BENZOINS). Siam benzoin is colored cherry-red by
cone, sulphuric acid; other benzoins are colored brownish-
red. Siam benzoin with sulphuric acid gives a clear, violet
solution on admixture of alcohol, and on adding water next,
violet-red flocks form. Sumatra and Penang benzoins
treated similarly give reddish-violet solutions and dirty-
violet flocks.

Hirschsohn (CASSIA OIL). Run 10 Cc. oil into a special flask
with narrow neck graduated to 6 Cc. in tenths, and nearly fill
flask with almost boiling sodium-bisulphite solut. Shake well,
and when reaction moderates add more hot bisulphite, then
immerse flask in boiling water until non-aldehydes have sepa-
rated as a perfectly clear layer. Adjust lower surface of layer
to zero mark on scale by adding more bisulphite, and read off
the volume. The difference between this and 10 Cc. repre-
sents quantity of cinnamic aldehyde in oil.

7"575 AND REAGENTS. I3 1

Hirschsohn (CHLORAL ALCOHOLATE IN CHLORAL HYDRATE).
i Gin. chloral hydrate is tested with i Cc. nitric acid (sp. gr.
1.38). If at ordinary temperatures, or upon warming, a yel-
low color results within 10 minutes, alcoholate was present.
Hirschsohn (COTTONSEED OIL). Heat 5 Cc. of oil for 20 min-
utes on the water-bath with 6 to 10 drops of a solut. of i Gm.
gold chloride in 200 Cc. chloroform presence of cottonseed
oil is indicated by development of a red color.
Hirschsohn (DIFFERENTIATING TARS), i. Completely soluble
in 95-% acetic acid.

(A): Turpentine oil (French) dissolves it completely. The pe-
troleum-ether extract of the tar is colored greenish by shak-
ing with a diluted solut. (i : i ,000) of copper acetate. Chlo-
roform and absolute ether dissolve it completely .... Pine tar
(B)\ Turpentine oil dissolves it only partially. The petro-
leum-ether extract is not colored by copper-acetate solut.
Chloroform and absolute ether do not entirely dissolve

it Beech tar

2. Not completely soluble in 95-% acetic acid.
(A): Turpentine oil dissolves it completely, [a]: Aniline dis-
solves it completely. Aqueous extract (1:20) yields a red

color with ferric-chloride solut. (i : 1,000) Juniper tar

[&]: Aniline does not dissolve it completely. The aqueous
extract is colored greenish by ferric chloride. . Birch tar
(B): Turpentine oil dissolves it only partially. Benzene,
chloroform, ether, and olive oil dissolve it only par-
tially Aspen tar

Hirschsohn (DRAGON'S BLOOD). The alcoholic extract has a

pure red color; that of other resins is usually reddish-yellow.
Hirschsohn (FATTY OILS IN BALSAM OF COPAIBA). 20 to 40
drops of the balsam are boiled with i to 2 Cc. of a solut. of i
part NaOH in 5 parts 95-% alcohol. The presence of oil is
indicated by gelatinous ppt. or turbidity on cooling, or upon
addition of 2 volumes of ether. Pure copaiba balsam with 3
volumes of 90-% alcohol should yield a mixture from which
no oil globules should separate within an hour.
Hirschsohn (GURJUN BALSAM IN COPAIBA BALSAM), i vol-
ume of balsam, 3 volumes 95-% alcohol and i Gm. crystallized
stannous chloride are boiled together until a complete solut,.

132 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

results. Admixtures of gurjun balsam are shown by appear
ance of a red color, changing to blue on standing some time.

Hirschsohn ( GURJUN BALSAM). Two Cc. solut. cone, sulphuric
acid in acetic ether (i-f 5), added to 3 to 4 drops gurjun bal-
sam, causes a violet color. For testing copaiba balsam, 6 to
8 drops of balsam are added to a solut. of 2 drops sulphuric
acid in 4 Cc. acetic ether a violet color indicates presence of
gurjun balsam.

Hirschsohn (PERU BALSAM), i . Balsam heated on water-bath
half an hour with half its volume calcium hydrate should not
solidify. 2. One volume balsam with 4 volumes 80- % acetic
acid must give only an opalescent or cloudy solution from
which no oily drops should separate in 2 hours. 3. The
petroleum-ether extract shaken with copper-acetate solut.
(1:1,000) must not be colored bluish-green or green. 4.
Residue from petroleum-ether extract should not be colored
by hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.19.

Hirschsohn (QUININE AND QUINIDINE). Reaction consists in
the addition of one drop H 2 2 solut. (about 2-%) and i drop
of io-% CuSO 4 solut. to the neutral alkaloidal solut. (chlo-
ride or sulphate); on boiling, an intense raspberry-red color
appears, changing to bluish violet, then blue, and, after a
while, slowly to green. The limit of sensibility is i: 10,000.
As in every such test it is highly important to know upon
what other substances it has been tried, the following list in-
creases the value of the reaction very considerably: A color-
less or only faintly yellow solution is obtained with antipyrine,
atropine, aconitine, acolyctine, asaron, brucine, berberine,
bebeerine, caffeine, cocaine, cinchonidine, cinchonine, cincho-
namine, cinchotenine, codeine, colchicine, colocynthin, con-
vallamarin, convallarin, coumarin, cubebin, caryophyllin,
delphinine, daturine, digitin, digitalin, duboisine, gelsemine,
helenin, hyoscine, hyoscamine, kosin, meconin, minispermine,
piperin, picrotoxin, pilocarpine, quassiin, quinoline, solanine,
saponin, santonin, salicin, senegin, scoparine, sabadilline,
sparteine, strychnine, taxine, theobromine, urson, vanillin,
and veratrine. The following give yellow to brown: Analgen,
apomorphine, arbutin, sesculin, chelerythrine, cotoin, du-
boisine (amorphous), eserine, hydrastine, hydrastinine, mor

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 133

phine, narceme, narcotine, paracotoin, papaverine, peuce-
danin, phloridzin and pyrodin. A light onion-red is pro-
duced by thalline, an intense blue by kairine, and a light blue
by asparagine. The peculiar raspberry-red tint is observed
with euquinine, but only feebly, so that this color when strongly
developed seems quite characteristic of quinine or quinidine.

Hirschsohn (RosiN IN GUAIAC RESIN AND BALSAM OF TOLU).
The finely-powdered sample is shaken for 10 to 15 minutes
with 4 to 5 times its weight petroleum ether ; aqueous copper-
acetate solut. causes a green color in filtrate if rosin present.

Histed (ALOINS). On adding a few grains barbalcin to several
drops of cone, sulphuric acid and gently passing over the
surface a glass rod moistened with nitric acid, a red color
develops; nataloin causes a blue color.

Histed (NATALOIN). If nataloin is dissolved in cone, sulphuric
acid and a small fragment potassium nitrate added, a green
color develops, changing to red and then to blue.

Hlasiwetz (HYDROCYANIC ACID). If an alkaline cyanide solu-
tion is warmed with picric acid, a blood-red color results.

Hoehnel, Von- (LIGNIN). Phenol-hydrochloric acid (highly cone.
sclut. of phenol in fuming hydrochloric acid) gives a green
color with lignin.

Hoehnel, Von- (SILK). A saturated solut. chromic acid diluted
with an equal volume of water. Mulberry-red silk is dis-
solved by heating for less than a minute in this solut.; wild
silk is insoluble in the reagent; sheep's wool is dissolved like
mulberry silk.

Hofer (NARCOTIZATION SOLUTION). Dissolve hydroxylamine
hydrochlorate (or sulphate) in water, neutralize with sodium
carbonate and dilute to a i-% solut. Solut. is further reduced,
according to organisms to be killed.

Hoffmann (ALBUMINS AND PHENOLS). Solut. of mercuric
nitrate containing a trace of free nitrous acid. Yields simi-
lar color reactions as Millon's reagent. See Hoffman's reac-
tion for tyrosin.

Hoffmann (ALBUMIN TEST-PAPER), a. Dissolve corrosive
sublimate, i part, in distilled water, 20 parts. 6. Dissolve
potassium iodide, i part, in distilled water, 2 parts. Mix
solutions; impregnate paper with mixture and dry. Pre-

134 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

pared paper, dipped into albuminous urine immediately causes
a ppt. in acid urine if necessary, add a little acetic acid.

Hoffmann (ALKALOIDS AND ANILINE SALTS), i. Aniline salts
are distinguished from alkaloids by not affording ppts.
with potassium iodide, potassium-cadmium iodide, and mer-
cury-potassium iodide, but giving with solut. of sodium
phospho-molybdate in sulphuric or oxalic-acid solut. a ppt.
at first yellow, then blue, and yielding a blue solution with
ammonia water. 2. Tannic acid only partially ppts. aniline
salts. 2. Alcoholic mercury-chloride solut. causes in alco-
holic aniline solut. a white, crystalline ppt. nearly insol. in
water.

Hoffmann (ANILINE REACTION). With fuming nitric acid,
aniline gives a deep blue solution, becoming yellow and finally
red upon warming.

Hoffmann (BENZENE). Heat with fuming nitric acid, subject
the resulting nitrobenzene to the action of alcohol, hydro-
chloric acid, and granulated zinc, then test the aniline pro-
duced with chlorinated lime.

Hoffmann (BLUE STAIN). Hoffmann's blue, i Gm.; alcohol,
20 Cc.; distilled water, 80 Cc.; glacial acetic acid, 0.5 Cc.
As a nuclear stain immerse sections for 10 minutes, rinse in
water, wash in 90-% alcohol, dehydrate, clear, and mount
in balsam. To stain sieve areas, stain sections 5 or 10 min-
utes, rinse in distilled water, and mount in glycerin; or, dehy-
drate, clear, and mount in balsam.

Hoffmann (CARBON BISULPHIDE). Triethyl phosphine gives a
rose-red color.

Hoffmann (CHLOROFORM), i. Isonitrile is formed on adding
aniline, alcohol, and soda. 2. When a trace of ammonium
chloride and ferrous chloride is warmed with an excess of alco-
holic potassa solution and a few drops chloroform, and the
mixture then diluted with water and acidified with hydro-
chloric acid, a greenish-blue color results.

Hoffmann (INDICATOR). The color of eupittonic acid is changed
from yellow to blue by alkalies, and to red by acids,

Hoffmann (PHENOL). Cautiously overlay 2 Cc. of the liquid
on an ecfual volume sulphuric acid, and drop into the liquid

TESTS AND REAGENTS. I3S

a few crystals potassium nitrate the violet color may appear
in streaks.

Hoffmann (PRIMARY AMINES), i. These yield upon warm-
ing with chloroform and alcoholic potassa solution the char-
acteristic odor of isonitrile. 2. On evaporating an ethereal
solution of a primary amine base with carbon disulphide, dis-
solving the residue in water, and boiling solut. with silver ni-
trate, mercuric chloride, or ferric chloride, an odor of mustard
oil develops.

Hoffmann (TYROSIN). The hot aqueous solution of tyrosin
(obtained from the urine sediment) yields a red color and ppt.
on addition of a solut. of mercuric nitrate with some potassium
nitrate.

Hoffmann-Ultzmann (BILIFUSCIN). Dip piece of clean white
linen in urine and allow to dry. Linen is colored brown if
bilifuscin present.

Hoffmeister (CELLULOSE SOLVENT). Mixture consists of hydro-
chloric acid and potassium chlorate.

Hofmeister (CREATIN). Phosphotungstic acid gives a readily
soluble, crystallizable compound with creatin; with creatinine
a difficultly soluble compound is formed.

Hofmeister (L/EUCINE). Heat solut. with mercurous nitrate
if leucine is present, a deposit of metallic mercury forms.

Hofmeister (PRECIPITANT FOR PEPTONE). Commercial so-
dium tungstate is dissolved in hot water, phosphoric acid
added to acid reaction, then strongly acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid and filtered after standing 24 hours.

Hoggan (FERRIC-CHLORIDE STAIN). Treat tissue first with
silver-nitrate solut. (previously exposed for a short time to
diffused light), then dehydrate in alcohol, and then treat for
a few minutes with 2-% t alcoholic solut. ferric chloride. Next
treat with 2-% alcoholic solut. pyrogallic acid, and when dark
enough, wash in water and mount in glycerin.

Holde (TARRY CONSTITUENTS OF LUBRICANTS OBTAINED FROM
PETROLEUM). Dissolve in petroleum ether in which the tarry
admixtures are insoluble.

Holde (UNSAPONIFIABLE SUBSTANCES IN FATS). Boil a piece
of caustic potassa the size of a pea in 5 Cc. absolute alcohol
until completely dissolved, add 3 to 4 drops of the fat, and

136 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

then boil the whole for i minute. Upon diluting with 3 to 4
Cc. of water, a turbidity indicates the presence of an unsapon-
ifiable substance.

Honsell (SMEGMA BACILLUS STAIN). Stain in boiling carbol-
fuchsine 2 min., rinse in water, dry, treat with a mixture of
97 parts alcohol and 3 parts HC1 for 10 min., rinse in water,
counterstain in equal parts of saturated alcoholic solut.
methylene blue and water. Only tubercle bacilli are stained
red, smegma bacilli are not.

Hopkins (URIC ACID). Saturate 100 Cc. urine with finely pow-
dered ammonium chloride (about 30 Gm.) let stand 2 hours
with occasional stirring, then filter, and wash with saturated
solut. ammonium chloride; then rinse off filter with hot water,
heat just to boiling with excess dilute HC1, cool, and let stand
2 hours. Collect crystals of uric acid, wash twice with cold
water, then with alcohol, until free from acidity, dry at 100
C., and weigh. Add o.ooi Gm. for every 15 Cc. of mother
liquor. If preferred, the acid ammonium-urate ppt. from
above may be titrated. Treat ppt. obtained as above from
200 Cc. urine with known volume decinormal sulphuric acid,
boil, cool, dilute to 200 Cc., add little methyl orange, and
titrate back with semi-decinormal alkali. Difference between
volume required and volume of acid solut. represents ammo-
nia of ppt., the uric acid having no action on methyl
orange. Each Cc. semi-decinormal soda solut. = 0.0084 Gm.
uric acid.

Hoppe-Seyler (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Ppt. urine with milk-of-
lime, then ppt. the lime with carbonic acid, filter off, and
wash the ppt. with water. If nitroso-nitric acid is dropped
upon the ppt. in the filter, the well-known color reactions are
produced if biliary pigments are present. See Gmelin's test.

Hoppe-Seyler (CARBON-MONOXIDE POISONING). A few drops
of the blood to be tested are mixed in a porcelain capsule with
an equal or double quantity of cone, caustic-soda solut.
blood containing carbon monoxide will appear of a vermilion
color in thin layers, while normal blood will appear a dirty
brownish-green.

Hoppe-Seyler (PHENOL). A pine shaving is colored blue when
moistened with phenol and hydrochloric acid. Tommasi's

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 13?

modification: Instead of hydrochloric acid, a mixture of 50
Cc. hydrochloric acid, 50 Cc. water, and 0.2 Gm. potassium
chlorate is used.

Hoppe-Seyler (SANTONIN IN URINE). Treat urine with caustic
soda a red color develops; add amylic alcohol red color
disappears (distinction from chrysophanic acid, which amylic
alcohol does not decolorize).

Hoppe-Seyler (SUGAR IN THE URINE). Test depends upon for-
mation of indigo upon warming urine containing glucose
with orthonitrophenylpropiolic acid. Reagent employed
is a 0.5-% solut. of this acid in soda lye. Five Cc. of the solut.
are boiled with 10 drops urine; sugar, if present, develops an
indigo color.

Hoppe-Seyler (XANTHINE). Calcium chloride and sodium-
hydrate solut. added to a solut. containing xanthine, give at
zone of contact a dark green color, quickly changing to brown,
and finally disappearing.

Horsford (GLYCOCOLL). A bright red color develops on heating
with potassium-hydroxide solut.

Horsley (ALKALOIDS). Sodium nitroprussiate yields crystalline
precipitates.

Horsley (GLUCOSE), i. Dissolve copper sulphate, 30, in
water, 1440, add tartaric acid, 30, and cool; then add potas-
sium hydroxide, 90, and potassium carbonate, 90. This
solut. is reduced by glucose. 2. A green color develops on
boiling glucose with a solut. of potassium chromate contain-
ing free alkali.

Horsley (MORPHINE), i. A red color forms several hours after
adding potassium-ferricyanide solut. 2. A blood-red color
develops on adding a few drops silver-nitrate solut. and adding
nitric acid to filtrate after reduction of the silver.

Horsley (NITRIC ACID). Pyrogallic and sulphuric acids yield a
violet color with aqueous solutions containing traces of a ni-
trate.

Horsley (STRYCHNINE). A purple- violet to red color forms on
adding potassium-bichromate solut. to a solut. of a strychnine
salt, and, after separation of crystals, adding a drop of sul-
phuric acid.

Hosaeus (BORAX OR SODIUM BICARBONATE IN MILK). Add

138 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

o.i GUI. tartaric acid to 100 Cc. milk, shake, and heat if milk
does not curdle, the presence of borax or sodium bicarbonate
may be assumed.

Houzeau (OZONE PAPER). This is red litmus paper, one-half
of which has been saturated with potassium-iodide solution.
Since ozone liberates free alkali from potassium iodide, the
paper will turn blue in the presence of this gas.

How (ALKALOIDS). Distinctive color reactions are obtained on
adding sulphuric acid and ferric chloride. See " Proc. Am.
Phar. Assoc." 1878.

Howie (CURCUMA). 0.3 Gm. of the powdered rhubarb or insect
powder to be tested are heaped upon filter-paper, 50 drops
chloroform gradually dropped upon it, and after drying and
removing the powder, a small piece of borax is placed upon
the spot and a drop of HC1 added. The appearance of the
well-known red color indicates curcuma. Maisctis test is
similar.

Hoyer (BERLIN-BLUE GELATIN MASS). Freshly precipitated
Berlin blue is placed on a dialyzer with a little water,
and the external water changed until the solut. begins to pass
through the parchment. Then dilute the solut. and filter
through paper. Next heat almost to boiling and add gradu-
ally a warm, thin solut. of gelatin, until coagulation begins to
set in; then strain through wetted flannel.

Hoyer (CARMINE). Heat i Gm. on a sand-bath with i to 2 Cc.
strong ammonia and 6 to 8 Cc. distilled water, until the excess
of ammonia is driven off. When the solution becomes clear
red, allow to cool, and filter off ppt. To the filtrate, which
should be quite neutral, add 4 to 6 times its volume abso-
lute alcohol, and collect the clear red ppt. which is thrown
down. When required for use, dissolve this powder in water
and add i to 2% chloral hydrate to make the solution
permanent.

Hoyer (CARMINE GELATIN MASS). Mix equal parts of cone, gel-
atin solut. and neutral carmine as above, digest in a water-bath
until the dark violet-red tint begins to change to bright red,
then add 5" to 10% glycerin and at least 2% by weight chlo-
ral hydrate in cone, solut. Filter through flannel and keep
in an open vessel under a bell-glass.

TESTS AND RE/t GENTS. 139

Hoyer (GOLD STAIN). A 0.5-% solut. pf gold and potassium
chloride is used instead of gold chloride only.

Hoyer (LEAD-CHROMATE GELATIN MASS). Filter i volume
20-% gelatin solut., add i volume cold sat. potassium-bichro-
mate solut., then warm almost to boiling and add gradually i
volume cold sat. neutral lead-acetate solut., which has been
previously warmed. Or, mix the lead-acetate solut. with
part of the gelatin solut., mix the bichromate solut. with the
remainder, heat the latter mixture, and gradually pour into
it the first mixture, stirring continually.

Hoyer (MOUNTING MEDIUM). Dissolve acacia in a cone, solut.
of chloral hydrate containing 5- to 10% glycerin to form a
thick syrupy fluid, which should subsequently be filtered
through thick swansdown. This form of the medium answers
with objects stained with carmine or hematoxylin, but if
aniline stains be employed the gum should be dissolved in a
50-% solut. potassium acetate, or solut. ammonium acetate
prepared by neutralizing 10 Gm. concent, ammonia with
acetic acid and making up with water to 30 Gm.

Hoyer (SHELLAC INJECTION MASS). Dissolve shellac in 8o-%
alcohol to the consistency of a thin syrup, and strain through
muslin of medium thickness. Color with aniline color in alco-
holic solution, or by means of vermilion or other pigment sus-
pended in alcohol.

Hoyer (SILVER-NITRATE GELATIN MASS). Mix a cone, solut.
of gelatin with an equal volume of a 4-% silver-nitrate solut.
and warm, then add a very small quantity of aqueous pyro-
gallic-acid solut. to reduce the silver salt, and add chloral and
glycerin as in the carmine gelatin mass.

Hoyer (SILVER STAIN). Add ammonia to a solut. of silver
nitrate of known strength, until the ppt. formed just> re-dis-
solves, then dilute the solut. until it contains 0.5 to 0.75%
of the salt

Huber (FREE MINERAL ACIDS). The reagent is an aquebus
solut. containing 50% each of ammonium molybdate and
potassium ferrocyanide. Mineral acids yield with reagent a
red turbidity or brown precipitate, depending upon the quan-
tity present. Boric and arsenous acids do not give this
reaction.

140 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Huebl (IODINE NUMBER). This serves for the estimation of
unsaturated compounds in a substance (oils, rosin, etc.),
and depends upon the power of these compounds of forming
iodine-compounds. The iodine number of a substance is the
quantity of iodine which 100 parts of the substance will take up.

Huebl (SOLUTION FOR TESTING OILS). The solut., which is
that used in the "iodine absorption test," is thus prepared:
Iodine, 25 Gm. is dissolved in 500 Cc. 95-% alcohol; mercuric
chloride, 30 Gm., is dissolved in a similar quantity of alcohol,
and the two solutions are mixed. The reagent is thus applied:
About 0.25 to 0.5 Gm. of the oil are accurately weighed and
dissolved in 10 Cc. chloroform in a 25o-Cc. stoppered flask,
and 25 Cc. of the Huebl reagent is run in. At the same time a
blank experiment under similar conditions, but without any
oil, is started. After standing in the dark for not less than 4
hours (preferably over night), 20 Cc. of io-% potassium-
iodide solut. are added to each, and 150 Cc. water. The un-
combined iodine is then titrated with thiosulphate, the dif-
ference between two flasks showing the amount of iodine
absorbed.

Huebl-Waller (IODINE SOLUTION). Similar to the above, but
with addition of 25 Gm. hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.19, to the
mercuric-chloride solut. ; this modified reagent is much more
permanent than the original Huebl solution.

Huefner (UREA). A recently prepared sodium-hypobromite
solut., made by adding 25 Gm. bromine all at once to a cooled
solution of 100 Gm. sodium hydrate in 250 Gm. of water,
decomposes urea into carbonic acid and nitrogen, the former
being absorbed by the caustic soda, while the latter is meas-
ured in a suitable apparatus (Knop's azotometer, Esbactis
ureometer), and the quantity of urea thus quantitatively
estimated.

Huehnefeld (BLOOD IN URINE). Acetic acid, 2, distilled water,
f, are each mixed with alcohol, 100, and turpentine, 100; i
Cc. of the mixture and i Cc. tincture guaiac are mixed together
and 3 to 4 Cc. urine added; if blood present, a blue zone is
formed.

Huehnefeld (TURPENTINE SOLUTION FOR TESTING FOR
BLOOD). Ten volumes each of oil turpentine, alcohol, and

TESTS AND REAGENTS. *4*

chloroform, are mixed with one volume glacial acetic acid,
and then water added drop by drop so long as the liquid
remains clear. The liquid to be tested for blood (urine) is
mixed with a few drops reagent and a few drops tincture
guaiac added a dark blue color of the silky mixture indicates
blood. According to Schar, test is applied by adding to sus-
pected liquid a i-% solut. of guaiac resin in absolute alcohol,
and shaking resulting ppt., after filtration, with the Huehne-
feld turpentine solution.

Huizinga (GLUCOSE). Add caustic potassa, then ammonium
molybdate (or tungstate), boil, and then add hydrochloric
acid a blue color develops if glucose present.

Humbert-Henry (IODINE; BROMINE). See Henry-Humbert.

Hume (ARSENIC). A yellow ppt. forms on passing arseniuretted
hydrogen into ammoniacal silver-nitrate solut.

Hume (FREE MINERAL ACIDS). Free mineral acids in vinegar
give distinctive color reactions when 2 drops vinegar are added
to residue left on evaporating a neutral solut. of ammonium
molybdate to dryness on platinum foil, heating till barely
moist, and then cooling.

Hummel (BUTTER). Press bit of butter to a thin film between
cover-glass and glass slide, and examine with polarizing mi-
croscope having a selenite plate between slide and lower nichol.
Normal butters give uniformly blue-colored field with absence
of fat crystals ; renovated butters give blue field mottled with
yellow.

Huppert (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Urine is treated with milk-of-
lime or with calcium chloride and ammonia, whereby, in the
presence of biliary pigments, a yellow ppt. of bilirubin-lime is
formed. Hot alcohol, containing sulphuric acid, dissolves
this, forming a green solution. After administration of
senna or rhubarb, the ppt. with lime is of a rose-red color,
the acidified alcoholic solut. being orange-yellow.

Husemann (MORPHINE REACTION). Morphine is warmed with
cone, sulphuric acid and, after cooling, treated with a drop of
nitric acid a beautiful dark- violet color results, changing to
a blood-red and gradually fading.

Hyatt (SHELLAC METHOD FOR HARD, CHITINOUS OBJECTS).
Soak in alcohol, then immerse in a clear, alcoholic solut,

142 TESTS AHD REAGENTS.

shellac for a day or two, then imbed with plenty thick shellac
solut. in a groove in one-half of a soft-wood cylinder split in
two for the purpose. Tie the two halves of the cylinder
together, and when the shellac has become quite hard, fix
the cylinder in a microtome, soak with warm water, and
cut the sections.

Hyde (THALLEIOQUIN REACTION). See Brand's tert.

Ide (IMBEDDING METHOD). Imbed object in collodion in a tube
by Gilson's method, boil collodion for 40 minutes, next bring
for 15 minutes into chloroform heated to 30 C. and contain-
ing one-fourth part of paraffin, then place for 10 minutes in
pure melted paraffin.

Ihl-Pechmann (LEVULOSE). i. Warm substance with cone*
alcoholic solut. resorcin containing a little hydrochloric acid
a red color develops. 2. Add substance to a cone, solut.
diphenylamine, then add hydrochloric acid, and boil a yel-
lowish-green, then dark-blue color appears.

Himow (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Cloudiness and a flbcculent
deposit appear on acidifying the urine, if necessary, with
sodium acid phosphate, allowing to settle, cooling, and filter-
ing, then adding diluted carbolic acid (i : 20).

Israel (ORCEIN STAIN). Orcein, 2 Gm.; glacial acetic acid, 2
Gm.; distilled water, 100 Cc. After staining in this, wash
object in distilled water, and pass rapidly through abso-
lute alcohol to thick cedar oil, in which it should be
mounted.

Istrati (ALDEHYDES IN ALCOHOL). Add 0.2 Cc. of a satur.
alcoholic solut. of a phenol to 2 Cc. of the alcohol to be exam-
ined, then add i Cc. cone, sulphuric acid. Different phenols
give various color reactions, for which see MERCK'S REPORT,
ix, p. 23.

Ittner (H^ROCYANIOACID REACTION). An alkali-cyanide
solution wAen mixed with a solution of a ferroso-ferric salt,
yields a precipitate of Prussian blue.

Jack (SUGAR IN THE URINE). Phenylhydrazine forms with
sugar a difficultly soluble osazone. See also Fischer's test.

Jackson (TITANIUM). On adding hydrogen dioxide to a solut.
of titanium in hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, a yellow to
orange color develops.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 14$

Jacob (FREEZING MASS). Acacia,' 5 parts; tragacanth, i part;
gelatin, i part; warm water containing one-sixth part of glyc-
erin, enough to form a thin jelly when cold.

Jacobsen (FATTY OILS.) Bring fatty oils in contact with rosani-
line acetate, which is insoluble in neutral fats, but is dissolved
by free fatty acids.

Jacqemart (ETHYL AND METHYL ALCOHOLS). Upon heating
ethyl alcohol with a solut. mercuric nitrate, the mercuric salt
is reduced and a black ppt. results on adding ammonia.
Methyl alcohol does not give this reaction.

Jacquemin (ALKALIES AND ALKALOIDS). A solut. of pyrogallol'
containing ferric chloride is turned blue by alkalies or alkaloids.

Jacquemin (ANILINE REACTION). A very dilute aqueous solu-
tion of aniline treated with a chlorinated-lime solut. and then
a few drops of a very dilute ammonium-sulphide solut., devel-
ops a rose-red color even in dilutions of i : 250,000.

Jacquemin (IODINE). Pyrogallol gives a brown color with io-
dine.

Jacquemin (NITROBENZENE). On adding solut. stannous chlo-
ride in caustic soda, aniline is formed, and a blue color develops
on adding carbolic acid and chlorinated-soda solut.

Jacquemin (PHENOL REACTION). A little aniline and a few drops
of a sodium-hypochlorite solut. cause a blue color , changed to
a red upon the addition of acids, if a phenol is present.

Jacquemin (WOOL, SILK AND COTTON). Wash textile fabric in
warm dilute solut. chromic acid, then wash with water wool
and silk are dyed; cotton is not.

Jaeger (GLYCERIN MEDIUM). Glycerin, i part; alcohol, i part;
sea-water, 10 parts.

Jaffe (CREATININE). Urine containing creatinine gives, with an
aqueous solut. of picric acid and a few drops soda lye, a red
color which becomes yellow on adding acid. See also WcyVs
test.

Jaffe (INDICAN IN URINE). Mix urine with equal volume cone.
H 2 SO 4 , add a few Cc. chloroform, and then solut. chlorinated
lime or Javelle water by drops, shaking after each addition
the chloroform is gradually colored blue. Slight excess of
chlorinated lime does no harm, but large excess interferes with,
test.

144 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Jahr's test for determining the melting-point of butter. See
Drouofs test.

Jaillard (ROSE-GERANIUM OIL). Add 6 drops oil to 5 Cc. 70-%
alcohol complete solut. should result.

Jakimovitch (SILVER PROCESS). Stain dark-brown with silver
stain, then expose to light for 5 to 7 days in a mixture of for-
mic acid, i part; amyl alcohol, i part; and water, 100 parts.
Renew mixture from time to time, and when all the mixture
is dissolved a darker color is permanently assumed.

Jakobsohn (STAIN FOR EPITHELIA IN URINE). Add a i-%
solut. sodium-alizarin monosulphonate to i drop recently-cen-
trifugated sediment. Thymol may be used for preservation
of urine.

Jaksch, Von- (BILIRUBIN IN BLOOD). Place blood in test-tube
in refrigerator; after coagulation, withdraw serum into test-
tube, and shake a yellow froth indicates bilirubin. Serum
becomes green if placed in warm place for 3 or 4 hours.

Jaksch, Von- (DIACETIC ACID IN URINE). Add solut. ferric
chloride to urine, filter, then add more reagent, and boil portion
of the mixture the red color should persist. To another por-
tion of urine add sulphuric acid and ether, then apply ferric-
chloride test to ethereal extract.

Jaksch, Von- (MELANIN IN URINE). Add a few drops cone, ferric-
chloride solut. melanin gives a gray reaction, andppt. formed
is soluble in excess of reagent.

Jaksch, Von- (PARA-CRESOL). Add sodium nitro-prussiate and
caustic potassa to solut. a reddish-yellow develops, changed
to light pink on addition of acetic acid.

Jaksch, Von- (THALLINE). Shake urine with ether, and add fer-
ric-chloride solut. to ethereal extract a dark-green color
develops.

Jaksch, Von- (SUGAR IN URINE). Free 50 Cc. urine from albu-
min, add 2 Gm. sodium acetate and i or 2 Gm. phenylhydra-
zine hydrochlorate, and heat to 100 C. on cooling, phenyl-
glucosazone crystallizes out.

Jaksch, Von- (URIC ACID). Modified murexid test, bromine or
chlorine water or nitrous acid being used as oxidizer.

James (SLIDE-CLEANING MIXTURE). Equal parts benzin, tur-
pentine, and alcohol.

TESTS AND RE/1GENTS. 145

Jandrier (COTTON IN WOOLEN FABRICS). Wash sample of
fabric, and treat with sulphuric aeid (20 B6.) for half hour on
water-bath. To i or 2 Cc. of this solut. add o.oi Gm. resorcin,
and overlay on cone, sulphuric acid free from nitrous products.
Heat developed is sufficient to give a color at contact-point
of the liquids, but intensity of color may be increased by
slightly heating. If product resulting from treating cotton is
made up to i : 1,000, resorcin will give an orange color; alpha-
naphtol a purple; gallic acid a green, gradually becoming vio-
let down in the acid; hydroquinone of pyrogallol a brown;
morphine or codeine lavender; thymol or menthol a pink.
Cotton may be detected in colored goods, using bone-black to
decolorize solut. if necessary.

Jansen (CARMINE BLUE). An acidified alcoholic solut. of Meis-
ter, Lucius, and Bruning's "bleu carmin aqueux."

Jassoy (MORPHINE). Shake suspected powder with 20 times its
weight of cold water, filter, add iodic acid and then chloroform
the last is colored rose-red if morphine present.

Javelle, Eau de (POTASSIUM-HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION). Dis-
solve 8 parts caustic potassa in 100 parts distilled water, and
pass chlorine through to saturation, keeping the solution cool
meanwhile with a mixture of ice and salt. Or, mix 20 parts
chlorinated lime with 100 parts water and, after standing some
time, add a solution of 15 parts of caustic potassa in 100 parts
water. Filter after standing several hours and use filtrate.
Should any lime be left in solution and form a pellicle of crys-
talline calcium carbonate, remove by adding a few drops of
potassa solution and filtering off the ppt. formed.

Jaworowski (ALBUMIN AND PEPTONE IN URINE). Reagent is
a solut. of ammonium molybdate and citric acid, 4, in water,
40. The urine is mixed with excess of soda and filtered, evap-
orated to one-third, shaken out with amyl alcohol, and neu-
tralized with citric acid ; on addition of reagent a precipitate
forms if albumin or peptone present.

Jaworowski (ALKALOIDS). Dissolve 0.3 Gm. sodium vanadate
in 10 Cc. warm distilled water; dissolve 0.3 Gm. cupric sul-
phate in 10 Cc. warm distilled water; mix the solutions, and
add sufficient cone, acetic acid (7 to 8 drops) to dissolve ppt.
of copper vanadate, and filter turbid liquid. In testing, sub-

146 TESTS XAtf> RE A GENTS.

stance is dissolved in 4 or 5 Cc. water (pure alkaloids with aid
of a few drops dil. acetic acid), and solut. divided into two
portions, one of which is treated with reagent in the cold,
the other treated with reagent after being heated. According
to the alkaloid under consideration, a ppt. will form in one of
the solutions. Some are not pptd., however. For details
see MERCK'S REPORT, v, p. 456.

Jaworowski (AMMONIA). Mercuric chloride, i; sodium car-
bonate, i ; sodium chloride, i ; water, 30.

Jaworowski '(CHLORAL-HYDRATE REACTIONS), i. Dissolve
0.12 Gm. resorcin in aqueous solut. chloral hydrate, and over-
lay solut. on dil. sulphuric acid a few colored rings appear,
a brown one being most distinct; on shaking, mixture turns
brown, being clear at first, then turbid. On superst ratify ing
with cone, ammonia, the upper alkaline stratum becomes yel-
lowish-red. 2. Nessler's solut. occasions in chloral-hydrate
solutions a brick-red ppt. which gradually becomes brighter,
and finally dirty yellowish-green. 3. Add 0.3 Gm. potas-
sium sulphocyanate to 2 Cc. chloral-hydrate solut. (contain-
ing about 0.03 0.06 Gm.), heat to boiling, then add 3 to 5
drops potassa solut. mixture becomes light brown and de-
posits a dark-brown ppt.; on adding ammonia solut. turns
light brown, but not turbid. 4. Dissolve 0.02 or 0.03 Gm.
sodium thiosulphate in 2 Cc. chloral-hydrate solut. (as before),
and heat liquid assumes a brick-red color and becomes tur-
bid; on adding a few drops potassa solut., mixture becomes
a clear brownish-red. 5. Dissolve 0.06 to 0.12 Gm. phloro-
glucin in 3 to 4 Cc. hot dist. water, add 0.09 to 0,12 Gm. chloral
hydrate, boil, then add 16 drops normal potassa solut. a deep
brownish-red develops. If cooled liquid is acidulated with
HC1 and shaken with amylic alcohol, latter becomes brown-red
or deep brown. Chloroform yields under similar circum-
stances (phloroglucin being dissolved in hot 90-% alcohol) a
dirty-brown color in 2 to 4 hours.

faworowski (CINCHONA ALKALOIDS). Freshly prepared mix-
ture of equal parts io-% sodium-thiosulphate solut. and 5-%
copper-sulphate solut. Quinine, cinchonine, cinchonidine,
and quinidine all give yellow amorphous ppts. with reagent.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 147

Jaworowski (COPPER). Reagent prepared by adding i or 2 drops
phenol to 5 Cc. ammonia water.

Jaworowski (GLUCOSE). Add 0.12 Gm. iodic acid and 0.2 to 0.4
Gm. caustic-soda solut. to 3 or 4 Cc. glucose solut. and boil for
i minute. On cooling, acidulate with dil. HC1, and carefully
overlay with ammonia a dark ppt. of nitrogen iodide falls.

Jean (OILS). Syrupy phosphoric acid, saturated with hydro-
chloric acid gas, gives distinctive color reactions with various
oils.

Jean-Alvarez (CHLORATES, CHLORIDES AND NITRATES). Ppt.
liquid with silver acetate and filter off silver chloride. Acid
ulate filtrate with acetic acid, and heat with piece of zinc;
by this means chlorates are reduced to chlorides and pptd. as
silver chloride. The ppt. gradually disappears, however,
because of its further reduction to metallic silver. A portion
of it is therefore made alkaline with potassa, and treated with
Nessler's solut. a red ppt. indicates ammonia resulting from
reduction of any nitrate that may have been present.

Jehn (PEPPERMINT OIL). Dark, cherry-red color develops on
adding chloral hydrate, and changed to violet on further addi-
tion of sulphuric acid and chloroform.

Johannson (ALKALOIDS AND PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES), i Gm.
ammonium vanadate dissolved in 100 Cc. cone, sulphuric acid
gives characteristic reactions, as follows; Aconitine light
coffee-brown ; atropinc red changing to yellowish-red and to
red again; apomorphinc violet-blue changing rapidly to
dirty-green, then to reddish-brown; brncinc intense blood-
red, color fading then returning again; cinch nine faint
orange; cocaine orange; code'nc greenish -brown to brown;
colchicine green, changing to brownish-green and coffee-
brown; coniine intense green, becoming brownish; caffeine
no reaction; digitalin intense dark brown; morphine
brown; narceine brown to brownish, dirty blue- violet, be-
coming red-brown ; narcotine intense blood-red ; papaverine
violet, changing to dark reddish- violet, bluish-green, and
orange-yellow ; picrotoxin intense yellowish -red pilocar-
pine light orange; pipcrin intense red-brown to black-
brown, particles being black; physostigminc greenish-yellow
changing to carmine-red and yellowish-brown; quinidine

I4 TESTS 4ND RE/1GENTS.

faint bluish-green; quinine pale orange, then bluish-green
to greenish-brown; antifebrin carmine-red changing to
brown; antipyrine intense greenish-blue, becoming bluer;
kairin dirty rose-red changing to dirty light-brown and
brownish-green; santonin no reaction; solanine coffee-
brown, the edges of the drops becoming carmine-red, yellow
towards the center, and dirty-green at the center. In 2 hours
the drop is gelatinous and intensely dark-violet; strychnine
bluish- violet, changing to reddish- violet, carmine-red, and
fiery red. When crystals are simply moistened with rea-
gent a violet blue develops; veratrine brownish-red chang-
ing to dark reddish- violet.

Johnson (ALBUMIN). See Hager's test for alkaloids.

Johnson (ARSENIC). Heat with soda and a strip of aluminium
arseniuretted hydrogen is evolved, detected by silver-nitrate
paper.

Johnson (CEMENT FOR FIXING CELLOIDIN BLOCKS). Melt to-
gether i part beeswax and 2 parts resin. Drop a little on to
the warmed object-holder, then press on to it the perfectly dry
celloidin block, and allow to cool.

Johnson (PLATINUM HARDENING MIXTURE). Mix solutions of
2.5-% potassium bichromate, 70 parts; 2-% osmic acid, 10
parts; and i-% platinic chloride, 15 parts, with 5 parts acetic
or formic acid.

Johnson (SUGAR IN URINE). Heat diabetic urine with picric-
acid and potassa solut. a deep-red color appears. Author
recommends the previous removal of uric and creatinine with
mercuric chloride. From the filtrate obtained after a while,
the excess of corrosive sublimate is precipitated with ammonia,
and the solut. then tested with picric acid.

Joliet (IMBEDDING METHOD). Dissolve acacia in water to the
consistencv of a thick syrup, and add 6 to 10 drops glycerin to
a watch-glassful. Immerse object, and leave to dry for r
to 4 days, then cut out a block containing it and allow the
other side to dry.

Jolles (ACETONE). Acetone is pptd. by phenvlhydrazine.

Jolles (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Corrosive sublimate, i Gm.; suc-
cinic acid, 2 Gm.; sodium chloride, i Gm.; water, 50 Gm.
To apply the test, 4.5 Cc. of the filtered urine are poured into

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 149

each of two test-tubes, i Cc. acetic acid added to each, and
then the mixtures shaken up, in one case with 4 Cc. of rea-
gent, in the other with 4 Cc. distilled water. By comparing
the samples, traces of albumin (1:120,000) may be detected.
See Spicglcr's reagent.

Jolles (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Shake 50 Cc. urine for several
minutes in a glass cylinder with a few drops io-% HC1, 5 Cc.
pure chloroform, and a satur. barium-chloride solut. After
standing 10 minutes, the chloroform together with the ppt.
is removed with a pipette, and the chloroform evaporated off
in a test-tube on a water-bath at 80 C. On exposure to or-
dinary temperature for some time, the aqueous portion of the
residue is decanted from the agglutinated precipitate. This
latter is distinctly colored even when only i% bile is present
in the urine; on adding 3 drops cone, nitric acid containing
one-third its volume fuming nitric acid, the characteristic
green and blue rings are formed.

Jolles (IODINE IN URINE). Mix urine with an equal volume
HC1 and a few drops chlorine water iodine, if present, causes
a brown ring, becoming blue on adding starch solution.

Jolles (MERCURY IN URINE). Warm 100 Cc. urine with 2 Gm.
granulated gold and some stannous chloride. After decant-
ing the liquid, wash any amalgam that may be formed with
water, and then introduce into a test-tube with a little water
and an equal volume of freshly prepared stannous-chloride
solut. The slightest traces of mercury may also be quantita-
tively estimated by heating the dried amalgam. See Mergers
test.

Joly-Pacquelin (PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID IN URINE). On heat-
ing urine with cone, acids or alkalies, pyrophosphates are
changed to orthophosphates, which are then pptd. by ammo-
nium molybdate.

Jones (CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, AND IODIDES). Place substance
in a large test-tube with a little manganese dioxide and
water, and add i drop io-% sulphuric acid a brown color
develops if iodine present and, on boiling, violet vapors are
given off. When all iodine is removed by boiling, "urther
addition of 2 Cc. of acid causes evolution of brown vapors
on again boiling, if bromine be present. When all the hro-

150 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

mine removed by boiling, cool, add equal volume of acid and
heat once more. Green vapors indicate chlorine.

Jorissen (AMYLIC ALCOHOL). 10 drops colorless aniline and 2
or 3 drops hydrochloric acid cause a red color in 10 Cc. alcohol
if fusel oil present in quantity. Very small quantities of fusel
oil must first be separated by shaking liquid with ether and
evaporating ethereal layer before applying test. Reaction is
not produced by the fusel oil contained in alcohol, but is due
to the presence of furfurol, one of the fermentation by-pro-
ducts (Forster). If considerable quantities of furfurol are
present, the liquid may be tested directly with a few drops of
aniline and hydrochloric acid.

Jorissen (ALKALOIDS), i Gm. zinc chloride dissolved in 30 Gm.
each of hydrochloric acid and water. Alkaloids evaporated
to dryness with this solution give characteristic color reac-
tions. See Hagcr, Pharm. Praxis, 1886, III, p. 1250.

Jorissen (APIOL). Add chlorine water to dilute alcoholic solut.
of apiol until slight turbidity, then add a few drops NH 3 a
handsome red color develops, which soon fades. Color very
intense with pure apiol, but weak with adulterated apiol.

Jorissen (IODINE IN BROMINE). Boil with 30 Cc. saturated
solut. potassium chlorate till colorless, cool, add a few drops
morphine solution (i Gm. dissolved in excess of clil. H 2 SO 4
and water to make 100 Cc.) and a little chloroform latter
is colored violet if iodine present.

Jorissen (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). A purple color devel-
ops on adding vinegar containing mineral acids to a mixture
of i drop Gurjun oil and 25 drops glacial acetic acid.

Jorissen (MORPHINE). Heat morphine on a water-bath with a
few drops cone. H 2 SO 4 and a crystal ferrous sulphate, and pour
resulting liquid into a few Cc. ammonia water at point of
contact a red color develops, soon changing to violet, while
the ammonia solut. turns blue.

Jorissen (NITROUS ACID). Dissolve o.oi Gm. fuchsine in TOO
Cc. glacial acetic acid; on adding to 2 Cc. of this solution a
trace of a nitrite, the color changes from violet to blue, then
to dark green, yellowish-green, and reddish-yellow, and is
finally entirely discharged. *

TESTS 4ND REAGENTS. 151

Jorissen (SALICYLIC ACID IN PRESENCE OF CITRIC ACID).
Mix 10 Cc. liquid with 4 drops io-% solution potassium- or
sodium nitrite, 4 drops of acetic acid, and i drop io-% solu-
tion copper sulphate, and heat mixture to boiling-point if
salicylic acid present a blood-red color develops.

Joseph (INJECTION MASS). Dilute filtered white of egg with
i- to 5-% carmine solution. This mass remains liquid when
cold, but coagulates when immersed in dilute nitric, chromic,
or osmic acid.

Julius (BENZIDINE). A voluminous deep-blue ppt. forms on
adding potassium bichromate to an aqueous solution.

Jungmann (ALKALOIDS). Upon treating the ppts. obtained
with phosphomolybdic acid (see Sonnenschcin's reagent) with
ammonia, several are colored blue or green. See Hager,
Pharm. Praxis, 1886, I, p. 203.

Jungmann (ARBUTIN). A blue color develops on making the
solution alkaline and adding phosphomolybdic acid.

Just (IRON IN FERRUGINOUS NUCLEINS AND NUCLEO-ALBU-
MINS [HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATIN, etc.]). Add NH 3 to a strong
solut. ammonium persulphate until decidedly alkaline, then
add the ferruginous nuclein, and boil for 3 or 4 minutes.
Make up NH 3 which escapes on boiling, and keep solut. alka-
line. The solut. at first yellow, reddish-brown, or black, be-
comes colorless on boiling, ferric hydroxide in flocculent form
separating. Test may be carried out qualitatively or quan-
titatively.

Kaatzer (TUBERCLE STAIN). Place cover-glass preparation in
supersat. alcoh. solut. gentian violet for 24 hrs., or, if solut.
is warmed to 80 C., for 3 minutes. Decolorize in solut. of
100 Cc. 90-% alcohol, 20 Cc. water, and 20 drops cone. HC1.
Wash in 90-% alcohol. After-stain with cone, aqueous solut.
vesuvine.

Kadyi (IMBEDDING MASS). Heat 25 Gm. sodium-stearate soap
in shavings with 100 Cc. 96-% alcohol in a retort on a water-
bath. When solution is complete, filter and cautiously add
water in small quantities until a drop of solution, poured into
a watch-glass, no longer solidifies into a white mass. About
5 to 10 Gm. water will be required for 120 Gm. soap solution.

152 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

The finished mass should be almost transparent, with merely
the slightest blue opalescence.

Kaiser (BISMARCK-BROWN STAIN). Stain sections for 48 hours,
at a temperature of 60 C., in a sat. solut. Bismarck brown in
6o-% alcohol, and wash out in 6o-% alcohol containing 2%
HC1 or 3% acetic acid.

Kaiser (GLYCERIN JELLY). Soak i part, by weight, of gelatin
in 6 parts water for about 2 hours, then add 7 parts glycerin,
and for every 100 Gm. of the mixture i Gm. strong carbolic
acid. Warm 10 to 15 minutes, stirring until all the flakes
produced by the carbolic acid have disappeared, then filter
through wet glass-wool.

Kaiser (NERVE STAIN). Modification of Weigert's process.
Harden material in Muller's solution for 2 or 3 days, then cut
into slices 2 to 4 Mm. thick and treat with solution for 5 or 6
days more. Subsequently immerse in Marchi's solution for 8
days, then wash, pass through alcohol, and imbed in celloidin.
Mordant sections for 5 minutes in the following mixture:
Solution ferric chloride, i part; distilled water, i part ;
alcohol, 3 parts. Next wash in Weigert's hematoxylin,
and warm in a fresh quantity of latter for a few minutes,
wash with water, differentiate in Pal's solution, and neu-
tralize oxalic acid by washing in water containing a little
ammonia.

Kaiser (STAIN FOR SPINAL CORD). Stain sections for a few
hours in a solution of naphtylamine brown, i part; water,
200 parts; and alcohol, 100 parts. Afterwards, wash with
alcohol and clear with origanum oil.

Kaiser (WOOD CELLULOSE). The reagent is prepared by heat-
ing on a water-bath at about 95 C. a mixture of equal vol-
umes of furfurol-free amylic alcohol and cone. H 2 SO,, until a
slight evolution of gas ensues, and then cooling the light red-
dish-yellow mixture. The " amyl-sulphuric acid" so ob-
tained possesses the property of coloring wood cellulose red,
violet, or an intense indigo, according to the quantity present.
For instance, on moistening a piece of newspaper, etc., with
the reagent, a greenish color first develops, becoming later on
a fine blue. Pure Swedish filtering paper acquires only a red
color; poor qualities, a violet. The reaction is facilitated by

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 15$

blowing a current of air upon the moistened spot, or by
lightly warming. On washing with water the colors become
lighter in color. The color reactions are due to the furol
readily resulting from the action of amyl-sulphuric acid upon
the wood-gum or xylose, from which the furol is formed by
the simple splitting off of the elements of water.

Kaiserling (PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS). To preserve nat-
ural color of specimens immerse latter for 3 to 5 days in a mix-
ture of 200 Cc. formaldehyde, 1,000 Cc. water; 15 Gm. potas-
sium nitrate, and 30 Gm. potassium acetate. Then remove
and, after draining, place in 8o-% alcohol for 6 hours, followed
by 95-% alcohol for 2 hours, and permanently preserve in a
dark place, in a mixture of 2,000 Cc. water, 200 potassium
acetate, and 400 glycerin.

Kalbrunner (MORPHINE). A blue color forms on adding 5 or 6
drops i : 8 aqueous ferric-chloride solution followed by 3 or 4.
drops 1:120 potassium-ferricyanide solution.

Kallins (NEUROLOGICAL METHOD). Hydroquinone, 5 Gm.;
sodium sulphite, 40 Gm.; potassium carbonate, 75 Gm.; dis-
tilled water, 25 Cm. At time of using, dilute solut. with one-
third to one-half its bulk absolute alcohol, and immerse sec-
tions of silvered material for several minutes until reduction
complete. Then place them in 70-% alcohol for 10 to 15
minutes, and subsequently leave in i : 5 aqueous solution so-
dium thiosulphate for 24 hours or more. Finally, dehydrate
and mount. Carmine may be used as an after- stain

Kammerer (NITROUS AND NITRIC ACIDS). A blue color on add-
ing potassium iodide, starch paste, and acetic acid indicates
nitrous acid ; if blue color only produced on replacing the acetic
acid with sulphuric acid and zinc dust, it indicates nitric acid.

Karle. See Wicderholt.

Kassner (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE). Upon adding potassium
ferricyanide and some caustic-potassa solution, oxygen is-
evolved.

Kastenbine (BLOOD STAINS). Moisten spot with water, and
apply a piece of white blotting paper, with pressure; then
touch spot on blotting paper with tincture guaiac and hydro-
gen dioxide spot becomes deep blue if blood was present.

Kauder (GLOBULIN), See PohVs test.

154 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Kayser (SACCHARIN). Shake out substance to be tested with
a mixture of ether and benzin, evaporate ethereal extract, and
test residue for sweetness.

Keiser (MICRO - PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION). Corrosive sub-
limate, 50 Gm. ; water, 300 Gm.; acetic acid, 3 Gm.

Keiser (SUBLIMATE SOLUTION). Mercuric chloride, 10 Gm.;
glacial acetic acid, 3 Gm. ; di ,u ed water, 300 Gm.

Keller (CORNUTINE). Dissolve ergotin 0.5 Cc. in 0.5 Cc. water,
and after adding one drop ammonia shake out with i Cc.
ether; dissolve residue left on evaporating ethereal layer in
1.5 Gm. acetic acid containing a trace ferric chloride. Over-
lay solution on a little cone. H 2 SO 4 in a test-tube; cornutine
gives a bright bluish- violet color reaction at zone of contact.

Keller (DIGITALIS PRINCIPLES). Dissolve substance in 3 to 4
Cc. glacial acetic acid, add a drop diluted ferric-chloride solut.
and overlay on cone. H 2 SO 4 digitonin yields a rose-red, rap-
idly-fading zone; digitalin a permanent, carmine-red zone;
digitalein a rapidly-fading red zone; digitoxin first yields a
dirty, brownish-green zone, then the upper portion of the sul-
phuric acid is colored brownish-red, and above this a bluish-
green l^nd forms.

Keller (ERGOTININE IN ERGOT). Shake powd. ergot with ether,
let stand 15 minutes, and filter; to filtrate add about 10 drops
hydrochlorated ether (5 Cc. cone. HC1 and 100 Cc. ether shaken
together and decanted) ergotinine hydrochlorate is pptd. as
yellow flakes. Collect ppt. on filter, wash with ether, and dis-
solve in 2 Cc. glacial acetic acid; overlay solut. on cone.
H 2 SO 4 and add a very little ferric-chloride solut. a blue color
develops.

Keller-Kiliani (DIGITALIS). Overlay a preparation of digitalis
made with acetic acid and containing ferrous sulphate on
H 2 S0 4 , also containing ferrous sulphate a reddish- violet
develops.

Kern (GOLD). A reddish-orange color and ppt. form on adding
i drop gold-chloride solut. to a large excess of potassium-
sulphocyanate solut.

Kern (URANIUM). A brown ppt. soluble in HC1 forms on adding
potassium-ferrocyanide solut.; the acid solut. turns green on
boiling with a few drops HNO 8 .

TESTS AND REAGENTS. iSS

Kerner (CREATIN AND CREATININE). Creatinine is pptd. from
acid solutions by phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdic acid;
a crystalline ppt. is obtained from even very dilute solutions.
The compound of creatin with the acids, however, is soluble,
and may be obtained in crystalline form.

Kerner (QUININE). Quinine sulphate is much more difficultly
soluble in water than are the sulphates of the allied alkaloids.
If therefore quinine sulphate (or any other quinine salt after
addition of sodium sulphate) is shaken with a definite quan-
tity of water, the volume of ammonia required to produce a
permanent precipitate in the filtrate will be a measure of the
percentage of allied alkaloids present. Digest 2 Gm. pure
quinine sulphate in 20 Cc. water at 60 to 65 C. for J an hour,
and allow to stand for 2 hours at 15 C., occasionally shaking,
and then filter through glass-wool; 5 Cc. of the filtrate require
4 to 4.3 Cc. of io-% ammonia. In the presence of cincho-
nine, quinidine, etc., more ammonia is necessary.

Kerner (QUININE IN URINE). Test depends on fluorescence
of quinine solutions. Since this is prevented by sodium chlo-
ride, a cone, mercurous-chloride solut. is added to the urine
until a ppt. is no longer produced. On filtering, appreciable
quantities of quinine indicated by fluorescence, and more
easily so by the use of a fluoroscope.

Kerstal (TELLURIUM). A violet color develops on shaking
powdered ore containing tellurium with a little water and
mercury, and then adding a little sodium amalgam.

Kersting (NITRIC ACID). A few drops solut. of brucine in sul-
phuric acid causes a brilliant red to yellowish-green color.

Keutmann (SALOPHEN). Moisten 0.2 Gm. salophen with few
drops nitrosylsulphuric acid (5 Gm. potassium nitrite and 100
Gm. sulphuric acid) the mass immediately becomes reddish-
brown. On adding a few Cc. alcohol, color disappears; excess
of alkali now added causes a yellow color, dissipated by excess
of acid.

Kieffer (FREE MINERAL ACIDS). Cautiously treat copper-
sulphate solut. with ammonia until ppt. is just redissolved.
Solutions of neutral metallic salts that show an acid reaction
toward litmus produce a turbidity with this reagent; if, how-
ever, the salts contain free acids, the mixture remains clear.

156 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Kieffer (MORPHINE). On mixing 5 or 6 drops of a r: 8 ferric-
chloride solut. and 3 drops of a i : 100 potassium-ferricyanide
solut., a drop of morphine solut. will cause a blue color or pre-
cipitate (reduction of the ferricyanide).

Kintschgen-Gintl. See Millon's reagent.

Kippenberger (ALKALOIDS). Iodine, 12.7 Gin.; potassium
iodide, 60 Gm. ; water, one liter. The alkaloid may be liber-
ated from the ppt. by dissolving the iodine compound in a little
acetone, saturating first with alkali, then with acid, diluting
with water and driving off acetone with heat; addition of a
little thiosulphate solut. removes any traces of free iodine;
the solut. is then made alkaline with sodium carbonate, and
shaken out with ether or chloroform. Glucosides give no
ppts. with this reagent.

Kirkby (ALKALINE GLYCERIN MOUNTANT). A mixture of glyc-
erin, 4; distilled water, 3; and solut. of potassa, B.P., i r
makes a serviceable extemporaneous mountant for plant sec-
tions. It combines the refringent property of the glycerin
with the clearing action of the caustic potassa, and the swell-
ing action of the latter is considerably restrained.

Kirkby (CLEARING SECTIONS). Place sections in a fresh, clear
solut. chlorinated lime until quite bleached (2 to 5 minutes),
then gently warm in a test-tube for a few seconds, and after-
wards quickly replace solut. with distilled water and boil for
2 or 3 minutes. Repeat the treatment with boiling water
three times, after which wash with i-% acetic acid and finally
with cold distilled water. Staining can then be performed.

Kitasato-Salkowski (!NDOL IN BACTERIAL CULTURES). Po-
tassium-nitrate solut. (i: 5,000), i Cc. and a little H 2 S0 4 are
added to 10 Cc. of the culture broth. Indol is indicated by
the formation of a red color. If the color reaction is given on
adding H 2 SO 4 alone, it indicates presence of both indol and
nitrites (red cholera reaction).

Kitton (ASPHALT VARNISH). Dissolve asphalt in benzene and
add a little gold size.

Kitton (WHITE-LEAD CEMENT). Grind together equal parts
powdered white lead, red lead, and litharge with a little tur-
pentine, and when thoroughly incorporated, mix with gold

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 157

size. Keep a stock of the materials ready ground, and mix
as required for use.

Kjeldahl (DETERMINING NITROGEN). Weigh 0.5 to 2 Gm. of
the substance and boil with 20 Cc. H 2 SO 4 and 0.7 Gm. mer-
curic oxide for 10 minutes, then add 10 Gm. potassium sul-
phate, and continue boiling until solut. is a pale straw color.
Cool, wash into a distilling flask with 200 Cc. water, and rinse
out acid flask with two more successive lots of water. Add
75 Cc. of 50-% sodium-hydrate solut. and 10 Cc. potassium-
sulphide solut., distil into 50 Cc. decinormal H 2 S0 4f using
cochineal as indicator. When all the ammonia has distilled
over, titrate the uncombined acid. Each Cc. decinormal
H 2 SO 4 used = 0.0014 N, =0.0017 NH 3 , =0.00886 albuminoids.
In many cases the mercuric oxide is not necessary, and in that
case the potassium sulphide is omitted.

Kleb (GLYCERIN GELATIN). Wash 10 parts best French gela-
tin and allow to stand in distilled water till it swells up ; then
pour off excess of water, melt at a gentle heat, and add 10 parts
glycerin and 2% carbolic acid.

Kleb (GLYCERIN JELLY). Mix a cone, solut. isinglass with half
its volume glycerin.

Klein (COCHINEAL FLUID). See Csokor's alum cochineal.

Klein (FIXING MIXTURE). Mix 2 parts i : 600 chromic-acid
solut. with i part methylated spirit. Or, mix i Cc. io-%
chromic-acid solut. with 60 Cc. water, and add 30 Cc. 90-%
alcohol.

Klein (MINERALS). For mechanical separation of constituents
of a powdered mineral, an aqueous solut. cadmium borotung-
state, sp..gr. 3.3, is used. See Thoulct's solution.

Kleinenberg (COLOPHONY). A solut. of ordinary pale resin in
rectified oil turpentine.

Kleinenberg (HEMATOXYLIN). Great differences exist in the
formulas for this stain. According to Squire, 20 Gm. of crys-
tallized calcium chloride should be dissolved in 10 Cc. dis-
tilled water, and 3 Gm. alum in 16 Cc. distilled water, by the
aid of heat. Mix solutions and immediately dilute with 240
Cc. rectified spirit; filter after standing an hour, and add 2.5
Gm. hematoxylin.

158 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Kleinenberg (PiCRO-SuLPHURic ACID), i. Distilled water,
100 volumes; H 2 S0 4 2 volumes; dissolve in the mixture
0.25% picric acid. Dilute finished solution with three times
its volume water. 2. 20 Cc. of saturated solut. picric acid,
380 Cc. distilled water, and 2 Cc. H 2 SO 4 . 3. Picric acid, i
Gm.; water, 100 C.; sulphuric acid, 6 Cc.

Klemperer (ZYMOGEN OF RENNET). To 2 Cc. filtered gastric
juice add 10 Cc. milk, 2 Cc. 3-% solut. calcium chloride, and
an excess of i-% solut. sodium carbonate, then place mixture
in incubator milk is coagulated.

Klett (INDICAN IN URINE). Add 5 Cc. 25-% HC1 and a crystal
of ammonium persulphate to 10 Cc. urine, and shake whole
with a little chloroform latter is colored blue if any indican
is present.

Kletzinski (QUININE). Add to a sat. solut. potassium ferri-
cyanide five times its volume sat. potassium-chloride solut. ,
make the blackish-green liquid strongly alkaline with ammo-
nia, and filter. A blood-red to violet color is produced on add-
ing an excess chlorine water to a liquid containing quinine,
and then adding the above reagent.

Klunge (BERBERINE). A red color forms on adding chlorine
water to an aqueous solut. acidified with HC1 or H 2 SO 4 .

Klunge (CUPRALOIN REACTION). A very dilute solut. of aloes
is colored yellow on adding copper sulphate. On adding
sodium chloride and gently warming, a red color results. On
adding alcohol in addition to sodium chloride, color is pro-
duced at ordinary temperature.

Klunge (PHENOL). A blue color develops on adding a few drops
of oxaniline solution, followed by a little ammonia.

Knapp (GLUCOSE). Solut. of 10 Gm. mercuric cyanide and 100
Cc. soda-lye (sp. gr. 1.45) in enough water to make a liter.
This solut. is reduced upon warming with glucose, metallic
mercury precipitating. Creatin and creatinine act similarly.
40 Cc. solut. correspond to o.i Gm. glucose.

Knauer (SLIDE-CLEANING PROCESS). Boil for 20 or 30 min-
utes in io-% lysol solution, then rinse with water till clear.

Knop (NITROGEN ESTIMATION). Reagent for estimation of
nitrogen in ammonium salts and in amides by means of the
azotometer is sodium hypobromite. See Huefner's test.

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Kobell (BISMUTH). A scarlet-red color develops when bismuth,
mixed with an equal weight potassium iodide and a little sul-
phur, is heated on charcoal in the blow-pipe flame.

Kobell (MOLYBDIC ACID). A blue color forms on heating with
H 2 SO 4 and adding alcohol.

Kobert (HEMOGLOBIN). Solutions containing hemoglobin give
a ppt. of zinc-hemoglobin on being shaken with zinc dust, or
mixed with soluble zinc salts. The ppt. is colored red by
alkalies.

Kobert (MORPHINE, DIONIN, CODEINE, HEROIN, AND PERONIN).
Treat substance with recently prepared formaldehyde-sul-
phuric acid (2 or 3. drops formaldehyde and 3 Cc. sulphuric
acid). Reactions are as follows: Morphine an immediate
purple-red changing to violet, bluish- violet, then pure blue;
dionin immediate deep-blue, unchanged; codeine reddish-
violet, then bluish- violet ; heroin reddish- violet at first,
then rapidly bluish- violet ; pcronin reddish- violet persistent
for many hours.

Koch (ANILINE WATER). See Ehrlich-Wcigert-Koch's test.

Koch (BACTERIA STAIN). Place for 5 minutes in a solut. of
K 2 CO 3 (prepared by mixing a sat. solut. of the salt with an
equal quantity distilled water). Then dehydrate in alcohol,
place in cedar-oil, and finally mount in balsam.

Koch (CHOLERA REACTION). The addition of H 2 SO 4 to cholera
cultures (on peptone) causes a red coloration, due to action of
the acid on the two decomposition products of the cholera
bacillus, indol and nitrous acid.

Koch (COPAL METHOD). Stain small pieces of material in bulk
and dehydrate with alcohol, then immerse in a thin solut. of
copal in chloroform. Evaporate with a gentle heat until the
solut. is so far concentrated as to draw out into threads that
are brittle on cooling. Then remove objects and leave on a
tile for a few days to dry. Sections may then be cut by means
of a fine saw. If objjects are imbedded unstained, remove
copal from sections by soaking in chloroform, decalcify if nec-
essary, and then stain.

Koch (METHYL-VIOLET SOLUTION). Solut. for staining bac-
teria is made by adding a few drops cone, methyl- violet solut.
in absolute alcohol, to 20 Gm. distilled water.

160 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

.Koch (STAINING FLAGELLA). Immerse cover-glass prepara-
tions in a i-% aqueous solut. hematoxylin, then transfer to a
S-% solut. chromic acid or to Muller's fluid; dry and mount
in balsam.

.Koch (METHOD FOR TUBERCLE BACILLI). Place sections or
cover-glass preparations in Koch's methylene-blue solut. for
20 to 24 hours (or 0.5 to i hour if warmed to 40 C.), then treat
with aqueous solut. vesuvine for 2 minutes, and wash out
excess of color with distilled water. Cover-glass preparations
should then be dried and mounted in balsam, whilst sections
require to be dehydrated in absolute alcohol and cleared
in cedar oil before mounting in balsam.

Koch (METHYLENE-BLUE SOLUTION), i Cc. sat. alcoholic
solut. methylene blue; 0.2 Cc. io-% caustic potassa solut.;
200 Cc. distilled water.

Koch (TUBERCLE BACILLI STAIN). 2 Cc. aniline are shaken
with 20 Cc. water and the mixture filtered through a wetted
filter. To the clear filtrate, alcoholic fuchsine- (or gentian-
violet) solut. is added until a film having a metallic luster
indicates saturation.

Koch-Ehrlich (STAINING METHOD). Place sections or cover-glass
preparations for at least 1 2 hours in gentian- violet or fuchsine
aniline water (aniline water, 100 Cc. ; cone, alcoholic solut.
gentian violet or fuchsine, n Cc.; absolute alcohol, 10 Cc.),
then immerse in a mixture of pure HN0 3 (sp. gr. 1.42), 10 Cc.,
and distilled water, 30 Cc., for some seconds. Rinse in 6o-%
alcohol for a few minutes, and then counter-stain with vesu-
vine (vesuvine, 0.5 Gm.; rectified spirit, 20 Cc.; distilled
water, 80 Cc.) after gentian violet, or methylene blue (methyl-
ene blue, 0.25 Gm.; rectified spirit, 20 Cc.; distilled water,
80 Cc.) after fuchsine. Finally rinse in water, dehydrate,
clear, and mount in balsam. According to Squire, who points
out that nitric acid is apt to injure delicate sections, Watson
Cheyne recommends that sections be transferred from fuchsine-
aniline water to distilled water, then rinsed in alcohol, and
placed in the following contrast stain for i to 2 hours: Sat.
alcoholic solut. methylene blue, 20 Cc.; distilled water, 100
Cc.; formic acid (sp. gr. 1.2), i Cc,

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 161

Koch-Ehrlich (TUBERCLE STAIN). Dry and fix cover-glass
preparations in air, stain for 12 hours in Weigert-Koch aniline-
water aniline-stain solut., then dip for i to 3 seconds in weak
H 2 S0 4 (i : 3 or 4), and at once agitate in 6o-% alcohol. After-
stain in aqueous solut. vesuvine or methylene blue for
several minutes.

Koettstorfer (IODINE). On adding carbon disulphide, acidi-
fying with diluted H 2 S0 4 and passing vapors of fuming
nitric acid through the solut., a rose-red to violet color
develops.

Koettstorfer (NUMBER). This indicates the caustic potassa,
in milligrammes, required to completely saponify one gramme
of a fat.

Kohler (ALKALOIDS). Distinctive color reactions are afforded
on mixing alkaloids with 3 to 5 times their weight of potassium
nitrate, then adding i or 2 drops H 2 S0 4 and sodium-hydrate
solution. See Langley's test.

Kolisch (CREATININE). Precipitant consists of mercuric chlo-
ride, 30; sodium acetate, i; absolute alcohol, 125 Gm.; acetic
acid, 3 drops.

Kollmann (FIXING SOLUTION). This contains 5% potassium
bichromate, 2% chromic acid, and 2% cone. HNO 3 .

Kolossow (GOLD METHOD). Impregnate objects for 2 or 3
hours with a i-% solut. gold chloride acidulated with i%
HC1; subsequently reduce for 2 or 3 days, in the dark, in a
o.oi- to 0.02-% solut. chromic acid.

Kolossow (OSMIUM STAINS), i. A 0.5-% solut. osmium in a
2- or 3-% solut. uranium nitrate or acetate. 2. Absolute al-
cohol, 50 Cc.; distilled water, 50 Cc.; cone, nitric acid, 2 Cc.;
osmium, i to 2 Gm. Keep in a cool place. Partly reduced
solutions may be regenerated by the addition of a little pow-
dered potassa alum.

Kolter (HYPOCHLOROUS ACID). On shaking the liquid to be
tested with metallic mercury, brown oxychloride of mercury
forms in the presence of this acid.

Koninck, De- (POTASSIUM). A yellow ppt. forms on adding a
io-% solut. sodium nitrite mixed with cobalt chloride and
acetic acid.

162 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Kopp (LEAD IN TIN-FOIL). A drop of H 2 SO 4 is applied to the
foil; if pure tin, the spot remains white. If lead present, a
black stain is produced.

Kopp (NITRIC ACID). Add a little cone. H 2 S0 4 to a few crys-
tals of diphenylamine, and then a little water; finally dilute
solution with more cone. H 2 SO 4 . 0.5 Gm. of reagent is put on
a watch glass, and a drop of the fluid to be examined is al-
lowed to fall in the middle the presence of HN0 3 is indicated
by the appearance of a blue circle; numerous other bodies,
such as sulphurous acid, hypochlorites, and ferrous salts,
1 give a similar color. Diphenylamine-sulphate solution is also
known as Pullet's reagent.

Kopp (NITROUS ACID). A blue color forms on adding diphenyl-
amine dissolved in H 2 S0 4 .

Kopp (OLIVE OIL). This is the "elaidin" test, i volume of
HN0 3 and a piece of copper wire being heated with 10 vol-
umes of the oil.

Kopsch (FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION). Mix 4 parts 3.5-% bichro-
mate solution and i part of commercial formaldehyde solu-
tion.

Korotnef? (NARCOTIZATION METHOD). When Siphonophora
are extended in water, a watch-glass containing chloroform is
floated on the surface, and as soon as the animals are rendered
insensible they are killed by means of hot mercuric choride
or chromic-acid solut.

Kossel (HYPOXANTIIIN). Solution to be examined is treated
with zinc and HC1, then made alkaline; hypoxanthin is indi-
cated by a ruby-red color, changing to brown.

Kossinski (DOUBLE STAINS), i. Stain sections for 10 to 20
minutes in sat. aqueous solut. indigo carmine, wash with
water , then with alcohol; next stain with 0.5-% solut. safra-
nine in dilute alcohol, dehydrate and mount. 2. Stain for
3 to 5 minutes in o.i-% aqueous solut. nigrosin, and proceed
as before.

Kost (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). io-%
solut. tannin and solut. methyl violet are added to gastric
juice color changes from violet to blue or green. Modifica*
tion of Maly's test.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 163

Kotzebue (MORPHINE AND THALLINE). A io-% solut. phos-
phomolybdic acid in ammonia-free water. 2 drops reagent
yield with morphine (i part in 1,000,000 even) a delicate,
yellowish- white ppt. On adding 30 min. strong ammonia a
decided blue color develops, best seen by looking down liquid
against white paper. Thalline behaves similarly, but reac-
tion still more delicate (1:2,000,000 almost).

Kowarsky (SUGAR IN URINE). Shake together 5 drops pure
phenylhydrazine, 10 drops glacial acetic acid, and i Cc. satur.
sodium-chloride solut., then add 3 Cc. urine, and heat 2 min-
utes, then allow to cool slowly if more than 0.5-% sugar
present, ppt. of glucosazone forms in about 2 minutes. Small
quantity of albumin does not interfere with reaction.

Kraemer (ACETONE). See Mcssingcr's test.

Krant (ALKALOIDS). See Dragcndorffs test.

Krasser (ALBUMIN). Alcoholic solut. alloxan gives a bright-red
color with albumin.

Krehbiel (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Mix urine to be tested with
one-fourth its volume HC1 and add chlorinated-lime solut.
drop by drop in the presence of biliary pigments a green
color forms. Bromine water gives similar reactions. This is
also known as Trousscan-Dumontpallicr's reaction.

Kremers-Schreiner (CEDAR-WOOD OIL IN SPEARMINT OIL).
Treat oil with hydroxylamine, expel volatile matter with
steam, and dry and weigh the carvoxime formed, from which
determine carvone percentage present in oil (should be 56%
for pure oil).

Kronecker (ARTIFICIAL SERUM). Dissolve 6 Gm. of common salt
and 0.06 Gm. caustic soda in 1000 Gm. distilled water.

Kronig (CEMENT). Gradually add ordinary resin, 7 to 9 parts-,
to melted beeswax, 2 parts, then filter and cool.

Kroupa (AMMONIA). Filter-paper dried after immersion in yel-
low solut. of fuchsine in acidulated water becomes red when
exposed to ammoniacal vapor.

Krueger (GLUCOSE). See Bocttgcr's test.

Krtiger (INDICATOR). Fluorescein. Gives with alkalies a green
fluorescence, discharged by acids.

Krutwig (SILVER IN LEAD ORE). Dissolve ore in HNO 3 , add
excess of soda, and examine gold-colored ppt. for silver.

164 TESTS AND RE/IGENTS.

Kubel (COLCHICINE). Dissolve substance in cone. HN0 8 , and
add water to brownish- violet solut. color changes to yellow;
on now making alkaline with potassa, an orange-yellow or
orange-red develops.

Kubli (CARBON-DIOXIDE TEST FOR QUININE). Quinine is
pptd. from a sat. solut. by sodium carbonate. Ppt. is dis-
solved on addition of sodium bicarbonate. Carbonic acid
gas is then introduced, and quinine carbonate precipitated.
Carefully conducted, the result indicates purity of the
quinine salt under examination.

Kubli (WATER TEST FOR QUININE). Test is based on solubility
of hydrated quinine, obtained by precipitating alkaloid with
soda and observing quantity of water necessary to dissolve
alkaloid pptd. The associated cinchona alkaloids are less
soluble in water than quinine, consequently in their presence
more solvent is required to produce a solution.

Kuborne (ATROPINE: COCAINE). Treat substance in a porcelain
evaporating dish wit>h few drops HNO 3 , and evaporate to dry-
ness on sand-bath. The cooled residue when heated on sand-
bath with few drops solut. potassa in ethylic or preferably
amylic alcohol, develops a fine violet color with cocaine; with
atropine the color develops in the cold.

Kuehne (ANILINE- AND CLOVE-OIL STAINS). Rub up as much
methylene blue, safranine, methyl green, auramine, acid violet,
or fluorescin, as will be held on the point of a knife-blade, with
10 Gm. clarified aniline, or with 15 Gm. clove oil. If not en-
tirely dissolved, pour unfiltered into a flask and allow to settle.
Remove several drops of clear liquid, and add to sufficient
pure oil or aniline to yield the concentration desired.

Kuehne (ANILINE SOLUTIONS). Rub up. as much methylene
blue, methyl green, or safranine as will go upon the point of
a knife, with 10 Cc. aniline, and allow to settle.

Kuehne (ANISEED-OIL FREEZING MASS). Soak objects in ani-
seed oil for 12 to 24 hours, freeze and cut, then remove the oil
with alcohol.

Kuehne (BACTERIA STAIN: DRY METHOD). Stain in i-% aq.
solut. ammonium carbonate to which has been added aq.
solut. methylene blue, for 10 to 15 min. Rinse in water, de-
colorize in i- to 2-% HC1, wash in water, dry on object-glass

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 165

by a current of air produced by a bellows, treat with xylene,
and mount in balsam.

Kuehne (CARBOLIC FUCHSINE OR BLACK-BROWN). Dissolve
i Gm. fuchsine or black-brown in 10 Cc. absolute alcohol, and
add 100 Cc. 5-% aqueous solut. carbolic acid.

Kuehne (CARBOLIC METHYLENE BLUE). Rub 1.5 Gm. methyl-
ene blue with 10 Cc. absolute alcohol, and add 100 Cc. 5-%
aqueous solut. carbolic acid.

Kuehne (CARBOL-METHYLENE-BLUE BACTERIA STAIN). Stain
in carbol-methylene blue J to 2 hrs., rinse in water, extract in
acidulated water (10 drops HC1 and 100 drops water). Rinse
in weak aq. solut. lithium carbonate (10 drops water and 6 to
8 drops sat. solut. lithium carbonate), then in pure water; dip
in absolute alcohol containing a small quantity methylene
blue, then in methylene-blue aniline a few minutes. Clear in
pure aniline, then in oil cloves 2 minutes. Extract oil with
xylene, and mount in balsam.

Kuehne (FLUORESCIN-OIL-CLOVE BACTERIA STAIN). Soak sec-
tions in cone. aq. solut. oxalic acid 5 to 10 minutes, rinse in
water, and dehydrate in alcohol. Stain in fuchsine-aniline
water or methylene-blue in 0.5- to i-% aq. solut. ammonium
carbonate. Dehydrate in alcohol containing small quantity
of fuchsine or methylene blue, for 5 to 10 minutes. Then treat
with ethereal oil, then with xylene, and finally mount in balsam.

Kuehne (FUCHSINE BACTERIA STAIN). Stain in carbol-fuchsine 3
to 5 minutes Rinse in water, and dip in alcohol. To differen-
tiate and decolorize, place in methylene-green aniline from 15
minutes to 2 hrs. , according to thickness of section. Then treat
with an ethereal oil, then with xylene, and mount in balsam.

Kuehne (IODINE-POTASSIUM IODIDE). Iodine, 2 Gm.; potas-
sium iodide, 4 Gm.; distilled water, 100 Gm.

Kuehne (MACERATING MIXTURE). Mix potassium chlorate
with 4 times its quantity of HNO 3 .

Kuehne (METHOD FOR BACTERIA). Sections are dehyhrated in
alcohol, stained for 3 to 5 minutes with Kuehne 's carbolic fuch-
sine, rinsed in water, dipped for i minute into alcohol, and
extracted in Kuehne's methyl-green aniline, then passed
through terebene and xylene. Anthrax sections are stained
for 5 minutes in carbolic black-brown, rinsed in a mixture of

1 66 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

aqueous solution of lithium carbonate i Cc., and water 30 Cc.,
and then in 90-% alcohol. Afterwards place for 5 minutes in
carbolic fuchsine, and decolorize in solut. yellow fluorescine,
iGm.,in absolute alcohol, 50 Cc. Tubercle sections are
treated for 10 minutes with carbolic fuchsine, thoroughly
rinsed in water, decolorized in fluorescine alcohol, and then
transferred to terebene, xylene, and balsam. Or, before
mounting, they may be counter-stained by treatment for 5 or
10 minutes with methyl-green aniline diluted with half its
bulk of aniline; then pass into terebene for 2 minutes, after-
wards into xylene, and in balsam.

Kuehne (METHYL-VIOLET SOLUTION). Dissolve i Gm. methyl-
violet in 90 Cc. distilled water and 100 Cc. alcohol.

Kuehne (METHYLENE-BLUE METHOD). Transfer sections from
, alcohol to carbolic methylene blue, and leave for half an hour,
then rinse in water, and place in weakly acidulaced water until
of a pale-blue color. Next rinse in a mixture of sat. aqueous
solut. lithium carbonate i Cc. p.ncl water 30 Cc., and transfer
to pure water. Afterwards dip one by one into absolute alco-
hol in which some methylene blue has been dissolved, then
transfer to Kuehne's aniline solution of methylene blue to
dehydrate, rinse in aniline, clear in terebene, then in xylene,
and mount in balsam. To show satisfactorily the structure
of the tissue, Kuehne decolorizes sections stained in carbolic
methylene blue with a solut. acetine- or chlorhydrin blue, 10
Gm., in 100 Cc. of io-% alcohol. This takes 10 to 60 minutes.
They are then passed through alcohol, aniline, terebene, and
xylene, after which they are double-stained by treatment for
2 to 10 minutes with Kuehne's safranine aniline diluted to 4
or $ times its bulk with aniline. Again pass through terebene
and xvlene before mounting.

Kuehne ( MODIFIED GRAM'S METHOD). Stain nuclei with carmine,
then treat sections for 5 minutes in methyl- violet solut. diluted
one-sixth with a i-% aqueous solut. ammonium carbon ate, or
in a solut. Victoria blue, 0.25 Gm., in alcohol, 20 Cc., and
distilled water, 80 Cc. Next rinse thoroughly in water and
transfer to Gram's solut. for 2 to 3 minutes ; again rinse in water
and extract excess of stain with solut. yellow fluorescine, i
Gm., in absolute alcohol, 50 Cc. Finally, pass through

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 167

pure alcohol, aniline, terebene, and xylene, and mount in
balsam.

Kuehne (STAIN FOR TYPHOID AND CHOLERA BACILLUS). A
cold saturated solution of methylene blue is mixed with i-%
solution of ammonium carbonate. Preparations are im-
mersed in the stain for 5 or 10 minutes, then well washed and
placed in i-% HC1.

Kuehne (SYNTONIN). Dissolve substance in lime water, and
boil partial coagulation ensues (other acid-albumins and
alkali-albumins remain in solution).

Kuehne (TUBERCLE DOUBLE STAIN), a. Stain in carbolic-
fuchsine 10 minutes, decolorize in 30-% HNO 3 , extract in 60- %
alcohol until section is pink in color, wash in water, dehydrate
in absol. alcohol 30 min., place for 5 to 10 min. in methylene-
green aniline diluted with an equal vol. aniline, then in ethe-
real oil 2 min., and in xylene, then mount in Canada balsam.
b. Stain in carbol-fuchsine 10 min., rinse in water, extract
in fluorescin-alcohol a few minutes, double-stain in methylene-
green aniline 5 min., place in ethereal oil, then in xylene, and
then mount in Canada balsam.

Kuehne (TUBERCLE TRIPLE STAIN), a. Weakly stain in Dela-
field's hematoxylin solut., wash in water several seconds,
dehydrate in alcohol, stain in carbol fuchsine 10 min.; rinse
in water, extract fuchsine in fluorescine alcohol, rinse in pure
alcohol, place in ethereal oil and in xylene, then in auramine-
aniline until stained yellowish; rinse in pure aniline, then
treat with ethereal oil and xylene, and mount in Canada bal-
sam, b. Stain section in nucleus black diluted 3 or 4 times
with water, for several minutes, till section is dark grayish.
Rinse in a weak aq. solut. lithium carbonate till section is
light-gray, rinse in water, dehydrate in alcohol 5 min., stain in
carbol-fuchsine 10 min., wash in water, extract in fluorescine-
alcohol, wash in pure alcohol, place in methylene-green ani-
line (not too cone.) for 5 to 10 minutes, then in ethereal pil
and in xylene, and mount in balsam.

Bacillus, red; nuclei, vessels, and protoplasm, of different
tones of bluish-green.

Kuelz (BILIARY ACIDS). Add i drop very dilute splut. cane
sugar to biliary acid, then i drop cone. H 2 SO 4 a violet color
develops; color developed more rapidly by heat.

1 68 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Kuelz (SuLPHOCYANic ACID IN URINE). Add water to dilute
solut. ferric chloride containing a little HC1, until same color
as urine, then add to urine a red color develops.

Ktihl (Kousso FLOWERS). On adding to the weak aqueous
maceration of the finely powdered kousso flowers, a i: 1,000
alkali solution, such as ammonia, or caustic soda, or potassa,
an intense lemon- to orange-colored filtrate is obtained. This
reaction is distinctly visible even in a maceration of i : 2,000.

Klihl (POMEGRANATE-ROOT BARK). In a i25-Cc. container,
pour 100 Gm. distilled water over o. i Gm. finely powdered
pomegranate-root bark. After shaking, the powder is
pptd. within a very short time, while i$ the case of kousso
flowers, complete separation does not take place, even
after standing 12 hours. After macerating for 12 hours,
at 10 to 15 C. and filtering, a slightly-yellow filtrate is ob-
tained. On adding to this NH 3 , a very intense yellow is
developed, which grows deeper, and finally changes to a red-
dish-brown color.

Kultschitzky (DOUBLE IMBEDDING METHOD). After the collo-
dion bath, soak objects in origanum oil, then pass into a mix-
ture of origanum oil and paraffin heated to not more than 40
C., and finally soak in pure paraffin.

Kultschitzky (FIXING SOLUTION). A sat. solut. potassium
bichromate and copper sulphate in 50-% alcohol, to each 100
Cc. of which 5 or 6 drops acetic acid are added at the moment
of using. Fix objects for 1 2 to 24 hours in the dark, then treat
with strong alcohol for 12 to 24 hours, and afterwards cut
sections.

Kultschitzky (STAIN FOR NERVE CENTERS). Harden for i or
2 months in Erlicki's solution, imbed in celloidin, and cut.
Stain sections for i to 24 hrs. in solut. made from i Gm. hem-
atoxylin in a little alcohol with enough 2-% acetic acid added
to make looCc. Wash out in sat. solut. lithium- or sodium
carbonate containing 10% of a i-% solut. potassium ferri-
cyanide, wash well with water, and mount in balsam.

Kunz-Krause (GLYCOTANNOIDS). Those glucosidal tannins
which are derivatives of oxycinnamic acids are rapidly decom-
posed in the cold after a few days, with the formation of con-
siderable prussic acid, on being treated with Liebermann's

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 169

reagent (solut. potassium nitrite, 6 Gm., in cone. H 2 S0 4
100 Gm.).

Kupferschlaeger (TARRY MATTER IN AMMONIA). A brownish-
red color forms on supersaturating with not too cone. HN0 8 .

Kuskow (DIGESTION FLUID). Recently prepared solut. of i part
pepsin in 200 parts 3-% solut. oxalic acid.

Labarraque (SOLUTION). Solut. sodium hypochlorite prepared
like Javelle water (q. v.), using caustic soda instead of caustic
potassa.

Labich (COTTONSEED OIL). 25 Cc. of melted fat are mixed with
25 Cc. solut. of 500 Gm. lead acetate in i liter water, pre-
viously warmed to 35 C., and 5 Cc. of ammonia water (22
Be.), and stirred for several minutes until a homogeneous
emulsion results. If cottonseed oil present, the mixture is
colored orange-red. Deiss modified this test for detecting
cottonseed oil in olive oil, by dissolving 10 Cc. oil in 100 Cc.
ether, shaking the solut. with 5 Cc. cone, lead-acetate solut.
and again shaking after adding 5 Cc. ammonia water.

Lachaux (INDICATOR). Corallin-malachite-green. Prepared by
dissolving 3.1 Gm. commercial rosolic acid in 150 Cc. 90-% alco-
hol, neutralizing, and mixing with a solut. of 0.5 malachite-
green in 50 Cc. alcohol. Gives with alkalies a purple color ,
and with acids a green.

Lacroix (TITANIUM). Dissolve the substance in HC1 with a
gentle heat; add one drop of the solut. to a solut. of morphine
in H 2 S0 4 . If the substance contains titanium the liquid ac-
quires a wine-red color at once. If the substance does not dis-
solve in HC1, fuse with Na 2 CO 3 and treat the melt with H 2 S0 4 ,
then add one drop solut. morphine, when the color will de-
velop.

Ladendorf (BLOOD). Tincture guaiac wood and oil eucalyptus
are added to the liquid to be tested. If blood present the lower
layer is colored blue; the upper one of oil eucalyptus, violet.

Lafon (DIGITALIN). Digitalin yields a bluish-green color with
a solut. of i Gm. sodium selenate in 20 Gm. cone. H 2 S0 4
(Lafon's reagent). In place of selenate, the tellurate may be
employed.

Lagerhcim (STARCH IN DRUGS AND FOOD PRODUCTS). Reagent
is iodolactic acid, obtained by dissolving a few crystals iodine

370 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

in hot syrupy lactic acid. It strikes a blue color -with all
starch granules, and renders them visible.

Lagrange (GLUCOSE). Modified Fehling's solut., containing
neutral copper tartrate, 10 Gm., and sodium hydrate, 40 Gm.,
dissolved in water, 500 Cc. It gives a red ppt. with glucose.

Laillier (OLIVE OIL). Characteristic color reactions are obtained
on shaking i volume aqueous i : 4 chromic-acid solut. with 4
volumes of oil. Or, the simple chromic-acid solut. may be
replaced by a mixture of chromic acid, 9, water, 30, and
HN0 3 (sp. gr. 1.185), 80.

Lainer (BENZENE: BENZIN). i. Add a small fragment of
iodine benzene is colored carmine-red; benzin is colored
violet. 2. Add a trace of alcohol to liquid and shake with
benzene mixture becomes cloudy; with benzin it remains
clear. Toluene and xylene also give cloudy liquids with
alcohol.

Lamal (MORPHINE). Evaporate 2 to 10 drops morphine solut.
on water-bath with a like quantity uranium-acetate solut.
(0.015 Gm, uranium acetate and o.oi Gm. sodium acetate in 5
Cc. water). Light-red or hyacinth-red permanent streaks re-
main. Oxymorphine, salicylic acid, tannin, gallic acid, and
pyrogallol give a similar reaction ; toxines and most alkaloids
do not.

Landerer (STRYCHNINE). A violet color develops on heating
gently with iodic acid or an iodate and H 3 SO 4 .

Landois (MACERATING MIXTURE). Mixture of 5 parts each of
cone, soluts. neutral ammonium chromate, potassium phos-
phate, and sodium sulphate, with 100 parts distilled water.
Used for macerations in the same way as chromic acid solut.

Landolt (PHENOL). Upon adding an excess of bromine water
to a phenol solut., a white crystalline ppt. of tri-bromphenol is
formed. Similar ppts. result with cresol, oxybenzoic acid,
indol, indican, kynurin, and other compounds, a fact to be
remembered when examining urine for phenol.

Landott (PARAFFIN IN BEESWAX). Strong H 2 SO 4 attacks bees-
wax at once, but only very slowly affects paraffin.

landsberg-Wislicenus (MORPHINE IN URINE). Add acetic acid
to urine, evaporate to syrupy consistency, extract with cold
absolute alcohol repeatedly, evaporate alcohol, exhaust resi-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 17*

due with water, add few drops acetic acid to solut., and shake
out with amylic alcohol at 70 C. until washings no longer
colored. Evaporate residual aqueous acid solut., make resi-
due alkaline and treat latter with hot amylic alcohol repeat-
edly. Then evaporate solvent.

Lang (FIXING LIQUIDS), i. 6 to 10 parts sodium chloride, 6
to 8 parts acetic acid, 3 to 12 parts mercuric chloride, 0.5 part
alum, and 100 parts distilled water. The alum is sometimes
omitted from this solut., which is used for Planaria. 2. Add
5 per cent, acetic acid to a cone, solut. mercuric chloride in
picro-sulphuric acid. See also Klcincnbcrg.

Lang (TAURINE). Taurine gives a white ppt. when a solut. is
mixed with freshly pptd. mercuric oxide.

Langbeck (INDICATOR). Nitrophenol gives colorless solutions
with weak acids and neutral soluts. ; color is changed to
yellow by alkalies.

Langbeck (METHYL ALCOHOL IN ETHER). Mix ether with a 2-%
solut. silver nitrate and let stand 24 hours if methyl alco-

. hoi present, zone of contact is light violet-red, and a ppt. of
silver oxide forms proportionate to quantity of alcohol present.

Langerhan (GuM AND GLYCERIN MEDIUM). Modified Farrant
solut. Dissolve acacia in an equal weight of water, and to each
10 Gm. add 5 Gm. glycerin and 10 Gm. 5-% aqueous solut.
carbolic acid.

Langley (ALKALOIDS). On adding a mixture of HNO 3 and
H 2 SO 4 and then supersaturating with NaOH various alkaloids
show characteristic colorations. See Dragendorffs " Ermit-
telung der Gifte," p. 283.

Langley (PEPSINOGEN AND PEPSIN). Sodium carbonate de-
stroys pepsin, but has no action on pepsinogen.

Langley (PICROTOXINE). Mix with 3 to 4 parts potassium ni-
trate and moisten with H 2 SO 4 no reaction; on adding excess

- of potassia, a reddish-yellow color develops.

Langley-Koehler (ALKALOIDS). Mix alkaloids with from 3 to 5

< times their weight of potassium nitrate, then add i to 2 drops
H 2 S0 4 , followed immediately by cone, soda-solution.

Lanz (STAIN). Sat. solut. fuchsine in 2-% aqueous solut. phenol,
10 Cc.; sat. solut. thionin in 2-% aqueous solut. phenol, 30 Cc.
Stain specimen 15 to 30 seconds, and wash with water. Gono-

172 TS75 AND REAGENTS.

cocci are stained by thionin; nuclei take both stains. Both
solutions should be freshly prepared.

Laronde (IODINE). On treatment with petroleum and nitric
acid, the former is colored violet by the iodine.

Lasaulx (!RON). Particles of Fe separated from a substance by
a magnet and treated with solut. tungstic acid are seen under
the microscope to have blue margins. Organic matter must
be absent, as well as zinc and copper.

Lassaigne (ACACIA). A transparent, gelatinous, yellow ppt. is
obtained on adding solut. ferric sulphate.

Lassaigne (FLOUR). Mineral substances in flour are detected by
shaking with chloroform and examining sediment.

Lassaigne (HYDROCYANIC ACID). A few drops KOH solut., fol-
lowed at once by a few drops of copper-sulphate solut. and
slight acidulation with HC1 causes a white ppt. of cuprous cy-
anide if HCN present. A solut. of copper sulphate in sulphur-
ous acid will also yield a ppt. in solutions containing HCN.

Lassaigne (IODINE), i. Solut. palladium nitrate or chloride
affords a brown or blackish color. 2. On treating with chlo-
rine water, an iodide colors starch-paper blue.

Lassaigne (ORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS). Heat about
o.oi Gm. of substance with a small piece sodium, add 2 to 3
Cc. water and some ferroso- ferric salt solut. and acidulate with
HC1 if any nitrogenous body present, a ppt. of Prussian blue
forms.

Latschenberger (AMMONIA IN URINE). Treat urine with equal
volume sat. solut. copper sulphate, neutralize with barium
hydrate, filter, and apply Nessler's test to filtrate.

Laubenheimer (THIOTOLENE). This substance yields a bluish-
green color with a solut. anthraquinone in glacial acetic acid.
The coloring matter is pptd. by water, but is redissolved by
ether to form a violet solut.

Laubenheimer-Godeffroy (ALKALOIDS). See Godeffroy- Lauben-
heimer.

Lauth (PARATOLUIDINE). Add HNO 3 to a solut. paratoluidine
in H 2 SO 4 color changes from blue to violet, then to red, and
finally brown.

Lauth (SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN). Paraphenylene-diamine
in slightly acid solutions, gives, on adding ferric chloride, a

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 173

violet color if sulphuretted hydrogen^ present. If a few grains
para-amido-dimethylaniline sulphate are substituted for the
paraphenylene-diamine, a reaction due to methylene blue is
obtained (Caro-Fischcr's reaction).

Lavdowsky (BILLBERRY-JUICE STAIN). Well wash fresh ber-
ries of V actinium myrtillus, then express juice and mix with
twice its bulk distilled water mixed with a little 90-% alcohol.
Heat for a short time and filter while warm. Dilute stain
witli 2 or 3 volumes distilled water before use.

Lavdowsky (CHLORAL-HYDRATE MACERATING MEDIUM). A 5-%
aqueous solut. of chloral hydrate.

Lavdowsky (FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTIONS), i. Distilled water,
20 parts, alcohol (95-%), 10 parts; formaldehyde (40-%), 3
parts; glacial acetic acid, 0.5 part. 2. Distilled water, 30
parts; alcohol (95-%), 15 parts; formaldehyde (40-%), 5
parts; glacial acetic acid, i part.

Lavdowsky (SANDARAC MEDIUM). Dissolve 30 Gm. sandarac in
50 Cc. absolute alcohol. If diluted with an equal volume ab-
solute alcohol, this may be used for clearing sections.

Lawrence (GLYCERIN JELLY). Soak Nelson's gelatin in cold
water for 2 or 3 hours, then pour off superfluous water. Next
melt the gelatin, and after cooling somewhat, add to each
fl. oz. a fluid dram egg albumin. Boil until albumin coagul-
lates, then filter through fine flannel, and to each fl. oz. of the
clarified solut. add a mixture of 0.25 fl. oz. glycerin and 0.5
fl. oz. camphor water.

Lea, Carey-. See Carey-Lea.

Lebbin (FORMALDEHYDE). Heat solut, containing formalde
hyde to boiling for 30 seconds with a solut. resorcin in sodium
hydrate. Formaldehyde gives a reddish tint, but albumi-
noids, if present, interfere with the reaction; chloroform
affords a similar color.

Leber (PRUSSIAN BLUE IMPREGNATION METHOD). Treat tissue
for a few minutes with 0.5-% solut. ferrous sulphate, then with
i-% solut. potassium ferricyanide, and wash with water.

Lechini (BLOOD IN URINE). Treat 10 Cc. urine with a drop
glacial acetic acid and shake with 3 Cc. chloroform if color-
ing matter from blood present, the chloroform will form a red
layer at the bottom.

174 TESTS AND REAGENTS

Leconte (URIC ACID). See Babo's test.

Lee (CELLOIDIN IMBEDDING METHOD). Objects are penetrated!
first with a 4- to 6-% solut. celloidin in a mixture of equal parts
ether and absolute alcohol, and subsequently with a 10- to 12-%
solut. (see Elsching's solut.). They are then arranged in posi-
tion in small paper receptacles, which are filled with the thick
solution and placed in a desiccator, on the bottom of which a
little chloroform must be poured. When celloidin masses are
hardened sufficiently on surface, remove them from the paper
cases and turn them over from time to time, in order that they:
may be equally exposed on all sides to the action of chloroform
vapor. As soon as masses are fairly hard, immerse them in
Gilson's hardening mixture (chloroform, i part; cedar oil, i or
2 parts) and replace the chloroform as it evaporates with more
cedar oil. When the objects are cleared throughout, expose
the masses to the air, so that the last traces of chloroform may
evaporate, and they will then be ready for mounting on holder
of the microtome by means of a drop of thick celloidin solution.

Lee (FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTIONS), i. i part of 40-% f6r-
maldehyde solut., 2 parts i-% chromic-acid solut., and 4-%
acetic acid. 2. i part 40-% formaldehyde solut., 4 parts of
i-% platinic-chloride solut., and 2-% acetic acid.

Lee (GLYCERIN MIXTURE), i part glycerin, i part alcohol, and
2 parts water.

Lee ("KERNSCHWARZ" STAIN). Stain material, if fresh, in
" Kernschwarz " diluted with 10 volumes of water for a few
minutes; otherwise leave in the undiluted liquid for 24 hours.
Rinse in water, and then stain for 24 hours or more with safra-
nine, gentian violet, Victoria blue, or a hematein stain. Safra-
nine is preferred, and should afterwards be extracted with
alcohol (acidulated, if necessary), followed by dove oil
" Kernschwarz " is said to be a good stain for preparations that
are to be photographed.

Lee (MOUNTING CELLOIDIN SECTIONS). Mount sections on
Mayer's albumin, taking care to press them down very thor-
oughly, and remove the celloidin, if desired, by immersion
in ether-alcohol.

Lee (OsMic-AciD AND PYROGALLOL STAIN) Fix tissues in Her-
mann's mixture or Flemming's mixture for half an hour, then

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 175-

place in a weak solut. pyrogallol, which may be prepared with,
alcohol in some cases. Safranine may be used as a second
stain.

Lee (SUBLIMATE SOLUTION). See FrcnzeVs sublimate solution.

Lee (TURPENTINE-COLOPHONY MOUNTING MEDIUM). Highly
recommended for general work, and is prepared by adding
small pieces colophony to rectified oil turpentine, heating in a,
stove, and when solut. sufficiently thick, filtering twice in the*
stove. See Klcincnbcrg's colophony.

Leers (QUININE). A green color develops on shaking quinine in>
fine powder with ether, then adding chlorine water and am-
monia.

Leewenthal-Lenssen (HYDROCHLORIC ACID). With a proto-
chloride, free HC1 gives off chlorine on treatment with lead
peroxide.

Leffmann (URINE). Drinking water containing urine is colored
brown with silver-nitrate solut.

Leffmann-Beam (FAT IN MILK ANALYSIS). Method consists in
decomposition of milk with H 2 SO 4 in a graduated tube, and
separating the fat by means of a centrifugal machine, a little
fusel oil being added to aid aggregation of oil globules.

Lefort (MORPHINE). A yellow to yellowish -brown color de-
velops on adding iodic-acid sclut. and then ammonia.

Lefort (STRYCHNINE). A violet color develops with H 2 SO 4 and
potassium bichromate.

Legal (ACETONE IN URINE). Treat several Cc. of distillate from
urine with a few drops freshly prepared solut. sodium nitro-
prussiate and a few drops of soda or potassa lye a red color
develops. After this has faded, add excess acetic acid. If
acetone present, a purple color is produced. Creatinine also^
shows a fading of the first-formed red color, but upon the addi-
tion of acetic acid, first a green and then a blue color forms.
See Le NoWc's reaction.

Legal (ALUM-CARMINE AND PICRIC-ACID STAIN). Mix 10 vol-
umes Grenadier's or other alum-carmine with one of sat. picric-
acid solut.

Leger (BISMUTH REAGENT). A solut. of cinchonine nitrate with
potassium iodide, with which bismuth salts give a dark-recP
ppt.

176 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Leger (DIFFERENTIATING ALPHA-NAPHTOL FROM BETA-NAPHTOL).
Soda-lye (36 Be\), 30 Cc.; water, 100 Cc.; bromine, 5 Cc.
Add 2 drops of this hypobromite solut. to 10 Cc. cone, aqueous
solut. of substance it alpha-naphtol present, a dirty-violet
color develops. With beta-naphtol a yellow color first forms,
then turns greenish, and finally yellow. With alpha-naphtol
reaction is obtained even on diluting cone, solut. with 9 parts
water; on diluting beta-naphtol solut. with 2 parts water, a
yellow color is still obtained, but it disappears at once on agi-
tation. Reaction for beta-naphtol much less sensitive than for
alpha-naphtol.

Lehmann (GLUCOSE). Dissolve substance in alcohol, add
alcoholic potassa solut., then copper sulphate solut., and
warm if glucose present, separation of red cuprous oxide
results.

Lehman-Petri (INDICATOR). Phenol nitrosylsulphonate. Gives
a blue color with alkalies, and a red with acids.

Leismer (SUGAR IN URINE). 5 Cc. o.i-% solut. safranine, i Cc.
urine, and 2 Cc. soda lye are heated to boiling if glucose pres-
ent, the solut. is decolorized.

Le Noble (ACETONE IN URINE). Upon adding codium nitro-
prussiate and ammonia to urine containing acetone a violet
color gradually forms. See Legal 's test.

Lenz (ALKALOIDS). Certain alkaloids give characteristic color
reactions when heated to redness \vith caustic potassa, con-
taining :,o much water that it is solid at ordinary temperature,
but melts when heated on the water-bath. Quinine and
quinidine give a green color; cinchonine and clnckonidine a
greenish . lue; cocaine a greenish yellow.

Lenz (?ILO ARPINE). Triturate the alkaloid or its hydrochlo-
rate with 100 parts calomel a gray to black color develops,
due to reduction of calomel. In case of piiocarpine nitrate,
according to Nagelvoort, the free base must firs* be liberated
by NH 3 , and extracted with chloroform. The residue left on
evaporation of latter is then treated as above.

Lenz (SHIKIMI FRUIT IN STAR ANISE). Boil i carpel for 2 min-
utes with 5 Cc. 95-% alcohol, cool, filter, and add 4 to 5 vol-
umes of water to filtrate if fruit star anise, liquid becomes
cloudy (due to aAethol); if shikimi, liquid remains clear. If

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 177

shikimi extract shaken with petroleum ether, ethereal ex^
tract scarcely leaves any residue on evaporation, and the trace
left has a disagreeable odor. Star-anise extract similarly
treated leaves an oily residue of anise odor.

Leonard! (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Fuchsine dissolves
in alcohol, but not in the pure oils.

Leonard! (CASTOR OIL IN OLIVE OIL). Shake 10 Cc. suspected
oil with 5 to 10 Cc. 95-% alcohol and set aside till two distinct
layers form. If olive oil pure, its volume will increase; if
castor oil present, alcohol volume will increase.

Lepage (ALKALOIDS). A white or yellowish ppt. is afforded by a
solut. of cadmium iodide, 10, and potassium iodide, 20, in
water, 60 to 80. See Marme's test.

Lepage (POTASSIUM IODIDE). Test purity of potassium iodide
by dissolving in 30-% alcohol and examining residue, if
any.

Lepel (MAGNESIUM SALTS). The violet color of a solut. of
alkanin in a mixture of alcohol, 2, and ether, i, is changed
to blue.

Letheby (ANILINE), i. A blue to purple color is given with
H 2 SO 4 and lead or manganese dioxide. 2. A blue to purple
color is afforded with H 2 SO 4 and potassium ferricyanide. 3.
A bronze-blue to pink color develops on adding dil. H 2 S0 4 ,
placing 2 drops on platinum foil and passing a current
from a Grove battery. 4. -A blue color forms upon heat-
ing to 50 C. with manganese dioxide and diluted sulphuric
acid.

Letheby (ARSENIC). Cause evolution of arseniuretted hydro-
gen and pass gas into silver-nitrate solut. the latter is colored
brown to black.

Leube (QUININE). Chlorine water, potassium ferrocyanide, and
ammonia cause a red color.

Leuchs (WATER IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Shaking with petroleum
spirit causes a cloudiness.

Lewin (ACROLEIN AND OTHER ALDEHYDES). Add a trace to
mixture of piperidin and sodium nitroprussiate a gentian-
blue color develops, changed to violet by NH 3 ; to reddish-
violet, then rust-color by NaOH; to bluish-green by glacial
acetic acid; and to rusty-brown by mineral acids. On adding

178 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

water, however, the blue color is restored. Hydrogen diox-
ide gives a dirty-brown. Instead of piperidin, dimethyl-
amine may be used. Reaction is afforded with acetaldehyde,
paraldehyde, propionic aldehyde, formaldehyde, trichloral-
dehyde, isobutyraldehyde, benzalclehyde, salicylaldehyde,
phenylacetylaldehyde, cenanthol, and furfural.

Lewin (BILIARY PIGMENTS). The urates separated by strongly
cooling urine are filtered out, washed, dissolved in hot water,
and the solut. tested for biliary pigments. See Gmelin's test.

Lewin (SESAME OIL). See Baudouin's test.

Lewis, Bevan- (BLUE-BLACK NERVE-CENTER STAIN). Sections
are stained for one hour in 0.25-% aqueous solut. aniline blue-
black, and in the case of the cortex of the cerebellum, washed
out for 20 to 30 minutes in a 2-% chloral solut., prior to clean-
ing and mounting.

Lewis, Bevan- (HARDENING PROCESS FOR BRAIN). Keep in
methylated spirit for 24 hours in a cool place, then transfer to
Mueller's solut. for 3 days, after which change the liquid and,
at end of another 3 days, substitute a 2-% solut. potassium
bichromate. At end of 2 weeks use a 4-% solut. bichromate,
and if material is unfit for section cutting in another week,
treat with chromic-acid solut.

Lewy (COCAINE HYDROCHLORATE). On adding borax to an
aqueous solut. a ppt. forms, soluble in glycerin. On warming
this solut. latter becomes cloudy, but clears up again on cool-
ing.

Lewy (SYPHILIS-TUBERCLE STAIN). Stain with carbol-fuch-
sine and decolorize with water.

Lex (AMMONIA). Phenol and chlorinated-lime solut. develop
a green color which changes to blue on warming.

Lex (PHENOL REACTION). Add a solut. of a hypochlorite (chlo-
rinated-lime solut. i : 20), or bromine water (Cotton's modifi-
cation), to an ammoniacal phenol solut. a green color devel-
ops, changing to blue upon warming.

Leys (SACCHARIN). To 5 Cc. of a i : 2,500 solut. saccharin add 2
drops dil. solut. Fe 2 Cl H and 2 Cc. H 2 O^ in from 30 to 45 min-
utes a permanent violet color develops.

Lidof (ALBUMINOIDS). On gently heating a solut. of any albu-
minoid substance with AgN0 3 and a slight excess KOH a

TS75 AND REAGENTS. 179

brown color develops, growing darker until liquid has a very
deep tint.

Lidoff (TEXTILE FABRICS). Silk is readily soluble in powdered
oxalic acid (on fusing). Cellulose is less soluble, and wool
fiber insoluble.

Lidow (ALBUMINOIDS). Warm a solut. of a proteid with silver
nitrate and slight excess of caustic potassa color gradually
darkens until cinnamon-brown.

Lieben (ACETONE). To solut. (c. g., urine distillate) add a solut.
iodine in potassium iodide and a few drops of caustic-potassa
solut. iodoform forms if acetone present. Alcohol gives
the same reaction. See Gunning's test.

Lieben (ALCOHOL). Iodoform forms on adding a fragment of
iodine and sufficient potassa to make a clear solution.

Lieben (FORMIC ACID). Reducing action of formic acid on po-
tassium permanganate is utilized for determining acid present
in a liquid. For details see MERCK'S REPORT, iv, p. 47.

Liebermann (ALBUMINOIDS). Fuming HC1 affords a bluish-
violet color with albuminoids on boiling.

Liebermann (CHOLESTERIN). A solut. of cholesterin compounds
in acetic acid anhydride, and, according to Burchard, with
addition of chloroform, is colored rose-red by cone. H 2 S0 4 .
The color rapidly changes to blue and green.

Liebermann (DIAZO- AND NITROSO COMPOUNDS). These yield
intense colors with a mixture of phenol and H 2 S0 4 .

Liebermann (GLYCOTANNOIDS). Potassium nitrate, 6 Gm.;
cone. H 2 S0 4 , 100 Gm. Glycotannoids are decomposed by
reagent with formation of HCN.

Liebermann (LANOLIN). Dissolve o.i to 0.2 Gm. lanolin in 4 Cc.
acetic-acid anhydride and add H 2 S0 4 a rose-red color, chang-
ing to green or blue, develops. Glycerin fats do not give the
reaction.

Liebermann (PHENOL). Warm phenol with H.jS0 4 , in which 5%
sodium nitrate has been dissolved blue color forms. Addi-
tion of water causes a brown ppt.

Liebermann (SULPHUROUS ACID IN WINE), i. Reduce to sul-
phuretted hydrogen with sodium amalgam and HC1. 2.
Distil, and shake distillate with few drops solut. iodic acid
and some chloroform latter is colored violet.

i8o TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Liebermann (TEXTILE FABRICS). Dye fabric for half an hour in
a fuchsine solut. rendered light-yellow by caustic-soda solut.
and then wash with water silk is colored dark-red; wool,
light-red; flax, pink; cotton remains colorless.

Lie big (ALDEHYDE). Ammoniacal solut. silver nitrate causes
formation of a mirror.

Liebig (CONIINE). On passing dry chlorine gas over coniine, the
latter acquires a purplish-red to blue color.

Liebig (CYANIDES). Titrate in slightly alkaline solut. with deci-
normal silver-nitrate solut. till permanent opalescent ppt.
forms, i Cc. AgNO 3 solut. = 0.0054 HCN.

Liebig (CYSTINE). The cystine obtained from urine sediment
yields a black ppt. of lead sulphide on boiling with solut. lead
oxide in soda lye.

Liebig (HYDROCYANIC ACID). On evaporating HCN with am-
monium sulphide after adding a few drops caustic-potassa
solut., dissolving residue in water, and acidulating slightly
with HC1, a blood-red color forms upon adding ferric-chloride
solut.

Liebig (QUININE). Shake 0.5 Gm. quinine sulphate in a stop-
pered test-tube with 5 Cc. of ether (sp. gr. 0.728) and i Cc. of
ammonia two clear layers should form on standing. A tur-
bidity indicates presence of cinchonine or allied alkaloids.
Compare with the more delicate tests of Kerncr, Sdtaefcr, and
De Vry.

Liebig-Woehler (UREA). On evaporating a urea solut. with
silver nitrate, silver cyanate and ammonium nitrate are
formed.

Liebman (ALPHA-NAPHTOL IN BETA-NAPHTOL). Dissolve 0.144
Gm. naphtol in 5 Cc. alcohol and 1 5 Cc. toluene in a graduated
tube. In a separate tube dissolve 0.14 Gm. paranitraniline in
9 Cc. dil. HC1, cool, and diazotize with i Cc. normal sodium-
nitrite solut. Add i Cc. of latter solut. to naphtol solut.,
shake, and add water. After two layers formed, remove tolu-
ene layer and shake it with 5 Cc. normal caustic-soda solut.,
and compare color with that similarly obtained with a solut.
beta-naphtol containing known quantities of alpha-naphtol.

Liebreich (CHOLESTERIN AND CHOLESTERIN FATS). See Bur-
chard's test.

TESTS AND RE/IGENTS. l8l

Lifschuetz (CELLULOSE). Mixture for dissolving cellulose con-
sists of a mixture of H 2 S0 4 and HNO 3 .

Lightfoot (PYROLIGNEOUS MATTER IN ACETIC ACID). Neutral-
ize with sodium- or potassium carbonate and add a few drops
solut. potassium permanganate the pink color of the latter
iSf discharged in a few minutes.

Linde (GLYCERIN IN FLUID EXTRACTS), i. Render solution
slightly alkaline with dilute sodium-carbonate solut., then mix
with powdered borax on a watch crystal if glycerin present,
a small quantity of the mixture introduced into an alcohol or
gas flame upon a platinum wire will color the flame green. 2.
Red litmus-paper is made blue by saturating with a cone,
borax solut. Upon moistening this paper with the glycerin
solut. previously rendered slightly alkaline, the red color re-
appears more or less rapidly, depending on the concentration
of glycerin solut. See also Hagcr's glycerin reaction.

Lindemann-Motten (ALKALOIDS, SACCHARIN, AND SALICYLIC
ACID). Detection depends upon fact that a substance in pres-
ence of two non-miscible solvents (separated by a membrane)
passes into both, and in definite proportions. For details see
MERCK'S REPORT, ii, p. 212.

Lin do (ALKALOIDS). Dissolve alkaloid in diluted H 2 S0 4 , and
add ferric chloride. For resulting color reactions, see Hager's
"Pharm. Praxis," 1886, III, p. 64.

Lindo (ELATERIN). Treat with i or 2 drops phenol and 2 or 3
drops H 2 SO 4 a crimson to scarlet color develops.

Lindo (GLUCOSE). Add a solut. of brucine in HN0 3 to a solut.
of glucose in soda- or potassa lye a yellow color, changing to
an intense blue, develops.

Lindo (MORPHINE). Copper sulphate, i; water, 10; ammonia,
sufficient to make a clear solut. Reagent gives with mor-
phine an emerald-green color.

Lindo (NITRATES AND NITRITES). One drop 15-% HC1, one
drop of io-% resorcin solut., and 2 Cc. pure cone. H 2 SO 4 to
0.5 Cc. of a solut. of a nitrate or nitrite, yields a purple-red
color.

Lindo (NITRIC ACID). A deep-brown to red color develops on
adding to nitric acid 8 or 10 drops phenol mixed with 30 drops
of a cooled mixture of H 2 SO 4 , 2, and water, i.

1 82 TESTS, AND REAGENTS.

Lindo (PHENOL). Inverted nitric-acid test (q. v.).

Lin do (SACCHARIN). Evaporate saccharin to dryness with cone.
HNO 3 , treat residue with a few drops solut. potassa in 5-%
alcohol, and warm blue, violet, purple, and red colors appear
in succession.

Lindo (SANTONIN). Dissolve in H 2 SO 4 without heat, and add
very dilut. solut. ferric chloride in small successive quantities
a red to purple or violet color develops on agitating.

Lipowitz (OLIVE OIL). Purity of oil is estimated by noting
color, degree of emulsification, etc., on rubbing it with one-
eighth its weight chlorinated lime.

Lipowitz (PHOSPHORUS IN ORGANIC MATTER). Add H 2 SO 4 , boil
half an hour with some lumps of sulphur, and distil. Wash
sulphur and examine for luminosity and odor. Add some
HN0 3 to distillate, and test for phosphoric acid.

Lipp (DEXTRIN). A cold sat. solut. lead acetate is heated to
60 C. with sufficient lead oxide to solidify the mass, which is
later extracted with water, and the solut. filtered. This solut.
gives a white ppt. when boi ed with a dextrin solut.

List (HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE STAIN). Stain sections for 24
hours in a solut. of 3 or 4 drops Renaut's hematoxylin-glycerin
in 250 Cc. water, and then for a few minutes in a mixture of i
part 0.5-% aqueous solut. eosine with 3 parts absolute alcohol.

List (METHYL-GREEN-EOSINE STAIN). Stain sections for a few
minutes in a mixture of 3 parts absolute alcohol with i part of
-5"% aqueous solut. eosine, then wash, and stain for 5 min-
utes in a 0.5-% aqueous solut. methyl green. Wash, dehy-
drate, clear, and mount in balsam.

Livache (FATTY OILS). .Note increase in weight of oils when
mixed with finely divided lead.

Lloyd (ALKALOIDS). Hydrastine mixed with various alkaloids,
and treated with cone. H 2 SO 4 for 5 minutes gives various reac-
tions. For details see MERCK'S REPORT, x, p. 258.

Lloyd (WATER IN SPIRIT NITROUS ETHER). Milkiness is pro-
duced on shaking with chloroform or (? and) castor oil.

Lochini (ALKALOIDS). Solut. potassium bichromate in hot cone.
H 2 SO 4 gives with veratrine a yellow color.

Loeffler (BACTERIA STAIN). Place section in Loeffler's methyl-
ene-blue solut. (or cone. aq. solut. of any stain will do), then

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 183

place in 0.5-% acetic acid solut. for a few seconds, then in
absolute alcohol and in cedar oil, and mount in Canada
balsam.

Loeffler (FLAGELLA STAIN), i. Prepare mordant by adding 5
Cc. cold sat. solut. ferrous sulphate and i Cc. aqueous or alco-
holic solut. fuchsine, methyl violet or " Wollschwarz," to
10 Cc. of 20-% aqueous solut. tannin. Typhoid bacilli re-
quire addition of i Cc. of i-% solut. sodium hydrate; Bacil-
lus subtilis require 28 to 30 drops, and the bacilli of malignant
oedema require 36 to 37 drops. In case of cholera bacteria
add 0.5 to i drop H 2 SO 4 to the soda solution, and for Spirillum
rubrum add 9 drops. Cover-glass preparations are made and
fixed in the flame, then treated with above mordant and heated
for half a minute, after which they are washed in
distilled water and then in alcohol. Stain by treating in a
similar manner with a sat. solut. fuchsine in aniline water, the
solut. being preferably neutralized to point of precipitation
by cautiously adding o.i-% NaOH solut. 2. Gallic-acid
solut. i in 4, 10 Cc.; cold sat. ferrous sulphate, 5 Cc.; and
alcoholic fuchsine solut., i Cc. Fischer's modification of this
consists of tannin solut. i in 10, 20 Cc.; ferrous-sulphate solut.
i in 2, 4 Cc.; and alcoholic solut. fuchsine, i Cc. The sec-
tions are macerated in this with heat, washed in water,
then stained with cone, aqueous solut. fuchsine. For further
details see Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1890,
p. 678.

Loeffler (MACERATING FLUID), a. To 10 Cc. of a 20-% aq.
solut. tannin add, drop by drop, aq. solut. ferrous sulphate
until solut. is deep violet. Then add 3 to 4 Cc. logwood in-
fusion (i : 8). If more logwood is added, a granular condi-
dition occurs, which renders the staining functions of the solut.
useless. The fluid is dark- violet for several davs, then grad-
ually changes to deep-black. The scum which develops on
the surface does not interfere with the solut. The addition
of 4 or $ Cc. of 5-% carbolic acid renders the solut. perma-
nent, and does not affect the macerating strength materially.
Keep solut. in well-stoppered bottles, b. Tannin solut.
(20-%) 10 Cc.; sat. solut. ferrous sulphate, 5 Cc.; aqueous or
alcoholic solut. fuchsine, methyl violet, or wool black, i Cc.

184 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

toeffler (WEAK ALKALINE ANILINE WATER). Add i Cc. of a
i-% solut. NaOH to 100 Cc. saturated aniline water.

Loeffler (SOLUTION). Cone, alcoholic solut. methylene blue,
30 Cc.; solut. potassium hydrate (i: 10,000), 100 Cc. Mix
and filter shortly before use. Stain sections for a few minutes
(tubercle sections for some hours), and remove excess of stain
by immersion for a few seconds in 5-% acetic acid. Dehy-
drate in absolute alcohol, clear in cedar oil, and mount in
balsam.

Loew (CREATIN). On treatment with ammoniacal copper crea-
tin is oxidized to oxalic acid and methylguanidin.

Loewe (GLUCOSE). Solut. of 16 Gm. copper sulphate in 64 Gm.
water with 80 Cc. soda lye (sp. gr. 1.34) and 6 to 8 Gm. of glyc-
erin (gradually added to avoid heating), gives with glucose or
diabetic urine a red ppt. upon warming. For quantitative
estimation the reagent is prepared as follows: 15.621 Gm. of
cupric hydroxide (from 40 Gm. of crystallized copper sulphate)
are warmed while still moist, with 30 Gm. of glycerin, 80 Cc.
soda lye (sp. gr. 1.34), and 160 Cc. water until dissolved, and
sufficient water added to make whole measure 1155 Cc. 10
Cc. of this solut. correspond to 0.05 Gm. glucose. See Fchl-
ing's solution.

Loewenthal (GLUCOSE). Solut. of 60 Gm. tartaric acid, 240 Gm.
of sodium carbonate, and 5 Gm. crystallized ferric chloride in
500 Cc. hot water gives with glucose solut. or diabetic urine a
brown ppt. when boiled with it.

Loewenthal (HYDROCHLORIC ACID). Lead peroxide liberates
chlorine in solutions containing free hydrochloric acid and
chlorides (other than those of iron and tin).

Longi (NITRIC ACID). An aqueous solut. paratoluidine sul-
phate gives with a solut. containing HNO 3 on the addition of an
equal volume of cone. H 2 SO 4 a red zone, which later changes
to yellow. In the presence of chlorates, bromates, iodates,
chromates, and permanganates, a blue color develops. Ni-
trous acid gives a yellow color afterwards changing into red.

Loof (MORPHINE). Froehde's reagent in different strengths yields
different reactions with morphine. A solut. 0.05 to o.i Gm.
ammonium molybdate in i Cc. H 2 SO 4 yields a dark-lilac color
changing to a permanent blue. A solut. of o.ooi Gm. salt in

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 185

i Gm. H 2 S0 4 gives first a lilac, then a dirty greenish-blue be-
coming yellowish by degrees. A solut. of o.oi Gm. molyb-
date in i Cc. acid causes a dark-lilac, then dirty-brown grad-
ually becoming green.

Loubian (!NDICAN). Modification of Hammarsten's reaction,,
in which hydrogen dioxide is substituted for calcium hypo-
chlorite to convert indican into indigo. Two Cc. urine are.
mixed with an equal volume chloroform and i Cc. of 5- to io-%
solut. hydrogen dioxide. Cone. HC1, 2 Cc., is then added,,
and the mixture warmed and well shaken; the presence of
indican is shown by the deep-blue color of chloroform layer.

Lovett (CEMENT). Grind very fine and mix dry 2 parts white-
lead, 2 parts red lead, and 3 parts litharge. Keep powder in a
bottle, and when required for use mix a little with japanner's,
gold size to consistency of paint.

Lowe (CRYSTALLIZABLE PHENOLS IN " CARBOLIC" DISINFEC-
TANTS). Distil 100 Cc. in two fractions, the first containing-
all the water and 10 per cent, of the oils, the second 62.5 per
cent. This fraction is cooled, a crystal of phenol added, and
the rise in temperature on crystallization taken with a delicate*
thermometer. From this the quantity of phenol present is.
deduced.

Lowit (GOLD METHOD). Place small pieces of fresh skin in
formic acid (sp. gr. 1.12) diluted with an equal bulk water, and
when epidermis peels off transfer to 1.5- or i-% gold-chloride
solut. for 15 minutes; next treat, in the dark, with dilute
formic acid (i part with i to 3 of water) for 24 hours, and sub-
sequently for a smiliar length of time with undiluted formic
acid. Thin sections are then cut and mounted in dammar or
glycerin.

Luchini (VERATRINE). Solut. potassium bichromate in hot cone.
H 2 SO 4 gives with veratrine a yellow color.

Luchsinger (GLYCERIN IN URINE). The alcoholic extract has, a
sweet taste, dissolves copper hydrate in presence of soda-lye ^
and on distillation with potassium bisulphate yields acrolein.

Luck (CARBON DISULPHIDE IN MUSTARD OIL). Distil oil in a
water-bath and add to distillate alcoholic potassa solut., a
slight excess acetic acid, and copper-sulphate solut. A lemon-
yellow ppt. indicates presence of carbon disulphide.

1 86 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Luck (INDICATOR). Phenolphtalein Colorless with acids; pur-
plish-red with alkalies.

LudWig (ALCOHOL). See Otto's test.

Ludwig (ANILINE). Add phenol and solut. sodium hypochlorite
to aqueous solut. a dark-blue develops, changed to red by
HC1.

Ludwig (MERCURY IN URINE). The mercury is pptd. on metal-
lic zinc or copper, and the amalgam heated in a capillary tube,
the sublimed and evolved mercury being then identified by
conversion into red iodide.

Ludwig (POTASSIUM CHLORATE IN VOMIT). Add acetic acid,
boil for i minute, filter, evaporate to small bulk, and set aside.
Collect crystals and dry with blotting paper. Treat crystals
with warm dil. HC1 chlorine gas is evolved.

Luebimoff (BOROFUCHSINE). To 20 Cc. dist. water add 0.5 Gm.
boric acid, then add 15 Gm. absolute alcohol; when dissolved
add 0.5 Gm. fuchsine, and agitate.

Luebimoff (LEPRA BACILLUS STAIN). Stain section to 24
hours in borax-fuchsine, then place in H 2 SO 4 (1:5) for a few
seconds till dark-brown color changes to yellow-brown, then
wash in alcohol, place in oil, and mount in balsam.

Luebimoff (TUBERCLE DOUBLE STAIN). Stain 24 hours in cold
borax-fuchsine solut., decolorize in H 2 SO 4 (1:5). Decolor-
ization is not as rapid as with lepra bacilli (differentia-
tion).

Luecke (HIPPURIC ACID). Heat residue obtained by boiling to
dryness a mixture of hippuric acid and cone. HNO 3 a strong,
odor of nitrobenzene develops.

Luedy (UREA). Add excess of orthonitro-benzaldehyde to
alcoholic solut., evaporate to dryness; wash residue twice or
thrice with warm alcohol, and boil it with a solut. of phenyl-
hydrazine hydrochlorate and 5 to 10 drops io-% H 2 SO 4
urea causes a redness.

Luff (URic ACID IN BLOOD). Fresh blood is allowed to flow
direct into its own volume rectified spirit, with which it is
thoroughly agitated; the mixture is then evaporated on water-
bath until the mass can be reduced to a coarse powder, which
is dried in the water-oven and afterwards finely powdered.
The admixture of the blood with the spirit precipitates the

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 187

albuminous matters in a granular form, so that when dried
the blood can be reduced with ease to a fine powder. One
part of the dried blood is taken as being equal to five parts of
liquid blood. For the extraction and estimation of uric acid
in blood, from 50 to 100 Gm. of the powdered blood should, if
possible, be taken. The extraction is effected by adding 100
Gm. powdered blood to a liter boiling distilled water, and
allowing the mixture to boil for half an hour, during which
time it is frequently agitated. It is then filtered, first through
glass-wool, and afterwards through filter-paper, and evapo-
rated down to 50 Cc.; this liquid is filtered, allowed to cool,
and then submitted to the Gowland-Hopkins process for the
determination of uric acid. See the Journal of Pathology and
Bacteriology, 1893, i, p. 451.

Lugol (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Iodine, 2 Gm.; potassium iodide,
3 Gm.; water, 250 Gm.; glacial acetic acid, 250 Gm.

Lugol (INJECTION). Iodine, 1.2 Gm.; potassium iodide, 1.8 Gm.
water, to make 30 Gm.

Lugol (STAINING BACTERIA). Iodine, i; potassium iodide, 2;
water, 300 (or Gram's iodine solut.). Bacteria are stained in
a solut. made by shaking 15 drops aniline with 15 Cc. water,
filtering, and adding 4 or 5 drops gentian-violet solut. After
staining, they are immersed in the iodine solut., then in ab-
solute alcohol until decolorization. Certain bacilli (e. g., an-
thrax) retain the color; others (cholera, typhoid, bacterium
coli) are decolorized.

Lunge (BICARBONATES IN CARBONATES). To a weighed quan-
tity of solid bicarbonate add excess semi-normal NH 3 followed
by excess of barium chloride. The whole is made up to a
known volume and a definite portion filtered through a dry
filter. This is then titrated with normal acid. Alkalinity
indicated represents the carbon dioxide existing as bicarbon-
ate in the quantity of liquid taken.

Lunge (INDICATORS), i . Tropoeolin or methyl-orange changed
from yellow to crimson by mineral acids, but indifferent to
carbon dioxide and sulphuretted hydrogen. 2. Phenacetolin
obtained by heating for several hours i equivalent each of
carbolic, sulphuric, and glacial acetic acids color changed
from brown to red by

1 88 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Lunge (NITROUS ACID). Depends upon Griess reaction (q. v.)
with sulphanilic acid and alpha-naphtylamine, which, ac-
cording to Lunge, are kept on hand dissolved in dilute acetic
ae'd. Solut. containing nitrous acid is colored red by this
reagent. For quantitative determinations employ:

Lunge- Lwoff (NITROUS ACID). Colorimetric test carried out
by means of solut. o.i Gm. alpha-naphtylamine in 100 Cc.
water, 5 Cc. glacial acetic acid, and i Gm. sulphanilic acid, in
100 Cc. water. Normal solut. contains o.oi Mg. nitrogen from
nitrites per Cc. (0.0493 ^ m - sodium nitrite dissolved in 100 Cc.
water, and 10 Cc. of this solut. diluted to 100 Cc. with cone.
H 2 SO,). Place in each of two cylinders i Cc. reagent and 40
Cc. water, then add to the one 5 Gm. sodium acetate, and
i Cc. noimal solut. of substance; to the other, 6 Cc. solut. to
be tested compare the colors.

Lunge-Lwoff (NITRIC ACID IN PRESENCE OF NITROUS ACID).
Colorimetric determination by means of a solut. of 0.2 Gm.
brucine in 100 Cc. pure cone. H 2 SO 4 . Mix i Cc. normal solution
(10 Cc. solut. of 0.0721 Gm. KNO S in 100 Cc. water are diluted
to 100 Cc. with cone. H 2 SO 4 ) and i Cc. solution to be tested
each with i Cc. brucine solut. Make both up to 50 Cc., with
cone. H 2 SO 4 , heat to 70 or 80 C., cool, and after solutions have
acquired a sulphur-yellow color, compare intensities of colors
in suitable test-tubes. The above normal solut. contains o.oi
Mg. nitrogen from nitrates in i Cc.

Lustgarten (CHLOROFORM). Add a solut. alpha- or beta-naphtol
in potassa solut. to liquid and warm a blue color develops.
Reaction also afforded by chloral.

Lustgarten (!ODOFORM). i .-^Upon warming i or 2 drops of an
iodoform solut. with a little phenol and KOH, a red ppt. forms,
and which yields a red solut. with alcohol. 2. Dissolve o.i
Gm. resorcin and a piece of sodium in 5 Cc. alcohol. Five drops
of the resulting green solut. are mixed with an ethereal iodo-
form solut., and the ether cautiously evaporated a cherry-
red color results, destroyed by acids, but restorable by alkalies.

Lustgarten (!/EPRA-BACILLUS STAIN). Stain with aniiine- water
fuchsine or gentian- violet, and decolorize in i-% solut. chlo-
rinated soda for some time, then rinse thoroughly in water.
Tubercle bacilli are decolorized earlier than lepra bacilli.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. I9

Lustgarten (NAPHTOLS). Alpha- and beta-naphtol dissolved
in alcoholic potassa solut. and warmed with chloroform to 50
C. yield clear, blue soluts. reddened by acids. See Wolffs
test.

Xustgarten (STAINING SYPHILIS BACILLI). Place sections in
gentian-violet aniline water (see Koch-Ehrlich method) at the
ordinary temperature for 12 to 24 hours, then for 2 hours at
40 C. Next transfer to absolute alcohol for a few minutes,
then place for 10 seconds in a 1.5-% potassium-permanganate
solut. and afterwards wash in sulphurous acid. If ground sub-
stance of sections not completely decolorized, repeat second
part of process, then dehydrate, clear, and mount in balsam.

lutesch (STAINING FLAGELLA). Mordant with freshly pre-
pared solut. ferric acetate, to each 16 Cc. of which 5 to 10 drops
acetic acid have been added, then wash in water, treat with
20-% acetic acid, again thoroughly wash, and finally stain
with a hot solut. fuchsine or gentian- violet in aniline water.

Luttke (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Yellow
color of tropaeolin OO is changed to red by free acid. See
Ric gel's test and Boas' test.

Lutz (MicRociiEMiCAL REAGENT). Add NH 3 to a sat. solut.
methyl green in 90-% alcohol until decolorization , then add
acetic acid by drops till ppt. just redissolved. Macerate sec-
tions in the solut., then transfer after a few minutes to water
acidulated with acetic acid. Green color rapidly develops and
becomes localized on elements just like fuchsine, but weaker;
it is intensified on lightly warming sections. Reagent is
adapted for use by artificial light.

Lutz (TANNINS IN DRUGS). Copper sulphate, 2 Gm,; ammonia
water, sufficient to just dissolve ppt. ; water, to make 100 Gm.
Immerse drug in solut. for several hours, make sections, which
wash well with water and imbed in glycerin-gelatin or Canada
balsam. Tannins then appear dark -brown to black, and may
be readily distinguished.

Lutz-Unna (LEPRA-BACILLUS DOUBLE STAIN). Iodide-para-
rosaniline method. Stair in heated dil. aniline-water gentian-
violet solut. till section dark-blue violet, then carry from one
to other of following, allowing a few minutes to each: Solut.
KI, absolute alcohol containing lo-to 50-% HNO 8 , then pure

19 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

absolute alcohol, Repeat process several times (omitting KI
at last) till section is only bluish-green or slate color, then clear
in thymol or olive oil, and mount in balsam.

Lux (FATTY OILS IN MINERAL OILS). In a paraffin bath kept at
from 200 to 210 C., heat for 15 minutes two samples of oil
contained in test-tubes, to one of which some of NaOH has been
added, to the other a few fragments of metallic sodium. Even
if specimen contains only 2% fatty oil, one or the other sam-
ple, but generally both, will solidify and form a stiff mass.

Lux (INDICATOR). The colorless alcoholic solu',. of flavescin, an
extract from oakwood, is turned yellow by alkalies, and decol-
orized by acids.

Lyon (MIXTURE FOR EXTRACTING STRYCHNINE AND BRUCINE).
Three volumes ether, and i volume of a mixture of 88 Cc.
chloroform, 12 Cc. alcohol, and 2 Cc. ammonia.

Lythgoe (ANILINE ORANGE IN MILK). Mix 15 Cc. milk and 15
Cc. HC1 (sp. gr. i. 20) in a casserole, and gently shake to cause
thorough mixing and breaking up of curd into coarse lumps
if aniline orange present in milk, curd will be pink; if no color-
ing matter present, curd will be white or yellowish.

Mack (STRYCHNINE). With H 2 S() 4 and Mn0 2 , strychnine gives a
dark blue color, changing to violet, pink and yellow.

MacLagan (COCAINE). Treat 50 Cc. of an approximately o.i-%
solut. of a cocaine salt with 2 to 3 drops of NH 3 , and rub
vigorously walls of the glass vessel with a glass rod pure
cocaine separates out in crystals ; a milky turbidity indicates
presence of amorphous alkaloids (isatropyl-cocaine).

MacMunn (!NDICAN). Modification of Hammarsten's reaction.
Boil equal volumes urine and HC1 with a few drops HNO 3 , cool,
and shake with chloroform last becomes violet, and shows
indigo absorption bands.

MacWilliam (ALBUMIN). A cone, aqueous solut. of salicyl-sul-
phonic acid gives a white ppt. with albumin, globulin, myosin,
and derived albumins. With albumoses, the ppt. dissolves
on heating; peptones give no ppt. except in solut. saturated
with ammonium sulphate. See Rock's test.

Magini (STAIN FOR NERVOUS CENTRES). Improved Golgi's
method. Harden cubes measuring 2 or 3 Cm. for 2 or 3
months in Miiller's solut., then wash well with distilled water,

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 191

and place in o.i- to i-% solut. ZnCl 2 . Change solut. for
fresh every day for 7 to 10 days until it ceases to become
more yellow than bichromate solut., then cut sections, wash
quickly with alcohol, imperfectly clear with creosote, and
mount in dammar.

Magnanini-Ciamician (SKATOL). See Ciamician-Magnanini.

Magnier de la Source (URIC ACID). Triturate sediment from
urine with water, add a few drops of bromine water, and evap-
orate if uric acid is present residue is brick-red; on dissolv-
ing it in KOH solut. a blue color results; with NH 3 solut. is
purple.

Mahomed (HEMOGLOBIN IN URINE). Dip blotting-paper in urine,
dry over alcohol-lamp, drop on 2 drops tinct. guaiac, evap-
orate off alcohol, and let i drop of ozonized ether fall on spot
a blue color develops.

Mahrenthal, Von- (STAIN). See Lcc's osmic-acid and pyrogallol
stain.

Maier (IODINE). A blue color develops on adding a very dilute
solut. KI to a solut. of an iodide mixed with starch paste and
H 2 SO 4 .

Maier (TURPENTINE IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Note optical behavior
of oils in a polarizing apparatus. See Am. Joitrn. Pharm.,
xxxvii, p. 338.

Mai-Hilger (COLORING IN URINE). See Hilger-Mai.

Maisch (CROTON OIL) Treat oils suspected to contain croton
oil with alcoholic potassa solut., add water and HC1 to sepa-
rated alkaline layer, and apply oil which separates to the
skin a peculiar eruption results if croton oil present.

Maisch (CURCUMA). See Maisch' s test for turmeric. Also see
Howie's test.

Maisch (ESSENTIAL OILS). Note the appearance: (i) on letting
i drop bromine fall upon 5 drops oil in a watch-glass; (2) on
adding 5 drops ethereal solut. of bromine (ether 5, bromine i)
to 5 drops oil. See Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 1859, p. 338.

Maisch (NITROBENZENE IN ALMOND OIL), i. Shake 2 or 3 Cc. of
the oil with half its weight fused KOH a reddish-yellow color
develops, which quickly changes to green; on adding water a
green layer separates and turns red within twenty-four hours.
2. Dissolve i part oil in 12 of alcohol, add 9 KOH (? solut.)

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

and evaporate to about 14 parts if oil pure, the residue is
brownish-red, contains no crystals, and dissolves in water;
with nitro-benzene it is crystalline and insoluble in water.

Maisch (QUININE). A voluminous crystalline but jelly-like ppt.
is thrown down on adding a cone, solut. of an alkaline acetate
to a solut. of quinine sulphate.

Maisch (TURMERIC IN RHUBARB). Shake rhubarb powder for one
or two minutes with absolute alcohol, and filter off liquid;
yellow filtrate is turned brown with cone, solut. of borax, and
the color becomes only a little lighter on adding HC1, if tur-
meric present. With pure rhubarb, the acid at once changes
the color to light yellow. See Howie's test.

Malassez (AMMONIA-CARMINE). See Ranvier's ammonia-carmine.

Malerba (ACETONE). Fluids (such as urine) containing acetone
are colored red by dimethyl-paraphenylene-diamine solut.
The spectrum of the red solut. is similar to that of oxyhemo-
globin.

Mallet (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). Add solut. sodium sali-
cylate to vinegar if considerable mineral acid present, sali-
cylic acid will ppt. out. With very small quantities of acids,
however, no ppt. forms.

Maly ( DILI RUBIN). Bromine gives colors similar to those af-
forded by HNO 3 in Gmelin's test (q. v.).

Maly (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Violet
color of methylene blue is changed to green.

Maly (URIC ACID). Dilute, faintly alkaline solut. of a urate
remains clear on adding ammoniacal AgN0 3 . On adding an
ammoniacal magnesia solut., however, a flocculent or gelatin-
ous ppt. forms.

Mandel (PRECIPITANT FOR PROTEIDS). A 5-% solut. chromic
acid forms a delicate reagent for albuminoids; a turbidity
results with a dilution of i part albumin in 50,000 parts
water. If solut. first acidulated with acetic or citric acid, the
ppt. subsides very rapidly. A TO-% solut. chromic acid may
be used instead of nitric acid for Heller's zone reaction for albu-
min. See also Zuclzcr's test.

Mandelin (ALKALOIDS). Solut. of i Gm. ammonium vanadate in
200 Cc. cone. H 9 S0 4 . Reagent yields brown, red, or green
colors with alkaloids.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 193

Mandelin (STRYCHNINE). Mix little strychnine in a watch-glass
with a few drops i-% solut. sodium vanadate in cone. H 2 SO 4 .
On appearance of a dark color, tilt glass to allow fluid to run
off residue develops a beautiful blue color, changing to ver-
milion and reddish-yellow. On addition of a little alkali a
permanent pink to purple color develops.

Manfred! (GOLD METHOD). Treat fresh tissues with i-% solut.
gold chloride for 30 minutes, then with 0.5-% oxalic-acid
solut.; warm in water to 36 C., cool, and mount in glycerin.

Mangin (CELLULOSE), i. Microscopical section is first mac-
erated in a solut. of iodine, 0.5; potassium iodide, 1.5; water,
100 ; and H 2 S0 4 (2 volumes of cone, acid to i of water) is then
added. Cellulose is indicated by a blue color. Section may
be treated directly with one of the following solutions: (i)
Zinc chloride, 20; iodine, 1.3; potassium iodide, 6.5; water,
10.5; or (2) with sat. calcium-chloride solut., 10; potassium
iodide, 0.5; iodine, o.i; or (3) with cone, phosphoric acid, 25;
potassium iodide, 0.5, and a few crystals of iodine. 2. Solut.
of free iodine in iodic acid ; section is dipped in water or alco-
hol, then dried, a few drops reagent added, and the preparation
washed in water. Cellulose is colored black.

Mangini (ALKALOIDS). Potassium iodide, 3 parts; bismuth
iodide, 16 parts; HC1, 3 parts. Reagent yields brown ppts.
with solution of alkaloids. See Dragendorff 's test. Above
reagent has the advantage over the latter of not becoming tur-
bid when mixed with water.

Mann (ALBUMIN FIXATIVE). Shake i volume egg albumin with
10 volumes distilled water, and filter twice through same paper.
Spread filtered liquid on clear slides, which then leave to drain
and dry. Float sections to be mounted in warm water (40
C.), arrange on slides passed beneath them, place slides for 5
minutes on a stove heated to 35 C., and then treat with
xylene and alcohol.

Mann (OSMIC-ACID MIXTURE FOR NERVE CENTERS). Mix equal
volumes i-% solut. osmic acid and sat. solut. mercuric chlo-
ride in normal salt solut. (0.75-%).

Mann (PICRO-TANNIN MIXTURES), i. Dissolve i part picric
acid with (or without) i part tannin in 200 parts sat. solut.
mercuric chloride in normal salt solut. (0.75-%). 2. Abso-

194 TESTS 4ND REAGENTS.

lute alcohol, 100 Cc.; picric acid, 4 Gm.; mercuric chloride, 15
Gm.; tannin, 6 to 8 Gm. 3. Mercuric chloride, 12 Gm. ; so-
dium chloride, 0.75 Gm. ; picric acid, i Gm.; tannin, i Gm.;
water, 1,000 Gm.

Mann (WATER IN ALCOHOL, AIR, ETC.) Triturate i part molyb-
dic acid with 2 parts citric acid, fuse, and when cool dis-
solve in water. Saturate filter-paper with solut. and dry at
1 00 C. This blue paper becomes white on absorption of
water when exposed to moist air, or when dipped into alcohol
or ether containing water.

Mann-Hefelmann (FLUORINE IN BEER). See Hcfclmann-
Mznn.

Manseau (CARBOLIC ACID). On addition of a few drops NH S
to an alcoholic solut. of carbolic acid followed by adding tinc-
ture of iodine, the iodine disappears at first rapidly, then more
slowly, and finally a greenish color is produced which remains
even on heating or after the addition of HC1. Under similar
conditions bccchwood crcoso c and guaiacol give a brownish-
green color (the more phenol the creosote contains the more
distinctly green is the color); thymol gives a brick-red; rcsor-
cin, a color like that of old cognac; naphtol, a citron -yellow ;
pyrocatechin, a "catechu"; pyrogallol, a black; hydroqui-
nonc, a reddish-brown; orcin, a violet; salicylic acid, a yel-
lowish-green, passing to brown, with the formation of appt.
In presence of NaOH or KOH a yellowish, not green, color is
produced, with formation of a ppt.

Mansier (CAMPHOR IN SPIRIT CAMPHOR). Add water to en-
tirely ppt. camphor, then add cone, solut. chloral hydrate until
camphor all redissolved. Quantity of solut. used is an index
of the quantity of camphor present.

Marchand (CINCHONA ALKALOIDS). Note effects of nascent
oxygen from lead peroxide and H 2 SO 4 . See Am. Journ.
Pharm., xvi, p. 198; xxx, p. 244.

Marchand (IODINE). A rose to violet color with dry starch, ex-
cess of HC1, and potassium bichromate results.

Marchand (OLIVE OIL). Note color reactions with H 2 SO 4 .

Marchand (ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER). Presence of sus-
pended organic matter is revealed on placing the water in a
flask surrounded by black paper in which two rectangular

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 195

apertures are cut so as to be opposite, and passing a beam of
light through the water.

Marchand (STRYCHNINE). Triturate strychnine with H 2 SO 4
containing i% HNO 3 , and add lead peroxide a blue color
develops which changes to violet, green, and yellow.

Marchal (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Add 2 or 3 drops tincture of
iodine to an acid or neutral urine if biliary pigments present
an emerald-green color appears. See Smith's test.

Mark (CHROMO-ACETO-OSMIC.ACID). 7.5 parts 2-% chromic
acid; 3.5 parts water; and i part glacial acetic acid. To 12
parts of this mixture add 8 parts i-% osmic-acid solution.

Marm (ALKALOIDS). Add to a boiling, cone, solut. of potas-
sium iodide (4 parts KI in 12 parts of water), cadmium iodide
to saturation (2 parts), and mix this with an equal volume of
a cold, sat. solut. of KI. The cone, solut. is permanent; a
weak one decomposes upon standing. With solutions of alka-
loids, this reagent yields white to yellowish ppts. See Dra-
gendorfj: " Ermittelung der Gifte "; Hager: "Pharm. Praxis."
Known also as Lepage's reagent. Vcrvcn modifies this by dis-
solving potassium iodide, 10; cadmium iodide, 5; in distilled
water, 100; live parts of the alkaloidal solut. slightly acidu-
lated are shaken with i Cc. reagent.

Marm6 (CADMIUM OR THALLIUM IN URINE). Potassium chlo-
rate and HC1 are added to the solut., which is then concen-
trated and electrolyzccl. The metal deposited on the plati-
num terminal is washed and spcctroscopically examined. It
is usually well to examine both cathode and anode.

Marque (SPARTEINE). Sparteine sulphate warmed with one-
third its weight of chromic acid yields a green color through
reduction of the acid. The penetrating odor of cicutin is
developed at the same time.

Marquis (MORPHINE). Reagent is a mixture of 10 Cc. H 2 SO 4 and
10 drops of cone, oxymethylsulphonic-acid solution.

Marsh (ARSENIC) Arseniuretted hydrogen (arsine) is produced
from solutions of arsenates or arsenites (which must, however,
be free from oxidizing agents) by pure zinc and dil. H 2 SO 4 . If
gas is passed through a red-hot glass tube, metallic arsenic is
deposited on the cold portion of the tube beyond the heated
part. Upon igniting the arsine and holding a cold porcelain

ig6 TESTS /1ND REAGENTS.

plate in the flame, metallic arsenic is deposited upon the plate.
(Concerning further tests, distinction from antimony, and
precautions to be observed in manipulation, see Frese-
niiis' "Qualitative Analysis," and Hager's "Pharm. Praxis."
Davy's modification consists in the use of sodium amalgam
instead of zinc and H 2 SO 4 . In Himmclmann's modification,
zinc, iron, and cone, ammonium-chloride solut. are used. In
Flcitmann's modification, zinc and caustic soda or potassa
liberate the gas.

Marsh (CHLORINE METHOD FOR BLEACHING SECTIONS). Gen-
erate chlorine from potassium chlorate and HC1, and pass gas
to bottom of vessel containing sections immersed in water.

Marsh (DECALCIFICATION MIXTURE). Dissolve 15 Gm. pure
chromic acid in 7 fl. oz. distilled water, and add 30 minims
HNO 3 . Macerate objects in this for 3 or 4 weeks, changing
fluid frequently.

Marsh (GELATIN CEMENT FOR GLYCERIN MOUNTS). Soak J
oz. Nelson's gelatin in water until swollen, then pour off ex-
cess of water, melt gelatin, and stir in 3 drops creosote. Use
cement warm; when rings set quite hard and dry, paint over
with solut. of 10 grains potassium bichromate in i fl. oz. water.
Subsequent exposure to light renders the gelatin insoluble
in water.

Marsh (INDICATOR). An infusion of dahlia petals, containing
4 fl. dr. H 2 SO 4 and 2 grs. mercuric chloride to the pint, is neu-
tralized with NH 3 . Alkalies turn the infusion green, and
acids change the color to red.

Martin (BENZOAZURIN STAIN). Immerse in a dil. aqueous solut.
of benzoazurin for an hour or so, and wash out with 70-% alco-
hol acidulated with 0.5 to i% HC1 (sp. gr. 1.16).

Martin (NITRIC ACID). A solution of diphenylamine in H 2 SO 4
and water gives a blue to black color when a liquid containing
nitric acid is added drop by drop.

Martin (PEPTONES IN URINE). Ppt. proteids with ammonium
sulphate, filter, and add to filtrate solut. copper sulphate and
NaOH rose-red color develops.

Martinotti (PICRO-NIGROSINE STAIN). Pathological objects are
stained for 2 or 3 hours or days in a sat. solut. of nigrosine in
sat. alcoholic picric-acid solut. Then wash out in a mixture

TESTS 4NP REAGENTS. 197

of i part formic acid with 2 parts alcohol until gray mattei
appears clearly differentiated from the white to the naked
eye.

Martinotti-Resegotti (SAFRANINE METHOD). Sections of alco-
hol-fixed material, lightly stained with safranine are differen-
tiated with a freshly prepared mixture of i part o.i-% aqueous
solut. chromic acid with 9 parts absolute alcohol, followed by
pure alcohol and bergamot oil. Elastic tissue is fixed by Mar-
tinotti in a chromic liquid, washed, stained for 48 hours in
Pfitzner's (5-%) safranine solut., again washed, dehydrated,
cleared, and mounted in balsam. The elastic fibers are stained
an intense black.

Maschke (CREATININE). Neutralize a creatinine solut. with
Na 2 CO 3 , or dissolve creatinine in a cold, sat. solut. Na 2 C0 3 ,
and add a few drops Fehling's solut. a white, amorphous,
flocculent ppt. forms (more rapidly on heating).

Maschke (GLUCOSE IN URINE). Dissolve crystallized sodium
tungstate 30, in 30-% acetic acid, 75, and water, 120. A black
deposit forms on adding to urine containing glucose one-third
its volume of the above solut., filtering if necessary, adding
half the volume of cone, soda solut. and a small fragment of
basic bismuth nitrate, then boiling.

Maschke (INDICATOR). An alcoholic solution of hematoxylin is
changed from brownish-yellow to purplish-red by alkalies.

Maschke (MOLYBDENUM). A blue color develops on placing 2
drops of H 2 SO 4 upon platinum foil, dusting upon the liquid a
little of the powdered substance containing molybdenum,
heating till vapors begin to escape, then cooling and breathing
upon the foil.

Maschke (NITROUS ACID IN WATER). Bluish color developed
on adding 6 to 10 drops dil. acetic acid, followed by i or 2 drops
of blue molybdic-acid solut., disappears within an hour if
nitrous acid present.

Maseau (PHENOL). On dissolving a few crystals phenol in i Cc.
alcohol and adding a few crops NH 3 followed by an alcoholic
solut. iodine, the latter is at first immediately decolorized, but
later the solut. acquires a sea-green color, not destroyed by
HC1 or heat, but destroyed by HNO, and H 2 SO 4 . For details
see MERCK'S REPORT, x, p. 365.

198 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Hasin (POTASSIO-MERCURIC IODIDE SOLUTION). Almost the
same as Mayer's reagent (q. v.).

Massart (HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE). See Ever ard-Demoor-M as-
sart.

Masset (BILIARY MATTER). A grass-green color develops on
adding 2 or 3 drops H 2 SO 4 and a crystal of potassium nitrite
to 2 Cc. of urine containing biliary matter, bee Gmeliris test.

Hassle (FIXED OILS). Note the color change on adding 5 Gm.
HNO 3 to 10 Cc. of oil, and stirring with a glass rod for two min-
utes. Then add i Gm. mercury, stir a few times during three
or four minutes, and note the color reactions.

Matthieu-Plessy (GLUCOSE; SUGAR; PYROGALLOL). Fuse to-
gether 54 parts ammonium nitrate, 34 parts lead nitrate, and
21 parts lead hydroxide. This mixture melts at 105 C.,
and affords with glucose a cherry-red color; with cane suga
a yellowish-brown color; with pyrogallol a chrome-green
color.

Maugin (TEXTILE FABRICS). Reagent for the microscopical
examination of textile fabrics is an ammoniacal ruthenium
oxy chloride (ruthenium-red).

Maule (LIGNIN). The section is soaked for about five minutes
in a i-% solut. of KMnO 4 in dist. water, and then
washed with water. The section is then soaked for 2 to 3
minutes in dilute HC1; after again washing in water, a drop of
dilute ammonia solut. is added to the section, when the 1igni-
fied tissue becomes colored a deep red, the non-lignified re-
maining clear and colorless.

Maumen (DIFFERENTIATING OILS). The rise in temperature
resulting when the oil and cone. H 2 SO 4 are mixed, is observed.
Drying oils evolve much more heat than non-drying ones.

Maumen6 (GLUCOSE)., i. Saturate white woolen threads with
a 33-% zinc-chloride solut. and dry. When moistened with
a solut. glucose and heated to 130 C., the threads are colored
brown or black. 2. Heat glucose solut. with stannous chlo-
ride a black-brown caramel-like ppt. forms.

Haupy (CASTOR OIL IN BALSAM COPAIVA OR CROTON OIL)
Heat TO Gm. suspected balsam or oil in a silver dish with excess
dry KOH, and stir until volatile oils dissipated. If castor oil
was present, odors of sebacic acid and caprylic alcohol are

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 199

noted, and two layers form, an upper resinous and a lower
white fluid. The latter is boiled with 50 Gm. dist. water, and
the solut. filtered. If any castor oil was present, sebacic acid
separates on cooling.

Mayenjon-Bergeret (ARSENIC). On exposing mercuric-chloride
paper to arseniuretted hydrogen, it is colored lemon-yellow to
light brown.

Mayer (AciD HEMALUM). See Mayer's Hemalum and Glyche-
nialum.

Mayer (ACIDULATED ALCOHOL). Add 3 volumes of pure HC1 to
97 volumes of 90-% alcohol in which is dissolved a small quan-
tity of picric acid.

Mayer (ALBUMIN FIXATIVE FOR SLIDES). Shake well together
50 Cc. egg albumin, 50 Cc. glycerin, and i Gm. sodium salicyl-
ate, then filter.

Mayer (ALCOHOLIC CARMINE), i. Boil 100 Gm. alcohol with
i or 2 drops HC1 and an excess of carmine, until a clear solution
is obtained, taking care that the carmine remains in excess.
2. Boil carmine, 4 Gm., water, 15 Cc. and HC1, 30 drops, until
the carmine is dissolved, then add 95 Cc. of 85-% alcohol and
neutralize by adding NH 3 until the carmine begins to pre-
cipitate.

Mayer (ALKALOIDS). Solut. potassio-mercuric iodide. Dis-
solve 13.546 mercuric chloride and 49.8 Gm. potassium iodide
in water and dilute to i liter, ^ith most alkaloids in slightly
acid solutions reagent yields whitish ppts. It may also be
used in quantitative determinations. Reagent is also known
as Dclfs, Planta's, Tanret's, and Winkler's reagents.

Mayer (ALUMINIUM-CHLORIDE CARMINE). Dissolve i Gm. car-
minic acid and 3 Gm. aluminium chloride in 200 Cc. water.

Mayer (BERLIN-BLUE INJECTION). Add solut. of 10 Cc. tincture
ferric chloride in 500 Cc. water to a solut. of 20 Gm. potassium
ferrocyanide in 500 Cc. water, allow to stand for 12 hours, de-
cant, wash deposit, for i or 2 days with distilled water, until
washings come through dark blue, then dissolve the blue in
about a liter water.

Mayer (BLEACHING METHOD). Place specimens in 70- to 90-%
alcohol and add potassium chlorate in crystals until the bot-
tom of the vessel is covered. Then add a few drops HC1 and

200 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

warm if necessary until chlorine begins to be evolved. HNO S
may be used instead of HC1, if desired.

Mayer (BLUING SECTIONS). After staining with hematoxylin,
treat sections for a few seconds with 0.5- to i-% potassium-
acetate solut.

Mayer (BORAX CARMINE). See Grenadier's alcoholic borax-
carmine.

Mayer (CARMALUM). Dissolve i Gm. carminic acid and 10
Gm. alum in 200 Cc. distilled water; decant or filter and add a
few crystals thymol, 0.1% salicylic acid, or 0.5% sodium
salicylate. A weaker solution contains 3 to 5 times as much
alum and 5 times as much water.

Mayer (COCHINEAL STAINS), i. Macerate i Gm. cochineal in
coarse powder for several days in 8 to 10 Cc. of 70-% alcohol,
stirring frequently. Filter before use. 2. Rub up in a mor-
tar 5 Gm. finely powdered cochineal, 5 Gm. calcium chloride,
and 0.5 Gm. aluminium chloride, then add 100 Cc. 50-% alco-
hol and 8 drops HNO 3 (sp. gr. 1.2), heat to boiling-point, cool,
leave standing for some days, with frequent agitation, and
filter. In using these stains, prepare and wash out objects
with alcohol of the same strength as that with which stain is
prepared.

Mayer (DESILICIFICATION PROCESS). Place objects in alcohol
contained in a glass vessel coated internally with paraffin, then
add hydrofluoric acid drop by drop until desilicification com-
plete, avoiding the fumes.

Mayer (HEMACALCIUM). Rub up together i Gm. hematein or
the ammonium salt (see below) and i Gm. aluminium chlo-
ride; add 10 Cc. glacial acetic acid and 600 Cc. 70-% alcohol,
and finally 50 Gm. calcium chloride.

Mayer (HEMALUM AND GLYCHEMALUM). Hemalum is prepared
by dissolving i Gm. of hematein or the ammonium salt (pre-
pared by dissolving i Gm. of hematoxylin with the aid of heat
in 20 Cc. distilled water, filtering if necessary, then adding i
Cc. NH 3 , sp. gr. 0.875, an d evaporating at the ordinary tem-
perature) in 50 Cc. of 90- % alcohol, and adding to a solut. of
50 Gm. alum in a liter distilled water. Allow to cool and
settle, filter if necessary, and add a crystal of thymol to pre-
serve from mold. Mayer's acid hemalum is the same with the

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 201

addition of 2% glacial acetic acid. Glychemalum is a mix-
ture of 0.4 Gm. of hematein, 5 Gm. alum, 30 Gm. glycerin, and
70 Gm. distilled water. The hematein is first dissolved in a
few drops glycerin.

Mayer (INDIGO-CARMINE WITH CARMINE OR HEMATEIN). Dis-
solve o.i Gm. indigo carmine in 50 Cc. distilled water or 5-%
alum solut., and combine with 4 to 20 volumes carmalum or
hemalum.

Mayer (MUCICARMINE FOR STAINING Mucus). Heat for 2 min-
utes, in a capsule over a small flame, i Gm. carmine with 0.5
Gm. aluminium chloride and 2 Cc. distilled water. Stir thor-
oughly until mixture becomes dark and thick, then add a little
50-% alcohol to dissolve the warm mass, and make up with
the alcohol to 100 Cc. Stand for 24 hours and filter.

Mayer (MUCIHEMATEIN FOR STAINING Mucus). Mix 0.2 Gm.
hematein with 40 Cc. glycerin, i Gm. aluminium chloride, and
60 Cc. water. Rub up hematein with a few drops glycerin
first. An alcoholic solut. may be prepared by dissolving he-
matein and aluminium chloride in 100 Cc. 70-% alcohol, with
or without addition of 2 drops of HNO 3 .

Mayer (PARACARMINE). Dissolve i Gm. carminic acid, 0.5 Gm.
aluminium chloride, and 4 Gm. calcium chloride in 100 Cc. of
70-% alcohol. Allow to settle and filter.

Mayer (PICRO-HYDROCHLORIC ACID). Mix 100 volumes distilled
water with 5 volumes HNO 3 (of 25-% N 3 O 6 ), and saturate
with picric acid.

Mayer (PICRO-NITRIC ACID). Mix 100 volumes distilled water
with 5 volumes HNO 3 (of 25-% N 2 O 5 ), and saturate mixture
with picric acid.

Mayer (PICRO-SULPHURIC ACID). Mix 100 volumes distilled
water with 2 volumes H 2 SO 4 , and dissolve in the mixture
0.25% picric acid, or enough to saturate.

Mayer (SHELLAC FIXATIVE). Heat powdered white shellac with
crystallized carbolic acid till it dissolves, and filter warm solut.
Or coat warm slides with a thin and even film of a moderately
strong solut. brown shellac in absolute alcohol, and allow to
dry. Sections are arranged on the dry film and gently pressed
down on it, then exposed to vapor of ether. See Giesbrecht's
method.

202 7575 AND REAGENTS.

Mayrhofer-Donath (GLYCERIN). See Donath-Mayrhofer.

Maysel (BISMARCK-BROWN STAIN). Dissolve dye in acetic
acid. According to Lee, solut. does not give a permanent
stain.

Mazzara (GLUCOSE). A green ppt. forms on heating the liquid
with nickel chloride in presence of a little KOH.

McClellan Forney (ALCOHOL AND TURPENTINE IN ESSENTIAL
OILS). Mix five drops of the oil with i drop iodine pentabro-
mide. For details see Am. Journ. Pharm., 1882, p. 546.

Jlecke (ALKALOIDS AND GLUCOSIDES). Solut. of selenous acid i,
in cone. H 2 SO 4 200, gives various color reactions with alkaloids
and glucosides when used hot or cold, as follows: A com tine 9
amorph cold, colorless, or yellowish; hot, light brownish-
violet. Aconitine, cryst. cold or hot, colorless. Apomor-
phinc cold, dark bluish- violet ; hot, gradually dark-brown.
Atr "opine hot or cold, colorless or almost so. Brucinc cold,
yellowish-red; hot, lemon-yellow. Caffeine cold or hot,
colorless. Cocaine cold, colorless; hot, reddish-yellow. Co-
deine cold, blue, changing to emerald-green and olive; hot,
steel-blue, then brown. Colchicinc cold, lemon-yellow; hot,
yellowish-brown. Coniine cold or hot, colorless. Delphi-
nine cold, deep reddish-brown; hot, brown. Digitalin
cold, yellow, then red, gradually fading; hot, bluish- violet,
then brown. Morphine cold, blue, then bluish- or olive-green;
hot, brown. Narceine cold, faint greenish-yellow, then vio-
let; hot, dark- violet. Narcotine cold, greenish steel-blue,
then cherry-red; hot, cherry-red. Nicotine cold or hot, yel-
lowish. Papaverine cold, greenish steel-blue, then violet;
hot, dark- violet. Physostigmine cold, brownish-yellow; hot,
faint brownish-red. Picrotoxin cold, almost colorless; hot,
yellowish-brown. Quinine cold, colorless; hot, light-brown.
Solanine cold, reddish-yellow; hot, grayish-brown. Strych-
nine cold or hot, colorless. Thebaine cold, deep orange,
gradually paling; hot, dark-brown. Vcratrinc cold, lemon-
yellow then olive-green; hot, brownish- violet.

Medicus (SALICYLIC ACID IN MILK). Add NaOH to the milk,
and shake out fat with ether. Acidulate with HC1, and shake
out again with ether, which removes the salicylic acid, then
readily recognized by ferric chloride and other usual reactions.

TESTS AHD REAGENTS. 203

!Mehu (ALBUMIN). In applying this test add i Cc. reagent (phe-
nol i, acetic acid i, 90-% alcohol 2) to 10 Cc. liquid, after add-
ing 5 Cc. of crude HNO 3 ; then shake well and allow to
deposit. The acid may be advantageously replaced by 5 Cc.
of sat. sodium-sulphate solut. A flocculent ppt. is thrown
down.

Hein (ABSINTHIN). Dissolves in H 2 SO 4 with a brownish color,
which soon turns greenish-blue and becomes dark-blue on
adding water.

JUelassez (SOLUTION FOR PREPARING TEICHMANN'S HEMIN
CRYSTALS). Fluid having the specific gravity of blood (1.050
to 1.057); consists of 3.75 parts mucilage of acacia, 1.875 parts
sodium sulphate, 1.03 parts sodium chloride, and 100 parts
water.

Meldola (NITROUS ACID). A solut. of 0.5 Gm. para-amidoben-
zene-azodimethyl aniline in i liter of dil. HC1. A few drops
added to fluid to be examined, followed by a few drops HCl
and subsequently by NH 3 , develops a blue color in presence of
nitrites; reagent keeps well for an indefinite period, contrast-
ing in this respect favorably with Griess phenylenediamine
solut.

Melzer (ALKALOIDS, GLUCOSIDES, ETC.). Add i drop 20-%
solut. benzaldehyde (in absolute alcohol) to trace of substance
in watch-glass standing on white paper, and then add i drop
cone. H 2 SO 4 . Following color reactions are obtained: Picro-
toxin violet-red, first seen as bands of color, on adding water
color disappears ; colchicine and cantharidin no characteristic
color, but simply yellow solution; digitalin unsightly yel-
lowish-brown color, and the particles become brown; coniine,
nicotine, bntcine, strychnine, papavcrine, narcotine, atropine,
hyoscyamine , narceine, cocaine ,and aconitine (in small quantity)
no characteristic reactions. With considerable aconitine
results like those of digitalin are obtained: veratrinc color
like that given by H 2 S0 4 alone; codeine yellowish to blood-
red color; thebaine particles present appearance of dark-
brown specks; delphinine reddish -brown striae; emetine
small traces no characteristic reaction, but large traces dark-
brown striae; apomorphinc almost no color; morphine red
or yellowish-red striae or colors.

204 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Mene (PHENOL). Bromine water gives a yellowish-white ppt.
with carbolic acid.

Merck (OPIUM). Treat with KOH solution and shake with
ether, then clip a strip of filter paper into ethereal solut.,
moisten with HC1, and expose to vapor of boiling water. The
paper should then turn red.

Merget (MERCURY). i. Expose a strip of filtering paper
moistened with ammoniacal silver-nitrate solut. and dried, to
mercury vapor, which produces a black stain. 2. Dip a
copper wire in the liquid containing mercury, dry with filter-
paper, and wrap up in tissue paper moistened with ammon-
iacal silver-nitrate solut. The mercury produces a black stain
in this case also. 3. A piece of gold-foil upon which metallic
mercury has been ppt. by stannous chloride from urine con-
taining corrosive sublimate, is wrapped up first in tissue paper,
and then in filter-paper that had previously been saturated
with an ammoniacal silver solut. and dried. If mercury pres-
ent a brown color develops in a few minutes on the inside of the
filter-paper. To detect presence of mercurial vapor, lines
are drawn on filter-paper with a glass rod moistened with an
ammoniacal silver-nitrate solut. These are darkened by mer-
curial vapor.

Merget (MOISTURE). Test depends upon the use of salts which,
like palladious chloride and mercurous chloride, show different
colors when moist or drv. See Mann's test.

Merget (TEST-PAPER FOR CARBON MONOXIDE, OZONE, ETC.).
Paper impregnated with palladious-chloride solut. (contain-
ing 5% metallic Pd) gives a black color with carbon monox-
ide, H 2 S, ozone, methane, ethane, and illuminating gas.

Merkel (CHROMIC ACID AND PLATINIC CHLORIDE). Mix equal
volumes of i : 400 solut. chromic acid and i : 400 solut. platinic
chloride. Objects are left in this for several hours or days
to harden, then washed in 50- to 70-% alcohol.

Merkel (FIXING SOLUTION). Chromic-acid solut. 0.25-%, i
part, platinum-chloride solut. 0.25-%, i part. The solut.
takes a long time to act. but the preparations stain well.

Mermet (CARBONIC OXIDE). The following solutions must be
freshly prepared: a. Silver nitrate 2 or 3 Gm., water 1,000
Cc. b. A few drops HN0 8 (free from HC1 or chloride) added

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 205

to i liter boiling water, then permanganate solut. added until
permanent red color. In this, after cooling, i Gm. perman-
ganate is dissolved. Reagent is prepared by mixing 20 Cc. a
with i Cc. b and i Cc. HNO^, and diluting with distilled water
to 50 Cc. Reagent is decolorized by CO and b} H 2 S.

Mermet (SULPHOCARBONATES). Diluted (almost colorless) am-
moniacal solut. nickel sulphate or chloride give** a currant-red
color with sulpho- carbonates.

Merz (FIXED OILS). On mixing an adulterated oil with an
equal volume pure oil and gently shaking, the mixture appears
streaky.

Merz (OLIVE OIL). One of two samples of olive oil is heated to
250 C. The heated sample, if pure, will appear much paler
than the other.

Merz (PHOSPHORIC ACID). Place a drop of liquid containing
free phosphoric acid (or a little of dry substance mixed with
H 2 SO 4 ) in a loop of platinum wire, and hold close to lower part
of a hydrogen flame latter is colored green.

Merz (TURPENTINE IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Pure oils become
milky on shaking with an equal volume poppy-seed oil, but
remain clear if they contain turpentine.

Mesnard (ALBUMINS). Treat with glycerin containing sugar,
and expose to fumes from cone. HC1.

Messinger (ACETONE). Solutions containing acetone yield iodo-
form on treatment with iodine and NaOH. For quantitative
estimation, either the iodoform is weighed (Kramer), or the
excess of iodine titrated (Messinger).

Metzger (COCAINE). Dil. aqueous solutions of cocaine salts
after acidulating with HC1 yield orange-yellow ppts. with
potassium chromate.

Meyer (COD-LIVER OIL). Pure cod-liver oil when shaken with
y 1 ^ its volume of a mixture of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (i : i), is first
colored rose-red, then lemon-yellow. Other fish oils either
do not exhibit the color so clearly, or yield a brownish- violet
color.

Meyer (FURFUROL IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID). Add a few
drops solut. AgNO s and warm on water-bath for J hour
if furfurol present, metallic Ag. pptd. A trace of furfurol does
not, however, give the reaction.

206 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Meyer (SALICYLIC VINEGAR). A solut. of i part salicylic acid in
100 parts pale-yellow pyroligneous acid (sp. gr. 1.04). For
preserving various larvae, hydrse, nematodes, etc., add i vol-
ume salicylic vinegar to 10 volumes dil. glycerin (glycerin i
vol., water 2 vols.). For infusoria the glycerin should be more
dilute ( i to 4 of water).

Meyer (THIOPHENE). Thiophene and its homologues yield a
blue color with a solut. of isatin in cone. H 2 SO 4 .

Mezger (COCAINE). See Mctzgcr's test.

Mialhe (CRUCIFEROUS OILS). Saponify cruciferous oils with
potassa solut. and filter. On adding AgN0 3 to filtrate, latter
acquires a black color.

Michailow (PROTEIDS). Add ferrous sulphate to solut. of sub-
stance, and overlay on cone. H 3 SO 4 . On adding very little
HXO 3 the familiar reddish-brown zone develops, as well as
a blood-red color, if proteids present.

Millard (ALBUMIN JN URINE). Overlay urine on a mixture of
phenol (t)5- r t) 2 fl, dr.; acetic acid, 7 fl. dr.; and KOH solut.
22 fl, dr. a ppt forms.

Millard (PODOPHYLLUM RESIN), i. Resin of Indian podo-
phyllum (P. cmodi) gives an orange-red color when particles
are sprinkled on cone. II 2 S(),, placed on a white surface; Amer-
ican podophyllum (P. pvltatum) gives a yellow to brown color
according to quantity used. 2. Add 3 Cc. dil. alcohol (bp.
gr. 0.920) and 0.5 Cc. potassa solut. (B.P.) to 0.4 Gm. resin in
a test-tube and rotate latter gently with Indian resin the mix-
ture forms a semi-solid gelatinous mass in a few seconds. It
may be necessary to heat mixture to boiling-point and to cool
before gelatinization takes place. American resin, similarly
treated, does not gelatinise, even after some days.

Miller (INDICATOR) Tropa?olin, or methyl-orange. Changed
by mineral acids from yellow to crimson; indifferent to CO 2
and H,S.

Miller, Von- (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). See
Luttkv's test.

Million (LINSEED OIL IN OLIVE OIL). Mix 40 Gm. olive oil
with 60 Gm. of a 20-% KOH solut. in 70-% alcohol, and heat'
on water-bath until alcohol has evaporated. Dissolve result-
ing soap in warm water, separate fatty acids by adding dilute

TESTS, AND REAGENTS.

HC1, and dissolve in 20 Cc. 90-% alcohol. If, to this solut.,
after heating to 90 C., 2 Cc. of 3-% alcoholic AgN0 3 solut. are
added, a brown color results, if linseed oil present.

Million. Modification, of Bvchi's test (q. v.).

Millon (ALBUMINS AND PHENOLS). Dissolve mercury in an
equal weight cold fuming HNO 3 (sp. gr. 1.4), then apply
moderate heat, and dilute solut. with two volumes water.
Reagent contains mercurous and mercuric nitrates, as well as-
free nitric and nitrous acids. Albumins yield a brick-red ppt.
with icagent, particularly on warming. Similar reactions also-
given by all compounds of the aromatic series containing one-
hydroxyl or methoxyl group; a second hydroxyl or a nitro
group in the ring changes the reaction (Nickel). Thus resor-
cin yields a yellow, hydroqitinonc an orange, and pyrogallol a.
brown, color. Tannin and guaiacol yield red, cugcnol and
vanillin a violet, color. Kintschgcn-GintVs modification: Add
a little potassium nitrate to a solut. of mercuric nitrate, and
add the necessary quantity of H NO 3 just before using. The
potassium nitrate must be freed from any carbonate it may
contain (by treatment with nitrous acid). See also Gallois\
Hoffmann's, Almen's, and Phtgge's tests.

Millon (P\RAOXYPHENYLACETIC ACID). Boil solut. with mer-
curic nitrite and potassium nitrite if paraoxyphenylacetic-
acid present an intense red color develops.

Millon (SALICYLIC ACID). A io-% mercuric-nitrate solution in
diluted HNO 3 yields an intensely red color with salicylic acid.

Minot (MACERATION METHOD FOR EPITHELIUM). Macerate
embryos for several days in o.6-% salt solut., containing 0.1%
thymol.

Minovici (PICROTOXIN). Add 2 drops H 2 SO 4 to substance or to 2
or 3 drops of dil. solut. of latter, and a minute later add i drop
of 20-% alcoholic solut. anisic aldehyde. Picrotoxin in sub-
stance gives with the H 2 SO 4 a saffron color, and on adding the
anisic aldehyde the particles are surrounded by an indigo-
violet zone gradually changing to blue. On heating on water-
bath to 80 C., a i : 1000 solut. gives a deep-red color; a i : 1500
solut. gives a still visible reddish- violet to pale-red.

Miquel (CULTURE SOLUTION). Peptone, 20; sodium chloride,
5; wood ash, o.i; water, 1000.

208 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Mitrophanow (GOLD PROCESS FOR PRICKLE-CELLS AND INTER-
CELLULAR CANALS). Wash the tail of an axolotl larva with
distilled water, place for an hour in a watch-glassful of 0.25-%
solut. of gold chloride containing i drop HC1; wash, and re-
duce in a mixture of i part formic acid with 6 parts water.

Mitrophanow (MACERATION METHOD FOR EPITHELIUM). Fix
the embryo for 15 minutes in 3-% HNO 3 ; then place for an
hour in a mixture of alcohol, i volume, and water, 2 volumes,
and finally treat with stronger alcohol for 24 hours to sepa-
rate the epidermis.

Mitscherlich (PHOSPHORUS). Acidulate aqueous liquid with
H 2 SO 4 and distil, conducting vapors through a glass tube sur-
rounded by a condenser. In a dark room, a luminosity is ob-
served. If alcohol, ether, or oil turpentine present, lumi-
nosity does not appear. Salts of mercury and iodine, and
metallic sulphides also, interfere with luminosity.

Mobin (MACERATING MEDIA), i. i part sea- water with 4 to
6 parts 0.5 % solut. potassium bichromate. 2. Sea-water
containing 0.25% chromic acid, 0.1% osmic acid, and 0.1%
acetic acid. Lamellibranchiata should be macerated in No.
2 for several days.

Moddermann (AMMONIA). A very dilute solut. copper sulphate
becomes turbid on adding NH 3 .

Moer, van de- (CYTISINE). A 0.5-% solut. ferric chloride and
0.05-% solut. H 2 '0 2 gives first a red, then blue color with
cytisine.

Moerner (ACETONE). Urine containing acetone, heated with
a little of KI solut. and excess of ferric chloride yields intensely
irritating vapors.

Moers (ACETANILID; CITROPHEN; EXALGIN; METHACETIN; PHE-
NACETIN). On adding a trace of one of these substances
to i Cc. NaOH solut. followed by a drop of i : 1000 potassium-
permanganate solut., a violet color develops, passing through
blue and green; on adding excess of H 2 SO 4 , color changes to
red and slowly disappears. With citrophen color changes
through violet, blue, and green so rapidly that only the last is
generally observed. With centi- or deci-normal solut. NaOH
color changes are immediate with citrophen, phenacetin, and
methacetin; after a time with acetanilid and exalgin. If

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 209

Na 2 CO s used instead of NaOH, citrophen reacts at once;
phenacetin and methacetin slowly; acetanilid and exalgin,
not at all. With NaHCO 3 citrophen alone reacts, color being
reddish-brown, changed by acids to violet. In acid solut.,
citrophen alone gives color reaction.

Mohler (TARTARIC ACID). If a little tartaric acid or a tartrate
be heated with a few drops solut. of resorcin i in cone. H 2 SO 4
100, until H 2 SO 4 vapors develop, the fluid acquires a fine
wine-red color; the smallest trace of tartaric acid is suffi-
cient.

Mohr (ANTIMONOUS ACID). Dissolve the acid, or any of its
compounds, in an aqueous solut. tartaric acid, neutralize ex-
cess of acid with Na 2 CO 3 , then add a cold sat. solut. NaHCO 3
in the proportion of 10 Cc. to each o.i Gm. of Sb 2 3 . The
clear solut. is titrated with decinormal iodine with starch
indicator. The titration must be conducted immediately the
solution of bicarbonate has been added, i Cc. decinormal
iodine = 0.006 Gm. antimony.

Mohr (CHLORIDES). This is the familiar volumetric process
with decinormal silver nitrate, using potassium chromate as
indicator.

Mohr (FREE MINERAL ACIDS), i. Add a few drops of po-
tassium-sulphocyanide solut. to a light-yellow solut. ferric
acetate, free from alkaline acetates. Traces of mineral acid
turn the mixture blood-i jd, but the color disappears on add-
ing excess of sodium acetate. 2. KI starch paste, with a
light-yellow solut. of ferric acetate, is turned red by traces of
mineral acid. 3. On adding cane sugar to a solut. contain-
ing H 2 SO 4 , and evaporating to dryness on a water-bath, a
blackened residue is left.

Mohr (GLUCOSE). See Moore's test.

Mohr (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). 20 Cc. io-%
potassium-sulphocyanate solut. with 5 Cc. 5-% ferric-acetate
solut. HC1, with this reagent, yields a cherry-red color with a
brownish tinge; much acid causes a chestnut-brown color.
Also known as RheoMs test.

Mohr (NITRO-GLYCERIN). A purple to dark-green color develops
on extracting with ether or chloroform, mixing with a few
drops of aniline, evaporating, and adding a few drops H 2 SO 4 .

3io TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Mohr (POTASSIUM SALTS). A sat. solut. of potassium and so-
dium acid tartrates precipitates potassium salts from neutral
solutions.

Mohr (SOLUTION). The potassium-permanganate solut. gener-
ally used in volumetric analysis.

Holeschott (POTASSA AND SODA SOLUTIONS), Strong solutions
(35- to 50-%) are applied to the tissues on slides, and the alkali
neutralized by adding acetic acid before mounting. See
Gage's preservative.

Moleschott (CHOLESTERIN). On allowing H 2 SO 4 to come in
contact with substance under the microscope, the plates lose
their form, and their margins become colored carmine-red,
changed to violet on adding aqueous solut. iodine.

Moleschott-Piso Bonne (SODIUM CHLORIDE AND ALCOHOL).
Mix 5 volumes io-% salt solution with i volume absolute
alcohol.

Molher (REAGENT). See Gayon-Ganon-Molhcr's test.

Molisch (CARBOHYDRATES). to i Cc. of solut. to be tested is
shaken with 2 drops 15- to 20-% alcoholic solut. of alpha-
naphtol or thymol. Upon adding an equal volume cone.
H 2 SO 4 , a violet color ensues (furfurol reaction) in presence of
carbohydrates (and various other substances). Addition of
water causes a bluish- violet ppt., soluble in alcohol, ether, or
potassa lye, with yellow color.

Molisch (INDICAN IN PLANTS). Boil plant fragments minute
with dil. NH 3 (2NH 3 + g8 water), filter, cool, and shake out
with chloroform. Carry out similar process using 2-% HC1.
If indican present, chloroform layer in one or both cases ac-
quires a blue or violet color.

Molisch (WooD PULP). To a 20-% solut. of thymol in absolute
alcohol, add water until no more thymol separates. Set aside
solution for some hours with excess of potassium chlorate, then
filter. Paper made with wood pulp moistened with this solu-
tion gives a bright-blue color on the addition of a drop of cone.
HC1.

Monier (ALBUMIN), i. On adding albumin to a starch solut.
colored blue by a few drops tincture iodine, the color is dis-
charged. 2. Add a few drops iodine solut. to a solut. con-
taining albumin, and heat a colorless coagulum forms.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 211

Monsel (SOLUTION). Solut. iron subsulphate.

Moore (ANISE-OIL IMBEDDING PROCESS). Sections from ma-
terial frozen and cut in anise oil are transferred direct into
Canada balsam, without previous treatment with alcohol.

Moore (GLUCOSE AND SUGAR IN URINE). Heat glucose solu-
tions or diabetic urine with potassa a brown color ensues,
and, after acidifying, odor of caramel supervenes. Also
known as MoJir's or Peloiize's test. See also Heller's test.

Moore (STAIN FOR BLOOD). Stain for 3 minutes in an alcoholic
solut. eosine (i : 200), wash, and stain for 2 minutes in a i-%
aqueous solut. of methyl green. Red corpuscles appear red;
nuclei and white corpuscles bluish-green.

Moore-Heller (GLUCOSE). Like Moore's test (q. v.).

Morax (STAINING FLAGELLA). See Nichollc-Morax's method.

Morgan (MERCURY). A silvery stain appears on placing 2 drops
of the liquid on a piece of bright copper, and adding strong
KI solut.

Morpurgo (NITROBENZENE). Carefully heat to boiling in a porce-
lain dish 2 drops liquefied phenol, 3 drops water, And a small
piece KOH, then add liquid to be examined. On prolonged
boiling a crimson ring appears at margin of liquid. If satur,
solut. chlorinated lime be added, ring becomes emerald-green.
To detect nitrobenzene in soap, dissolve latter in water, mix
with excess milk-of-lime, extract with ether, and proceed as
above.

Morpurgo (SUCROL OR DULCIN IN BEVERAGES). Add to li-
quid -5*5- of its weight lead carbonate, and evaporate on water-
bath to thick paste, which exhaust several times with alcohol.
Evaporate alcoholic extract to dry ness, and exhaust residue
with ether. Pure sucrol or dulcin may be recognized on evap-
orating ether by (i) physical properties and sweet taste; (2)
by heating a short time with 2 drops phenol and 2 drops cone.
H 2 SO 4 , adding a few Cc. water, and allowing a little NH 3 or
NaOH to flow on cold mixture in a test-tube, when a blue or
violet-blue zone forms.

Morrell (LINSEED OIL). Pure oil is colored sea-green to green-
ish-yellow on mixing 10 parts by weight with 3 of crude HNO 8
and allowing to stand for a time. Adulterated oil assumes a
light-yellow color.

212 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Morson (CREOSOTE: PHENOL). Creosote is insoluble in glycerin;
phenol is soluble.

Morton (ARSENIC). Solut. is placed in an apparatus similar to
Doebereiner's lamp and an electric current passed through to
decompose the water, thus replacing the Zn and H 2 SO 4 .

Motten-Lindemann (ALKALOIDS; SACCHARIN). See Lindemann-
Motten.

Mueller (ACETANILID [ANTIFEBRIN] IN URINE). Boil urine with
} volume HC1, cool, add a few Cc. 3-% solut. phenol, and a
drop solut. chromic acid (or, calcium- or ferric chloride) a red
color develops, turned blue by NH 3 (paramido-phenol reaction).

Mueller (BERLIN BLUE FOR INJECTIONS). Ppt. a cone, solut.
of Berlin blue by means of 90-% alcohol. The ppt. is very
finely divided, while the fluid is perfectly neutral and much
easier to prepare than that of Bcale.

Mueller (CAUSTIC SODA IN CARBONATE). In the presence of
caustic soda, potassium permanganate solut. turns green.

Mueller (CYSTIN). Dissolve cystin (from the urine sediment)
in warm potassa lye, dilute solut. v/ith water, and add sodium
nitroferricyanide a purple-violet color develops.

Mueller (HARDENING FLUID). 2 Gm. potassium bichromate;
i Gm. sodium sulphate; 100 Cc. water. This solution is some-
times mixed with one-third its volume of 90-% alcohol, its
hardening action being then much more rapid.

Mueller (HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IN URINE), i. Pass current
of air through urine and against filter-paper dipped in alkaline
solut. lead acetate paper is blackened. 2. Overlay urine
on a mixture of HC1 and paramidodimethylamine containing
i or 2 drops dilute solut. Fe 2 Cl 6 a blue zone forms.

Mueller (SILVER STAINING METHOD). Impregnate prepara-
tions by immersion in the dark for 2 or 3 minutes in a i-%
solut. AgN0 3 , then add to the liquid a small quantity of i-%
solut. silver iodide dissolved by the aid of a little KI. After
agitation in the mixture, wash the preparations with distilled
water, and expose to light for 2 days in a i-% solut. AgN0 3 .

Mueller-Ebstein (PYROCATECHIN). See Ebstein-Mueller.

Muir (BISMUTH). A brownish-black ppt. is thrown down on
heating with a solut. of stannous chloride, i, and tartaric acid,
3, in sufficient KOH solut.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 213

Hukerji (FREE PHOSPHORUS). Operation consists in evolving
hydrogen phosphide, and observing the glow in a dark room.
For details, see MERCK'S REPORT, ix, p. 561.

Mulder (GLUCOSE). Heat diabetic urine, or solut. containing
glucose, with a solut. of indigo in H 2 SO 4 , then carefully neu-
tralize with Na 2 C0 3 the color changes through green into red,
and finally yellow, from reduction of the indigo. On expos-
ure to the air, the blue color is restored. According to Yogi's
modification, litmus is used instead of indigo; Neumann-

* Wcndcr's test (q. v.) is a methylene-blue solut.

Mulder (XANTHOPROTEIN). Upon boiling an albuminous sub-
stance with cone. HNO 3 , it is partially or completely dissolved,
forming a yellow solut. Albumoses and peptones yield this
color even in the cold. Upon supersaturating with NH 3 or
fixed alkalies, color changes to orange-yellow.

Mulliken-Scudder (METHYL ALCOHOL). Heat a spiral of light
copper wire in upper part of a Bunsen flame (to oxidize it), and
while red hot, dip into 3 Cc. alcoholic solut. in a test-tube.
Repeat once or twice. Then add to solut. i drop 0.5-% solut.
resorcin, and overlay mixture on cone. H 2 SO<. If methyl alco-
hol is present, a rose-red zone forms. For details, see MERCK'S
REPORT, vm, p. 164.

Munk (HEMAPHEINIC URINE). Greenish rhubarb- and senna

' urines (a), and santonin urine (6), give following reactions:
Alkalies (a) and (b) , red. Alkali carbonates (a) , immediate,
permanent red; (6), red slowly forming and gradually disap-
pearing. Zinc dust with (a), red developed by alkali is dis-
charged, but with (6), not discharged. Baryta solut. or milk-
of-lime (a), on shaking with excess, gives a colored ppt. and
colorless filtrate; (b) gives a colorless ppt. but colored filtrate.

Munk (SuLPHOCYANic ACID IN URINE). Acidify 200 Cc. urine
with HNO 3 , add solut. AgNO 3 , filter, decompose filtrate with
H 2 S, distil, add ferrous sulphide (containing iron oxide) and
NaOH, warm, then add HC1 Prussian blue forms.

Munson (CHLORAL-HYDRATE SOLUTION). A i-% solut. in
water.

Musculus (FERMENT PAPER FOR UREA). Decomposing urine
is filtered, the filter washed, colored with curcuma, and pre-
served as test-paper. When brought into contact with a urea-

TESTS AKD REAGENTS.

solution, the attached ferment decomposes the urea, and the
resulting ammonium carbonate changes the curcuma coloring
matter to brown.

Muter (FATTY OIL IN COPAIVA BALSAM). Saponify 3 or 4
Gm. balsam with 5 Gm. NaOH and 50 Cc. alcohol on water-
bath, add sufficient water, and concentrate to 100 Cc. Then
add dil. H 2 S0 4 to permanent turbidity, next add NaOH until
just clear. Now evaporate to dryness under constant stirring,
and exhaust residue with 3 portions of 70 Cc. each of ether-
alcohol. The residue will now consist of Na 2 SO 4 only, if no
fatty oil was present ; otherwise it will contain sodium oleate.
Dissolve residue in warm water, acidulate with HC1, and cool.
If balsam pure, only a few resinous flakes observed; if fatty
oil was present, an oily layer forms.

Mylius (BILIARY ACIDS). In this modification of Pettenkofer's
reaction, one drop of furfurol solut. and i Cc. of cone, H 2 SO 4
are added to each Cc. of the alcoholic solut. of the biliary acid,
cooling if necessary. The resulting red color is permanent
for some time, changing gradually to violet. See also Udran-
sky's modification of Pettenkofer's reaction.

Nadler (MORPHINE), i. A greenish-blue color develops on
making a liquid containing morphine strongly alkaline, and
boiling with barely sufficient solut. copper ammonio-sul-
phate to color it light blue. 2. A rose-red color develops on
heating morphine with a few drops H 2 S0 4 diluted with half
its volume water, cooling, adding NH 3 in excess, again cool-
ing, and shaking with chloroform.

Kagelvoort (PILOCARPINE NITRATE). Dissolve 0.005 Gm. to
o.oi Gm. salt in 5 Cc. water, add a few drops NH 3 and shake
out with 10 Cc. chloroform. When both fluids clear, draw off
chloroform and evaporate. Mix residue with o.oi Gm. calo-
mel by stirring with a glass rod characteristic black color
reaction appears, even without blowing over mixture, because
pilocarpine is very hygroscopic.

Napier (WATER IN ETHER). Paper impregnated with cobalt
chloride is changed from blue to rose-red.

Naschold (DIFFERENTIATING ANILINE BLUE FROM INDIGO
CARMINE). Boil with io-% soda lye and make acid with HC1

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 215

blue color which had disappeared is restored with aniline
blue; with indigo carmine the liquid remains colorless.

Naylor-Braithwaite (ARSENOUS ACID), a. Copper sulphate,
200 Gm. ; water, 50 Cc. b. Sodium tart rate, 0.5 Gm.; caus-
tic soda, 5 Cm.; water, 50 Cc. Mix the two soluts. when
required for use. Arsenous acid reduces this reagent.

Neelsen (CARBOLFUCHSINE). Solut. for identifying tubercle
bacilli in sputum is prepared by adding a cone, alcoholic fuch-
sine-solut. to a 5-% aqueous carbolic-acid solut. (5 Gm. crys-
tallized acid in 100 Cc. water, and i Gm. fuchsine, dissolved in
10 Gm. alcohol, added). Ehrlich's and ZichVs carbolfuchsine
solutions are similar.

Neelsen (BACILLI). See Zichl-Ncclsen's method and solution.

Neisser (GONOCOCCUS STAIN). Float preparation first on cone,
alcoholic solut. eosine, which is then heated. Remove excess
of eosine from cover-glass with blotting-paper, then place in
a cone, alcoholic solut. methylene blue for 15 seconds, then
rinse in water.

Neisser (SPORE STAIN). Stain in heated carbol-fuchsine,
rapidly rinse in i-% aq. solut. H 2 SO 4 , double-stain in aque-
ous or Loeffler's solut. methylene blue; or, stain in aniline-
water methylene- violet solut., wash in i-% aqueous solut.
H 2 SO 4 , and after-stain in acid brown.

Neisser (STAINING METHOD FOR SPORE-BEARING BACILLI).
Cover-glass preparations are immersed for 20 minutes in fuch-
sine-aniline water (cone, alcoholic solut. of fuchsine, n Cc.;
absolute alcohol, 10 Cc.; aniline water, 100 Cc.); then heat to
80 or 90 C.; next rinse in water, alcohol, or weak acid,
according to the nature of the bacilli, counter-stain with aque-
ous solut. methylene blue, rinse in water, dry and mount in
balsam. Spores are stained red and the rest of the bacilli blue.

Neisser-Bienstock (SPORE STAIN). Stain with heated aniline-
water fuchsine, wash in HCl-alcohol, and double-stain with
methylene blue. Spores are red; bacteria, blue.

Nencki (!NDOL). HN0 3 containing nitrous acid gives with
indol a red color or ppt. Reaction not afforded with skatol.
See also Baeyer's test.

Nessler (ALDEHYDE). Aldehydes, when treated with Nessler's
ammonia reagent (q. v.) or with a solut. potassium-mercuric

216 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

iodide and baryta water, yield a brownish-black ppt., differ-
ing from the ppts. given by NH 3 in being insoluble in KCN.

Nessler (AMMONIUM SALTS). Alkaline solut. of mercuric chlo-
ride and potassium iodide gives with NH 3 as well as with am-
monium salts a yellow to reddish-brown color or ppt. Rea-
gent is prepared according to various formulas, as for instance,
as follows: i. 50 Gm. KI are dissolved in 50 Cc. hot water
and cone, mercuric-chloride solut. (20 to 25 Gm. mercuric
chloride) added until the ppt. is permanent. After filtering,
150 Gm. KOH dissolved in 30 Cc. water are added, and the
whole diluted to one liter. 5 Cc. of the mercuric-chloride
solut. are now added, the resulting ppt. allowed to settle, and
the clear liquid decanted (Kubcl). 2. Dissolve 2 Gm. KI
in 5 Gm. water; add 4 Gm. mercuric chloride, or so much that
upon warming, a little of the ppt. remains undissolved. After
cooling, dilute with 20 Gm. water, filter, and add 30 Cc. solut.
of i part of KOH in 2 parts water. (Ludwig, Medicin.
Chemie.)

Nessler (CITRIC ACID IN WINE). Citric acid in wine points to
probable adulteration with raspberry juice. The acid is
separated as calcium citrate.

Nessler (SULPHURIC ACID IN VINEGAR). Add 2- or 3% cane
sugar to vinegar; dip a strip filter-paper in solut. and dry
paper becomes brown to black.

Nessler (TARTARIC ACID IN WINE). A crystalline ppt. forms
on evaporating wine to syrupy consistency, extracting with
alcohol, and adding solut. sodium- or potassium-acetate.

Nessler (WINE PIGMENTS). Solut. of 7 parts alum and 10 parts
sodium acetate in 100 parts water.

Nesteroffsky (GOLD PROCESS). Tissues impregnated with gold
are treated with a drop of ammonium-sulphydrate solut. and
the reduction finished with glycerin.

Neubauer (ALBUMIN). Solut. albumin is pptd. by neutral and
basic lead acetate, copper sulphate, mercuric chloride, and
mercuric nitrate. Ppts. are partly soluble in excess of rea-
gent or albumin solut.

Neubauer (AMMONIA IN URINE). On adding milk-of-lime, am-
moniacal odors are evolved and detected by litmus paper.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 21J

Neubauer (BILIARY ACIDS). Modification of Pettenkofer's test.
A few drops urine are evaporated to dry ness on the water-bath,,
a drop of i : 500 sugar solut. and a drop cone. H 2 S0 4 added,,
and the whole heated on a water-bath if biliary acids pres-
ent, a violet-red color appears at the edge.

Neubauer (CHLOROFORM IN URINE). Pass a current of air
through urine, then through a porcelain tube heated to red-
ness, and finally through a AgN0 3 solution. If chloroform
present in the urine silver chloride is pptd.

Neubauer (HYDROQUINONE IN URINE). Urine containing hy-
droquinone (after taking a phenol or benzol), darkens on ex-
posure to air, when made alkaline.

Neubauer (PHENOL). Add phenol to NH 3 , then add solut.
chlorinated soda, and heat a blue color develops.

Neubauer (PYROCATECHIN IN URINE). Add i drop cone, solut.
tartaric acid and then some NH 3 to a dil. solut. Fe 2 Cl fl ; on
dropping in this solut. urine containing pyrocatechin, a violet
color develops, turned yellowish-green by acetic acid, and
violet again by NH 3 .

Neubauer (URIC ACID). On boiling uric acid or potassium
urate with ferric chloride, latter is reduced to ferrous salt,
and urea and oxalic acid are formed.

Neubauer-Fresenius (PHOSPHORUS). See Frcscnins-Ncubauer.

Neuberg (SucciNic ACID). Add NH 3 to the solut. to be exam-
ined (if a succinate is present add also ammonium phosphate),
evaporate to about i Cc., add i Gm. zinc dust, and heat.
When the excess of NH 3 is evaporated dip a pine-splint moist-
ened with HC1 into the test-tube the wood is colored red if
succinic acid present. Reaction is positive so long as no other
substances capable of giving the pyrrol reaction present.
0.0006 Gm. succinic acid thus detected.

Neukomm (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Extract with alcohol, evap-
orate to small bulk, place i drop on porcelain plate, add i drop
dil. H 2 SO 4 and a trace sugar solut., and heat gently a violet
color develops.

Neumann-Wender (ALKALOIDS). Solut. 5 drops furfurol in 10
Cc. of pure cone. H 2 S0 4 . See also Wep 'pen's veratrine reac-
tion.

218 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Neumann- Wender (GLUCOSE IN URINE), i Cc. dil. urine
(1:10) is treated with i Cc. each of 1:1000 methylene-blue
solut. and normal KOH solut. and boiled for a minute. Com-
plete decolorization indicates that sugar was present in the
urine. See also Mulder's test.

Nias (CLEANING SLIDES AND COVERS). Eoil with solution of
washing soda, and rinse.

Nicholle-Morax (STAINING FLAGELLA). Dry films on cover-
glasses without fixing in the flame, cover with mordant, heat
for about 10 seconds, and when steam rises shake off mordant
and rinse with water. Repeat process 3 or 4 times, stain with
Ziehl-Neelsen's solution, then hold over a flame once or twice
for about 15 seconds, and wash.

Nicholson (NITRIC ACID). Evaporate solut. to dryness, mois-
tening with i or 2 drops H 2 SO 4 , and add a trace brucine if
nitric acid present, a red color develops.

Nickel (COLOR REACTIONS OF CARBON COMPOUNDS). See
Zeitsch. f. Anal. Chem., 1889, p. 244; also see Millon's reagent.

Nickel (MINERAL ACIDS IN ORGANIC ACIDS). Wood is stained
by phloroglucin only in the presence of the former, hence if
0.5% HC1 is present in vinegar, and phloroglucin added, a
piece of pine wood or wood-pulp paper dipped into the solut.
is quickly and distinctly stained on boiling the solution up
once.

Nickles (FIXED OILS). Oils are distinguished according as they
are or are not emulsified by hydrated lime. For details see
Am. Jour. Pharm., xxxvin, p. 299.

Niessing (FIXING SOLUTIONS). Modifications of Hermann's
mixture, which see. i. 5 volumes of io-% platinic-chloride
solution, 20 of 2-% osmic acid, 5 of glacial acetic acid, and 50
of distilled water. 2. This is the same, except that the dis-
tilled water is replaced by sat aqueous solut. of mercuric
chloride.

Niggl (LIGNIN). Treat specimen first with aqueous solut. of
indol for a few minutes, then with H 2 SO 4 (sp. gr. 1.2) a red
color develops if lignin present.

Nikiforow (CLEARING MIXTURE FOR CELLOIDIN SECTIONS).
Equal parts of 95-% alcohol and chloroform.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 219

Nikitin (COPPER IN PRESERVED PEAS). Boil peas for 3 min-
utes in io-% H 2 S0 4 if peas uncolored, they acquire a dark-
brown color; if colored with a copper salt, they retain their
light-green color.

Nissen (GENTIAN VIOLET STAINING PROCESS). Same as Biz-
zozero's method, except that the treatment with chromic acid
is omitted.

Nissl (FUCHSINE STAIN FOR NERVE CELLS). Fresh material
in pieces measuring i Cc. are hardened in a chromic solution
in 70-% alcohol for 2 days, then transferred to absolute alco-
hol for 5 days, and afterwards cut. Stain the sections singly
in a sat. solut. of fuchsine, warming in a deep watch-glass until
vapors begin to be given off. Next plunge section into abso-
lute alcohol for i or 2 minutes, then place on a slide, flood with
clove oil, and when no more color is given off, drain and mount
in balsam.

Nissl (METHYLENE BLUE METHOD). Sections of fresh ma-
terial hardened in 96-% alcohol, are warmed to 65 or 70 C.
in a watch-glass containing a solut. of methylene blue, 3.75
parts, and Venice soap, 1.75 part, in distilled water, 1000
parts. When bubbles are given off place sections in a mix-
ture of 10 parts aniline with 90 parts 96-% alcohol until
color is no longer given off. Then dry on a slide with filter-
paper, clear with cajeput oil, again dry, and finally treat with
a few drops of benzin, and mount in benzin colophonium.

Niviere- Hubert (FLUORINE IN WINE). Make wine slightly
alkaline with ammonium carbonate, then precipitate any
fluorides present, as calcium fluoride, with calcitfm chloride.
After heating incinerated residues with silicic acid and H 2 S0 4 ,
fluorine is identified in the usual manner as silicium fluoride.

Nobel (COPAIBA OR GURJUN OIL IN URINE). On adding HC1
to urine containing copaiba or Gurjun oil, a red color de-r
velops.

Noel (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Apply a drop of HNO 3 , to filter-
paper dipped in the liquid and dried a violet color, changing
to red and yellow, develops.

Noll (CORROSION METHOD). Treat pieces of sponge with Ja-
velle water until all soft parts are dissolved, then cautiously
treat with acetic acid to remove all pptd. matter; after pass-

220 TESTS AND RE/iGENTS.

ing through successive alcohols and through clove oil, mount
in balsam.

Noll (SALICYLIC VINEGAR AND GUM MEDIUM). Mix equal vol-
umes Meyer's salicylic vinegar (2) and Farrant's medium.
This mixture never becomes turbid and does not dry up. It
serves well for delicate Crustacea and their larva; also for
hardened and stained preparations of Hydroids, small Me-
dusae and other Ccelenterates.

Noll (SOLUTION). Solut. sodium hypochlorite.

Nowak-Kratschmer (ALKALOIDS). Color reactions are af-
forded with syrupy phosphoric acid.

Nylander (GLUCOSE). Dissolve 2 Gm. bismuth subnitrate and
4 Gm. Rochelle salt in 100 Gm. of 8-% NaOH solut. To 10
parts of solut. to be tested (diabetic urine), add i part reagent
and boil a darkening due to reduction of bismuth salt, indi-
cates glucose. Also known as AlmMs solution.

Wylander-Ahn&i. See Ahnen-Nylandcr.

Oberdoerffer (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Expose oil under
a bell-jar, together with a watch-glass containing platinum
black, over which is a strip of moistened blue litmus paper.
The paper is reddened by the acetic acid formed if alcohol
present.

Obermayer (!NDICAN IN URINE), i. Add to urine cone. HC1
containing ferric chloride, and shake out with chloroform,
if indican present, chloroform turns blue from solution of in-
digo formed. Excess of reagent does not affect reaction.
See Hammarsten's test. 2. Treat urine with lead acetate
and clear filtrate from the ppt. Shake with a 0.5-% solut.
ferric chloride in fuming hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.19).
Upon extracting with chloroform, the latter is colored blue
if indican was present.

Obermeier. See Obermayer.

Obermueller (CHOLESTERIN). If cholesterin is carefully melted
over a naked flame with a few drops propionic anhydride, the
melted mass on cooling turns violet, then blue, green, orange,
carmine, and finally copper-red.

Oglialoro (PICROTOXIN). i. Dissolve fragment in 2 Gm.
HN0 8 (sp. gr. 1.4) and warm a yellowish-red mass remains,
turned bright red by 2 Gm. KOH solut., and on warming, to

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 221

color of old blood. 2. Mix a little picrotoxin with 4 to 3 Gm.
cone. H 2 SO 4 latter is colored golden-yellow, then saffron
yellow. On adding potassium bichromate a greenish-violet
develops; on diluting with water, solut. is greenish-yellow.

Ogston (CHLORAL HYDRATE). Addition of ammonium sulphy-
drate to a solut. containing chloral hydrate causes a brown
color, and on heating a red ppt. forms.

Ohlmacher (FORMALDEHYDE STAINING). Formaldehyde 2- to
4-% is used as a mordant for tar colors. Tissues may be mor-
danted separately by treatment for i minute or longer, or the
formaldehyde may be added to the stain. Dissolve i Gm.
fuchsine in 10 Cc. absolute alcohol, and add to 100 Cc. 4-%
formaldehyde. Or, add sat. alcoholic solut. of gentian violet
or methyl violet 5 B. to the formaldehyde in the proportion of
i: 10. In the case of methylene blue, dissolve i Gm. in 100
Cc. formaldehyde solut. Sections stain in half a minute, and
are said to resist alcohol much more than if formaldehyde
were not used.

Oliver (ALBUMIN AND SUGAR). Filter paper saturated with
well known reagents for albumin and sugar in urine. For
albumin: Picric and citric acids; sodium tungstate and citric
acid; potassium-mercuric iodide and citric acid; potassium
ferrocyanide and citric acid, separately. For sugar: Indigo
carmine and sodium carbonate, separately. See Gcissler's
test.

Oliver (BILIARY ACIDS). Dilute urine to sp. gr. 1,008, and mix
20 minims with 60 minims of a solut. of meat-peptone 30 grn.,
salicylic acid 4 grn., acetic acid 30 minims, and water 8 fl.
oz. If biliary acid present, a ppt. forms.

Oliver (GALLIC AND TANNIC ACIDS). Add 10 drops strong
HN0 3 to salmon-red solut. obtained by adding i grain gallic
acid to 90 minims NH 3 , and set aside for some time no ppt.
forms, but color changes to deep red. Tannic acid similarly
treated, yields a colored solut. with a flocculent ppt. insoluble
in excess of acid, in a few moments.

Oppitz (SILVER STAINING). Reduction is very rapidly effected
by placing the preparations for 2 or 3 minutes in a 0.25- to
0.5-% solut. of tin chloride.

222 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Opwyrda (TURMERIC IN RHUBARB). An alcoholic solut. of
boric acid affords a red color with turmeric, which changes to
greenish-black on adding KOH.

Orlow (PHENOLS). Uranium acetate gives a sharp reaction
with pyrogallol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, gallic acid, sali-
cylic acid, and morphine. Phenol, eugenol, cresol, resorcin,
phloroglucin, alpha-naphtol, beta-naphtol, and guaiacol but
a slight reaction. No reaction is obtained with thymol.

Orlow-Horst (ALKALOIDS). Ammonium persulphate gives with
cocaine a colorless ppt. in form of a viscid liquid solut.
in excess of reagent. Strychnine affords a pulverulent ppt.
In admixture with H 2 SO 4 , ammonium persulphate affords
the following reactions: Chclidoninc, yellow, changing to
green and finally brown; click r y thrinc , violet, changing to
black; sangmnarine, dark-brown; corydaline, yellow, then
dirty-green, finally dirty-yellow; morphine, pale-orange; co-
deine, orange; narcotine, reddish-orange; papaverine , yellow;
narceine, violet changing to blood-red, and finally yellow;
apomor phine, green, changing to blue.

Orlowski (ANALYTICAL REAGENT). Use ammonium thiosul-
phate instead of hydrogen sulphide as a group reagent. See
Journ. Chcm. Soc. (Abstracts), 1884, p. 363.

Orth (LITHIUM CARMINE). Digest 2.5 Gm. carmine in 100 Cc.
sat. aqueous solut. of lithium carbonate (i Gm. in 70 Cc. dis-
tilled water), and filter.

Orth (METHYL-VIOLET STAIN). Soak sections in water, then-
place in solut. of i part aniline violet in 300 parts acetic acid.
Do not wash, but simply drain, and mount in solut. of i part
potassium acetate in 2 parts water.

Oser-Kalmann (INDICATOR). The product of the action of po-
tassium permanganate and sulphuric acid on gallic acid is*
fused with caustic potash. The red color of the compound
thus obtained is changed to yellow by acids.

O'Shaughnessy (OPIUM). On adding a ferric salt to a solut.
containing opium, red iron meconate is formed. The color of
this is not affected by alkaline solutions, whereas sulpho-
cyanide of iron is decolorized when similarly treated.

Ost (SUGAR). A solut. containing 23.5 Gm. copper sulphate,
250 Gm. sodium carbonate, and 100 Gm. potassium bicarbon-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 223

ate per liter is used for the determination of sugar. See also
Soldaini's test.

Oster (ARSENIC IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID). Boil the acid with
pure tin-foil a brown stain is formed on the metal, if arsenic
present.

Ott (BILIRUBIN IN URINE). Improved Salkou.'sky's test. Make
urine alkaline with sodium carbonate, and add CaCl 2 until no
ppt, further forms. Filter off gelatinous ppt., wash well,
and dissolve in alcohol by aid of HC1. On boiling, solut. ac-
quires a green to blue if biliary pigment present ; otherwise no
color forms. On adding HNO 3 , green solut. becomes blue,
red, and finally violet. If much albumin or hemoglobin pres-
ent, or after taking certain remedies, c. g. salol, test for bili-
rubin is inconclusive.

Otto (ALCOHOL). Add to liquid an equal volume cone. H 2 S0 4
and a little sodium acetate if alcohol present, odor of acetic
ether will be observed.

Otto (ALKALOIDS). Solut. sodium tungstate containing some
phosphoric acid, gives ppts.

Otto (DIGITALIN). i. Dissolve digitalin in cone. H 2 S0 4 and
add some bromine water a light-purple color develops.
2. Warm aqueous solut. with few drops solut. phospho-
molybdic acid a fine green color develops, changed to blue
by NH 3 .

Otto (MORPHINE). With HC1, Fe 2 Cl e , and potassium ferri-
cyanide, morphine yields a ppt. of Prussian blue.

Otto (PICROTOXIN). A solut. of the alkaloid in cone. H 2 SO<
is colored reddish-brown at the zone of contact by a drop of
potassium-bichromate solut.; upon mixing, the solut. is
colored green.

Otto (STRYCHNINE). Mix substance (e. g. evaporation residue
of ethereal or alcoholic extract) with a few drops dil. solut.

potassium bichromate. Dip a glass rod into this solut., and
then draw it through cone. H 2 SO if strychnine present, blue
streaks will appear.

Otto (SUGAR). Modified Fehling's test. Solut. of i part copper
sulphate and 3 parts tartaric acid, to which enough NaOH is
added to just effect a clear solution.

-224 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Otto-Stas (ALKALOIDS). Extract with alcohol containing tar-
taric or oxalic acid, then use alcohol and ether. See Am.
Journ. Pharm., 1874, p. 120.

Oudemans (QUINAMINE). When a drop of liquid containing
quinamine is overlaid on H 2 SO 4 containing a trace of HN0 3 ,
a chestnut-brown to orange-red color is produced, which
changes to purple on adding water.

Overbeck (COTTON IN WOOLLEN). Soak fabric in an aqueous
solut. of alloxantin (i in 10), and after drying expose to
NH 3 vapor and rinse in water. Woollen material is colored
crimson, cotton remains white.

Overbeck (IODINE). A blue color develops on passing a current
of hyponitrous acid gas into the liquid, if the latter has
previously been mixed with starch paste.

Overton (BLEACHING OSMIC OBJECTS). Bleaching is com-
pleted in a few minutes in a mixture of i part commercial
hydrogen dioxide with 10 to 25 parts 70-% alcohol.

Overton (IODINE FIXING). Heat iodine in a test-tube till vapor
is given off, then incline tube so that the vapor may flow
over objects arranged on a slide. Afterwards warm slide to
about 40 C. for 2 or 3 minutes, in order to drive off the iodine,
prior to mounting or further treatment.

Pacini (PRESERVATIVE SOLUTIONS). These are employed to
preserve microscopic sections, i. i part mercuric chloride,
2 parts sodium chloride, 13 parts glycerin (25 B.), and 113
parts of water; 2. i part mercuric chloride, 2 parts acetic
acid, 43 parts glycerin (25 B.), and 275 parts water.

Pacquelin-Joly (PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID IN URINE). See Joly-
Pacqitelin.

Pagel (PHOSPHORUS IN PHOSPHORIC ACID). A white opales-
cence or ppt. forms upon warming acid with an equal volume
mercuric-chloride solut. (i: 60) to about 180 C.

Pagenstecher (HYDROCYANIC ACID). Filter-paper is soaked in
freshly-prepared tincture guaiac (3- to 4-%), dried and moist-
ened with copper-sulphate solut. (0.25-%). HCN colors the
prepared paper blue. See also Schoenbcin-Pagenstecher.

Pain (SANTONIN). On heating a fragment of santonin with an
alcoholic solut. of ethyl nitrate, and then adding a few drops

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 225

KOH solut. to the hot liquid, a reddish-violet color develops.
The reaction will readily detect o.ooi Gm. santonin.

Pal (BLEACHING SOLUTION). Dissolve i Gm. each of oxalic
acid and potassium sulphite in 200 Cc. distilled water.

Pal (HEMATOXYLIN METHOD) Proceed at first as in Weigert's
process for nerve fiber, omitting the copper bath, and stain in
Pal's hematoxylin solution (see below) for 5 or 6 hours. Then
wash sections in distilled water (containing a trace of lithium
carbonate if the sections are not deep blue), next treat for 15
to 30 seconds with a 0.25-% potassium permanganate solut.,
rinse in water, and decolorize in Pal's bleaching solution. (If
black spots appear replace in the permanganate solut., again
bleach, and wash dry for 15 minutes in water.) The gray
substance of the sections is decolorized in a few seconds;
the sections should then be well washed out, and may be
double-stained with picro-carmine or acetic-acid carmine (see
Schneider), Magdala red, or eosine. The nuclei may be
stained with alum carmine. Finally dehydrate, clear, and
mount.

Pal (HEMATOXYLIN STAIN). Dissolve 0.75 Gm. hematoxylin
in 90 Cc. distilled water and 10 Cc. absolute alcohol. Just
before use add sat. solut. lithium carbonate in the proportion
of 3 drops to each 10 Cc. of hematoxylin solution. See
also Wcigcrt.

Pal-Exner (OSMIC-ACID-METHOD). Spinal cord or brain in
J-inch cubes is immersed in 0.5-% osmic-acid solut. for 2
days, the solution being changed each day; then wash in
water, transfer to absolute alcohol, and imbed in celloidin or
paraffin. Place section? as cut in glycerin, then wash in
water, treat with potassium permanganate and Pal's solution,
as in Pal's hematoxylin method, counter-stain with car-
mine, dehydrate, clear, and mount in balsam.

Paladino (PALLADIUM-IODIDE STAIN). Pieces of nerve fiber
hardened in bichromate, chromic acid, or corrosive sublimate,
and not more than 5 to 8 Mm. thick, are immersed for 2 days
in a large quantity of o.i-% palladium-chloride solut. (pre-
pared by dissolving 10 Gm. of the salt in i liter of water, with
the aid of 4 to 6 drops HC1, and diluting as required). Next
treat for 24 hours with a i-% KI solut., dehydrate, imbed if

226 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

necessary in paraffin by the chloroform method, and mount
in balsam.

Palm (ALKALOIDS), i. Sodium sulphantimonate gives milky
to yellow or red-brown ppts. 2. Lead chloride dissolved in
sodium-chloride solut. gives colorless crystalline ppts. See
Chem. News, 1883, p. 65.

Palm (NICOTINE). On heating gently with a little HC1, a violet
color is developed which changes to orange-red on adding
NHO 8 .

Palm (PICROTOXIN). An insoluble salt is formed by treatment
with an ammoniacal solut. of basic lead acetate.

Paneth (WEIGERT'S STAIN). In this modification i part of
commercial extract of logwood is dissolved in 90 parts water
and 10 parts alcohol. Then filter and add 8 drops of cone,
solut. of lithium carbonate for each 100 Cc. Sections require
from 1 8 to 24 hours in this stain at the normal temperature.

Panum (ALBUMIN). A coagulum forms on boiling a liquid
containing albumin (urine) with an equal volume of a sat.
solut. of sodium sulphate or chloride.

Pape (DIGITALIN). Mixture of i part amorphous digitalin with
10 parts starch gives with cone. H 2 SO 4 a paste in which the
starch granules are blackish-brown, but on adding HNO 3 ,
deep green; if cane sugar present, the green color rapidly dis-
appears. Crystallized digitalin treated as above yields similar
reactions, but the green color is more subdued. If cane sugar
is added to the digitalin mixture, H 2 SO 4 causes a yellow, then
orange, and finally deep-brown. The digit alin-starch mixture,
treated with H 2 SO 4 , then HC1, and finally ^ater, yields a
green mass.

Papasogli (CANE SUGAR). Add a few drops 5-% solut. cobalt
nitrate and an excess of 50-% solut. NaOH to a solut. con-
taining saccharose a permanent violet color develops. Glu-
cose affords a blue color changing soon to dirty-green. Test
may be applied in solutions containing glucose, caramel, or
alcohol, or even in mixtures containing 10 times as much glu-
cose as saccharose. Wines should first be decolorized by
animal charcoal or basic lead acetate. Lactose treated as
above gives an evanescent blue color. Honey gives a similar
reaction, the blue becoming dirty-green. Solutions contain-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 227

ing acacia or dextrin should first be freed from these by lead
acetate or barium hydrate. See Reich's test.

Papasogli (COBALT). A blood-red color develops on adding a
solut. of potassium cyanide till the ppt. formed is re-dissolved,
then adding a few drops of yellow ammonium sulphydrate.

Papasogli (NICKEL). On dissolving nickel in a solut. of potas-
sium cyanide and immersing a strip of zinc, the solut. turns
red, and the zinc is covered with a black deposit.

Papasogli-Poli (CITRIC, SUCCINIC,, AND MALIC ACIDS). On
pptng. with calcium chloride, decomposing with dilute H 2 SO 4 ,
and boiling with potassium bichromate, a yellow color indi-
cates succinic acid; green, without odor, citric acid; green,
with fruity odor, malic acid.

Papasogli-Poli (MALIC ACID). An odor of over-ripe fruit is
given off when malic acid is heated with potassium bichro-
mate and sulphuric acid.

Parietti (EXTRANEOUS ORGANISMS AMONG TYPHOID-FEVER
BACILLI). To prevent typhoid-fever bacilli being crowded
out by extraneous organisms, add to the tubes of broth to be
employed about 5 drops of a mixture of sterilized water, 100
parts; HC1, 4 parts; and carbolic acid, 5 parts.

Parker (METHYLENE BLUE). This stain is fixed in sections or
pieces of tissue, in the form of a finely grained purplish ppt.,,
by cold, cone, aqueous mercuric-chloride solut. Next dehv-
drate the preparations in a solut. of i Gm. mercuric chloride
in 5 Cc. of methylal, then treat with a mixture of 2 parts
xylene, i part of methylal, and i part of the dehydrating
mixture. Subsequently leave in pure xylene for 4 or 5 days
to remove all trace of mercuric chloride, and finally mount
sections in balsam, or imbed tissue in paraffin prior to cutting
sections. Fix sections to slide with Schacllibaum 's collodion.

Parker (TURPENTINE CEMENT). Dissolve true Venice turpen-
tine in sufficient alcohol to enable it to pass through a filter,
and after filtering the mixture, evaporate to about three-
fourths its original bulk, or until a little becomes hard and
breaks with a vitreous fracture when dropped into cold water.
This cement is useful for closing glycerin mounts with square
covers. After clearing off superfluous glycerin apply the ce-
ment with a piece of copper wire bent at right angles. This

228 TESTS Am REAGENTS.

can readily be heated in a spirit-lamp flame, and after plung-
ing into the cement is brought down flat on the slide, near the
edge of the cover. The cement distributes itself and hardens
immediately, so that the slide can be cleaned as soon as the
four sides are finished. See Csokor.

Parker-Floyd (FORMALDEHYDE FOR HARDENING). A mixture
of 2 volumes formaldehyde with 98 volumes water is said
to harden a sheep's brain in 7 to 10 days. To obviate the ten-
dency to increase the volume of the mass, mix 6 volumes of
95-% alcohol with 4 volumes of above mixture. Brains may
be kept for months in the mixture.

Partheil (MARGARINE). A solut. of dimethylamdioazobenzene
in oil is added to the substance: on contact with a mineral
acid, the mixture develops a red color if margarine present.
(Reagent is not to be mistaken for Butter Yellow, the sodium
salt of dimethylamidoazobenzenesulphonate.)

Partsch (COCHINEAL ALUM-CARMINE). Boil cochineal for some
time with a 5-% alum solution filter, and add a little salicylic
acid to preserve from mold.

Pasteur (CINCHONA ALKALOIDS). These bases are distinguished
by their action on polarized light. See Pharm. Journ., 1857-

5 8 > P- 463-
Pasteur (CULTURE MEDIUM), i. Rock candy, 10 Gm.; yeast

ash, 0.075 Gm,; water, 100 Gm. 2. Rock candy, 10 Gm.;

ammonium carbonate, iGm.; yeast ash, i Gm. ; water, 100 Gm.
Pasteur (GLUCOSE). Dissolve separately, 130 Gm. NaOH, 105

Gm. tartaric acid, 80 Gm. KOH, and 40 Gm. cryst. CuSO 4>

then mix, and make up to i liter with water.
Pasteur-Wurtz (FucHSiftE IN WINE). Add baryta water till

the wine is faintly alkaline, then filter, acidify with acetic acid,

and shake out the fuchsine with fusel oil.
Paton (GLOBULIN IN URINE). Make urine alkaline, and overlay

on sat. solut. magnesium sulphate if globulin present a white

zone forms.
Patrouillard (ARSENIC IN ALKALINE SALTS). Boil the sus-

pected salt with 4 per cent, of oxalic acid, and identify the

arsenous acid by some recognized test.
Paul (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Normal urine (or urine containing

sugar or albumin) colored with methyl violet, remains un-

TESTS /IND REAGENTS. 229

changed ; if, however, biliary figments are present, the violet
color changes to a blood-red.

Paul (CiNCHoNiDiNE IN QUININE SULPHATE). Dissolve 5 Gm.
of sample in 150 Cc. boiling water, cool, and filter; press out
as dry as possible, redissolve crystals, and again crystallize.
Filter, mix the filtrates, and add just enough ether to give a
visible layer after shaking, then add a slight excess NH 3 , and
let stand over night in a well-corked flask. Collect crystal-
line cinchonidine on a tared filter, dry and weigh.

Paul-Cownley (CEPH^LINE). Dissolve the ipecac alkaloids in
dilute HC1; add NaOH, and shake with ether. Separate
ethereal layer containing the emetine alkaloid, then acidify
the soda solution and shake with ether and NH 3 . The
cephaeline crystallizes out from the ether in a few hours in
a mass of white light crystals.

Paul-Cownley (CEPH^LINE AND EMETINE). To determine
these bases mix 50 Gm. powdered root with 10 Gm. lime,
moisten with water, and extract by percolation with amylic
alcohol. The alkaloids arc extracted from this percolate by
shaking out with dil. H 2 SO 4 . Mix acid solut. with excess of
NH 3 and shake with ether. The separated ethereal solution
is evaporated, and the residue titrated, with semi-normal HC1,
the number of Cc. required being noted. The solut. of hydro-
chlorates is then mixed with excess of NaOH, washed out with
ether, the separated ether again treated with acid and with
NaOH, and the process repeated until no ppt. forms on adding
NH 4 C1 to the alkaline liquor. The ether solut. of emetine is
. then evaporated and the residue titrated with semi-normal
acid, the alkaloid being expressed as emetine. From the
alkaline liquors cephaeline is pptd. by adding NH 4 C1 and shak-
ing out with ether, the residue of the ethereal solut. being
titrated as before. The sum of the two titrations should
approximate to that of the two alkaloids determined to-
gether.

Paul-Cownley (CUPREINE IN CINCHONA ALKALOIDS). Dissolve
mixed alkaloids in weak acids, and agitate with ether and
NaOH; separate the ether, then acidify the soda liquor, and
shake with ether and NH 3 . Cupreine if present will separate
in the form of heavy crystals in about 12 to 24 hours.

*3 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Pavy (ALBUMIN). Citric acid and potassium (or sodium) ferro-
cyanide, each in tablet form. Acidulate urine with the former,
and add the latter the usual whitish-yellow ppt. indicates
presence of urine. See also Oliver's papers.

Pavy (GLUCOSE). Dissolve 4.158 Gm. cryst. copper sulphate,
20.4 Gm. potassium-sodium tartrate, and 20.4 Gm. KOH in
water, add 300 Cc. NH 8 (sp. gr. 0.88), and dilute with water to
i liter. * Each 10 Cc. of this solut. represents 0.005 Gm. glu-
cose. The solut. becomes colorless when all the cupric salt has
been reduced to the cuprous condition. See Fchlings solu-
tion. Pavy's cupric test pellets consist of copper sulphate,
potassium-sodium tartrate, and KOH in the proper propor-
tions.

Payer (HYDROCYANIC ACID). Reagent is a very dilute alco-
holic solut. of guaiac resin, containing a trace of copper sul-
phate. Upon bringing this mixture, in a porcelain capsule,
into contact with a glass rod moistened with hydrocyanic acid,
blue streaks are formed in the liquid ; upon stirring, the whole
solution turns blue. See also Schoenbein-Pagcnstccher's test.

Pechmann-Ihl (LEVULOSE). See Ihl-Pechmann.

Pegna (NITROBENZENE IN ALMOND OIL). Mix the oil with
alcohol, add some KOH and a few drops of Fe 2 Cl e solut., then
distil after standing for a few hours. If nitrobenzene present,
a dark color will develop on pouring distillate on KOH and
heating; on adding chlorinated-lime solut. the color changes
to violet.

Peligot (GLUCOSE). Test depends upon solubility of lime in the
presence of glucose. The latter is destroyed on boiling, and
on making two assays of lime, one with the cold solut. of glu-
cose, the other with the same solution after boiling, the differ-
ence between the two assays will represent glucose.

Pellagri (BRUCINE). On dissolving brucine in cone. HC1 and
heating with the addition of H 2 SO 4 , a blue color develops on
neutralizing solut. with NaHCO 3 .

Pellagri (INDICATOR). Prepare a solution of phyllocyanin and
add sufficient of any acid to turn it purple. Alkalies change
the color to green, then yellow, and finally almost black.

Pellagri (MORPHINE). Dissolve the base, or the residue left on
evaporating a solut. containing it, in cone. HC1, add a few

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 231

drops of strong H 2 SO 4 , and heat on a water-bath a distinct
purple color should be apparent. Next add more HC1, neu-
tralize solut. with NaHCO 3 , and add an alcoholic solut. of io-
dine the liquid acquires a deep chrome-green color.

Pellet (GLUCOSE). 68.7 Gm. CuSO 4 , 200 Gm. of NaCl, 100 Gm.
of anhydrous Na^COg, and 6.87 Gm. of NH 4 C1 are dissolved in
hot water and diluted with water to i liter. 10 Cc. of this
solut. are reduced by 0.05 Gm. glucose. See Fehling's solu-
tion.

Pelletier (QUININE). Chlorine gas passed into water contain-
ing quinine in suspension dissolves it, and the color of the solu-
tion changes from light-red to violet, then to dark-red.

Peloggio (IODINE). A blue color develops on passing a galvanic
current through a liquid containing iodine in combination in
the presence of starch paste and a little HC1.

Pelouze (GLUCOSE). See Moore's test.

Peltier (SiLK AND WOOL FIBER). Silk is dissolved by a mix-
ture of equal parts cone. HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 , while wool is col-
ored yellow.

Penot (OILS). Chromic acid gives distinctive color reactions
with oils.

Penzoldt (ACETONE). Dissolve a few crystals of ortho-nitro-
benzaldehyde in water, add to distillate from urine, then
render alkaline with NaOH if acetone present, the mixture
becomes yellow, then green, and after several minutes indigo
precipitates.

Penzoldt (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Filter a large quantity urine
through a double filter; dry the latter and pour on it a few
Cc. acetic acid a green color develops, particularly on
warming.

Penzoldt (NAPHTALIN). Let i Cc. cone. H 2 SO 4 trickle into a
urine containing a trace of naphtalin the supernatant urine
will be colored dark-green immediately. The acid also ac-
quires the same color after a time.

Penzoldt (SUGAR). Render urine strongly alkaline and treat
with a i : 60 solut. of diazobenzenesulphonic acid. (Ehrlich's
reagent.) At the same time a control test is made using nor-
mal urine. The latter is colored yellowish-red by the reagent,
whereas diabetic urine soon becomes dark-red and opaque.

3* TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Penzoldt (THALLIN). Shake liquid with chloroform, and add
a drop ferric-ch oride solut. to chloroformic extract a dark-
green color develop if thallin present.

Penzoldt-Fischer (ALDEHYDES). A red color, changing to vio-
let, is produced by aldehydes on adding an alkaline aqueous
solut. of diazobenzenesulphon^c acid (1:60) in the presence
of sodium amalgam.

Penzoldt-Fischer (PHENOL). Diazobenzenesulphonic acid (Ehr-
liMs reagent) gives a deep-red color with an alkaline phenol
solut.

Perenyi (FIXING FLUIDS), i. 4 parts io-% NHO 3 , 3 parts
alcohol, and 3 parts 0.5-%, chromic acid solut. Immerse
objects for 4 to 5 hours, then pass through 70-% alcohol (24
hours), strong alcohol (some days), absolute alcohol, (4 to 5
days), then cut sections. 2. 3 parts of 20-% NHO 3 , 3 parts
of i-% chromic acid, and 4 parts absolute alcohol. This is a
special mixture, used for embryos of Lacerta. Fix for 20 min-
utes, wash out for an hour with 70-% alcohol, and then with
strong alcohol, Stain with Delaneld's hematoxylin, and treat
for 3 to 5 minutes with i-% chromic acid.

Perenyi (HARDENING SOLUTION). Mix 4 volumes of io-%
HNO 3 , 3 volumes alcohol, and 3 volumes of 0.5-% solut.
chromic acid.

Perrins (BERBERINE). Brilliant green spangles form on adding
a dilute solut. of iodine with KI to an alcoholic solut. of ber-
berine.

Perrot (ESSENTIAL OILS). A solut. of dimethyl-aniline violet
in glacial acetic acid and dilute alcohol gives characteristic
colors with many ethers, aldehydes, phenols, etc., but does
not react with fatty oils or hydrocarbons. It may, therefore,
be employed to detect many adulterations in essential oils.

Persoz (DIFFERENTIATING TEXTILE FIBERS). Dissolve 10 Gm.
zinc chloride with 2 Gm. zinc oxide in 10 Gm. water. Upon
digesting any fabric in this basic zinc-chloride solut. at 30
to 40 C. any silk contained is dissolved.

Pesci (ALKALOIDS). Solut. of copper sulphate and sodium
thiosulphate acidulated with H 3 SO 4 .

Petermann (CORN-COCKLE SEEDS IN FLOUR). Test based on
isolation of the saponin in corn-cockle seeds. Heat 500 Gm.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 233

flour with i liter 85-% alcohol, filter while hot, concentrate
filtrate, and ppt. saponin by adding absolute alcohol and a
little ether. Collect saponin after 12 to 24 hours, dry at 100
C., dissolve in a little water, and again ppt. with alcoholic
ether. Saponin characterized by acid taste, frothing of aque-
ous solut., and reduction of Folding's solut. (especially after
hydrolyzing with HC1).

Petri (PROTEIDS). Proteids or peptone solut. give with diazo-
benzenesulphonic acid a light-yellow color changed by alkali
to orange-yellow and brown, and on shaking give a red froth.

Petri (KAIRIN IN URINE). Add acetic acid and solut. calcium
chloride if kairin present, a fuchsinc-red color develops.

Pettenkofer (BILIARY ACIDS). On adding to a small quantity
of a 1 solut. of biliary acid (c. g., urine) two-thirds its bulk of
cone. H 2 SO 4 , drop by drop (so as not to heat above 62 C.),
and 2 to 5 drops of a i : 5 solut. of cane sugar, an intense violet
or purple-red color develops. Strasslmrg modifies test by dis-
solving cane sugar in the urine, saturating filter-paper with the
solut. and, after drying, bringing the paper in contact with a
drop of H 2 SO 4 . The color is then seen on holding the paper to
the light. Drcchscl uses phosphoric acid instead of sulphuric,
and Udransky replaces the cane sugar and H 2 SO 4 by furfurol-
sulphuric acid. See also Ncnbaucr's test. By reversing the
process, Pettenkofer 's reaction can also be employed in test-
ing for sugar and for presence of glucosides. See Brunner's
test for digit alin.

Pettenkofer (CARBONIC ACID). Dissolve i part of rosolic acid
or corallin in 500 parts 8o-% alcohol and add baryta water
until a reddish color is obtained. On adding 0.5 Cc. of this
solution to 50 Cc. water containing bicarbonates, the red color
will disappear if free CO 2 present.

Pettenkofer (SUGAR). By reversing Pettenkofer's process for
detecting biliary acids, as in Brunner's test, the reaction serves
as a test for sugar from glucosides. H 2 SO 4 is added to an
aqueous solution of the bile till the precipitate first formed is
redissolved, and on adding the liquid containing sugar, a vio-
let color develops.

Petti (PHYSOSTIGMINE). On adding dil. HC1 to saturation, fol-
lowed by excess of NH 3 , and then heating, the color-changes

-234 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

in the case of physostigmine will be as follows: Pale-red, red,
yellowish-red, green, and blue.

Pewsner-Nastinkow (STAINING TUBERCLE BACILLI). Shake a
i : 2,000 solut. HgCl 2 with a few drops aniline, and filter. To
10 Cc. filtrate add i Cc. io-% solut. gentian- violet, methyl-
violet, or fuchsine, in absolute alcohol. Immerse specimen
in this solut. for 5 minutes, rinse in water, decolorize with dil.
HC1, and again wash with water. Preparation may now be
tinged with complementary colors (solut. malachite green or
cosine, 0.06 Gin. in 60 Cc. i: 2,000 solut. HgCl 2 ). Prepara-
tion should not remain longer than i or 2 seconds in latter
.solut.

To detect tubercle bacilli in the tissue, dehydrate latter by
2 days' immersion in absolute alcohol, then imbed in mix-
ture of 5 parts paraffin and i part chloroform for 20 to 60
minutes, then in pure melted paraffin for 10 to 20 minutes
(on water-bath). When cold, make sections, from which dis-
solve out paraffin with xylene, wash with alcohol, and im-
merse in water. Then dry sections on glass, treat with chlo-
roform, and stain as above.

Pfeiffer (SERUM REACTION FOR CHOLERA). Trace of blood
serum of a cholera-immune guinea-pig destroys vitality of
true cholera bacilli contained in serum of normal guinea-pig
and a little bouillon. Vibrios similar to those of cholera are
not killed by the serum; other tests, such as that for typhoid
bacilli may be carried out in similar manner. Griiber states
that the reaction may be conducted in a test-tube. See
WidaVs test.

Pfitzner (DAMMAR SOLUTION). Dissolve dammar in a mixture
of benzene and turpentine.

Pfitzner (SAFRANINE STAIN). Dissolve i part safranine in 100
parts absolute alcohol, and after a few days add 200 parts
water.

Pfuhl-Petri (TUBERCLE STAIN). Stain in warmed solut. of 10
Cc. sat. alcoholic solut. fuchsine and 100 Cc. water, for i or
2 minutes. Decolorize in acetic acid for i or 2 minutes, rinse
in water, and double-stain in alcoholic aqueous solut. mala-
chite green for i to i minute; then rinse in water, dry, and
mount in balsam.

TESTS AHD REAGENTS. 235

Phipson (BENZOIC, HIPPURIC, AND SALICYLIC ACIDS). On mix-
ing 3 equivalents of acid with i equivalent of glucose and a
large excess of H 2 SO 4 , a moderate heat causes development
of a brown color changing to black. See Chemical News,
xxviii, 13.

Phipson (FRANGULIN). H 2 SO 4 causes an emerald-green color
changing to purple and then dark-red.

Pianese (METHYLENE-BLUE-EOSINE STAIN). The same as Chen-
zinsky's solut., with addition of a considerable proportion of
lithium carbonate.

Picard (AMMONIACUM). Modified Plugged reagent for ammo-
niacum, with substitution of sodium hypobromite for sodium
hypochlorite.

Piccini (NITRIC IN PRESENCE OF NITROUS ACID). Add urea to
the liquid containing nitrates and nitrites, which then mix
with a solut. of urea in dil. H 2 SO 4 . When evolution of nitro-
gen from decomposed nitrites ceases, a blue color develops
on adding KI, starch paste, and a fragment of zinc.

Pichard (NITRITES'). Add a particle brucine and i drop HC1 to
solut. in about 5 minutes a vermilion-red to light-yellow
color develops if a nitrite present; i part nitrous nitrogen in
640,000 water thus detected. Nitrates treated as above give
no reaction. Said to be more sensitive than Griess, Troms-
dorff and Piccini tests.

Pick (PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION FOR ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS).
50 Gm. formaldehyde, 50 Gm. artificial Carlsbad salts,
1,000 Cc. water.

Pick (STAIN FOR GONOCOCCI). Ziehl's carbol-fuchsine, 15
drops; cone, alcoholic solut. methyl blue, 8 drops; dist. water,
20 Cc. Stain cold for 10 seconds, wash, dry, and mount.
Gonococci are stained deep-blue; other bacteria light-blue,
cell nuclei very light-blue, and protoplasm pink.

Pictet (EXAMINATION LIQUID). A 5- to io-% solut. of man-
ganese chlorid,e is used in place of normal salt solution for
marine animals. For terrestrial animals use a i- to 3-%
solut. only.

Piffard (SUGAR IN URINE). A paste is prepared by mixing in
the mortar copper sulphate, i ; sodium-potassium tartrate,
5; NaOH, 2. See Fehling's solution.

236 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Pilhastry (FORMALDEHYDE). Dissolve i Gtn. phenylhydrazine
hydrochlorate and 1.5 Gm. sodium acetate in 100 Gm. water.
On heating 3 Cc. of the suspected solut. for i minute with 5
drops H 2 SO 4 and 5 drops of the reagent, a characteristic green
color develops (visible in solut. of formaldehyde i : 250,000).

Pinerna (ORGANIC ACIDS). A solut. of beta-naphtol, 0.02
Gm. in cone. H 2 SO 4 , 1.83, i Cc. If 0.05 Gm. of organic acid
is carefully heated with 10 to 15 drops of reagent, distinctive
color reactions are obtained; tartanc acid gives a blue then
green color, on dilution, a reddish-yellow tint; citric acid
reacts with a blue color, on dilution colorless, to light-yellow;
malic acid greenish-yellow, then light-yellow, and orange on
dilution,

Piotrowski (PROTEIDS). This is the biuret reaction. See also
Rose's, Brucckc's, Posner's, and Ritthatisen's tests.

Pirette (BUTTER). Modified Rcichcrt-Mcissl method. Add 10
Cc. H 2 SO 4 to 5 Gm. butter stirring constantly. When mixture
clear and transparent, dilute with 150 Cc. water, and add
cone, solut. potassium permanganate until red color retained
for several seconds. Odor of SO 3 will then have disappeared,
and the acid completely oxidized. Then distil off no Cc. and
treat as usual.

Piria (TYROSIN). Heat sediment from suspected urine with a
little cone. H 2 SO 4 for 5 to 10 minutes, dilute with water, warm,
neutralize with calcium or barium carbonate, and treat the
filtrate with ferric-chloride solut. The solut. is colored violet
if ty rosin present. An excess of ferric chloride destroys the
color.

Piria-Staedeler (TYROSIN). In this modification of Piria' s test,,
the urinary sediment is warmed with the acid, then neutralized
with barium carbonate, boiled, filtered, and added drop by
drop to a dil. solut. Fe 2 Cl 6 .

Piso Bonne - Moleschott (SOLUTION). See Moleschott - Piso
Borme.

Planta (ALKALOIDS). Potassio-mercuric iodide gives white ppts.
See Mayer's test.

Plaut (ACTINOMYCOSIS). Place sections of tissue affected with
actinomycosis for 10 minutes in Gibbes' magenta solut., or
Ziehl-Neelsen carbolic-fuchsine solut. at 45 C.; next rinse-

TESTS AND REAGENTS, 237

in water, and place in sat. aqueous solut. of picric acid, mixed
with an equal volume absolute alcohol, for 5 to 10 minutes,
wash with water, pass through 50-% alcohol into absolute
alcohol, clear in cedar oil, and mount in balsam. In Squire's
modification, the sections are placed for 10 minutes in car-
bolic-fuchsine, and decolorized for 24 hours in fluorescine
alcohol (yellow fluorescine, i Gm. rubbed in a mortar with 50
Cc. of absolute alcohol, and allowed to settle). Stain the
nuclei with Ehrlich's hematoxylin and counter-stain faintly
with benzopurpurine solution (0.25 Gm. in 20 Cc. alcohol
and 80 Cc. distilled water).

Plessy-Matthieu (GLUCOSE; SUGAR; PYROGALLOL). See Mat-
thicu-Plcssy.

Plugge (ALBUMIN). Reagent used in Pluggc's test for phenol
yields a red color with albumin, similar to that produced by
Millon's reagent for albumins and phenols.

Plugge (AMMONIAC). Dissolve 30 Gm. NaOH in water, keep
solut. cool while adding 20 Gm. bromine, and then dilute to
i liter. A drop of this solution, added to an aqueous or alco-
holic solut. of ammoniac prepared with the addition of NaOH,
causes a beautiful violet color which rapidly disappears.

Plugge (NITROUS ACID). A red color develops on heating to
boiling 5 Cc. of a solut. of mercurous nitrate with 5 Cc. car-
bolic acid (i: 100), and 15 Cc. water, then adding 120 to 150
Cc. of a liquid containing nitrous acid.

Plugge (PHENOL). Boil a dil. solut. with mercurous nitrate-
solut. containing a slight trace nitrous acid. Phenol causes
appearance of an intense red color, while metallic mercury
separates out and an odor of salicylol develops. See Frese-
nius* phenol reaction.

Podwyssotzki (EMETINE). A drop sat. solut. of sodium phos-
pho-molybdate in cone. H 2 S0 4 yields with emetine a brown
color, which changes to blue on adding a drop HC1.

Podwyssotzki (FIXING MIXTURE). Mix 15 Cc. i-% chromic
acid dissolved in 0.5-% corrosive sublimate solut., 4 Cc. 2-%
osmic-acid solut., and 6 to 8 drops glacial acetic acid.

Podwyssotzki (SAFRANINE STAIN). After staining, differen-
tiate for two minutes or less in a strongly alcoholic picric-acid
solut. followed by pure alcohol.

238 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Poehl (PRODUCTS OF ASIATIC CHOLERA BACILLI). Add 10
drops cone. H 2 SO 4 to 7 Cc. pure culture of comma-bacillus
a rose color deepening to purple develops. (Indol reaction;
other bacteria also elaborate indol, but comma-bacillus and
one or two others elaborate nitrous acid also, which is neces-
sary for the reaction.)

Poelzam (IMBEDDING MASS). Cut good white soap in thin
slices, dry in the sun, powder, and mix into a paste with spirit.
Next mix paste with 90-% alcohol and glycerin in such pro-
portions that the whole shall contain for every 10 parts by
weight of soap, 22 parts of glycerin and 35 parts of alcohol.
Let the whole simmer until a transparent, syrupy fluid is
obtained. This mass may be removed from sections by means
of water or very dilute alcohol.

Pohl (PICRIC ACID). A woollen thread is colored yellow on
soaking in a picric-acid solut. and rinsing in water.

Pohl (PRECIPITANT FOR GLOBULIN). Make alkaline with NH Sr
and filter after several hours, then add to filtrate equal vol-
ume sat. solut. ammonium sulphate a ppt. forms if globulin
present.

Poll (SERIAL SECTIONS). Arrange sections on a layer of melted
Kaiser's gelatin, add glycerin, and cover.

Poli-Papasogli (CITRIC, SUCCINIC, AND MALIC ACIDS). See
Papasogli-Poli .

Pollacci (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Reagent is a solut. of tartaric
acid, i; HgCl 2 , 5; NaCl, 10; water, 100; formaldehyde (40-%),,
5. To test sample put 2 Cc. solut. in test-tube and overlay
with 3 or 4 Cc. urine a ring appears immediately at line of
separation of the liquids if pathological albumin present. If
the ring appears slowly (10 to 15 minutes) urine is pathologi-
cally right. Test sensitive to i : 370,000, according to author.

Pollacci (GLUCOSE). Shake liquid with 4 Cc. water, i drop
aqueous solut. ferric chloride, and 6 drops solut. of soda; boil,
add 2 drops H 2 SO 4 , cool, and add a fresh solut. potassium
ferricyanide. Glucose produces a blue color.

Pollacci (IODATES IN IODIDES). Heat alkaline liquid, and add
a piece phosphorus, which will soon be surrounded by a dark-
yellow zone. Amorphous phosphorus promptly reduces
iodates to iodides.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 239

Pollacci (PHENOL), i. An aqueous solut. containing phenol
overlaid on H 2 SO 4 causes a red color at the line of contact.
2. A brown color is produced on adding a drop of liquid to
H 2 SO 4 and potassium bichromate.

Pollacci (SULPHURIC ACID IN VINEGAR). Immerse strips of
filter-paper in a beaker containing the vinegar, so that one end
of each touches the bottom and the other projects about i
Cm. above the top. After 24 to 36 hours, cut off projecting
portions of strips, moisten with ether, and when that has
evaporated take up the soluble matter with water and ex-
amine for H 2 SO 4 .

Pollak (MELANIN). See Von Jaksch's test.

Pollet (REAGENT). Kopp's reagent.

Porret (FERRIC SALTS). A blood-red color develops on adding-
solut. potassium sulphocyanide.

Posner (PEPTONE AND ALBUMINS IN URINE). The urine, made-
alkaline, is poured into a test-tube and carefully overlaid
with very dilute, almost colorless copper-sulphate solut.
peptone causes the formation of a violet zone in the cold;
albumin gives the same reaction upon warming. See also
Brucke's and Rose's biuret reactions.

Potain-Drouin (CARBONIC OXIDE IN AIR). Pass current of
air in very fine bubbles through 10 Cc. of io-% solut. palla-
dium chloride acidulated with 2 drops HC1 if carbonic oxide
present in air, a black film of palladium is deposited on sides
of flask and tube.

Pouchet (BLEACHING METHOD). Macerate sections in glycerin
to which a little hydrogen dioxide has been added (5 or 6
drops to a watch-glassful).

Poutet (FIXED OILS). Mix 10 Gm. oil, 5 Gm. HNO 8 (of 40
to 42 B6.), and i Gm. mercury; shake 3 minutes till mer-
cury dissolved, allow to stand 20 minutes, and again shake i
minute. Various fats show differences in color and in the
time they take to solidify. Olive and peanut oils harden
most rapidly. In one modification of this elaidin reaction the
proportions used are 50 Cc. of oil, 12 Gm. of mercury, and 15
Gm. of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.35). Olive and almond oils only
are solidified by this. Another modification, recommended
more particularly for determining purity of olive oil, is to mix

240 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

the oil with one-twelfth its weight of a solut. of 6 Gm. mercury
in 7.5 Gm. HNO 3 (sp. gr. 1.35). Shake every 10 minutes for
2 hours, then put in a cold cellar and observe consistence after
24 hours.

Power (ELATERIN). A deep-red color develops on adding
H 2 SO 4 , while addition of potassium bichromate causes a brown
to light-green color.

Power (EMETINE). A bright-orange to lemon-yellow color de-'
velops on adding solut. chlorinated lime and i drop acetic acid.

Power (GLUCOSE). A colorless solut. is obtained on heating the
liquid to boiling with i drop copper-sulphate solut. (1:14)
and a slight excess ammonia.

Pradines (FUCHSINE IN WINE). Distil off alcohol and to 10
Cc. of residue add 4 Cc. ammonia; shake well with 5 Cc. ether
and separate. A drop of the ethereal layer placed on white
paper or muslin gives a rose-red stain if fuchsine present. If
desired, the residue left after distillation may be shaken with
a sat. solut. of ammonia in ether.

Pratesi (GLUCOSE IN URINE). Potassium hydrate, 2.5 Gm.;
solut. potassium silicate (cone.), 60 Gm.; potassium bichro-
mate, 2 Gm. Allow 5 drops of reagent to dry on strip of tin;
on heating, tin becomes yellow. Add urine if glucose pres-
ent, a green color develops on heating.

Prescott (CARBOLIC ACID). A yellow color develops on adding
a few drops HN0 3 , then a slight excess of KOH, and diluting
with water.

Prescott (SuLPHOCARBOLATEs). A yellow color develops on
boiling in water with HNO 3 and neutralizing with KOH.

Preusse-Baumann (HYDROQUINONE). See Baumann-Prcussc.

Preyer (CARBON MONOXIDE IN BLOOD). 3 to 4 drops of sus-
pected blood are warmed for 5 minutes at 30 C. with 10 Cc.
water and 5 Cc. potassium-cyanide solut. (1:2). The spectrum
of normal blood, so treated, lacks the absorption line of oxy-
hemoglobin, and in its place shows a broad absorption band;
the spectrum of carbon-monoxide blood remains unchanged.

Price (IODINE). A blue color develops on mixing with starch
and adding HC1 and solut. potassium nitrite.

Pritchard (HARDENING FLUID). Dissolve i part chromic acid
in 20 parts water and add 120 parts alcohol.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 241

Pritchard (REDUCING SOLUTION). An aqueous solut. contain-
ing i % each of amyl alcohol and formic acid. Used for reduc-
ing gold chloride after impregnating animal tissues with that
salt.

Prochazka-Endemann (COPPER). See Endemann-Prochazka.

Procter (CANNABIS EXTRACT). HNO 8 converts the extract
into an orange-red resin.

Proctor (TANNIC AND GALLIC ACIDS). A green color develops
on adding a faintly alkaline solut. of sodium or potassium
arsenate, and a purplish-red on adding acids.

Proescher (BILIRUBIN IN URINE). Saturate 10 Cc. urine with
(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , collect ppt. and exhaust it with 96-% alcohol.
Acidulate alcoholic extract and treat it with a diazo solut.
prepared by mixing a solut. of (a) sulphanilic acid (Erhlich)
5 Gm., or paramidoacetophenone (Brunncr) 0.5 Gm., HC1 50
Gm., and water 1,000 Gm., with a solut. of (c) NaNO 2 5 Gm.,
in water 1,000 Gm. If bilirubin present, solut. acquires a blue
color. Bilirubin may thus also be detected in serum.

Proksch (RHUBARB IN URINE), i. Add to urine HC1, then
xylene, and shake. Overlay xylene solut. on KOH lye if
rhubarb present a pink color develops at contact-point of
liquids. 2. The same test conducted with chloroform
instead of xylene gives a violet zone. 3. If SO 3 be added
to urine, mixture shaken with chloroform, and chloroformic
solut. overlaid on potassa lye, pink zone forms. 4. Shake
urine with sulphanilic acid and xylene lower aqueous layer
will be wine-red, while upper xylene layer will be faint pink
if rhubarb present. Senna may give similar reactions, though
in less degree.

Prollius (SOLUTION). Mixture of 88 parts ether, 8 parts of abso-
lute alcohol, and 4 parts of spirit of ammonia; for extracting
cinchona bark for the determination of alkaloids.

Purdy (GLUCOSE). 4.15 Gm. copper sulphate, 10 Gm. mannite,
20.4 Gm. KOH, 300 Cc. ammonia (sp. gr. 0.88), 50 Gm. gly-
cerin, and enough water to make i liter. 25 Cc. will be reduced
by o.oi 5 Gm. grape sugar. See also Fchling's solution.

Purgotti (COPPER). A blue color develops on mixing the solut.
with an alkaline chloride and overlaying with tincture of
guaiac.

242 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Pusch (BENZENE AND BENZIN). Iodine gives a violet solut.
with benzene, and raspberry-red with benzin.

Pusch (CITRIC AND TARTARIC ACIDS). On heating i Gm.
powdered substance on a water-bath, with 10 Gm. H 2 SO 4>
citric acid turns lemon-yellow; tartaric acid becomes brown
or black.

Puscher (ALCOHOL IN ETHEREAL OILS). A few drops ethereal
oil are introduced into a test-tube, and the upper portion of
tube dusted with powdered fuchsine, or the latter is introduced
by means of a cotton swab. Upon boiling, the alcohol, evap-
orating first, dissolves the fuchsine and forms a red solution.

Puscher (ARSENIC IN GREEN COLORS). Ammonia gives a blue
color, and when evaporated the solut. leaves a dirty yellowish-
green stain. A pale-blue stain indicates absence of arsenic.

Puscher (FUCHSINE IN FRUIT JUICES). A woollen or silk thread
soaked in the juice and then rinsed in water is colored red.

Quirini (GLUCOSE IN URINE). Add 10 drops urine to 5 Cc.
0.5-% solut. of orthonitrophenylpropiolic acid in soda lye
and boil J- minute if sugar present (even 0.1%) urine ac-
quires a dark-blue color (formation of indigo). Normal urine
so treated is at most colored green. See also Hoppe-Seyler's
test.

Raabe (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Trichloracetic acid (sat. solut.)
overlaid on the cold urine coagulates albumin, but not mucin
or peptones. When crystallized trichloracetic acid is added
to urine it sinks to the bottom of the liquid and is dissolved,
forming a turbid zone.

Rabl (ALUM COCHINEAL). Practically identical with Czokor's
cochineal alum-carmine.

Rabl (CHLORO-FORMIC ACID). Add 4 or 5 drops of cone, formic
acid to 200 Cc. of 0.33-% chromic-acid solut. Squire gives
the following formula: 7 Cc. io-% chromic-acid solut., 200
Cc. water, and 5 drops formic acid (sp. gr. 1.2). The mixture
must be freshly prepared at the moment of using and small
pieces of tissue should be fixed in it for 12 to 24 hours, then
washed with water, hardened in alcohol of gradually increas-
ing strength, and stained with Delafield's' hematoxylin or
safranine. This is one of the best reagents for the study of
karyokinesis.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 243

Rabl (PiCRO-SuBLiMATE). Mix i volume each of sat. solut.
mercuric chloride and picric acid, and add 2 volumes dist.
water. Embryos may be left to harden in this for 2 hours,
prior to removal into weak alcohol.

Rabl (PLATING-SUBLIMATE MIXTURE). Mix equal volumes of
i-% platinic chloride solut., sat. mercuric-chloride solut., and
distilled water. This is used for hardening embryos of, verte-
brates and for other objects.

Rabl (PLATINUM FIXING SOLUTION). Leave objects 24 hours
in aqueous solut. platinic chloride (1:300), then wash with
water, harden in alcohol and cut sections. Stain with Dela-
field's hematoxylhi or safranine.

Rabl (SERIAL SECTIONS). Secure sections to slides by employ-
ing a modified Schaellibaum solut. (2 parts collodion and 3
parts clove oil).

Rabl (STAINING METHOD). Stain very lightly with dil. Dela-
field's hematoxylin solut. for 24 hours, wash out first with
water, then with alcohol acidulated with HC1, next strain for
some hours in Pfitzner's safranine, and wash out with pure
alcohol.

Rabourdin (IODINE). If to a liquid containing iodine 2 drops
HNO 3 , 15 drops of H 2 SO 4 , and a little chloroform be added,
a violet color will be imparted to the chloroform.

Rabuteau (BROMIC AND CHLORIC ACIDS IN URINE). Add a
little indigosulphonic acid to urine, followed by H 2 SO 4 the
indigo is decolorized by any chlorine or bromine produced by
reduction of chloric or bromic acid.

Rabuteau (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Starch
solut., 50 Cc.; potassium iodate, i Gm.; and potassium
iodide, 0.5 Gm. The reagent turns blue with free HC1.

Rafaele (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Use HC1 instead of acetic acid
in Spieglcr's test, which see.

Ralfe (ACETONE IN URINE). Boil 4 Cc. KOH solut. containing
1.5 Gm. KI and overlay with 4 Cc. urine if acetone present
contact zone is yellow, with specks of iodoform. Lactic acid
and some other substances also give the reaction.

Ralfe (PEPTONES IN URINE). Overlay Fehling's solut. with
equal vol. urine if peptones present a rose-colored halo above
zone of phosphates appears.

244 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Ramsay (BLEACHING SOLUTION). Solut. magnesium hypo-
chlorite, also known as Crouvelle's bleaching fluid.

Ramsay (CARBONYL CHLORIDE IN CHLOROFORM). Add cleat
baryta water to chloroform and let stand some hours in a stop-
pered vessel if carbonyl chloride present a white film (ba-
rium carbonate) forms at junction of the liquids. (Carbonyl
chloride may be removed from chloroform by shaking latter
with slaked lime.)

Randolph (PEPTONES IN URINE). To 5 Cc. cold, faintly alka-
line urine add 2 drops sat. solut. KI and 3 or 4 drops Millon's
solut. a yellow ppt. forms if peptones present. Sensitive
to i: 17,000. Biliary acids also give reaction.

Ransom-Dunstan (ALKALOIDS IN BELLADONNA). See Dunstan-
Ransom.

Ranvier (ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL). Alcohol, absolute enough for
most purposes, may be obtained by treating 95-% alcohol with
calcined cupric sulphate for several days, repeating operation
with fresh sulphate several times until it ceases to become
conspicuously blue, and no particles of water become visible
when a drop of alcohol mixed with turpentine is examined
under the microscope.

Ranvier (AMMONIA CARMINE). Dissolve carmine in water with
a slight excess NH 3 , and expose solution to air until entirely
dried up. The residue is then dissolved in distilled watei
and the solut. filtered.

Ranvier (CARMINE-GELATIN INJECTION). Soak 5 Gm. gelatin
in water until quite swollen and soft (about J hour), wash,
drain, and melt on a water-bath. Then add slowly a solut,
prepared from carmine, 2.5 Gm, and a little water, using just
enough NH 3 to afford a transparent solut. Next neutralize
by cautiously adding by drops, with continuous agitation, a
mixture of i part glacial acetic acid and 2 parts water. Care
must be taken to avoid formation of a granular ppt. on adding
the excess of acid. Finally strain through flannel.

Ranvier (DECALCIFYING LIQUID). 50-% HC1 with sufficient
NaCl to counteract its swelling action.

Ranvier (FoRMic-Acio METHOD). Thoroughly impregnate tis-
sues in a mixture of 4 parts i-% gold-chloride solut. and i part
formic acid which has been boiled and allowed to cool

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 245

Then reduce the gold by action of daylight, in acidulated water,
or in the dark, in 20-% formic acid.

Ranvier (IODIZED SERUM). Iodine is added to the recent
amniotic liquid of mammals, and the mixture agitated for
several days. Or, serum is mixed with a large proportion of
tincture iodine and the ppt. removed by filtration. The re-
sulting strong serum is kept in stock and a little added every
2 or 3 days to the serum intended for use.

Ranvier (LEMON-JUICE METHOD). Soak pieces of fresh tissue
in fresh lemon juice until transparent (5-10 minutes), then
rapidly wash in dist. water, treat for 10 to 60 minutes with a i-%
gold-chloride solut., again wash, and expose to light in a bottle
containing 50 Cc. dist. water and 2 drops acetic acid. Re-
duction is complete in 24 to 48 hours. If it is not desired to
retain the superficial epithelium, reduction may be more com-
pletely effected in the dark by treatment with formic acid (sp.
gr. 1.2) diluted with 3 volumes water. The lemon juice in
this process may be replaced by an aqueous solut. citric acid
(40 grains to each fl. oz.).

Ranvier (ONE-THIRD ALCOHOL). This mixture (2 parts dist.
water and i part 90-% alcohol) is known in France as "Al-
cool au tiers"; in Germany as " Drittelalcohol " or"Ran-
viersche alcohol dilutus"; in Italy as " Alcool al terzo." It
is a very mild fixative, and objects should not be left in it for
more than 24 hours. They may then be stained with picro-
carmine, alum-carmine, or methyl-green.

Ranvier (PICRO-CARMINE). Water, 1,000; picric acid, 20; car-
mine, 10 ; ammonia, 50. Keep in a stoppered bottle in a
warm place for 2 to 3 months, then expose in a large dish until
liquid reduced to four-fifths its original volume. Then re-
move the crystals that have formed, dry, and dissolve in a
little warm water. If, after filtration, the carmine does not
appear to be dissolved, when examined under the microscope,
add more water and NH 3 , and expose as before. When car-
mine properly dissolved, evaporate filtered solut. to dryness,
and reduce residue to powder. For staining, dissolve i Gm.
of the powder in 100 Gm. water, and add a crystal thymol
to prevent mold.

346 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Ranvier (PRUSSIAN-BLUE INJECTION). Mix cone, soluts. fer-
rous sulphate and potassium ferrocyanide by pouring former
into the latter, taking care to have an excess of latter. Filter
off liquid and wash ppt. with dist. water until it becomes
soluble, then make a cone, solut. of it. Soak i part gelatin
in water for half hour, wash, melt, and add gradually to 25
parts of blue solut. heated to same temperature, stirring con-
tinually with a glass rod until curdy ppt. first formed disap-
pears. Then filter through flannel and keep at 40 C. on a
water-bath until injected. The soluble Prussian Ll^c pre-
pared as above is sometimes used without gelatin, or it may
be mixed with one-fourth glycerin.

Ranvier (SILVER-NITRATE INJECTION). Mix 2, 3, or 4 parts
cone, solut. gelatin with i part i-% solut. silver nitrate.

Ranvier-Vignal (OSMIUM MIXTURE). Fix tissues in a freshly
made* mixture of equal volumes i-% osmic acid and 90-%
alcohol, then wash out in 8o-% alcohol, next with water, and
stain for 48 hours with picro-carmine or hematoxylin. This
method has been applied to the histology of insects.

Raspail (ALBUMINOIDS). These are colored red by sugar and
cone. H 2 SO 4 . See also Schultze's furfurol reaction.

Raulin (CULTURE MEDIUM). Rock candy, 0.7 Gm.; tartaric
acid, 0.04 Gm.; ammonium nitrate, 0.04 Gm.; ammonium
phosphate, 0.6 Gm.; potassium carbonate, 0.6 Gm.; mag-
nesium carbonate, 0.4 Gm.; ammonium sulphate, 0.25 Gm.;
zinc sulphate, 0.07 Gm.; ferrous sulphate, 0.07 Gm.; potas-
sium silicate, 0.07 Gm.; water, 1,500 Gm.

Rauwerda (CYTISINE). A drop of nitrobenzene containing a
little dinitro-thiophene gives a quite persistent violet-red color
with cytisine or its salts. 0.0005 Gm. cytisine may be recog-
nized. Coniine alone gives similar reaction, but color fades
rapidly.

Rawitz (HEMATEIN STAIN). Add i to 3 drops of strong alum-
hematein solut. to 25 or 50 Cc. distilled water, and stain sec-
tions of picric or sublimate material in the mixture for 24 to
48 hours.

Rawitz (INVERT STAIN). Place sections fixed in Flemming's
liquid or some other chromic mixture in a 20-% aqueous solut.
or tannin for 24 hours. Then wash and treat for 2 or 3 hours

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 247

with a i- to 2.5-% solut. of tartar emetic, kept at a tempera-
ture of 37 C., or for 24 hours with the same solution at the
normal temperature. Again wash and stain for 24 hours with
safranine, fuchsine, methyl violet, gentian violet, or emerald
green. Differentiate- with alcohol or by treatment for 2 to
24 hours with 2.5-% tannin solution, then clear and mount.

Raymondi-Bertoni (NITROUS ACID IN BLOOD). See Bwtoni-
Raymondi.

Read (CARBOLIC ACID AND CREOSOTE). Strong solut. of am-
monia dissolves carbolic acid, but not creosote.

Reale (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID). In a solut. ferric chloride
containing free HC1, a i-% solut. carbolic acid gives a greenish
color. If free acid absent, an amethyst color appears; a
large quantity of acid prevents coloration.

Redenbaugh (NARCOTIZATION METHOD). Add crystals of mag-
nesium sulphate to water containing marine animals until a
sat. solut. is obtained; or, in the case of annelids, throw them
into a sat. solut. of the salt.

Redwood (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Addition of HN0 8
is followed by evolution of nitrous fumes.

Ree (PRECIPITANT FOR ALBUMIN). Alcoholic tannin solu-
tion.

Rehm (STAINS FOR NERVE CELLS), i. Wash sections for a
few minutes in aqueous solut. Congo red, then in alcohol,
and afterwards treat for 10 minutes (until they become blue)
with alcohol acidulated with HC1 or HNO 3 . Clear with origa-
num oil and mount. 2. Place sections of alcohol-hardened
material in a 0.5-% aqueous solut. of hematoxylin for i or 2
days, wash in aqueous solut. lithium carbonate until no more
color comes away, then dehydrate and mount. After-stain,
if desired, for a few minutes with o.i-% aq. solut. Bismarck
brown.

Rehm (STAINS FOR Axis CYLINDERS), i. Stain sections of
alcohol-hardened material for 5 minutes in i-% ammonia-
carmine, wash out in 70-% alcohol acidified with i-% HNO 8 ,
then with pure alcohol; stain for half a minute in o.i-%
methylene-blue solut., differentiate in alcohol, clear in origa-
num oil, and mount in colophonium. 2. Employ a modifica-
tion of Nissl's method, in which sections of alcohol-hardened

248 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

material are stained for half a minute to a minute in hot o.i-%
methylene-blue solut., wash in 96-% alcohol till no more color
comes away, clear with origanum oil, and mount" in balsam
or benzene-colophonium.

Reich (CANE SUGAR). Cobalt-nitrate solut. and KOH or NaOH
when added to solut. of can$ sugar develop a violet color.
According to Dupont, glycerin, milk sugar, glucose, and invert
sugar do not interfere with the reaction, but dextrin and gums
should be removed by pptng. with lead acetate or baryta water.

Reich (GLUCOSE), i. No violet color or ppt. is formed on add-
ing KOH and boiling, then adding cobalt nitrate. 2. No
color reaction is given on adding boiling solut. of potassium
bichromate.

Reichardt (ARSENIC IN URINE), i. To 200 Cc. urine add 2
Gm. NaOH and evaporate off liquid; then dissolve residue
in a little water acidulated with HC1 and test in Marsh's ap-
paratus. 2. Saturate slightly acidulated urine with H 2 S r
collect ppt. in 12 to 14 hours, and wash ppt. and filter with bro-
mine water to dissolve As 2 S . Place washings in Marsh's
apparatus, and pass evolved gas into a solut. AgN0 3 o.i to
0.2 Gm., and HNO 3 2 Gm., in water 10 Cc. Any AsH 3 formed
causes a black-brown ppt. of metallic As, or latter forms at
tip of immersed tube.

Reichardt (!ODIC ACID). On mixing a solut. of an iodate with
a solut. of morphine sulphate containing a few drops H 2 SO 4 a
brown ppt. (of iodine) or a yellowish-brown color, according
to quantity of iodic acid present. A little NH 3 added after
reaction commences increases sensitiveness of reaction, and
renders color more permanent. For details, see MERCK'S
REPORT, ix, p. 517.

Reichardt (NITRIC ACID), Upon treating a solut. of brucine
in H 2 S0 4 with a few drops solut. containing HN0 3 , a rose-red
to deep-red color develops. Or, to i drop of the water add
3 drops of brucine solut. and a few drops H 2 SO 4 color
appears even in dilutions of i : 100,000.

Reiche (ACACIA). Boiling with a solution of orcine in HC1
causes a red to violet color and a blue ppt., which dissolves in
alcohol with a greenish-blue color. Alkalies change the latter
color to violet with greenish fluorescence.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 245

Reichert-Meissl (FOREIGN FAT IN BUTTER). Weigh into a,
flask 5 Gm. melted butter, add 2 Cc. of 50-% NaOH solution,,
and 30 Cc. alcohol. The fat is then saponified under a reflux,
condenser by brisk boiling for 20 minutes. The spirit is then,
boiled off, the last traces being carefully driven off. 100 Cc.
of hot water are then added, the soap dissolved, 40 Cc. of dilute
H 2 SO 4 are next added, and noCc. of liquid is slowly distilled
over. 100 Cc. of this are then titrated with decinormal soda,,
using phenolphtalein as an indicator. Pure butter contains,
volatile fatty acids, which use up from 24 to 32 Cc. of deci-
normal alkali for 5 Gm. taken.

Reichert-Meissl (NUMBER). Indicates the number of Cc. of
decinormal NaOH or KOH solut. required to neutralize the-
volatile fatty acids obtained by a special process from 5 Gm.
of a fat. Rcichcris numbers formerly in vogue gave the fig-
ures for 2.5 Gm. of fat, afid are therefore only half as large as.
the Rcichcrt-McissVs numbers.

Reichl (GLYCERIN), i. Equal parts of glycerin and carbolic-
and sulphuric acids are mixed and heated to 120 C., and
water added to the brownish-yellow, solid mass after cooling..
NH 3 is then added drop by drop, when the mass dissolves,
forming a beautiful carmine-red solut. 2. A violet-red color
develops on boiling glycerin with an equal volume water,
a little pyrogallic acid, and a few drops H 2 S0 4 , then adding
stannic chloride.

Reichl-Mikosch (ALBUMIN). If 2 to 3 drops of alcoholic benz-
aldehyde solut. are added to solut. to be examined, then a
larger volume of dil. H 2 SO 4 (i : i), and finally a few drops of
Fe 2 Cl e , a deep-blue color develops if albumin present. Reac-
tion hastened on warming.

Reinke (FLEMMING'S ORANGE METHOD). In this modification
of Hermann's liquid, sections are left for 24 hours in cone.
K 2 S0 3 solut. Then wash with water and stain for i to 2 hours
with safranine, wash well in water, and stain for 24 hours with
a cone, aqueous solut. gentian violet to which a few drops of a
similar solution of orange G. have been added. Differentiate
rapidly with alcohol and clear with clove oil.

Reinsch (ARSENIC TEST). A solut. of arsencms or arsenic-
acid in HC1 is reduced by metallic Cu, a gray coating of copper

?S C TESTS AND REAGENTS.

arsenide being deposited upon the metal. Sb and Hg behave
similarly, hence their absence must be proved before the
presence of As can be decided upon. Test is also known as
Eager' s empirical arsenic test (kramato method).

Reinsch (SULPHUROUS ACID). A brown or black stain is pro-
duced on copper by H 2 SO 3 in the presence of HC1.

Reissner (NUCLEO-ALBUMIN IN URINE). Filter urine, dilute,
and add excess of acetic acid turbidity indicates presence of
nucleo-albumin.

Remak (SOLUTION FOR HARDENING MICROSCOPICAL PREPARA-
TIONS). 50 Cc. 20-% aqueous CuSO 4 solut., 50 Cc. 25-%
alcohol, and 35 drops of purified pyroligneous acid.

Remsen (SACCHARIN IN PRESENCE OF SALICYLIC ACID). Ethe-
real extract is evaporated, the residue dissolved in water,
neutralized with soda, and mercuric nitrate added in slight
excess. The ppt. is tested for saccharin, after drying, by
Bocrnstein's method.

Renard (PEANUT OIL). Test depends upon isolation of arachic
acid (melting-point 74 to 75 C.) in the form of the lead salt,
which can be separated from lead oleate by extraction with
ether. For details see Chcm. Ztg., 1895, P- 45 1 -

Renaut (GLYCERIN HEMATOXYLIN). To a sat. solut. potassa
alum in glycerin add a sat. solut. of hematoxylin in 90-%
alcohol drop by drop, so as to form a deeply colored solut.
Expose to daylight for a week, then filter. This solut., like
Renaut's hematoxylic eosine, may be used for mounting un-
stained sections, which after some time absorb the color from
the liquid and become stained.

Renaut (HEMATOXYLIC EOSINE). 30 Cc. cone. aq. solut. eosine,
40 Cc. sat. alcoholic solut. hematoxylin (which has been kept
for some time and pptd.), and 130 Cc. sat. solut. potassa alum
in glycerin (sp. gr. 1.26). Stand for 5 or 6 weeks in a partially
covered vessel, protected from dust, until alcohol is evap-
orated, then filter. The filtrate can be diluted with glycerin
if desired. Mount objects in this fluid diluted with i or 2
volumes glycerin, or stain separately for some days or weeks,
and mount in balsam, after washing in alcohol charged with a
sufficient quantity of eosine.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 251

Renaut (SILVER METHOD). For the study of lymphatics stain
tissues with a i-% solut. of AgNO 3 mixed with (i) 3 or 4 parts
of a mixture of 80 parts sat. solut. picric acid and 20 parts of a
i-% osmic acid solut., or (2) with 4 parts of a mixture of 4
parts picric-acid solut. and 20 of osmic-acid solut., with or
without the addition of i % acetic acid to the mixture.

Renzone (KAIRIN IN URINE). Add solut. Fe 2 Cl 6 '. A dark-violet
or reddish-brown color develops changed by H 2 SO 4 to light-red.

Reoch (OXALIC ACID IN URINE). Calcium oxalate is pptd.
on the addition of alcohol.

Resego tti-Martinotti (SAFRANINE-M ETH o D) . See Martinotti-
Rescgotti.

Reuss (ATROPINE). Heat with H 2 SO 4 and some oxidizing sub-
stance odor of blossoms develops.

Reuter (PARA-AMIDOPHENETOL IN PHENACETIN). Melt phenac-
etin with pure chloral hydrate a violet color indicates pres-
ence of amidophenetol. (Even the purest commercial speci-
mens show a slight rose tint.)

Reynold (ACETONE IN THE URINE). Shake distillate from
urine with freshly pptd. HgO (from HgCl 2 and KOH). If
acetone present, the filtrate will contain acetone-mercury in
solution and will respond to tests for mercury.

Reynold-Gunning (ACETONE IN URINE). Add recent yellow
mercury oxide to urine, filter, and overlay filtrate with ammo-
nium sulphide black ring of mercury sulphide forms.

Reynoso (IODINE). Heat mixture of barium peroxide, water,
starch paste, and HC1 until gas begins to evolve, then add the
liquid a blue color develops if iodine present in latter.

Rheoch (FREE MINERAL ACIDS). See Mohr's test.

Rhien (FIXED OILS IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Pass steam through
the oil till it distils over, and shake residue with ether, which
will take up fatty matter.

Ribbert (CAPSULE STAIN). Immerse cover-glass preparation
rapidly in Ribbert 's solut. and immediately rinse in water.
Bacilli stain dark, while the capsules are light blue.

Rice (CARBOLIC ACID). Place 10 Gm. KC1O 3 in a test-tube,
cover with an inch layer of HC1, and add i\ volumes of water.
After removing most of the gas evolved, by blowing through
a glass tube, pour NH 8 cautiously on the surface of the mix-

2S 2 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

ture, and then a few drops of the suspected liquid. If carbolic
acid present the ammoniacal layer will be brown to rose-red.

Richardson (NAPHTOL). Dissolve 0.04 Gm. naphtol and 0.5
Cc. of normal NaOH solut. in i or 2 Cc. water, then add 0.05
Gm. of sulphanilic acid dissolved in 5 Cc. of normal NaOH
solut., and 0.02 Gm. NaNO 2 dissolved in 5 Cc. normal H 2 SO 4 .
Under those conditions a-naphtol gives a dark blood-red color,
changing to brown on adding diluted H 2 SO 4 ; /?-naphtol de-
velops a reddish-yellow color.

Richardson (SERUM PAPER). Paper saturated with the serum
of typhoid patients and dried may be used for WidaVs reac-
tion instead of fresh serum.

Riche-Bardy (METHYL ALCOHOL IN ALCOHOL). Mix 10 Cc. of
the sample 15 Gm. iodine and 2 Gm. amorphous phosphorus,,
and distil the iodides into 30 Cc. water. Separate and mix
with 5 Cc. aniline, kept cool in a flask; after an hour add
water and excess of NaOH and boil. Take i Cc. of the oily
layer which rises to the surface and mix with 10 Gm. of a mix-
ture of clean sand, 100 parts; salt, 2 parts; copper nitrate, 3
parts; heat in a glass tube to 90 C. for 8 houis, then exhaust
with warm alcohol, filter, and make up to 100 Cc. with more
alcohol. If no methyl alcohol is present the color is red, if a
trace of methyl alcohol is there the tint will be more or less
violet, and will give a standard color to a skein of white wool.

Richmond (NITRIC ACID). Mix solut. to be tested with cone.
H 2 SO 4 and when cool overlay on cone. FeSO 4 solut. The
presence of HN0 3 is indicated by a reddish color changing to
purple and brown. Also called Dcsbassin's reaction.

Richmond-Boseley (FORMALDEHYDE). Fluids containing for-
maldehyde when boiled with a solut. diphenylamine in water
and the necessary volume H 2 SO 4 , yield a white flaky ppt.
Presence of HNO 3 or nitrates is indicated by the resulting
green color. See Hchncr's reaction.

Richter (INDICATOR). Potassium dichromate. Gives with al-
kalies a reddish-yellow color; with acids a pale-yellow.

Rideal (ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, AND TIN). These elements in
minute quantities are detected by means of electrolytic
couples of platinum-iron, copper-platinum, and zinc-gold*
See Chemical News, LI, p. 292.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 253

Rideal (HYDROLYSIS OF BUTTER FAT). Heat melted butter
with H 2 SO 4 , and then after destroying the H 2 SO 3 formed by
permanganate, distil off the volatile fatty acids, which titrate
as in the Reichert-Meissl process of butter analysis. (See
Analyst, xvm, p. 165.)

Rideal-Green (NITROUS ACID). A volumetric method based
upon the diazo reaction with aniline. Determinations of
HNO 2 with less than 0.1% error can be made even in presence
of reducing agents when permanganate is obviously inad-
missible. See Chemical News, XLIX, p. 173.

Hideal-Rosenblum (COMPOUNDS OF CHROMIUM). A method
based upon fusion with sodium peroxide. For precautions
and details necessary in order to insure accurate results, see
Journ. Soc. Chcm. Ind., 1896, p. 1017.

Rideal-Stewart (TOTAL PROTEIDS). By precipitating an aque-
ous solut. of a meat extract by chlorine, a ppt. of constant
composition is obtained, which can be dried over sulphuric
acid or kjeldahled. (See Analyst, Aug., 1897.)

JUdenour (SALICYLIC ACID). H 2 O 2 in the presence of an am-
moniacal solut. of ammonium carbonate affords a red varying
in intensity according to quantity of salicylic acid present.
For details see MERCK'S REPORT, vin, p. 513.

Riegel (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE).
Moisten Congo-red paper with drop filtered gastric juice, or
add drop of Congo-red solut. to latter a blue color shows
presence of free HC1. Also known as Hcrzberg's paper.

Riegler (ALBUMIN), i. Asaprol (calcium naphtolsulphonate),
8; citric acid, 8; dissolve in distilled water, 200. 10 Cc. of
urine are mixed with 10 to 20 drops of the reagent. Traces
of albumin are indicated by a turbidity ; larger quantities by
a ppt. Quantitative determination may be made with an al-
buminometer. 2. 10 Gm. /?-naphtalinsulphonic acid are well
shaken with 200 Cc. water and filtered. A turbidity or ppt.
on adding 20 to 30 drops of reagent to 5 to 6 Cc. of fluid in-
dicates presence of albumin. Sensitiveness i : 40,000. Albu-
moses and peptones react in a similar manner, but the ppt.
disappears on warming, and reappears on cooling.

Riegler (ALBUMOSES AND PEPTONES). Dissolve 5 Gm. para-
nitraniline in 25 Cc. water and 6 Cc. cone. H 2 S0 4 , add 100 Cc.

254 TESTS /4ND REAGENTS.

water, then a solut. of sodium nitrite 3 Gm. in 25 Cc. water,
and make up to 500 Cc. with water. Filter and preserve in
the dark. Mix 10 Cc. reagent with io'Cc. fluid to be tested,
then add 30 drops io-% solut. NaOH if very small quan-
tities of albumoses or peptones present a yellowish-orange
color develops; with notable quantities a blood-red, even the
froth on shaking being red. On now adding excess of H 2 SO 4
an orange or brownish ppt. forms. For details, see MERCK'S
REPORT, ix, p. 24.

"Rbgler (ALDEHYDES AND GLUCOSE). Heat o.i Gm. phenylhy-
drazine hydrochlorate, 0.5 Gm. cryst. sodium acetate, and i
Cc. sugar solut. until dissolved. When near boiling-point add
20 to 30 drops io-% NaOH without shaking in from a few
seconds to 5 minutes, liquid becomes violet-red, even if not
more than 0.005% sugar present. If no sugar present, color
will be a slight pink. For sugar in urine, color must develop
within i minute to afford physiological significance. Re-
action also occurs with aldehydes, hence absence of these
must be assured. According to Jolles, absence of albumin
must also be assured. Reaction uninfluenced by uric acid
and creatinine.

Riegler (BILIARY PIGMENTS). On adding an excess of para-
diazonitraniline solut. to an alkaline solut. of bilirubin or
biliverdin, intensely colored reddish- violet flocks are pptd.,
soluble in chloroform, alcohol, or benzene, and affording
reddish-violet or violet soluts. For details see MERCK'S RE-
PORT, vin, p. 269.

Riegler (INDICATOR). Diazoparanitraniline-guaiacol. Gives a
red color with alkalies, and a greenish-yellow with acids.

Riegler (NITRITES), i. 15 Cc. of the fluid to be examined are
mixed in a test-tube with 0.02 to 0.03 Gm. of the naphtol rea-
gent (equal parts naphtionic acid and pure beta-naphtol) and
2 to 3 drops cone. HC1, shaken, and i Cc. strong NH 3 poured
down the side of the tube while held in a slanting position;
presence of nitrites is indicated by appearance of a red zone,
and on shaking the whole solution turns red. 2. Naphtyl-
amine sulphonic acid (naphtionic acid), i Gm.; beta-naphtol,
i Gm. ; sodium hydrate, 0.5 Gm.; water, 200 Cc. 10 drops
of the solut. are used.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 255

Riegler (URIC ACID). Para-nitraniline 0.5 Gm., water 10 Cc. f
pure cone. H 2 S0 4 15 drops. Put into a glass flask of 150 Cc,
capacity and heat with agitation until dissolved. Water 20
Cc. is now added, the mixture cooled quickly, NaN0 2 solut.
(2.5-%) and 10 Cc. are added, and diluted, after 15 minutes,
with water 60 Cc. The mixture is shaken up repeatedly and
filtered. The formation of a blue or green color on adding
the reagent and io-% NaOH solut. indicates presence of
uric acid.

Riegler (URIC ACID AND URATES). Add to 5 Cc. of liquid to
be tested a small pinch phosphomolybdic acid, shake, then
allow 10 to 20 drops cone. NaOH solut. to run in if uric acid
or a urate is present, an intense blue color develops. Sensitive
in dilutions of i: 100,000. Guanin, alloxan, and alloxanthin
also give the reaction.

Righini (MYRRH). Pure myrrh is dissolved by a solut. of an
equal weight of NH 4 C1 in 15 times as much water.

Riley (CHLORINE). Mix i part suspected substance, i part
potassium bichromate, and 3 parts H 2 S0 4 in a beaker, and
suspend in this a smaller beaker containing ice. Chloro-
chromic acid is given off and condenses on the suspended
beaker. On adding to the liquid a few drops NH 3 with an
excess acetic acid and some solut. lead subacetate a yellow to
orange color results.

Rimini (ALDEHYDES). A solution of the aldehyde in alcoholic
potassa is heated with hydroxylaminephenyl-sulphonic acid.
This results in the formation of benzyl-sulphonic acid and a
hydroxamic acid containing the aldehyde residue. The latter
compound can easily be separated, and yields an intense red-
violet color with traces of iron chloride. This reaction is said
to be exceedingly delicate.

Rimini (FORMALDEHYDE). Add i Cc. of a i-% solut. phenyl-
hydrazine hydrochlorate and 3 or 4 drops freshly prepared so-
dium-nit roprussiate solut. to 15 Cc. liquid, then make alkaline
with cone. NaOH, and warm if formaldehyde present, a
marked blue color develops, changing to deep red. Milk thus
tested turns blue to ash-gray, changing after 15 minutes to
red.

25 6 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Rindfleisch (TUBERCLE STAIN). Heat staining solut. until
steam rises and bubbles appear on surface, then treat as in
Koch-Ehrlich method.

Rinnmann (ZINC). Zinc oxide moistened with cobalt-nitrate
solut. and strongly heated on charcoal, affords a green color.

Ripart (MOUNTING-MEDIUM). 75 parts camphor water, 75 parts
distilled water, i part glacial acetic acid, 0.3 part cupric ace-
tate, and 0.3 part cupric chloride.

Ripart-Pettit (PRESERVATIVE FLUID). Same as mounting-
medium (vide supra). Objects fixed in this stain instanta-
neously with methyl green. Osmic acid or mercuric chloride
may be added to increase fixing action.

Ritsert (GLYCERIN). Heat i Cc. glycerin to boiling with i Cc.
NH 3 , then add 3 drops 5-% AgNO 3 solut. no change should
occur in the liquid within 5 minutes. Test intended to show
presence of arsenous acid, as well as of acrolein and formic
acid; recent investigations, however, seem to have proved
the test to be fallacious.

Ritsert (PHENACETIN). Boil o.i Gm. phenacetin i minute with
i Cc. cone. HC1, then dilute with 10 Cc. water, filter after
cooling, and treat filtrate with 3 drops 3-% chromic-acid
solut. liquid gradually assumes a ruby-red color.

Ritsert (SULPHONAL). Heat sulphonal with gallic or pyro-
gallic acid odor of mercaptan develops.

Ritthausen (PROTEIN). A violet color develops on dissolving
protein in dil. H 2 SO 4 , adding excess of KOH, and then a few
drops sat. solut. CuSO 4 .

Robbert-Hammarsten (THYMOL). See Hammarsten-Robbert.

Roberts (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Overlay urine on solut. of NaCl
containing 5% HC1 sp. gr. 1.052, or on a mixture of 5 parts
sat. MgSO 4 solut. and i part of strong HNO 3 ; in both cases
albumin is detected by formation of a white zone between
the two liquids.

Roberts (GLUCOSE IN URINE). Add a little yeast to 60 or 70
Cc. urine and let ferment 24 hours. Compare specific gravity
before and after fermentation every degree lost represents
i grain glucose per ounce, or 0.23%.

Roberts-Stolnikoff (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Depends on em-
ployment of Heller's test.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. *57

Robin (ALKALOIDS). Mix i part of substance with 2 parts cane
sugar and add i or 2 drops H 2 SO 4 , stirring with a glass rod.
Alkaloids give colors as follows: Atr opine violet, changing
to brown; codeine cherry-red, changing to violet; morphine
rose, rapidly changing to violet; narcotine persistent
mahogany color; quinine greenish, bright-yellow, changing
to dark coffee color with yellow margin; salicin bright red;
strychnine reddish, changing to dark coffee color; veratrine
dark green.

Robinet (MORPHINE).. A neutral solut. of a morphine salt
gives with a dil. solut. of Fe 2 Cl fl containing some oxychloride
a rapidly disappearing blue color.

Robinet (SALICYLIC ACID IN URINE). Ppt. urine with neutral lead
acetate, remove excess of lead with dil. H 2 SO 4 , and at once add
Fe 2 Cl . If liquid has a ted color (due to iron acetate) add H 2 SO 4
until colorless or the purple salicylic-acid color appears.

Robins (GELATIN MASSES). Soak i part of gelatin in 7 to 10
parts water, and combine with one of the following coloring
masses: i, Carmine coloring-mass. Rub 3 Gm. carmine with
a little water and enough NH 3 to dissolve, then add 50 Gm.
glycerin and filter. Then add by degrees a mixture of 5 Gm.
acetic acid and 45 Gm. glycerin until slightly acid. Mix
i part of this mixture with 3 to 4 parts gelatin vehicle. 2.
Copper-ferrocyanide coloring mass. Mix 20 Cc. cone, solut.
potassium ferrocyanide and 50 Cc. glycerin, and add slowly,
with agitation, to a mixture of 35 Cc. cone, solut. copper sul-
phate and 50 Cc. glycerin. At moment of injecting mix with
3 volumes of vehicle. 3. Modified Bcale's Prussian-blue
glycerin mass. Mix 50 Cc. glycerin and 90 Cc. sat. solut.
potassium sulphocyanide, and add to mixture of 3 Cc. solut.,
ferric chloride and 50 Cc. glycerin. Add next a few drops
HC1, and mix with 3 volumes of vehicle. 4. Cadmium col-
oring mass. Dilute 40 Cc. sat. solut. cadmium sulphate with
50 Cc. glycerin, and add a mixture of 30 Cc. sat. solut. sodium
sulphide with 50 Cc. glycerin, then combine with 3 volumes
of vehicle. 5. Schecle' s-green coloring mass. Mix 80 Cc.
sat. solut. potassium arsenite and 50 Cc. glycerin, and add
40 Cc. sat. solut. copper sulphate mixed with 40 Cc. glycerin,
and combine with 3 volumes of vehicle.

258 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Robinski (SILVER STAINING METHOD). Allow o.i- to 0.2-%
solut. AgNO 3 to act for 30 seconds on objects to be stained.

Robiquet (MORPHINE). Ferric salts yield a blue color with
morphine.

Roch (ALBUMINOIDS). Also known as MacWilliam's reagent.
B our r can modifies this by employing a solut. of oxyphenyl-
sulphonic acid 3, and salicylic-sulphonic acid i, in water 20.

Roch (ALBUMIN IN URINE). A ppt. is yielded with salicyl-
sulphonic acid solut.

Rochleder (CAFFEINE). On heating with HC1 and KC1O 3 (or
with freshly made chlorine water) and evaporating gently,
caffeine develops a yellowish-red color, changing to violet on
adding NH 3 .

Rogers (TiN). Ammonium molybdate affords a blue color with
stannous chloride, still visible in solut. of i: 250,000.

Rollett (FREEZING PROCESS). Small portions of tissue are
placed on the stage of a freezing microtome after immersion
in the white of a freshly laid egg, then frozen and cut with a
well-cooled knife.

Roman-Delluc (UROBILIN IN URINE). Shake out 100 Cc.
urine with 20 Cc. chloroform after acidulating with 8 to 10
drops acetic acid. Overlay 2 Cc. of clear chloroformic solut.
with 4 Cc. of i : 1,000 solut. zinc acetate in 95-% alcohol. At
line of separation a characteristic green fluorescence appears
if urobilin present, more easily recognized against a black
background. On shaking, fluorescence is more marked, and
the mixture acquires a pink tint.

Romei (FUCHSINE IN FRUIT SYRUPS). Fruit syrup colored
with fuchsine yields the dye to fusel oil when shaken with it.

Romei (WATER IN ETHER). Well-dried K 2 CO 3 is insol. in pure
ether, but forms a dense solut. with any water present.

Roosevelt (!RON PYROGALLIC STAIN). Mix 20 drops sat. solut.
FeSO 4 , 30 Gm. water, and 15 to 20 drops sat. solut. pyro-
gallic acid.

Rose (BIURET REACTION FOR ALBUMINS). The albumin solut.
is rendered alkaline with NaOH and a dil. CuSO 4 solut.
(17 or 1 8 Gm. in i litre water) added drop by drop with
constant shaking. The solut. first becomes rose-red, then
violet, and finally blue, the last appearing reddish when com-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 259

pared with normal CuSO 4 solut. See also Brueke's biuret
reaction and Posner's reaction.

Rosenbach (ALBUMIN). Add a few drops 5-% solut. chromic
acid to a slightly acid urine if albumin present, a yellowish
flocculent ppt. forms. Phosphates pptd. on boiling are re-
dissolved.

Rosenbach (BLOOD-CELL STAIN). Sat. aqueous solut. methylene
blue 50 Cc.; sat. aqueous solut. phloxin, 20 Cc.; alcohol
(95-%)> 3 Cc.; water, 60 Cc. Stain is also good for all
varieties of malarial parasites.

Rosenbach (BILIARY PIGMENTS). On carefully adding to urine
a few drops 5-% chromic-acid solut. a green color is produced,
which changes to brown on adding more reagent. In Rosen-
bach's modification of Gmclin's test, on filtering urine and
letting a drop HNO 3 run down side of moist filter, a yellow to
violet and green color results.

Rosenbach (GLUCOSE AND LACTOSE). On boiling a solut.
(even i : 1,000) of glucose or lactose with a little sodium nitro-
prussiate and NaOH, a characteristic reddish-orange or red-
brown color develops.

Rosenbach (INDIGO-RED IN URINE). Boil urine and add HN0 3
drop by drop if indigo-red present a deep-red color devel-
ops, and the froth on shaking is violet. The color is soluble
in chloroform or ether.

Rosenfeld-Silber (INDICATOR). The authors prepare a new
indicator, "rubrescin," as follows: Fuse together 50 Gm.
resorcin and 25 Gm. chloral hydrate in an oil-bath; at 160
C. the reaction proceeds without the necessity for further
heating, HC1 being eliminated. The melt forms a crumbly,
non-hygroscopic mass insoluble in chloroform, slightly sol-
uble in ether, soluble in warm amylic alcohol, and in cold
methyl and ethyl alcohols, as well as in water. The i-%
solut. has a dark-red color, and its sensitiveness is very great,
i drop of a deci-normal NaOH added to 100 Cc. water, and
treated with 3 to 6 drops of the i-% solut. retains its red
color for an hour, and a red fluorescence is still visible even
after standing one day. (When phenolphtalein is used under
similar conditions, the color fades away in a few seconds.) A
similarly excellent result is obtained with i to 2 drops of deci-

260 TESTS AKD REAGENTS.

normal borax solut., and normal and acid sodium-carbonate
solutions. With i drop of decinormal H 2 SO 4 the color dis-
appears completely when 3 drops of the indicator solution
are used; when 5 to 6 drops are used the color is distinctly
yellow. NH 8 too gives a red color. Rubrescin, as an indicator,
must be regarded as of strongly acid character.

Rosenstiehl (ANILINE). See Range's test.

Rosenstiehl (PARATOLUIDINE). Add HN0 3 to a solut. of para-
toluidine in H 2 S0 4 the latter becomes bluish- violet, then
red and brown.

Rosin (BILIARY PIGMENTS). If biliary pigments present a
green ring forms on overlaying a few Cc. of dil. iodine solut.
on the urine.

Ross (PHOSPHORIC ACID). On dissolving a phosphate in a
borax bead, and adding sodium tungstate, the bead becomes
blue in the reducing flame.

Ross bach (POISONOUS ALKALOIDS). Action of alkaloids upon
infusoria is tested, and the degree of toxicity estimated from
intensity of action.

Rossel (BLOOD IN URINE). Acidulate urine strongly and shake
with equal vol. ether. (If an emulsion forms, cool with ice-
water, or add a few drops alcohol.) To ethereal solut. add a
few drops water, then 15 to 30 drops old turpentine oil, or 5
to 10 drops H 2 2 , and shake lightly; then add 10 to 20 drops
alcoholic 2-% solut. barbaloin and shake thoroughly the
aqueous layer acquires a distinct red color in i to 3 minutes
if traces of blood present. (Coloration said to be discernible
even when traces no longer detected spectroscopically.)

Roth (FIXED OILS). H 2 S0 4 (sp. gr. 1.4), saturated with nitrous
fumes is mixed with the olive or other oil to be tested, and
the color and solidifying-point noted. See Poutet's elaidin
test.

Rouget (METHYLENE-BLUE METHOD). Modify Dogiel's. proce-
dure by employing for muscles of Batrachia a 0.5-% solut..
methylene blue in o.6-% salt, solut.

Rouget (SILVER STAINING). Expose tissues repeatedly to the
action of weak AgN0 3 solut. (i : 750 or 1,000), and wash with
water after each bath. Reduce in glycerin.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 261

Rousselet (PRESERVATION OF ROTIFERS). Place water con-
taining the Rotifers in a watch-glass, and add at intervals a
few drops of mixture containing 3 parts 2-% cocaine hydro-
chlorate solut., i part methylated spirit, and 6 parts water.
When the cilia cease to beat, add a drop Flemming's liquid or
of 0.25-% osmic acid-solut., and after that has acted for not
more than half a minute, remove the Rotifers with a pipette,
and wash them by passing 2 or 3 times through distilled water
in watch-glasses. Finally, mount in a mixture of 2.5 parts
formaldehyde and 37.5 parts dist. water.

Roussin (CRYSTALS). Ruby-colored crystals, reflecting dark
blue, separate gradually from the oily mass obtained on mix-
ing solutions of nicotine and iodine in ether.

Royere, De la (FIXED OILS). A red color develops on treating
a few drops oil with 2 drops fuchsine solut. to which just
enough alkali has been added to decolorize it. The color is
produced by the free acids in the oils, and according to Hal-
phcn the value of the test is limited by the fact that mineral
oils may also contain acids. The acids in oils used as lubri-
cators may also be neutralized by alkaline soaps, though
the presence of the latter can be easily detected by the red
color formed on adding a solut. of congo red just colored
violet by HC1.

Ruber (GLUCOSE IN URINE). See Rubner' s test.

Rubner (GLUCOSE). A red ppt. forms on adding lead acetate
and ammonia, then warming the solution.

Rubner (MILK-SUGAR). Boil with excess of lead acetate a
yellowish-brown color develops. On now adding NH 3 a
brick-red color and cherry-red ppt. form.

Rudisch-Boroschek (URIC ACID IN URINE). The determina-
tion is made with a sat. aqueous solut. of sodium sulphite,
each 100 Cc. of which contains in solution about i Gm. of
silver chloride. On adding the solution to a solution of uric
acid rendered strongly alkaline with sodium carbonate, there
forms a flocculent precipitate, which soon settles, and which
may be readily filtered off. The precipitate has most prob-
ably the composition Ag C 5 H 3 N 4 O 3 . On adding a sulphite-
silver solution to urine rendered strongly alkaline with sodium
carbonate, there forms a yellowish-white precipitate, which

262 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

also readily separates, and which may be filtered off and
washed with sodium-carbonate solution.

Rudolf-Fischer (ACETANILID). Heat 5 Gm. acetanilid for some
time with 5 Gm. dry ZnCl 2 a yellow coloring matter with
moss-green fluorescence forms, which may be dissolved by
heating with very dil. HC1. Product formed is flavanilin,
C W H 14 N 2 .

Ruempler (FREE ACIDS IN FIXED OILS). An emulsion forms
on shaking the oil with a solut. chemically pure Na 2 CO 8 .
NaOH must be absent.

Ruggieri-Tortelli (COTTONSEED OIL). See Tortelli-Ruggieri.

Runge (ANILINE), i. Aniline solut. in the absence of NH 4 C1
yields with chlorinated-lime solut. a purple-red color, which
changes to rose-red on adding acids. According to Rosen-
stiehl, in case the aniline is impure, ether is added after admix-
ture of the chlorinated-lime solut.; this takes up the brown
product formed, so that the aqueous solut. remains of a pure
blue color. 2. A pine shaving, moistened with a very dilute
solut. of an aniline salt, is colored yellow.

Runge (CANE SUGAR). Sugar is blackened on concentrating
it with dil. H 2 SO 4 . Many other organic substances act like-
wise, however.

Runge (CARBOLIC ACID). A pine shaving moistened with
HC1 is colored blue by carbolic acid.

Rupeau (PICRIC ACID IN BEER). Ferrous sulphate, 5 Gm.;
tartaric acid, 5 Gm.; water, 200 Gm. Mix solution with an
equal volume of sat. solut. NaCl. Overlay i to 2 Cc. reagent
on half a Cc. beer and add 2 drops NH 3 . Presence of picric
acid is shown by a red color.

Rust (CARBOLIC ACID AND CREOSOTE). Collodion forms a jelly
with carbolic acid, but not with creosote.

Ryder (DOUBLE IMBEDDING PROCESS). After the collodion
bath, soak objects in chloroform, then remove into a mixture
of chloroform and paraffin heated to not over 40 C., and finally
into a bath of pure paraffin.

Sabanin-Laskowski (CITRIC ACID). Yellow color develops on
heating with excess of NH 3 in a sealed tube at 120 C. for six
hours. On pouring out and allowing to stand for several
hours, color changes to blue.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 263

Sabatier (COPPER). Add i drop solut. of a copper salt to i Cc.
cone. HBr if much copper present, a purple-red color at once
develops; if little, color is lilac. A o.oooi-% solut. of a cop-
per salt still gives the reaction. A mixture of KI and H 3 PO 4
also gives the reaction, which develops on first carefully
warming, then cooling.

Sabatier (NITRITES). On dissolving a few fragments cuprous
oxide in cone. H 2 SO 4 containing a little nitrite, the solut. is
colored intensely violet to purple. All cuprous compounds,
and cuproso-cupric derivatives afford the color. Cupric
compounds do not react.

Sabatin (COPPER). Trace of a copper salt dissolved in cone, hy-
drobromic acid develops an intense purple color, i drop of a
i : 30,000 copper-salt solut. added to i Cc. colorless cone, acid
still affords the reaction. Reagent may be replaced by a
solut. of KBr in orthophosphoric acid. Delicacy of reaction
somewhat impaired by presence of free bromine; on driving
off latter by heat, however, the color is observed.

Sabrazes-Deniges (TEST-PAPER FOR IODINE). Boil i Gm.
starch with 40 Cc. water, cool, and add 0.5 Gm. sodium ni-
trite. Apply paste to both sides of heavy unsized paper.
The dry paper^is moistened with liquid to be tested, and
moistened spot wetted with i drop io-% H 2 S0 4 if iodine
(iodide) is present a blue color develops.

Sachs (NUTRIENT MEDIUM). Potassium' nitrate, i Gm.; so-
dium chloride, 0.5 Gm.; calcium sulphate, 0.5 Gm.; magne-
sium sulphate, 0.5 Gm.; calcium phosphate, 0.5 Gm.; and a
few drops of ferric-chloride solut. are dissolved in i liter of
water.

Sachsse (GLUCOSE). Two solutions are made, composed
respectively of mercuric iodide 18 Gm., potassium iodide 25
Gm., water 500 Cc.; and KOH 80 Gm. in 500 Cc. water.
Before use for titration equal volumes of the two solutions
are mixed; as an indicator, paper, saturated with an alkaline
solut. stannous chloride is employed. A black spot is pro-
duced by a drop of the solution so long as any unreduced
mercuric salt is present. Each 40 Cc. of this solution equals
0.1342 Gm. glucose.

264 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Sacchse-Heinrich (GLUCOSE). Solut. contains only 10 Gm.
KOH for the above quantities. The glucose solut. (about
5-%) is added to the boiling reagent until all mercury salt is
reduced. As an indicator, H 2 S is used, being added to a small
portion of solut. acidulated with acetic acid. 40 Cc. reagent
are reduced by 0.1342 Gm. glucose.

Sahli (METHYLENE-BLUE BORAX). 5-% solut. borax, 16 Gm.;
sat. aqueous solut. methylene blue, 24 Gm. ; dist. water,
40 Gm.

Sahli (STAINING NERVE-CENTERS). Sections of material hard-
ened in bichromate are washed in water for 5 or 10 minutes
and stained dark blue with cone, aqueous solut. methylene blue.
They are then rinsed with water, stained for 5 minutes in sat.
aqueous solut. acid-fuchsine, rinsed with alcohol, and passed
into a large quantity water. Or, instead of rinsing in alcohol,
use alcohol containing from o.i to i% KOH, differentiate the
stain in water, clear sectio'ns with cedar oil, and mount in
balsam dissolved in cedar oil. For obtaining a specific stain
of nerve-tubes, stain sections for a few minutes or hours in a
mixture of 24 parts sat. aqueous solut. methylene blue, 16 parts
5-% solut. borax, and 40 parts water. Sections are then
washed in water or alcohol until the gray matter can be clearly
distinguished from the white, cleared with cedar oil, and
mounted in balsam.

Salkowsky (CARBON MONOXIDE IN BLOOD). Mix suspected
blood with 19 parts water and add an equal volume
NaOH (sp. gr. 1.34) if blood contains CO the mixture be-
comes immediately turbid, at first whitish, then bright red;
after some time red flocks separate and float on surface of
rose-colored liquid. Normal blood is colored a dirty-brown
by NaOH.

Salkowsky (CHOLESTERIN). Dissolve a few Ctg. substance in
2 Cc. chloroform and shake solut. with 2 Cc. of cone. H 2 S0 4 .
In presence of cholesterin the chloroform becomes blood-red
and the acid exhibits greenish fluorescence. If test is applied
as a zone reaction, a brownish-red zone appears. Breathing
on chloroform solut. is said to change the red color to blue,
green, and yellow.

Salkowsky (CREATININE). See WeyVs test.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 265

Salkowsky (HEMATOPORPHYRIN). Ppt. urine with a solut. of Ba
(OH) 2 , wash ppt., extract with alcohol containing i% HC1, and
examine spectroscopically. Two characteristic bands are seen.

Salkowsky (!NDOL). See Bayer's test.

Salkowsky (OXALIC ACID). Make 100 Cc. urine alkaline with
Ca(OH) 2 , add CaCl 2 , evaporate partially, add alcohol, wash
ppt. with some alcohol and hot water, then dissolve in HC1.
Next add NH 3 and acetic acid. Octahedral crystals of cal-
cium oxalate are thus obtained.

Salkowsky (PEPTONE IN URINE). Acidulate 50 Cc. urine with
HC1, and ppt. with phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdic acid.
Wash ppt., warm on water-bath, dissolve with a little NaOH,
and add a few drops i- to 2-% CuSO 4 solut. In presence of
peptone, a red color appears. The author amends this test,
since he finds that the presence of urobilin may occasion a ppt.
and give the biuret reaction like albumose; if, therefore,
urobilin present, it must first be removed from the phospho-
molybdic ppt. before the biuret reaction is applied.

Salkowsky (PHENOL). Phenol solut. is colored blue or greenish
by NH 3 and a few drops chlorinated-lime solut., and heating
gently.

Salkowsky (POTASSIUM IN URINE). Evaporate 100 to 150 Cc.
urine to 12 to 18 Cc., filter when cold, and add cone, solut. tar-
taric acid potassium bitartrate deposits.

Salkowsky (SULPHUROUS ACID IN URINE). Add 10 Cc. HC1
(sp. gr. 1.12) to 100 Cc. urine, and evaporate to 25 or 30 Cc.
in a tube a bluish or yellowish white ppt. forms on upper
portion of cool tube.

Salkowsky-Kitasato (!NDOL IN BACTERIAL CULTURE). See
Kitasato-Salkowsky.

Salkowsky-Leubes (MuciN IN URINE). Treat urine with 2
vol. absolute alcohol, collect ppt. and re-dissolve in water.
The solut. gives a turbidity with acetic acid insoluble in ex*
cess, but soluble in HC1 or HNO 3 .

Salomon (XANTHIN; PARAXANTHIN; HETEROXANTHIN). NaOH
or KOH ppts. paraxanthin and heteroxanthin, the former as
right-angled prisms and planes, the latter as acute or obtuse-
angled, often double, crystals.

Salzer (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). The same as Puscher's*

266 TESTS AND REAGENTS

Sandlund (IODINE IN URINE). Treat 5 Cc. urine with i Cc.
H 2 SO 4 (1:5) and 2 or 3 drops sodium-nitrate solut. (i Gm. in
500 Cc.), then shake up with carbon disulphide this becomes
colored if iodine present (up to 0.001%).

Sankey (STAINING NERVE-CENTERS). Stain in a 0.5-% solut.
aniline blue-black, and in order to obtain a differential stain,
wash out for 20 to 30 minutes in chloral-hydrate solut.

Sargent (BLEACHING METHOD). Soak insects to be bleached
for a day or two in a mixture of HC1 10 drops, potassium chlo-
rate 30 grains, water i fl. ounce. Wash well.

Sattler (SILVER STAINING). Preparations stained with AgN0 3
are exposed to light for a few minutes in water acidulated
with acetic or formic acid.

Saul (ESERINE). If a solut. of eserine, or one of its salts, be
heated to boiling, and a few drops of strong HNO 3 added, an
orange-colored liquid is obtained, which, on adding NaOH
in excess, yields an intensely violet solut. The violet color is
changed to pale-orange by acids, and restored by alkalies.

Saul (TANNIN). To about 0.015 Gm. tannin in 3 Cc. water add
3 drops of 20-% alcoholic solut. thymol, and then 3 Cc. strong
H 2 SO 4 gallotannic acid yields a turbid rose -colored solut.;
gallic acid remains practically uncolored.

Savalle (FUSEL OIL IN ALCOHOL). Heat alcohol with an equal
vol. cone. H 2 SO 4 until boiling commences fusel oil is
indicated by the formation of a brown color; all aldehydes
and even higher alcohols give this reaction. If the latter are
to be tested for, the aldehydes may be removed by heating for
half an hour with a little metaphenylenediamine hydrochlo-
rate and subsequent distillation ; the distillate thus freed from
aldehydes is tested with H 2 S0 4 . If the quantity of fusel oil is
slight, 10 to 20 drops of a i : i ,000 solut. furfurol may be added,
and then a pink color is developed, if higher alcohols present,
on heating with H 2 SO 4 . Test may be employed quantitatively
for the colorimetric determination of fusel oil.

Schaal (INDICATOR). Alizarine is colored yellow by acids, and
rose-red by alkalies.

Schacht (BENZOIC ACID). The acid from Siam benzoin decol-
orizes an alkaline solut. KMn0 4 , but that from other sources
merely alters the color to green.

TESTS AKD REAGENTS. 267

Schack (PEPPERMINT OIL). A blue-green color io given with
fused salicylic acid; on dissolving mixture in alcohol the
solut. is blue by transmitted, and red by reflected, light.

Schaefer (CINCHONIDINE IN QUININE SULPHATE). Dissolve i
Gm. quinine sulphate in 9 Gm. absolute alcohol and 3 Gm.
5-% H 2 SO 4 . After standing for a day with occasional shak-
ing, any cinchonidine present will have pptd. as tetrasulphate,
that salt being only slightly soluble in alcohol. By dissolving
in water and pptng. again with NaOH, the cinchonidine can
be obtained pure (m.p. 199 C.).

Schaefer (MARTIUS' YELLOW IN PASTRY). Heat 200 Gm. pas-
try with 50- to 6o-% alcohol, concentrate by evaporation,
and add HC1 if Martius' yellow present, a whitish, floccu-
lent ppt. of dinitro-alphanaphtol forms, soluble in ether with
yellow color. If naphtol-yellow (a sulpho-derivative of
Martius* yellow) present HC1 gives no ppt., but NaOH does.

Schaefer (NAPHTOL-YELLOW IN PASTRY), io to 20 Gm. ma-
terial to be tested are broken up into crumbs and warmed
with 40 Cc. alcohol (50 to 60% by vol.) naphtol-yellow colors
the alcohol yellow; on adding HC1 this color disappears,
while that produced by saffron would remain ; metanil-yellow
is colored red.

Schaefer (NITRITES IN URINE). Decolorize 3 or 4 Cc. urine with
animal charcoal, then treat with an equal volume acetic acid
(i : io), and 2 drops 5-% potassium ferrocyanide solut.
nitrites cause a yellow color.

Schaefer (QUININE SULPHATE). Oxalate test. Dissolve i Gm.
crystallized (or 0.85 Gin. anhydrous) quinine sulphate in 35
Cc. boiling water, add a solut. of 0.3 Gm. crystallized neutral
potassium oxalate in 5 Cc. water, and distilled water to make
up 41.3 Gm. Place the vessel in a water-bath heated to 20
C. for half an hour, shaking occasionally, and filter through
glass wool. On adding a drop NaOH solut. to io Cc. filtrate
no turbidity is produced if the quinine sulphate is free from
allied alkaloids.

Schaeffer (DIFFERENTIATING BOILED FROM UNBOILED MILK).
Add i drop 0.2-% H 2 O 2 and 2 drops 2-% solut. paraphenylene-
diamine to io Cc. milk, and shake unboiled milk is imme-
diately colored blue.

268 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Schaellibaum (SERIAL SECTIONS). Attach sections to slides by
the aid of a mixture of i part collodion and 3 or 4 parts clove
or lavender oil; spread thinly with a small brush. After
arranging the sections, heat gently until the oil has evap-
orated.

Schaer (BLOOD). See Htiehnefcld's turpentine solution.

Schaer-van Ankum (CHLORAL ALCOHOLATE IN CHLORAL HY-
DRATE). Treat i Gm. chloral hydrate with i Cc. HNO 3 (sp.
gr. 1.38) no yellow color or vapors should result at ordinary
temperature or on heating, in the course of 10 minutes.

Schaerge (COCAINE). Dissolve 0.02 Gm. substance in i drop
water, and add i Cc. cone. H 2 SO 4 . To this add i drop potas-
sium chromate or bichromate solut. a rapidly disappearing
ppt. forms; on heating, the yellowish-red solut. becomes
green.

Schaffgot (MAGNESIA). By using a solut. of 235 Gm. ammo-
nium carbonate and 180 Cc. NH 3 (sp. gr. 0.92) in i liter,
magnesia can be pptd. without addition of fixed alkalies.

Scheele (ARSENOUS ACID). A solut. copper sulphate in excess
of NH 3 affords a light-green ppt. with an arsenite.

Scheibler (ALKALOIDS). Phosphotungstic acid or its sodium
salt affords ppts. similar to those thrown down by phospho-
molybdic acid. Prepare reagent by adding 100 Gm. sodium
tungstate to 60 to 80 Gm. sodium phosphate in 500 Cc. water
acidulated with HNO 3 . Otto simply adds phosphoric acid to
a solut. sodium tungstate. See Sonncnschein's, Jitnginarts*
and De Vrij's tests.

Schell (COCAINE). Mix cocaine hydrochlorate with calomel, and
moisten or breathe on mixture latter is blackened by partial
reduction of calomel. See Lenz's reaction for pilocarpine.

Schenk (CARBOLIC FUCHSINE). Stain is prepared by dissolving
i Gm. fuchsine and 5 Gm. crystallized carbolic acid in 10 Gm.
alcohol and 100 Gm. dist. water. Or, a 5-% aqueous solut. of
carbolic acid may be saturated with cone. .alcoholic solut. fuch-
sine, saturation being indicated by formation of a metallic-
looking pellicle on surface of the liquid. The stain is washed
out with alcohol followed by clove oil.

Schenk (FIXING FLUID). Solut. uranium acetate is used, its
properties resembling those of picric acid. It has a mild fix-

TESTS /IND REAGENTS.

ing action and a high degree of penetration, and may be com-
bined with methyl green.

Scherer (HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE). Test for PH 3 in excreta in
phosphorus poisoning depends upon Hager's test (q. v.), by
means of silver-nitrate paper.

Scherer (!NOSITE). Evaporate aqueous solut. almost to dryness
with HNO 3 , and treat residue with NH 3 and a trace of CaCl 2 .
On further concentration a rose-red solut. results.

Scherer (LEUCINE). Carefully evaporate leucine with HNO S to
dryness on platinum foil, and warm residue with NaOH a
yellow liquid remains, which on further heating contracts to
an oily, non-adhering drop.

Scherer (PHOSPHORUS). A black stain forms on heating the sub-
stance to 30 to 40 C., and exposing a slip of silver-nitrate
test-paper to the vapors given off. See Hager's test for phos-
phorus.

Scherer (TYROSIN). i. On evaporating substance carefully
with HNO 3 there form oxalic acid and nitrotyrosin ; latter is
colored deep red-brown by KOH and NH 3 . 2. On heating
tyrosin on platinum foil with HNO 3 (sp. gr. 1.2), tyrosin dis-
solves with bright orange-yellow color, and on evaporating
leaves a shining, transparent, deep-yellow residue, soluble in
NaOH with reddish-yellow color. This solut. on evaporation
leaves a deep blackish-brown residue.

Schering (ALKALOIDS). Phospho-tungstic acid is used as a pre-
cipitant. See Schcibler's test.

Schering (!ODATES IN IODIDES). A yellow zone forms on add-
ing to the solut. a crystal of tartaric acid.

Schering (UROTROPIN IN URINE). Urotropin affords a char-
acteristic reaction with a saturated bromine solution (bromine
10 parts and distilled water 90 parts). Several drops of this
solution added to a non-albuminous urine containing uro-
tropin, develops an orange-yellow ppt. which is dissipated on
lightly striking the test-tube, and reforms with an excess of
reagent. The test must be carried out in the cold; when
warm, the precipitate is not produced with an excess of bro-
mine water. The urine may be filtered through animal char-
coal before testing for urotropin. Albuminous urine gives
with bromine water a precipitate which becomes yellowish

270 TESTS AHD RE/IGENTS.

with a large excess of reagent ; this precipitate might be con-
founded with that caused by urotropin, with which it presents
certain analogy. It is hence important to first remove the
albumin before making the test. Furthermore, a precipitate
caused by urotropin is soluble on heating; that caused by
albumin coagulates.

Schermer (SANTONIN). Slowly heat together a few granules
santonin and a few Mg. powd. potass, cyanide, in a porcelain
capsule when mass melts, a red color develops which rapidly
changes to brownish-yellow. With water the fused mass
gives a fluorescent solut., brown by transmitted and green by
reflected light.

Schiefferdecker (DIGESTION FLUID). Macerate pieces of tissue
epidermis for 3 or 4 hours at about 37 C. in a sat. aqueous
solut. of pancreatin.

Schiefferdecker (METHYL MIXTURE). Methyl alcohol, 5 Cc.;
glycerin, 50 Cc.; distilled water, 100 Cc. Mixture is used as
a dissociating fluid for retina and central nervous svstem.
Several days are required for complete dissociation.

Schiff (ALDEHYDES). Reagent employed is fuchsine-sulphurous
acid. See Guyon's test.

Schiff (CHOLESTERIN). i. A red color appears on treating
cholesterin with cone. H 2 SO 4 , or evaporating with HNO 3
and then adding NH 3 . 2. A violet color develops on
adding a mixture of 2 vol. H 2 S0 4 or HC1 and i vol. of dil.
Fe 2 Cl e solut. and heating. On evaporating, a violet residue is
left.

Schiff (GLUCOSE AND CARBOHYDRATES). Saturate papers with
a mixture of equal volumes acetic acid and xylidin with a
very little alcohol. Heat substance to be tested with H 2 SO 4
if glucose present furfurol forms, the vapors of which color
the test-paper red.

Schiff (SULPHUROUS ACID). A gray stain appears on exposing
mercurous-nitrate test-paper to vapor of H 2 S0 3 .

Schiff (TEST-PAPER FOR PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC, CHROMATES,
AND URIC ACID). Paper impregnated with silver-nitrate
gives a black color with phosphorus, a red with chromates, a
yellow with arsenic, and a brown with uric acid.

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Schifif (UREA). Treat a solut. of urea (urine) with furfurol and
HC1 a violet color develops, and later an insoluble brown
mass deposits.

Schiff (URic ACID). An alkaline uric-acid solut. reduces AgN0 3
or Ag 2 CO 3 . Moisten filter-paper with AgNO 8 solut., touch
moistened spot first with a little dil. NaCO 3 solut., and then
with the solut. to be tested a yellow spot appears if uric acid
present.

Schimmel (CORIANDER OIL). This oil must afford a clear solut.
with 3 parts 70-% alcohol (by volume) ; oil cedar, turpentine,
etc., are insoluble in alcohol of this strength.

Schimmel (LEMON OIL), i part oil must give with 10 parts
80- % alcohol (by volume) a clear or at most slightly opal-
escent solut. which should not deposit even on long standing.
If fatty oils present, mixture will be cloudy, and oil drops will
deposit in about 12 hours; if petroleum or kerosene present,
these will settle to the bottom.

Schimmel (MENTHOL IN PEPPERMINT OIL). Heat about 20
Gm. oil and 30 Cc. normal alcoholic NaOH solut. in a flask
with reflux condenser for i hour, then titrate uncombined
alkali with normal H 2 S0 4 , using phenolphtalein as an indi-
cator. Each Cc. of alkali used equals 0.156 Gm. menthol
(which exists as ester, i. e., combined menthol). The saponi-
fied oil is then washed with Water till free from alkali, and
next boiled for i hour with an equal vol. acetic anhydride,
and 2 Gm. anhydrous sodium acetate. The product is
washed first with water, then with very dilute NaOH solut.,.
dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate, and filtered. From
8 to 10 Gm. of this acetylized oil then saponified with 50 Cc.
alcoholic NaOH as before, and the uncombined alkali titrated
with normal H 2 SO 4 . Then, if S = weight of acetylized oil,
A= the number of Cc. NaOH solut. used, P = % of total
menthol,

= __ _
S-(AXo.o42)'

Schindelmeiser (NICOTINE). Add a few drops 30-% formalde-
hyde free from formic acid to non-resinified nicotine, then add
i drop cone. HN0 8 solut. acquires an intense, pink color.

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

If much nicotine present, solut. is dark-red; if nicotine
resinified, color is blood-red.

Schlagdenhauffen (ALKALOIDS). A black color forms on treat-
ing alkaloids with an aqueous solut. pyrogallic acid to which

an alcoholic solut. of HgCl 2 has been added.
Schlagdenhauffen (DISTINGUISHING ALKALOIDS FROM GLUCO-

SIDES). Equal parts of 3-% guaiac-resin solut. and a sat.

solut. HgCl 2 . Only alkaloids give a ppt. with this reagent in

'the cold, or, at from 60 to 79 C., a blue color.
Schlagdenhauffen (MAGNESIUM SALTS). A brownish-red color

or ppt. forms on adding a golden-yellow solut. of iodine in 2-%

NaOH or KOH.
Schlickum (ARSENIC). Overlay suspected solut. upon a solut.

0.02 Gm. sodium sulphite and 0.4 Gm. stannous chloride in

3 to 4 Gm. of cone. HC1 a yellow zone forms if arsenic present.
Schlickum (INDICATOR). Cochineal tincture is recommended

as an indicator in titrating phosphoric acid.
Schlienkamp (Nux VOMICA). A crimson color, disappearing

on cooling, develops on adding a little H 2 S0 4 and evaporating.
Schlossberger (TEXTILE FIBERS). Cone, ammoniacal solut. of

freshly pptd. and still moist nickelous-hydroxide. The soiut.

dissolves silk, but neither wool nor cotton. Compare with

Persons test.
Schmans (STAINING NERVOUS TISSUE). Use English blue-black

in 0.25-% solut. in 5-% alcohol, with addition of a little

picric acid. Stain sections for an hour.
Schmatolla (TiN). Dip a glass or porcelain rod into a solut. of

tin in cone. HC1, and introduce into a colorless Bunsen flame

an intense bluish-white flame denotes presence of tin. Sb does

not interfere with reaction. As, if present in more than equal

quantity, prevents the color and leaves the rod coated with a

dark layer of As and Sn.
Schmid (METALLIC SALTS). A solut. of phosphorus in carbon

disulphide throws down colored ppts, when shaken with

aqueous solut. of the salts.
Schmidt (GLUCOSE). Ammoniacal lead-acetate solut. causes a

brownish-red ppt. upon warming with diabetic urine or other

glucose solutions. Cane sugar does not cause the reduction.

See Rubner's test.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 273

Schmidt (NITRIC ACID). Mix solut. to be tested with an equal
vol. of solut. of 20 drops aniline, 10 Gm. dil. H 2 S0 4 , and 90
Gm. water, and overlay this mixture upon cone. H 2 SO 4 if
HNO 3 present, a light- to dark-red zone forms.

Schmidt (SACCHARIN). Shake out strongly acidulated liquid
three times with a mixture of equal vol. ether and petroleum
ether, treat extracts with NaOH, evaporate to dryness, and
heat residue for half an hour to 250 C. Then dissolve mass
in water, acidulate with H 2 SO 4 and shake out with ether. If
saccharin present it is found in the ethereal extract as salicylic
acid, which, after evaporation of the ether, can be identified
by means of Fe a Cl e .

Schmidt-Donath (RESIN IN WAX). See Donath-Schmidt.

Schmiedeberg (GLUCOSE). CuSO 4 , 34.634 Gm.; water, 200 Cc.
mannite, 15 Gm.; water, 100 Cc. NaOH solut. (sp. gr. 1.145),
400 Gm. Mix solutions, and add water to make 1,000 Gm.
Used like Folding's solut.

Schneider (ACETO-CARMINE). Add carmine to boiling 45-%
acetic acid until saturated, and filter. A drop of the cone,
solut. may be added to a fresh preparation under the cover-
glass, but for slow staining dilute to i-% strength.

Schneider (ALKALOIDS). Mix a few Mg. of substance with 6 to
8 parts sugar on a porcelain plate and add i drop of cone.
H 2 SO 4 morphine or codeine causes a fine purple-red to violet-
green color, which gradually changes to dingy yellow. Addi-
tion of water causes rapid decoloration. Aconitine is the only
other alkaloid that may be mistaken for morphine or codeine
by this test. Reaction depends on formation of furfurol, and
may hence be obtained by use of furfurol and H 2 SO 4 .

Schneider (ARSENIC). Separate arsenic as arsenous chloride,
by distillation with HC1 and Fe 2 Cl 6 , then identify by Marsh's
test.

Schneider (BENZOIC ACID). Same as Schacht's test.

Schneider (BISMUTH). 3 parts tartaric acid and i part stannous
chloride dissolved in sufficient KOH solut. gives a black ppt.
upon warming with a bismuth salt.

Schneider (CODEINE). Dissolve codeine in cone. H 2 S0 4 , warm
lightly, and add 2 or 3 drops cone, solut. cane sugar a purple-
red color develops.

274 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Schneider (FOREIGN [CRUCIFEROUS] OILS IN OLIVE OIL). Dis-
solve oil in 2 parts of ether, add 5 Cc. sat. alcoholic solut.
AgNO 3 , set mixture aside for 12 hours in a dark place if oils
containing sulphur are present, the mixture darkens.

Schneider (POTASSIUM CYANATE IN POTASSIUM CYANIDE).
Test depends upon the formation of the ultramarine-blue
coblat cyanate. From the potassium-cyanide solut., as cone,
as possible, the HCN is removed by means of CO 2 , the K 2 C0 3
pptd. by the addition of alcohol, and the filtrate then tested
with cobalt-acetate solut.

Schoenbein (BLOOD). Tincture of guaiac resin and oil turpen-
tine. See Almtn's test.

Schoenbein (COPPER). A solut. of a copper salt yields a blue
color on adding potassium cyanide and tincture of guaiac.

Schoenbein (HYDROCYANIC ACID), i. Filter-paper dipped in
io-% tincture guaiac and dried, then moistened with o.i-%
CuSO 4 solut., turns blue in the presence of HCN. See Payer's
test. 2. Mix suspected liquid with 5 parts fresh, defibrinated
blood and 45 parts water, then add a little H 2 O 2 . In the pres-
ence of HCN the red color is changed to brown.

Schoenbein (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE), i. A blue color appears
on adding a little cadmium-iodide starch paste and a little
ferrous sulphate. See Bocttgcr's test. 2. Freshly prepared
tincture of guaiac and a few drops cold prepared infusion of
malt give a blue color. 3. A mixture of Fe 2 Cl and potas-
sium ferricyanide solut. also produces a blue color.

Schoenbein (NITROUS ACID), i. On adding to potable water
containing nitrous acid, a solut. of pyrogallic acid and a little
dil. H 2 SO 4 , a brown color forms. 2. Add to water sufficient
indigo solut. to color it deep blue and a little HC1, then while
stirring add sufficient potassium pentasulphide to cause the
blue color to disappear, and filter. On adding the suspected
water or solut. of nitrite, the blue color reappears.

Schoenbein (NITRIC AND NITROUS ACIDS IN URINE), i. Po-
tassium-iodide starch paste faintly acidulated with H 2 SO 4 is
colored deep blue by slightest trace of nitrous acid. 2. An
acidulated solut. containing pyrogallic acid is colored deep
blue by nitrous acid, with evolution of nitrogen oxide gas. If
test is carried out in a flask, the gas is converted into hypo-

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 275

nitrous acid on contact with air, and would color potassium-
iodide tarch paper blue, or would decolorize indigo paper.

Schoenbein (OZONE TEST-PAPER). Filter-paper saturated with
potassium-iodide starch paste (10 parts starch, 200 parts
water, and i part potassium iodide). Ozone turns this paper
blue.

Schoenbein-Pagenstecher (HYDROCYANIC ACID). See Schoen-

bein's test.

Schoenn (COBALT). Neutral sodium-sulphocyanide solut. gives
a blue color.

Schoenn (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE). A yellow to deep-re.d color
develops on adding titanic acid solut.

Schoenn (MOLYBDIC ACID). A blue color develops on heating
with H 2 SO 4 and cooling.

Schoenn (PHOSPHORUS). PH 3 is evolved on heating the dry
substance with magnesium and adding water.

Schoenn (SULPHUR). A red color appears on heating with so-
dium, dissolving in water and adding solut. sodium nitro-
prusside.

Schoenvogel (DIFFERENTIATING ANIMAL FROM VEGETABLE
OILS). Upon shaking with 6 Cc. cone, solut. borax the vege-
table oils, olive oil excepted, are said to form emulsions, while
the former separate out sharply upon standing.

Schoenvogel (FOREIGN FATS IN 'BUTTER). Shake together 6
Cc. of a sat. borax solut. and 5 drops butter at room tem-
perature, or warm to melting-point of the fat. Butter, beef
tallow, olive oil, and mutton tallow are said not to emulsify
when so treated; all other fats do.

Schonteten (ALOES). A cone, solut. borax gives a distinct green
fluorescence with extract aloes, barbaloin, capaloin, and soca-
loin, but not with nataloin.

Schott (WHITE-LEAD PAPER [POLKA-PAPER]). A sized paper
coated with white lead, used as an indicator in titrating solu-
tions of metallic salts with sodium sulphide.

Schotten-Baumann (ALCOHOLS AND AMINES). Reagent is ben-
zoyl chloride. See Baumann's test.

Schramm (OILS). When fixed oils are mixed with essential
oils, a characteristic odor is given off on burning with a wick
and blowing out the flame.

276 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Schreiber (SUGAR IN URINE). Cupric sulphate, 2; sodium sal-
icylate, 2; sodium carbonate, 2; dist. water, 88. On boil-
ing 5 Cc. reagent in test-tube the ppt. formed is gray to black
on boiling with equal quantity saccharine urine, ppt. is dirt)?
green with yellowish deposit on sides of tube. If more urine
added, reduction is completed, and the whole, precipitate is
yellow.

Schreiner-Kremers (SPEARMINT OIL). Treat oil with hydroxyl-
amine, drive off volatile matter with steam, and dry and
weigh resulting carvoxime. Reaction is as follows: C 10 H U
+ H 2 NOH = C 10 H U N - OH + H 2 O. See also Krcmers-Schrciner.

Schreiter (GLUCOSE). A red ppt. is thrown down on adding a
mixture of 2 parts sodium salicylate, 2 copper sulphate, ic
soda (? caustic), and 40 water.

Schroeder (ACETANILID IN THE PHENACETIN). Boil 0.5 Gm.
phenacetin with 6 to 8 Cc. water, cool, filter off the crystallized
phenacetin, boil filtrate after adding KNO 3 and dil. HNO 3 , add
a few drops Plugge's reagent, and boil again. If acetanilid
present, a red color appears.

Schuchardt (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN THE GASTRIC JUICE).
Reagent is a cone, alcoholic solut. tropoeolin. See also Van dcr
Vcldcn's test.

Schuetzenberger (ANTHRAQUINONE). A red color develops on
adding an alkaline solut. of sodium thiosulphate.

Schulten-Wetzlar (URIC ACID). NH 3 ppts, uric acid so com-
pletely from urine that addition of an acid gives no further ppt.

Schultze (ALKALOIDAL REAGENT). Phosphoantimonic acid.
Prepared by dropping antimonic chloride into aqueous phos-
phoric acid, or by mixing 4 parts of a sat. sodium-phosphate
solut. with i part of antimonic chloride. With alkaloids, this
reagent, like phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acids,
yields white ppts. generally. See Jungmann's, Scheibler's,
Sonncnschcin's, and DC Vrifs tests.

Schultze (ALBUMIN). Upon adding a trace of sugar to a solut.
albumin in moderately cone. H 2 SO 4 and warming to 60 C.,
a beautiful bluish-red color appears (furfurol reaction). See
RaspaiVs reaction.

Schultze (AMMONIA). Chlorinated-lime solut. and carbolic acid
produce a green color.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 277

Schultze (CELLULOSE), i. Dissolve 25 parts anhydrous zinc
chloride and 8 parts KI in 8.5 parts water, then add as much
iodine as will dissolve on slightly warming. 2. Squire's
formula: Evaporate 100 Cc. solut. zinc chloride B.P., to 70
Cc., and dissolve in it 10 Gm. KI; then add 0.2 Gm. iodine
and shake at intervals till saturated. 3. Dissolve zinc in
pure HC1, evaporate in presence of metallic zinc to syrupy
consistency, then saturate with KI and I. Pure cellulose is
colored blue with this reagent.

Schultze (IODIZED SERUM). To the fresh amniotic liquid of
mammals acid iodine and agitate frequently during some days.
Or, mix serum with a large proportion tincture iodine and
filter. Add a little of this every 2 or 3 clays to the serum
intended for use.

Schultze (MACERATING MIXTURE). Place sections in HN0 3
(sp. gr. 1.2) and add 2 to 3% potassium chlorate. Leave for
several hours in the cold ; solution of the middle lamella may
also be attained in a few seconds by warming gently until
gas is given off freely. Afterwards wash tissue in water, trans-
fer to a slide, and complete disintegration with needles.

Schultze (MOUNTING MEDIUM). A nearly sat. aqueous solut.
potassium acetate.

Schultze (STAINING BACILLI). Stain sections and cover-glass
preparations for some hours in aqueous methylene-blue solut.,
differentiate in 0.5-% acetic acid, dehydrate in alcohol, clear
in cedar oil, and mount in balsam.

Schultzen (STRYCHNINE IN URINE). Evaporate alcoholic ex-
tract of concentrated urine, make residue alkaline with KOH,
and exhaust with ether. Evaporate ether, and test crystals
remaining by usual tests for strychnine.

Schulze (GUANIDINE SALTS). Nessler's reagent (q. v.) gives a
pale-yellow ppt., at first flocculent, but becoming dense later.

Schulze (NITRIC ACID IN URINE). Fe 2 Cl e and HC1 develop
nitrous oxide in urine containing nitric acid.

Schulze (SALICYLIC ACID). A neutral solut. of a salicylate
yields a green color with CuSO 4 solut.

Schumpelitz (VERATRINE). Upon evaporating a few drops
solut. fused zinc chloride in dil. HC1 to dryness with veratrine,
a red color results.

278 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Schunke-Mulder (ALOES). Concentrate mixture of i part sub-
stance and 8 to 10 parts cone. HNO 3 with gentle heat, and col-
lect yellow ppt. (of aloetic and chrysammic acids). Extract
aloetic acid with st'ong boiling alcohol. It is insol. in cold
alcohol, is orange colored and crystalline, and dissolves in
KOH with red color; in NH 3 with violet. Chrysammic acid
is yellow, amorphous or crystalline, gives off yellow vapors on
being rapidly heated, and dissolves in boiling water with
purple-red color; in KOH it dissolves with decomposition,
giving a black-brown solut. Its alkali salts have a gold-green,
metallic color; its barium salt is red.

Schuster (COLORING-MATTER IN BEER). Pure beer is said to
be decolorized by tannin solut., while beer colored with cara-
mel is not decolorized.

Schuttleworth (GOLD IN SILVER NITRATE). Ppt. AgN0 3 with
HC1, and add potassium rhodanide to filtrate if gold present,
an orange-red color develops.

Schiitz (ALKALINE METHYLENE BLUE). Equal parts cone,
alcoholic solut. methylene blue and o.oi-% solut. KOH.

Schiitz (BACTERIA STAIN). Stain in mixture of equal parts
i : 10,000 KOH solut. and cone, alcoholic solut. methylene blue
for 24 hours. Rinse in water containing 4 drops acetic acid,
then place in 50-% alcohol for 5 min., then in absol. alcohol
15 min., then in cedar oil, and finally mount in Canada balsam.

Schiitz (GoNOCOCCUS STAIN). Stain 5 to 10 minutes in a cold,
sat. solut. methylene blue in 5-% filtered carbolic water; wash
wiiih water, dip in acetic-acid water (5 drops dil. acetic acid
in 20 Cc. dist. water). Double stain with very dilute solut.
safranin. Gonococci stain blue; pus-cells and their nuclei
stain salmon-colored.

Schuyten (NITROUS ACID). Antipyrine, i; acetic acid, 10.
Dilute 10 Cc. of the solut. with 90 Cc. water, and to 5 Cc.
of the solut. so obtained add 5 Cc. solut. to be tested if
nitrous acid present a green color develops. Also known as
Curtmann's reagent.

Schwabe (QUININE). Potassium-cyanide solut. produces a
crimson color.

Schwanda (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Evaporate urine to dryness
on water-bath, exhaust residue with water, filter extract,

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 2 79

wash and dry filter-paper, and exhaust latter repeatedly with
warm chloroform. Then test chloroformic golden-yellow
solut. for bilirubin with HNO 3 or bromine water.

Schwartz (SUGAR IN URINE). Heat to boiling 10 Cc. urine and
add 5 Cc. io-% neutral lead-acetate solut.; again boil and
filter while hot. Solut. NaOH is then added in sufficient ex-
cess to dissolve the ppt. first formed, followed by a few grains
of phenylhydrazine. The liquid is boiled for some minutes,
strongly acidulated with acetic acid, and allowed to cool. If
much sugar present an immediate ppt. is formed; if only
traces, a turbidity appears on standing.

Schwarz (SULFONAL). The odor of mercaptan is developed
upon heating with charcoal.

Schwarzenbach-Delf (REAGENT). Potassium platinic chloride.

Schwarzenbach-Delf (ALKALOIDS). Characteristic color reac-
tions result on treating alkaloids with HN0 3 and subse-
quently with NH 3 .

Schwarzenberg (ALKALOIDS). See Schwarzenbach-Delf.

Schwanert (URIC ACID). NH 3 ppts. a further quantity of uric
acid in urine from which uric acid has been previously pptd.
by HC1.

Schweiger-Seidel (Acio CARMINE SOLUTION). Saturate am-
moniacal carmine solut. with acetic acid and filter. Stain
particularly adapted for coloring cell nuclei; after staining,
macerate sections in glycerin containing 0.5% HC1, then wash
with acetic acid, and finally in water. Mount preparations
in glycerin. Only cell-nuclei are stained.

Schweissinger (ALKALIES). A solut. of equal parts of iodine and
tannin in absolute alcohol produces a red color, even in very
dilute aqueous solut. of alkalies or alkaline carbonates.

Schweitzer (SOAP IN LUBRICATING OILS). In presence of soap,
the ethereal solut. of the oil yields a white ppt. when treated
with sat. solut. metaphosphoric acid in absolute alcohol.

Schweitzer' (TEXTILE FIBERS AND CELLULOSE), i. Freshly
pptd., washed, and still moist cupric hydroxide or carbonate
is shaken with 20-% NH 3 until a saturated solut. results.
2. Dissolve 10 parts CuSO 4 in 100 water, and add a solut.
of 5 parts of KOH in 50 water; then wash the ppt. and dis-
solve in 20-% NH 3 until saturated. This solut. dissolves

28o TESTS AND REAGENTS.

cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool. Reagent is especially
useful in microscopy, as it rapidly dissolves cellulose, but has
no action on lignin. According to Boettger, reagent can be
prepared by allowing stronger NH 3 to repeatedly run in a thin
stream over copper foil. Wiesner prepares it by keeping
copper turnings in contact with a 13- to 16-% NH 3 in an open
bottle.

Schwicker (ACETONE IN URINE). The first fraction of distillate
from sample is mixed with a few drops cone. NH 3 , and a few
drops decinormal iodine solution are added. A black ppt. of
nitrogen iodide at first appears, but disappears on warming,
and if acetone present, iodoform is formed.

Scivoletto (HYDRIODIC ACID IN URINE). Dip filter-paper into
starch paste, dry, sprinkle with urine, and hang in upper part
of a flask containing fuming HNO 3 a blue color develops
on paper.

Sclavo (STAINING FLAGELLA). Leave preparations for i minute
in a solut. i Gm. tannin in 100 Cc. 50-% alcohol; wash in dis-
tilled water; transfer for i minute to 50-% phosphomolybdic
acid; again wash, and stain for 3 to 5 minutes in a hot sat.
solut. fuchsine in aniline water. Then wash in water, dry on
filter-paper, and mount in balsam.

Scudder-Mulliken (METHYL ALCOHOL). See Mulliken-Scudder.

Seaman (GLYCERIN JELLY). Dissolve isinglass in water so as
to make a jelly that remains stiff at the ordinary temperature
of the room, and add one-tenth part glycerin, together with a
little solut. borax, carbolic acid, or camphor water. Filter
through muslin whilst warm, and add a little alcohol.

Sedgwick (ALKALOIDS). Best isolated as iodosulphates.

Seegen (SUGAR IN URINE). Filter urine several times through
animal charcoal (to remove coloring matter, uric acid, etc.),
then apply Fehling's solut. See also Trommer's test.

Seidel (!NOSITE). Evaporate the solut. to dryness with HN0 3
and treat residue with strontium-acetate solut. A violet
color develops with inosite.

Seller (ALCOHOL BALSAM). Heat Canada balsam until it be-
comes brittle when cold, then dissolve in warm absolute
alcohol and filter through absorbent cotton. This is chiefly
useful as a mounting medium for objects stained with carmine.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 281

Seller (CLEANING GLASS SLIDES). New slides or covers for
microscopic objects are placed for a few hours in a mixture
of 3 oz. potassium bichromate, 3 fl. oz. H 2 SO 4 , and 25 fl. oz.
water. Subsequently wash with water and wipe dry with a
linen rag, after draining off excess of moisture. Covers that
have been used should be previously immersed for a few days
in a mixture of equal parts alcohol and HC1. Old slides must
be scraped free of the mounting medium before immersing in.
bichromate solution.

Seller (DOUBLE STAIN). Stain objects with borax-carmine,
wash- out in acidulated alcohol, then in alcohol only, and after-
stain with extremely dilute solut. indigo-carmine, prepared
by adding 2 drops sat. aqueous solut. of stain to i fl! oz. alcohol,
and filtering.

Seivolete (IODINE IN URINE). Moisten strips of paper satu-
rated with starch paste, and expose to vapors of fuming HNO 8
if iodine present in urine, paper becomes blue, o.ooooi
Gm. KI may be detected by evaporating urine from paper
until the latter only damp and exposing to i or 2 drops acid.

Selden (SOLVENT FOR URINARY SEDIMENT). Reagent for dis-
solving urinary sediment in examining for tubercle bacilli is
a solut. of 4 parts borax and 4 parts boric acid in 100 parts
water. See Daiber's " Mikroskopie des Harns," p. 40.

Seligsohn-Bill (CINCHONINE). See Bill-Seligsohn.

Seliwanoff (FRUCTOSE OR LEVULOSE). An aqueous solut. of
resorcin and fructose becomes red on being heated with HC1,
and furnishes a ppt. which dissolves in alcohol with red color.
Cane sugar, invert sugar, and mellitose behave similarly.
See Conradi's test.

Selle (AMMONIA). Filter-paper dipped in a tincture of blue
hyacinth flowers and dried is colored green when exposed to
NH 3 vapor.

Selmi (ALKALOIDS). Two reagents are employed: i. A sat.
solut. iodic acid in cone. H 2 S0 4 is diluted with 6 times its vol-
ume of the same acid. 2. Lead peroxide is dissolved in cone.
HC1, or glacial acetic acid, and the solut. filtered.

Selmi (BLOOD). The object stained with blood is extracted
with NH 8 and the liquid filtered, after which the filtrate is pptd.
with sodium tungstate and acetic acid. Next wash ppt., treat

282 TESTS AND REAGENTS,

with a mixture of i volume NH 3 and 8 volumes absolute
alcohol, and filter. On evaporating off the alcohol and treat-
ing residue with NaCl and acetic acid, hemin crystals will
appear upon microscopical examination.

Selmi (MORPHINE), i. Dissolve lead peroxide in cone. HC1
or glacial acetic acid, and filter. To i drop solut. add 2 drops
morphine solut. and evaporate very gently. The mixture
changes from slightly yellow to bright-yellow, dark-yellow,
and violet. 2. Morphine dissolved in H 2 SO 4 gives a violet
color, which changes to green on saturating with NaHCO 3
and adding tincture iodine.

Selmi (PHOSPHORIC ACID). A green flame color is caused on
applying a drop of liquid, or dry substance moistened with
H 2 SO 4 , on a platinum loop, close to the lower part of a hydro-
gen flame.

Selmi (STRYCHNINE). Dilute a sat. solut. iodic acid in cone.
H 2 SO 4 with 6 volumes of the same acid. Strychnine moist-
ened with reagent is colored yellow, brick-red, and violet-red.

Senator-Lehmann (GLOBULIN IN URINE). Dilute urine with
water to a sp. gr. of 1.002-1.003, then add very dilute acetic
acid, carefully avoiding an excess globulin is pptd.

Senier (GLYCERIN). A borax bead is colored green on dipping
into a slightly alkaline liquid containing glycerin, and expos-
ing to the Bunsen flame.

Serullas (MORPHINE). Iodic acid causes a red color.

Seyda (TANNIN). Gold salts develop in dilute solut. tannin a
purple color; in very dilute solut. the color is reddish. Reac-
tion best observed in neutral and faintly acid solut.

Seyler-Hoppe. See Hoppe-Seylcr.

Shinier (GuM AND GLYCERIN JELLY). Mix equal parts glycerin
jelly (Pol's second formula), F arrant' s medium, and glycerin.

Short-Dunstan. See Dunstan-Short.

Sieben (KETOSES AND ALDOSES). Boiled for 3 hours with 7.5-%
HC1, the ketoses (fructose, sorbose), are decomposed with
formation of humic acid, while the aldoses (glucose, mannose,
galactose), are not affected.

Siebold (ALBUMIN). Add to' urine containing albumin a slight
excess of NH S , and then a slight excess acetic acid solut.
becomes cloudy on heating to boiling.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 283

Siebold (ALCOHOL IN CHLOROFORM). Purple color of a solut. iodine
in pure chloroform is changed to reddish-brown by alcohol.

Siebold (ARSENIC IN GLYCERIN). To 1.5 Cc. glycerin in a
test-tube, add 5 Cc. HC1 (i : 7), i Gm. pure zinc, and a few
drops solut. iodine to give a very slight yellow color. Plug the
tube with cotton-wool, and cover with filter-paper, on which a
drop mercuric-chloride solut. has been dried. This should not
show a yellow stain in 15 minutes.

Siebold (MORPHINE). A brown color develops on heating with
H 2 S0 4 and adding potassium perchlorate free from chlorate.

Siebold-Bradbur} (SALICYLIC ACID IN URINE). Add K 2 CO 8
to slight alkalinity, then excess of lead-nitrate solut.; shake,
filter, and add a very dil. solut. Fe 2 Cl 6 a violet color will form.

Siewer (MOTOR ACTIVITY OF STOMACH). Administer 2 Gm.
salol in capsule or wafer with meal. In J to i hour, normally,
urine will react for salicyluric acid with ferric chloride.

Siewert (MOLYBDIC ACID). To a solut. molybdic acid in HNO 3 ,
add an aqueous solut. potassium ethylsulpho-carbonate. A
yellow to flesh-colored ppt. forms which soon changes to violet.

Silbermann (ALBUMIN). Albumin freed from fats gives a violet
color upon heating with fuming HC1.

Silva, Da- (ESERINE). See Da Silva.

Simon (CINNAMIC ACID). Nitrobenzene is formed on adding
potassium bichromate and H 2 SO 4 .

Simon (INDICATOR). Iron isopyrotritarate gives with water a
solut. the red color of which is changed to violet by acids, dis-
charged by an excess of acid, and changed to yellow by alkalies.
The color changes are very sharp. For details see MERCK'S
REPORT, x, p. 91.

Simon (GLYCOGEN IN URINE). Add 10 Cc. of 40-% KOH to
90 Cc. urine, filter, and to the filtrate add 10 Gm. KI and 50
Cc. 96-% alcohol. Glycogen is pptd. as a flocculent mass.

Simon (XANTHIN). Dissolve substance in KOH or NaOH and
add NaCl or CaCl 2 nitrogen is evolved, and solut. becomes
blue, then brown, and finally yellow.

Simons-Crampton (CARAMEL IN LIQUOR AND VINEGAR). See
Crampton-Simons.

Siringo (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Introduce
5 Cc. gastric juice into a graduated cylinder filled with mer-

284 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

. cury and dipping into a mercury bath, and then introduce a
small piece sodium-nitrohydroxylamine. From the NO liber-
ated the HC1 is calculated. The reaction is as follows:

Skey (COBALT). A dark-red color develops on adding citric or

tartaric acid, NH 3 in excess, and potassium ferricyanide.
Skraup (THALLIN). An emerald-green color develops on treating

thallin with oxidizers (CrO 3 , Br, I, Hg(NO,) 3 , Fe 2 Cl 6 ).
Slater (STRYCHNINE). A maroon-red color develops on treat-

ment with H 2 SO 4 and KC1O 3 .
Smith (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Modification of MarechaVs test,

in which tincture of iodine is carefully overlaid on urine, and

the zone reaction observed. A greenish color develops.
Smith (FREE ACIDS). AgCl is pptd. from a solut. of freshly

pptd. chloride dissolved in NH 3 .
Smith (SANTONIN). A greenish-yellow color develops on heat-

ing with HNO 3 , and changes to deep-red with alkalies.
Smith, Hopewell (DECALCIFICATION OF TEETH). Place teeth

in 24 parts io-% HC1; after 15 hours add 3 parts HNO 3 , and

after 48 hours add 3 parts more of the latter. After 75 to 80-

hours remove the teeth and wash for half an hour in a solut.

of 5 Gm. lithium carbonate in i oz. water.
Smith-Chapman (TARTARIC AND CITRIC ACIDS). See Chapman-

Smith.
Smith-Chapman (UREA). Urea in alkaline solut. strongly

resists, at ordinary temperatures, oxidizing action of potass.

permanganate; in HC1, however, it decomposes, more readily

on warming, into CO 2 and NH 3 .
Smithson-Gmelin (MERCURY). See Gmclin-Smithson.
Snelling (EMETINE). An orange-red color, changing to violet,

forms on pouring a few drops HC1 upon a little KC1O 3 and

adding a drop of suspected liquid.
Snow (COLCHICINE). Shake out with a mixture of 18 Cc. chlo-

roform, 2 Cc. alcohol 80 Cc. of petroleum ether, and 10 to 15

drops NH 8 .
Soldaini (GLUCOSE). Dissolve 15 Gm. cupric carbonate in 1,400

Gm. water with the aid of 416 Gm. KHCO 3 . Upon boiling

this solution with glucose, cuprous oxide separates out. See

Ost's copper reaction.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 285

Sollas (GELATIN IMBEDDING). Transfer the tissue from water
to melted gelatin jelly (prepared by melting gelatin after it
has absorbed as much water as it can take up), and allow it
to remain until well permeated. Then let mass set, and cut
section, which should be transferred to a slide as soon, as cut,
and covered with a drop of glycerin. A cover is then put on
and the mouth closed with some suitable cement. The gly-
cerin gradually permeates the gelatin mass and converts it
into glycerin jelly, the change being hastened by placing the
slide in an oven kept at 20 to 30 C.

-Sollman (SUGAR). Modified Folding's solut., in which copper
salt is replaced by a cobalt or nickel salt. With a nickel salt,
the apple-green solut. gives a canary-yellow color change; with
cobalt, the bluish-green solut. becomes reddish-brown. An
excess of metal does not hinder reactions, as the latter occur
only on boiling.

Soltsiens (SESAME OIL). Melt 2 to 3 parts of fat to be exam-
ined in a test-tube on a boiling water-bath, add a solut. stan-
nous chloride in HC1 (i : 19) i part, shake well, and replace on
the water-bath. Presence of sesame oil is shown by a rasp-
berry or wine-red color in the stannous-chloride solut. Reac-
tion will detect i% sesame oil.

Sonnenschein (ALKALOIDS), i. Suspend cerous hydroxide in
KOH solut. and pass Cl gas through the mixture until forma-
tion of brownish-yellow eerie hydroxide is complete. Collect,
wash, and dry the hydroxide, and add a trace to a solut. of the
alkaloid in H 2 S0 4 . For particulars of color reactions see
Hager, "Pharm. Praxis," 1886, I, 207. 2. Ppt. a solut. of am-
monium molybdate in HNO 3 with H 3 P0 4 , wash ppt.,-boil with
nitro-hydrochloric acid to drive off NH 3 , evaporate to dry-
ness, and dissolve residue in io-% HNO 3 . Weak acid
solut. of alkaloidal salts give yellow ppts. with this reagent,
as do also NH 3 and some other bases. Compare Jungmann's
reaction.

Sonnenschein (BLOOD). On extracting blood stains with dis-
tilled water and pptng. with sodium-tungstate solut. strongly
acidified with acetic acid, a reddish-green fluorescence appears
on adding NH 3 .

286 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Sonnenschein (PROTEIN). A ppt. forms on adding a sat. solut.
sodium tungstate, strongly acidulated with acetic or phos-
phoric acid.

Sonstadt (CALCIUM). Sodium tungstate gives a ppt. with
calcium salts.

Souchere (PEANUT OIL). Separate the free fatty acids from
the suspected oil and dissolve them in boiling alcohol. In
the presence of peanut oil arachic acid separates out in form
of characteristic pearly crystals on cooling.

Soulier (MACERATING MIXTURES). Solut. of ammonium or
potassium sulphocyanide containing 10, 5, 2.5, or 1.25 per
cent, are mixed with Ripart-Petit preservative fluid, in the
proportions of 20 Cc. to 20 Cc., 30 Cc. to 10 Cc., 35 Cc. to 5 Cc.,
36 Cc. to 4 Cc., 37 Cc. to 3 Cc., 38 Cc. to 2 Cc., 39 Cc. to i Cc.,
or 39.5 Cc. to 0.5 Cc., the best results being obtained with the
2.5 per cent, sulphocyanide solut. Or the Ripart-Petit fluid
is mixed with Kronekcr's artificial serum, or with pepsin,
javelle water, io-% sodium-sulphate solut., or 1.5-% NaOH
solut. Solutions of NaCl, KOH, or NaOH may also be mixed
with any of the usual fixing agents.

Source (URic ACID). See Magnicr dc la Source.

Southey (OPIUM). A blue color appears on adding sulpho-
molybdic acid.

Souza, De- (PYRIDINE FOR HARDENING). Pyridine is recom-
mended for hardening, dehydrating, and clearing tissues at the
same time. They may be stained after hardening by means of
aniline dyes dissolved in the pyridine, or passed through water
and stained by the usual processes. It is said to harden
quickly, and to give particularly good results with brain.

Soxhlet (MARGARINE IN FATS), i Gm. phenolphtalein added
to 100 kilos of fat, will afford a red color if margarine present.

Spasski (BENZALDEHYDE IN BITTER-ALMOND WATER). A
bitter-almond water made from benzaldehyde and hydrocy-
anic acid may be recognized by its chlorine content (commer-
cial benzaldehyde is prepared from benzyl chloride, traces
of which adhere even to the purified benzaldehyde). The
chlorine may be dectected in the fused mass obtained by mix-
ing 20 Cc. suspected liquid with 40 to 50 Cc. H 2 2 and 6 to 7
Gm. NaOH, evaporating, and finally fusing.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 287

Spec, Graf (PREPARED PARAFFIN). To prepare a mass par-
ticularly favorable for ribbon-section cutting, heat paraffin
(m. p. 50 C.) in a porcelain capsule until disagreeable white
vapors are given off and the mass shrinks a little. In about
i to 6 hours, according to the quality of the paraffin, the mass
becomes brownish-yellow, and, after cooling, shows a soapy
surface on being cut. Its m. p. will have risen several degrees.

Spence-Esilman (MINERAL ACIDS). Free mineral acids dis-
charge the color of very dilute aqueous solut. of Fe 2 Cl 6 .

Spica (SACCHARIN). Shake substance in a separatory funnel
with ether-petroleum ether, filter through a dry filter-paper,
and divide filtrate into 2 parts, i. To one part add some
CaO, heat until incipient brown color, add a few Cc. water,
then heat to boiling, allow to settle, pour liquid into another
test-tube, and evolve H by adding HC1 and metallic zinc.
When evolution has proceeded for about 20 min., pour liquid
into another test-tube and add to it a few drops solut. KNO 2
and delta-naphtylamine hydrochlorate if slightest trace of
saccharin is present, a carmine-red color develops in a few
minutes. 2. To the second part add a few drops H 2 SO 4 and
a few crystals KMnO 4 , heat gently, then decompose residual
KMnO 4 by oxalic acid or H 2 SO 3 , add a few Cc. to the liquid,
pipette off a few Cc. of the lower layer of liquid, and add to this
a few drops of solut. diphenylamine in cone. H 2 SO 4 if sac-
charin present, a characteristic blue ring forms.

Spicea (SALICYLIC ACID IN WINE). Warm residue from an
ethereal extract of the wine with cone. HNO 3 , then super-
saturate with NH 3 . If salicylic acid present, it is by this
treatment converted into picric acid, which can readily be
identified by the yellow color a woollen fiber acquires when
dipped into the solut.

Spiegel (INDICATOR). Paranitrophenol gives a very distinct
yellow color with alkalies ; color is discharged by acids.

Spiegel (NITRITES). Shake guaiacol with water and filter.
This solut. gives with a solut. containing o.oooi Gm. nitrite
solut. an immediate orange color on adding a few drops dil.
H 2 S0 4 . With a o.ooooi Gm. nitrite solut. tne color develops in
to i hour. Oxidizing agents and iron salts in reasonable
quantity have no influence on reaction.

288 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Spiegler's (ALBUMIN), i. 8 Gm. HgCl 2 , 4 Gm. of tartaric acid,
200 Gm. water, and 20 Gm. sugar. 2. Tartaric acid, i;
HgC^, 2; glycerin, 20; water, 50. The suspected urine is
acidulated with acetic acid, filtered from any ppt. (mucin),
and the reagent then overlaid upon the filtrate. In the pres-
ence of albumin, a white zone will appear. If urine contained
iodine, a yellow flocculent ppt., soluble in alcohol, will form at
the point of contact. The delicacy of Spiegler's test depends
upon amount of chlorides in the urine. Rafaele therefore
proposed hydrochloric instead of acetic acid in order to form
chlorides. See also Jollc's test.

Sprengel (NITRIC ACID). Dissolve phenol, i, in cone. H 2 SO 4 , 4,
and water, 2. One to 2 drops of this solut. gives, in the pres-
ence of HNO 3 , a reddish-brown color, sometimes green, which
changes to yellow on adding NH 3 . Hager recommends dis-
solving a small volume of the sample in cone. H 2 SO 4 , the
introduction of a crystal of phenol and gentle heating. HC1
may be used instead of H 2 SO 4 , but in this case the heating must
be carried to 80 or 90 C. Grandval and Lajoux base a
colorimetric test for HNO 3 on Sprengel's reaction.

Squire (ACIDULATED ALCOHOL). Add 0.5 to i% HC1 of sp.
gr. 1. 1 6 to 70-% alcohol.

Squire (ACIDULATED GLYCERIN). Mix equal parts glycerin and
water, and add i% glacial acetic acid, if sections are to be
mounted in Warrant's medium, or i% formic acid (sp. gr.
1.2), if glycerin is the mounting medium.

Squire (ACTINOMYCOSIS). See Plant's method.

Squire (BLUING SECTIONS). After staining with hematoxylin,
treat for a few seconds with a solut. of NaHCO 3 (i : 1,000) in
distilled water.

Squire (CANADA BALSAM). Dry the balsam on a water-bath
until brittle when cooled, then to each 200 Gm. add 100 Cc.
benzene or rather less xylene.

Squire (DAMMAR SOLUTION), i. Dissolve 100 Gm. dammar
in 100 Cc. of benzene. 2. Dissolve 100 Gm. dammar in 200
Cc. turpentine oil, and add 50 Gm. mastic dissolved in 200 Cc.
chloroform.

Squire (DECALCIFICATION FLUID), i. Mix 95 parts glycerin
with 5 parts HC1; used for softening teeth. 2. Use a 4-%

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 289

aqueous solut. of arsenic acid at a temperature of 30 to 40 C.
After softening tissues in this solut., keep them in alcohol.

Squire (FARRANT'S MEDIUM). Dissolve i Gm. arsenous acid and
130 Gm. acacia in 200 Cc. distilled water, then add 100 Cc.
glycerin. Filter through fine Swedish filter-paper upon which
has been deposited a thin layer of talc.

Squire (GLYCERIN AND GUM). Dissolve 130 Gm. acacia in 200
Cc. chloroform water (i in 200), then add 100 Cc. glycerin
and filter.

Squire (GLYCERIN JELLY). Soak 100 Gm. French gelatin in
chloroform water, drain when soft, and dissolve with heat
in 750 Gm. glycerin. Add 400 Gm. chloroform water with
which has been incorporated about 50 Gm. fresh egg albumin,
mix thoroughly, and heat to boiling point or about 5 minutes.
Make up the total weight to -1,550 Gm. with chloroform water
and filter in a warm room.

Squire (HEMATOXYLIN STAIN). Dissolve 0.4 Gm. NH 3 (C0 3 ) 2
and 2 Gm. hematoxylin in 40 Cc. dilute alcohol, and expose to
the air in a shallow dish for 24 hours; make up the volume to
40 Cc. with dilute alcohol, warming, if necessary, to dissolve
any separated crystals, and add 2 Gm. ammonia alum dis-
solved in 80 Cc. distilled water, together with 100 Cc. glycerin
80 Cc. alcohol, and 10 Cc. of glacial acetic acid. Dilute i part
of this solut. with 9 parts distilled water when required
for use.

Squire (PICRO-CARMINE). i. Dissolve i Gm. carmine with a
gentle heat in 3 Cc. strong NH 3 and 5 Cc. distilled water, then
add 200 Cc. of sat. aqueous solut. picric acid, heat to boiling, and
filter. 2. Dissolve 10 Gm. carmine in a solut. of i Gm. NaOH
in 1000 Cc. distilled water; boil, filter, and make up to 1000
Cc. with water. Mix the solut. with an equal quantity water f
and add i-% aqueous solut. picric acid so long as the turbidity
produced disappears on agitation.

Squire (POTASSIUM- ACETATE SOLUTION). Dissolve 250 Gm.
potassium acetate in 100 Cc. water, by the aid of gentle heat,
and filter. This is used as a mounting medium.

Squire (STRENGTHS OF ALCOHOL). The useful formulas for
different strengths of alcohol published by Squire are suffi-
ciently exact for all practical purposes. Absolute alcohol

29 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

(sp. gr. 0.797) containing about 98% ethylic alcohol is taken
as the basis in most instances. Alcohol of 90% (sp. gr.
0.823) is prepared by mixing 14 volumes absolute alcohol and
i volume of distilled water; 84-% alcohol (sp. gr. 0.838) is
rectified spirit, B. P.; 70-% alcohol (sp. gr. 0.872) may be
obtained by adding i volume distilled water to 3 volumes
absolute alcohol, 6 volumes rectified spirit, or 4 volumes
methylated spirit; 50-% alcohol (sp. gr. 0.918) is prepared
by adding 4 volumes distilled water to 5 volumes absolute
alcohol, 3 volumes of water to 5 volumes of rectified spirit, 'or
3.5 volumes water to 5 volumes methylated spirit. Absolute
alcohol, 75 Cc., mixed with acetic acid, 25 Cc., serves as an
excellent fixing agent for nuclei. Immerse tissues in it for 6
to 12 hours, then transfer to 90-% alcohol until hardened,
afterward preserving in 70-% alcohol till wanted.

Squire (TREATMENT OF SECTIONS). Imbed tissues to be cut
in paraffin melting between 45 and 50 C., according to the
temperature of the room and the nature of the material. Af-
terward preserve sections, prior to staining and mounting
in 50-% alcohol, or in a mixture of equal volumes glycerin
and thymol water (i in 1,500) Sections may be conveniently
washed in alcohol, dehydrated, and cleared, in small wide-
mouthed bottles.

Stadthagen (URIC ACID). Warm substance with alkaline solut.
arsenous acid, and add solut. CuSO 4 a ppt. of red cuprous
oxide or white copper urate forms.

Staedeler (CHLOROFORM). On dissolving bilirubin in pure
chloroform a yellow color develops. A green color indicates
decomposition.

Staedeler-Piria (TYROSIN). See Piria-Staedelcr.

Stahl (TEST-PAPER). Filter-paper saturated with a i- to 5-%
solut. of cobaltous chloride is blue when dry, but assumes a
reddish color in moist air. See Merge? s test.

Stahre (CITRIC ACID). On oxidizing citric acid with KMnO 4
and adding bromine water, a white ppt. soluble in ether forms.
In this citric-acid reaction there is formed acetone-dicarbonic
acid which reacts with bromine water to form penta-brom-
acetone, as a white ppt. The acetone-dicarbonic acid melts
at 73 C., and gradually decomposes into acetone and carbonic

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 291

acid, but more quickly on heating. Oxalic acid occurs as a
secondary oxidation product.

Standford (IODINE). A violet color develops on adding carbon
disulphide and i drop of nitro-sulphuric acid, prepared by
saturating H 2 SO 4 (sp. gr. 1.843) with gaseous nitrous anhy-
dride.

Stas-Otto (ALKALOIDS). Alkaloids are divided into three groups
according to their property ( i) of being taken up by ether from
acid solutions; (2) of being taken up by ether from alkaline
solutions; (3) of not being taken up by ether from alkaline
solutions (morphine). See also Otto-Stas.

Steenbuch (FLOUR). To examine flour remove starch by the
action of diastase, pour into water, and remove albuminous
matter with a weak solution of soda, then examine residue
under the microscope.

Stefanelli (ALCOHOL IN ETHER). Aniline violet is insoluble in
pure ether, but is soluble in alcohol.

Stein (NARCEINE). A blue color results on adding to a liquid
containing narceine a solut. zinc and potassium iodides, to-
gether with a drop of aqueous solut. iodine.

Stein (NITRIC ACID). On heating a nitrate with litharge and ex-
posing filter-paper moistened with an acid solut. of ferrous sul-
phate to the gas evolved, the paper is colored yellow to brown.

Steinschneider-Galewski (GONOCOCCI STAIN). To differentiate
from other diplococci, place preparation in aniline gentian-
violet for 25 to 30 minutes and wash; then place in solut.
KI for i to 5 minutes; then in alcohol until decolorized.
Again wash and dry, and after-stain several seconds in
Loeffler's methylene-blue solut. Gonococci are stained
lightly; other diplococci darkly.

Stenhouse (CAFFEINE). Upon heating caffeine for a few min-
utes with fuming HN0 3 , evaporating the yellow solut. to dry-
ness, and moistening residue with NH 3 , a purple color similar
to that of murexid forms, and disappears on adding KOH
(the murexid color is changed to blue).

Stephenson (MOUNTING MEDIUM). A solut. HgI 2 in KI solut.,
of specific gravity 3.02.

Sterling (STAIN). Gentian violet 10 Gm.; aniline, 4 Gm.; 95-%
alcohol, 20 Gm.; water, 176 Cc. Add the aniline to the

*9 2 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

alcohol, and dissolve the Gentian violet in the water. Add
the latter solut. gradually to the aniline solut., shaking well
after each addition, and then filter.

Steinberg (ACETONE). On adding a few drops H 3 PO 4 , some
CuSO 4 and KI to a solut. of acetone, and warming, a volumin-
ous, grayish- white ppt. forms, the liquid becoming decolor-
ized. Reaction very sensitive. Normal urine gives the reac-
tion, but test may be carried out with urine distillate.

Stevenin (!NDICTOR). A glycerin extract of the petals of violet
or mallow flowers is turned red by acids and green by alkalies.

Stevenson (HEMOGLOBIN IN URikfi). Add i drop tincture
guaiac and a few drops ozonized ether to i or 2 drops urine,
shake, and let ozonized ether settle latter acquires a blue
color. Modified Mahomed's test.

Stieda (CEMENTS), i. Rub up zinc oxide with turpentine,
and for each dram of oxide add i oz. thick solut. dammar in
turpentine. 2. Replace zinc oxide by vermilion and add

1 oz. of dammar solut. for each 2 drams.

Stile (DOUBLE-STAINING SECTIONS). First bleach in a solut.
chlorinated lime, then wash with solut. sodium thiosulphate
(1:4). Make the red stain from rosaniline acfetate, $ grain,
and alcohol, i fl. oz. For blue stain, dissolve soluble blue,
% grain, in i fl. dram distilled water, 10 minims dil. HNO 3 , and

2 fl. drams alcohol. Immerse section first in the red stain for
2 to 40 minutes, then wash with alcohol; next immerse in blue
stain, and again wash out, and drain. Clear in oil cajuput,
transfer to turpentine, and mount in balsam. By clearing
in xylene, section may be transferred direct to xylene balsam.
Bleaching may also be effected by treating sections with H 2 O 2 .

Stillingfleet-Johnson (CEATININE IN URINE). This is a modi-
fication of Marly 's separation process. A large volume of
urine is treated with 5 % of its volume sat. aqueous solut. sodium
acetate and 25% sat. solut. HgCl 2 . The ppt. is filtered imme-
iiatcly and the filtrate left for 48 hours. The creatinine
separates in microscopic spherical masses of mercuric-chloride
compound, and is collected, washed with cold water, and
lecomposed by H 2 S. The liquid is decolorized with animal
charcoal and evaporated over H 2 SO 4 , when creatinine hydro-
chlorate crystallizes out. This salt is decomposed with excess

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 293

of lead hydrate, and the filtrate, evaporated over H 2 SO 4 , gives
effloresced crystals of creatinine.

Stirling (DISSOCIATING MEDIUM). io-% solut. of ammonium-
or potassium stilphocyanide. Macerate small pieces of epi-
thelium in solut. for 24 to 48 hours.

Stock (ACETONE IN URINE). A. Frohner employs chlorinated-
lime solution instead of bromine water and pyridine.

Stoddart (MEDIUM FOR TYPHOID BACILLI). Mix equal parts of
ordinary meat-infusion, peptone-agar-agar (i-% agar-agar),
and meat-infusion-peptone-gelatin (io-% gelatin). The pro-
portion of agar-agar present is, obviously, 0.5%, and that of
the gelatin, 5%. These quantities just suffice to keep the
medium solid at 35 C.

Stoeder (ALOES). Solut. CuSO 4 added to aloes triturated with
water, develops a canary-yellow color, changed to cherry-red
on adding very dilute HCN. According to Hcuberger, Barba-
docs alqes thus treated gives a reddish- violet, while Natal
aloes gives a pale orange.

Stoeder (DIFFERENTIATING EXTRACTS OF BELLADONNA AND
HENBANE). Shake a solut. of o.i Gm. extract in 2 Cc. water,
with 10 Cc. "ether, which then shake with 5 Cc. water and 2
drops NH 3 with extract belladonna a blue fluorescence is
observed in the ammoniacal liquid.

Stolba (POTASSIUM SALTS). Sodium- or ammonium fluobo-
ride gives a crystalline ppt. with potassium salts, which colors
a Bunsen flame green, then violet.

Stolba (STANDARDIZING PERMANGANATE SOLUTIONS). Lead
oxalate is used like oxalic acid for standardizing permanga-
nate solutions, the salt being first warmed with H 2 S0 4 . One
Gm. lead oxalate =0.428 Gm. oxalic acid.

Storch (INDICATOR), i. Benzopurpurine B. Gives a brown-
ish-red color with alkalies and bluish- violet with acids. 2.
Curcumin W. Gives a red color with alkalies and a greenish-
yellow with acids.

Storch (RosiN OIL IN OIL MIXTURES). From i to 2 Cc. oil are
shaken with i Cc. acetic anhydride, allowed to stand, and the
acetic anhydride, separated by means of a pipette, treated
with a drop of cone. H 2 S0 4 . In the presence of rosin oil a

294 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

violet-red color appears. Morawski recommends H 2 S0 4 of
specific gravity 1.53.

Storch-Morawski (RosiN OIL AND RESIN). Dissolve out resin
in acetic anhydride, and mix with H 2 SO 4 (sp. gr. 1.53) a red
color indicates addition of resin to fats and varnishes. Copals
give a brown color reaction with this test.

Storer (CHROMIC ACID). An intense blue is given with an
ethereal solut. H 2 O 2 .

Strassburg (BILIARY ACIDS). See Pettenkofer's test.

Strecker (XANTHIN). Evaporate to dryness with HNO 3 , add
NaOH or KOH a yellow residue results, turning reddish-
yellow on adding KOH or NaOH, and becoming reddish-
violet on subsequent warming. Reaction not obtained with
NH 3 distinction from uric acid.

Streng (SODIUM SALTS). Minute, yellow crystals form on add-
ing solut. uranium acetate. Crystals may be examined by
polarized light under microscope.

Strieker (IMBEDDING MASS). Prepare objects in alcohol, and
imbed in cone, solut. acacia in a paper case, then immerse
whole in alcohol, and cut after 2 or 3 days.

Strobel (ACETANILID). Acetanilid heated with zinc chloride
gives off aromatic vapors which color wood shavings yellow;
residue is also yellow.

Strobel (ANTINERVIN). Behaves like acetanilid (see above).

Strobel (ANTIPYRINE). Vapors evolved on heating antipyrine
with zinc chloride have an odor like that of methylamine or
cacodyl,and color wood shavings cherry-red, the residue being
reddish-yellow with greenish fluorescence by reflected light.

Strobel (MIGRANIN). Behaves like antipyrine (see above).

Strobel (PHENACETIN). Vapors of phenacetin heated with zinc
chloride color wood shavings yellow, but residue is reddish-
yellow (with acetanilid it is yellow).

Strobel (SALIPYRINE). Behaves like antipyrine (see above).

Strobel (SALOL). Salol, on heating with zinc chloride, decom-
poses into phenol and a salicylate, and the vapors evolved
color paper moistened with Fe 2 Cl 6 solut. a dirty green, changed
to violet on washing with water.

Strobel (SULFONAL). Sulfonal heated with zinc chloride devel-
ops odor of mercaptan and partially sublimes.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 295

Strohl (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). If free mineral acid
present in vinegar, no ppt. forms on adding ammonium oxa-
late and calcium chloride.

Stroppa- Vital! (CONIINE). i. Stir coniine or one of its salts
with a few drops solut. of i potassium permanganate in 200
cone. H 2 SO 4 green color of solut. changes to violet. 2.
Carefully evaporate small quantity coniine with cone. HN0 8
a dark-yellow residue remains which, on treatment with
KOH, yields a reddish-brown oil having a characteristic hem-
lock odor, and which, on evaporation to dryness, gives a
brownish-black residue soluble in cone. H 2 SO to an almost
colorless solut. changed by a little water and excess of NH, to
yellow.

Struve (BLOOD). Extract suspected stains with dilute caustic-
potassa solut., filter, and add tannin. A reddish-brown color
indicates presence of blood; and, on acidulating with acetic
acid, a ppt. develops, which will yield hemin crystals after
washing and treatment with acetic acid and NaCl. See also
Selmi's test for blood, and Teichmann's hemin crystals.
Urine containing blood yields a reddish ppt. upon adding
caustic soda and tannin, and subsequently acidulating with
acetic acid.

Struve (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE). A blue color develops on treat-
ing with an alkaline solution of litharge and a dilute solut. lead
subacetate, then testing with KI starch paste and acetic acid.
The reaction requires several hours.

Strzyzowski (ALKALOIDS). Various reactions are afforded with
chloral, bromal, paraldehyde, furfurol, and ortho-nitrophenyl
propiolic acid. For details see MERCK'S REPORT, vn., p. 534.

Stuart (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). lodoform is formed
on distilling off the alcohol, and adding compound tinct.
iodine (U.S.P., 1890), together with potassa solut.

Studenski (UROBILIN IN URINE). Treat 20 Cc. urine with 2
Cc. of sat. solut. CuSO 4 , saturate mixture with crystallized
(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , add 10 Cc. chloroform, and shake mixture for
some minutes. The chloroform is then separated, evaporated,
and the residue weighed.

Stutz (ALBUMIN). Fill capsules with Fuerbringer's reagent,
which see.

296 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Suchannek (MOUNTING MEDIUM). Mix equal parts of Venice
turpentine and absolute alcohol, agitate frequently, and keep
in a stove until clear.

Sulzer (ALCOHOL IN ESSENTIAL OILS). SeeSalzer; also Puscher's
test.

Svanberg (PHOSPHORIC ACID). A yellow ppt. forms on adding
ammonium-molybdate solut. in large excess.

Symons (SODIUM IN LITHIUM CARBONATE). Dissolve 10 Gm.
lithium carbonate in a tared flask containing 100 Cc. water,
boil, and bring weight of liquid to 100 Gm. ; then take 50 Gm.,
evaporate to dryness. treat with 15 Cc. HC1 in which NaCl
has been dissolved to saturation. Throw insoluble residue
on a filter, and wash, first with 10 Cc. of the salted acid, then
with 10 Cc. pure acid. Then place insol. residue in a tared
dish, dry, and weigh. The weight multiplied by 20 equals
the percentage of NaCl.

Szabo (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Mixture of
equal volumes 0.5-% solutions of ammonium rhodanate and
sodium ferritartrate. Reagent is colored brown by free HC1.
See Mohr's test.

Szobolew (SAFRANINE STAIN). Immerse sections for 2 to 5 min-
utes in diluted Flemming's solut. (10 to 15 drops to 5 Cc. water)
wash with water, stain in sat. aqueous solut. safranine, and
mount as usual.

Tafel (STRYCHNINE). Add an excess HC1 to solut. strychnine,
then add a small fragment zinc, or sodium amalgam. When
evolution of gas ceases, add a little Fe 2 Cl 6 a yellowish-red
color develops, permanent even in boiling solut.

Taguchi (!NK INJECTION). Rub Chinese ink well with water
until resulting fluid does not run when dropped on thin
blotting-paper or form a gray ring round the drop. The
preparation is injected with this fluid until it appears quite
black, and it is then thrown into some hardening liquid.

Tambon (SESAME OIL). Shake i vol. of a solut. of 3 to 4 parts
pure crystalline glucose in 100 parts HC1, with 2 vol. oil, for 2
to 3 minutes, then warm emulsion over a spirit flame to boil-
ing and agitate if least trace of sesame oil is present a fine

, rose color with violet tint, passing to cherry-red, develops.
Pure olive oil gives no reaction; if i to 5% sesame oil is

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 297

present, color develops in a few minutes; if 10% present, color
is immediate.

Tangl (ALUM CARMINE). Boil powdered carmine in sat. solut.
alum for 10 minutes and filter resulting solut.

Tanret (ALBUMIN). Dissolve 3.32 Gm. KC1 and 1.35 Gm.
HgCl 2 in 20 Cc. of acetic acid, then dilute with water to 60
Cc. With albuminous urine reagent yields a white ppt. in-
soluble in acetic acid. Peptones cause precipitates which
redissolve on boiling; alkaloids give ppts. soluble in alcohol.
Compare Mayer's reagent.

Tartuferi (SILVER IMPREGNATION METHOD). Place a cornea
for 3 days or more in a solut. of 15 Gm. Na 2 S 2 O 3 in 100 Cc.
dist. water, kept at a temperature of about 26 C., then re-
move for 2 days into water containing very finely divided
AgCl in suspension.

Tassinari-Piazza (NITRIC ACID). On treatment with potassa
and zinc dust NH 3 forms.

Tattersall (COBALT). A blood-red color develops on adding
KCN solut. till the ppt. formed is redissolved, then adding a
few drops yellow ammonium-sulphide solut.

Tattersall (DELPHININE). An orange color, changing to pink
and violet, develops on rubbing with malic acid, and then
with a few drops H 2 SO 4 .

Tattersall (MORPHINE, CODEINE, AND PAPAVERINE). A dirty-
violet color, changing to sea-green, develops on dissolving
morphine in cone. H 2 S0 4 and adding a little sodium arsenate.
Codeine yields a blue color when similarly treated, and this
changes to orange on adding water and excess of soda. Pa-
paverine gives a red to violet color on treatment as above and
heating, while the addition of water and excess of soda turns
the color nearly black.

Teichmann (BLOOD). Treat 2 or 3 Cc. of a not too dilute aqueous
solut. of blood with a few drops glacial acetic acid and about
o.oi Gm. NaCl. On evaporating a few drops of mixture on a
cover-glass and examining under the microscope, dark-brown
rhombic needles or plates of hemin will be visible. See also
Struve's and Sehni's tests.

Teichmann-Heller (BLOOD IN URINE). See Heller-Teichmann*

*9 8 TESTS AKD REAGENTS.

Terreill (CELLULOSE). A blue color appears on dipping into a
i-% KI solut., then drying, immersing in H 2 S0 4 , and rinsing
in water.

Tessier (IODINE). In the presence of tannin, iodine is liberated
by adding tinct. ferric chloride, and produces a blue color on
testing with starch paper.

Teubner (MERCURY). If mercury be present, a white stain is
produced on heating substance in a crucible and allowing the
vapors given off to strike a small spot on a cold gold
plate.

Thnard (ALUMINIUM). On igniting with cobalt salts, alumin-
ium oxide separated from compounds by igniting on char-
coal, with the addition of sodium carbonate if necessary is
converted into Thenard's blue.

Thiersch (BORAX CARMINE). Carmine, 0.5 Gm. ; borax, 2 Gm.;
water, 28 Cc.; absolute alcohol, 60 Cc. Filter. Soak sec-
tions in boric-acid solut. before staining.

Thiersch (CARMINE INJECTION MASS). Dissolve i part car-
mine in i part strong solut. ammonia and 3 parts of water*
and filter. Then dissolve i part gelatin in 2 parts water,
warm to 31 C. on a water-bath, and add i part carmine solut.
to 3 or 4 parts gelatin solut. Next add acetic acid, drop by
drop, stirring continually, until the ammonia is neutralized;
or drive off the ammonia by heating to 31 to 38 C. Inject
at a temperature not exceeding 44 C., then cool the prepa-
ration on ice, and subsequently harden in alcohol.

Thiersch (GREEN INJECTION MASS). The Prussian-blue and
lead-chromate masses are mixed in varying proportions.

Thiersch (LEAD-CHROMATE INJECTION MASS). Mix 4 parts
aqueous gelatin solut. (1:2) with 2 parts aqueous lead-nitrate
solut. (i : u), and a similar quantity with i part aqueous
potassium-chromate solut. (i : n). Heat both mixtures to
31 C., then mix together with continual stirring until all lead
chromate is pptd., after which heat on a water-bath to 88 C.,
and filter through flannel. This mass will not keep, as the
gelatin gradually becomes insoluble.

Thiersch (LILAC BORAX CARMINE). Dissolve i part carmine
and 4 parts borax in 56 parts dist. water; to each vol. of solut.
add 2 vol. absolute alcohol, and filter.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 299

Thiersch (OxALic-Acm CARMINE), i. Dissolve i part carmine
in i of strong solut. ammonia and 3 parts water; to each vol.
of solution add 8 vol. of an aqueous solut. oxalic acid (i: 22),
then add 12 vol. absolute alcohol, and filter. 2. Carmine, i
Gm.; ammonia, i Cc.; water, 3 Cc. Mix with solut. oxalic
acid 8 Gm. in water 175 Gm., then add 16 Cc. absolute alcohol,
and filter. The addition of oxalic acid causes filtrate to
assume an orange hue, while ammonia changes it to violet.

'Thiersch (OXALIC- ACID INDIGO CARMINE). Make a sat. solut.
of commercial indigo-carmine in aqueous solut. oxalic acid
(i : 22 to 30), and dilute, if required, with alcohol.

Thiersch (PRUSSIAN-BLUE INJECTION MASS). Mix 12 Cc. sat.
aqueous solut. ferrous sulphate with 28 Gm. aqueous gelatin
solut. (iin2)at3iC., then mix at same temperature 24.
Cc. sat. aqueous solut. potassium ferricyanide with 56 Gm
gelatin solut. To the second mixture add 24 Cc. sat. aqueous
solut. oxalic acid, stir well, then add first mixture. Stir con-
tinually, keeping temperature at 25 to 31 C., until all the
Prussian blue is pptd. Finally, heat on a water-bath to
about 88 C., and filter through flannel.

Thoma (DECALCIFICATION METHOD). Place bones in a mixture
of 5 vol. 95-% alcohol and i vol. pure cone. HNO 3 , and change
the liquid every 2 or 3 days for 2 or 3 weeks. When decalci-
fication complete, wash out every trace of acid in 95-% alcohol
containing an excess of pptd. chalk. This may take 8 to 14
days, after which the tissues may be stained and otherwise
treated as desired.

Thomas (STRYCHNINE AND MORPHINE). In the presence of
morphine, strychnine can be separated by dissolving it in
chloroform; potassa solut. dissolves morphine, but not
strychnine.

Thompson (THEINE). A blood-red residue remains on passing
a current of hypochlorous acid gas through a solut. of theine
and evaporating.

Thorns (COPPER SULPHATE). Traces of copper sulphate give a
blue color of with a solut. of KI mixed with a little starch.

Thorns (IODINE IN COMPOUNDS). Heat substance (organic or
inorganic) with cone. H 2 SO 4 this liberates iodine, which may
be recognized by its violet-blue vapors. If iodine present as

300 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

iodic acid, add a little zinc dust to substance before heating
with H 2 SO 4 .

Thorns (PHENOLS, ETC.). Formaldehyde-sulphuric acid affords
reactions with different methods, etc., as follows:

Salicylic acid immediate pink to bright rose-red, becoming
purple-red on heating. Carbolic acid purple-red. Rcsorcin
yellow, then reddish, finally, orange (cold or hot). Phloro-
glucin (trioxybcnzene) red. Benzole acid no reaction.
Cinnamic acid cold: reddish-brown; heated: dark-brown.
Creosote dark blood-red, finally blackish-red. Naphtol
cold: yellow, changing to dirty-green. Naphtalin heated:
a steel-grayish-blue pellicle. Acetone brown. Thymol cold:
yellow; heated: pink. Benzene brown ppt. Toluene dark-
brown ppt. Xylcnc orange-red ppt. Bcnzin no reaction.

Thomson (IODINE). A blue color develops on passing chlorine
through the solut. and testing with starch paste.

Thormaehlen (MELANIN IN URINE). Urine containing melanin
is colored deep-blue on adding sodium nitroprussiate, caustic
potassa, and acetic acid.

Thoulet (LIQUID). A solut. of i part KI and 1.239 HgCl 2 in
water, and evaporating until it has a specific gravity of 3.1 96 ,
is used for mechanical preparation of powdered minerals.
Compare Klein's liquid.

Thresh (ALCOHOL). Convert alcohol into aldehyde by distilling
off 20 Cc. from 100 Cc. of suspected liquid, mixed with 2 Cc.
of sat. potassium-bichromate solut. and 8 Cc. dil. H 2 SO 4 (i : i).
On adding 3 Cc. soda solut., boiling for a few seconds and cool-
ing, a yellow color develops.

Thresh (ALKALOIDS), i. Solut. of 1.8 Gm. KI in 45 Cc. HC1
and 30 Cc. bismuth solut. (Liq. Bism. et Amm. Citr., B. P.)
prepared as follows: 2.5 Gm. bismuth are dissolved in 70 Gm.
HNO 3 , 60 Gm. citric acid added, then enough NH 3 to faint
alkalinity, and enough water to make 600 Cc. Reagent
gives reddish-brown colors and ppts. with alkaloids. 2.
According to another formula, dissolve 4.68 Gm. bismuth
oxide in 80 Cc. HC1, and add water to 300 Cc. ; then dissolve
20 Gm. KI in water to make 700 Cc., and mix two solutions.

Thresh (BISMUTH). An orange-red to yellow color develops on
adding a little HC1 to the suspected liquid, followed by KI.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3 or

Thresh (SULPHURIC ACID). When a known quantity of BaCl 2
solut. is added to a solut. (vinegar) containing sulphates and
free H 2 SO 4 , on evaporating the liquid and igniting there will
be a loss of chlorine Equivalent to the free H 2 S0 4 present.

Thudichum (CREATININE). Add substance to a dil. solut.
Fe 2 Cl e dark-red color develops, increased by heating.

Thudichum (EGG COLORING MATTER). Coloring matter of egg-
yolk, extracted by ether, alcohol, or chloroform, is colored by
HN0 3 , first blue, then yellow, and gives characteristic ab-
sorption spectra. Commercial products cannot be tested by
this reaction, as the coloring matter in them is decomposed.

Thwaites (PRESERVATIVE FLUID). Saturate i fl. oz. alcohol with
creosote, mix with chalk in a mortar, and gradually add 16 fl.
oz. water. Next add 16 fl. oz. camphor water, allow mixture
to stand for a few days, and filter. Compare Beale's modifi-
cation.

Tidy (ALBUMIN), i. A white ppt. forms on adding equal vol-
umes carbolic and glacial acetic acids. 2. Add to suspected
urine 15 drops alcohol, followed by 15 drops of carbolic acid.

Tidy (OXYGEN PROCESS), i. Acid solution: H 2 SO 4 , i vol.;
water, 3 vol.; KMnO 4 , sufficient to give pinkish tint. 2.
Standard permanganate solution: KMnO 4 , 0.395 Gm.; water,
i liter, i Cc. = 0.000 1 Gm. oxygen. 3. Solution of sodium
ihiosulphate: i Gm. in i liter of water. 4. Solut. KI, io-%.
Wash out the flask with strong H 2 SO 4 . Take 250 Cc. water
to be examined, warm to 176 C., add 10 Cc. permanganate
solution and 10 Cc. acid solution, allow to stand in the dark
at 176 for 4 hours. If color fades materially before that time,
add another 10 Cc. Then add a few drops KI and titrate with
Na 2 S 2 O 3 solut., using starch at end. Titrate a blank experi-
ment with 250 Cc. of distilled water; the difference indicates
the oxygen absorbed.

Tiedemann-Gmelin (BILE PIGMENTS). See Gmelin (Heintz's
modification).

Tilden (ALOIN). To aloin or powdered aloes on white porcelain
add HNO 3 ; no color-change indicates socaloin; crimson color,
nataloin or barbaloin. To another portion add H 2 SO 4 and
expose to fumes of HNO 3 a blue color indicates nataloin,
and no blue color barbaloin.

302 TE57S AND REAGENTS.

Tilden (IODINE). KMnO 4 liberates iodine from its combina-
tions, and it may then be tested for as most convenient.

Tizzoni (!RON IN TISSUES). Treat section of tissue with 2-%
solut. potass, ferrocyanide, then with 0.5-% HC1 a blue color
develops.

Tocher (SESAME OIL IN OTHER OILS). The following tests
are said to detect presence of even i%: i. Ammonium-
vanadate test: 2 Gm. ammonium vanadate, 50 Cc. water, and
100 Cc. H 2 S0 4 . Shaken with this reagent, sesame oil gives
an immediate green, rapidly changing to a greenish-black.
Other oils give at first no reaction, but only later a blackish
color. 2. Formaldehyde test: 100 Cc. H 2 S0 4 , 50 Cc. water,,
and 10 Cc. cone, formaldehyde. Shaken with an equal vol. of
reagent, sesame oil gives an emulsion acquiring gradually an
intense, permanent bluish-black color. 3. Resorcin test:
Mix 2 Cc. each of oil and benzin, saturate with resorcin, and
add 2 Cc. HNO 3 (sp. gr. 1.38) free from nitrous acid. Sesame
oil gives immediately an intense, bluish- violet color. For de-
tails, see MERCK'S REPORT, ix., p. 161. 4. Tocher's modi-
fication of Baudouin's test: 2 Gm. pyrogallol are dissolved in
30 Cc. HC1 (sp. gr. 1.19?), and 15 Gm. of this solut. shaken
with an equal volume oil. After allowing two layers to form,
the acid solut. is removed with a pipette and warmed for five
minutes. In the presence of benne oil, a bluish-red color
forms.

Toepfer (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). To 5 Cc,
filtrate from gastric juice add i drop i-% solut. phenolphtaleia
and i drop 0.5-% solut. dimethylamidoazobenzene; then add
decinormal NaOH until red color disappears, and solut. turns
yellow. The number of Cc. NaOH solut. used multiplied by
20 gives free HC1 present. Continue to add NaOH until a red
color appears. The total Cc. then used multiplied by 20
equals total acidity.

Toison (BLOOD STAIN). Methyl violet 56, 0.25; sodium
chloride, i; sodium sulphate, 8; glycerin (30 B.), 30 Cc.;
dist. water, 160 Cc. Dissolve methyl violet in glycerin with
half the water, and add to solut. of the two salts in balance
of water. White corpuscles stain in this in 5 to 10 minutes;

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 30$

maximum coloration attained in 20 to 30 minutes. White-
corpuscles, violet; red corpuscles, greenish.

Tollens (ALDEHYDE). Test depends upon the reduction of a
solut. of 3 parts AgNO 3 in 30 parts of NH 3 , to which a solut.
3 parts caustic soda in 30 parts water has been added. A
silver mirror forms.

Tollens (GLUCOSE). Ppt. AgN0 3 solut. with potassa and add-
just enough NH 3 to dissolve the ppt. formed. Solution is re-
duced by glucose.

Tollens (PENTOSE). Pentoses are colored cherry-red on being
heated with HC1 and phloroglucin.

Tommasi (CARBOLIC ACID). A shaving is colored blue on first
dipping into carbolic acid and then into a mixture of 50 Gm.
HC1, 50 Gm. water, and 0.2 Gm. potassium chlorate. See
Hoppe-Scyler's test.

Topping (IMBEDDING SOLUTION FOR MICROSCOPICAL PREPARA-
TIONS), i part of absolute alcohol and 5 parts water; in place
of the latter, 4 parts water and i part aluminium acetate may
be taken. The solut. is mixed with an equal vol. of glycerin
before using.

Tortelli-Ruggieri (COTTONSEED OIL). Modified Bcchi's test. In
this test the oil is first saponified, then converted into a lead
soap. This is then treated with ether, the ethereal solut.
washed with HC1, the solvent then evaporated, and the residue
treated with silver-nitrate solut. For details, see MERCK 's
REPORT, vn., p. 403.

Tourneux-Hermann (SILVER STAINING METHOD). The tissues
are left in silver-nitrate bath (3 : i ,000) for i hour, then washed
out with 30-% alcohol.

Trapp (VERATRINE). A dark-red to violet or purple color de-
velops on heating cautiously with HC1.

Traub (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE). Add to 6 Cc. of the liquid a little
H 2 SO 4 , some zinc-iodide-starch paste, 2 drops 2-% solut.
CuSO 4 , and, finally, a little 0.5-% ferrous-sulphate solut. if
H 2 O 2 present, a blue color forms.

Trenkmann (MACERATING FLUID), i. Solut. containing i%
tannin and 0.5% HC1. 2. Sat. solut. catechu (from soaking-
catechu powd. in water several days and filtering), 4 parts;
sat. aqueous solut. carbolic acid, i part.

304 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Trenkmann (STAINING FLAGELLA). Mordant for g 2 to 12 hours
at normal temperature in a i-% solut. tannin in 0.5-% HC1.
Then wash in water, stain 2 to 4 hours with a mixture of 2
drops saturated alcoholic solut. fuchsine and 20 drops i-%
carbolic acid, and again wash.

Trftrop (ALBUMIN IN URINE). Heat 4 to 5 Cc. of non-alka-
line urine in a test-tube to near boiling, then stop heating,
and add a few drops strong formaldehyde. If the urine con-
tains any albumin this coagulates, the flocculent mass collect-
ing on the surface of the urine and adhering to the walls of
the tube. The albumin may be determined by weighing.
Certain urines when strongly albuminous are said to give a
reaction in the cold.

Treumann (THEOBROMINE). A purple color develops on evap-
orating to dryness a mixture of theobromine and chlorine
water, and then adding ammonia.

Triollet (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Improved Gmelin's test. Mix 50
Cc. urine and 40 to 50 Gm. ammonium sulphate, filter through
cotton, and treat latter (which retained the pptd. pigments)
with hot chloroform. Then evaporate chloroformic solut.
of bilirubin. Next treat cotton with hot alcohol, which dis-
solves out the biliverdin and biliprasin. Evaporate alcohol,
mix the two residues and extract with boiling water, then over-
lay the solut. on fuming HN0 3 2 zones appear, one a bright-
red, the other yellow. After 15 minutes a blue color develops
between the two zones.

Trommer (GLUCOSE). Add i or 2 drops solut. CuS0 4 and 4 to
5 Cc. NaOH solut. to a dilute grape-sugar solut. ppt. formed
will redissolve, and upon heating, yield cuprous oxide. (Com-
pare with Fehling's solution.) In examining urine, the latter
is rendered alkaline with NaOH, and then CuSO 4 solut. added
by drops until a permanent ppt. appears. If glucose present,
yellow cuprous oxide forms on heating. Focke recommends
also, in order to remove other reducing agents that might be
present, to first boil 10 Cc. urine with 5 Cc. CuSO 4 solut. (i : 10),
2 Cc. Na 2 CO 3 solut. (i: 10) being added to the cooled filtrate,
the solut. filtered after standing, and the filtrate tested accord-
ing to Trammer's test. See Johnson's reaction.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3<>5

Trommsdorf (NITROUS ACID). A blue color is developed with
H 2 S0 4 and potassium-iodide starch paste.

Troost (BROMINE). Fluorescein is added to the solut., and is
thus converted into eosine or the tetrabrom derivative. If
fluorescein paper be used, o.ooi Gm., of an alkali bromide
in 5 to 10 Gm. NaCl is detected with certainty. The paper
needs but be moistened. Test not applicable, however, in a
mixture of free bromine and iodine.

Trotarelli (ALKALOID). Evaporate with cone. HN0 3 , and sub-
sequently treat residue with alcoholic KOH solut. various
alkaloids yield characteristic color reactions. Compare with
Vitali's test.

Trotarelli (PTOMAINES). Add sodium nitro-ferricyanide and
subsequently palladium nitrate to the sulphuric-acid salts of
ptomaines various color reactions occur. Compare with
Vitali's test.

Trousseau-Dumontpallier (BILIARY PIGMENTS). See Dumont-
pallier- Trousseau.

Tscheppe (ALCOHOL). 70-% HN0 3 is overlaid on liquid to be
tested. If alcohol present, a green color forms at the zone
of contact ; after some time gas will be evolved and the odor
of ethyl nitrite become apparent.

Tschirch (COPPER IN PRESERVES), i. Evaporate alcoholic
extract of substance to dryness, wash residue with H 2 0, and
treat with cone. HC1. Pure chlorophyll gives a deep-blue
solut.' and a residue soluble in ether with brown color. If
copper present, residue dissolves in alcohol with green color.
2. Add HC1 to alcoholic extract if green color develops,
copper is present.

Tschugaeff (CHOLESTERIN). On dissolving cholesterin in glacial
acetic acid, adding an excess acetyl chloride, and then a small
fragment ZnCl 2 , and finally warming for 5 minutes, the fluid
acquires a red or pink color with a greenish-yellow fluores-
cence. Coloration still visible in a i: 80,000 solut. cholesterin.

Tuchen (ETHEREAL OILS). Many ethereal oils fulminate when 4 to
6 drops of the oil are brought into contact with o.i Gm. iodine.

Tucholka (BISABOL MYRRH). Mix 6 drops of a i : 15 ethereal ex-
tract of sample with 3 Cc. glacial acetic acid in a test-tube, and
overlay on 3 Cc. cone. H 2 SO 4 . At contact-line a pink zone devel-

306 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

ops immediately, gradually spreading to the acetic-acid layer,
and remaining some time. Herabol myrrh gives only a very
slight pink color, the zone being first green, then changing to
brown with green fluorescence after standing some time.

Tullberg (NARCOTIZATION METHOD). For actinia?, slowly add to
the water containing the expanded animal a 33-% solut.
MgCl 2 , until the vessel contains i% salt, i.e., add 33 Cc. solu-
tion for each liter sea- water. The operation should be finished
within half an hour, and the animal may be fixed half an
hour later. For terrestrial and fresh- water invertebrates, use
rather stronger solutions.

Turner (BORAX). Borax gives a green color on being heated in
the blowpipe flame with a mixture of 9 parts potassium bisul-
phate and i part fluorspar.

Tyson (HETERO-ALBUMOSE IN URINE). Acidulate a little urine
with acetic acid, mix with one-sixth its volume sat. solut.
NaCl, then boil and filter. Albumin and globulin are pptd.;
if the filtrate on cooling gives a ppt. on adding more brine,
then albumose is present.

Udransky (BILIARY ACIDS). Mix i Cc. aqueous or alcoholic
solut. with i drop o.i-% aqueous furfurol solut., and overlay
on i Cc. cone. H 2 SO 4 if biliary acids present a violet-red zone,
forms.

Udransky (TYROSIN). To i Cc. of dissolved substance add r
drop 0.5-% solut. furfurol, and overlay on i Cc. cone. H 2 SO 4
a pink zone forms.

Udransky (UREA). To cone, solut. of substance add benzoyl
chloride and an excess of NaOH benzoyl-urea forms and ppts.

Udransky-Baumann (GLYCERIN AND CARBOHYDRATES). Tests
depends upon Baumann's reaction with benzoyl chloride and
NaOH. Diamines also give this reaction, hence the presence
of the first-mentioned compounds must be confirmed by means
of the furfurol reaction. See Molisch's reaction.

Uffelmann (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE).
Test-paper prepared from an amylic-alcohol extract of huckle-
berries is changed in color from a grayish-blue to a pink by
HC1 in gastric juice.

Uffelmann (FREE ACIDS IN GASTRIC JUICE), i. i drop solut.
Fe 2 Cl a , 0.4 Gm. alcohol, and 100 Gm. water. 2. 3 drops

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 307

solut. Fe 2 Cl e , 3 drops cone, solut. carbolic acid, and 20 Cc.
water. HC1 decolorizes this reagent, lactic acid colors it
yellow, and butyric acid causes a milky turbidity.

Uffelmann (LACTIC ACID). Phenol solut., colored by ferric
chloride, is colored yellow by lactic acid. Butyric acid gives
a similar reaction.

Uffelmann (NITRIC ACID). On adding 3 or 4 drops of liquid to
be tested to 1.5 Cc. H 2 SO 4 colored pale-pink by a small frag-
ment diphenylamine, a blue color develops.

Ultzmann (BILIARY PIGMENTS). Shake 10 Cc. urine with 3 to 4
Cc. KOH solut. (1:3) and treat with excess pure HC1 if
biliary pigments present, the mixture acquires a beautiful
emerald- green color.

Ultzmann-Hoffmann (BILIFUSCIN). See Hoffmann-Ultzmann.

Umikoff (WOMAN'S MILK). Mix 5 Cc. milk with 2.5 Cc. io-%
NH 3 , and heat 15 or 20 minutes on water-bath at 60 C. If
milk is that of a woman it acquires a violet-red color, the more
intense the longer the period since the beginning of lactation.
The milk of cows or other graminivorous animals, under simi-
lar treatment, acquires a yellowish or at most yellowish-brown
color.

Underwood (GOLD STAINING PROCESS). Wash sections of decal-
cified teeth in NaHCO 3 solut., then treat for half to one hour
with i-% neutral solut. gold chloride, wash in water, and re-
duce in i-% formic acid, kept fairly hot on a water-bath in
the dark. They will turn crimson in about an hour, and
should then be washed for half an hour in cold water and
mounted in glycerin jelly.

Unna (BLEACHING CHROMIC OBJECTS). The brownish-green
color is removed by treating with H 2 O 2 .

Unna (HEMATOXYLIN STAIN). " Over-ripening " of hematoxy-
lin stains, brought about by excessive oxidation, is prevented
by adding a reducing agent, like sulphur. Dissolve i part
hematoxylin in 100 parts alcohol, and add to a solut. of 10
parts alum in 200 parts water. In 2 or 3 days, when the solut-
has become somewhat strongly blue, add 2 parts sublimed sul-
phur. This fixes the stage of oxidation attained by the solut.,
and the latter may be used at once for staining. It does not
give so energetic a stain as a solut. totally and instantaneously

308 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

ripened with H 2 O 2 , and does not keep so well as a solut. con-
taining glycerin. See Mayer's glychemalum.

Unna (LEPRA-BACILLUS DOUBLE STAIN: DRY METHOD). Stain
in aniline- water fuchsine 12 to 24 hours. Differentiate in
10- to 20-% aqueous solut. HNO 3 till section is yellowish, then
place in dil. alcohol several seconds till red color returns, wash
out acid with prolonged rinsing in dist. water or by dipping
once in weak NH 3 . Remove excess of water from object-glass
with blotting-paper or by careful heating over flame i or 2
minutes till section absolutely dry, and immediately mount
in chloroform balsam.

Unna (STAIN FOR SMOOTH MUSCLE). Stain sections for 10 min-
utes in polychromatic methylene-blue solut., rinse in water,
and place for 16 minutes in i-% solut. potassium ferricyanide,
which fixes the color. Next differentiate with alcohol con-
taining i% HC1, and after the collagen ground comes out
white (about 10 minutes), pass the sections into absolute
alcohol prior to clearing and mounting in balsam.

Unverdorben-Franchimont (RESINS AND TERPENES). Reagent
is a cone, aqueous solut. copper acetate. Sections of tissue ex-
posed for several days to the action of the solut. have their
resinous portions colored emerald green.

Upson (GOLD AND IRON METHOD). Material hardened in the
dark in potassium-bichromate solut. (i-%, gradually in-
creased to 2- or 2.5-%) for 4 to 6 months is washed with water,
treated for 2 or 3 days with 50-% alcohol, which is changed as
often as necessary, and then left in 95-% until they show a
decidedly green color (2 to 4 weeks), the alcohol being changed
as often as precipitates occur. Cut sections under water or
by the celloidin process, and in the former case place them
in alcohol immediately and leave them there for 2 to 3 days.
Next immerse for i to 2 hours in a i-% solut. gold chloride
acidulated with 2-% HC1, rinse in water, and treat for half a
minute with a solut. of about 0.2 Gm. potassium ferrocyanide
in 5 Cc. io-% solut. KOH. Then wash, for half a minute more
in simple KOH solut., and afterward for some time in distilled
water. The reducing solution is freshly prepared when re-
quired by mixing 5 Cc. sulphurous acid and 10 to 15 drops 3-%
tincture iodine, and adding i drop solut. Fe 2 Cl e . A section is

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 39

placed on a piece filter-paper in a watch-glass, the reducing
mixture quickly poured over it, and as soon as a rose-red
color appears the section is removed into distilled water.
After changing the water once, place the section on a slide and
immerse in absolute alcohol for 5 to 15 minutes, then clear with
clove oil and mount in balsam. As the treatment with potas-
sium ferrocyanide may cause the formation of Prussian-blue
in the tissue subsequently, it is sometimes omitted. The
sections must be kept in the dark.

Upson (GOLD AND VANADIUM METHOD). Sections prepared as
for Upson 's gold and iron method are placed for 2 hours in a
mixture of 5 Cc. of i-% gold-chloride solut., 10 drops sat.
xblut. ammonium vanadate, and 3 drops HC1. Then wash
with dist. water, and place for half a minute or so in a mixture
of 5 Cc. io-% KOH solut., 10 drops io-% potassium-per-
manganate solut., and a trace ammonium vanadate. Next
rinse in dist. water, and treat until they become red with the
reducing fluid. This is prepared by mixing 15 drops 3-%
tincture iodine to which tin chloride has been added until it
becomes white or yellowish, 3 Cc. dist. water, and 3 to 5 drops
sat. aqueous solut. iron phosphate. At the moment of using
add 3 Cc. sulphurous acid, pour the mixture over the section
as in Upson's gold and iron method, and finish in accordance
with that method.

Uschinsky (CULTURE SOLUTION FOR BACTERIA). Glycerin, 30 to
40 Gm.; NaCl, 5 to 7 Gm.; CaCl 2 , o.i Gm.; MgS0 4 , 0.2 to 0.4
Gm. ; potassium phosphate, 2 to 2.5 Gm.; ammonium lactate,
6 to 7 Gm.; sodium asparaginate, 3 to 4 Gm.

Uslar-Erdmann (ALKALOIDS). See Erdmann-Uslar.

Valenta (FATS). Intimately mix equal volumes fat and glacial
acetic acid (sp. gr. 1.0562) in a test-tube, and if no solution
takes place, heat. Three classes of oils are distinguished,
according as solution results at ordinary temperatures, at
temperatures up to the boiling-point of glacial acetic acid, or
whether even then, solution is incomplete. With oils dissolv-
ing on heating, the temperature is observed at which, upon
cooling, turbidity first appears. According to Bach , the same
observations made with David's alcoholic acetic acid (q.v.) and
the free fatty acids separated from the fats, give good results.

310 TESTS AND RE/tGENTS.

Valentin (FUCHSINE TEST). Upon shaking ether with a solut.
containing fuchsine, the latter is not dissolved by the ether;
upon adding ferrous iodide, however, the ether is colored
violet.

Valzer (ALKALOIDS). Modification of Mayer's test. KI, 49.8
Gm.; water, i liter. Shake solut. with excess of HgI 2 and
filter.

Van Beneden (SUBLIMATE SOLUTION). Sat. solut. of HgCl 2 in
2 5-% acetic acid.

Van Beneden- Neyt (ACETIC ALCOHOL). Equal volumes glacial
acetic acid and absolute alcohol.

Van Deen (BLOOD). A blue color results on adding to a highly
dil. solut. containing blood a few drops freshly prepared tinc-
ture guaiac and a little ozonized turpentine oil.

Van de Vyvere-Franqui (GLUCOSE). See Franqui-Van de
Vyvere.

Van der Velden (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). See
Maly's test; also Schuchard's test.

Van Ermengen (STAINING FLAGELLA). Treat cover-glass prep-
arations for 5 to 30 minutes with a mordant composed of i
part 2-% solut. osmic acid, 2 parts 10- to 25-% tannin solut.,
and 4 or 5 drops acetic acid to every 100 Cc. mixture. Then
wash in water and alcohol, place in a solut. of AgNO 3 , and trans-
fer for a few seconds to a solut. of gallic acid, 5 Gm. ; tannin,
3 Gm. ; sodium acetate, 10 Gm. ; and dist. water, 330 Gm.
After again placing in the AgNO 3 solution, wash, and mount
in balsam.

Van Ermengen (STAINING CILIA OF BACTERIA). See Ermen-
gen, Van-.

Van Gieson (FORMALDEHYDE FOR HARDENING BRAIN). Solu-
tions of formaldehyde, of 4-, 6-, and io-% are used and followed
by 95-% alcohol.

Van Heurck (MOUNTING MEDIUM). This is naphtalin mono-
bromide, which has a refractive index of 1.658.

Van Walsem (PARAFFIN MASS). For imbedding large objects,
add to the paraffin 5% yellow wax.

Vaudin (MILK). Introduce 5 drops i: 1,000 solut. indigo-car-
mine into a loo-Cc. flask, fill with milk, seal with a cork dipped
in paraffin, and set aside. Fresh milk will not discharge the

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 311

color for many hours; stale milk becomes discolored in pro-
portion to the time it has been kept.

Vaughan-Novy (TYROTOXICON). Place 2 or 3 drops each of
H 2 SO 4 and phenol on a porcelain surface, and add a few drops
of aqueous solut. of ethereal residue of substance a yellow
to orange-red color develops if tyrotoxicon present. Test is
only a preliminary one, and should always be followed by the
physiologic test.

Velden (HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). See Such-
ard's reagent.

Ventre-Pacha (SUGAR). To 10 Cc. of the saccharine liquid, fil-
tered and clarified if necessary, add 12 drops of pure H 2 SO 4 ,
then 5 drops solut. of equal parts of nitrobenzene and alcohol,
and finally 20 drops of a sat. solut. ammonium molybdate.
Then boil for three minutes, when there develops a blue color,
which is the more intense the greater the quantity of sugar
present. This color is compared with that afforded by a sugar
solution of known strength. This test is stated to afford a
very intense color with a i : 1,000 sugar solut. ; the best results
are obtained with solutions of i : 10,000. An appreciable reac-
tion is also obtained with a i: 100,000 solut., and even with
one as dilute as i : 1,000,000.

Verven (ALKALOIDS). See Marmfs reagent.

Verworn (NARCOTIZATION). On placing Cristatella for a few
minutes in io-% solut. chloral hydrate, they are killed and
sooner or later become extended.

Vetere, Di- (CASTOR-OIL). See Di-Vetere.

Viallanes (CELLOIDIN IMBEDDING). Celloidin is hardened by
immersing imbedded mass in chloroform for a few hours.

Viallanes (GOLD METHOD). Tissues are treated with i-% osmic
acid until they begin to turn brown, then with 25-% formic
acid for 10 minutes. Next place in gold-chloride solut.
(i: 5,000 or weaker) for 24 hours, in the dark, and afterward
reduce in the light with 25-% formic acid.

Vidan (SUGAR). A pink color develops on heating to boiling
point equal volumes sesame oil and HC1, and adding suspected
liquid.

Vignal-Ranvier (OSMIUM MIXTURE). Fixing solution is a mix-
ture of equal volumes i-% osmic acid and 90-% alcohol.

75575 AMD REAGENTS.

Objects are afterward washed out in 8o-% alcohol, then
. washed with water, and stained for 48 hours in picro-carmine
or hematoxylin. This method has been applied by Viallanes
to the histology of insects.

Vignal-Ranvier (PICRO-CARMINE). See Ranvier.

Villavecchia-Fabri (SESAME OIL). This modified Baudouin's
test is prepared by dissolving 2 Gm. furfurol in 100 Cc. alcohol.
On shaking 10 Cc. suspected oil for half a minute with o.i Cc.
furfurol solut. and 10 Cc. HC1 (sp. gr. 1.19) a red color develops
if sesame oil present.

Ville (CARMINE INJECTION MASS). Mass is prepared exactly
like Ranvier' s, except that it is more carefully neutralized,
dichroic litmus paper being employed as an indicator.

Villiers-Fayolle (ALDEHYDES AND KETONES). Reagent is pre-
pared by adding just enough H 2 SO 3 to a solut. of magenta to
decolorize it on long standing.

Villiers-Fayolle (HYDROBROMIC ACID). Add to liquid (free
from HNO 3 ) an excess of Fe 2 Cl 6 solut. free from free chlorine.
Iodine, if present, separates out and crystallizes, and is vola-
tilized on evaporating mixture to dryness and further heating
on water-bath. HBr remains unaffected. Add a little water
to residue, ppt. Fe with an alkali, add excess of HC1 to filtrate,
then add chlorine water drop by drop, shaking the liquid with .
CS 2 latter is immediately colored yellow by liberated Br.

Villiers-Fayolle (HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND CHLORINE). Even
traces of chlorine in acid aniline solution (400 Cc. sat. aqueous
aniline solut., and 100 Cc. glacial acetic acid) yield brownish
to black ppts. ; aniline solut. containing ortho-toluidine (100 Cc.
sat. aqueous aniline solut., 200 Cc. sat. aqueous ortho-toluidine
solut., and 30 Cc. glacial acetic acid), yield a blue color,
changed to reddish- violet on applying heat or cold. Br and I
give no color reactions with above mixtures, although Br
yields a white ppt. To apply this test to the halogen hy-
dracids, the halogens are liberated from their combinations by
heating with dil. H 2 SO 4 and KMnO 4 .

Villiers-Fayolle (SUGARS, ALDEHYDES, AND KETONES). Re-
agent is a solut. rosaniline decolorized by sulphurous acid.
The solut. again becomes red on adding aldehydes, grape sugar,
invert sugar, galactose, and reducing dextrin s, but remains

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3*3

colorless with ketones, levulin, and sorbin. Cane sugar mal-
tose and lactose give at first no color, but in a few days the
red color develops and increases in intensity.

Vincent (DIFFERENTIATING ALPHA-NAPHTOL FROM BETA-NAPH-
TOL). lodic acid gives with alpha-naphtol a flocculent,
whitish-yellow ppt., rapidly becoming violet; with beta-
naphtol the ppt. gradually becomes red, and after a time the
liquid has a reddish color, while the ppt. is reddish-brown.

Violette (GLUCOSE). Identical with Fehling's solution (q. v.).

Virchow (CHROMIC OBJECTS). Ppt, formed on the surface of
preparations treated with chromic acid or a chromate and
placed in alcohol for hardening or preservation, is entirely pre-
vented by keeping preparations in the dark. The alcohol
should be changed as it becomes yellow.

Vital! (ALKALOIDS). Color reactions are afforded: i. On
evaporating to dryness with fuming HNO 3 , and adding i drop
alcoholic KOH solut. 2. On treating with H 2 SO 4 , with or
without KC1O 3 , and adding an alkaline sulphide. Atropinc
causes a violet color, changing to a fine red, when treated by
the first method. Morphine dissolved in H 2 SO 4 , and treated
cautiously after adding 2 drops of Na 2 S solut. produces a flesh
color, changing to violet and then to dark-green.

Vitali (BILIARY PIGMENTS). A violet color develops on adding
to the urine a solut. quinine bisulphate, neutralizing with NH 8 ,
taking up with H 2 SO 4 , and adding a crystal of sugar with a
little alcohol. See Gmelin's reaction.

Vitali (BLOOD). Extract suspected stain with KOH solut.,
acidulate solut. with acetic acid, and add tincture guaiac. If
no blue color appears within 2 hours, addition of turpentine
or eucalyptus oil will immediately develop color if blood
present.

Vitali (CHLORATES). If a drop of aqueous aniline-sulphate solut.
be mixed with a few drops cone. H 2 S0 4 and added to a solut.
of a chlorate, a deep-blue color results, intensified on diluting
with a few drops water. Reaction is not given by nitrates.

Vitali (CHLOROFORM). Pass a current of hydrogen through
water and ignite as it escapes through a jet tipped with plati-
num, i . The colorless flame becomes blue or green when a
fine copper wire is introduced into it, if a liquid containing

31 4 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

chloroform or any other volatile chlorine compound be poured
into the water. 2. A red color is produced on passing the gas
as above into a mixture of thymol and KOH solut.

Vital! (DIFFERENTIATING ATROPINE FROM STRYCHNINE), i.
Atropine oxidized with HNO 3 (particularly immediately after
evaporating the acid) develops a pleasant odor (like haw-
thorn); strychnine does not. 2. Strychnine turns yellow
during oxidation, and, after HNO 3 is evaporated, residue also
is yellow; atropine gives no yellow color or yellow residue.
3. Add alcoholic KOH, and evaporate alcohol atropine
gives a violet residue, becoming deeper on adding more KOH;
strychnine gives a yellow or reddish-yellow residue, becoming
reddish- violet on adding KOH. 4. Add water after adding
alcoholic KOH with atropine the color will disappear; with
strychnine it becomes yellow. 5. Oxidize atropine with
HNO 3 , evaporate acid, and treat residue with NH 3 little
drops appear which give a violet color with alcoholic KOH;
with strychnine the NH 3 gives a reddish-orange color, and the
KOH a violet one.

Vital! (DIFFERENTIATING CHLORINE, BROMINE, AND IODINE
DERIVATIVES), i. On adding a few drops solut. of a bro-
mine salt to a solut. of manganous sulphate acidulated with
H 2 SO 4 , a violet color develops (chlorine and iodine give none).
2. Hydroxylamine sulphate reduces iodides in the cold, and
bromides with heat, but chlorides not at all, hot or cold. 3.
Phenylhydrazine sulphate acts like hydroxylamine sulphate,
but the liberated iodine acts on the phenylhydrazine and forms
a red ppt. KBr affords a reddish-brown ppt. on heating.
Chlorides give no ppt. hot or cold. 4. Hypophosphorous
acid reduces iodides in the cold, bromides on warming, and
chlorides not at all, hot or cold.

Vital! (FUSEL OIL). Red to green colors are produced on over-
laying a liquid containing fusel oil on H 2 SO 4 .

Vitali (MARTIUS' YELLOW [NAPHTOL-YELLOW; BUTTER-YELLOW]
IN URINE), i. Evaporate ethereal extract of suspected liq-
uid; the residue is colored red upon treatment with KCN solu-
tion if Martius' yellow present. If the ethereal solution is
shaken with KOH solut., and the latter then acidulated,
woollen fibers mordanted with alum will be tinged yellow when

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 315

dipped into the acidulated solution, even when only o.oooooi
rm. naphtol-yellow present. 2. A solut. of naphtol-yellow
(even in urine) gives a green lake with cobalt chloride and
KOH. 3. The same solution, with SnCl 2 and subsequently
with NH 3 yields a white ppt., which becomes rose-red on add-
ing more NH 3 .

Vital! (QUININE IN URINE). Make alkaline a fairly large quan-
tity of urine, and shake out with ether. Add a few drops HC1
to ethereal extract, and evaporate, dissolve residue in water,
treat solution once more with NH 3 and ether, and, after evap-
orating latter, dissolve residue in an acid, and add chlorine
water and NH 3 an intense emerald-green color develops.

Vital! (THYMOL). A red color develops on distilling and pass-
ing the vapors into a mixture of chloroform and KOH solut.

Vital!- Arnold (ALKALOIDS). See Arnold-Vitali.

Vitali-Stroppa (CONIINE). i. Add a few drops of a 1:200
solut. potassium permanganate in cone. H 2 SO 4 to coniine or
one of its salts, and stir with a glass 'rod the green color of
the solut. changes to violet. 2. Carefully evaporate minute
quantity of coniine with a few drops cone. HNO 3 a dark-
yellow residue remains, and which, treated with a few drops
KOH solut. yields a reddish-brown oil of characteristic hem-
lock odor. The oil, evaporated to dryness, gives a brownish-
black residue, yielding with cone. H 2 SO 4 an almost colorless
solut., changed to yellow by water and excess of NH 3 .

Vogel (ALCOHOL). A blue color develops on shaking chloroform
containing alcohol with KOH, and applying to a piece of moist-
ened red litmus paper.

Vogel (CARBON BISULPHIDE). A lemon-yellow ppt. forms on
adding to a liquid containing carbon disulphide an alcoholic
solut. KOH, followed by a solut. CuSO 4 .

Vogel (CHENOPODIUM SEED IN FLOUR). Chenopodium seed is
indicated by a rose-red color on digesting the flour for a few
hours with alcoholic HC1.

Vogel (FERRIC SALTS). A violet color is produced with salicylic
acid in slightly acid solut.

Vogel (FLOUR). Mixture of alcohol (70-%), 95, and HC1, 5.
Heat a small sample of the flour to boiling in the test-tube with
the reagent after shaking, and allow to subside. If the flour be

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

pure, the fluid is colorless; gruffs, with bran, are indicated by a
straw-colored tint. Corn-cockle flour is betrayed by an
orange- yellow ; vetches by a pink ; ergot by a flesh color ; buck-
wheat by a green color.

Vogel (GLUCOSE). A modified Mulder's test (q. v.), in which
litmus is used instead of indigo.

Vogel (NARCEINE). A blood-red color develops on adding
chlorine water and a few drops NH 3 , and does not disappear
on adding excess of NH 3 .

Vogel (NITRIC ACID). Nitric acid in water is indicated by a red-
violet color on boiling 1 5 Cc. water with a little gold leaf and a
few drops pure HC1, then filtering and adding SnCl 2 .

Vogel (QUININE), i. : A pink or red color develops on treating
with chlorine water and adding potassium ferrocyanide in fine
powder. 2. If potassium ferrocyanide and bromine water
be added to a quinine solution until a faint yellow tint results
and dil. NH 3 be then added, a red color develops. Dlaisc states
that the potassium ferrocyanide is not essential to this reac-
tion, tending only to render the color more permanent. If
strong NH 8 be added to the red solut., the color changes to
green. If half-saturated bromine water be added to 0.25-%
solut. quinine until the commencement of a yellow reaction,
and if i- to 2-% NH 3 be dropped in after half a minute, a red
color is obtained which changes to green on adding cone. NH 3 .

Vogel (SULPHURIC ACID). Chlorine is evolved on adding KCIO^
to vinegar containing H 2 S0 4 .

Vogel (TANNIN). Chlorine water and a few drops NH S cause a
blood-red color.

Vogel (TURPENTINE OIL). The color of an essential oil contain-
ing turpentine is altered on mixing 5 drops with i drop of
H 2 S0 4 .

Vohl (SULPHUR). A black color develops on heating substance
with the clear liquid decanted from a mixture of glycerin and
water (2 : i), saturated with slaked lime and freshly-prepared
lead hydroxide.

Volhard (SILVER CHLORIDES, IODIDES, BROMIDES). This method
of determination requires four solutions, i. Decinormal
ammonic thiocyanate, made by dissolving about 8 Gm. ammo-
nium thiocyanate per liter, and adjusting to decinormal

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3*7

strength with decinormal silver nitrate. 2. Decinormal sil-
ver solut. 3. Sat. solut. of iron alum. 4. Pure nitric acid.
To standardize the thiocyanate solution, place 50 Cc. deci-
normal silver solut. in a flask, add 5 Cc. ferric indicator, and
10 Cc. nitric acid. The thiocyanate is then run in until a
faint brown color develops; this should require 50 Cc. To
determine chlorides, the difference between the amounts of
silver and thiocyanate solutions added indicates the silver
used up by the salts.

Vom Rath (PiCRO-OsMic ACID). 200 Cc. sat. aqueous solut. picric
acid, 12 Cc. 2-% osmic acid solut., and 2 Cc. glacial acetic acid.

Vom Rath (PICRO-PLATTNIC MIXTURE). 200 Cc. sat. aqueous
solut. picric acid, i Gm. platinic chloride dissolved in 10 Cc.
water, and 2 Cc. glacial acetic acid.

Vom Rath (PICRO-PLATIN-OSMIC MIXTURE). Add 25 Cc. 2-%
osmic-acid solut. to the picro-platinic mixture.

Vom Rath (PICRO-SUBLIMATE MIXTURE), i part cold sat. solut.
picric acid, i part hot sat. sublimate solut., and 0.5 to i%
glacial acetic acid. Objects are fixed in this for several hours
and then brought direct into alcohol.

Vom Rath (PICRO-SUBLIMATE-OSMIC MIXTURE). Add 10% of
2-% osmic-acid solut. to the picro-sublimate mixture.

Von Duyck (INDICATOR). Perezol; Pipitzahoic Acid, Gives
with alkalies a pink to mauve rose, rendered colorless by
acids.

Von Ebner (DECALCIFICATION MIXTURES), i. Mix 100 Cc. cold
sat. aqueous solut. NaCl, 100 Cc. water, and 4 Cc. HC1. Prep-
arations are placed in this, and i or 2 Cc. HC1 added daily
until they are soft. 2. Mix 2.5 parts HC1, 500 alcohol, 100
water, and 2.5 NaCl.

Von Koch (COPAL IMBEDDING METHOD). This is a valuable
method for the study of corals and other objects in which hard
and soft parts are intimately combined. Small pieces of tissue
are stained in bulk and dehydrated with alcohol, then im-
mersed in a thin solut. of copal in chloroform, prepared by
triturating small fragments of copal with fine sand, adding

' chloroform, and subsequently filtering. The capsule containing
the objects and the copal solut. is gently heated on a tile by
means of a night-light placed beneath it, and as soon as the

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

solut. is so far concentrated as to draw out into brittle threads
on cooling, the objects are removed from the capsule and left
to dry for a few days on the tile. When they have attained
such a degree of hardness that they cannot be indented by a
finger-nail, sections are cut from them by means of a fine saw.
These are then rubbed down even and smooth on one side with
a hone, and cemented with the smooth sides downward on
slides, Canada balsam or copal solut. being employed for the
. purpose. Leave the slides for a few days on the warmed tile,
and, as soon as the cement is perfectly hard, rub down the
sections on a grindstone, then on a hone, to the requisite thin-
ness, and polish. Finally, wash with water and mount in
balsam. A variation of this plan is to imbed the objects un-
stained, remove the copal from the sections by soaking in
chloroform, decalcify if necessary, and then stain. Or, after
removing the copal, a section may be cemented to a slide by
means of hard Canada balsam, the exposed half of the speci-
men being then cautiously decalcified and stained.

Von Marchi (NERVE STAIN). Harden the nerves for a week in
Muller's solut., then place for a few days in a mixture of 2 parts
Muller's solut. and i part of i-% osmic-acid solut. This
method gives positive images of the degenerated elements,
whereas that of Wcigert gives negative ones only.

Von Miiller (INDICATOR), i. Tropaeolin OO. Gives with
alkalies a yellow color; with acids a yellowish-red to red. 2.
Tropaeolin OOO No. 2. Gives with alkalies a red color, and
with acids a yellow.

Von Wistinghausen (BLUING SECTIONS). For neutralizing or
bluing hematoxylin-stained tissues, add 3 to 5 drops sat. solut.
NaHCO 3 in 70-% alcohol to a watch-glass filled with 70-%
alcohol, in which the tissues are soaking. See Squire 9 s
method.

Vortmann (HYDROCYANIC ACID). Add first a few drops solut.
potassium nitrite, then 2 to 4 drops solut. Fe 2 Cl 6 , then dil.
H 2 SO 4 until light-yellow color, heat to boiling, allow to cool,
add NH 3 , filter, and to filtrate add ammonium sulphide a
bluish-green to violet-red color develops if HCN present.

Vosseler (VENICE-TURPENTINE MOUNTING MEDIUM). Mix
commercial Venice turpentine with an equal volume of 06-%

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3 T 9>

alcohol in a tall cylinder glass, allow to stand in a warm place
3 or 4 weeks, and then decant. Microscopic preparations may
be mounted in this medium without previous clearing with
essentials oils, etc., and as its refractive index is below that of
Canada balsam or dammer, delicate details are more distinctly
brought out. Stains keep well in the medium. See also
Suchannek's formula.

Vosseler (WAX FEET). To complete dissociation of macerated
tissue the plan is sometimes adopted of placing the tissue on
a slide, covering it with a thin glass-cover supported on four
little feet made of pellets of soft wax, and tapping the cover
with a needle so as to press it down gradually and segregate
the cells of the tissue by the repeated shocks. When the seg-
regation has proceeded far enough, mounting medium is added
and the mount closed. Vosseler obtained a good material for
making the wax feet by melting white wax and stirring into it
one-half to two-thirds its bulk Venice turpentine.

Vreven (DIFFERENTIATING CREOSOTE FROM GUAIACOL). Mix
i drop liquid, 2 to 3 drops ether, and i to 2 drops cone. HN0 3 ,
add 2 drops HC1, and shake in a test-tube. The mixture,
especially the ethereal layer, becomes reddish-brown. Let
ether evaporate spontaneously if guaiacol present acicular
crystals soon deposit; in the case of creosote, only minute oily
drops form. Carbolic acid also yields crystals, but these can
be readily distinguished from those obtained from guaiacol.

Vreven (TROPINE). With a solut. of potassium-cadmium iodide,
tropine in slightly acid solut. gives a ppt. of well-defined hex-
agonal tablets, very soluble in water (hence a cone, slightly acid
solution must be employed), and melting at 200 C. With
phosphomolybdic acid tropine in slightly acid solut. gives a
yellowish ppt. forming crystalline needles.

Vrij, De (ALKALOIDS). Reagent is phosphomolybdic acid.
See Sonnenscliein* s reagent.

Vrij, De (QUININE). See De Vrij.

Vulpius (ACETANILID). Boil a few centigrammes acetanilid with
\ Cc. potassa lye, and suspend a drop filtered chlorinated-lime
solut. on a glass rod over the hot mixture. The drop is soon
colored yellow (with a violet tinge by reflected light); upon
continued heating it ^urns violet.

TESTS AND REAGENTS.

Vulpius (SULFONAL). Upon heating sulfonal with KCN the
odor of mercaptan develops. The fused mass yields a red color
when treated with Fe 2 Cl a (sulphocyanate reaction).

Waage (BOMBAY MACE). 3- to 5-% solut. potassium bichro-
mate colors secretion of mace reddish-brown. The alcoholic
mace extract may either be examined, or microscopical sec-
tions may be warmed with reagent and the colorations pro-
duced examined. In yellow Bombay mace green bodies are
observed as well as brown.

Wachhausen (IODINE). Paraldehyde liberates iodine from its
combinations with K, Na, and Fe much more completely, al-
though more slowly, than other reagents (as Cl, Fe 2 Cl 6 ,
KMnO 4 , etc.). The I may be recognized by starch paste.

Waddington (ARABIN FOR SERIAL SECTIONS). Prepare a puri-
fied gum arabic for serial section mounting by dissolving gum
in distilled water, filtering, pouring filtrate into alcohol, and
washing the white pasty mass with alcohol until washings are
free from water. The white powder obtained on drying dis-
solve in distilled water and filter twice. Slides coated with
this solut. are drained and dried, and may then be preserved
ready for use indefinitely.

Wade (BORIC ACID). Boil o.i Gm. substance with 0.5 Cc. HC1
and 10 Cc. methyl alcohol, and continue boiling until liquid
evaporated to small volume (in a test-tube), while a moist-
ened piece of turmeric paper is held to the mouth of the tube in
contact with vapors if boric acid present the characteristic
red color develops on paper.

Wagner (ALKALOIDS). A solut. of I and KI (decinormal I solut.)
throws down brown ppt . with aqueous solut. of alkaloidal salts.

Wagner (EosiNE). The color is discharged by collodion.

Wagner-Fresenius (SOLUTION). Solut. of I in KI solut.

Waldeyer (DECALCIFICATION OF BONE). To o.i-% solut. of
palladium chloride add one-tenth its volume HC1.

Wallach (SESQUITERPENE). Dissolve ethereal oil to be exam-
ined, or a fraction of it, in a large volume glacial acetic acid,
and gradually add a little cone. H 2 SO 4 ; a green, then a beauti-
ful indigo-blue, color develops, which is considered to indicate
presence of a sesquiterpene.

Waller-Huebl (IODINE SOLUTION). See Huebl-Waller.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3 21

Walz (FIXED OILS IN ESSENTIAL OILS). Color reactions are

produced on adding a syrupy solut. SbCl s .

Wangerin (APOMORPHINE AND MORPHINE). A solut. of 0.3
Gm. each of uranium acetate and sodium acetate in 100 Cc.
water gives with a morphine solution a hyacinth-red to orange-
yellow reaction, but with apomorphine solutions it gives a
brown ppt. which is dissolved by dilute acids, yielding a color-
less solut., but which is again thrown down in the colorless
liquid on adding an alkali. As the toxins and most other
alkaloids do not react like morphine and apomorphine, this
test may serve for identifying these two alkaloids.
Wanklyn (ALKALINE PERMANGANATE SOLUTION). KOH 200
Gm., KMnO 4 8 Gm., and dist. water 1,000 Cc. Boil off about
250 Cc., then make up to i liter with ammonia-free water.
\Vanklyn (AMMONIUM-CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS). For the stronger
solut. dissolve 3.15 Gm. NH 4 C1 in 1,000 Cc. dist. water; i Cc.
equals o.oi Gm. NH 3 For the weaker solution mix 10 Cc.
stronger solut. with 990 Cc. water; i Cc. equals o.ooi Gm. NH 3 .
Wanklyn (STANDARD SOAP SOLUTION). Dissolve 10 Gm. of
Castile soap (containing 60% oleic acid) in i liter methylated
alcohol (35-%). Standardized against solut. of i.n Gm.
pure fused CaCl 2 in i ,000 Cc. dist. water.

Wanklyn (STANDARD SILVER-NITRATE SOLUTION). Dissolve
4.79 Gm. AgN0 3 in 1,000 Cc. dist. water; i Cc. equals o.ooi
Gm. Cl.

Warburg (EHRLICH-BIONDI MIXTURE). Ehrlich-Biondi mix-
ture is acidified by diluting 2 Cc. mixture with 40 Cc. dist.
water and adding 3 Cc. 0.5-% solut. acid fuchsine and 0.2 Cc.
0.2-% acetic acid.

Warington (CITRIC ACID IN LIME AND LEMON JUICE). Ex-
actly neutralize 15 to 20 Cc. juice, or 3 or 4 Cc. of cone, juice,
with normal NaOH and make up to 50 Cc., then heat to boil-
ing and add a slight excess of CaCl 2 solut. The mixture is
boiled for 30 minutes, the ppt. collected and washed with hot
water, filtrate and washings conc'd to about 15 Cc. and a drop
NH 3 added, the ppt. collected on a small filter and washed with
boiling water. Both filters with their ppts. are dried, ignited
at a low red heat, and the ash titrated with decinormal acid,
each Cc. of which equals 0.007 Gm. citric acid.

322 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Warren (GLUCOSE). Like Trammer's test (q. v.).

Wartha (ANTHRAQUINONE). A green to bluish-purple develops
on heating anthraquinone with KOH and a little alcohol.

Wartha (SULPHUR IN ILLUMINATING GAS). A red color develops
on adding a drop sodium-nitroprusside solut. to a soda bead
that has been passed along the outer part of the gas-flame,
then held for a minute in the luminous part of the flame and
crushed.

Wassilieff-Bogomolow (ALBUMIN AND PEPTONES). See Bogo-
molow-Wassilicff.

Wasilewsky (BELLADONNA IN MIXTURES). Extract with very
dil. HC1, evaporate to syrupy consistency, mix with alcohol,
filter, evaporate off the alcohol, shake out with ether, amylic
alcohol, benzene, or petroleum ether, make alkaline with NH 3 ,
and shake out with chloroform. The residue left on evaporat-
ing the chloroform may then be purified, and the atropine
tests applied.

Watson (GALLIC ACID). A red color develops on adding NH^
and HC1 to an aqueous solut. gallic acid.

Watson (PYROGALLIC ACID). A lemon-yellow color develops on
adding NH 3 to an aqueous solut. pyrogallic acid.

Watson (TANNIN). A purple color develops on adding NH 3 and
HNO 3 to an aqueous solut. tannin.

Wayne (GLUCOSE). Dissolve 2 Gm. of CuSO 4 , 10 Gm. KOH,
and 10 Gm. glycerin in 200 Gm. water. Glucose reduces the
diluted solut. upon warming, cuprous oxide separating
out.

Webb (DEXTRIN FREEZING MASS). A thick solut. dextrin (i .-4)
in aqueous solut. carbolic acid is used for imbedding, and 1
subsequently frozen.

Weber (BLOOD). A blue color results on treating urine, or other
liquid containing blood, with glacial acetic acid, shaking out
with ether and adding to the separated ethereal layer old
resinified turpentine oil, together with a few drops of freshly
prepared io-% tincture guaiac. Compare AlmMs test.

Weber (INDICAN). Heat to boiling 30 Cc. urine containing indi-
can with 30 Cc. HC1, then cool and shake with ether a blue
foam will form, whilst the ethereal layer will be colored red.
See MacMunn's test.

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 3 2 3

Wedl (ORSEILLE OR ORCHELLA STAIN). Mix 5 Cc. acetic acid,
20 Cc. absolute alcohol, and 40 Cc. dist. water, then add suffi-
cient archil, from which* excess of NH 3 has been driven off, to
form a dark-reddish fluid.

Weichselbaum (TUBERCLE STAIN). Stain as with Ziehl-Neel-
sen, then, after rinsing in water, place directly in a cone, alco-
holic solut. methylene blue, where cover-glass is allowed to
remain until evenly stained blue; then rinse in water.

Weidel (XANTHINE BODIES). Dissolve in warm Cl water, evap-
orate on water-bath, and treat under bell- jar with NH 3 a
dark-pink or purple develops, changed to violet by KOH
or NaOH. Reaction afforded by xanthine, heteroxanthine,
paraxanthine, and carmine.

Weigert (AMMONIACAL GENTIAN VIOLET). Stronger ammonia,
0.5 Gm.; gentian violet, 2 Gm.; absolute alcohol, 10 Gm.;
dist. water, 90 Gm.

Weigert (BACTERIA STAIN). Treat section with a sat. solut.
gentian violet or methylene violet in aniline water. If sec-
tion is stained on object-glass, remove excess of stain with
blotting-paper, and drop solut. KI on it. In this case allow
stain to remain in contact with section only a very short time.
The sections stained in a saucer are afterward washed in a
solut. NaCl, placed upon the object-glass, dried, and treated
with KI. Afterward dry again with blotting-paper and drop
on it aniline several times. Then remove the aniline from the
now transparent section with xylene and mount in balsam.

Weigert (BACTERIA STAINS). Dissolve 2 to 4 Gm. methylene
blue (or 2 Gm. fuchsine or 2 Gm. victoria blue) in 15 Cc. alco-
hol, and dilute solut. with 85 Cc. water.

Weigert (CLEARING CELLOIDIN SECTIONS). A mixture of 3 parts
xylene with i part anhydrous carbolic acid is used. As this
mixture discolors basic aniline stains, replace the carbolic acid
with xylene when they are employed.

Weigert (CORRECTING PICRO-CARMINE). Soluts. of unsatisfactory
picro-carmine are treated with small quantities acetic acid until
a slight ppt. remains, even after stirring; then place on one side
for 24 hours, filter, and add NH 3 , drop by drop, at intervals
of 24 hours, until solut. becomes clear. If the solut. stains
too yellow add acetic acid ; if it overstains red add a little NH..

324 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Weigert (FIBRIN STAINS). Stain sections of alcohol material
in a sat. solut. gentian- or methyl violet in aniline water, then
place on a slide, remove excess of stain by means of blotting-
paper, and pour Lugol's solut. on to them. Next remove
excess of lugol with blotting-paper and add a drop aniline to
differentiate and clear. Change aniline once or twice as it
becomes dark, then remove all traces of it by means of xylene,
and mount in balsam. In the modification of this stain used as
a neuroglia stain, a warm saturated solut. methyl violet in 70-
or 80- % alcohol is decanted after cooling and 5% aqueous
solut. (? sat.) oxalic acid added. Moreover, the pure ani-
line is replaced by a mixture of equal parts of aniline and
xylene.

Weigert (GRAM'S METHOD). In this modification aniline is sub-
stituted for alcohol in order to avoid prolonged washing with
the latter, and the process is conducted on a slide. The sec-
tion is placed on a slide stained with a few drops gentian
violet aniline- water prepared as in Gram's method, the excess
of fluid removed, and a few drops of Gram's solut. applied.
Subsequently remove liquid by gently blotting it off, then
wash section by allowing aniline to flow backwards and for-
wards over it, and when color ceases to come away repeat
operation with xylene for about i minute, then mount in
balsam.

Weigert (HEMATOXYLIN). i. Dissolve i part of hematoxylin
in 10 parts absolute alcohol; then add 90 parts dist. water and
i part of aqueous solut. (i : 70) lithium carbonate. 2. One Cc.
cold sat. solut. lithium carbonate is added to 100 Cc. solut. of
0.75 to i.o Gm. hematoxylin in 10 Gm. alcohol and 90 Gm.
"water. The washing of the stained sections is done with
a borax-potassium ferricyanide solut. (borax, 2; potassium
ferricyanide, 2.5; water, 100).

Weigert (NEUROGLIA STAIN). Pieces of tissue 0.5 Cm. thick
are hardened for 4 days or more in 4-% formaldehyde solut.
and then mordanted for 8 days at normal temperature in an
aqueous solut. containing 5% neutral copper acetate, 5% acetic
acid, and 2.5% chrome alum; prepare solut. by adding the
alum to water, raising the solut. to boiling-point, and adding
the acid and powdered acetate. Next wash tissues in water,

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 3 2 S

dehydrate, imbed in celloidin, and cut sections. Treat sec-
tions for 10 minutes with a 0.3-% solut. KMnO 4 , wash well in
water, then immerse for 2 to 4 hours in a solut. prepared by dis-
solving 5% each of "chromogen" and formic acid in water,
filtering, and to each 90 Cc. adding 10 Cc. io-% sodium-
sulphite solut. After this bath leave sections for 24 hours
in a 5-% solut. of chromogen, then carefully wash, and stain
with a modification of Weigert's fibrin stain, which see.

Weigert (STAINING BRAIN TISSUE). Pieces of brain and spinal
cord are hardened in bichromate solut., followed by alcohol,
then imbedded in celloidin or gum. If imbedded in celloidin,
the pieces are subsequently taken from the alcohol and placed
for i or 2 days in sat. aqueous solut. copper acetate, diluted with
an equal bulk water, the mixture being kept at about 40 C.
Afterwards transfer pieces to 80- % alcohol until required for
cutting. Or, sections can be cut first, and then treated with
copper acetate. To stain sections, after being well washed in
90-% alcohol, they are transferred to Weigert's hematoxylin,
and left for a few hours to 2 days, according to differentia-
tion required. When opaque and of a deep blue-black color,
wash well for 2 or 3 days in distilled water. Next decolorize
for 0.5 to 2 hours in a solut. 2 Gm. borax and 2.5 Gm. potas-
sium ferricyanide in 200 Cc. of water. As soon as the gray and
white substances are sharply defined, again wash sections in
water for half an hour, then dehydrate, clear, and mount in
balsam.

Weigert (STAINING IN ACTINOMYCOSIS). Immerse sections for i
hour in WedVs orseille stain, then quickly rinse with alcohol,
and count erstain with gentian violet. If it be desired to stain
mycelium also, afterwards submit sections to Weigert's modi-
fication of Gram's method.

Weigert (VARNISH FOR MOUNTING SECTIONS). Mount large sec-
tions in photographic negative varnish without cover-glasses.

Weigert-Koch fANiLiNE-pucnsiNE OR METHYLENE-BLUE).
Sat. aniline water, 100 Cc.; cone, alcoholic solut. methylene
blue (or fuchsine), 1 1 Cc. ; absolute alcohol, 10 Cc. This solut.
will keep 10 to 12 days. .

Weil (CANADA BALSAM FOR IMBEDDING). Heat Canada balsam
till it becomes brittle when cold, then dissolve in chloroform.

3*6 TESTS AMD REAGENTS.

Objects to be imbedded (bone or teeth) are heated in this on a
water-bath. See J. R. M. S., 1888, 1042.

Weil-Gilbert (!NDICAN IN URINE). Add i to 2 drops solut.
Fe 2 Cl e and 2 drops chloroform to 5 Cc. each of HC1 and urine,
and shake mixture chloroform becomes colored light- or
dark-blue, according to quantity of indican present. Instead
of Fe 2 Cl e there may be employed ammonium persulphate.

Weingaertner (BASIC AND ACID COLOR). Tannin, 25 Gm.;
sodium acetate, 25 Gm. ; water, 250 Gm. Basic colors are
pptd. by the reagent, but not acid colors.

Weiske (INDICATOR). Add a few drops Fe 2 Cl 6 solut. to an aqueous
solut. salicylic acid, then cautiously add dil. NaOH till exactly
neutralized. On adding a few Cc. of this yellowish-red solut.
to the acid solut. under examination, and neutralizing with
NaOH, a deep violet color appears, but vanishes with the
slightest excess of alkali.

Weissman (Acio MIXTURE). Solut. for dissolving iron samples
consists of 10 vol. cone. HNO 3 , 2 vol. cone. H 2 SO 4 , and 10 vol.
water. Ulzer and Bntll also recommend the addition of a little
cone. HC1 during concentrating.

Wellcome (MORPHINE). Chlorinated lime gives with a mor-
phine solut. a red color.

Weller (TITANIUM). A few drops H 2 O 2 added to a solut. titanic
acid in H 2 SO 4 develops an orange-red to yellow color.

Welmann (VEGETABLE FATS). Dissolve 5 Gm. sodium phos-
phomolybdate in water, treat with cone. HNO 3 , and dilute
to 100 Cc. i Cc. or i Gm. fat is dissolved in 5 Cc. chloroform
and shaken for a minute with 2 Cc. reagent. If vegetable
fats (cocoanut oil excepted) present, a green color forms,
changing to blue upon adding NH 3 .

Weltzien (HYDROGEN DIOXIDE). Fe 2 Cl fl and potassium ferri-
cyanide give with H 2 O 2 a blue color.

Wemince (OILS). Nitric-oxide gas is passed into a suspension
of the oil with water. The nitric oxide is produced from iron
turnings and HNO S . Non-drying oils are solidified in this
test. (Compare Barbot's, Behren's, Boudet's, Cailletct's, and
Poutet's tests.)

Wender (ALKALOIDS). Reagent is a solut. of furfurol, 5 drops,
in cone. H 2 S0 4 , 10 Cc. On stirring alkaloid in a porcelain

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 3*7

capsule with 2 to 3 drops of reagent, using a glass rod, various
reactions are given, as follows: Atropine, Aconitine, Brucine,
and Colchicine brown mixture. Strychnine muddy-brown
color becoming dark-green on heating, then muddy-blue and
violet on adding a few drops water. Morphine and Codeine
red-brown, violet-red on heating; with codeine mixture rap-
idly deodorizes. Veratrine yellow, then olive-green with
blue margins, then sap-green, and finally blue; on heating,
violet. Sabadilline and Papaverine like veratrine, but tints
are less pure; brownish, then muddy- violet. Digitalin
brown, reddish on heating. Quinine dark brownish-green;
on heating, green, then brown; on adding water, margins dis-
tinctly green. Coniine and Nicotine brown, indistinct and
non-characteristic color.

Wender (GLUCOSE). See Neumann-Wender's test.

Wender (SUCROL; DULCIN). Treat r or 2 crystals with fuming
HN0 3 in a porcelain evaporating- dish a violent reaction takes
place, and an orange-yellow substance results. On evaporat-
ing to dryness on a water-bath, the residue is varnish-like,
orange-yellow, and soluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform. On
adding 2 drops each of carbolic acid and cone. H 2 SO 4 to the
residue, and stirring with a glass rod, an intense blood-red
color develops.

Wender (SUGAR IN URINE). Dilute 5 to 10 Cc. urine with 10 vol-
umes water, and to i Cc. of the mixture add i Cc. of a i : 1,000
aqueous solut. methylene blue and i Cc. decinormal KOH,
diluted with 2 Cc. water. Boil up several times. If urine con-
tains as little as 0.5% sugar, complete decolorization occurs.
If blue color persists, urine cannot be regarded as diabetic.

Wender- Neumann (GLUCOSE) . See Ncumann-Wender.

Wenzel (ALKALOIDS). These yield various colors with a solut.
i Gm. KMn0 4 in 200 Gm. H 2 SO 4 . Veratrine, for instance,
yields first a light-red, then an orange ppt.

Wcppen (MORPHINE). Treatment with sugar, H 2 SO 4 , and Br.
affords a red color.

Weppen (VERATRINE). If a small quantity veratrine is mixed
with about six volumes cane sugar and then a few drops cone.
H 2 SO 4 , a yellow color develops, changing to green and finally
to blue. Neumann-Wender employ, instead of H 2 SO 4 and cane

328 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

sugar, a solut. furfurol in H 2 SO 4 . Morphine and codeine yield
with either reagent unstable red colors.

Werber (NITRO-GLYCURIN). Extract with ether or chloroform,
add 2 drops aniline, evaporate, then add a few drops H 2 SO 4
a purple to dark-green color appears.

Werner (AMYLIC ALCOHOL IN CHLOROFORM). On treatment
with potassium bichromate and H 2 SO 4 valerianic acid forms.

Werner-Schmidt (FAT IN MILK). Add to milk an equal volume
HC1 (sp. gr. i.i), heat on water-bath till nearly black, then
cool, and extract with ether. On evaporating this the fat
remains and may be weighed.

Werther (META-VANADATES). An acidulated solut. of a meta-
vanadate shaken with H 2 O 2 gives a red color; if highly diluted
a brownish rose-red color results ; when shaken with ether the
color remains unchanged and the ether colorless.

Weselsky (INDICATOR). Resazurin. Gives a blue color with
alkalies, and a red with acids. Also known as Crismer's
indicator.

Weselsky (PHLOROCLUCIN). Upon adding toluidine nitrate and
KNO 3 to a phloroglucin solut., a light-yellow color first de-
velops, and gradually becomes opalescent, then orange, and
finally cinnabar-red. In extreme dilutions the ppt. remains
suspended for a long time ; upon settling, the solution appears
orange-red, the ppt. cinnabar-red. By means of this reaction
phloroglucin can be detected in solut. of i : 200,000.

Weselsky (REAGENT). HN0 3 saturated at a low temperature
with nitrous acid.

Weselsky (TEST PAPER). Resazurin paper. Paper gives with
alkalies a blue, and with acids a red, color.

Wetzel (CARBONIC OXIDE IN BLOOD). Three volumes of a i-%
tannic-acid solut, are added to the blood after dilution with 4
volumes water. Normal blood is gradually colored gray, but
blood containing carbonic oxide remains red.

Weyl (CREATININE AND CREATIN). Upon treating urine with a
dil. solut. sodium nitroferricyanide and subsequently with soda
lye it will acquire a handsome ruby-red color, soon changing
to yellow if creatinine is present. Other sulphur compounds
interfere with the test. Salkowsky adds acetic acid after the
yellow color has appeared, and warms; the solut. becomes

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 329

blue, and Prussian blue separates out. Creatin boiled with
dilute acid is converted into creatinine, and then answers the
test. Jaffe also recommended the same test.

Weyl (NITRIC ACID IN URINE), i. Distil :oo Cc. urine with
30 to 40 Cc. HC1 or H 2 SO 4 and receive distillate in KOH. On
now adding to latter metaphenylenediamine, a yellow color
develops. 2. With pyrogallic acid and H 2 S0 4 distillate gives
a yellowish-brown color. 3. Distil as under No. i, treat dis-
tillate with dil. H 2 SO 4 , add at once solut. sulphanilic acid, and
in 8 to 10 minutes add naphtylamine hydrochlorate a red
color develops.

Wharton (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). Add a little sugar to
the vinegar and evaporate to a syrupy consistence, then add
KC10 3 and stir for 2 minutes. If mineral acid is present the
chlorate will be decomposed with ignition, chlorine being
given off.

White (REAGENT). A 1:30 cobalt-nitrate solut. gives various
reactions, as follows: Phosphates Violet ppt. soluble in NH 3
and dilute acids. Arsenatcs and Arsenites Pink ppt. soluble
in NH 3 and dil. acids. Hypophosphites No ppt., but if salt
contains i part phosphate in 200, a light-blue ppt. forms. Re-
action very delicate. Ferrocyanides Green ppt. insoluble in
NH 3 and dil. acids. Ferricyanides Red ppt. insoluble in
NH 3 and dil. acids.

White (SECTIONS OF BONE). Cut or grind down sections of
osseous or dental tissue moderately thin and soak in ether for
24 hours. Then place for 2 to 3 days in thin collodion colored
with fuchsine, made by dissolving the dye in methylated alco-
hol, adding requisite quantity of ether, then the pyroxylin.
Subsequently place sections in alcohol to harden the collodion,
and afterward grind them down to the requisite thinness be-
tween two plates of old ground glass with water and pumice
powder. Finally mount, surface-dry, in stiff balsam or storax,
taking care to use as little-heat as possible.

Whitman (HARDENING METHODS). First treat pelagic fish ova
for 5 to 10 minutes with a mixture of equal parts sea water and
0.5-% osmic-acid solut., harden for 2 days in a mixture of equal
parts 0.25-% solut. platinum chloride and i-% chromic-acid
solut. Before transferring to alcohol prick the membrane.

33 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

The ova of amphibia, after being fixed, are left in a io-%
solut. sodium hypochlorite diluted with 5 to 6 volumes water
until they can be shaken free.

Whitney (GLUCOSE IN URINE). The formula for this has not
been divulged, but the following solution by S. H. Shieb is prac-
tically identical in action, and was repeatedly standardized
by adding known quantities of pure grape-sugar to non-dia-
betic urine:

a. Ammonium sulphate (purest), 1.2 Gm. ; copper sulphate
(purest), 2.6 Gm. ; distilled water, 50 Cc.

6. Caustic potassa (by alcohol), 20 Gm.; distilled water,
50 Cc.

Dissolve, and when cool add glycerin, 50 Cc. ; ammonia
water, sp. gr. 0.960, 300 Cc. Add a to b and dilute the whole
to 500 Cc. with distilled water. Stopper securely and shake
till thoroughly mixed.

As to the method: Heat i fl. dram of this solution in a test-
tube to boiling. Add the urine drop by drop, at slow intervals,
boiling after each addition until the blue color has been dis-
charged and the fluid has a light amber color or is colorless.

17 minims urine represent i grain sugar per fl. oz.
9 " " " 2 grains " " "

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7 o

6 4 . < < << <*< <*

4

i< ' ' ' ' '' * *

)

c 6 ' ' ' * " * '

o

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4 7

c R l ' ' ' <f * '

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w V

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O

If the urine contains more than 10 grn. of sugar per ounce,
it must be diluted with an equal quantity of water, and the
number of grains per fl. ounce multiplied by two. Med.
Exam, and Pr act.

Wibel (WATER IN BUTTER). Dissolve butter in ether saturated
with water and pour solut. into a narrow graduated tube con-
taining a measured quantity of salt solut. mixed with some

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 33 1

acetic acid and litmus tincture. Mix the two liquids by inclin-
ing the tube up and down, and allow to settle, then observe
increase in volume of red solut.

Wickersheimer (PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION). 100 Gm. alum, 25
Gm. common salt, 12 Gm. saltpeter, 60 Gm. potassium carbon-
ate, and 20 Gm. arsenous acid, dissolved in 3 liters water.

Widal (TYPHOID). One drop blood serum of a patient suspected
of -typhoid is added to 10 drops of a typhoid bacillus culture
24 hours old, and stirred together. If the disease is typhoid,
small particles will be observed under the microscope consist-
ing of coagulated motionless bacteria. If the case be not ty-
phoid the organisms will be freely motile. The serum of other
infectious diseases exhibits the same conduct. As the reaction
originally emanated from Gruber, it is latterly described as
Gruber-WidaVs reaction (compare also Pfeiffer's reaction).

"Widal-Gruber (TYPHOID). See Widal.

Wiederhold (RosiN OILS; MINERAL OILS). Rosin oils dissolve
in acetone in almost every proportion ; mineral oils are mostly
quite insoluble. Some few cylinder oils are sparingly soluble.

Wiederholt (GENUINE RUM AND COGNAC). Upon treating 10 Cc.
of sample with 3 Cc. cone. H 2 SO 4 (sp. gr. 1.84) and allowing
mixture to cool, the aroma of pure rum is retained, while that
of the artificial product is destroyed. Upon treating pure
cognac with a few drops of dil. solut. Fe 2 Cl a a black ppt.
forms. Artificial cognac does not give this test; at the most,
an ill-colored ppt. is slowly deposited.

Wieger-Born (QUINCE MUCILAGE). See Born-Wieger.

Wiesner (LIGNIN). i. Woody fibers are stained golden-yellow
by an acid solution of aniline sulphate, while pure cellulose is
not affected. 2. 0.5-% phloroglucin solut., which, together
with HC1, colors woody fibers yellow, is also known as Wies-
ner' s reagent.

Wildenstein (COPPER AND IRON). A blue color is caused by
tincture logwood.

Wilder (TURMERIC IN MUSTARD OR RHUBARB). Mix suspected
powder with any volatile oil (fennel, anise, etc.) and examine
under microscope. If turmeric present, the specks will be sur-
rounded by a yellow zone, while the color of the particles of
rhubarb or mustard will be brightened. If turmeric absent,

33 2 TSTS AMD RE A GENTS.

the microscopical field will remain colorless, while turmeric, if
present, will instantly color the whole or part of the field
yellow.

Wiley (CHLOROCHROMIC ACID). A blue-violet color develops on
adding a small crystal of strychnine to a drop H 2 S0 4 , then stir-
ring with a glass rod moistened with chlorochromic acid.

Willeband (STAIN FOR BLOOD). Mix equal quantities of a 0.5-%
solut. eosine in 70-% alcohol and a cone, aqueous solut.
methylene blue. To 50 Cc. of the mixture add by drops 10 to
15 drops of i-% acetic acid. Heat specimens with fluid sev-
eral times for 5 to 10 minutes until vapors are given off.
Erythrocites are stained red ; nuclei, sharply dark-blue ; neutro-
philes, violet; acidophiles, pure red; mast cells, intensely blue.

Wilson (NITROUS ACID). On adding a little resorcin to H 2 SO 4
containing HNO 2 and shaking with 5 Cc. water, a yellow color
results.

Wimmer (PURITY OF OLIVE OIL). Note effects produced on
passing nitrous gas through the oil.

Windisch (CHERRY SYRUP IN RASPBERRY SYRUP). Distil 20 to 30
Cc. syrup until 2 Cc. distillate are received. To this add i
drop each tincture guaiac and very dil. CuSO 4 solut. a blue
fugitive color indicates presence of HCN. If color is faint, add
a little chloroform on shaking, chloroform becomes colored.
Method also suitable for cherry wine in red wine.

Windisch (CHERRY SYRUP IN RASPBERRY SYRUP). Distil 20 to-
30 Cc. syrup until 2 Cc. distillate are obtained. To this add i
drop each of tincture guaiac and very dil. solut. CuS0 4 a
fugitive blue color indicates presence of HCN (from the amyg-
dalin in the cherry stone).

Winkler (ALKALOIDS). See Mayer's reagent.

Winkler (WATER IN ALCOHOL). Cobalt chloride is turned red if
water be present.

Winkler (FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN GASTRIC JUICE). Rea-
gent is a 5-% solut. (or a io-% chloroformic solut.) of alpha-
naphtol. Add a few grains dextrose to filtered gastric juice in
a porcelain dish, and then add a few drops reagent. On care-
fully heating, a bluish- violet zone forms at close of evaporation
(best conducted on a water-bath). With 0.04-% HC1 results
are still certain with careful manipulation. Reaction does not

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 333

occur if free acid absent; it is afforded, however, by H 2 S0 4
and H 3 PO 4 . Lactic and acetic acids do not give the reaction.

Winkler (IODINE). A blue color is produced on addition of so-
dium nitrite and starch paste.

Winkler (KINOVIC ACID). A dirty-green color and ppt. are pro-
duced on adding solut. CuSO 4 .

Wislicenus-Landsberg (MORPHINE IN URINE). See Landsberg-
Wisliccnus.

Wissowsky (STAIN FOR BLOOD). First treat with solut. of equal
parts of eosine and alum in 200 parts alcohol, then with hema-
toxylin.

Wittmack (WHEAT AND RYE FLOUR). One Gm. flour is heated
with 50 Cc. water on the water-bath to exactly 61 C., so that
the temperature rises to 62.5 after removal from the bath.
When settled, the deposit is examined microscopically. The
starch grains of wheat will not have changed their form, except
a slight swelling; those of rye will be nearly all burst and dis-
torted.

Wittstein (FOREIGN STARCH IN CHOCOLATE). On boiling and
filtering, natural starch does not pass through the filter, and
the filtrate therefore gives no reaction with iodine.

Wittstein (TARRY MATTER IN AMMONIA). A brownish-red color
develops on supersaturating ammonia with moderately strong
nitric acid if tarry matter present.

Witz (MINERAL ACIDS IN VINEGAR). Methyl-violet solut. is
turned blue or green on adding 2 drops to 25 Cc. vinegar con-
taining mineral acid.

Woehler (PHOSPHORUS). Treat suspected liquid in a Marsh's
apparatus, ignite gas evolved, and let flame impinge on a
porcelain plate. If phosphoretted hydrogen present the flame
is colored green.

Woehler-Liebig (UREA). See Liebig-Woehler.

Woerner (POTASSIUM). A io-% aqueous solut. phosphotung-
stic acid gives with neutral or acid potassium salts a white ppt.
In acid solut. the ppt. is coarsely crystalline; in neutral solut.
exceedingly fine. Slight warmth hastens pptn. Ba, Sr, Ca,
and Mg salts are not pptd. by reagent. NH 3 salts are.

Wolesky (WooD FIBER IN PAPER). Dissolve i Gm. diphenyl-
amine in 50 Cc. alcohol and 5 or 6 Cc. cone. H 3 SO 4 (or HC1).

334 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

According to quantity of wood fiber present in the paper,
different shades of orange-red will appear upon moistening
with the reagent, and more particularly on drying.

Wolf (INDICATOR). Ferric salicylate is specially adapted as an
indicator in estimating boric acid in borax, as well as K 2 CO 3
and NaCO 3 . For details see MERCK'S REPORT, x, p. 159.

Wolf (Naphtols). Alpha- or beta-naphtol dissolved in alcoholic
KOH yields, upon heating with chloroform to 50 C., a clear
blue solution, which changes to red upon acidulating with
HC1. Reaction first mentioned by Lustgartcn.

Wolfbauer (COTTON-SEED OIL). Shake 10 Gm. oil for two min-
utes with 7.5 Gm. cone. HNO 3 ; when separated add i Gm.
mercury and shake for four minutes. Olive oil retains its color,
while the presence of 5% cotton-seed oil occasions a brown
color.

Welter (HEMATOXYLIN NERVE STAINS), i. Proceed as in Kult-
schitzkys method, except that sections should be stained
for 24 hours in a solut. kept at 45 Cc. Afterward dip them in
Mueller's solution and differentiate by Pal's method. 2.
Material hardened in Kultschitzky's potassium-bichromate and
copper-sulphate mixture, followed by alcohol, is imbedded in
cellordin or paraffin, and cut. Mordant sections for 24 hours
in a mixture of 2 parts of io-% vanadium-chloride solut. and 3
parts 3-% aluminium-acetate solut., wash for 10 minutes in
water, and stain for 24 hours in a solut. of 2 Gm. hematoxyliu
(dissolved in a little alcohol) in 100 Cc. of 2-% acetic acid.
Next wash out the sections in 8o-% alcohol containing 0.5-%
HC1 until they are of a light blue-red color, remove the acid by
washing thoroughly in pure alcohol, dehydrate, clear with
origanum oil, and mount.

Wolter (VANADIUM NERVE STAIN). See Walter's second hema-
toxylin stain.

Woodbury (ALCOHOL IN URINE). Mix 2 Gm. urine and i Gm.
H 2 SO 4 and drop in a fragment potass, bichromate a green color
develops on mixing if alcohol present. Delicacy 2 to 3 : i ,000.

Woolsey (MORPHINE). A i : 10 infusion of mallow flowers differ-
entiates morphine from other alkaloids. Morphine does not
change color of infusion; the following alkaloids, however,,
change it immediately to dark green: Atropine, homatropine*

TESTS AMD REAGENTS. 33S

berberine, brucine, codeine, coniine, hydrastinine, nicotine,
and lobeline. Other alkaloids which do not affect the color are
the following: Apomorphine, caffeine, cocaine, carpaine, cin-
chonine, cinchonidine , colchicine, emetine, hydrastinc, hyoscine,
narcotine, piperin, physostigmine, quinine, sanguinarinc, and
strychnine.

Wormley (ALKALOIDS), i. Alcoholic solut. picric acid throws,
down yellow amorphous or crystalline ppts. 2. A solut.
containing i part I, 3 parts KI, and 60 parts water, throws
down colored ppts.

Wormley (FREE SULPHURIC ACID). A crimson color appears on
adding a little veratrine and evaporating to dryness on a water-
bath.

Worm-Mueller (GLUCOSE). Modified Fehling's solution, consist-
ing of two solutions, a 2.5-% CuSO 4 solut. and a 4-% NaOH
solut. containing 10% Rochelle salt. 5 Cc. suspected urine
on the one hand, and i to 3 Cc. CuS0 4 solut. with 2.5 Cc. Ro-
chelle-salt solut. on the other, are separately heated to boil-
ing and then mixed without shaking. Fehling's solution
(q. v.) according to recent formulas is also prepared and kept
on hand as two separate solutions.

Wright (ACONITINE). If o.ooi Gm. aconitine is distributed
through a few drops moderately cone, sugar solut., and then
a drop of cone. H 2 SO 4 added, a rose-red zone will develop at
contact line of the sugar solut. and acid, and the color will
rapidly change to a dirty violet and brown.

Wurster (ALBUMIN). Modification of Silbermann's reaction
(q. v.). Instead of cone. HC1, a mixture of the latter with ^
to its vol. cone. H 2 SO 4 is employed.

Wurster (TEST-PAPER FOR OZONE), i. Dimethylparaphenyl-
enediamine Paper. Used for detecting ozone, with which
it gives a bluish- violet color; it is also used for detecting
H 2 S, H 2 2 , turpentine oil, colophony, and wood-pulp in
paper.

Wurster ("TETRA "-PAPER FOR OZONE OR HYDROGEN DIOX-
IDE). Filter-paper saturated with tetramethylparaphenyl-
enediamine. Traces of ozone or hydrogen dioxide in neutral
solutions or in solutions acidified with acetic acid afford an
intense blue color with the paper. Upon boiling with alcohol

TESTS 4ND REAGENTS.

the blue color disappears. Instead of the tetramethyl- the
dimethyl-compound may also be employed.

Wurster (TYROSIN, PURITY OF). Dissolve in boiling water and
add a little quinone a ruby-red color develops, changing to
brown after 24 hours.

Wurtz-Pasteur (FUCHSINE IN WINE). See Pasteur-Wurtz.

Wynther-Blyth (ALUM IN BREAD OR FLOUR). Process is con-
ducted by macerating sample with a small quantity of water
and then soaking strips of gelatin in the liquid ; after 1 2 hours
the gelatin slips are removed and immersed in a mixture of
equal volumes of fresh logwood tincture and sat. ammonium-
carbonate solut. In the presence of alum they turn blue.

Yvon (ACETANILID ANTiFEBRiN] IN URINE). Extract urine
with chloroform, evaporate, and heat residue with mercurous
nitrate a green color develops if acetanilid present.

Yvon (ALCOHOL IN CHLOROFORM). A solut. of i part potassium
permanganate and 10 parts of KOH in 250 parts water was
formerly used as a qualitative test, the violet color changing
to green on shaking with chloroform containing alcohol. But
as alcohol-free chloroform alone stands the test, the reaction

is now employed as a means of determining the amount of
alcohol present.

Yvon (ALKALOIDS). A red color appears on adding a solut. pre-
pared by boiling 3 Gm. bismuth subnitrate with 40 Gm. water,
14 Gm. KI, and 40 drops HC1.

Yvon (BILIARY PIGMENTS). See Paul's test.

Young (GALLIC IN TANNIC ACID). Potassium cyanide gives a
red color with gallic acid, but not with tannic acid. The color
soon vanishes, but reappears on vigorous shaking. Accord-
ing to Staid the reaction can be referred entirely to the alka-
linity of the cyanide.

Zacharias (ACETIC-ACID CARMINE). Add to each 10 Cc. of
Schneider's solution i drop wood vinegar.

Zacharias (ACETIC ALCOHOL). Mix i part of glacial acetic acid
with 4 parts absolute alcohol and a few drops osmic-acid solut.

Zacharias (ALBUMINS). This reagent is an acidulated solution
potassium ferroCyanide and ferric chloride.

Zacharias (IRON CARMINE). Stain objects thoroughly for sev-
eral hours in acetic-acid carmine or Mayer's carmalum, rinse

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 337

with dilut. acetic acid, and pass them into i-% solut. ammo-
niated iron citrate, taking care that no metallic instruments
touch them. Leave for 2 or 3 hours till thoroughly pene-
trated (a few minutes only in the case of sections), then wash
for several hours in distilled water, dehydrate, and mount in
balsam.

Zaleski, Von- (CARBONIC OXIDE IN BLOOD). On adding 2 Cc.
water and 2 drops supersaturated CuSO 4 solut. to 2 Cc. blood,
a brick-red ppt. results if carbolic oxide present. Normal
blood produces a brownish-green ppt.

Zaloziecki (INDICATOR). Alpha-naphtolbenzein. Gives with al-
kalies a green color, and with acids a reddish-yellow.

Zanker (FIXING LIQUID). Dissolve 5% HgCl 2 and some glacial
acetic acid in Mueller's solution. Fix objects in this for several
hours, wash out with water, and treat the tissues or sections
with alcohol containing some tincture iodine.

Zechini (PURITY OF OLIVE OIL). Note color reactions produced
on adding HNO 3 (sp. gr. 1.4).

Zeise (CARBON BISULPHIDE). A yellow ppt. is thrown down on
adding a little alcoholic KOH and solut. CuSO 4 .

Zeisel (COLCHICINE). A solut. of 0.002 Gm. colchicine in 5 Cc.
water changes from yellow to olive-green and then to blackish-
green on boiling for i to 3 minutes with 5 to 10 drops fuming
HC1 and 4 to 6 drops of io-% Fe 2 Cl 6 solut. Upon shaking
solut. with chloroform in the presence of air, the chloroform
becomes ruby-red and the aqueous solut. olive-green.

Zeller (MELANIN IN URINE). The addition of bromine water to
urine containing melanin causes a yellow ppt., changing to
black on standing.

Zeller (QUININE). This is the thalleioquin reaction, with bro-
mine water (i : 40) substituted for chlorine water.

Zellner (NATURAL INJECTIONS). Use Mtieller's solution.

Zencker (FIXING SOLUTION). HgCl 2 , 5 Gm.; K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , 2.5 Gm.;
Na 2 SO 4 , i Gm.; water 100. Before use a few drops of acetic
acid are added.

Ziegler (HYDROCHLORIC ACID). Arsenous and sulphurous acids
in HC1 are detected by adding zinc and passing the hydrogen
evolved through water containing a few drops ammoniacal
copper-chloride solut., then through water containing i drop

33 8 TESTS AND REAGENTS.

solut. AgN0 3 . Any H 2 S0 3 present reacts on the copper salt;
arsenous acid affects the silver solut.

Ziehen (Gold AND SUBLIMATE STAIN). Leave small pieces of
fresh tissue for 3 weeks to 5 months in a large quantity of a
mixture containing equal parts i-% HgCl 2 and gold-chloride
solutions. When they have assumed a metallic red-brown
color, gum them on cork and cut sections without imbedding.
Treat the sections with LugoVs solution diluted with 4 times
its bulk of water, or with dilute tincture iodine, until duly
differentiated; then wash and mount balsam.

Ziehl (CARBOLIC FUCHSINE). See Neclsen's solut. carbolic
fuchsine.

Ziehl- Neelsen (CARBOLIC FUCHSINE). Fuchsine, i Gm.; car-
bolic acid, 5 Gm.; alcohol, 10 Gm.; dist. water, 100 Gm.
Solut. is permanent.

Ziehl-Neelsen (STAINING BACILLI). Sections are removed from
weak alcohol into Neelsen's carbolic fuchsine and left for 10
or 15 minutes; next decolorize in H 2 S0 4 (sp. gr. 1.84) or HN0 3
(sp. gr. 1.42) diluted with 3 volumes water, rinse in 6o-% alco-
hol, and wash in a large volume of water to remove the acid.
Tubercle and leprosy bacilli are the only micro-organisms that
can retain the stain after treatment with acid. If traces of
HNO 2 in the HNO 3 be suspected, Squire recommends the use
of a sat. aqueous solut. of sulphanilic acid, mixed with one-
third its bulk HN0 3 . The sulphanilic acid destroys any free
HN0 2 , which would otherwise exercise a bleaching action on
the fuchsine-stained bacilli. The sections may be counter-
stained with a solution of 0.5 Gm. methyl green (or 0.2 5 Gm.
methylene blue) in 20 Cc. alcohol and 80 Cc. distilled water.
Finally dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear with cedar oil,
and mount in balsam.

Zouchlos (ALBUMIN IN URINE), i. A mixture of io-% potas-
sium-sulphocyanate solut. 100 and acetic acid 20. With albu-
min it produces a ppt. or turbidity. Delicacy 0.007%. 2.
10 Cc. of a 2-% solut. of potassium sulphocyanate with 2 Cc.
of acetic acid. 3. Acetic acid, i; mercuric chloride (i-%
solut.), 6. Delicacy 0.04%. 4. Potassium sulphocyanate
and succinic acid, equal parts, in solid form.

TESTS AND REAGENTS. 339

Zuelzer (ALBUMIN). This is a zone reaction which occurs on
overlaying albuminous urine upon cone, chromic-acid solut.

Zuelzer (GLUCOSE). A solut. of cupric oxide in soda lye is re-
duced by grape sugar in the cold or upon gentle warming.

Zulkowsky (STARCH SOLUTION). Heat starch^ with glycerin to
190 C., ppt. with alcohol, and dissolve the ppt. in water.

Zune (CULTURE SOLUTION). Gelatin 50 Gm., agar 2.5 Gm., are
dissolved in 600 to 700 Gm. sterilized filtered culture-broth.
The white of an egg is added, the mixture heated until this is
coagulated, then filtered, and the filtrate sterilized at 105 to
noC.

Zwaardemaker (SAFRANINE STAIN). Mix equal parts of sat.
alcoholic solut. of safranine and aniline water.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abrastol in Wine. Brand.

Absinthin. Mem.

Acacia. Hager; Lassaigne; Reiche.

Acacia Injection Mass. Bjeloussow.

Acetal. Grodyki.

Acetanilid. Flueckiger; Moers; Rudolf-Fischer; Stroebel; Vul-

pius. IN PHENACETIN: Hirschsohn; Schroeder; Mueller. In

URINE: Yvon.

Acetic Acid, in Calcium Acetate. Grimshaw.
Acetic Acid, Glacial, Furfurol in. Meyer.
Acetic Acid, Pyroligneous Matter in. Lightfoot.
Acetic- Acid Carmine. Zacharias.

Acetic Alcohol. Carnoy; Van Beneden-Neyt ; Zacharias.
Acetic Gentian Violet. Friedlander.
Aceto-Acetic Aci<J in Urine. Arnold.
Aceto-Carmine. Schneider.
Acetone. Gunning; Jolles; Kraemer; Legal; Lieben; Malerba;

Messinger; Moerner; Penzoldt; Sternberg; Thoms. IN

URINE: Bayer; Chautard; Drewsen; Gerhardt; Legal; Le

Noble; Ralfe; Reynold; Schwicker; Stock.
Acid Carmine Solution. Schweigler-Seidel.
Acid Mixture. Weissman.
Acid Number. Hehner.
Acidophilous Mixture. Ehrlich.
Acidulated Alcohol. Mayer; Squire.
Acidulated Glycerin. Squire.

Aconitine. Hassalt; Herbst; Mecke; Melzer; Wender; Wright.
Acrolein. Lewin.

341

342 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Actiniae, Narcotizing Mixture for. Bianco.

Actinomycosis. Babes; Plant; Squire; Weigert.

Agar-Agar. Gravis.

Albumin. Adamkiewicz ; Almn ; Alpers ; Axenfeld ; Barral ;
Berzelius; Blum; Boedecker; Bogomolow- Wassilieff ; Bou-
chardat; Bourreau; Cadier; Christen; Cohen; Esbach;
Esbach-Gawalowsky ; Fol; Froehde; Frohn; Fuerbringer;
Galippe; Gaudail; Gautier; Gawalowsky; Geissler; Gouver;
Grigg; Guerin; Guezda; Hager; Haslan; Heidenhain;
Heinsius; Heller; Heynsius; Hilger; Hindenlang; Hoffmann;
Ilmenow; Jaworowsky; Johnson; Jolles; Krasser; Lugol;
Mac William; Mann; Mehu; Mesnard; Millard; Millon; Monier;
Neubauer; Oliver; Panum; Pavy; Piotrowski; Plugge; Pol-
lacci; Posner; Raabe; Rafaele; Ree; Reichl-Mikosch ; Rieg-
ler; Rosenbach; Roberts; Roberts-Stolnikoff; Roch; Rose;
Schultze; Siebold; Silbermann; Spiegler; Stutz; Tanret;
Tidy; TrStrop; Wurster; Zacharias; Zouchlos; Zuelzer.

Albumin Fixative for Slides. Mayer.

Albuminoids. Bruecke; Guezda; Guerin; Lidof; Lidow; Lieb-
ermann; Rasp ail; Roch.

Albumoses. Riegler; Tyson.

Alcohol. Bernouilly; Berthelot; Blachez; Boettger; Borsarelli;
Casoria; Davy; Debrunner; Drechsler; Fleischmann; Hardy;
Istrati; Jacquemart; Lieben; Ludwig; Mann; Otto; Riche-
Bardy; Savelle; Thresh; Tscheppe; Vogel; Winkler. In
CHLOROFORM: Hardy; Siebold; Yvon. In ESSENTIAL OILS:
Barbier; Dragendorff; Forney; Hager; Leonardi; McClellan-
Forney; Oberdoerfer; Puscher; Redwood; Salzer; Stuart;
Sulzer. In ETHER: Frederking; Hager; Stefanelli. In PERU
BALSAM: Gawalowsky. In URINE: Anstie; Woodbury.

Alcohol, Absolute. Ranvier.

Alcohol, Acetic. Carnoy; Van Beneden-Neyt; Zacharias.

Alcohol-acetic Acid. David.

Alcohol, Acidulated. Mayer; Squire

Alcohol, Amylic. Bouvier; Hager; Jorissen.

Alcohol and Sodium Chloride. Moleschott-Piso-Borme.

Alcohol-Balsam. Seiler.

Alcohol, Methyl. Cotton-Cazeneuve; Jacquemart; Milliken-
Scudder. In ETHER: Langbeck.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 343

Alcohol, One-third. Ranvier.

Alcohol, Picric. Gage.

Alcohol, Strength of. Squire.

Alcoholic Carmine. Mayer.

Alcohols and Amines. Schotten-Baumann.

Alcohols, Monatomic. Bitto.

Alcohols, Polyatomic. Baumann.

Aldehydes. Bela-Von Bitto; Crismer; Erdmann; Fischer;
Gayon-Gannon-Molher ; Golding-Bird ; Greenwalt ; Istrati;
Guyon; Lewin; Liebig; Molher; Nessler; Penzoldt-Fischer;
Riegler; Rimini; Schiff; Tollens; Villiers-Fayolle.

Aldoses. Sieben.

Alizarine. Schaal.

Alkalies. Bachmeier; Dobbin; Filhol; Griessmayer ; Jacque-
min ; Schweissinger. SULPHITES OF : Alvarez-Jean. WITH
SULPHITES: Grant-Cohen.

Alkaline Aniline Water (Weak). Loeffler.

Alkaline Glycerin Mountant. Kirkby.

Alkaline Methylene Blue. Loeffler (see " solution "); Schutz.

Alkaline Permanganate Solution. Wanklyn.

Alkalinity of Water. Cavalli.

Alkaline Salts, Arsenic in. Patrouillard.

Alkaloids. Arnold; Arnold- Vitali ; Bertrand; Bloxam; Bou-
chardat; Brissemoret (opium); Buckingham; Czumpelitz;
Defacqz; Delff; Dragendorff; Dunstan; Ransom (in bella-
donna extr.); Dwar (cinchona); Eboli, Elias; Erdmann; Erd-
mann-Uslar; Errera; Formanek; Fraude; Froehde; Frohn;
Godeffroy ; Godeff roy - Laubenheimer ; Graham - Hoffmann ;
Grandeau; Hager; Hamlin; Hesse; Hoffmann; Horsley; How;
Jacquemin; Jaworowsky; Johannson; Jorissen; Jungmann;
Kippenberger; Kohler; Krant; Langley; Langley-Koehler;
Laubenheimer-Godeffroy ; Lenz; Lepage; Lindemann-Motten ;
Lindo; Lloyd; Luchini; Mandelin; Mangini; Marchand (cin-
chona); Marm6; Mayer; Mecke; Melzer; Motten-Lindemann;
Neumann- Wender; Nowak-Kratschmer; Orlow-Horst; Otto;
Otto-Stas; Palm; Pasteur; Pesci; Planta; Prollius (solut. for
extracting); Ransom- Dunstan (in belladonna extr.); Robin;
Rossbach; Scheibler; Schering; Schlagdenhauffen; Schneider;
Schultze ; Schwarzenbach- Delff ; Schwarzenberg ; Sedgwick ;

344 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Selmi; Sonnenschein; Stas-Otto; Strzyzowski; Thresh; Tro-

tarelli; Uslar-Erdmann; Valzer; Verven; Vitali; Vit all- Arnold ;

Vrij, de-; Wagner; Wender; Wenzel; Winkler; Wormley ; Yvon.
Aloes. Borntraeger; Cripps-Dymond; Dieterich; Hirschsohn;

Schonteten; Schunke-Mulder; Stoeder.
Aloin. Histed; Tilden.

Alpha- Naphtol. Aymonier; Leger; Vincent; Liebmann.
Alum in Bread or Flour. Carter-Bell; Wynter-Blyth.
Alum-Carmine. Grenadier; Henneguy; Tangl.
Alum-Carmine, Cochineal. Partsch.
Alum-Carmine Picric-Acid Stain. Legal.
Alum-Cochineal. Csokor (or Czoker) ; Rabl.
Aluminium. Thnard.
Aluminium-Chloride Carmine. Mayer.
Aluminium Sulphate, Free Acid in. Hager; Giesecke.
Amines. Hoffmann; Schotten-Baumann.
Ammonia. Boettger; Bohlig; Chevreul; Fleck; Guyot; Hager;

Jaworowski; Kroupa; Kupferschlaeger; Lex; MocMermann;

Schultze; Selle; Wittstein. In URINE: Neubauer; Lat-

schenberger.
Ammonia Carmine. Beale; Betz; Prey; Hartig; Malassez;

Ranvier.

Ammoniac. Picard; Plugge.
Ammoniacal Gentian Violet. Weigert.
Ammonia ted Hematoxylin. Ehrlich.
Ammonium-Chloride Solution. Wanklyn.
Ammonium Molybdate. Altmann.
Ammonium Salts. Einbrodt ; Nessler.
Ammonium Thiosulphate. Orlowski.
Amygdalin. Deacon; Heuschen.
Amyl Nitrite, Hydrocyanic Acid in. Hager.
Anethol. Chapman.
Aniline. Beissenhirtz; Duflos; Hoffmann; Jacquelin; Letheby;

Ludwig; Rosenstiehl; Runge.
Aniline-Blue Indigo-Carmine. Duval; Naschold.
Aniline-Clove-Oil Stain. Kuehne.
Aniline Colors. Blarey.
Aniline-Fuchsine Stain. Koch.
Aniline-Orange in Milk. Lythgoe.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 345

Aniline Salts. Hoffmann.

Aniline Solutions. Kuehne.

Aniline Stain. Hanstein.

Aniline Water. Ehriich-Weigert-Koch; Koch.

Animal Fats in Petrolatum. Crouzel-Dupin.

Animal Fibers. Boettger; Frankenstein.

Aniseed-Oil* Freezing Mass. Kuehne.

Anise-Oil Imbedding Process. Moore.

Annelids, Fixing Fluid for. Ehler.

Anthraquinone. Schuetzenberger ; Wartha.

Antifebrin in Urine. Mueller.

Antimonous Acid. Mohr.

Antimony. Rideal.

Antimony Hydride. Hager.

Antinervin. Strobel.

Antipyrine. Strobel.

Apiol. Jorissen.

Apomorphine. Bedson; Mecke; Melzer; Wangerin.

Aqueous Carmine Injection. Emery.

Arabin for Serial Sections. Waddington.

Arbutin. Jungmann.

Aromatic Substances in Blood. Danielewsky.

Arsenic. Berzelius; Bettendorf; Bougault; Braconnot; Bujwid;
Cadet; Carnot; Davy; Fleitmann; Flueckiger; Fresenius-
Babo; Gatehouse; Gutzeit; Hager; Hilger; Himmelmann;
Johnson; Hume; Letheby; Marsh; Mayen<?on-Bergeret; Mor-
ton; Naylor-Braithwaite; Oster; Patrouillard ; Puscher; Rei-
chard; Reinsch; Rideal; Scheele; Schiff; Schlickum; Schnei-
der; Siebold.

Arsenic Hydride. Hager; Flueckiger.

Asiatic-Cholera Bacillus, Products of. Dunham-Bujwid; PoehL

Asphalt Injection Mass* Budge.

Asphalt Varnish. Kitton.

Atmosphere, Mercury Vapors in. Gaglio.

Atropine. Gerrard; Gulielmo; Herbst; Hinterberger; Kuborne^
Mecke; Melzer; Reuss; Robin; Vitali; Wender.

Bacilli Stain. Schultz; Ziehl-Neelsen.

Bacteria Culture-Solution fon Fraenkel-Voge; Uschinsky.

Bacteria Cultures, Examining. Bates.

34$ INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Bacteria, in Potable Water. Gottstein.

Bacteria, Products of, in Urine. Bauxqann.

Bacteria Stain. Blanchard; Ehrlich (gentian- violet) ; van Er-

mengen; Ernst; Fischer (for cilia); Gram; Gunther; Koch;

Kuehne; Loeffler; Lugol; Schutz- Weigert ; Weigert.
Balsam, Canada, for Imbedding. Weil.
Balsam Copaiva. Dodge-Olcott; Hager (castor oils fatty oil);

Hirschsohn (fatty oils, gurjun balsam); Maupy (castor oil);

Muter (fatty oil).

Balsam Gurjun in Copaiba. Hager; Hirschsohn.
Balsam Peru. Gawalowski (alcohol); Gehe; Hager (benzoin);

Hirschsohn (rosin).
Balsam Tolu. Hirschsohn (rosin).
Beer. Brand (fluorine); Hefelmann-Mann (fluorine); Rust

(picric acid) ; Schuster (coloring matter).
Beeswax, Paraffin in. Landott.
Belladonna Extract, Alkaloids in. Dunstan-Ransom.
Belladonna. Stoeder; Wasilewsky.
Benzaldehyde in Bitter-almond Water. Spasski.
Benzene. Biel; Brandberg; Dragendorff; Gawalowsky; Hoff-
mann; Lainer; Pusch; Thorns.
Benzidine. Julius.
Benzin. Biel; Brandberg; Dragendorff; Gawalowsky; Lainer;

Pusch; Thorns.
Benzoazurin Stain. Martin.
Benzoic Acid. Bodde; Phipson; Schacht; Schneider; Thorns.

InBENZONAPHTOL: Griggi.
Benzonaphtol. Griggi (benzoic acid).
Benzoin in Balsam Peru. Hager.
Benzoins. Hirschsohn.
Berberine. Klunge; Perrins.
Bergamot Oil. Gulli (oil turpentine).
Berlin-Blue Gelatin Mass. Fol; Hager.
Berlin-Blue Injection Mass. Bruecke; Mayer; Mueller.
Beta-Naphtol. Liebman (alpha-naphtol) ; Vincent.
Bicarbonates in Carbonates. Lunge.
Bilberry- Juice Stain. Lavdowsky.
Biliary Acids. Bischoff; Francis; Hay; Kuelz; Mylius; Neu-

bauer; Oliver; Pettenkofer; Strassburg; Udransky.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 347

Biliary Pigments. Barral; Hartley ; Basham; Brueck; Ca-
pranika; Casali; Cunisset; Deubner; Dragendorff; Drechsel;
Dumontpallier; Dumontpallier-Trousseau; Fleischl; Gerard;
Gerhardt; Gmelin; Heintz; Heller; Hilger; Hoppe-Seyler ;
Huppert; Jolles; Krehbiel; Lewin; Marechal; Masset; Neu-
komm; Noel; Paul; Penzoldt; Riegler; Rosenbach; Rosin;
Schwanda; Seyler-Hoppe; Smith; Tiedemann-Gmelin ; Tri-
ollet; Trousseau- Dumontpallier; Ultzmann; Vitali; Yvon.

Bilif uscin. Hoffmann- U It zmann .

Bilirubin. Maly. In BLOOD: Jaksch, von-. In URINE: Green-
wait; Ott; Proescher.

Bismuth. Field; Kobell; Leger; Muir; Schneider; Thresch.

Bitter-Almond Water. Spasski (benzaldehyde).

Biuret. Bruecke; Piotrowski; Rose.

Black-Brown. Kuhne.

Bleach. Grenacher; Pal; Ramsay (also known as Crowell's).

Bleaching. Overton (osmic objects) ; Unna (chromic objects).

Bleaching Methods. Carizzi; Gilson; Marsh (chlorine); Mayer;
Pouchet; Sargent.

Bleu-de-Lyon Stain. Baumgarten.

Blood. Alm6n; Bertoni-Raymondi (HN0 2 ); Binz (CO); Bre-
mer (glucose); Danielewsky (aromatic substances); Been,
van-; Falk; Ferrier; Garrod (uric acid); Helwig; Huehne-
feld; Jaksch, von- (bilirubin); Ladendorf; Luff (uric acid);
Preyer (CO); Raymondi-Bertoni (HNO 2 ); Salkowsky (CO);
Schaer; Schoenbein; Selmi; Sonnenschein ; Struve; Teich-
mann; Van Been; Vitali; Weber; Wetzel (CO); Zaleski, von-
(CO). In URINE: Heller-Teichmann ; Huehnefeld; Lechini;
Rossel.

Blood Corpuscles, Fixing Solution for. Hayem.

Blood Microscopical Examination. Hayem.

Blood Stains. Ganther; Kastenbine; Moore (eosine); Toison;
Willebrand ; Wissowsky ; Rosenbach.

Blood, Turpentine Solution for Testing. Huehnefeld.

Blueing Sections. Mayer; Squire; Wistinghausen.

Bone Decalcification. Busch.

Bone Staining. Busch.

Bone, Sections of. White.

Borax. Turner. In MILK: Hosaeus.

34$ INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Borax Carmine. Bourne; Gibbes; Grenacher; Mayer; Thiersch.

Borax Carmine, Lilac. Thiersch.

Boric Acid. Wade.

Borofuchsine. Luebimoff.

Brain, Formaldehyde for Hardening. Von Gieson.

Brain Tissue Stain. Weigert.

Bread, Alum in. Carter Bell; Wynther-Blyth.

Bromic Acid in Urine. Rabuteau.

Bromates. Fages.

Bromides. Berzelius; Bill; Jones.

Bromine. Castle; Henry-Humbert; Jorissen (iodine); Troost;

Vitali.
Brucine. Cotton; Dragendorff; Flueckiger; Gerhardt; Hager;

Lyon (mixture for extracting); Mecke, Melzer; Pellagri;

Short-Dunstan ; Wender.
Butter. Bach; Bischoff (melting-point); Bolley; Crook; Drouot

(margarin); Erdelyi (foreign fats); Filsinger; Hager; Hummel;

Jahr (melting-point); Pirette; Reichert-Miessl (foreign fats);

Rideal (hydrolysis); Schoenvogel (foreign fats); Wibel (water),
Butter Yellow (Martius Yellow) in Urine. Vitali.
Cacao Butter. Bjorklund; Filsinger; Hager.
Cadmium. Deniges. In URINE: Marme.
Cadmium Coloring Mass. Robins.
Caffeine. Archetti; Delff; Mecke; Rochleder; Stenhouse. In

URINE: Hammarsten.
Cajuput Oil, Cineol in. Faulding.
Calcium. Sonstadt.

Calcium Acetate. Grimshaw (acetic acid).
Calculi, Urinary. Deniges (uric acid).
Camphor in Spirit Camphor. Mansier.
Canada Balsam. Squire.
Canada Balsam for Imbedding. Weil.
Cane Sugar. Papasogli; Reich; Runge. In MILK SUGAR:

Conrady.

Cannabis Extract. Proctor.
Cantharidin. Eboli; Melzer.
Capsule Stain. Friedlander.; Ribbert.
Caramel in Liquor and Vinegar. Crampton-Simons.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 349

Carbohydrates. Baumann; Fischer; Molisch; Schiff; Udran-

sky-Baumann. In URINE: Baumann.
Carbolfuchsine. Kuehne; 'Neelsen; Schenck; Ziehl; Ziehl-

Neelsen.

Carbol-glycerin-fuchsine. Czaplewski.
Carbolic Acid. Almn; Guareschi; Hager; Manseau; Prescott;

Read; Rice; Runge; Rust; Thorns; Tommasi.
" Carbolic lf Disinfectants, Crystallizable Phenols in. Lowe.
Carbolic Methylene Blue. Kuehne.
Carbon Compounds. Nickel.

Carbon Bisulphide. Hoffmann; Vogel; Zeise. In OIL MUS-
TARD: Luck.
Carbon Monoxide. Boettger; Hoppe-Seyler (poisoning). In

BLOOD: Binz; Preger; Salkowsky.
Carbonates. Lunge (bicarbonates) ; Mueller (NaOH).
Carbonic Acid. Pettenkofer.
Carbonic Oxide. Merget ; Mermet. In AIR: Potain-Drouin.

In BLOOD: Wetzel; Zaleski.
Carbonyl Chloride. Ramsey (in CHC1 3 ).
Carmine. Hoyer.
Carmine, Acetic-Acid. Zacharias.
Carmine, Aceto-. Schneider.
Carmine, Alcoholic. Brass; Grenadier; Mayer.
Carmine Alum. Grenadier; Henneguy; Mayer; Tangl.
Carmine, Aluminium-Chloride. Mayer.
Carmine, Ammonia. Beale; Betz; Prey; Hartig; Malassez;

Ranvier.

Carmine Aniline-Blue Method. Duval.
Carmine Blue. Jansen.

Carmine, Borax-. Bourne; Gibbs; Grenacher; Mayer; Thiersch.
Carmine Coloring Mass. Robins.
Carmine Gelatin Mass. Fol; Hoyer; Ranvier.
Carmine Glycerin Mass. Beale.
Carmine, Hydrochloric- Acid. Grenacher.
Carmine-Indigo Carmine. Mayer.
Carmine Injection. Emery (aqueous); Thiersch (mass); Ville

(mass).

Carmine, Iron-. Zacharias.
Carmine, Lilac-Borax. Thiersch.

35 MDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Carmine Method. Cole.

Carmine, Neutral. Boehn; Heidenhain.

Carmine, Oxalic- Acid. Thiersch.

Carmine, Picro-. Vignal-Ranvier.

Carmine Solution. Cuccati; Hamann; Schweigler-Seidel (acid),

Caryophylline. Burgess.

Cassia Oil. Hirschsohn.

Castor Oil. Bollet; Draper; Finkener (adulterations); Vetere,
di-. InCoFAiVA: Hager; Maupy. In CROTON OIL: Maupy.
In OLIVE OIL: Leonardi; Vetere, di-.

Catechu. Dieterich.

Caustic Alkali. Dobbin; Mueller (in carbonates).

Caustic-Potassa Number. Koettstorfer.

Cedar Wood Oil in Spearmint Oil. Kremers-Schreiner.

Cell-nucleus Stain. Grenacher.

Celloidin. CEMENT FOR BLOCKS: Johnson. CLEARING SEC-
TIONS: Nikiforow; Weigert. MOUNTING SECTIONS: Lee.
IMBEDDING MASS: Viallanes. IMBEDDING METHOD: Lee.
SOLUTION: Busse; Elsching.

Cellulose. Kaiser; Lidoff; Lifschuetz; Mangin; Schultze;
Schweitzer; .Terreill. SOLVENT: Cross-Bevans; Hoffmeister;
Schweitzer.

Cement. Beale; Carnoy (tolu); Csokor or Czoker (turpentine);
Eulenstein; Johnson (celloidin); Kitton (white-lead);' Kro-
nig; Lovett; Marsh (gelatin); Stieda.

Cephaeline. Paul-Cownley.

Chelerythrine. Orlow-Horst.

Chelidonine. Orlow-Horst.

Chenopodium Seeds in Flour. Vogel.

Cherry Syrup in Raspberry Syrup. Windisch.

Chinoline. Anderson.

Chitin, Stain for. Bethe.

Chitinous Objects, Shellac Method. Hyatt.

Chloral Hydrate. Fairthorne; Hirschsohn (alcoholate) ; Jawo-
rowski; Ogston; Schaer-Van Ankum (alcoholate). JELLY:
Gilson. MEDIUM: Brady; Lavdowsky. REAGENT (for vola-
tile oils and resins) : Hehn. SOLUTION: Munson.

Chlorates. Braun; Denises; Pages; Jean- Alvarez; Vitali.

Chloric Acid in Urine. Edlef sen ; Rabuteau.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 35 l

Chlorides. Jones; Jean- Alvarez; Mohr.

Chlorine. Marsh (bleaching sections) ; Riley ; Vitali.

Chlorine-Hydrochloric Acid. Villiers-Fayolle.

Chlorochromic Acid. Wiley.

Chloroform. Hardy (alcohol); Hoffmann; Ramsey (carbonyl

chloride); Siebold (alcohol); Staedeler; Vitali; Werner (amy-

lic alcohol); Yvon (alcohol). In ESSENTIAL OILS: Hager.

In URINE: Neubauer.
Chloro-Formic Acid. Rabl.
Chocolate, Starch in. Wittstein.
Cholera. Koch ; Pfeiffer (serum reaction).
Cholera Bacillus, Products of Asiatic. Bujwid- Dunham; PoehL
Cholesterin. Burchard; Hager; Hesse; Liebermann; Lieb-

reich; Moleschott; Obermueller; Salkowsky; Schiff; Tschu-

gaeff.

Cholesterin Fats. Burchard; Liebreich.
Chromates. Schiff.
Chromic Acid. Barreswil; Donath; Mandel (for proteids);

Merkel; Storer.

Chromic Objects. Unna (bleaching) ; Virchow.
Chromium. Rideal-Rosenblum (compounds).
Chromo-Acetic Acid. Bianco.
Chromo-Aceto-Osmic Acid. Mark.
Chromo-Osmic Acid. Plesch.
Chrysammic Acid. Finkle.
Cilia of Bacteria. Van Ermengen (stain).
Cinchona Alkaloids. Dwar; Pasteur; Paul-Cownley (cupreine);

Prollius (solut. for extracting); Jaworowski; Marchand.
Cinchona Barks. Grahe.
Cinchonidine. Paul (in quinine sulphate); Schaefer (in quin*

sulphate).

Cinchonine. Bill-Seligsohn.
Cineol. Faulding (in oil cajuput and eucalyptus).
Cinnamic Acid. Simon; Thorns.
Citral. Burgess.
Citric Acid. Cailletet; Chapman-Smith; Deniges; Hager;

Papasogli-Poli; Pusch; Sabanin-Laskowski ; Smith-Chapman;

Stahre. ***> LEMON and LIME JUICE: Warrington. In WINE:

Wessler

.35* INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Citronellal. Burgess.

Citrophen. Moers.

Cleaning Solution for Glass Slides* Seller.

Clearing Mixture. Dunham; Eyclesheimer; Gage; Nikiforow.

Clearing Sections. Kirkby.

Clove Oil. Flueckiger (phenol).

Coal Gas. Boettger.

Coal-tar Dyes in Wine. Cazeneuve; Girard.

-Cobalt. Danziger; Deniges; Gassini; Papasogli; Schoenn; Skey;

Tattersall.

Cobaltous Chloride. Stahl.
Coca. Gunn.
Cocaine. Biel; Giesel; Greitherr; Kuborne; Lewy; MacLagan;

Mecke; Melzer; Metzger (Mezger); Orlow-Horst ; Schaerge;

Schell.

Cochineal Alum. Csokor (Czoker); Rabl.
Cochineal Alum-Carmine. Partsch.
Cochineal Fluid. Klein.
Cochineal Stains. Mayer.
Cochineal Tincture. Schlickum.
Codeine. Arnold; Dragendorff; Faby; Herse; Hesse; Kobert;

Mecke; Melzer; Robin; Schneider; Tattersall; Wender.
Cod-liver Oil. Meyer.
Cognac, Genuine. Wiederholt.
Colchicine. Flueckiger; Hager; Kubel; Mecke; Melzer; Snow;

Wender; Zeisel.
Colophony. Kleinenberg.
Colophony Mounting Medium. Lee.
Coloring Matter. In BEER: Schuster. In URINE: Mai-Hilger.

In WINE: Boettger; Dupr; Faure; Heise; Hertz; Hilger-

Mai.

Coloring Matter, Egg. Thudichum.
Colors. ACID and BASIC: Weingaertner. ANILINE: Blarez.

GREEN: Puscher (arsenic).

Coniine. Heut; Liebig; Mecke; Melzer; Stroppa-Vitali; Wender.
Copaiba. Dodge-Olcott ; Gerber (fixed oils); Enell (gurjun

bals.); Hager (castor oil; fatty oils; gurjun bals,; turpentine);

Hirschsohn (fatty oils; gurjun bals.); Muter (fatty oils). In

URINE: Nobel.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 353

Copal Method. Koch; Von Koch.

Copper. Bach; Bellamy; Brown; Campani; Cresti; Endemann-

Prochazka; Fleitmann; Hatschett; Jaworowski; Purgotti;

Sabatier; Sabatin; Schoenbein; Wildenstein. In OILS: Cail-

letet. In PRESERVED PEAS: Nikitin. In PRESERVES:

Tschirch. In URINE: Hahnemann. In VINEGAR: Hager.

In WATER: Guldensteeden.
Copper-Ferrocyanide Coloring Mass. Robins.
Copper-Hematoxylin. Benda.
Copper Sulphate. Griggi (iron) ; Thorns.
Coriander Oil. Schimmel.
Corn-Cockle Seeds in Flour. Petermann.
Cornutine. Keller.
Corrosion Method. Altmann ; Noll.
Cotton. Boettger; Jacquemin; Liebermann. In WOOLLEN

FABRICS: Jandrier; Overbeck. See also CELLULOSE.
Cottonseed Oil. Bechi; Deiss; Halphen; Hirschsohn; Labiche;

Millian; Tortelli-Ruggieri; Wolfbauer. In LARD: Conroy;

Gantter. In OLIVE OIL: Brulle; Hauchecorne; Heydenreich.
Creatin. Hofmeister; Kerner; Loew; Weyl.
Creatinine. Engel; Joffe; Kerner; Kolisch; Maschke; Salkow-

sky; Thudichum; Weyl. In URINE: Grocco; Stillingfleet-

Johnson.
Creosote. Clark; Flueckiger; Fonzes-Diacon; Frisch; Gorup-

Besanez; Morson; Read; Rust; Thorns; Vreven.
Creosote Mounting Mixture. Beale.
Croton Oil. Maisch; Maupy (castor oil). In TINCT. IODINE:

Durien.

Cruciferous Oils. Grehant; Miahle. In OLIVE OIL: Schneider.
Crystallizable Phenols in "Carbolic" Disinfectants. Lowe.
Crystals. Roussin.
Culture Medium. Pasteur; Raulin.
Culture Solutions. Cohn; Fraenkel-Voge; Miquel; Uschinsky;

Zune.

Cupraloin. Klunge.

Cupreine in Cinchona Alkaloids. Paul-Cownley.
Curarine. Dragendorff; Flueckiger.
Curcuma. Howie; Maisch.
Curcuma Ferment Paper for Urea. Musculus.

354 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Cyanides. Carey Lea; Hannay; Liebig.

Cystein. Andreasch.

Cystine. Baumann-Goldman; Liebig; Moer,vande-; Mueller;

Rauwerda.

Dahlia Stain. Ehrlich.
Dammar Solution. Pfitzner; Squire.
Decalcification Fluids. Bayerl; Busch; Ebner, von-; Fol;

Gage; Haug; Hopewell-Smith (teeth); Marsh; Ranvier;

Squire; Thoma; Waldeyer.
Decomposed Sausage. Eber.
Delphinine. Mecke; Melzer; Tattersall.
Desilicification Process. Mayer.
Dextrin. Lipp. In ACACIA: Hager.
Dextrin Freezing Mass. Webb.
Diacetic Acid in Urine. Jaksch, Von-.
Diamines. Baumann.

Diazo Reaction. Brunner; Ehrlich; Friedewald- Ehrlich (ty-
phoid and tubercle).
Diazo Compounds. Liebermann.
Digestion Fluid. Beale; Bickfalri; Bruecke; Kuskow; Schieffer-

decker.
Digitalin. Dragendorff ; Flueckiger; Lafon; Melzer; Otto; Pape;

Wender.

Digitalis. Keller- Kiliani.
Digitalis Principles. Keller.
Dinitroamido-phenate. Frebault (indicator).
Dionin. Kobert .

Diphenylamine-Sulphate Solution. Kopp ; Pollet.
Dissociation Medium. Stirling.
Double Imbedding Method. Kultschitzky; Ryder.
Double Stain. Benda; Gibbs; Kossinski; Seiler; Stile.
Dragon's Blood. Hirschsohn.
Duboisine. Emden, Van-.
Dulcin. Wender. In BEVERAGES: Morpurgo?
Dyes, Aniline. Blarez; Letheby; Ludwig. In WINE: Cazen*

euve; Girard.

Dyes, Artificial, in Wine. Arata.
Dyes, Green. Puscher (arsenic).
Egg Coloring Matter. Thudichum.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 355

Elaterin. Dragendorff; Lindo; Power.

Embryo Stain. Allen.

Emetine. Paul-Cownley ; Podwyssotzki; Power; Snelling

Eosine. Baeyer; Moore (blood stain); Wagner.

Eosine-Methyl Green. Calberla.

Eosine-Methylene Blue. Chenzinsky.

Eosine-Hematoxylin. Cole (method) ; Everard-Demoor-Mas-
sart; Hickson (method); List (stain); Massart; Renaut.

Epithelium. In URINE: Jakobsohn (stain for). MACERATION
METHOD: Minot; Mitrophanow.

Ergot. Keller (ergotinine). In RYE FLOUR: Boettger.

Ergotinine in Ergot. Keller.

Eserine. Da Silva; Saul.

Essential Oils. Barbier (alcohol); Flueckiger; Forney (alcohol);
Hager (alcohol; chloroform); Hoppe; Leonardi (alcohol);
Leuch (water); McClellan-Forney (alcohol); Maier (turpen-
tine); Maisch; Merz (turpentine); Oberdoerffer (alcohol);
Perrot ; Redwood (alcohol) ; Rhein (fixed oils) ; Salzer (alcohol) ;
Stuart (alcohol); Sulzer (alcohol); Walz (fixed oils).

Estragol. Chapman.

Ether. Boettger (water); Frederking (alcohol); Hager (alco-
hol); Langbeck (methyl alcohol); Mann (water); Napier
(water); Romei (water); Stefanelli (alcohol).

Ethereal Oils. Elram; Puscher (alcohol); Tuschen.

Eucalyptus Oil. Faulding (cineol).

Eugenol. Burgess ; Chapman.

Euphorbium. Flueckiger.

Eupittonic Acid. Hoffmann (indicator).

Exalgin. Moers.

Examination Liquid. Henking (ova); Pictet.

Excrements in Oil and Water. Finkelberg.

Exposure Mounting. Cole.

Extract Belladonna. Dunstan-Ransom (alkaloids in) ; Stoeder.

Extract, Cannabis. Procter.

Extract Henbane. Stoeder.

Extracts, Fluid, Glycerin in. Linde.

Extraneous Organisms Among Typhoid Fever Bacilli. Parietti.

Fabrics, Textile. Lidoff; Liebermann; Mangin.

356 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

p a ts. Allen; Burchard; Holde; Valenta; Welmann. In BUT-
TBR: Erdelyi; Reichert-Meissl; Schoenvogel. In MILK:
Adams; Leffman-Beam ; Werner- Schmidt. In PETROLATUM:
Crouzel- Dupin .

Fatty Acids. David; Geitel.

Fatty Oils. Barbot; Behren; Boudart; Cailletet; Crace-Calvert ;
Glaessner; Jacobsen; Livache. In COPAIVA: Hager; Hirsch-
sohn; Muter. In MINERAL OILS: Lux.

Fecal Matter in Water. Griess.

Ferment Paper for Urea. Musculus.

Ferric-Chloride Stain. Fol; Hoggan.

Ferric Salts. Porret ; Vogel.

Ferruginous Nucleins. Just (iron).

Fiber. ANIMAL: Boettger; Frankenstein. COTTON: Boettger.
LINEN: Boettger. SILK: Peltier. TEXTILE* Persoz. VEG-
ETABLE: Frankenstein. WOOD (in paper): Friedlander;
Wolesky. WOOL: Lidoff; Peltier.

Fibrin Stain. Weigert.

Fixative. ALBUMIN: Fol; Mann; Mayer. GELATIN: Fol.
SHELLAC: Giesbrecht; Mayer.

Fixed Oils. Bieber; Calvert; Hager; Heidenreich; Massie;
Merz; Nickles; Poutet; Roth; Royere, de la-; Ruempler. In
COPAIVA: Gerber. In ESSENTIAL OILS: Rhien; Walz.

Fixing Liquid. Altmann; Bedot (pelagic animals); Blanc
(infusoria); Carter; Ehler (annilids); Eisig; Flemming; Foa;
Fol; Fraenkel; Friedlander; Gaule; Hayem (corpuscles);
Heidenhain; Klein; Kollmann; Kultschitzky ; Lang; Merkel;
Niessing; Perenyi; Podwyssotzki ; Rabl; Schenck; Zanker;
Zencker.

Flagella Staining. Bunge ; Crookshank ; Hessert ; Koch ; Loeffler ;
Lutesch; Nicholle-Morax ; Sclavo; Trenkmann; Van Ermen-
gem.

Flavescin. Lux (indicator).

Flax. Liebermann.

Flour. Carter-Bell (alum); Donny (leguminous flour); Himly
(mineral substances); Lassaigne; Steenbuch; Vogel (cheno-
podium seed; bran; corn-cockle; vetch; ergot; buckwheat);
Wynter-Blyth (alum);. In STARCH: Boettger.

Fluid Extracts. Linde (glycerin).

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 357

Fluorine. In BEER: Brand; Hefehnann-Mann. In WINE:

Niviere-Hubert.

Fluorescin-C love- Oil Stain. Kuehne.
Formaldehyde. Hehner; Lebbin; Pilhastry; Richmond- Bosely;

Rimini. In MILK: Hehner. MIXTURE: Gage; Durig; Her-
mann; Kopsch; Lavdowsky; Lee; Parker-Floyd. STAIN:

Ohlmacher.

Formalin Method. Gieson, Van-.
Formic Acid. Broccardi ; Lieben ; Ranvier.
Frangulin. Phipson .
Free Acids. Donath; Duflos; Herzberg; Mohr (mineral);

Rheoch (mineral); Smith. In ALUMINIUM SULPHATE: Hager.

In FIXED OILS: Ruempler.

Freezing Mass. Jacob; Kuehne (aniseed oil); Webb (dextrin).
Freezing Process. Cole; Rollett.
Fructose. Seliwanoff.
Fruit Jellies, Gelatin in. Henzold.
Fruit Juices, Fuchsine in. Puscher.
Fruit Syrups, Fuchsine in. Romei.
Fuchsine. Chancel; Valentin. In FRUIT JUICES: Puscher.

In FRUIT SYRUPS: Romei. In WINE: Geissler; Pasteur-

Wurz; Pradines.

Fuchsine Bacteria Stain. Kuehne.
Fuchsine-Methylene Blue. Baumgarten.
Fuchsine Solution. Frey.
Fuchsine Stain for Nerve Cells. Nissl.
Furfurol in Glacial Acetic Acid. Meyer.
Fusel Oil. Betelli; Vitali. In ALCOHOL: Savelle.
Gallic Acid. Dudley; Flueckiger; Gayard; Griggi; Guyard;

Hager; Oliver; Proctor; Watson. In TANNINS: Young.
Gas, Inflammable. Clowes.
Gas, Illuminating, in Water. Himly.
Gastric Juice (Hydrochloric Acid). Contejean; Ewald; Guenz-

burg.; Kost; Luttke; Maly; Miller, van-; Mohr; Rabuteau;

Riegel; Schuchardt; Siringo; Szabo; Toepfer; Van der Velden;

Velden; Winkler.

Gelatin. Carey Lea. In FRUIT JELLIES: Henzold.
Gelatin-Carmine Injection. Ranvier.
Gelatin Cement for Glycerin Mounts. Marsh.

358 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Gelatin Fixative. Fol.

Gelatin, Glycerin-. Kleb.

Gelatin Mass. Robins. BERLIN-BLUE: Fol; Hoyer. CARMINE:

Fol; Hoyer. IMBEDDING: Brunotti; Sollas. LEAD-CHRO-

MATE: Hoyer. SILVER-NITRATE: Hoyer.
Gelatin Process. Alleger; Gray.

Gentian- Violet Method. Bizzozero; Ehrlich; Flemming; Nissen.
Globulin. Kauder; Pohl. In URINE: Hammarsten; Paton;

Senator-Lehmann.
Glucose. Agostini; Almen; Almen-Ny lander; Baeyer; Barfoed;

Barreswil; Boettger; Braun; Bremer; Bretet; Bruecke;

Bruns-Bizzari; Caillian; Campani; Cappagnoli; Cassamajor;

Crismer; Dudley; Duyk; Fabre-Domergue; Focke; Franqui-

Van de Vyvere; Frommerherz ; Gerrard; Grismer; Hager;

Haine; Haines; Heinrich; Heller; Horsley; Huizinga; Jawor-

owski; Knapp; Krueger; Lagrange; Lehmann; Lindo; Loewe;

Loewenthal; Maschke; Mathieu-Plessy ; Maumene'; Mazzara;

Mohr; Moore; Moore-Heller; Mulder; Neumann- Wender;

Nylander; Oliver; Pasteur; Pavy; Peligot; Pellet; Pelouze;

Pollacci; Power; Pratesi; Purdy; Quirini; Reich; Riegler;

Roberts; Rosenbach; Ruber; Rubner; Sachsse; Sachsse-

Heinrich; SchifT; Schmidt; Schmiedeberg; Schreiter; Soldaini;

Tollens; Trommer; Violette; Vogel; Warren; Wayne; Wender;

Wender-Neumann; Whitney; Worm-Mueller; Zuelzer.
Glucose Medium. Brun.
Glucosides. Brunner; Formanek; Mecke; Melzer; Schlagden-

hauffen.
Glycerin. Barbsche; Boettger (sugar); Bougault (arsenic);

Deane; Deniges; Donath-Mayrhofer; Fol; Gruenhut; Hager;

Reichl; Ritsert ; Senier ; Siebold (arsenic) ; Udransky-Baumann.

In FLUID EXTRACTS: Linde. In URINE: Baumann; Luch-

singer.

Glycerin, Acidulated. Squire.
Glycerin and Gum. Faris; Shimer; Squire.
Glycerin Gelatin. Kleb.
Glycerin Hematoxylin. Renaut.
Glycerin Jelly. Beale; Brandt; Kaiser; Kleb; Lawrence;

Seaman; Squire.
Glycerin Mass. CARMINE: Beale. PRUSSIAN-BLUE: Beale.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 359

Glycerin Medium. Haentsch; Jaeger.

Glycerin Mixture. Calberla; Lee.

Glycerin Mountant, Alkaline. Kirkby.

Glycerin Mounts, Turpentine Cement for closing. Csokor

(Czoker).

Glycerin Preservative. Flemming.
Glychemalum. Mayer.
Glycocoll. Horsford.
Glyconuric Acid. Dial.
Glycotannoids. Kunz-Krause ; Liebermann.
Gold. Cohnheim; Darton; Kern. In SILVER NITRATE: Schut-

tleworth.

Gold and Sublimate Stain. Ziehen.
Gold and Iron Method. Upson.
Gold and Vanadium Method. Upson.
Gold Chloride. Branson.
Gold Method. Henocque; Kolossow; Lowit; Manfredi; Mitro-

phanow; Nesteroffsky; Upson; Viallanes.
Golds Stain. Bastian; Hoyer; Underwood.
Gonococcus Stain. Neisser; Pick; Schiitz; Steinschneider-

Galewski.

Green Injection Mass. Thiersch.
Guaiac Resin. Hirschsohn (rosin).
Guaiacol. Adrian; Fonzes-Diacon; Vreven.
Guanidine Salts. Schulze.
Guanine. Capranika.
Gum and Glycerin. Squire. JELLY: Shimer. MEDIUM: Lang-

erhan.
Gurjun Balsam. Flueckiger; Hirschsohn. In COPAIVA: Enell;

Hager; Hirschsohn. In URINE: Nobel.
Halogens. Beilstein .
Hardening Fluids. Bete; Blum; Bunger; Carnoy; Erlicki;

Flemming; Gilson; Goette; Johnson; Mueller; Perenyi; Prit-

chard; Souza, de-,

Hardening Methods. Lewis (brain) ; Whitman.
Hemacalcium. Maver.
Hemalum, Acid. Mayer.
Hemapheinic Urine. Munk.

360 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Hematein. CARMINE-!NDIGO : Mayer. SOLUTION : Hansen.
STAIN: Rawit.

Hematophyrin. Salkowsky.

Hematoxylin. Boehmer; Cole; Delafield; Hamilton; Heiden-
hain; Kleinenberg; Maschke; Weigert. ACID: Butschli; Ehr-
lich. AMMONIATED: Ehrlich. BERLIN-BLUE REGENERATION:
Weigert. METHOD: Pal. STAIN: Apathy Foa; Grenacher;
Pal; Squire; Unna; Wolter (nerve).

Hematoxylin-Copper. Benda.

Hematoxylin-Eosine. Cole ; Everard-Demoor-Massart ; Hick-
son ; List ; Massart ; Renaut.

Hematoxylin- Glycerin. Renaut.

Hematoxylin- Iron. Benda; Butchli; Heidenhain.

Hemin Crystals. SOLUTION FOR PREPARING: Melasse.

Hemoglobin. Heller; Kobert. In URINE: Mahomed; Steven-
son.

Heroin. Goldmann; Kobert.

Hemin Crystals (preparing). Malassez.

Heroin, Kobert .

Hetero-Albumose in Urine. Tyson.

He teroxanthin. Salomon .

Hippuric Acid. Luecke; Phipson.

Horse Meat. Braeutigam-Edelmann.

Hydriodic Acid in Urine. Scivoletto.

Hydrobromic Acid. Villiers-Fayolle.

Hydrocarbons. Fritsche.

Hydrochloric Acid. Boas; Leewenthal-Lenssen; Loewenthal;
Oster (arsenic); Reale; Villiers-Fayolle; Ziegler. In GASTRIC
JUICE: Contejean; Ewald; Guenzburg; Kost; Luttke; Maly;
Miller, von-; Mohr; Rabuteau; Riegel; Schuchardt; Siringo;
Szabo; Toepfer; Uffelmann; Van der Velden; Velden; Winkler.

Hydrochloric-Acid Carmine. Grenacher.

Hydrocyanic Acid. Alm6n; Barry; Barfoed; Carey Lea;
Deniges; Froehde; Hlaziwetz; Ottner; Lassaigne; Liebig;
Pagenstecher; Payer; Schoenbein; Schoenbein-Pagenstecher ;
Vortmann. In AMYL NITRITE: Hager.

Hydrogen Dioxide. Bach; Barralet; Boettger; Deniges; Kass-
ner; Schoenbein; Schoenn; Struve; Traub; Weltzien; Wurster.

Hydrogen Phosphide. Scherer.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 361

Hydrogen Sulphide. Fischer; Ganassini; Merget. In URINE:

Mueller.

Hydrolysis of Butter Fat. Rideal.

Hydroquinone. Baumann-Preusse. In URINE: Neubauer.
Hyoscyamine. Gerrard.
Hypochlorous Acid. Kolter.
Hypodermoclysis, Solution for. Hayem.
Hyposulphites. Alvarez- Jean ; Carey Lea; Haugk.
Hypoxan thine. Kossel.
Illuminating Gas. Merget; Wartha (sulphur). In WATER:

Himly.
Imbedding. MASS : Brunotti ; Fischer ; Kadyi ; Poelzam ;

Strieker; Viallanes. METHOD: Butchli; Duval; Ehrenbaum;

Gilson; Ide; Joliet; Kultschitzky ; Lee; Ryder. SOLUTION:

Tapping.
Impregnation Method. Altmann. METHYLENE-BLUE : DogieU

PRUSSIAN-BLUE : Leber. SILVER : Tartuferi.
Impregnation Mixture, Mercuric. Cox.
Indican. In PLANTS: Molisch. In URINE: Carter; Hammar-

sten. Heller; Jaffe; Klett; Loubian; MacMunn; Obermayer;

Weber; Weil-Gilbert.
Indicators. Autenrieth; Boettger; Bolton; Borntraeger; Cris-

mer; Dechan; Degener; Engel-Ville; Fischer-Phillip; Fittig;

Formanek; Frebault; Henry, de-; Gawalowski; Hoffmann;

Kruger; Lachaux; Lehmann-Petri; Luck; Lunge; Lux;

Marsh; Maschke; Miller; Oser-Kalmann; Pellagri; Richter;

Riegel; Riegler; Schaal; Schlickum; Simon; Spiegel; Stevenin;

Storch; Von Duyck; Von Miiller; Weiske; Weselsky; Wolff;

Zaloziecki.

Indigo-Carmine with Indigo or Hematein. Mayer.
Indigo-Carmine and Aniline Blue. Maschold.
Indigo-Carmine, Oxalic-Acid. Thiersch.
Indigo-Red in Urine. Rosenbach.
Indol. Bayer; Guezda; Nencki; Salkowski. In BACTERIAL

CULTURES: Kitasato-Salkowski.
Indulin Stain. Calberla.
Inflammable Gas. Clowes.
Infusoria. FIXING: Blanc. METHOD: Entz. QUIETING: Eis-

mond.

362 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Injection Fluid. CARMINE: Emery. RED: Bruecke.

Injection Mass. ACACIA: Bjeloussow. ASPHALT: Budge.
BERLIN-BLUE: Bruecke; Mayer; Mueller. CARMINE: Joseph;
Thiersch; Ville. GREEN: Thiersch. IODINE: Lugol. LEAD-
CHROMATE: Thiersch. PRUSSIAN-BLUE: Thiersch. SHELLAC:
Hoyer.

Ink Injection. Taguchi.

Inorganic Acids. Geoghan.

Inosite. Scherer; Seidel. In URINE: Gallois.

Invert Stain. Rawitz.

lodates. Corne. In IODIDES: Pollacci; Schering.

lodic Acid. Biltz; Reichardt. In NITRIC ACID: Hager; Hilger.

Iodides. Hempel; Jones; Pollacci (iodates); Schering (iodates).
In SALIVA: Bourget. In URINE: Bourget.

Iodine. Alfraise ; Carey Lea ; Castle ; Chatin Gaultier de Claubry ;
Filhol; Grange; Henry; Henry- Humbert; Jacquemin; Koetts-
torfer; Laronde; Lassaigne; Maier; Marchand; Overbeck;
Peloggio; Price; Rabourdin; Reynoso; Stanford; Tessier;
Thomson; Tilden; Vitali; Wachhausen; Winkler. In BRO-
MINE: Jorissen. In COMPOUNDS: Thorns. In URINE: Har-
nack; Jolles; Sandlund; Seivolete.

Iodine Fixing. Overton.

Iodine Number. Huebl.

Iodine-Potassium Iodide. Kuehne.

Iodine Solution. Gram; Huebl- Waller; Wagner-Fresenius.

Iodine Test-paper. Sabrazes-Deniges.

Iodized Serum. Frey; Ranvier; Schultze.

lodofonn. Deniges; Greshoff; Guyot; Lustgarten.

Iron. Andreasch; Bellamy; Deniges; Fairbank (phosphorus);
Fuge; Lasaulx; Wildenstein. In COPPER SULPHATE: Griggi.
In FERRUGINOUS NUCLEINS and NUCLEO-ALBUMINS: Just.
In TISSUES: Tizzoni.

Iron Carmine. Zacharias.

Iron Citrate. Griggi.

Iron-Hematoxylin. Benda; Butschli; Heidenhain.

Iron Isopyrotritarate. Simon.

Iron Method. Upson.

Iron-Persulphate Solution. Monsel.

Iron-Pyrogallate Stain. Roosevelt.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 363

Isatropyl Cocaine. MacLagan.

Iso-Eugenol. Chapman.

Iso-Saffrol. Chapman.

Jalap. Buchner.

Kairin in Urine. Petri; Renzone.

Kermes Coloring in Wine. Heise; Hilger-Mai.

" Kernschwarz " Stain. Lee.

Ketones. Bela-von Bitto; Fischer; Villiers-Fayolle.

Ketoses. Sieben.

Kinovic Acid. Winkler.

Kousso Flowers. Kiihl.

Lactic Acid. Boas; Uffelmann.

Lactose. Rosenbach.

Lanolin. Liebermann .

Lard Oil, Cottonseed in. Conroy; Gantter.

Lead. Blyth; Bobierre; Fordos. In TINFOIL: Kopp. In

URINE: Abram; Hahnemann.
Lead Chroma te. GELATIN MASS: Hoyer. INJECTION MASS:

Thiersch.

Lead Ore. Krutwig (silver).
Leguminous Flour in Wheat Flour. Donny.
Lemon- Juice Method. Ranvier.
Lemon Oil. Schimmel.
Leprosy Bacillus Stain. Bates; Baumgarten; Luebimoff; Lust-

garten; Lutz-Unna; Unna.

Leucine. Hofmeister; Scherer. In URINE: Frerich.
Levulose. Ihl-Pechmann ; Seliwanoff .
Lignin. Hegler; Hoehnel, von-; Maule; Niggl; Wiesner.
Lilac Borax Carmine. Thiersch.
Lemon Juice. Warington (citric acid).
Lime Juice. Warington (citric acid).
Limonene. Burgess .
Linalol. Burgess.
Linalyl Acetate, Burgess.
Linen Fibers. Boettger.
Linseed Oil. Morrell. In OLIVE OIL: Millian.
Lithium Carbonate. Symons (sodium).
Lithium Carmine. Orth.
Lubricants from Petroleum, Tarry Constituents of. Holde.

364 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Lubricating Oils, Soap in. Schweitzer.

Mace, Bombay. Boehm; Busse; Hefelmann; Waage.

Maceration Media. Bela-Haller; Borme; .Calberla; Hertwig;

Kuehne; Landois; Lavdowsky; Loeffler; Mobin; Schultze;

Soulier; Trenkmann.

Maceration Method. Minot; Mitrophanow.
Magenta Stain. Gibbes.
Magnesia. Schaffgott.
Magnesia Mixture. Gilbert.
Magnesium. Deniges.

Magnesium Salts. Lepel; Schlagdenhauffen.
Malic Acid. Papasogli-Poli.
Manganese. Boettger; Campani; Davy; Deniges. In ZINC:

Gayard; Guyard.

Manganese-Chloride Solution. Picte t .
Margarin. Partheil. In BUTTER: Drouot; Soxhlet.
Martius Yellow. In PASTRY: Schaefer. In URINE: Vitali.
" Mastzellen." Ehrlich.

M?dia. CULTURE: Pasteur. DISSOCIATION: Stirling. MACER-
ATION: Lavdowsky; Loeffler; Mobin. MOUNTING: Apathy;

Brady; Brun; Deane; Fabre-Domergue; Farrant; Gannal;

Geoffroy ; Haentsch ; Heurck, van- ; Hoyer ; Jaeger ; Langerhan ;

Lavdowsky ; Lee ; Noll ; Ripart ; Schultze ; Squire ; Stephenson ;

Suchannek; Vosseler. NUTRIENT: Sachs. PRESERVATIVE:

Barff. TYPHOID BACILLI: Stoddart.
Melanin. Pollak. In URINE: Eiselt; Jaksch, von-; Thormaeh-

len; Zcller.

Menthol. Eykmann (thymol). In OIL PEPPERMINT : Schimmel.
Mercuric Impregnation Mixture. Cox.
Mercuro Nitric Mixture. Gilson.
Mercury. Eschka ; Fuerbringer ; Gmelin-Smithson ; Merget ;

Morgan; Teubner. In ATMOSPHERE: Gaglio. In URINE:

Jolles; Ludwig.
Mesityl-quinone. Fittig.
Metalbumin. Hammarsten.
Metagelatin Vehicle. Fol.
Metallic Salts. Schmid.
Metals. Cazeneuve; Deniges.
Meta-Vanadates. Werther.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 3 6 5

Methacetin. Moers.

Methane. Merget .

Methyl Alcohol. Cazeneuve-Cotton ; Jacquemart ; Mulliken-
Scudder. In ALCOHOL: Langbeck; Rice-Bardy.

Methyl-Green Eosine Stain. Calberla; List.

Methyl Mixture. Schiefferdecker.

Methyl Orange. Lunge; Miller.

Methyl Salicylates, natural and artificial. Adrian.

Methyl- Violet Solution. Koch; Kuehne.

Methyl-Violet Stain. Orth.

Methylene Blue. METHOD: Apathy; Bethe; Dogiel; Kuehne;
Nissl; Rouget. SOLUTION: Koch; Kuehne; Loeffler. STAIN:
Dogiel; Koch; Parker.

Methylene-Blue Eosine Stain. Chenzinsky; Pianese.

Methylene-Blue Borax. Sahli.

Michrochemical Reagent. Lutz.

Micro-Preservative Solution. Keiser.

Micro-Sections. HARDENING FLUID for: Bunger. STAINS for:
Genfer; Gram-Gunther ; Hanstein.

Microscopical Examination of Blood. Hayem.

Migranin. Strobel.

Milk. Adams (fat); Carcano (boiled and unboiled); Hehner
(formaldehyde); Hosaeus (borax; sodium bicarbonate); Leff-
mann-Beam (fat); Lythgoe (aniline orange); Medicus (sali-
cylic acid); Schaeffer (boiled and unboiled); Vaudin; Werner-
Schmidt (fat).

Milk Sugar. Conrady; Rubner.

Mineral Acids. Bergman; Flueckiger; Hager; Huber; Hume;
Kieffer; Mohr; Rheoch; Spence-Esilmann. In ORGANIC ACIDS:
Nickel. In VINEGAR: Ashby; Chiappe; Griggi; Hehner;
Jorissen; Mallet; Strohl; Wharton; Witz.

Mineral Oils. Lux; Wiederhold.

Mineral Substances in Flour. Himly.

Mineral Waters, Organic Matter in. Garrigou.

Minerals. Klein; Thoulet.

Moisture. Merget.

Molybdenum. Maschke.

Molybdic Acid. Braun; Kobell; Schoenn; Siewert.

Monatomic Alcohols. Bitto.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Morphine. Fairthorne; Grove; Horsley; Husemann; Jassoy;

Jorissen; Kalkbrenner; Kieffer; Robert; Kotzebue; Lamal;

Lefort; Lindo; Loof; Marquis; Mecke; Melzer; Nadler; Otto;

Robin; Robinet; Robiquet; Schneider; Selmi; Serullas;

Siebold; Tattersall; Thomas; Vitali; Wangerin; Wellcome;.

Wender; Weppen; Woolsey. In QUININE SULPHATE: Hesse.

In URINE: Landsberg-Wislicenus.
Motor Activity of Stomach. Siewer.
Mounting Medium. Apathy; Beale; Gannal; Geoff roy; Heurck,

van-; Hoyer; Ripart; Schultze; Stephenson; Suchannek;

Weigert.

Mounting Process, Gelatin. Alleger.
Mounting, Slow or Exposure. Cole.
Mucicarmine for Staining Mucus. Mayer.
Mucihematein for Staining Mucus. Mayer.
Mucilage, Quince. Born-Wieger.
Mucin in Urine. Salkowsky-Leubes.
Musk. Berzelius.
Mustard, Turmeric in. Wilder.
Mustard Oil, Carbon Disulphide in. Luck.
Myrrh. Bonastre; Righini. BISABOL and HERABOL: Tucholka*
Naphtalin. Edlefsen; Penzoldt; Thorns.
Naphtol. ALPHA: Aymonier; Leger. BETA: Leger.
Naphtols. Flueckiger ; Lustgarten ; Richardson ; Thorns ;

Wolf.

Naphtol Yellow. In PASTRY: Schaefer. In URINE: Vitali.
Narceine. Arnold ; Dragendorff ; Mecke ; Melzer ; Stein ;

Vogel.

Narcotine. Couerbe; Elias; Mecke; Melzer; Robin.
Narcotization. METHOD: Foettinger; Fol; Korotnoff; Reden-

baugh; Tullberg; Verworn. SOLUTION: Bianco; Hofer.
Nataloin. Histed.
Natural Injections. Zellner.
Nerve-Centre Stain. Adamkiewicz.
Nerve Stain. Alt; Henle; Kaiser; Kultschitzky; Lewis, Bevan-;

Magini; Mann; Nissl; Rehm; Sahli; Sankey; Schmans; Voa

Mafchi; Wolter.
Neuroglia Stain. Weigert.
Neurological Method. Bellonci; Kallins.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Nickel. Braun; Deniges; Papasogli.

Nicotine. Heut; Mecke; Melzer; Palm; Schindelmeiser;,
Wender.

Nitrates. Allesandri-Guaceni ; Deniges; Grimaux; Jean- Alvarez;.
Lindo; Spiegel. In WATER: Cazeneuve-Defournel.

Nitric Acid. Allesandri-Guaceni; Altman; Austen- Chamber-
lain; Bailey; Boettger; Bolas; Boussingalt; Broun; Desbassin;
Hager (iodic acid); Hilger (iodic acid); Horsley; Kammerer;
Kersting; Kopp; Lindo; Longi; Lunge-Lwoff; Martin; Nichol-
son; Piccini; Reichardt; Richmond; Schmidt; Sprengel;.
Stein; Tassini-Piazza ; Uffelmann; Vogel. In URINE: Schoen-
bein; Schulze; Weyl.

Nitrites. Bujwid; Deniges; Deventer; Fresenius; Greenwalt;,
Lindo; Pichard; Riegler; Sabatier; Schaefer.

Nitrobenzene. Bechampo ; Bourgoin ; Brunner ; Debrunner ;
Dragendorff; Jacquemin; Morpurgo. In ESSENTIAL OIL.
ALMOND: Hager; Henninger; Maisch; Pegna.

Nitro-Glycerin. Mohr ; Werber.

Nitrogen. Donath; Kjeldahl; Knop. In URINE: Allen.

Nitrogenous Compounds, Organic. Lassaigne.

Nitrophenol. Langbeck.

Nitroso Compounds. Liebermann.

Nitrous Acid. Boettger; Chatard; Frankland; Fresenius;.
Griess; Griess-Ilosvay; Hager; Jorrisen; Kammerer; Kopp;
Lunge-Lwoff; Meldola; Plugge; Rideal-Green ; Schoenbein;
Schuyten; Trommsdorff; Wilson. In BLOOD: Bertoni-Ray-
mondi. In URINE: Schoenbein. In WATER: Maschke.

Nitrous Ether, Water in. Lloyd.

Nucleo Albumins. Just (iron). In URINE: Reissner.

Nutrient Medium. Sachs.

Nux Vomica. Schlienkamp. ASSAY: Dunstan-Short.

Oil, Almond, Expressed. Bieber.

Oil, Almond, Essential, Nitrobenzene in. Hager; Henninger;
Maisch; Pegna.

Oil Anise. FREEZING MASS: Kuehne. IMBEDDING PROCESS r
Moore.

Oil Bergamot, Oil Turpentine in. Gulli.

Oil Cacao. Filsinger.

Oil Cajuput, Cineol in. Faulding.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Oil Cassia. Hirschsohn.

Oil Castor. Bollet; Draper; Finkener; Di Vetere. In COPAIVA:
Hager; Maupy. In CROTON OIL: Maupy. In OLIVE OIL:
Leonard!.

Oil Cedarwood. In SPEARMINT OIL: Kremers-Schreiner.

Oil Clove, Phenol in. Flueckiger.

Oil Copaiva. In URINE: Nobel.

Oil, Coriander. Schimmel.

Oil Cottonseed. Bechi; Deiss; Halphen; Hirschsohn; Labiche;
Millian ; Ruggieri-Tortelli ; Wolfbauer. In LARD : Conroy ;
Gantter. In OLIVE OIL: Brulle; Hauchecorne; Heydenreich.

Oil Croton. Maisch; Maupy (castor oil). In TINCTURE IODINE:
Durien.

Oil Eucalyptus, Cineol in. Faulding.

Oil, Fusel. Betelli; Vitali.

Oil Gurjun. Flueckiger. In COPAIVA: Enell.

Oil Lemon. Schimmel.

Oil Linseed. Morrell.

Oil Olive. Boudet; Bradford; Brulle (foreign oils); Buch-
heister; Codina-Laenglin ; Conroy; Diesel; Hauchecorne (cot-
tonseed oil); Kopp; Laillier; Leonardi (castor oil); Lipowitz;
Marchand; Merz; Schneider (cruciferous oils); Wimmer;
Zechini.

Oil, Peach Kernel. Bieber.

Oil Peanut. Renard; Souchere.

Oil Peppermint. Arzberger; Flueckiger; Jehn; Schack; Schim-
mel.

Oil Rose. Ganswindt; Guibourt.

Oil Rose-Geranium. Jaillard.

Oil Rosin. Storch-Morawski. In OIL MIXTURES: Storch.

Oil, Sandal. Hendrix.

Oil, Sesame. Basoletto; Baudowin; Breinl; Bremer; Camoin;
Carlinfanti; Fabris- Villa vecchia ; Flueckiger-Behren ; Gassend;
Lewin; Soltsiens; Tambon; Tocher.

Oil Spearmint. Schreiner-Kremers.

Oil Turpentine. Vogel. In OIL BERGAMOT: Gulli.

Oil Valerian. Flueckiger.

Oil Mixtures, Rosin Oil in. Storch.

Oiled Wheat. Himly.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 369

Oils. Cailletet (copper); Huebl; Jean; MaumenS; Penot;

Schoenvogel; Schramm; Wemince. CRUCIFEROUS: Grehant;

Miahle. ESSENTIAL: Barbier (alcohol); Crismer (turpentine);

Dragendorff (alcohol); Elram; Flueckiger; Forney (alcohol);

Hager (alcohol; chloroform); Hoppe; Leonard! (alcohol);

Leuch (Water); McClellan-Forney (alcohol; turpentine);

Maier (turpentine); Maisch; Oberdoerffer (alcohol); Perrot;

Puscher (alcohol); Redwood (alcohol); Stuart (alcohol):

Sulzer (alcohol); Tuchen; Walz (fixed oils). FATTY: Barbot;

Behrens; Bieber; Bourdat; Cailletet; Calvert; Crace-Calvert ;

Glaessner; Hager; Heidenreich; Jacobsen; Livache; Massie;

Merz; Nickles; Poutet; Roth; Royere, de la-. MINERAL:

Wiederhold. ROSIN: Wiederhold. In COPAIVA: Gerber; Ha-
ger; Hirschsohn; Muter; Lux.
Olive Oil. Boudet; Bradford; Brulle (foreign oils); Buch-

heister; Codina-Laenglin ; Conroy; Di Vetere (castor oil);

Diessel; Hauchecorne (cottonseed oil); Heydenreich (cotton-
seed oil); Kopp; Laillier; Leonardi (castor oil); Lipowitz;

Marchand; Merz; Millian (linseed oil); Schneider (foreign oils);

Wimmer; Zechini.
One-Third Alcohol. Ranvier.
Opium. Brissemoret (alkaloids of);Everitt; Merck; O'Shaugh-

nessy; Southey.
Orange Method. Flemming.
Orcein Stain. Israel.
Orchella Stain. Wedl.
Organic Acids. Geogehan; Nickel (mineral acids); Pinerna.

In PHENOL: Bachmeier.
Organic Matter. Lassaigne. In WATER: Dupasquier; Garrigou;

Marchand.

Orseille Stain. Wedl.
Osmic Acid. METHOD: Azoulay; Bristol; Mann; Overton;

Ranvier- Vignal. STAINS: Kolossow; Lee; Mahrenthal, von-;

Pal-Exner. *

Ova, Examination Liquid for. Henking.
Oxalic Acid. Salkowsky. SOLUTION: Boccardi. In URINE:

Reoch.

Oxalic-Acid Carmine. Thiersch.
Oxalic-Acid Indigo-Carmine. Thiersch.

370 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Oxygen Process. Tidy.

Ozone. Boettger; Chlopin; Houzeau (test paper); Merget;

Schoenbein (test paper); Wurster ("tetra" paper).
Palladium-Iodide Stain. Paladino.

Papaverine. Anderson; Mecke; Melzer; Tattersall; Wender.
Paper. Dahlmann ; Friedlander (wood fibre) ; Geissler (albumin

test-); Griess (test-); Herzberg; Houzeau (ozone test-);

Wolesky (wood fibre).
Paracarmine. Mayer.

Para-Amidophenetol in Phenacetin. Reuter.
Para-cresol. Jaksch, Von-.
Paraffin. Spee, Graf. MASS: Van Walsem. In WAX: Est-

court-Parry; Landott.
Paranitrophenol. Spiegel.
Paraoxyphenylacetic Acid. Millon.
Paratoliudine. Lauth ; Rosenstiehl.
Paraxanthin . Salomon .
Peanut Oil. Renard; Souchere.
Peach-Kernel Oil. Bieber.
Peas, Preserved, Copper in. Nikitin.
Pentose. Bial; Tollens.
Pelagic Animals, fixing delicate. Bedot.
Peppermint Oil. Arzberger; Flueckiger; Jehn; Schack.
Pepsin. Langley.
Pepsinogen. Langley.
Peptones. Bogomolow-Wassilieff ; Devoto ; Gorup-Besanez ;

Hofmeister; Riegler. In URINE: Jaworowski; Martin; Posner;

Ralfe; Randolph; Salkowsky.
Permanganate Method. Henneguy.
Permanganate Solutions, Standardizing. Stolba.
Peronin. Robert.
Peroxides. Dudderidge.
Peru Balsam. Gawalowski (alcohol); Gehe; Hager (benzoin);

Hirschsohn.

Petrolatum, Animal and Vegetable Fats in. Crouzel-Dupin.
Petroleum. Bird; Holde.
Phenacetin. Autenrieth-Hinsberg; Gigli; Hirschsohn (acetani-

lid); Moers; Reuter (para-amidophenetol) ; Ritsert; Schroeder

(acetanilid) ; Strobel.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 37 1

Phenacetolin. Degener; Lunge.
Phenetidin in Urine. Edlefsen.
Phenol. Allen; Alm6n; Bachmeier (organic acids); Berthelot;

Clarke; Cotton; Davy; Deville; Eykmann; Fiora; Flueckiger;

Frisch; Fresenius; Hirsch; Hoffmann; Hoppe-Seyler; Jacque-

min; Klunge; Landolt; Lex; Liebermann; Lindo; Maseau;

Mene; Millon; Morson; Neubauer; Penzoldt-Fischer; Plugge;

Pollacci; Salkowsky. In URINE: Dragendorff.
Phenols. Candussio; Chapman; Defacqz; Hoffmann; Lowe;

Orlow; Thorns.
Phenolphtalein. Luck.

Phloroglucin. Thorns; Weselsky. MIXTURE: Ferreri.
Phosphoric Acid. Bunsen; Fourcroy; Gilbert; Merz; Pagel;

Ross; Selmi; Svanberg.
Phosphorus. Fresenius-Neubauer ; Hager ; Mitscherlich ; Mu-

kerji; Scherer; Schiff; Schoenn; Woehler. In IRON: Fairbank.

In ORGANIC MATTER: Lipowitz. In PHOSPHORIC ACID:

Pagel. In TISSUES: Bastelaer; Dusart-Blondlot.
Phosphorus Hydride. Hager.
Phosphotungstic Acid for Alkaloids. Schering.
Phyllocyanin. Pellagri.
Physostigmine. Mecke; Petti.
Picric Acid. Brunner; Pohl. In BEER: Rupeau.
Picric Alcohol. Gage.
Picro-Carmine. Ranvier; Squire; Vignal-Ranvier; Weigert.

METHOD: Cole.

Picro-Chromic Acid. METHOD: Fol. SOLUTION: Haensel.
Picro-Hjdrochloric Acid. Mayer.
Picro-Nigrosin Stain. Freeborn; Martinotti.
Picro-Nitric Acid. Mayer.
Picro-Osmic Acid. Vom Rath.
Picro-tlatinic Mixture. Vom Rath.
Picro-Platinic-Osmic Mixture. Vom Rath.
Picro-Sublimate Mixture. Rabl; Vom Rath.
Picro-Sublimate-Osmic Mixture. Vom Rath.
Picro-Sulphuric Acid. Kleinenberg; Mayer.
Picro-tannin Mixtures. Mann.
Picrotoxin. Becker; Duflos; Mecke; Melzer; Minovici; Oglialoro;

Otto; Palm.

372 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Pigments, Biliary. Barral; Hartley; Basham; Bruecke; Casali;
Capranika; Dumontpallier; Dumontpallier-Trousseau; Dra-
gendorff; Deubner; Fleischl; Gerard; Gerhardt; Heller; Hilger;
Hoppe-Seyler; Huppert; Jolles; Krehbiel; Lewin; Marchal;
Neukomm; Noel; Paul; Penzoldt; Riegler; Rosenbach; Rosin;
Schwanda; Smith; Triollet; Tiedemann-Gmelin ; Ultzmann;
Vitali; Yvon.

Pigments, Wine. Nessler.

Pilocarpine. Helch; Lenz; Nagelvoort.

Plasma Cells, Staining Method for. Bergonzini.

Platino-Aceto-Osmic Mixture. Hermann.

Platino-Sublimate Mixture. Rabl.

Platinum. Fischer. FIXING SOLUTION : Rabl. HARDENING
MIXTURE: Johnson.

Platinum Chloride. Merkel.

Podophyllum -Resin. Millard.

Polka-Paper. Schott .

Pomegranate-Root Bark. Kuhl.

Potash Preparations, Preservative for. Gage.

Potassa Solution. Moleschott.

Potassio-Ferric Tartrate. Griggi.

Potassio-Mercuric Iodide Solution. Masin; Mayer.

Potassium. Erdmann; Konick, de-; Woerner. ACETATE (so-
lution): Squire. BICHROMATE: Donath. CHROMATE: Do-
nath; Ludwig. CYANATE: Schneider. IODIDE: Lepage.
PERMANGANATE (solution): Mohr. PICRAMATE: Frebault.
PLATINIC-CHLORIDE (reagent): Schwarzenbach-Delff. SALTS:
Campani; Curtman; Mohr; Stolba. In URINE: Heintz;
Salkowsky.

Precipitates, Soluble. Borodin.

Preservative Fluid. Barff; Flemming; Gage; Gilson; Glage;
Goadby (or Godbay); Harting; Keiser; Pacini; Pick; Ripart-
Pettit; Thwaite; Wickersheimer.

Primary Amines. Hoffmann.

Proteids. Bruecke; Mandel; Michailow; Petri; Piotrowski;
Rideal-Stewart.

Protein. Ritthausen ; Sonnenschein,

Proximate Principles. Johannson.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 373

Prussian-Blue. GLYCERIN MASS: Beale; Robins. INJECTION:

Leber; Ranvier; Thiersch.
Ptomaines. Brouardel-Boutmy ; Trotarelli.
Pus. Day. In URINE: Donne.
Pyridine. Anderson. For HARDENING: Souza, de-.
Pyrocatechin. Brieger; Mueller-Ebstein. In URINE: Mueller-

Ebstein; Neubauer.
Pyrogallol. Griggi; Mathieu-Plessy; Watson. Stain: Lee; Mah-

renthal, von-.

Pyroligneous Matter in Acetic Acid. Lightfoot.
Pyrophosphoric Acid in Urine. Joly-Pacquelin.
Quinamine. Oudemans.
Quince Mucilage. Born-Wieger.
Quinidine. Hesse; Hirschsohn.
Quinine. Andre; Blaise; Creuse (salicin); DeVrij; Flueckiger;

Glenard; Hager; Heyninger, van-; Hesse (allied alkaloids);

Kerner; Kletzinski; Kubli; Leers; Leube; Liebig; Maisch;

Mecke; Pelletier; Robin; Schwabe; Vogel; Vrij, de-; Wender;

Zeller. In URINE: Binz; Kerner; Vitali. SULPHATE: Hesse

(morphine); Paul (cinchonidine) ; Schaefer.
Quinoline. Anderson.

Raspberry Syrup, Cherry Syrup in. Windisch.
Reagent. Faktor; White.
Red Injection Fluid. Bruecke.
Red Wine, Coloring Matters of. Boettger.
Reduced Iron. Fuge.
Reducing Solution. Pritchard.
Regenerating Osmic-Acid Solutions. Bristol.
Regenerating Weigert's Hematoxylin. Berlinerblau.
Rennet, Zymogen of. Klemperer.
Resazurin. Crismer.

Resin in Wax. Donath ; Donath-Schmidt ; Estcourt-Parry.
Resin. Elram; Hehn; Unverdorben-Franchimont; Storch-Mo-

rawski. In WAX: Schmidt- Donath. PODOPHYLLUM: Millard.

See also ROSIN.

Resorcin. Bodde; Ferraro; Thorns.
Rhubarb. Maisch (turmeric); Opwyrda (turmeric); Wilder

(turmeric). In URINE: Proksch.
Rose Oil. Ganswindt ; Guibourt.

374 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Rose-Geranium Oil. Jaillard.

Rosin. In BALSAM TOLU: Hirschsohn. In GUAIAC RESIN:

Hirschsohn.
Rosin Oil. Storch-Morawski; Wiederhold. In OIL MIXTURES:

Storch.

Rotifiers. Rousselet.
Rubidium. Erdmann.
Rum, Genuine. Wiederholt.
Rye-Flour, Ergot in. Boettger.
Rye Flour. Wittmack.
Sabadilline. Wender.
Saccharin. Boernstein; Bornstein; Hairs; Kayser; Leys; Linde-

mann-Motten; Lindo; Remsen; Schmidt; Spica.
Saffrol. Chapman.

Safranine. Boettger; Martinotti-Resegotti. SOLUTION: Bates;
Flemming. STAIN: Babes; Foa ; Pfitzner ; Podwysotzki ; Rese-
gotti-Martinotti; Szobolew; Zwaardemaker.
Salicin. Robin. In QUININE: Creuse.

Salicylic Acid. Almen; Hager; Jorissen; Lindemann-Motten ;
Millon; Phipson; Ridenour; Schulze; Thorns. In MILK:
Medicus. In URINE: Robinet; Siebold-Bradbury. In WINE:
Spicea.

Salicylic Vinegar. Meyer.
Salicylic Vinegar and Gum Medium. Noll.
Salipyrine. Strobel .
Saliva, Iodides in. Bourget.
Salol. Strobel.

Salophen. Goldmann; Reutmann.
Salt Solution. Carnoy.
Sandal Oil. Hendrix.
Sandarac Medium. Lavdowsky.
Sanguinarine. Orlow-Horst.
Santonica. Astolfi.
Santonin. Ferraro; Hager; Lindo; Pain; Schermer; Smith. In

URINE: Crouzel; Hoppe-Seyler.
Sausage, Decomposed. Eber.
Scammony. Buchner.
Scheele's-Green Coloring Mass. Robins.
Serial Sections. Poli; Rabl; Schaellibaum.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 375

Serum. ARTIFICIAL: Kronecker; Frey (iodized). CHOLERA

REACTION: Pfeiffer. IODIZED: Ranvier.
Serum Paper. Richardson.
Sesame Oil. Basoletto; Baudouin; Bremer; Breinl; Camoin;

Carlinfanti; Fabris-Villavecchia ; Flueckiger-Behren; Gassend;

Lewin; Soltsiens; Tambon. In OTHER OILS: Tocher.
Sesquiterpenes. Wallach.
Shellac Fixative. Giesbrecht; Mayer.
Shellac Injection Mass. Hoyer.
Shellac Method for Hard, Chitinous Objects. Hyatt.
Shikimi Fruit in Star Anise. Lenz.
Silicic Acid. Barfoed.

Silk. Hoehnel, Von-; Jacquemin; Lidof; Liebermann; Peltier.
Silver. In LEAD ORE: Krutwig. STAIN: Alferow; Hoyer;

Mueller; Jakimovitch; Oppitz; Renaut; Robinski; Rouget;

Sattler; Tartuferi; Tourneux-Hermann.
Silver Bromide, Chloride, and Iodide. Volhard.
Silver Nitrate. GELATIN MASS: Hoyer. INJECTION: Ranvier.

SOLUTION: Wanklyn.
Skatol. Ciamician-Magnanini.

Slide Cleaning Solution. Fol; Hanaman; James; Knauer; Nias.
Smegma Bacillus Stain. Housell.
Soap. IMBEDDING MASS: Fischer. SOLUTION: Clark; Wanklyn.

In LUBRICATING OILS: Schweitzer.
Soda Preparations, Preservative for. Gage.
Soda Solution. Moleschott.
Sodium Bicarbonate in Milk. Hosaeus.
Sodium Carbonate. Biltz.

Sodium Chloride and Alcohol. Moleschott-Piso-Borme.
Sodium-Hypochlorite Solution. Labarraque ; Noll.
Sodium in Lithium Carbonate. Symons.
Sodium Picramate. Frebault.
Sodium Salts. Hager; Streng.
Soil, Excrement in. Finkelbury.

Solanine. Bach; Bauer; Clarus; Dragendorff; Helwig; Mecke.
Soluble Precipitates. Borodin.
Solution. Hayem (hypodermoclysis) ; Huebl; Loeffler; Melassez

(for hemin crystals); Prollius. ALKALINE-PERMANGANATE:
Wanklvn. AMMONIUM-CHLORIDE: Wanklyn. ANILINE:

376 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Kuehne. CARMINE: Hamann. CARMINE-ALUM: Grenadier.
CELLOIDIN: Busse; Elsching. CHLORAL-HYDRATE: Munson.
CULTURE: Cohn; Zune. DAMMAR: Pfitzner. DECALCIFICA-
TION: Haug. DIPHENYLAMINE-SULPHATE: Kopp; Pollet.
FIXING: Altmann; Carter; Eisig; Flemming; Fol; Hayem;
Kollmann ; Kultchitzky ; Zencker. FORMALDEHYDE : Her-
mann; Lavdowsky ; Lee. FORMIC-ACID : Boccardi. FUCH-
SINE: Frey. GENTIAN- VIOLET: Ehrlich. HARDENING: Blum;
Carnoy; Flemming; Remak. HEMATEIN: Hansen. IODINE:
Gram; Huebl- Waller. IODINE-POTASSIUM-!ODIDE: Wagner-
Fresenius. IRON-SUB SULPHATE: Monsel. MAGNESIUM-HY-
POCHLORITE: Ramsay. MANGANESE-CHLORIDE: Pictet. ME-
THYL-VIOLET: Koch; Kuehne. METHYLENE-BLUE: Koch.
MICRO-PRESERVATIVE: Keiser. NARCOTIZATION: Hofer. Os-
Mic-Acio: Bristol. OXALIC ACID: Boccardi. PICRO-CHROMIC
ACID: Haensel. PLATINIC-CHLORIDE: Rabl. POTASSA: Mole-
schott. POTASSIO-MERCURIC IODIDE : Masin ; Mayer. PO-
TASSIUM-ACETATE : Squire. POTASSIUM-PERMANGANATE :
Mohr. PRESERVATIVE : Glage ; Pick. SAFFRANINE : Bates ;
Flemming. SALT : Carnoy. SILVER-NITRATE : Wanklyn.
SLIDE-CLEANING: Fol; Hanaman. SOAP: Clark; Wanklyn.
SODA: Moleschott. SODIUM-CHLORIDE-ALCOHOL: Piso-
Borme - Moleschott. SODIUM - H YPOCHLORITE : Labarraque ;
Noll. STARCH: Zulkowsky. SUBLIMATE: Frenzel; Heiden-
hain; Keiser; Lee. TANNIN: Carnoy. TURPENTINE: Huehne-
feld. WASHING-SODA: Nias.

Sparteine . M arque .

Spinal Chord Stain. Kaiser.

Spirit Nitrous Ether. Allen.

Spore Stain. Ernst; Neisser; Neisser-Bienstock.

Stain. ACTINOMYCOSIS: Weigert. ALUM-PICRO-CARMINE: Le-
gal. AMMONIA-CARMINE : Hartig. ANILINE : Hanstein.
BACTERIA: Blanchard; Ehrlich; Ermengen, van-; Ernst;
Fischer; Gram; Gunther; Koch; Kuehne; Loeffler; Lugol;
Schiitz-Weigert ; Weigert, BENZOAZURIN : Martin. BIL-
BERRY-JUICE: Lavdowsky. BLEU-DE-LYON: Baumgarten.
BLOOD: Ganther; Kastenbine; Moore; Rosenbach; Toison;
Willeband; Wissowsky. BLUE: Hoffmann. BONE: Busch.
BRAIN: Weigert. BISMARCK-BROWN: Kaiser; Maysel. CELL-

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 377-

NUCLEUS: Grenadier. CHITIN: Bethe. CHOLERA BACILLUS:.
Kuehne. COMMA-BACILLUS: Bates. CILIA: Ermengen, von-.
COCHINEAL: Mayer. DAHLIA: Ehrlich. DOUBLE: Benda;
Gibbes ; Kossinski ; Seller. EMBRYO : Allen. EPITHELIA :
Jakobsohn. FERRIC-CHLORIDE: Fol; Hoggan. FIBRIN: Wei-
gert. FLAGELLA: Bunge; Crookshank; Hessert; Koch; Loef-
fler; Lutesch; Nicholle-Morax ; Sclavo; Trenckmann; Von.
Ermengen. FORMALDEHYDE: Ohlmacher. FUCHSINE: Nissl.

FUCHSINE-METHYLENE BLUE : Baumgarten. GENTIAN-
VIOLET: Ehrlich; Nissen. GOLD: Bastian; Hoyer; Under-
wood. GOLD-SUBLIMATE : Ziehen. GONOCOCCI : Pick.
HEMATEIN: Rawitz. HEMATOXYLIN: Apathy; Foa; Gre-
nacher; Pal; Squire; Unna; Wolter. HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE:
List. INDULINE : Calberla. IRON-PYROGALLATE : Roose-
velt. KERNSCHWARZ : Lee. LEPROSY-BACILLI : Bates.
MAGENTA: Gibbes. METHOD: Biondi; Berkley; Boettger^
Brosicke; Ehrlich; Ehrlich-Biondi; Friedlander; Gaffky;
Giacomi; Graser; Hermann-Boettger; Koch-Ehrlich; Lanz;
Rabl ; Paneth ; Sterling. METH YL-GREEN-EosiNE : List.

METHYLENE-BLUE : Dogiel ; Koch. METHYLENE-BLUE-
EOSINE: Pianese. MICRO-SECTION: Genfer; Gram-Gunther.
MUCICARMINE: Mayer. MUCOHEMATEIN: Mayer. NERVE:
Alt; Henle; Kaiser; Kultschitzky ; Lewis; Magini;.
Rehm; Sahli; Sankey; Schmans; Von Marchi. NEUROGLIA:
Weigert. ORCEIN: Israel. ORCHELLA: Wedl. ORSEILLE:
Wcdl. OSMIUM: Kolossow; Lee; Mahrenthal, von-. PAL-
LADIUM-IODIDE : Paladine. PICRO-NIGROSINE : Martinotti.
PLASMA-CELL: Berganzini. PYROGALLOL: Lee; Mahrenthal,
von-. SAFRANINE: Babes; Foa; Pfitzner; Podwyssotzki ;
Szobolew; Zwaardemaker. SILVER: Alferow; Hoyer; Mueller;
Oppitz ; Robinski ; Rouget ; Sattler ; Tourneux-Hermann .
SMOOTH-MUSCLE : Unna. SPINAL-CHORD : Kaiser. SPORE-
BEARING BACILLI: Neisser. SYPHILIS BACILLI: Doutrelepont-
Schiitz; Giacomi; Lewy; Lustgarten. TUBERCLE BACILLI:
Balmer-Fraenzel; Benysek; Gabbet; Gibbs; Koch; Pewsner-
Nastinkow ; Schultz ; Ziehl-Neelsen. TYPHUS-BACILLI :
Kuehne. VANADIUM : Wolter.

Stannous Chloride. Rogers.

Star Anise, Shikimi Fruit in. Lenz.

378 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Starch. Boettger (flour). In CHOCOLATE: Wittstein. In
DRUGS and FOOD PRODUCTS: Lagerheim. SOLUTION: Zulkow-
sky.

Stearin in Wax. Escourt-Parry ; Geith.

Strychnine. Allen; Brieger; Davy; Dragendorff; Dunstan-
Short; Hagen; Hager; Horsley; Landerer; Lefort; Lyon (mix-
ture for extracting); Mack; Mandelin; Marchand; Mecke;
Melzer; Orlow-Horst; Otto; Strychnine; Selmi; Slater; Taf el;
Thomas; Vitali; Wender. In URINE: Schultzen.

Sublimate. METHOD: Golgi. SOLUTION: Fraenzel; Heidenhain;
Keiser; Lee; Van Beneden.

Sublimate and Gold Stain. Ziehen.

Succinic Acid. Neuberg; Papasogli-Poli.

Sucrol. Morpurgo ; Wender.

Sugar. Gentele; Mathieu-Plessy ; Pettenkofer; Vidan; Villiers-
Fayolle. In GLYCERIN: Boettger; Hager. In URINE: Arndt;
Cappezuoli; Einhorn; Eschbaum; Fehling; Fiebig; Haines;
Hoppe-Seyler; Jack; Jaksch, von-; Johnson; Kowarsky;
Leismer; Moore; Oliver; Ost; Otto; Penzoldt; Piffard; Schrei-
ber; Schwartz; Seegen; Tollman; Ventre-Pascha ; Wender.

Sulfonal. Ritsert; Schwarz; Strobel; Vulpius.

Sulphates in Urine. Freund.

Sulphides. Alvarez- Jean ; Schott.

Sulphites. Alvarez- Jean ; Boedecker; Grant-Cohen.

Sulphocarbolates. Prescott.

Sulphocarbonates. Mermet .

Sulphocyanic Acid. Colasanti; Kuelz; Munk.

Sulphocyanides. Boettger.

Sulphur. Bailey; Brunner; Gil; Schoenn; Vohl. HYDRIDE:
Caro; Fischer; Hager; Lauth. In ILLUMINATING GAS:
Wartha.

Sulphur Compounds in Petroleum. Bird.

Sulphuretted Hydrogen. Caro; Fischer; Hager; Lauth.

Sulphuric Acid. Donath; Thresh; Vogel; Wormley. In ALU-
MINIUM SULPHATE: Giesecke. In VINEGAR: Nessler; Pol-
lacci. In WINE: Liebermann.

Sulphurous Acid. Girardin; Kroupa; Reinsch; Schiff. In
URINE: Salkowsky.

Syntonin. Kuehn.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 379

Syphilis Bacilli, Staining. Doutrelepont-Schtitz; Giacomi;
.Lewy; Lustgarten.

Tannin. Baemes; Gardiner; Gayard; Griessmayer; Griggi;
Guyard; Hager; Oliver; Proctor; Saul; Seyda; Vogel; Watson;
Young. In DRUGS : Lutz. IN WINE : Carlinfanti. SOLUTION :
Carnoy.

Tarry Matter. Donath. In AMMONIA: Kupferschlaeger; Witt-
stein.

Tarry Constituents of Lubricants Obtained from Petroleum.
Holde.

Tars, Differentiating. Hirschsohn.

Tartaric Acid. Cailletet; Chapman-Smith; Crismer; Fenton;
Hager; Mohler; Pusch. In WINE: Nessler.

Taurine. Lang.

Tellurium. Kerstal.

Terpenes. Unverdorben-Fanchimont.

Test-Paper. Boas; Boettger; Bourget; Chevreuil; Flueckiger;
Geissler; Green wait; Griess; Guenzburg; Herzberg; Hoff-
mann; Houzeau; Kroupa; Lutke; Mann; Merget; Musculus;
Oliver; Richardson; Schiff; Schoenbein; Schott; Selle; Stahl;
Stevenin; Uffelmann; Weselsky; Wurster.

Textile Fabrics. Lidoff ; Liebermann; Maugin; Persoz; Schloss-
berger; Schweitzer.

Thalleioquin Reaction. Brand; Hyde.

Thalline. Jaksch, Von-; Kotzebue; Penzoldt; Skraup.

Thallium in Urine. Marm.

Thebaine. Mecke; Melzer.

Theine. Thompson.

Theobromine. Francois; Treumann.

Thiophene. Meyer.

Thiotolene. Laubenheimer.

Thymol. Hammarsten-Robbert; Thorns; Vitali. In MENTHOL:
Eykmann.

Tin. Deniges; Dryer; Rideal; Rogers; Schmatolla.

Tincture Iodine, Croton Oil in. Durien.

Tinfoil, Lead in. Kopp.

Titanium. Jackson; Lacroix; Weller.

Tolu Balsam, Rosin in. Hirschsohn.

Tolu Cement. Carnoy.

380 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Toluene. Thorns.

" Triacid " Mixture. Ehrlich .

Trioxybenzene (Phloroglucin). Thorns.

Tropaeolin. Lunge ; Miller.

Tropine. Vre ven .

Tubercle Bacilli Stain. B aimer- Fraentzel; Baumgarten; Beny-

sek; Frankel; Gabbet; Gabbet-Ernst; Gibbs; Koch; Koch-

Ehrlich; Hermann; Kaatzer; Pewsner-Nastinkow; Pfuhl-Petri; .

Rindfleisch ; Weichselbaum.
Turmeric. In MUSTARD: Wilder. In RHUBARB: Maisch; Op-

wyrda; Wilder.
Turpentine. Dragendorff; Vogel. CEMENT: Csoker (or Czoker);

Parker. COLOPHONY MOUNTING MEDIUM: Lee. In COPAIVA:

Hager. In ESSENTIAL OILS: Crismer; Gulli; McClellan-

Forney; Maier; Merz. SOLUTION: Huehnefeld.
Typhoid and Cholera Bacillus Stain. Kuehne.
Typhoid and Tubercle Bacilli, Diazo Reaction for. Freden-

wald- Ehrlich.

Typhoid Fever Bacilli, Extraneous Organisms Among. Parietti.
Typhoid. Richardson; Widal; Wiclal-Gniber. MEDIUM : Stod-

dart.
Tyrosin. Deniges; Frerich; Hoffmann; Piria; Piria-Staedeler;

Scherer; Udransky; Wurster.
Tyrotoxicon. Vaughn-Novy.
Unrolling Sections. Duval.
Unsaponifiable Substances in Fats. Holde.
Uranium. Crolas-Ducker; Kern.
Uranium Acetate, Fixing Fluid. Schenk.
Urates an.d Uric Acid. Riegler.
Urea. Bloxham; Bruecke; Glaus; Davy-Leconte; Huefner;

Liebig-Woehler; Luedy; Musculus; Schiff; Smith-Chapman;

Udransky.
Uric Acid. Archetti; Babo; Bayrac; Behier; Berlin; Bertrand;

Deniges; Dieterich; Fokker; Hopkins; Jaksch, von-; Leconte;

Magnier de la Source; Neubauer; Riegler; Schiff; Schulten-

Wetzlar; Rudish-Boroschek; Schwanert; Source; Stadthagen.

In BLOOD: Garrod: Lufl;. In URINARY CALCULI: Deniges.
Urinary Calculi, Uric Acid in. Deniges.
Urinary Deposits. Bohland.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 3 s *

Urine* Abram .(lead); Alpers (albumin); Allen (nitrogen);
Anstie (alcohol); Arnold (aceto-acetic acid); Barfoed (glucose
and lactose); Baumann (bacterial products; carbohydrates;
glycerin) ; Bayer (acetone) ; Bayrac (uric acid) ; Binz (quinine) ;
Bourget (iodides); Bremer (glucose); Bretet (glucose; levulose;
saccharose); Bruecke (biliary pigments); Carter (indican);
Chautard (acetone); Downe (pus); Dragendorff (phenol);
Drewson (acetone); Ebstein-Muller (pyrocatechin) ; Edlefsen
(chloric acid) ; phenetidin) ; Einhorn (sugar) ; Eiselt (melanin) ;
Eschbaum (sugar) ; Eschbach-Gawalowsky (albumin) ; Francis
(biliary acids) ; Frerich (leucin ; tyrosin) ; Freund (sulphates) ;
Gallois (inosite) ; Gawalowsky (albumin) ; Gerhardt (acetone) ;
Grismer (glucose); Grocco (creatinine) ; Guerin (albumin);
albuminoids); Hager (albumin); Hahnemann (copper; lead);
Haines (sugar); Hammarsten (caffeine; indican; globulin);
Harnack (iodine); Haslan (albumin); Heintz (potassium);
Heller (albumin ; indican ; urophain) ; Heller-Teichmann
(blood) ; Heynsius (albumin) ; Hindenlang (albumin) ; Hoppe-
Seyler (sugar; santonin); Huehnefeld (blood); Ilimow (albu-
min); Jack (sugar); Jaffe (indican); Jaksch, von- (diacetic
acid; melanin; sugar); Jakobsohn (epithelia); Jaworowsky
(albumin; peptone); Johnson (sugar); Jolles (albumin; iodine;
mercury) ; Joly-Pacquelin (pyrophosphoric acid) ; Kerner
(quinine); Klett (indican); Kowarsky (sugar); Kuelz (sulpho-
cyanic acid) ; Landsberg-Wislicenus (morphine) ; Latschen-
berger (ammonia); Lechini (blood); Leffmann; Legal (acetone)
Leismer (sugar); Le Noble (acetone); Luchsinger (glycerin);
Ludwig (mercury) ; Lugol (albumin) ; Mahomed (hemoglobin) ;
Mai-Hilger (coloring); Marm6 (cadmium; thallium); Martin
(peptones); Millard (albumin); Moore (glucose; sugar);
Mueller (hydrogen sulphide); Munk (hemapheinic ; sulpho-
cyanic acid); Neubauer (ammonia; chloroform); Newmann-
Wender (glucose; hydroquinone; pyrocatechin); Nobel (co-
paiva; gurjun oil); Obermayer (indican); Ott (bilirubin);
Pacquelin-Joly (pyrophosphoric acid) ; Patton (globulin) ;
Piffard (sugar); Petri (kairin); Pollacci (albumin); Posner
(albumin; peptone); Pratesi (glucose); Proescher (bilirubin);
Proksch (rhubarb); Renzone (kairin); Quirini (glucose);
Raabe (albumin); Rabuteau (bromic acid; chloric acid);

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Rafaele (albumin); Ralfe (acetone; peptone); Randolph
(peptones); Reichardt (arsenic); Reissner (nucleo-albumin) ;
Rheoch (oxalic acid); Reynold (acetone); "Reynold-
Gunning (acetone); Roberts (albumin; glucose); Roberts-
Stolnikoff albumin); Roch (albumin); Roman-Delluc (uro-
bilin); Rosenbach (indigo-red); Rossel (blood); Ruber (glu-
cose); Salkowsky (peptone; potassium; sulphurous acid);
Salkowsky-Leubes (mucin); Sandlund (iodine); Schoenbein
(nitric acid; nitrous acid); Schulz (nitric acid); Schwartz
(sugar); Schwicker (acetone); Scivoletto (hydriodic acid);
Seivolete (iodine); Senator-Lehmann (globulin); Siebold-
Bradbury (salicylic acid); Stevenson (hemoglobin); Stilling-
fleet-Johnson (creatinine) ; Stock (acetone) ; Studenski
(urobilin) ; Thormaehlin (melanin) ; Teichman-Heller (blood) ;
Trdtrop (albumin); Vitali (Martius' yellow; quinine); Weil-
Gilbert (indican) ; Wender (sugar) ; Weyl (nitric acid) ;
Wislicenus-Landsberg (morphine); Woodbury (alcohol) ; Yvon
(acetanilid; antifebrin); Zeller (melanin) ; Zouchlos (albumin)*

Urobilin in Urine. Roman-Delluc; Studenski.

Urohematin. Harley.

Urophaine in Urine. Heller.

Valeraldehyde in Valerianic Acid. Finzelberg.

Valerian Oil. Flueckiger.

Valerianic Acid, Valeraldehyde in. Finzelberg.

Vanadates, Meta. Werther.

Vanadium and Gold Method. Upson.

Vanadium Nerve Stain. Wolter.

Vapors, Mercury, in Atmosphere. Gaglio.

Varnish, Asphalt. Kitton.

Varnish for Mounting Sections. Weigert.

Vegetable Coloring Matter in Wine. Hertz.

Vegetable Fats. Allen; Schoenvogel; Welmann. In PETRO-
LATUM: Crouzel-Dupin.

Vegetable Fibers. Frankenstein.

Venice-Turpentine Mounting Medium. Vosseler.

Veratrine.- Ferraro; Mecke; Melzer; Robin; Schumpelitz; Trapp;
Wender; Weppen.

Vinegar. For CARAMEL : Crampton-Simons. For COPPER :
Hager. For MINERAL ACIDS: Ashley; Chiappe; Griggi;

INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 383

Hehner; Jorrissen; Mallet; Nessler; Pollacci; Strohl; Whar-
ton; Witz.

Violet Ammonia-Carbolate. Hermann.

Water. Claus; Cavalli (alkalinity); Dupasquier (organic mat-
ter); Finkelburg (fecal matter); Fleck (ammonia); Gottstein
(bacteria); Griess (fecal matter); Guldensteen (copper);
Himly (illuminating gas); Cazeneuve-Defournel (nitrates);
Marchand (organic matter); Maschke (nitrates). ANILINE:
Ehrlich-Weigert-Koch ; Koch. In ALCOHOL: Casoria; De-
brunner; Mann; Winkler. In BUTTER: Wibel. In ETHER:
Boettger; Mann; Napier; Romei. -In ESSENTIAL OILS:
Leuchs. In SPIRIT NITROUS ETHER: Lloyd. POLLUTED:
Causse. POTABLE: Brantlecht; Hager.

Wax. Donath (resin) ; Donath-Schmidt (resin) ; Estcourt-Parry
(paraffin; resin; stearin); Geith; Hager.

Wax Feet. Vosseler.

Wheat Flour. Donny; Wittmack.

Wheat, Oiled. Himly.

White-Lead Cement. Kitton.

White-Lead Paper. Schott.

Wine. Arata (dyes); Brand (abrastol); Carpene (tannin);
Cazeneuve (dyes); Dupr (dyes); Faure (dyes); Giessler
(fuchsine); Girard (dyes); Heise (Kermes coloring matter);
Liebermann (sulphurous acid); Nessler (citric acid; tartaric
acid; pigments); Niviere-Hubert (fluorides); Pasteur- Wurtz
(fuchsine); Pradines (fuchsine); Spicea (salicylic acid).

Woman's Milk. Umikoff .

Wood Fiber in Paper. Friedlander; Wolesky.

Wood Pulp. Kaiser; Molesch.

Wool. Jacquemin ; Jandrier (cotton) ; Liebermann ; Lidoff ;
Overbeck (cotton); Peltier.

Xanthin. Hoppe-Seyler; Salomon; Simon; Strecker; Weidel.

Xanthoprotein. Mulder.

Xylene. Thorns.

Zinc. Deniges; Gayard or Guyard (manganese); Rinman;
Stahl.

Zymozen of Rennet. Klemperer.