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UC-NRLF
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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
GIF^T OF"
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Class
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BULLETIN
Vol. III. NOVEMBER 15, 1905 No. 4
[Entered at Urbana, Illinois, as second-class matter,]
TESTS OF
HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS ON CAST IRON
BY
L. P. BRECKENR1DGE
AND
HENRY B. DIRKS
BULLETIN NO. 2 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
URBANA, ILLINOIS
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
T
HIS BULLETIN is the second of a series of bulletins to
be published by the Engineering Experiment Station
of the University of Illinois. The Engineering Ex-
periment Station was established by action of
. Board of Trustees December 8, 1903. It is the pur-
pose of the Station to carry on investigations along .various
lines of engineering, and to study problems of importance
professional engineers and to the manufac taring railway
mining, constructional and industrial interests of the , Statj
The control of the Engineering Experiment Station
vested in the heads of the several departments of the College
of Engineering. These constitute the Station Staff, and with
^Director, determine the character of the investigations
to be undertaken. The work is carried on under the super-
vision of the Staff; sometimes by a Fellow as graduate work,
sometimes by a member of the instructional force of the
lege of Engineering, but more frequently by an investigator
belonging to the Station Corps.
The results of these investigations will be published in
the form of bulletins, and will record mostly the experiments
of the Station's own staff of investigators. There will also
be issued from time to time, in the form of circulars, compil
ations giving the results of the experiments of engineers ; r
dustrial works, technical institutions and governmental test-
ing departments. For copies of bulletins, circulars or other
information, address the Engineering Experiment Station
Urbana, Illinois.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
BULLETIN No. 2 NOVEMBER 1905
TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS ON CAST IRON
BY L. P. BRECKENKIDGE, PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, AND
HENRY B. DIRKS, M.E., ASSISTANT IN MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY.
In most manufacturing processes it becomes necessary to
change the form of materials in order to bring them to the desir-
ed shape for use. Among the metals used in the construction of
engineering structures, including the almost endless variety
of steam and gas engines, compressors, pumping machinery,
marine and locomotive engines, special machinery and ma-
chine tools, it is evident that cast iron and steel represent by far
the chief constituents of such machines. For the manufacture of
all the various parts of these structures and machines there has
been designed a great variety of machine tools. In these machine
tools are placed the pieces whose shape it is desired to change,
and a properly formed and hardened piece of steel is made to cut
away a part of the material. The steel used for making the tool
for thus cutting the softer material is called Tool Steel. The
time required to cut away the necessary amount of metal is an
important factor in the cost of the piece under construction. It
is evident that the relative hardness of the tool steel and the
material it cuts, as well as the speed at which the cutting is at-
tempted, will be important factors in the time required to do the
work and of the durability of the tool steel used. These facts
have continually exerted a potent influence upon the manufac-
turers of tool steel and they have constantly improved the qual-
2 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
ity of their product. On the other hand, the demand for strong-
er and lighter materials of construction has increased the density
and hardness of many materials already used, and brought into
common use new materials, such as cast steel, ferro steel, chilled
iron, etc., and these have imposed severer duties on the tool steels
designed to cut them. The same rivalry that has existed between
armor plate and the projectile intended to pierce it has existed
between the tool steels and the materials they are designed to
cut. Until quite recently, the rate at which tool steel could cut
the various metals was from 10 to 40 feet per minute, varying
with the metals cut and with the area of the cross section re-
moved. If a higher rate of cutting was attempted, the point of
the tool used became hot, lost its temper and immediately wore
away. During the years 1898 to 1900, Messrs. Taylor and White,
at the Bethlehem Steel Works, South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
were seeking to discover what constituents could be combined
with tool steel, and what special temperature treatment it should
receive that would increase its cutting speed. As the result of
their experiments, there was exhibited at the Paris Exposition of
1900 a lathe using a tool steel which removed chips of soft steel
at a cutting speed of from 60 to 180 feet per minute. These chips
were so hot that they turned blue upon cooling. The point of the
tool steel maintained its cutting edge even when running at a
dull red glow. It was natural that to such tools should have been
given the name of High-Speed Tool Steels.
PROPERTIES OF TOOL STEELS
At the time of Taylor and White's first experiments, Mushet
and Jessop tool steels of the self-hardening type were in general
use. According to Mr. F. Keiser in an article on high-speed'steel
in "Stahl and Eisen", January 15, 1903, they had the following
chemical composition :
Carbon 2.0% Manganese 2.5% Silicon 1.3%
Tungsten 5.0% Chromium 0.5%
The self-hardening property is called into play by the
manganese, an element which favors the combining of the carbon
with the iron. These steels were tempered simply by heating to
a temperature of 1600° F. and the'n cooling in air. Mushet and
Jessop tools, however, did not prove durable at high speeds,
although they were far in advance of the ordinary carbon steels,
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS 3
and chromium was substituted for manganese with good results.
The chromium steels required an entirely different treatment,
as was found by Messrs. Taylor and White in their experiments
at the Bethlehem Steel Works.
The exact chemical compositions of the new tool steels are
secrets of the separate makers, and probably vary; however, it
is known that the steels contain the following elements in varying
quantities : carbon, tungsten, chromium, manganese, molybde-
num and titanium. They usually run high in these combining
elements, the Taylor-White steel having as high as 12% of tung-
sten and 4% of chromium, while Bohler Brothers' Styrian steel,
according to Mr. Reiser, has a maximum of 28% of other ele-
ments. With this increase the carbon element has greatly
decreased ; most of it combines with tungsten, chromium and the
other elements at high temperatures, remains in that state when
cooled in an air blast and forms carbides of extreme hardness and
durability at high temperatures. For best results of toughness
and hardness these high-speed steels require for tempering a
temperature of from 2000° to 2250° F., or a white heat border-
ing on the fusion point, and are then cooled in an air blast, lead
bath or oil bath according to the different makers. Mr. Reiser
in his discussion has for this reason correctly named them "super-
heated steels."
ADVANTAGES OF HIGH-SPEED STEELS
High-speed steels, due to their hardness and durability at
high temperatures, retain their edge when cutting at extremely
high speeds, cases having been noted in which the tool worked at
dark-red heat without losing its edge. As can be seen from the
tables, the speeds obtained are from three to four times those
obtained with ordinary carbon steels. This of course means an
increased output for a given shop and a consequent increase
in the returns. This is not the only advantage of high-speed
steel. It has been proved that such steel is more economical from
the power standpoint, a given power removing a greater quantity
of metal per unit of time at high speed than at slow speed. Of
course the total power required is increased, but the increase is
by no means proportional to the increase in the amount of work
done.
There is, however, one condition that must be carefully con-
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
sidered before the introduction of high-speed steels in a shop.
Machine tools constructed to use the old carbon steels are lim-
ited in capacity and will not stand the heavy stresses to which
they would be subjected if using high-speed steels at maximum
speeds and feeds. This condition, however, is being met by the
machine-tool builders, who are now designing and building espec-
ially heavy tools with powerful feed mechanisms with a view to-
wards obtaining the highest possible efficiency of the steel used.
Inthe following pages are described the experiments made
by Mr. H. B. Dirks, Assistant in Mechanical Technology, En-
gineering Experiment Station, in the shops of the College of En-
gineering at the University of Illinois. These experiments have
been in progress for nearly a year, and every effort has been made
to obtain useful and correct results.
For convenience, the subject has been divided into the fol-
lowing parts : I. The Tool Steels Used. II. The Oast-Iron Test
Pieces. III. Details of the Tests. IV. Results of the Experi-
ments. Y . Summary of Results. VI. Reference List of Articles
on High-Speed Steels. Appendix, — giving instructions furnish-
ed by makers for hardening the steels used.
I. THE TOOL STEEL USED
(a) The Brands Used
The following tool steels were used in these trials :
1. Styrian marked "Bohler Rapid"
2. Jessop's " Ark »
3. Mclnnes's "Extra"
4. Mushet' s " Special"
5. uAirNovo"
6. " Rex »
7. " Poldi "
8. ktA and W " (Armstrong and Whitworth)
The first six came from the American market. Poldi and "A
and W" were furnished by the American Radiator Company, hav-
ing been used in its foreign factories. With the exception of the
Mushet, the steels used were donated for the proposed tests by
the makers or agents. The Mushet was taken from stock pur-
chased in the open market. There are doubtless other kinds of
steel which could have been tested, but these eight brands were
most familiar and accessible to the writers, and it is believed that
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS 5
they represent fairly well- the brands commonly used at the pres-
ent time by American manufacturers.
Sec f/ on A-B
Section C-D
FIG. 4. SHAPE OF CUTTING TOOLS
Size and Shape of Tools
The size of the bars of steel from which the tools were made
^ in. by 1 in. for the steels from the American market. The
Poldi bar was f in. by If in., and the "A and W" bar was f in.
by IJ in. The shape of the tool used in the tests is shown in Fig.
4. The front clearance was 12^°, the top rake was 10° and the
side rake was also 10°. These angles were carefully maintained
throughout the tests, the angles being measured with a bevel pro-
tractor after each grinding.
Experiments relating to the proper shape of tools have been
made by Professor J. T. Nicolson,* and the writers were guided in
selecting proper tool angles by the recommendations of his paper.
Professor Nicolson says: uTools should therefore be ground
for maximum endurance in the cutting of cast iron in ordinary
shop practice so that their true cutting angles are about 81°, or if
they are allowed 6° clearance for working on the level of the
lathe centers, they should have an included angle of about 75°.
(c) Tempering and Tempering Apparatus
Directions for forging and hardening the various steels used
were furnished by the manufacturers. For convenience, these
directions are published in the Appendix. It will be seen that
most of the steels were to be hardened in an air blast. The UA
*Experiments with a Lathe Tool Dynamometer. See Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol.
25, 1904, page 658 et seq.
6
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
and W" steel was the only one in which oil was recommended
for cooling, and then only after the cutting edge of the tool had
been cooled to a cherry-red in the air blast. An air blast appar-
atus was designed and constructed for carrying out the instruc-
tions relating to the proper preparation of the tools. This is
shown in Fig. 5.
N4H
Rubber hose /ratify
to forge for coating
Cutting tdge only, of
too/ /n ftarJening
>f>e for
Concentrating a/r-U*5t
on too/
FIG. 5. AIR BLAST APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of the 4-in. separating pipe, 3 ft. 6
in. long to which is connected the header of 2-in. pipe about 10
in. long. The dimensions and construction are shown in the fig-
ure. The tools to be hardened are inserted in the short lengths
of 1-J or 2^-in. pipes which serve to concentrate the air blast on
BRECKENRLDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OP HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS 7
the tools. A rubber hose with a ^-in. nozzle in the end is also at-
tached to one opening, so that a strong air blast may be directed
on the edge of the tool when first removed from the fire. The
tools were heated in an ordinary forge with a clear coke fire. The
fire was burned long enough before putting in the tool to drive
off any sulphur. Care was also taken to have plenty of coke
above and below the tool so that no cold blast should strike the
tool while it was being heated.
J^ II. THE CAST-IRON TEST PIECES
In order that the results of the tests might be of general ap-
plication, it was advisable that the cast-iron test pieces be the
product of several commercial foundries. Several manufacturers
throughout the State agreed to furnish sample test pieces repre-
senting the grade of cast iron used in their respective foundries.
A standard size of test piece was therefore decided upon, and
blue prints and patterns of it sent to the different manufac-
turers. This standard test piece is shown in Fig. 6. The outer
diameter is the maximum the lathe will swing over the carriage.
This test piece was made hollow for several reasons. A solid test
piece becomes soft toward the center and is more likely to con-
tain blow holes. Test pieces of small diameter become springy
and consequently produce inaccuracies in the results. The high
angular velocity necessary with small diameters is also undesir-
able. The first test piece used in the preliminary trials was 18
in. long. This was found to be too short, the tool having to be
reset too often. In Fig. 3 is given a view of all the test pieces
used in the trials. These test pieces do not all conform to the
standard test piece, the American Radiator Company having sent
test pieces with a 6-in. core instead of a 3-in. core, from several
of its plants, that being a more representative casting from
its foundries. The test pieces received from the various com-
panies, their identification marks and reference numbers are
shown in Table 1.
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 1
KESULTS OF HARDNESS TESTS AND IDENTIFICATION MARKS
OF
CAST-IRON TEST PIECES USED IN THE TESTS
Name of company sending test pieces
Identification
mark
Test
reference
No.
Hardness
by
drill test ,
f
3
94.2
Pierce plant. 4
3 " core
4
109.2
(
5
102.0
(
6
128.8
1
5-8-05
7
86.5
Michigan Plant, j
8
94.3
\
6 " core
9
138.6
. . •
10
106.8
[
11
109.3
f
D. P. 1
12
100.0
American
D. P. 2
13
106.6
Radiator Co. -
Detroit plant
D. P. 3
14
117.2
Chicago, 111.
D. P. 4
15
132.0
D. P. 5
16
109.8 -
D. P. 6
17
90.3
f
18
107. d
T^llTli"
5-17-05
19
20
117.2
113.9
f
B
21
124.8
•nlnnt
5-26-05
22
23
167.5
122.2
r
B
24
111.2
T\lo trf
6-2-05
25
26
102.4
95.9
Crane Company f Ferro Steel. f
Chicago, 111. \ Grey Iron. \
F. S.
1
27
342.0
132.0
Root & Vandervoort Eng'g Co [
2
175.0
East Moline, 111.
•
U. I.— 1
28
114.5
U. I.— 2
29
195.0
University of Illii
Urbana, 111.
iois -I
U. I.— 3
U. I.— 4
30
31
124.2
124.5
U. I. -5
32
123.2
BRECKEN RIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
9
A comparative hardness test was made on all samples, com-
parison being made with a standard piece of soft cast iron of
equal density throughout, the chemical analysis of which is as
follows :
Combined Carbon = .147% Silicon =2.35% Sulphur = .07%
Graphite =5.03 %Manganese = .33% Phosphorus =1.06%
FIG. 6. STANDARD TEST PIECE
The hardness of cast iron or any other metal as indicated by
a drill test is probably as fair an indication of the particular qual-
ity of the metal that affects the cutting speed as is obtainable by
any process in use at the present time. This hardness test is in
itself a cutting-speed test in which the cutting speed is not
varied, but is held constant and the rate of feed allowed to vary,
the cutting speed and rate of feed in all probability bearing
some constant relation to each other. Fig. 7 is a graphical chart
giving the results of the hardness tests on the test pieces used in
the experiments. The tests were made with a drill press as shown
in Fig. 8. A constant load of 312 pounds was applied on the
spindle of the drill press by means of the weighted lever. With
the spindle rotating at a constant speed of 87 r. p. m., the rate
of feed of the drill in inches per minute was measured, readings
being taken for every ^ in. of depth drilled. The drill used in
these tests was a Morse standard ^-in. twist drill ground to an
angle of 62^°. As, however, there was some liability of variation
in the sharpness of the drill, thus affecting its rate of feed, a
uniform piece of cast iron was first drilled into, readings taken, and
then the test made on the test piece. A comparison was thus
always made with this same piece of cast iron, eliminating any
10
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
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FIG. 7. GRAPHICAL CHART or HARDNESS DRILL
TESTS MADE ON OAST-IRON TEST PIECES
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
11
small variation in the sharpness of the drill. In Fig. 7 the curves
drawn through the dots represent the standard cast iron, and
those drawn through the circles represent the test piece.
Thus. for test piece No. 1 the rate of feed is about .174 in.
per minute, while in drilling the standard cast iron, the rate
of feed is about .595 in. per minute. The hardness as used later
and as expressed in Table 1 is '-^^X 100=342. Assuming 100 as
the hardness of the standard cast iron, Table 1 gives the results
obtained from -these tests. This method of expressing the hard-
FIG. 8. DRILL PRESS, SHOWING METHOD OF MAKING
HARDNESS TESTS ON OAST-IRON TEST PIECES
ness of cast iron was also used by Professor J. T. Nicolson in his
experiments with high-speed tool steels made at the Manchester
Municipal School of Technology, Manchester, England.* In these
experiments the tangent of the angle made by the curve was used
as the hardness.
*Report of experiments made at Manchester Municipal School of Technology,
London Engineering, October 30 and November 13, 1903.
12
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
III. DETAILS OF THE TESTS
(a) Apparatus
The apparatus used in conducting the tests consisted mainly
of a high-speed lathe deriving its power from a two-phase in-
duction motor by means of belting and a countershaft, the power
required being measured by a polyphase wattmeter. . The general
arrangement is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 9. The lathe used (see
Fig. 2 and Fig. 10) was a Pratt and Whitney high-speed lathe
with a gear box head-stock, taking a maximum length of 3 ft. 9
FIG. 9. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS USED IN
THE TESTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
in. between centers and a diameter of 9 in. over the carriage.
The power was transmitted from the first motion shaft of the
head-stock to the cone gears by means of a long pinion and an
intermediate gear, the latter being fastened to the intermediate
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
13
gear frame which swivels about the first motion shaft. The inter-
mediate gear frame has a substantial slide with rack, pinion
and crank by which the intermediate gear is moved to any one
of four positions, in which it is locked by the dropping of a pin
into suitable holes in the frame, after which movement the frame
is swiveled to drop the gear into mesh with the cone gear. The
latch handle at each end of the frame holds the frame and gears
in position after the gears are in mesh. From the cone gears the
power is transmitted either direct to the spindle or through the
usual back gears, thus making 8 changes of speed. The speeds
and feeds obtainable are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. The
feed mechanism is positive, being driven by two gears from the
main spindle through a chain of gears to the feed box change and
speed gears, thence through the feed rod to the carriage. There
are 8 changes possible both for the cross and longitudinal feed.
A reverse feed is obtained by shifting the reverse rod.
TABLE 2
FEEDS AND PEED GEARS FOR
PRATT & WHITNEY HIGH-SPEED LATHE
1
73 03
03 O
03
|l
o
Feed Box
Change
Gears
Si
J
1^
<i
N
ll
f£
Cross Feed
Screw
Feed per
one Rev.
of Spin-
dle
Rev. .of
Spindle
tol"
Travel
1
1
•a
g
3
T-!
cc
E
•
48 to 64
60 to 52
68 to 44
78 to 34
t^
3
=0
^
.0076
.0116
.0156
.0232
131.6
86.2
64.1
43 1
Longitudin
orward
28 Interme<
Chansre Ge
nediate
48 to 64
60 to 52
68 to 44
78 to 34
3
CO
3
CO
T— 1
.0312
.0478
.0642
.0952
32.0
20.9
15.6
10.5
H3
1
HH
!I
II
-«-
Q) JM
O J»
48 to 64
60 to 52
68 to 44
78 to 34
3
GO
CO
^f
II
03
1
*»3
.00508
.00782
.01045
.01554
196.8
127,7
95.7
64.3
o
oo
o
•^
3
%
48 to 64
60 to 52
68 to 44
78 to 34
CO
CO
o
CO
t^
CO S
— i-
®"fl
co i— i
oj
J13
.0209
.0322
.0431
.0640
47.8
31.1
23.2
15.6
14
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 3
RANGE OF SPEED RATIOS AND SURFACE SPEEDS FOR
APPARATUS USED IN HIGH-SPEED STEEL TESTS
Motor Pulley
Diameter
(1120 r. p. m.)
Revolutions per minute
Surface speed of test
piece. Feet per min.
Counter- Lathe
shaft Pulley
Lathe Spindle
Direct
drive
Drive
through
back gears
Direct
drive
Drive
through
back gears
6 inches . . .
181.62
211.89
242.16
272.43
302.70
332.97
363.24
90.81
105.94
121.08
136.21
151.30
166.48
181.62
68.10
45.40
34.05
27.24
79.46
52.97
39.73
31.78
90.81
60.54
45.41
36.32
102.16
68.11
51.08
40.86
113.50
75.65
56.74
45.39
124.90
83.24
62.43
49.94
136.20
90.81
68.11
54.49
23.48
15.65
11.74
9.38
27.40
18.26
13.70
10.95
31.31
20.87
15.65
12.52
35.23
23.48
17.61
14.10
39.13
26.10
19.56
15.65
43.07
28.73
21.52
17.12
46.96
31.31
23.48
18.78
160.37
106.92
80.19
64.15
187.10
124.70
93.56
74.84
213.80
142.60
106.90
85.53
240.60
160.40
120.30
96.23
267.30
178.20
m.eo
106.90
294.10
196.00
147.00
117.60
320.80
213.80
160.40
128.30
55.30
36.80
27.65
22.09
64.53
43.00
32.26
25.79
73.74
49.15
36.86
29.48
82.97
55.30
41.47
33.21
92.15
61.47
46.06
36.86
101.40
67.66
50.68
40.32
110.60
73.74
55.30
44.23
7 inches
8 inches
9 inches
10 inches
11 inches
12 inches
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS.
15
16 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
The power was transmitted to the lathe by means of a 4-in.
double belt from the 12-in. friction clutch pulley of the counter-
shaft. The countershaft in turn was driven through a 37-in.
pulley by a 4-in. single belt from the motor. The motor is on an
adjustable base, allowing changes of the motor pulley to be made
without changing the length of the belt. In the tests, pulleys
ranging from 6 to 12 in. in diameter were used, making possible
with the 8 changes of s'peed on the lathe proper, 56 changes for
every diameter of work. As the diameter of the test piece
decreased, it was thus possible to keep the speed of the cut con-
stant within very small limits. The motor received its current
from the 440 volt main of the University power plant. As shown
in Fig. 9, the current passed through an auto-starter and watt-
meter into the motor, the auto-starter being used to reduce the
electromotive force on the motor at starting, thus diminishing
the liability of injury to the motor.
The wattmeter used is known as the Westinghouse portable
long scale indicating wattmeter for alternating current circuits,
and may be used for either two, three or four-phase circuits. "In
principle, the wattmeter consists of a miniature induction motor,
having for an armature a metal drum mounted on a shaft,
together with a spring and pointer, giving indications on the
scale proportional to the power to be measured. There is also a
stationary circular core of iron inside the drum to complete the
magnetic circuit through the armature As it operates on the
induction principle, it has no moving wires and is not affected by
external fields." "The polyphase wattmeter used in the tests is
a modification of the above, having two drums mounted on the
same shaft and revolving in two separate fields. This construc-
tion makes a meter which is correct for two or three-phase
circuits under all conditions of unbalancing, low power factor,
"etc., and measures the true energy of the circuit".*
(b) Procedure in Making the Tests
In the preliminary trials the skin was first removed to bring
the test piece to a uniform diameter throughout. This was dis-
continued in the later trials and a separate series of skin cut
trials was run. The test piece having been made ready for the
test, the tool to be used was placed in the tool rest in the position
*Taken from instructions for the use of the VV. P. L. S. I. Wattmeters.
FIG. 1 VIEW IN THE UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS MACHINE SHOP SHOWING LOCATION
OF LATHE AND MOTOR DRIVE USED IN TESTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
FIG. 2. LATHE USED IN TESTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
FIG. 3. CAST-IRON TEST PIECES USED IN TESTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
/ **
/ or THE
I UNIVERSITY
\ OF
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
decided upon for all tools and trials, viz., at right angles to the
work with the bottom edge of the tool horizontal and the cutting
edge of the tool f rom^ in. to i in. above the center of the work,
its exact position being recorded in the log. The diameter of the
test piece was then accurately measured in several places and the
average recorded in the log. The tool was then fed in by hand
until the cutting edge just scraped the bottom of the groove left
by the last turning. The graduated disc on the cross feed having
been set at zero, with the tool in the above position, the cross
feed was turned back a little, and the carriage moved to the right
sufficiently for the tool to clear the test piece. The cross feed
was then advanced until the graduated disc showed the required
cut opposite the index mark. The longitudinal feed or traverse
was then set in position and recorded in the log. The diameter
of the work and the surface speed required during the trial being
known, the size of the pulley to be used on the motor and the
position of the driving gear necessary to give the required speed
were obtained from a set of curves giving the speed for various
diameters of work for each of the 56 changes obtainable. This
having been done, the lathe was started and the surface speed
tested with a Warner cutmeter. If found to- be too far from the
required speed, a different combination of motor pulley and cone
gear was tried. A satisfactory speed having been obtained, the
feed mechanism was started and the lathe allowed to run until
the tool had entered the work and was taking the full cut. The
lathe was then stopped and the square-case revolution counter,
which was actuated by the first motion shaft, set at zero. The
lathe was then cleared of all chips and the test started, the exact
time of starting and the position of the revolution counter being
recorded. During the trials, readings of the revolution counter
and also of the wattmeter were taken every two minutes in order
to obtain any variations in the cutting speed and the power re-
quired. After the expiration of the trial, which occurred either
at the time of failure of the tool or at a specified time limit, the
tool was withdrawn and the lathe run light under tho same con-
ditions of speed as in the trials, in order to observe the electrical
horse-power exerted by the motor under these conditions. All
cuttings were then collected, weighed and recorded in the log.
To facilitate the collection of chips, sheet iron guards were placed
on the bed of the lathe.
18
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
(c) Description of Methods Adopted for Measuring the Force
Required in Cutting
During the trials readings were taken at regular intervals of
the total electrical watts input in the motor, while cutting, and
after the tool had been withdrawn, with the lathe running light.
The difference between the electrical horse-power with the tool
cutting and with the lathe running without the cut should give
the net horse-power required for cutting, and if this be multiplied
by 33,000 and divided by the cutting speed, we obtain the force
required for cutting in pounds. In thus figuring, we assume that
the lost horse-power of the drive remains constant from no load
to full load. To determine whether or not this was the case, a
Prony brake was placed on the cast-iron test piece, as shown in
Fig. 11. This could be made to offer the resistance otherwise
produced by the cutting tool, and this resistance could be meas-
FIG. 11. ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS FOR MEASURING POWER
ABSORBED BY FRICTION IN THE LATHE, COUNTER-
SHAFT AND BELTING *
ured at the end of the brake arm by observing the reading on the
scale beam of the platform sc'ales. The brake arm was made
31.52 in. in length to facilitate the work of obtaining the horse-
power, which would then be inwhich P is the net thrust on the
scale in pounds and N the number of re volutions of the brake wheel.
Experiments were made on the lathe for both methods of
driving it, either direct or through the back^gearing. The results
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
19
of these experiments are given in Fig. 12. In the same figure is
also shown the calibration curve for the motor alone, giving the
horse-power output for a known input. The loss in the trans-
mission for any known input could be immediately found, it
4
^
k
^
i
/
0
||
||
||
^
>
Hit ii ii
/Vfr /j Motor*.
Mo. 2, L at fie, direct drive .
Wo. 3, " ,drii/e through
bttcA ge&r-s .
/
j
^
'
/
j
f
.
/
/
y
/
/
i
/
^
f
f
/
i
A/0.
^
^
/
/
J
^
J
^
f
>
(
<
r
j
/
f
/t
>
/
/
*
/
/
A
<o
2
.
i
/
f
/
/
/
f
/
/
/
^
V
4
.
^
/
/t
/
J
r
/
/
7
'
/
f
/
V
o.
j
/
/
/
f
/
1
f
/
1
'/
j
fy
/
^
/
//
'
]
'
/
*
/
y
/
/
/
^
y
Y
'/
1 1 I 1
/r? Moror-
FIG. 12. CURVES GIVING RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE
Loss OF POWER IN LATHE AND COUNTERSHAFT
F CR "V^AimiG LOADS
20 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
being the vertical distance between the curves at the required
load. From the curves it can be seen that it is not constant,
but increases at .a constant ratio as the load increases. The
equations derived from the curves, giving the relation between
the net and gross load for both drives, are as follows :
(1) N = 0.886G — 0.32 (2) N = 0.907G — 0.41
Where N = net horse-power required for cutting, at the tool
point, represented in Fig. 12 by the ordinates of the curves No.
2 and No. 3 according as the lathe is running with or without the
back gears; and
G = total horse-power output of motor, represented in Fig.
12 by the ordinates of curve No. 1.
In these equations, (1) applies to the direct drive, and (2)
to the drive through the back gears. The neb horse-power record-
ed in Tables VI to X under column 6 contains the above-found
correction. The nature of the results will be discussed in Part IV.
IV. RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS
The results of the tests made with the eight brands of steel
are given in full in Tables I to X below. Some of the most im-
portant relations are shown graphically on several plates. There
were in fact five sets of experiments made which may properly be
referred to as :
(a) The preliminary trials
(b) The skin cut trials
(c) The endurance trials
(d) Trials to obtain the durability of the steels at dif-
ferent cutting speeds for various sizes of cut, but on cast iron of
constant hardness
(e) Trials to obtain the durability of the steels on cast
iron of varying hardness.
Tables I to V give for each of the experiments above referred
to the observed and calculated data indicated in the 18 columns
of results. Some of the most important results given in these
tables are :
(a) The cutting speed in feet per minute
(b) The area of section cut
(c) The area machined
(d) The weight of material removed per minute
(e) The relative durability of the, tool
(f ) The hardness of the test piece
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS 21
In the same way Tables VI to X give important data for each
one of the sets of experiments carried out. The most interesting
results which are given by these tables are :
(a) The cutting force on the point of the tool
(b) The net horse-power required to remove the metal
. (c) The horse-power required to run the lathe and the
countershaft
The headings for the different tables are for the most part
clearly indicated. It may be advisable, however, to explain some
of them more fully. Referring to Tables I to V, we have in each
table the same 18 headings. Columns 4, 5 and 6 give the speeds,
cuts and feeds at which the trials were intended to be carried out,
as calculated from the size of the pulleys and motor speeds. In
columns 7, 8 and 9 are given the actual speeds, cuts and feeds.
The cutting speed recorded is the speed in feet per minute of the
cylindrical surface of maximum diameter at the point of cutting.
The depth of cut is one-half the difference of the diameters of
the work before and after cutting. The feed is the advance of
the tool per revolution . of lathe spindle. Column 10 gives as the
area of the section cut the product of the depth of cut and the feed.
Columns 12 and 13 give the area of the surface machined. This
was obtained by multiplying the cutting speed in feet per minute
by the feed in feet per revolution of the spindle. Columns 14
and 15 give the total weight of cuttings removed during the trial
and also per minute. These results were obtained by collecting
and weighing the cuttings. Column 17 gives the comparative
durability of the tool. An entirely arbitrary standard of dura-
bility was established as follows: A tool whose cutting edge was
worn away .002 in. after one hour's use was considered perfect,
its durability being expressed as 100.
The ratios of the durability of any other
tools to the standard will then be the
inverse of the ratios of their rates of
wear to the rate of wear of the standard.
The wear as assumed for the standard
is shown in Figure 13 at a?. In the ex-
FIG. 13. periments, however, the "distance a
was measured and x then calculated.
22
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE I
EXPERIMENTS WITH HlGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
PRELIMINARY TRIALS
1
2
3
4
5&6
7
8
9
10
11
Name of
Test
Trial
Intended
Actual
Actual
Area
r\f
Duration
Brand of
Tool Steel
Piece
No.
No.
speed
OI
Sec.
of cut
of
Trial
Speed
Cut&
Feed
Cut
Feed
Ft./Min.
Ins.
Ft./Min.
Ins.
Ins.
Sq.
tlns.
Min.
1 Styrian
28
3
55
fXTfs
54.8
1
.0232
.00870
33
2
28
4
35
36.2
I
.0312
.01560
31
3
28
5
30
¥xyV
32.5
i
.0642
.01600
15f
4
28
6
60
ixT3^
60.5
.0952
.01190
5
5
28
7
60
l.x_L
59.6
i
.0642
.00802
7J
6
28
8
60
^XJ_
58.0
.0312
.00390
10
7
28
9
50
|XJL.
52.1
|
.0312
.01160
15
8
28
10
50
|XJL
47.6
|
.0312
.01160
8
9
28
11
40
iXgV
41.2
^
•0312
.00780
8
10 Mclnnes
1
23
30
ixiV
28.4
|
.0642
.00802
10
11 '
1
24
30
( I
31.8 <
£
.0642
.00802
10
12
1
25
30
1 1
31.9
£
.0642
.00802
10
13 Novo
1
27
40
^Vx-L-
40.7
.0642
.00401
22
14 "
1
28
40
ii
43.7
Y
.0642
.00401
16
15 "
1
29
40
n
42.5
JL
.0642
.10401
19
16 Styrian
1
30
40
"
41.3
TV
.0642
.00401
13J
17 Novo
1
31
40
«
41.7
TV
.0642
.00401
13
18 Styrian
27
130
150
ix^g-
152.1
i
.0312
.00390
111
19 Novo
27
131
150
»<
153.1
^
.0312
.00390
9
20 Mclnnes
27
132
150
«
150.0
^
.0312
.00390
11
21 Styrian
16
133
110
_3_X_JL
111.0
fV
.0642
.01200
7
22 Novo
16
134
105
1|x-JL-
107.2
^
.0642
.00802
12*
23 Styrian
23
135
130
J-x-1-
133.8
^
.0312
.00390
4f
24
23
136
130
134.3
£
.0312
.00390
2i
25 "
23
137
100
102.9
£
.0312
.00390
17*
26 Novo
23
138
100
106.3
^
.0312
.00390
if
27 "
22
139
100
101.5
i
.0312
.00390
6f
28 Styrian
22
140
80
79.5
.0312
.00390
8
29 Jessop
31
141
50
— x-1-
53.3
|-
.0642
.00802
13 J
30 "
31
142
75
75.2
^
.0642
.00802
14f
31
32
143
85
85.0
i
.0642
.00802
22J
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
23
TABLE I— (Continued]
I
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Area
Machined
Weight
Removed
Cause of
Withdrawal
Comparative
Durability
of Tool
Hardness
of Test
Piece
Total
Per
Min.
Total
Per
Min.
1 Styrian
1?:
3.53
2.92
2.67
2.36
2.27
1.51
.20
.99
£
.107
.094
.169
.472
.310
.151
.135
.124
.107
.151
.170
.170
.217
.233
.227
.221
.223
.395
Lbs.
43.60
50.50
24.20
10.30
9.82
6.81
25.90
12.20
6.74
6.43
7.00
7.37
11.80
8.67
10.30
7.26
6.99
Lbs.
1.320
1.630
1.530
2.060
1.340
.681
1.730
1.530
.843
.643
.700
.737
.539
.542
.541
.538
.538
Time up
u
t 1
( I
It
«
«
1 1
11
u
Tool failed
Time up
tt
1 1
tt
t 1
a
Tool failed
t(
Time up
Tool failed
n
Time up
Tool failed
<(
n
Time up
tt
tt
100.00
50.50
12.90
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
• 100.00
100.00
2.03
0.00
4.07
6.52
6.93
4.90
5.50
5.30
3.12
0.10
0.00
0.00
5.09
0.00
0.00
3.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
18.30
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.5
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
132.0
132.0
132.0
109.8
109.8
122.2
122.2
122.2
122.2
167.5
167.5
124.5
124.5
124.5
2 "
3 "
4 '•
5 "
6 "
7 •'
8 "
9 "
.85
1.51
1.70
1.70
4.77
3.72
4.31
2.98
2.90
4.54
10 Mclnnes ...
11 "
12 "
13 Novo
14 "
15- "
16 Stvrian
17 Novo
18 Styrian ...
19 Novo
3.58
.40
4.16
7.16
1.61
.75
4.67
.398
.390
.594
.573
.347
.349
.267
20 Mclnnes
21 Styrian
28!75
32.20
7.08
3.28
21.20
4iio7
2.580
1.520
1.520
1.210
22 Novo
23 Styrian
24
25 "
26 Novo
27 •'
1.76
1.65
2.76
5.92
10.20
.264
.206
.282
.402
.454
9.12
8.72
17.20
26.50
45.60
1.370
1.090
1.290
1.800
2.030
28 Styrian
29 Jessop
30 "
31 "
24
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE II
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
SKIN-CUT TRIALS
1
2
3
4
5&6
7
8
9
10
11
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Test
Piece
No.
Trial
No.
Intended
Actual
speed
Actual
Area
of
Sec.
of cut
Duration
of
Trial
Speed
Cut&
Feed
Cut
Feed
Ft./Min
Ins.
Ft./Min.
Ins.
Ins.
Sq.
Ins.
Min.
1 Styrian .
28
1
45
i*2xTihr
45.2
•h
.0232
.00507
9*
2 Styrian.
28
2
35
«
36.3
A
.0232
.00507
39
3 Mclnnes
29
12
45
IX^
46.2
I
.0156
•00390
30
4 Mclnnes
29
13
60
ix^
59.5
i
.0312
•00780
6£
5 Mclnnes
29
14
35
ix^
36.4
.j
.0156
.00390
40
6 Styrian..
3
97
50
iWs
50.6
Tff
.0312
.00585
40
7 Styrian.
6&7
98
55
55.2
.0312
.00585
72*
8 Novo . . .
8
99
55
55.0
.0312
.00585
36
9 Mclnnes
9
100
55
57.4
.0312
.00585
35
10 Novo. ...
10
101
55
55 5
.0312
.00585
35
11 Mclnnes
11
102
55
54.4
.0312
.00585
37
12 Poldi. .
12&13
103
55
55.6
.0312
.00585
72
13 A. & W.
14
104
55
55.3
.0312
.00585
29£
14 A. & W.
4
105
55
56.0
.0312
.00585
37
15 Styrian..
5
106
70
67.9
.0312
.00585
30
16 Novo.. .
18
107
70
**&
68.8
H
.0312
.00390
21
17 Mclnnes
19
108
70
68.5
.0312
.00390
8*
18 Mclnnes
19
109
70
68.5
.0312
.00390
10
19 Poldi...
20
110
70
68.0
.0312
.00390
19
20 Novo . . .
20
111
70
68.2
.0312
.00390
11
21 Styrian.
17
112
75
75.3
.0312
.00390
27
22 Novo...
26
113
. 75
75.2
.0312
.00390
27
23 Mclnnes
25
114
75
75.7
.0312
.00390
27
24 Poldi...
16
115
75
74.7
.0312
.00390
26£
25 A. & W.
24
116
75
73.9
.0312
.00390
27f
26 Styrian.
23
117
75
72.2
.0312
.00390
28
27 Poldi...
21
118
75
75.0
.0312
.00390
27
28 A. & W.
15
119
75
74.2
.03i 2
.00390
27
29 Mclnnes
22
120
75
.73.8
.0312
.00390
19J
30 Styrian.
22
121
75
72,5
.0312
.00390
8*
31 Jessop . .
32
122
45
ix&
46.1
i
.0312
.00780
28
BRECKENRLDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
25
TABLE II— (Continued)
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Area
Machined
Weight
Removed
Cause of
Withdrawal
Comparative
Durability
of Tool
Hardness
of Test
Piece
Total
Per
Min.
Total
Per
Min.
1 Styrian
5t
0.83
2.76
1.81
0.99
1.89
5.24
1.04
5.15
5.21
5.04
5.22
10.40
4.25
5.36
5.28
3.76
1.51
1.78
3.36
1.95
5.29
5.26
5.32
5.14
5.34
5.23
5.26
5.21
3.70
1.60
3.36
St
.088
.070
.060
.155
.047
.131
.143
.143
.149
.144
.141
.144
.144
.145
.176
.179
.178
.178
.177
.177
.196
.195
.197
.194
.192
.187
.195
.193
.192
.188
.120
Lbs.
4.6
14.4
14.4
7.1
14.7
29.8'
57.2
23.3
24.5
33.5
30.0
67.7
29.8
35.6
34.2
30.8
Lbs.
.488
.370
.480
1.105
.367
.746
.789
.648
.702
.958
.812
.941
1.012
.964
1.140
1.470
Tool failed
Time up
«
Tool failed
Time up
Tool failed
Time up
Tool failed
Time up
<
Tool failed
Time up
0.00
7.94
6.12
5.23
8.16
100.00
14.80
5.85
5.70
14.30
10.00
17.85
24.00
15.00
12.20
4.28.
0.00
8.13
0.00
2.23
22.00
7.33
11.00
10.80
11.35
7.61
5.50
22.00
00.00
3.46
22.80
114.5
114.5
195.0
195.0
195.0
94.2
107.6
94.3
138.6
106.8
109.3
103.3
117.2
109.2
102.0
107.0
117.2
117.2
113.9
113.9
90.3
95.9
102.4
109.8
111.2
122.2
124.8
107.0
167.5
167.5
123.2
2 Styrian
3 Mclnnes
4 Mclnnes
5 Mclnnes
6 Styrian
7 Styrian
8 Novo
9 Mclnnes
10 Novo
11 Mclnnes . ...
12 Poldi ...
13 A. & W
14 A. & W
15 Styrian
16 Novo
17 Mclnnes
18 Mclnnes
19 Poldi ... .
21. 6'
12.1
24.4
19.0
23.0
22.5
24.6
22.6
19.1
28.4
14.5
27^5'
i.iio
1.110
.903
.704
.852
.850
.887
.808
.708
1.050
.756
]982
20 Novo .. .
21 Styrian
22 Novo
23 Mclnnes
24 Poldi
25 A & W
26 Styrian
27 Poldi
28 A. & W
29 Mclnnes
30 Styrian
31 Jessop
26
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE III
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
ENDURANCE TRIALS
1
2
3
4
5 &6
7
8
9
10
11
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Test
Piece
No.
Trial
No.
Intended
Actual
Speed
Actual
Area
of
Sec.
of cut
Duration
of
Trial
Speed
Cut&
Feed
Cut
Feed
Ft/Min.
Ins.
Ft/Min.
Ins.
Ins.
Sq.
Ins.
Min.
1 Novo. . .
29
15
50
W*
47.6
£
.0156
.00780
68
2 Styrian.
30
17
50
11
48.3
|
.0156
.00780
161
3 Mclnnes
30
18
50
1 1
52.4
.0156
.00780
120
4 Jessop . .
31
124
75
Ws
76.9
I
.0312
.00780
51
5 Novo. . .
29
16
40
%*-h
37.6
\
.0312
.01560
107£
6 Mclnnes
27
19
75
lxaV
'77.8
i
.0312
.00390
181
7 Novo. . .
27
20
75
<<
75.5
i
.0312
.00390
881|
8 Styrian .
3
36
65
t i
63.6
\
.0312
.00390
195£
9 Mclnnes
3
37
65
a
67.7
\
.0312
.00390
18l|
10 Novo. . .
3
38
65
< t
67.1
\
.0312
.00390
40£
11 Styrian.
1
21
30
ixA
28.0
\
.0642
.00802
98£
12 Novo. . .
1
22
30
< i
27.7
\
.0642
.00802
971
13 Novo. . .
2
34
50
«
51.1
\
.0642
.00802
153£
14 Styrian .
2
35
50
< i
53.2
\
.0642
.00802
127
15 Jessop . .
31
123
75
a
74.5
\
.0642
.00802
47£
16 Rex. . . .
32
126
80
1 1
80.4
\
.0642
.00802
55
17 Styrian..
12
45
85
I*A
88.7
\
.0952
.01190
49|
18 Mclnnes
14
47
90
i<
92.4
\
.0952
.01190
15}
19 Novo.. . .
13
46
95
a
97.7
\
.0952
.01190
48i
20 Poldi....
14
48
105
a
105.2
\
.0952
.01190
17}
21 A. & W.
14
49
115
1 1
113.6
\
.0952
.01190
17}
22 Styrian..
1
26
35
tW*
38.7
A
.0642
.00401
88
23 Mclnnes
1
32
35
t <
36.1
A
.0642
.00401
64£
24 Styrian..
1
33
35
< i
36.6
A
.0642
.00401
58^
25 Rex
32
125
85-
n
84.5
-h
.0642
.00401
62J
26 Styrian..
6&7
39
75
A**
76.6
A
.0952
.00595
125
27 Novo. . .
7&8
40
75
it
74.3
A
.0952
.00595
119£
28 Mclnnes
8&9
41
75
< <
77.5
A
.0952
.00595
130
29 Poldi . . .
9&10
42
75
n
77.4
iV
.0952
.00595
128
30 A. & W.
10&11
43
75
1 1
75.0
iV
.0952
.00595
122J
31 Mushet.
11
44
75
n
74.6
A
.0952
.00595
42*
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
TABLE III— (Continued)
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Area
Machined
Weight
Removed
Cause of
Withdrawal
Comparative
Durability
of Tool
Hardness
of Test
Piece
Total
Per
Min.
Total
Per
Min.
Lbs.
1.058
1.132
1.087
1.756
1.695
.892
.875
.791
.798
.758
.642
.695
1.230
1.300
1.820
1.930
3.270
1 Novo
ft
4.2
10.1
8.2
10.2
10.5
36.6
17.4
32.2
31.9
7.0
14.7
14.4
41.9
36.1
18.8
23.6
34.9
11 3
k
062
062
068-
.200
.097
.202
.196
.165
.176
.174
.149
.148
.273
.284
.398
.430
.702
.732
Lbs.
71.9
182.0
130.0
89.6
182.0
161.0
77.8
154.0
145.0
30.7
63.2
67.6
189.0
165.0
86.2
106.0
163.0
Time up
< i
it
it
u
a
t t
n
tt
«
ft
a
1 1
it
Tool failed
Time up
Tool failed
Time up
Tool failed
it
Time up
it
«
it
n
«
n
it
tt
27.6
100.0
100.0
20.7
29.2
100.0
100.0
53.1
36.9
100.0
40.0
26.3
28.6
42.8
9.6
9.6
20.3
2.5
13.0
0.0
3.8
17.1
17.5
11.9
17.0
50.9
32.4
27.4
34.7
23.0
100.
195.0
124.2
124.2
124.5
195.0
132.0
132.0
94.2
94.2
94.2
342.0
342.0
175.2
175.2
124.5
123.2
100.0
117.2
106.6
117.2
117.2
342.0
342.0
342.0
123.2
107.6
90.4
116.4
122.7
108.0
109.3
2 Styrian
3 Mclnnes
4 Jessop
5 Novo ....
6 Mclnnes ... ...
7 Novo
8 Styrian
9 Mclnnes
10 Novo
11 Styrian
12 Novo
13 Novo
14 Styrian
15 Jessop
16 Rex
17 Styrian
18 Mclnnes
19 Novo
37.3
14.4
15.8
18.2
12.4
11.4
28.2
75.0
69.5
79.8
78.6
72.9
25.1
.774
.834
.902
.207
.193
.195
.452
.600
.582
.614
.614
.595
.591
167.0
61.9
64.9
42.0
38.2
26.8
61.5
175.0
170.0
191.0
184.0
169.9
60.3
3.480
3.570
3.710
.477
.593
.458
.984
1.400
1.420
1.470
1.440
1.380
1.420
20 Poldi
21 A & W
22 Stvrian
23 Mclnnes . .
24 Styrian
25 Rex
26 Styrian .
27 Novo
28 Mclnnes
29 Poldi
30 A & W ."
31 Mushet
28
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE IV
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
TRIALS TO DETERMINE VARIATION OF DURABILITY WITH CUTTING SPEED
1
2
3
4
5&6
7
8
9
10
11
Area
Name, of
Test
Trial
Intended.
Actual
Actual
of
Duration
Brand of
Piece
Sec.
of
j~* A 0
Tool Steel
No.
No.
Speed
Cut &
Feed
Speed
Cut
Feed
of cut
Trial
Ft./ Min.
Ins.
Ft./ Min.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
Min.
1 Styrian
18
59
90
JLXJL
91.5
JL
.0952
.00595
44
2
18
60
100
< I
102.5
JL
.0952
.00595
28?
3
18
61
110
"
110.6
JL
.0952
.00595
43?
4
18
62
120
tt
120.6
JL
.0952
.00595
41'-
5 Mushet
5
58
90
ix^
91.6
1
.0312
.00390
12r
6 Mclnnes
5
54
9,5
t'i
95.3
£
.0312
.00390
62
7
5
55
100
tt
100.3
.0312
.00390
61J
8
5
56
110
1 1
110.9
.0312
.00390
62$
9
5
57
120
1 1
123.4
i .0312
.00390
31
10 Novo
4
50
85
|.x JL
86.1
i .0642
.00800
29
11
4
51
95
n
98.7
.0642
.00800
12
4
52
105
n
105.2
1
.0642
.00800
30*
13
4
53
115
a,
114.9
i
.0642
.00800
31 J
14 Poldi
19
63
105
AxrV
106.8
A
.0642
.01200
15 "
19
64
115
«
116.1
T36
.0642
.01200
21-
16
19
65
125
tt
125.7
.0642
.01200
22
17 A. & W.
20
66
no
¥xJL
109.3
V
.0642
.01600
16?
18
20
67
120
it
120.0
i j .0642
.01600
18?
19
20
68
130
tt
130.4
*
.0642
.01600
ftf
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
29
TABLE IV— (Continued)
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Area
Machined
Weight
Removed
Cause of
Withdrawal
Comparative
Durability
of Tool
Hardness
of Test
Piece
Total
Per
Min.
¥
.726
.812
.877
.956
.238
.247
.261
.288
.321
.460
.527
.562
.614
.572
.622
.672
.584
.642
.697
Total
Per
Min.
1 Styrian
5t
31.9
23.1
38.1
39.5
2.9
15.3
16.0
17.9
9.9
13.3
14.5
16.9
19.3
12.9
13 5
14.8
9.6
11.9
Lbs.
70.0
48.2
87.9
96.6
12.1
65.7
71.3
78.5
43.7
61.8
66.0
83.1
88.8
85,7
92.6
102.0
87 .-1
106.0
118.0
Lbs.
1.59
1.69
2.02
2.34
.09
1.06
1.16
1.26
1.41
2.13
2.40
2.77
2.82
3.81
4.25
4.64
5.28
5.72
6.16
Time up
Tool failed
Time up
Tool failed
Time up
< t
Tool failed
Time up
it
tt
(i
it
12.00
7.76
11.80
5.50
0.00
50.57
25.60
13.00
6.37
7.53
5.63
12.20
3.31
13.90
35.50
100.00
13.40
100.00
15.70
107.0
107.0
107.0
107.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
109.2
109.2
109.2
109.2
117.2
117.2
117.2
113.9
113.9
113.9
2 "
3 "
4 "
5 Mushet
6 Mclnnes
7 "
8 "
9 "
10 Novo
11 "
12 "
13 "
14 Poldi
15 "
16 "
17 A. & W
18 "
19 "
13.4
30
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE V
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
TEIALS TO DETERMINE VARIATION or DURABILITY WITH HARDNESS
1
2
3
4
5&6
7
8
9
10
11
Name of
Test
Trial
Intended
Actual
Actual
Area
of
Duration
f
Brand of
Tool Steel
Piece
No.
No.
Speed
Cut &
Feed
speed
Cut
Feed
sec.
of cut
OI
Trial
Ft./Min.
Ins.
Ft./Min.
Ins.
Ins.
Sq.
Ins.
Min.
1 Novo . . .
22
94
50
lAx&
50.9
i
.0312
.00390
83
2 Poldi. . .
22
96
. 75
<<
75.1
i
.0312
.00390
88£
3 Styrian.
23
85
75
a
75.2
i
.0312
.00390
38£
4 Novo . . .
15
91
100
n
100.3
1
.0312
.00390
37|
5 A. &W.
21
88
100
(i
101.5
i
.0312
.00390
38
6 Mclnnes
17
70
100
i i
101.9
t
.0312
.00390
36|
7 Poldi...
26
73
125
tt
125.8
i
.0312
.00390
30£
8 A. & W.
16
79
130
«
130.0
t
.0312
.00390
29f
9 Styrian.
25
76
130
a
131.2
i
.0312
.00390
29|
10 Novo...
24
82
130
n
132.0
i
.0312
.00390
29}
11 Poldi...
22
95
50
y&x-h
50.4
i
.0642
.00802
33f
12 A. & W.
23
86
70
t i
70.9
i
.0642
.00802
23|
13 A. & W.
15
92
95
1 1
95.0
i
.0642
.00802
28
14 Mclnnes
21
89
95
i ^
* 95.2
1
.0642
.00802
20£
15 Styrian..
17
71
95
if
95.2
i
.0642
.00802
27
16 Poldi...
16
80
120
It
120.0
I
.0642
.00802
9
17 Novo...
25
77
120
tt
121.2
.0642
.00802
21
18 Mclnnes
24
83
120
t t
122.7
.1-
.0642
.00802
21£
19 A. & W.
26
74
140
tt
143.4
i
.0642
.00802
18£
20 Novo..
23
87
65
T\XTV
65.5
ft
.0642
.01200
33
21 Styrian..
21
90
85
16« lf
85.2
T36
.0642
.01200
32^
22 Poldi...
15
93
85
i <
86.2
T36
.0642
.01200
25|
23 Novo . . .
17
72
85
tt
•88.8
ft
.0642
.01200
24
24 Mclnnes
26
75
100
tt
101.1
T36
.0642
.01200
22
25 Styrian.
16
81
110
"
109.8
ft
.0642
.01200
131
26 A. & W
24
84
110
1 1
110.6
ft
.0642
.01200
16
27 Poldi..
25
78
110
1 1
111.5
A
.0642
.01200
21
28 Rex ....
32
127
70
tt
72.2
ft
.0642
.01200
29
BRECKENRLDGEHDIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS.
31
TABLE V— (Continued)
I
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Area
, Machined
Weight
Removed
Cause of
Withdrawal
Comparative
Durability
of Tool
Hardness
of Test
Piece
Total
Per
Min.
Total
Per
Min»
1 Novo
it
10.9
17.2
7.5
9.9
10.0
9.6
9.9
10.1
10.1
10.2
9.0
9.0
44.2
10.4
13.7
5.7
13.6
14.1
14.2
11.5
14.6
18.5
11.4
11.9
7.7
9.5
12.5-
11.2
S*
.132
.195
.195
.262
.264
.264
.327
.338
.341
.343
.269
.379
.508
.509
.509
.642
.649
.657
.767
.350
.455
.461
.475
.541
.588
.592
.597
.386
Lbs.
55.4
75.9
35.8
45.2
46.0
44.8
48.2
44.1
45.7
47.5
41.1
41.2
59.1
43.7
58.9
24.1
61.7
65.6
64.4
79.2
98.7
73.5
77.3
78.5
50.8
64.3
82.1
72.3
Lbs.
.668
.858
.929
1.200
1.210
1.220
1.580
1.480
1.540
1.600
1.220
1.730
2.110
2.130
2.180
2.680
2.940
3.050
3.480
2.400
3.070
2.860
3.220
3.570
3.850
4.020
3.910
2.490
Time up
«
ti
i
<
i
i
t
i
<
<
<
Tool failed
Time up
Tool failed
Time up
«
< <
ii
<
<
i
t
t
i
a,
n
67.6
68.1
15.7
100.0
31.0
60.0
24.8
12.2
100.0
12.1
27.5
38.8
100.0
.0
100.0
.0
100*0
35.0
15.1
65.5
13.1
10.4
100 0
35.8
3.6
26.0
100.0
4.7
167.5
167.5
122.2
132.0
124.8
90.3
95.9
109.8
102.4
111.2
167.5
122.2
132.0
124.8
90.3
109.8
102.4
111.2
95.9
122.2
124.8
132.0
90.3
95.9
109.8
111.2
102.4
123.2
2 Poldi
3 Styrian
4 Novo
5 A. & W
6 Mclnnes
7 Poldi..
8 A. & W
9 Styrian ..
10 Novo .
11 Poldi
12 A. & W
13 A. &W
14 Mclnnes
15 Styrian
16 Poldi
17 Novo
18 Mclnnes
19 A. & W .
20 Novo
21 Styrian
22 Poldi
23 Novo
24 Mclnnes
25 Styrian
26 A. & W
27 Poldi
28 Eex . ,
32
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE VI
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
PRELIMINARY TRIALS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Horse- Power
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel.
Test
Piece
No.
Trial
No.
Total
output of
Motor
Required to '
drive lathe and
countershaft
Net
required for
cutting
Actual
cutting
speed
1 Styrian
,28
3
2.52
.65
Col. (4) - (5)
1.87
Ft./Min.
54.8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Mclnnes
a
1 t
ti
. i
1 1
1 t
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
23
2.78
2.30
3.05
2.29
1.29
3.08
2.42
1.46
1.83
.67 -
.63
.70
.63
-.53
.70
.64
.55
,58
2.11
1.67
2.35
1.66
.76
2.38
1.78
.91
1.25
36.2
32.5
60.5
59.6
58.0
52.1
47.6
41.2
28.4
11
12
13 Novo
<
i
i
24
25
27
1.90
1.87
1.48
.59
.59
.55
1.31
1.28
.93
31.8
31.9
40.7
14 "
15 "
16 Styrian
i
t
i
28
29
30
1.67
1.41
1.52
.57
.54
.55
1.10
.87
.97
43.7
42.5
41.3
17 Novo
i
31
1.42
.54
.88
41.7
18 Styrian
27 •
130
3.06
.67
2.39
152.1
19 Novo
1 1
131
2.83
.55
2.28
153.1
20 Mclnnes
• 1 1
132
150.0
21 Styrian
16
133
4.89
.89
4.00
111.0
22 Novo
«
134
3.12
.68
2.44
107.2
23 Styrian
23
135
2.74
.64
2.10
133.8
24
25
26 Novo
ii
136
137
138
2.69
2.45
.63
.60
2.06
1.85
134.3
102.9
106.3
27 "
28 Styrian
22
(i
139
140
2.43
2.50
.60'
.65
1.83
. 1.85
101.5
79.5
29 Jessop
31
141
2.50
.65.
1.85
53.3
30 "
31 "
tt
32
142
143
2.82
2.82
.64
.64
2.18
2.18
75.2
85.0
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
33
TABLE VI- (Continued)
1
8
9
10
11
12
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Cutting force on point
of Tool.
Size
of
Cut
Ins.
t x TK
i x A
i x &
i x A
1 x A
i x &
1 x A
1 X A
i X A
i X A
( <
rV X A
«
a
tt
tXA
it
A x TV
i x TV
* x A
i x A
Area
of
Cut
(cut X feed)
Sq. In.
.00870
.01560
.01600
.01190
.00802
.00390
.01160
.01160
.00780
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00401
.00401
.00401
.00401
.00401
.00390
.00390
.00390
.01200
.00802
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00802
.00802
.00802
Hardness
of
Test Piece
Total
calculated
Per Sq. In.
Area of cut
1 Styrian . ...
Lbs.
1126
1928
1696
1282
920
432
1508
1235
728
1451
1360
1325
754
832
675
773
697
519
492
iig9
752
518
507
593
Lbs.
129300
123200
106000
107800
114800
110800
130000
106500
93400
181000
169800
165300
188000
207000
168200
192500
173500
133000
126000
99166
93800
132800
130000
152000
152500
196800
142800
119300
105600
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.5
114.6
114.1
114.5
114.5
114.5
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
132.0
132.0
132.0
109.8
109.8
122.2
122.2
122.2
122.2
167.5
167.5
124.5
124.5
124.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Mclnnes
11
12
13 Novo
14 "
15 "
16 Styrian . .
17 Novo
18 Styrian
19 Novo
20 Mclnnes
21 Styrian
22 Novo
23 Styrian
24
25 "
26 Novo
27 "
28 Styrian . ....
595
768
1145
958
847
29 Jessop
30
31 "
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE VII
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
SKIN CUT TRIALS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
rp j.
TVial
Horse-Power
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
lest
Piece
No.
inai
No.
Total
Output of
Motor
Required to
drive lathe and
countershaft
Net
Required for
Cutting
Actual
Cutting
Speed
1 Styrian
28
1
1.22
.52
Col. (4) - (5)
0.70
Ft./ Min.
45.2
2 Styriari
28
2
0 82
49
0 33
36 3
3 Mclnnes
29
12
1.47
.55
0.92
46.2
4 Mclnnes
29
13
2.53
.65
1.88
59 5
5 Mclnnes
29
14
1.14
.52
0.62
36.4
6 Styrian
3
97
1.38
.54
0.84
50 6
7 Styrian
6*7
98
1.67
.57
1.10
55 2
8 Novo
8
99
1.48
.55
0.93
55 0
9 Mclnnes
10 Novo
9
10
100
101
1.74
1.96
.57
.60
1.17
1.36
57.4
55 5
11 Mclnnes
11
102
1.74
.57
1.17
54 4
12 Poldi
12&13
103
1.86
.59
1.27
55 6
13 A & W
14
104
1.38
.54
0 84
55 3
14 A & W
4
105
1.82
.58
1.24
56.0
15 Styrian
5
106
2 00
.60
1 40
67 9
16 Novo
18
107
2.12
.61
1.51
68.8
17 Mclnnes
18 Mclnnes ....
19
19
108
109
2.29
2.29
.63
.63
1.66
1.66
68.5
68.5
19 Poldi . .
20
110
2.50
.65
1.85
68.0
20 Novo
20
111
2.41
.64
1.77
68.2
21 Styrian
17
112
1.88
.59
1.29
75.3
22 Novo
26
113
1.88
.59
1.29
75.2
23 Mclnnes
25
114
1.78
.58
1.20
75.7
24 Poldi
16
115
1.83
..58
1.25
74.7
25 A & W
24
116
1.96
:eo
1.36
73.9
26 Styrian
23
117
1.84
.58
1.26
72.2
27 Poldi
21
118
1.85
.58
1.27
75.0
28 A & W
15
119
2.19
.62
1.57
74.2
29 Mclnnes
22
120
2.02
.60
1.42
73.8
30 Styrian
22
121
1.76
.58
1.18
72.5
31 JessoD .
32
122
2.00
.60
1.40
46.1
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
35
TABLE VII— (Continued)
1
8
9
10
11
12
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Cutting Fore
of T<
~~Total
Calculated
;e on Point
)0l
~Per~Sq7lii".
Area of Cut
Size
of
Cut
Area of
Cut
l^cutxfeed)
Hardness of
Test Piece
1 Styrian
Lbs.
511
300
658
1042
562
548
658
558
673
809
710
754
502
732
682
725
800
800
899
858
565
567
524
553
608
577
559
699
636
538
1001
Lbs.
101000
59300
168500
133800
144000
93800
112500
95500
115000
138300
121300
129000
85800
T25000
116300
185800
205000
205000
230000
219600
145000
145200
134300
141800
155800
147800
143200
179000
163000
137800
128500
Ins.
Tfexyf*
w»
ix^V
ix,^
A«A
fr&
ix^
Sq. In.
.00507
.00507
.00390
.00780
.00390
.00585
.00585
.00585
.00585
.00585
.00585
.00585
.00585
.00585
00585
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00780
114.5
114.5
195.0
195.0
195.0
94.2
107.6
94.3
138.6
106.8
109.3
103.3
117.2
109.2
102.0
107.0
117.2
117.2
113.9
113.9
90.3
95.9
102.4
109.8
111.2
! 122.2
124.8
107.0
167.5
167.5
123.2
2 Styrian
3 Mclnnes
4 Mclnnes
5 Mclnnes
6 Styrian
7 Styrian
8 Novo
9 Mclnnes
10 Novo
11 Mclnnes
12 Poldi
13 A & W
14 A & W
15 Styrian
16 Novo
17 Mclnnes
18 Mclnnes
19 Poldi
20 Novo
21 Styrian
22 Novo
23 Mclnnes
24 Poldi
25 A & \V
26 Styrian .
27 Poldi . ...
28 A & W
29 Mclnnes
30 Styrian
31 Jessop
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE VIII
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
ENDURANCE TRIALS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Horse-Power
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Test
Piece
No.
1 rial
No.
Total
Output of
Motor
Required to
drive lathe and
countershaft
Net
Required fo
Cutting
Actual
Cutting
Speed
1 Novo
29
15
2.83
68
Col. (4) - (5
2 15
Ft. /Min.
47.6
2 Styrian
30
17
2.52
.65
1.87
48.3
3 Mclnnes
30
18
2.31
•63
1.68
52.4
4 Jessop
31
124
3.10
.68
2.42
76.9
5 Novo
29
16
3.58
.75
2.83
37.6
6 Mclnnes
27
19
1.57
.56
1.01
77.8
7 Novo
27
20
1.49
.49
1.00
75.5
8 Styrian
3
36
1.34
.54
0.80
63.6
9 Mclnnes
3
37
1.33
.47
0.86
67.7
10 Novo
3
38
1.27
.47
0.80
67.1
1] Styrian. . ..
1
21
1.56
.56
1.00
28.0
12 Novo
1
22
1.66
.5«
1.10
27.7
13 Novo
14 Styrian
15 Jessop ....
2
2
31
34
35
123
2.13
1.78
2.98
.61
.58
.66
1.52
1.20
2.32
51.1
53.2
74.5
16 Rex
32
126
3.05
.67
2.38
80.4
17 Styrian
12
45
3.16
.68
2.48
88.7
18 Mclnnes .
14
47
3.53
.73
2.80
92.4
19 Novo
13
46
3.67
.74
2.93
97.7
20 Poldi
14
48
4.49
.83
3.66
105.2
21 A. &W
14
49
4.83
.87
3.96
113.6
22 Styrian
1
26
1.19
.52
0.67
38.7
23 Mclnnes
1
32
1.24
.53
0.71
36.1
24 Styrian
1
33
1.29
.47
0.82
36.6
25 Rex ...
32
125
2.03
.57
1 .46
84.5
26 Styrian
6&7
39
1.89
.57
1.32
76.6
27 Novo
28 Mclnnes .
7&8
8&9
40
41
1.56
1.92
.50
.59
1.06
1.33
74.3
77.5
29 Poldi... .
9&10
42
2.04
.60
1.44
77.4
30 A. & W
31 Mushet.
O&ll
11
43
44
1.96
1.79
.54
.53
1.42
1.26
75.0
74.6
or THE
BRECKEN RIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
37
TABLE VIII— (Continued}
1
8
9
10
11
12
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Cutting Force on Point
of Tool
Size
of
Cut
Area of
Cut
(cut X feed)
Hardness of
Test Piece
195.0
124.2
124.2
124.5
195.0
132.0
132.0
94.2
94.2
94.2
342.0
342.0
175.2
175.2
124.5
123.2
100.0
117.2
106.6
117.2
117.2
342.0
342.0
342.0
123.2
107.6
90.4
116.4
122.7
108.0
109.3
Total
Calculated
Per Sq. In.
Area of Cut
1 Novo
Lbs.
1492
1275
1059
1040
2482
428
437
415
419
394
1179
1310
982
745
1029
978
924
1000
1010
1148
1151
571
649
739
570
569
471
567
615
625
557
Lbs.
191500
163500
135800
133300
159100
109700
112000
106400
107300
101000
147000
163500
122500
93000
128300
122000
77900
84000
84900
96500
96800
142300
161600
184000
142000
95700
79200
95300
103200
105000
93800
Ins.
*x A
if
t x &
. i X 3^
1 x A
a
( i
1 1
IX A
i 1
1 1
n
1 1
ixA
(I
t t
«
AX A
i ;
|(
A x A
«
it
a
n
Sq. Ins.
.00780
.00780
.00780
.00780
.01560
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.01190
.01190
.01190
.01190
.01190
.00401
.00401
.00401
.00401
.00595
.00595
.00595
.00595
.00595
.00595
2 Styriari
3 Mclnnes
4 Jessop
5 Novo
6 Mclnnes.
7 Novo
8 Styrian
9 Mclnnes
10 Novo
11 Styrian
12 Novo
13 Novo
14 Styrian
15 Jessop. . .
16 Rex
17 Styrian
18 Mclnnes
19 Novo
20 Poldi
21 A. &W
22 Styrian ;
23 Mclnnes.
24 Styrian ....
25 Rex
26 Styrian
27 Novo
28 Mclnnes
29 Poldi
30 A & W
31 Mushet
38
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE IX
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
TKIALS TO DETERMINE VARIATION OF DURABILITY WITH CUTTING SPEED
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Horse-Power
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Test
Piece
No.
Irial
No.
Total
Output of
Motor
Required to
drive lathe and
countershaft
Net
Required for
Cutting
Actual
Cutting
Speed
1 Styrian
18
59
2.38
.59
Col. (4)-(5)
1.79
Ft./ Min.
91.5
2 Styrian
18
60
2.71
.63
2.08
102.5
3 Styrian
18
6i
2.84
.65
2.19
110.6
4 Styrian
18
62
3 08
.67
2.41
120.6
5 Mushet
5
58
1.77
.52
1.25
91.6
6 Mcliines
5
54
1.58
50
1.08
95.3
7 Mclnnes
5
55
1.78
.52
1.26
100.3
8 IMcInnes
5
56
2.16
59
1.57
110.9
9 Mclnnes
5
57
2 19
57
1.62
123.4
10 Novo
4
50
2.61
.62
1.99
86.1
11 Novo
4
51
2.92
.66
2.26
98.7
12 Novo
4
52
3.14
.68
2.46
105.2
13 Novo
4
53
3.76
.75
3.01
114.9
14 Poldi
19
63
4.48
.83
3.65
106.8
15 Poldi
19
64
5.06
.90
4.16
116.1
16 Poldi
19
65
5.20
.92
4.28 -
125.7
17 A. & W
20
66
6.50
1.07
5.43
109.3
18 A & W
20
67
5.98
1.01
4.97
120.0
19 A & W
20
68
6.04
1.01
5.03
130.4
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
39
TABLE IX— (Continued)
1
8
9
10
11
12
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel
Cutting Force on Point
of Tool
Size
of
Cut
Area of
Cut
(cut X feed)
Hardness of
Test Piece
Total
Calculated
Per Sq. In.
Area of Cut
1 Styrian
Lbs.
647
670
653
661
450
374
414
468
433
763
757
772
866
1128
1182
1124
1640
1366
1273
Lbs.
108800
112600
109800
111000
115400
96000
106100
120000
111100
95300
94400
96300
108000
94000
98500
93750
102500
85500
79600
Ins.
A x A
It
1 1
£ x A
«
it
11
«
t X A-
tt
a
A x A
tt
i x iV
t(
Sq. Ins.
.00595
.00595
.00595
.00595
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.01200
.01200
.01200
.01600
.01600
.01600
107.0
107.0
107.0
107.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
102.0
109.2
109.2
109.2
109.2
117.2
117.2
117.2
113.9
113.9
113.9
2 Styrian ....
3 Styrian
4 Styrian
5 Mushet
6 Mclnnes
7 Mclnnes
8 Mclnnes
9 Mclnnes
10 Novo
11 Novo
12 Novo
13 Novo
14 Poldi
15 Poldi
16 Poldi
17 A. & W
18 A & W
19 A. & W
40
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE X
EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL ON CAST IRON
TRIALS TO DETERMINE VARIATION OF DURABILITY WITH HARDNESS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
•
Name of
Brand of
Tool Steel.
Test
Piece
No.
Trial
No.
Horse-Power
Actual
cutting
speed
Ft./Min.
50.9
75.1
75.2
100.3
101.5
101.9
125.8
130.0
131.2
132.0
50.4
70.9
95.0
95.2
95.2
120.0
121.2
122.7
143.4
65.5
85.2
86.2
88.8
101.1
109-.8
110.6
111.5
72.2
Total
output of
Motor
Required to
drive lathe and
countershaft
Net
required for
cutting
1 Novo ... .
22
22
23
15
21
17
26
16
25
24
22
23
15
21
17
16
25
24
26
23
21
15
17
26
16
24
25
32
94
96
85
91
88
70
73
79
76
82
95
86
92
89
71
80
77
83
74
87
90
93
72
75
81
84
78
127
1.57
2.03
2.08
1.88
2.18
1.87
2.51
2.38
2.26
2.54
2.44
2.73
2.62
4.07
2.65
3.88
3.33
3.27
3.83
3.55
4.05
3.96
3.36
3.68
4.58
4.02
4.22
3.50
.56
.55
.56
.54
.57
.53
.61
.59
.58
.61
.64
.63
.62
.80
.62
.77
.70
.70
.76
.75
.79
.78
.70
.74
.84.
.78
.80
.72
Col. (4) — (5)
1.01
1.48
1.52
1.34
1.61
1.34
1.90
1.79
1.68
1.93
1.80
2.10
2.00
3.27
2.03
3.11
2.63
2.57
3.07
2.80
3.26
3.18
2.66
2.94
3.74
3.24
3.42
2.78
2 Poldi.
3 Styrian
4 Novo
5 A. &W
6 Mclnnes
7 Poldi
8 A. & W
9 Styrian
10 Novo
11 Poldi
12 A. & W
13 A. & W:
14 Mclnnes
15 Styrian
16 Poldi
17 Novo
18 Mclnnes
19 A &W
20 Novo
21 Styrian
22 Poldi
23 Novo
24 Mclnnes
25 Stvrian
26 A &W
27 Poldi
28 Rex..
BRECKEN RIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
41
TABLE X— (Continued)
3
8
9
10
11
12
Name of
Brand of
•Tool Steel
Cutting Fo
of^
Total
Calculated
rce on Point
rool
Per Sq. In.
Area of Cut
Size
of
Cut
Area of
Cut
(cut X feed)
Sq. Ins.
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00390
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.00802
.01200
.01200
.01200
.01200
.01200
.01200
.01200
.01200
.01200
Hardness of
Test Piece
167.5
167.5
122.2
132.0
124.8
90.3
95.9
109.8
102.4
111.2
167.5
122.2
132.0
124.8
90.3
. 109.8
102.4
111.2
95.9
122.2
124.8
132.0
90.3
95.9
109.8
111.2
102.4
123.2
1 Novo
Lbs.
655
650
668
441
523
434
498
454
422
482
1179
978
695
1134
704
855
717
692
706
1410
1264
1219
989
958
1123
967
1012
1271
Lbs.
168000
166500
171100
113100
134200
111200
127700
116300
108100
123500
147100
122000
86700
141500
87800
106500
89500
86300
88100
117500
105300
101500
824CO
79800
93700
80600
84500
106000
Ins.
* X A
i x TV
A- x ^
2 Poldi
3 Styrian
4 Novo
5 A &W
6 Mclnnes
7 Poldi
8 A &W
9 Styrian
10 Novo
11 Poldi
12 A. & W
13 A. & W
14 Mclnnes .
15 Stvrian
16 Poldi . ..
17 Novo
18 Mclnnes
19 A. &W
20 Novo
21 Styrian
22 Poldi
23 Novo
24 Mclnnes
25 Styrian
26 A. & W.
27 Poldi .
28 Kex
42 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
Y. SUMMARY OF RESULTS
(a) Variation of Cutting Force with Area of Cut
The effort exerted by the tool in cutting was determined as
explained in Part III (c). The horse-power lost in driving the
lathe and countershaft was deducted from the total horse-power
used during the trial, the difference being the net horse-power
required for cutting. This was reduced to foot-pounds per min-
ute, and divided by the cutting speed, giving the force exerted.
The figures so obtained were reduced to pounds per unit area of
cut, and plotted as ordinates upon a base of area of cut in Fig. 14.
The curves show that the cutting force was not directly propor-
tional to the area of cut, but decreased as the area increased, and
that the average cutting force varied from 50 tons per square
inch for soft cast iron to 85 tons per square inch for hard cast
iron. Each curve shown in the figure represents a different
hardness of cast iron. The relative hardness is shown in the
table on the figure.
(J)} Variation of Durability of Tool with Cutting Speed
In Fig. 15 are shown the curves which represent the relation
between the durability of the tool and the cutting speed. These
are important curves. Each curve represents a different hard-
ness of cast iron. Referring to the middle curve, which is for
cast iron of medium hardness, it will be seen that a cutting speed
of 50 feet per minute is satisfactory, the durability being 100.
If the speed is increased very materially, the durability decreases
quite rapidly. It is evident that for each hardness of cast iron,
the cutting speed allowable for a maximum durability exists
where the vertical line indicating cutting speed is tangent to
curves similar to those drawn.
(c) Variation of Cutting Speed with the Hardness of Cast Iron
The curve shown in Fig. 16 represents the advisable cutting
speed on cast iron of varying hardness. This curve represents the
result of all the tests of the different steels tested. This curve
shows: (a) that any of the steels tested can remove very hard
cast iron at a rate of 25 feet per-minute ; (b) that all of the steels
tested begin to wear rapidly at speeds a little above 125 feet per
minute. Between these two points the relation between a safe
cutting speed and the hardness of the cast iron seems to be defi-
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
50000
25000
A/a /, Hardness of /ron « 96.
Mo. 2, * " " '110.
No.3, ' " " *I24.
A/0.4, " " " */72.
No.5, " « » -320.
%
I
SJ
Area of Cuf in square inches.
FIG. 14. CURVES SHOWING KELATION BETWEEN CUTTING FORCE
ON POINT ov TOOL AND AREA OF CUT FOR CAST
IRON OF VARYING HARDNESS
44
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
/oo
hardness * 342
/ran-
I I I I I I I I
Speed /n feef f>er minute.
FIG. 15. CURVES SHOWING VARIATION OF DURABILITY OP TOOL
WITH CUTTING SPEED FOR CAST IRON OF VARYING
HARDNESS — AVERAGE OF ALL TOOL STEELS
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
45
nitely expressed by the curve. It would seem that cast iron of
medium hardness, 100 to 120, could be cut at 125 feet per min-
ute just as readily as at 70 feet per minute, as far as any injury
to the tool is concerned. It must be remembered that this curve
does not take into account the effect, on the cutting speed, of the
variation in the area of cut; the experiments from which the
Curve 5ftow/ng i/ar/af/on of
Gutting Speed with Hardness
of tost /ron , with resu/ts of
a// too/ steels-
Cuffing Speed m feet per m/nute.
FIG. 16. CURVE SHOWING CUTTING SPEEDS IT is ADVISABLE
TO USE WITH A VARIATION IN THE HARDNESS OF CAST IRON
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
curve was plotted were in all cases those in which the cut was
very nearly i in. depth of cut by TV in. feed, so that there is
but a slight variation in the area of cut in all of the experiments.
From the curve of Fig. 16, we find the cutting speeds given in
Table 4 to be applicable to the grades of iron manufactured by
the different companies sending test pieces. In order that any
company may make use of the curve shown in this figure, it will
be necessary simply to determine the average hardness of its cast
iron, as explained elsewhere, and where the horizontal line
representing this hardness cuts the curve, the possible safe cut-
ting speed may be read on the scale below. This curve should
prove useful to various manufacturera.
TABLE 4
ALLOWABLE CUTTING SPEEDS FOB GRADES OF CAST IRON USED IN THE TESTS
Name of Company Sending Test Pieces
Average
Hardness of
Test Pieces
Allowable
Cutting
Speed
American Kadiator Co -j
Chicago, 111.
Orane Company. i
f Pierce Plant .
101.8
110.7
109.3
112.7
138.1
103.1
132.0
342.0
175.2
136.3
132.0
118.0
120.0
90.0
60.0
132.0
63.0
28.0
48.0
60.0
Michigan Plant
Detroit Plant
Plant
Marked 5-17-05
Plant
Marked B 5-26-05
Plant
Marked B (5-2-05
\ Grey Iron
Ferro-Steel
Chicago, 111. I
Root, -Van Dervoort Eng'g C
East Moline, 111.
University of Illinois
o
M. E. Dept. Shops.
(d) Generally speaking, all the steels tested proved equally
effective. It is very evident that there are great possibilities
ahead for high-speed steels. Before realizing their full benefit,
however, certain advances must be made. Heavier machine tools
must be built. The capacity of the motors and power plants
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OP HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS. 47
must be increased. Special hardening furnaces with temperature
measuring devices must be available. More must be known con-
cerning the chemical and physical properties of the various steels.
(e) Tool steels are now available that will cut cast iron from
two to three times as fast as was possible a few years ago. When
every advantage has been taken of these possibilities, the cost of
manufacturing many articles should be materially reduced.
YI. REFERENCE LIST OP ARTICLES ON HIGH-SPEED STEELS
Experiments with a New Tool Steel : by F. Heissig, in Stahl and
Eisen, January 1, 1901.
Results of tests made by Bohler Bros, and Co., Vienna
and Berlin, on their Styrian Steel marked Bohler Rapid.
Extract of Report of Experiments of Taylor and White, at the
Bethlehem Steel Oo., S. Bethlehem, Pa. : in Zeitschrift des
Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure, March 30, 1901.
The Taylor-White Process of Treating Tool Steel and Its
Influence on the Mechanic Arts : by Charles Day, in Jour-
nal of the Franklin Institute, September, 1903.
High-Speed Steel: in Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingen-
ieure, September 28, 1901.
Report of experiments instituted by the Berlin section of
the Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure. Test made on forged
and cast steel and cast iron.
High-Speed Tool Steel: by F. Reiser, in Stahl and Eisen, Janu-
ary 15, 1903.
A discussion of the chemical properties of high-speed and
self-hardening tool steels.
Speeds, Feeds and Angles of Metal-Gutting Tools: by F. Don-
aldson, in American Machinist, March 5, 1903.
Discussion of the relation of cutting angles to angles to
which tools are ground.
The Requirements of Machine Tool Operation with Special Ref-
erence to the Motor Drive : by Charles Day, in American
Machinist, Part 1, March 12, 1903, Part II, March 19, 1903.
Discussion of tools driven by electricity.
48 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
Metal Cutting with the New Too] Steels : by Oberlin Smith, in
Engineering Magazine, April, 1903, Vol. 25.
Discussion of changes in the design and operation of ma-
chines to be wrought by the new tool steels.
Notes on High-Speed Tool Steels : by Henry H. Suplee, in En-
gineering, (London), July 31, 1903, Vol. 76.
Results of tests made at the Union Pacific Shops, Omaha,
Nebraska.
Rapid Tool Steels: in Engineering (London), August 21, 1903,
Vol. 76.
Chemical properties of the new steels with attainable
speeds. Editorial.
Rapid-Cutting Tool Steels: in Engineering (London) October 30,
1903, Vol. 76.
Report on experiments made at the Manchester Municipal
School of Technology under the direction of a joint com-
. mittee from the above school and the Manchester Associa-
tion of Engineers. A very elaborate and interesting report
by Professor J. T. Nicolson, also reported in the American
Machinist, November 19 and 26, 1903.
The Analysis of High-Speed Steels: in Engineering (London),
November 20, 1903, Vol. 76.
Methods of testing for different chemical constituents
Cutting Speeds and Feeds with New Tool Steels : by Oberlin
Smith, in Engineering Magazine, January, 1904, Vol. 26.
Record of actual results obtained.
Rapid-Cutting Steel : by Professor J. T. Nicolson, in Technics,
January, 1904.
A very interesting summary of Berlin and Manchester
experiments. The following formula is deduced :
V= * +M
a + L
V = allowable cutting speed in feet per minute
a = area of cut in square inches
K, L, M = constants for different materials
See Table 5. The chemical analyses to which these tables
apply are given in Table 6. It is probable that these re-
sults were obtained under the most favorable conditions
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRKS — TESTS OP HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
49
and therefore represent the maximum results obtainable
at the time of these experiments. It is a question whether
these results can be attained in the work shop, where the
conditions are frequently not so favorable.
TABLE 5
CONSTANTS FOR USE IN THE EQUATION GIVING THE RELATION BETWEEN CUTTING
SPEED AND AREA OF CUT
(Experiments by Nicolson)
Fluid Pressed Steel
Cast-Iron Bars
C^ 4-4-
Soft
Medium
Hard
Soft
Medium
Hard
K
1.950
1.850
1.030
3.100
1.650
1.300
L
.011
.016
0.160
.025
.030
.035
M
15.000
6.000
4.000
8.000
7.000
5.500
TABLE 6
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS REFERRED TO IN TABLE 5
(Experiments by Nicolson)
Fluid Pressed £fteel
Cast-Iron
Soft
Medium
Hard
Soft
Medium
Hard
Carbon
.198
.275
.514
Combined Carbon.
Graphite
.459
2.603
3.010
1.180
.031
.773
.585
2.720
1.703
.588
.061
.526
1.1500
1.8750
1.7890
.3480
.1614
.7320
Silicon
.055
.605
.026
.035
.086
..650
.037
.043
.111
.792
.033
.037
Manganese .
Sulphur
Phosphorus
The Heat Treatment of Steel : in Proceedings of the Institute of
Mechanical Engineers, January, 1904, Sixth Report of the
Alloys Research Committee.
Discussion of hardening, annealing and chemical properties
of steel.
50 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
The Introduction of High-Speed Steels in Engineering Work
Shops: in Engineering (London), March 4, 1904, Vol. 77.
High-Speed Tool Steel : Its Manufacture and Use : by J. M.
Gledhill, in Technics, Part I, June, 1904; Part II, July, 1904.
Some constituents and processes used in the manufacture of
high-speed steel.
Experiments with a Lathe-Tool Dynamometer : by Professor J. T.
Nicolson, in Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol. 25, 1904.
Measures all forces acting on a lathe tool while cutting.
Valuable for designers of lathes. Discussion of influence
of cutting angles on power required to cut.
A Twist Drill Dynamometer : by Wm. W. Bird and Howard O.
Fairfield, in Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol. 26, 1904.
Measures both the twist and torque of drill while cutting
with high-speed drills.
The Chemical Analysis of High-Speed Steels and Alloys : by
Fred Ibbotson, in Technics, October, 1904.
The Development and Use of High-Speed Tool Steel : by J. M.
Gledhill, in American Machinist, December 22, 1904.
Interesting results of experiments made to find the effect of
various chemical constituents on the cutting powers of the
tool steel.
Feeds and Speeds for Lathe Work : by T. A. Sperry, in American
Machinist, May 25, 1905.
Results of observations at the shops of the Cincinnati Milling
Machine Company.
High-Speed Steel in the Factory: by O. M. Becker and Walter
Brown, in Engineering Magazine, beginning September, 1905.
Conclusions of a practical study of the use 'of high-speed
steel and its introduction into the factory.
Economy of High-Speed Steel Tools: by F. D. Smith and H. S.
Greene. Thesis for a degree in Electrical Engineering in the
College of Engineering, University of Illinois, June, 1905.
Tests made at the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railway
Shops, Danville, Illinois, showing that the cost of remov-
ing a pound of metal with low-speed steel is from 2.2 to
4.8 times as great as when using high-speed steel.
BRECKENRIDGE-DIRK8 — TESTS OP HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS 51
APPENDIX
Instructions for Hardening the Steels Used furnished by
the makers.
(1) Directions for working Styrian Steel, marked Bohler Rapid
For Forging :
Heat to a bright red. Do not allow the heat to
run as low as a cherry-red while forging. After
forging allow the tool to cool slowly before hard-
ening.
For Hardening : Lathe, Planer and Boring Tools.
Heat to a white heat but not to a scaling or melt-
ing point, just a good white heat. Cool in the
air or a cold blast.
HOUGHTON AND RlCHARDS,
American Agents.
(2) Directions for working Jessop's "Ark" High-Speed Steel
For Forging :
Heat the steel to a canary color, retaining this
heat until the tool is forged as nearly as possible
to the shape required. The tool may be rough
finished by grinding while yet hot on a dry emery
wheel. It should then be laid aside in a dry
place until black.
For Hardening:
Place the nose of the tool in a clear fire. Slowly
heat the steel to a white or welding heat, not
over one inch from the end. The nose of the
tool should be made fusing hot. Then it should
be placed under a strong, cold, dry air blast
until cold.
WILLIAM JESSOP AND SONS, Limited,
New York.
52 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
(3) Directions for working Mclnnes's "Extra" High-Speed Air-
Hard Steel
For Forging and Hardening :
Forge the steel at the ordinary tool-steel forging
heat; after the tool is forged to the desired
shape, reheat the cutting end to a light cherry-
red, and cool in an air blast. In order to bring
out the quality of this steel wh^n the tool is
forged to the above instructions, it should be run
at high speed in the lathe or planer until the
edge is worn off two or three times and reground.
After each grinding the tool gels better until
it gets to its limit,
MclNNEs's STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED,
Oorry, Pennsylvania.
(4) Directions for working Mushet "Special" High-Speed Steel
For Hardening :
When forged, the cutting end of the tool should be
reheated to a white heat, and then immediately
blown cold. While hot this steel must be kept
from water.
(5) Directions for working uAir Novo" High-Speed Tool Steel
For Forging:
The steel must be heated thoroughly, so that it is
hot all the way through. The forging color must
be a very light yellow. Do not hammer the steel
when it gets down to a dark red, but reheat
it. After the tools are forged lay them down to
cool.
For Hardening :
Heat the cutting edge only of the tool to a white
welding heat. Heat *t until it begins to flow.
Then put the tool ir lx> a compressed air blast, or
dip immediately into thin lard, linseed or fish
oil until thoroughly cold.
HERMANN BOKER & Co.,
New York.
BRECKEN RIDGE-DIRKS— TESTS OF HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS 53
(6) Directions for working uftex" High-Speed Tool Steel
For Forging:
Use a clean fire and forge at a bright red heat,
holding the steel at this heat as nearly as possi-
ble while the forging is being done. Forging at
too low a heat will cause the steel to burst in
forging. When tool is forged lay it down in a
dry place to cool.
For Hardening:
Use a clean fire or furnace and bring the point or
cutting portion of the tool gradually to a sweat-
ing white heat. This heat is indicated by a
flux, having the appearance of melted borax,
forming on the nose of the tool. Confine the
high heat as much as possible to the cutting
portion of the tool. When the proper heat is
reached, take from the fire and carefully re-
move the oxide scale which instantly forms on
the heated portion of the tool. This can be done
with a coarse file, and will permit the cutting
portion of the tool to cool off much more uni •
formly and rapidly than if the oxide scale is
allowed to remain. When extremely hard and
tough metal is to be machined, blow cold in fan
or dry compressed air blast.
CRUCIBLE STEEL COMPANY OF AMERICA,
Pittsburg, Pa.
The directions received from the American Radiator Com-
pany for hardening bhe two foreign steels, UA& W" and "Poldi")
applied to nipple dies. The same, however, were used in the
tests for lathe tools, with the exception of being heated in a forge
fire. They are as follows :
(7) For Hardening UA & W" High-Speed Tool Steels, man-
ufactured by Armstrong, Whitworth and Company,
Limited, England:
"When tempering the steel for nipple dies, we
placed the dies in a retort, and heated them so
54 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
that the cutting end reached a white heat ; then
the dies were placed in a strong air blast and
cooled to a cherry-red color, after which they
were dropped into a tempering oil. Tempering
in this manner gives by far the best wearing
point to the steel".
(8) Directions for Hardening "Poldi" High-Speed Tool Steel :
uThis steel was treated in a slightly different man-
ner from the * A & W. The dies were heated
to a white heat in a retort, and then cooled in an
air blast until they were absolutely cold."
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JAN 17
REC'D LD
OCT 2 5'63 -4 PMl
LD 21-100m-7,'39(402s
YD 00278
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Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11